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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/pyro-team/pyro-demo/blob/master/dotnet/pyro-addin/Pyro/AddIn-Office.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
pyro-demo
|
pyro-team
|
C#
|
Code
| 246 | 726 |
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
// office libraries
using Microsoft.Office.Core;
// using Microsoft.Office.Tools;
// to determine host application and hook application events
using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word;
using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel;
using PowerPoint = Microsoft.Office.Interop.PowerPoint;
using Visio = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Visio; //Note: Visio Interop need to be embedded!
using Outlook = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Outlook;
internal enum HostApplication {Unknown=0, Excel, PowerPoint, Word, Visio, Outlook}
namespace pyro
{
public partial class AddIn
{
// The AddIn class is the main pyro class and implements all necessary interfaces
// to interact with Office.
//
// This part implents:
// - detection which host (office application) is running the addin
// - initialization of office application level events
//
// Host detection
private HostApplication host = HostApplication.Unknown;
private string hostAppName;
public void DetermineHostApplication(object application)
{
try {
if (application is Excel.Application)
{
host = HostApplication.Excel;
hostAppName = ((Excel.Application)application).Name;
Trace.TraceInformation("host application: " + hostAppName);
//BindExcelEvents((Excel.Application)application);
}
else if (application is PowerPoint.Application)
{
host = HostApplication.PowerPoint;
hostAppName = ((PowerPoint.Application)application).Name;
Trace.TraceInformation("host application: " + hostAppName);
//BindPowerPointEvents((PowerPoint.Application)application);
}
else if (application is Word.Application)
{
host = HostApplication.Word;
hostAppName = ((Word.Application)application).Name;
Trace.TraceInformation("host application: " + hostAppName);
//BindWordEvents((Word.Application)application);
}
else if (application is Visio.Application)
{
host = HostApplication.Visio;
hostAppName = ((Visio.Application)application).Name;
Trace.TraceInformation("host application: " + hostAppName);
// BindVisioEvents((Visio.Application)application);
}
else if (application is Outlook.Application)
{
host = HostApplication.Outlook;
hostAppName = ((Outlook.Application)application).Name;
Trace.TraceInformation("host application: " + hostAppName);
// BindOutlookEvents((Outlook.Application)application);
}
else
{
Trace.TraceInformation("host application unknown");
}
} catch (Exception) {
Trace.TraceInformation("error dertermining host application (maybe visio interop not installed)");
}
}
}
}
| 44,388 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10176626
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
Golden hills Ranjith, Harsh Rawat, Kartik Pujari, Yohn, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1441372, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23335072, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23335073, https://stackoverflow.com/users/23335074, https://stackoverflow.com/users/457059, stoefln
|
English
|
Spoken
| 79 | 123 |
facebook: what limits are there for inviting users to an event via graph API?
I am inviting users to an event via graph API.
We observed that there is a permission error thrown after 100 invitations for each event. Still I can't find anything about those limits in the API documentation.
Anyone knows whats going on here?
you ever figure this one out?
no. but i am still interested!
Its a bit late. But here you go - http://www.facebook.com/help/202545109787461/
| 25,981 |
https://github.com/dejami-ASill/OnBoardingLib/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/devsil/onboarding/MainActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
OnBoardingLib
|
dejami-ASill
|
Java
|
Code
| 464 | 1,865 |
package com.devsil.onboarding;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.animation.Animation;
import android.view.animation.AnimationUtils;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.FrameLayout;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import com.devsil.onboarding.Onboarding.BounceInterpolator;
import com.devsil.onboarding.Onboarding.OnboardingCallback;
import com.devsil.onboarding.Onboarding.OnboardingDialog;
/**
*
*
* Since the main point of this project is to demonstrate the Onboarding Dialog (See AbstractOnBoardingDialog)
* This is a very simply activity that doesn't do much besides demonstrate how the OnBoardingDialog can be used to direct your user
* and teach them the different functionality of the application in a few and pretty way.
*/
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity{
private static final String TAG = ".Debug.MainActivity";
private Button mBeginBtn;
private ImageView mStepOneImage;
private ImageView mStepTwoImage;
private ImageView mStepThreeImage;
private OnboardingDialog mDialog;
private int mStepSeen = 0;
@Override
public void onResume(){
super.onResume();
}
@Override
public void onStart(){
super.onStart();
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mBeginBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.begin_btn);
mBeginBtn.setOnClickListener(BEGIN_CLICK);
mStepOneImage = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.btn_center);
mStepOneImage.setOnClickListener(STEP_ONE_CLICK);
mStepOneImage.setColorFilter(getColor(R.color.colorAccent));
mStepTwoImage = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.btn_left);
mStepTwoImage.setOnClickListener(STEP_TWO_CLICK);
mStepTwoImage.setColorFilter(getColor(R.color.colorAccent));
mStepThreeImage = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.btn_right);
mStepThreeImage.setOnClickListener(STEP_THREE_CLICK);
mStepThreeImage.setColorFilter(getColor(R.color.colorAccent));
}
private void showStepOne(){
mDialog = new OnboardingDialog(this);
mDialog.setTitleBar(true);
mDialog.setHeaderText(getString(R.string.onboarding_step_one_header));
mDialog.setContentText(getString(R.string.onboarding_step_one_content));
Animation animation = buildBounceAnimation(true);
animation.setStartTime(500);
animation.setAnimationListener(new Animation.AnimationListener() {
@Override
public void onAnimationStart(Animation animation) {
if(!mDialog.isShowing()) {
mDialog.setTarget(mStepOneImage);
mDialog.show();
}
}
@Override
public void onAnimationEnd(Animation animation) {}
@Override
public void onAnimationRepeat(Animation animation) {}
});
mStepOneImage.startAnimation(animation);
}
private void showStepTwo(){
mDialog = new OnboardingDialog(this);
mDialog.setTitleBar(true);
mDialog.setHeaderText(getString(R.string.onboarding_step_two_header));
Animation animation = buildBounceAnimation(true);
animation.setStartTime(500);
animation.setAnimationListener(new Animation.AnimationListener() {
@Override
public void onAnimationStart(Animation animation) {
if(!mDialog.isShowing()) {
mDialog.setTarget(mStepTwoImage);
mDialog.show();
}
}
@Override
public void onAnimationEnd(Animation animation) {}
@Override
public void onAnimationRepeat(Animation animation) {}
});
mStepTwoImage.startAnimation(animation);
}
private void showStepThree(){
mDialog = new OnboardingDialog(this);
mDialog.setTitleBar(true);
mDialog.setHeaderText(getString(R.string.onboarding_step_three_header));
Animation animation = buildBounceAnimation(true);
animation.setStartTime(500);
animation.setAnimationListener(new Animation.AnimationListener() {
@Override
public void onAnimationStart(Animation animation) {
if(!mDialog.isShowing()) {
mDialog.setTarget(mStepThreeImage);
mDialog.show();
}
}
@Override
public void onAnimationEnd(Animation animation) {}
@Override
public void onAnimationRepeat(Animation animation) {}
});
mStepThreeImage.startAnimation(animation);
}
/**
*
* This is just a simple method for building our predefined animation. Feel free to use whatever you want here or nothing at all
*
* @param doRepeat - whether or not the animation should be repeated indefinitely
* @return - The built animation to attach to your target view
*/
private Animation buildBounceAnimation(boolean doRepeat){
Animation animation;
if(doRepeat) {
animation = AnimationUtils.loadAnimation(this, R.anim.bounce_repeating);
}
else{
animation = AnimationUtils.loadAnimation(this, R.anim.bounce_single);
}
BounceInterpolator interpolator = new BounceInterpolator();
animation.setInterpolator(interpolator);
return animation;
}
private View.OnClickListener BEGIN_CLICK = new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
if(mStepSeen == 0) {
showStepOne();
}
else if(mStepSeen == 1){
showStepTwo();
}
else if(mStepSeen == 2){
showStepThree();
}
}
};
private View.OnClickListener STEP_ONE_CLICK = new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
mStepOneImage.clearAnimation();
mStepSeen = 1;
mBeginBtn.setText(getString(R.string.next_text));
}
};
private View.OnClickListener STEP_TWO_CLICK = new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
mStepTwoImage.clearAnimation();
mStepSeen = 2;
mBeginBtn.setText(getString(R.string.one_more));
}
};
private View.OnClickListener STEP_THREE_CLICK = new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
mStepThreeImage.clearAnimation();
mStepSeen = 0;
mBeginBtn.setText(getString(R.string.title_lets_begin));
}
};
}
| 34,917 |
1114974_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,947 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,842 | 2,217 |
BLAND, Associate Judge.
In this appeal appellant seeks a review of the decision of the Board of Appeals of the United States Patent Office which affirmed the action of the Primary Examiner in finally rejecting all of the claims (Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 to 21, inclusive) in his application for a patent on a Two Stage Power System.
We, as did the board, regard claims 7, 17 and 21 as illustrative of all of the claims and they read as follows:
"7. An apparatus comprising a controlling means, a source of vacuum, a power applying device connected to said controlling means having a hydraulic pressure intensifier and a movable wall adapted to be operated by said vacuum constantly on one side of the wall to urge the intensifier forwardly in one direction, and a second power applying device having a second hydraulic pressure intensifier and a movable wall adapted to be operated by the same vacuum constantly on one side of the wall to urge the intensifier forwardly in one direction and having a hydraulic connection to the hydraulic pressure intensifier of said first power applying device for controlling the application of hydraulic power from said second hydraulic pressure intensifier, said first power applying device comprising a master cylinder with a liquid compensation means to equalize the liquid delivered by both said power applying devices in the retracted positions of said walls with the vacuum still applied thereto, each of said devices comprising a diaphragm and an intensifier plunger connected thereto. •
"17. In combination, a power unit having a casing containing a fluid pressure controlled and operated diaphragm, a power operated hydraulic plunger intensifier therein connected to said diaphragm, a second power unit having a casing, a second hydraulically controlled fluid pressure operated diaphragm in the second casing controlled by the hydraulic plunger intensifier, a valve in the second casing controlling said diaphragm, said valve having a hydraulic connection to said intensifier, and a second power operated plunger intensifier connected to said second diaphragm.
"21. In an apparatus of the character described, a source of vacuum, a vent, a pressure responsive wall having an enclosure and provided with a hydraulic plunger, having a constantly open connection on one side of the wall to the vacuum and a connection on the other side of the wall to said vent, a manually controlled valve in said second connection, a second pressure responsive wall having an enclosure and, provided with a hydraulic plunger having a casing, a fluid passage to one side of the second wall a fluid connection from the other side of the second wall to said constantly open connection, a hydraulic connection from said second plunger to a part to be moved for perforrriing work, a second hydraulic connection from the first plunger to the first mentioned hydraulic connection and to the second plunger, means associated with the second plunger to interrupt its hydraulic connection with the first plunger and valve operating means, within said casing, in the second hydraulic connection controlling the connection of the fluid passage to the second pressure responsive wall."
The following references were relied upon by the tribunals below:
Bragg et al. 1,583,117 May 4, 1926; Bragg et al. 1,830,636 Nov. 3, 1931; Scia-lcy 2,032,185 Feb. 25, 1936; Russell 2,053,-301 Sept. 8, 1936; Fitzgerald 2,197,075 Apr. 16, 1940; Stelzer 2,260,492 Oct. 28, 1941.
The Primary Examiner rejected some of the claims on the patent to Sciaky alone and other of the claims on Sciaky in view of the expedients of the art shown by the Bragg patents and Russell together with the disclosures of Stelzer and Fitzgerald. Other grounds of rejection were placed upon the claims which the board did not find necessary to consider and expressly said so. We will consider only the rejection of the tribunals below upon the prior art.
The board agreed in every particular with the decision of the examiner, first stating: "The application relates to a power system which may be used for example in connection with the hydraulic brake system of an automobile or other hydraulic device •such as the press disclosed in the Sciaky patent. The primary examiner, in his statement, described the details and operation of the claimed system and has also included in the statement an outline of the disclosure of each of the references. The statement of the examiner is found complete and accurate in these respects and it is not necessary to add anything thereto."
The examiner's statement concerning the .actual working of the appellant's device and those of the prior art cited is long and contains references to many numerals. Like the board, we have looked over his statement with care and we find that it is accurate and so clearly explains the device of the appellant and the operation of the devices of the references that it would serve no useful purpose to repeat here what was so well stated there.
While appellant challenges the above quoted statement of the board, we find that it is substantially correct and that if there are any inaccuracies in the said statement of the examiner, as is urged by appellant, they are of no importance in considering the issues presented here.
The main point of difference, and the-point of difference chiefly relied upon by appellant, between the Sciaky device and appellant's device as defined by the claims, as is pointed out by the tribunals below and in the brief of the Solicitor for the Patent Office, is summarized by the board in the following language:
"As pointed out by the examiner, the disclosure of the Sciaky patent differs from applicant's disclosure, insofar as that disclosure is covered by the claims, in only two respects, the first relating to the specific source of the fluid pressure for operating the system and the second relating to the use of movable diaphragms instead of movable pistons in applying that pressure within the system.
"In respect to the first difference, .the art cited by the primary examiner makes it clear that, in operating a power system by differences in fluid pressure, it is broadly the same, from either an engineering point of view or an inventive point of view, to have the pressure drop from atmospheric pressure to a pressure below atmospheric pressure or to have the pressure drop from a pressure above atmospheric pressure to atmospheric pressure. The difference amounts merely to the location of the pressure range selected on the scale of all available pressures. The applications shows a system in which the power is derived from the admission of air at atmospheric pressure through the inlet port 9 and providing a differential to an atmosphere of low pressure or 'vacuum' at conduit 1. Through such a pressure drop the power is obtained. In the Sciaky patent the power is obtained by admission at A of air at a pressure above atmospheric pressure and providing a differential to the pressure of the atmosphere through conduits 27 and 47.
As clearly disclosed in the patents to Russell and-Bragg 1,830,636 these two systems are interchangeable, the Russell patent especially showing a- vacuum system amd a pressure system alternately applied to substantially the same power apparatus. W'e agree with the primary examiner that no invention is involved in modifying the Sciaky system to utilize the pressure drop from the atmosphere to a vacuum in place of the pressure drop from high pressure to atmosphere, especially in view of the patents to Russell and Bragg, 1,830,636.
"We also agree with the primary examiner that it would not involve any invention to substitute in the Sciaky system chambers with movable diaphragms therein for the chambers 6 and 7 with movable pistons 10 and 14 therein, in view of the Fitzgerald patent which discloses, in Figs. 1 and 7, substantially identical power systems with a movable diaphragm in Fig. 1 taking the place of the movable piston of Fig. 7."
We agree with the tribunals below that the modification of the Sciaky patent by resorting to an old expedient in utilizing the pressure drop from the atmosphere to a vacuum in place of the pressure drop from high pressure to atmosphere, particularly in view of the Russell and Bragg disclosures, is not inventive, and we agree that.it would not involve invention to substitute in the chambers of the Sciaky system movable diaphgrams in place of movable pistons in view of the disclosure of the Fitzgerald patent.
Appellant complained before the board, and complains here, that the examiner erred in holding that certain / valves were not "modulating" and "self-lapping." We do not find anything to this effect in the statement of the examiner although in the prior prosecution of the case the examiner commented on the subject matter. In answer to this contention on the part of appellant the board said: "In another ground of the appeal it is alleged that the primary examiner erred in holding the valves 105, 127 not to be 'modulating5 and not to be 'self-lapping'. The record does not include an [sic] description of what applicant means by a 'modulating* valve and no reason appears why we should attempt to define the quoted phrase in connection with this case. On page 8 of the specification in its condition as it was when the application was filed it is stated in respect of valve 105 and 127,. 'it being, understood that they are arranged', to be in lap position before the inlet valve-is opened and vice versa'. It does not appear from the statement of the examiner that he places any reliance on this ground: and, in- applying the claims to his disclosure-in the brief, appellant has not indicated that any element recited corresponds to theseva-lves. The Sciaky patent is therefore not disqualified merely because it does not specifically point out any 'self-lapping5, valves as contended by appellant and the appeal is dismissed as to this ground."
It may be that appellant's modification of the Sciaky patent in the manner stated], that is, by substituting diaphragms for pistons as actuating means and by substituting suction for positive pressure in effecting; the actuation, is an improvement over any old single structure. It seems clear to us,, however, that the conclusions of the tribunals below are correct. What appellant has done is suggested in the prior art as being old expedients and therefore does not involve the element of invention. In other words, one skilled in the art could select good features from the prior art and combine them into an improved structure, and. this he could do without exercising the inventive faculty. That, we think, is the situation which is presented here.
We have carefully read appellant's elaborate brief here and his brief before the-board and all pertinent record facts which, would throw any light upon the issues involved and are not convinced that the-board erred in affirming the action of the examiner in rejecting all of the appealed: claims upon the prior art. The decis-ion of. the Board of Appeals is affirmed.
Affirmed..
| 4,883 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98556632
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Hilfe:Audio
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 16 | 40 |
Hilfe:Audio
Hilfeseite über das Einbinden von Audiodateien in einem Wiki
Hilfe:Audio ist ein(e) Seite im Hilfenamensraum
| 51,029 |
https://github.com/Mckoi/origsqldb/blob/master/src/main/java/com/mckoi/database/TableModificationEvent.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
origsqldb
|
Mckoi
|
Java
|
Code
| 997 | 1,972 |
/**
* com.mckoi.database.TableModificationEvent 07 Mar 2003
*
* Mckoi SQL Database ( http://www.mckoi.com/database )
* Copyright (C) 2000-2018 Diehl and Associates, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
package com.mckoi.database;
/**
* The event information of when a table is modified inside a transaction.
*
* @author Tobias Downer
*/
public class TableModificationEvent {
// ----- Statics -----
/**
* Event that occurs before the action
*/
public static final int BEFORE = 0x010;
/**
* Event that occurs after the action
*/
public static final int AFTER = 0x020;
// ---
/**
* Event type for insert action.
*/
public static final int INSERT = 0x001;
/**
* Event type for update action.
*/
public static final int UPDATE = 0x002;
/**
* Event type for delete action.
*/
public static final int DELETE = 0x004;
// ---
/**
* Event for before an insert.
*/
public static final int BEFORE_INSERT = BEFORE | INSERT;
/**
* Event for after an insert.
*/
public static final int AFTER_INSERT = AFTER | INSERT;
/**
* Event for before an update.
*/
public static final int BEFORE_UPDATE = BEFORE | UPDATE;
/**
* Event for after an update.
*/
public static final int AFTER_UPDATE = AFTER | UPDATE;
/**
* Event for before a delete.
*/
public static final int BEFORE_DELETE = BEFORE | DELETE;
/**
* Event for after a delete.
*/
public static final int AFTER_DELETE = AFTER | DELETE;
// ----- Members -----
/**
* The DatabaseConnection of the table that the modification occurred in.
*/
private DatabaseConnection connection;
/**
* The name of the table that was modified.
*/
private TableName table_name;
/**
* The type of event that occurred.
*/
private int event_type;
/**
* A RowData object representing the row that is being inserted by this
* modification. This is set for INSERT and UPDATE events. If the event
* type is BEFORE then this data represents the new data in the table and
* can be modified. This represents the NEW information.
*/
private RowData row_data;
/**
* The row index of the table that is before removed by this modification.
* This is set for UPDATE and DELETE events. This represents the OLD
* information.
*/
private int row_index = -1;
/**
* General Constructor.
*/
private TableModificationEvent(DatabaseConnection connection,
TableName table_name, int row_index, RowData row_data,
int type, boolean before) {
this.connection = connection;
this.table_name = table_name;
this.row_index = row_index;
this.row_data = row_data;
this.event_type = type | (before ? BEFORE : AFTER);
}
/**
* Constructs an insert event.
*/
TableModificationEvent(DatabaseConnection connection, TableName table_name,
RowData row_data, boolean before) {
this(connection, table_name, -1, row_data, INSERT, before);
}
/**
* Constructs an update event.
*/
TableModificationEvent(DatabaseConnection connection, TableName table_name,
int row_index, RowData row_data, boolean before) {
this(connection, table_name, row_index, row_data, UPDATE, before);
}
/**
* Constructs a delete event.
*/
TableModificationEvent(DatabaseConnection connection, TableName table_name,
int row_index, boolean before) {
this(connection, table_name, row_index, null, DELETE, before);
}
/**
* Returns the DatabaseConnection that this event fired in.
*/
public DatabaseConnection getDatabaseConnection() {
return connection;
}
/**
* Returns the event type.
*/
public int getType() {
return event_type;
}
/**
* Returns true if this is a BEFORE event.
*/
public boolean isBefore() {
return (event_type & BEFORE) != 0;
}
/**
* Returns true if this is a AFTER event.
*/
public boolean isAfter() {
return (event_type & AFTER) != 0;
}
/**
* Returns true if this is an INSERT event.
*/
public boolean isInsert() {
return (event_type & INSERT) != 0;
}
/**
* Returns true if this is an UPDATE event.
*/
public boolean isUpdate() {
return (event_type & UPDATE) != 0;
}
/**
* Returns true if this is an DELETE event.
*/
public boolean isDelete() {
return (event_type & DELETE) != 0;
}
/**
* Returns the name of the table of this modification.
*/
public TableName getTableName() {
return table_name;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the row in the table that was affected by this
* event or -1 if event type is INSERT.
*/
public int getRowIndex() {
return row_index;
}
/**
* Returns the RowData object that represents the change that is being
* made to the table either by an INSERT or UPDATE. For a DELETE event this
* return null.
*/
public RowData getRowData() {
return row_data;
}
/**
* Returns true if the given listener type should be notified of this type
* of table modification event. For example, if this is a BEFORE event then
* the BEFORE bit on the given type must be set and if this is an INSERT event
* then the INSERT bit on the given type must be set.
*/
public boolean listenedBy(int listen_t) {
// If this is a BEFORE trigger, then we must be listening for BEFORE events,
// etc.
boolean ba_match =
( (event_type & BEFORE) != 0 && (listen_t & BEFORE) != 0 ) ||
( (event_type & AFTER) != 0 && (listen_t & AFTER) != 0 );
// If this is an INSERT trigger, then we must be listening for INSERT
// events, etc.
boolean trig_match =
( (event_type & INSERT) != 0 && (listen_t & INSERT) != 0 ) ||
( (event_type & DELETE) != 0 && (listen_t & DELETE) != 0 ) ||
( (event_type & UPDATE) != 0 && (listen_t & UPDATE) != 0 );
// If both of the above are true
return (ba_match && trig_match);
}
}
| 27,508 |
https://github.com/GrapeCity/pagefx/blob/master/tests/Simple/mono/VB/Mono/IntegerLiteralB.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
pagefx
|
GrapeCity
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 41 | 100 |
Imports System
Module IntegerLiteral
Function _Main() As Integer
Dim a As Integer
If a <> 0 Then
System.Console.WriteLine("IntegerLiteralC:Failed-Default value assigned to integer variable should be 0") : Return 1
End If
End Function
Sub Main()
_Main()
System.Console.WriteLine("<%END%>")
End Sub
End Module
| 11,551 |
bpt6k5696112b_9
|
French-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
La philosophie des sciences de Comte, ou Exposé des principes du Cours de philosophie positive d'Auguste Comte...
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,155 | 10,743 |
LA SCIENCE DE LA VIE 173 « C'est chez l'homme que nous rencontrons les plus hautes manifestations de cette tendance. En vertu de sa complexité de structure, il est le plus éloigné du monde inorganique, lequel comporte le moins d'individualisation. » (Social Statics, p. 436.) Quoique ces remarques m'aient éloigné de Comte en apparence, je crois n'avoir pas perdu de vue les besoins de l'exposition de la Philosophie positive, et j'estime que le lecteur sera mieux à même, maintenant, d'apprécier ce qui va suivre. La seule définition qui remplisse, aux yeux de Comte, toutes les conditions requises, est celle qui a été proposée par De Blainville, en ces termes : « La Vie est un double mouvement intestin, à la fois général et continu, de composition et de décomposition ». « Cette lumineuse définition », dit-il, « ne me paraît laisser rien d'important à désirer, si ce n'est une indication plus directe et plus explicite de ces deux conditions fondamentales corrélatives, nécessairement inséparables de l'état vivant, un organisme déterminé et un milieu convenable. Mais une telle critique n'est réellement que secondaire. La définition présente ainsi l'exacte énonciation du seul phénomène, rigoureusement commun à l'ensemble des êtres vivants, considérés dans toutes leurs parties constituantes et dans tous leurs divers modes de vitalité ». À première vue, il peut sembler que cette définition ne respecte pas suffisamment la distinction capitale, sur laquelle Bichat et ses disciples ont tant insisté, entre la vie végétative et la vie animale — ou, en d'autres termes, entre la vie organique et la vie de relation, et qu'elle semble se rapporter entièrement à la vie végétative. Mais, attentivement considérée, cette importante objection conduit au contraire à reconnaître le mérite réel de la définition, en montrant à quel point elle repose sur une exacte appréciation de la hiérarchie biologique. Car il est indiscutable que, dans l'immense majorité des êtres organisés, la vie animale ne représente qu'un supplément, qu'une série additionnelle de phénomènes superposés à la vie organique fondamentale. Et si, dans la montée progressive de l'être, nous trouvons que ce qui fut d'abord une simple addition est devenu finalement la partie la plus importante, — au point que chez l'homme, la vie végétative semble destinée seulement à supporter la vie animale, dont les attributs moraux et intellectuels représentent les plus hautes fonctions de l'existence, — un fait aussi remarquable ne saurait faire l'ordre de l'étude biologique, mais est simplement l'annonce d'une autre science fondamentale — la Sociologie — qui prend sa source dans la Biologie. Entre ces deux formes de la vie, il existe, à la vérité, une distinction capitale, à savoir, celle qui a trait précisément à l'intermittence des fonctions animales et à la continuité des fonctions végétatives. Ajoutons que, « pour compléter cette irrécusable appréciation, il importe d'y rattacher, comme conséquence nécessaire, la double loi de l'exercice, qui n'appartient qu'à l'animalité. D'abord, la continuité des fonctions végétatives exclut toute satisfaction, quand même l'être serait pourvu de nerfs sensibles, puisque tout plaisir exige une comparaison alors impossible. C'est en vertu de son intermittence caractéristique que la double propriété animale, soit passive, soit active, comporte le sentiment de son exercice, et, par suite, inspire le besoin de le répéter. En second lieu, cette répétition, réglée surtout d'après les conditions nutritives, développe un autre attribut animal, qui ne saurait davantage convenir à des fonctions continues. C'est la faculté de l'habitude qui... constitue la base nécessaire du perfectionnement individuel ». (Comte, Politique positive, chap. III de l’Introduction fondamentale.) CHAPITRE XVI Objet et Méthode de la Biologie. Il sera possible maintenant de hasarder une définition de la Science de la Vie, et de circonscrire son objet et sa méthode. Nous avons vu que l'idée de vie suppose constamment la corrélation de deux éléments indispensables, un organisme et un milieu (en comprenant sous le nom de milieu l'ensemble des circonstances extérieures nécessaires à l'existence des organismes). C'est de l'action réciproque de ces deux éléments que résultent tous les phénomènes de la vie. Il suit de là que le grand problème de la Biologie est d'établir, pour tous les cas, d'après le moindre nombre possible de lois invariables, une exacte harmonie entre ces deux inséparables facteurs — le conflit vital et l'acte qui le constitue ; en un mot, à lier la double idée d'organe et de milieu avec celle de fonction. La destination de la Biologie positive est donc de rattacher l'un à l'autre, dans chaque cas déterminé, le point de vue anatomique et le point de vue physiologique, l'état statique et l'état dynamique. Cette relation constitue son vrai caractère philosophique. Placé dans un système donné de circonstances, chaque organisme doit toujours agir d'une manière déterminée ; et, en sens inverse, la même action ne saurait être identiquement produite par des organismes vraiment distincts. Nous devons, par conséquent, conclure de l'acte à l'agent ou de l'agent à l'acte. Le milieu censé préalablement bien connu, d'après les résultats obtenus par les sciences antécédentes, le double problème biologique peut être ainsi formulé : étant donné l'organe ou la modification organique, trouver la fonction ou l'acte, et réciproquement. Que la Biologie soit loin d'être parvenue à l'état positif que comporte une pareille capacité de prévision scientifique, sauf dans un petit nombre de cas, c'est une constatation évidente aux yeux de toute personne courant de la situation de cette science, et qui était encore plus évidente à l'époque où Comte publia ses vues, en 1838. Et, bien que, dans le premier volume de sa Politique positive, publié en 1851, il ait fait allusion aux découvertes importantes de Schwann, relatives à « la théorie cellulaire », il est clair qu'il n'a pas suivi, avec une attention suffisante, le progrès rapide de l'investigation physiologique. Je ne fais d'ailleurs cette remarque que pour ceux qui voudraient étudier son œuvre. Car le présent état de la science ne modifie en aucune manière les considérations philosophiques générales qu'il a avancées avec une intuition si profonde et si complète. Et on peut lui appliquer justement ce que Buffon dit de Pline : « Il a cette faculté de penser en grand qui multiplie la science ». Après avoir défini la Science, nous pouvons maintenant examiner sa Méthode. Or, la loi philosophique, posée par Comte, et relative à l'accroissement de nos ressources scientifiques à mesure que les phénomènes deviennent plus compliqués, reçoit en biologie une éclatante illustration. Si les phénomènes de la vie sont incomparablement plus complexes que ceux du monde inorganique, nos moyens de les explorer sont aussi plus étendus. Et Comte, qui a déjà indiqué les trois modes principaux d'exploration, l'Observation, l'Expérimentation et la Comparaison, s'occupe d'exposer en détail leur application à la biologie. Non seulement l'Observation proprement dite reçoit ici une grande extension, en rapport avec l'immense variété des phénomènes à observer, mais elle s'enrichit de l'emploi de moyens artificiels qui élèvent à la plus haute puissance l'usage de nos sens, tels le microscope et le stéthoscope. Il n'est personne, quelque peu habitué des recherches microscopiques, qui méconnaisse leur énorme importance, malgré les erreurs auxquelles peuvent être conduits les investigateurs, en raison de l'extrême difficulté de leurs observations exactes et de leur tendance à voir ce qu'ils désirent découvrir. Quant à l'Expérimentation, au sens strict du mot, et telle qu'elle est utilisée en physique et en chimie, elle n'est susceptible ici que d'applications assez limitées, en raison de la complexité et de la connexion (si je puis employer ce mot) des phénomènes, qui empêchent l'élimination indispensable de toutes les circonstances autres de celles dont la constatation est précisément recherchée. L'impossibilité d'isoler les phénomènes rend, par suite, équivoques toutes les expériences directes. La Biologie possède cependant un mode d'expérimentation qui lui est propre et qui est des plus riches en indications; je veux parler des expériences que la Nature réalise elle-même dans les cas des anomalies diverses de l'organisation et des variations de l'état normal connues sous le nom de maladies. Toutefois, c'est la Comparaison qui constitue la méthode principale de la Biologie, et Comte est justifié de s'étendre sur elle autant qu'il le fait. Assurément, les hommes mettent instinctivement à profit cette source fertile de connaissance, mais ils ont si peu conscience de son importance souveraine qu'il n'y a pas un biologiste sur cent qui s'imagine violer la méthode scientifique en commençant ses études et en les finissant avec la physiologie de l'homme. Et, cependant, ne serait-il pas plus absurde de commencer l'étude d'Euclide par le douzième livre? Notre ascension ne doit-elle pas être graduelle ? Si nous considérons l'ensemble des manifestations de la vie, nous trouvons qu'elle présente deux grandes divisions — la végétale et l'animale—ou, pour employer le langage de Bichat, la vie organique et la vie de relation. Si nous envisageons les plantes et les animaux, nous constatons que ceux-ci se nourrissent de celles-là et que les seconds se distinguent uniquement des premières par la possession de certaines facultés, surajoutées à celles de la vie organique ou végétative, les facultés de sensation et de locomotion. Les organes de nutrition et de reproduction sont aussi indispensables aux uns qu'aux autres; et l'idée de Cuvier, d'un animal qui serait capable de vivre, pendant un moment, de la seule vie de relation, révèle une profonde méconnaissance de la nature de la vie. De même que ce sont les végétaux qui pourvoient à la nourriture des animaux, c'est, de même, la vie végétative qui sert de support à la vie de relation. Les biologistes n'ont pas suffisamment ancrée dans l'esprit cette conviction que, malgré la prédominance, chez l'homme, de la vie animale, sur la vie végétative, la première est néanmoins simplement superposée à la seconde, et ne saurait, fût-ce pour un instant, s'en rendre indépendante. La Nature nous offre une merveilleuse progression, depuis la plante qui a seulement la vie organique, jusqu'au zoophyte qui manifeste un commencement de vie animale, et jusqu'à l'homme, en passant par la série zoologique, et en tenant compte de l'accroissement de complexité organique et de l'extension graduelle de la vie de relation qui accompagnent cette progression ; de sorte que, du simple processus d'assimilation et de reproduction, l'investigateur s'élève jusqu'à la locomotion, la sensation, l'intelligence, la moralité, la sociabilité. La grande différence dynamique entre l'inorganique et l'organique — c'est-à-dire le premier acte vital — est l'assimilation. En ajoutant l'acte de la reproduction nous avons la vie entière d'une cellule, c'est-à-dire du plus simple des organismes. Une cellule, dit Carpenter, est, en langage physiologique, une vésicule close ou un minuscule sac formé par une membrane qui ne présente, à l'examen, aucune structure définie, et qui circonscrit une cavité susceptible de contenir une matière de consistance variable. Des cellules de cette sorte constituent l'organisme entier de diverses plantes simples, comme la rouge-neige ou la rosée sanglante ; car, bien que les échantillons de ces espèces de végétaux soient composés de vastes assemblages de telles cellules, il n'existe aucune dépendance entre celles-ci, et les actes vitaux de chacune d'elles sont la répétition exacte de ceux des autres. En résumé, la cellule est une plante — minuscule mais cependant individualisée — et son pouvoir de reproduction (c'est-à-dire d'engendrer des cellules semblables à elle) est si grand, que de vastes étendues de neige sont rouges très rapidement par le Prolococcus nivalis (rouge-neige). C'est de cellules analogues, continue le Dr Carpenter, que tous les corps organisés tirent leur naissance, quelle que soit leur complexité. L'arbre immense qui contient presque, en puissance, une forêt, — le zoophyte, dans lequel nous découvrons les premières indications de l'animalité, — et l'homme, doué de sentiment, de pensée, d'intelligence, — naissent chacun d'un germe qui ne diffère, par aucun caractère sensible, de la condition permanente d'un de ces êtres inférieurs. Lorsque nous employons l'expression de "vie végétative", nous devons, comme le fait remarquer Valentin, nous mettre en garde contre l'erreur populaire qui suppose que le règne animal et le règne végétal se correspondent dans toutes leurs particularités, qu'il y a une digestion, une respiration, une transpiration dans les plantes comme dans les animaux. Un examen plus attentif nous apprend que tel n'est pas le cas. Les végétaux ne possèdent point de tissus qui permettent le même genre d'absorption nutritive, de circulation de sucs ou de sécrétion, que nous rencontrons chez les animaux, chez les supérieurs tout au moins. Ils ne possèdent point de larges cavités dans lesquelles des quantités considérables de nourriture puissent s'accumuler et être soumises à l'action dissolvante de sécrétions spéciales. Ils ne possèdent point d'organe central pour la circulation de leurs sucs, ni d'appareil spécialement adapté à l'absorption et à l'expulsion des gaz respiratoires. Ils sont dépourvus des revêtements épithéliaux qui jouent un rôle si important dans la plupart des organes excrétoires des animaux. En un mot, les fonctions générales organiques s'opèrent dans les deux règnes vivants de la nature, et probablement même dans leurs divisions subordonnées, d'après deux voies différentes. Cette différence conduit, sur-le-champ, à la conclusion que la structure de l'animal n'est pas une simple répétition de celle de la plante, avec addition de séries de nouveaux appareils. La nature des tissus, leur mode d'action et leurs altérations, la forme, la division et la destinée des organes, — tout cela nous enseigne plutôt que les animaux d'un type quelconque sont construits sur un plan tout-à-fait différent. C'est pour rendre plus manifeste l'indispensabilité de la méthode comparative que j'insiste sur cette identité propre à chaque série biologique, et que j'appelle l'attention sur la nécessité de procéder à des études méthodiques pour étudier ces séries. C'est seulement en étudiant les variétés de l'organisation, dans l'ordre de leur accroissement de complexité structurale et d'activité vitale, que nous pouvons les apprécier justement. L'Anatomie comparée est donc la base de l'anatomie philosophique, et, avant de pouvoir comprendre les lois de la vie, il est indispensable que nous embrassions l'entière variété des phénomènes vitaux : tâche prodigieuse, et l'une de celles qu'il nous est, à juste titre, permis, avec Comte, de considérer comme une des plus fortes preuves de la puissance de l'intelligence humaine. Il est nécessaire, affirme Comte, de distinguer les divers aspects sous lesquels peut se pratiquer la comparaison biologique : en premier lieu, la comparaison entre les parties variées de chaque organisme ; secondement, entre les sexes; troisièmement, entre les diverses phases de l'ensemble du développement; quatrièmement, entre les races ou les variétés de chaque espèce ; cinquièmement, entre tous les organismes de la hiérarchie animée. Quiconque s'est livré à des recherches biologiques étendues sentira la nécessité de revenir, à chaque instant, à la méthode comparative ; et, à titre d'illustration saisissante, invoquerai, à l'appui de mon dire, le processus fondamental de l'assimilation. En constatant que le premier exemple de transformation de la matière inorganique en substance organique se manifeste dans l'assimilation végétale et que toutes les transformations suivantes, au sein des tissus plus élevés, consistent simplement dans des modifications de ce processus, il est clair que les lois élémentaires de l'assimilation peuvent être plus facilement découvertes dans le règne végétal que dans le monde animal. CHAPITRE XVII Anatomie philosophique. Ayant indiqué, bien que brièvement, les plus importantes généralités relatives à l'objet, au but et à la méthode dans l'étude des êtres vivants, nous pouvons maintenant jeter un coup d'oeil sur la division que Comte a donnée du sujet, en éléments statique et dynamique, en Anatomie (comparée et descriptive) et en Physiologie. L'Anatomie est demeurée dans une confusion inextricable tant qu'elle n'a eu en vue que les organes ou les groupes d'organes. Bichat, par sa grande idée philosophique de décomposer l'organisme en ses nombreux tissus élémentaires, a rendu à l'anatomie le plus grand des services. Car, bien que l'examen approfondi de l'ensemble du règne animal, en procédant d'après la méthode ascensionnelle, depuis l'être le plus inférieur jusqu'à l'homme, nous montre les divers tissus émerger successivement, avec leurs caractères spéciaux, à mesure que les diverses fonctions se spécialisent et se prononcent davantage, — il n'en est pas moins vrai que la découverte eût été nécessairement beaucoup plus lente, n'eût été l'innovation philosophique de Bichat. Rien n'est plus propre à le démonter que le cas de Cuvier qui, venu après Bichat, n'a pu comprendre l'importance de cette vue, et a continué à s'occuper exclusivement des organes et des groupes d'organes, dans l'espoir qu'eux seuls répondraient à ses questions. Cependant, comme les organes eux-mêmes se composent de tissus, la priorité de ceux-ci demeure hors de contestation. Cette priorité justifie l'ordre établi par Comte, en conformité avec sa méthode de procéder du général au particulier, du simple au complexe. Nous devons commencer par l'étude des tissus, pour analyser ensuite les lois de leurs diverses combinaisons en organes, et considérer enfin le groupement des organes eux-mêmes en appareils proprement dits. Toutefois, cet ordre est susceptible d'une légère rectification qui a été suggérée par un disciple de Comte, le docteur Segond dans sa Systématisation de la Biologie, et qui consiste à faire précéder l'étude des tissus de celle des principes immédiats des phosphates, des graisses, des sels, des albumines, etc., dont la combinaison avec les éléments anatomiques (cellules, libres, tubes) constitue les éléments organiques, — c'est-à-dire des constituants élémentaires de la matière organique. Ceux, d'entre les biologistes philosophes, qui voudraient voir la question traitée à fond, n'ont qu'à se reporter à l'important ouvrage de Chimie organique de Ch. Robin et Verdet, où ils trouveront la plus complète application de la méthode positive en anatomie élémentaire. Aucun chimiste organique ne doute maintenant que le point de départ de tous les tissus soit la Protéine de Mulder. Et, cependant, on ne croit guère plus à l'existence actuelle de cette protéine que Mulder s'imaginait avoir découverte. Mais bien que l'existence, à notre époque, d'une telle combinaison basique des quatre organogènes soit douteuse, sa conception est trop utile — à titre d'artifice logique — pour être rejetée ; et les anatomistes continuent à employer le terme de protéine pour désigner, sous une forme abrégée, les dix alphabêtes organogènes. En fait, la conception que cette expression résume, représente une simple application, aux corps organiques, de la théorie des composés radicaux; et nous pouvons l'utiliser de la même manière que nous utilisons, en chimie organique, les radicaux, sans croire nécessairement, pour cela, à son existence objective. Comme préface à nos recherches sur la transformation du tissu cellulaire en d'autres tissus, nous avons suivi la. LA PHILOSOPHIE DES SCIENCES transformation de cette protéine dans l'albumine, la fibrine, la caséine, par addition de certaines proportions de soufre, de phosphore, ou de l'un et de l'autre ; et par là, nous saisissons la relation intime de la Biologie et de la Chimie. C'est le cas maintenant de relever les analyses chimiques que Mulder a données de ces éléments. Observons d'abord que la protéine, la mère de tous, est considérée comme composée seulement des quatre organogènes, et dans la proportion suivante pour cent : Azote 16,01 Carbone 55,29 Hydrogène 7,00 Oxygène 21,70 100,00 Pour obtenir l'albumine, il suffit d'une addition légère — très légère — de soufre et de phosphore, venant remplacer une légère perte d'azote et de carbone : Azote 15,83 Carbone 54,84 Hydrogène 7,09 Oxygène 21,23 Phosphore 0,33 Soufre 0,68 Pour obtenir la fibrine, nous avons besoin des mêmes additions que pour l'albumine, mais avec de légères variations dans les proportions : Azote 15,72 Carbone 54,56 Hydrogène 6,90 Oxygène 22,13 Phosphore 0,33 Souffe 0,36 Après avoir ainsi fixé l'ordre des études anatomiques,— les principes immédiats, les éléments, les tissus, les organes et les groupes d'organes ou systèmes, — il nous reste à retracer la dérivation de tous les tissus, d'un seul, et leur classification d'après leurs véritables relations générales. Après avoir fait ressortir la valeur de la distinction indiquée par De Vahlville entre les éléments organiques et les produits organiques, Comte aborde la question de la vitalité des fluides organiques : « Un premier coup d’œil sur l’ensemble de la nature organique, depuis l’homme jusqu’au végétal, montre clairement que tout corps vivant est continuellement formé d’une certaine combinaison de solides et de fluides, dont les proportions varient, d’ailleurs, suivant les espèces, entre des limites très écartées. La définition même de l’état vital suppose évidemment l’harmonie nécessaire de ces deux sortes de principes constituants, mutuellement indispensables. Car ce double mouvement intestin de composition et de décomposition permanentes, qui caractérise essentiellement la vie générale, ne saurait être conçu, à aucun degré, dans un système entièrement solide. D’un autre côté, indépendamment de ce qu’une masse purement liquide, et à plus forte raison gazeuse, ne pourrait exister sans être circonscrite par une enveloppe solide, il est clair qu’elle ne saurait comporter aucune véritable organisation, sans laquelle la vie proprement dite devient inintelligible. Si ces deux idées mères de vie et d’organisation n’étaient point nécessairement corrélatives, et par suite réellement inséparables, on pourrait concevoir que la première appartient essentiellement aux fluides, comme seuls éminemment modifiables, et la seconde aux solides, comme seuls susceptibles de structures déterminées, ce qui reproduirait, sous un autre aspect philosophique, l’évidente nécessité de cette harmonie fondamentale entre les deux ordres d’éléments organiques. L’examen comparatif des principaux types de la hiérarchie biologique confirme, en effet, ce me semble, comme règle générale, que l’activité vitale augmente essentiellement à mesure que les éléments fluides prédominent davantage dans l’organisme, tandis que la prépondérance croissante des solides y détermine, au contraire, une plus grande persistance de l’état vital. Depuis longtemps, tous les biologistes philosophes avaient déjà signalé cette loi incontestable, en considérant seulement la série des Âges, d’où Richter surtout la fit si nettement ressortir. — Ces réflexions me paraissent propres à établir clairement que la controverse si agitée, quant à la vitalité des fluides, repose essentiellement, ainsi que tant d’autres controverses fameuses, sur une position vicieuse de la question ; puisqu’une telle corrélation nécessaire entre les solides et les fluides exclut aussitôt, comme également irrationnels, le morisme et le solidisme absolus... « Toutefois, en considérant les divers principes immédiats propres à la composition si hétérogène des fluides organiques, il y a lieu de poursuivre, à leur égard, une recherche générale très positive, quoique fort difficile, et qui, peu avancée jusqu'ici, présente réellement un haut intérêt philosophique, pour achever de fixer nos idées fondamentales sur la véritable vitalité des fluides anatomiques. Ainsi, par exemple, le sang étant formé d'eau en majeure partie, il serait absurde de concevoir un tel véhicule inerte comme participant à la vie incontestable de ce fluide ; mais alors quel en est, parmi les autres principes immédiats, le véritable siège ? L'anatomie microscopique a entrepris, de nos jours, de répondre à cette question capitale, en plaçant ce siège dans les globules propres dits, qui seraient seuls à la fois organisés et vivants. Une telle solution, quelque précieuse qu'elle soit, en effet, ne peut cependant, à mon avis, être encore envisagée que comme une simple ébauche. Car on admet en même temps, d'après l'ensemble des observations, que ces globules, quoique affectant toujours une forme déterminée, se rétrécissent de plus en plus à mesure que le sang artériel passe dans un ordre inférieur de vaisseaux, c'est-à-dire en avançant vers le lieu de son incorporation aux tissus ; qu'enfin, à l'instant précis de l'assimilation définitive, il y a liquéfaction complète des globules. Or, quelque naturelle que doive paraître, en elle-même, cette dernière condition, elle semble directement contradictoire au principe de l'hypothèse fondamentale, puisque, d'après ce principe, le sang cesserait donc d'être réputé vivant au moment même où s'accomplit son plus grand acte de vitalité. Le résultat net de cette étude sur la vitalité des fluides, agrémentée de diverses considérations, nous sommes obligés de laisser de côté, faute de place, est que Comte commence son investigation statique par les solides, comme représentant mieux l'idée d'organisation, et qu'il passe des solides aux liquides. Nous revenons ainsi une fois de plus aux tissus comme point de départ anatomique. Ici, comme ailleurs, l'importance de la comparaison est prouvée, d'une façon éclatante, par le fait que les premières phases du développement humain sont trop rapides et d'une observation trop difficile pour servir de guide à l'anatomie. Il n'y a que la considération de l'ensemble des êtres organisés, figurant dans la hiérarchie biologique, qui puisse fournir des indications décisives. En suivant cette méthode comparative, nous trouvons que le tissu cellulaire est la trame primordiale et essentielle de chaque organisme, et le seul qui se rencontre dans l'universalité des êtres animés. Toutes les variétés de tissus, si distinctes à nos regards, chez l'homme, perdent successivement leurs attributs caractéristiques à mesure que nous descendons l'échelle de l'organisation, et tendent toujours à se confondre dans le tissu cellulaire, qui, comme nous le savons, reste la seule base du monde végétal et aussi des formes les plus inférieures du monde animal. Nous devons surtout remarquer ceci : que la nature d'une telle organisation élémentaire et commune se présente pleinement en harmonie philosophique avec ce qui constitue le fond nécessaire et uniforme de la vie générale, réduite à son extrême simplification abstraite. Car le tissu cellulaire, sous quelque forme qu'on le conçoive, est éminemment apte, par sa structure, à cette absorption et à cette exhalation fondamentales, dans lesquelles consistent les deux parties essentielles du grand phénomène vital. À l'origine inférieure de la hiérarchie biologique, l'organisme vivant, placé dans un milieu invariable, se borne réellement à absorber et à exhaler par ses deux surfaces, entre lesquelles circulent ou plutôt oscillent les fluides destinés à l'assimilation et ceux qui résultent de la désassimilation. Or, pour d'aussi simples fonctions générales, l'organisation cellulaire est évidemment suffisante, sans la participation d'aucun tissu plus spécial. LA PHILOSOPHIE DES SCIENCES Ayant ainsi constaté que le tissu cellulaire est le tissu primordial qui se modifie successivement pour engendrer tous les autres, il nous reste à indiquer l'ordre de succession de ses transformations ; et ici, l'anatomie comparée vient de nouveau à notre aide, en nous fournissant, pour nous guider, ce principe simple et lumineux, — que les tissus secondaires doivent être regardés comme s'écartant d'autant plus du tissu générateur que leur première apparition se manifeste dans des organismes plus différenciés et plus élevés. Par exemple, le tissu nerveux est totalement absent de l'organisme de tous les végétaux, et introuvable chez les types inférieurs de l'organisation animale, dénommés, pour cette raison, Acrita, par Owen. De même, il existe deux variétés distinctes de tissu musculaire, celle à fibres striées et celle à fibres lisses; la première, propre aux muscles volontaires qui sont les plus complexes, la dernière aux muscles involontaires. Or, les plus récentes recherches établissent qu'en descendant la hiérarchie animale nous voyons les caractères distinctifs des fibres striées s'effacer graduellement, les stries transversales devenant irrégulières au lieu d'être parallèles, et n'existant plus au centre des fibres que là où le développement est le plus grand, et l'énergie contractile la plus active. Les modifications que le tissu cellulaire subit, peuvent, d'une façon générale, être divisées en deux classes : les plus communes et les moins profondes sont celles qui touchent simplement à la structure ; les autres plus profondes et plus spéciales atteignent jusqu'à la composition du tissu lui-même. « La transformation la plus directe et la plus répandue donne naissance au tissu dérmique proprement dit, qui constitue le fond nécessaire de l'enveloppe organique. La transformation se réduit à une pure condensation, diversement prononcée chez l'animal, suivant que la surface doit être, comme à l'extérieur, plus exhalante qu'absorbante, ou en sens inverse à l'intérieur. Cette première transformation, quelque simple et commune qu'elle soit, n'est pas même rigoureusement universelle : il faut s'élever déjà à un certain degré de l'échelle biologique pour l'apercevoir nettement caractérisée. Non seulement, dans la plupart des derniers animaux, il n'y a pas de différence essentielle d'organisation entre les deux parties, intérieure ou extérieure, de la surface générale, qui peuvent, comme on le sait depuis longtemps, se suppléer mutuellement; mais, en outre, si l'on descend un peu davantage, on ne reconnaît plus aucune disposition anatomique qui distingue notablement l'enveloppe d'avec l'ensemble de l'organisme, dès lors devenu uniformément celluleux. Une condensation croissante, et plus ou moins également répartie, du tissu générateur, détermine, à partir du derme proprement dit, et à un degré plus élevé de la série organique, trois tissus distincts, mais inséparables, qui sont destinés, dans l'économie animale, à un rôle très important quoique passif, soit comme enveloppes protectrices des organes nerveux, soit comme auxiliaires de l'appareil locomoteur. Ce sont les tissus fibreux, cartilagineux et osseux, dont l'analogie fondamentale était trop manifeste, malgré l'insuffisance des moyens primitifs de l'analyse anatomique, pour avoir échappé au coup d'oeil de Bichat, qui les classa soigneusement dans leur ordre rationnel. M. Laurent, dans son projet de nomenclature systématique, a judicieusement fixé ce rapprochement incontestable, en proposant l'heureuse dénomination de tissu scléreux pour caractériser l'ensemble de ces trois tissus secondaires, envisagés sous un point de vue commun. La rationalité d'une telle considération est d'autant plus évidente, que, en réalité, les différents degrés de la consolidation tiennent essentiellement ici au dépôt, dans le réseau celluleux, d'une substance hétérogène, soit organique, soit inorganique, dont l'extraction ne laisse aucun doute sur la véritable nature du tissu. L'anatomie philosophique a donc, en somme, pour objet : de réduire tous les tissus à un seul tissu primitif, duquel ils dérivent successivement, par des transformations spéciales de plus en plus profondes, d'abord de structure et ensuite de composition. Comte s'élève énergiquement contre cette tendance des anatomistes modernes de l'Allemagne, à quitter le vrai point de vue positif pour poursuivre un but inaccessible et chimérique, qui, s'il pouvait être atteint, transporterait la difficulté toujours plus haut, sans l'expliquer d'aucune manière. Peu satisfaits de la réduction de tous les tissus à un seul, ils prétendent réduire ce dernier à un assemblage de monades organiques, qui seraient les éléments primordiaux de tout corps vivant. Une telle prétention est évidemment contraire à toute saine Biologie. Dans la science de la vie, qu'avons-nous à étudier, sinon les phénomènes des êtres organisés ? Aller au-delà de l'organisme est s'aventurer au-delà des limites de la science. Car, si les différences entre le monde inorganique et le monde organique sont purement phénoménales et en aucune manière nouvelles, comme j'ai essayé de le démontrer dans les chapitres sur la Chimie organique, ces différences phénoménales n'en sont pas moins essentielles en philosophie, et quiconque les confond se trouve pécher contre les principes fondamentaux de la philosophie. En un certain sens, il est vrai que la vie est partout; mais dans le sens restreint que la Biologie donne à l'expression de vitalité, et qui implique la corrélation de deux idées inséparables, celle de vie et celle d'organisation, il est évidemment absurde de supposer la vie résidant dans des molécules. En quoi pourrait donc consister réellement, soit l'organisation, soit la vie, d'une simple monade ? Que la philosophie inorganique conçoive les corps comme finalement composés de molécules indivisibles : cette notion est pleinement rationnelle, puisqu'elle est parfaitement conforme à la nature des phénomènes étudiés, qui, constituant le fond général de toute existence matérielle, doivent nécessairement appartenir, d'une manière essentiellement identique, aux plus petites particules corporelles. Mais, au contraire, la double aberration que nous considérons, et qui, en termes intelligibles, revient réellement à se figurer les animaux comme essentiellement formés d'animalcules, n'est qu'une intempestive et absurde imitation d'une telle conception... Même en admettant cette fiction irrationnelle, les animalcules élémentaires seraient évidemment encore plus incompréhensibles que l'animal composé indépendamment de rinsoh.'blé difficulté qu'on aurait dès lors gratuitement créée quant au mode effectif d'une aussi monstrueuse association. Il ne faut pas croire qu'en s'élevant ainsi contre la doctrine des monades, Comte fasse allusion à la théorie cellulaire, qui, à l'époque où il écrivait, n'existait pas. Il prétend simplement sauvegarder l'unité de chaque organisation distincte, car "Un organisme quelconque constitue, par sa nature, un tout nécessairement indivisible, que nous ne décomposons d'après un simple artifice intellectuel, qu'afin de le mieux connaître, et en ayant toujours en vue une recomposition ultérieure. Or, le dernier terme de cette décomposition abstraite consiste dans l'idée de tissu, au-delà de laquelle (si nous la combinons avec celle d'élément anatomique), il ne peut réellement rien exister, puisqu'il n'y aurait plus d'organisation." L'idée de tissu est au monde organique ce qu'est l'idée de molécule par rapport au monde inorganique. Je ne sais si le lecteur ordinaire a pu suivre le développement abstrait des principes fondamentaux de l'anatomie philosophique, mais il lui suffirait d'ouvrir quelques-uns des ouvrages spécialement consacrés à cette science, pour saisir immédiatement la simplicité, la profondeur et la clarté des principes posés par Comte. CHAPITRE XVIII Dynamique vitale. L'analyse de la condition fondamentale statique des êtres vivants, succède à la coordination de tous les organismes connus en une hiérarchie; en d'autres termes, à l'anatomie succède la classification zoologique. Le chapitre affecté à ce sujet par Comte est rempli d'intérêt, mais je dois me borner à en fournir une simple indication. Il se prononce contre la célèbre hypothèse de Lamarck. Et quoique son admiration de Lamarck, et son appréciation de l'influence de son œuvre sur la zoologie philosophique, soient telles qu'on puisse l'attendre d'un penseur si grand et si libéral, il apprécie imparfaitement, à mon sens, l'immense valeur de l'hypothèse transformiste, en la considérant uniquement comme un artifice philosophique, et indépendamment de la vérité qu'elle est susceptible de renfermer. Après avoir formulé les considérations générales qui sont nécessaires pour procéder à une bonne classification, Comte aborde l'étude des conditions dynamiques de la Biologie qu'on appelle, en termes vulgaires, Physiologie. L'étude de la Physiologie doit, en premier lieu, respecter la division fondamentale en Vie végétative et Vie animale qui correspond non seulement aux deux règnes Végétal et Animal, mais aussi à la double vie végétative et de relation de tout animal. La vie végétative, en tant que la plus simple, la plus générale, et la première apparue dans l'ordre des temps, réclame pour elle la priorité : l'animal dépend du végétal, qui ne dépend pas de lui. Or, nous pouvons constater très nettement, dans les phénomènes de la vie végétative, l'intervention de toutes ces lois de la matière inorganique que les sciences antérieures nous ont fait connaître. Aussi Comte a-t-il esquissé ce qu'il appelle « la théorie des milieux » (ou de l'ensemble des circonstances extérieures), comme une préface indispensable à cette partie de la science. « Le vrai caractère philosophique de la physiologie positive consiste à instituer partout une exacte et constante harmonie entre le point de vue statique et le point de vue dynamique, entre les idées d'organisation et les idées de vie, entre la notion de l'agent et celle de l'acte; il en résulte évidemment, dans le sujet fondamental qui nous occupe, la stricte obligation de réduire toutes les conceptions abstraites de propriétés physiologiques à la seule considération de phénomènes élémentaires et généraux dont chacun rappelle nécessairement à notre intelligence l'inséparable pensée d'un siège plus ou moins circonscrit, mais toujours déterminé. On peut dire, en un mot, sous une forme plus précise, que la réduction des diverses fonctions aux propriétés correspondantes doit toujours être envisagée comme la simple suite de la décomposition habituelle de la vie générale elle-même dans les différentes fonctions, en écartant toute vaine prétention à rechercher les causes des phénomènes, et ne se proposant que la découverte de leurs lois. Sans cette indispensable condition fondamentale, les idées de propriétés reprendraient nécessairement, en physiologie, leur ancienne nature d'entités purement métaphysiques... » En s'efforçant d'accorder, autant que possible, les différents degrés généraux de l'analyse physiologique avec ceux de l'analyse anatomique, on peut poser, à ce sujet, comme principe philosophique, que l'idée de propriété, qui indique le dernier terme de l'une, doit nécessairement correspondre à l'idée de tissu, terme extrême de l'autre, — tandis que l'idée de fonction correspond, au contraire, à celle de organisme; de telle sorte que les notions successives de fonction et de propriété présentent entre elles une gradation intellectuelle parfaitement semblable à celle qui existe entre les notions d'organe et de tissu. Dans la Politique positive, il rectifie la position donnée à la théorie des milieux, et la place après la Physiologie, d'après le principe philosophique que les questions intermédiaires doivent être étudiées après les deux extrêmes entre lesquelles elles se tiennent. DYNAMIQUE VITALE Nous avons déjà reconnu, en traitant des tissus, qu'il y a lieu de les diviser : 1° en un tissu générateur primordial, — le cellulaire ; et 2° en tissus secondaires et spécialisés, qui résultent de la combinaison de certaines substances avec cette trame primitive : ce qui revient à dire que nous avons à considérer le tissu cellulaire et ses modifications, et la combinaison de ce tissu avec la fibrine et la neurine pour former le tissu musculaire et le tissu nerveux. Par suite, les propriétés physiologiques doivent donc être divisées en deux classes correspondantes : 1° celle des propriétés générales qui appartiennent à tous les tissus, et qui constituent, à proprement parler, la vie du tissu cellulaire primordial ; et 2° celle des propriétés spéciales qui caractérisent les modifications les plus distinctives de ce tissu, soit les tissus musculaire et nerveux. De la sorte, nous revenons ainsi à la grande distinction fondamentale entre la vie végétative et la vie animale. « Si nous considérons à quel point est déjà parvenu, chez les esprits les plus avancés, la construction effective de cette théorie physiologique fondamentale, nous reconnaîtrons que l'opération peut être envisagée comme suffisamment accomplie à l'égard des propriétés spéciales, relatives aux deux grands tissus secondaires essentiellement animaux : en sorte que, suivant la marche naturelle de notre intelligence, le cas le plus tranché est aussi le mieux apprécié. Tous les phénomènes généraux de la vie animale sont aujourd'hui assez unanimement rattachés à l'irritabilité et à la sensibilité, considérées chacune comme l'attribut caractéristique d'un tissu licitement défini, au moins dans les degrés supérieurs de l'échelle zoologique. Mais il règne encore une extrême confusion et une profonde divergence à l'égard des propriétés vraiment générales qui correspondent à la vie universelle ou végétative. Les deux fonctions capitales de la vie végétative sont celles qui, par leur union constante et leur antagonisme, correspondent à la définition de la vie elle-même : 1° l'absorption intérieure de certains matériaux puisés dans le milieu extérieur, d'où résulte, d'après leur assimilation graduelle, ce que nous appelons la nutrition ou la croissance; 2° l'expiration, à l'extérieur, de celles des molécules qui n'ont pas été assimilées, ou qui sont le résultat d'une désassimilation dans l'intimité des tissus. Aucune autre notion fondamentale ne saurait entrer dans l'idée de vie, si nous la séparons, comme nous devons le faire, de toute idée relative à la vie animale, dont l'influence, plus spéciale, ne peut affecter le problème général. « Dans aucun organisme, les matières assimilables ne peuvent être directement incorporées, ni au lieu même où s'est opérée leur absorption, ni sous leur forme primitive; leur assimilation réelle exige toujours un certain déplacement et une préparation quelconque qui s'accomplit pendant ce trajet. Il en est de même, en sens inverse, pour l'exhalation qui suppose constamment que les particules, devenues étrangères à une portion quelconque de l'organisme, ont été finalement exhalées en un autre point, après avoir éprouvé, dans ce transport nécessaire, d'indispensables modifications. Sous ce point de vue fondamental, comme sous tant d'autres, on a, ce me semble, fort exagéré la véritable distinction entre l'organisme animal et l'organisme végétal, surtout lorsqu'on a voulu ériger la digestion en un caractère essentiel de l'animalité. Car, en se formant de la digestion la notion la plus générale, qui doit s'étendre à toute préparation des aliments indispensable à leur assimilation effective, il est clair qu'une telle préparation existe nécessairement dans les végétaux aussi bien que chez les animaux, quoiqu'elle y soit, sans doute, moins profonde et moins variée, par l'effet de la simplification simultanée des aliments et de l'organisme. Une remarque analogue peut également s'appliquer au mouvement des fluides. Ces fonctions d'absorption et d'exhalation (entre lesquelles nous devons nécessairement interposer l'assimilation comme résultat de l'absorption), se complètent d'une quatrième qui, issue de l'assimilation, présente les trois grands aspects de la croissance, de la génération et de la mort, -- dépendant tous de la prolifération cellulaire et variant suivant une loi que j'espère un jour démontrer, en utilisant la découverte résumée par mon ami Herbert Spencer dans cette formule : « L'individualisation est en antagonisme avec la reproduction ». C'est le cas de signaler ici une des lois fondamentales de l'assimilation, que nous devons, je crois, à Chevrel : Il y a une relation intime entre la composition chimique d'un aliment et l'organisme qu'il nourrit. La plante ou l'animal peuvent se nourrir de deux manières : 1° selon qu'ils restent attachés au générateur en tant que graine ou qu'embryon ; 2° ou selon qu'ils sont séparés des générateurs et obligés de puiser leur nourriture dans le milieu ambiant. En analysant les principes immédiats contenus dans la graine ou dans l'œuf, nous les voyons appartenir aux types principaux qu'on retrouve postérieurement dans l'être développé. Et si — en passant des ovipares aux mammifères — nous étudions la composition du jeune animal dans ses rapports avec le lait qui, pendant longtemps, représente toute sa nourriture, nous retrouvons encore une parfaite correspondance entre l'aliment et la constitution. Les principes immédiats du lait sont « aptes à se combiner, molécule à molécule, avec les principes — exactement correspondants ou analogues — existant déjà dans les organes dont ils doivent entretenir la nutrition ». Si nous considérons la plante séparée de ses parents et l'animal également séparé des siens, nous découvrons, de suite, une distinction capitale dans leur pouvoir d'assimiler la substance du monde extérieur. La plante, plus simple dans son organisation, se montre capable d'assimiler l'eau et les gaz ; et, d'autre part, l'engrais, nécessaire pour son complet développement, présente des matières organiques plus ou moins altérées au moment de leur pénétration. Eu passant de la philosophie à l'animaux, nous observons que plus l'organisation est complexe, plus complexes sont les aliments qui servent à son entretien, et plus il y a d'analogie entre leurs principes immédiats et les principes des organes qu'ils nourrissent. Nous voyons donc que les plantes se nourrissent d'eau, d'acide carbonique et d'autres gaz, et de matières organiques (sous forme d'engrais, c'est-à-dire réduites aux principes les plus simples et les plus solubles), tandis qu'au contraire les animaux, plus complexes et plus élevés dans l'échelle organique, ont besoin de matériaux plus complexes en principes immédiats, et par conséquent plus variés en propriétés. Il importe, toutefois, d'introduire dans cet exposé une modification qui servira à corriger une erreur presque universelle. Cette erreur est celle qui consiste à supposer que les animaux se distinguent des plantes par leur incapacité à se nourrir directement des matériaux fournis par le règne inorganique. Dans la plupart des traités sur la Physiologie, on rencontre, en effet, cette proposition — présentée comme si elle était au-dessus de toute discussion — que les plantes sont capables de transformer et d'intégrer dans leur propre substance la matière inorganique, tandis que les animaux en sont personnellement incapables et sont obligés, pour cela, d'avoir recours aux végétaux. La proposition formulée ainsi est erronée, parce que trop absolue. La part de vérité qu'elle contient est celle-ci : les animaux ne peuvent se nourrir uniquement des matériaux puisés directement dans le monde inorganique, comme le font les plantes à l'égard de l'air, de l'eau et des alcalis qui leur sont directement fournis.
| 17,843 |
https://github.com/lachestry/lumen-elasticsearch/blob/master/tests/Search/Aggregation/Metrics/MaxAggregationTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
lumen-elasticsearch
|
lachestry
|
PHP
|
Code
| 42 | 204 |
<?php
namespace Nord\Lumen\Elasticsearch\Tests\Search\Aggregation\Metrics;
use Nord\Lumen\Elasticsearch\Search\Aggregation\Metrics\MaxAggregation;
use Nord\Lumen\Elasticsearch\Tests\Search\Aggregation\AbstractAggregationTestCase;
/**
* Class MaxAggregationTest
* @package Nord\Lumen\Elasticsearch\Tests\Search\Aggregation\Metrics
*/
class MaxAggregationTest extends AbstractAggregationTestCase
{
/**
*
*/
public function testToArray()
{
$aggregation = new MaxAggregation();
$aggregation->setField('field_name');
$this->assertEquals([
'max' => ['field' => 'field_name'],
], $aggregation->toArray());
}
}
| 28,563 |
https://github.com/janok15/TERE/blob/master/src/game/input.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
TERE
|
janok15
|
C
|
Code
| 54 | 158 |
#ifndef INPUT_H
#define INPUT_H
#include <SFML/Window/Event.hpp>
#include <SFML/Graphics/RenderWindow.hpp>
class Context;
class GameState;
class Input {
public:
Input();
virtual ~Input();
// Virtual destructor: Important! If not freeing Text* pointers
// Could leak mem if child classes allocate any
bool handleEvent(GameState &GameState, const sf::Event& event, sf::RenderWindow &window, int cSize);
bool joystickUtilization = false;
};
#endif //INPUT_H
| 22,445 |
https://github.com/rizwanqureshi15/visiting_cards/blob/master/resources/views/admin/templates/edit.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
visiting_cards
|
rizwanqureshi15
|
PHP
|
Code
| 472 | 2,222 |
@extends('master')
@section('content')
<div class="page-title">
<div class="title_left">
<h3>Templates</h3>
</div>
<div class="title_right">
<div class="col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-12 form-group pull-right top_search">
<div class="input-group">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><i class="fa fa-home" aria-hidden="true"></i> Home</li>
<li>Templates</li>
<li class="active">Edit</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
@if(Session::get('err_msg'))
<div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">
<a class="alert-link">{{ Session::get('err_msg') }}</a>
</div>
@endif
<div class="x_panel">
<div class="x_title">
<h2>Edit</h2>
<div class="clearfix"></div>
</div>
<div class="x_content">
{{ Form::model($template,array('enctype' => 'multipart/form-data', 'id' => 'myform','method' => 'post','url' => url('admin/templates/edit', $template->id), 'class' => "form-horizontal col-md-10")) }}
<input type="hidden" name="_token" value="{{ csrf_token() }}" >
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-sm-3 control-label">Name</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
{{ Form::text('name', null , $attributes= ['class' => 'form-control','placeholder' => 'Template Name','id' => 'temp_name']) }}
@if($errors->first('name'))
<div class="alert alert-danger">
{{ $errors->first('name') }}
</div>
@endif
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-md-offset-3 col-sm-9">
{{ Form::text('url', null , $attributes= ['class' => 'form-control','placeholder' => '','id' => 'txt_url']) }}
@if($errors->first('url'))
<div class="alert alert-danger">
{{ $errors->first('url') }}
</div>
@endif
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-sm-3 control-label">Price</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
{{ Form::text('price', null , $attributes= ['class' => 'form-control','placeholder' => 'Template Price']) }}
@if($errors->first('price'))
<div class="alert alert-danger">
{{ $errors->first('price') }}
</div>
@endif
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-sm-3 control-label">Category</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<select class="form-control" name="category_id">
@foreach($categories as $category)
<option value="{{ $category->id }}"
@if($category->id == $template->category_id )
{{ "selected" }}
@endif >{{ $category->name }}
</option>
@endforeach
</select>
@if($errors->first('category_id'))
<div class="alert alert-danger">
{{ $errors->first('category_id') }}
</div>
@endif
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-sm-3 control-label">Type</label>
<div class="col-sm-9">
<select class="form-control" name="type">
<option value="horizontal" @if($template->type=='horizontal') {{ "selected" }} @endif> Horizontal </option>
<option value="vertical" @if($template->type=='vertical') {{ "selected" }} @endif> Vertical </option>
</select>
@if($errors->first('type'))
<div class="alert alert-danger">
{{ $errors->first('type') }}
</div>
@endif
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-sm-5 col-md-offset-3">
<input type="checkbox" id="double_card" name="double_side" @if($template->is_both_side == 1) {{ "checked=checked" }} @endif> Card is Double side
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-sm-3 control-label">Background Image - Front</label>
<div class="col-sm-5" >
@if($template->background_image)
<img id="front-img" src="{{ url('templates/background-images',$template->background_image) }}" height="200px" width="300px">
<a class="btn btn-primary" id="img-delete" style="margin-top:10px;">Delete</a>
<br>
<br>
<?php
$check = 1;
?>
@else
<?php
$check = 0;
?>
@endif
{{ Form::hidden('is_image', $check, $attributes = ['id' => 'is_img'])}}
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| 32,671 |
TheAcademy6_123
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,293 | 10,343 |
Grosart. He has also in preparation a new and complete edition of Burns, and a new edition of the poems of Robert Tannahill, containing an un¬ published song, letters, and new information re¬ garding the poet and the subjects of his songs and poems. Messrs. Trims and Brook, of Market Street, Manchester, have in the press, and will publish in December next, the mezzotinto engravings from the works of Henry Liverseege, the eminent Manchester artist. They will be printed from the original steel plates, which will then be imme¬ diately destroyed. Mr. George Richardson, author of Reminiscences of Liverseege, contributes a memoir, descriptive letterpress of each plate, and notes. The price of the work will be two guineas. Dr. C. M. Inglebt has just finished his preface to his Centime of lYayse (of Skakspere), and has entered up in it the latest corrections of his views (as that by Mr. R. .Simpson in our columns a week or two since), and the latest additions to them, as that of Professor Dowden’s discovery (see Aca- dkmy, October 24, p. 454) of the borrowings from Shakspere's 1tape of Lucrece in the “ Lucrecia ” in George Rivers’s Ileroinae, 1039. Dr. Ingleby’s Still Lion, an attempt to establish a sound system of interpretation and criticism of Shakspere’s text, is also nearly ready. Professor Rusktn is lecturing twice a week at Oxford now to audiences of 000, as many as the room will hold. His volunteer diggers still go on with their road-making under his superin¬ tendence. Mr. Morfilt, will add to his Essex Ballads for the Ballad Society a curious poem from the Addi¬ tional MS. 15,220 in the British Museum, en¬ titled “ The Disparinge Complainte of Wretched llawleighe for his Treacheries against the worthie Essex.” It professes to contain Raleigh's confes¬ sion of the underhand means by which he and his friends wrought Essex's fall. Some other un- ublished ballads on Frobisher and Warwick will e printed from MSS. at Oxford, in Mr. Morfill’s volume. The Roxburghe Club is having a facsimile made of a very tine illuminated manuscript Anglo- Saxon Apocalypse at Oxford. Baron Heath is printing, as his present to the club, a poem on Queen Mary. It is reported that Mr. Henry Hutk is printing for private circulation another of those volumes of choice old rarities with which he from time to time enriches the libraries of his hook-loving friends. Thf, following remarks quoted from our con¬ temporary the Revue Btbliographique Universelle, of Paris, are interesting on other as well as on moral grounds:— “ La Revue scicntijique publie souvent des traduc¬ tions de l'anglais, et, pour leur donner plus d’auto- rite nux yeux de sea lecteurs, ello Ie fait sans mentionner quo eo sont des traductions et sans dire d’oii ecs travaux sont pris, et met simplement au has lo nom des auteurs. On pourrait croiro quo ceux-ci ecrivent specialement pour elle, n'etaient parfois de grosses erreurs de traduction. Dans lo n° du 19 septembre dernier, olio a public le discours prononco par M. Tyndall au congres do Belfast (Association britanniquo pour l'nvaneement des sciences), et qni venait de paraitro dans 1’ Academy de Londres. Or, il v est question (p. 274, col. 2, ligne 3) du Dr. Wells ‘ lo fomlateur de la thoorie aetuelle de Dew (???) ’ Aucunu note n’explique co quo e’est quo la thioric de Dew. Mais le lectour qui suit l’anglais rucounait dans Dew le mot qui siguifio ‘ la rosdo: ’ il s’agit de ‘ notre theorio actuello do la rosee.’ On suit que les Anglais out l’usage d'eerire avee des majuscules les mots sur lcsquels ils desirent appeler l'iUtention. Le trudueteur anonyms l’ignorait sans doute; mais comment une phrase aussi denueo de sens peut-elle passer dans les eolonnes d’un reeucil qui s'iutitulc llcvue scientifique de la France el de T etranger ? —Dans l'artielo de la Revue scientijiqv.e. ou se trouvo le contro-sens du mot Dew, i Histoire du Materialisms: ilo l'allumand Lange, cst transform™ cn histoire du, Machiavelismk.” At the festival in honour of the memory of Esias Tegner held at Lund on October 4, the Danish poet Carl Ploug delivered an important speech, in which he dwelt upon the new light thrown on the views of the great Swedish skald in regard to social ethics and religion by the newly discovered and recently published volume of correspondence. Ploug continued by pointing out that Tegner and Ohlenschliiger stood side by side as the representative men of Scandinavia in all matters of intellectual distinction, and ex¬ pressed, with much warmth and grace, a hope that the present condition of introspection and culture might in tho end prove to have been as useful to tho national life as the creative vigour of the last generation had been. Kaer og Fjern for October 11 gives a very bright sketch of the personality of the Dnnish poet Lud¬ vig Bodtcher, whose death we announced a fort¬ night ago. It seems that there was a delicate tragic idyll of love in the poet's early fife, of which nobody knew anything till bis papers were ex¬ amined. After the death of this unknown maiden, Bodtcher lived for art and for his friends. A touching picture is drawn of the gladness the old man felt in his fife up to tho last. He was eighty- one Inst March ; on his birthday friends clustered round, expressing their wish that he might enjoy many happy returns of the day. “ Well, I really hope I may ! ” said the sanguine and sunny old poet. We are glad to see that a biography of Bodtcher is announced as in course of preparation. We have received from Messrs. Cliatto and Windus a letter respecting Colonel Chester’s article on the Original Lists of Emigrants to America, published by them. NVith respect to their claim to have given a literal transcript of the original, and to have reproduced “every letter, every contraction, every dot,” we refer our readers to Mr. Sainshury’s letter in our cor¬ respondence. Colonel Chester having stated that Mr. Drake's Researches among the British Archives “ contains within the compass of about a hundred convenient pages all that is in the more elaborate worl; before us which relates to the early settlers of New England, and most, if not nil, of the list of emigrants to Virginia and the West India Islands,” Messrs. Chut to and Windus urge that Mr. Ilotten's book contains over seventy pages more matter relating to New England than Sir. Drake's, and nearly a hundred pages more rela¬ ting to Virginia and the English West Indian colonies. They also state that with respect to the accuracy of the transcripts, they take Mr. notten's re¬ sponsibilities upon themsehes, though they had Digitized by Google 482 THE ACADEMY [Oct. 31 , 1874. no further hand in the matter than issuing the sheets which were printed before his death. They think it “ bio-lily probable, that notwithstanding the care that has been taken, errors have crept in, but that they are at least innocent of the charge of attempting to beguile the American public with a reprint of Mr. Drake's book.” A correspondent points out that at page 455 we were made to ascrilie to the Hunterian Club the intention of reprinting “ the whole works of Samuel Lodge.” Samuel was of course a misprint for Thomas. A PTKlt all, there is something to be said for the system that made Hums an exciseman: if, as was not impossible, he had outlived his genius as he outlived his vogue, he would still have been in¬ dependent. Mr. Thomas Miller, who is just dead, survived his talent and his vogue completely, and it comes back on us as a surprise tnat he was taken up by the Literary Gazette and the Coun¬ tess of Blessington, nnd wrote many prose idylls of which it is possible to speak kindly, and much poetry of which those who read it when young think fondly, though Gideon Giles, his best novel, is still to lie seen on railway bookstalls. The Shut over Papers, to judge by the eighth number, nre not the best of the ephemeral maga¬ zines which are always coming out at universities; the writers have plenty of outrageous animal spirits, and most of them have little more ; but “Human Physiology,” by Friar Tuck, is really amusing. Here is a spociiuen :— “The use of the Ear is inoro obvious: it serves ns a refuge for ono of the genus Hemiptora, nnd grows to a considerable length in a race closely allied to man.” “A Letter of Junius in the possession of Friar Tuck ” is like the laboured invective of the ori¬ ginal, but less exciting as less serious. According to the Inde.r, Mr. John Anderson, the founder of the Natural History School at Penikesc, has sent a draft worth 1,000 dollars in gold to Garibaldi, with a promise to repeat it annually. Tire first critical articles by Sainte-Bcuve have just appeared, it is announced, under the title 1 Verniers Luntlis. Tho volume contains the first article that fSainte-Heuvo ever wrote on Victor Hugo. It is a review of Odes et Ballades, and it is remarked that with his rare critical sagacity he knew, even then, where to place his finger on one of the weak points in Hugo's writings. “ Nulle gradation des couloirs," he says, “ nulle science des lointains. Le pli d'un manteau tient autant de place que la plus noble peusee.” Tire seventeenth Congress of the Breton Asso¬ ciation was opened at Yannes on August .‘10 last. Among the most important papers, as wo learn from Polyhihlion. were those by M. Le Men, de¬ ciphering a milestone which identifies the ancient Yorgium with Carlinix; by M. Kerviler, sug¬ gesting a plan for a Breton bibliography; bv M. l'Abbb Chnullier, on a painted wooden coffer of the twelfth century found in the archives of the chapter of Yannes; by M. Popart, on the banish¬ ment of the Parliament of Brittany to Yannes from 1075 to lt>t»:t; by M. de la Borderie, on the Duchess Anne of Brittany; by M. Luzel, on Breton popular tales. Arc. The Congress devoted several sittings to the examination of the mag¬ nificent Celtic collections of the Museum of Yannes nnd of the prehistoric museum of the Comte de Limur. and, after two excursions to the numerous megalithic monuments of the Gulf of Morbihan and the neighbourhood of Canute, de¬ cided to hold its next meeting at Guingamp, on September ti, 1 -75. Polyhihlion states that a copy of the Peschito version ot the Old Testament, dating from the sixth century, preserved among the Syriac MSS. ot the Ambrosian Library at Milan, is to lie repro¬ duced by photography, under the direction of the chief librarian, Dr. A. Cerium. Canon Frind, of Prague, has published a curious MS., entitled Script.um super apocalypstm cum iina/jinihus. It was written in the thirteeuth century by a German Franciscan, but the draw¬ ings are of the fourteenth century. Tire Bulletin du Bibliophile announces that M. Charles Nisard has discovered in the public library of Parma about 200 letters addressed to Father I’aciandi, a learned monk of Parma, 152 of which are from the Comte de Oaylus, and 48 from the AbbcS Barthelemy. Most of the letters are of considerable length, and relate to antiquities, the news of Paris, the expulsion of the Jesuits from Franceaud Portugal, literary news, especially bearing on the writings of the Encyclopaedists, the Jesuits, &c. M. Nisard has obtained leave to copy this correspondence, nnd proposes to publish it with notes and explanations. No letter of the Comte de Cavlus was previously known. Tile Revista de Espahn begins its fortieth volume with an excellent number. We have the com¬ mencement of an historical parallel between Cortes and Lord Clive, and the continuation of a study of the monarchy of 1850 and of other papers; but that which will have most interest lor English readers is an article by the Vizeoude del Ponton on the House of Lords. The keynote is struck in the opening sentence, which asserts that “ the in¬ stitution which gives a special and original cha¬ racter to the government of Great Britain, and which makes it superior to those of other coun¬ tries is without doubt the House of Lords.” The English aristocracy, at the close of the fifteenth, and during tho sixteenth century, was less im¬ portant and less powerful than those of the Conti¬ nental States, and could not be compared with the French, and still less with the Spanish. The author's historical sketch does not bring out very clearly the causes to which he attributes the in¬ disputable superiority of our second chamber. He lays stress upon the custom of primogeniture as a guarantee of the territorial influence of the hereditary peers, and upon the gradual but con¬ tinuous process by which new blood is infused into the aristocratic body. The rich propertied class can oppose the excesses of a government without danger, and with a success impossible to small proprietors or labourers. The author is perhaps much disposed to see things in only a rose-coloured light; yet it is certain that, notwithstanding occasional friction, we have—by historical accident, as it were— stumbled upon a form of a second chamber which has proved more successful in its working than others which can boast of a more logical method of construction. The House of Lords is at all times an assembly of notables, from the succes¬ sion of distinguished statesmen, lawyers, and soldiers who are added to it, and the leaven of commonplace which an hereditary chamber must alwavs possess may serve the purpose of ballast, and steady the more precious cargo of the ship. Perhaps a short glance at the doings of the Masonic craft a hundred and fifty years back may have some little interest just now. We give here a few jottings on the subject which have been gathered from an imprinted volume of news-letters of about that date:— “24 January, 1729-30. A Lolge of the nntient and honoumhlv .Society of free and accepted masons was held last night at y’ H >rn Tavern in Westnt', where were present y" Duke of Kingstone, Grand Master, Thomas Waokerhie, Em;’., Deputy-Master, Duke of Richmond, Karl of .Sunderland. Lord Inche- ipiin, nnd many more Lords and Gentlemen, nnd 5 Masons were made. viz', the Earl of l’ortmore, Stephen Fox. and Roger Holland, E-q’, Membtrs of Parliament, tho lion 1 ’ 1 '- Mr. Forbes, nud Mr. Martin, author of y' Tragedy of Timolion, which will lie pub¬ lished next Monday ; Dr. Desauuiliers officiated part of the Geremonys on this occasion. “ 7 Felcr. A Lodge of free and accepted masons was held last night at the Horn Tavern Wastin' the Duke of Richmond presiding ns Master of tho said Lodge when the Duko of Grafton was admitted and sworn as member of that ancient and hon bl ' Society. The Duke of Norfolk Grand Master and the rest of the Society have taken tip the whole Pitt and Boxes of the Theatre in Drury Lane for next Thursday, when the play of King Henry the 4 ,h , whose son was a Free Mason, is to lie acted and all the members are to appear in white gloves and white leather aprons. “30 August. We hear some gentlemen lately re¬ turned from France amongst other things say y* his most Christian Ma"' has been made a free mason in y* usual forms by tho Duke of Norfolk Grand Master of y* Company and y* his Ma u * hardly ever shewed him¬ self more merry than he was at this peice of cere¬ mony.” On Saturday night, October 10, died Ilans Heinrich Vtigeli, Professor of History in the Uni¬ versity of Zurich, at the age of sixty-two, after a long illness. Modem Swiss historical literature loses in him a pre-eminent representative, and Switzerland one of her truest and most charac¬ teristic sons. He had completed his Schtreizerische Chronik for the year 1873, the transition year from the Bund of 1848 to the revised Bund of 1874. The book is something like our Annual Register , a chronological capitulation of r 11 that has been done in Switzerland in political and social life during the year; but as it is the work of an historical scholar, and not of a mere com¬ piler, it gives predominant attention to the “ cul¬ ture-history ” of the period. First a citizen, and afterwards a professor of history, he regarded modem Swiss politics as the continuation and explanation of the old Swiss struggles toward a national life. M. A. Geffroy, in the Revue des Deter Mondes (October 15), reviews a publication of M. A. de Boislisle, documents bearing on the history of the Chambre des Comptes of Paris through the six¬ teenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, among which are some interesting autographs of Henry IV. M. Geffroy welcomes the work not only on account of its learning, but also on that of its political apropos, showing, by the inability of a most respectable magistracy appointed by the Crown to control its political action, that Parlia¬ mentary’ government cannot dispense with a repre¬ sentative element, and cannot be said to have failed in France in the period when it was nomi¬ nally maintained without that element. M. Marc Monnier devotes a very readable paper to an ad¬ venturer of the last century, Count Giuseppe Gorani, an Italian intrigant and author, who might be classed personally with, and be¬ tween such men as Gentz and Beaumarchais, though both his ability and his extravagance were on as much smaller a scale as his notoriety. He was born at Milan in 1740, and died, quite for¬ gotten, at Geneva in 1819; his manuscript memoirs have lately been discovered by a gentle¬ man of that city, and upon them M. Monnier's notice is based. His life was spent in a series of romantic schemes of great adventures, which were thrown aside at the first and slightest obstacle, and in more successful but equally unsustained diplomatic work of the less avowable kind for nearly all the courts of Europe. At one time he thought of supplanting Paoli, and forming a Cor¬ sican kingdom, to include Genoa, and went to Turkey to borrow funds for the enterprise; his sister was married to an old man, the last of the Comneni, and on the strength of that relationship Yoltaire proposed that he should be employed by the Empress Catherine of Russia to raise the Greeks against the Turks. His last appearance on the political stage was in F’rauce during the Revolution; the Convention gave him letters of naturalisation, and he narrowly escaped sharing the fate of his friends the Girondins, whose opinions, however, were too republican for his taste. He was intimate with Mirabeau, for whom his admiration was unbounded. His account of the insurrection of August 10 will be worth the attention of future historians. 483 Oct. 31,1874] their failure to take his advice on that occasion, ■which was to forestall their enemies in the use of revdutionary methods and execute the leading Jacobus. M. Maury is entertaining upon the science of seals and the light thrown by them upon tie history of costume, architecture, and the genealogy of private families, though he hardly makes pood his claim to establish “ Sigillography ” as a study of serious independent interest. NOTES OF TRAVEL. Letters have been received from the Afri¬ can traveller, Dr. Nachtigal, dated Chartram, August 19, which announce that he had arrived in good health at El Obe'id, Kordofan, and would continue his travels in accordance with the plan previously settled upon. Professor A. Bastian, President of the African Exploration Company at Berlin, has addressed a circular to Hen - Adolf Koch, Professor of Natu¬ ral History at the Higher Normal School at Vienna, and geologist to the Imperial School of Mines, inviting him in the name of the Associa¬ tion to take the superintendence of an exploring expedition which they are preparing to send into the equatorial regions of Africa. As yet it is not known whether Professor Koch will accept the mission proposed to him. On October 7 the quaintly-named Soci<5t<5 d'Emulation of the Jura (or, as its German¬ speaking members call it, the Jurassische Gemein- niitzige Gesellschaft) held its annual meeting at Dachsfelden, alias Tavanne3. I see that in the fine folio Beschreibung dcr Eydgnosschaft of 1642 this village is called Tachsfelden. The old bishopric of Basel, the seat of the operations of this society, has long been a borderland of race, language, and religion. The beautiful valley of the Munsterthal, the French Val Montier, in the dominions of this bishopric, was used by the Romans as their passage road from Aventicum to Augusta Rauracorum, Avranches to Basel, and the first bishops called themselves, from the people, Episcopi Rauracenses. Our Bishop Burnet seems to have passed this route from Avranches to Basel in 1686, according to his letters to Robert Boyle, although he makes no mention of the famous Pierre Pertuis with its Roman inscription. Every place has still its German and its French name, and from the Reformation until the absorption of the bishopric into the Canton of Bern, the bishop ruled a great number of Protestants as secular prince, while he ruled the majority of his subjects both as religious and secular master. The district is now a centre of great interest from the fact of its being the chief seat of the contest between Church and State, or rather between Pope and State, in Switzerland. Perhaps no comer of the world could be found in which there are more contradictory elements at work. The sharp division of the Bernese Jura into Liberal and Ultramontane, and the division of the Catholic population into Swiss and Roman, may possibly account in great part for the comparatively small attendance of the members of the society at its late anniversary. Out of some two hundred, forty- one honorary and seventy-one corresponding mem¬ bers, only thirty were present. No fights have taken place within the arena of this literary society, however, and its more sanguine members believe that the completion of the Jurabahn will bring its isolated members in greater numbers to its meetings. At present, the diligence from Basel to Biel, which English travellers will find a most pleasant way of entering into the heart of Switzerland—is the means of communication along a road of sixty miles studded with interesting places. Regierungsrath Bodenheimer, in his address, urged the members of the Society, as pioneers of progress in their district, to make use of the altered conditions of their situation by the formation of the railway, and do something to deserve their name of emu¬ lators. Papers were read on “ The History of Tramelan from the Earliest Times; ” on “ The Troubles of 1740;” on “ Gobet, the Young Poet of Neuchatel,” and other matters of local interest. There was also a discussion on the relics of the reindeer period, and of the prehistoric dwelling- places in the Laul'enthal, and at Bellerive on the Bois. A fair account of the route from Basel to Biel through the valleys of Laufen and Munster, with a painstaking and conscientious sketch of the double relation of the bishopric of Basel to the Holy Roman Empire and the Swiss Confederacy, was written by our countryman Archdeacon Coxe, the successor of Herbert and Norris at Bemerton, near the end of the last century. He knew that he was on the confines of the Roman Helvetia, but had no conception that he was passing amidst prehis¬ toric remains. The inhabitants of the extreme north of Nor¬ way, that is to say, of East Finmark, and espe¬ cially of the shores of the Varanger Fjord, have been so loud and bitter in their complaints that the newly instituted whale-fishery of that coast was destroying their natural means of subsistence, the cod-fishery, that the Norwegian Government has sent Professor G. O. Sara up to the district in question to look into the facts. The chief com¬ plaint was that the capelan (Mallotus arcticus), unless they were driven into shore as food by the whales, kept out in the deep seas, and that the cod were so sensitive to impurity, that the least suspicion of blood or fatty substance on the water drove them to a distance. According to Morgen- bladet, Professor Sars has made a report which does not bear out these sensational surmises. He has spent the whole summer in the district, chiefly at Vadsii, the centre of the trade of East Finmark, and almost every day he has been able to examine the bodies of freshly-harpooned whales. He finds these to be almost without exception blue whales (Balaenoptera Sibbaldii), a species that is perfectly innocent of hunting capelan as food. Sars finds scarcely anything in the stomachs of these tempe¬ rate monsters but the remains of a tiny crustacean, Thysanopoda inermis. The failure of the cod fishery seems, therefore, to have no connexion whatever with the massacre of whales. The Paris Geographical Society held its first meeting since the recess on the 21st instant, at its old quarters in the Rue Christine. The paper of the evening was read by I)r. Hamy, on the presence of Polynesian races in Melanesia, and more particularly New Guinea. A large number of new members is announced, which accession of strength has raised the total number to more than eleven hundred. muuication by their agency was established be¬ tween Marseilles and London, and many trips were made between Marseilles and Constantinople (via Salonika) on the one hand and Barcelona on the other. The increased mileage of communication by these steamers in 1873 was about 18 per cent, over that of 1872. The Debaf.s announces the death of M. L4ger de Libessart, ex Consul-General in Bolivia, who had resided in South America for the last fifteen years. He contributed to several journals under the nom de plume of Ramon Lopez, and made it his great object to open up the boundless resources of South America to the Old World. He was the originator of the plan of preserving meat, afterwards adopted by Liebig and numerous others, which has been the foundation of a great trade in Australia and Brazil, the idea being suggested by the enor¬ mous waste of food at the slaughter-houses at Barmcas, near Buenos Ayres, where a great number of oxen were slaughtered every morn¬ ing for their hides alone, and the flesh and bones burnt or left to form vast heaps of offal, which were bought up bv English speculators as a substitute for guano. M. Libessart was also the first to conceive the idea of joining Europe and America by a telegraph across Siberia, Behring Straits, and the Aleutian Islands. Dr. von Decker's supposed discovery of a kitchen midden on the island of St. George, near Athens, has been shown by M. Gaillardot, the French physician of Alexandria, to be the remains of an ancient manufactory of Tyrian dyes. Similar deposits have been found" by Dr. Gaillardot on the island of Cerigo, as well as near the site of ancient Sidon, the present Saida, where about sixty feet above the sea lies a mussel-bank extending nearly 400 feet in length. The entire mass is composed entirely of the remains of Murex trunculus, but a few paces off, and all along the rocks encircling the town, various other species, as M. brandaris, and Purpura haemostoma, may he found in large numbers. The former of these is known to have yielded the most precious colouring matter used in the preparation of the renowned dye, but it is conjectured that several other species were used to produce the various other shades of colour, such as reds and yellows shot with black, which the Tyrian dyers employed, in addition to the violets and reddish purple tints for which they were most renowned. Dr. von Diicker has found on the island of St. George smooth round stones, which he supposes were used in the place of hammers to open the valves. From a scientific journal published in Canada we gather the ensuing information respecting Labrador. Although in the same latitude as the British Isles, it is one of the bleakest and most unproductive regions on the face of the earth. Snow usually falls from September to June, and during winter the coast is completely beset with the ice which flows down from Baffin’s Bay, while in summer icebergs are frequently driven on the rocks inshore. Storms often burst over this lone region, which few would ever visit were it not for the productive fisheries of cod, seal, and herrings which exist off the shores. The total length of the country is about 700 miles, and its breadth 480. The interior consists of a plateau about 2,240 feet above the sea, Rnd Professor Hind found it almost bereft of vegetation. A species of moss called caribou grows pretty plentifully, however, and in sheltered nooks and ravines firs and aspens are to be found. The universal desolation which, Hind says, words fail to express, is rendered almost more striking by the great distance between the score or so of Hudson Bay forts, which form the only civilised abodes throughout the region. The Messageries Maritimes steamers run twice as frequently now to Brazil and La Plata as they did in 1872, and during 1873 a new line of com- NOUFOLK AND NORWICH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The autumn excursion of this Society was held on Friday, October 23, near Ashill, and the mem¬ bers had "the opportunity of seeing some Roman remains recently discovered in the railway cutting near the village. The line runs by the remains of a large Roman camp at Ovington, of which an account is given in Archaeologia, vol. xxiii.; and at the spot which was visited on Friday last three wells were discovered, the mouths of which were fitted with solid oaken frames. One of these was excavated in the presence of T. Barton, Esq., a member of the Society, to the depth of forty feet. The first find was a small bronze fibula, some Samian ware, broken pottery, stones, char¬ coal, a basket, a strainer, and bones of cattle and birds. The Samian ware consisted of paterae and drinking cups, and some of the malsers’ names inscribed on the fragments were hitherto unknown. At a depth of ten feet there were found a knife with a portion of the wooden handle, which had been fastened by a socket arid nail; a whet¬ stone and some wall plaster, with an ordinary Roman pattern. Lower down, the contents chiefly consisted of layers of urns, about a hundred in number, of which fifty are nearly perfect, and most of them of great beautys They had been care- Digitized by' ^rooQie 484 THE ACADEMY, [Oct. 31,1874. fully let down into the hole, some enclosed in baskets, and the urns in each layer were found arranged in different ways. At the lowest level several of the urns had still attached to them the remains of the cord with which they were let down into position. Although the earth in the urns consisted merely of chalk, with a little alumina and iron, but no traces of phosphate of lime or bone earth, the opinion of the archae¬ ologists present was that the pits must have been used for sepulchral purposes, at least originally, and afterwards hastily filled in with rubbish, as the higher strata were of a very miscellaneous character, including parts of four worn-out sandals, bones of deer and other animals, oyster and mussel-shells, &c. Among the urns were found various other articles—such as a harp¬ shaped fibula partly plated with gold, an iron implement slightly resembling a strigil, the neck of an amphora, a bucket with iron handle and cleats, a quem stone broken, a muller for grinding paint, a stag-horn handle, a clam shell, a quantity of hazel nuts, and branches, and other things. Another of the wells was excavated in the presence of the assembled company. At a few feet from the surface two elegant vases were found; but as nothing w T as discovered for six feet further, except the oak lining of the well, the work was not continued, and the hole was tilled up. It is understood that the directors of the rail¬ way company intend to present some of the urns to the museums at Ely and other towns in the neighbourhood. LITERARY PROSPECTS IS FRANCE. The continuation of M. Guizot's History of France is only in existence as far as the conclu¬ sion of the fourth volume, which completes the reign of Louis XIV. The concluding volume, if it ever appears, will be the work of Mdme. de Witt, though it will be based on notes taken by the children and grandchildren of the historian from the lectures which he used to deliver to them. Besides the continuation of the History of France, M. Guizot has left no other manuscript intended for publication. His family will doubt¬ less be able to extract from his private papers and correspondence many things of great interest, but we must not look for any important posthumous work, any happy surprise like the publication of M. Villemain's Gregory VII. The keenest curiosity is felt as to M. Taine's forthcoming work on the French Kevolution. We are promised no new history of that epoch, so often studied, but in despite of all still so imperfectly known. M. Taine’s book will be a history of public feeling in France during and after the Revo¬ lution. In the first volume he will study its moral and historical causes; in the two following he will analyse the ideas, the tendencies, the passions which animated men and multitudes dur¬ ing the Revolution; and the last volume will set forth the consequences of the Revolution, and its influence on the moral, intellectual and political condition of modem France. All the materials for this important work are in readiness. The author has the substance of more than twenty' folio volumes of unpublished documents preserved in the Archives of Paris, of which every part, in¬ cluding those from which the public is generally excluded, lias been generously thrown opeu to him. In his retirement near Annecy. M. Taine is wholly occupied in arranging his materials, and his first volume willprobably appear this coming winter. We were enabled to form an idea of the character of this work by two lectures given by M. Taine last spring at tie Ecole des Sciences Politiques, in which he sketched the state of France under the old regime. He showed with rare impartiality and that brilliancy of colouring which is pecu¬ liarly his own, the services rendered to ancient F’rance by the monarchy, clergy, and nobility, the virtues which they preserved even in the eighteenth century, as well as the vices which th ey had contracted imperceptibly, and the evils with which they overwhelmed the non-privileged classes. It has been said that M. Taine's work is written in a spirit of blind reaction against the Revolution. These two lectures were enough to show the injustice of the accusation. Undoubt¬ edly the author’s tendency will bear the stamp of pessimism with regard to the future, of profound gloom with regard to the present, and of but little sympathy for the historical development which has been the outcome of the Revolution ; but he is very far from entertaining toward the old regime those feelings of passionate regret which only a combination of religious and monarchical illusions can produce. He will re¬ main faithful to his habits of scientific im¬ partiality. M. Taine's book will doubtless be the most important literary event of the winter, for the fifth volume of Renan's Origines da Christian- isme is not near publication. Some historical works of interest are however promised us. M. Fustel de Coulanges, the author of The Ancient City, will give us two volumes on the Origin of the Feudal System, the first of which will appear very shortly. Two chapters have already been published in the Revue des Deux HJondes, and give an idea of what the complete work will lie. M. Fustel de Coulanges is an original thinker, with a great power of synthesis, and his style is full of force and colour. His historical pictures have the beauty of mathematical deductions. But he has the defect of being systematic to excess, of wishing to force upon history a regularity and symmetry which are foreign to it, and above all of working exclusively at the original sources without paying any attention to the works of previous writers. Consequently ho often puts forward views long since refuted, or takes infinite pains to discover things already known. I fear that this disposition to neglect second-hand works may prove injurious to his book on the Origin of the Feudal System, a problem which has already, especially in Germany, been the subject of so many profound researches. While M. Fustel is thus voluntarily entrenching himself in his own works, and closing his eyes to all that has been done before him and beside him, other historians think that it concerns France above all to know foreign countries, to study them profoundly in their historical past ns well as in their political and social present. Germany natu¬ rally gets the first share of attention. M. E. Veron, who some years since published a History of Prussia from Frederic II. to the battle of Sadowa, has just produced the sequel of this work in a volume entitled History of Prussia from the Battle of Sadowa. Despite his very natural aversion to Bismarck's work, M. Veron is a culti¬ vated and philosophical thinker, striving after im¬ partiality, and labouring to discover the hidden reasons and psychological causes of events. His book is the result of honest study, and draws its inspiration from a high level of thought. M. Zeller is to give us the third volume of his History of Germany, which will comprise the period of the Houses of Franconia and Swabia; and a History of the Geographical Formation of Germany is advertised from the pen of M. Ilimly. Lastly, a young writer who has already made himself known by some remarkable articles on Germany in the Revue des Deu.c Mandet, has studied the most remote origin of Prussia, and has presented to the Paris Faculty of letters an essay on the Origin of the Margravate of Brandenburg. MM. Rambaud and Ia-ger, who have made the Slavonic nations their special study, were both present at the Archaeological Congress of Kiew, and have doubtless brought back materials for new works on Russia. Hungary also, hitherto neglected bv French scholars, has found her historian in M. Sayous, the author of an excellent book on the political literature of Hungary from 17W» to 181b. He is now just finishing the first volume of a general history of Hungary. G. Monod. SELECTED BOOKS. General Literature and Art. Baker, Sir S. IsmailVa : a Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa, for the Suppression of the Sla.e Trade, organised by I«mail. Khedive of Egypt. Macmillan. 3i»*. Bernard, E. William Langlund. Bonn : Strauss. 5 Thl. Taluk, E. CEuvrts pocthpiea nvec intrud., Ac , par J. E. PctrtViuin. Basel: Ge»rg. It Till. Holds worth, E. W. H. Deep-sea Fishing and Fisting Boats. Stanford. 2In. Lierold. B. Die mittclalterliche Hclznrchitcctur tm ehemol- igen Niedervachsen. Hullo : Knapp. 3*5 Thl. Mittklhai s, C. De Baccho attieo. Breslau : Munschke & Berendt. ^ Thl. Monnier 1)., K'r Vi.votrtnter. Croyances et traditions popn- 1 nires recneillies dans la Tranche Conit6, le Lyonnais, la Brcs.ec et le Bugey. 2 mr Ed. Ba«el: (lc»rg. 2* Thl. Sara KIN, T. Truite ties mommies d\.r au Jupon. Traduit pour la premiere fois du iaixmais. Paris : V*’ Bouchard-Huzard. 6 fr. Stenhoi be, T. B. II. The Rocky Mountain Saints : a full and complete history of the Mormons. London ; Ward, IxKrk A Tyler. 21*. WiKsi.LEit, F. Archaologiseher Uoricht Uber seine Reise nacli Griecheuland. Gottingen : Dieterich. 1 Thl. History. Aucmv fllr sohwoizcrischc Gcschichte. 19. Bd. Zilrich: Hdhr 2 Thl. 21 Ngr. Bailleu, P. Qnomodo Appianus in liellornm civilinm lihrU 1I.-V. usns sit Ariinii l'ollionis historiis. Berlin: Web.r. * Thl. Bancroft, G. History of the United States. Yol. X. Boston : Little, Brown, A Co. Boehmkr, J. F. Rarest a Imperii. VIIF. Die Beeesten d. Kni- serreichs nntcr Kaiser Karl IV. 131G-137*. Ilrsg. a.crgiuint. v. A. llulK-r. 1. Lfg. Innsbruck : Wagner. Brssox, A. Znr Cesehiclue d. grossen Landfriedensbundes dcntscher Shidtc. 1234 Innsbruck : Wagner. Darling and Bi iaver, the late Lord. Sir Hubert Peel: a Memoir. London : Bern lev. V*. Gd. Gieserukcht, W. v. Geschicliteder dentsohen Kaiserzeit. 4.11d. Staufcr nnd Welfen. 2. Abth. Braunschweig : ScUwetschke. Holm, A. Gcschichte Siciliens im Altertlium. 2. Bd. Leipzig : Engelmann. 3$ Thl. Keller, L. Der zweite punische Krieg und seine Qncllcn. Marburg : El wort. 1 Thl. l. r » Sgr. Krakauer, G. Das Verpllegungywesen der Stadt Rom in der spiiteren Kftisorzeit. Berlin : Mayer A Midler. Weber, G. Znr Gesehichtcd.Reformalions-Zeitalters. Leipzig: Engelmann. 3 Thl. Weill, A. Histoire <le la Gnerredes Ar.ahaptistes (r'publi coins socialistes) depnis 1323 jutim'a 1333. Puris : Dcnta. 3 fr. Physical Science and Philosophy. Bastiaj?, A. Sclnipfnng n. Entstehuug. Aphorismen znr Knt wick Ig. d. organ. Fa* bens. Jena: Costcnoble. 3£ Thl. Hautwuj, G. The Aerial World. London : Longmans. 21#. Sadeheck, A. Teller die K ry still 1) sat ion des Blciglanzes. Berlin : Mittler. 10 .Sgr. Philology. AryaritatIya, The, with the Commentary Rhatndtpikft of 1 'a ran aid i<; vara. Edited by Dr. II. Kern. Leiden : Brill. BEN key, Th. Kinlritnng in die Grammatik der vedischen Sprache. 1. Abhdlg.: l>cr Samhita-Text. Gottingen: Die¬ terich. 10 Ngr. Ben fey. Tli. Ueber die indogermnnischcn Endnngen d. Gone- tiv Singularis ians,ins, la. Gottingen: Dieterich. 24Ngr. Liverani, T. La chiavc vera e le chiavi false della lingua e’rusea. Torino : Loosener. Spiegel. F. ArLsche Studien. 1. Hft. Leipzig: Engelmann. 1 \ Thl. Rabbin ovirz, R. Yariae lectiones in Mischnam ct in Talmud bubylonicum. Tars Yl. MLiuchen: Uo.cntlial. 2} Thl. CORRESPONDENCE. THE ORIGINAL LISTS OF TIIE EMIGRANTS TO AMERICA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Record Oftlce: Oct. 2$. I think your reviewer has done good service in pointing out what lias already been printed of these Original Lists by Mr. .Samuel Gardner Drake, though be does not seem to know that the Lists of the Living and Dead in Virginia have likewise been printed before in Virginia. Will you allow me to supplement what your reviewer Las said of Mr. Rotten's book with a few remarks r And first ns to the accuracy of the reading of the names. Your reviewer says “ the question of accuracy is fairly raised” (as between Mr. Drake and Mr. Ilotten), “because the discrepancies are numerous and often very important." On this 5 mint 1 am able to speak with some authority, for L have examined the variations quoted by your reviewer, and find that in every instance the “ fatal misreadings " he re fere to have been on the part of Mr. Drake. It is true Mr. Drake had not the opportunity of examining in America his roof sheets with the original documents, but this happen to know was done with every proof sheet of Mr. Ilotten's volume before it was stmt to press. The chief value of the book is, I think, the accuracy with which the names have been Digitized by ,oogi Oct. 31,1874.] THE ACADEMY.
| 45,914 |
https://github.com/shanghaiyangming/iCC/blob/master/public/index.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
iCC
|
shanghaiyangming
|
PHP
|
Code
| 19 | 218 |
<?php
//启动session
session_start();
//PHP配置文件修改
date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Shanghai');
error_reporting(E_ALL);//开启全部错误显示
ini_set("display_errors", 1);//打开PHP错误提示
ini_set('mongo.native_long', 1);//Mongo采用长整形
ini_set('memory_limit', '512M');//适当放大脚本执行内存的限制
set_time_limit(300);//与PHP-FPM的设定保持一致
//初始化应用程序
chdir(dirname(__DIR__));
require 'init_autoloader.php';
Zend\Mvc\Application::init(require 'config/application.config.php')->run();
| 19,491 |
https://github.com/trespasserw/MPS/blob/master/core/persistence/source/jetbrains/mps/smodel/persistence/def/IModelPersistence.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
MPS
|
trespasserw
|
Java
|
Code
| 174 | 499 |
/*
* Copyright 2003-2021 JetBrains s.r.o.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package jetbrains.mps.smodel.persistence.def;
import jetbrains.mps.persistence.MetaModelInfoProvider;
import jetbrains.mps.smodel.SModelHeader;
import jetbrains.mps.smodel.loading.ModelLoadResult;
import jetbrains.mps.smodel.loading.ModelLoadingState;
import jetbrains.mps.smodel.persistence.lines.LineContent;
import jetbrains.mps.util.xml.XMLSAXHandler;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import org.jetbrains.mps.openapi.persistence.ModelSaveOption;
import java.util.List;
public interface IModelPersistence {
int getVersion();
default IModelWriter getModelWriter(@NotNull MetaModelInfoProvider mmi, @Nullable ModelSaveOption ... options) {
// has to keep default impl as long as legacy implementations share this interface (don't have to, though)
return null;
}
XMLSAXHandler<ModelLoadResult> getModelReaderHandler(ModelLoadingState state, SModelHeader header);
XMLSAXHandler<List<LineContent>> getLineToContentMapReaderHandler();
default XMLSAXHandler<List<LineContent>> getAnnotateHandler(boolean withPropertyValues, boolean withAssociationTarget) {
return getLineToContentMapReaderHandler();
}
}
| 41,972 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46562401
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Hatshepsut, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2901002, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3346095, jezrael
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 561 | 1,801 |
Group python pandas dataframe per weeks (starting on Monday)
I have a dataframe with values per day (see df below).
I want to group the "Forecast" field per week but with Monday as the first day of the week.
Currently I can do it via pd.TimeGrouper('W') (see df_final below) but it groups the week starting on Sundays (see df_final below)
import pandas as pd
data = [("W1","G1",1234,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-1"),8),
("W1","G1",1234,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-30"),2),
("W1","G1",1234,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-15"),2),
("W1","G1",1234,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-2"),4),
("W1","G2",2345,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-5"),5),
("W1","G2",2345,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-7"),1),
("W1","G2",2345,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-9"),1),
("W1","G2",2345,pd.to_datetime("2015-07-11"),3)]
labels = ["Site","Type","Product","Date","Forecast"]
df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=labels).set_index(["Site","Type","Product","Date"])
df
Forecast
Site Type Product Date
W1 G1 1234 2015-07-01 8
2015-07-30 2
2015-07-15 2
2015-07-02 4
G2 2345 2015-07-05 5
2015-07-07 1
2015-07-09 1
2015-07-11 3
df_final = (df
.reset_index()
.set_index("Date")
.groupby(["Site","Product",pd.TimeGrouper('W')])["Forecast"].sum()
.astype(int)
.reset_index())
df_final["DayOfWeek"] = df_final["Date"].dt.dayofweek
df_final
Site Product Date Forecast DayOfWeek
0 W1 1234 2015-07-05 12 6
1 W1 1234 2015-07-19 2 6
2 W1 1234 2015-08-02 2 6
3 W1 2345 2015-07-05 5 6
4 W1 2345 2015-07-12 5 6
I think W-MON instead W should help.
I have three solutions to this problem as described below. First, I should state that the ex-accepted answer is incorrect. Here is why:
# let's create an example df of length 9, 2020-03-08 is a Sunday
s = pd.DataFrame({'dt':pd.date_range('2020-03-08', periods=9, freq='D'),
'counts':0})
> s
dt
counts
0
2020-03-08 00:00:00
0
1
2020-03-09 00:00:00
0
2
2020-03-10 00:00:00
0
3
2020-03-11 00:00:00
0
4
2020-03-12 00:00:00
0
5
2020-03-13 00:00:00
0
6
2020-03-14 00:00:00
0
7
2020-03-15 00:00:00
0
8
2020-03-16 00:00:00
0
These nine days span three Monday-to-Sunday weeks. The weeks of March 2nd, 9th, and 16th. Let's try the accepted answer:
# the accepted answer
> s.groupby(pd.Grouper(key='dt',freq='W-Mon')).count()
dt
counts
2020-03-09 00:00:00
2
2020-03-16 00:00:00
7
This is wrong because the OP wants to have "Monday as the first day of the week" (not as the last day of the week) in the resulting dataframe. Let's see what we get when we try with freq='W'
> s.groupby(pd.Grouper(key='dt', freq='W')).count()
dt
counts
2020-03-08 00:00:00
1
2020-03-15 00:00:00
7
2020-03-22 00:00:00
1
This grouper actually grouped as we wanted (Monday to Sunday) but labeled the 'dt' with the END of the week, rather than the start. So, to get what we want, we can move the index by 6 days like:
w = s.groupby(pd.Grouper(key='dt', freq='W')).count()
w.index -= pd.Timedelta(days=6)
or alternatively we can do:
s.groupby(pd.Grouper(key='dt',freq='W-Mon',label='left',closed='left')).count()
a third solution, arguably the most readable one, is converting dt to period first, then grouping, and finally (if needed) converting back to timestamp:
s.groupby(s.dt.dt.to_period('W'))['counts'].count().to_timestamp()
# a variant of this solution is: s.set_index('dt').to_period('W').groupby(pd.Grouper(freq='W')).count().to_timestamp()
all of these solutions return what the OP asked for:
dt
counts
2020-03-02 00:00:00
1
2020-03-09 00:00:00
7
2020-03-16 00:00:00
1
Explanation: when freq is provided to pd.Grouper, both closed and label kwargs default to right. Setting freq to W (short for W-Sun) works because we want our week to end on Sunday (Sunday included, and g.closed == 'right' handles this). Unfortunately, the pd.Grouper docstring does not show the default values but you can see them like this:
g = pd.Grouper(key='dt', freq='W')
print(g.closed, g.label)
> right right
Use W-MON instead W, check anchored offsets:
df_final = (df
.reset_index()
.set_index("Date")
.groupby(["Site","Product",pd.Grouper(freq='W-MON')])["Forecast"].sum()
.astype(int)
.reset_index())
df_final["DayOfWeek"] = df_final["Date"].dt.dayofweek
print (df_final)
Site Product Date Forecast DayOfWeek
0 W1 1234 2015-07-06 12 0
1 W1 1234 2015-07-20 2 0
2 W1 1234 2015-08-03 2 0
3 W1 2345 2015-07-06 5 0
4 W1 2345 2015-07-13 5 0
TimeGrouper is now deprecated
| 37,049 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125510696
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
piaskowiec wąchocki
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 26 | 85 |
piaskowiec wąchocki
rodzaj skały
piaskowiec wąchocki podklasa dla piaskowiec
piaskowiec wąchocki podklasa dla materiał rzeźbiarski
piaskowiec wąchocki kraj pochodzenia Polska, znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Wąchock
| 42,046 |
ironage98philuoft_240
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,859 |
Iron age
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,481 | 3,676 |
The Dominion Iron & Wrecking Company, Quebec, has taken over the plants of the Standard Steel Foundries at Outremont and the Consolidated Brass Foundries at Point aux Trembles, Que., with the intention of consolidating for the manufacture of munitions. New equipment will be installed, including 15 electric furnaces, at the Consolidated Brass Foundries' plant. The waterworks board, Aylmer, Ont., proposes to install two new gas engines in the waterworks plant. D.C. Davis is clerk. John Rolston, Cayuga, Ont., is in the market for a gas engine, pump, etc. Plans are being prepared by Bigonesse & Bigonesse, 60 Notre Dame Street East, Montreal, for the erection of a concrete and brick factory for the Dominion Aircraft & Mfg. Company at Laval de Montreal, Que., to cost $20,000. W.H. Parker, 101 St. Luke Street, Montreal, is manager. The New Brunswick Pulp & Paper Company, Ltd., Millerton, N.B., has commenced work on the erection of a new mill, to cost $150,000. J.D. Volckman is secretary. T.G. Brighton, 85 Duke Street, Ottawa, is in the market for asphalt-handling machinery, including shafting, sprockets, pulleys, chain drivers, bucket elevators, etc. The Spencer Heater Company of Canada, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $500,000 by Tilman H. O'Neill, Albert T. Hawley, Archibald Campbell, and others, all of Winnipeg, to manufacture boilers, heaters, furnaces, etc. The Stave Mfg. Company, Ltd., Montreal, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000 by Harold Wooland, Walter H. Thomson, Walter F. Lee, and others to manufacture staves, etc. Forgings, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000 by William H. Irving, 10 Adelaide Street East; Henry H. Davis, 143 Bloor Street West; Edward H. Brower, and others to manufacture war munitions, shells, etc., and will commence the erection of a plant at Toronto. The Cluff Ammunition Company, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $1,500,000 by Arthur W. Holmested, 20 King Street East; Lorne F. Lambier, Norman R. Kay, and others to manufacture explosives, munitions, shells, etc. The Castle Mfg. Company, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000 by John C. Macfarlane, 23 Adelaide Street East; Ernest C. Fetzer, Armond Whitehead, and others to manufacture toys, bicycles, metal castings, forgings, etc. The Standard Stampings, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $45,000 by James F. Edgar, 59 Tonge Street, and Norman R. Tyndall, both of Toronto; James E. Maybee, Port Credit, Ont., and others to manufacture stampings, tools, etc. The Groch Centrifugal Flotation, Ltd., Cobalt, Ont., has been incorporated with a capital stock of $25,000 by Frank Groch, John Raftis, Edward Donegan, and others to manufacture mining machinery, tools, implements, etc. The St. Catharines Machinery Company, Ltd., St. Catharines, Ont., has been incorporated with a capital stock of $40,000 by Ernest W. Marks, George Wilson, Harry Shortt, and others to manufacture machinery, tools, shells, etc. George W. Stout, Ltd., Hamilton, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $40,000 by George W. Stout, Louis D. Johnson, George Swanwick, and others to manufacture automobiles, trucks, engines, etc. The South Bay Power Company, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $1,000,000 by Alexander Fasken, James Aitchison, 36 Toronto Street, and others. The Rosedale Motors, Ltd., Toronto, has been incorporated with a capital stock of $200,000 by Walter G. Hammond, 24 King Street West; Alexander McLinnes, and others to manufacture automobiles, trucks, etc. The Climax Baler Company, Hamilton, Ont., is in the market for 10-ft. power square shears to cut 3/16-in. plates. The Cummer-Dowsell Company, Hamilton, Ont., manufacturer of clothes wringers, washing machines, etc., will build an addition to its plant, to cost $16,000. The Canadian Allis-Chalmers, Ltd., Rockfield, Que., will build an addition to its forge plant. The Russell Motor Car Company, Toronto, will erect a boiler house on Mowat Avenue, to cost $2,000. Hollander Brothers, Vancouver, B.C., plan the construction of an addition to their plant at Coal Harbor for the construction of aeroplanes. The Aetna Iron & Steel Company, Ltd., Victoria, B.C., has been incorporated for $250,000, with David Milne, Joshua Kingham, Samuel M. Officer, trustee. Plans for the plant of the Vulcan Iron Works, to be located in industrial Island near Vancouver, B.C., are now under way, and include a main workshop and boiler room, 105 x 230 ft., and plate storeroom, 40 x 75 ft. Government Purchases Washington, D.C., Dec. 26, 1916. Bids will be received by the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, Navy Department, Washington, until date not set, schedule 542, for one 30-in. x 5-ft. 3-in. lathe for Fort Mifflin, Pa.; schedule 546, for one 16-in. wood-working lathe. two 26-in. handsaws and one 12-in. saw table, all for Philadelphia; schedule 548, for one motor-driven pressure blower, one 16-in. high-speed and one 30-in. radial drilling machine, one 14-in. and one 16-in. engine lathes, one 14 x 56-in. pattern-maker's lathe, one screw-cutting lathe, one milling machine, one 4-in. diameter hacksaw, one bandsaw with 30-in. wheels, and one column-shaping machine, all for Brooklyn; schedule 549, three lathes to swing 12-in. overhead, for Philadelphia; schedule 550, for two 26-in. turret lathes, for Brooklyn, schedule 551, for furnishing and installing an exhaust system, for Boston. The chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department, Washington, will receive sealed proposals until 11 a.m. Jan. 2 for furnishing two 300-kw. motor generator sets for Norfolk. Bids were received at the Bureau of Supplies, Navy Department, Washington, Dec. 19, for supplies for the naval service as follows: Schedule 413, Ordnance Class 13, Washington — Three geared head lathes — Bid 85, $1,680; 96, $1,600; 114, $1,560; 124, $1,658; 146, $1,657. Class 14, Washington — Two geared lathes — Bid 85, $3,478; 96, $2,955; 116, $3,295. Class 15, one power gap shears — Bid 22, $221.10 items 2 to 5; 96, $2,215; 136, $2,266.75; 124, $245.25; 146, $3,395; 159, item 1, $2,400. Schedule 414, Ordnance Class 16, Washington — Two electrically driven geared head lathes— Bid 85, $1,250 and $1,920; 96, $1,862. Class 17, Washington — Two selective-geared head lathes — Bid 85, $1,988; 96, $2,045; 114, $1,835. Class 18, Washington — One selective-geared head lathe — Bid 85, $2,033; 96, $2,140; 114, $1,900. Class 19, Washington—Two plain high-power milling machines—Bid 13, $3,302; 85, $3,650; 108, $1,629; total, 125, $514; 149, $675. Schedule 427, Ordnance Class 45, Washington — Two hand-screw machines — Bid 9; 13. $880 and $840; 85, $650; 108, $1,629; total, 125, $514; 149, $675. Schedule 427, Construction and Repair Class 51, Philadelphia — One pneumatic riveting machine — Bid 160, $1,040; 185, $1,500. The names of the bidders and the numbers under which they are designated in the above list are as follows: Bid 9, American Machinery Company; 13. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Company; 22. James S. Barron & Co.; 41, Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company; 85, Kemp Machinery Company; 96, Manning, Maxwell & Moore, Inc.; 108, L. R. Meisenhelter Machinery Company; 114, Niles-Bement-Pond Company; 118, Niagara Machine & Tool Works; 124, D. Nast Machinery Company; 125, O'Brien Machinery Company; 146, Sherritt & Stor Company, Inc.; 149, Swind Machinery Company; 159, D. H. Stoll Company, Inc.; 160, Southwick Foundry & Machine Company; 161, Southern Sales Company; 176, Vulcan Engineering Sales Company; 180, Watson-Stillman Company; 185, R. D. Wood & Co. The Iron Age December 28, 1918 Judicial Decisions ABSTRACTED BY A. L. H. STREET Invasion of Trade Rights. — Infringement of a valid trademark is actionable regardless of whether the infringer acted innocently. But where a complaining manufacturer does not rely upon such a trademark, but upon a claim of unfair competition consisting in the palming off of goods on the public by a competitor as having been produced by the former, intent to defraud is an essential element to be proved by the plaintiff. When the name under which a patented device was marketed during the life of the patent has become a term descriptive of the nature of the article, the patentee will not be protected in its exclusive use after expiration of the patent. Other manufacturers of the same type of device may use the same name, but not in such manner as unnecessarily to lead the buying public into believing that in buying articles not produced by the original manufacturer his product is being obtained. Although a manufacturer is entitled to enjoin a former employee from unconscionably divulging confidential information, derived in the course of the former employment, to aid a new employer, a competitor of the old, in diverting the old employer's trade, a manufacturer who has virtually covered the entire jobbing market, while protected in a monopoly by a patent on goods sold, cannot secure an injunction against solicitation of his old customers by a former employee, in the interest of a competitor on expiration of the patent, since that would virtually give him a continued monopoly. When a patent is about to expire, a competing manufacturer who intends to engage in the production of the same articles may lawfully write letters to the trade, stating those facts and make any other truthful statements bearing on the competition, but the courts will grant relief against the sending out of letters containing veiled and mysterious allusions tending to discourage persons in dealing with the original manufacturer. But before damages can be awarded on account of this, the complaining manufacturer must show with reasonable certainty what loss ensued. (United States District Court, Southern District of Iowa, American Specialty Company vs. Collis Company, 235 Federal Reporter, 929.) Authority of Salesmen. — Persons dealing with salesmen are legally bound to take notice of limitations on their authority. So, when a representative of a manufacturer is authorized merely to secure orders from customers to be approved or rejected by the manufacturer, he cannot make a contract for an absolute sale binding on his employer. (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, Toledo Scale Company vs. Bailey, 90 Southeastern Reporter, 345.) Liability in Personal Injury Cases. — An employee, in suing at law to recover damages for injuries sustained through a defect in a tool or appliance used by him, does not establish a right of recovery by mere proof of the occurrence of the accident and of his consequent injury. It must be shown further that the employee was aware of the flaw or would have known of it if reasonable and proper inspection had been made. Where a defect arises in the course of the use of tools or appliances, the employer is not responsible for such defect in the absence of proof of sufficient time and opportunity to discover the flaw. Such incidental dangers arising during the course of employment are risks which the servant takes upon himself. He has better means of observing the imperfections than has the employer, and it is his duty to use proper care to discover them, and when discovered, report them to his employer. (Pennsylvania Supreme Court, Weaver vs. Wohlsen, 98 Atlantic Reporter, 1078.) Liability for Injury to Factory Visitors — Although a manufacturer who expressly or impliedly invites persons to visit his plant is liable to them for injuries sustained through his failure to use a reasonable degree of care to have the premises reasonably safe, the same strict liability does not apply to a person who is trespassing or who has called to visit an employee in the establishment. As to such a person, the manufacturer is merely bound to refrain from active and affirmative negligence tending to injury. Interstate Freight Rates — A contract for a freight rate less than that established in accordance with the interstate commerce act is invalid, although the lower rate was in force when the contract was entered into. Hence, a manufacturing company that established its plant on a certain railroad line under agreement that shipping facilities would be afforded at fixed rates is not entitled to the benefit of those rates on the tariffs being increased. The provision of the Federal Constitution which prohibits any State from passing a law impairing the obligations of contracts does not apply to acts of Congress in dealing with interstate commerce. (Mississippi Supreme Court, W. M. Carter Planing Mill Company vs. New Orleans, Mobile & Chicago Railroad Company, 72 Southern Reporter, 884. Injury to Machinery in Transit — In a suit against a railroad company for injury to mill machinery while in transit, the North Carolina Supreme Court holds that a consignee is not entitled to refuse to receive a shipment, as against the railroad company, merely because it has been damaged, where the damage is only partial, and subject to repair. He cannot reject the freight and recover its full value, but must accept it, and make claim for the amount of damage done, if the injury is one for which the carrier is liable. The damages recoverable in such case are the excess of the value of the machinery in an uninjured condition above its value in its actual condition on arrival. (Whittington vs. Southern Railway, 90 Southern Reporter.) Warranties in Sales of Machinery — Motors were sold under a written contract containing the provision: "The company [the seller] agrees to correct, at its own expense, any defects of labor or material in said apparatus which may develop under normal and proper use within 30 days after the starting thereof, provided the purchaser gives the company immediate written notice of such defects, and the correction of such defects by the company shall constitute a fulfillment of its obligations to the purchaser hereunder." Held, in a suit brought by the seller to recover a balance due on the price and defended by the buyer on the ground of defects in the motors, that there could be no implied warranty as to the condition of the motors because the express warranty was exclusive, but that the express warranty against "any defects of labor or material which might develop within 30 days" covered latent as well as patent defects. The purchaser could not rely on defects discovered after the lapse of the 30-day period. When a seller's warranty is broken, and he fails to remedy the defects, the buyer may recover all damages following as a natural and direct consequence, not including such damages as might have been avoided by the buyer's exercise of reasonable diligence to minimize the loss. (South Carolina Supreme Court, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company vs. Glencoe Cotton Mills, 90 Southeastern Reporter, 526.) Duty to Furnish Cars — A railroad company may validly agree to furnish cars to a shipper for loading at point on another line. It is within the scope of a traveling freight agent's implied authority to make such a contract. (Kansas City Court of Appeals, Kissell vs. Pittsburgh. Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Company 188 Southwestern Reporter, 1118. Iron age v.98 Physical & Applied Sci Seals PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY B.6IN *w«wB*
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US-201113294655-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,011 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 5,321 | 6,178 |
Educational welding cell unit
ABSTRACT
A welding cell unit includes a frame and a cell table that supports a robotic welding system, the cell table is attached to the frame. A table top is pivotally secured to the cell table, the table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane. A support mechanism structurally supports the table top when in an extended position. A plurality of panels surround the cell table, the plurality of panels are configured to extend outwardly from the cell table to enclose the table top when in an extended position.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure is related to cell enclosures, and more particularly, to features that temporarily enlarge the volume of welding cell units to allow greater range of motion to articulate a robot welding system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Welding systems are commonly used with robots to accurately and repeatedly weld components together. Such robotic welding systems are generally disposed within a cell enclosure to safely contain a welding operation and to protect users that may be observing the process. Typically, the robotic welding system includes a robot arm with a welding torch that is used to weld a work piece positioned on a work table within the cell enclosure. The robot is programmed to weld along a desired path commensurate with each particular weld type. Due to spatial constraints, robots have a restricted movement within the cell enclosure, wherein complex and/or wide path weld processes cannot be executed. This problem is exacerbated when the robot is within a portable cell enclosure, which has a relatively narrow width, thereby further limiting the footprint and associated range of motion. Improved systems and methods are needed to overcome these and other deficiencies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, a welding cell unit includes a frame and a cell table that supports a robotic welding system, the cell table is attached to the frame. A table top is pivotally secured to the cell table, the table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane. A support mechanism structurally supports the table top when in an extended position. A plurality of panels surround the cell table, the plurality of panels are configured to extend outwardly from the cell table to enclose the table top when in an extended position.
In another aspect, a welding cell unit includes a frame and a cell table that supports a robotic welding system, the cell table is secured to the frame. A first table top is pivotally secured to the cell table, the first table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table in a first direction into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane. A second table top is pivotally secured to the cell table, the second table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table in a second direction into an extended position coextensive with the table top plane, the second direction is opposite the first direction, the second direction is opposite the first direction. A first support mechanism structurally supports the first table top when in an extended position and a second support mechanism structurally supports the second table top when in an extended position. A plurality of panels surround the cell table, the plurality of panels are configured to extend outwardly in both the first direction and the second direction from the cell table to enclose the first table top and the second table top when in an extended position.
In yet another aspect, a welding cell unit includes a frame and means for supporting a robotic welding system, which is coupled to the frame. Means are employed to pivotally secure a table top to support the robotic welding system, wherein the table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane. Means are utilized to support the table top when in an extended position. Means are also employed to outwardly extend a plurality of panels to enclose the table top when in an extended position.
This brief description is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described herein. This brief description is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which particular embodiments and further benefits of the invention are illustrated as described in more detail in the description below, in which:
FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of a welding cell unit that includes an expansion table;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of a welding cell unit that illustrates an expansion table with a fold-up tabletop and fold-out panels;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a welding cell unit that includes an expansion table and panels for enclosure thereof;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a welding cell unit that shows a first expansion table extended from a left side;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a welding cell unit that illustrates a second expansion table extended from a right side;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a welding cell unit with an expansion table extended from the left side, wherein the welding cell unit has a welding robot disposed therein; and
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the welding cell unit in FIG. 6 with an expansion table extended from a right side.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the figures, several embodiments or implementations of the present invention are hereinafter described in conjunction with the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. The present disclosure is related to welding cell enclosures that includes an expansion table to temporarily enlarge volume of a welding cell unit to allow greater range of motion for a robot welding system. Although illustrated and described hereinafter in the context of various exemplary welding systems, the invention is not limited to the illustrated examples.
With reference to FIG. 1, welding cell unit 100 includes a cell enclosure 102 disposed on top of a cart 122. The cell enclosure 102 includes a frame 146 that includes a plurality of panels that extend around the periphery of a cell table (not shown) used to support a robotic welding system for welding one or more workpieces. The panels within the frame 146 can be adjusted to modify the size of the volume of the welding cell unit to accommodate articulation of the robotic welding system. The frame 146 includes a top panel rail 104 supported on distal ends by upright supports 106 and 108, which extend upwardly from a table support 128. The supports include an access door 114 and a bifold panel 114′, which is folded behind the access door 114, which are all disposed coextensive with a panel plane. A user can slide the access door 114/bifold panel 114′ combination toward the access panel 116 to gain access to the cell table. The access door 114, bifold panel 114′, and access panel 116, are all disposed between the top panel rail 104 and the table support 128 within channels, grooves, or other means to facilitate lateral movement of the access door therein. For this purpose, the frame 146 can be comprised of aluminum profile components. Wheels 132 are employed to facilitate transport of the welding cell unit 100 from location to location.
A table top 130 is pivotally secured to the table support 128 via a table hinge 110 and a table hinge 112. The hinges 110, 112 allow the table top 130 to swing outwardly to a position that is substantially orthogonal to the side of the welding cell unit 100, wherein it is supported by one or more supporting members (not shown). In this manner the table top 130 extends from the cell table to form an augmented platform coextensive with a table top plane, which substantially orthogonal to the panel plane. Once the table top is extended into position, the access door 114, bifold panel 114′, and access panel 116 can be outwardly extended to enclose the periphery of the table top 130 thereby forming a continuous enclosure around the exterior of the welding cell unit 100. The access door 114, bifold panel 114′, and access panel 116 can all be coupled together to facilitate such outward extension. In an embodiment, the access door 114 and bifold panel 114′ are coupled together in a bi-fold arrangement, wherein the bifold panel 114′ is folded out and positioned between the access door 114 and the access panel 116 to form a three-sided wall. A hinge set 178 can couple the upright support 106 to the access door 114; a hinge set 118 can couple the access door 114 to the bifold panel 114′; a hinge set (not shown) can couple the bifold panel 114′ to the access panel 116; and a hinge set 176 can couple the access panel 116 to the upright support 108.
The table top 130 includes at least one securement means illustrated in FIG. 1 as a securement 124 and a securement 126, which are employed to accommodate the access door 114 and bifold panel 114′ respectively when the expansion table is extended from the welding cell unit. In FIG. 1, the securements 124, 126 are a clamping mechanism or other suitable apparatus utilized to hold a bottom portion of the panels to the table top 130 when placed in an extended position. By extending and retracting the table top 130, the welding cell unit can be transported through doorways within a building. In an example, the welding cell unit 100 is in an operational state when extended (e.g., in a classroom) and returned to a non-extended position for transport therefrom. Accordingly, the subject embodiments facilitate portability of the welding cell unit to allow audiences in different locations to view the robotic welding system in operation.
FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the welding cell unit of FIG. 1, now renumbered as 200 that illustrates the unit with a first expansion table 216 in an extended position and a second expansion table 244 in a non-extended position. The first expansion table 216 includes a side panel 202 which is coupled to one or more other panels to form a continuous enclosure surrounding the periphery of a table top 226. The side panel 202 is framed via a top panel rail 204, a side panel rail 206 and a bottom panel rail 208. This frame can accommodate the side panel 202 wherein each frame member includes a slot or other means to hold an edge of the side panel 202 in place to prohibit a direct line of sight from an outside observer to a weld operation executed within the welding cell unit 200. In an embodiment, the side panel 202 is the access door 114 and is made of a transparent material, which blocks particular light frequencies to prevent damage to an observer's eyes or other deleterious effects.
As shown, when the expansion table 216 is in an extended position, the table top 226 is rotated outwardly away from the welding cell unit 200, wherein such rotation is facilitated via a hinge 218. Once the table top has been extended to an appropriate location, a retractable support system is extended into place to allow the table top 226 to bear a load, such as a workpiece. In an embodiment, the retractable support system includes an upright table support 222 which is coupled to a bottom surface of the table top 226 via a table angle bracket 224. The side panel 202 is coupled to the welding cell unit via hinges 258.
The second expansion table 244 includes a table top 232, which is coupled to the welding cell unit 200 via a hinge 238. When the expansion table 244 is in an extended position, the table top 232 is rotated outwardly until it is located in a substantially orthogonal location relative to the upright members of the welding cell unit 200. At such time, a retractable support system 236 is extended underneath the table top 232 to provide structural support. Subsequently, a plurality of panels are extended outwardly commensurate with the size of the table top 232 to provide a continuous enclosure of the table top 232, which extends from the welding cell unit 200. The table tops 226, 232 and support systems can be made of any suitable material being sufficient structural strength to support materials thereupon, including steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and plastic.
Once the robotic weld operation is complete, one or both of the expansion tables 216, 244 can be returned to a non-extended position wherein the cell unit 200 is transported to new location. In the non-extended position, the width of the welding cell unit 200 can be sized to allow transport of the welding cell unit 200 through a standard sized doorway. In an embodiment, the width of the welding cell unit 200 is between 25 and 40 inches. In another embodiment, the width is between 30 and 35 inches. In another embodiment, the width is between 32 and 34 inches, although both smaller and larger dimensions are within the scope of this invention.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a welding cell unit of FIG. 1, now renumbered as 300 that includes a cell table 352 and a first expansion table 302 in an extended position to augment the footprint of the cell table 352 for additional area to facilitate enhanced movement of a robotic welding system. In this embodiment, the welding cell unit 300 also includes a second expansion table 342, which is shown in a non-extended position. The first expansion table 302 includes a table top 310 which is surrounded by a side panel 312, a center panel 314 and a side panel 316, which are employed to form a continuous enclosure around the table top 310 from the cell table 352. In an embodiment, the side panel 312, center panel 314, and side panel 316 are access door 114, bifold panel 114′ and access panel 116 respectively, as shown in FIG. 1. The table top 310 is coupled to a hinge set (not shown) via a plurality of fasteners 320. The fasteners 320 can be substantially any fastening element, such as a rivet, screw, bolt or other suitable fastening means.
The second expansion table 342 shown in its folded position includes a table top 332 coupled to the welding cell unit 300 via hinges 334, 336. In order to place the second expansion table 342 into an extended position, the table top 332 is extended outwardly from the welding cell unit 300 wherein a retractable support is extended underneath the table top for subsequent use. In this manner, both table tops 310, 332 can be extended from cell table 352 to increase the footprint of the welding cell unit by two to three fold or more. The additional space can allow a plurality of workpieces to be welded by a robotic welding system in single operation. Alternatively or in addition, the robotic welding system can be programmed to follow a complex and/or large range of motion to demonstrate a multitude of capabilities to a viewing audience.
FIG. 4 is a left side perspective view of a welding cell unit of FIG. 1, now renumbered 400 which includes a first expansion table 410 and a second expansion table 460 that extend from a cell table 452. As shown, the first expansion table 410 is in an extended position and the second expansion table 460 is in a non-extended position. The expansion table 410 includes a table top 422 which is surrounded by a side panel 412, a center panel 414, and a side panel 416. One or more hinge sets can be employed to couple each of the side panel 412, center panel 414, and the side panel 416 to one another and to the welding cell unit 400. Such hinging mechanism (or other suitable device) can allow the panels to be moved into substantially any form to surround the table top 422. Alternatively or in addition, a greater number of panels than shown can be employed to facilitate a larger-sized footprint and/or different shape of the table top 422, thereby providing a greater range of motion for the robotic weld system. One or more securements, such as securement 428, is employed to couple each panel to the table top 422.
The second expansion table 460 includes a table top 452 that is coupled to the welding cell unit 400 via a table hinge 454 and a table hinge 456. When the table top 452 is in an extended position, an access side 440 is extended from the frame of the welding cell unit 400 to enclose the periphery of the table top 452. The access side 440 includes an access door 442 which facilitates entry into the interior of the welding cell unit 400. The access door can be opened by sliding the door toward an access panel 444 disposed adjacent thereto. A frame 446 can be comprised of a plurality of extruded segments, such as a aluminum profile extrusion or other suitable structural components, which include a plurality of grooves disposed longitudinally along the access of each structural element. Thus, the access door 442 can be disposed within such grooves to allow movement of the access door by a user. A third panel (not shown) can also be disposed behind either the access door 442 or the access panel 444 which is exposed when the access side is extended to surround the table top 452. For this purpose, a panel hinge 448 is utilized to couple the access door 442 to the access panel 444 to facilitate flexible disposition thereof.
FIG. 5 is a right side perspective view of a welding cell unit of FIG. 1, now renumbered as 500, which, in an embodiment is an alternative view to the welding cell unit 400. The welding cell unit 500 includes an access side 510, which is employed to allow a user to access the interior of the welding cell unit 500 to retrieve and/or place materials to be welded and/or attend to the robotic welding system therein. An access door 516 is bi-folded against the center panel 520 and placed adjacent thereto. An access panel 514 is adjacent the access door 516 and center panel 520. Upright supports 524, 526, 528, 530 are used to support a top rail 522 which defines the interior of the welding cell unit 500. Upright supports 524 and 526 support the outside portions of the access side panels and upright support 528, 530 support the outside sections of side panels 542 and 546. A center panel 544 is disposed between the side panels 542, 546 and is coupled thereto via panel hinges 562 and 564 respectively. Securements 556, 558 are employed to couple the bottom of the panels to a table top 552 when it is disposed in an extended position.
FIG. 6 illustrates a welding cell unit 600 that encloses a robot 610. The robot is disposed upon a pedestal 614, which is coupled to a body 616 and further to an arm 618 to manipulate a welding gun 624 through space. In an embodiment, the robot 610 is an ARC MATE™ robot available from FANUC Robotics America, Inc. Other similar robots can also be used. The robot 610 can be centered with respect to the area defined by the welding cell unit 600 and can include a plurality of axes of movement. If desired, the pedestal 614 can rotate to facilitate substantially 360 degrees of motion. For this purpose, a drive mechanism such as a motor and transmission (not shown) can be housed in the pedestal 614 to rotate the robot 610. Although the robot 610 is shown mounted to a lower portion of the welding cell unit, the robot can mount to an upper structure of the cell unit and depend downwardly into the cell there from.
A welding gun 624 attaches to a distal end of the robot arm 618, wherein the welding gun 624 is similar to those that are known in the art. Consumable electrode wire can be stored in a container from a spool 658 and delivered to the welding gun 624 through a conduit to weld a workpiece held by a welding fixture 632. A wire feeder 622, such as a PF 10 F-II Wire Feeder available from the Lincoln Electric Company, attaches to the welding cell unit to facilitate delivery of welding wire to the welding gun 624. A gas bottle 644 can be mounted to the end of the welding cell unit 600 to deliver shielding gas to a weld location. A fume extractor 646 can be mounted or otherwise attached to the welding cell unit 600, to extract fumes from a weld site, as known in the art. Referring now to FIG. 7, a welding power supply 788 used with a welding operation mounts to and rests on a platform 668 and is connected to and can be a part of the welding cell unit 600. A robot controller 768, which controls the robot 610, also rests and mounts on the platform 668 to provide control signals to the robot 610.
The above examples are merely illustrative of several possible embodiments of various aspects of the present invention, wherein equivalent alterations and/or modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon reading and understanding this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (assemblies, devices, systems, circuits, and the like), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component, such as hardware, software, or combinations thereof, which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated implementations of the invention. In addition although a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Also, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in the detailed description and/or in the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that are not different from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
1. A welding cell unit, comprising: a frame; a cell table that supports a robotic welding system, the cell table attached to the frame; a table top pivotally secured to the cell table, the table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane; a support mechanism that structurally supports the table top when in an extended position; and a plurality of panels that surround the cell table, the plurality of panels are configured to extend outwardly from the cell table to enclose the table top when in an extended position, and wherein the panels are disposed coextensive with a panel plane when in a non-extended position, the panel plane being substantially orthogonal to the table top plane, and further wherein one of the plurality of panels comprises: an access door; a bifold panel behind the access door, the panel is not visible when in its initial position; and an access panel that is disposed in a lateral direction adjacent the access door and bifold panel, wherein the access door and bifold panel are slid toward the access panel in a first direction to gain access to the cell table when the table top is in a non-extended position.
2. (canceled)
3. (canceled)
4. The welding cell unit according to claim 1, further including: a frame that supports each of the plurality of panels to extend around the periphery of the table top when in an extended position, the frame includes a top panel rail that is supported on distal ends by first upright support and a second upright support, wherein the upright supports are disposed at either end of the welding cell unit.
5. The welding cell unit according to claim 4, wherein when the plurality of panels are in an extended position, the access door is hingedly coupled to the first upright support and the bifold panel, the bifold panel is hingedly coupled to the access door and the access panel, and the access panel is hingedly coupled to the bifold panel and the second upright support.
6. The welding cell unit according to claim 5, wherein the bifold panel is extended further out from the cell table than the access door and the access panel.
7. The welding cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the support mechanism includes an upright support that supports a first side of the table top and an angle bracket, coupled to the upright support, that supports a second side of the table top.
8. The welding cell unit according to claim 1, further including: one or more securements, which mechanically couple at one of the access door, the bifold panel, and the access panel to the table top, when the table top is in an extended position.
9. The welding cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the welding cell unit is in an operational state to allow a operation of a robotic welding system when the table top is in an extended position.
10. The welding cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the welding cell unit is in a transport state to facilitate transport of the welding cell unit when the table top is in a non-extended position.
11. The welding cell unit according to claim 1, wherein the width of the welding cell unit is between 25 and 40 inches.
12. The welding cell unit according to claim 4, wherein the frame is comprised of extrusion profile elements.
13. A welding cell unit, comprising: a frame; a cell table that supports a robotic welding system, the cell table is secured to the frame; a first table top pivotally secured to the cell table, the first table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table in a first direction into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane; a second table top pivotally secured to the cell table, the second table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table in a second direction into an extended position coextensive with the table top plane, the second direction is opposite the first direction; a first support mechanism that structurally supports the first table top when in an extended position; a second support mechanism that structurally supports the second table top when in an extended position; a plurality of panels that surround the cell table, the plurality of panels are configured to extend outwardly in both the first direction and the second direction from the cell table to enclose the first table top and the second table top when in an extended position, and wherein the panels are disposed on a first side of the welding cell unit and a second side of the welding cell unit, the panels on the first side are disposed coextensive with a first panel plane when in a non-extended position, the panels on the second side are disposed coextensive with a second panel plane when in a non-extended position, the first panel plane and the second panel plane are substantially parallel to one another and both substantially orthogonal to the table top plane, and wherein panels on the first side and panels on the second side each include: an access door; a bifold panel behind the access door, the bifold panel is not visible when in its initial position; and an access panel that is disposed in a lateral direction adjacent the access door and bifold panel, and further wherein the access door and bifold panel are slid toward the access panel in a first direction to gain access to the cell table when the table top is in a non-extended position.
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)
16. The welding cell unit according to claim 13, further including: a frame that supports each of the plurality of panels to extend around the periphery of the table top when in an extended position, the frame includes a top panel rail that is supported on distal ends by first upright support and a second upright support on each of the first side and the second side, wherein the upright supports are disposed at either end of the welding cell unit.
17. The welding cell unit according to claim 16, wherein when the plurality of panels are in an extended position in either the first direction or the second direction, the access door is hingeldy coupled to the first upright support and the bifold panel, the bifold panel is hingedly coupled to the access door and the access panel, and the access panel is hingedly coupled to the bifold panel and the second upright support.
18. The welding cell unit according to claim 17, wherein the bifold panel is extended further out from the cell table than the access door and the access panel.
19. The welding cell unit according to claim 13, further including a robotic welding system disposed on the cell table that articulates a welding gun through space.
20. A welding cell unit, comprising: a frame; means for supporting a robotic welding system, which is coupled to the frame; means for pivotally securing a table top means for supporting the robotic welding system, the table top is rotated outwardly from a non-extended position adjacent a side of the cell table into an extended position coextensive with a table top plane; means for supporting the table top when in an extended position; and means for outwardly extending a plurality of panels to enclose the table top when in an extended position, and wherein said plurality of panels comprises: an access door; a bifold panel behind the access door, the bifold panel is not visible when in its initial position; and an access panel that is disposed in a lateral direction adjacent the access door and bifold panel, and further wherein the access door and bifold panel are slid toward the access panel in a first direction to gain access to the cell table when the table top is in a non-extended position..
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52108484
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Sphaerowithius ansieae
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Semantic data
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Sphaerowithius ansieae
species of pseudoscorpions
Sphaerowithius ansieae instance of taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon name Sphaerowithius ansieae, taxon author Mark S. Harvey, taxon author Volker Mahnert, year of publication of scientific name for taxon 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon rank species
Sphaerowithius ansieae parent taxon Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae iNaturalist taxon ID 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae ZooBank ID for name or act F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae GBIF taxon ID 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae Catalogue of Life ID 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae short name
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Art der Gattung Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae ist ein(e) Taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae wissenschaftlicher Name Sphaerowithius ansieae, Autor(en) des Taxons Mark Stephen Harvey, Autor(en) des Taxons Volker Mahnert, veröffentlicht im Jahr 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxonomischer Rang Art
Sphaerowithius ansieae übergeordnetes Taxon Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae iNaturalist-Taxon-ID 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS-TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae ZooBank: Nomenklatorischer Akt F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae GBIF-ID 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae CoL-ID 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae Kurzname
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae istanza di taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome scientifico Sphaerowithius ansieae, autore tassonomico Mark Stephen Harvey, autore tassonomico Volker Mahnert, data di descrizione scientifica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae livello tassonomico specie
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon di livello superiore Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificativo iNaturalist taxon 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificativo ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificativo ZooBank di un taxon F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificativo GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificativo Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome in breve
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instancia de taxón
Sphaerowithius ansieae nombre del taxón Sphaerowithius ansieae, autor del taxón Mark Stephen Harvey, autor del taxón Volker Mahnert, fecha de descripción científica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae categoría taxonómica especie
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxón superior inmediato Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae código de taxón en iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ZooBank de un nombre o acto de nomenclatura F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador de taxón en GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae nombre corto
Sphaerowithius ansieae
espèce de pseudoscorpions
Sphaerowithius ansieae nature de l’élément taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nom scientifique du taxon Sphaerowithius ansieae, auteur taxonomique Mark Stephen Harvey, auteur taxonomique Volker Mahnert, date de description scientifique 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae rang taxonomique espèce
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon supérieur Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifiant iNaturalist d'un taxon 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifiant Système d'information taxinomique intégré 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifiant ZooBank d'un taxon F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifiant Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae nom court
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae екземпляр на таксон
Sphaerowithius ansieae име на таксон Sphaerowithius ansieae, дата на публикуване на таксон 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae ранг на таксон вид
Sphaerowithius ansieae родителски таксон Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae кратко име
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae это частный случай понятия таксон
Sphaerowithius ansieae международное научное название Sphaerowithius ansieae, автор названия таксона Марк Харви, дата публикации названия 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae таксономический ранг вид
Sphaerowithius ansieae ближайший таксон уровнем выше Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae код таксона iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae код ITIS TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae код номенклатурного акта ZooBank F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae идентификатор GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae код Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae краткое имя или название
Sphaerowithius ansieae
taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae is een taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae wetenschappelijke naam Sphaerowithius ansieae, taxonauteur Mark Stephen Harvey, taxonauteur Volker Mahnert, datum van taxonomische publicatie 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxonomische rang soort
Sphaerowithius ansieae moedertaxon Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae iNaturalist-identificatiecode voor taxon 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS-identificatiecode 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae ZooBank-identificatiecode F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae GBIF-identificatiecode 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae verkorte naam
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae est taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon nomen Sphaerowithius ansieae, auctor descriptionis Volker Mahnert, annus descriptionis 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae ordo species
Sphaerowithius ansieae parens Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae nomen breve
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae є одним із таксон
Sphaerowithius ansieae наукова назва таксона Sphaerowithius ansieae, дата наукового опису 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae таксономічний ранг вид
Sphaerowithius ansieae батьківський таксон Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae ідентифікатор таксона iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae номер у ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae код номенклатурного акта ZooBank F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae ідентифікатор у GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae коротка назва
Sphaerowithius ansieae
specie de arahnide
Sphaerowithius ansieae este un/o taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nume științific Sphaerowithius ansieae, anul publicării taxonului 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae rang taxonomic specie
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon superior Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae nume scurt
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instancia de taxón
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome del taxón Sphaerowithius ansieae, autor del taxón Mark Stephen Harvey, autor del taxón Volker Mahnert, data de publicación del nome de taxón 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae categoría taxonómica especie
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxón inmediatamente superior Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome curtiu
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae sampla de tacsón
Sphaerowithius ansieae ainm an tacsóin Sphaerowithius ansieae, údar an tacsóin Mark Stephen Harvey, údar an tacsóin Volker Mahnert, bliain inar foilsíodh ainm eolaíoch an tacsóin 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae rang an tacsóin speiceas
Sphaerowithius ansieae máthairthacsón Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae ainm gearr
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instância de táxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome do táxon Sphaerowithius ansieae, autor do táxon Volker Mahnert, data de descrição científica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae categoria taxonómica espécie
Sphaerowithius ansieae táxon imediatamente superior Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae número de série taxonômico do ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome curto
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae jest to takson
Sphaerowithius ansieae naukowa nazwa taksonu Sphaerowithius ansieae, autor nazwy naukowej taksonu Mark Stephen Harvey, data opisania naukowego 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Sphaerowithius ansieae takson nadrzędny Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identyfikator iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identyfikator GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae nazwa skrócona
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae là một đơn vị phân loại
Sphaerowithius ansieae tên phân loại Sphaerowithius ansieae, ngày được miêu tả trong tài liệu khoa học 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae cấp bậc phân loại loài
Sphaerowithius ansieae đơn vị phân loại mẹ Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae ID ĐVPL iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae TSN ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae ID ZooBank F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae định danh GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae tên ngắn
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instancë e takson
Sphaerowithius ansieae emri shkencor Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS-TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae emër i shkurtër
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Sphaerowithius ansieae tieteellinen nimi Sphaerowithius ansieae, taksonin auktori Volker Mahnert, tieteellisen kuvauksen päivämäärä 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae taksonitaso laji
Sphaerowithius ansieae osa taksonia Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae iNaturalist-tunniste 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS-tunnistenumero 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae Catalogue of Life -tunniste 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae lyhyt nimi
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instância de táxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome taxológico Sphaerowithius ansieae, autor do táxon Volker Mahnert, data de descrição científica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae categoria taxonômica espécie
Sphaerowithius ansieae táxon imediatamente superior Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome curto
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae honako hau da taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae izen zientifikoa Sphaerowithius ansieae, deskribapen zientifikoaren data 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae maila taxonomikoa espezie
Sphaerowithius ansieae goiko maila taxonomikoa Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae iNaturalist identifikatzailea 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS-en identifikadorea 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae GBIFen identifikatzailea 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae izen laburra
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae natura de l'element taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nom scientific Sphaerowithius ansieae, data de descripcion scientifica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae reng taxonomic espècia
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon superior Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificant de taxon iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificant ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificant GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae nom cort
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae estas taksono
Sphaerowithius ansieae taksonomia nomo Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae taksonomia rango specio
Sphaerowithius ansieae supera taksono Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae numero en iNaturalist 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae ITIS-TSN 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae mallonga nomo
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instancia de Taxón
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae kurta nomo
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae nem brefik
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instància de tàxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nom científic Sphaerowithius ansieae, autor taxonòmic Mark Stephen Harvey, autor taxonòmic Volker Mahnert, data de descripció científica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae categoria taxonòmica espècie
Sphaerowithius ansieae tàxon superior immediat Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador iNaturalist de tàxon 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ZooBank de tàxon F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae nom curt
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instantia de taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nomine del taxon Sphaerowithius ansieae, data de description scientific 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae rango taxonomic specie
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon superior immediate Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae
Sphaerowithius ansieae instancia de taxon
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome do taxon Sphaerowithius ansieae, data de descrición científica 2015
Sphaerowithius ansieae categoría taxonómica especie
Sphaerowithius ansieae taxon superior inmediato Sphaerowithius
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador iNaturalist dun taxon 690501
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ITIS 1126131
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/11gh6mypv1
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador ZooBank de taxon F999EC2F-06FA-498B-961C-9950CB79CE98
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador GBIF 9042833
Sphaerowithius ansieae identificador Catalogue of Life 4YSWD
Sphaerowithius ansieae nome curto
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German-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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| 1,562 | 2,950 |
Riedlingen , am 7 November 1811. ^ Jg-USg!»”'»’ L-JL Nro LXXXVHI. Paris, brn 2.5 Df r. ♦ D er Kaiser verweilt sich, mach Berichten aus Amsterdam vom 22 diß , m>d) iitfr , SMfr »«» iner daselbst. Am -20 sah Er nebst der Kaiserin bei der Amsirlbrücke ein mifferoc- IW'.«r>n. ältlich prächtiges Feuerwerk , das unter Inbmn eine hohe Triumphsäule und eit : m Tempel der Unsterblichkeit vorstellte. Der König von Rom ist seit einiger Zeit :l ©t. Cloud und befindet sich sehr wohl > Erachtet bereits das Zahnen bei ihm aiige* fegen hat. Amsterdam , den 22 Dft» Nestern früh 7 Uhr ist S. M. der SCofc? von hier abgereist , um die E chleusien ^ Muiden und den PM; Naarden jti fe; w< Nachmittags *3 Uhr kam Er nach. 706 o& Sr'* 9*^* nd lk mt# Spfliiitiu Amsterdam zurück , durch Leu Hafen, Iti welchem Er die sogenannten Leichterschiffe (SchiffsZu-'Maschinen) sah, welche von Medemblick zurückkamen, um ein Linien» schiff zu kransportiren. Ueb.rafl , wo steh der Kaiser innerhalb dieser etlichen Stunden befand, sah er in Städten und Dörfern das Volk in grosser Menge versammelt. Während gedachter Zeit hatte die Kaise» rin in einer Calesche eine Spazierfahrt durch die Strassen der Stadt Amsterdam gemache. Bei dem schönsten Magazin der Stadt hielt sie an, um Japanisches Porcellan: zu kaufen. Sie war nicht 5 Minuten in di» fern Magazin, so waren schon 30000 M n» scheu um dasselbe versammelt. Es ist in Wahrheit unmöglich, den Enthusiasmus zu schildern, mit welchem Ihre Majestäten von dem Volke aufgenommen werden. Paris den 27 Oft. Am 24 gierigen Se. Mas. v. Amsterr dam nach dem Haag, wo der Monarch biS zum 28 verweilen wollte; den 29 wollte er eine Lnstfahrt nach dem Schloße Loo ma chen , und am Zi zu Nyirrwegen eintreffest. Am i Nov. wird Se. Maj. zu Wesil erwartet. Spanien» (Fortseznng der franrösis. AmtSbrricytS aus dem Moniteur vom 23 Oft.) Berichte von Marschall Grafen v. tS 11 * 6 * an den MajorGeneral Fürsten v. Neufcdar. **>n 707 tef sind ebenfalls bekannt gemacht worden. Der erste aus Alcata bel Hiver vom 16 tz kpr. meldet das erfolgte Einrücken der ftanzösiicharragonifchen Annee in die Pro vinz Valencia, und daß er am 14 fein Hauptquartier zu BemCarlos gehabt , baß ir zu Mala del Hiver fei und nach Mur- viedro vorrücke. Der zweite Bericht Suchet'- aus Mnkr viedra(dem alten Sagunt, mit dessen Ero berung Hannibal den zweiten punifchen Krieg eröffnete) vom 30 Gept. enthält im Wesentlichen FolgendesAm. 27 Sept. Ham ich vor dem . befestigten Murvie- bro an und nahm Best; von der Stadt. Am 28 Sept. rückten ü Kompagnien v. ber Divistoij. Haber'iwch eben, so viele von der Italienischen Division vor die Wälle der Festung und Gemeisterten sich aller Auf« senwerke. Der Feind, hakte in. den Fort-, 3090 Mann und lg Kanonen. Am 29 ließ ich die Laufgräben vor tec : Festung eröffnen. Zugleich befahl ich auch Oropesa einzuschliessen? Eine Zussmmcn- tottuug.eon. iqoo. bis 1200 Baneyr bei Val de Uro auf Mkimm rechten Flügel ist durch den Obersten Milet, der 300 Mann Infanterie und>59 Kürassiere-bei sich hatte- Zerstreut worh-n., wobei 400 Mann del sek- b"n gelödret und der größte Dhe^i^er SBaf* |n genommen: worden. Gmm 3.U0- Berichts. *95** ToS «SHa GrafeuSucket aus Murviedro vom i öffc zu Folg? wurde die Division des Obiepo ^ die zum Korvs deS Generals Blake gehört, der eine» Th'il feiner- Streükrafte zu Liri» #118 Segorbe hakte, bei-.Segorbe geichlagen. Die Dragoner Napoleon drangen mit dein F i»de zugleich i» Segorbe, und machtet» alles nieder, was ihnen im Wege mar. Sie verfolgten btn Feind bis zwei Stunden von der Stadl. Der General Balathier> der die Reserve befehligte., ließ zu rechtev Zeit die Jnsurgentso auf der Straße von $?ma Verfolgern L)bispo ist.vollkommen in die Flucht geschlagen, und hat ZO2 Mann, eine. Fahne , 90 Pferde und viele Gefangen- verloren. . Arragpnion. Die Bande des.Pessodurs «ineS berüchtigten Räubers , wurde in betn Dorfe Bioka mit 60 Reitern von dem Lieur Ifttant Folfon überfallen und. umringt. Alle wurden nskder.tefäb.elt , und der Lieutenant brachte Nist ergeuex Hand betn Wütrich Pest fpburo sitte tvdtliche Wunde bei. Nur drei- Gensdarnirn wurden vlrwundet, und lL französische Gefangene wurden in Freiheit gesczt. Sudarmee. Der Herzog v.. Dalmatien (Soult) befahl dem Grafen v. Erlon,. der das gte Korps-is Estremadura befehligt eine Expedition an die Mündung ber ©ua- diana abzuschicken , nur diese Gegend ganz, von den Bauden, des Baüeystsros zu («in dem«. 709 mS» g" 1 * ™*”l ÜLU’J'IÜSÜ *S"g ««!!-! u>-»» Bern , dem noch 500 Mann übrig waren» Der General &uiot imb der AdjurantK cm# Mandant ForeSkier wurden mit dieser Exve# dikion beauftragt. Nach einem unwichtigen Gefechte ergriff BalleysteroS eiligst di« Flucht und schiffte sich zu Ayamonte nach Cadix ein; 200 Vf panier wurden bei dieser Expedition niedergehauen ; man hob ein Der taschement von 87 Reiten» mit den Pferr den anft. Bezirk der Armee des Centrums. Der Herzog v. Dalmatien schien mit dem Gei# sie zufrieden , der in den Königreichen Ma# Klga und Granada herrschte, <St ist nach Sevilla zurückgekey'n. Der Herzog von Belluno betrieb seine Operationen von Car biv. Der General Darmagnac bat sich mit seiner Tjchtsi'ou nach Cuenca gesogen , tmt fcie Operationen des Marschalls nchet vor Valencia zu unterstüzen. D'r Oberst Reizet vom i Zten Dragonerregiment , über# siel tittt einer Abtheilung seines Regiment- die Bande von Chavo. Er lieft 220 vier fer Bandsten eri'chiessen und nahm ihnen ihre Pftrde. Die Insurgenten is. 9JhttfiC| schrieben alle ihre Niederlagen der Veranlag sung des Lords Wellington zu ; sie stoßen die bittersten Klagen gegen die Engländer »US. Eng f a n d. Der Courrrer (minist. Jonrn.) vom 17 W enthält fülgeuverr Artikel L „Lord Bech rin?. «8X5 7 10 <16^ t»nf soll morgen seine AbfchiedSandienz bei dem '"PriiiÄfnr#gmteu haben , unv dann um mittelbar nach ©ictlien abreisen. Derselbe ist mit entscheidenden Instruktionen versehen u >d man glaubt , daß Se. sicilianische Majestät sich nicht beifallen lassen wird, et» was streitig zu machen." — Kanin hat;e irgend eine Angelegenheit die englis. Jour« vale mehr beschäftigt, als der dermalige Stand d>r Dinge in Gicilien. Ihre Be» merkungen sind zum Theil sehr ernsthafter Statut*. Her Times sagt in einem seiner sei« den. Blatter am Schlüsse eines langen, Su elften betreffenden, Artikels : „Q& ist da» her einlenchteud, daß es nnsire Psiicbt ist, hieElcjlier.Hegen Frankreich zu unterstüzeit sie mögen einen oder keinen König an ihrer Cvize haben; nach mehr, es ist in der ge# machten IfuterfMung, daß ihr Souverän auf die Seite des Feindes sich geschlagen habe, mehr qlS jemals unsere Pflicht, zu ihrer eigjwn Sicherheit uns vornen an zu stellen , und sie durch alle Mittel, die in um sirer Gewalt sinh, zu ermuntern , ihre Um Abhängigkeit zu behaupten, ihre Privilegien sicher zu stellen und nach ihrem, Gutbefinden -er Throi'Erledigung, und.dem Mangel an einer Regmmigdie sich auflöst, abzuhek fen." (2'dkl'E.) Wie», den 2®hC5tt». K. K.. Maj. (int anvi8 Oft. von Htrßhura nach L.tSpoldsiM mk S» mct * Oe. 711 en& abgereist , und von da den 2 t Nachmittag- wieder im höchsten Wohlseyn dahin zurück- gekehrt. — In der lezten am 14 Off. in Preßburg gehabenen vermischten Landtags« stzung hat die zur Untersuchung einiger be sondern Gegenstände in FinanzSacbeN er nannte Regnicolardepuration ihren Bericht abgestattet» Lieblingen. (Schaafwaid - Verlelhung) Die Kommun i Schaafwalden von nachbr« ntonten Orten, werden von Georgi bis M«ttni 1812 in öffentlichem Aufjirelch tttt« liedenwerden, und zwarr Lieblingen , zu 400 Stück. Dienstag den lyten Nov. Vormittags 9 Uhr ans dem Raihdaus allda. Grüningen , zu 250 Stück. Mittwoch den 20 Nov. Vormmags 9 Uhr, in dem Wirts haus daselbst. Althelm, zu 150 Stück. Mittwoch den 2» Leo. Nachmittags 2 Uhr auf dem Raihhaus allda. Aberzhofen , zu 200 Stück. Donnersta den 2t Nov. Vormittags 10 Uhr in dem Wirksdaus alloa. Möhringen , zu 150 Stück. Donnersta den 21 Nov. Nachmittags 2 Uhrin dem Wirts haus daselbst. Neutlingendorf zu 200 Stück. Dienstag teil 26 Nov. Vormittags 10 Uhr in bttn Wirtshaus allda. Unrerwachingen jn 100 Stück. Dienstag den 26 Nov. Nachmittags 2 Uhr m dem Wirts haus daselbst. Dietersdausen zu 200 Stück. Mittwoch bett , J ? Nov. Vormittags 10 Uhr in dem Wirrs- Nus allda.. 71a Sckulgart, zn 150 ©tief. Mittwoch de« 127 Nov. Nachmittags 2 utjr tu dem 3ButS« Haus attbd. Die Pachlltebbaber habet: sich an obltnaiv trn tagen mit obrigfmiiben SttltziNßeil Aber tbr Prädikat und Veriuög-eii »erftben ttmit» finden , und den Aufstretchs - <ßerbatiMttm)t# anruwvbiien. Auch werden vte Watden nach timilänbtn auf ein - oder drei Jahre Pacht« «eise hingegeben. Den 24 Oft. jgii. R. Ober amt. Riedltngcn. Mittwoch den 2v Oft. ist das Ebeweid des Anton Schtttrn von Dirnau dos« tzaft entwichen. 1 Sie beißt Anna Maria Kettlertn , gebürtig von Ensdorf, tsi 49 dis.50 Jahr alt, imtt* Irrer Statur , maaer > bat ein langes blasses Gesicht , gewöluUtchrn Mund u. Nase - graut Augen , braune mit grauen vermischte Haare, trtm beit emm RopulattvnsSche-m von klei nen - Zell bet sich. Es wird ru dem Ende bekannt gemacht, daß auf dieselben gesät;irort , sie im Detrct- tung-fail arrdtirt, und mm Oberamt eingelie fert werde. Den 6 Nod. 181*, R. Oberamt. Stadt Xittolincter xSmb^ettd ,Das Srj. fl. kr. i tt. 1 j Rom i 20 3 6 48 57 “r a 10 1-6 1 Roggen 52 58 i 8 *5. 1 1 Gersten 52 57 i 4 9; i 1 Haber ; Erojea 20 2 5 3° !.
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bub_gb_CmZbAAAAQAAJ_2_1
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,838 |
Essai sur l'histoire politique et constitutionelle de la Belgique
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Waille, Victor Amédée
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French
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Spoken
| 7,345 | 10,878 |
UNIVERSITEI t-'T’ Digitized by Google ESSAI 8DA L’HISTOIRE POLITIQUE ET CONSTITUTIONNELLE la Belgique. Digilized by Google I^es tormalifés voulues par la Loi ont été remplies. Digilized by Google ESSAI SCR L HISTOIRE POLITIQUE ET COISSTITIITIOININELLE DE la I^elgiqtu PAR V.-A. WA ILLE. •* Il u'y a de pvruianeiil que rinüépriidaiice.deb pe«i' * piv> toutes It-s fois qu’elle est appelée a parler «‘eiile. » CllâTA4CfiftlA>D» Etudti kiitonq. « La constitution d’un peuple est aon histoire mise » <Mt action >» De nosALO Penttf$. NOVEMBRE 1838. BRUXELLES, PUBLIÉ PAR LA SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE, ttc. GÉRAilT, M. cn.-l. OE MAT. ■DCCCXXXTIll. Digitized 1 1 I Digitized by Google PRÉFACE Il existe depuis deux mille ans, dans un coin de l’Europe, un pays de peu d’étendue, mais admirable ment situé, riche en population, abondant en toutes sortes de biens, qui a toujours été libre, et qui l’a tou jours été d’après ses anciens usages. Converti dès le cinquième siècle au christianisme, ce même pays a non seulement conservé jusqu’à nos jours ses vieilles habi tudes, son attachement à ses coutumes et à ses libertés, mais il a encore lait de sa foi religieuse, du cathohcisme. une condition si essentielle de sa vie politique et morale, que l'on ne peut les concevoir l’une sans l’auti'e , et la perte de la première entraînerait infailliblement la perte de la seconde. La raison en est , suivant l’obser vation de Montesquieu , que de même que « les cou » tûmes d'un peuple esclave sont une partie de sa ser » vitude, celles d’un peuple libre sont une partie de sa n liberté '. n Or, dans le pays dont nous voulons parler, ' Esp. des lois, liv. XIX, ch. 27. Digitizeâ by Google II PREFACE. en Belgique, tout est coutume, tradition ou usage, la liberté et la religion plus que tout le reste, donc aussi la Loi coTiSTiTüTioîiRELiE, et c cst précisément ce qui l'ait sa force ; d’où il suit que la dernière Constitution belge n’a mis tant de soin à préserver les libertés reli gieuses , ainsi que celles de l’enseignement et des asso ciations, de toute atteinte de la part du pouvoir et des autres libertés publiques , qu’afin de ne donner essor à celles-ci qu’en protégeant celles-là , c’est-à-dire, afin de sauver les mœurs par la religion, et la liberté par les mœurs , et cela, « parce qu’un peuple connaît, aime » et défend toujours plus ses mœurs que ses lois i> Voilà phénomène que nous avons cherché à expli quer historiquement dans I’Essai que nous livrons à la publicité. Et comme notre but principal a été , non de faire un livi e d’érudition ou de recherches originales (ce que nous prions le lecteur de ne pas perdre de vue ), mais de recueillir dans le passé des leçons utiles pour le présent et pour l’avenir , nous nous sommes appuyé, le mieux que nous avons pu , sur les faits les plus con stants , les plus authentiques , les plus généralement connus même , en ayant recours aux autorités les plus dignes de foi et les moins éloignées de notre siècle ou de la manière de voir actuelle. Pour écarter jusqu’à l’om ‘ Ibid. J liv. X , ch. II. Digitized by Googk PBÉFACe. 111 bre du doute sur les bases de notre travail, nous n’avons rien dit de nous-mérae à Tégrard des faits essentiels, et nous citons presque toujours textuellement les écrivains dont nous avons jugé à propos d’invoquer le témoignage. Avant d’en venir aux conclusions pratiques, nous avons produit et laissé parler des témoins irrécusables. L’his toire, cette grande conseillère, ce juge en dernier res sort des peuples aussi bien que des rois, exige que l'on dépose devant elle la vérité, toute la vérité, rien qm la vérité. On est trop porté à supposer à l’étranger que la Bel gique ne se maintient que par la jalousie mutuelle des États voisins, d’où l’on conclut fort justement, si cela était , qu’elle n'existe que précairement Mais il est facile de prouver qu’elle tire sa foiy^ principale d’elle mème, et que les conditions intérieures de son indépen dance et de sa nationalité, sans être exclusives des conditions extérieures , dominent au contraire celles-ci en les modifiant, et les assujétissent à un système gé néral de résistance tant interne qu’exteme qui ne le cède en rien à la défense d’un pays soutenue par ce qu’on appelle des frontières naturelles. Il y a ici un cnchainemcnt de causes et d’effets , d’action et de réac tion, sur lequel nous avons pensé qu’il nous était permis ‘ Ibid.,y. VIII, ch. 16. Digitized by Google JV PRÉFACE. d’appeler l’attention des Belges non moins que celle de leui's voisins ou de leurs alliés. Un peuple , comme un individu , ne se connaît bien qu'en se comparant avec les autres , et en écoutant même les observations qui lui viennent du dehors. Peu importent celui ou ceux de qui émanent de semblables observations, /Jowrwu quelles soient justes, et présentées avec le désir sincère d’être utile au progrès social. Aussi demandons nous grâce d’avance pour nos paroles, si quelques-unes manquaient d’exactitude ou de convenance , en laveur de l’inten tion qui les a dictées et du but que nous nous sommes proposé en publiant un opuscule de la nature de celui ci, écrit, non pour servir aucun parti, mais, nous le protestons, dans des vues de bien public et d’intérêt général. « L’art de bouleverser les États, dit Pascal, c’est de » sonder dans leur source, pour y faire remarquer le » défaut de justice et d’autorité '.«L’art de les aÉfcrmir, c’est donc aussi de sonder dans leur source, pour y découvrir les principes constituti ft de leur gouvernement, jjour y faire remarquer la/'(»’me essentielle, le mode fon damental d’après lequel s’y exercent la justice et l’auto rité. Cette recherche , exclusive de toute témérité , de ' Pensées. Digitized by Google PKEFilCE* V toute innoTation dangereuse, n’a rien non plus qui ne puisse très-bien se concilier avec la plus rigoureuse or thodoxie. Nous n'en voulons pour preuve que les lignes suivantes, écrites par un auteur qui est devenu pour les catholiques l’aotohité meme: < Il est vrai que la sou » veraineté, bien qu’elle renferme dans sa plénitude la » puissance législative, judiciaire et exécutwe , se » trouve, dans quelques gouvernements , ainsi divisée » en trois parts; mais, si l’on examine bien la forme de » ces gouvernements, l’on verra que cette distinction » exprime les limites assignées à chacune de ces trois » puissances, et marque en même temps qu’aucune » d’elles ne suppose dans celui qui l’exerce une autorité » originaire, qu’il n’y a que délégation : ce qui nous » mène à recoimaitre un chef suprême et principal, en » qui elles sont originairement réunies, et qui les a dis » tribuées séparément Si elles étaient originaires dans > les individus qui les exercent, chacun d’eux serait in » dépendant des autres. Le législateur pourrait donc » publier des lois, le juge les contredire dans ses arrêts, » et l’exécuteur se refuser à l’exécution de ces lois et de » ces arrêts; ce qui entraînerait la ruine nécessaire et » inévitable de ce gouvernement II faut donc admettre » un chef suprême, qui, après avoir donné et fixé ainsi » l’autorité des magistrats établis, ait aussi la force de » les contenir dans les bornes qui leur ont été marquées. Digitized by Google VI PREFACE. » Toutefois ce chef suprême peut être ou un seul » homme, ou le corps de la noblesse, ou le peuple; et » par conséquent le pouvoir souverain et indépendant » se résume toujours essentiellement à l’une des formes » simples du gouvernement, bien que dans l’exercice » il soit divisé » Au reste, si nous avons cru pouvoir oser parler aux Belges de leur histoire et de leurs droits imprescrip tibles , à titre de nation indépendante , catholique et libre, ce n’a été ni pour les flatter, ni pour les rabaisser. Comparés avec eux-mêmes , dans les périodes alterna tives de leur grandeur et de leur décadence . ils ont beaucoup perdu sous quelques rapports ; mais , com’ parés avec les autres peuples , ils ne craignent aucun parallèle. Bien plus , ils peuvent dire aux étrangers : « Toutes les fois et aussi longtemps que nous avons été nous • mêmes , nous n’avons cédé le pas à aucuns de vous; et si, à certaines époques, nous avons souffert, entre autres maux , un amoindrissement notable dans nos prérogatives pohtiques , intellectuelles et morales , c’est vous qui en avez été cause. Laissez nous libres de nous gouverner selon nos mœurs et nos coutumes , se ' Madb Gafpellari (Grëgoire XVI), Triomphe du S' Siège et de P Eglise. Trad. en français sur la 3“ édition de Ve nise (1832). Deux vol. in-8". Paris, 1834. Digii . by Google PRÉFACE. VII Ion nos lois et nos usages, car c'est ainsi que nous rede viendrons tout ce que nous avons été, tout ce que nous pouvons être ; et à cet égard , reprenant le rôle qui nous appartient d’après notre histoire et nos principes traditionnels, nous n’avons rien à envier à qui que ce soit, ni dans les temps anciens , ni dans l’époque actuelle. » Enfin l’auteur , quoique étranger , n’hésite en aucune manière à se nommer. Dés l’année 1829 il s’était associé de cœur et d’ànie avec les catholiques belges pour la défense de leurs libertés politiques et religieuses '. Depuis le mois de juillet 1832 il a habité la Belgique où il s'était dévoué entièrement à la même cause. D’un autre côté , il est né dans cette province de Franche Comté qui partagea la destinée des provinces Belgiques depuis les ducs de Bourgogne jusqu’au traité de Ni mègue, époque où elle fut définitivement réunie à la France de Louis XIV, et il descend d’une de ces fa milles des serfs de 5* Claude ou du Mont-Jura, les quelles, sans dévier de la foi de leurs ancêtres, ont ac cepté avec,enthousiasme les idées d’affranchissement de 1789, et n’ont pas plus envie, elles l’ont bien juré, de ' C’est lui qui fit frapper à Paris , en 1 8S9 , la médaille des patriotes belges , avec la devise : Le pouvoir les pro scrit, le peuple les couronne, en l’honneur de MM. de Mue lenaere et Vilain XIIII, éliminés des États-Généraux. Digitized by Google ▼III PnÉFACE. rebrousser chemin que de s'engager dans des voies ténébreuses à la suite des doctrines anarchiques et anti-chrétiennes. Oui, j’ai TU des mortels, j’en dois ici l’aveu, Trop combattus, connus trop peu ; J’ai vu des esprits vrais , des cœurs incorruptibles , Voués à la patrie , à leurs rois, à leur Dieu, A leurs propres maux insensibles. Prodigues de leurs jours, tendres, parfaits amis , Et souvent bienfaiteurs paisibles De leurs fougueux ennemis ; Trop estimés enfin pour être moins haïs. Que d’autres s’exhalent, dans leur haine insensée, En reproches injurieux. Cherchent en les quittant à les rendre odieux : Pour moi , fidèle au vrai , fidèle à ma pensée , C’est ainsi qu’en partant je leur fais mes adieux ' En empruntant à Gresset ses Adieux aux Jésuites , pour prendre congé des Belges au milieu desquels il a vécu et combattu pendant six années consécutives , l’auteur ne dit que ce qu’il pense , et il le dit sans y être provoqué par aucune liaison ou engagement, ni même (pourquoi re fuserait-il cette satisfaction à sa franchise ?) par le sentiment bien noble et bien doux d’ailleurs de la reconnaissance. Nec , nec bénéficia cogniti. Digitized by Google IDÉE DES CONSTimiONS EN GÉNÉRAL, I. Les mœurs' agissent sur les lois, et les lois sur les mœurs, mais d’une manière différente. Entre les mœurs et les lois, il y a le même rapport d’influence qu’entre la cause et l’effet, ou , en d’autres mots, il y a la diffé rence de l’action à la réaction. Cette distinction est fon damentale, car il ÿ a toujours du danger à confondre les deux termes de ce rapport , à en intervertir l’ordre , ou à prendre l’un pour l’autre, soit politiquement, soit lé gislativement*. ' Mœurs , par ce mot nous entendons ici , et on nous per mettra de comprendre sous cette dénomination générale, dans le présent écrit, ce que Montesquieu appelle F esprit gé néral d’une nation, c’estrà-dire, toutes ses habitudes intellec tuelles et morales, depuis la religion, qui les préordonne pour une fin spirituelle, jusqu’aux usages et aux manières, qui dis tinguent un peuple d’un autre dans le commerce de la vie. * • Les mœurs et les manières sont des usages que les lois n’ont point établis , ou n’ont pas pu, ou n’ont pas voulu éta blir. » — Les lois soni établies , les mœurs wmi inspirées ; celles-ci tiennent plus à l’esprit général; celles-là tienneni plus à une institution particulière : or, il est aussi dange reux, et plus , de renverser l’esprit général que de chan ger une institution particulière. > Mostisqcied , Esp, des lois, liv. XIX, ch. 1 '2 et 1 6. * Il y a dans chaque nation un esprit général sur Digitized by Google 2 IDÉE DES COKSTtTVTlOSS Eli efixit, celui qui veut soumetti'e les mœurs à la loi , ou les régler par la loi seule , s’imaginera aisément qu’il jHiut les modifier à son gré, puis les refaire, puis les créer même. Quand on en est venu au point de se per suader que les mœurs ne sont qu’un instrument entre les mains du législateur, pourquoi ne lui concéderait-on pas que l’instrument est de lui, qu’il en est le maître, qu il a droit d’en disposer d’une manière souveraine ? L’opinion philosophique qui ne voit dans la religion qu’une invention de la politique est partie de ce prin cipe et n’a pas hésité un instant à le pousser jusqu’à ses dernières conséquences. Aussi, dès qu’une idée sem blable a germé dans les esprits, elle y produit nécessaire ment, selon le développement quelle y reçoit, des no tions plus ou moins confuses , des erreurs plus ou moins {{raves sur les pouvoirs ou les droits et les devoirs |x)li lequel la puissance même est fondée : quand elle choque cet esprit, elle se choque elle-même, et elle s’arrête néces sairement. 1 Movr., Grand, et décad. des Romains, ch. XXII. Voici comment l’auteur de V Eloge de Mostesqciïu, M.Vule «Aia, a développé la pensée de l’illustre publiciste, en la com plétant avec une justesse parfaite : « Quoique les lois agis sent sur les mœurs, elles en dépendent.... I^t nature et le climat dominent presque exclusivement les sauvages; les peuples civilisés obéissent aux influences morales. La plus invincible de toutes , c’est l’esprit général d’une nation : il n’est au pouvoir de personne de le changer: il agit sur ceux qui voudraient le méconnaître ; il fait les lois ou les rend inutiles; les lois ne peuvent V attaquer, parce que ce sont deux puissances d’une nature diverse ; il échappe ou résiste à tout le reste. » Digitized by Google EX UEXERAL. 3 tiques. De là s'est formé, de nos joure, cet imbroglio perpétuel, ce cercle vicieux de l’influence réciproque des mœurs sur les lois et des lois sur les mœurs, comme s’il se pouvait tout à la fois que les mœurs eussent été avant les lois et les lois avant les mœure. C’est, pour user de cette comparaison , une voie qui n’a ni entrée ni sortie , et dès qu’on s’y enfei-rae , on gouverne arbi trairement, et au hasard; on fait des mœurs avec des lois et des lois avec des mœurs, à peu près comme , en éco nomie politique , on fait du crédit avec des dettes et des dettes avec du crédit II. La constitution primitive et toujours première d’un peuple, ce sont ses mœurs, d’où il suit qu’il n’y a point de peuple sans constitution, que les mœurs sont la constitution non écrite , et que la meilleure constitu tion écrite, toutes choses égales d'ailleurs , est celle qui se rapproche le plus des mœurs. « Qu’est-ce qu’une » constitution P n’est-ce pas la solution du problème sui » vant ; Etant données la population , les mœurs , la » religion, la situation géographique , les relations » politiques, les richesses, les bonnes et les mauvaises » qualités d'une certaine nation , trouver les lois qui » lui conviennent ' ? » III. Mais une constitution écrite, parcelamêmequ’elle est écrite , tient des lois aussi bien que des mœurs. Elle tient des lois par ses dispositions spéciales ou positives, comme elle tient des mœurs par ses dispositions géné De 51 vjsTBï, Consid. sur la France. Digitized by Google 4 IDÉE DES COMSTITUTIOUS raies ou négatives. Or, pour qu’elle puisse être, sous le premier rapport, la loi fondamentale , la loi des lois , il feut d’abord qu’elle soit, sous le second, l’expression véritable des mœurs. Autrement elle serait purement légale, c’est-à-dire, variable et transitoire. C’est pour n’avoir pas considéré avec assez d’impar tiliaté les constitutions écrites sous ces deux aspects opposés, en tenant compte à la fois de leurs avantages comme base et règle des autres lois, et de leurs inconvé nients comme expression arrêtée, immobile, de ce qui en soi n’a pas de limite dans un temps et un espace donnés, je veux dire les mœurs et la vie générale d’un peuple ; c’est , en un mot , pour avoir méconnu ou mal interprété l’un ou l’autre de ces rapports , que la plupart des pu blicistes se sont déclarés partisans ou adversaires exclu sifs des constitutions écrites. Les premiers veulent régler par wn pacte et des principes fixes l’ordre et l’exercice ^ des pouvoirs ou des droits politiques constitutifs d’une « certaine nation ou d’une certaine société. Les seconds veulent échapper au danger de régler et de limiter par la loi ce qui sert de règle et de limite à la loi même , en laissant libre de la loi ce qui lui est antérieur et supé rieur, ce qui , dans l’ordre social , est indépendant de la volonté du législateur '. Il n’est plus guère besoin de combattre la confiance exagérée dans les constitutions écrites. Qui pourrait sans ' * Tout ce qui est contre le droit est nul de soi. > Bosscet. Digitized by Google EN GÉKÉBAL. « ingénuité aujourd’hui faire consister en cela ' le mérite essentiel d’une constitution , après qu’on en a vu un si grand nombre, proclamées immortelles dès leur nais sance , périr au bout de quelques années , et même au bout de quelques mois ou de quelques jours ? Quant à l'opinion de ceux qui , partant du droit universel ou di vin , croient que la forme des constitutions écrites en vicie le fond, et qui les proscrivent toutes également, il leur sufihrait, selon nous, d’une seule réflexion pour apaiser leurs scrupules, c’est que les lois les plus tyran niques et les plus contraires aux mœurs s’établissent toujours /Mir les mêmes procédés , avec ou sans constitu tion écrite. « Tout ce qu’on peut faire par la violence , on peut ï exécuter pa/r la loi ’,» Quelle diffiérence y a-t-il, par exemple, sous ce rapport, entre l’empereur Joseph II et l’Assemblée constituante de France, ou le roi (Guil laume I" ) des Pays-Bas ’ et le roi de Prusse actuel ‘ ? Voyez l’Angleterre, dont la constitution embrasse pour ainsi dire toutes les périodes de son histoire, précisément parce qu’elle n’a jamais été réduite en de simples for mules légales et qu’elle est restée fondamentalement inécrite ‘ .• l’Angleterre n’a pas laissé de se faire une ' Thomas Payne disait qu’une constitution n’existe pas tant qu’on ne peut la mettre dans sa poche. ^ Etudes hist. ’ De 1815 à 1880. ‘ Dans la conduite de son gouvernement à l’égard des ca tholiques, et notamment dans ses démêlés avec l’archevêque de Cologne, l’archevêque de Posen, etc., au sujet des ma riages mixtes. ‘ • La véritable constitution anglaise est cet esprit pu Digitized by Google IDEE DBS COnSTITUTIOKS église établie par la lot, chose monstrueuse ; tandis que la Belgique , |>ar sa constitution écrite (7 février 1831 ), a déclaré l’Église catholique libre de la loi, sans cesser pour cela d’en entretenir le culte aux frais de l’État IV. Quoi qu’il en soit, la question, à l’heure qu'il est, n’est plus de savoir, au moins pour un grand nombre d’États modernes, s’il y aura ou s’il n’y aura pas des constitutions écrites. C’est le fait culminant de l’ordre politique nouveau. Partout où ce fait a réussi A s'élever sur les débris de l’ordre politique ancien, il règne en maître, il domine souverainement Après avoir décom posé et transformé successivement, par une sorte d’assi milation, tous les éléments de pouvoir et de gouverne ment, il en est devenu le lien et la condition positive, le ressort principal, la règle nécessaire, quelle que soit d'ailleurs la variété des formes constitutionnelles. C’est dè là aussi que les institutions, dans ces sortes d’États, tirent toute leur force, ou plutôt, hors de là, au lieu d’institutions proprement dites , comme en ont même » blic, admirable, unique, infaillible, au-dessus do tout éloge , » qui mène tout, qui conserve tout, qui sauve tout. Ce qui est • écritn’est rien. ■ Dk MusTaE, sur leprincipe générât, des const. polit. Le droit public des Anglais a donc toujours une page en blanc pour l’avenir, ce qui n’est pas un médiocre avantage. Comme dit Mo.vtaig.se ( Essais ) en parlant de l’esprit de l’homme, lorsqu’il se laisse manier à V ordre du monde, qu’il n’est ny mescréanl , ny establissant aulcun dogme contre les observances communes, « c’est une ch-Arte blas s CHE, préparée à prendre du doigt de Dieu telles formes qu’il ■ lui plaira d’y graver. » Digitized by Google En GÉ5ÉRAL. 7 les monarchies pures , il n’existe, il ne peut exister que des pouvoirs arbitraires. Donc point de milieu entre cet ordre constitutionnel, une fois établi , et le despotisme d’un seul ou de plusieurs. Cela posé , la grande , on peut dire l’extrême difficulté , pour une constitution écrite, est de concilier les ea-i yences du jn'ésent avec les nécessités du passé et les besoins de t avenir ' ; et tout cela par conséquent sans dioquerles mœurs, sans séparer un peuple de lui-même, de ce quïl est, de ce qu’il fut, de ce quïl sera, en un mot, de son histoire , car c'est là ce qui constitue sa vio pi*opre , son esprit général, là, et nulle part ailleurs, où se trou vent les conditions do son développement, de sa force, de sa perfection, de sa durée. La constitution d’unpeur pie est son histoire mise en action, a dit avec autant de profondeur que de concision l’auteur de la Législation primitive D’où il suit que la constitution écrite est né cessairement subordonnée à cette autre constitution en action et toujours vivante, qui précède tout, préside à tout et survit à tout Elle doit la suivre comme l’ombre suit le corps. Elle doit être simplement et perpétuelle ment représentative. Tel est l’ordre naturel V. 11 y a dans une constitution, avons-nous dit, deux ' « L’avenir ne doit être que la combinaison du passé et du présent. • De Bosald, Pensées, toin. VI de ses Œuvres. ’ De Donald, ibid. ’ Un gouvernement représentatif ne mérite le nom qu’il porte qu’autant qu’il se rapproche de plus en plus de ce mo dèle idéal. Digitized by Google 8 IDEE DES COK8TITDTIOIC8 sortes de dispositions, les unes générales ou négatives, et les autres spéciales ou positives. Essayons d’en faire la différence, et parlons d’abord des dispositions géné rales. Sans LA RELiGiOH, qui est le fondement de la morale, il n’y a point de société possible. La Convention elle même sentit qu’elle ne pouvait se passer de Dieu , et Ro bespierre lui fit DÉCRÉTER (7 mars 1794) que le peuple français reconnaît (vraiment!) ï existence de l'Etre suprême et V immortalité de l'âme. Et pouilant, qui aura jamais plus que la Convention le droit d’oser être athée, et qui en aura jamais un plus grand besoin ? La religion est donc par elle-même et dans son essence in dépendante de la constitution et des lois. « On ne doit » point statuer, dit Montesquieu, par les lois humaines, » ni régler par les lois humaines ce qui doit l’être par » les lois divines ‘. » Ce qui ne veut pas dire que l’ordre constitutionnel et légal est étranger ou indifférent à la religion , encore moins qu’il puisse lui être hostile ; car ce serait présupposer par là la fausseté ou l’inutilité de la religion, et on arriverait ainsi, de gré ou de force, lentement ou avec violence, à l’exclure entièrement de toute société publique et privée. Elle a droit au contraire , non-seulement comme la régulatrice et la surveillante des mœurs, mais comme en étant encore la partie la plus élevée et la plus indestructible , au respect et a la pro tection de la constitution et des lois. Celles-ci par consé ' Esp. des lois , liv. XXVI, ch. 2. Digitized by Google E» GENEBAL. 9 quent, bien loin de pouvoir lui imposer des entraves, bien loin de pouvoir anticiper sur son domaine, lui doi vent des garanties perpétuelles de liberté jxiur son auto rité, }K)ur son enseignement, pour son culte. De là, en général, la liberté et les droits de la religion, assurés à chaque peuple par la loi , quoique non reconnus partout dans toute leur étendue et avec la même vérité. Après la religion, il n’est rien qui soit plus justement libre que la fahclle, et rien qui ait plus droit à la pro tection des lois que l’autorité des pères de famille , sur tout si elles sanctionnent, comme elles le doivent, l’in dissolubilité naturelle du lien conjugal. Qu’est-ce que la famille, sinon l'élément primitif, organique ou consti tutif de la société ? On ne devient homme ou créature sociable que par la famille. On ne devient citoyen ou membre de la Cité, de l’État, qu’en étant père ou mem bre d’une famille. De là, en particulier, l’importance et la nécessité de la liberté d’éducation , qui est proprement la liberté de la famille ou société domestique , et qui se lie directement, intimement, d’une part, avec la li berté religieuse, pour produire la liberté de l’enseigne ment public, et d’autre part, avec la liberté de la com ‘ mune ou association des familles, pour leur garantir à toutes et à chacune la sûreté morale, non moins que la sûreté de leurs biens et de leurs propriétés. La famille est pour lors le sanctuaire des mœurs, et nul doute qu’elle n’en soit la conservatrice née et naturelle '. Donc les au ' • La famille demande des mœurs , et l’État demande des lois. » De Bobald, Du Divorce considéré au XIX* siècle. Digitized by Google 10 IDEE DES COSSriTUTIONS très poiivoire, les lois mêmes de la société |Miblique, dont l’idée implique le développement et le perfection^ nement de la société domestique , lui doivent à cet effet aide et assistance. Mais il faut que les moyens lépoiident à une telle lin, il faut que cette prérogative, ce droit impi-cscriptible eu vertu duquel la famille est toujours libre de se conserver et de se perpétuer, moralement aussi bien que physiquement, ne soit jamais primé ni altéré par l’intervention des pouvoire publics ou des lois générales et locales. « Si jamais il prenait envie à des législateurs de déterminer avec précision le pouvoir et les devoirs des pères et des enfants, des maris et des fammes, des maîtres et des serviteurs, la société de fa mille serait impossible. Il y a quelque chose de sem blable chez les Chinois, au moins pour les choses exté^ Heures, et c’est aussi le peuple le plus ridicule, le plus corrompu et le plus borné de la terre. Tu honoreras ton père et ta mère , a dit le Législateur suprême; et dans ce peu de mots , il a renfermé tous les pouvoirs et tous les devoirs publics et privés , et malheur au peuple obligé d’en faire le commentaire , et d’écrire les mœure comme les lois ' ! » La liberté de la presse n’est pas d’une autre nature que la liberté de la parole ou de la pensée. La presse (o« les idées), dit M. de Chateaubriand. Or, si parler c’est penser tout haut, afin d’être entendu des autres, écrire c’est penser au loin , afin d’être entendu d’un plus ‘ De Bo.iaid, Pensées. 9 Digitized by Google EN GENER.VL. 11 g[ran(l noiubrc de personnes dans l’espace et dans le temps. Demander si ce glaive à double tranchant , de la parole ou de la presse, peut faire du mal, c’est deman der si le feu peut brûler, si le fleuve peut franchir ses rives. Mais on n’a point songé pour cela à interdire le feu et l’eau. « Manzoni applique à la liberté de la presse et à la censure le mot d’un nègre esclave vendu à un nouveau maître. On lui demandait lequel de ces deux maîtres était le pire : Tous les d£ux sont pires, ré pondit-il '. » C’est qu’en effet, comme le dit Pascal, « l’o > pinion {cette maitresso d’erreur, ainsi qu il la définit » lui-même), est comme la reine du monde, mais la > force en est le tyran » Toutes les deux sont pires, n Je voudrais, dit encore Pascal, voir le livre italien, » dont je ne connais que le tili-e qui vaut lui seul bien » des livres. Délia opinions regina del mondo. J’y s souscris sans le connaître, sauf le mal s’il y on a^.n Va donc pour la liberté de la presse, sauf le mal s'il y en a. Ainsi la liberté de la presse aura ses conditions d’existence, elle sera soumise à des règles. La première de toutes, sans contredit, c’est qu’il lui soit défendu d'at tenter contre la sûreté des personnes, des familles et de l’Êtat lui-même (n’oublions pas qu'il s’agit de leur sûreté morale non moins que de leur sixvcXé physique)^ et en général contre les droits déclarés constitutionnels, contre les droits placés sous la sauvegarde des lois. Il serait ' Souvenirs d’Italie, par le marquis de Beabffobt. Brutcl les, 1830. * Pensées . — ^ Idem. Digitized by Google IDEE DES G098TITDTI0NS 12 absurde de supposer que la constitution a voulu donner des garanties contre elle-même, qu’elle a voulu couvrir de son égide l’abus qui pourrait être fait d’une liberté aux dépens des autres, l’abus de celle précisément qu’on a instituée pour les défendre toutes et pour en être la gardienne inviolable. Aussi un des plus intrépides défen seurs de la liberté de la presse contre la censure , M. de Chateaubriand, voulait-il une loi très-forte {immani* lex ) pour réprimer les écarts de cette liberté, afin de la retenir dans les bornes d’une juste licence. Vintimida tion de M. Guizot est venue depuis : l’écrivain libéral , le ministre du gouvernement de juillet a réalisé, et bien au-delà peut-être, le vœu du ministre de la restauration et de l’écrivain légitimiste. On voit, par ce qui précède, que les dispositions gé nérales ou négatives d’une constitution tendent à mettre les mœurs hors de l’atteinte et sous la protection de la loi , et non à les soumettre au caprice de la loi. Tel est le sens véritable du mot libertés corstitdtiokhelles. Plus on observera ces libertés en elles-mêmes, et dans leurs divers modes d’exercice, plus on se convaincra qu’il n’en est aucune qui ne soit fondée sur ce principe, aucune qui ne soit préposée à la défense de quelqu’un ou de quelque chose. Tout ce qui est à priori, tout ce qui est absolu, tout ce qui est abstrait, c’est-à-dire, tout oc qui ne touche ni un certain temps, ni un certain lieu, ni un certain peuple, plutôt que tel autre, est parfaite ment eu dehors de l’ordre constitutionnel, et consé quemment ne peut servir à déterminer Fusage positif des lois et de la liberté. Digitized by Google J £K GÉNÉRAL. 13 Quant aux dispositions positives d’une constitution , lesquelles statuent sur ce qui dépend des lois et ce qui en doit former la base fondamentale, comme les dispo sitions négatives marquent expressément ce qui n’en dépend pas, elles n'établissent rien non plus à priori. Elles se bornent à fixer les volontés particulières , les usages constants qui font qu’un peuple, lié par lui-mème et déférant à son propre mandat, consent d’ètre gou verné de telle manière et non de telle autre. Elles consti tuent définitivement les pouvoirs politiques, en règlent les attributions , l’ordre et l’exercice •, et comme ces pou voirs représentent, puis sont eux-mèmes, à leur tour, la constitution vivante, la constitution en action, ils de viennent moralement et solidairement responsables de l’exécution du pacte fondamental, chacun en ce qui le concerne, selon le même esprit qui a présidé et qui pré side toujours à une institution vraiment nationale. VI. En résumé , il y a une entière subordination des lois à la constitution, comme de la constitution aux mœurs, comme des mœurs à la nahire perfectionnée de l’homme et de la société. « Il faut prendre garde, dit » Montesquieu, que les lois soient conçues de manière » qu’elles ne choquent point la nature des choses. Dans » la proscription du prince d’Orange, Philippe II pro » met à celui qui le tuera de donner à lui ou à ses héri » tiers vingt-cinq mille écus et la noblesse ; et cela en » parole de roi, et comme serviteur de Dieu. La noblesse » promise pour une telle action! une telle action or » donnée en qualité de serviteur de Dieu! tout cela ren » vci-se également les idées de l’honneur, celles de la Digilized by Google 14 inÉE DBS COH8TITUT105S » niorule, et celles de la religion » Montesquieu dit en core excellemment au sujet d’une loi de Recessuinde ( code des Wisigoths ), laquelle permettait aux enüonts de la femme adultère, ou à ceux de son mari, de l’ac cuser, et de mettre à la question les esclaves de la mai son ; « Loi inique, qui, pour conserver les mœurs, ren » versait la nature, d’où tirent leur origine les mœurs'.» Ainsi partout la lettre tue et V esprit vivifie, parce que « la perfection est la raison d’ètre, » selon la pensée de Bossuet. « Pour les nations dont la constitution était im parfaite, dit à son tour M. de Bonald, tout est bon dans les nouvelles institutions, parce qu’elles n’ont pas d’idée <l'un meilleur état, et que ce qui est nouveau a toujours quelques avantages. Mais pour celles qui ont goûté de Ln jHirfection. rien ne peut les satis^Eiire que le meilleur, et elles sont inquiètes et agitées jusqu'à ce qu’elles y soient revenues. Bossuet et J.-J. Rousseau ont senti cette vé rité , et l’ont exprimée chacun à leur manière. « Chaque » chose , dit Bossuet avec sa grave simplicité , commence » à goûter le repos quand elle est dans sa bonne et natu » relie constitution. ' Id., liv. XXVI, ch. 4. ' Pensées. Digitized by Google E> GÉSÉBAL. 15 On sait que Lycurfjue ne Toulut pas qu’on écrivit au cune de ses lois. « Il croyait que rien n’a plus de pouvoir et de force pour rendre un peuple heureux et sa"e. que les principes qui sont f^ravés dans les nia'urs et dans les esprits des citoyens. Us sontd’autant plusfennes et plus inébranlables , qu’ils ont pour lien la volonté , toujoure plus forte que la nécessité, quand elle est la suite de l’éducation, qui fait pour les jeunes gens l’office de législateur n A ceux qui demandaient dans quel livre était écrite la Loisalique, Jérôme Bignon répondait fort à propos, dit M. de Maistre , et très-probablement sans savoir à quel point il avait raison , queUo était écrite ès cœurs des Français Concluons donc qu’il est nécessaire , avant tout. qu’une constitution soit écrite dans les mœurs, dans la volonté, dans les habitudes, dans l’éducation d’un ])cuple. C’est de là qu’elle doit tirer sa force, sa dui'ée , son unité. C’est de là c[u'ellc doit erapmnter ce carac tère de fixité et d’immutabilité qui en fait la loi fonda mentale du pays , le palladium de ses libertés contre l'arbitraire et la mobilité des lois aussi bien que des actes du pouvoir. Autrement, tout se confond, tout s’altère, tout s’énerve, et il ne reste de la patrie qu’un vain nom, qui se lit peut-être encore dans le présent , mais qui est effacé du j>assé et de l'avenir, qui a cessé dapparUMiir à 1 histoire. ( V. la Pièce justificatirc A. ) ' Les Vies des hommes illustres de trad. de Ricard. ’ Essai sur le principe gén. des const. polit. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google IDÉE DE LA GONSTITDM BELGE, SOUS LE RAPPORT DE l’iNDÉPENDANCE t NATIONALE. Vir. Si la constitution d'un peuple est son histoire mise en action , la Belgique surtout ofifre un exemple frappant de cette vérité, qui n’est autre chose que l’u nion du droit et du fait C’est ce qu’a fort bien vu M.de Nény dans ses Mémoires historiques et politiques sur les Pays-Bas autrichiens, dont voici les premières lignes : « L’histoire d’un pays est si essentiellement liée » avec sa constitution politique , qu’il n’est pas possible » de séparer ces deux objets, vérité incontestable, sur » tout pa/r rapport aux Pays-Bas. » VIII. La Belgique a un nom, et ce nom ne le cède guère à aucun autre dans l’Europe du moyen âge et dans l'Europe actuelle. 11 se perd dans l’antiquité , il compte près de vingt siècles d’illustration, et, plus heu reux que beaucoup d’autres , il a survécu à toutes les l'évolutions , il est devenu de plus en plus identique avec lui-méme. a 11 en est des nations comme des indi vidus : il y en a qui nont point de nom. Hérodote ob serve que les Thraces seraient le peuple le plus puissant de l’univers s’ils étaient unis : mais , ajoute-t-il , cette 2 Digitized by Google IDÉ8 »E LJl GOHSTlTIîTIUtt BE1.GE. 18 union est impossible , car ils ont tous un nom diffé^ rent » En perdant ses deux grands-pensionnaires, Barneveldt et de Witt, la vieille Néerlande perdit le souvenir des Bataves et des Frisons, c’est-à-dire, les noms qui lui rap pelaient sa liberté. Le nom d’une de ses provinces ( la Hollande) qu’elle a pris depuis, nom glorieux, sans doute , puisqu’il est devenu celui de sa puissance mari time et commerciale , lui rappelle en même temps la domination de ses stathoudere et qu’elle a plié sous le joug de la maison d’Orangc IX. Les Belges n’ont cessé de s’appartenir à eux mêmes qu’en des intervalles bien courts, et encore en partageant le sort commun des autres peuples : sous les Romains, dont ils secouèrent le joug en se mêlant avec les Franks ; sous Charlemagne , qui , accomplissîint les destinées de sa puissante race dont la Belgique avait été la mère et la nourricière, mit de niveau avec son épée et soumit à la même discipline, malgré les diflfiérences de sang ou de mœui’S et d’usages, toutes les nationalités, pour donner au monde l’unité politique chrétienne sous Napoléon, qu’ils ont vu succomber dans les mêmes plaines où ils forent vaincus j>ar Jules César. ' De Maistre, Essai, ete. ’ Le fameux écrit de Mirabeau contre le stathoudérat est adressé aux Bataves, ^ « On compte cinquante-trois expéditions de Charleraa giie ; un historien moderne en a donné le tableau. M. Guizot remarque judicieusement que la plupart de ces expéditions eurent pour motifs d’arrêter et de terminer les deux grandes Digitized by Google IDÉE DE I.A (JOnSTITCTlOR BELGE. 19 X. Âpnès que les floinains curent soumis la Gaule mé.^ ridionale , les Beignes se trouvèrent exactement dans la même position qu'ils ont aujourd’hui et qui leur a été donnée par la nature. Logés dans cette extrémité du con tinent dont la mer et trois grands fleuves ont pris soin de former les contours, et où ib se tenaient à l'ancre comme dans une baie, à l'abri de leurs forêb, ib avaient à se défendre à lu fois contre les Romains, au midi , et contre les Germains, à l'est. Les Ilelvéücns, retranchés dans leurs montagnes , entre les Alpes et le Jura, obéis saient aussi de leur côté à cette double nécessité de leur position, qui n’a pas cliangé non plus depuis deux mille ans '. YoUù un assez beau titre pour' les deux nationalités des Suisses et des Belges. Travailler à les détruire , ne serait-ce pas heurter de front la nature des choses ? Les invasions des barbares du ÏVord et du Midi. » Cu.w., Et. hist. Charlcs-le-Gros réunit de nouveau sur sa tête , mais pour un moment seulement (881 à 887), toutes les couronnes de Charlemagne. ' Cette observation et ce rapprochement sont déjà indiqués dans le passage célèbre et si souvent cité de Jiles César, mais qu’il faut relire en entier ; « Horum (parmi les Gaulois) om • nium fortissimi sunt Belgœ, propterea quod a cuJtu atque > humanitate Frovinciæ longissimc absunt , minimeque ad • eos mercatores sæpe comraeant, atque ea quæ, ad eflémi • nandos animos pertinent, important : proxhnique sunt • Germanis,quitrans Rhenum incolunt, quihuscum conti • nenter bellum gerant ; qua de causa, Helvetii quoque » reliquos Gallos virtute prcecedunl, quod fere quotidia • nis prœliis cum Germants conlendunt , quum aut suis » finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum • gerant. » Cou. de dello eau., lib. 1. Digilized by ! 20 IDÉE DE COKSTlTUTIOn BELGE. traités , les conventions ne peuvent rien contre cela, et il semble que la reconnaissance d’un fait aussi perma nent , de la part des g[randes puissances , est moins une concession délibérée ou fortuite, qu’une adhésion de bon et commun accord à ce qui est juste en soi , à ce qui doit être. Il ne serait pas facile d’ailleurs, et il serait imprudent de s’inserire en faux contre une combinaison qui a résisté à toutes les commotions politiques. L’his toire apprend qu’au milieu de tant de choses qui changent, on a beau faire, il en est qui ne changent point. XI. Les Franks occupèrent la Belgique par des inva sions successives , et c’est chez elle qu’ils achevèrent de se former en corps de nation. C’est de son sol que sortit cette plante qui devint le royaume des Franks , et dans ses plaines que les rois de la première race furent élevés sur le pavois. Tongres, Diest ', Tournai furent leurs premières capitales. « La nation à laquelle il convient réellement de fonder son histoire sur l’histoire des tribus Frankes de la Gaule , comme le remarque très bien ' M. Augustin Thierry , c’est plutôt celle qui habite la Belgique et la Hollande que les habitants de la France proprement dite. Cette nation vit tout entière sur le territoire que se partagèrent les Franks , sur le principal théâtre de leurs révolutions politiques ; car la ville de Paris n’était pas au centre , mais à la frontière de leurs ' Le nom de Vrankryk ( royaume des Franks ) est de meuré à une plaine qui est le long du Berner, à une lieue de Diest. Digitized by Google lois DE LA C05STITUTI0H BELGE. 21 colonies Pendant cette époque, sous la domination des Franks, la Belgique, après avoir refoulé les Romains vers le midi, jouit de toute son indépendance, et prit peu à peu ce caractère demi-germain , demi-ganlois , qu’elle a toujours conservé depuis.
| 37,224 |
https://github.com/htfab/treepram-red/blob/master/verilog/rtl/mcu.v
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
treepram-red
|
htfab
|
Verilog
|
Code
| 1,253 | 4,982 |
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Tamas Hubai
`default_nettype none
/*
Microcontroller unit
Combines the cpu cores with their corresponding instruction memories and prng's,
the memory mesh, io filter and programming multiplexer into a single package
|||||| ||| |||
+--------------+ +-----------+
| |=======================================| pads & la |
| | +--------------+ +-----------+
| wb mux |===================| entropy pool |=+ |||
| | +-----------+ +--------------+ | +-----------+
| |===| debug mux | | | io filter |
+--------------+ +-----------+ +------+ | +-----------+
|||| ||| +----------+ +=| prng |=+ |||
+------+ +-----------+ ||+=| cpu core |=+ +------+ | +-----------+
| |==| instr mem |=====| w/alu |===============| |
| | | | || +----------+ +------+ | | |
| | | - - - - - | || +----------+ +=| prng |=+ | |
| prog | | | |+==| cpu core |=+ +------+ | | |
| mux |==| instr mem |=====| w/alu |===============| mem mesh |
| | | | | +----------+ +------+ | | |
| | | - - - - - | | +----------+ +=| prng |=+ | |
| | | | +===| cpu core |=+ +------+ | |
| |==| instr mem |=====| w/alu |===============| |
+------+ +-----------+ +----------+ +-----------+
*/
module mcu (
input wb_clk_i, // wishbone clock
input wb_rst_i, // wb reset, active high
input wbs_stb_i, // wb strobe
input wbs_cyc_i, // wb cycle
input wbs_we_i, // wb write enable
input [`WB_WIDTH-1:0] wbs_adr_i, // wb address
input [`WB_WIDTH-1:0] wbs_dat_i, // wb input data
output wbs_ack_o, // wb acknowledge
output [`WB_WIDTH-1:0] wbs_dat_o, // wb output data
input [`LOGIC_PROBES-1:0] la_data_in, // logic analyzer probes input
output [`LOGIC_PROBES-1:0] la_data_out, // la probes output
input [`LOGIC_PROBES-1:0] la_oenb, // la probes direction, 0=input (write by la), 1=output (read by la)
input [`IO_PADS-1:0] io_in, // io pads input
output [`IO_PADS-1:0] io_out, // io pads output
output [`IO_PADS-1:0] io_oeb // io pads direction, 0=output (write by mcu), 1=input (read by mcu)
);
localparam SPREAD_LAYERS = `LOG_CORES;
localparam SPREAD_WIDTH = $clog2(2 + SPREAD_LAYERS);
localparam MEM_IO_PORTS = 2 + `IO_PINS;
localparam MEM_IO_FIRST = `MEM_DEPTH - MEM_IO_PORTS;
// clock and reset signals, set by io_pads using wb_clk_i, wb_rst_i and logic probes
wire clk;
wire rst_hard_n;
wire rst_soft_n;
wire rst_prng_n;
// between io pads and io filter
wire [`IO_PINS-1:0] pin_dir; // pads > iof
wire [`IO_PINS-1:0] pin_data_in; // pads > iof
wire [`IO_PINS-1:0] pin_data_out; // pads < iof
// between cpu core and instruction memory (unpacked version for cpu core)
wire [`PC_WIDTH-1:0] im_raddr[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu > im
wire [`INSTR_WIDTH-1:0] im_rdata[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu < im
// between cpu core and instruction memory (packed version for instruction memory)
wire [`CORES*`PC_WIDTH-1:0] im_raddr_raw; // cpu > im
wire [`CORES*`INSTR_WIDTH-1:0] im_rdata_raw; // cpu < im
// between cpu core and memory mesh (unpacked versions for cpu cores)
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] mem_rdata[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu < mesh
wire mem_we[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu > mesh
wire [`ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] mem_waddr[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu > mesh
wire [SPREAD_WIDTH-1:0] mem_wspread[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu > mesh
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] mem_wdata[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu > mesh
wire [`ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] mem_raddr[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu > mesh
// between cpu core and memory mesh (packed versions for memory mesh)
wire [`CORES*`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] mem_rdata_raw; // cpu < mesh
wire [`CORES-1:0] mem_we_raw; // cpu > mesh
wire [`CORES*`ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] mem_waddr_raw; // cpu > mesh
wire [`CORES*SPREAD_WIDTH-1:0] mem_wspread_raw; // cpu > mesh
wire [`CORES*`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] mem_wdata_raw; // cpu > mesh
wire [`CORES*`ADDR_WIDTH-1:0] mem_raddr_raw; // cpu > mesh
// between cpu core and corresponding prng
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] prng_random[`CORES-1:0]; // cpu < prng
// between instruction memory and programming multiplexer
wire [`CORES-1:0] im_we_raw; // im < pmux
wire [`CORES*`PC_WIDTH-1:0] im_waddr_raw; // im < pmux
wire [`CORES*`INSTR_WIDTH-1:0] im_wdata_raw; // im < pmux
// between memory mesh and io filter
wire [MEM_IO_PORTS-1:0] mem_io_active_in; // mesh < iof
wire [MEM_IO_PORTS-1:0] mem_io_active_out; // mesh > iof
wire [MEM_IO_PORTS*`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] mem_io_data_in; // mesh < iof
wire [MEM_IO_PORTS*`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] mem_io_data_out; // mesh > iof
// between debugging multiplexer and cpu core (unpacked versions for cpu core)
wire [1:0] debug_cpu_mode[`CORES-1:0]; // dmux > cpu
wire [3:0] debug_reg_sel[`CORES-1:0]; // dmux > cpu
wire debug_reg_we[`CORES-1:0]; // dmux > cpu
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] debug_reg_wdata[`CORES-1:0]; // dmux > cpu
wire debug_reg_stopped[`CORES-1:0]; // dmux < cpu
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] debug_reg_rdata[`CORES-1:0]; // dmux < cpu
// between debugging multiplexer and cpu core (packed versions for debugging multiplexer)
wire [`CORES*2-1:0] debug_cpu_mode_raw; // dmux > cpu
wire [`CORES*4-1:0] debug_reg_sel_raw; // dmux > cpu
wire [`CORES-1:0] debug_reg_we_raw; // dmux > cpu
wire [`CORES*`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] debug_reg_wdata_raw; // dmux > cpu
wire [`CORES-1:0] debug_reg_stopped_raw; // dmux < cpu
wire [`CORES*`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] debug_reg_rdata_raw; // dmux < cpu
// between wishbone multiplexer and programming multiplexer
wire prog_we; // wbmux > pmux
wire [`LOG_CORES-1:0] prog_sel; // wbmux > pmux
wire [`PC_WIDTH-1:0] prog_waddr; // wbmux > pmux
wire [`INSTR_WIDTH-1:0] prog_wdata; // wbmux > pmux
// between wishbone multiplexer and io pads
wire pads_we; // wbmux > pads
wire pads_waddr; // wbmux > pads
wire [`IO_PINS-1:0] pads_wdata; // wbmux > pads
// between wishbone multiplexer and debugging multiplexer
wire [`LOG_CORES-1:0] debug_sel; // wbmux > dmux
wire [4:0] debug_addr; // wbmux > dmux
wire debug_we; // wbmux > dmux
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] debug_wdata; // wbmux > dmux
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] debug_rdata; // wbmux < dmux
// between wishbone multiplexer and entropy pool
wire [`WB_WIDTH-1:0] entropy_word; // wbmux > ep
// between entropy pool and prng's
wire entropy_bit; // ep > prng
// repeat for each cpu core
generate genvar core;
for(core=0; core<`CORES; core=core+1) begin:g_core
// add the cpu core itself
wire [`DATA_WIDTH-1:0] cpu_num = core;
cpu_core cpu_core_inst (
.clk(clk),
.rst_n(rst_soft_n),
.opcode(im_rdata[core]),
.mem_rdata(mem_rdata[core]),
.cpu_num(cpu_num),
.prng_in(prng_random[core]),
.debug_mode(debug_cpu_mode[core]),
.debug_sel(debug_reg_sel[core]),
.debug_we(debug_reg_we[core]),
.debug_wdata(debug_reg_wdata[core]),
.progctr(im_raddr[core]),
.mem_we(mem_we[core]),
.mem_waddr(mem_waddr[core]),
.mem_wspread(mem_wspread[core]),
.mem_wdata(mem_wdata[core]),
.mem_raddr(mem_raddr[core]),
.debug_stopped(debug_reg_stopped[core]),
.debug_rdata(debug_reg_rdata[core])
);
// add its own pseudorandom number generator
wire [`PRNG_STATE_BITS-1:0] index = core;
prng_wrap prng_inst (
.clk(clk),
.rst_n(rst_prng_n),
.index(index),
.entropy(entropy_bit),
.random(prng_random[core])
);
// convert memory mesh inputs: unpacked to packed
assign mem_we_raw[core] = mem_we[core];
assign mem_waddr_raw[core*`ADDR_WIDTH +: `ADDR_WIDTH] = mem_waddr[core];
assign mem_wspread_raw[core*SPREAD_WIDTH +: SPREAD_WIDTH] = mem_wspread[core];
assign mem_wdata_raw[core*`DATA_WIDTH +: `DATA_WIDTH] = mem_wdata[core];
assign mem_raddr_raw[core*`ADDR_WIDTH +: `ADDR_WIDTH] = mem_raddr[core];
// convert memory mesh outputs: packed to unpacked
assign mem_rdata[core] = mem_rdata_raw[core*`DATA_WIDTH +: `DATA_WIDTH];
// convert instruction memory inputs: unpacked to packed
assign im_raddr_raw[core*`PC_WIDTH +: `PC_WIDTH] = im_raddr[core];
// convert instruction memory outputs: packed to unpacked
assign im_rdata[core] = im_rdata_raw[core*`INSTR_WIDTH +: `INSTR_WIDTH];
// convert debugging multiplexer inputs: unpacked to packed
assign debug_reg_stopped_raw[core] = debug_reg_stopped[core];
assign debug_reg_rdata_raw[core*`DATA_WIDTH +: `DATA_WIDTH] = debug_reg_rdata[core];
// convert debugging multiplexer outputs: packed to unpacked
assign debug_cpu_mode[core] = debug_cpu_mode_raw[core*2 +: 2];
assign debug_reg_sel[core] = debug_reg_sel_raw[core*4 +: 4];
assign debug_reg_we[core] = debug_reg_we_raw[core];
assign debug_reg_wdata[core] = debug_reg_wdata_raw[core*`DATA_WIDTH +: `DATA_WIDTH];
end
endgenerate
// add the memory mesh, with a packed bus towards the cpu cores
mem_mesh mem_mesh_inst (
.clk(clk),
.rst_n(rst_soft_n),
.we(mem_we_raw),
.waddr(mem_waddr_raw),
.wspread(mem_wspread_raw),
.wdata(mem_wdata_raw),
.raddr(mem_raddr_raw),
.rdata(mem_rdata_raw),
.io_active_in(mem_io_active_in),
.io_active_out(mem_io_active_out),
.io_data_in(mem_io_data_in),
.io_data_out(mem_io_data_out)
);
// add the io filter connected to the memory mesh
io_filter_rev io_filter_inst (
.clk(clk),
.rst_n(rst_soft_n),
.pin_dir(pin_dir),
.pin_data_in(pin_data_in),
.pin_data_out(pin_data_out),
.port_active_in(mem_io_active_in),
.port_active_out(mem_io_active_out),
.port_data_in(mem_io_data_in),
.port_data_out(mem_io_data_out)
);
// add instruction memory blocks
instr_mem instr_mem_inst (
.clk(clk),
.rst_n(rst_hard_n),
.raddr(im_raddr_raw),
.rdata(im_rdata_raw),
.we(im_we_raw),
.waddr(im_waddr_raw),
.wdata(im_wdata_raw)
);
// add the programming multiplexer
prog_mux prog_mux_inst (
.we(prog_we),
.sel(prog_sel),
.waddr(prog_waddr),
.wdata(prog_wdata),
.cwe(im_we_raw),
.cwaddr(im_waddr_raw),
.cwdata(im_wdata_raw)
);
// add the debugging multiplexer, with a packed bus towards cpu cores
debug_mux debug_mux_inst (
.sel(debug_sel),
.addr(debug_addr),
.we(debug_we),
.wdata(debug_wdata),
.rdata(debug_rdata),
.reg_stopped(debug_reg_stopped_raw),
.reg_rdata(debug_reg_rdata_raw),
.cpu_mode(debug_cpu_mode_raw),
.reg_sel(debug_reg_sel_raw),
.reg_we(debug_reg_we_raw),
.reg_wdata(debug_reg_wdata_raw)
);
// add the entropy pool
entropy_pool entropy_pool_inst (
.clk(clk),
.rst_n(rst_prng_n),
.e_word(entropy_word),
.e_bit(entropy_bit)
);
// add the wishbone multiplexer
wb_mux wb_mux_inst (
.wbs_stb_i(wbs_stb_i),
.wbs_cyc_i(wbs_cyc_i),
.wbs_we_i(wbs_we_i),
.wbs_adr_i(wbs_adr_i),
.wbs_dat_i(wbs_dat_i),
.wbs_ack_o(wbs_ack_o),
.wbs_dat_o(wbs_dat_o),
.prog_we(prog_we),
.prog_sel(prog_sel),
.prog_waddr(prog_waddr),
.prog_wdata(prog_wdata),
.pads_we(pads_we),
.pads_waddr(pads_waddr),
.pads_wdata(pads_wdata),
.debug_sel(debug_sel),
.debug_addr(debug_addr),
.debug_we(debug_we),
.debug_wdata(debug_wdata),
.debug_rdata(debug_rdata),
.entropy_word(entropy_word)
);
// add the io pads & logic analyzer probes
// (this includes some reset & clock logic as well)
io_pads io_pads_inst (
.wb_clk_i(wb_clk_i),
.wb_rst_i(wb_rst_i),
.la_data_in(la_data_in),
.la_data_out(la_data_out),
.la_oenb(la_oenb),
.io_in(io_in),
.io_out(io_out),
.io_oeb(io_oeb),
.clk(clk),
.rst_hard_n(rst_hard_n),
.rst_soft_n(rst_soft_n),
.rst_prng_n(rst_prng_n),
.pin_dir(pin_dir),
.pin_data_in(pin_data_in),
.pin_data_out(pin_data_out),
.cfg_we(pads_we),
.cfg_addr(pads_waddr),
.cfg_wdata(pads_wdata)
);
endmodule
`default_nettype wire
| 34,500 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E9%B8%9F%E6%9C%9D%E5%87%A4
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
百鸟朝凤
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=百鸟朝凤&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 6 | 338 |
百鸟朝凤是一個四字成語，常作為祝福語。也是中國傳統吉祥圖案題材之一。
源于民间神话传说：凤凰原是种简朴的小鸟，它终年累月，不辞辛劳，储备食物以备不时之需。在大旱之年，曾以它辛勤劳动积累的食物拯救了濒于饿死的各种鸟类。为了感激它的救命之恩，众鸟从各自身上选了一根最漂亮的羽毛献给凤凰，凤凰从此变成了一只集圣洁、高尚、美丽于一身的神鸟，被尊为百鸟之王。每逢它生日之时会受到众鸟的朝拜和祝贺。
“百鸟朝凤”经常会用在结婚的仪式上，寓意吉祥如意，婚姻幸福。
参考资料
含「百」字的成語
中国神话
| 32,053 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyretes%20sertatus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Gyretes sertatus
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyretes sertatus&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 28 | 52 |
Gyretes sertatus is een keversoort uit de familie van schrijvertjes (Gyrinidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1967 door Ochs.
Schrijvertjes
| 23,830 |
https://github.com/basyura/twibill.vim/blob/master/autoload/twibill/util.vim
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain
| 2,018 |
twibill.vim
|
basyura
|
Vim Script
|
Code
| 52 | 152 |
function! twibill#util#divide_url(url)
let url = a:url
if stridx(url, '.json?') == -1
return []
endif
let url = a:url
let param = {}
let url_param = split(url, '.json?')
let url = url_param[0] . '.json'
for kv in split(url_param[1], '&')
let pair = split(kv, '=')
let param[pair[0]] = pair[1]
endfor
return [url, param]
endfunction
| 38,484 |
https://github.com/DREM-DAO/drem/blob/master/market/api/DREM-API/DREM-API/Model/Comm/TransferBase.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
drem
|
DREM-DAO
|
C#
|
Code
| 155 | 305 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace DREM_API.Model.Comm
{
/// <summary>
/// List of all asa transfers, except of transfers to know escrow accounts meant for trading
/// </summary>
public class TransferBase
{
/// <summary>
/// From account
/// </summary>
public string FromAccount { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// To account
/// </summary>
public string ToAccount { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Amount
/// </summary>
public decimal Amount { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Price if can be detected from the escrow smart contract
/// </summary>
public decimal? Price { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// If price uknown always null
/// If price known and underlying trading asset is algo, asset is null and price filled in, if stable coin then ASA id
/// </summary>
public ulong PriceAsset { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Project asa id
/// </summary>
public ulong ProjectAsset { get; set; }
}
}
| 3,476 |
https://github.com/voropaevp/trader4s/blob/master/ibFeed/src/main/scala/interpreter/ibkr/feed/IbFeed.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
trader4s
|
voropaevp
|
Scala
|
Code
| 565 | 1,911 |
package interpreter.ibkr.feed
import cats.data.EitherT
import cats.syntax.all._
import cats.effect.{Async, Resource, Sync, Temporal}
import cats.effect.kernel.Clock
import cats.effect.std.Dispatcher
import cats.effect.implicits._
import domain.feed.{FeedAlgebra, FeedError, FeedRequestService, GenericError, QueuedFeedRequest}
import interpreter.ibkr.feed.components.IbkrFeedWrapper
import utils.config.Config.BrokerSettings
import com.ib.client.{EClientSocket, EJavaSignal, EReader}
import db.ConnectedDao.{ContractDaoConnected, RequestDaoConnected}
import model.datastax.ib.feed.ast.{RequestState, RequestType}
import model.datastax.ib.feed.request.{RequestData, RequestContract}
import org.typelevel.log4cats.slf4j.Slf4jLogger
import org.typelevel.log4cats.{Logger, SelfAwareStructuredLogger}
import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext
import java.time.{Duration, Instant}
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter
class IbFeed[F[_]: Async](
feedRequests: FeedRequestService[F],
client: EClientSocket
)(implicit requestDao: RequestDaoConnected[F], contractDao: ContractDaoConnected[F])
extends FeedAlgebra[F] {
//Making identical historical data request within 15 seconds.
//Making six or more historical data request for the same Contract, Exchange and Tick Type within two seconds.
//Making more than 60 request within any ten minute period.
//Note that when BID_ASK historical data is requested, each request is counted twice.
private val ibFormatter: DateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyyMMdd HH:mm:ss")
private def ibDuration(startTime: Instant, endTime: Instant): String = {
val dur = Duration.between(startTime, endTime)
val secs: Int = dur.getSeconds.toInt
val days: Int = secs % 86400
val weeks: Int = days % 7
val months: Int = days % 30
val years: Int = days % 365
if (days == 0) {
s"$secs S"
} else if (weeks == 0) {
s"$days D"
} else if (months == 0) {
s"$weeks W"
} else if (years == 0) {
s"$months M"
} else {
s"$years Y"
}
}
implicit def unsafeLogger[G[_]: Sync]: SelfAwareStructuredLogger[G] = Slf4jLogger.getLogger[G]
override def requestContractDetails(request: RequestContract): EitherT[F, FeedError, QueuedFeedRequest[F]] =
feedRequests.register(request).flatMap { fr =>
EitherT.right(Sync[F].delay(client.reqContractDetails(fr.id, request.toIb)) >> Sync[F].pure(fr))
}
override def requestHistBarData(request: RequestData): EitherT[F, FeedError, QueuedFeedRequest[F]] = {
request.ensuring(_.reqType == RequestType.Historic)
feedRequests.register(request).flatMap { fr =>
EitherT.right(for {
fr <- Sync[F].pure(fr)
_ <- requestDao.create(request)
cont <- contractDao.get(request.contId)
_ <- Sync[F].delay(
client.reqHistoricalData(
fr.id,
cont.ibContract,
ibFormatter.format(request.endTime),
ibDuration(request.startTime, request.endTime),
request.size.toString,
request.dataType.toString,
1,
1,
false,
null
)
)
_ <- requestDao.changeState(request.reqId, RequestState.InQueue)
} yield fr)
}
}
override def subscribeBarData(request: RequestData): EitherT[F, FeedError, QueuedFeedRequest[F]] = {
request.ensuring(_.reqType == RequestType.Subscription)
feedRequests.register(request).flatMap { fr =>
EitherT.right(for {
fr <- Sync[F].pure(fr)
_ <- requestDao.create(request)
cont <- contractDao.get(request.contId)
_ <- Sync[F].delay(
client.reqHistoricalData(
fr.id,
cont.ibContract,
null,
ibDuration(request.startTime, request.endTime),
request.size.toString,
request.dataType.toString,
1,
1,
true,
null
)
)
} yield fr)
}
}
}
object IbkrFeed {
def apply[F[_]: Async: Clock: Temporal](
settings: BrokerSettings,
readerEc: ExecutionContext,
clientId: Int
)(
implicit reqDao: RequestDaoConnected[F],
contDao: ContractDaoConnected[F],
logger: Logger[F],
sf: Sync[F]
): Resource[F, IbFeed[F]] =
for {
dsp <- Dispatcher[F]
feedReqService <- FeedRequestService[F](settings.requestTimeout)
eWrapper <- IbkrFeedWrapper[F](feedReqService)
ibkrPieces <- Resource.eval(
logger.info("Making ibkr pieces") >>
sf.delay {
val readerSignal = new EJavaSignal()
val client = new EClientSocket(eWrapper, readerSignal)
// It is important that the main EReader object is not created until after a connection has
// been established. The initial connection results in a negotiated common version between TWS and
// the API client which will be needed by the EReader thread in interpreting subsequent messages.
client.eConnect(settings.ip, settings.port, settings.clientId)
val reader = new EReader(client, readerSignal)
(client, reader, readerSignal)
}
)
(client, reader, readerSignal) = ibkrPieces
_ <- Resource.eval(sf.delay {
reader.start()
} >> logger.info(s"${client.isConnected}"))
_ <- (for {
hasError <- feedReqService.stoppedByError
connected <- sf.delay(client.isConnected)
optError <- sf.blocking {
if (connected & !hasError) {
readerSignal.waitForSignal()
reader.processMsgs()
None
} else {
if (hasError) {
dsp.unsafeRunAndForget(logger.info(s"$connected $hasError"))
Some(())
} else {
None
}
}
}
_ <- if (optError.isDefined) {
feedReqService.failAll(GenericError("Main feed loop stopped "))
logger.error(s"Main feed loop stopped [$connected]")
} else {
None.pure[F]
}
} yield optError).untilDefinedM.background
r <- Resource.make(
logger.info("Made the IbkrFeed service") >> sf.delay(
new IbFeed(feedReqService, client)
)
)(_ =>
logger.info("Shutting down the IbkrFeed service") >>
sf.delay {
client.eDisconnect()
// readerSignal.issueSignal()
}
)
} yield r
}
| 12,893 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110887659
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Former buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 62 | 90 |
Category:Former buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas
Wikimedia category
Category:Former buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Former buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas category combines topics building
Category:Former buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas category combines topics nonbuilding structure
Category:Former buildings and structures in Little Rock, Arkansas category combines topics destroyed building or structure
| 40,240 |
<urn:uuid:08eb25d4-ad4a-48db-8b92-51ccbb0528c7>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.reseau-canope.fr/musee/collections/fr/museum/mne/copies-d-histoire-de-6eme/62882e2fc07506d9ad8d04d6
|
reseau-canope.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 53 | 103 |
> Copies d'histoire de 6ème.
Numéro d'inventaire : 1999.00398 (1-4)
Inscriptions : • ex-libris : Fromont, Daniel
Description : 4 feuilles simples.
Devoir cité dans La réception de l'histoire romaine dans l'enseignement secondaire de 1880 à nos jours : l'exemple d'Alésia : thèse de doctorat / Aurélie Rodes.-2012 (v. annexe 4 p. 559).
| 9,003 |
https://github.com/Scott-Cohen/pyGAPS/blob/master/tests/parsing/conftest.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
pyGAPS
|
Scott-Cohen
|
Python
|
Code
| 63 | 414 |
import os
DATA_PATH = os.path.join(
os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))),
'docs', 'examples', 'data', 'parsing')
DATA_EXCEL_PATH = os.path.join(DATA_PATH, 'excel')
DATA_JSON_PATH = os.path.join(DATA_PATH, 'json')
DATA_EXCEL_STD = [os.path.join(DATA_EXCEL_PATH, 'HKUST-1(Cu) CO2 303.0.xls'),
os.path.join(DATA_EXCEL_PATH, 'MCM-41 N2 77.0.xls')]
DATA_JSON_STD = [os.path.join(DATA_JSON_PATH, 'HKUST-1(Cu) CO2 303.0.json'),
os.path.join(DATA_JSON_PATH, 'MCM-41 N2 77.0.json')]
DATA_SPECIAL_PATH = os.path.join(DATA_PATH, 'special')
DATA_EXCEL_MIC = [os.path.join(DATA_SPECIAL_PATH, 'mic', 'Sample_A.xls'),
os.path.join(DATA_SPECIAL_PATH, 'mic', 'Sample_B.xls')]
DATA_EXCEL_BEL = [os.path.join(DATA_SPECIAL_PATH, 'bel', 'Sample_C.xls'),
os.path.join(DATA_SPECIAL_PATH, 'bel', 'Sample_D.xls')]
DATA_BEL = [os.path.join(DATA_SPECIAL_PATH, 'bel', 'Sample_E.DAT')]
| 1,132 |
sn84022871_1905-11-20_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,006 | 5,527 |
ORLEANS COUNTY MONITOR, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1905 Our 4th car just in at Dairy SUCRE Will sell at $26.00 per ton until further notice. CAR NEW COTTONSEED THIS WEEK. TOWER & WEBSTER, BARTON, VERMONT. The largest assortment of WALL CHAIR in Leather Upholstering, in the County. Unique patterns. The coming thing. The lowest prices. Over 1000 FLOWERS AND Greenhouse Plants of every description. of floor space devoted to our immense business. A capable, reliable woman at Barton Landing, Where Will You Buy? Compare the following and you will see that we still hold the banker's position. Double strand chain, solid gold slide, guaranteed for 15 years, $2.00. The famous spasmodic long alarm clock that rings one-half minute, silent for one-half minute, continuing one-half hour, fully guaranteed, $1.15. Waltham Elgin movements in case, $4.45, guaranteed. We have other bargains as good as these in clocks for kitchen and parlor. Ladies' Watch chains and fobs. Ladies' stone rings, solid gold, 90c. Come and you may be well paid for your visit. F. M. ALLCHURCH, Watchmaker When Buying Bear in mind our patients. Scientific FREDERICK BARTON Landing, N Ej if 4 60 Lots more on the road.-A feeP i lb hundred on nn ff wanted in small family. Vermont RANGES Jeweler Hand Engraver Barton Landing, Vt. Glasses that this is the only place where you can get the best tests and finest quality of glasses at so small amount of money. Faithfully and carefully we make our tests, and you are sure of the best of my skill, as we spare no pains with Examinations Are Always Free. ALL CHURCH 3 Optician, 1 Vermont , LOCAL NEWS. CONTINUED FROM FIRST PAGE. In No. 8, when their eldest daughter, Mary Annette, was united in marriage to Frank V. Swanson. The bride was daintily gowned in dove cashmere and carried white carnations. Miss Minnie Boden, sister of the bride, was bridesmaid and Will F. Swanson, youngest brother of the groom, served as best man. The bridesmaid wore pale green cashmere and carried pink carnations. The ceremony took place under an arch of pink and white entwined with evergreen. Miss Susie Bodn of Duarte, Cal., a cousin of the bride, rendered the wedding march. Rev. S. G. Lewis of Barton Landing officiated. Refreshments of cakes and jellies were served. The bride and groom were the recipients of many useful and valuable gifts including cash, glass, a large parlor lamp, linen and a chintz suit. Mr. and Mrs. Swanson will reside at the home farm while Mr. and Mrs. Boden are in California. CRAFTSBURY. Mrs. James Libby is very ill with heart trouble. H. W. Ellis is building an addition to his store. C. H. Hanson is building an addition to his horse barn. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Moody visited in Orton last Wednesday. Ethel Patterson went to Morrisville last Monday for a few days' visit. Lucy Holmes from Sheldon is visiting her sister, Mrs. R. J. Chrystie of this town. The evangelistic services held in the M. E. church four evenings last week were very interesting. CHELBASA. Mrs. Laura Scott has been very ill for the past week. Mrs. Emily Allen of Coventry, Vt., is spending a few days with her daughter, Mrs. Harlow Colby. Mrs. D. Baker and son of Walden are visiting Mrs. Baker's mother, Mrs. Freeman Chaffee. The school in Collinsville closed November 11. There were twenty-seven pupils enrolled. Those having no marks during the term were Alice and Flora Brown, Hazel and William Clegg, Frank, Delia, Rena, Willie, and Rawson Stearns. Lucy Shute had no marks during membership and Earl Fisher was absent but one day. Euna Anderson, teacher. EAST CRAFTSBURY. If you should pay $50 for the book "Brewster's Millions" you would think you got your money's worth after reading the story, but the Monitor has paid for the right to publish it serially and the opening chapters will be found on page seven of this paper. It is written by George Barr McCutcheon, the author of that widely famous story, "Graustark," which the Monitor published a few years ago with such success. Read the opening chapters and see if you would not like to read the rest of the story. NORTH CRAFTSBURY. Julia Pike is on the sick list. Mr. A. E. Cowles was in Morrisville last Saturday. George Chassee was in Sherbrooke last week on business. Trust Estate of T. B. Hamilton of Barton. STATE OF VERMONT, District of Orleans, ss. In Probate Court held at Newport, in said District, on the 26th day of October, A. D., 1905. O. D. Owen, Trustee of the Trust Estate of T. B. Hamilton late of Barton, in said District, deceased, presents his trustee account for examination and allowance of the estate of said deceased. Whereupon, it is ordered by said Court, that said account be referred to a session thereof, to be held at F. W. Bildwin's Office in said Barton, on the 8th day of December, A. D. 1855 at the o'clock in the forenoon for hearing and decision thereon. And it is further ordered that notice hereof be given to all persons interested, by publication of the same three weeks successively in the Orleans County Monitor, a newspaper published at said Barton, previous to said time appointed for hearing. They may appear at said time and place, and show if any they may have, why said account should not be allowed. By the Court. Attest, F. E. ALFRED, Judge. Estate of Brainard Stebbins of Barton. STATE OF VERMONT, In Probate Court, District of Orleans, ss. Sealed at Newport, in said District, on the 23rd day of October, A. D. 1895. O D. Owen, Trustee of the estate of Brainard Stebbins, late of Barton, in said District, deceased presents his trustee account for examination and allowance of the estate of said deceased. Whereupon, it is ordered by said Court, that said account be referred to a session thereof, to be held at F. W. Baldwin's office in said Barton, on the 8th day of December, A.D., 1895, at nine o'clock in the forenoon for hearing and decision thereon. And, it is further ordered that notice hereof be given to all persons interested, by publication of the same three weeks next herein the Orleans County Monitor, a newspaper published at said Barton, previous to said time appointed for hearing, that they may appear at said time and place, and show cause, if any they may have, why said account should not be allowed. By the Court. Attest, F. E. ALFRED. Joseph Mackey's Will STATE OF VERMONT, In Probate Court. district of Orleans, ss, held at Barton in said District, on the 10th day of November A. D., 1905 An instrument purporting to be the last Will and Testament of Joseph Mackey late of Greensboro in said District, deceased being presented to the Court by L. A. Jack son, custodian thereof, for Probate; it ordered by said Court, that all persons concerned therein be notified to appear at a session of said Court, to be held at F. W. Baldwin's Office at Barton in said District, on the 8th day December, A. D., 1905, and show cause if any they may have, against the Probate of said Will; for which purpose, it is further ordered that a copy of this record of this order be published three weeks successively in the Orleans County Monitor, a newspaper printed at Barton aforesaid prior to said time appointed for hearing. By the Court. Attest, A true copy of record. Attest, 47-49 R. W SPEAR, Register. Estate of Thomas Smith of Barton. COURT OF VERMONT, In Probate Court. district of Orleans, ss. held at Newport, in said District, on the 18th day of November A. D., 195. Horace P. Cook, Administrator with the will annexed, of the estate of Thomas Smith, late of Barton, in said District, deceased, presents his administration account for examination and allowance, and makes application for a decree of distribution and partition of the estate of the deceased. Whereupon, it is ordered by said Court, that said account and said application be referred to a session thereof; to be held at F. W. Baldwin's Office in said Barton on the 8th day of December, A.D., 1905, at 11 o'clock in the forenoon for hearing and decision thereon. It is further ordered that notice thereof be given to all persons interested, by publication of the same three weeks successively in the Orleans County Monitor, a newspaper published at said Barton, previous to said time appointed for hearing, that they may appear at said time and place, and show cause, if any they may have, why said account should not be allowed, and such decree made. By the Court, Atty, 47-49 F. E. ALFRED, Judge. Judge Tolman called on his elder, Mrs. French, Thursday. Mrs. French, who fell and broke her hip a short time ago, is very comfortable. Hailey Cowles was in Burlington last week to attend his fraternity meeting. Horace Douglass has hired his brother, E.J. Douglass of South Albany, to work in his blacksmith shop. The editor wishes you to read "Brethren's Millions," the opening chapters of which appear in this paper. The social given by the ancient history class Friday evening was much enjoyed by all present. The receipts of the evening were $12.00. Miss Katherine Randall and Mrs. Edna Skinner attended the district meeting of the O.E.S. at Barton Landing last weekend. About sixty of the friends of Mr. and Mrs. John Gilbert gave them a very pleasant surprise at their new home last Wednesday evening. The regular meeting of the O.E.S. was adjourned until Nov. 22nd as the district meeting came on the same date as the regular. It is hoped all officers will be in their places. The many friends were sorry to learn of the death of A.E. Pike, which occurred at the home of his son, Eugene Pike. The body was taken to Woonsocket for burial under Masonic rites. School in District No. Taught by Anna Marie Johnson closed Nov. 11. Those having no marks during the term were Nellie Thayer, Kathryn Johnson, Dorice Johnson, Ruth Thayer, Annabel Thayer, Ralph Parke, Maybelle Thayer were absent one day. Miss Johnson will teach in the same school for the winter term. DERBY. Capt. and Mrs. Holbrook are home from their cottage at Lake Park. Invitations are issued for the marriage, Nov. 30th, of Miss Ina Gage and Mr. Logan. Mrs. M.S. Edwards started Tuesday night for Denver where she will spend the winter with relatives. The remains of Miss Aurilla Dawson, a former resident of this place, were brought here for burial last week. Mr. Edgar Silver and family and Miss Evans returned Tuesday night to their winter home in Orange, N.J. Mrs. Ira Taylor and daughter Alice, who have been visiting at W.M. Taylor's, have gone to New Hampshire for the winter. Mr. Chas. Ward and sister, Mr. Ward Colby, wife and mother and Miss Kate Spear started for California last Tuesday. The ninth grade of the village school held a promenade in the town hall Friday evening, which was a very enjoyable affair for the young people. A reception for Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rickard was held at the residence of Mr. Fred Hamblet Saturday evening. Mr. and Mrs. Rickard started south Monday night, hoping the change will be beneficial for Mrs. Rickard. If you should pay $50 for the book "Brewster's Millions" you would think you got your money's worth after reading the story, but the Monitor has paid for the right to publish it serially and the opening chapters will be found on page seven of this paper. It is written by George Barr McCutcheon, the author of that widely famous story, "Graustark," which the Monitor published a few years ago with such success. Read the opening chapters and see if you would not like to read the rest of the story. WEST DERBY. The West Derby graded School finished Friday. Joel Austin and Charles White are seriously ill. Elder Charles McClure spent Sunday at Iron Hill. Miss Lillie Tower visited at Derby Line last week. Mr. F. D. Puffer of Richford called on his son, Don, last week. Will Flanders had the misfortune to break his leg last Friday. Frank Hill has gone to St. Johnsbury to have an operation on his eye. Dennis Dolloff has bought one of T. Powers' houses in Batesville. Frank Stevens of Coventry does the filing for the help on the new flour sheds. Mr. and Mrs. G.E. Buck of East Charleston called on friends in town the past week. Mrs. Ruth Shephard and Miss Pearl Rollins are spending a few days in Boston. Mr. Thad Powers of Newport is the foreman on the carpenter work for the new sheds. Miss Jennie Fairbanks of Ludlow, Mass., is visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Fairbanks. Mrs. W. E. Tripp and children of East Charleston were guests at A. B. Cobleigh's the past week. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Donaghy went to Littleton, N. H., last Saturday, to attend the funeral of a relative. A missionary, Miss Nellie Dow of China, gave a very interesting talk on China last Friday evening at the A. C. church. "One of the most fascinating stories I ever read," is the remark of those who have read "Brewster's Millions," the new story the Monitor is publishing. The opening chapters are in this paper and the editor would be pleased to have you read them. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Gray were given a pleasant surprise last Tuesday evening, when a number of the friends and neighbors gathered to spend the evening with them. Game were played after which refreshments were served. Everybody enjoyed a good time. The Companion Court of Independent Order of Foresters will give an entertainment, after which will be a guessing contest, in Magoon's hall Tuesday evening, Nov. 23. Each one is requested to wear something to represent some city or town. A prize will be offered to the one guessing correctly the largest number of cities. A prize will also be offered to the one guessing the least number. Refreshments will be served. Everybody come and enjoy a good time. Admission 15 cents. CLOVER. A. Davis spent Sunday at home. Miss Alice Hanson is working for W. E. Sherburne. Mrs. Carl Bean's brother and sister visited her last week. Mrs. C. S. Parker, mother, Mrs. Lee, of St. Johnsbury, is visiting her. James McFarlane has disposed of his farm and will move to Barton. Mrs. Lydia Bartlett from New Boston, N.H., is visiting friends in town. Mrs. Lyman Darling and daughter Ellen visited in town the past week. Arthur and Nathan Scott started west last week intending to visit California before their return. Mrs. Chysel will continue the sale of ladies' hats at L. E. Davis' store at the request of several of her patrons. The village schools closed Friday with appropriate exercises in the evening. After the exercises, the children dressed in masquerade and made themselves merry during a social hour. The Junior Order United American Mechanics will hold Thanksgiving services in the M.E. church Sunday, Nov. 7, at 1:30 p.m., conducted by Rev. A.W.A. Warner of Barton assisted by Rev. A.W. Hewitt of this place. Everybody is invited. If you will read the opening chapters of our new story, "Brewster's Millions," by George Barr McCutcheon, author of that famous book "Graustark," you will pronounce it the best serial the Monitor has ever run and if you ever read any of our stories you know they have been good ones. WEST CLOVER. Schools in districts No. 2, Wright, and Beach, closed last week. Mr. and Mrs. W.B. Stiles have gone to Connecticut for the winter. Mrs. Newton Lewis has gone to her home in Florida for the winter. Mr. Alson Clark and Clark Borland who have been ill with the grippe are improving. Miss Hattie McDuffee went to her home in Stanstead Saturday for a vacation of two weeks. Mr. D. D. Gilmour, who has been repairing his buildings extensively, has recently put in a furnace. Henry Paquette has moved his family into Mr. Stiles' house and he is working for Neelon Stevens in the creamery. If you should pay $150 for the book "Brewster's Millions" you would think you got your money's worth after reading the story, but the Monitor has paid for the right to publish it serially and the opening chapters will be found on page seven of this paper. It is written by George Barr McCutcheon, the author of that widely famous story, "Graustark," which the Monitor published a few years ago with such success. Read the opening chapters and see if you would not like to read the rest of the story. GREENSBORO. N. B. Payne has moved from his farm to his residence in the village. Lewis Sulham has moved into one of Henry Benjamin's tenements. J. H. Barriington has moved from the Payne tenement to the Babbit house. A. C. Chase has rented R. J. Shurtleff's place at Greensboro Bend and will move there Jan. 10th. Mr. and Mrs. William B. Smith arrived Saturday from Chicago. They will live with Byron Smith until Jan. 10th, when they will take possession of the Chase place that they recently purchased. If you will read the opening chapters of our new story "Brewster's Millions" by George Barr McCutcheon, author of the famous book "Graustark," you will pronounce it the best serial the Monitor has ever run and if you ever read any of our stories you know they have been good ones. GREENSBORO BEND. John Barr is on the sick list. N. H. Bullard is confined to his bed. George Anair was in Montpelier recently on business. Lennie Fayer of Glover visited relatives here last week. E.B. Fay and wife were calling on friends here, Thursday. W. E. Hopkins of Hardwick is visiting at L. S. Collins'. Bert Stevens has moved his family into L. S. Collins' tenement. A son was born to Mr. and Mrs. George Batten Monday, Nov. 13th. Bert Ransom has moved into the Cuthbertson house below the depot. E. C. Duval moved his family to Hardwick Wednesday, into the house he recently purchased of Nelson Alston. The M. W. of A had a game hunt last Wednesday with an oyster supper in the evening, to which they invited the ladies. Over fifty took supper, and a very enjoyable time was had. George Barr McCutcheon, the famous author of "Graustark," has written another book entitled, "Brewster's Millions" which equals the first mentioned book in interest and romance. The Monitor has secured the right to publish this story serially and the opening chapters will be found in this paper. The editor invites you to read them and feels positive that he will not have to invite you to read the rest of the story. HOLLAND. DEFERRED LOCALS. Mrs. Myron L. Gray at home for a short time last week. Roy Hall had a People's telephone installed in his home, recently. Mrs. Homer Hildreth of Newport was at Herbert Lyon's a part of last week helping care for their little son Willie. Willie Lyon, son of Herbert Lyon, was recently taken to a Sherbrooke hospital where he was operated upon for appendicitis. A son was recently born to Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Holbrook. A. B. Post has returned from Worcester, Mass. The schools in town closed last week for a vacation of two weeks. A son was born to Mr. and Mrs. Shall Freeheart on Tuesday, Nov. 14. Rev. J. Poeton attended the ordination of Rev. F. A. Junkies in Westfield last week. There will be a union Thanksgiving service in the Methodist church this morning. Samuel Van Clough has sold his farm in Green and has moved on to the place he purchased from S. F. Slack. Mrs. G. H. Wright has recently survived the death of her father in Lyman. Paralysis was the cause of his death. An analysis of the freshest village water has been made at the Laboratory of Hygiene in Burlington and it is announced "Good Water." Mrs. Lucy Smith, who has been suffering several months with fever, has returned to Massachusetts for the winter. George Parr McCutcheon, the author of "Graustark," and Kristen's book entitled "Brewster's Millions" equals the first mentioned book in both romance and literature. The Monitor has the right to publish this story, and the opening chapters will be found in the paper. The editor invites you to read them and feels positive that he has to invite you to read there story. Adna Pike, an esteemed citizen, died at the home of his son, E. A. Pike, on November 15, aged 83 years. The service will be held at the house, after which the remains will be buried beside his wife. Twelve Masons accompanied them in the service and burial. Woicott and Farrar of Woicott, who have assisted in caring for Mr. Pike for several years, will be greatly missed. Lowell schools began last Monday. Mrs. F. Lathrop is visiting from town. D. Eugene Curtis of New York, Miss Lizzie Finnegan is trying her hand at writing. Mrs. Rufus Kinsley was in Burling recently. It is reported that Thomas Patterson has sold his farm to Will Pudvalh. Stanley Ward has moved to Barton Hills, where he has employment. Homer Farman has returned to California, where he has employment. Meda Pudvalh has purchased her brother's farm on the Albany road. Miss Myrtle Stifflin labors at Mrs. Hill's and returned home. The Modern Woodmen held their annual meeting in Sweet's hall on Friday evening. Mr. and Mrs. George Curtis and a few friends in their new home, Tuesday. H. Arthur Parker and Merton Tanner went to Barton Landing Friday to attend the Thespians' uraming. If you will read the opening chapter of our new story, "Brewster's Millions"; by George Barr McCutcheon, author of the famous book "Graustark," you will pronounce it the best serial the Monitor ever ran and if you ever read any of the other stories, you know they have been unmatched. Morgan Center: C.J. Courser has moved to Morgan Center. A.O. Elliott was on the sick list several days last week. A son was born to Mr. and Mrs. A. Poe on November 12. Congratulations. The Auxiliary will hold their next fried chicken dinner with Mrs. H.H. Elliott Wednesday, November 22. The steam power placed in the M. Whitehill mill by Mr. Courser is ready for business. Mrs. Annie McNamara was called last Tuesday by the illness of her father, J. J. Rattan. His daughter, Mrs. Clara Pinney. Helping care for him. George Barr McCutcheon, the famous author of "Graustark," has written another book entitled, "Brewster's Millions" which is equal to the first mentioned book in intrigue and romance. The Monitor has secured the right to publish the story serially and the opening chapters will be found in this issue. The editor invites you to read them and feels certain that he will have to invite you to read the rest of the story. At per M. Bedell, whose illness has been mentioned, died at his home on July 14. Mr. Bedell has been a resident of this place for many years, enjoying the friendship and respect of many who knew him. His cheerfulness, social disposition, will be missed in the church, Sunday school, and society. He leaves a wife and two daughters, for whom much sympathy is felt. A large circle of relatives and friends mourn his loss. NEWPORT. O. S. Dane was in Boston the last of the week on business. Mrs. Sidney Slee is entertaining her sister, Mrs. Geo. Howland. Everett Hill has returned to his duties as switchman at the lower yard. Capt. Davis is able to be out of doors and will soon take his train again. Mrs. c a. crown has returned from Montreal, much improved in health. Mrs. A. F. Hall has gone to Middletown, Conn., to visit friends and relatives.
| 49,647 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49880948
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Oisin, gyuaisdfaasf, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4680667, https://stackoverflow.com/users/9437085
|
English
|
Spoken
| 839 | 2,384 |
django rest framework: getting two post request in the back end
I have an Angular app posting registration message to my django back-end, however, when I click on register button on the page, I got tow post request in the django logging, like this
[17/Apr/2018 22:13:47] "OPTIONS /user/register HTTP/1.1" 200 0
[17/Apr/2018 22:13:47] "POST /user/register HTTP/1.1" 500 27
[17/Apr/2018 22:13:47] "POST /user/register HTTP/1.1" 201 91
Chrome dev tool - Network
It is just annoying when testing locally, but when I deploy this on a ubuntu server(with uwsgi and nginx), the back-end seems to crash. I am not sure if this is the problem, I am just checking every possibility that I can think of.
BTW: I am using sqlite, it is because of the transaction?
Angular registration.component.js
import { Component, OnInit, AfterViewInit, ViewChild } from '@angular/core';
import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms";
import { HttpClient } from "@angular/common/http";
@Component({
selector: 'app-register',
templateUrl: './register.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./register.component.scss']
})
export class RegisterComponent implements OnInit, AfterViewInit {
formData = {} as any;
isHide: boolean;
constructor(
private http: HttpClient,
) {
this.isHide = true;
}
formErrors = {
'email': '',
'userName': '',
'password1': '',
'password2': '',
'phone': ''
};
validationMessages = {
'email': {
'required': '邮箱必须填写.',
'pattern': '邮箱格式不对',
},
'userName': {
'required': '用户名必填.',
'minlength': '用户名太短',
},
'password1': {
'required': '请输入密码',
'minlength': '密码太短',
},
'password2': {
'required': '请重复输入密码',
'minlength': '密码太短',
},
'phone': {
'required': '手机号必须填写.',
'pattern': '手机号格式不对',
},
};
@ViewChild('registerForm') registerForm: NgForm;
ngAfterViewInit(): void {
this.registerForm.valueChanges.subscribe(data => this.onValueChanged(data));
}
onValueChanged(data) {
if (this.formErrors) {
for (const field in this.formErrors) {
this.formErrors[field] = '';
const control = this.registerForm.form.get(field);
if (control && control.dirty && !control.valid) {
const messages = this.validationMessages[field];
if (control.errors) {
for (const key in control.errors) {
this.formErrors[field] += messages[key] + '';
}
}
}
}
}
}
doJumpIndex() {
console.log("zhuye");
}
doJumpLogin() {
console.log("login");
}
doSubmit(obj: any) {
if (!this.registerForm.valid) {
this.onValueChanged(obj);
return;
}
let url = 'http://localhost:8000/user/register';
this.http.post(url, obj).subscribe(
data => {
console.log(data);
if (true) {
this.isHide = false;
}
},
err => {
console.log(err);
});
}
ngOnInit() {
}
}
The following code was adopted from https://github.com/iboto/django-rest-framework-user-registration
my UserRegistrationAPIView
class UserRegistrationAPIView(generics.CreateAPIView):
permission_classes = (permissions.AllowAny,)
serializer_class = serializers.UserRegistrationSerializer
queryset = User.objects.all()
UserRegistrationSerializer
class UserRegistrationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
email = serializers.EmailField(
required=True,
label="Email Address"
)
password1 = serializers.CharField(
required=True,
label="Password",
style={'input_type': 'password'}
)
password2 = serializers.CharField(
required=True,
label="Confirm Password",
style={'input_type': 'password'}
)
invite_code = serializers.CharField(
required=False
)
class Meta(object):
model = User
fields = ['username', 'email', 'password1', 'password2', 'invite_code']
def validate_email(self, value):
if User.objects.filter(email=value).exists():
raise serializers.ValidationError("Email already exists.")
return value
def validate_username(self, value):
if User.objects.filter(username=value).exists():
raise serializers.ValidationError("Username already exists.")
return value
def validate_invite_code(self, value):
data = self.get_initial()
email = data.get('email')
if value:
self.invitation = TeamInvitation.objects.validate_code(email, value)
if not self.invitation:
raise serializers.ValidationError("Invite code is not valid / expired.")
self.team = self.invitation.invited_by.team.last()
return value
def create(self, validated_data):
team = getattr(self, 'team', None)
user_data = {
'username': validated_data.get('username'),
'email': validated_data.get('email'),
'password': validated_data.get('password1')
}
is_active = True if team else False
user = UserProfile.objects.create_user_profile(
data=user_data,
is_active=is_active,
site=get_current_site(self.context['request']),
send_email=True
)
if team:
team.members.add(user)
if hasattr(self, 'invitation'):
TeamInvitation.objects.accept_invitation(self.invitation)
TeamInvitation.objects.decline_pending_invitations(email_ids=[validated_data.get('email')])
return validated_data
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path('login', views.UserLoginAPIView.as_view(), name='login'),
path('register', views.UserRegistrationAPIView.as_view(), name='register'),
path('profile', views.UserProfileAPIView.as_view(), name='user_profile'),
path('password_reset', views.PasswordResetAPIView.as_view(), name='password_change'),
re_path(r'^verify/(?P<verification_key>.+)/$',
views.UserEmailVerificationAPIView.as_view(),
name='email_verify'),
re_path(r'^reset/(?P<uidb64>[0-9A-Za-z_\-]+)/(?P<token>[0-9A-Za-z]{1,13}-[0-9A-Za-z]{1,20})/$',
views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(),
name='password_reset_confirm'),
]
It looks to me like your doSubmit angular function might be firing twice. From the logs, it looks like it's sending a request with incorrect information (the first call is 27 bytes long, the second (correct one) is 91 bytes). This first request is getting a HTTP 500 error (Server side error). i.e. it's causing a bug in the server.
On your local testing server a 500 error won't crash the server as it will just log the error and reload (because that's what testing servers do) but on your proper server it is crashing.
I'd say take a look at the doSubmit function and make sure it's not letting any incorrect values past the first if (!this.registerForm.valid) first (sometimes I find when Angular is first creating the objects functions fire that I wouldn't have expected to, for example). And secondly, I'd add some logging to figure out what part of UserRegistrationAPIView is failing (because that's the first function Django calls and somewhere along the way an uncaught exception is being thrown).
If you check the main servers logs they might tell you why the 500 internal server error is being thrown. (Saved in /var/log/apache2/error.log by default if you're running an apache server).
Thanks. Now I am sure that there is a bug in angular code.
You have the option of fixing either I suppose, but should probably fix both. Try and identify what's causing the view to throw an exception and if you handle that then it doesn't matter if Angular is sending an extra invalid POST request.
Hi! I solved the problem. My register page will trigger an email to be sent, but my server provider(Tencent) block the 25 port.
Thanks again for your help!
Good job @user75559, maybe document the steps you used to fix it and mark the answer as correct in case someone finds this issue when they have a similar problem in future.
| 40,163 |
8175167_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,796 | 2,397 |
McWhorter, Judge:
In July, 1897, Oliver S- Loar and George L. Vinson, applied to the Huntington National Bank for permission to renew a nóte ’ of one thousand three hundred and three dollars and sixty-five cents made by George L. Vinson and M. B. Vinson, payable to the order of, and endorsed by, Oliver S. Loar. Subsequent to the prior renewal of said note Oliver S. Loar had transferred his real estate to Francis H. Loar, of which the *541bank bad obtained information. The president of the bank desired the endorsement on said note of said Frances Ií. Loar. Loar and Vinson said-they would have her endorse it and then said they had authority from her to endorse her name: The president of the bank had 'O. K. Hayslip, an employe in the bank fill out a note for said amount, payable to the order 6f Oliver S. Loar and Frances II. Loar which was then and there endorsed by said Oliver S. Loar, and the name of Francis Ii. Loar also endorsed by him. On the 27th of July, 1897, the said George L. Vinson renewed a note for one hundred dollars, made by same makers, payable to the order of' Oliver S. Loar and' endorsed the name of said Loar and of Frances H. Loar thereon. Both notes were protested when they fell due. The Huntington National Bank brought its action of assumpsit on said notes against Oliver S. Loar, Frances H. Loar, George L. Vinson and M. B'. Vinson. On the 23rd of May, 1898, the defendant, Frances H. Loar, appeared and put in the general plea of non assumpsit-, and also her plea in writing of non est fac-tum; verified by her affidavit.' A jury was empaneled to try the issues. "When the plaintiff rested its case the. defendant, Frances II. Loar moved to exclude from the jury all the evidence offered by plaintiff. The motion was overruled ,by the ■ court and defendant excepted. Said defendant then demurred to the evidence in which the plaintiff joined. The jury then returned a verdict, subject do the court’s ruling on the demurrer, in favor of plaintiff, assessing its damages at five.huudred and sixty-four dollars, if the law should be for the plaintiff; but- if the law should be for the defendant on the demurrer to the evidence then they found for the defendant, Frances H. Loaf. On the 5th of October, 1900, the court overruled the-demurrer to plaintiff’s evidence and rendered judgment upon said verdict for the amount thereof and cost. Defendant obtained a writ of 'error to said j udgment. It is conceded by plaintiff, and defendant that the only question to bo determined here is as to the áuthority of Oliver S. Loar and George L. Vinson to -endorse the name of Frances II. Loar .upon .the notes, sued upon. The .only evidence of the authority for such endorsement was tlie.deqlar-'ations of said Loar and Vinson, as testified to by .the president of the bank, John Ilooe Bussell, who testified that when they appeared desiring to renew the notes they said they had authority to endorse her name. On cross examination he admitted *542that they first told him when, he was asking for her endorsement, that they would have her endorse it; but that they endorsed it that day without going away to see her anything about it, and did it in the bank at that time. When Bussell was asked, what, if anything, was said as to their authority to endorse the name of Frances Ii. Loar upon the note the question was objected to. The court overruled the objection and allowed the question to be asked, to which defendant excepted. Witness answered that they said they had absolute authority to endorse her name, that it was done by her consent. Defendant moved to strike out said answer, which motion was overruled and defendant, excepted. Witness was also asked what was said about the endorsement upon the one hundred dollar note of July 27, and ansivered “That was done by George Vinson and he said he had authority to do it.” Defendant also moved to strike out this answer, which, motion was overruled, and exception taken. Witness Okey K. Iiayslip, testified that ho was present when the large note was endorsed, that Mr. Oliver S. Loar endorsed his own 'name and also that of Frances II. Loar, on said note; and was then asked to state to the jury what conversation, if any, he heard, or had with Mr. Oliver S. Loar, in regard to the note at the time it was signed, and in regard to the endorsement on the back of it. He answered: “Mr. Bussell asked'Mr. Oliver S. Loar if ho had authority to endorse’his wife’s name, and he said he had and Mr. George L. Vinson coroborated what Mr., Oliver S. Loar had said.” Defendant’s attorneys moved to strike out this answer and exclude the same from the jury, which motion was overruled, and defendant excepted. He further stated that the name of Frances H. Loar did not appear on the note before that. This is all the evidence that is adduced as to the authority of said Oliver S. Loar and George L. Vinson to endorse the name of Frances H. Loar, on the notes. In Rosendorf v. Poling, 48 W. Va. 621, (37 S. E. 555), Syl. pts. 1 and 2, are as follows: (1) “Where a person deals with an agent, it is his duty to ascertain the extent of the agency. He deals with him at his own risk. The law presumes him to know the extent of the agent’s power; and, if the agent exceeds his authority,' the contract will not bind the principal b,ut will bind the agent.” (2) “Neither the declarations of a man nor his acts can be given in evidence to prove that he is the agent of another.” The president of the bank, Bussell, had no right to *543take the declarations of Loar and Vinson as to their right to use the name of Frances H. Loar, and in doing so it was his own risk, and he could hardly have been misled by their declarations, because they first told him that they would' have her to make the endorsement; then afterwards endorsed her name them'selves, without leaving the bank to see her about it. And he further said, “Mty impression is that I asked them to put it.on there. I was anxious to have this paper paid, and they said they had the authority to sign her name to the note.” The,court should have ruled out the evidence of Bussell, giving the declarations of Loar and Vinson, as to their authority' for making the endorsements. At section 276, Mechem on Agency, it -is said: “The law indulges in no bare presumptions that an agency exists; it must be proved or presumed from facts; that the agent can not establish his own authority, either by his representa-1 tions or assuming to exercise it * * *, persons dealing with an assumed agent therefore whether the assumed agency be a general or a special one are bound at their peril to ascertain not only the fact of the agency, but the extent of the authority, and in case either is controverted the burden of proof is oh them- to establish it.” And cases there cited.- There is nothing here outside of the mere declarations of Loar and Vinson, which should not have been permitted to go. to the jury, that any authority existed for them or' either of them to endorse the name of Frances H. Loar, and before doing the act they had said enough to Russell to have satisfied him-that they had no such authority, because .they had said they would have her endorse the paper, and immediately endorsed it without seeing her. It is contended by defendant in error that Frances H. Loar by her silence and acquiescence ratified the act of the endorsement. On the 31st of December, 1897, Mr. Oney, the plaintiff’s cashier, Vrote to Mrs. Frances H. Loar, he says, calling her attention to the condition of the paper on which she was endorser and urging her to- take some steps to pay it or renew; in reply to which he received a letter from Mrs. Loar, dated January 7, 1898, addressed to Huntington National Bank, as follows: “Your letter of December 31st received and must say in reply that Mr. Loar is in very bad health, not able to go away from home or attend to business. Mr. Lal'ayett and George Vinson-have promised him that they will attend to his bank business." Mr. Oney further testified that he called on Mrs. Loar, either in January or the *544first of February, 1898, and told lier that he had come to see something about the paper of George L. Vinson and M. B. Vinson, that she'and“her "husband were endorsers on in the bank, and that she told'him that'she never knew-of her name being oh that paper until she received the notice, and that Mi’. Plaintiff having wholly failed to make its case she had a right *545to rely upon the law for her defense. Defendant in error seems to rely upon the rule laid down in Heard v. Ry. Co., 26 W. Va. 455, (Syl. pt. 1), “The rule for determining what facts shall be considered as established in cases of demurrer to evidence, when all of it is adduced by the demurree is, the court shall regard the demurrant as necessarily admitting 'by his demurrer not only the credit and truth of all the evidence but all inferences of fact that may be fairly deduced from it; and in determining the facts inferable from the evidence, inferences .most favorable to the demurree will be made in cases where there is grave doubt which of two or more inferences shall be drawn. Unless there is a decided preponderance of probability or reason against the inference that might be made in favor of the demur-ree, such inference ought to be made in'his favor.”
This rule does not give the demurree the benefit of testimony offered in the case, which is incompetent and inadmissible and properly objected to when offered, nor any inferences to be drawn therefrom. Klinker v. Steel and Iron Company, 43 W. Va. 219, (Syl. pt. 3), “WhenThe evidence is so clearly deficient as to give no support to a verdict for plaintiff, if so rendered, the court should exclude the evidence from the jury.” The demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained and judgment rendered for defendant.' The judgment of the circuit court is therefore reversed and the demurrer to the evidence sustained and judgment for the defendant.
Reversed.
| 7,962 |
https://github.com/byteinc/Phasor/blob/master/engine/2.80/scripts/addons/io_scene_gltf2/blender/exp/gltf2_blender_gather_animation_channels.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense, GPL-3.0-only, Font-exception-2.0, GPL-3.0-or-later, Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain-disclaimer, Bitstream-Vera, LicenseRef-scancode-blender-2010, LGPL-2.1-or-later, GPL-2.0-or-later, GPL-2.0-only, LGPL-2.0-only, PSF-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-free-unknown, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license, GPL-1.0-or-later, BSD-2-Clause
| 2,019 |
Phasor
|
byteinc
|
Python
|
Code
| 389 | 1,435 |
# Copyright 2018 The glTF-Blender-IO authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import bpy
import typing
from ..com.gltf2_blender_data_path import get_target_object_path, get_target_property_name
from io_scene_gltf2.io.com import gltf2_io
from io_scene_gltf2.io.com import gltf2_io_debug
from io_scene_gltf2.blender.exp.gltf2_blender_gather_cache import cached
from io_scene_gltf2.blender.exp import gltf2_blender_gather_animation_samplers
from io_scene_gltf2.blender.exp import gltf2_blender_gather_animation_channel_target
@cached
def gather_animation_channels(blender_action: bpy.types.Action,
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> typing.List[gltf2_io.AnimationChannel]:
channels = []
for channel_group in __get_channel_groups(blender_action, blender_object):
channel = __gather_animation_channel(channel_group, blender_object, export_settings)
if channel is not None:
channels.append(channel)
return channels
def __gather_animation_channel(channels: typing.Tuple[bpy.types.FCurve],
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> typing.Union[gltf2_io.AnimationChannel, None]:
if not __filter_animation_channel(channels, blender_object, export_settings):
return None
return gltf2_io.AnimationChannel(
extensions=__gather_extensions(channels, blender_object, export_settings),
extras=__gather_extras(channels, blender_object, export_settings),
sampler=__gather_sampler(channels, blender_object, export_settings),
target=__gather_target(channels, blender_object, export_settings)
)
def __filter_animation_channel(channels: typing.Tuple[bpy.types.FCurve],
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> bool:
return True
def __gather_extensions(channels: typing.Tuple[bpy.types.FCurve],
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> typing.Any:
return None
def __gather_extras(channels: typing.Tuple[bpy.types.FCurve],
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> typing.Any:
return None
def __gather_sampler(channels: typing.Tuple[bpy.types.FCurve],
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> gltf2_io.AnimationSampler:
return gltf2_blender_gather_animation_samplers.gather_animation_sampler(
channels,
blender_object,
export_settings
)
def __gather_target(channels: typing.Tuple[bpy.types.FCurve],
blender_object: bpy.types.Object,
export_settings
) -> gltf2_io.AnimationChannelTarget:
return gltf2_blender_gather_animation_channel_target.gather_animation_channel_target(
channels, blender_object, export_settings)
def __get_channel_groups(blender_action: bpy.types.Action, blender_object: bpy.types.Object):
targets = {}
for fcurve in blender_action.fcurves:
target_property = get_target_property_name(fcurve.data_path)
object_path = get_target_object_path(fcurve.data_path)
# find the object affected by this action
if not object_path:
target = blender_object
else:
try:
target = blender_object.path_resolve(object_path)
except ValueError:
# if the object is a mesh and the action target path can not be resolved, we know that this is a morph
# animation.
if blender_object.type == "MESH":
# if you need the specific shape key for some reason, this is it:
# shape_key = blender_object.data.shape_keys.path_resolve(object_path)
target = blender_object.data.shape_keys
else:
gltf2_io_debug.print_console("WARNING", "Can not export animations with target {}".format(object_path))
continue
# group channels by target object and affected property of the target
target_properties = targets.get(target, {})
channels = target_properties.get(target_property, [])
channels.append(fcurve)
target_properties[target_property] = channels
targets[target] = target_properties
groups = []
for p in targets.values():
groups += list(p.values())
return map(tuple, groups)
| 7,715 |
sn85040303_1848-09-29_1_1_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,934 | 9,129 |
The Telegraph is printed on a large double medium sheet, and contains a greater amount of reading matter than any paper in the state out of the city of Milwaukee. The terms of subscription, which, under ordinary circumstances, we shall always rigidly adhere to, are as follows: $1.75 per year, at the time of subscribing. $2.00 per year, if not paid at the time of subscribing, but any time within the year. $2.50, if not paid within the year. All kinds of country produce received in payment of subscriptions. From the Geneva Gazette. THEY CAN’T FOOL ME! “Suspicion is a heavy armor, and with its own weight, impedes us more.” Billy Koene’s peculiar boast was the utter impossibility of being hoaxed, or, in his more expressive phraseology, fooled. — They can't fool me! was ever at his tongue’s end, and so evident were his attempts to impress this fact upon all with whom he had anything to do, that he not infrequently made a fool of himself! Billy always made a point of expressing himself of everything; however plausible, that reached his ears, which, by the way, were exceedingly easy of access, being not more than five feet two inches from the ground, when their owner stood upon his feet. Suspicion was always the “one idea” in his mind; he suspected everybody of some abortive design to gull him—from the most respective friend down to poor old Isiac, who had no more idea. Of a practical joke, the polar bear might be expected to have a baby jumper. Billy was not naturally hard-hearted, but he was so suspicious that he turned twenty beggars from his door, where he relieved the necessities of one. In vain was the imploring eye raised, and the wasted hand extended to him for alms. The more pitiful of the story, the more evidently it was to him a hoax. "It all founds very pitiful," he would exclaim, "but I've seen too much of the world — I've heard too much of the world — I've heard too much of such stuff — it's no use — you can't fool me!" and the wretched mendicant was compelled to seek in other quarters for that charity which believes all things, which thinks no evil. Billy was once married but it was a long time before he was fooled into the state of "double blessedness," yet, as he himself has acknowledged, he often met with hairbreadth escapes, before he was fairly hooked. We recollect his boasting once, during his bachelorship, that Emma B. the only daughter of a neighboring merchant, was endeavoring to ensnare him into the matrimonial noose. He was making the boast of his particular friend, "other people don't notice it," said he, "but it is as plain as day to me. She thinks I don't see her plan I—ha! ha! she can't fool me! Folks say her father will give her a cool ten thousand; humbug! If she's got the spoons why she'd be so anxious to get into my good graces, that's the question! She's rather pretty to be sure, but wonder if she thinks that I believe her complexion and teeth natural! Guess she'll find I ain't afraid so terrible as she thinks I am. No sir, I can't do me! Billy accompanied these words with a smile of peculiar expression, and gave no little account of his friend, who for reasons best known to himself, was aware that the young lady was innocent of any such intention as Billy imputed to her. Billy was no less astonished the next day, at hearing of the marriage of his friend. Lend with the identical Emma S., whose ten proved to be fifty thousand, and whose personal charms were all natural malgré. Bills suspicions. His friend found in Emma a lovely, levoted wife, while he, still wrapped in his heavy armor, remained a bachelor. But it length, as we have already told you, our hero was married. How any mortal daughter of Eve managed to fool him into an union, is now and ever must remain to us. A profound mystery. We are certain, however, that he was married, for we find him at fifty a widower with an only daughter, a beautiful girl of eighteen, their worthy friend was proud of his daughter Mary; and well indeed he might be; for she had a sweet, lovely face, and a faultless form, and there was a world of mirthfulness and mischief in her sparkling black eyes. Not was it strange that others should love her, besides her suspicious old father, who couldn’t be fooled. There was a ill-fated rumor, (and we cannot deny that Madame Rumor, for once, told the truth) of a warm attachment between Mary and Edward Seymour, a young merchant of the neighborhood of whom everyone spoke in the highest terms of praise. All commended his good nature, frankness and ability; but as Billy always stemmed the current of public opinion, he had the penetration to perceive that these lauded virtues were all moonshine; that in their estimation of Seymour, the world were all wrong, and so he obstinately opposed the contemplated union. He was inexorable, and finally Mary, out of respect for him, yielded an apparent compliance to his wishes, and Seymour's visits and communications with her were discontinued; and though she tried to appear as mirthful and happy as ever, yet her heart was ill at ease, and her imprisoned love would betray itself in her every look and action. At length, Edward, whose "hope never died," laid a plan for Assessing himself of Mary's hand—in fact, the desperate and almost hopeless project of fooling old Billy Keene. Did he succeed? Have patience, reader, and you shall hear all. One solitary July afternoon, a pale-faced voting gentleman, whom Billy remembered to have been in the street, but with whom he had no acquaintance, called at his house and requested to see him immediately on "important business." He was shown by Mary into the parlor, and our host soon entered. The pale-faced young gentleman first introduced himself, and then the object in his visit. "I have an unpleasant disclosure to make Mr. Keene, which is of the greatest importance to you, and to the happiness of your daughter. You are of course aware that Edward Seymour has succeeded in making his friends believe that he has renounced all hope of trying your daughter; this is merely to lull your suspicions, but am confident that you have too much acuteness to believe it. "Certainly," said Billy, highly gratified, "go on, he can't fool me! "Well, as I was going on to remark, my room at the Eagle is next to Seymour's and this morning I overheard him relating in high glee, to some one in his room, a plan for everreaching you, and eloping with Miss Mary? I detest raves dropping, but he kept looking in a ton, and..." This door Distant a vast—s it was forced up SOUTHPORT TELEGRAPH. BY C. L. SHOLES. "I am! ha!" roared Billy, "thinks he can fool me! the poor idiot! I should just like to have him try it; how is he going to do it?" "His plan," said the pale face, "is deeply laid, but he is a foot to imagine that he can deceive you by any contrivance of his brain. He has employed a little black boy, who brushes boots, and does odd jobs at the Eagle, to call at your house, just after dark this evening with directions to tell you that your sister Jemima has just been taken with a dangerous attack of her old complaint, and wishes you to come to Pineville, to see her immediately; and while you are gone, he intends to take your daughter, in a carriage, to Jones’ tavern on the river road; Squire Curtiss is to go with them to perform the ceremony, which will make them man and wife. A dutiful daughter, Mary is indeed:— the jade! to consent to such a deception on her poor old father; I’ll lock the huzzy up till she comes to her senses, and I’ll horse whip the nigger, and pull Seymour’s nose —Pill teach ’em not to try to fool me!" “Calm yourself, I entreat you, my dear sir,” said the pale-faced young man, “re flect that such a course of proceeding would not only make the affair public, but it might seriously affect your daughter’s reputation and happiness; to be sure she has been guilty of disrespect to you, but then she has undoubtedly been drawn into it by that vagabond Seymour. I know, sir, that you could not have been duped by two such green ones, even if I had not discovered their plan to you, but at the same time, (if I had not discovered their plan to you, but at the same time, if I may presume to offer you my poor advice, I think that you had better pretend to believe the yarn about your sister’s illness, and under cover of going to Pineville, proceed straight to Jones’ tavern, wait for the runaways, break up their plan, cover them with confusion, and bring your daughter home. This would convince them forever, of what they ought to know already, that they can’t fool you!" “Capital idea!” said Billy, "much in debted to you, sir. You’re right, they can’t fool me! Good day. “Good day, sir.” Bally indulged in an immoderate fit of laughter, when his pale-faced visitor was gone. “So Ed Seymour was going to fool me, was he?—ha! I guess he’ll find me a tough one; by the way, that pale-faced chap’s a keen one though; guess he can’t be fooled so easily neither; and so deuced kind in him, too, to put me on my guard.— He’s a gentleman, and no mistake.” The afternoon, dark and cloudy, soon passed away, and after it came a black night, and a black boy. “Crackey, how they’ll look, when they find me waiting for them at Jones’!” “Pose they think I’m half way to Pineville, by this time. Ha! ha! guess Jemima ain’t very bad! I guess Jemima ain’t very bad! I guess Jemima ain’t very bad!” “Why, bless my soul, Mr. Keene, what brought you here in this storm.” said the burly Jones, as our worthy friend, drenched to the skin, reined the old mare up to the door. His only answer was, “you’ll see something presently, Mr. Jones, that I tickle you some, I calculate; they can’t fool me.” The old mare was soon in the comfortable stable, while her owner, pacing the bar room floor, only uttered at intervals, “you'll see some sport presently, Mr. Jones, they can’t fool me.” An hour passed—another—eleven o’clock and no carriage! “That pale-faced jackass couldn’t have been fooling me, could he?” thought the suspicious Billy. “No, by jingo! here they come. Now, Mr. Jones; if you want to see some rare fun, just step to the door; they can’t fool me.” The carriage rattled up to the door in furious haste; the driver ruined in the rocking horses, and sprang from his seat; the steps were thrown down; Edward Seymour leaped out—assisted Mary to alight and Squire Curtiss followed. Billy commenced ceased himself behind the door, until the happy trio were in the sitting room, then with an air of triumph, he very coolly walked in, exclaiming, “smart set, you be! thought you could fool me, did you? have come. Miss Jack-a-napes, you’d better put your bonnet on again, sister Jemima ain't iftégréous, and it’s pretty late, so we'd better be getting towards home! ha ha ha fool me, will you?” Mr. Keene looked around, to see what effect his unexpected appearance had made; but no one seemed at all surprised; Mary did not as might have been expected - faint away on the occasion, but stepping forward, half weeping half laughing, the broke the awful pause with “I'm ready to go this minute, Pa; but first allow me to introduce you to my husband, Edward Seymour; we were married quietly at home, about an hour after you started. Now you’ll forgive us, won’t you. Pa. “I’m sold, give me your hand, said the crest fallen Billy, “Give me your hand, Seymour. This is the first time I was ever fooled; and you are the first person who could ever fool me. God bless you, my son!” said the old man affected to tears. “You’ve done what no other living man ever could do—you’ve fairly fooled me, you have won her, and you are worthy of her.” The remainder of the scene, our pen, though made of the stoutest steel, is too feeble to describe. Old Jones, who had been a wondering spectator of the singular meeting, shook hands with Billy, and assured him that he had seen much more than he anticipated; and when the wedding party started for home, Mr. Keene recognized by the coach Light, the pale-faced young man, transformed into a driver. Our hero is still living, surrounded by a lovely group of grand children, and he still is firm in his old belief that he can’t be fooled. The last time we saw him, he was listening to an account given by Seymour, on his return from the city, of that wonderful invention, the Magnetic Telegraph. “I wonder,” said the man, “if Ed thinks I suck all that yarn about writing and talking by Lightning, or about sending a letter from New York to Buffalo in a second; No! nor in twenty-four hours either! It’s no use Ed, you may tell that to the women folks and the children, you may tell that to the women folks and the children, but you can’t pull the wool over my eyes again: I’m too old—I’ve seen too much of the world; you can't fool me! What is Charity? ’Tis not to pause, when at door A shivering mortal stands, To ask the cause that made him poor, Or why he help demands. ’Tis not to spurn that brother’s prayer For faults he once has known; ’Tis not to leave him in despair And say that I have none. The voice of charity is kind, She seeketh nothing wrong, To every fault she seemeth blind, Nor vaunteth with her tongue. In penitence she pleadeth faith, Hope smileth at the door, Believeth first, then softly saith, Go, brother, ein no more. The Malay’s Test of Honesty. A New England sea captain who visited “India beyond the Ganges,” was boarded by a Malay merchant, a man of considerable property, and asked if he had any traotshe could part with. The American, at a loss how To account for such a singular request from such a man, inquired:—What do you want of tracts? You cannot read a word of them. “True, but I have a use for them, nevertheless. Whenever one of my countrymen, or an Englishman, call on me to trade, I put a tract in his way, and watch him. If he reads it soberly and with interest, I infer that he will not cheat me; if he throws it aside with contempt or a profane oath, I have no more to do with him—I cannot trust him.” The Ohio Banks. —The Cincinnati Gazette, speaking of the recent rumors with reference to the Ohio Banks, says:— We understand that the messenger sent up to Sandusky, by some of our city brokers, have returned. The Sandusky notes are redeemed on demand. We hear nothing more to discredit the Norwalk Bank, and all is quiet in relation to the Clinton Bank of Columbus.” Importune from the West Indies. There has been a terrible hurricane at St. Kitts, which lasted about five hours, with three shocks of an earthquake felt throughout the Island. Most of the buildings were thrown down, and sugarcane prostrated. The loss of life very great. The Schooner Mary foundered with all on board. A vessel at St. Martius was lost with ten of her crew. The injuries are more numerous than in the hurricane of 1837, or the earthquake of 1812. An undertaker in New York, being unable to collect some old debts, after calling and sending in vain, took out his hearse, and drove to the dwelling of a creditor. Much surprise was expressed by the family, who, on hearing that the heat would remain until the money was Paid, speedily handed over the cash. He repeated the operation with all of his creditors, and before night the debts were all paid.— Exchange Paper. Mrs. Partington says that she intended the consort of the Female Centenary last evening, and some songs were extricated with touching pantagoras. She declares "the whole thing went off like a Packenham shot; the young angels sang like syrups, and looked like angels just out of paradox." She only regrets that during the showers of applause she remembered that she had forgotten her parasol. Repent as you go along. This sinning today and trusting tomorrow's tears to wash it out again, is more risky than swimming with fifty-sixes fastened to your feet. Tomorrow may never come along. Your sin, like your bank account, should be written every day. He is a great simpleton who imagines that the chief power of wealth is to supply wants. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it creates more wants than it supplies. It will be at Boston. —The Roman Catholic Church, Rev. Mr. Fitzsimmons’, at South Boston, was burnt on Thursday night, the 7th inst. Valued $5,000; insured for $43,000. Michigan Central Railroad. —We learn that this road will be completed in a few days to Niles. As steamboats run regularly between this point and St. Joseph, the traveler by this route will be able to go the whole distance between Chicago and Buffalo by steamboat and railroad. —Chicago Tribune. Virginia,—A correspondent of the Lexington (Ky.) Mas says there will be a meeting of the Virginia Legislature on the 7th of May. Be a strong Free Soil movement in the strong Democratic Counties of Shenandoah, Rockingham and others in the valley among the Dutch Loose-Femoso. THE TELEGRAPH. C. L. SHOLES, EDITOR. Tuesday, September 26, 1858. Gr. Taylor's Honesty.—We hear a great deal from the whig papers about Gen. Taylor's honesty. It seems to be a quality peculiar to the General, and is used apparently, to distinguish him from Clay, Corwin, Webster, and others of that party. We think ourselves, that the Gen. would not steal, in the vulgar acceptance of the term, but doubtless, the whigs mean something more than this, if they mean anything, when they talk about Taylor's honesty. They mean probably that he is a remarkably candid, straightforward, and withal, consistent old gentleman. If this is what they do mean, let us look at him a little in this light. The General is a large slaveholder; no one denies this. He is in favor of the Wilmot proviso; so say these men who claim him to be honest. The Wilmot proviso proposes to prevent the spread of slavery beyond its present limits; to keep it out of California and New Mexico. Now, why should Gen. Taylor wish to keep slavery out of California and New Mexico? We can think of but one reason, and that is because slavery is wrong? Well then, it appears from this that Gen. Taylor thinks slavery is wrong in California and New Mexico. By what rule of honesty, then can it be made to appear that what is wrong in these distant territories is right in Louisiana? Will the friends of this old gentleman explain this singular phase of honesty? We can conceive of no other reason than the one we have mentioned, viz: that slavery is wrong, which could induce Gen. Taylor to resign his seat in the Senate? Taylor to oppose its extension; and in view of this fact, unless we admit right and wrong to be a question of geography, by what rule of morals can we admit Gen. Taylor to be honest, when in the constant practice of this wrong. Is the old man embracing a lie of principle, or is acting a lie in his daily life. These friends who support him for no other reason than because he is honest, and claim him to be a Wilmot proviso man, put him right in to this inconsistent, dishonest position. Now there is such a thing as a man being honest in wrong doing, but the honesty of a man who thinks one way and acts another, we cannot comprehend. But his friends will plead for him, force of circumstances, as an excuse for his being a slaveholder. Slaves are his wealth, he lives off them, they build palaces and buy cat rages, for him. By them, he is enabled to laugh at that vulgar command about eating his bread by the sweat of his brow, and can enjoy his case, and all this kind of thing. Now you would not have him, say they, give up all these things, for mere principle, simply because he thinks it wrong. It is asking too much of a sacrifice from poor human nature. We know it is asking considerable in the light of the world's wisdom, but then Old Zach, you know, is honester than every hotly else, and more can be expected of him than others. Indeed, we believe we recollect something about an individual now living in the neighborhood of Saginaw, Michigan, who did all this, and never laid any special claim to honesty. But even admitting the force of the excuse for slaveholders generally, it does not apply in the case of Taylor. The deed of sale to Gen. Taylor, of his slaves and plantation in Louisiana, we believe is dated in 1843, but five years ago. It would seem then that these slave relations of his were voluntarily assumed after he had arrived at years of maturity. Gen. Taylor was familiar with this whole north western country; its broad area of freedom lay open to him, from which to select a home at government price; but he turned his back upon it, and sought slave territory, and there at an expense of ninety-five thousand dollars seated himself on a sugar plantation and surrounded himself with slaves. And all this time He thinks slavery such a wrong, that its extension can by no means be tolerated. And yet, Old Zach is to be made President because of his honesty. Old Zach is an honest man, and so are his northern idolaters, all, all honest men. Gen. Taylor looks vastly better in his southern aspect. At the south, his friends indignantly deny that he is in favor of the Wilmot Proviso. He is honest, say they, and cannot preach one thing and practice another. They tell us it is absurd to suppose that a man situated as he is surrounded by slaves, and continually purchasing them, can be opposed to the extension of that institution. It is a kind of honesty they can't comprehend in that region of country, and it ought not to be comprehended elsewhere. Can humbug go further. A majority of the democratic members of the State Legislature at Madison issued an address to the people of the State, in which occurs the following: “The extension of slavery over territories now free, ought not to be allowed by Congress, under any circumstances.” And yet this same address recommends to the people of the State to support Cass and Butler, for President and Vice President. Cass says, with reference to this proposition of the address, that “I AM OPPOSED TO THE EXERCISE BY Congress OF ANY JURISDICTION OVER THIS MATTER.” I DO NOT SEE IN THE CONSTITUTION ANY GRANT OF THE REQUISITE POWER TO CONGRESS.” Here are a set of individuals grown to the stature of men, and conceded to have arrived at years of discretion, gravely asserting that Congress, under all circumstances, should prohibit the extension of slavery, and at the same time recommending to their fellow citizens to support a man for the Presidency, who says Congress has no constitutional right to interfere in the matter. We ask again, it humbug. has ever attained a longer flight. (O’The Detroit Free Press says, that General Taylor will come out in a few days with a letter distinctly avowing his determination to veto the Wilmot proviso. We do not believe he will do anything of the kind. The south is well enough satisfied with his position; it has already 280 pledges from him in the shape of the slaves he holds, and anything further from him on that subject would be superfluous. It is folly then to suppose, that, with no more frankness than Gen. Taylor has manifested in this campaign, he designs deliberately to thrust his head into the jaws of the north, in this manner. The Buffalo Commercial compliments Joseph L. White, Willis Hall, and Dudley Selden, by calling them a “trio of men des.” The American expresses the opinion that we do not read the papers. “The Telegraph man,” he says, “takes more than twenty papers, and appears to have read none except such as coincide with his views and prejudices,” &c. As to that, we have the satisfaction of being able occasionally to avail ourselves of the great erudition of a near neighbor. We do, however, once in a great while, look over a bundle of choice Taylor papers from which we get choice items of a description which our erudite neighbor never submits to the attention of his readers. If we were in the habit of reading extensively, we might, perhaps, offer him a valuable assortment of a similar description of nice fare. How Viewed in the South. Finally, we had in the Macon Republican of July 6th, an extract from a letter written by a Southern delegate (to the Convention at Philadelphia,) after that body had adjourned. We beg the special attention of Messrs. Hudson, Ashmun, Rockwell of Massachusetts, and Smith of Indiana, to this comment upon proceedings. "You will see from the published debates how the spirit of the Massachusetts delegates was rebuked by Messrs. Ashmun and Lund. I was told by a delegate from State, that these men had got into the Convention under the pledge that they were not called "Liberty or Conscience Whigs; never could have been chosen. Yet I am glad they have come; their conduct has afforded us an occasion of ample evidence that our friends in the free States hold in the utmost contempt those who would directly or indirectly assail our institutions, or us on account of them. "Subsequently to this, a resolution was offered by a delegate from Ohio, affirming the principles of the Wilmot Proviso. Mr. Brown, of Pennsylvania, denounced it as fanatical, and indignantly moved to lay it on the table. The cry was raised to make this a test vote. Agreed, was shouted on all sides; and it was laid there, not ten votes being in its favor! "Never did I feel so proud of my Whig brethren of the non-slaveholding States, as on this day! They are all we could ask of them; shoulder to shoulder, sustaining us in opposing the schemes of fanatics and fanaticists. "But you may ask if we had no difficulties in" The way of the nomination of Gen. Taylor? Yes; and those at one time which seemed threatening. For several months past, a movement has been going on in the non-slaveholding States, with both parties, to force upon their respective Coventions candidates from the free States; in other words, to make the nominations turn upon the sectional question of slavery, as a concession to the scruples of fanatics. The Democratic Convention has yielded to such demands; for the sake of harmony in the party, a concession has been made which the wisest policy should have forbid — for, when slavery becomes a test of parties, it will soon extend to the Government, and then away with constitutional compromises. You no doubt remember the letter of Senator Benton last year, urging the party to keep slavery out of the canvass, by conceiving to the anti-slavery feeling. “The success which this demand met with from the Democratic party; emboldened the same feeling to make the same demand from our Convention. It was, however, promptly met, and though quietly, yet firmly resisted. Southern Whigs at once declared that they would not submit to such concessions—they intended to stand unfettered by local or sectional questions; and while they raised no such issue, they were resolved to retreat from none such issue. Many of our friends from the non-slaveholding states urged that the Southern friends of Taylor should not yield an inch—that the masses demanded no such concession—and that this catering to the whims of the fanatics was the work of a few politicians—and the more ultra our position, the more it would purify and purify the party of a set of men who were only an incubus at all times, and that defeat without them was preferable to success with them. The result is before the world in the nomination of Gen. Taylor; a triumph, not of the South over the North, but of constitutional rights over that spirit of fanaticism which would destroy them. It is a bold experiment in the free States, but it will succeed; and our opponents will find in their course a condemnation by the Free States themselves. They have raked too low even to gather the Abolitionists themselves. Further. In January or February last, the New York Mirror, a paper among the first to advocate the nomination of General Taylor, published the following, with the remark by the editor, that it was from “an intimate friend and near neighbor of General Taylor,” who, in the course of a private conversation, gave his views as follows: “He argued, that so far as Mexico was concerned, the Wilmot Proviso was useless; but, he continued, that its agitation before Congress was calculated to create sectional feelings, and injure parts of the Union with reference to each other. He said that he considered that any law passed prohibiting the annexation of slave territory, was making difficulties for future years, of an insurmountable character; for, said he, Providence, by course of events, points out that at some future time Cuba must become either an integral part or a dependency upon the United States—that it was the only part of the North American Continent worth having that we do not possess—and as that country, if ever caused to be annexed to the United States by European interference, must be admitted as a slave State, the Wilmot Proviso, without having any present value, is calculated to be a stumbling block with regard to Cuba, that any embarrassment our action as a Government, and force us to violate our own laws to secure our borders from a foreign foe." It cannot be effected by the support of any of our old political favorites—Party feuds would present a barrier. The post must Ae forgotten for the sake of the future! Some man who has never mingled in the strife and turmoil of partisan warfare—some man whose honesty, and talents, and patriotism, cannot be gainsaid—some man, at the mention whose name the whole nation will rally—must be selected to fill the chief place in the Council of the nation. Where can we find such an one? Need we point you to Gen. Zachary Taylor! Extract from the Proceedings of a Taylor Ratification Meeting in Selma, Ala., June 19. After disposing of General Cass, they pass the following resolution in respect to Gen. Taylor. “Resolved, That we regard him as better qualified than his competitor for the office, as not entertaining those dangerous sentiments which the other avows—as one among us, possessing the same feelings and having the same interests in regard to slavery as ourselves. If we cannot confide in such a man, whom shall we trust? Surely not the favorite Senator of the most decided Abolition State in the Union—a man who is not of us, and who has no interests or feelings on this subject with us.” What is the view taken of the action of the so-called Whig Convention at Philadelphia? The Macon (Ala.,) Republican comments on the Baltimore and Philadelphia Conventions as follows: “The time for holding the Baltimore Convention at last rolled round. Some of them had to yield the point—that was evident. We expected it would be the North, as she generally yields to the South; but this time she stood firm, twice refused to pass an anti Wilmot Proviso resolution, passed one of which the rankest Abolitionists could approve, and saddled on the South Cass, a candidate so exceptionable, and one who is its favor of one of the forms of excluding slavery from the Territories so pointedly spoken against in the celebrated Alabama platform.” What has been the course of the Whig party? It is easy told. They met in Convention at Philadelphia, gave us for our candidate a Southern candidate, in whose hands we know the interests of the South will be safe. They also laid on the table, by a large majority, a Wilmot Proviso resolution—thus showing by acts, and not by empty vaunts, how the great, conservative, and patriotic Whig party of the country stands on that question. The following resolution was passed by the Whigs of the 2nd congressional district of Alabama: “Resolved, That we hold in utter defiance the principles of the Wilmot and King Proviso, and will oppose the execution of their project by the constitutional means of the ballot box, and if forced, by any means which may be necessary to preserve our rights from infringement.” The Whigs of this district now cordially support Taylor. The Whig State Convention of Georgia, assembled to select delegates to the National Convention at Philadelphia— “Resolved, That the nomination of General Zachary Taylor (before made by Independent Southern nominations) meets the hearty concurrence of a majority of this Convention, but in the spirit of a just and liberal concession, we stand declared to support Henry Clay, or any other Whig, provided the views of the nominee concur with our own on the subject of the Wilmot Proviso and Southern rights." Prior to the Philadelphia Convention, the Southern Whig Press and Conventions declared that no Wilmot Proviso man could be their candidate for the Presidency. — Proofs: In the Massachusetts Whig Convention of last year, Mr. Palfrey offered the following resolution, which was laid upon the table by that body: Resolved, That the Whigs of Massachusetts will support no men for the offices of President and Vice President of the United States, but such as are known by their acts and declared opinions, to be opposed to the extension of slavery. Commenting on this resolution, the editor of the Richmond Whig says: “When ever either party at the North shall determine to act in accordance with the doctrine set forth in this insulting resolution, its national organization will from that moment cease. We need scarcely say, that Whig principles have no more decided and uncompromising advocate than we are; but whenever our political associates at the North shall force upon us the alternative of choosing between the Whig principles on one hand, and Southern rights on the other, we cannot for a moment hesitate—and we do not err in saying, that we speak the unanimous voice of the Southern Whigs—in the course we shall pursue. There is no locofoco in the land, however steeped in devotion to the doctrines of that party to whom we would hesitate to give our cordial support, in preference to any Whig who should come before us as the nominee for the Presidency and Vice Presidency with such a label upon his brow, as that embodied in Mr. Palfrey’s resolution.” How explicit! How admirably defined is the General’s position! Mr. Weed says it is not what he hoped it would be, but at all events he accepts. Yes, he accepts the nomination, as he did that of the Native Americans, of the Independants of Maryland and North Carolina. He accepts the following resolution was offered, at Philadelphia, and DELIBERATELY KILLED: Resolved, That while all power is denied to Congress, under the Constitution to control, or in any manner interfere with, the Constitution shall be nullified and void. In the institution of Slavery within the several States of this Union, it nevertheless has the power, and it is the duty of Congress to prohibit the existence of Slavery in any territory now possessed, or which may hereafter be acquired by the United States. Friends of a Free Territory, IT IS A BOLD EXPERIMENT—shall it succeed? If any man henceforth attempts to make you believe that General Taylor is a friend of free soil, ask him whether he thinks you a fool, or wishes himself to be thought one! The Boston Emancipator has published the names of all Adairs. Subscription taken for a less period than this months, and no paper discontinued until all arrears are paid. ADVERTISEMENTS. One column per year, $25.00 Three quarters do. $20.00 One half do. $15.00 One quarter, do. $12.00 Professional & business cards, per year, $5.00 One square, for the first week, $1.00 Subsequent insertions, each, $2.50 CJ-JOB PRINTING, of all kinds, neatly, cheaply and expeditiously executed A Dialogue—More of Gen. Taylor. In a recent speech in Washington by Bowden of Alabama, the speaker reported a conversation with ex-Governor Gayle, a Whig representative in Congress. The Herald correspondent furnishes the account which is not contradicted. Mr. Bowden —Well, Governor, you go for Gen. Taylor? The Governor —Oh yes. If we elect him, we can take our niggers everywhere, all over New Mexico and California. Mr. Bowden —How do you know that Gen. Taylor is in favor of permitting the extension of slavery? The Governor —Why, he owns three hundred niggers himself. Mr. Bowden —But, sir, the Northern Whigs think that Gen. Taylor is in favor of the The restriction of slavery. The Governor—Very well. [!!] Mr. Bowden—If General Taylor sanction the extension of slavery, the Northern Whigs will be cheated; they deserve it anyhow, for their past sins. [Laughter.] Mr. Bowden—Would it not be well to get Gen. Taylor to say what he is in favor of with regard to the question? If he is in favor of slavery extension let the North know it. The Governor—That would never do; there are Webster, Davis, Ashmun, Forum, and others, who possess a great deal of influence in the North, and it would never do. Mr. Bowden—Governor, you and I differ. I think it would be better to know the sentiments of a candidate, so that neither the south nor the north may be deceived and cheated. The Governor—Taylor will take care of the South; the North ought to be punished for former transgressions. "Ha! ha! ha!"—a—a, ha! "Good!" "Good!" "At him again!" Mr. Benjamin, one of the Whig Electors for the State of Louisiana, affirmed in a speech at Baton Rouge, Gen. Taylor's own residence, that General Taylor was "all right" upon the slavery question, adding, "I CAN ASSURE MY FELLOW CITIZENS HERE THAT TAYLOR WILL PROMPTLY VETO ANYTHING LIKE THE WILMOT PROVISION. THE INTERESTS OF THE SOUTH ARE SAFE IN HIS HANDS." This is truly important in view of the person by whom the pledge was and the place where it was put forth. If his neighbors in Louisiana, nay the Baton Rouge Whigs, do not know his views, who does? If they are satisfied that he is thoroughly with them upon the slavery question, how idle is it in northern partisans to endeavor to make him a provisoist." Abolition of Slavery in Missouri. —A correspondent of the People's Organ strongly urges the gradual abolition of slavery in Missouri, for the reasons that it will "grow with vastly more rapidity in wealth and population, without slavery than with. It is, and that, if slavery were removed, it might at no distant day become the seat of the General Government, which it never could should slavery continue to exist.— The writer remarks: "It is, we think, true that slavery here, although it should be left to itself, will expire from the operation of natural causes, within a comparatively short period of time; yet, though this is the belief of many, there is a very large body of our citizens who wish to turn that belief into certainty." Strong Language.— In the Address adopted by acclamation at the great Clay Whig meeting in New York, the following strong language touching the certainty of Gen. Taylor’s defeat, is used: "Their nomination [that of the Philadelphia Convention] has fallen dead upon the country — without response; no effort can galvanize it into practical vitality. No defeat, we consider, under the circumstances, a thousand times sure. We can conceive of no possible contingency that can alter this fixed fact." Hunker Coalition. —It is rumored that negotiations are secretly in process of experiment for a conglomeration of the two "Hunker" factions—a coalition of the respective supporters of Cass and Taylor— in which both parties are proposed to be merged in one grand army of pro-slavery doughfaces. Which is to be the Presidential candidate of the coalition, Cass or Taylor — or how the hustling of the State and local nominations is to be conducted—are the difficult questions of the negotiation that remain undecided; and these may possibly prove the rock on which the coalition will finally split.— [Wayne (N. Y.) Sentinel.
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PGAMA/1899/PGAMA_18990303/MM_01/0004.xml_1
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NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Be paid to the nature of the requirements of trees and shrubs, it will be readily seen that the autumn, or full of the year, when all deciduous kinds have shed their leaves, is the most appropriate period for transplanting; while evergreens will succeed better if moved earlier in order that the warmer soil may assist the roots to become more quickly established in their new abode, and thus sustain a little renewed vigour before the severity of the winter is felt. The benefit of this will be seen in the following spring as soon as the season allows of an active growth taking place. The following simple instructions for transplanting trees and shrubs will be found of service to amateur gardeners and others who may know but little of the subject; and if attention is given to them, all who delight in this interesting branch of pleasure gardening will find themselves in a position to permanently beautify their residence consistently with a small amount of trouble and expense. To ensure the best results it is necessary that the ground should have been previously well trenched and drained, the latter being a very important feature—in nurseries particularly, as a wet position or sodden soil will destroy the healthy specimens. How often do we see the result of neglect in this important matter. Taste and arrangement are features that should be actively displayed, as without them very little precision and judgment can be employed and an unsightly appearance will be the result. Discretion must be used both in taking up the trees and planting them. When a tree is taken out of the ground for transplanting it is certain that its roots are more or less temporarily injured. Therefore, care should be exercised that all good and injured portions are neatly cut off, and that the hole is sufficiently large to admit the roots without further injury, such as cramping or twisting. THE PELORITAN GUARDIAN. FRIDAY, MARCH 3, 1859 Printed and published by Charles Edward Das for the Proprietor O. H. Mills, at their registered printing office, Lucas Street, Mariborough, New Zealand. FOR SALE. ALLLOTMENT No. 254, situated in Alfred Street, Blenheim, containing 1 rood, with a comfortable 6-roomed dwelling house thereon, now occupied by Mr Edward Morgan. ALLLOTMENT No. 265, situated in Alfred Street, Blenheim, containing 1 rood, with large stable thereon. ALLLOTMENT No. 256, situated in Alfred Street, Blenheim, with a comfortable 6-roomed dwelling house thereon, now occupied by Mr W. F. Burgess. ALLLOTMENT No. 269, situated in High Street, Blenheim, with a comfortable 5-roomed cottage thereon, occupied by Mr Thos. Ball. O. H. MILLS, Blenheim. FOR SALE. SECTION 88, Havelock; fenced and other improvements. A splendid site for a dwelling-house. V, O. YENIMORE, Havelock. FOR SALE CHEAP AND ON EASY TERMS. Desirable property comprising 5 acres of land, situated in Weld Street, Blenheim, with a large, comfortable, and substantial Residence thereon, containing 9 rooms, 6 fireplaces, and a large Langton range in the kitchen. Full particulars on application to, C. H. MILLS, Commission Agent, Blenheim. A GREAT SOLDIER’S OPINION. LORD WOLSELEY says:— “The worst enemy Great Britain has to fight is Drink—it kills more than all our newest weapons of warfare, and not only destroys the body but the mind and the soul also.” This Scathing Condemnation does not refer to the renowned EMPIRE TEAS, which refresh the body and the mind and do not adversely affect the soul. THE EMPIRE COMPANY, W & G, TURNBULL & CO., proprietors, ... ... Wellington. C. H. Mills, MINING ADVOCATE, VALUATOR, and GENERAL COMMISSION AGENT. Money Invested on Good Freehold Security. Doans arranged for Clients at reasonable interest. Some desirable Properties for Sale and to Let in the Pelorus Sound and other parts of the District; Full particulars on application to— C. H. MILLS, Havlock, or Market Square, Blenheim The Wife’s Welfare. Treatise posted free. It will teach you more than all the years you’ve lived. Every woman should read it. Write Professor Hermann, French Specialist, 40 Collins-place, Melbourne. YOUNG MEN, Write to me for valuable free Book concerning yourself. Professor Hermann, Specialist, 40 Collins-place, Melbourne. CURE FOR COLDS - Particulars free, how I other men accidentally found a cure After specialists failed. Address Harold & Bell, Q.P.O., Melbourne. Valuable book for men, about themselves, 100 pages. Posted, 6d., in stamps (any colony). Professor Hermann, Specialist, Exhibition-street, Melbourne. WELLINGTON WOOL SALES. The Wellington Wool Brokers Association WILL HOLD SALES OF Wool during the present season 1st Sale, Friday, 18th NOVEMBER. 2nd ~ ~ 9th DECEMBER. 3rd ~ ~ 20th JANUARY. 4th ~ Thurs., 16th FEBRUARY. Wool must arrive in store not later than the Monday prior to date of sale, otherwise it cannot be catalogued. On Wool offered but not sold a charge of 1/- per pale will be made if the Wool is afterwards shipped to London for sale by the selling Brokers. Wairarapa Farmers’ Co-op. Association, Ltd Murray, Roberts & Co. United Farmers’ Co-op. Association, Ltd. N.Z. Loan and Mercantile Agency Co., Ltd Levin & Co., Ltd. Egg ARE ALSO COSTS Dear 60. ONLY E W fitTON W. SMELLIE, SADDLER, HARNESS, AND COLLAR MAKER. All Orders Punctually attended to. A First-class Stock of all kinds of Saddlery. MR. Good News for the Inhabitants of Havelock and Surrounding Districts. Frank Mullen, THE CASH DEER PER, OF BLENHEIM, HAS STARTED HIS SUMMER SALE OF DRAPERY AND wishes his numerous customers in and around Havelock to note the fact that all orders by post will be faithfully attended to, and half the postage paid on parcels ordered. Having secured some Leading Lines in Drapery, Clothing, etc., at half the ordinary prices I can supply Good Prints for Children's Dresses at /3 the yard. 500 Straw Hats, in all the Latest and Shades, from /6 each Juntrimmed 2/6 stylishly trimmed, Gent's Clothing in Kaiapoi, Mosgiel and Wellington Tweeds from 21/- the Suit. Uty’s and Youth’s Clothing at half the ordinary prices. Curtains, Linoleums, Floor-cloths, Sheathings, in fact, every line in General Drapery can be had less than Wellington prices. Note. —4 pair of our Celebrated Tan Gloves posted to any address on receipt of Postal Note for 2/6. FRANK MULLEN, THE CASH DEER, NONPARIEL HOUSE MARKET STREET, BLENHEIM. Walter Ramsay, SADDLER & HARNESS MANUFACTURER, Manners Street, Wellington. Importer of English and American Saddlery. Trap and Farm Harness always in stock. Orders from Pelorus Sound executed promptly and forwarded by mail steamer. H. Savage, IMPOSTER, SADDLES and HARNESS MAKER, Of As much pleasure in informing residents of the Sounds and Pelorus District that he has every article in the trade, or can secure them at the shortest possible notice and forward by steamer when ordered. Repairs executed with Strength, Neatness and Despatch. TERMS REASONABLE. Molesworth St., Wellington A. O. Gregor, CABINET-MAKER, UPHOLSTERER, AND UNDERTAKER. All Work Guaranteed. Sole Maker for New Zealand of Gregor’s Furniture Cream. KNOW-STREET, HAVELOCK FOR SALE. Swift, Dayton, and Collier Two-speed Bicycles. Pumps, Bells, Lamps and Dunlop Tyres. Repairs neatly and promptly executed. I have a few Good Second-hand machines (cheap). F, W. Adams, MARKET STREET, BLENHEIM. THE ROYAL HOTEL, (Near the Railway Station Grove Road Blenheim. TATL. AVERY, formerly of the H2O waters Accommodation House, has now purchased this large and commodious hotel. Special Accommodation for Country Residents and Miners. Only the Best Liquors kept. ART HOTEL, GROVE ROAD, BLENHEIM. PUBLIC NOTICE. THE Coachbuilder’s, Painter’s, and Blacksmith’s Business lately carried on by Mr J. McAllister, deceased, is now carried on by MR. A. McALLISTER, in those premises opposite the Royal Hotel. The Blacksmithing Department is under the supervision of Mr McAllister, and the Coachbuilding under Mr A. Toby. All orders will receive prompt attention. COMMERCIAL HOTEL, HAVELOCK. To the Inhabitants of Havelock, Pelorus, Kaituna, Sounds, and other surrounding districts. Ladies and gentlemen;-- most respectfully beg to bring under your notice that I have taken over the above Hotel, and solicit your kind patronage. Tourists, Commercial Gentlemen, and the travelling public will find the appointments of the Commercial Hotel equal to all demands. Private Dining Room for Ladies. Choicest Liquors, Ales, Wines, and Spirits procurable always in stock. Good Stabling. FEED. J. SCOTT, Proprietor. STEPHEN TAPP. BLENHEIM. AS a CASH Purchaser of Wool, Hides and Sheep Skins, Parcels or Orders may be forwarded through W. P. Simmonds Havelock CRITERION STABLES, BLENHEIM. THE Proprietor has much pleasure in informing the general public that he has Well Equipped Stables with all kinds of Vehicles and Saddle Horses always on hire. Special arrangements made for trips between Blenheim and Havelock, or to any part of Marlborough. J. T. ARMSTRONG, Proprietor. New Goods. We have opened up our WINTER SHIPMENTS ex Te Koa and Tongariro from London. All the Latest Novelties in DRESS MATERIALS, MILLINERY, and MANTLES For the Coming Season. SMALE & HAY, DIRECT IMPORTERS, London House, BLENHEIM. Green & Co., AUCTIONEERS, LAND and COMMISSION AGENTS. Stock or other Sales conducted in any part of the district. Account Sales Prompt. HIGH STREET, BLENHEIM. KHAMROCK HOTEL, T T PRAY has much pleasure in announcing to the Public of Marlborough that this Hotel has First-class Accommodation for Visitors at Moderate Charges. Best Brands of Wines and Spirits Kept in Stock. The large number of Members belonging to both Houses of Parliament who patronised the house during the session should be a sufficient guarantee that Comfort and Civility are the leading features of the establishment, Moleworth-St, Wellington. A. McKenzie's LIVERY AND BAIT STABLES, BLENHEIM. Saddle-horses and Buggies always on Hire. First-class Accommodation. A Groom in attendance at the Stables all night. T. J. Thompson, IRONMONGER, 60, CUBA STREET, WELLINGTON, Sells FOR CASH and so can give the Best Value for Ready Money. ANY enquiries will receive prompt attention, and we are always glad to procure goods outside our own line of business, and so save freight for customers. We have now sent goods to all parts of the Sounds, and customers have apparently appreciated our effort to do the very best we can for them. t. j. Thompson, IRONMONGER, 60, Cuba Street, Wellington. R. J. Millard Saddle and Harness-Maker SPRING CREEK. All kinds of Saddlery and Harness made to order at much lower than town prices. Stood Work Guaranteed, All orders Promptly attended to. Orders may be left with Mr Ashley New Zealand FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY THE PREMIER COLONIAL COMPANY Capital ... £1,000,000 Reserve and Re-Insurance Fund ... £485,000 AND THIS being a Local Institution! A Colonists have an interest in preferring to an English Office, as its funds are not withdrawn from but are invested in the Colony. JOHN M. HUTCHESON, Agent, Blenheim, SUB-AGENTS: Greensill &Co ... ... Picton Bird and Hillman * . Renwick Brownlee & Co., SAWMILLERS AND GENERAL STOREKEEPERS HAVELOCK. Pieces of Timber at the Mill first-class Rimu, 8/- per 100 ft super; First-class Whitepine, 7/- per 100 ft super; Second-class Rimu, assorted 1, 6/-, from stacks, 5/6; Second class Whitepine, assorted, 5/-, from stacks, 4/6. Prices for short ends, face-cuts, and slabs given at the mill. Grocery, Drapery and Ironmongery OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AT LOWEST PRICES SHARP & SONS AUCTIONEERS, Stock-Salesmen and General Commission Agents. Sales held in town or country. Advances made on Stock placed in our hands for sale. Money to Lend on Good Freehold security at Low Rates of Interest, Properties for sale in Marlborough, Nelson, and the North Island. Lists forwarded on Application, Bankers: The Bank of New Zealand. Accounts rendered promptly. Sharp & Sons, Hardy-street, Nelson.
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e51bbef44c671f2435ff63ea9daaed33_2
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French-Science-Pile
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Open Science
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Various open science
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Artificial β-defensin based on a minimal defensin template. Biochemical Journal, 2009, 421 (3), pp.435-447. ⟨10.1042/BJ20082242⟩. ⟨hal-00479131⟩
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To further probe the activity of these peptides on iDC and their precursors, their effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential, assessed using the JC-1 probe, and that on the cell cycle, assessed via PI staining of fixed cells, were determined by flow cytometry, at the same concentration as used in chemotaxis experiments (1 μM). As shown in Figure 9B, tBD and hBD2 had a relatively limited effect in both assays, while the truncated peptide tBD(10-38) caused a more significant mitochondrial depolarization ('<m) and a parallel increase in the percent of sub G1 cells (~ 10%), which may indicate an incipient apoptotic damage to the cells even at this low concentration. Globally, these results would seem to indicate that the truncated peptide has a different biological effect than tBD or hBD2 with respect to this type of host cells. Ac T OF RECORD see doi Journal mmediate by law. We have designed, synthesised and characterised an artificial E-defensin, using features from the primary structures of numerous natural peptides. It should be underlined that only a subset of these have been characterised for biological activities, but it is assumed that they all play some role in host defence. E-defensin-like sequences from genomic studies, which may have different roles, were not used. Our designed molecule shows all the hall-mark features of characterized natural peptides, including a stable E-sheet core, a robust, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity under low salt/low medium conditions, and the capacity to chemoattract immature dendritic cells. Exposure of bacterial cells to this peptide, even for brief periods, resulted in the halting of metabolic processes and bacterial killing, in a salt- and concentration-dependent manner. Permeabilisation of the bacterial membrane was also observed, but penetration of impermeant substrates into the cytoplasm was slow, as previously reported also for natural E-defensins [15, 45], and only partial efflux of accumulated metabolites and incomplete depolarisation of the cytoplasmic membrane was observed. Supposing a membranolytic mechanisms for the defensin peptides, there is some incongruity between these rather slow and incomplete effects on membrane integrity and the fact that killing ensues after a quite brief exposure to the peptide. This could on one hand indicate that bacterial inactivation is not strictly dependent on membrane compromising. On the other, it could also be explained by a delayed membrane effect, due to the persistence of the peptide in membranes even after extensive washing, consistent with the partly irreversible nature of the interaction with model membranes, as indicated by SPR studies. We have interfered with the well-defined structure of tBD, by either replacing only one of the conserved cysteines or removing entire sections containing Cys residues, while not affecting the overall charge. The single cysteine substitution causes a rearrangement of disulphide bridging and significantly destabilises the peptide’s secondary structure, as observed with both CD and FTIR spectroscopies. Both a human polymorphic peptide, hBD1(Ser35), and a mouse variant, mBD8(Tyr5), with only 5 cysteines have been reported [20, 37]. The human peptide, like tBD(Ser34) shows an apparent rearrangement of the canonical connectivities, without significant loss of antimicrobial activity, and the mouse peptide, like tBD(S34), showed an increased antimicrobial activity when covalently dimerised. Removal of 2 cysteine residues along with part of the N-terminal region, in tBD(10-38) completely abrogated the canonical defensin conformation, irrespective of the environment. In agreement with literature reports for truncated natural defensin analogs [9, 18, 19, 21, 46], the in vitro antimicrobial activity of truncated tBD peptides endured, but with an apparent shift to a different mode of action. The integral defensin acts in a salt-sensitive manner, but interacts more irreversibly with biological membranes, as indicated by both SPR experiments, and slower deuterium exchange in ATR-FTIR experiments, using supported membrane multi-bilayers, and this leads to bacterial inactivation without rapid or massive membrane lysis. We have recently proposed that part of the antimicrobial mechanism for AMPs might derive from their capacity to disrupt the functional organization of membrane bound complexes, such as the respiratory chains and transport or cell wall assembly systems - a cidal mode of action called the “sand-in-a-gearbox” mechanism [34], and this may apply to tBD as well as natural E- ensins. The truncated peptides instead may act by a less saltsensitive, reversible, possibly carpet-like and more lytic mechanism [30]. When the structural characteristics and antimicrobial activities of tBD were compared to those of several human and primate defensins, it confirmed its usefulness as a benchmark molecule. Of all the natural peptides, only hBD2 appeared to have a similarly well-formed E-sheet core structure, with an added stable helical component [4, 6, 47] in aqueous buffer. The other natural defensins seem to have less defined structures in bulk solution, although an increased structuring is induced by interaction with a lipid-like environment. The defensin scaffold may thus be dynamic, extending or reducing the E-sheet core and the attached N-terminal helical segment according to the supported sequence and Ac . Judging of tBD, the E-sheet core is sufficient for a basal antimicrobial action, whereas the added structural features of the natural peptides (helical stretch, increased cationicity, etc.) further modulate it, for example altering potency, killing kinetics and salt sensitivity. It also appears that specific features in the primary structures of the natural defensins mediate their differential tendencies to oligomerise, whereas these are absent in tBD. Mode-of-action studies however argue against a straightforward membranolytic mechanism for bacterial killing but rather may be due to a disruption of the functional organization of membrane bound protein complexes. Recent studies using hBD3 have brought us to a similar conclusion for this natural defensin, and led us to propose that its antibiotic activity is based on interference with the organisation over space and time of membrane-bound protein machineries such as the electron transport chain and, in particular, the cell wall biosynthesis complex, rather than on formation of membrane lesions [48]. The presence of a stable E-sheet scaffold in aqueous solution is also important for serum stability in vitro. Thus, tBD and the human defensin hBD2 remained intact after 24h of incubation; hBD3, which has more disordered N- and C-termini [6], was only 50% intact, and truncated and disordered analogues of tBD were completely degraded. This is in line with an increased susceptibility of Ddefensins also to an extracellular proteinase, when the structure was altered by disrupting the disulphide array [49]. A comparison of iDC chemotaxis induced by hBD2, tBD and the truncated peptide tBD(10-38) was also quite revealing. tBD has a comparable effect to the human peptide, and also appears to act via CCR6, as indicated by its abrogation in the presence of anti-CCR6 antibody. This would seem to indicate that interaction with CCR6 does not depend on specific structural features of hBD2, such as the stable N-terminal helix, but rather on the generic defensin E-sheet platform, as present in tBD and other defensins. This is in line with the fact that human and mouse BD1, which are quite different in sequence to hBD2, also induce iDC chemotaxis [19, 50]. One could speculate that this may occur via a non-canonical interaction with the receptor that may depend on the capacity of these peptides to interact with the membrane around it rather than to the receptor binding site. Membrane accumulation of defensins in host-cells could in this way lead to productive interactions with membrane bound complexes, at non-toxic concentrations. The fact that the truncated peptide tBD(10-38) also causes chemotaxis while not responding to CCR6 neutralizing antibody suggests that this effect can also be induced by membrane-active peptides in a manner not dependent on CCR6, in line with recent reports [44]. This may relate to a different type of membrane interaction, as indicated by SPR experiments, and may be pertinent to the observation by others also, that compromising the structure of defensins does not necessarily remove chemotactic activity [51]. The study of defensins is in general complicated by the fact that the number of reported antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities in vitro, which may or may not be biologically relevant, is continually increasing, but so are reports of these activities persisting even when the canonical defensin structure is dismantled by linearization or fragmentation [17, 18, 20-22, 51]. It seems odd that a ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved scaffold could be so easily dispensed with, even if it is known to support quite extensive sequence variation. With tBD we have found sequence conditions for ensuring formation of a quite stable, monomeric form of the scaffold and related this to its mode of antimicrobial and chemotactic action, which may be generally representative of that of the natural peptides. We have further shown that while altering the structure does not necessarily abolish antimicrobial or chemotactic activity in vitro, it likely results in a shift to different modes-of-action. Numerous highly simplified artificial AMPs, and even peptidomimetics, have been designed in which a suitable distribution of cationic and hydrophobic residues results in a potent biological activity in vitro [23, 40, 52]. It is therefore not surprising that the primary structure of defensins, which evidently shows this distribution, should result in such activities even in the absence of higher structural organisation. Whether this occurs by the same mechanisms, or is biologically meaningful, is another question. In other words, one can learn lessons from the evolutionarily selected features of naturally occurring peptides that can help in the design of novel AMPs with useful properties, but too much tampering may lead to ambiguous results. The observation of similar functions for HDPs and derived analogues should not be taken at face value, and the underlying mechanisms should be probed using a
REFERENCES 1 Antcheva, N., Zelezetsky, I. and Tossi, A. (2006) Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides-The Defensins. Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides. Chapter 11, 55-66 defensins. J. Mol. Med. 83, 587-595 an 3 Ganz, T. and Lehrer, R. I. (1994) Defensins. Curr Opin Immunol. 6, 584-589 4 Hoover, D. M., Rajashankar, K. R., Blumenthal, R., Puri, A., Oppenheim, J. J., Chertov, O. and Lubkowski, J. (2000) The structure of human beta-defensin-2 shows evidence of higher order oligomerization. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 32911-32918 dM 5 Hoover, D. M., Chertov, O. and Lubkowski, J. (2001) The structure of human beta-defensin-1: new insights into structural properties of beta-defensins. J Biol Chem. 276, 39021-39026 6 Schibli, D. J., Hunter, H. N., Aseyev, V., Starner, T. D., Wiencek, J. M., McCray, P. B., Jr., Tack, B. F. and Vogel, H. J. (2002) The solution structures of the human beta-defensins lead to a better understanding of the potent bactericidal activity of HBD3 against Staphylococcus aureus. J. Biol. pte Chem. 277, 8279-8289 7 Boniotto, M., Antcheva, N., Zelezetsky, I., Tossi, A., Palumbo, V., Verga Falzacappa, M. V., Sgubin, S., Braida, L., Amoroso, A. and Crovella, S. (2003) A study of host defence peptide beta-defensin 3 in primates. Biochem. J. 374, 707-714 8 Tang, Y. Q. and Selsted, M. E. (1993) Characterization of the disulfide motif in BNBD-12, an ce antimicrobial beta-defensin peptide from bovine neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6649-6653 9 Kluver, E., Adermann, K. and Schulz, A. (2006) Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of betadefensins, multi-functional peptides of the immune system. J. Pept. Sci. 12, 243-257 10 Ganz, T. (1999) Defensins and host defense. Science. 286, 420-421 Ac THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 2 Schneider, J. J., Unholzer, A., Schaller, M., Schafer-Korting, M. and Korting, H. C. (2005) Human 11 Yang, D., Biragyn, A., Kwak, L. W. and Oppenheim, J. J. (2002) Mammalian defensins in immunity: more than just microbicidal. Trends Immunol. 23, 291-296 12 Pazgier, M., Hoover, D. M., Yang, D., Lu, W. and Lubkowski, J. (2006) Human beta-defensins. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 63, 1294-1313 13 Yang, D., Chertov, O., Bykovskaia, S. N., Chen, Q., Buffo, M. J., Shogan, J., Anderson, M., Schroder, J. M., Wang, J. M., Howard, O. M. and Oppenheim, J. J. (1999) Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science. 286, 525-528 14 Pazgier, M., Li, X., Lu, W. and Lubkowski, J. (2007) Human defensins: synthesis and structural us cri pt properties. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13, 3096-3118 15 Crovella, S., Antcheva, N., Zelezetsky, I., Boniotto, M., Pacor, S., Verga Falzacappa, M. V. and Tossi, A. (2005) Primate beta-defensins--structure, function and evolution. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 6, 7-21 16 Semple, C. A., Taylor, K., Eastwood, H., Barran, P. E. and Dorin, J. R. (2006) Beta-defensin evolution: selection complexity and clues for residues of functional importance. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34, 257-262 17 Mandal, M. and Nagaraj, R. (2002) Antibacterial activities and conformations of synthetic alpha- 18 Wu, Z., Hoover, D. M., Yang, D., Boulegue, C., Santamaria, F., Oppenheim, J. J., Lubkowski, J. and an Lu, W. (2003) Engineering disulfide bridges to dissect antimicrobial and chemotactic activities of human beta-defensin 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 100, 8880-8885 19 Pazgier, M., Prahl, A., Hoover, D. M. and Lubkowski, J. (2007) Studies of the biological properties of human beta-defensin 1. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 1819-1829 dM 20 Campopiano, D. J., Clarke, D. J., Polfer, N. C., Barran, P. E., Langley, R. J., Govan, J. R., Maxwell, A. and Dorin, J. R. (2004) Structure-activity relationships in defensin dimers: a novel link between beta-defensin tertiary structure and antimicrobial activity. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 48671-48679 21 Kluver, E., Schulz-Maronde, S., Scheid, S., Meyer, B., Forssmann, W. G. and Adermann, K. (2005) Structure-activity relation of human beta-defensin 3: influence of disulfide bonds and cysteine substitution on antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Biochemistry. 44, 9804-9816 pte 22 Krishnakumari, V., Singh, S. and Nagaraj, R. (2006) Antibacterial activities of synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxy-terminal region of human beta-defensins 1-3. Peptides. 27, 2607-2613 23 Tossi, A., Sandri, L. and Giangaspero, A. (2000) Amphipathic, alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides. Biopolymers. 55, 4-30 ce 24 Tossi, A., Sandri, L. and Giangaspero, A. (2002) New consensus hydrophobicity scale to non-proteinogenic amino acids. In PEPTIDES 2002, Proceedings of the XXVII European Peptide Symposium (Benedetti, E. and Pedone, C., eds.), pp. 416-417, Ziino, Naples, Italy 25 Zasloff, M. (1987) Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. Tossi, A., Tarantino, C. and Romeo, D. (1997) Design of synthetic antimicrobial peptides based on sequence analogy and amphipathicity. Eur. J. Biochem. 250, 549-558 27 Giangaspero, A., Sandri, L. and Tossi, A. (2001) Amphipathic alpha helical antimicrobial peptides. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 5589-5600 14 28 Zelezetsky, I. and Tossi, A. (2006) Alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides--using a sequence template to guide structure-activity relationship studies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1758, 1436-1449 29 Matsuzaki, K. (1998) Magainins as paradigm for the mode of action of pore forming polypeptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1376, 391-400 us cri pt 30 Shai, Y. (2002) Mode of action of membrane active antimicrobial peptides. Biopolymers. 66, 236-248 31 Huang, H. W. (2006) Molecular mechanism of antimicrobial peptides: the origin of cooperativity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1758, 1292-1302 32 Mozsolits, H., Wirth, H. J., Werkmeister, J. and Aguilar, M. I. (2001) Analysis of antimicrobial peptide interactions with hybrid bilayer membrane systems using surface plasmon resonance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1512, 64-76 33 Zelezetsky, I., Pacor, S., Pag, U., Papo, N., Shai, Y., Sahl, H. G. and ssi, A. (2005) Controlled of action and cell specificity. Biochem. J. 390, 177-188 an 34 Pag, U., Oedenkoven, M., Sass, V., Shai, Y., Shamova, O., Antcheva, N., Tossi, A. and Sahl, H. G. (2008) Analysis of in vitro activities and modes of action of synthetic antimicrobial peptides derived from an alpha-helical "sequence template". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61, 341-352 35 Ruhr, E. and Sahl, H. G. (1985) Mode of action of the peptide antibiotic nisin and influence on the Agents Chemother. 27, 841-845 dM membrane potential of whole cells and on cytoplasmic and artificial membrane vesicles. Antimicrob. 36 Zimmermann, G. R., Legault, P., Selsted, M. E. and Pardi, A. (1995) Solution structure of bovine neutrophil beta-defensin-12: the peptide fold of the beta-defensins is identical to that of the classical defensins. Biochemistry. 34, 13663-13671 37 Circo, R., Skerlavaj, B., Gennaro, R., Amoroso, A. and Zanetti, M. (2002) Structural and functional pte characterization of hBD-1(Ser35), a peptide deduced from a DEFB1 polymorphism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293, 586-592 38 Benincasa, M., Scocchi, M., Podda, E., Skerlavaj, B., Dolzani, L. and Gennaro, R. (2004) 2061 ce Antimicrobial activity of Bac7 fragments against drug-resistant clinical isolates. Peptides. 25, 2055- 39 Sahly, H., Schubert, S., Harder, J., Rautenberg, P., Ullmann, U., Schroder, J. and Podschun, R. (2003) Burkholderia is highly resistant to human Beta-defensin 3. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 17391741 40 Pag, U., Oedenkoven, M., Papo, N., Oren, Z., Shai, Y. and Sahl, H. G. (2004) In vitro activity and Ac THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 alteration of the shape and conformational stability of alpha-helical cell-lytic peptides: effect on mode mode of action of
stereomeric antimicrobial peptides against bacterial clinical isolates.
J
. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53, 230-239 41 Antchev
a
,
N., Boniotto
,
M., Zelezetsky, I., Pacor, S., Verga Falzacappa, M. V., Crovella, S. and Tossi, A. (2004) Effects of positively selected sequence variations in human and Macaca fascicularis betadefensins 2 on antimicrobial activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 685-688
15
Del Pero M., Boniotto, M., Zuccon, D., Cervella, P., Spano, A., Amoroso, A. and Crovella, S. (2002) Beta-defensin 1 gene variability among non-human primates. Immunogenetics. 53, 907-913 43 Morgera, F., Antcheva, N., Pacor, S., Quaroni, L., Berti, F., Vaccari, L. and Tossi, A. (2008) 518-523 us cri pt Structuring and interactions of human beta-defensins 2 and 3 with model membranes. J. Pept. Sci. 14, 44 Soruri, A., Grigat, J., Forssmann, U., Riggert, J. and Zwirner, J. (2007) beta-Defensins chemoattract macrophages and mast cells but not lymphocytes and dendritic cells: CCR6 is not involved. Eur. J. Immunol. 37, 2474-2486 45 Sahl, H. G., Pag, U., Bonness, S., Wagner, S., Antcheva, N. and Tossi, A. (2005) Mammalian defensins: structures and mechanism of antibiotic activity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77, 466-475 46 Kluver, E., Schulz, A., Forssmann, W. G. and Adermann, K. (2002) Chemical synthesis of beta- 47 Bauer, F., Schweimer, K., Kluver, E., Conejo-Garcia, J. R., Forssmann, W. G., Rosch, P., Adermann, an K. and Sticht, H. (2001) Structure determination of human and murine beta-defensins reveals structural conservation in the absence of significant sequence similarity. Protein Sci. 10, 2470-2479 48 Sass, V., Pag, U., Tossi, A., Bierbaum, G. and Sahl, H. G. (2008) Mode of action of human betadefensin 3 against Staphylococcus aureus and transcriptional analysis of responses to defensin dM challenge. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298, 619-633 49 Maemoto, A., Qu, X., Rosengren, K. J., Tanabe, H., Henschen-Edman, A., Craik, D. J. and Ouellette, A. J. (2004) Functional analysis of the alpha-defensin disulfide array in mouse cryptdin-4. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 44188-44196 50 Rohrl, J., Yang, D., Oppenheim, J. J. and Hehlgans, T. (2008) Identification and Biological 283, 5414-5419 pte Characterization of Mouse beta-defensin 14, the orthologue of human beta-defensin 3. J. Biol. Chem. 51 Taylor, K., Clarke, D. J., McCullough, B., Chin, W., Seo, E., Yang, D., Oppenheim, J., Uhrin, D., Govan, J. R., Campopiano, D. J., MacMillan, D., Barran, P. and Dorin, J. R. (2008) Analysis and separation of residues important for the chemoattractant and antimicrobial activities of beta-defensin ce 3. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 6631-6639 52 Rotem, S., Radzishevsky, I. S., Bourdetsky, D., Navon-Venezia, S., Carmeli, Y. and Mor, A. (2008) Analogous oligo-acyl-lysines with distinct antibacterial mechanisms. Faseb J. 22, 2652-2661 Ac THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 defensins and LEAP-1/hepcidin. J. Pept. Res. 59, 241-248 16
FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1 Comparative sequence analysis of E-defensins us cri pt Figure 2 Sequence alignment of tBD with selected natural E-defensins Figure 3 Structure and aggregation an Residues identical to those in tBD are shaded grey. Sequences are named as in the UniProtKB database. The percent identity with tBD was calculated using the BLAST Network Service on ExPASy. dM CD spectra of tBD compared to that of its analogues in 5mM SPB at pH 7 (A) or in the presence of 10 mM SDS micelles (B) with 20 μM peptide concentration; tBD (—), tBD(Ser34) (), tBD(10-38) (---), tBD (16-38) (––). Native SDS-PAGE in reducing (lanes 2, 4,
8, 10, 12, 14) and non reducing conditions (lanes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15); lanes 1 and 16 are standards (C). For tBD(Ser34), fraction 1 was established by ESI-MS as being prevalently dimeric, while fraction 2 as prevalently monomeric, in non-reducing conditions (see supplementary Table S1). pte Figure 4 FTIR spectra of tBD and tBD(Ser34) in solution and in PG multilayers ce Transmission FTIR spectra of 2 mM tBD (—) and tBD(Ser34) () in D2O after 24h H/D exchange (A) and ATR-FTIR spectra of tBD and tBD(Ser34) in PG multi-bilayers (peptide:lipid ratio 1:20 w/w) (B). The respective spectra second derivatives are shown in (C) and (D). The percentage undeuterated amide II band for tBD and tBD(Ser34) in PG multi-bilayers after 1, 4 and 12 h of H/D exchange (E). Figure 5 Dependence of the antimicrobial potency of tBD and its fragments on medium concentrations MIC (PM) values for Escherichia coli ML-35 (A), for Staphylococcus aureus 710A (B) (in tryptic soy broth for both bacteria), and for Candida albicans c.i. in Sabouraud/dextrose medium. All microorganism were tested at 105 CFU/ml; tBD (––), tBD(10-38) (----) and tBD(16-38) (Ÿ). Ac THIS IS NOT
THE
VERSION
OF
RECORD
- see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 Qualitative representation of the positional variation, where larger histograms correlate with higher variability (A). Template indicating strongly (uppercase), moderately (lower case) and less conserved (x) positions (B). Template indicating most frequent residues or residue types at each position (x = highly variable, lower case > 30% frequency, uppercase > 60% frequency, ȵ > 60% hydrophobic residues (C). Sequence of tBD (Ê is pyroglutamic acid) (D). Representation of E-defensin topology, based on known structures (grey arrows represent E-strands, the cylinder represents a possible Dhelical segment, it is shown as transparent as it is present in some family members but not others ( ). Frequency plots for total charge and % hydrophobic residues for the analysed E-defensin sequences (F). Figure 6 Bacterial inactivation, membrane permeabilization kinetics and serum stability Time killing plots for tBD (8 PM) against E. coli ML-35 (––), control ('), tBD (Ÿ) and S. aureus 710A (----), control ({), tBD (Ɣ), (107 CFU/ml bacteria in SPB) (A). Membrane permeabilisation 17
pt assessed by following the kinetics of hydrolysis of extracellular ONPG substrate by cytoplasmic Egalactosidase (B); 10 PM concentration of tBD (––), tBD(Ser34) (---), tBD(10-38) (), tBD(16-38) (––). The membranolytic D-helical peptide P19(5/B) (––) was used as positive control at 5 PM concentration [28]. Stability of defensins in 25% (v/v) of untreated human serum in PBS; tBD (), tBD(10-38) (Ÿ), tBD(16-38) ('), hBD2 ({) and hBD3 (Ɣ) (C
). Figure 7 Mode of action of tBD on S. simulans Figure 8 Surface plasmon resonance sensograms for binding to model membranes dM an Panels A & B are sensograms for tBD, panels C & D for tBD(10-38) with neutral PC/Cholesterol (10/1 w/w, panels A, C) and anionic PE:PG (7:3 w/w, panels B, D) lipid bilayers, at increasing peptide concentrations of 0.45, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6, 7.0, 15, and 30 PM. Panels E & F show the relationship between the peptide concentration and equilibrium binding response (RUeq), determined using the BIAcore’s steady state affinity model.
tBD (––Ɣ––), BD(10-38) (––{––), and tBD(16-38) (–– ––) with PC/Cholesterol (10/1 w/w, panel E) and PE:PG (7:3 w/w, panel F). Figure 9 Effect of E-defensins on immature dendritic cells ce
pte Cheomotaxis of iDC7 in the presence of hBD2, tBD and tBD(10-38) (1 μM) or MIP-3D (12.5 nM) used as positive control (black histogram). Values are expressed as chemotaxis index (induced/spontaneous, * p < 0.05, values statistically different from spontaneous migration). Chemotaxis of cells treated with CCR6 neutralising antibody is shown as grey histograms (A). Percent apoptotic (subG1) cells (black histogram) and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation ('<m) (grey histogram) for iDC7 treated with 1 μM peptide (* p <0.05, ** p< 0.01, values vs untreated control) (B). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Student-Newman-Keuls post test. Ac THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 Time killing plot (A). Optical density at 600 nm taken in parallel with the colony count (B). Influence on the membrane potential, calculated using the Nernst equation, based on the distribution of the lipophilic cation TPP+ inside and outside the cells (C). Accumulation of [3H]-L-glutamate into chloramphenicol-treated cells (D). Experiments were carried out in 25% (v/v) MH broth in the absence (i) and presence of peptide (––––) at 30 PM (10 x MIC). In panel D, efflux of labelled amino acid (––Ɣ––) was measured also after addition of tBD to untreated cells, at the indicated time point (arrow). Table 1 Primary structures and properties of template E-defensin tBD, its analog and fragments Peptide MW [Da] Sequence Charge (calc) (obs) 4212.1 4212.0 6 10 20 30 ----:----|----:----|----:----|----:--1 tBD 2 3 4 56 ÊGVSCLRNGGFCIPIRCPGHTRQIGTCFGPRVKCCRKW n a s u 38 -1,75 tBD(Ser34) ÊGVSCLRNGGFCIPIRCPGHTRQIGTCFGPRVKSCRKW 4198.0 4198.5 6 38 -1,78 tBD(10-38) GFCIPIRCPGHTRQIGTCFGPRVKSCRKW 3300.9 3300.0 6 29 -1,52 tBD(16-38) RCPGHTRQIGTSFGPRVKSCRKW 2656.1 2655.5 6 23 -2,91 tBD(16-38)lin a a RCPGHTRQIGTSFGPRVKSCRKW 2772.1 2772.0 6 23 (<-3) M d e t p e c a - alkylated cystein residues ; b Mean per residue hydrophobicity calculated as per ref. (24); Ê is pyroglutamic acid c A 19
Licenc copy
.
Table 2
Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of tBD and its mutated or truncated analogues a MIC values were determined in 5 % (v/v) TSB for bacteria, and in 5 %
(v/v) SAB
medium
for yeast, in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4, using 105 CFU/ml micro-organisms at logarithmic phase
and are the mean of at least three experiments performed in duplicate. b The hemolytic activity of the peptides (10 or 100 μM) on erythrocytes was determined using 0.5% suspensions of human blood cells by monitoring the release of haemoglobin at 415 nm. s u Peptides tBD tBD(Ser34) tBD(Ser34) frac. 1 n a tBD(10-38) frac. 2 tBD(16-38) Antimicrobial activity (MIC, PM) a E. coli 2 2 P. aeruginosa 2-4 4 S. aureus 4 2 2 2 C. albicans e t p M d 4 1 8 r c tBD(16-38) lin 2 8 4 8 32 4 2 16 32 4 1 8 32 Hemolytic activity (% lysis) b e c 10 PM 100 PM c A 10 30 nd <10 <5 <5 20 >90 nd 20 <5 <5 20
Table 3 Comparison of the antimicrobial activity (MIC, PM) of tBD with selected human E-defensins and
their prima
te
orthologues
MIC values were determined in 5 % (v/v) TSB for bacteria or in 5 % (v/v) SAB medium for yeast in SPB using 105 CFU/ml micro-organisms at logarithmic phase, and are the mean of at least three experiments performed in duplicate.
s u B. cepacia E-defensin Charge E. coli P. aeruginosa ML35 ATCC 27853 tBD +6 2 2-4 hBD1 +4 >32 >32 mfaBD1 +4 >32 >32 hBD2 +6 4 4 mfaBD2 +7 4-8 +11 c A hcBD3 +10 >32 S. aureus C. albicans 710A c.i. 4 2 n a >32 M d >32 >32 >32 >32 >32 >32 >32 8 >32 >32 8-16 16 8 >32 >32 4 4 1 2 >32 >32 1 2 1 2 >32 >32 2 1 e t p e c hBD3 6981 14273 21 Licenced copy. ing is © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Portland Press Limited t ip THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 Biochemical Journal Immediate Publication. Published on 19 May 2009 as manuscript BJ20082242 s u r c n a M d e t p e c c A Licenced copy. Copying is not permitted, except with prior permission and as allowed by law. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Portland Press Limited t ip THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 Biochemical Journal Immediate Publication. Published on 19 May 2009 as manuscript BJ20082242 s u r c n a M d e t p e c c A Licenced copy. Copying is not permitted, except with prior permission and as allowed by law. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Portland Press Limited t ip THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 Biochemical Journal Immediate Publication. Published on 19 May 2009 as manuscript BJ20082242 s u r c n a M d e t p e c c A Licenced copy. Copying is not permitted, except with prior permission and as allowed by law. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Portland Press Limited t ip THIS IS NOT THE VERSION OF RECORD - see doi:10.1042/BJ20082242 Biochemical Journal Immediate Publication. Published on 19 May 2009 as manuscript BJ20082242 s u r c n a M d e t p e c c A Licenced copy. Copying is not permitted, except with prior permission and as allowed by law.
| 29,981 |
https://github.com/litiblue/justant-market-maker-master/blob/master/market_maker/custom_strategy.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
justant-market-maker-master
|
litiblue
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,302 | 5,220 |
import sys
from time import sleep
import pandas as pd
#from market_maker import _settings_base
from market_maker.order import net_order
from market_maker.order.buy_thread import BuyThread
from market_maker.order.order_thread import OrderThread
from market_maker.order.sell_thread import SellThread
from market_maker.plot import analysis
from market_maker.plot.bitmex_plot import bitmex_plot
from market_maker.market_maker import OrderManager
from market_maker.settings import settings
import threading
from market_maker.utils.singleton import singleton_data
from market_maker.utils import log
from market_maker.utils.telegram import Telegram
LOOP_INTERVAL = 1
logger = log.setup_custom_logger('root')
bitmex_plot = bitmex_plot()
PLOT_RUNNING = settings.PLOT_RUNNING
class CustomOrderManager(OrderManager, threading.Thread):
"""A sample order manager for implementing your own custom strategy"""
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.__suspend = False
self.__exit = False
self.analysis_1m = pd.DataFrame()
self.analysis_15m = pd.DataFrame()
#self.analysis_30m = pd.DataFrame()
self.analysis_1m = analysis.get_analysis(True)
#self.analysis_15m = analysis.get_analysis(True, '5m')
self.analysis_15m = analysis.get_analysis(True, '15m')
#self.analysis_30m = analysis.get_analysis(True, '30m')
self.user_mode = settings.USER_MODE
#self.telegram = Telegram(self)
self.telegram_th = Telegram(self)
self.telegram_th.daemon=True
self.telegram_th.start()
singleton_data.instance().setTelegramThread(self.telegram_th)
position = self.exchange.get_position()
currentQty = position['currentQty']
# default : 0, test : 1~n
#singleton_data.instance().setAveDownCnt(1)
# 1, 11, 2, 22 condtion is for Testing
if self.user_mode == 0 or self.user_mode == 111 or self.user_mode == 222:
if (self.analysis_15m['Direction'] == "Long").bool():
singleton_data.instance().setMode("Long")
if abs(currentQty) > 0:
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(False)
else :
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(True)
elif (self.analysis_15m['Direction'] == "Short").bool():
singleton_data.instance().setMode("Short")
if abs(currentQty) > 0:
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(False)
else :
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(True)
# Forced Buying mode
elif self.user_mode == 1 or self.user_mode == 11:
logger.info("[strategy] Forced Buying mode")
singleton_data.instance().setMode("Long")
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(True)
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(False)
# Forced Selling mode
elif self.user_mode == 2 or self.user_mode == 22:
logger.info("[strategy] Forced Selling mode")
singleton_data.instance().setMode("Short")
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(False)
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(True)
logger.info("[strategy][__init__] getMode() : " + str(singleton_data.instance().getMode()))
logger.info("[strategy][__init__] getAllowBuy() : " + str(singleton_data.instance().getAllowBuy()))
logger.info("[strategy][__init__] getAllowSell() : " + str(singleton_data.instance().getAllowSell()))
def check_addtional_buy(self):
#should be executed when it is in the normal state
# 300.0 * 2^n
p = 2 ** int(singleton_data.instance().getAveDownCnt())
self.averagingDownSize = settings.AVERAGING_DOWN_SIZE * p
# check Additional buying #
current_price = self.exchange.get_instrument()['lastPrice']
avg_cost_price = self.exchange.get_avgCostPrice()
if avg_cost_price is None:
return False
logger.info("[check_addtional_buy] should be current_price(" + str(current_price) + ") + averagingDownSize(" + str(self.averagingDownSize) + ") < avgCostPrice(" + str(avg_cost_price) + ")")
if float(current_price) + float(self.averagingDownSize) < float(avg_cost_price):
logger.info("[check_addtional_buy] Additional buying")
buy_orders = self.exchange.get_orders('Buy')
if len(buy_orders) > 0:
logger.info("[check_addtional_buy] Additional buying fail because remaining buy orders : " + str(buy_orders))
else :
aveCnt = singleton_data.instance().getAveDownCnt() + 1
singleton_data.instance().setAveDownCnt(aveCnt)
logger.info("[check_addtional_buy] aveCnt : " + str(aveCnt))
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(True)
return True
return False
def check_addtional_sell(self):
#should be executed when it is in the normal state
# 300.0 * 2^n
p = 2 ** int(singleton_data.instance().getAveDownCnt())
self.averagingUpSize = settings.AVERAGING_UP_SIZE * p
# check Additional selling #
current_price = self.exchange.get_instrument()['lastPrice']
avg_cost_price = self.exchange.get_avgCostPrice()
if avg_cost_price is None:
return False
logger.info("[check_addtional_sell] should be current_price(" + str(current_price) + ") > avgCostPrice(" + str(avg_cost_price) + ") + avgCostPrice(" + str(self.averagingUpSize) + ")")
if float(current_price) > float(avg_cost_price) + float(self.averagingUpSize):
logger.info("[check_addtional_sell] Additional selling")
sell_orders = self.exchange.get_orders('Sell')
if len(sell_orders) > 0:
logger.info("[check_addtional_sell] Additional selling fail because remaining sell orders : " + str(sell_orders))
else :
aveCnt = singleton_data.instance().getAveDownCnt() + 1
singleton_data.instance().setAveDownCnt(aveCnt)
logger.info("[check_addtional_sell] aveCnt : " + str(aveCnt))
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(True)
return True
return False
def check_current_strategy(self):
current_price = self.exchange.get_instrument()['lastPrice']
avgCostPrice = self.exchange.get_avgCostPrice()
currentQty = self.exchange.get_currentQty()
orders = self.exchange.get_orders()
TAG = "[strategy][" + str(singleton_data.instance().getMode()) + "]"
logger.info(str(TAG) + " current_price : " + str(current_price) + ", avgCostPrice : " + str(avgCostPrice) + ", currentQty : " + str(currentQty))
logger.info(str(TAG) + " ['rsi'] " + str(self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0])[:5] + " + ['stoch_d'] " + str(self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0])[:5] + " = " + str(self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] + self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0])[:5])
logger.info(str(TAG) + " getAllowBuy() " + str(singleton_data.instance().getAllowBuy()) + ", getAllowSell() : " + str(singleton_data.instance().getAllowSell()) + ", len(orders) : " + str(len(orders)))
# test
# Short mode -> Long mode
#singleton_data.instance().setSwitchMode(True)
#singleton_data.instance().setMode("Long")
#singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(True)
#singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(False)
if singleton_data.instance().getSwitchMode():
logger.info("[strategy][switch mode] getSwitchMode : True")
logger.info("[strategy][switch mode] currentQty : " + str(currentQty))
if (singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Long" and currentQty < 0) or (singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Short" and currentQty > 0):
if singleton_data.instance().isOrderThreadRun():
logger.info("[strategy][switch mode] isOrderThreadRun : True")
else :
self.exchange.cancel_all_orders('All')
singleton_data.instance().setAllowOrder(True)
order_th = None
if singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Long":
order_th = OrderThread(self, 'Buy')
elif singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Short":
order_th = OrderThread(self, 'Sell')
order_th.daemon = True
order_th.start()
else :
logger.info("[strategy][switch mode] getSwitchMode : True, but Keep going!")
singleton_data.instance().setSwitchMode(False)
# Long Mode
elif singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Long":
if self.user_mode == 222:
logger.info("[Long Mode] Skip Long Mode, Trading only for Short Mode")
return
##### Buying Logic #####
# rsi < 30.0 & stoch_d < 20.0
if self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] < settings.BASIC_DOWN_RSI or self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] < settings.BASIC_DOWN_STOCH \
or self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] + self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] < settings.BASIC_DOWN_RSI + settings.BASIC_DOWN_STOCH \
or self.user_mode == 11:
if singleton_data.instance().getAllowBuy() and len(orders) == 0:
logger.info("[Long Mode][buy] rsi < " + str(settings.BASIC_DOWN_RSI) + ", stoch_d < " + str(settings.BASIC_DOWN_STOCH))
net_order.bulk_net_buy(self)
else:
##### Selling Logic #####
# rsi > 70.0 & stoch_d > 80.0
if not singleton_data.instance().getAllowBuy():
##### Check Addtional Buy ####
if self.check_addtional_buy():
return
if self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] > settings.BASIC_UP_RSI or self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] > settings.BASIC_UP_STOCH \
or self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] + self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] > settings.BASIC_UP_RSI + settings.BASIC_UP_STOCH:
if not self.user_mode == 11:
logger.info("[Long Mode][sell] rsi > " + str(settings.BASIC_UP_RSI) + ", stoch_d > " + str(settings.BASIC_UP_STOCH))
position = self.exchange.get_position()
currentQty = position['currentQty']
logger.info("[Long Mode][sell] currentQty : " + str(currentQty))
logger.info("[Long Mode][sell] isSellThreadRun() : " + str(singleton_data.instance().isSellThreadRun()))
if currentQty > 0 and not singleton_data.instance().isSellThreadRun():
sell_th = SellThread(self)
sell_th.daemon=True
sell_th.start()
# even if wait for buying after ordering, it would be no quentity.
# swtich to buying mode
elif currentQty == 0:
logger.info("[Long Mode][sell] currentQty == 0 ")
logger.info("[Long Mode][sell] ### switch mode from selling to buying ###")
logger.info("[Long Mode][sell] cancel all buying order")
self.exchange.cancel_all_orders('All')
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(True)
# Short Mode
elif singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Short":
if self.user_mode == 111:
logger.info("[Short Mode] Skip Short Mode, Trading only for Long Mode")
return
##### Selling Logic #####
# rsi > 70.0 & stoch_d > 80.0
if singleton_data.instance().getAllowSell() and len(orders) == 0:
if self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] > settings.BASIC_UP_RSI or self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] > settings.BASIC_UP_STOCH \
or self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] + self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] > settings.BASIC_UP_RSI + settings.BASIC_UP_STOCH \
or self.user_mode == 22:
logger.info("[Short Mode][sell] rsi > " + str(settings.BASIC_UP_RSI)+", stoch_d > " + str(settings.BASIC_UP_STOCH))
net_order.bulk_net_sell(self)
else :
##### Buying Logic #####
# rsi < 30.0 & stoch_d < 20.0
if not singleton_data.instance().getAllowSell():
##### Check Addtional Sell ####
if self.check_addtional_sell():
return
if self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] < settings.BASIC_DOWN_RSI or self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] < settings.BASIC_DOWN_STOCH \
or self.analysis_1m['rsi'].values[0] + self.analysis_1m['stoch_d'].values[0] < settings.BASIC_DOWN_RSI + settings.BASIC_DOWN_STOCH:
if not self.user_mode == 22:
logger.info("[Short Mode][buy] rsi < " + str(settings.BASIC_DOWN_RSI) + ", stoch_d < " + str(settings.BASIC_DOWN_STOCH))
position = self.exchange.get_position()
currentQty = position['currentQty']
logger.info("[Short Mode][buy] currentQty : " + str(currentQty))
logger.info("[Short Mode][buy] isBuyThreadRun() : " + str(singleton_data.instance().isBuyThreadRun()))
if currentQty < 0 and not singleton_data.instance().isBuyThreadRun():
buy_th = BuyThread(self)
buy_th.daemon=True
buy_th.start()
# even if wait for buying after ordering, it would be no quentity.
# swtich to buying mode
elif currentQty == 0:
logger.info("[Short Mode][buy] currentQty == 0 ")
logger.info("[Short Mode][buy] ### switch mode from buying to selling ###")
logger.info("[Short Mode][buy] cancel all selling order")
self.exchange.cancel_all_orders('All')
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(True)
def run_loop(self):
logger.info("[CustomOrderManager][run_loop]")
self.check_current_strategy()
while True:
self.check_file_change()
sleep(settings.LOOP_INTERVAL)
# This will restart on very short downtime, but if it's longer,
# the MM will crash entirely as it is unable to connect to the WS on boot.
if not self.check_connection():
logger.error("Realtime data connection unexpectedly closed, restarting.")
self.restart()
#self.sanity_check() # Ensures health of mm - several cut-out points here
#self.print_status() # Print skew, delta, etc
#self.place_orders() # Creates desired orders and converges to existing orders
update_1m_required = self.exchange.get_tradeBin('1m')
if update_1m_required:
logger.info("----------------------------------------------------------------------------")
logger.info("[CustomOrderManager][run_loop] update_1m_required : " + str(update_1m_required))
update_5m_required = self.exchange.get_tradeBin('5m')
#if update_5m_required and (self.user_mode == 0 or self.user_mode == 111 or self.user_mode == 222):
# TEST
if update_1m_required and (self.user_mode == 0 or self.user_mode == 111 or self.user_mode == 222):
logger.info("[CustomOrderManager][run_loop] update_5m_required : " + str(update_5m_required))
#self.analysis_15m = analysis.get_analysis(True, '5m')
self.analysis_15m = analysis.get_analysis(True, '15m')
if ((self.analysis_15m['Direction'] == "Long").bool() and singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Short")\
or ((self.analysis_15m['Direction'] == "Short").bool() and singleton_data.instance().getMode() == "Long"):
singleton_data.instance().setSwitchMode(True)
if (self.analysis_15m['Direction'] == "Long").bool():
singleton_data.instance().setMode("Long")
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(True)
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(False)
singleton_data.instance().sendTelegram("Switch from Short to Long")
elif (self.analysis_15m['Direction'] == "Short").bool():
singleton_data.instance().setMode("Short")
singleton_data.instance().setAllowBuy(False)
singleton_data.instance().setAllowSell(True)
singleton_data.instance().sendTelegram("Switch from Long to Short")
else:
singleton_data.instance().setSwitchMode(False)
if PLOT_RUNNING:
self.analysis_1m = bitmex_plot.plot_update()
else :
self.analysis_1m = analysis.get_analysis(True, '1m')
self.check_current_strategy()
def run(self):
logger.info("[CustomOrderManager][run]")
self.run_loop()
def run() -> None:
order_manager = CustomOrderManager()
# Try/except just keeps ctrl-c from printing an ugly stacktrace
try:
order_manager.start()
#order_manager.run_loop()
logger.info("[CustomOrderManager][run] PLOT_RUNNING : " + str(PLOT_RUNNING))
if PLOT_RUNNING:
bitmex_plot.run()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
logger.info("[CustomOrderManager][run] except")
singleton_data.instance().sendTelegram("오류로 인해 시스템 종료!!")
#order_manager.stop()
sys.exit()
| 23,374 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20It%20or%20Leave%20It%20%282018%20film%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Take It or Leave It (2018 film)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take It or Leave It (2018 film)&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 221 | 409 |
Take It or Leave It () is a 2018 Estonian drama film directed by Liina Triškina-Vanhatalo. It was selected as the Estonian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
Plot
Erik, a 30-year-old construction worker, receives a surprise visit from his ex-girlfriend. Unready to be a mother to their newborn daughter, she asks him to take full custody or she will put the child up for adoption.
Cast
Reimo Sagor - Erik
Liis Lass - Moonika
Epp Eespäev - Evi (Erik's Mother)
Egon Nuter - Mati (Erik's Father)
Viire Valdma - Imbi (Moonika's Mother)
Nora Altrov - Mai (baby)
Emily Viikman- Mai (age 3)
Adeele Sepp - Katrin
Andres Mähar - Sven
Eva Koldits - Liisu
Indrek Ojari - Toomas
Kristjan Lüüs - Marko
Steffi Pähn - Evelin
Jane Napp - Mia
Albert Tiigirand - Otto
Marin Mägi-Efert - Jaana
Edi Edgar Talimaa - Kaspar
Mait Malmsten - Boss
Priit Võigemast - Lawyer
Hilje Murel - Pediatrician
Helena Merzin - Social Worker
Marika Vaarik - Judge
Terje Pennie - Midwife
See also
List of submissions to the 91st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Estonian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
2018 films
2018 drama films
Estonian drama films
Estonian-language films
| 12,165 |
QFZSYHF5LIDL67JZRNJ2YNCWDQJLMLJL_1
|
German-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,863 |
None
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 4,250 | 7,452 |
Dieses Blatt erscheint wöchentlich 2 mal, Mittwochs und Samstags, und kostet vierteljährlich ein paar Cent, der Stempelsteuer 10 Sgr. Die Einrückungs-Gebühren betragen die Garmonde-Zeile, oder deren Raum 1 Sgr. Briefe werden kranzwärmsd erhoben. n S. um Nr. 9 JK 16. Samstag den 28. ds. Mts., Morgens 9 Uhr, Stadtverordneten Versammlung. Die - Tagesordnung ist durch Circular mitgeteilt. Wipperfürth, 24. Febr. 1863. Der Bürgermeister. Leonhardt. Landwehr-Appell. Der diesjährige Frühjahr-Appell der 10. Compagnie 2. Rheinischen Landwehr-Regiments Nr. 28 findet für den Kreis Wipperfürth an folgenden Terminen statt: Bürgermeisterei Engelskirchen, am Samstag den 7. März c., Morgens 8 Uhr, zu Engelskirchen. Bürgermeisterei Lindlar, am Samstag den 7. März c., Mittags 12 Uhr, zu Lindlar. Bürgermeisterei Wipperfürth und Klüppelberg, am Montag den 9. März c., für Reserve und 1. Aufgebot Morgens 8 Uhr, für 2. Aufgebot und Train Mittags 12 Uhr, Bürgermeisterei Olpe, am Dienstag den 10. März e., Morgens 8 Uhr, zu Junkermühle. Bürgermeisterei Cürten, am Dienstag den 10. März c., Mittags 12 Uhr, zu Cürten, was den betreffenden Reservisten und Wehrleuten mit dem Bemerken bekannt gemacht wird, dass die Appelle auf den gewöhnlichen Appellplätzen wieder abgehalten werden. Gummersbach, den 13. Febr. 1863. Leonhardt, Hauptmann und Compagnie-Führer. Meine erste und letzte Tigerjagd. Erinnerungen eines Britischen Offiziers aus seinem Ostindischen Kriegsleben. An einem schwülen Tage im Monat April 1861, der ohnedem einer der heißesten Monate eines ungewöhnlich heißen Sommers war, ritt ich mit meinem Freund und Kameraden, dem Lieutenant Clement Pringle, auf eine Tigerjagd nach der großen Dschengel von Dschag dispur. Dieser beinahe undurchdringliche Sumpfwald war „ zu der Zeit, von welcher ich melde, der Aufenthalt zahlreicher wilder Tiere, wounter auch einiger großer Königstiger, die durch ihre ungeheure Kraft und Wildheit die ganze Gegend in Schrecken setzten und darum ihr Wesen ziemlich ungestraft trieben, denn selbst nur wenige Europäer erdreisten sich, hier und da auf diese gefürchteten Räuber Jagd zu machen. Ich selbst war noch ein Neuling in der Tigerjagd, hatte aber seit dem ersten Tage, ich meinen Fuß auf den Boden Indiens setzte, kein sehnlicheres Verlangen gehegt, als einmal einer dieser furchtbaren Bestien eine Mittwoch, den 25. Februar 1863, zweilöblige Kugel auf den Pelz zu brennen. Hierzu hatte mir mein Freund Pringle Gelegenheit zu geben versprochen. Clement war ein leidenschaftlicher Jäger und vortrefflicher Schütze, der schon mehrere Tiger und eine Menge Leoparden und Wildschweine geschossen hatte, und unter dessen Anleitung ich mich rasch ebenfalls zu einem tüchtigen Waidmann heranzubilden hoffte. Jeder von uns führte für die Jagd auf Hochwild eine zuverlässige einläufige Büchse, und so ritten wir in der ersten Morgenfrühe aus unserem Quartier bei Dschagdispur aus, und kamen nach einem beinahe zweistündigen Ritt am Saum des genannten Sumpfwaldes an. Beim Wegreiten hatte Clement noch da rauf bestanden, wir sollten unsere Doppelflinten mitnehmen, um nach einem allfällig vergeblichen Bürschgange auf Tiger, Leoparden, Büffel oder Wildschweine einige Pläne zu schießen. Außerdem sollten wir noch Säbel mitnehmen, um nach der Jagd auf der Haltestelle ein wenig zu fechten, da Clement ein großer Freund dieser Fertigkeit, aber noch nicht sehr darin geübt war. Zu diesem Behufe gaben wir unseren Indischen Dienern zwei schwere Kavalleriesäbel und zwei starke Fechtmasken von dickem Eisendraht mit. Als wir das Geröhrwerk erreichten, welches den Saum der Dschengel begränzte, sandten wir einige unserer Diener mit Speeren und Hörnern und einige Eingeborene als Treiber auf der einen Seite hinein und ritten dann von der anderen her auf einem kaum bemerkbaren Fußpfad so in das Ried hinein, dass unser Weg mit demjenigen unserer Treiber einen spitzen Winkel bildete, an dessen Ende wir dann einige Bäume erreichten, wo wir auf weiteres Wild anstehen wollten. Von unseren Pferden aus übersahen wir den größten Teil des äußeren Röhrichts, und jede Bewegung eines irgend aufgescheuchten Thieres hätte sich uns bemerklich machen müssen. Allein wir lagen bei den Bäumen an, ohne dass uns irgend ein Wild zu Gesicht gekommen wäre, und schickten unsere Treiber, sobald diese zu uns stießen, alsbald in das Dickicht hinein, während wir auf Ständen uns aufstellten. Zehn Minuten mochten kaum vergangen sein, als das Geschrei der Treiber uns benachrichtigte, daß sie einen Leoparden aufgescheucht, den sie aus dem Walde heraustreiben wollten. Dies gelang jedoch erst nach einiger Zeit, und als der von den Hunden und Treibern in die Enge getriebene Leopard endlich unter wildem Knurren zwischen mir und Clement aus dem Dickicht brach und, unserer ansichtig, einen Augenblick „verhoffte,“ feuerten wir beide fast gleichzeitig, und das Thier verendend auf dem Platz zusammen. Ich hatte den Leopard zuerst gesehen und sorgfältig ihm auf's Blatt gezielt; wo, wie ich wusste, eine Wunde aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach tödalich sein würde, und da ich ruhig gedrückt, so war ich des Erfolges meiner Kugel ziemlich gewiß. "Es überraschte mich jedoch, dass Clement, der doch sonst ein solch guter Schütze war, gefehlt, oder das Wild nur leicht verwundet haben sollte. Sogar daher der Rauch der Schüsse verzogen war, rief ich meinem Begleiter zu: „He, Clement! Diesmal hast Du Deinen alten Ruf als Schütze nicht bewährt, denn Du hast das Wild nur angeschossen, dem ich mit meiner Ruger den Tod ausgemacht habe! “ „Meinst Du? “ gab er mir zwar kalt, aber mit einem zornigen Blick zur Antwort „Du hast in der Tat einen gewaltigen Dunkei, denn ich versichere Dich: dieser Leopard wäre hier gelegen haben, wenn Du, anstatt, gar nicht gefeuert hättest! “ Diese Antwort verdroß mich, und ich wiederholte etwas pikiert meine Behauptung, dass ich den Leoparden erlegt, worauf mir Clement ganz kühl erwiderte: das Thier sei von seiner Kugel gefallen, und ich habe einen Fehlschuß getan. Dies verdroß mich — ein Wort gab das andere, und wir gerieten so herber aneinander, daß ich, von meinem Ungestüm und jammerndem Zorn hingerissen, ihn beschuldigte; er habe nicht nur eine Unwahrheit gesagt, sondern auch mich der mir zukommenden Waidmannsehre berauben wollen. Diese schroffe Äußerung war mir jedoch kaum entschlüpft, als ich sie auch schon bitter bereute; denn ich sah, dass mit Clement eine Veränderung vorging, die mich erschreckte. Ich hatte noch nicht wieder geladen; als ich ihn daher sein Gewehr an die Wange anschlagen sah, hing ich meine Büchse ruhig über den Arm und sagte: „Wohlau! schießen Sie auf mich, Wehrlosen, wenn Sie einen Mord begehen wollen! — ich werde mich nicht wehren!“ „Wer spricht von Mord?“ entgegnete er in einem Ton, der mir das Blut beinahe in den Adern starren machte: „es ist nicht von einem Mord die Rede, sondern von einem ehrlichen Zweikampf mit den Waffen, die wir in der Hand haben, denn Sie sollen mir auf der Stelle Genugtuung geben für die Kräu tung, die sie mir zuzufügen für gut befunden haben!“ „Ganz nach Belieben, ich bin bereit!“ versetzte ich und lud mein Gewehr. „Sie werden die Güte haben, sich an einer einzelnen Palme dort in der Nähe Ihres Standes aufzustellen“, fuhr Clement mit seiner eisernen Ruhe fort; „ich werde mich an jenen Baum dort stellen. Wir feuern beide auf ein Signal, welches Ihr „Diener dort gebeten“, soll, und wenn unsere Schüsse erfolglos bleiben, so haben wir noch unsere Säbel bei uns, denn ich bestehe darauf, es soll ein Kampf auf Leben und Tod sein. „Angenommen“, gab ich zur Antwort, ob mir schon ein eiskalter Schauer überlief, allein ich mußte mich nun in alles fügen, wenn ich nicht für feige gelten wollte. — Mittlerweile waren nicht nur unsere Reitknechte, sondern auch die anderen Diener und die Treiber herangekommen und hörten uns halb erschrocken, halb erstaunt, zu, ohne eigentlich recht zu begreifen, weshalb die beiden Feringhies sich umbringen wollten. Bis auf diesen Augenblick hatte ich nur unter dem Eindruck des Moments und meines erhitzten Bluts gehandelt; jetzt aber, wo ich wieder zur Besinnung gekommen war, wurde mir meine Lage ganz klar. Pringle war ein vortrefflicher Schütze und seine düster glühenden Augen sagten mir, daß er kein Mit leid kennen würde. Ich war also schon so gut wie verloren. Allein selbst Angesichts dieser Aussicht wollte ich meine Beleidigung jetzt nicht mehr zurücknehmen, nun die Sache so weit gediehen war, weil mein Stolz mir nicht erlaubte, mich auch nur entfernt einer Handlung schuldig zu machen, auf welche der Schein von Feiglichkeit fallen konnte. Neben dem aber hatte ich andererseits ein lebhaftes Bewusstsein meines begangenen Unrechts und war nicht taub gegen jene Gefühle der Freundschaft und Zuneigung, welche ich vor dem Wortwechsel für Clement empfunden hatte, und sagte mir, wenn er von meiner Hand fiele, würde ich es mir lebenslang nie wieder vergeben können. Ich schloß also sehr tief zu schießen, und ihn wo möglich kaum zu verwunden. Wie aber, wann er mich erschaß? Graf (Schluß, folgt.) Trag ist erledigt. In Bezug auf die Behandlung der Extra Ordinarien hat das Haus heute gegen den Plan der Commission - Vorbehalt der Bewilligung bis zur Kenntnisnahme der Resultate von 1862 - ein beidesames Präcedens statuiert, indem es die 700,000 Thlr. der Verwaltung für Handel und Gewerbe billigte. - In der polnischen Convention. Angelegenheit mag sich der Ministerpräsident nicht ganz behaglich fühlen. Die telegraphischen Nachrichten aus London bringen heutens den authentischen Beweis, daß die Convention dort ernstes Bedauern erregt hat. In der Commissionssitzung hat sich gestern die Regierung gar nicht vertreten lassen. - Herrenhaus. (8. Sitzung vom 18. Febr.) Der Gesetzentwurf in Bezug auf das Hypothekenwesen wurde auf Antrag des Herrn v. Kleist Retzow gegen die Einspruch der Regierung an die Kommission zurückgewiesen, Herr v. Kleist brauchte eine volle Stunde dazu, um darzu tun, daß die Schöppengerichte in jenem zwischen dem Gebiet des Landrechtes und des französischen Rechts belegenen Landestheile „eine aus dem Mittelalter gerettete kostbare Perle“ seien. Herr v. Dauid sprach ebenfalls eine Stunde lang. Der Gesetzentwurf wegen Aufhebung der lex Anastasiana in den Landestheilen des gemeinen Rechts wurde mit einigen Änderungen angenommen. Worum 31. Aus den Kammern. Berlin, 21. Febr. Das Haus der Abgeordneten erledigte in seiner heutigen Sitzung eine Reihe von Budget-Berichten, und zwar zunächst in längerer Debatte den Etat der Justiz Verwaltung, dessen Positionen bewilligt wurden; auch die Mehrzahl der Anträge wird genehmigt. Bei dem. Anträge, betreffend die Aufforderung an die Regierung, dem ungesetzlichen Zustand der Verwaltung der Vizepräsidenten-Stelle zu Ende zu machen, erklärt der Justiz-Minister, dass der Abgeordnete Kirchmann der Inhaber dieser Stelle, in einem Schreiben an das Justiz-Ministerium, sich bereit erklärt hat, seine Stellung in der Rativorein zu nehen und dass gleich nach dem Schluss des Landtages die Berufung des Herrn von Kirchmann erfolgen solle. „Die aktuellen Ereignisse. Berlin, 20. Febr. Heute früh nahm Ihre Majestät die Königin auf dem Bahnhof der Kronprinzessin Abschied, welche mit ihrem ältesten Sohne die Reise nach England zur Vermählung des Prinzen von Wales angetreten hat und einen Tag in Brüssel verweilen wird. — Se. K. H. der Fürst zu Hohenzollern erhält den Oberbefehl über das 7. und 8. Armee-Corps in der Weise, wie der General v. Werder es über das 1., 2., 5. und 6. Armee-Corps erhalten. Die Spezial-Commandos des 7., und 8. Armee-Corps bleiben demgemäß auch bestehen. Wie man hört, sollen die Kriegsreserven eines Teils der Garde und der Kavallerie nun auch eingezogen werden. Alle Regimenter des 5. und mehrere des 3. Armee-Corps sollen, fernerem Vernehmen nach, kriegsmäßig sormirt werden. — 20. Febr. = In Bezug auf die Verhandlungen, welche zwischen Österreich und Russland stattfanden und den Beitritt des ersten zur zwischen Russland und Preußen abgeschlossenen Convention zum Zwecke hatten, vernimmt man noch nachträglich, dass Russland für den Fall, als Österreich der Convention beitritt, eine Amnestie für Alle zusagte, welche die Waffen freiwillig niederlegen würden. Von Österreich hat Russland durchaus keine, weder moralische noch materielle, Unterstützung zu erwarten, und es ist sicherlich ein großer Vorteil für die Regierung, dass sie sich in diesem Punkte im vollkommenen Einvernehmen mit der Bevölkerung befindet. Wien, 18. Febr. „Die „Presse“ schreibt: Die Reduktion der Armee in Italien ist, sicherem Vernehmen nach, beschlossene Sache, und soll in kürzester Frist zur Durchführung kommen. Diese Reduktion wird mehr als 24,000 Mann betragen und die hierdurch erzielten Ersparnisse werden jedenfalls sehr bedeutend sein. Brüssel, 21. Febr. Febr. Die Kronprinzessin von Preußen ist mit dem heutigen Nachmittagszug aus Köln hier eingetroffen und am Bahnhof von der Herzogin von Brabant empfangen und ins Schloss geleitet worden. Gefolge ist im hiesigen Palast abgestiegen. 4. Heute Abend war Gala-Diner, und um diese Stunde weilt die hohe Frau im Opernhaus. Die Weiterreise wird voraussichtlich morgen erfolgen. — 21. Febr. Hr. Drouyn de Lhuys hat Lord Cowley eröffnet, Frankreich werde direct in Petersburg zu Gunsten Polens zu intervenieren suchen. — Den Text der russisch-preußischen Convention hat man dem Vernehmen nach gestern hier erhalten. Paris, 21. Febr. Der Constitutionnel enthält einen Artikel von Paul Limayrac, worin es heißt: „Während der polnische Aufstand als eine Tatsache der inneren Politik betrachtet werden kann, ist dieselbe durch Preußens Eingreifen zu einer europäischen Frage geworden. Die Mißbilligung des Verfahrens Preußens ist einstimmig. Preußen kann sich davon überzeugen. Es hat einen großen Fehler begangen, als es zwischen sich und Russland eine Solidarität herzustellen suchte, die gar nicht besteht. Die Convention vom 8. Februar bringt Russland und Preußen in eine falsche Lage. Ist sie im angedeuteten Sinne abgeschlossen worden, so kann sie schwere Folgen haben. Man darf fürchten, dass bei dem Eifer Preußens, Russland gegen den polnischen Aufstand Hilfe zu leisten, Europa auf den neuen Landkarten den alten Namen Polen entdeckt und dort nicht einen Aufstand von Untertanen gegen ihre Regierung, sondern eine Zurückforderung der Nationalität erblickt. Dadurch entsteht eine völlig neue Frage, es erneuert sich das Spiel der Teilung und den Augen der Welt wird wieder die Ungerechtigkeit vorgeführt, gegen die das Gewissen der Generation nie aufgehört hat, zu protestieren. Das bringt tiefen Wirren und großen Unruhen mitten in Europa hinein. Und in welchem Zeitpunkt glaubt Preußen eine solche Verantwortlichkeit auf sich zu nehmen, wenn Frankreich in der gewissenhaften Beobachtung der Verträge und in seiner großen politischen Maßhaltung ein Beispiel gebend und seinen lebhaftesten Sympathien Gewalt an tuend, sich enthalten hat, auch nur mit einem. h t 3 n t n. 8 et 1 n. 8 T = n. ät ie nd in n , irf nd en , en sen ie ka U Uu selt zen uf efe eu nen sten ßen und an iem c8 ssen och , sten den reu was ung bes der Der aus Den umt , Freu daß nen stark selbe umt. stellt , ralen. für schen tsein Zoll um edarf des il der die , autet , inmal auch bhlbe Mpperfurth , den 19. Februar 1863. C. L. Meissen , Notar. geographischen Intervention , namentlich der West. — Esseh zujziehem pzsishe ghistge gsen ual ; Immobilar = Verkauf. und Treuyn de kHuhs sollen trotz der beru = haben , der , wenn die Nachricht wahr sein solte , Am Freitag den 27. des laufenden Monat bigenden Erklärungen der betreffenden russischen ein Gegenstück zu dem Durchzug der Russen nates Februar , Nachmittags um 3 und preußischen Diplomaten unter Berufung durch Preußisch = Schlesien bilden würde. Bei der ! Uhr , lässt der Ackerer Peter Koch in auf das Nichtinterventionsprinztz die Konven = Versolgung eiegenziehe geshategrguze sggresäch , # # seiner Wohnung zu Richershagen , in tion mißbiligt haben. Zeltsamen Gerüch = Isches Gebie verier haben. Die österreichischen si0 der Bürgermeisterei Cürten , 21. Febr. Unter den seltsategn Gerüch “ gsches Gevier verirkr haben. Die vermittellichen # g. g # Pveberc , ten , die in Betreff der polnischen Angelegen : Husaren , welche dort stationirt waren , wollten sein zu genanntem Richertzyagen gelegenes heiten verbreitet sind , erwähnen wir dasjenige , die Entwaffnung der Russen vornehmen , diese Ackergut von etwa 23 Morgen Bodenfläche welches den Herzog von Morny , Präsidenten leisteten Widerstand und es entwickelte sich ein verfchiedener Culturart parzellenweise und der Legislative , mit einem Ultimatum in Bezug ! Gefecht , in welchem fünf Öesterreicher verwundet im Ganzen durch den unterschriebenen No Verin abgezean ließ. — Lus Larnow meidet die „ General = ( tar ösentlich an den Meistbietenden auf Turin , 20. Febr. In Neapel zog eine Korrespondenz " : Mit den Insurgenten steht Credit zum Verkaufe ausstellen. Anzahl Studenten mit dem Ruf : es lebe Polen ! es nicht zum Besten. Gestern kamen nach # # Wipperfürth den 19 Fohr durch die Straßen. Sie zerstreuten sich , ohne Tarnow mehrere Ausreißer von den Aufstand dass die Polizei einzuschreiten brauchte. dischen; in Szczecin (Bezirk von Dombrowa) London, 21. Febr. Oberhaus. In der befinden sich auch eine größere Anzahl solcher Mobilar = Verkauf. Gestrigen Sitzung erlässt Eul Russland als Ant = Überläufer. Heute in der Nacht zogen Buschzen Am Samstag # # 98 des laufenden Wort auf die am vorhergehenden Tage angekündigte Nach Szczecin ab, um sie zu entwaffnen. Von Am Samstag den 28. des laufenden Monats gestellt Interpellation Ellenborough, er könne diesen Leuten wird der Zustand des Langgereich = Manateck Februar Nachmittags um die gewünschte Auskunft über Polen nicht geben, wicz' schen Korps in nicht sehr günstigem Lichte da sonst beide Teile sich beleidigt fühlen und dargestellt. Er hat 3500 Mann — darunter weitere Mitteilungen vorenthalten würden. Ob 400 berittene — 500 mit Flinten, 1000 mit der Ausstattung ein Ärger der Verzweiflung sei, möge zweischneidigen Sensen bewaffnet, der Rest sind Bürgermeister Cürten dahin gestellt bleiben. Die Gesandten Preußens in Ermangelung einer anderen Waffe mit seinen Mobilien, bestehend in 2 Kühen, 1 und Rußlands hätten ihm mitgeteilt, dass von Knüppeln versehen. Langiewiez, von den Russen Ochsen mit Ledergeschirr, Hafer, Roggen, beiden Ländern ein Engagement eingegangen aus Staszow verdrängt, hat sich nach Stobnica Kartoffeln, Heu und Stroh und den ge worden sei, kratzt desenselben, die Russen dite vokal. Zotogztg = Setagagwp wurde von den Kussen “wöhnlichen Hausmöbeln und Ackergeräthen, Preußen geflüchteten Polen gefangen nehmen Potoak. Sarzew Wurde von vin Einzelsind in 1 ohnehin Haup, gmtt gut, ecmtt durften und umgekehrt, wenn in Posen eine Brand gesteckt und wird in wenigen Stunden durch den unterschriebenen Notar öffentlich revolutionär ausbrechen. Preußen habe unzweifelhaft eine bedenkliche Politik eingeschlagen, den sein. Man nennt jetzt in Polen solche # # # # Wipperfürth, den 19. Februar 1863. und er habe dem preußischen Gesandten angebracht „Russische Fackeln!“ Dombrowski, ehe C. L. Meissen, Notar. deutet, dass durch die Convention gewisser maliger Ungarischer Major, soll die Leitung Maßen die Mitverantwortung für die Veranlassung zum Aufstande übernommen habe. Der nehmen, da auch dort Manches zu wünschen g. Ho 2. 6am; das Hauptwerk Milbak Earl von Malmesbury bedauert Preußen Halb übrig bleibt. Auf Anfrage des Herrn Wilhelm von Russell bemerkt er, wisse nicht, ob das Städtchen Ojcow ist verbrannt. Müller, Ackerer zu Grüterich, wird der Stipulationen Betreffs der Waffenlosen der worden. Dem „Czas“ zufolge haben die Russen am 17. d. Mts. Stassów angegriffen, wurden Freitag den 27. Februar d. J. Stirnen zurückgeschlagen und sich zurückgezogen, sich gegen Stobnica zurück. Nachmittags 2 Uhr, Polen ähnliche Auskunft wie Earl Russell und — Der „Presse“ geht folgendes Privat telegramm zu: Am 11. d. J. haben die Insurgenten einen gegenseitigen Co-Operation einschließlich, doch Gentlemen unter Langiewicz die von Kielce zum Besitz er keine Abschrift des Wortlautes. Angriff auf die Berge und das Kloster von S. Krzyz heranrückenden Russen zurückgeschlagen. Der polnische Aufstand, wobei 160 Russen getötet wurden. Als Monats Fortfall, Nachmittags um 2 Uhr lässt der Ackerer Peter Koch in seiner Wohnung zu Richertzhagen, Bürgermeisterei Czerwonyńsk, Warschau; 20. Februar. Zwei Insurgenten unter Langiewicz am 11. Abends Kunde erhielt, dass Banden sind bei Rudka am Bug geschlagen, die Russen von Radom aus Verstärkungen angekommen. Sie haben 400 Mann an Toten, 63 Pferde und ihre Wunden, 400 Mann an Verwundeten, sich gezogen, um den Angriff auf St. und Verwundeten, 63 Pferde und ihre Korridore zu erneuern; zog er sich vom dortigen Kloster vorsichtig durch die Waldungen zurück. Am 12, bombardiert Aus Posen, 18 Februar wird gemeldet: Die Russen das verlassene Kloster. Im Heute früh ist hier die Nachricht von der in der verflossenen Nacht durch die Insurgenten erfolgten Einnahme der Stadt Konin eingegangen; es sollen bei diesem Überfall 4000 Russen, zerstreut, worden sein. — Die heute an den Straßenecken publizirte Bekanntmachung des Magistrats, nach welcher sich die hiesigen Hausbesitzer auf eine vergrößerte, eventuell. auf eine verbotene Militär-Einquartierung bereit halten sollen, da in einigen Tagen Truppenmassen in Posen einrücken werden, hat ungeheure Sensation erregte Allgemein spricht man davon, dass bei einem weiteren Wachsen des Polnischen Aufstandes das ganze Großherzogtum, Posen in Belagerungszustand erklärt werden wird. Bei Jarocin soll, sicherem Vernehmen zufolge, ein Lager von ungefähr fünf Bataillonen errichtet werden. Krakau, 21. Febr. „Der heutige Czas bringt Gerüchte von neuen Gefechten, zwischen Miechow und Wodzislaw. Dem Vernehmen nach haben Langiewicz am 19. den Russen Rückzug nach Stobnika abgeschnitten und sie nach der österreichischen Grenze gebracht. Staszower Gebiet bringt eine Abteilung Russen die Aufständischen ins Gedränge. Vermischte Nachrichten. Stolberg, 17. Febr. Ein erwachsenes Mädchen aus einem benachbarten Dorf war am verflossenen Sonntag hier in Stolberg zum Besuch gewesen. Am Abend wartete man vergeblich auf ihre Rückkehr und als dieselbe auch am folgenden Morgen nicht erfolgte, stellten die Angehörigen sofort Erkundigungen an. Nach längerem Suchen fand man in einem Busch in der Nähe des Heimath-Ortes den entseelten Leichnam des Mädchen. Augenscheinlich war, dasselbe erst schamlos misshandelt und dann erdrosselt worden. Trier 19. Febr. Zu Wehlen wurde am vorigen Montag ein junger Mann in einem Streit bei der Tanzmusik erstochen, und hat sich sofort nach erfolgter Anzeige die gerichtliche Untersuchungs-Commission an Ort und Stelle begeben. In einem Streit zu Wasser ließ man von seinem Gegner die Nase abgehissen. Kühe, 1 Pferd, 2 Karren-Geschirre, Eggen, Pflüge, 10 Malter Hafer, Roggen, Heu, Stroh und sämtliche Haus- und Ackergeräte, sodann die Winterfrucht im Felde, unter den im Termin bekannt zu machenden Bedingungen öffentlich versteigern. Wipperfürth, den 20. Februar 1863. Der Gerichtsvollzieher, Willburth. Mobilar-Versteigerung. Am Montag, den 2. März, Nachmittags 2 Uhr, läßt der Fuhrmann August Wenderer zu Süng, 4 starke Karrenpferde, 2 breite und 2 schmale Karren-Geschirre, 3 trächtige Kühe, 6000 Pfund Kartoffeln, 2000 Pfund Heu, Pflug, Eggen und verschiedene Geräte den öffentlich und meistbietend gegen ausgedehnte Zahlungsfristen versteigern. Lindlar, 15. Februar 1863. Der Gerichtsschreiber, Zu verkaufen etwa 10.0 Pfund Bruchkästen pro. Holz und Haidestreu für Verkauf. Der Kirchen-Vorstand läßt am Dienstag den 10. März, Nachmittags 3 Uhr, in der Wohnung des Herrn Carl Drecker dahier Holz und Haidestreu auf Credit bis 1. Sept. 1863 verkaufen, nämlich: A. zu Kirchenbüchel im Vogelberge: 1. 12½ Haufen Brandholz. 2. 43 Eichen, zu Brettern und Bauholz geeignet in 3 Lose. Das 1. Lot enthält Is 1 bis 15. Das II. Lot s. 16 bis 29. Das III. Lot I s. 30 bis 43. 3. Ein circa 6 Morgen großer etwa 30 Jahre alter Lohschlag. 204 Eichen darin sind zum Stehenbleiben bezeichnet. 5 B. zu Caplansherweg: 4. Drei Lose Brandholz mit Buchenstämmen, auf dem Stock, im odenholler Berge. Das 1. Lot grenzt nördlich und westlich an Schefeling zu Odenholl und bildet ein Dreieck. Das II. Lot grenzt nördlich an das 1. Lot und südlich und westlich an Schefenholz. Das III. Lot grenzt westlich an das II. Lot. Zum Stehenbleiben sind bezeichnet: im 1. Lot: 2 Eichen und 1 Buche; im I. Lot: 2 Eichen; im II. Lot: 1 Eiche. 5. Ein Kirschbaum am Herwegerfelde. 6. Zu Schäferslöh im Niersiefen: 6. Ein circa 4 Morgen großer 18-jähriger Lohschlag. 7. 80 Haufen Brandholz. 8118 Viertel Scheide Haidestreu in Lose. 9. Im Dunkelsiefen 22 Viertel Scheide Haidestreu. Herr J. P. Richter hier wird auf Ersuchen die Lose anzeigen, zu Caplansherweg auch der Pächter Herr Carl Cauemann. Wipperfürth, den 19. - Februar 1863. Der Gerichtsschreiber: v. Recklinghausen. Immobilien-Versteigerung zu Biesfeld. Donnerstag den 26. Februar 1863, Nachmittags 1 Uhr, lassen die Gebrüder Frielingsdorf in ihrer Wohnung zu Biesfeld: ihr zu Biesfeld, in der Bürgermeisterstraße Cürten, gelegenes Ackergut von 52 Morgen Flächenraum nebst zugehörigen Wohn- und Ökonomiegebäuden parzellenweise, in 2 Abtheilungen und im Ganzen auf Credit versteigern. Von den besagten Wohnhäusern ist das eine an der Mülheim-Wipperfürther Landstraße gelegen, vor einigen Jahren neu erbaut und zur Schank- und Gastwirtschaft sehr geeignet und benutzt. Melchers, Notar. Tapeten! Muster von den langjährig als billig, elegant und modern bekannten Tapeten und. Borden der Coblenzer Fabrik I. Mayer versendet deren Niederlage in Köln an Jeden der Tapeten notwendig hat. Man wende sich in franco Briefen an I. W. Köttenich in Köln. (Martinstraße 30 an der Höhle.) In der Buchdruckerei von W. Schelle ist vorrätig und zu haben: Gebete und Gesänge für die Andacht an den Freitagen der vierzigstägigen Fastenzeit in der Erzdiözese Köln, (Preis 1. Sgr.) sind Vieh-, Frucht- und Mobilar Versteigerung. Freitag und Samstag den 27. und den 28. Februar 1863, Vormittags 11 Uhr anfangend, lassen die Gebrüder Frielingsdorf in ihrer Wohnung zu Biesfeld ihr ganzes Wirtschafts-Inventar, worunter namentlich: 1 Pferd mit Ledergeschirr, 4 Kühe, 1 breites und 2 schmale Karrengefahren, Pflüge, Eggen, Feldwalzen und andere Ackergeräthschaften, 60 Malter Hafer, 6 Malter Korn, 5000 Pfund Kartoffel, 1 bedeutende Parthie Heu und Stroh, Korn im Felde, sowie Haus-Mobilien und Wirtschafts-Utensilien aller Art auf Credit versteigern. Melchers, Rotar. Wohnungs-Veränderung. Von heute an wohne ich in dem früher von dem Maurer Franz Erlinghagen bewohnten Haus, dem Herrn Dr. Kalt gegenüber und empfehle mich in den bekannten von mir seither geführten Artikeln, und sind Büchlinge und Laberdans stets frisch bei mir zu haben. Wipperfürth, den 23. Februar 1863. Heinrich Hackenberg. Feinstes, gedämpftes Knochenmehl zu 3 Thlr. pro 100 Pfund netto, inklusive Sack, zu haben in unserer Fabrik zu Gogarten, sowie bei Herrn F. J. Baumbach in Wipperfürth. Bei Rinsahl. Cramer & Buchholz. Bekanntmachung. Auf Anstehen der hiesigen Armenverwaltung wird am Dienstag den 3. März, Nachmittags 3 Uhr in der Wohnung des Unterzeichneten der Nachlass der zu Niederklüppelberg verstorbenen Wittwe Kükelhaus, bestehend in einer sehr guten und mehreren Gereiden gegen bares Geld verkauft werden. Claswipper, den 23. Februar 1863. Der Armen-Rendant: Fr. W. Kerspe. (Verspätet.) Zum Geburtstag der Fräulein Laura zu R. — am 22. Februar 1863. Heut zu Deinem Wiegenfest wünsche ich Dir das Allerbeste; Wünsche, dass Dein ganzes Leben Nur von Freuden sei umgeben, Damit jeder Tag mit Wonne Sich in Deinem Antlitz sonne. Un bon ami.
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monistquart17hegeuoft_26
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The Monist
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Hegeler Institute | Hegeler, Edward C., 1835-1910 | Carus, Paul, 1852-1919, ed
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Feelings can only be felt and it is obvious that we can feel our own feelings only, not the feelings of others. But while we could never see the feelings, nor sense them in any way, even if we could enter the workshop of the brain and watch the mechanism of consciousness in all its wonderful details, we could see some movements of this thought-machine which we would have reason to assume to be accompanied by feelings. The mechanism of the brain is complete. It is pull and push that produces mo- tion, and there is no gap in the chain of mechanical events. Such is the nature of the objective world, of the Not-ine. of things observable. We find there only transformations, only changes of matter in motion. If we knew nothing about existence but the data of our experience, if we did 536 THE MONIST. not know ourselves, or if by some trick we could be pre- vented from becoming aware of our own existence as con- scious beings, we would not know that there are such things as perception, sensation, feeling, sentiment, thought. We know of their existence only through self-observation, through the immediate fact of our own feelings. We have no direct knowledge of the feelings of others; we only assume that other bodies organized in the same way as we and behaving like ourselves under analogous circumstances have analogous feelings. These considerations are the basis of the theory of parallelism which since the days of Leibnitz has been ac- cepted by such psychologists as Herbart, Weber, Fechner, Wundt, Hering and others, and which is not a dualism, but true monism. For it must be understood that the recognition of a duality and pointing out of contrasts does not mean that there are two heterogeneous things, and that reality is a composition of two incompatibles. It simply means that existence is not a rigid unit, but a pro- cess, a state of action and reaction, which is necessarily polarized into contrasts. The inner condition and the outer manifestation are one reality. There are not sub- jective states which are nothing but psychic, and there are not objective realities which are nothing but forms of matter in motion. The term "parallel" refers to our ab- stractions, not to the realities themselves. In reality sub- ject and object are one; subject is an existence as it appears to itself if viewed from within itself, and object, as viewed from the outside. I feel myself to be a sentient being, but to others I appear as a body of definite shape, moving about in space. Though materialism and energetics are exactly in the same predicament, Professor Ostwald regards the former as untenable, the latter as well founded. The truth is that he keeps one measure for materialism and another for his I PROFESSOR OSTWALD'S PHILOSOPHY. 537 pet theory, energetics. He says in his Vorlesungen iibcr N at ur philosophic, p. 397: "If we know from experience that man's spirit is associated with the 'matter' of his brain, there is no reason why spirit should not be connected with all other matter. For the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus in the brain are no dif- ferent from the same elements as they occur everywhere else on the earth ; because of the transformation of matter they are constantly replaced by others whose origin is quite different as far as their action within the brain is concerned. Therefore if spirit is a property or effect of matter in the brain, then according to the law of the conservation of matter, it must, under all circumstances, be a prop- erty of the atoms assumed by the mechanistic theory, and stones, tables, and cigars must have souls as well as trees, animals and men. In fact, granting the assumption, this thought obtrudes itself so irresistibly that in later philosophical literature it is either recom- mended as correct (or at least as reasonable), or else a decided and insurmountable dualism between spirit and matter is erected in order to evade it." This argument is as unfair as it is superficial, and it applies with equal force to energetics. There are as many different kinds of matter as there are different forms of energy. While the elements remain oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, etc., their combinations exhibit new qualities which do not exist in their separate states and originate through the new formations into which they are joined. In the same way motion is change of place, but the motion may be molecular such as heat, or molar such as the movement of mass, or pressure such as potential energy, etc. Ost- wald's argument that if the action of brain matter is asso- ciated with consciousness we ought to attribute the same quality to the burning cigar, proves a boomerang in his hand, for what is true of matter in motion is true also of energy. It is astonishing that Professor Ostwald does not feel how hard he hits himself. He continues (ibid., p. 397): "Even this difficulty takes flight before energetics. While 538 THE MONIST. matter follows the law of the conservation of the elements so that the amount of oxygen, nitrogen, etc., present in a limited space in a combined or uncombined condition can not be changed by any known process, yet in general it is possible for a given amount of energy to be converted into another without leaving a measurable residue of the first. Experience therefore in no way contradicts the idea that particular kinds of energy require particular conditions in order to originate, and that whatever amounts of energy are pres- ent can also disappear again altogether by means of conversion into other forms. This is the case with spiritual energy, that is, with unconscious and conscious nerve-energy." No fond mother can be more blind to the faults of her own child while chiding the children of other people than is Ostwald with the child of his own nerve energy. We must abstain here from pointing out on the one hand how little we are helped by Professor Ostwald's declaration that everything is energy, and on the other hand how unsatis- factory his several solutions are, e. g., his theory of pleas- ure and pain, his conception of art, his definitions of good and bad,* etc., we will limit our further comments to a brief explanation of the problem which Professor Ostwald has failed to understand. Our conception of energy denotes energy, nothing more, nothing less. We mean by it that particular feature of our experience which all forms of energy possess in common. Under the general concept of energy we subsume all the various kinds of energy, potential as well as kinetic, and we observe that one form of energy frequently changes into other forms and that without increasing knowledge we can guide these changes at will. Heat, light, electricity have been discovered to be forms of energy, i. e., they have been proved to be forms of motion and it is by no means impossible that there are forms of energy still unknown to us. But one thing is sure that however wonderful the different known and unknown forms of energy are or may * These subjects are discussed by Professor Ostwald in his Vorlesungen, and we refer the reader especially to pp. 388 ff., 433 ff .and 450. PROFESSOR OSTWALD'S PHILOSOPHY. 539 be, energy will always remain energy (a motion or a ten- sion) and will never be something which is not energy. Feeling may be conditioned by a state of nervous commo- tion in the brain, but feeling is not energy; neither its nature nor its origin can be explained from the idea of energy. But while feeling is not energy, it may be asso- ciated with it as an accompaniment that appears under definite conditions. We must remember that energy is an abstraction. It does not denote the whole of the world but only one definite feature of our experience. When the general terms in which we describe the objective world do not contain con- cepts under which the characteristic feature of conscious- ness can be subsumed, we must conclude that the objective world is not the whole of existence, but that there is a subjective side to it which for a description needs terms of its own. We are compelled by the logic of our argument to as- sume that all objects, even those that are lifeless, are pos- sessed of a subjective interior, but we will readily grant that the appearance of feeling depends upon organization. Stones may possess potential feeling, but we would refuse to say that they perceive the impression made upon them. There is no need of assuming that the burning cigar suffers pain. Things that have no organs of perception can not be regarded as sentient. In plants we can notice mere irritability but not sentiency in the sense that we possess it. Actual sentiency develops in an organ that stores up feelings in the form of memories, being thus enabled to note the impressions made upon it, to compare them to, to contrast them with, or subsume them under the memories of prior analogous impressions and so become aware of its feelings. If there are feelings in the unorganized portion of objective nature we can understand that they must be absolutely latent, because they are isolated. Feelings must THE MONIST. be felt in order to be actual feelings, and so even on the supposition that all objective existence is potentially sub- jective, we must grant that in inorganic nature there can not be any consciousness. It can not be our plan here to offer a full exposition of all the problems which, in our conception, Professor Ost- wald has failed to solve. We merely deem it our duty to point out his errors, and the way to their correct solu- tion. We have on other occasions (especially in The Soul of Man and in Whence and Whither} set forth our own view of the nature of the soul, the rise and significance of con- sciousness, the origin of mind, and kindred problems treated from the standpoint of the philosophy of science. It is very desirable that men of science turn to philosophy, and we recognize the good intentions of Professor Ostwald. Considering his high standing and his general proficiency which we fully appreciate, we regret to find him not suf- ficiently equipped for the philosophical task he has set him- self. In spite of his merits in his own line of physical chemistry, his wide range of knowledge, his conspicuous success as an academic lecturer, and his many meritorious works on science, we must say that his methods are mis- taken, his main conclusions untenable and his philosophy deficient. If our exposition of the problems under discussion can be proved wrong we are ready for correction, but if it be of any assistance to Professor Ostwald and to other scientists who like him try to build up a philosophy of science, we would deem our labors gloriously rewarded and the main purpose of our philosophical work crowned with success. EDITOR. THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANITY.1 [Professor Pfleiderer, one of the most prominent leaders of modern theol- ogy, a man who with all reverence for traditions is determined to admit the light that a scientific and critical research throws on the problems of religion, has lately published a series of books on the difficult subject of the origin of Christianity. His three latest works are Die Entstehung des Christentums, Religion und Religionen, and Die Entwicklung des Christentums. The last mentioned is just out and we owe it to the courtesy of the author that almost simultaneously with its appearance, we are able to present to our readers its leading ideas as expressed by the author in an introductory condensation. The three works in question have been published by J. F. Lehmann of Munich ED.] IN spite of all that with a show of reason can be said to the contrary, I for my part am of the firm conviction that even theology will have to admit sooner or later an unreserved recognition of the principle of evolution to be rigorously applied in all the domains of Biblical and ecclesiastical history. In so doing — and I know that I still oppose an overwhelming majority, — theology will derive a great benefit, especially in the fact that it will then finally become of equal rank with the other sciences which took this step a century earlier ; but also in the fact that the re- sult will be a mitigation of the intrinsic antagonism be- tween the different ecclesiastical tendencies, which have attained their present excessive intensity entirely through this antagonism, so that everywhere it is only dogmatism that contends against dogmatism, — the one, indeed, beini; always as narrow and exclusive as the other. All this will be changed with the attainment of the evo- 1 Translated from the German by Lydia Gillingham Robinson. 542 THE MONIST. lutionary mode of thought, for that is like the magic spear of the legend which both inflicts wounds and heals them. It liberates thinking spirits from the heteronymous fetters of the past while it converts all the alleged absolute author- ity of the past into the conditional products and relative factors of evolution of its own time. On the other hand it also recognizes in the forms of belief and life which originated in the past and are foreign to us to-day, the natural manifestations of truth which are justified for cer- tain steps in evolution, — the comparatively true interme- diate steps through which the human spirit uplifts itself out of the fetters of nature into God's freedom, — and there- fore it fosters regard and reverence for these ancient forms of faith. Because of this reverence, the evolutionary point of view, and only that, serves the exceedingly valuable pur- pose of all historical science, which consists in the ability to comprehend the roots of our present life and endeavor that were planted in the past, and to preserve their nourish- ing powers without permitting them to become fetters for our self-development in the present or for our ceaseless striving after the ideals of the future. "To conciliate reverence with lucidity, to deny the false and yet to believe and to reverence the truth," Carlyle, the historian and phi- losopher, has rightly pointed out as the task for which historical education will fit the people to-day. My latest works2 have been devoted to this reconciliation, and in a still more recent one3 I propose to sketch the development of Christianity up to the present day, not, to be sure, in the sense in which I might give a summary of ecclesiastical and dogmatic history, a sketch of all the material which has been collected into text-books, but I will bring out only those main points of the history of Christianity which are suited to show in what way, through what intermediate 2 Die Entstehung des Christ entums and Religion und Religionen. 3 Die Entwicklung des Christentums. THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANITY. 543 steps and from what natural motives the Christianity of the New Testament has become the Christianity of to-day. This way is long, and the intermediate steps are many; but it is necessary that they be understood in order to appreciate the Christianity of the Bible in its distinction from that of the present, as well as the right of Christianity to-day, — the right which lies in the fact that it is the lawful fruit of the legitimate development of the Christianity of the Bible. Christianity would not be what it is, if it had not had its evolution through the nineteen centuries of which ecclesiastical history treats. But can we really think of an evolution here ? Right in the title of this paper a problem is involved which we may not set lightly aside if we consider that not until the work of Baur of Tubingen within the last fifty years has the treatment of ecclesiastical history been seriously considered from the viewpoint of evolution either by the old Catholic or Protestant Churches or even by rationalists. It has not been given serious thought by Catholics be- cause Catholicism regards Christianity as a divinely given quantity and institution founded by Christ through the Apostles. The dogma of the Church is looked upon as a revealed unchangeable truth from the beginning, to which time only adds greater luster. The organization of the Church also, the episcopal office, the whole hierarchy with its head in the pope, is considered as founded by the Apos- tles and elaborated with their divine authority; but all changes in ecclesiastical history, they say, are only the manifold ways in which the truth and grace which arc given in the Church have been attacked by the hostile world and the Devil, and always triumphantly vindicated. According to this view there is only an outward effect: internally nothing is changed. The Church remains ewer what it is, a completed structure established in the world by God. No evolution is here, no internal development. 544 THE MONIST. no separation into opposed factions, only vindication and constantly outspreading propagation of the continuously identical organization. This naively optimistic conception was opposed by the old Protestantism with an equally naive pessimism resting upon the same assumptions. Here it was the writers of the Magdeburg Centuries who proceeded from the same assumption as the Catholic historians, i. e., that Christian- ity was given by God complete in the New Testament by a miraculous revelation as a perfect means of salvation and redemption. There is however the following differ- ence: While Catholicism sees in the progress of history the ever completer conquest of the divine organization of the Church over the world, the old Protestantism reverses the matter and says : "Yes, the New Testament Christian- ity is the divine truth, but what have you made of it ? You have perverted it to the opposite extreme! Not only has the Devil attacked the truth from without, but he has pene- trated into the Church itself. He has displaced even its main article of justification by faith, and in the organiza- tion of the Church he has his hand entirely in the game. He has finally found his incarnation in the Pope as the 'Antichrist/ " This is the pessimistic answer of the old Protestantism to the optimistic deification of the Church by Catholicism. Certainly the old Protestantism found itself in a contradic- tory position in so far as it accepted unconditionally the dogmas of the first five centuries, and believed in them as divine truths of the same Church which it considered so permeated and polluted by the Devil. And yet these dog- mas arose at the same time in which the ecclesiastical cus- toms, ritual, and organization developed. How remarkable that the Archenemy carried on his game in customs and organization, and in certain articles of faith, while in others he took no part, — and these the most important THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANITY. doctrines of the Trinity, Incarnation, Original Sin, Atone- ment, etc., which are all looked upon as truth! This is an untenable inconsistency only to be explained by the hi- torical status of the old Protestant critique of Church hi- tory. Now rationalism was too enlightened to adopt this transcendental view of history which operated by means of the Devil. In place of the Enemy from the other world, rationalism set up the enemies of this world, the cunning priests who had themselves constructed their organization by lying and deceit, so that the whole had become a human structure. From this point of view the entire history of the Church appears as a play between error and violence, a game of human opinion, error, and blundering. Thi> i- the rationalist conception. Here too, evolution does not enter. The fundamental thought in the doctrine of evolu- tion is that things develop from their beginnings by the intrinsic necessity of their nature, while with rationalism all is mere chance and caprice; — only, unfortunately, this or that pope had such ambitious thoughts, such false views and opinions. Of divine truth and divine control little enough can be found in Church history. This is called "pragmatic historiography" because an effort is made to bring to light the accidental motives of single individuals and so to find the spirit of the times. The "spirit of the times," however, was usually the spirit of the masters and the alleged motives of the various actors were invented by the historian himself. This view was no more objective than the pessimistic view of Protestantism or the optimistic glorification of the Church in Catholicism. You see that within Catholicism, the old Protestantism, and this rationalism, there was no question of an evolution of Christianity. The thought of evolution which has en- tered into the science of history since the time of Herder and Hegel, and which to-day rules supreme in prof;' no 546 THE'MONIST. history, has been brought also into the consideration of Church history by Baur. According to him Christianity is the religion of the divinity of man, the elevation of man- kind to the consciousness of its spiritual unity with God and freedom in God. This is the new and peculiar feature of Christianity by virtue of which it stands above all other religions. This new religious principle was present in embryo in Jesus in his devout character, in his living faith in God, and his pure love for man, but it was still enveloped in the Jewish form of the Messianic concept and limited to the Jewish nation, which limitation of course is in contra- diction to the idea of the religion of the divinity of man which must include all mankind. The universal religion of the spirit, therefore, in order to rise to the fullest con- sciousness of its individuality must first be freed from the narrow shell of the Jewish national and legal religion. This was the work of the Apostle Paul who, however, opposed for this reason the original Jewish-Christian faith of the primitive congregation. So evolution from the beginning- has advanced through opposition which in no case con- tained the whole pure truth. This antagonism had to be overcome by a higher unity, the Johannean interpretation. So also in the farther course of history a certain solution had each time become the germ of new problems which demanded new struggles ; only thus, through constant sep- aration in various directions, each of which possessed for its time a comparative truth and justification, — only by means of this evolution which advanced step by step by opposition, has Christianity really become what according to its own idea it has been from the beginning. This is Baur's conception of Church history as the history of the evolution of the Christian idea within the Church. But this is not the prevalent conception in theology to-day. It has been put in the background by the Ritschl- Harnackian interpretation of Church history which we THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANITY. 547 might designate as an intensification of the old Protestant pessimism. While according to the latter the Christianity of New Testament times was perfect but degenerated greatly after the apostolic period, so on the other hand according to Ritschl and his followers, the perfect essence of Christianity was exclusively contained in the Gospel of Jesus as portrayed by the first three evangelists ; and just for this reason Ritschl believes the man Jesus must be looked upon as God, because he was the only true revealer of the will of God. According to him the corruption and indisposition of Christianity began immediately after- wards, for already Paul had distorted the pure Gospel of Jesus by the intrusion of Pharisaic theology and the doc- trine of the sacrament, while it suffered even more by John's doctrine of the divine Word which became flesh in [esus. The Greek philosophy thus introduced had then so :ompletely effaced and overgrown the purity of the Gospel in the minds of the Church Fathers that the entire Church history was really nothing else than the continuous process of the demoralization and secularization of Christianity, whose true essence was again discovered by the latest the- ology, namely that of Ritschl. This radical pessimistic judgment to-day is the dominant view of Church history and pretends to count as the final word of modern science. To swim against so powerful a current is certainly no pleasant task, but it must be done where such fundamental convictions are at stake. I will therefore attempt as briefly as possible to give you categorically the reasons why I can lot hold the view of Church history which has just been described. Above all it seems to me to contradict the system of evolution which otherwise prevails universally in the ence of to-day. By evolution we understand the legitimate and destined development in which everything is both fruit and seed at the same time, each single phenomenon being 548 THE MONIST. conditioned by its predecessor and conditioning future ones. If this is true of history as well, then there can be no absolutely perfect point of history which could be made an exception to the universal law of spacial and temporal restriction and limitation of everything that has come into existence. But least of all can any perfect thing be found at the beginning of an evolution series where the con- structive new fact is naturally most intimately connected with the old, and its individuality is most imperfectly brought to light; therefore it must gradually evolve out of this initial development together with the former in order to most fully manifest its distinctive features. So of course we no longer believe to-day that man already corresponded to his ideal at the time of his first appearance on earth; on the contrary we are convinced that he was farthest removed from this at the beginning, that he was then most deeply submerged in the rough animal nature, and that only in the course of millenniums has he developed to the spiritual freedom which distinguishes him as man. Should then the history of Christianity make an exception to this universal rule which has everywhere been confirmed by experience in the life of nature and of history? Should perfection then form the pure realization of its being at the first beginning, and everything that followed have been only wretched degeneration, senseless confusion and deca- dence ? I confess that this view seems to me to contradict the thinking intelligence which is founded upon the analogy of experience, just as much as it contradicts devout faith in the all-ruling providence of God. But, some will say, we cannot come to a decision here from general assumptions but only from definite scientific- ally investigated facts. All right! Let us confine our- selves to facts but to actual and not imaginary ones. Then we will stumble at once upon the doubtful fact that very different answers are given to the question as to wherein 549 really consists the Gospel of Jesus with which tin- essence of Christianity should cover itself. If one glances over tin- entire literature which has been written on the life oi I within the last half century he will receive the imp- that the old question of dispute which gave trouble even to the Apostle Paul (2 Cor. xi. 4) is not yet settled in so far as every author commends a different Jesus, a different Gospel, and a different spirit as the only true ones. Must not the opinion be forced upon us that it is finally ratlu-r the authors' own spirit, their own gospel and their own ideal of Jesus that they read into the Gospels and with pardonable self-deception consider the result of their his- torical research? No one will be surprised at this who knows the character of our sources, and who considers that in our Gospels the modifications and several advances of the communal faith have been successively precipitated in layers, lying now on top of one another, now side by side, and have greatly enriched, transformed, embellished into the supernatural, and spiritualized into the ideal the orig- inal features of their Christ-conception. Under the exist- ing conditon of the sources, none of which date back to the time of Jesus himself, who dares assert with certainty what the historical foundation of this varied traditional material has been, — what Jesus really believed and taught, desired and accomplished ? But if the person and Gospel of Jesus is an open question, yes, if it is the most obscure point in the history of Christianity, then the point of departure and the criterion for judgment in regard to the essence and history of Christianity can not be found in it. Because of the difficulty of arriving at a positive conclusion it is of course not impossible to try at least how near we may conic to historical probability in these things. I shall take the liberty of referring my readers to the con 55O THE MONIST. elusions which I made at that time. To-day I will only select this much of that discussion : If anything in the Gos- pel story can be looked upon as well attested it is this, that the prediction of the approach of the kingdom of God was the heart of Jesus's preaching, and that by that expression he meant the same as his countrymen and contemporaries understood, — namely, the crisis brought about by divine miracle, which would put an end to the present miserable condition of the world and would represent a new order of things for Israel to the advantage of the poor and devout, the early realization of the apocalyptic ideal of the sover- eignty of God. This expectation of the approach of the kingdom of God had for its assumption the fundamental pessimistic view that the world as it is to-day is in a God- forsaken desperate condition under the control of the ene- mies of God, the Devil and demons, whose operations were to be seen in all the ills of the body and soul, and whose instruments, in all oppressors of the pious, — the godless Jews and the pagan Romans. This crude dualism was for- eign to the earlier religion of Israel, but had arisen in the last centuries under the influence of the Persian religion and under the afflictions of the political lot of the Jews, as the natural reflex of a pessimistic temper which despaired of reality and looked for the remedy only from the destruc- tion of the present and the beginning of a new world created by divine miracle. From this dualistic pessimistic temper arose the various apocalyptic writings; from this also were produced various Messianic national movements started from religious and political motives before and after the time of Jesus. In the first years of our era Judas Gaulonites had arisen in Galilee and collected a large num- ber of followers around his Messianic banner. Then in Judea appeared John the Baptist with his message of the approaching kingdom of God and with his call to repen- tance. In his footsteps trod Jesus and repeated literally THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANI'l 55! his proclamation of the kingdom of God which was at hand For this very reason it can not be doubted that lie under- stood by these words the same as did the Baptist and all Jews. faith in the nearness of the saving act of God and his re- deeming kingdom, and the force of compassionate love to begin with the salvation and redemption of individuals. With the eye of confiding love he still saw the glimmering sparks of good in sinners who had been cast aside by the righteous; in their longing for salvation he saw its possi- bility and at the same time the challenge to him who had the power not to quench this flickering wick but to kindle it by compassionate love, by the comforting word and act of healing. On the other hand he used sharp words of criticism and judged the self-righteous who boasted of their external legalism, and were unmerciful towards those less punctilious. Against this system of justification by the works of the law, against the sham rejigion of external ceremonial practices, purifications, abstinence, and sacri- fice, Jesus stepped forth with severe words because to him religion was true only when it sprang from the heart, and was then actualized in ethical activity of the virtuous. This was indeed a new spirit, the kernel of a new religion which is as far above the legalized Judaism as it is above the lawless naturalism of the Gentiles. Both are vanquished by the religion of holy love which judges the sin but re- deems the sinner, which recognizes the will of God as un- conditional law, but subordinates it to love's own free im- pulse. In so far it may well be said that in the personally devout temperament of Jesus the religion of the divinity of man, the indwelling of the divine in the human spirit has been present like a germ. Only we must not under- stand that the new religious principle whose first dawn we may perceive in the saving power of Jesus had already come to a clear conception in his consciousness or to a definite expression in his preaching so that the Gospel he proclaimed would perfectly coincide with the true essence of Christianity. In order to be able to maintain this we would have to close our eyes to the most evident facts. THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANITY. 553 The fact is that the apocalyptic expectation (which Jesus also shared) of the final coming of the kingdom of God, has for its assumption the crudest dualism between a remote God and the actual world as God-forsaken and governed by diabolical powers,— a dualism which is the opposite of the inner union of God with men, so essential to the Christlike religion of the divinity of man. The fact is that according to the apocalyptic idea of the kingdom of God (which Jesus also shared) it was limited to the Jewish peo- ple, therefore Jesus only realized that he was sent to the 1. *t sheep of the house of Israel ; the Gentiles are excluded from this kingdom or can receive only such a share in its bles- sings as the dogs who receive but the crumbs from their master's table. And as this kingdom is a nationally Jewish kingdom so it is also an earthly state of happiness; it prom- ises to the devout as a reward for their present sacrifices the hundredfold enjoyment of corresponding blessings. Such a temporal and eudemonistic hope of reward may he a strong incentive to ethical action, but it is not an espe- cially pure and exalted one. Now it is very clear indeed that this temporal kingdom of God that the Jews looked for is very different from the universal and spiritual kingdom of God of our Christian faith, and this difference could have been so often overlooked, only because we uncon- sciously read the latter interpretation into the older Gos- pels (in the Gospel of St. John it had, to be sure, already replaced the earlier conception). It cannot be said that the difference is only one of theoretical conceptions with- out practical religious and ethical significance. On the contrary the apocalyptic expectation of the early end of this present world and the miraculous crisis of the future one, naturally engendered a feeling of transitoriness out of sympathy with the existing order and labors of human society. Therefore the undeniable ascetic features of the evangelical ethics, — its demand upon renunciation of urop- 554 THE MONIST. erty, trade, and family ties; its indifference to state, law and culture ; all this must have been natural and beneficial for that time of the great crisis and powerful struggle of the new ideal against the ancient world. But how the highest ideal of Christian ethics can be found in this asceti- cism and hostility to culture is hard indeed to understand. Finally it is an undoubted fact that Jesus has made the spiritualization of the law in the moral sense the most prominent feature, but for this very reason he did not put aside the authority of the whole Mosaic law, but on the contrary confirmed its importance in every iota. He teaches that man should observe the one phase (the ethical) and not neglect the other (the ceremonial). If the Christian Church had persevered in this view of Jesus, it would never have arrived at that independent morality which alone corresponds to the religion of the spirit. It was the service of the Apostle Paul, who to-day is called the per- verter of the Gospel of Jesus, that Christianity has become freed from the fetters of the Mosaic law and has become conscious of the freedom of the children of God. Whoever takes into consideration impartially and hon- estly this actual charcteristic of the ethics of Jesus and his prediction of the kingdom according to the three first evangelists, will no longer be surprised at the further fact that the object of the faith of the Christian community since its earliest beginning has never been the earthly teacher Jesus, but always and exclusively the divine Christ- spirit, — either as the Son of man who according to the apocalyptic expectation is to come on the clouds of heaven to establish his kingdom upon earth ; or the Son of God and Lord-spirit, who according to Paul was sent down from heaven in human form to save a sinful world by his death and resurrection; or the Logos and only-begotten Son of God who according to John has brought light and life to the world by his advent in the flesh. All of this is THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIANITY. at bottom only the differently enunciated expression for the personified ideal of the divinity of man in which ac- cordingly the kernel of the Christian faith has consisted from the beginning until to-day. But that this profound idea of the divinity of man which is essentially a gem truth realized throughout the whole history of mankind was at first portrayed only in the mythical form of one supernatural miraculous figure existing at one definite time and unique of its, kind, — that indeed was a defect, a dis- guise of the real truth. However it was not at all for this reason a corruption of a better knowledge which had pre- viously existed, but the unavoidable expression of the first childlike steps of the evolution of Christianity ; — the figur- ative integument of the purely spiritual truth. This in- tegument was unavoidable because the new idea of the divinity of man, of the indwelling of the divine in the human spirit, was in entire contradiction to the presup- posed crude dualistic world-conception commonly accepted by the entire world of antiquity, Jew as well as Gentile. To reconcile this contradiction, to overcome the ancient dualism not only practically in the imagery of the faith and cult but also theoretically in the sensible thinking of the truth of the divinity of man, that was the problem which naturally could not be solved at one stroke but to the solution of which the whole evolution of Christianity through the millenniums was and still is necessary.
| 23,418 |
https://github.com/ITJoePC/ear-sharpener/blob/master/src/components/Link/test.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain
| 2,021 |
ear-sharpener
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ITJoePC
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TSX
|
Code
| 80 | 216 |
import Link from './index';
import * as React from 'react';
import {shallow} from 'enzyme';
import {assert} from 'chai';
import createReduxStore from '../../main/createReduxStore';
describe('Link', () => {
it('should render children', () => {
const store = createReduxStore();
// Hack to make this work without mocking the world
const key = 'testRouterKey';
store.getState().routing.locationBeforeTransitions = {key};
const children = <div>test children</div>;
const wrapper = shallow(
<Link to="/foo">
{children}
</Link>,
{context: {store}}
);
assert(wrapper.contains(children), 'expected Link to render its children');
assert.equal(wrapper.props().routerKeyRerenderHack, key);
});
});
| 34,396 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11062870
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
Akilan, Soham Badheka, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1460493, https://stackoverflow.com/users/873999
|
English
|
Spoken
| 165 | 245 |
Android sdk issues with virtual device
I am having a problem that when i go to the sdk manager and when i want to create a new avd,there is a problem that:
when i set the name after then, target texboxt is unchecked and i am not able to write the target there and CPU/ABI is also unselected,i am not able to do anything with them.
I think your are not installed android sdk propery. Update the android sdk manager and check first whether android sdk tools are installed properly.
so do u want to say that i have to update and install all the packages?because i have tried what u suggested...@coder decoder encoder
I want to add one thing that when i download the packages it shows me the message that file is not found.help me out.
The error massage:
"file not found: C:\Program Files (x86)\Android\android-sdk\temp\tools_r19-windows.zip (Access is denied)"
i think your operating system does not android sdk to install automatically. try it manually
| 41,838 |
sn84026788_1920-09-28_1_5_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,920 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 4,282 | 6,323 |
rfrtTlON LADIES. f ( the Democratic a*etir» . 0f Jefferson pWftvA at the request f- Vf-'d State Democratic dot*1l»n“. f the Demo ?a,Hhe county is called Court House on Sat |l‘Lf 2nd. 2 0 olock’ f 1 K^ i -fecti::;: an orgam Democratic women of the a*"" f all over the state states, and it is in*L upon the women "fiance of attending 5d aiding in perfect.ng non-( _1 nenor. £• voters, and cspec Jn are requested to be he Democratic Execu jflTHERS, Chairman Action in pr,ce of p FORD cars. ^ Hevry Ford threw a Tito the automobile world on announced a big cut f8j| car? rici tractors man Ibiscompanv. The average *imountst|i.'U- per car. bring ^totbeprices that prevailed he Xhe statement issued by IwrO-mtany h as follows: ' ^irgaredu.-ti-nm prices Sieves it is time to make an ^back f re-war conditions, id the fact that we have un jjU on our books of 1 lu.065 ears w We are facing a temper* uoorstock of material on hand jdaied at infl .ted prices, and HtjeK is us‘.d up we will have jjlKsin order to bring about editions tl;p .jgh-ut the coun efollowing reductions will go d immediately: Chassis, from jjfc: runabouts, from $550 to ri starter, from $625 to $-165; an, from $57.3 to $440; with frotn$650to$510; tru k chassis. 0!o$540, ah including demount i;coupe, from $>7>u to $745; se a$975t"$707; i irdsoa tractor. JtolTSO. No mention was entirely made of the intention of the company to break up the secret until the statement was issued. The Highway Garage, which had received no notice of the theft and only two days ago had delivered two trucks. It was over and it is time war over. There is no sense or trying to maintain an artificial defense. For the best interest, it is time that a real practical peace to bring the business. Mr. and Mrs. Maud prices always go. We had to stand it during war, although it wasn't right, more Motor Company will make it of its products the same as before the war. This lull in general business: to be followed by the waiting period, and precedes a reaction, people think of life are waiting for a change in their natural condition. Millions of the penalties pay for war. In every line, there is a growing idleness, the demand is not there, materials are being stored; stored goods are being stored, the volume of consumption is less and less, through denial of the people, many of whom do not afford to pay the high prices they felt the injustice of the nation. Manufacturing plants are down all over the country, being thrown out of employment. The cost of living has seen very much toil. The country is rich, however, because it is not rich. The resources, rich in all the materials that go to make a nation, its progress is being held at a standstill because of the profiteers. The time to call a halt on war prices, war profiteering. It may be necessary to stand a little sacrifice, but better profitable after all, sooner we get the business to a tire-war condition, better progress, prosperity will occupy the lives of our people. The nation will be no change in wages. LOCAL BRIEFS. The Jefferson Garage received last week fifteen new Ford Cars and Trucks. An airplane passed over Charles Town Friday morning last, going directly east. Mrs. Richard Alexander had the misfortune to break her arm while in the surf at Bay Head, N.J., by being caught in a breaker. Mr. Alexander took her to Baltimore for treatment. One cow died and two were made desperately ill by gorging themselves on green corn when they broke into a corn field on the farm of H.N. Bradley, north of Leetown Monday night. The cattle are owned by Frank Bradley, the tenant on the farm. The office of the Enterprise, which has been published at Hamilton, Loudoun county, Va., for a number of years, has been moved to Purcellville, in The same county. The Enterprise is a newsy county paper, and we wish it success in its new location. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, and Col. Forrest W. Brown, Democratic candidate for Congress from this District, delivered addresses to a large assemblage of voters in the public square in Martinsburg last Saturday afternoon. A special meeting of the Baptist Woman’s Missionary Society will be held in the Sunday School room of the church, Thursday evening, September 30th, at 7:30 o’clock, for the purpose of receiving the State mission offering. After an interesting program, refreshments will be served. A full attendance is desired. Two schools of Charles Town District are now without teachers. Wiltsey’s north of Charles Town has been without a teacher since the resignation of Miss Sarah Campbell, of Kearneyville, who resigned two weeks ago to enter the government civil service in Washington. Manning’s is the other school not open, no teacher having as yet been engaged to conduct it. All Red Cross workers having Refuges Garments to make are asked to return those that are finished to the Community House at their earliest convenience. There are a number more articles cut out, and anyone wishing to help in this work can get them at the Community House any day between the hours of ten and one. The Thirtieth Reunion of the Confederate Veterans and Sons of Veterans will be held in Houston, Texas, on October 5, 6, 7 and 8. Those wishing to go at the reduced rate of one cent a mile each way can obtain certificate entitling them to purchase ticket from S. C. Young, Adjutant of the Jefferson County camp of Confederate Veterans, or from Clayton L. Haines, Adjutant of Stonewall Jackson Camp, Sons of Confederate Veterans. Mrs. H. W. Cochran, aged 38 years, of near Grimes, Frederick County Va., died at the home of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Polhamus, three miles west of Summit Point, Wednesday morning. She leaves a family of six children, besides her parents, brothers and sisters. Miss Hannah Williams who has been making her home at the Charles Town Inn, died at the Charles Town Hospital on Thursday afternoon. Her funeral was held in the Wickliffe Church, in Clarke county, on Saturday morning. Interment in the Wickliffe Church yard. Mr. John E. Hough died at his home in Roanoke, Va., last Wednesday. He was a brother of the late ex-Mayor C. M. Hough, of Charles Town and formerly lived here, at one time being policeman of Charles Town. He left here some years ago to work in the shops at Shenandoah Va., on the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and later removed to Roanoke, Va., when the shops were taken to that place. Mr. Hough married Miss Rebecca Wooddy, daughter of the late J. P. H. Wooddy, of Charles Town, and a sister of Mrs. J. W. Garney, Mrs. Wm. H. Moore, and Mr. A. L. Wooddy, all of this town. Mrs. H. J. Benner died at her home near Jordan Springs, Frederick county, at 8:30 p. m. September 17th, 1920, after a lingering illness from a complication of diseases. She was formerly Miss Lucy V. Grantham, daughter of John S. Grantham, of Middleway, this county, where she was born on August 15th, 1857, having therefore just passed her 63rd birthday. In 1875 She married H. J. Benner, then a young farmer of this county, and after a residence of a few years in this county they moved to their present home. Mrs. Benner was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for nearly fifty years. She was a woman of gentle, kindly disposition, devoted to her home and family, yet ever ready to lend a helping hand to the needy and distressed of her neighborhood, thus endearing herself to all who came in intimate contact with her, and being an example of a home-maker worthy of emulation. Mrs. Benner is survived by her husband, H. J. Benner and the following children: John B., Harry S., Grover C., Hunter J., James Paul., and Miss Anna Benner, all of Frederick county; Mrs. M. G. Stewart, of Fayetteville, Tenn.; Mrs. H. H. Swimley, of near Charles Town; Mrs. C. E. Graham, of Washington, D. C., and Miss Ella Benner, of New York City. She also leaves three brothers, Mr. J. W. Grantham, of Gary, Ind.; John Grantham, of Chicago, Ill.; S. S. Grantham, of Lakeland, Fla., and two sisters Mrs. T. B. Farnsworth, of Summit Point, and Mrs. J. W. Kearns, of Martinsburg, W. Va. Death claimed Mrs. Susan V. Henkle, one of the most highly esteemed women of Harpers Ferry District, at her home near Millville Tuesday afternoon at 6 o'clock. The end came after a year of failing health. In April last, she was taken to the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, where she submitted to a surgical operation in the hope that her health would improve from it. But only temporary relief came. Mrs. Henkle was an exemplary woman and the devoted mother of a large family of children, most of them being young when she became a widow twenty years ago. Her entire life of 65 years was spent in this county, she having been born on the farm where she died. Mrs. Henkle was a daughter of the late John H. Allstadt, for years a prominent farmer of that section of the county. Four sons and four daughters are left to mourn her passing away. Three of the sons reside in this county: J. S. and Earl E. at home; T. Grove Henkle at Halltown; and one, Charles W. in the government service in Washington. Three daughters are residents of the county: Mrs. H. S. Koonce, at Halltown, and Misses Ethel and Dorothy Henkle at home. The fourth daughter, Mrs. S. W. Newton, resides near Urbanan, Ohio. Mrs. Henkle is survived also by one brother, Mr. J. Thomas Allstadt, of Harpers Ferry, and one sister, Mrs. B. Frank Moler, of Bolivar. Rev. T. M. Swann, of the Charles Town Methodist Church officiated at the funeral services conducted at the home at 2 o’clock Thursday afternoon. Interment was in Edge Hill Cemetery. PERSONAL MENTION. Miss Lavelette Wilson has returned from a visit to Atlantic City. Mrs. John Huntsberry and children of Woodbine, Md., are visiting Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Brown. Mr. and Mrs. John W. Irvin motored to Washington last week spending several days. Mrs. G. G. Sydnor will leave this week for a visit to her sister Mrs. Sale in Richmond, Va. Miss Sarah Phillips went to Chambersburg, Pa., Tuesday to resume school studies in Wilson College. Mrs. A. G. Wynkoop leaves this week for Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she will spend the winter. Mrs. Robt. E. Hockensmith, of Emmitsburg, Md., is visiting her daughter, Mrs. B. L. Rissler in Ranson. Miss Mary Porterfield returned to New York Monday to resume work in the Young Women’s Christian Association. Mr. Cleon B. Moore, of New York, has been in town this week, visiting his brother, Mr. Thos. R. Moore, and mother, Mrs. Clem Moore. Master George Elliott has returned to his home in Washington after spending the past two months with his grandparents at “Snow Hill.” Miss Shannon Denny left last Wednesday for Lynchburg. Va., where he will take advanced work at Randolph Macon Women’s College. Mr. J. M. Lancaster and children, who has been visiting her parents, Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Phillips, has returned to her home in Richmond, Va. Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Beachley and son John H., of Sharpsburg, Md., and Mrs. George Benner, of Martinsburg, have been visiting Mr. and Mrs. Thos. J. West, Jr., near Rippon. Capt. Milton Rouss who went to a Baltimore hospital two weeks ago for treatment suffered a serious relapse after having made some improvement there, and was reported to be quite ill the first of the week. Mr. Joseph Lytell, who has been a guest this summer of the Misses Tabb at the Charles Town Inn, returned to his home in Washington City. Mr. Lytell likes Charles Town and says he expects to return here next summer. Misses Fannie H. Burns and Elizabeth Wall represent this county at the Randolph Macon Woman’s College at Lynchburg, Va. They left for school on Tuesday. Miss Burns to enter the second year class and Miss Wall to begin college work. Miss Margaret Young, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. H. Lee Young, of Wheatland, this county, will matriculate at Goucher College, Baltimore, this year. Miss Young graduated from the Charles Town High School, class of 1919, and last year was a student at St. Hilda’s Hall. She will go to Baltimore on Tuesday. Little Miss Katherine Moore, who has been like a little “sunbeam” in the home of Misses Fannie and Anna Campbell for the past several months, left for her home in Charleston on Monday. She will be in company of Bishop and Mrs. W. L. Gravatt on her return trip. Katherine is the little daughter. of Mr. and Mrs. S. J. C. Moore. Misses Pauline Dick, of Charles Town; Eleanor Selden, of Ranson; Isabelle Perry, of Halltown, and Mr. Gardner Shugart, of Harpers Ferry, left for Morgantown the first of the week to enter the State University, all of them except Miss Dick being new students. Miss Perry will study medicine, and is probably the first girl to enter that profession from this county. LIEUT SLIFER WILL WED. Invitations have been issued by Mrs. John Tifton Berry, of New York, to the marriage of her daughter, Elizabeth, to Lieutenant Bernard Slifer, United States Army. The marriage will be solemnized at the Church of the Transfiguration, New York City, at 4 o’clock on Saturday, October 2. Lieutenant Slifer and bride will be at home after November 20, at Camp Lewis, American Lake, State of Washington. Lieutenant Slifer who is a son of Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Slifer, of Charles Town, is now stationed at Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Farmsr’s mechanics, railroaders, laborers, rely on Dr. Thomas’ Eclectic Oil. Fine for cuts, burns, bruises. Should be kept in every home. 30c. and 60c. Carper—Whittington. Mr. George William Carper and Miss Katie Marie Whittington, of the Leetown neighborhood were married at the Methodist Parsonage in Charles Town on Wednesday, September 15, at 12:30 o’clock by the pastor Rev. T. M. Swann. The bride was attired in white satin trimmed in silk georgette and beads. A ring was used in the marriage ceremony which was witnessed by the bride and groom. Ed by only a few friends of the bride and groom. Mr. and Mrs. Carter will make their home in Warren, Ohio. Harman—Markle. Miss Gertrude V. Markle, daughter of Mrs. Kate L. Markle, of near Summit Point, was married Thursday, September 2, to Mr. C. E. Harman, of Covington, Va., at the Methodist Parsonage at Summit Point, by Rev. W. M. Compton, Miss Markle has been an assistant in the dental offices of her brother-in-law, Dr. A. R. Crawford, at Davis, W. Va., where she became acquainted with Mr. Harman, whose parents reside there. Mr. and Mrs. Harman will reside at Covington, Va. CONFIRMED TESTIMONY. The Kind Charles Town Readers Cannot Doubt. Doan's Kidney Pills have stood the test. The test of time—the hardest test of all. Thousands gratefully testify. To quick relief—to lasting results. Charles town readers can no longer doubt the evidence. It's convincing testimony—twice told and well confirmed. Charles town readers should profit by these experiences. Mrs. Ida Pentz, 401 W. Washington street, Charles Town, says: "For several years I had spells of backache and other symptoms of kidney trouble. My kidneys acted irregularly and caused a good deal of pain and annoyance. I had severe pains through my back and loins and when I bent over, I had trouble in straightening up. A couple boxes of Doan's Kidney Pills were enough to relieve the backaches and pains and restore my kidneys to a normal condition." Over three years later, Mrs. Pentz said: "Two boxes of Doan's Kidney Pills which I procured at Brown & Hooff's Drug Store cured me and I know the cure is permanent." Price 60c, at all dealers. Don't simply ask for a kidney remedy, get Doan’s Kidney Pills—the same that Mrs. Pentz had. Foster-Milburn Co., Mfgrs., Buffalo, N.Y. GREAT FREDERICK FAIR. An event that always claims the interest of the people is the Great Frederick Fair, for which active preparations are being consummated by the management. The dates of the Fair this year are October 19, 20, 21, and 22. In addition to a varied program of first-class vaudeville acts before the grandstand, Valeno’s Celebrated Concert Band of Philadelphia, Pa., has been engaged to furnish music. This alone will be an outstanding feature. There will be balloon ascensions, with two parachute drops, a big program of harness and running races, and a crowded midway. The railroads will sell tickets at reduced rates and run special trains. NOTICE TO TAKE DEPOSITIONS. In the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, State of West Virginia: W. T. Whiting, Plaintiff vs. Annie Lee Brown, Wm. G. Little, Hattie Wager Little, Enoch Lewis, Florence Parr Lewis, his wife; Morgan Lewis and Maude Parr Lewis, his wife; Laura Parr Wyatt, Thomas Wyatt, her husband, Frances Wager, Maude Wager, Charles James Wager, and Anna Hugh Wager, non-residents of the State of West Virginia. Defendants. To Annie Lee Brown, Wm. G. Little, Hattie Wager Little, Enoch Lewis, Florence Parr Lewis, his wife; Morgan Lewis and Maude Parr Lewis, his wife; Laura Parr Wyatt, Thomas Wyatt, her husband; Frances Wager, Maude Wager, Charles James Wager and Anna Hugh Wager. Take notice that the deposition of W. T. Whiting will be taken at the office of Beckwith & Beckwith, in Charles Town, in the County of Jefferson and State of West Virginia, on the 29th day of October, 1920, between the hours of ten a.m., and five p.m., to be read in evidence on the hearing of the above cause, in behalf of the said W. T. Whiting. If from any cause, the taking of the same shall not be commenced, or being commenced, shall not be completed on that day, the taking of the same will be adjourned from time to time, until they are completed. W. T. WHITING, By Counsel. Beckwith & Beckwith, P. Q. WANTED. Lady to learn to operate a Type Setting Machine. Good chance to learn paying occupation. Apply at SPIRIT OF JEFFERSON OFFICE. FURNISHED ROOMS FOR RENT. For Rent, Furnished Rooms. Apply to MISS LENA MYERS, Third Avenue, Ranson. Sept. 28~m.* BUGGY FOR SALE. Practically new a good rubber tire Hess Buggy. Apply to DR. J. M. MILLER. Sept. 28. CAR FOR SALE. I have for sale a Five Passenger Hupmobile, will sell cheap or will exchange it for a Five Passenger Ford car. Apply to W. N. ANDERSON STORE. Post Office Building, Ranson, W. Va. SALESMAN WANTED. Salesman wanted to solicit orders for Lubricating Oils, Greases and Paints. Salary or Commission. Address: LENOX OIL & PAINT CO. Sept 21-2t. Cleveland, Ohio. LOST. A small Shetland Pony, black in color, flowing main and tail, belongs to Ella Page Mason. Answers to name of Highland Monarch. Finder will please communicate with JAMES M. MASON, JR. DESIRABLE DWELLING FOR SALE. Good six-room dwelling with bath and electric lights, occupied by David C. Fulton, and located on East Washington street, Charles Town. Possession April 1st, 1921. The Moore Insurance & Realty Co. Bell Phone 417. G. P. MORRISON, M. D. Practice Limited to Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Office Hours—9 to 12 a. m., 2 to 4 p. m. Corner King and College Streets. MARTINSBURG, W. VA. Evenings and Sunday by Appointment. VOTE FOR WILLIAM T. ELLIOTT FOR SHERIFF His Deputies Will Be HARRY KEITER, Middleway District. J. L. WALDECK, Shepherdstown District. J. F. CASEY, Charles Town District. Election Tuesday, November 2, 1920. Good New For Women Only women who have suffered the pain and agony that female disorders and monthly periods frequently cause can ever realize the suffering and torture many women are forced to endure. If this condition is not relieved, ruined health and misery may result. But thousands have found relief and benefit from the use of Dr. Miles' Anti-Pain Pills. Here’s a case: “I suffered from excessive monthly pains for years. A friend advised me to try Dr. Miles’ Anti-Pain Pills. First box relieved. Now I suffer no pain and do all my housework.” Miss Nellie A. Jones, Jeanerette, La. No harm or unpleasant effects from use—free from Opiates. Or Narcotics. Money back if first package fails to relieve. SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS WINCHESTER PRESBYTERY MEETS IN ELK BRANCH CHURCH. Winchesfer Presbytery met in Elk Branch Church at Duffield last Tuesday evening at 8 o’clock. The retiring moderator, Rev. M. E. Eitinger, preaching the opening sermon. The Presbytery was then organized and Rev. Dr. G. G. Sydnor of Charles Town, was elected moderator. Rev. Frank Brooke, Jr., of Germantown, was elected reading clerk. There was a large number of ministers and elders in attendance. The business of the Presbytery was then transacted and there was an interesting "Bible Study" each day by Mrs. Webster, of Front Royal, in the Episcopal church. The Presbytery was delightfully entertained with a bountiful luncheon at noon each day. After a lecture by Dr. Henderlite on "Foreign Missions" on Thursday evening, Presbytery adjourned. No appointment as yet has been made for the Spring meeting. Children Cry FOR FLETCHER'S CASTORIA James W. Chamblin, aged seven months, died at the home of his parents, near Mannings, September 19. Funeral on Monday, Rev. Mr. Tyler officiating. CHURCH ITEMS. Services in St. James’ Catholic Church second Sunday. Mass 8:46 a.m.; Fourth Sunday 10:30 a.m.; evening services 7:30 p.m. The Christian Endeavor was led by Mr. George M. Beltzhoover in the Presbyterian Chapel on last Sunday evening. Dr. Henderlite will address the Endeavor. On Sunday next at 7 o’clock. The regular monthly meeting of the Woman’s Missionary Society will be held in the Sunday School room of the Baptist Church on Tuesday evening, October 5th, at 7:30 p.m. The members are requested to attend. Bishop W. L. Gravatt preached at Summit Point Sunday morning, at Middleway in the afternoon, and at St. Philips Chapel (colored) at night. The hours for the evening service in the Presbyterian church, will be changed from 7:30 to 8 o’clock, beginning October 3rd. Dr. Henderliit, Presbyterian Missionary from Brazil, will preach in the Presbyterian church next Sunday morning and night. There were services in Zion Episcopal church last Sunday conducted by Rev. Mr. Chrisman. Arch Deacon. The Presbyterian Sunday School will observe Rally Day on Sunday morning, October 10th, in the Chapel. Girls and Young Women The Town Mfg. Co. Offers you an excellent opportunity to learn sewing on high grade material and will pay you splendid wages while learning. If you would like to have a permanent position, at which you can earn good wages every week in the year, call at our office for an interview. TOWN MFG. COMPANY CHARLES TOWN, W. VA. Empire Oct. 5 The One Big Slack Face Triumph GUS HILL’S MINSTRELS 50-ALL WHITE ARTISTS-50 WITH The Great GEORGE WILSON COMEDIANS, DANCERS, SINGERS, SYNCOPATED JAZZ ORCHESTRA, THE MUSICAL CATES. MARKWITH BRO. SAXAPHONE SEXTETTE SPLENDID MINSTRELS WATCH FOR THE BIG STREET PARADE Prices— 50c—$1.50. Order Early. The Great HAGERSTOWN Interstate Fair Sixty-Fifth Annual Exhibition OCTOBER 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1920 The Greatest Exhibition of Live Stock, Machinery and Agricultural Products in the State. RUNNING RACES DAILY, PARIS MUTUAL SYSTEM OF BETTING. SPECIAL RATES ON ALL RAILROADS For Further Information Apply To D. H. STALEY, Pres. J. C. REED, Secy. VS I’M THE MAN was BELIEVES IN SSSipiE JOY OF t LIVING-M i ( Anybody who isn’t a good one believes in the joy of living. There’s a lot of health left for everybody. There’s quite a package of it here for you if you’ll come and get it—properly priced and directions on it. UACTERS. School Suits We Now Have on Display our New Fall & Winter Stock of Boys’ Suits A Special Line of Wear-resisting Fabrics in Serges, Cassimeres & Corduroys especially suitable for SCHOOL WEAR Odd Knee Pants for School Wear in Serges, Cassimeres & Corduroys Complete Stocks at Prices that Will Appeal to You. Isaac Herz Co. is i i i M. PALMBAUM & BRO. NEW FALL COATS AND SUITS NOW ON DISPLAY A Large Range of Styles and Prices. M. PALMBAUM & BRO. C. T. SHUGART School Days School Dresses! Along with the thought of the coming School Days is the thought of School Dresses. Moderately priced—Children's and Misses Gingham Dresses. Prices ranging from $1.25 to $4.75. Now showing beautiful line of All Wool Plaid Skirts ings. You should see our line of Sweater Coats, Sweaters, and Beautiful Scarfs. In Sweater Yarns, we have Fleisher, Cortecelli and Bucilla. See our Fall Suits, the latest styles. Prices within reach of all. C. T. SHUGART. Charles Town, West Va. Battery Trouble? That’s Our Specialty Work by a Man Who Knows Exide Battery Agency O. K. GARAGE & ELECTRIC SHOP Near B. & O. Station Lee & Landis, Props. Wall says little thin steer yearlings are a sure money maker. Some choice ewes this week. C. F. Wall. Let me send in your order to my man at St. Paul. You will be pleased. C. F. Wall. Come in and see our heavy draft colts. C. F. Wall. Try feeding a few horses. Wall is selling good ones. I write insurance in all its branches. Fire, Life, Accident and Health. A share of the public patronage is solicited. W. A. Daniel, Second Floor Sadler Building.
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SPECIAL NOTICES. THE NURSES' EXAMINING BOARD OF THE District of Columbia will hold an examination for registration of nurses Wednesday, May 10, 1916. Applications must be made before April 1, 1916, to HELEN W. GARDNER, R. N., Secretary and Treasurer, 1337 K at., Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON, D. C., MARCH 16, 1916. A special meeting of the stockholders of the Arlington Fire Insurance Company for the District of Columbia is called and will be held at the company's office, No. 1563 Penney avenue northwest, Washington, D. C., Tuesday, the 25th day of April, 1916, at 10 o'clock p.m., to vote upon the question of whether the business of insurance against fire both in the District of Columbia and elsewhere be discontinued and all outstanding risks be reinsured: (2) the company's organization be maintained and its funds kept invested until the expiration of its outstanding policies, such dividends from earnings being paid from time to time as the trustees may decide, and (3) on the expiration or cancellation of the last outstanding policy that the stockholders be called together to determine whether the company shall be liquidated. (Signed) Herbert A. Gill, Samuel L. Phillips, Charles K. Edmonston, I. E. Shoemaker, Win. T. Brown, William King, Robert C. Howard, W. Bladen Ticksop, Burr V. Edwards, Trustees. I WILL NOT RE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY debts contracted by any one other than myself. K. ATKINSON. THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT WE, THE IN dersigned, have purchased the firm known as "Boyle's." 12th and T n.w., and will not be responsible for any debts unless contracted by ourselves. Signed H. A. HALL. ALFRED Volunteer. KASTER THINGS In the war of EASTER FAROS. EASTER BOOKS. PRAYER BOOKS AND HYMNALS. A collection that meets every need in price and variety. F. PURSELL. Bookseller & Stationer. SOT G st. "Oraftonic" Roof Paint IT CURTIS applied by our experts will mean better protection and less frequent painting of your THAT FOR. Get our estimate for putting your roof on our guarantee " ante list. Wash. Loan Grafton & Son. INC. NEVER DISAPPOINT." BE A BOOSTER! Use good printing? Adams Printing? and force your business to grow steadily. THE SERVICE SHOP. F.YRON S. ADAMS. CONCERNING YOUR EYEIGHT If you need Eyeglasses, you can make them made to order in our Modern Optical Plant in the premises. M. A. LEESE ON TIME ALL TIME. National Capital Press, 511 11th St. Phone M. 650. ROM FACTORY TRADE Buy your Window Shades at factory prices. The Shade Shop, In Your Own Interest Buy your Doors, Sash, Lumber, etc. Barker's, J. E. HURLEY, 1219 OHIO AVE. N.W. PH. MAIN 452. Landscaping and Forestry! HEDGING, EVERGREENS AND SHRUBS, lawn made: pruning season now. E. P. Rodman. 328 11th St. s.e. Ph. L. 19T.1. Estimates. SINCE 1872! 44 years of roof painting right here in Washington is our record. In this field, we are authorities - our leadership is never questioned. Do you show you a good, solid job of roof repairs and painting. ENVELOPES, HSSSiSfii 600 each - 2,000 in all - $7.00. Paper furnished, printed and delivered. ASK TO SEE OUR SAMPLES. 14th at. n.w. 2nd Floor Front. Save Money on Safety Razor Blades We re-garpen them at a very reasonable price, sterilize them and have them ready for you within 24 hours. Electrically sharpened. Mechanically correct. RUDOLPH & WEST CO., 1332 N. Y. Ave. TOUR NEXT-DOOR NEIGHBOR MAY BE A PLUMBER. But it'll pay you best to give your work where you're assured valuable service. Consult JOHN L. SHEDD. 527 10th. Ph. M. 314. DO NOT LET THE HAIR IN YOUR RAIN KIND THE IRONING. Let Casey Do It." EXPERT TINNERS AND PLUMBERS. M. B. CASEY & CO., 3307 14th st. n.w. Col. 158. ROOMS PAPERED. $3 AND UP: HOUSE painting lowest prices. CHAS. A. CARLISLE, 50 11th st. n.w. Main 4257. A GOOD R. OOF IS AN INVESTMENT. It doesn't pay to tinker with tinkers. Colbert Roofs are guaranteed. MAURICE J. COLBERT. 621 F st. Ph. M. 3016. Printing You'll Appreciate. We turn out quality Printing—the kind that pays in results. Judd & Detweiler, Inc., The Big Print Shop, 420-422 nth. PAINT NOW! BEFORE ANOTHER ADVANCE IN MATERIAL. LUTHER L. DERRICK CO., 819 15th St. N.W. Phone Main 10W. HAVE YOUR GAS AND OIL STOVES REPAIRED NOW. BROILER, PANS, GREASE TRAYS AND REPAIRS ALL STYLES WICKS. W. S. TENKS & SON. NOW IS THE PROPER TIME To fertilize your grass plots, lawns and gardens. Odorless plant food specially prepared for these purposes, in any quantity from five pounds up, delivered. Write or telephone, giving area to be fertilized. OLIVER SMITH, INC., Tafcoms Park, D.C. Telephone Col. 4278. House; Made Saleable. An old house will fill all the more readily for having an attractive bath. EDWIN E. KELLER, 1106 9th St. N.W. Ph. N. 7826. PIANOS FOR RENT FROM $3.30 UP. RENT APPLIED IF PURCHASED. VIRGINIA AND GRANULAR. HUGO WORCH, 1110 U St. N.W. Work bldg. SPIRITUALISM. MRS. JANE E. HALL, SPIRITUAL MEDIUM. 1112 10th St. N.W. Meetings, Mon., 2 p.m.; Wed., and Fri., 7:30 p.m., 25c. A message to each. Daily readings, $1. North 8203. PALMISTRY. CONSULT THE ZANCIGS. PALMISTS. PSYCHICS. READINGS. $1.00. STUDIO. 604 14th St. N.W. Phone M. 4419. HAVE YOUR HAND READ BY MR. DAUGHT, the well-known scientific palmist. Readings, $1. only by appointment. Phone North 1130. Studio. 1622 Q St. N.W. Summer Membership 3 Months, $5.00 Includes all privileges of the Central building?gymnas I am, swimming pool, baths, games, educational classes and clubs, club rooms, etc. You need regular exercise to keep yourself physically fit. You can get it with the least expenditure of time and money at the Y.M.C.A. Free gymnasium classes for all members. Excellent Turkish bath facilities. Join today and get in condition to enjoy the summer. This membership can be converted into a term. Special building for boys from 10 to 10 years of age. V.M.C.A. 1780 O St. a.w. Bell-ans Absolutely Removes Indigestion. One package proves it 25c at all druggists. Inspect These Houses Today Kenyon and Park Place N.W. Overlooking Soldiers' Home grounds: excellent location $5,500 and big bargains. Only Four Left Out of Thirty. Price, $3,775. Terms $300 cash, $29.75 monthly, including all interest. Sample House, 41& Kenyon St. Open Until 8 P.M. Take 6th St. car to Kenyon St.; walk east to Park Place. Sold exclusively by owner. Inspect Tonight 3632 to 3640 11th St N.W. Open and Lighted Until 9 P.M. Only 2 squares east of 14th St. cars, 6th St. cars to Monroe, 12 blocks north. Phone us for our free auto service. Main 908-909. Price, $4,450. Corner of Alley, 8 Rooms and Bath, $4,850. $300 Cash?Balance Monthly. Lots 18x142 to paved alley. Houses finished in hardwood throughout. Electric lights, hot-water heat, front and rear entrance to cellar, pantry with window, 6 rooms and bath. One: Sold. H. R. HOWENSTEIN CO. I I 1314 F Street N.W. HANDSOME HOME In one of the finest residential sections of Washington's Heights, an ideal location and exceptionally well built, contains 8 delightful rooms, a large tiled bath, 4 rooms on a floor, hot-water heat, electric lights, hardwood floors, and trim, elegant fixtures and large porch. A home that must be seen to be appreciated. Price only $8,500. SHANNON & LUCHS, Phone M. 1245, 713 14th St. N.W. Abe Martin Says: Of all the campaign lies, "I'll be home every night after the election, dear," is the worst. A warning is all the average American needs to make him take a chance. Eugene Galvin, thirty-two, a Baltimore pipefitter, was found dead on one of the foot walks constructed around the oil burners at Curtis Bay. HONORABLE OWNERS Owned by end knitted under the direct control of the French Government Natural Alkaline Water Your Physician "I will recommend its use, to relieve indigestion, rheumatism, and other ailments." Mexican Says Loss is Dead; Co. EL PASO, Tex., April 12. An entirely new version of the story of Villa's death was brought here today by a Mexican cattleman, who claimed to have suffered a visitation from a band of Villa followers on his ranch near Zacchia. This man said that Villa was neither dead nor wounded, but that Pablo Lopez, the bandit's notorious lieutenant and prisoner-in-chief, had died and that Villa had deliberately used his death as the basis of the story of his own finish. The cattleman told the following story: "I was in Guerrero at the time Villa came there and afterward when the American soldiers arrived, I believed it was safe for me to return to my ranch. Last Thursday a band of twenty of Villa's men rode up to the ranch house. They took a little grain that I had and killed one of my cows and had a great feast. They had several bottles of liquor that they had secured at Guerrero and Minaca, and got pretty drunk before they were through. "They ridiculed the American soldiers and boasted about the way Villa had fooled the 'gringoes' by sending guides to the American officers with Chinese rebels. The rebels were in control of the province of Che-Kiang, and the government troops were dispatched for the same purpose as far as Hashing. This declaration of independent cause caused surprise in Shanghai, as it had been understood that the revolutionists intended to announce the independence of the provinces of Fukien and Hunan before that of Che-Kiang. Action in the case of the last mentioned was probably hastened by the news that 10,000 government troops were approaching Shanghai. These have since been recalled. It is expected here that the 30,000 soldiers located in Shanghai and surrounding districts will go over peacefully to the revolutionary side unless some hotheads, under The leadership of Chen Chi-Mei, formerly Chinese minister of commerce and now an energetic government, will take the arsenal by force. Many dead in battles. Three hundred revolutionaries of Hongkong yesterday attacked 200 government soldiers at the Anglo-Chinese boundary. As 200 men came up to reinforce the latter, the revolutionaries scattered. The casualties on both sides amounted to fifty killed and a large number wounded. The China Mail reports fighting by the regular forces of Lung Chi-Kuang, governor of Kwangtung province, in the Shakee district, as a result of which it is estimated that a hundred were killed and many hundreds wounded. Minor disturbances in the outlying districts of Canton between revolutionaries and the regular forces of Lung Chi-Kuang are reported to be due to misunderstandings which the commanders of the respective forces are trying to remove. The financial problem is becoming acute, owing to the fact that the pay of the regulars is several months in arrears. The revolutionaries have consented that Lung Chi-Kuang shall administer the government provisionally. U. S. EMPLOYE PENSION MEASURE IS OPPOSED Friends Fear McGillicuddy Bill Will Lose Effect Through Amendments. Opposition to the McGillicuddy bill, which was framed to grant compensations and pensions to federal employees injured in the line of duty, has arisen in the Judiciary committee of the House, and friends of the measure fear it will be amended beyond the point of effectiveness if a firm stand is not taken for a favorable report at once. The measure has been twice reported to the House in other Congresses, but owing to the general policy of delaying all but "must" legislation the excuse is being given by the judiciary committee that sufficient time has not been granted to amend the McGillicuddy bill properly. The bill was introduced December 6, 1915, and at a hearing January 28, 1918, it became evident there was opposition to the idea of granting pensions or compensations to men and women in the federal service contracting diseases because of their occupations. Friends of the measure believed that if this feature should be taken out of the bill there would be no hesitancy in the committee to report it to the House. Representative McGillicuddy thereupon struck out occupational diseases from the bill. No progress has been made on the bill since that time, which was in March. It is understood from the committee members that further attempts to amend the measure are being made. One proposed change is to bar from compensation entirely any employee who contributes in the most minute degree toward any accident that disables him. Another amendment, designed to choke off the compensation feature entirely, would allow no pension until the workman injured had gone through the courts. GOES TO THE SENATE. House Passes Rivers and Harbors Bill Carrying $40,000,000. The rivers and harbors appropriation bill, carrying $40,000,000, passed by the House late yesterday by a vote of 210 to 133, went to the Senate today, where it is expected to meet with opposition. Last year's bill met death by filibuster in the Senate, and a lump sum was substituted to take care of existing projects. As finally approved by the House, the bill, with all its items as reported from committee, was unchanged. Unsuccessful efforts were made to reduce various items and to cut the total appropriation in half. All of the appropriation, except $700,000 for deepening the approaches to the Brooklyn navy yard. Recommended by the administration as a part of the preparedness program, is for continuing existing projects. The bill carries $32,000 for improvement of the Potomac river within the district of Columbia. It contains nothing for the Anacostia river improvement, and the work to be done there probably will be provided for in another bill. Lincoln Homestead Bill Debated. The House resumed today debate on the bill to provide for federal government acceptance of a gift of the Kentucky birthplace and farm of Abraham Lincoln, from the memorial association which has endowed the old homestead with sufficient funds for maintenance. Representative Foster of Illinois and others paid tribute to Lincoln. NOT VILLA, SOLDERED RELIABLE stories of different places in which he was hiding. Then they talked about Lopez, and said he was dying and that as soon as he was dead the gringoes would be told it was Villa and then they would all go home. "They did not say anything different about the whereabouts of the Villa bandits, but I understood from their talk that he was far to the south and that they were under orders to meet him somewhere near Parral." The Mexican who told this story is well known to several Americans here, who consider him reliable. Villa's ride south has been a disastrous one for the villages and the small towns through which he has raided, according to numerous reports received here. His men have looted at will and have been ruthless in their destruction of property. Several reports relate instances of women being assaulted and of Mexicans who were shot because of their supposed friendliness to Americans, but none of them. has been corroborated. Practically every man in El Paso has a map of Mexico on which he picks out a new location for the fugitive bandit daily, but the most reliable information is to the effect that he is in northern Durango, trying to arrange for a concentration for the Villa adherents who have been operating under Canuto Reyes. SHARP FIGHT EXPECTED OVER GAR MEASURE Conferees of House and Senate Take Up Bill to Iron Out Differences. The sugar tariff bill, passed by the Senate late yesterday by a vote of 40 to 32, went to a conference of the two houses today, where a sharp controversy over the measure is in prospect. The bill is a substitute for the House free sugar repeal resolution and would extend the present duty of 1 cent a pound on sugar until May 1, 1920. Opponents, led by the Louisiana senators, fought in vain for the House flat, repeal, contending that the Senate measure would not restore confidence to sugar growers. It is fully expected that the House conferees will insist upon their measure. Unless a conference agreement is reached and approved before May 1, sugar will go on the free list until such a time as the repeal or extension of the duty can be made effective. An effort by Senator Works of California to amend the bill so as to increase the duty on lemons and other citrus fruits was defeated, 44 to 29. Four democrats, Senators Broussard, Ransdell, Newlands, and Lane, joined the republicans in voting against the substitute. They favor the flat. I passed by the House. Senators Simmons. Stone and Lodge were named as the Senate conferees. NICARAGUAN CONGRESS RATIFIES CANAL TREATY Needs Money, and $3,000,000 Payment Will Be Made at Once by This Country. Ratification by the Nicaraguan congress of the treaty by which the United States acquires $3,000,000 canal route rights and a coaling station on Fonseca bay is announced in a dispatch received here from Minister Jefferson at Manzanillo. As the Nicaraguan government is urgently in need of money, arrangements will be made at once for placing the $3,000,000 to its credit, probably in the shape of a warrant drawn on the United States Treasury and deposited with some bank to be designated by the minister here. The next step will be to authorize the Navy Department to select the site for the Fonseca naval station, which is expected to be of considerable strategic importance in view of the favorable location for the use of naval vessels cruising between Panama and San Francisco. During the consideration of the treaty both Costa Rica and Salvador filed notice with the State Department that their interests would be adversely affected by the location of a foreign naval station on the bay, and in each case assurances were given that these interests would be considered and proper compensation made if justified after the Nicaraguan convention was in operation. WHITE HOUSE GETS FIGURES. Primary Results Show That President Wilson Is Strong. White House officials have been collecting facts regarding numerous polls and primaries recently held throughout the country and from the deductions are led to believe that President Wilson is exceedingly strong. The figures have been obtained from letters and newspaper accounts of the primaries and polls. Minnesota and Wisconsin, normally republican states, show an unusually strong vote for the President in the recent primaries. In one congressional district in Minnesota, the President received 5,231 votes in the primaries against 4,553 cast for all the republican candidates for the presidential nomination. From all over Wisconsin, reports of the President's large vote in that state. In Milwaukee alone, the President received 22,000 votes, almost as many as the La Follette and Phillip candidates combined. From North Dakota, Oregon, Boston, and elsewhere, straw votes recently taken show that the President is far ahead of the normal party vote. In Portland, Ore., for instance, with 639 democrats registered for a primary election, Wilson received 813 votes, more than Hughes and Roosevelt combined. FOR UNIFORM DIVORCE LAW. Bishop Harding and Others of Clergy Appear Before House Committee. Bishop Harding of the diocese of Washington, Mgr. Russell, Rev. Dr. A. Simon, Rev. Dr. J. M. Prettyman, chaplain of the United States Senate, and Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union formed part of a delegation of clergymen and others appearing before the House Judiciary committee today advocating the passage of a uniform divorce law. A resolution to bring about such a law has been introduced by Representative George W. Edmonds of Philadelphia, and although the judiciary committee has practically decided not to take action on the resolution at once, means of the resolution believed it would be best to have their views expressed to the committee. Dr. Simon, in favoring the Edmonds measure, pointed out that under existing conditions first cousins are prohibited from marrying in some states while permitted to marry in others. "We should have uniform marriage and divorce laws," said Dr. Simon. "Are you in favor of divorces?" asked Representative Whaley of South Carolina. "Only as a necessary evil," was the reply. Mrs. Margaret Dye Ellis, appearing in favor of the Edmonds resolution, declared it had been estimated that there will be 126,000 divorces in the United States this year. MAKES TOUR OF LAKE PORTS. Assistant Secretary Sweet Was Looking After Shipping Conditions. After a tour of the ports along the great lakes in an effort to devise means for shipping to get an early start in the movement of freight after the break, Assistant Secretary Sweet of the Department of Commerce has returned to Washington. He went particularly to find out whether there was going to be difficulty in obtaining certificated seamen under the seamen's law to reach the port. Vessels when the season opens. Mr. Sweet said that while a great number of additional seamen were obtained, more will be needed, but he thought there would be little difficulty in getting enough so that the vessels could comply with the law and get an early start. Beth Polit To the Members The Bethlehem with the United First We exp 1 | | Second If t cou rho 24 1 i Third It 1 anr Fourth The V At the present th but we have no American Government We now offer to The price paid n< It is said that if , will soon begin " of our policy? We will agree 1 We will agree f Trade Commission CHAS. M. SCHWAB, EUGENE G. GRACE, Mail Box 12 |:Ji h V , k. r. I i ' S B g LIEUT. MYER THE HERO OF FIGHT AT GUERRERO His Daring Ride Through Bullet Swept Field Saves Command of Haj. Tompkins. PERSHING'S CAMP AT THE FRONT IN MEXICO. April 5. by aeroplane and motor couriers to Columbus, N.M., April 11.?The ride of Lieutenant Albert Mvor of the 7th Cavalry at the Guerre rof the fight, when Col. George A. Dodd taught the Villa forces for the first time. was described here today by an officer from Dodd's column who No Lieutenant St cies in Ar of Congress: Sleel Company is solicitous that the States Government be clearly are urging no plan of preparedness enditures by the Government for ar We are attempting to show, in the frankest a for the Nation to spend $11,000,008 to build a Eiding facilities can supply every need. The Government can buy armor at least he United States should become involved in any industry can have any product we manufacture to pay; and under such circumstances, a day with every pound of armor has been stated that this Company for plate. The fact is that armor is in our armor plant—which is used for any that same amount of money invested in a steel Yet, that investment in armor plant has produced IN OTHER WORDS, THE SAME AROUND? PRODUCED AS MUCH PROFIT AS THE FOR ARMOR SUPPLIED TO THE GOVERNMENT profits realized by this Company in Our total sales in 1915 were about $2,200,000,000 to but $3,000,000—not two percent of our we can obtain in Europe all since the war began. reduce the price of armor plate? $425 a ton? is less than the our offer is accepted, and the soaring." That there is no delay to make armor at the reduction or an indefinite period to a solution may name as fair. Chairman , President Campaign 1 PONT DELAY ME ^ ? ^ .PROVIDE A BOX OR SLOT f $T HOME fa M k when ne !&c 29c CAN BE Andre\ 727-29-31 Thirl brought dispatches to the headquarters camp. Lieut Myer is from New York, a grandson of the former chief signal officer of the United States Army. During much of the fight Col. Dodd had a position on one of the hills which form a bow! about the town of Guerrero. A mile and a half From this hill, Col. Dodd saw some Villa troops, marching possibly one or two hundred, rifling stealthily through a ravine. Moving in their direction, but in such I a position that they might not see j the Villa men. was Maj. Tompkins squadron of the 7th Cavalry. There seemed a chance for the Villa force | to take the squadron on the flank, and Col. Dodd ordered Lieut. Myer to ?urr> word to Maj. Tompkins of the l>?ndits* movement. Myer rode a horse conspiouonsl\ marked with white. BeI uvoen him and Maj. Tompkins lay a j mile of open tield swept by the Are of ?el Profits mor Cont it i(,s position with reference U understood. Essential facts a ss. We have advocated no policy ly purpose. ind most open manner, that it would bo unm i Gorernment armor plant, because? and, as cheaply as it ean manufactoro it for itself. olved in war or threatened war, the ufacture?armor plate or anything stances, and regardless of price, our rgy behind it. has realized enormous profits from he least profitable article we manufac other purpose?we hare Invested $7,100,000. eel rolling mill would hare earned profits of $1,4 duced only average annual gross receipts of $1, NT INVESTED IN A COMMERCIAL PLA* ;* TOTAL RECEIPTS (COVERING EXPENSi WMENT. 1915 were not from armor plate. 10, of which the gross amount received for arn tal business. oost any price we choose to ask . the price for any ordnance ; for the United States from $<1 iat paid by any great naval pov Government plant not built, tl lger of any such contingency, s ed price named, for at lea! lake armor at any price wh Bethlehem Ste iVeek April Mail Box o Home W : possible the delivery of 1 > one is at home. : it unnecessary for som ring. letter carriers to rende PLEASE GET ON M. O. CHAP nplete assortment of the nds and styles at the foil 47c 8! FOUND AT vrs Papei :eenth St. N.W. " ~ - snipers. Lieut. Myer miOt the distance at a run, jumping ditches, dodging bowlders and leaping fences. The ride thrilled the officers who wer** watching. The messenger reached the American squadron in time to warn It of the bandits* position. "Confessed Robber" Is Freed. I T.PS a\<;i:m:s. csl . April 1?.?Federal authorities ordered the releaaa yesterday of James Moran, alias Arthur j Afagg*. who last week "confessed" I complicity in the planning and execu tion of a mail truck robbery in New York la;U l-'ebruary. His liberation was ordered after information was received by the Authorities that Moran was a prisoner in the San Quentin. Cal.. penitentiary when -the robbery was committed. ! arm J XX VL racts > armor con tracts je: involving increased iccaury and unwtte Government of this else?at any price it entire plant will run the manufacture of dure. 00.000 Tear. 418,993 IT WOULD HAVE ES AND PROFIT) for our products; products to the 125 to $395 a ton. fer. be price of armor tnd as an earnest st five years; or ich the Federal el Company 10 to 1.1 r Slot at ill-nail at all times, even e one to answer the r more expeditious E NOW. 4CE, Postmaster. _________________ _ _ j _ 1 t_ - A 1 1 se merai ooxes. /\ii owing prices: 5c ~T | Co..
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Категорія:Орден Суворова (Російська Федерація)
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Категорія:Орден Суворова (Російська Федерація)
категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Орден Суворова (Російська Федерація) є одним із категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
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mmfi 3,21^ SÁBADO EDICIÓN M Uhm- 'T^rrr g, 20 DE ^OYiEMBRE t^ iS&t PUNTOS T PRECIOS DE SÜSCRICIOJ^. Uadrid. Bn la calle de I? Libertad, núm. 29, á i2 rs. al mes, in'el gabinete de lectura de Monier, Carrera de San Gerónimo. Provincins. ll" las administraciones y estafetas de correos, y en las principales librería», á 20 rs. al mes y GO por trimestre. Ultramar. K n l a i administraciones de correos, á24r5tal m4l y 70 por trimestre. S e admiten anuncios y comnnicado* i precios convencionales, en las oficinas del periódico calli de la Libeítad, niuu. 23 cuarto principal. PUNTOS Y PRECIOS DE SÜSCRICIQIl. franela» París. En casa de nuestros agentcsbl!c¡al<ísSAAVEPRAy deRiBMOii* rúa de Hauteviüe, 15, y librairie Esparjnole, rué de Proveflce, núm.l \ á Í6 fr. trimestre. En el Havre.—í<l.lñ'¿oyen, al mismo precio. Mn iSo^oíia.—Redacción üei MUSSAÜE», a id. id. DE LA ÜÍAi^^ANA. PERI^WCO LITERARIO, CIENTÍFICO, INDUSTRIAL Y P IVOTICIAS OEIGíALES. luglaterr*. iónám.—SAAVEDRA y deRrBEuouEs,53,MoorgateStreet,y W.Thoma Universal ^dyertising and Newspaperoflice 21. Gátherine Street Slnu:» Isla de Cuba y América. Bn la dirección de la agencia geaeral Hispano-Gubanad«U Habana y en casa de sus comisionado* salias pueden concebirse en épocas en que se tEl Excmo. Sr. intendente de la real casa rae dice con esta fecha lo siguiente.' Las carias y algunos periódicos de París ha- ignoraban los rudimentos de la ciencia econó«Excmo. Sr.: S. M. la Reina nuestra Señora se ha llan de varios proyectos q'i3 se atnhnyen al mica, á punto de creer posible aumentar in- servido ordenarme ponga á disposición de V. E. Presidente, y que han de ponerse en práctica definidamente la venta de los efectos fabrica- 30.000 rs, para que én nombre de su augusta hija la princesa de Asturias, y con motivo de ser mañana el ^nlcs de la proclamación del imperio. Entre dos en el reino, y comprar poco ó nada de los santo de su nombre, los reparta V. E.en los hospitaestrangero?, cstrayéndoles por este ingenioso estos parece hay uno preparado para amortiles y eslable:ímient08 de beneficencia de esta corte.» zar la renta del 5 por 100, que si se lleva] á sistema las especies metálicas que poseían: peCuyo rasgo de la munificencia de nuestra augusta efecto ejercerá notable influjo en el curso del ro en los tiempos actuales cuesta trabajo creer, soberana, he dispuesto se haga público para conociíiooro, cada vez mas necesario en un centro que haya gobiernos que todavía conserven fé miento de todos,(presentando ademas el mismo una prueba que, sobre otras muchas, hace ver su inagotaíndastrial y mercantil como ha venido á ser en una antigualla semejante. ble candad con los desgraciados, en cuyo nombre tenLos verdaderos medios de prolejer la indusI*aris de algunos años áesta parte. tria consisten en proporcionarle cuantiosos ca- go la satisfacción de dar las mas reverentes gracias á JU período de la restajuracion y el de la mo- pitales para que ios productos sean cada vez S. M., que en esta ocasión, comoen todas, recuerda naiquía de Luis Felipe, ha dado á la industria mas baratos, caminos espeditos para que pue- con sus actos generosos las virtudes incomparables de sus ínclitos progenitores. y al comercio de la capital de Francia un in- da trasportarlos pronto y á poca costa á los Mailrid 18 do noviembre de 1852.—Ventura Díaz.» cremento considerable. Las esportacioncs de mercados donde han de cspendersc,y una sa- También por innndato de S. M. se repartió en el Paris ascendieron en J847á 168.572,187 fr.; ludable concurrencia que la tenga siempre en real palucio pan abundante á todos los pobres que se y como la espnrtacion de la Francia entera fué actividad, no consintiéndola confiaren mas pesenlaron, cuja tlisposii'ion'habia sido previamente ¿e 1,221.000,000 fr. , resulta que las de Pa- auxilios que los que el ingenioy el trabajo pro- anunciada para conocimiento del público. Con el mismo fiusto motivo, S. M. la reina madre íisfion la octava patte de la suma total. porcionan. se dignó reribir en su palacio de la plaza del Senado Sus intereses están ligados con los de Lyon, La amortización délo por 100 contribuirá á las dos y media de la tarde, cuyo acto estuvo igualLille y todas las ciudades manufactureras del á que se consiga el primero dc estos objetos' mente concurridísimo ybrillanle. Norte. Provee al resto del continente yá Amé- pero mucho seria de desear, puesto que todo lo Por úliinio la solemnidad de este dia terminó conla tica de sedas, perfumes, algodones y las que relativo á intereses materiales se mira con pre- brillantísima función dada anoche en el teatro Real, á ?e llaman mercancías de París. Las relaciones dilección cutre nuestros vecinos, que la mano la cual se dignó asistir S. M. la Reina con su augusto n^rcantiles que estos guarismos suponen, de- del reformador tocase alfisco,origen principal esposo, acompañados de la reina madre y del serenísimo señor infante D. Francisco. ttuestran que treinta y siete años de paz han de males infinitos. A las ocho y media en punto, las reales personas Irasformado completamente las condiciones de de gran gala se presentaron en el palco regio, siendo la sociedad francesa, que difiere tanto de lo saludadas can la marcha real que locaba la orquesta. luc era á principios del presente, como el siglo El besamanos que ayer se verificó en el real palacio A la llegada de SS. M.\I. el teatro estaba todavía casi XVUI se diferencia del sig'o XIII, ó como la en celebridjj de los días de S. M. la Reina y de su desierto; pero instantáneamente empezaron á poblarUoma cristiana de la que fué cabeza de los vas- augusta hija la princesa de Asturias, estuvo brillantí- se las butacas y muy pronto las localidades todas simo, coujurriendo á tan solemne ceremonia los altos: se vieron ocupadas por la concurrencia mas escogiIos-dominios de los Ccfarcs. dignatarios del Estado, el cuerpo diplomático, la gran- da que puede dár¿e. En la platea y en los palcos París, para sostener su industria y su co- deza, el clero, la milicia, las corporaciones políticas, solo se veían lujosos uniformes y trages de etiqueta, mercio con el desarrollo verdaderamente pas- judiciales y civiles, y multitud de personas de cuantas resaltando los ricOs prendidos y adornos de las damas •laoso que han recibido, ha menester abundan- por su clase elevada ó posición oficial tienen la honra mas elegantes de nuestra socioJad, que formaban la cia y baratura de capitales, y aunque el intc- de poder presentarse en estos grandiosos actos. Du- parle mas lucida de tan distinguidísima reunión. rante el besamanos las músicas y bandas de los cuerpos Las hijas del Sarmo. señjr infanta D. Francisco se rís del dinero no sea tan crecido como en Ma- de la guarnición tocjioii alternalivamente, y según en su palco da proscenio. El señor duque do drid, el tipo es siempre muy elevado, y opo- costumbre, piezas escogidas en la plaza de armas hallaban Riánsares con sus hijis estubi en el que ordiuariai.e un obstácijlo perdurable para que la indus- frente á los balcones del regio alcázar. En dicha plaza mente ocupan. tria francesa pueda llegar á la altura en que se y en las demás avenidas al palacio era bastante crecida Al momento de presentante SS. MM., priicipió la halla la dc la Gran Bretaña. Si se reduce el la concurrencia de loia clase de persona?, que acudían representación de la ópera I díte Foscari, que fuécanllenas de curiosidad á admirar los lujosos trenes de papel del Estado mediante una amortización nuestra aristocracia, la riqueza de los uniformes, y los tada admirablemente. A pesar del respeto y la circunspección que en funciones de esta clase impone siempre eficaz, los capitales que de este modo queden trages y adornos de las damas que ibaná la corle. al público la presencia de S. M., mas de Una vez se persin aplicación vendrán á fomentar los talleres Los dias de S. M. se hau celebrado además esta vez cibió el rumor de Jos bravos con que en voz baja los y las íábricas, i^saLo mas cuanto que á medida con mayores muestras dejúbiloque en otras ocasiones, concurrentes significaban á los cantantes el grande qae la deuda pública se disminuya, subirá el sin duda por coincidir con este fausto motivo los dias efecto deja ejecución. Todos contribuyeron al buen precio de la que quede hasta llegar á un nivel de la augusta princesa de Asturias, que forma hoy las conjunto; pero particularmente Coletti estuvo como delicias de su escelsa madre, así como las esperanzas de nunca inspirado. que no ofreciendo ya perspectiva de ganancia lodos los españoles. La Angri estuvo muy feliz en el aria que cantó en al especu^dor, 6 lo convierta en rentista, ó le Ya la noche anterior, las músicas de los cuerpos de el primer entreacto; y en el divertimiento de baile que oblieoe á ir á .buscar en otra clase de negocios la guarnición dieron á las reales personas ana brillan, se ejecutó en el segundo, la Flora Fábri rayó á una alte serenata en la plaza de palacio. , empleo raas lucrativo para su dinero. tura en que nunca la habiamos visto ; hizo primores Ayer á las doce todos los cuerpos que guarnecen En cualquiera ée estas hipótesis la indus- esta plaza, se hallaban formados de gran gala por su que sorprendieron á la concurrencia; los bravos y las tria y el comercio han de reportar beneficios, orden de antigüedad, apoyando la derecha de la línea señales de aprobacio!», ya que no tas palmadas, se repitieron sin cesar. y todavía serian estos mayores si se enmenda- eil la entrada del paseo de los coches del Prado, laque A las doce, la función había terminado. ran los defectos de que adolece la actual orga- se prolongaba en dirección á la; puerta de Atocha, y en esta forma recibieron en gran parada al Excmo. sehmq^ofi del.banco, y sobre todo, si viniese á ñor capitán general del distrito. Éntrelas anomalías de nuestro sistema aduanero, Uerra-el maléfico sistemafiscalque á los franEn todos los edificios públicos ondeaba el pabellón ninguna nos ha llamado mas la atención que la que se ceses ya ios españoles no les consiente apro- nacional, y la artillería de plaza hizo las salvas de or- nos'ha referido con relación á nuestroj pensionados de vebhar las fuerzas productivas de sus respecti- denanza. Roma que acaban.de • regresar de,aquel centro de las De orden deS. M. la Reina, y en nombre de su au- artes. Estos jóvenes que acabando consagrar tres años vos, países. gusta hija la Serma. princesa de Asturias, se dio á la su vida al estudio de la pintara ,á espensas del EsNo infunde esperanzas lisonjeras 'en esta tropa de todos los cuerpos„adema3 del real que recibe de tado, traen consigo numerosos estudiQsbechos duranparte loque ha sucedido poco ha con el tra- por cuenta tle tos suyos' respectivos, un rancho de car- te su permanencia enRoroa,y que conservan coma retado de Bélgica. Si hemos de juzgar porelses- ne á razón de media libra por plaza y un cuartillo de Cuerdos de su estancia alfi, y como elemeotos de futuros trabajos; estudios que en ningún caso'posible • go qüese'ha dado a «ste asunto, tienen mas yifio también por plaza. Ademas S. M., cediendo á los sentimientos genero- puédenser objeto dé-eofQercfó,'y que'evldentemente raices que las que debiera presiyaiirse tenían no se traen para venderse, sino -para conservarse. A ca.un.paisUn ilustrado como Francia, las, sos de su caritativo corazón, quiso celebrar este dia con pesar de esto, parece que se 'es exige un derecho de otros actos semejantes á los que con tanta frecuencia preocupaciones qae en la edad media convir- la enaltecen, presentándola grande y digna del amor mil ó mil y quinientos reales' por la importación de estieron en armas de guerra las tarifas de adua- que el pueblo español la profesa. S. M. deseaba tam- tas obras, que han entrado siempre ó han debido entrar nas. • Si por hostilizar á los belgas elevan los bién que en dia tan señalado tuvieran los pobres' un libres de toda clasede derechos, como entran los equifraaceses el derecho del carbón que de aquel nuevo motivo para bendecir su nombre y el de su au- pajes y lodos los objetos de uso personal. sacrificar esos recuerdos, que tienen para ellos todo el embeleso de las primeras ilusiones del artista. Según parece, eISr. Armendariz ha sido agraciado por S. M. con el título de raafquéi de Armendariz, y el Sr. Artuaga, con la llave de gentil-hombre del interior. El Sr. Sánchez, ha sidonombrado Caballerizo de S. M., y gentil-hombro el Sr. MiuJinueia, gefcde tos Uuaidias de la Reina. 1-íilsoxtt.aesexaieai^nm La Gacela de ayer resnclve por fin la c u e s tión del nombramiento de gefe de .Vlaliarderos que ha dado lugar á tantas congeturas. lié aq'ií el Real decreto sobre el particular. MinisTBiuo D EL A GüEftRA.—Ilí'al 'dccfcto.—Atendiendo á la lealtad acrisolaila y á los muchos y buenos servicios del Capitán general de los ejércitos nacionales D. Prudencio Giiadalf«jara, duque do Cistroterreño, vengo en nombrarle coiuandanle general de ini real cuerpo lie Guardias Alabardero.s. líalo en palacio á diez y nuevo de noviembre de mil ochocientos cincuenta y do.-,.—lísti rubricado de la real mano.—El ministro de la Guerra , Juan da Lara. También publica el diario oficial dc ayer el siguiente Real decreto elevando á la dignidad decapitan general de los (jércítos nacionales al general Villacampa. Atendiendo á la dilatada carrera, relevantes méritos y distinguidos servicios del teniente general don Pedro Villacampa, director del cuartel de Inválidos, vengo en promoverle á capitán general de los ejércitos nacionales. Dado en palacio á diez y nueve de noviembre de mil ochocientos cincuenta y dos.—Está rubricado de la real mano.—El ministro de la Guerra, Juan de I^ara, Ven seguida insena el párrafo siguiente, despue del cual copia la protesta do! conde de Chambord, que ya conocen nuestros lectores: «Al mismo tiempo que se hacen circular las anteriores abominables provocaciones, se intentan esfuerzos para hacer llegar á todos los punios del territorio francés una protesta, que entregamos también a la publicidad. Es sénsib.e ver á un príncipe, que sufre noblemente su infortunio, llegar también, por un sentimiento exagerado de lo que oree su deber, anegar el derecho del pueblo á elegirse su gobierno.» Por último, después de la protesta del conde de Chambord, añade únicamente el Monilew estas palabras : «El pais conoce ya todos estos documentos; su patriotismo y sd buen sentido íes harán justicia.» I.\GLAT£RRA.—Dicese que la Reina de Inglaterra ha escrito por si misma al gran duque de Fioiencia, con motivo de la condena de los esposos Jladiai por razón da opiniones religiosas. ITALl.A.—La imprenta reaccionaria del Piamonls, que había atribuido á la íriflaencia de lord Minto la formación del ministerio Gavour, ha sido desmentida por este diplomaiico, que decJara, en una carta publicada por los periólieos de Turín, que no vio al rey durante toda la crisis ministerial. ALEM.ANIA.—La princesa déla familia \Vassa,de quien se dijo hace algún tiempo que será la esposa de Luií Napoleón, ha abjurado el protestantismo, y abra2ado la religión católica. He aquí en que términos lo escriben de,sde Viena á la Gaceta de Atigshurgo: • El 4 de noviembre ha te'nido lugar en Morawectz, Moravia, la conversión de la princesa Carolina W'ai. f a. La princesa había pensado hace muchos años entrar en el gremio de la iglesia católica , pero su menor edad y otros motivos lo habían hasta hoy i m pedido. Después de haber obtenidoBl íonsentíraiénto paternal, se ha dirigido al obispo de Brann , ante el cuül ha abjurado eldi»de.sUfestividad.» Leemos en el CAamor Viiblico: Al fin el gobierno austríaco no hará al inglés el des«^Parece que está resuelta la supresipnd^l ministerio aire da quo ningún oficial de su ejército concurra á los deFomentoy la creaciondel de IJIiramar. La* sec'cio-i funerá'es de lord-Weliington. Aunque tío ha ido ofines de minas, agricultura , montes, obras públicas, in-» cialmente una comisión de ofluiale» representando al duslria y comercio, pasarán a Gobernación, y ladd ejército , el emperaJor -ha autorizado á dos geneescuelas especiales á Gracia y JaUicia. El raujo da rales,,y cuatro oficiales pertenecientes al regimiento correos perieiicceRi á Hacienda, «otno'en fatro tiempo. infiíiteria que llevaba el nombre del.duque, á ir á LonPor el ministeiio de Ultramar se despacharán toJo's lo» dres parala ceremonia. asuntos dé Guerra, Marina , Hacienda , Gobernación, PERÚ.—Di la Crónica de Nueva-York lomamo» Gracia y Jujlici.! relativos a las colonias.» lo que sigue." ^ ,l.»l—Ui «Nuestra es la honra de-haber tem'do ocasión de srr ¡Parece que el Consejo real ha aprobado los cslalutos los primeros,en hablar d«i atentado que se fraguaba en este país contra la soberanía del Perú en sus isdéla sociedad para la'oinaliz,icion del Kbro. las de Lobos. La gravedad de la injusticia y la amenaza que esta envolvía contra todos los listados hispano-amer-JcáMs<, nos empelló'en mabtener'Vrra la cuestión, hasta quo dimos cuenta de «i lérmiffoi cOh la publicación de la correspondencia oficial corauniía•FRANCIA.—iJl Moaileiir del Vi ha llenado de sor- da al Senado por el secretario de relaciones eiteriores. presa á París. Abandonando par. un momento el sis- Cerraba eS'ta una contéstacron de M. Webster alas natas que sobre asuntó dé laiita trascendentema de restricciones de la imprenta y del pensa- diferentes cia le habia pasado el señ&r ministro del Perú, «n el miento, el gobierno francés, on vez<lo oponerse á ia espacio de cerca de tdos mesesi publicación y á la circulación de loi manifiestos clanCreímos icrminado.estenjgocio: peropordesgracia, destinos escrit03 en contra suya, los ha insertado ea parece que revive. A pesar de todps Jos d^tos ydocumentos que han esclarecido íá cíiestion'y del.fállo el Monüeur. do lie la opinión, el plan Usurpador nó se ba'desfeo'iícEsfuerzos considerables, y maniobras de toda ceriado. , clases dice el perióJico oficial, se están intentando Asi nos lo hacen comprender los movimientos que para circular entre el pueblo, en el momento de la vo- hemos observado después de la venida del señor J. 4. tación solemne á que estiilamado, las pí'otostas de de Osma, plenipotenciario ^el, Perú cerca ^e»t© golos partidos; Et gobierno no tiene interés en oponerse bierno, y las pretensiones que asoman paija jqu» »« á su publicación, y quiere darlos á conocer por si consienta el premeditado despojo, á reserva de,dilucidar mas •wíde'fa eueiHwnr^el (%echo."eómo mismo; pues en el gran movimiento nacional que im- SI fuera, posible concebir ,. que «espueí de lóúü-lo pulsa á la Francia hacia el restablecimiento del im- que se ha d,i8Cul,iJo, pudiera .q;u«dar-alguna'dada perio, es necesario que la opinión del pueblo sea ilus- subre los fundameotos en que ^e apoyan J a s pr^teatrada, y que su voluntad, nlatiifestada sinteilior, sea sianes de este pSisV Pof nuestra parte asi (o concebitoos; la única cuestión pendiente és'fa rfebíiér ki el la espresion de su convicción. Léanse, pues, los ma- Perú sera ba»tí|ft6.«Jé!|)il'para cedbr á las ámonteas, nifiestos de la juRta revolucionaria de Londres, y el sin pi-óbar sus medios de resistencia. < de iZos proscriíot dtmó&ratas soei»Hstas residentes eii. FOLLETÍN. APUNTES HISTÓRICOS (1). » • ' LOS LADROBIES BE XOADZUD, y Biodo de eslinguir los robos. TERCERA PROPOSICrON, ¡PodriaH ó no egíerminarse jf qué medio» iendvíangue lo» robo» emplearte? te como escandalosa. Sin embargo, es indudable .lU,e los robos pueden esterminarsej ó á lómenos disminuirse notablemente. Ladrones hay en Madrid que tienen en los librosde la cárcel lomadasveintey treinta partidas ó filiaciones..La prá etica jurídica que adquieren con lautos procedimientos , el conocimierito profundo que tienen de la legislación penal, y de • la administración do justicia, unida á'una comprensión perspicaz, y á un juicio sólido, recio y sosegado.hace que algunos den á suscausasun giro tan conveniente y acertado unas declaraciones tan «oportunas, precisas y contundentes y hagan unas pruebas tan lobustas v eficaces que los liibunales de justicia se encuentran en un contliclo y absuelven quizás contra sii cíinviccion á un criminal, poi-que ífíwrf ¡ioaesl in pro^ cessu,noHest inmundo. Hechos podríamos citar de esta especie (-que píuehan una sublimidad de ingenio, una estension áe mi-^ La esperieucia de los hechos, que es mas elocuen- ras, y un acierto tan sorprendente envolver, como dicei^ellosywiacausa, que conocemos, y decimos frante y persuasiva que todos los razonamieutos, prueba camente, que muchos abogados con todo su saber y de una manera evidente, que los medios hasla ahora su práctica, no lo harian de un modo tan cumplido y satisfactorio. Y lo mas singular es que cstrajudicial-' empleados para reprimir y hacer desaparecer los ro- mente, aunque con reserva, so saton todos los 'pór-i bos no han sido tan eficaces como se apetece. La menores de los hechos que se persiguen, siendo muy frecuente ver presos y penados algunos .inc-autos- que' estadística criminal nos revela, que lejos dedisminuir, han tenida solamentebonocimiento íél nagoeio,mien' han ido y van en una progresión ascendente tan tris- tras que los verdaderos criminales y asesinos salen en libertad. Pero la culpa no es de los ttibunales, porqué a n Estos apuntes se acaban de imprimir en un los tribunales no pueden sentenciar sino con arregla Bioa. al proceso. JDejemos eata,si{i embargo, y volvamos á iiuestro objeto que es investigar como pueden evitarse los robos, supuesto que esto es lo que exijen la humanidad, el buen urden administrativo, y aquella tan lamosa como conocitb máxima de derecho y de sana ülosofia, inas vahevilur d dáilo, que no castigarlo. • A pesar de nuestros injustos contratiempos, varias veces hemos reflexionado y consultado sobre este particular con poreonás-que podían iíustramos y sugerirnos ideas acerca de tan importante asunto. Yefectivanwnte, hemos llegado á con^TucciTios de que es posible hacer desaparecer esa irrifanto y grosera icpulacion' que teneráos á ios ojos de toda ta Enroj)a, deque' en España se roba escandalosamente. De los medios que pueden adoptarse; íinos son anunciábicsy otros no^pueden anunciarsesinidesvirtuarlos y hacerlos ineficaces; N'osotros ló-^haremos de loS j)rimerós solamente,- porque no queremos que seiips eché nunca en cara que hemos inutilizado los segundos. Sin embargo, debemos.consignar, sin pretensiones de ninguna especie, que en eílerreho privado, no sefttiriamós gran repugnancia en indicarlos desinteresadamente á quien conociéramos capaz de sacar partido de ellos. ¡Tal es la idea que tenerrtoid'é tá necesidad'¡do poner térmiito a los horrorosos crímenes que empañan y manchan el nombre de lluéstiíópais, y tienen agitada é intranquila á la sociedad entera! El establecimiento d» los 'Caminos de hierro hará desaparfecer los robos en las líneas generales decomunicacion; pero entonces aumentarán natnralmenle eii Jas lineas trasversales.'£1 aumento de fiíerzas y una esquisita, vigilancia por parte de Ja guardia''eivi!f"po dra evitar algunos, mas como la guardia civil iio dis pone de los recursos, ni puede tenor las nolicias y con fidencias que puede tener lu autoridad central , estos riiedios , ya ensayados, nohajiaii adelantar un pas<). réiicmos dalos Irrecusables para asegurar, que piienli-á's no se de^lruyael foco de latrocinio que bay piín cijialinentu cu Madrid y en los centros de las demás escuelas de Iddruiícs, donde se saben, comunmente de anlémano, los asaltos que se preparan, ó van a qier-i jie'trarse, cuanto se haga y pracliipio jiara eslerniinar! íos'robos en despoblado es inútil. Es preciso acabar' con ellos por otros uiedius indii celos, que no sean le-' vas generales ni nada eslralegal, de los cuales no esj fácil dar idea sin descubrirlos. :. Losrobüscon violencia, con harta frecuencia acom-J panados de asesínalos y olrosinfames atropellos; qia<¿ se perpetran en la corle , se ejecutan ordiirariarnenite! por ladroi^cs.íle^r/inde ambición. Si eiüan/eronoías^ ofrece un gran negoiMu, docrK-itbs utilidades yi poe»| riesgo, no van. El medio mas eficaz para evitarlos es. el no tener dinero, ni alhajas do gran valor en casa, y aun lo poco que se tenga ocultarlo á los criados ú. ólras personas que puedan enterarse dc ello , .siempre que no inspiren una absoluta confianza. Sabiendo ])or< punto general, que los ricos tienen {acostumbre de no tener valores en casa , los famosos ladrones no irán ni, intentarán robarlos; Podrían sufrir alguna ratería; pero esto, sobreño ser de grave importancia, es lo que sucede en todas pitrles. En Londres especialmeiile,, y en otras irilporlanies capitales dé la Gran Jirelafia, íluiidelodo el mundo tiefie la eostUinln-o de riejiositár cuanlo posee en poder dc su banquero ó en las cajas de ahorros, nunca se oye hnbtai*de c.íos gr.-indeS''Mbo.scoii violentla de([iiese habla en JÍ>pariír,(íJr lialia y otros puntos aiHtlogo.s-.-Kiiningmrc'ífi'ifórió déla eitii bayeiija , ni mas doeini-o libraíiésférJftfaseífhíetalii.o ó biUoles, y ofrdinaiianidiilo Ai iíli-sMí'í?/?.' Todos los pagos se hacen fxjr nieJiíí de-iiffiíyáre ó talones contra lo,< res|:cct¡vüs liaiujiicros , de iiiedo (¡lie aunque algún Jadroii ¡misase o» s^q»e;tr un ^í.^criióiiu, di-sistiiia lid pro¡\t>:<itt> tleltint& l*idea «lu leiíei' que forzar jmt>tt;isyiest)»;ifi»'»«!«*»c"r«ninana^ de la pollina por nada-, p»ieíqu« hasti las lotias d,;- cambio y los pagarés Jíenceáeros, ylmu-aranis d.» las marcífne¡flSídepníiiad«S.en los dods, fiuii,.soii nomitiaJés, metidos «i-u»» pequeña cajita iki Uierio, sé4levan i caga; del banquero ai C4!rrur ct despacho'.: Ite esto modo es'iniposit>fe que se lohe. Y sr ni gobiernoen Madrid, ja qiieno lefiomo,-; banrcí pariir,úfares'cóB\ólierHJiHas cajirtales dft.Iiiu-Kittin.a, hiciera que pof ol- láiico espanol do San l-VnianSo, ófioí la caja-de di'ptwilos y eon.si¿iiacioiies ó pDr la de ahorros, se esíablecíéraii vanas sucursales éil «lospuntos mas coiiv^nicnies de la col le, hien gM.iPtJaJas y Sigiladas'dé'irtia 'fi\6 noche, q«" admitierany dcvolviersiíiitodas hórus depósitos, quo abrieran á todoolque lósolioitaso y porcaniidalies mayores de cincuenta ocien reales, cuentas Corrientes, que á su orden , en virtud de talones con se- parlamento éon fecha 5 de junio, en contestación á la de V. del 2 del mismo raes, se han recibídj avisos en este ministerio de que el gobierno del Peiú recia • ma derechos de jurisdicción sobre aquellas islas, y de que en 1812 espidió dos decretos prohibiendo a los iHiques estrangeros, bajo pena de conliscacion, la esiraccion de huano de ninguna de las islas adyacentes .1 la costa d«l Perú, sin licencia del gobierno. BJJO (aic-í circunstancia» se espera que los buques que se han dirigido a aquel punto por cuenta de V. no harán uso de las armas con que fueron provistos, se«un aparece de su carta de 16 del presente, para re.sistirse con la fuerza á las autoridades peruanas. Usted debe ser preveoido.de que semejante resistencia se consideraria como un acto de guerra privada, quejamas puede recibir ningún apoyo de este gobierno. 'De la raisma)raanera , y por el mismo estado en que se encuentra !a cuestión, el gefe de la escuadra de los Estados Unidos en el Paciftco recibirá instrucciones para abstenerse de proteger á cualquier buque mercante da los Estados Unidos, que vaya á aquellas islas con fines prohibidos por los decretos del gobierno del Pertú, hasta que reciba nuevas instrucciones. i l l i S u caria de 3 de junio contenia algunas informes que tendían á engañarnos, y como queda dicho , es de temar que lo haya conseguido. Soy de VJ. con respeto obediente servidor.—Daniel Webster.» Re vé, pues, que el secretario de relacionesesteriores conjiesa] su error en esta carta, y aun acusa al capitán Jswett de haberla engañado premeditadamente. Todo esto puede concebirse. ¿ Mas qué diremos , si después de estos antecedentes, se trata de sostener por la misma administración que ha manejado el asunto,, que es justicia la injusticia, y que es verdad ei mismo error que se confiesa ? Pero, baste por ahora. Las noticias que tenemos del nuevo aspecto de este negocio, son demasiado graves 'para que nos lancemos en el examen de su carácter, sin mucho Jelenimienlo.» su mas decidida cooperación, mostrándose dispuesto á proponer los arbitrios que sea preciso establecer para cubrir la cantidad que corresponda á esta ciudad en el reparto que forme la diputación provincial. • Deseamos ver confirmadas est^s noticias.» ^ Ocupándose los diarios de Málaga de la rivalidad que ha surjido en la oáestÍ9n ^cl, ferro-* carril desde aquella ciudad á la^jde Cdrdolxa,hacen esta redexiones: • El señor Salamanca quiere asociar su nombre al ferro-carril de Malaga á Córdoba, y según sus palabras, esto y no un cálculo de intereses lo que lo impulsa á hacer la proposición de construir el citado camino bajo el tipo de los 5.500,000 rs. por legua que fija, y un año menos de tiempo, con cuyo objeto pide se proceda desde luego á la subasta del citado camino bajo aquel tipo, oque se le dé una intervención razonable en este negocio, durante el plazo de seis meses olorgado)al actual concesionario, para no quedar invalidado para la subasta en vista de las ventajas que en la concesión se han dado al señor Larios. Las palabras del Sr. Salamanca, que tanta auto'idad deben tener en estas cuestiones, por lo mucho que las conoce, dan motivo á otra clase de ideas, pues ellas son la mas completa justificación de lo que la parte independiente de la prensa, esa parte que lealmente defiende el bien del pais y esta se;)arada de todo género de negocios, ha venido diciendo desde que se adoptó el sistema que se ha seguido en la concesión de las diferentes líneas de ttjrro-cairriles, y al que en honor de la verdad no ha si Jo estruño el señor Salamanca. No es este el momento de ventilar si en las referidas concesiones, unos concesionarios han obtenido mayores ó menores ventajas que otros: el hecho culminante es el haberse adoptado ese sistema misto de concesiones'provisionales, y de subastas posteriores, cuyas ventajas no ha podido apreciar nadie todavía, y cuyos inconvenientes no pueden ser mas palpables y manifiestos. Salta en efecto á la vista que ese sistema deja hasta cierto punto ilusorios los beneficios de la pública licitación y concurrencia, sirviendo solo, cuando mas, de remora á los mismos concesionarios: hace ilusoria la subasta, porque las condiciones de los licitadores son en eslremo diferentes, hallándose todas las ventajas de parte de los concesionarios, y la desventaja de la de los postores: aun dejando a un lado que no tuviesen estos en contra suya el pago de los materiales acopiados, con el tanto por ciento de administración y al tanto da interés, SDlamente el tener que satisfacer las obras hechas, es ya un inconveniente, pues á nadie puede ocultarse que tal postor acaso, bien por sus conocimientos en la materia, bien por la facilidad de sus medios en proporcionarse recursos materiales, etc., podía haber verificado sí se quiere con mas economía la parte hecha de las obras, ocasionando este esceso de pagos obligatorios, que no puedan ser mas favorables las proposiciones de los pos tores, y que por tanto no ss reporte de las subastas toda la ventaja posible. > Nosotros, sin embargo, no abrigamos el menor re celo acerca de la suerte de esta línea. Vivimos en la convicción de que el gobierno piensa seriamente en ella. Ha escitado al de la república vecina, segunanunciaron 8I1S periódicos, á ja'piolongaoipn del camino de BurdeOi'hasta Bayoiia ,'y no es pouble que )óhiciese sin contar con la úgttridadde cahrle al encuentro. Ademas, cuando todas las «apitales^dej Europa están enlazadas por ferró-eamles, es preciso hacer la justicia a nuestro gobtVrtib dé -desear tanto' como el' mas pundonoroso patricio, que la.heróica villa de Madrid deje prontamente de ser citada como una vergunzoia escepcion. La suprema importancia del camino del Norte es una cosa que no tenemos contra quien persuadirla. El primer tronco de línea de Madrid á Valladolid, tiene otra importancia nacional que la recomendaría al celo del gobierno, aun cuando quisiéramos olvidarnos de las comunicaciones con Europa. Valladolid es un centro para un inmenso territorio de la Península: á él se dirigen necesariamente una multitud de províucias do las mas ricas y pobladas. Las del pais Vascongado, Santander, Asturias, Giücia y las internas del antiguo reino de León, miran en Valladolid el punto natural á donde van á confluir sus relaciones con la capital de la monarquía. .i CORREO ÜE_PR0VIMGIAS. Los comisionados del ayuntamiento, junta de comercio y sociedad económica de Cádizhan redactado ya la memoria sobre el desestanco de la sal y del tabaco, opinando en favor de esta medida. Con el propio objeto se habia reunido también en Sevilla una comisión del comercio de aquella ciudad. Terminadas las operaciones del cambio de la calderilla catalana, la junta encargada de llevar á cabo esta disposición, ha dirigido á los habitantes de Cataluña 1» manifestación siguiente: «Las operaciones de la recogida de la calderilla catalana, que por su ramificación y trascendencia tanto habían llamado la atención de los hombres pensadores, han terminado con la mas sorprendente calma y regularidad. Un suceso tan estraordinario que afectaba á todas las clases y fortunas y del cual tan raros ejemplos presenta la historia, en nada ha alterado el curso de las transacciones, y en medio de los hábitos de laboriosidad de los catalanes h.ibria, puede decirse, pasado desapercibido, sí no se hubiese notado en los puntos destinados para el cambio de sumas tan cuantiosas, una animación y actividad superiores á las acostumbradas. Semejante fenómeno que con toda evidencia demuestra cuan arraigados están en Cataluña los principios de orden y sensatez, y que ha podido ser observado desde las capitales de provincia hasta el mas insignificante pueblo del principado, habrá llenado de admiración y complacencia á lodos lo» amante» de esle industrioso pais. Loorá Cataluña; loor á las autoridades y corporaciones que han tomado una parte tan activa y directa en el acierto y buen desempeño de las operaciones del cambio; gracias á los catalanes todos que tan eficazmente han cooperado para su f^liz resultado. La junta se enorgullece por la honra que le ha cabido en el desempeño de su encargo de estar al frente de pueblos tan sensatos, pero lo que completa su satisfacción es de una parte el haber hecho justicia á los caulanes, apelando con entera confianza á su cultura, buen sentido y probidad, y de otra considerar cuan grato habrá sido para el gobierno de S. M. el ver que Cataluña ba sabido demostrar con pruebas positivas su sincero reconocimiento por la generosa protección que se ha serTído'dispensarle. La junta lo esperaba todo de las autoridades y sus subordinados, y todos) sin escepcion, penetrados perfeetisimamente de sus respectivos deberes, han competido en corresponder al concepio qu« de sus virtudes y civismo justamente se l^ibia formado. Barcelona 10 de noviembre de 1832.—Siguen las firmas.» No nos toca entrar á discutir la dirección que en este trozo se dtba dar á la línea. Las localidades inmediatas hacen valer sus derechos, y el gobierno, que re. presenta los de la generalidad, y la ciencia, que tiene que acomodarse a los accidentes del terreno, sabrán dar resolución conveniente é imparcial á esta cuestión. Nosotros deseamos la linea mas corta; pero no nos oponemos á que, sin separarse notablemente de ella, se procuren aprovechar las ventajas agrícolas, industriales y comerciales del país intermedio. Para estose establecen los caminos, y no puramente para salvar las estériles distancias entre los puntos estremos. Re comendamos, sin embargo, la consideración de que sí esta linea ha de ser la verdadera del Norte, es preciso no dejarla espuesta á que otra la robe tan apreciable prerogaliva, y esto lo debe temer á poco mas que se la prolongue. En lugar de multiplicar los zis-zas y buscar un rodeo para ponerla en contacto con las inmediatas comarcas, es preferible que estas se enlacen por medio de ramales, y el tronco principal marche por la dirección mas breve, Cuevas de Vera es uno de esos pueblos en quedia-riamenle somos testigos oculares de estas verdades, verdades que no tienen otra contestación que la arriba dicha. Aquí se ven ejemplos de no ^respetarse al enfermo anciano, pues víeqe su hijo político y le dá horrorosa muerte ; al cuñado no se le guardan las consideraciones de hermano,^pues si aquel no dá á este, después de socorrerlo continuamente, el dinero que le pidiera para sostener sus vicios y diversiones, le hunde un puñal en el pecho ; y aquí, en fin, no se puede vivir tranquilo, pues el amigo que uno cree mas fiel, viene encubierto con la careta de la hipocresía, a asestarcontra los intereses del que finge ser su querido , y tal vez contra su vida. Tal es la situación de esle pais, que por sus escandalasos hechos debería llamar la atención del gobierno de S. M. ¿Quién creerá que en el término de noventa días van cometidos cinco ó seis asesinatos? Nadie. Pues aquí ha sucedido asi. Sin ir mas lejos, el que en el dia de ayer se perpetró en la persona de D. Antonio Miguel Murcia, del comercio de esta, digno por todos conceptos de la estimación pública, y cometido por la mano infame de su cuñado Andrés López (a) el Chocolatero. Estando dicho D. Antonio recostado, como tenía de costumbre al acabar de comer, sobre el mostrador de su tienda, llegaron el Andrés acompañado de su hermano Ginés, el cual preguntó si habia pañuelos de cierta clase: contestó que si, y mandó á un dependien. le que los sacase; cuando interponiéndose el Andrés entre Ginés y D. Antonio, levanta el brazo Andrés, y clávale en medio del pecho un cuchillo, no propio de otra cosa que de degollar cerdos: al empuje del puñal y con las ansias de la muerte salió de espaldas de la tienda, y cayó en medio de la calle ya cadáver. No pudo recibir ni aun el Sacramento de la Estremauncion; Dios le haya llamado á si en buen hora. Con la muerte de este desgraciado se han perdido muchas familias; la suya, las muchas que con su comercio socorría, y la misma que ha tenido la desgracia de dar el ser al fratricida, al cual siempre socorrió, hasta vestirlo y tenerlo en su casa manteniéndolo. La humana justicia dé al agresor un severo castigo, y que la divina tenga misericordia de ambos.» 2. * Que las susceptibles de inmediato deterioro, y las caballerías, por el gasto que ocasionan, pueden venderse inmediatamente á la declaración del comiso por las juntas creailas por el referido real decreto da 20 de junio; pero no se distribuirá su ioporte hasta que el gobierno, dentro del messeñalado para la reclamación, apruebe el comiso, quedando aquel depositado en tesoreiía. Lo digo á V. S. para los efectos correspondientes. Dios guarde á V. S. muchos años. Madrid 1de noviembre de 1832.—Bravo Murillo.—Señor director general de aduanas, derechos de puertas ycoa- sumos. Coiiformándose S.M. la Reina con el parecer de U junta de aranceles y esa dirección general, se ha dignado mandar que el aceite de coco, no comprendido en el dia en el arancel vigente, satisfaga á su introducción del eslranjero 29 rs. con 70 céntimos por quintal en bandera nacional, y 33 rs. con 63 céntimos en bandera estranjera ó por tierra. Da real orden lo digo á V. S. para su conocimiento y demás fines. Dios guarde á V. S. muchos anos. Sobre la construcción de buques en los astilleros de Santander, y el precio de harinas, dicen lo siguiente de aquella ciudad con fecha del 15: Leemos en el Diario de Zaragoza del 16. «Según noticias parece que se ha pedido al gobierno la concesión de un camino de hierro desde esta ciudad á Miranda de Ebro. Un banquero holandés y un español, personas de conocido arraigo, son las que tratan da realizar tan útil proyecto. EscusamoS decir las ventajas que puede reportar á la capí-: tal del antiguo reino de Aragón la construcción de esta linea, necesaria á todas luces para unir d ferrocarril del Norte que se ha empezado á construir en Valladolid. Una vez construida la linea del Norte desde Madrid á Irun por Burgos y Miranda de Ebro, y empalmando con esta la de Sevilla a Madrid que unirá por decirlo asi el Occeano con el go!fo de Vizcaya, falta "necesariamente la proyectada vía, que, partiendo de Miranda de Ebro y pasando por Zaragoza á Barcelona, una estos mares con el Mediterráneo. Es incalculable la riqueza que puede dar a Zaragoza la construcción de estas 53 leguas de camino de hierro, y el acrecentamiento que puede obtener su comercio, tan poco floreciente hoy día. Sabemos que se ha pedido la concesión de esta línea sin el 6 por 100 concedido á otros caminos, y las noticias que tenemos presentan como muy próxima y probable la concesión.» nunciar crímenes horrorosos. Sin dar por sentado que esto sea efecto de la depravación é inmoralidad con que algunos se complacen en calumniar á nuestro pueblo, creemos que haya alguna causa accidental, pero poderosa, que influya fatalmente en esa repetición de les crímenes que lamentamos. Pero por la razón misma de que la "creemos accidental, nos parece que será muy fácil destruirla completamente, si se combate con energía y acierto. «Tengodicho á ustedes antes de ahora, que la construcción de varios buques en estos astilleros estaba muy adelantada. Antes de ayer á las cuatro de la tarde se botó al agua en el de Guarnizo, después de bautizada con el nombre de Soberana, la hermosa fragata que estos inteligentes y activos constructores, los seEl Duero invita á las provincias interesadas á que ñores Gassis, hermanos, han hacho para el Sr. D. José se agiten, y por su propio bien, respondan al llama- Ceballos Bustamante, de este comercio. Este buque miento del gobierno. Santander se ha anticipado áesta tiene algunas mas dimensiones de las que entonces parinvitación. Da á la linea del Norte una importante sa- ticipé á ustedes, por haber dado la quilla dos pies mas lida en el Occéjino, y ofrece construir un trozo que la de lo que figuraba en el plano.- el largo de esta es de conduce á la frontera de Francia. Con esto, y con que, 112 pies; de eslora tiene 125; 32 de manga; 19 de punse principie el de Madrid á Valladolid, ¿qué es lo que tal y 2 de artilla muerta; arquea 430 toneladas. Su podrá estorbar la ejecución del gran proyecto en que construcción á la griega, costados muy volcados, es todos nos interesamos? S. M. la Reina, de conformidad con el dictamen de elegantísima^ nuestra matricula, que tiene hoy los Santander lo desea ansiosamente , y hecho el es- mejores buques de España, poseerá desde ahora un la junta de aranceles y esa dirección general, se ha fuerzo mayor para romper estas difíciles montañas, nuevo modelo de buen gusto, porque el capitán que dignado mandar:' sería una demencia detenerse en las llanuras. Desde la sianda, Sr. Quintana, á su inteligencia, reúne un 1.* Que los residuos ó heces de la linaza y d'íl ajonjolí satisfagan á su introducción del eslranjero los Alar el terreno se presenta abierto por todas partes, y gusto esquísito para el aparejo. PRESIDENCIA DEL CONSEJO DE MINISTROS. La Reina nuestra Señora (Q. D. G.) y su publiquen en la Gacela las a.djuntas clasificaciones de augusta Real familia continúan sin novedad en los empleos de las plantas déla subsecretaría dé iste ministerio, archivo general de Hacienda, junta de clasu importante salud. En el díi de hoy se despachará en esta corte la correspondencia para Filipinas en vez de mañana 20 según por regla general está establecido. MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA. ses pasivas, y dirección de la caja general de depósitos; ó igualmente las escalas de los empleados de estas cuatro dependencias, que son las que hasta ahora han merecido la aprobación de S. M., con arreglo á Ío que disponen el real decreto Je 18 de junio é Instrucicion d o l. ° de octubre último. Madrid 17 de noviembre de 18i5t._Bravo Murillo. í ^ La Reina (Q. D. G.) ha tenido á bien disponen se Las noticias de ferro-carriles siguen agitán«La linea del ferro-carril del Norte (dice) da basdose con vivo interés en nuestras provincias. tante que hablar y que escribir de algún tiempo á esVéase lo que dice el Comercio de Cádiz del 16: ta parte. Muchos temen que se suspenda definitiva«Tenemos entendido que ayer se ha dado cuenta en el ayuntamiento de una comunicación del concesionario del ferro-carril de Cádiz á Sevilla, en la cual manifiesta la seguridad de llevar cuanto antes á feliz término suempresa, y de que el camino parla desde el mismo pueblode Cádiz. Se nos dice también que en la misma sesión fué redactada y aprobada la respuesta del ayuntamiento, en términos sumamente lisongeros para el concesionario. El cuerpo municipal le ofrece mente, otros que se olvide, y todos se quejan da que no se la mire con la predi eccíon que se merece. Ciertamente es una cosa a que no se halla esplícacion, el v«r como se promueven líneas hacia el Mediodía , sin que se noten iguales esfuerzos en la dirección opuesta. JCQ#O sí hubiera mas interés en facilitarlas comunicaciones con el Mediterráneo que con el grande| Occéano, con las costas africana» que con las naciones de Europa! Hé aquí, en resumen, la escala de la subsecr.staría En vista de cuanto resulta del espediente instruido en esa dirección general con motivo de las dudas con- con el personal que en el día tiene; Excmo Sr. D. José Sanéhez Ocaña, gefe superior sultadas por varías administraciones acerca del moio de cumplir con lo mandado por real decreto de 13 de de administración, subsecretario, con 50,000 r s. , emagosto último, de una manera que esté en consonan- pezó á servir en 13 de octubre de 1845. D. José Borrajo, gefe de administración de jriiBeMt cia con lo prevenido en la parte administrativa en el clase, oficial primero, con 40,000 rs., empezó á sdryiif de 20 de jumo anterior, y de conformidad con el parecer deesa oficina general, de acuerdo con su consejo, en 28 de octubre de í8o I. D. Manuel Mamerto Secades, ídem de segunda ident, he resuelto: ídem segundo, con 33,000 rs., empezó á servir en 2 d¡> l.° Que las mercancías comisadas que no sean abril de 1847. susceptibles de inmediato deterioro no se presenten á D. José de Ossoino y Peralta, ídem de tercera, ideiit, la venta hasta tantoque recaiga la declaración minisídem tercero, con 30,000 rs., empezó á servir en I..." terial aprobando el comiso. dejulíodel848. go al juez competente con informe espresivo de todas do en aparente rigurosa incomunicación. Los pi-esos las circunstancias notables que hayan ocurrido. que hay constantemente por termino común incumuAquí nunca se declara bajo la intluencíade las im- nicadosenlascárceltóde-.Maárid no pasan de'cincuenpresiones que deben dejar los delitos recientes. Seto- ta á sesenta personas de ambos sexos. La introducnii^ la partida á los presos, se les incomunica en unen- ción de esta reforma seria en la parte oconómica abcierro, donde hay ordinariamente otros incomunica- solutamente insignificante, aunque se dieran, coiaidss dos, y se les deja reflexionar veinticuatro horas sobre á los presos incomunicados a precios tan módicos quo lo que tienen que declarar, recibiendo algunas veces se perdiera en ellas. Las ventajas de ésta medida noi instrucciones de otros habituados á los pioeedimien- hay necesidad de ponderarlas á quien conozca lo quet tos. es la administracíou de justicia. Otra de las reformas importantes que podrían csOtra reforma no menos cQiiveiiJente tendría que inUblecerse, que se practica en muchas cárceles, espe- troducirse también en la distribución de presosá los cialmente en la de Fíladelfia, que es el modelo de to- departamentos generales, pues seria muy provechoso» das las cárceles del mundo, es la incomunicación ab- que al que entra por primoia vez en la cárcel ó en un soluta de losincomunícados. Allí no se permite que establecímíerílo pcbál no se le confundiera y mezcjlálos presos incomunicados reciban de sus familias tar- ra con otros, que han sido otras veces procesado» ó teras, cestas ó cacliarros con comida, ni ropa ni efecto penados. alguno. El estableoiiuienlo suministra lodo lo neceCreemos habar llenado nucs'tro objefó. ñas reservadas y demás precauciones necesarias, hi- casa habita una, adoptar el sistema de cerrar las puerciesen los pagos que se les previniese, hasta de un tas, sería sin duda practicable lo que sucede en París. par de zapatos, y se encargasen de custodiar alhajas, En la capital de Francia sucede lo que en Madrid, que pedrería, y toda clase de valores, esíndudable que la en cada casa habitan variasfamilias; pero en París todas introducción de esas costumbres comerciales, que se las casas tienen coraunmenteportero que desde su cuargeneral izarían á todas las clases á medida que iría to, que suele estar al pié de la escalera , oye cuanto consolidándose la confianza , seria el mas aventaja- ocurre en los demás cuartos. Algunas casas además de do paso que podría darse para la esterminacion com tener escalera de espigón , que es casi general, tienen conductos acústicos en el tramo de entrada de cada pleta de los grandes y violentos robos quesecometen piso, con un recipiente que concentra todos los sonien Madrid. dos en la portería, y otras una cancela sin picaporte, Én cuanto á los robos de segundo orden, qug secoque no puede abrirse sin hablar al conserje. Sien Mameten por ios llamados chinislas y espadistas del tope drid se desterrasen ó se mandasen desterrar, porque mucho tenemos también que aprender de los estranasí como el gobierno tiene derecho de intervenir en la geros. En Londres no se cometen esa clase de robos construcción de las casas en lo que hace referencia al porque a escepcion de las calles comerciales como el ornato, á la higiene y demás de policía urbana, lo tieSíraiid, Ojcford, Regent's Street y algunas otras de la: ne también en lo que hace referencia á la seguridad Cihj, las puertas de entrada de las casas están siempre de las vidas y fortunas; sí se mandasen desterrar esas cerradas con pestillos interiores; de modo que es ím-, escaleras cuadriláteras de puntales, y se sustituyeran posible abrirlas con llaves ganzúas. Las de las calles! por las escaleras voladas espirales, que tan comunes comerciales no tienen otra entrada que la de la tienda' son en Andalucía y Cataluña, ó por las de espigón, ó.comercio, constantemente vigilada por los depen según el sistema de Mr. Noyau, que es lo que se pracdientes de la casa. A estose agrega que organizada, tica en París, se evitarían indudablemente muchísiallí la policía de un modo muy distinto de lo que esmos robos. tá en Madrid, los agentes relevándoseá determinadas lloras, vigilan constantemente de día y de noche el t r e | Respecto de los ladrones de orden inferior y de los cho do calle que les está encomendado, por cuyos mo-' rateros de todas clases, ya es mas cosa de la policía, tivosyno siendo fácil echar la fuerza sin ser visto, se; que del go&ierno. Nosotros creemos que no se ha mehace imposible esa clase de robos. Sí no es fácil en Ma-; ditado y estudiado lo bastante sobre este punto y fundridjdonde en cada casa viven muchas distintas fami-s damos nuestras creencias en las notables diferencias íías, á diferencia de Londres, que comunmciíle en cada* ; que se observan entre el sistema y los reglamentos de la policía inglesa y alemana y los de la policía española. Nonos han unido jamás relaciones oficiales ó confidenciales con las personas que han tenido ó tio • nen á su cargo la policía civil en Madrid ; pero nos atrevemos á sospechar que ningún jefe ni oficial de policía se ha podido procurar lo que se ."la procurado un simple particular, esto es, una lista reservada comprensiva de todas las fracciones de ladrones que hay en Madrid , con sus nombiW, apellidos y apodos, los de los principales planistas\santeros y peristas, con notas y antecedentes bíográfic\)s de cada unodeellos y una instrucción circunstanciada por algunos de los mismos gefes proponiendo lo^ medios no anunciablesque podrían adoptarsesinopari^ su total estermínío, para su disminución, hasta el punt^ cuando menos, de impedir que trabajasen en combinación; en pocas palabras, para desconcertar todas las coaliciones organizadas con el objeto de robar, imposibilitar la perpetración de esos atroces atentados que suelen aUrmar ai vecindario, y disminuir considerablemente el número de robos domésticos aislados, que por las confianzas que exije el servicio es mas difícil evitarlos. Antes de concluir nuestras indicaciones tenemos que proponer algunas reformas que convendria establecer en las cárceles. Los tribunales de Inglaterra tienen jueces especíales de instrucción, que están perennemente en JVíw Gale y otras cárceles, relevándose á horas determinadas, con objeto de tomar en el acto la primera indagatoria a los presos que ingresan, cuyas diligencias pasan lúe- D. Fernando Cispe, ¡dem dé idem, ideni cuarto, con50,000 rs., empezó ¿servir en 28 de octubre de 1831. D. Emilio Santillan, idem de idem, idem quinto, con 50,000 rs., empezó a servir en 6 de noviembre de 18o2. D.Francisco Pérez de Anaya, idem de cuarta idem, idem sesto, con 26,000 rs., empezó á servir en 28 de octubr» de 1841. ü- José Magáz, idem de idem, idem sétimo, con 26,000 reales, empezó á servir en 6 de noviembre de 1852. D.Blas Ginart, gefe de negociado de tercera clase, oficial auxiliar primero, con 10,000 rs., empezó á servir en 10 de junio de 1832. D. Luis Solera y Maury, oficial de hacienda pública de primera clase, idem.idem segundo, con 14,000 feales, empezó á servir en 2C de noviembre de 1830. D. Manuel Maria Forner, idem idem de primera, ¡dem idem tercero, con 14,000 rs., empezó á servir en 20 d« setiembre de 1832. D. José Portal, ¡dem idem de segunda idem, idem idem cuarto, con 12,000rs., empezó a servir e n l. ° de enero de 1832. D. Isidro Wal, idem idem de idem idem, idem idem quinto, con 12,000 rs, empezó á servir en 12 de noviembre de 1832. Sigue después la escala de los oficiales empleados en el Bolelinde Hacienda, cuya antigüedad solo dala desde i850 los mas antiguos, y que son D. Aguslin M..ndia, gefe de negociado de segunda clase, oficial 1. ° eon 20,000 rs. D. Juan José Gaña, D.Antonio de la Solilla, D. Juan Reina, D. Pedro Álamo Gallego y don Pablo Antonio Graixel con 14,000, 12,000, 8,000 y 6,000. La planta de la subsecretaría de hacienda y de el •Bo/eíí» oficial importa 613,740 reales vellón. Ade"las del subsecretario hay en ella un jefe de primera 'lase con 40,000 reales; otro de «egunda con 35,000, •res de terce ra con 30,000, dos de cuarta con 26,000, y oGciales con 16,000,14,000,12,000 ele. El presupuesto de la junta de clases pasivas asciendeá5í0,000rs. Habia un presidente , jefe superior de administración con S O. O O Ñ O rs., un vice-presidente Con 40,000 y jefe también de primera clase , cuatro Vocales, id. con|40,000, jefes de negociado, con 24,000, 20,000 y 16,000 , y oBcfales en número correspondiente. Hé aquí la clasificación de los jefes actuales de esta junta. Exemo.
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https://github.com/gravitationalwavedc/gwcloud_auth/blob/master/src/react/src/Pages/Login.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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gwcloud_auth
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gravitationalwavedc
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JavaScript
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Code
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import React from 'react';
import { Button } from 'react-bootstrap';
import LoginForm from '../Components/LoginForm';
import BrandColumns from '../Components/BrandColumns';
import SignInTitle from '../Components/SignInTitle';
import queryString from 'query-string';
import { harnessApi } from '../index';
const Login = (props) => {
const query = queryString.parse(location.search);
const next = query['next'] ? `&next=${query['next']}` : '';
const domain = harnessApi.currentProject().domain;
return (
<BrandColumns>
<SignInTitle />
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| 5,773 |
sn87065417_1839-02-16_1_4_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,839 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 4,636 | 8,274 |
RO: .r:L'Ti :;Vy the THE J tiiinahMiiuiiwHtvl Republican R. tew, ill be ih(,!iIh),1 ia tiw ciiy of -1 ajtoa, Di.kt l Vl mi ii:,, on tin 1st dnyof Juimary uc i, and delivered iwmtniy in all parts t-U tin. Liiiii iuii'.-t devoted utdiuivrlv tii advan.fiiu-1 o pu- great pimeiplet of the Whig p.vy, and J(e cuJiu.agv nit of literature and v . "I 'no of' tlie'v t y??r t confirmed JU m llliudt iif tile In ire r ' vlii.ir kJ -...;,.... of the rVliigUriy, thata .. jujra exs iuhepc. , nodical pie.J of me eount m ii, sholll), bfj , W....U1HUU ih proitucuons tf our mat statesmen wii uicMiy nij KcienUlic sutrcts, and those of the ;nuueut litejary genius of wlifch the United Btatcenbist so ample a hare,ou. theTaiiius nuiyuns Wai prrteut taemwjlvr, to a sound and Jit tf-jfonuoijrdaji'Ui. piratl,.nf tfaniyfer. (iUVEKNJUENT OF, MISSlSSlTFJ. v. miMi(rreii iishir:gtl)ir'Kevievl c6ih I - . ' !'".6f.W!l!.t'h 5l" be. ", J ibe'wicrin ; A. G. McNiitt. Governor. tiU 1&10 the recsiyt ot tliel iliird B. V. Bs,Nso,'Socretry of Mat.'' il A. B. Saondkrv, Auditor of Public Acemiu'ts. lone I,'; .Silas Bxown, State Treasurer. '""'' t 1.1 OiiLUss, Attorney Ocuerul, bll Jvovem- itcfcrmot be doubted that th htw.ent ot!,:.. Buitds-tM publication or a work calculator! to jni ruie and circulate true end honest political inform , matio, a,,d to Counteract the direful influence ex Tteftjr. monthly perweicrd of a similar nature published in tins city, uneer the auspices, and bear.' log tl name of the self-styl.id democracy of the antral toy, advocating rte measures which, if SUr- ,3re Wd t0 ,n0ll,dcr " S the fab. nc of our ilob,o Cm.stimtion, by placiiw construe- uu newjwii:e ana advance thurea . camj of cornet ambition. To the union of such principles with a general intent as I have insulted the common sense and our own of the country, by proclaiming the manifest destiny from the insidious way in which they are combined, tends directly to the design. Americans should be held more secure in their calculations in quarters to which they might not otherwise; penetrate, as well as from the Atlantic, a distance of knowledge and experience, and a multitude of views, with which they are actively able to invest themselves, for the purpose of defending their way into the heads through the unspeakable hearts of that class of men who depend upon the national government for a certain term of years. All communications, most paid, addressed to the publishers at their office, will receive prompt attention. Publishers of newspapers who will copy the foregoing prospectus will receive a copy of the work in exchange. FULTON & SMITH. Georgetown, D.C., Oct. 30, 1883. The Planters Bank, Baltimore, capital $4,000,000. Managers: Managers, W.M. Mander, President, H.M. Mander, Cashier. It has seven branches in Manchester, E.E. Pope, president, E.J. Pinker, cashier. Vicksburg, W.L. Sharkey, president, Robt. Kiddle, cashier. In Woodville, H. Connell, president, A.M. Feltum, cashier. In Woodville, H. Connell, president, V.C. Richards, cashier. In Jackson, J.H. Morison, president, W.C. Richards, cashier. In Columbus, A.W. Wilson, cashier. In Columbus, A.W. Wilson, cashier. Judgt of the iligk Court of Error and peals. -Vim. L. Sharkuj, J. K ."Ti otter, and P. iCutilius K. rray. wrr itobert A. Patrick. Tb high court of arrors and appeals has no ju nsnicuon,exceprwniprqjH;ny oeiorigs to a' court of errors uud appeals; its teioiis aro holdeu on ...vii. ... i 'e l- . . ... mearst juonuay ci ivcemoer and Januarr, at Jatksori : being virtually but one sestiou per aiiuum 1 CfiANcELLoR tiv the Sxatl Edward Turner, Clerk K. L. Dikou. " - ' , 1 The superior Coart of Chancery has juriidic- uou over an mattery pieas ana, compiumts what soever, belongiig tojor cosnirable in 'a court of e quiryj it holds two sessions auaualfy. , , UllUsUH tUUKl. f This court-has o'rigi.ial jurisdiction in civil-cases, iu which the sufrt in controversy1 ex :cedii .r)l). For each of the 7 'circuits, a judge and attoruey iuiJnuiiiuiiy, iroin hot, jooJ. ,'', hn.JtiDKiAV. DiuTxicT, composed "of the coun ties of Adams, 't'laiboriie, JeffcrsAn, Warren and Washington George , Coalter, Judge. Johu JJ. Freeman, District Attorney. Jd. Judicial DisTnicif composed of thecoun- TBAbHICIJLTURL BANK, 'Natchez, T, Y I IS. ' I . Caruthers, District Attorney.' " cspifal $2,000,000, Win.,' J. Minor, prwideu .r- Aiernll, nasluer, It has one branch at Pontotoc, in the county of the saroe noie, Samuel Wbtt, president, W, Goodman, cath'r. ' The Commereiai Bank, Naluhez, capital $2,000,000, L. II. Marshall, presideut; Thom as II. Henderson, ra-hier. It has 4 blanches. 1 At Canton. Win, L. Balfour. Harris, nresidnnt. i,; -, 3 At Holmesvill- n. Cleveland. ? 4 At ShieldMboroush, P. H. J'nor, president. , The Rail JloJ Bank, Vicksbur-r, capi'al at,w,vw, j. ,u. iayi.tr, president, Ihos. E Kohins, caslier. ' It has one branch at Vernon. ine uratij ua f ........ mre experienced sagacity of company, capital :$'i,000.0P0, " uTOHius a moment in tccoc- 3d. . J udicial District, composed of the coun' ties of , Wilkinson, Amite, Franklin, Pike, Marion, Lawrence, and Hancock James Walker, Jtit'ge. C. C. t;age, District attorney. 4th. Jodicul DjsraiCT, composed of the coun ties oi isopiua, oimnson. Lovniiiton. tsnuth. ott and JNeshoba Iluckurr Harris, Judge. E. G Peyton, District Attorney. 5th. Judicial Distkict, composed of thecoun tics"of Jackson, GrcAe, Perry, Wayne, Jones, jasper, Clarke and Lnuderdale Thomas S. Stcr hue,- J ud;c. John Watts. District Attornev Cth. Judicial DisTtticT, composed of thttfcoun ties of Lowndes, Kemper, Winston'and Octibb, -.Judge. 1 Henry S. Bonne it, fj7tlIEsubsrriUrb JJ. asortiuent of a Monticello Ola 1115 purchesed a snlrndin v Ti rt , are picparud to i execute Job Work of a kind with neatness- and .-patcii. cqiEA &, Sept.- li CAMEKOX. NOTICE TO NEWSMPElt PUBLISHERS rrrUfE Editor of thff DELEW AREAS, pu'li- M. ' iisiieo at ilmingbn 1'elaware proposes to ' A GENERAL Literary, LW , , IA' si,;nal, and iM.sceltaneou.jSH; cd ut Wasblngt..!, D.r.n. i, .V" l3 at the hirhjM ibaracier. P,imd n"!Ki "'.tine whh. : ' wud ;holeofit ben!levoted to v4.rable'rpn ii.g reading mn'tti'r, . , '; - p tuiu in advance.' - ' - . - . 4,1 P .Four.papers'wilJtebent to rta .j fiir the ,ii " .,Br h. ... w.. ' ""'(Bll r I prepare a" PiBWMfA WlKliCTUKY, and j--.wr,,.6 uonara; nine for iT perhon acting as agent scribers, enclosing rive .h,frir n.ii. a fnim- iM ..,.1.-1 . i tunneen inrtwtniv to J. lJV'eiW ..umber .fS fiftVfn.Af. t. t..-.i. - t.. i cj..i..i ...: r it. i. . i iars. j, i nc unciouifri htti .." iibiiur in mi: lyunL-H. piiuoa nui " lurwaru nun tiiuit Yvnt. rnnu nfllinip tin il.r. , ,T I4,t irttunlc tn IIIVVL,.. ..,,, w. flP,'? ..V ...aIUM W i ... . A . . " "-.MV. .i i" : c.... ; ..t-.i.. !..... wui.'os asumcient ren, t,r r... .l. raii;c, Vciii uy ok.u,8ivii u.cir puiujLi. ur f H I ' , u" Doner i. this favor, each editor sending bis paper shall re- 1 - 1 tta ceive one copy of the Directory as soon as made "sununers, wioKssllers, and in era,, readv. Theadvantasofaheetofihi,kind to P""'8 mtsted in the success of 1 4 nnhli.hrr.: ho annarent fa - . ,t,6e " 0 "PMly requested to M , .J.w. r,..-. ..... .. ;v . , . I: '.,'. ....... ,.. - . -T ftnrJbditors will please copy the above one w twice, in order to give it cumulation,;, Jreb, JT. - , . '. - ii ..... "fie. WHITE, HAGER Ko. 1 KE agents for the sale of the Smith and Rust Xa. rrinting Presses, with which they can lur- iiish their customers at manuiactuier's prieest Chases, Cases, Composing Sticks, Ink , and every article used in the printing business, kept for, sale , ..- HI... i ... i im iuuinjuaumni ineaDava ii i . "S"nii most liberal character, ' BWDlf4e AH letters to be addretsed, ftee 0rBn , 4.AXSUI liKE & O'SUI.I iv 7 iVrEditor, Ihrouchout theGS.'n' D'c ! ted to copy and noiiee- this advertl r")u"' Mehopolitan will be scut tn ,!. . " tbr I this request.' ; i- vuT'UlS id. nmiiS the real naked defiinnitv r .!.:. Of the most significant issues under all the fair seeming dishes they may assume, yet to the youngest are left with a subtle danger of the most serious character. The National Magazine and Republican Review, is indeed, and will be conducted with these a view Wardell, having caused the most serious American War party, as well as for the in- pending, Dunn, will not be J. P. Parrish Miner, cashier. The Commercial Bank, New York, capital $8,000,000, Thomas Freeland, president; John Goodwin, jr. cashier. The Commercial Bank, Manchester, M. B. Hannibal, president. J. J. Hull. The Mississippi and Alabama Rail Road Company's Lease and Tunica Frederick W. Hull Company, President. S. L. Isaacs, District Attorney has District Attorney, 7th Judicial District composed of the counties of Attala, Leake, Kankin, Madison, and Hinds. R. Nicholson, Judge. John H. Rolins, District Attorney. Sth. Judge at District Court, composed of the counties of Columbia, Bolivar, Marshall, Lafayette, and Lafayette, District Court, composed of the counties of Monroe, Chickasaw, Pontotoc, Tippah, and Lawrence, and the counties of Adams. In the midst of the expense of the work, nor their utterance, to the Review useful to the public in a literary point of view, and honorable to the country and cause which it is destined to espouse as a National work. The period is flourishing when the country will emerge from the dominion of a party which has come into power under the corrupt influence of a political popular prejudice, and which has advocated for the protection of the rights of the people. PROSPECTUS Judge. Reuben Davis. District Attorney. Table showing the points of meeting of the Circuit Court in each county of this state. Count, BILLS GUIDE. The scarcity of the Revised Code and sheet acts of the Legislature, fully with which the Justices and constables of this state supply themselves, and the great want of such a work, as a Justice of the Peace on our office. See. The law, being such a law, upon the tree in the midst of the country, that can only be eradicated by the triumph of the principle, which governs the Republican Wing party of the present day. The advocates of the principles alluded to, who have stood foremost in defense of the Constitution and Laws which they were as diminutive as a party could be, exerting the strength of a Leonardian hat-wa, the most of errors, and have nearly succeeded in rescuing the government from the grave of corruption. It will deem it their imperative duty to continue their efforts, and it cannot be better done than by supporting a periodical of high standing for sound political principles and literary worth and such, as one will be found in the National Magazine and Republican Review. The success of the Magazine will therefore depend, in a measure, on the great body of the opponents of the present Administration, who, to the extent of their ability, will be to aid in its permanent establishment. And it will be equally binding on the talented and patriotic band of leading Whigs to spare neither time nor labor to the explanation and advocacy of the true and only principles on which depend the great experiment of Republican Government. Having made these few remarks on the political cast of the publication, we feel confident that its utility will be readily perceived by the public, and fully appreciated. In addition to the practical features, the following will be the principal subjects: "We will treat, from the pens of the most celebrated writers of the present day." Reviews and Critical Notices will occupy a part of its pages, thereby giving praise to genius, and censure to such productions only as are richly deserving of - A sketch of the proceedings of Congress will be given at the close of each session in which will be explained the cause and the effect of the prominent facts and inestimable facts, compiled by a grandian of acknowledged ability and opportunity to arrange and correct such matters as will prove both interesting and instructive. Election Returns will be given in a particular form, embracing all the elements of Importance in the various States, as early as practicable after the reception of official returns. Essays and Tales will be given in a particular form, embracing all the original articles of this character, and original articles of this character will receive prompt attention. The object of the publishers, next to enriching the cause in mind, will be to furnish the reader with such matters as will both instruct and amuse, such as Sketches and Reminiscences of events too minute for history. Biographical and Historical Sketches of distinguished persons, etc. Priginal Poetry will be well sprinkled upon its pages. Engravings of distinguished Statesmen. If the work should receive the same encouragement as is usually extended to periodicals of a literary and artistic nature, the work should be of a character that is usually extended to periodicals of a literary and artistic nature. To place such a work into the hands of Joseph and Constable would save much trouble. As the law now stands, it is with the utmost difficulty to be ascertained whether a written law is force or not, which often misleads. The work will be published in a volume, law binding, corresponding from two hundred and fifty to three hundred pages, with a digest of the text, giving a condensed statement of all its contents. The work will be ready for delivery by the first of March. HUTCHINSON, J. P. Carrallton; Sept. 15, 1837 J. S. COLLINS, Attorney and Counselor at Law Wines County, Mississippi. September 1837, Hawamha, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Kemper, LAW OFFICE. & S. SMITH has associated with the public in their respective areas, they will attend to professional business in the Superior Courts held in Jackson, and in the counties of Law, France, and the counties of the State. The court is open to all business, and all business is conducted with integrity and professionalism. F. F. T. 1838, 17-tf. On the first Monday in April, the Court is held in April & October. 1 1st dp - do 3d do do 2d aft 4th in Mar . ' "Sept. ' -6 after 4th in April and October, ' ;lst after4thin April lld October, " ' s3d in 3Iay & Nov i!d do - do 1st , do do Udin A or &. Oct : : 3d May A- Sov 4th Mar& Sep '1st April 4, Oct '1st do do 1st Mar &. Sep " 2J after 4uY in April and Oct. 2d after 4th in' March and Sept. - 7th after 4th in April ' and Oct " 4th March-A-Sept, 1st May&. Nov, 2d J une & Dec -4th April & Oct 3d mav Sr-J.inv i ; ' " 1 liauuuraaie,' 3d JVtay 4c Nov Iawrence, i'd Mar &, Sept ' Leake, , 2d April &. Oct Lafayette,, 1st afieHilHu- April ami uct 2d April &, Oct ' 4 th ' do do 5d Jlr& Sept , 4th April & Sept 3d Mar&Sept 2d Juue A-3d Dec 1st Jan & July 2d Mav & 1st Nov 5th May it 4th Nv ' Jd April & Oct '' 2d after 4th in April ' and uct P'e. ., 4th March & Sept ' Poiiola, 4th April & Oct. Rankin, 3d dr.' Lewndcs, Madison, Marionr Monroe, , Marshall, Neshoba, Newton. Noxubee, Octibfceha, reny, ' Pontotoc, county scats. Natchez, -Liberty, Kosciusko, and Carrol'ton, Houston, Greensboro', 1 Port Gibson, ; tuitmaii, CralJutm, ' Loahomac. h 'Williamsburg, - ueriiando, J jvieadviiie, leakeviile, ' Miicldsboio Raymond, 'Lexington, Fulton, Jackson, 0. II. 'I'auldiug, r aycttu, - Ellisvillc, Do Kalb, Marion,. Momicello, Mjartliage, 'Oxford, Columbus, 1 Canton, tfcluinbia, 'Attieiis, , Holly Springs, 1 hilaoelphia, wecatir, Mai-nn, Staikeviltc, Augusta, and furnished on short nouce. Old type taken in exchange for new at nine cents per lb. N. o. Newspaper proprietors wnn will give the above three insertions will be entitled to hve. dol lars in such Articles as they may select , from our Specimen v . " .' i E. WHITE it HAGER. ' ' March 1, IS3S3t. , ; : ',. NEW, YORK WEEKLY WlIlGi The constant rails at cur olhcofor a . weekly paper has induced usio coinineiife tho " I'he New York Wki.klv Wh'iu." ''.We. have in curred lonsidernble txpeiue in order to fumi-h our readers with a sheet sulliciently large to coiitam all the urce?sary matter expected in a weekly paper We now present them with the LARGvsr .PAPER IS THE UMTED STATES. ,, ,. - Om Politics our tourse i .alewdy known; our hi tides will be ..comprehensive, ; moderate and candid, wild enough hrmucos and decissinn to'coiivinf e our advirsariks UimJ 'they cannot drive us Ironi the field while there "is a rag ol ; the Whij' banner for us lo rally wider. - Scientific SsETciiiia will also appear re - "PROSPECTUS ." OF. THE LADY'S BOOK. HyiIS ( a lg'i circulation than ; ""i Monthly Prriodiral in AL V OUKED PLATE OF THE LATEST p1' ION IN EVERY NUM1JER7 FAS IT WAS with "sincere pleasure that lishcrs mentioned last soiivm, ,), ..... t& which the LADY'S HOOK" .... i :a MERICAN MAGAZINE, "10BK ED1TE.D BY MllS,SARATT.T ITATf It in with equal nleasiii-u 'thnt'twi .. the patron, of a work thilt h, J raugrmeut.with ';.'- . , ' " MISS T.PT if Author of Peucil Ski-ii-K.. at 7 .. rot.. &c. tt.wh,, k ",fii Hale , lending ,0 ,be pages of the l, Bonk. Her poa erlu) aid will flommenr. w H January Number, 1838. Inadditinn ,. larly. We have made arrangements by which, we will be enabled to practice every week, excellent Medical Extracts. This department will be under the supervision of, among the eminent, experienced and skilled surgeons of this city, and cannot fail to be exceedingly interesting. There is not a medical journal published in New York, and something at the end has been much needed. We trust our medical department will in a great measure supply the want of so desirable a public health. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC EWING, V. S. shall give as fully as possible, and we intend to compete largely with the English and German papers. The latest news will meet with careful attention. The revenue in this department are inexhaustible. German and French literature will be published early and accurately edited. The distribution is supplied by one of the best things in the country. Historical sketches will appear frequently, and care will be observed to have them correct. Biological Notices of prominent men will form a portion of the reading matter of the Weekly Whig. It is our intention to furnish our curate wood cut. likenesses of our native poets. The 'Drama we take under our especial keeping, and when we shall endeavor to consult to the talented, we shall also closely criticize the wretched murders so constantly committed upon the stage. ENGINEERING FOR THE SIZE needs reforming and it will become our duty to point out, as in his position, several improvements which will be made. In the midst of intelligence, the community, To the Ladies, we have it word to say We shall not forget their interests. We are fully aware, that to render our paper Breeable, we must receive the immediate Inquiry of our friends. Every number of the work next year will be Plate of Superbly Offices The Merchant and the Ladies, We have received from our kind friends The public, from among the many female Who, perhaps, have selected, whose varied talents are so well suited to adorn a work like the Lady. This, it is also mentioned that The Lady's Pink will stand up. Mrs. V. A. L. will be in the city, The apartment, it will be useless to wait. The lady endeavoring to show what is apparent The Lady's Pink will stand up. In the periodicals of the country, the Herms of the Lady's Book are published in many a case, or Two Copies for Five Dollars, payable in advance. All orders must be addressed to L. A. GODET. Literary Remains, 211, Chestnut Street, one door below Seventh, Philadelphia. As the publisher of the Lady's Book is connected with other popular periodicals, he suggests for the purpose of remitting the following: CLUBING. Lady's Book and Dictionary, Lady's Book and Dictionary, Lady's Book and Dictionary, for. Lady's BooE and Marryatt's Novels, for Bulwer's and MarrvattsNnvL , Lady's Book and Saturday News, : .'... Lady's Book and Celebrated Trials Uulwer's or Marryatt's Novels and Celebra ted Tri.ilt . . l , Buiwcfi and D'leracll's Nrtvai. Maarj-ati's and D'Ibraeli's Novels PROSPECTUS of tiii; ' t PEARL RIVElj BANNER. r"piIE undersigned prooose- to riuhlkh at rke ;ippi a week' We are well s- X town of Mo.VTICEI.LO. Mimkonnk wwHt 1ano hv tUM ilw..:- ' V.J ... " " " ...uvi w utv auvru ilium. La Wei proiuilt and --tt', ' lsbJunei Dee Office at jMonttcel- mP""i 4th May & Nov , , --'iniin Zili Alay&lst Dec Tallahatchm, 3d Mar 4, Sept Tunica," 1st April & Oct' ' Tippah; 3d Mar & Sept J-isheiningo, lst do da -.' Wttrreii, Lt May & Noir. Washington, 4th Mar &. Sept ' Wayne, 2d Adril & Oct , Wilkiriton, 4ln ,. ,j0 j0 Winston, . ,4th May k Nov Yallnbusha,4tli iIar 4 Sept t ,Yaoo 5th after 4th In March and Sept- 'Pontotoc, , Holmcsville, louoia, Brandon, Scott C. II. Wwtville, Smith GUI. Til'atnba, ' ; Ripley, , '. Jacinto," , Vicluburg,, Pr&ceton, ,' Winchester, "Woodville, Louisiile, Coffeeville, . ,'Ccnton. We shall endeavor to deerve it, by always fur- WiiM ht in attempsing to commence the public nishing something suitable to t.ieir tastes- t'n of a paper at this time, that we will haveto Taixs of eigrossiur 'fute.-esi will alwavs hi' labor Mnder serious disadvantaces: but we lest r ...... .i .i. ... t.i . . . ; - - i ..... .... ". Under the guidance of the people of the South, and notices of the South, Eastern part of our State, as they are in the Republican, will be regularly given. We will, however, support with a press in that section; we will, in the counties within of Brandon and Palmetto, offer a variety of products. CANTON, MISSISSIPPI, April 1, 1871 FURNISHING ESTABLISHMENT POPULAR SALE R.F.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I It is usual in a resort to the subject of a paper, proposed to be published, and the principles upon which it is to be conducted. Our object for we will speak out frankly is first to make our paper a source of profit to ourselves, and secondly while we advance in interest, make an honest effort to alleviate the most and happiness for those who patronize us. We will endeavor to make our paper profitable and interesting to our patrons, by the discussion and elucidation of those subjects, which will be most interesting and useful to them. SALVAGE ARRANGEMENTS. NORTHERN via Jackson, Columbus &c. .,, ni iu urn unvicw rlp ci will not only find their numbers embellished with Sundays and Wednesday, irt 4 P. AT aiiiTMec npiirn iiim n nrna ttw aiaM.ii, . ii i imin m .wremm.t 7 ' """'la-'d Thursdays, at 6 A. W. w Orleans. rrHE public is respectively iuformcd that thei wy rompetent, ami will devote ' the - " .ti,n. .1 . TV ft , 1 Ll. .... ... ,.. me eastern Clarion is now offered' ' tne'ftew: lork .Markets. Under forsalo, ' The proprietor of the establishment, 0I,P Commercial hem) will be found full re. though reluctant to part with it, isompalled tern- "Tts of the Markets; Pr.ce Current! Slock and porariy to suspend his op)ation, or yield it to Exebangej Bank'Nule Table, and MI mailer Tbcts CovMPBci.r W. ti.n. . ' , '. """J-" suppose m oe titose reiauc to tne VOmhercial. ' v nVe A rrenn mr.lnv.,t l.i-t.nt .!...... i s. . . .r tl. who lor a loof time bus been engaged in nrocu sound moral nrmri,,!.. f .u.. ring- rommerr al intellis-enf. u ' .1. . i- . .1 i. ' v.,,,,,..;... " n I " " in BVCIV I fllUi W Llltl Ilil'lIf'Prlin I IDintAUenlAnl Al thk iAnl nfk vuluablaimumem ' 1 ; ""nunyjanu Thursdays, at 6 A TERMS.--.The Nati,mkMagatinn and Re- at U 1 flERS via Holme.rille, Ne ii.imi.mn review win ne puuiisheil in monthly num- c. 5-.t uagos. each, on the paper, with Sundays and Wednesdays at P at with new and Noisome type, and in the most approved style, at C. A. M- at the demount price Five Dollars a year, pay EASTERN via Mount Carmel with Williamsburg, Ciefekd Amherst and Williamsburg, Any promise from writing to the amount of ..i..7 - T,Miii rwiwa uDi'TrnutxRiong at the city of The publishers will be held -lied the certificate of a Port of Port -surveyor, for the following: Jt auhtoibsiuHif4(ai.'.ri'e.'ioB hiii,siil-si-r'.ber. For further information, please contact CLOSE: Monday, and Thursday, 7 a.m! E; ENGELHARD, p. M. OF EVERY KIND, -EmX'TEa AT THIS OFFICE other hands, by engagements which require his absence from, Paulding, and necessarily; prevent his attendance to the duties of the office, with that receipt in it; it is in justified due to its patrons. The office is entirely new, and in excellent condition. The location is a desirable one for health and profit, commending the immediate patronage of several farming and populous counties, and of the eastern comities, generally. Those wishing to purchase will please make application to the proprietor, J. J. McRAE, at Jackson, where their communications will be punctually attended to. The building and lot connected with the office, one of the most eligible, fronting on the public square, in Paulding, may be had if desired by the purchaser. January, 1833, Blanks of every description, printed with neatness and despatch at this office, calculated to interest business men who will all unite in their savings to patronize us, as we aim to keep the paper in the Daily Whig during the terms. Three dollars a year, advance, and no paper will be furnished unless the terms are strictly complied with. For the paper must be addressed to the Publisher, JAMES G. WILSON, at the office of the New York Daily Whig, 127 Nassau Street, New York. Communications: The Weekly Whig, published in New York, will be entitled to two copies of the Weekly Whig for one year. The price of the Weekly Whig will be $5.00, and the whole of the people upon all subjects affecting the paper. Messrs. and prosperity. Our political principles are those entertained by Washington and Jefferson. In favor of a just and strict construction of the Constitution. We believe that all powers not granted to the Federal Government, are reserved in the Constitution and that all violations of the reserved rights of the States, is of the utmost consequence of the Constitution and a dangerous violation on the part of the Federal Government. The present situation of our country affords me much example of the concurrence of the Congress of the United States. Garding at their heckling restraints which Constitution had imposed upon him, and acting upon no other restraint than his will, and with a weakly determination to effect disown favorite schemes, though millions should sink from offense to poverty in the general crush. In that part of our paper devoted to politics, we have no trace of men, we go for principles not men. Terms.- The Pearl River Banner will be published on a large Sunday-Week edition to subscribers at five dollars in advance. The art at the expiration of the year. FORCE J. COFFIN. MOTIONARY July 1, Every week.
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE
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Wikipedia
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CC-By-SA
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Операция на Борнео
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Операция на Борнео&action=history
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Russian
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Spoken
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Операция на Борнео — действия вооружённых сил Японской империи по захвату острова Борнео (в настоящее время Калимантан) во время Второй мировой войны.
Предыстория
К концу 1941 года ситуация на Борнео выглядела следующим образом. В северной части острова находились султанат Бруней, являвшийся британским протекторатом, британский протекторат Северное Борнео и британская королевская колония Лабуан. Остальная часть острова входила в состав Голландской Ост-Индии.
В 1940 году Нидерланды были оккупированы нацистской Германией, однако размещавшаяся в Голландской Ост-Индии Королевская голландская ост-индская армия продолжала сражаться на стороне Союзников. После вступления Японии в войну в декабре 1941 года на стороне Германии, 15 января 1942 года все силы Союзников в Юго-Восточной Азии были объединены под единым командованием — ABDA.
Боевые действия
Бои за северную и западную части острова
В связи со стратегическим положением района (тот, кто владел северо-западом Борнео, контролировал пути из Тихого океана в Индийский) японцы начали захват Северного Борнео всего через восемь дней после высадки на полуострове Малакка. Для осуществления этой операции из состава Южной группы армий было выделено около двух полков. Силы англичан состояли из одного пенджабского батальона, местных добровольческих отрядов, береговой охраны и отряда полиции. Тактика англичан заключалась в уничтожении нефтепромыслов и других сооружений, и стягивании подразделений к аэродрому в Кучинге — единственному достойному обороны объекту.
14 декабря японские транспорты высадили десант у нефтепромыслов Мири (уже взорванных англичанами), а затем с двумя батальонами на борту отправились к Кучингу. 19 декабря одной ротой японцев была без сопротивления захвачена столица Британского Северного Борнео — Сандакан. Когда японские транспорты подходили к Кучингу, базирующие в Сингкаванге нидерландские бомбардировщики получили приказ на их потопление, но японцы, предусмотрев такую возможность, перед самым вылетом бомбардировщиков совершили налёт на Сингкавангский аэродром. Затем конвой попытались остановить нидерландские подводные лодки, но особого успеха не добились. Не дожидаясь высадки десанта, англичане приступили к уничтожению посадочной полосы аэродрома в Кучинге.
24 декабря японцы высадились у Кучинга. После недолгой перестрелки пенджабцы отступили к аэродрому, и в течение следующего дня держались там, отправив раненых и семьи европейцев в Голландскую Ост-Индию. Ночью было решено отвести туда и боевые подразделения. 31 декабря остатки английских войск и беженцы прибыли в Сингкаванг, где находился голландский гарнизон в составе 750 человек.
25 января пять японских рот атаковало Сингкаванг. Попавшие в плен пенджабцы были замучены японцами до смерти, остатки пенджабского батальона отступили в глубинные районы Борнео, и совершили тысячекилометровый переход на юг острова, где надеялись соединиться с голландскими войсками. 6 марта пенджабцы вышли к городу Сампит, который всего за день до этого был захвачен японцами. Пенджабцы приняли бой, но 8 марта им стало известно о падении Явы и капитуляции всех английских и голландских войск. В связи с безвыходностью ситуации, 9 марта 1942 года остатки гарнизона Британского Борнео сложили оружие.
Бои за восточную и южную части острова
11-12 января 1942 года японский десант захватил остров Таракан, лежавший северо-восточнее Борнео, откуда 20 января Центральная десантная группа двинулась на юг по Макассарскому проливу, направляясь к Баликпапану. За несколько дней до выхода конвоя в море в Баликпапан были направлены японские эмиссары, которые обратились к голландскому коменданту города с требованием не наносить вреда нефтяным промыслам, угрожая в противном случае жителям города и пленным репрессиями. Получив такое предупреждение, комендант немедленно отдал приказ об уничтожении нефтепромыслов, а голландское командование выслало навстречу японскому конвою авиацию и флот. Самолётам и подводным лодкам удалось потопить два транспорта, но остальные суда успели разгрузиться, и 23-24 января Баликпапан пал. 10 февраля японские сухопутные войска заняли Банджармасин.
Итоги
Захват острова Борнео дал японцам возможность эксплуатировать его природные ресурсы, в частности — его нефтяные месторождения. С военной точки зрения он послужил промежуточным этапом перед захватом Явы.
Литература
Сражения по алфавиту
Сражения войны на Тихом океане
Сражения Японии во Второй мировой войне
Сражения Нидерландов
Сражения Великобритании
Сражения в Индонезии
1941 год в Индонезии
1942 год в Индонезии
Конфликты 1941 года
Конфликты 1942 года
Декабрь 1941 года
Калимантан
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00164012-2024_1
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TEDEUTenders
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Open Government
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Hungarian
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EKR000294612024
GFE – Interaktív kijelzők beszerzése
Adásvételi szerződés a Gál Ferenc Egyetem részre interaktív kijelzők beszerzésére.
supplies
Ajánlatkérő a Kbt. 53. § (1) bekezdése alapján a közbeszerzési eljárás visszavonásáról döntött.
30000000
LOT-0001
false
no-eu-funds
price
Ajánlati ár (nettó Ft)
ORG-0002
A Kbt. 148. §-ának előírásai szerint
ORG-0005
ORG-0004
true
false
none
none
EKR000294612024/1
GFE – Interaktív kijelzők beszerzése
Adásvételi szerződés a Gál Ferenc Egyetem részre interaktív kijelzők beszerzésére.
Nyertes ajánlattevő feladata kiterjed az eszköz csomagolására, Ajánlatkérő által megadott rendeltetési helyre szállítására, ott elhelyezésére és az üzembe helyezésre.
A főbb mennyiségek:
75" Interaktív kijelző – 11 db
Állvány a 75" interaktív kijelzőhöz – 7 db
86" interaktív kijelző – 2 db
Mobil állvány a 86" interaktív kijelzőhöz – 1 db
Motoros magasságállíthatóságú mobil állvány a 86" interaktív kijelzőhöz – 1 db
Projektorállvány polccal, gurulós – 6 db
Állványos vetítővászon – 4 db
PC hangszóró – 10 db
Projektor FHD – 2 db
LFD megjelenítő + fali konzol – 5 db
konferencia kamera – 8 db
supplies
30231300
32333200
32342412
38652120
38653400
Gál Ferenc Egyetem Gazdasági Kar
Bajza
utca
Békéscsaba
5600
HU332
33.
HUN
Gál Ferenc Egyetem Egészség- és Szociális Tudományi Kar
Szent István
utca
Gyula
5700
HU332
17-19.
HUN
Gál Ferenc Egyetem Teológiai Kar
Dóm
tér
Szeged
6720
HU333
6.
HUN
45.
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332 F.2d 548
Walter J. REES, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.BANK BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT CORPORATION OF AMERICA, aCorporation,Defendant-Appellant.
No. 14231.
United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.
May 25, 1964, Rehearing Denied June 24, 1964.
Frederic H. Stafford, Donald N. Clausen, John P. Gorman, Jacob T. Pincus, Clausen, Hirsh, Miller & Gorman, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant.
James P. Chapman, Lee A. Freeman, Chicago, Ill., for appellee.
Before DUFFY, SCHNACKENBERG and CASTLE, Circuit Judges.
CASTLE, Circuit Judge.
1
The defendant-appellant, Bank Building and Equipment Corporation of America,1 prosecutes this appeal from a judgment against it for $39,000.00 entered by the District Court on a jury verdict awarding damages in that amount to Walter J. Rees, plaintiff-appellee. The liability asserted against Bank Building in the plaintiff's action is predicated upon an alleged termination of plaintiff's employment with Bank Building wrongfully, without cause and in bad faith in an attempt to deprive him of commissions which would accrue to him.
2
The main issues precipitated by Bank Building's appeal are whether, as a matter of law, the provisions of a compensation agreement relating to plaintiff's employment preclude recovery by plaintiff, and, if not, whether the evidence and the inferences which may reasonably be drawn therefrom, when considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, support the jury's verdict. These two issues permeate Bank Building's contentions that the district court erred in failing to grant its motions for a directed verdict both at the close of plaintiff's evidence and at the close of all the evidence, and erred in the giving and in the refusing to give certain instructions. Appellant also asserts that the court erred in admitting an exhibit in evidence.
3
The record discloses that Bank Building engages in the business of furnishing architectural and consulting services, of acting as a general contractor, and of acting as a supplier of fixtures and equipment, in connection with the construction or remodeling of the facilities of banks and other financial institutions. It maintains a large staff consisting of executives sales analysts or salesmen, architects, designers, cost estimators, decorators and others. On February 28, 1956, it employed plaintiff as a sales analyst or salesman-representative to sell its services and negotiate and have executed architectural, building and fixture contracts. The employment was for no fixed duration. A compensation agreement executed by the parties provided for regular semi-monthly payments or advancements of $208.00 to the plaintiff to be charged against commissions earned by him under the terms of a schedule2 governing commission rates and conditions. The compensation agreement further provided:
4
'Should the employee leave the company voluntarily, or at the request of the company, final accounting and settlement shall be made within 30 days after such separation. The employee shall be paid in full the commission or other compensation due him in accordance with the terms of this agreement for those portions of work authorized at the time of separation as follows:
5
'Commissions on Building and Fixture Contracts at established rates on the original contract and Fixture Extras secured up to the time of separation.
6
'Commission on Architectural contracts at established rates on the actual or estimated fee to be paid by the owner upon completion of the authorized stage of work. (Preliminary, Working Drawing or Final.) No compensation is to be paid on the unauthorized portion of architectural work.'
7
In the summer of 1956 plaintiff represented Bank Building in preliminary consultations and the signing of consultant and architectural agreements in connection with a drive-in facility for the American National Bank of St. Paul, St. Paul, Minnesota. Negotiations and consultations with American continued and were expanded to encompass either the erection of a new bank building or the remodeling of its existing building. In May of 1957, Bank Building in response to an inquiry from Bell Savings & Loan Association, Chicago, Illinois, sent plaintiff to interview Bell's officers in connection with a proposed expansion of Bell's facilities. In addition to his other activities in behalf of Bank Building, plaintiff worked continuously and extensively on these two projects for over two years, devoting over 35% Of his time to them. They culminated in building contracts involving substantial amounts. The estimated overall cost on the American contract exceeded two million dollars. The evidence warrants a conclusion that prior to plaintiff's discharge each of these clients was fully committed to the projects involved, expected Bank Building to do the work, and that the delays encountered were attributable to the client's consideration of alternative proposals presented, the obtaining of space necessary for the expansion involved, and other factors involving no uncertainty as to the decision to proceed with the project or as to whether Bank Building would be engaged to do the further work in completion of the project.
8
The plaintiff was discharged effective August 15, 1958. On the American job, the plaintiff received commission credit covering the architectural and building contracts on the drive-in facility, and on the preliminary architectural work for building remodeling. On the Bell job, plaintiff received commission credit on the preliminary architectural work. The $39,000.00 awarded by the jury's verdict, and in the judgment entered on the verdict, does not exceed a salesman's commission, computed according to the governing schedule, on the work authorized and contracts entered into on these two projects subsequent to plaintiff's discharge. Such work included the balance of the architectural work and the building and fixture contracts on the American project, and the balance of the architectural work and the building contract on the Bell project.
9
Appellant contends that the provisions of the compensation agreement quoted supra limit the plaintiff's right to commission in event of his leaving its employ 'at the request of the company' and that he has been fully compensated or credited under the standards expressly set forth in the agreement which limit such commissions to work under contract or client authorization 'at the time of separation'. Appellant contends, in substance, that the express provisions of the compensation agreement must be literally applied and that, as a matter of law, it is of no consequence whether the discharge of the plaintiff was without cause, in bad faith, and for the purpose of depriving him of the commissions which would accrue on formal authorization of the balance of the work contemplated, with reasonable certainty, on the two projects.
10
The court, of course, was without power to remake or alter the contract of the parties. We are of the opinion that it did not do so, but in its rulings and instructions merely determined that the contract limitations did not apply to the situation presented by the evidence. And we perceive no error in that determination. Although the contract language evinces a meeting of the minds of the parties as to the commissions to be paid or credited in the event plaintiff voluntarily left the employ of the company or was discharged for cause it can hardly be assumed from the language employed that a bad faith discharge, without cause, and for the purpose of depriving plaintiff of commissions reasonably certain to accrue to him, was within the mutual contemplation of the parties.
11
The effect of an express provision authorizing a discharge without cause has been recognized by the jurisdiction (Missouri) whose law as to substantive matters it is agreed must be applied in this case. Croskey v. Kroger Co., Mo.App., 259 S.W.2d 408, 412; Spencer v. General Electric Company, 8 Cir., 243 F.2d 934. But we are of the view that in the absence of such a provision there is no basis, in the instant case, for rejecting the general principle which implies a requirement that a principal deal fairly with his agent. Such principle is stated in 17A C.J.S. Contracts 328, pp. 284-286, as follows:
12
'Moreover, in every contract there exists an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and, more specifically, under such rule, the law will imply an agreement to refrain from doing anything which will destroy or injure the other party's right to receive the fruits of the contract.'
13
And, although there are factors which serve to distinguish Beebe v. Columbia Axle Co., 233 Mo.App. 212, 117 S.W.2d 624 and Glover v. Henderson, 120 Mo. 367, 25 S.W. 175, from the precise situation here involved, these decisions, relied upon by the plaintiff, do represent in effect a recognition and application of the 'good faith and fair dealing' principle by the Missouri courts in situations somewhat similar to that here involved albeit the factual situations presented did not admit of relief identical to that granted in the instant action. The rationale of those decisions in our judgment requires application of the 'good faith and fair dealing' doctrine here. See also: Fargo Glass & Paint Co. v. Globe American Corporation, 7 Cir., 161 F.2d 811.
14
We conclude that the District Court did not err in the legal criteria it applied in denying appellant's motions for directed verdict and in the giving and refusing of instructions. It is our further conclusion that on the record before us the factual considerations involved in the resolution of the questions as to whether cause existed for plaintiff's discharge, whether at the time of his separation it was reasonably certain that Bank Building would receive the contracts and authorizations for the balance of the work on the American and Bell projects, and whether plaintiff's employment was terminated in bad faith in an attempt to deprive him of commissions to accrue on the remaining work, were all for resolution by the jury. And there is substantial support in the record for the conclusions on these factual issues which are implicit in the jury's verdict. We see no purpose to be gained by detailing that evidence here.
15
We have considered appellant's contention that the court erred in admitting in evidence, over appellant's objection, a report of appellant's district sales manager dated June 19, 1958, summarizing an interview with Bell's vicepresident in which the latter is reported to have expressed Bell's desire that Bank Building do the entire job. The report was admissible on the issue of Bank Building's belief as to whether it was reasonably certain to receive the additional and remaining work on the project albeit it expressed a conclusion of the district sales manager rather than a verbatim recital of the statement made by the Bell executive. Moreover, both the district sales manager and the Bell vice-president testified at the trial as to the conversation involved. Under such circumstances the admission of the exhibit in question cannot be regarded as error requiring a reversal.
16
The judgment order of the District Court is affirmed.
17
Affirmed.
18
SCHNACKENBERG, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
19
It is axiomatic that 'hard cases make bad law'. Black's Law Dictionary (3rd Edn.) p. 876. In the case at bar the district court, in endeavoring to give relief to plaintiff, has probably made a new contract for the parties. Under the contract which really existed between the parties, plaintiff was entitled to commission credits on architectural services which had actually been authorized by Bell Savings and Loan Association and American National Bank of St. Paul. However the district court, by a process of interpretation, in effect extended the contractual rights of plaintiff in such a manner as to obliterate the importance of the prerequisite of authorization.
1
Sometimes referred to herein as 'Bank Building'
2
Under the provisions of the commission schedule the plaintiff, as a salesman, was entitled to commission credits computed on the basis of percentages specified for salesmen conditioned in substance, as follows:
(a) when the client approved the preliminary plans, the salesman's percentage on 25% Of Bank Building's architectural-consultant fee;
(b) when the client authorized preparation of working drawings, upon client's approval of such drawings, the salesman's percentage on the next 50% Of the total architectural-consultant fee;
(c) upon preparation of final plans, and the client's approval thereof, the salesman's percentage on the final 25% Of the architectural-consultant fee;
(d) when the building contract was received, signed by the client, the salesman's percentage of Bank Building's total fee as general contractor;
(e) when authorization or contract of client for fixtures or equipment was received, the salesman's percentage of the total sale price.
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ASSOCIATION BEITH YAACOV SECONDAIRE DE SARCELLES (A.B.Y.S.S.).
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développement d'activités d'enseignement et de formation aux particuliers, d'aides aux écoles.
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%9E%97-%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA
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CC-By-SA
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尼古拉·加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=尼古拉·加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基&action=history
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尼古拉·格奥尔基耶维奇·米哈伊洛夫斯基（俄语：Никола́й Гео́ргиевич Михайло́вский，1852年2月20日 - 1906年12月10日 ）俄罗斯作家和散文家、測繪工程師。作爲一名作家，他通常以筆名尼·加林（俄语：Н.Га́рин）發表作品，他去世之後，通常以加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基來稱呼他。
工程師生涯
作爲一名工程師，加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基參與了公路和西伯利亞鐵路的建設。1891年，他領導測繪小組，為西伯利亞鐵路選擇了在鄂畢河上建設鐵路橋的地點。由於加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基拒絕在托木斯克建橋的方案，這個決定後來促成了新西伯利亞的建立，並在城市發展過程中發揮了重要作用。
作家生涯
他於1892年發表了散文《秋天駿馬的童年》和短片小説《在鄉下的幾年》，由此他出現在俄國文學史上。1899年他在遠東旅行時發表了《朝鮮、滿洲、遼東半島漫游》和《朝鮮故事》的旅行筆記。他的一篇小説在1904年收集在馬克西姆·高爾基的《》（俄文：Зна́ние。意為：知識）文集的第一卷中。
紀念地標
爲了紀念加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基，在他去世後，新西伯利亞鐵路車站的站前廣場命名爲：加林-米哈伊洛夫斯基廣場。
注釋
1852年出生
1906年逝世
俄羅斯作家
使用筆名的作家
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https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/56140
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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APrough, Flater, M Oehm, Rubio, Warlord 099, feelinferrety, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/12269, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/14233, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/30633, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/3922, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/40607, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/6144, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/7586, https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/9860, jpmc26, sousben
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English
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Spoken
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I can't work like this!
Soon after arriving to work this morning, I sent an email off to my pal over in IT upon realizing that my workstation wasn't fully functional. We both like to solve puzzles in our spare time, so rather than reveal precisely what I was expecting from him, I let him work it out for himself.
Hey, Mike!
Quick question -- is there any chance you've got a certain piece of equipment sitting on a shelf somewhere? Mine is no longer working correctly, even after a thorough cleaning of the components. If you can't locate one, I guess you'll just have to requisition a new one. You can ask my manager to sign off. Shoot me an email to let me know what to expect.
Thanks!
- C
P.S. I know my request is puzzling to say the least, but that's the point! I guarantee that this email contains all the information necessary for you to figure it out. Have fun!
What am I expecting Mike to get for me & why?
Folks who were there for the original version of this (you know who you are)... shhhh!
Should we assume the email came from your workstation, and not a secondary device (phone, someone else's computer, etc.)?
Yes, it came from my personal (semi-functional) workstation.
Please tell me you didn't really do this.
Could you be asking for a
new keyboard ?
Because
the letter 'd' no longer works
Which explains why
you had to make a puzzle of it, not being able to ask for a keyboar(d)
Also
keyboard is really the most dust/dirt prone piece of equipment in a workstation, and the one that needs to be cleaned regularly
Good analysis! Though before the advent of optical mice, I found myself constantly scraping the gunk off of mouse balls from common use computers.
you mean... with a Q tip? :)
No, by popping them out and using my fingernails. :)
I used to do it with a Q tip or a toothpick
@feelinferrety: "Relevant" (not relevant).
I’m not volunteering for a ball twistoff
@feelinferrety: I use a trackball at work, I'm still cleaning gunk (off the rollers, not the ball).
@flater D'oh! Shows how long it's been since I had to do it. You're totally right. The rollers, not the ball. >_<
@feelinferrety ...I didn't even mean to correct you. But you're welcome ;)
You can still ask for a "keyboard" using a variety of different methods even if your 'd' key doesn't work. Copy/Paste from other text, on-screen keyboard, [Alt] + 100, etc...
This is based on the assumption that the email was sent from your workstation, in which case, you are looking for
a mouse/trackball
Because...
The computer has to be turned on and functional to send the email. You also need a keyboard to input the email, as well as select the email application, generate the new email, and choose the recipients, all of which can be done from a keyboard. You also need a functioning monitor to make sure that you are making the correct choices. A mouse, however, is an input that some people can do without, but is nice to have.
Why do I think this?
I work in IT and have seen requests like this before.
Sorry, but this is not correct!
A camera, because unlike a keyboard and mouse you don't need it on your desk, which explains it being on a shelf, and you could have tried cleaning the lens because you thought that it was dirty but after that it still didn't work
C asks whether Mike, the IT guy, has the item in question stinning somewhere on a storage shelf. This doesn't tell you anything how or where the item is supposed to be used.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30620754
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Kehr-Berg
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
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Kehr-Berg
Kehr-Berg
hill in Germany
Kehr-Berg GeoNames ID 2891917
Kehr-Berg instance of hill
Kehr-Berg coordinate location
Kehr-Berg country Germany
Kehr-Berg GNS Unique Feature ID -1804874
Kehr-Berg located in the administrative territorial entity Thuringia
Kehr-Berg mountain range Ringgau
Kehr-Berg
heuvel in Thüringen, Duitsland
Kehr-Berg GeoNames-identificatiecode 2891917
Kehr-Berg is een heuvel
Kehr-Berg geografische locatie
Kehr-Berg land Duitsland
Kehr-Berg GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -1804874
Kehr-Berg gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Thüringen
Kehr-Berg
Berg in Thüringen
Kehr-Berg GeoNames-Kennung 2891917
Kehr-Berg ist ein(e) Hügel
Kehr-Berg geographische Koordinaten
Kehr-Berg Staat Deutschland
Kehr-Berg GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -1804874
Kehr-Berg liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Thüringen
Kehr-Berg Gebirgszug Ringgau
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comedynoctesamb00hogggoog_28
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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The Comedy of the Noctes Ambrosianae
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John Wilson, John Skelton, Robert Shelton Mackenzie, James Hogg
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English
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Spoken
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North, We believe, then, in a kind of being distinct from Matter, because we cannot help it. We have no other resource, and we choose to call it Spirit. That there is power, energy, will, pleasure, pain, thought, we know ; and that is all that is necessary to the conception of Spirit, except one negation — ^that it is not cognizable to sense. All we have now to ask ourselves is, " Is this being, that feels, wills, thinks, cognizable by sense 1 If so, by what sense ? If there is no account to be given, that this thinking, willing, feeling being was ever taken cognizance of by sense, it seems at least a hard assertion to say it is so cognizable— an assertion at least as hazardous as to say it is not. Shepherd. Ten thoosand million times mair sae. North, If you consider, then, ray dearest Shepherd, what is our reasoning when we fonn to ourselves a belief of Spirit, it is simply this — "Here is Matter which I know by my senses. There is nothing here which appears to me like what I know in myself. My senses, which take cognizance of Matter, show me nothing of the substance which thinks, or wills, or feels. I believe, then, that Digitized by VjOOQIC 412 KOCTES AKBROSIA^M. LFsB. there is being, which thej cannot show me, in which these powers reside. I believe that I am a spirit. Shepherd. " Plato, thou reasonest well." North, From the moment the child is conscious of power within himself, of thought, sense, love, desire, pain, pleasure, will, he is beginning to gather together in one the impressions, feelings, and recollections which he will one day unite in conception under the name of Spirit. Shepherd. Mysterious life o' weans ! North. Ah ! that deep and infinite world, which is gradually opened up within ourselves, overshadowed as it is with the beautiful imagery of this material world, which it has received into itself and cherishes ! Ah ! this is the domain of Spirit. When our thoughts begin to kindle, when our heart dilates, the remembrances of the works of Spirit pour in upon us : let me rather say, my Shepherd, the San of Spirit rises in its strength, and consumes the mist, and we walk in the joy of his light, and exult in the genial warmth of his life-glorifying beams. Shepherd. Simpler, simpler, simpler, sir. North. Oral need not be so correct as written discourse. But I take the hint, and add, if it be asked why it is hard to us to form the conception, why we nourish it with difficulty, why our minds are so slow to reply when they are challenged to speak in this cause, it is because they are dull in their own self-consciousness. Shepherd. That's a better style. North. The Spirit, which feeds the body with life, itself lan- guishes. It has not learnt to awaken and cherish its own fires. It is only when strong conception seizes upon its powers, and swells them into strength, that it truly knows, and vividly feels itself, and rejoices, like the morn, in its own lustre. Shepherd. Eyeing the clouds as ornaments, and disposin' them as fits its fancy in masses, or braids, or specs — a' alike beautifu'. North. Illustrating the line in Wordsworth — ** This morning gives us promise of a glorious day." Shepherd. Weel — weel — aye quottin* Wordsworth. North. Oh the blind breasts of man ! Because in the weakness of our nature we cannot rend ourselves enough from sense, we often seek to clothe the being of Spirit in the vain shadows of material form ! But we must aspire to a constant conviction that at the verge and brink of this material nature in which we stand, there is an abyss of being unfathomable to all our thoughts ! Unknown existences incomprehensible of an infinite world ! Of what mighty powers may dwell there— what wonders may be there disclosed^ wliat mutation and revolution of being or what depths of immutable Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835. J WHAT IS BEYOND? 413 repose, we know nothing. Shut up in our finite sense, we are severed for a while, on our spot of the universe, from those bound- less immortaHties. How near they may be to us we know not, or in what manner they may be connected with us — around us or within us ! This vast expanse of worlds, stretching into our heavens many thousand times beyond the reach of our powerfuUest sight — all this may be — as a speck of darkness ! S/iejfherd. I wuss Dr. Ohaumers heard ye, sir. North. I wish he did. And may we, with our powers, fed on Matter and drenched in Sense, think to solve the question of what being may be beyond 1 Take upon us impiously to judge whether there be a world unsearchable to us, or whether this Matter on which we stand be all? And by the measure of our Sense circum- scribe all the possibilities of creation, while we pretend to believe in the Almighty ? If where we cannot know, we must yet needs choose our belief, oh ! let us choose with better hope that belief which more humbles ourselves ; and in bowed down and fearful awe, not in presumptuous intelligence, look forth from the stillness of our souls into the silence of unknown Being ! Shepherd, I may weel be mute, sir. Sit nearer me, sir, and fie me your haun' — and lay't on my shouther, if you're no quite une. North. I would fain speak to the youth of my native land, James — Shepherd, And dinna they a' read the Noctes ? North. ^and ask them — when the kindling imagination blends itself with Intellectual Thought — ^when the awakened, ardent, as- Eiring intelligence begins in the joy of young desire to lift itself in igh conception to the stately minds that had lived upon the earth — when it begins to feel the pride of hope and power, to glow with conscious energy, to create thoughts of its own of the destinies of that race to which it rejoices to belong — do not then, I ask them, all the words which the mighty of old have dropped from their kin- dling lips concerning the Emanation of the Eternal Mind, which dwells in a form of dust, fall like sparks, setting the hope of im- mortality in a blaze — " The sudden blaze Far round illuminet heaven f" If, while engaged in the many speculations in which our studious youth have been involved, they suffer themselves to be dragged for a time from that primal belief, do they find a weight of darkness and perplexity come over them, which they will strive in vain to Bhake o£f? But as soon as they reawaken to the light of their first conviction, that heavy dream will be gone. ** I can give no Digitized by VjOOQIC 414 NOCTES AMBBOSIANiB. [Feb. acconnt" — such an one might say — ^"nor record of this conviction. I drew it from no dictate of reason. But it has grown upon me through all the years of my existence. I cannot collect together the arguments on which I believe, but they are for ever rising round me anew, and in new power, every moment I draw my breath. At every step I take of inquiry into my own being, they burst upon me in different unexpected foi-ms. If I have learned to lean to the side of the material philosophy, every thing that I under- stood before was darkened — my clearest way was perplexed. I be- lieved at first, because the desire of my soul cleaved to the thought of its lofty original. I believe now, because the doctrine is a light to me in the difficulties of science — a clew in labyrinths otherwise inextricable." {Knocking at the front Soar and finging of the front-door helt, ^ as if a section of guardians of the night were warning the family of fire^ or a dozen devils^ on their way back to Pan- demonium^ were wreaking their spite on Christopher's sup- posed slumbers.) Shepherd. Whattt ca' ye' thattt ? North (musing). I should not wonder were that Tickler? Shepherd. Tlien he maun be in full tail as weel's figg, or else a Breearious. ( Ujtroar rather increases.) They're surely usin' sledge- hammers ! or are they but cain' away wi' their cuddie-heels 1 We ocht to be gratefu', howsomever, that they've settled the bell. The wii*e rop's brak. North (grarehj). I shall sue Southside for damages. Shepherd. Think ye, sir, they'll burst the door ? North {smiling contemptuously). Not unless they have brought with them Mons Meg.* But there is no occasion for the plural number — 'tis that ii^ngular sinner Southside. * From th«* Bomb BMttrry or Edinburgh CMtle, it a fine view of the New Town, the enTiroiM, the Filth oC Forth, niid tb<? cim<«t ol File. On thn Argjio battery, beneath it, now stands an an- cif^nt pii'c« of urdnanrfl called M0N8 Mbo. It i* a gun, composed of long ban of bmt iron, hooped together hy h clove sericM ot ring?. It measures twenty inches in tne bore and is sup- posed to liHvn been (abncatird under the auspices of James IV., who, in 1496, employed it at tin liege of Norham Castle, on the borders of England. It was rent in 1682 when firing a Sfilut<\ since which timo it has burn quite u8t>U>H!9. In 1745, it wa« removed to Eogluod and'depoaitnd in the TowtT of London. It is mentioned- in Drummond's Macaronics — Sicuti Mons Mogga crackasset. When George IV. was in Edinburgh in 1S22, he visited the Castle, and after be had stood upon the bHtition wberoon Mons Meg had tornierly vtood, Scott so earnestly solicited tlie rebtDnitiini of the old and u-elen* gun. thathi* Majesty conwnted. How»»Ter, it was not brought ba<k for isev- eral years, it appearinjr by Scoti's diary, under date March 9. 1829, that great solenmity wa^ u^etl tiu th>' oeca*ion. fl a m« monmdum i« :— " Went nbuut one o'clock to the Cattle, where wo snw Uus auld murderesii, Mon^ Meg, brought op in solemn procession to reorcupy her ancient place on the Arayle Battery. Mon« M-g ii« a monument of our pride and poverty. The pixe is e»i>iniou<, but six smaller guns Wi.uld hare been made at ihe same exiM-u.-e, and done »ix limes as mia h ex. eiiition a- t-he f».uld have done. Th« r»- waa immense iutiMi»->l twken in the show by the pt ople of the town, and the numljors who crowded the Cafile Hill liad a magnificent appenrance About thirty of our Celts [ihe Celtic Club, compound uf men of rank and fortunel ntiendeii in coKtume ; and as them was a Uishland Regiment fur duty, with dragoons and artillery- men tl e whole made a splendid show. The style in which the last manned and wrought tfaa windbu« Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835.J A PRACTICAL JOKE. 416 Shejiherd, Tour servants maun be the Seven Sleepera Nori/i. They have orders never to be disturbed after midnight. Enter Peter, in his shirt. Peter, let him in — show him ben — and (whispers Peter, who makes Ids exit and his entrance, ushering in Tickler in a DreadnougJu, covered with cranreuch.* North and the Shepherd are seen lying on their faces on the hearth-rug^ "Peter, Oh ! dear ! oh ! dear ! oh ! dear ! what is this ! what is this ! Hae I leeved to see my master and Mr. Hogg lyin' baith dead! Tickler {in great agitation). Heavens! what has happened ! This 18 indeed dreadful. Peter, Oh 1 sir ! oh ! sir ! it's that cursed charcoal that he wou'd use for a' I cou'd do— the e£9uvia has smothered him at last. There's the pan — there's the pan ! But let's raise them up, and bear them into the back^green. — (Peter raises the body of North in his arms — Tickler that of the Shepherd.) — Stiff! stiff! stiff! cauld! cauld! cauld! dead! dead! dead! Tickler (ttnldly). When saw you them last ? Peter, 0, sir, no for several hours ! my beloved master sent me to bed at twelve — and now 'tis two half-past. Tickler {dreadfully agitated). This is death. Shepherd {seizing him suddenly round the waist). Then try Death a wrastle. North {recuperated by the faitJifid Peter). Fair play, Hogg ! You've hold of the waistband of his breeches. 'Tis a dog-fall. {The Shepherd and Tickler contend fiercely on the rug,) Tickler {uppermost). You deserve to be throttled, you swineherd, for having wellnigh broke my heart. Shepherd, Pu* him aff, North — pu' him aff — or hell thrapple me ! Whr — whr — rrr — whrrr (Southside is choked off the Shepherd and takes his seat on the sofa with tolerable composure. Exit Peter.) Tickler, Bad taste — bad taste. Of all subjects for a practical joke, the worst is death. Shepherd, A gran' judge o' taste ! Oa' you't good taste to break folk's bell-rops, and kick at folk's front doors, when a' the city's in sleep ? Tickler, I confess the propriety of my behaviour was problemat- ical. Shepherd. Problematical I You wad hae been cheap o't, if Mr. North out o' the window had shot you dead on the spat. which rHf^ed Old Meg, weighins^ aevrn or ei^ht toni, from h«>r temporary carrlavn to tlint trliirh hit* bt'cn lier badirt ior inaoy yt^nra, was siiigulnrly boautifal, m b cumbwic^d exIilbiMon of ■kill and strength." It had been i-uetomnry to flro bullets of 8t4)nu from Mtins Mog, which wtMie afterwards pconomtcally aought for, and picked up lor fiitam usp. Some of tboac aie now Idled nloDgflide of the old gun, which the Scotch consider a kind of National palladium l—H. " Cranreuch--luMU'-froat — M. Digitized by VjOOQIC 416 N0CTE3 AMBBOSIAN-fi. [Fkb. North {leaning Jiindly over Tickler, as Southsidb is sitting on the sofa, and insinuating his dexter hand into the left coat-pocJcei of Timothy's Dreadnought.) Ha ! ha ! Look here, Mr. Hogg ! (Ex- hibits a bell-handle and brass knocker.) Street robbery ! Shepherd, Hamesncken! North. An accomplished cracksman ! Tickler. I plead guilty. Shepherd. Plead guilty ! What brazen assurance ! Caught wi' corpus delicti in the pouch o' your wrap-rascal. Bad taste — bad taste. But sin' you repent, you're forgi'en. Whare hae you been, and whence at this untimeous hour hae you come ! Tak' a sup o' that. {^Handing him tJiejyg.) Tickler. Fronf Duddingstone Loch. I detest skating in a crowd — so have been figuring away by moonlight to the Crags. Shepherd. Are you sure you're quite sober? Tickler. Quite at present. That's a jewel of a jug, James-— Bat what wore ytm tnlkiiig about ? Shepherd. Never fash your thoomb— but sit doon at the side-table yonner. Tickler. Ha ! The Round ! {Sits retired.) Shepherd. I was say in', Mr. Tickler, that I canna get rid o' a belief in the mettaseekozies or transmigration o' sowles. It aflen comes upon me as I'm sittin' by mysell on a knowe in the Forest ; and a* the scenery, steadfast as it seems to be before my senses as the place o' my birth, and accordin' to the popular faith where I hae past a' my days, is then strangely felt to lose its intimate or veetal connection wi' my speerituality, and to be but ae dream-spat amang mony dream-spats which maun be a' taken thcgither in a bewilderin' series, to mak' up the yet uncompleted mystery o' my being or life. North. Pythagoras ! Shepherd. Mind that I'm no wullin* to tak my Bible-oath for the truth o' what I'm noo gaun to tell you — for what's real and what's visionary — and whether there be indeed three warlds — ane o' the ee — ane o' the memory, and ane o' the imagination — ^it's no for me dogmatically to decide ; but this I wull say — that if there are three, at sic times they're sae circumvolved and confused wi' ane anither, as to hae the appearance and inspire the feelin' o' their bein' but ae world — or I should rather say, but ae life. The same sort of con- sciousness, sirs, o' my haen experimentally belanged alike to them a', comes owre me like a threefauld shadow, ai\d in that shadow my sowle sits wi' its heart beatin', frichtened to think o' a' it has come through, syne the first far-awa glimmer o' nascent thocht con- nectin' my particular individuality wi' the universal creation. Am I makin' mysell understood ? Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835.] THE UON'S DEN. 417 Tickler. Pellucid as an icicle that seems waiin in the sunshine. Shepherd. Yet you dinna see my drift — and I*m at a loss for words. TiekUr. You might as well say you are at a loss for oysters, with five hundred on that hoard. Shepherd, I think on a cave — ^far hen, mirk always as a midnight wood— except that twa lichts are bumin* there brichter than ony stars — fierce leevin lichts — ^yet in their fierceness fu* o* love, and therefore fu* e' beauty — the een o' my mother, as she gently growls o'er me wi' a i ur that inspires me wi' a passion for milk and bluid. Tickler, Your mother ! The man's mad. Shepherd. A lioness, and I her cub. North. Hush — hush. Tickler. Shepherd. I sook her dugs, and sookin' I grow sae cruel that I could bite. Between pain and pleasure, she gies me a puflf wi' her paw, and I gang head owre heels like a bit playfu' kitten. And what else am I but a bit playfu' kitten ! For we're o' the Cat kind — ^we Lions — and bein' o' the royal race o' Africa, but ae whalp at a birth. She taks me mewin' up in her mouth, and lets me drap amang leaves in the outer air — lyin' down aside me and enticin' me to play wi* the tuft o' her tail, that I suppose, in my simplicity, to be itsell a separate hairy cretur alive as weel as me, and getthi' fun, as wi' loups and springs we pursue ane anither, and then for a minute pretend to be sleepin'. And wha's he yon ] Wha bat my Father ? I ken him instinctively by the mane on his shoutheiTi, and his bare tawny hurdies — but my mither wull no let him come ony nearer, for he yawns as if he were hungry, and she kens he would think nacthing o' devourin, his ain oflfspring. Oh ! the first time I heard him crunch ! It was an antelope — in his fangs like a mouse —but that is an after similitude — for then I had never seen a mouse — ^nor do I think I ever did a' the time I was in the great desert. North (removing to some distance). Tickler, he looks alarmingly leonine. Shepherd. I had then nae ee for the picturesque — but out o' thae materials then sae familiar to my senses, I hae mony a time since constructed the landscape in which my youth sported — and oh ! that I could but dnsh it off on canvass ! North. Salvator Rosa, the great Poussin, and he of Duddingstone, would then have to " hide their diminished heads." Shepherd. A cave-mouth, half-high as that o' Staffa ; but no fan- tastic in its structure like the hexagonals — a' ae sullen rock ! Yet was the savage den maist sweet — for frae the arch hung doun mid- Wiiy a mony-colored drapery, leaf-and-flower-woven by nature, who delights to beautify the wildeniess, renewed as soon as faded, or else perennial, in spite o' a' thae suns and a' thae storms ! Yimi 18« Digitized by VjOOQIC 418 NOCTES AMBROSIAN^. [FtB- our roof strcclit up rose the trees, wi' crowns that tonclied the skies. Tliere hung the umbrage Hkc clouds — aud to us below how pleas- ant was the shade ! From the cave-mouth a green lawn descended to a pool, where the pelican used to come to drink — and mony a time hae I watched crouchiu' ahin' the water-lilies, that I micht spring upon her when she had filled her bag — but if I was cunniu* she was wary, and aye fand her way back unskathed by me to her nest. A' roun' was sand ; for you see, sirs, it was an oasis — and I suspect they were palm-trees. I can liken a leaf, as it cam waverin* doon, to naething I hae seen sin' syne but a parachute. I used to play with them till they withered, and then to row mysell in them, like a wean hidin' itsell for fun in the claes, to mak its mither true it was na there — till a' at ance I loupt oot on my mither the Lioness, and in a mock-fecht we twa gaed gurlin' down the brae — me gen- erally uppei-most — ^for ye can hae nae idea hoo tender are the maist terrible o* animals to their young — and what delicht the anld she ane has in pretendin' to be vanquished in even-doon worryin' by a bit cub that would be nae mair than a match for Rover there, or even Fang. Na — ^ye need na lift your heads and cock your lugs, my gude douggies, for I'm speakin' o* you and no to you, and likenin* your force to mine when I was a Lion's whalf. Rover and Fang [leaping up and barking at the Shbphbrd). Wow — bow — wow — bow — wow — wow. North, They certainly think. Tickler, that he must be either Wallace or Nero. Shepherd, Sae passed my days — and a happier young hobblete- hoy of a Lion never footed it on velvet pads alang the Lybian sands. Only sometimes for days — ^na weeks — I was maist desperate hnngiy — ^for the antelopes and sic like creturs began to get unco scarce — pairtly frae bein* feared awa' — and I've kent us obleeged to dine, and be thankfu', on jackal. Tickler, Hung up in hams from the roof of the cave. Shepherd. But that was no the worst o't — for spring cam — as I felt rather than saw — ^and day or nicht — sleepin' or waukin' — I cou'd get nae rest — I was ven-a feverish and verra fierce, and keepit prowlin' and growlin' about Tickler. Like a lion in love Shepherd, I couldna distinctly tell why — and sae did my mither, wha lookit as if in gude earnest she wad tear me in pieces. Tickler, Whattt \ Shepherd, She wou'd glare on me wi* her green een, as if she wanted to set fire to my hide, as you may hae seen a laddie in a window wi' a glass set tin* fire to a man's hat on the street, by the po\^•er o' the focus — and then she wou'd wallow on the sand, as if to rub aff ticks that tormented her— and then wi' a shake, garrbi* Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835.J THE UON IN LOVE. 419 the piles shower frae her, wou'd gallop down to the pool as if aboot to droon hersell, and though no in general fond o' the water, plowter in't like the verra pelican. Tickler, ** J"®' ^'^^ unto a trundling mop Or a wild goose at play." Shepherd. The great desert grew a' ae roar ! and thirty feet eveiy spang cam lowpen, wi* his enormous mane, the Lion my father, wi' his tail, tuft and a', no perpendicular like a bull's, but extended horizontally ahint him, as stiffs iron, and a' bristlin' — and fastened in his fangs in the back o' the Lioness my mother's neck, wha forth- with began caterwauling waur than a hunder roof fu*s o' cats, till I had amaist swarfed through fear, and forgotten that I was ane o* their own whalps. Tickler. *' To show how much thou wast degenerate." Shepherd. Sae I thocht it high time to leave them to devoor ane anither, and I slank aff, wi' my tail atween my legs, intil the wil- derness, resolved to return to my native oasis never mair. I looked back frae the tap o' a sand-hill, and saw what micht hae been, or not been, the croons o' the palm-trees — and then glided on till I cam to anither " palm-grove, islanded amid the waste" — as Soothey finely says — where instinct urged me to seek a lair, and I found ane — no sae superb, indeed, as my native den — ^no sae magnificent — but in itsell bonnier and brichter and mair blissfu' far — safter, far and wide a* around it, was the sand to the soles and pawms o' my Eaws — for an event befell me there that in a day elevated me into (ionhood, and crooned me wi' the imperial diadem of the Desert. Tivliler. As how ? North. James! Shepherd. In the centre o' the grove was a well — ^not dug by hands — though caravans had passed that way — but formed natu- rally in the thin-grassed sand by a spring that in summer drought cared not for the sun — and round about that well were some beau- tifu* bushes, that bore flowers amaist as big's roses, but liker lilies Tickler. Most flowery of the feline ! Shepherd. But, oh heavens! ten thousand million times mair beautifu' than the gorgeous bushes 'neath which she lay asleep I A cretur o' my ain kind ! couchant ! wi* her sweet nose atween her forepaws ! The elegant line o' her yellow back, frae shouther to rump, broken here and there by a blossom-laden spray that depended lovingly to touch her slender side ! Her tail gracefully gathered up amang the delicate down on which she reposed ! Little of visible but the tender tuft 1 Eyes and lips shut ! There slept the Virgin of the Wild ! still as the well, and as pure, in which her cemage was enshrined ! I trumbled like a kid — I heard a knock- Digitized by VjOOQIC 420 NOCTES AMBROSIANiB. [Feb. in', but it did na wauken her — and creepin' stealthily on my graff, I laid myselly without growlin*, side by side, a* my length alang hers — and as oor fur touched, the touch garred me at first a' gnie, and then glow as if prickly thorns had pleasurably pierced my verra heart. Saftly — saftly pat I ae paw on the hack o' her head, and anither aneath her chin — and then laid my cheek to hers, and gied the ear niest me a wee bit bite ! When up she sprang higher in the air, Mr. Tickler, than the feather on your cap when you was in the Volunteers ; and on recoverin* her feet after the fa', without stayin' to look around her, spang by spang tapped the shi-ubs, and afore I had pres<mce o' mind to pursue her, round a sand-hill was out o* sicht ! North. Ay, James — joy often drops out between the cup and the lip— or, like riches, takes wings to itself and flies away. And was she lost to thee for ever ? Shejj/ierd, I lashed mysell wi' my tail — I trode and tore up the shrubs wi' my hind paws — I turned up my jaws to heaven, and yowled in wrathfu' despair — and then pat my mouth to the dust, and roared till the well began to bubble —then I lapped water, and grew thirstier the langer 1 lapped — and then searched wi* a' my seven senses the bed wharo her beautifu* bulk had lain — warmer and safter and sweeter than the ither herbage — and in rage tried to bite a bit out o* my ain shouther, when the pain sent me bound- ing aff in pursuit o* my lovely lioness — and lo! there she was Stealin' alang by the brink o' anither nest o' bushes, far aff on the plain, pausin' to look back — sae I thochU— e'er she disappeared in her hiding-place. North. " I calmed her fears, and she was calm, And told her love with virgin pride ; And thus I won my Genevieve, My bright and beauteous bride." Shepherd. We were perfectly happy, sir. Afore the hinny-moon had filled her horns, mony an antelope, and not a few monkeys, * In the traigedy of Douglas, Home has the line, *' I'll woo her as the lion doee his bride."— M. Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835.] hoog's uox-dbeam. 421 had we twa together devoored ! Oh, sirs ! hnt she was fleet ! and sly as Bwii't ! She would lie conchin' in a bush till she was sur- rounded v'i* grazin' edibles suspectiu* nae harm, and ever and anon ceasin' to crap the twigs, and plajin' wi' ane anither, like lambs in the Forest, where it is now my lot as a human cretur to leeve ! Then up in the air and amang them wi* a roar, smitin' them dead in dizzens wi' ae touch o' her paw, though it was safter than velvet — ^and singlin' out the leader by his horns, that purrin* she micht leasurely sook his bluid — nor at sic times wou'd it hae been safe even for me, her hon and her lord, to ha*e interfered wi' her repast. For in the desert, hunger and tliirst are as fierce as love. As for me, in this respect, I was mair generous, and mony is the time and aft that I hae gi'eu her the tid-bits o' fat frae the flank o* a deer o' my ain killin' when she had missed her aim by owrespringin't — for I never ken't her spang fa' short — without her so much as thankin' me — for she was owre prood ever to seem gratefu' for ony favor — and carried hersell, like a Beauty as she was, and a spoiled Bride. I was sometimes sair tempted to throttle her — but then, to be sure, a playfu' pat frae her paw could smooth my bristles at ony time, or mak' me lift up my mane for her delicht, that she might lie down bashfully aiieath its shadow, or as if shelterin' there frae some ob- ject o' her fear, crouch pantin' amang that envelopment o' hairy clouds. Tickler. Whew! Nartfi. In that excellent work the Naturalists' Library,* edited by my learned friend Sir William Jardine, it is observed, if I recol- lect rightly, that Temminck, in his monograph, places the African Lion in two varieties, that of Barbary and that of Senegal — without referring to those of the southern parts of the continent. In the southern parts there are two kinds analogous, it would seem, to the northern varieties — the yellow and the brown, or, according to the Dutch colonists, the blue and the black. Of the Barbary Lion, the hair is of a deep yellowish brown, the mane and hair upon the breast and insides of the fore-legs being ample, thick, and shaggy ; of the Senegal Lion, the color of the body is of a much paler tint, the mane is much less, does not extend so far upon the shoulders, and is almost entirely wanting upon the breast and insider of the legs. Mr. Burchef encountered a third variety of the African Lion, whose mane is nearly quite black, and him the Hottentots declare to be the most fierce and daiing of all. Now, my dear James, ?ardon me for asking whether you were the Senegal or Barbary lion, or one of the southern varieties analogous to them, or the third variet}^, with the mane nearly black, that encountered Mr. Burchel % * PablUhed in Edinburgh.— M. Digitized by VjOOQIC 422 NOCTES AMBROSTANJES. [Feb. Tickler. He must have been a fourth variety, and probably tli© sole specimen thereof; for all naturalists agree that the young males have neither mane nor tail-tnft| and exhibit no incipient symptoms of such appendage till about their third year. Shepherd. Throughout the hale series o* my transmigration o' sowle I hae aye been equally in growth and genius extraordinar* precocious, Timothy ; and besides, I dinna clearly see hoo either Buffon, or Ciwiar, or Tinnock, or Sir William Jarrdinn, or Jeems Wulson, or even Wonimle himsell, familiar as they may be wi' Lions in plates or cages, should ken better about their manes and the tuft o' their tails, than me wha was ance a Lion in propria per- sona, and hae thochts o' writing my ain Leonine Owtobiography wi* Cuts. But as for my color, I was neither a blue, nor a black, nor a white, nor a red Lion — ^though you, Tickler, may hae seen sic (ike on the signs o' inns — but I was the Terrible Tawnev o' Tim- BUCTOO ! ! ! Tickler, What ! did you live in the capital 1 Shepherd, Na — in my kintra seat a' the year roun'. But there was mair than a sugh o' me in the metropolis — mony a story was tauld o* me by Moor and Mandingo — and by whisper o' my name they stilled their cryin' weans, and frichtened them to sleep. What kent I, when a lion, o' geography ? Nae map o* Africa had I ever seen but what I scrawled wi' my ain claws on the desert dust. As for the Niger, I cared nae whether it flawed to meet the risin' or the settin' sun — but when the sun entered Leo, I used instinctively to soom in its waters, and I remember, as if it had been yesterday, loupin' in amang a bevy o' black girlies bathin' in a shallow, and breakfastin* on ane o* them, wha ate as tender as a pullet, and was as plump as a paitrick. It was lang afore the time o' Mungo Park — but had I met Mungo I wou'd na hae hurt a hair o' his head — for my prophetic sowle would hae been conscious o' the Forest, and however hungry, never wou'd I hae harmed him wha had leeved on the Tweed. North. Beautiful. Pray, James, is it true that your Lion prefers human flesh to any other — ^nay, after once tasting it, that he uni formly becomes an anthropophagus ? Shepherd. He may or he may not uniformly become an anthro- pophagus, for I kenna what an anthropophogns is ; but as to preferring human flesh to ony ither, that depends on the particular kind o' human flesh. I presume, when I was a Lion, that I had the ordinar* appetencies o' a Lion — that is, that I was rather abune than below average or par — and at a' events that there was nae thing about me unleonine. Noo I cou'd never bring my stammach, without diffi- culty, to eat an auld vroman — as for an auld man that was out o' the question, even in Btarvation. On the whole I preferred, in Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835.1 THE UNICORN. 423 the long run, antelope ever to girl. Girl dootless was a delicacy ance a fortnicht or thereabouts — but girl every day would hae been Tidier. Tovjours perdrix. Shepherd. Just sae. Anitlier Lion, a freen' o' mine, tho', thocht otherwise, and used to lie in ambuscade for girl, on which he fed a' through the year. But mark the consequence, why he lost hie senses, and died ragin' mad ! Tickler. You don't sae so ! Shepherd. Instinctively I ken't better, and diversified my dinners wi' zebras and quaggas, and such small deer, sae that I was always in high condition, my skin was aye sleek, my mane meteorous ; and as for my tail, wherever I went, the tuft bore aflf the belle. North. Leo— are you, or are you not a cowardly animal 1 Shepherd. After I had reached the age o* puberty my courage never happened to be put to ony verra severe trial, for I was aye faithfu' to my mate — and she to me — and jealousy never disturbed our den. Tickler. Any cubs ? Shepherd. But I cou'dna hae wanted courage, since I never felt fear. I aye took the sun o* the teegger ; and, though the rhino- ceros is an ugly customer, he used to gie me the wa' ; at sicht o' me the elephant become his ain trumpeter, and sounded a retreat in amang the trees. Ance, and ance only, I had a desperate feciit wi' a unicorn. North. So he is not fabulous ? Shepherd. No him, indeed — he's ane o* the realest o' a' beasts. Tickler. What may be the length of his horn, James ? Shepherd. 0' a dagger. Tickler. Shape? Shepherd. No speerally wreathed like a ram's bom — but stretcht, smooth, and polished, o' the yellow ivory — sharper than a swurd. Tickler. Hoofs. Shepherd. His hoofs are no cloven, and he's no unlike a horse. But in place o' nicherin' like a horse, he roars like a bull ; and then he leeves on flesh. Tickler. I thought he had been omnivorous. Shepherd. Nae cretur's omnivorous but man. North. Rare? Shepherd. He maun be verra rare, for I never saw anither but him I focht. The battle was in a wood. We're natural enemies, and set to wark the moment we met without ony quarrel. Wi' the first pat o' my paw I scored him frae shouther to flank, till the bluid spouted in jettees. As he ran at me wi* his horn I jookit ahint a tree, and he transfixed it in the pith — sheathen't to the ven-a hilt. Digitized by VjOOQIC 424 NOCTES AMBROSUN^. [Frn. Tliere was nae use in flingfin' np his heels, for wi' the side-spang I was on his back, and fastenin' my hind claws in his Hank and my fore-claws in his shouthers, I began at my leisure devooring liim in the neck. She snne joined me, and ate a hole into his inside till she got at the kidney — but judgin* by him, aae animal's mair tenawcious o* life than the unicorn — for when we left him the remains were groanin'. Niest mornin' we went to breakfast on him, but thae glut- tonous creturs, the vulturs, had been afore us, and he was but banes. North, Are you not embellishing, James ? Shepherd. Sic a fack needs nae embellishment. But I confess, sirs, I was, on the first hearin' o't, incredulous o* Major Liung's bain' found the skeleton stickin' to the tree 1 North, Why incredulous? Shepherd. For wha can tell at what era I was a Lion 1 But it pruves that the banes o' a unicorn are durable as aim. NortJi, And Ebony an immortal wood. Tickler, Did you finish your career in a trap 1 Shepherd, Na. I died in open day in the centre o' the great square o* Timbuctoo. Tickler, Ha, ha ! baited ? Shepherd, Na. I was lyin' ae day by my sell — for she had dis- appeared to whalp amang the shnibs — waitin* for some wanderin' waif comin* to the well — -for thirst is stranger than fear in them that dwall in tlie desert, and they will seek for water even in the Lion's lair — ^when I saw the head o' an unknown animal high up amang the trees, browsin' on the sprays — and then its lang neck — and then its shouthers— and then its forelegs — and then its body droopin' down into a tail like a buflfalo's — an animal unlike ony ither I had ever seen afore — for though spotted like a leopai'd, it was in shape liker a unicorn — but then its een were black and saft, like the een o' an antelope, and as it licket the leaves, I kent that tongue had never lapped bluid. I stretched mysell up wi' my usual roar, and in less time than it takes to tell't — and my fangs — without munchin* — ^pierced but an inch or twa deep. Brayin^ across the sand-hills at a lang trot flew the cameleopard — ^nor for hours slackened she her pace — till she plunged into the Black river Tickler, The Niger. Shepherd, Swam across, and bore me through many grovea into a wide plain, all unlike the wilderness round the Oasis we had left at morn. North. What to that was Mazeppa*s ride on the desert-bom ! Shepherd, The bet bluid grew sweeter and sweeter as I drank — Digitized by VjOOQIC 1835.] LIFE OP A MERMAN. 425 and I saw naething but her neck, till a' at ance staggerin* she fell doon — and what a sicht ! Bocks, as I thocht them — ^l)ut they were houses— encirclin' me a' round — thousands o' blackamoors, wi' shirts and s))ears and swurds and fires, and dninls, hemmin' the Lion — and arrows — like the flyin' dragons I had seen in the desert, but no, like them, harmless — stingin* me through the sides intil the entrails, that when I bat them brak ! You asked me if I was a cooard ? Was't like a cooard to drive, in that condition, the hale city like sheep ? But a* at ance, without my ain wnll, my spangin' was changed into sprawlin* wi' my fore feet. I still made them spin — but my hind legs were useless— my back was broken — and what I was lappin', sirs, was a pool o' my ain bluid. I had spewed it as my heart burst — first fire grew in my een and then mi^t — and the last thing I remember was a shout and a roar. And thus, in the centre o* the great square o' Timbuctoo, the Lion died. North, And the hide of him, who is now the Ettrick Shepherd, has for generations been an heir-loom in the palace of the Emperor of all the Saharas ! Shepkei'd. Nae less strange than true. Noo, North, let's hear o' ane o* your transmigrations. North, " Some Passages in the Life o' a Merman V* Shepherd, If you please. North, Another night, James ; for really, after such painting and such poetry Shepherd, Weel, weel, sir. I never insist. Oh ! hoo I hate to hear a hash insist ! Insistin' that you shall tell a story — ^insistin' that you shall sing — insistin' that you shall tak anither jug — insistin' that you shall sit still — insistin', in short, that you shall do the verra thing, whatever it happens to be, that ye hae declared a dizzen times that you will be danged if you do— dang him ! droon him ! deevil droon him ! canna he baud his foul tongue, and scarte his sawte head without ony interruption, and be thankfu' — and no — North. James! James! James! Shepherd {laughing). Beg your pardon, sir ; but only yestreen at a pairty I was " sae pestered wi* a popinjay," that I'm ashamed to say I forgot mysell sae far as to dash a jug o' bet water in his face —and tho' he made an apology, I fin* I hae na forgi'en him yet — was I red in the face ? North, Ratherly. Shej)herd, What's this? What's this? See, the floor's in an inundation ! Is that your doin', Mr. Tickler ? Tickler, What the deuce do you mean, Hogg ? My doing ? Shepherd. Yes — it is your doin*. A stream o' water comin' frae yon a' owre the Turkey carpet — and reachin' — ^see tuU't — the rim o' the rug. What sort o' mainners is this, to force your way at mid- Digitized by VjOOQIC 426 NOCTES AMBROSIAN^. [Feb. niclit into an Iionest man's house, and spile a' his fnmitur' t There yon sit at the Round, in your dreadnoucht, like a Norway bear, and never thocht hoo the snaw, and the cranreuch, and the icicles hao been meltin' this last hour, till the floor's a' soomin' ! Tickler. You can cross at the ford. North, James — ^let it seep. Shall we have some beef-i-Ia-mode» James ? Shepherd, Ehl North, Thus. (North flings into the bright smokeless element slice after slice of the Round, previously wdUsalted and peppered — tJieyJizz —fry — and writhe like martyrs in the flre,) Shepherd, There's a bould, a dauriii' simplicity in that, sir, that reminds ane o* the first elements o' cookery, as yet no an airt, far less a science, anterior to the time o' Tubal-Cain. North, They have a flavor when done so, James, superior far to that imparted by the skill of a Kitchener or an Ude. They are more thoroughly searched by the fire — and in fact imbibe the flavor of fire. Shepherd, I wuss they mayna be smeekit ! North, Try. (North extricates the fry from the fire with the tongs, and deposits them in layers an a platter. Tickler forsakes tJie side-table— joins the circular — and as he is helping himself to beefd-la-modcj the Shepherd entangles his fork with Southside's, and pins doicn the savory slice,) Shepherd, I despair o' meetin' wi' gude mainners in this rude and boisterous warld. North, By the way, my dear James, I should like to hear you on National Manners. Shepherd, The mainners o' a* nations are equally bad.
| 50,206 |
https://github.com/CalebTracey/ultrasound-client/blob/master/src/components/SearchBar.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ultrasound-client
|
CalebTracey
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 35 | 110 |
import React from 'react'
import { InputGroup, InputGroupAddon, Button, Input } from 'reactstrap'
const SearchBar = () => (
<div className="search-bar">
<InputGroup>
<Input />
<InputGroupAddon addonType="append">
<Button color="secondary">Search</Button>
</InputGroupAddon>
</InputGroup>
</div>
)
export default SearchBar
| 36,593 |
https://github.com/zxcwhale/android_gpsbd/blob/master/hardware/libgps/asn-supl/ServiceCapabilities.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
android_gpsbd
|
zxcwhale
|
C
|
Code
| 368 | 1,265 |
/*
* Generated by asn1c-0.9.28 (http://lionet.info/asn1c)
* From ASN.1 module "ULP-Version-2-parameter-extensions"
* found in "../ulp-version2-parameter-extensions.asn"
* `asn1c -fcompound-names -gen-PER`
*/
#include "ServiceCapabilities.h"
static asn_TYPE_member_t asn_MBR_ServiceCapabilities_1[] = {
{ ATF_NOFLAGS, 0, offsetof(struct ServiceCapabilities, servicesSupported),
(ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (0 << 2)),
-1, /* IMPLICIT tag at current level */
&asn_DEF_ServicesSupported,
0, /* Defer constraints checking to the member type */
0, /* No PER visible constraints */
0,
"servicesSupported"
},
{ ATF_POINTER, 2, offsetof(struct ServiceCapabilities, reportingCapabilities),
(ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (1 << 2)),
-1, /* IMPLICIT tag at current level */
&asn_DEF_ReportingCap,
0, /* Defer constraints checking to the member type */
0, /* No PER visible constraints */
0,
"reportingCapabilities"
},
{ ATF_POINTER, 1, offsetof(struct ServiceCapabilities, eventTriggerCapabilities),
(ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (2 << 2)),
-1, /* IMPLICIT tag at current level */
&asn_DEF_EventTriggerCapabilities,
0, /* Defer constraints checking to the member type */
0, /* No PER visible constraints */
0,
"eventTriggerCapabilities"
},
{ ATF_NOFLAGS, 0, offsetof(struct ServiceCapabilities, sessionCapabilities),
(ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (3 << 2)),
-1, /* IMPLICIT tag at current level */
&asn_DEF_SessionCapabilities,
0, /* Defer constraints checking to the member type */
0, /* No PER visible constraints */
0,
"sessionCapabilities"
},
};
static const int asn_MAP_ServiceCapabilities_oms_1[] = { 1, 2 };
static const ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1[] = {
(ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL | (16 << 2))
};
static const asn_TYPE_tag2member_t asn_MAP_ServiceCapabilities_tag2el_1[] = {
{ (ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (0 << 2)), 0, 0, 0 }, /* servicesSupported */
{ (ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (1 << 2)), 1, 0, 0 }, /* reportingCapabilities */
{ (ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (2 << 2)), 2, 0, 0 }, /* eventTriggerCapabilities */
{ (ASN_TAG_CLASS_CONTEXT | (3 << 2)), 3, 0, 0 } /* sessionCapabilities */
};
static asn_SEQUENCE_specifics_t asn_SPC_ServiceCapabilities_specs_1 = {
sizeof(struct ServiceCapabilities),
offsetof(struct ServiceCapabilities, _asn_ctx),
asn_MAP_ServiceCapabilities_tag2el_1,
4, /* Count of tags in the map */
asn_MAP_ServiceCapabilities_oms_1, /* Optional members */
2, 0, /* Root/Additions */
3, /* Start extensions */
5 /* Stop extensions */
};
asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities = {
"ServiceCapabilities",
"ServiceCapabilities",
SEQUENCE_free,
SEQUENCE_print,
SEQUENCE_constraint,
SEQUENCE_decode_ber,
SEQUENCE_encode_der,
SEQUENCE_decode_xer,
SEQUENCE_encode_xer,
SEQUENCE_decode_uper,
SEQUENCE_encode_uper,
0, /* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */
asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1,
sizeof(asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1)
/sizeof(asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1[0]), /* 1 */
asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1, /* Same as above */
sizeof(asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1)
/sizeof(asn_DEF_ServiceCapabilities_tags_1[0]), /* 1 */
0, /* No PER visible constraints */
asn_MBR_ServiceCapabilities_1,
4, /* Elements count */
&asn_SPC_ServiceCapabilities_specs_1 /* Additional specs */
};
| 38,313 |
https://github.com/vghost2008/wml/blob/master/datasets_tools/concat_video_files.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
wml
|
vghost2008
|
Python
|
Code
| 108 | 578 |
import sys
import cv2
import os
import numpy as np
import img_utils as wmli
def get_video_info(video_path):
video_reader = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)
frame_cnt = int(video_reader.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT))
width = int(video_reader.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH))
height = int(video_reader.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT))
fps = video_reader.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS)
video_reader.release()
return (width,height,fps,frame_cnt)
def write_video(writer,size,video_path,repeat=1):
print(f"Use video file {video_path}")
video_reader = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)
frame_cnt = int(video_reader.get(cv2.CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT))
for i in range(frame_cnt):
res,frame = video_reader.read()
if not res:
break
frame = wmli.resize_and_pad(frame,size)
frame = frame.astype(np.uint8)
writer.write(frame)
if repeat>1:
for _ in range(repeat-1):
writer.write(frame)
video_reader.release()
def init_writer(save_path,video_info):
fourcc = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'XVID')
video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter(save_path,fourcc,video_info[2],(video_info[0],video_info[1]))
return video_writer
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv)<=3:
print(f"Usage: python concat_video_files.py save_path video_path0 video_path1 ...")
exit(0)
video_info = get_video_info(sys.argv[2])
writer = init_writer(sys.argv[1],video_info)
for i,video_path in enumerate(sys.argv[2:]):
write_video(writer,(video_info[0],video_info[1]),video_path)
writer.release()
| 47,249 |
https://github.com/JimmyShi22/WeCross-Account-Manager/blob/master/src/main/java/com/webank/wecross/account/service/authentication/packet/LoginResponse.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
WeCross-Account-Manager
|
JimmyShi22
|
Java
|
Code
| 41 | 125 |
package com.webank.wecross.account.service.authentication.packet;
import com.webank.wecross.account.service.account.UniversalAccount;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
@Builder
public class LoginResponse {
public static final int SUCCESS = 0;
public static final int ERROR = 1;
public int errorCode;
public String message;
public String credential;
public UniversalAccount.Info universalAccount;
}
| 37,604 |
2021/62019TO0866_INF/62019TO0866_INF_SV.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 380 | 937 |
62019TO0866_INF
Tribunalens beslut (tredje avdelningen) av den 12 juli 2021 – Ryanair och Laudamotion mot kommissionen
(mål T‑866/19)
”Talan om ogiltigförklaring – Lufttransport – Förordning (EG) nr 261/2004 – Regler om fördelning av lufttrafik mellan flygplatserna Schiphol och Lelystad – Prioritet vid tilldelningen av ankomst- och avgångstider på flygplatsen Lelystad – Regleringsakt som medför genomförandeåtgärder – Villkoret personligen berörd ej uppfyllt – Avvisning”
1.
Talan om ogiltigförklaring – Fysiska eller juridiska personer – Regleringsakt i den mening som avses i artikel 263 fjärde stycket FEUF – Alla akter som har allmän giltighet, med undantag för lagstiftningsakter – Kommissionens beslut om fastställande av regler om fördelning av lufttrafik mellan nationella flygplatser varigenom företräde, vid fördelningen av ankomst- och avgångstider, ges till vissa lufttrafikföretag – Omfattas
(Artikel 263 fjärde stycket FEUF; Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning nr 1008/2008, artikel 19; rådets förordning nr 95/93)
(se punkterna 33–35)
2.
Talan om ogiltigförklaring – Fysiska eller juridiska personer – Regleringsakter som medför genomförandeåtgärder – Begrepp – Kommissionens beslut om fastställande av regler om fördelning av lufttrafik mellan nationella flygplatser varigenom företräde, vid fördelningen av ankomst- och avgångstider, ges till vissa lufttrafikföretag – Omfattas
(Artikel 263 fjärde stycket FEUF; Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning nr 1008/2008, artikel 19; rådets förordning nr 95/93)
(se punkterna 39–42, 58–60 och 63)
3.
Talan om ogiltigförklaring – Fysiska eller juridiska personer – Rättsakter som berör dem direkt och personligen – Villkoret personligen berörd – Kriterier – Kommissionens beslut om fastställande av regler om fördelning av lufttrafik mellan nationella flygplatser varigenom företräde, vid fördelningen av ankomst- och avgångstider, ges till vissa lufttrafikföretag – Talan väckt av andra lufttrafikföretag – Villkoret personligen berörd ej uppfyllt – Avvisning
(Artikel 263 fjärde stycket FEUF; Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning nr 1008/2008, artikel 19; rådets förordning nr 95/93)
(se punkterna 87–90)
Saken
Talan enligt artikel 263 FEUF om ogiltigförklaring av kommissionens genomförandebeslut (EU) 2019/1585 av den 24 september 2019 om inrättande av trafikfördelningsregler enligt artikel 19 i Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning (EG) nr 1008/2008 för flygplatserna Amsterdam Schiphol och Amsterdam Lelystad (EUT L 246, 2019, s. 24).
Avgörande
1)
Talan ogillas.
2)
Det finns inte längre anledning att pröva Konungariket Nederländernas interventionsansökan.
3)
Ryanair DAC och Laudamotion GmbH ska bära sina rättegångskostnader samt ersätta Europeiska kommissionens rättegångskostnader.
4)
Konungariket Nederländerna ska bära sina rättegångskostnader vad avser interventionsansökan.
| 43,857 |
US-6632636-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,936 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,078 | 1,304 |
Cutter bearing
July l3 1937. F. L. 5001"! 2,086,681
CUTTER BEARING Filed Feb. 29, 1936 Floyd S6022 INVENTOR ATTORN EY Patented July 13, 1937 UNITED- STATES PATENT orrics CUTTER BEARING Floyd L. Scott, Houston, Tex" assignor to Hughes Tool Company, Houston, Tom, a corporation of @Texas Application February 29, 1936, Serial No. 66,326
3 Claims.
efficient and durable bearing for the forward or smaller end of the cutter shaft. It has been customary heretofore to form a reduced extension at the forward end of the shaft to act as a side thrust member to prevent upward movement of the cutter on the shaft as wear occurs. It is found that the thrust upwardly in drilling against the hearing has a tendency to rotate the forward end of the cutter upwardly on the bearing and interfere with the cutting action of the drill. The adjacent cutters tend to move together and lock and the gauge of the hole is reduced.
To overcome this difficulty I contemplate form- 0 ing a rotatable bearing surface which is adapted to be hardened in such manner as to greatly resist wear and prolong the life of the bearing.
I contemplate forming a rotatable bushing adapted to move with the cutter in rotation and to form a hard bearing surface on the shaft and on the interior of the bushing, thus extending the life of the cutter and bearing. I
In the drawing herewith I have shown a side view partly in broken elevation and partly in central longitudinal section showing a cutter employing the invention.
The drill is one of ordinary construction having a head I, with an upwardly tapered shank thereon threaded at 2 for engagement with a drill 35 collar or tool joint. At the lower or forward end of the head is a pair of downwardly extending legs 3, one of which is shown as broken away and removed. There is a central channel 4 axially through the head to conduct flushing fluid downwardly to the cutters.
On the lower end of each leg 3 is a downwardly and inwardly inclined shaft 5 which is approximately cylindrical in shape but has a reduced forward extension 6 thereon, the construction of which will be presently noted.
Upon the larger body of the shaft 5 are antifriction bearing races. There is a raceway 1 toward thebase of the shaft to receive the lower bearings 8. Further forward on the shaft is a raceway 9 to receive the ballbearings Ill. The ball bearings are introduced into the raceway 9 and into a cooperating raceway l I in the cutters l2 through a transverse opening l3 in the head and shaft after the cutters have been placed in position on the shaft. This opening or bore l3 is then filled by means ofa cylindrical plug it which is fixed in position by a bond of welding material IS. The forward end of the plug it is formed with a recess to form a portion of the raceway 9 in which the balls roll.
At the forward end of the shaft 5 the forward pilot extension 6 is formed by driving a removable plug or pin l6 into a recess l'I formed in the end of the shaft 5. This pin has a driving fit in the end of the shaft and is fixed securely in position. It is made separately in order to more readily place thereon wear resisting bearing surface. This surfacing may bea layer l8 of Stellite or other hard material welded within an annular groove in the face of the pin. This bearing face is properly machined and hardened before the pin is driven into position.
Bearing upon the hard facing layer ill of the bearing pin is a bushing l9. This bushing is in the shape of a ring or collar fitting closely over the bearing member l8 and having an outer surface which is cylindrical at 2B but beveled at its forward end as shown at 2|. On the interior of the bushing and adjacent the bearing surface of the pin is a layer of hard facing material 22. This may be the same material as is employed upon the bearing shaft or may be a different hard material such, for example, as tungsten carbide. The bushing is adapted to rotate upon the cutter pin and contacts on its outer face with the interior of the cutter l2. There may be some relative movement between the cutter and the bushing or the bushing may move with the cutter.
The cutter member I2 is of ordinary construction'. It has rows of cutting teeth 23 thereon and on its interior it is formed to fit upon the bearings which have been described. At the base it rolls upon the rollers B. It also has a strong bearing upon the row of balls Ill. The lateral or upward thrust upon the cutter is taken up on the bearing pin 6 and the wear due to rotation is strongly resisted by the hard facing on both of the bearing members 6 and 22.
It will be obvious that I have provided a wearresisting bearing which will take up the strong thrust placed upon the same in use, enabling the bearing to wear for long periods of time until the outer surface of the cutter has been worn out. Any tendency of the cutter to wear at the point of the bearing shaft, allowing the gauge of the hole to be reduced, will be obviated through the use of this type of bearing.
What is claimed as newis:
1. In a well drill, a bearing shaft, said shaft being approximately cylindrical, a reduced extension at the forward end of said shaft, a layer of relatively hard material welded. in the outer periphery of said extension, a bushing rotatable on said extension, a hard surfacing on the inner face of said bushing, and a cutter-enclosing said shaft surface of ma bushing, m a cutter rotatable on said shaft and bushing.
3. In a well drill, a downwardly inclined bearing shaft, a pilot. bearing pin of reduced diameter at the forward end of said shaft, a layer of relatively hard material fixed on the outer periphery of said pin, a bushing rotatable on said pin, a layer of relatively hard material on the inner surface of said bushing, antifriction bearings on said shaft, and a cutter rotatable on said shaft and bushing.
, FLOYD L. SCO'I'I.
| 28,122 |
geschichtederkr17wilkgoog_4
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,807 |
Geschichte der kreuzzüge nach morgenländischen und abendländischen berichten
|
Wilken, Friedrich, 1777-1840
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,538 | 14,623 |
Als num Gottfried mit feinem Schlachtſchwerte ſehr leicht in einem Hiebe den Kopf des Thieres zur Erde warf, twollte der Araber verfuchen, ob auch mit feinem arabifchen Schwert der chriftliche Held Gleiches vermögen werde, und auch Da; mit hieb Gottfried einem andern Cameel den Kopf auf dag behendefte ab. Da bewunderte der Emir diefe außerordents liche Stärke, überreichte dem Herzog foftbare Gefchenfe an Gold, Silber und ſchoͤnen arabifchen Pferden, und erzählte unter den Arabern verwundrungsvoll was er gefehen. Eben diefen Helden fahen die Morgenländer auch is liebenswuͤrdiger Geftalt, als herablaffenden Sreund feiner MWaffengefährten, welcher nicht durch eiteln Prunf feine hoͤ⸗ here Würde darzuthun trachtete, fondern in fchlichter Klei⸗ dung, bey einfachen Leben, gleichwie die erfien Nachfolger des vorgeblichen arabifchen Propheten, nur durch Froͤmmig⸗ feit und Tugend, durch Tapferkeit und Unerfchrockenheit der Erfte unter den Rittern Des Neiches Serufalem war. Wäbs vend Der Herzog einft vor Arfuf lag, kamen einige Fürften aus dem Gebirge von Samarien in Das Lager der Chriften mit Gefchenfen von Brot und Wein, Datteln '°) und trock⸗ nen Trauben und verlangten vor den Herzog geführt zu wers den. Als fievor ihn famen, fanden fie ihn auf dem Stroh⸗ fact figend und die Ruͤckkehr feiner Ritter erwartend, wels che er ausgeſandt hatte, um Lebensmittel gu fuchen. Die Morgenländer verhehlten ihre Verwunderung nicht, daß fie einen Fuͤrſten, welcher das ganze Morgenland erfchütterte, nicht von einer Pracht umgeben fänden, wie fie feiner Würde 10) Caricarum. GuilL Tyr XX, 20. Herzog Gottfried. 37 angemeflen wäre, und daß fie feine Foftbaren Gewaͤnder und 3, Cor. Tapeten um ihn erblickten. Gottfried aber anttwortete ihnen, nem ſterblichen Wanne müffe auch wohl in feinem Leben die Erde zum Gig genügen, da fie nach dem Tode feine be; ſtaͤndige Wohnung feyn werde, Die Morgenländer priefen dieſe Demuth hoch, und nannten den Herzog Gottfried wuͤr⸗ Dig, über alle Bölfer und Länder des Erdfreifes zu berrfchen. Diefer hohen Achtung gegen die chriftlichen Helden im gelobten Lande bedurfte es auch, um die morgenländifchen Bölfer abzumehren, daß fie nicht den kleinen Haufen der Las teiner vernichteten. Auch Tanfred frebte, fo lange er das Fürs ſtenthum Galiläa verwaltete, dem Ruhme des Herzogs nicht zur Durch tapfere Kriegsthaten nach, fondern auch durch Srömmigfeit und durch Freygebigkeit gegen die Kirchen. In Nazareth und Tiberias gründete er Kirchen, welche er reiche lich begabte. Darum nannte man noch in fpätern Zeiten Tanfredf Namen mit Liebe und Achtung in dem Fürften: thume Saliläa, um fo mehr, da hierin Tanfreds Nachfols ger ihm nicht nachahmten, fondern an fich riffen, was er den Kirchen gefchenft hatte ). u)Guil Tyr. 1X. 13. 13 Geſchichte der Kreuzzuge. Sud II. Kap. IV IJ Biertes Kapitel.“ 9 „ee Bey einer ſolchen Lage des Reichs konnten Thaten, welche Nyon großen Folgen geweſen wären, nicht vollbracht werden, fo groß fich auch in einzelnen fühnen Waffenthaten die Tas pferfeit und der Heldenmuth der Ritter bewährte Dev Kampf wider die Ungkäubigen befand entweder in einzelnen Abentheuern, .oft bloß, um mit dem Naube der Heerden, welche den Arabern abgenommen wurden, die eimbrechende Sungersnoth zu entfernen, oder in Uebersumpelung von _ Städten, deren zerfallene Mauern feinen großen Widerfand zuließen. So unternahm Tankred manches Abentheuer gegen den Emir von Damasf, welchen die Sranzofen wegen feines ungebeuern Körpers und feiner rohen Sitten den dicken - ‚Bauer nannten '), und oft mußte Gottfried mir feinen Rittern der Stadt Tiberias zu Hülfe kommen, wenn jener fie allzuſehr bedraͤngte. Die größte Wachfamfeit mar gegen Die Ueberfälle der Ungläubigen vonnoͤthen; darum wurden die feſten Burgen den tapferften Rittern zur Bewahrung übergeben, neue Schlögfer wurden auf Den Bergen erbaut, ı) Hio Princeps appellarus est a daß dieſer die Bauer Fein andrer Gallis Grossus Rusticus, prae mar, als der Emir von Damask, nimia pinguique corpulentia vili-_ Watch Dofat, Sohn des Thuthuſch, que persona, in qua totus rusticus alſo aug dem Geſchlecht der’ Geld⸗ esse videbatut. AlIb. Aqguens (quken. vu. 16. Es erhellet aus Eap. 17. | Herzog Gottfried. 39 | md die verfallnen Mauern der Städte wurden wieder ber; 28. _ get, wie Denn Gottfried auch Die Mauern der Stadt Ti; berias baute, Damit Die Waibrüder aus dem Abendlande nicht den gefährlichen Weg von Antiochien nach Jeruſalem wandern Dürften, Dusch lauter feindliches Bands; mo über; al Türken And Araber ihnen nachfteiten, ſo befchloß Herzog Gottfried, andy die Stadt Joppe wieder aufzubauen und zu befeſtigen. An ihrer Küfte konnten ſeitdem Die abendlaͤndi⸗ ſchen Pilger landen und hatten zu Lande nur einen geringen Weg nach Jernſalem zu wandern. Nun vermehrte fich nicht nur täglich Die Anzahl der Pilger, fonder auch aus allen Gegenden kamen Kaufleute nach Joppe und. brachten Lebens⸗ mittel aller Art. Das neue Reich gewann Dadurch an Aufes hen ben Ehriften und Mufelmännern im Morgenlande ? ). Ä Die feine Stadt Arfuf aber an der Meeresfüfte, uns | fern von Joppe, konnte eines förmlichen Belagerung, fo. gut die Nitter fie anzuordnen verflanden, widerſtehen. Denn sor allem war den Franken ihre Unkunde in der Belagerungs; : kant nachtheilig; wo Mauern und Thieme zu brechen mas ven, da fcheiterte gewöhnlich Die Tapferfeit Der Ritter. As die Geiſſeln von Arfuf, welche Gottfried auf der Ruͤckkehr von dem Siege bey Askalon genommen, Gelegenheit gefunden hatten zu entrinnen, während: die Seiffehn, weiche er den Ars fufen gegeben, in der gefänglichen Haft blieben, glaubten de Nufelmanner in Arfuf von aller Verbindlichkeit fich frey und vermeigerten Den berfprochenen Tribut. Sogleich lagerte Gottfried fich mit Werner von Greis, Wilkelm von Monts pellier, Wicher dem Deutſchen und den andern Nittern, wel⸗ che bey ihm geblieben maren, vor Arfuf; aber erft in Beben 2) Alb. Ag. VIL m 1.) Geſchichte der. Kreuzzuͤge. Buch II. Kap. IV, ze Ehr. Wochen wurde das Belagerungsjeug erbaut, und als Die Beſchießung des Stadt angefangen werden forte, war Der Widerftand der Saracenen unbezwinglich. Dennoch zobgee fich der echabege Sinn der Kreuzritter und ihre fromme Bes reitwilligkeit, alles für den Heiland zu leiden,. hirgendd herrlicher. Denn Damit Gottfried bewogen wuͤrde, von Dex Derennung der Stadt abzulaſſen, banden Die Saracenen eis nen Der Geiffel, den Ritter Gerhard von Avesnes?), Dei Herzogs Landsmann, mit Ketten und Stricken in Der Stel lung eines Gekreuzigten an einen Maftbaum und hoben ihn an dieſem, Da mo die Geſchoffe der Belagerer am beftigften wirften, über die Mauer hervor. Kaum hatte Gerhard ausgeredet, fo wurde er von zehn Ges 5) Alb. Ag. VIL 1. „de genexre Hamaioorum de praesiulio Avennis“. Herzogs Gottfried. 4 fien Der heftig gegen die Mauer anförmenden Kreuzfah⸗ —8 w darchbohrt. Die Tapferkeit der Saracenen widerfend wech dem beftigften Augriffe, und ber große Thurm von drey Stodwerlen, in welchem dreyßig Mitter Die Belagerten auf der Mauer bekaͤmpften, wurde von Dem griechifchen Feuer _ ergeiſſen. Das Feuer an ſpitzigen eiſernen Hafen, welche wit. Dei, Pech und Werg verſehen waren, geſchleudert/ Bing ſich ſelbſt an den Gtierbörnern, mit welchen Die Hi den am Thurm bedeckt waren, um Das Feuer abzuhalten.. Bit furchtbarer Echnelligkeit, durch welche die Anwendung aller Gegenmittel unmoͤglich wurde, bemaͤchtigte ſich die Slamıme aller drey Stockwerke, und die Ritter, welche in Dem Thurm waren, wurden ihr zum Ranbe; unter ihnen Sranfo aus Mecheln; einer der wackerſten Ritter im Heere. Dusch dieſes Unglück wurde Der Herzog dennoch gezwungen, Die Belagerung aufzuheben; er legte in Rama zweyhundert Ritter, um Arfuf befiändig zu beunruhigen und fam im Des eemiber wieder nach der heiligen Stadt. Aber-auch jene Rits ter zogen nach zwey Monaten wieder heim. Doch nimmer verloren die Kreusritter Arfuf aus den Au⸗ sen. Als nicht lange nad) Aufhebung ver Belagerung det Sebeuar Herzog von einem Ueberläufer den Tag erfahren hatte, an welchem die Saracenen in ihren Weinbergen um die Stadt zu arbeiten gedachten, fchickte er vierzig Ritter bey Rama in einen Hinterhalt, und dieſe tödteten oder verfiümmelten an Naſen, Händen und Füßen mehr ald fünfhundert Sarace—⸗ nen und brachten Deren Weiber und Kinder gefangen nach Jar „ rufalem. Als hernach, um die Gläubigen gegen einen aͤhn⸗ lichen Ueberfall der Fühnen Franken fünftig zu ſchuͤtzen, huns dert arabifhe Reiter und zweyhundert Mohren aus Yes 42 Gefhichte der Kreuzzäge. Buch II. Kay.IV. 3. Chr. gypten nach Aefaf von Afdal dem Vezir *) gefandt worden ‘ waren, zogen ohne Wiſſen des Herzogs zehn Nitter mir tr ven Rnappen nach Rama, und ſchickten fünf ihrer Knappen gegen Arſuf, um Die Araber aus der Stadt hervorzulocken. Dreyßig arabifche Reiter ritten aus der Stadt, um Den Muthwillen der‘ Knappen zu zächtigen, und verfolgten ſte bis an den Ort; wo die Ritter mit den andern Knappen IM Hirterhalt lagen. Nun brächen dieſe hervor und koͤdteten dren Mraber, deren Köpfe fie im Triumph nach Jeruſalem brachten. Der gluͤckliche Ausgang dieſes Fühnen Umgernefr mens vermochte den Herzog Gottfried‘, hundert und vierzig Mitter, unter Ihnen Werner von Greis und den tapfern SU bert aus Apulien, nad Rama zu fenden, um die Gelegen; Beit zu einer fühnen und vortheilhaften That abzuwarten, Shen am dritten Tage, nachdem fie Ach im Hinterhalt ge⸗ legt, erſchienen die Saracenen von Arfaf im Vertrauen auf die Araber und Mobren mit ihren Heerden im Felde. Zwan⸗ zig fränfifche Ritter aber verfuchten fegleich ihnen ihre Heer den zu nehmen, und als die Araber und Mohren diefelben bewehrten, eilten auch die übrigen Ritter zum Kampf, wels cher fich bald entſchied. Nur wenige der Ungläubigen ent fanıen dem Schwert der Ritter; und diefe Fehetem.niit reich⸗ licher Beute nach Jerufalem zuruͤck. Diefe That der Ritter Batte die Saracenen In Arfuf fo erſchreckt, Daß fie menige Tage hernach die Schlüffel ihrer Thore und Thärme dem Herzog Sostfried fchickten, und zu Gehorſam und”"Tribut ich erboten. Den Zind, welchen Die Stadt erlegte, ver 4) Albert (VIL 9). fept Binzu: nem pervenire, ne cor eins nimi- „Non enim pasıus est Meravis ad um gravaretur. Nichts andres als sures Domini Begis Babyloniae eigne Ausfchmücung !. Ammirakilis tam gravem legatio- 5 e ! Herzog Gottfried. 43 Ih Gottfried an den trapfern Ritter Robert aus — —8 % Seldlehen 23 Nach die em herrſche im gelobten Lande Ruhe und Srieden sum Verdruß der Ritter, welche gu Abentheuer und Aumpf an das heilige Grab gewallfahrtet waren 5). Die Enirs von Caſarea, Alfa und Asfalon, welche uoch dem: Chalifen von Aegypten unterworfen maren,. fandten an de Herzog und boten ihm ein Geſchenk von zehn ſchoͤnen Roſſen und drey Maultbieren und einen monatlichen Zins von fünfs taufend Soldkäden, wenn er ihnen Frieden gemähren wolle Auch fandten andre Kürften der Ungläubigen den tapfern Sranfen Geſchenke an Korn, Wein und Del, woran es dies ſen oft mangelt. 5) So find gewiß die Worte Al: ventione solidorum a Duce tribute berts (VII. 13.) zu verfichen: Ci- sunt. Yitatis Assur tribura Roberto mili- 6) Donec taedio facta est militi-- üpraeclaro de Apulia, pro con- bus Galliae pugnacibu. Alb. Aquens. VI. ı2. 3. Chr. 2100, 44 Geſchichte der Kreuzzuͤge. Buch I. Kap. IV. Die Sreundfchaft zwiſchen dem Herzog und dem Emir son Asfalon wurde mit jedem Tage enger und vertraulicher, Eines Tages fam wider Erwarten und zu großer Freude al; ler Ritter der edle Gerhard von Avesnes, weicher fo ſtandhaft auf der Mauer von Arfuf dem Maͤrtyrertode fich geweiht Batte, wohlbehalten auf einem ſtattlichen Roß und in fohöner Kteidung, welche ihm der Emir von Askalon gefchenkt Hatte, nach Jeruſalem. Denn: Gerhard, welchen alle Waffenge⸗ fährten fon im Genuſſe des bimmlifchen Lohnes glaubten, war nur ſchwer verwundet, alsdann dem Emir von Asfalon übergeben und durch deffen freundliche Fürforge vom feinen Wunden geheilt worden. Der Herzog, hocherfreut über die unerwartete Rückkehr eines der froͤmmſten und tapferfien Kreuzritter, verlieh an Gerhard zum Lohn feiner treuen Dul⸗ dung das Schloß Abrahams am todten Meer und Lehen an Land von fuͤnfhundert Mark jährlichem Ertrage7). „Alb. Aquens VO. 12-18. Serzog Gottfried, 6 Sünftes Kapitel 1 Als das neue Reich mit den Saracenen aͤußern Frieden I, hr. batte, erhob fich ein Defto Heftigerer Kampf im Innern, erregt und angefacht von den Prieftern. Der Stifter diefes Streits / war, der Patriarch Dagobert, welcher vornämlich durch Boemunds Verwendung auf den Stuhl des Patriarchen ers hoben wurde, als die im Morgenlande gebliebenen Wallbrüs der zum erſten Male ſaͤmmtlich am heiligen Grabe fich vers einigten. Denn Boemund befchloß, das erfte Feſt der Geburt Chri⸗ 5. eur. ſti nach der Eroberung der heiligen Stadt in Jerufalem und — in Bethlehem zu begehen, und lud auch den Grafen Balduin zu Edeſſa zur gemeinſamen Wallfahrt "). Beyde Fuͤrſten waren, als die uͤbrigen Pilger gegen Jeruſalem zogen, mit den Ih⸗ rigen, wie man uͤbereingekommen, zuruͤckgeblieben, um das Erworhene zu bewahren *). Nachdem Balduin die Tuͤrken, welche feine Abwefenheit zu räuberifchen Einfälen in die Grafſchaft Edeffa zu benutzen drohten, zur Ruhe gebracht hatte ?), geg’er im November nad) Paneas +), wo er den ı) Fulcher. Carnot. (weicher 3) Fulcher a a. D. Nach dem kibit mit dem Strafen Balduin bie Anon, Il. p. 594. hatte Balduin fr Baufahrt beywohnta. ©. An⸗ fchon Edefla verlaflen, ats Ihn- ein mert. 7.). p. 40% Guıb. Abb, p. Einfall der Türken (Persarum) nö: 54, Anon. II. p- 69% thigte, wieder zurüdzufehren. ) Wilh. Tyr. IX. 14 4) Valeniam usbem maritimam 45 Geſqhichte ber Kreuzzügt. Buch II. Kap. v. — Fuͤrſten Boemund fand. Mit ihnen vereinigten ſich alle die italieniſchen Pilger, mehr als zwanzig Tauſend an der Zahl, welche zu Laodicea den guͤnſtigen Wind zur Fahrt nach Joppe ervwartet hatten, und nun den Weg zu Lande in Gemein; Schaft mit den ſyriſchen Pilgern vorgogen °) Der Erzbis ſchoff Dagobert von Piſa und der Biſchoff von Ariano ©) in Apulien waren ihre Fuͤhrer. Die Wallbruͤder mußten mit großen Muͤhſeligkeiten den Ruß des heiligen Grabſteines erkaufen. Denn außer den Be ſchwerden der regnichten und Falten Witterung, gegen welche ſie auch in der Nacht fi nicht fhägen fonnten, weil eg’ ih; nen an Zelten gebrach, Titten fie den quälendften Hunger. Täglich fah man Menfchen und Thiere vor Kälte und Hun⸗ ger ſterben?). Mancher Ritter mußte, weil er fein Pferd verloren, felbft fein Gepäd tragen, unter deffen Bürde er faft erlag °). Auch wenn die Saracenen freundlicher gegen die Pilger geweſen wären, als fie es waten, fo bitten fie es Doch nicht vermocht ihnen Lebensmittel zu liefern, weil Durch den langen Aufenthalt des großen Pilgerheers und durch Die langen Belagerungen das Land gänzlich erfchöpft war. Nur das Zuckerrohr, welches die Walbrüder hie und da in der Wuͤſte om Jordan fanden, gab ihnen eine zwar angenehme quae est sub castrum Märgat (Mar- “ kab,) Wilh. Tyr.. Anon, IH. a. a. O. 6) Gesta Frankor. p. 678. 6) Quidam quoque de Apulia Episcopus Arianensis. Wilh.Tyr. a. a. O. 7) Vidl runc plures, tabernacu- lis carentes, imbrium algore in- terire. Ego Fulcherius, qui his intereram, vidi utriusyue sexus Bestfasque plurimas imbre algidis- simas mori. Fulcher. a. a. 2. 8) Plerigue et nobiles viri, def: cientibus jumentis, de equitibus pedites facti, cogebantur inced:ıre rescellulis suis sarcinati et quas ge- stabant, ut carum subsidiis utcun- Que relevarentur, carum oneribus nOnnulli deficientes peue ad moriem fatigabautur. Anon. UI. p. 595 Herzog Gottfried 47 er nicht ſtaͤrkende Nahrung ?), Dazu fiellten die Sara; 3, gr. men Den müden Pilgern nah, und welche dem übrigen Heere nachzogen, und erfchlugen ihrer eine geoße Zahl. Doch die Schnfucht mach den heiligen Stätten machte den Walls brüdern alle Mühfeligfeiten leichte 20). Erſt die Saracenen ia Tripolis und Caͤſarea verfanften ihnen Lebensmittel, und endlich bey Tiberias, 100 Tanfred gebot, erquickten Die Walls brüder fich nach Ihren Leiden und Entbehrungen. Als Die Walbrüder der heiligen Stadt fich näherten, erblichten fie den Herzog Gottfried, melcher feinem Bruder, dem Grafen Balduin, entgegengesogen war, und viele Pilger aus Sterufalem mit ibm, von welchen fie aufdiefem heiligen Doden mit Herzlichfeit begrüßt wurden. Bon dDiefen geführt zogen fie in Sjerufalem ein. Der Herzog aber ahnte nicht, Daß er einen Mann in die heilige Stadt einführe, welcher ihm und feinem Nachfolger mancherley Kummer bereiten - werde. Aber fhauderhaft war noch der Anblick des Innern und Aeußern von Jeruſalem. Ueberall herrſchte noch dee Sräuel der Zerftsrung, und felbft die Luft war noch von den Leichnamen der unzahlbaren Erfchlagenen verpeftet **). 9) Fulcher. Carnot. 0. a. O. Anon. ll. a. a. D. Invenicbantur aliguando armındines quaedam, vwul- go dictae caunameles, de quibus conſici aiunt mel syivcssre ‚ unde et nomen a canna et melle com- pesitaum videntur habere: hasque poterant invenise, dentibus rumi-. nandas, propter melleum saporem ingerebant, plus inde saporis ca pessentes quam vigoris Des Zub kerrohrs in den Wüſten am Jordan erwähnt auch Jacob von Bitry c 53. „Sunt autem calamelli cala- ıni pleni melle, id est, sucto dul- cissimo , ex quo quäsi in torculari compscss0 et ad ignem oondensato prius quasi mel, posthaec quasi Zuccara ef&citur‘. 10) Vincit omnia sancto fervens desiderio Christi populus. Anon. LU. a. a. O. 11) O quantus erat foetor circa muros civitatis, intus et extra de oadaveribus Saracenorum adhuo ibi marcescentium, quos urbe capta collegae nostri tsucidaverant, un de nares nostras et ora nostra Op- I. Ehe. 1099 os 48 Geſchichte der Kreuzzuͤge. Such. II. Kap. V. Die neuen Pilger, begleitet von Denen, welche durch längern Aufenthalt die heiligen Stätten kannten, betrach ke⸗ ten alle Heiligthuͤmer in heiliger und frommer Andacht, kuͤß⸗ ten den heiligen Boden und uͤberließen ſich überall den wons nevollen Erinnerungen an die Wohlthaten, welche auf Dies fen Stätten das menfchliche Gefchlecht unmittelbar von Sort empfangen , mit folder Inbrunſt, daß nur die brennende Sehnfucht, 'alle heiligen Derter zu fehen, die Pilger vers mochte, ihren Wanderſtab meiter zu fegen 2). Am viers ten Tage zogen alle Wallbruͤder nach Bethlehem "?), Durchs machten freudenvoll die Nacht der Geburt des Heilandes in der Höle, wo die heilige Jungfrau dem ſchreyenden Kuäblein die heilige Bruft gereicht, und betrachteten mit fronımer Ges nanigfeit diefe wundervolle Höle, fo wie Die Krippe, wel⸗ che dem göttlichen Kinde zur Wiege gedient hatte "*), Um die dritte Tagesftunde kehrten fie nach Jeruſalem zurüc, und nachdem noch mehrere Tage unter mancherley Handlungen zur Anordnung des neuen Reichs und unter Genäffen ber Andacht verfloffen waren, traten die fprifchen Pilger ihre Nücfehr an, und zogen auf einem andern Wege, als fie gefommen, über Jericho, dann neben dem Meere von Gas lilaͤg über Tiberias, Nazareth, Caͤſarea Philippi am Liba⸗ non, Baalbek, Tortoſa und Laodicea. Der Herzog Gott fried begleitete die Heimkchrenden Pilger big nach Paneas ne nos oportebat. Fulcher, . 402. Anon. 11. 0.0. O. — Loca sancta circumeuntes Terrae sanctae basia devotissima in- figunt; vixque possunt avelli ab aliis, nisi quod aliorum desiderio et amore alia coguntur deserere, Auon. 1. a. a. O. 13) Fulchera. a. O. 14) Praeësepe vident et speluncand admirsbilem. \Vilh. Tyr. Eine Abbildung dieſer Grotte f. in den Uinfichten des Heil, Landes. Leipzig zgı1. Sb. U, = en In \ — = => »Herzog Sottfried, 409 a Caſarea am Jordan, Auch dieſer Weg bot Ihrer Ans I,Ehr. Rt manche Fromme und erhebende Erinnerung dar. Zu | Jaiche brachen alle Pilger gemeinfchaftlich am erften Tage. ac di Neuen Jahres in dem Garten Abrahams die Palm⸗ mise, und bey Caͤſarea am Jordan begingen fie-das Feſt ver Ericheinung Chriſti da, wo der Heiland von Johannes - dem Täufer getauft worden, und wuſchen ſich in den Zu gen Fluten des Fluſſes '°). Kür die nach Edeſſa und Antiochien siehenden Pilger war die Ruͤckkehr wicht minder gefahrdoll und befchwerlich, als Vie Ankunft gewefen war, Die Witterung mar noch uns freundlicher und ranher, der Mangel an Lebensmitteln gleich febe druͤckend, wad die Verfolgungen der Ungläubigen nicht weniger verderblich, fo Fapfer auch der Zürft Boemund im: Borderzug und Graf Balduin im Nachzuge das arme und wehrloſe Buif zu beſchuͤtzen ſuchten. Selbft die Bogen deu chriſtlichen Schügen, weiche in diefem Lande mit Leim zus fanrımengefägt zu werden pflegten, waren durch den fleten Regen unbrauchbar gemacht *0). Bey Laodicea trennten ſich Die Wallbrüder nach vielen überflandenen Gefahren und Beſchwerden. Balduin nahm Mit den Seinigen den Weg nach Edeſſa, und Boemund zog weiter nach Antiochien. Die Pifaner und viele italienifche Pilger, welche mit Dem forifchen Pilgern nach Jeruſalem gewallfahrtet waren, Tießen ſich bewegen im Dienfle des Herzogs Gottfried zu bleis ben, um ihm fowohl bey der fernen Befeftigung von Joppe als auch zur Wiederherfiellung von Jeruſalem zu heifens 19) Fulcher. 4. 0. S. duis imbribus humectati pene om- nes, laxi erant et solui. Fuls« 6) Arcus ipsi, qui locis üllis cher. a. 0.D. Anon. All, p. 895- Butino compagimari solent, asıi« 606. IL Band. D. sa. Geſchichte der Kreuz zuͤge, Bich IT. Kap. V. - Sig arbeiteten in der heiligen Stadt ſo treulich, daß m Eee zer Zeit manches Gebäude aus den Truͤmmern ſich erheb '7), Die Bereitwilligfeit der Pifaner für den.Dienk. des heiligan Landes mar deshalb fo groß, weil ihr. Erzbiſchoff Dagobert indeß zum Patriarchen, der. Kirche, zu Jeruſalem war erwaͤhlt worden, aber: mie es hernach offenbar wurde, ihm ſelbſt gar fehwerem „Kummer und. dem. PRO: Lande a sroßene Schaden. Nehmlich ale Die Pilger zur. Beißnashtäfeser am heiligen Grabe verſammelt waren, gedachten ſie auch der Angelegen⸗ heiten der Kirche von Jexuſalem. Denn dieſe entbehtte, vpoch immer eines allgemein wirkenden Patriarchen, indem. viele waren, welche Arnulfs Wahl und Einſetzamg für unrecht⸗ mäßig. hielten. Unter den/ anweſenden Geiflishen. ſchien lei⸗ ner wuͤrdiger und faͤhiger zu ſeyn, die hohe Wuͤrde eines Pa⸗ triarchen der heiligen Stadt zu beharpten „. alt der Erzba⸗ ſchoff Dagobert von Piſa. Er war. als.cin: gelehrter und ar⸗ fahrner Geiſtlicher vielen bekannt und von vielen geſchoͤtzt? e), und. genoß der. Gunſt des Papſtes Urban, (denn er war dinal der roͤmiſchen Kiche"? ):und in feiner Perſon war van Urban dem Andern der Biſchoff von Piſa jur Würde eines BRNO: erhoben worden) ?°), — war er unter den 87), Gesta — Pisanor. Rey Muratori T. VL. p. 100. 18) Auon. I. p. 478. Astruentes : 3llum Daimbertutm.excedere et toti ee, (.mpgaopere, , prpfectunum, tum quia doctus et literis esset apprime eruditus ‚tum quia prae- essc ct prodesse domi ct .ecrlesiae .jam diu didicisset. - 19) Charta in Labbei Spieileg. Vid. Becueil des Histor, des Gau» les T. XIV. &, 74. Pen auch oft zu Ram, anweſend, und fein Name wird oft bey” Werband- lungen, welche zu Rom gebalten worden, genkunt, & © in bee Sache ded Biſchoffs Lambert von Artois. Ebend. ©. 745 2 vgl. ©. 700. * 20) (Urbanus If.) Natalem Domi- ai in Tuetia gloriosissinme .celetiwa- vits in qua..pravinsis Risanus Herzog Gottfried. - 0 ge Biichöffen geweſen, welche den Papſt auf feiner Reiſe durch 9. Er. Sranfreich im’ Jahr 1095, begleiteten und Das Werk Gottes fig förderten ?°;, und batte auf ausdrückliches Geheiß Uns hans die Fuͤhrung der welſchen Pilger nach dem heiligen Lans de ͤbernommen 22). Außerdem tvar tvegen des großen Ans ſihens, in welchem er ben allen Ftalienern ſtand, zu hoffen, daß, wenn er gewählt würde, die italienifchen Pilger leicht betsogen werden fönnten, zum Schuß des Gewonnenen und sur Erweiterung Det Evoberungen über die Ungläubigen, im heiligen Lande zu bleiben 22). Auch Bvemund, deſſen Sreundfchaft mit Dagobert durch das bey kaodicea Vorgefal⸗ lene nicht geſtoͤrt worden, empfohl Ihn den Fuͤrſten angele⸗ gentlichſt. Datum wurde einmuͤthig von den Fuͤrſten be⸗ ſchloſſen, den unrechtmaͤßigen Patriarchen Arnulf zu ent⸗ ſetzen **), und den Erzbiſchoff Dägobert zum Patriarchen ber Kirche von Jerufalem iu erheben. Sen — Episcopus Dagsbaras ei studiesis- sime servivit, dam archiepiscopali pallio’et po- wemzte sublimavit, qued- a tenus Pisauensis sedis episcopus habere zon Consuevit. Pap. im Recueil u. ſ. w. T. XIV, rc. nl 2) & fand Urban IL das. bey, MM der Weiße des Anardiu Clugny mi de colpecr, lt, Chuniae. int Recwil u. {. @ T. XIV. p. ıoi.), des Anars zu Charreur' (Not. de c, quem ipse jamdu:. Gesta Urbani II. e Tarageon (Rec. u. ſ. w. T. zıV. D ‚106) . 5. 23) Jusst Papae Urbani fr. Dai- ‚..bergus Pisanae, urbis:: Bpiseophm ‚ dein ‚Aschiepiscopus, ‚exstitit Dos minator” et fietor' exerclius Pisa- norum, scilicet 180 navium. Bre- vier Piskn,ttHt, ber Mutatorf’T, wei: z AL aä.. —X Khramitia vraedicrum vitum veneꝰ rabilem, Domintim Daimbertulu, er. Serokens, ibı p. 10% 1061) Im die -cöutattni omnidm consilio gr E no6., des Kire des heil. Ste sedemivollucant patriarchalent, ılari „Hans zu images (Barlirdai Vor tduod”de Arnulpho prius facınm «sms. Olir. im Beokeit T. XII p. füisse kimus, sicut imprudenter 428.) und des Prapes zur Srbauung Fudt..äi' fuehdt,'ita et subito a fa- einer Kirche und Walefung: eines dile — mn — 2x, Goriedaderd wos den’ ——— ven .. D2 42 Geſchichte der Kreuzzuͤge. Buch II. Kap. V. br nicht nur die ehemaligen Guͤter des Patriarchats wieder des geftellt, ſondern diefe felbft. mit neuen vermehrt worden, weihte dee Biſchoff Nobert von Rama den neuen Patriarchen. Um dem patriarchalifchen Stuhl der Heiligen Stadt noch größeres Anfehen zu verleifen, nahmen der Herzog Gottfrieb und der Fuͤrſt Boemund von der Kirche zu Jerufalem unt dem neuen Patriarchen ihre Länder zu Lehen und ſchwnren Gott und dem Patriarchen unverbrüchliche Treue 2°), Aber wenn gleich nicht berichtet wird, Daß gegen Die Wahl Dago⸗ berts itgend ein Öffentlicher Widerfpruch fey erhoben worden, fo blieb dennoch im Stillen eine gahlseiche Partey, welche Hrnulfen anhing. Dagobert hatte an Arnulfen einen Feind, welcher ed nie vergaß, daß er Durch den welſchen Erzbiſchoff fen ‚verdrängt worden, und welcher dieſem beſtaͤndig Freinde zu erzogen trachtete, und jede. Bloͤße, welche Dagobert durch Allzugroßen Hang zu ſinnlichen Vergnuͤguugen, Ehrgeiz und Herrſchſucht gab; (HarthrigR auffpäßte m auf das liſtig⸗ fie benutzte. , Don, Yenulf oder * Anhaͤngern wurden one Zwei⸗ fel die: entebrenden Sagen von Dagobert verbreitet) welche bald bey den Wallbruͤdern in Umlauf kamen, und bey mans. ne Bl ville. * Fe 1 De Er 5 7 BT het Ey wilh Tyr MA. „Praer mund, worin er fah über Die Mike dicio ergo viro Dei in agde collos <ato tam dominus y Gadofredus yıam domimus priageps Boamun- dus hic. regni,..ike ‚principarus ‚humıliter ab eo yuscepenugt, invesiäturam ‚ei arbitrantes ee hon oRorem impendere, .cuius tapıguam minister illa in ‚terris , vicam gesere credebarur. Nah der Angaı be des Patriarchen, ‚in, dena, van Wilhelm von Tyr (X.4) auf behaltenen Briefe deffelben an Kg Fe 1 5 exfüllung der von Gottfried ihm ges machten Verſprechungen nach des Herzogs Code ſich hatlagt, ſchwur Gottfried den Lebenen erſt am fol⸗ genden Oñerfeſt. „Et post in die Paschalis. solennitaris. . . Nomosan- Ai sepulchri ad. noster effectus, bäclitex se Deo ‚es, nobis milisa, turum spppgndät s“ fchreibt Dates Bert. rubmredig. Wahrſcheintich wur de Dry dem Dfterfen des fencriiche Peſehnungenct ·gehaiten. 2 —Herzog Bottfried. " 53 den doch auch Glauben fanden. Es wurde erzaͤhlt, Dagoss. Chr. bert babe einft, Da er von Urban IL als Legat nach Spanien u ſey gefande worden, einen goldnen Widder untergefchlagen, wehhen der Koͤnig Alfons der andere ihm für den Papſt mit gegeben hatte; ungeachtet der habfüchtige Geiſtliche ſowohl son dem Könige ald von den Großen, deren Gunſt eu durch Sen einfchmeichelndes Betragen zu erwerben gewußt habe, ‚mit fofibaren Geſchenken an Purpur, Gold und. Silber fey überhäuft worden, Mit diefen Schägen. follte Dagobert die Stimmen der Fürften ſich erfauft, der Herzog Gottfried für feine Stimme den umtergefchlagenen goldnen Widder empfengen haben *6). Dagobert machte auch bald die Zürs Ben und Ritter von fi abwendig Durch fein ſtolzes und Derrfchfüchtiges Benehmen, durch weiches er die Anfchuldis gungen und Warnungen feiner Neider und Feinde zu vechts fertigen (dien. Denn der Patriarch, uͤbermuͤthig geworden durch die ho⸗ Ye Achtung, welche man ihm ald dem Stellvertreter Chrifti bewies 27), fußte felbft wieder den alten Plan auf, welchen fein Feind Arnulf und die übrigen Geiſtlichen gleich nach Era oberung der heiligen Stadt auszuführen trachteten, das neue chriſtliche Königreich Jeruſalem zu einem hierarchiſchen Staate zu bilden, in welchem der Patriarch an Deacht und Anfchen dem Hohenprieſter nach. der juͤdiſchen Hieracchie gleich ſeyn folte. Dadurch verwirrte Dagobert gleich fehr den Staat und die Kirche, und nur des edelmuͤthigen Helden Gottfried 6) Ale dieſe Schmachreden hat 7) ©. Vie Stelle wichelms vor YHibersvon Wtr in fene Ser Tyr. Anm. 23. Khicgte aufgenommen. VIE, ⁊ 54 Gefhichte ber Kreuz zuͤge. Süd IT. Kap. v. 3. Er. Seömmigfeit und Verachtung des Zeitliden ”?) verhinderte das Xergerniß einer Spaltung zwifchen der Kirche und Dem. Reiche am heiligen Grabe des Erldfers. Nachdem Dagobert faum einen Monat die Kirche von Jeruſalem regiert bapız fo genügte ihm nicht mehr die Leßmäherlichfeit über Das Reich, und am Tape Mariä Lichtmeß forderte er nicht nur die heilige Stade mit der Burg ald Eigenthum Gottes. 293 zuruͤck, fondern auch Die erſt wieder gebaute Stadt Joppe mitihrem Subehör.. Auch befriedigte cs ihn nicht, als Gott⸗ fried nach heftigem Widerfpruch und nur aus Ehrfurdt vor Gott und feinem Worte der Kirche der heiligen Auferſtehung den vierten Theil an Joppe uͤberließ; und Dagsbert rußte nicht cher, als bis. am nächften Dfterfek vor den verfams melten Pilgern, welche zur Feyer des Feſtes nach Yerufas lem gefommen waren, det Herzog auch die heilige Stade mit der Burg Davids und allem Zubehör ihm überane wortete; Doch unter der Bedingung, Daß Gottfried den Belig und Genuß ſowohl von Jeruſalem als Joppe fo lange behalten folte, bis das Neich mit einer oder mit zwey Staͤdten erweitert worden ſey; falls aber Gottfried, bevor diefes gefchehen fey, unbeerbt flerbe, dann follte Serufalent fowehl als Joppe dem Parriarchen ohne Widertede zufallen. Diefe Forderungen erbitterten die Gemuͤther aufs heftigſte gegen Dagobert, da fün Diefelben auch nicht Ein rechtmäkiger Grund angeführt werden konnte ?°). Denn der vierte Theil — wi 1. 88) Siout vir humilis erat et_ 80) Beugniß Wilhoums v. Tyr, “ mMansuetus ac timens sermones Do« welcher über diefe Ungelegenheit die mini. Wilh. Tyr. XV. ı6. . forgfättigiien Unterfuchungen nad 29) Domino Patriarcha rcposcente mündlichen Relatiogen und ſchriftli⸗ ab eo. civitatem saucıam Dea chen Berichten anflielte, und aude *. asoriptam et ciusdem civitatis führlih von den Verhandlungen praesidium,. Wilh. Tyr a. a. O. Nachricht gibt. Lib. IX, 16-18. / Mperzog Gottfricd. N2.0.D00% der Stadt Serufalet, toelchen ſeit fig und dreyfig Jah⸗ 3. Chr. zen vor Eroberung der Stadt ?") die Patriarchen befaßen, > war von Gottfried auch dem lateinifchen Patriarchen nicht genommen worden, und niemand mußte von einer Bedin⸗ gung, durch welche der Herzog irgend jemanden zu jährlis chem Zins oder zu beftändigem Gehorfam- ſey verpflichtet worden, als ihm die Zürften des Kreusheers das Regiment son Serufalem übergaben und die Krone des neuen Reiches antrugen. Emige entſchuldigten den Patriarchen damit, Daß er nicht aus eigenem Entſchluß, fordern auf den Antried : Soshafter Menfgen Unftieden und Zwietracht J 31) Zu dem Beſiztze des Quartiers der Stadt, deſſen äußere Gränze von dem Thor Davids in Welten, dem Eckthurm Tankreds vorbey, bis zum nördlichen Thor des heil. Stephans In der äußern Mauer ſich erſtreckte, und deGen innere Gränze duch die Straße'gebildet wurde, welche von dem Stephansthor bis an die Geid— wecherriſche (usgue ad mens nu- zaularjonum) und von dDiefen wieder Bis an dad Davidsthor lief, waren Ur Patriarchen nad Wilbelmd von Turus Erzählung alfo gelommen: Us der Chalife von Aegypten Mos fienfer Bilah (Bomensor Elmosten- sab) den Chriſten in Syrien gebot, Vie verfallenen Mauern ihrer Städte wieder aufzubauen, fo gelangte auch an Ye chxiſtlicen Bewobner von SJerufatem ein Befehl des ‚Chatkien, den vierten Theil der Mauern auf ihre Koſten wieder herzuſcelen. Weil 9 * * als der Patriarch, nun die azmen Erifen. in der Bellie gen Stadt nicht vermochten,, die da: zu erforderliche Summe herbeyzus fchafen, ſo flehten fie den vamifchen Katier Conſtantinus Monomachus um Unterſtüzung an. weicher ihe Geſuch unter der Bedingung ge" währte, daß der Chalife Eünftig nie« " manden als den Chriſten Die Koks nung in biefem Quartiere geftatte, Nachdem, Moitenfer Diefe Bedingung angenommen . fo erhielt der Statt baltee von Cupern vom Saifer den Befehl, den Chriiien in Jerufalan fo vieles Geh zu fenden, als aut Wiederherſtellung der Mauern erfors Dextich fen. Dieſes geſchah im Jahe 1063. Selt Liefer Zeit war in dem chriſtlichen Düartler von Jerufatem” kein andrer Rorgefester umd Richten und die Kirch des heit, Grabes betrachtete jenes Quariier als ihr Eigenthum. 56 Geſchichte der Kreuzzuge. Buch IL. Kap. VL Eee — — ee . ; ö Bi \ Schstes Kapitel 3. eo. Nachdem längere Zeit vom Kampfe mit den Saracenen ges ruht worden, zog der Herzog Gottfried wiberiden Fuͤrſten von Damaskus, um an ihm das Blut erſchlagener Geſandten zu rächen, und ihn zur Bezahlung des fchuldigen Tributs zu zwingen. | | Denn zwifchen Gottfried, Tanfred und Malek Dofaf, dem Sürften von Damaskus, war ein Waffenſtillſtand verabs redet worden, nach defien Ablauf Die Saracenen der Herr⸗ ſchaft der Ehriften fih unterwerfen follten, oder auf immer des Friedens mit den Chriften entbehren. Als nun das Ende Pa des Waffenſtillſtandes fich. näherte, war Taukred fo Fühn, yon Malek Dokaf durch eine Geſandtſchaft von ſechs Ritters die Vebergabe von Damaskus zu fordern — einer Stadt, welche ſechs und vierzig Fahre fpäter ein großes Pilgerheer sand die beyden mächtigften Könige in Europa vergeblich bes lagerten. Ja, Tanfred ließ felbft dem Emir entbieten, daß er den hriftlichen Glauben anzunehmen habe, wenn ihm ia feinem Lande ein längerer Aufenthalt geftattet werden folle, Der Emir, über dieſe Botfchaft ergrimmt, ließ die Sefandten greifen, tödtete ihrer fünf und fchenfte Dem fechsten nur des⸗ wegen das Keben, weil er zum Glauben des arabifchen Pros pheten fich wendete. Um ihren Tod zu rächen, zogen Gott⸗ Herzogs Sottfried. 57 feed und Tankred in das Land von Damaskus mit allen ih⸗J. Ge. zen Kriegsmännern und vermäüfteten es funfjehn Tage lang shue allen Widerfiand, bis der Emir um Frieden bat und einen jährlichen Zins verſprach "). Dieß aber war dielegte Waffenthat des Helden Sottfried. Als er von dieſem Zuge heimkehrte, ward er von dem Emir zu Cäfaren zum Mittagsmahl freundlich geladen; er aber nahm feine andere Speife ald einen Cedernapfel. Nachdem ex dieſen verzehrt, fühlte er fich krank, und viele argwöhnten Daber, Der Cedernapfel fey vergiftet gewefen 2). Schon im Sefühtl der gänzlichen Auflöfung feines Körpers kam Gott⸗ fried nach Joppe und fah in dem Hafen eine zahlreiche Flotte, deren Anblick ihn ſchreckte. Denn er fürchtete, es fey eine Flotte der Ungläubigens bald aber vernahm er, Daß es v6 netianifche Schiffe ſeyn, zweyhundert an der Zahl unter den Biſchoff Heinrich Contarini und dem Generalcapitain os Bann Michieli, des Dogen Vital Michieli Sohne. Dieſen hatten fich auch zwey Dalmatifche Herren angefchlofien. Schon feit zwey Jahren war diefe Flotte im mitteländifchen Meere herumgezogen, hatte mit einer Slotte der Pifaner tas pfer geſtritten, und in Smyrna, als fie dem griechifchen Feldherrn zur Eroberung der Stadt Über die Türken beyftand, Die Gebeine des beil, Nicolaus und Johannes des Taͤufers erobert ?). ı) Alb. Aquens. VII. ı7. 18) ſcheint denſelben Verdacht zu ‚wilh 7TYX. IX. 92 gift nur uns hegen. Die andern Schriftſieller ew befriedigende Nachricht von Gottfrieds wähnen nichts von einer ae leßtem Zuge. tung. 9) Ufo Guibertp. 648. A quo 3) Ihre Taten erzählt Andrea dam contiguae Gemtilitatis Princi- Dandulo in feiner Ehronit (in pe eidem transmissa feruntur exe- Murstori Soript. rer. Ital T.XIL) nia lethalibus, ur patuit, venenis Lihb. IX. c. ı0. Anna Comnena infecta. Albert von Aiy, (VIL erwähnt nicht eines Benftanded der \ sg Gefhichte der Kreuzzaͤge. Buch IL. Kap. VI. Diefe Nachricht tröftete den Helden‘, welcher fühle, ae bald fein ffarfer Arm dem heiligen Lande fehlen werde. Als Gottfried in feine nene Herberge, welche er zu Joppe ſich erbauet hatte, fam, mehrte fich feine Schwaͤche, und unter Betrübniß und Klagen pflegten fein die Ritter. Der Biſchoff aber und der Generalcapitain, fo mie die übrigen Vornehmen der Benetianer, ließen fich nicht abhalten, den Helven zu befuchen, deſſen Ruhm die ganze Welt erfüllte, und überreichten dem Herzog koſtbare Gefchenfe an goldenen _ und filbernen Gefäßen’und fchönen Kleidern und Gewaͤndern. ‚Auch gelobte ihnen Gottfried, wenn eine ruhige Nacht ſeine Schmerzen gemildert und feine Kräfte geftärfl babe, am ans dern Tage allen Pilgern, welche mit ihnen gefommen , fich zu zeigen. Aber die Schmerzen tonrden fo heftig, daß er der Erfüllung feines Verfprechens unfähig, am andern Tage nad) Serufalem ſich tragen ließ. Wernern von Greis aber und Tankred gebot Gottfried, den Venetianern, welche wuͤnſchten, daß ihnen ein Unternehmen zum Beften des heilt⸗ gen Landes auferlegt würde, die Belagerung der Stadt Caifa anzutragen. Schon arbeiteten die Pilger rüftig an dem — zeug, als die Nachricht gebracht wurde, der Herzog Gott⸗ fried ſey ſo ſchwach, daß ſeines Lebens Ende nicht mehr fern ſey. Da eilten Werner von Greis, Tankred, die Angeſe⸗ henſten der Venetianer und viele andre Wallbruͤder nach der heiligen Stadt, um den Helden noch einmal vor ſeinem Hintritt zu ſehen, und fanden ihn ſo ſchwaͤch, daß er kaum zu reden vermochte. Er aber troͤſtete die betruͤbten Waffen⸗ ab Alexio I. etc. gestar. Libri IV. Benetianer bey Wiedereinnahme Der lieidel. 18631. auct. F. Wilken J« Stadi Smyrna und anderer von den Zurten beſehten Städte. S. Rerum p. 5758 Herzog Sottfried. 5 beider mit der Verſicherung, daß er ſchon die Wiederkehr „Chr. kan Sräfte fuͤhlte. Nachdem die venetianifchen Pilger enhäligen Grabe gebetet Hatten, kehrten alle nach Joppe zäd und begannen wiederum ihre Arbeit, Funfzehn Lage jauch lagerte fi dag Heer vor Caifa. Aber faum war de Belagerung angeordnet, fo betrübte die Pilger Die Nach; It vom Tode Des edeln Herzogs, welche im Lager verfüns digt ward. Am fiebenzehnten Auguſt vechlich der tapfere Rampfer für den Heern; man beftattete feinen Leichnam in der Kirche des heiligen Grabes auf dem Calvarienberge, wo dee Heiland gelitten hatte, Hier fanden auch alle Nachfol⸗ ger Gottfrieds im Neiche von Serufalem ihre Ruheſtaͤtte. Die abendländifchen Pilger beflagten fünf Tage lang den Tod ihres großen und frommen Befchirmers, und nicht nur Die mergenläudifchen Ehriften, fondern ſelbſt die Araber und Zärfen nahmen an ihrer Trauer Antheil *). Den ritterlis den foommen Sinn, die liebenswürdige Tugend und die beumdernswwärdige Tapferkeit und Kraft, Die unverbrüchh, liche Gerechtigkeit: Gottfriedg ehrten die Feinde des chriftlis den Glaubens nicht minder als die Waffenbrüder des helden. 4) Nortuo igitur tam egregio Grascis et Gentilihus plerisque, Dace, et nobilissimo Christi athle- " Arapibus, Saracenis, Turcis, fue- 2, maxima lamenta et nimius re per dics quinque. Alb, Aq, ports omuibus illic Christianis, VII 2r. Galle, Kalicis, Eysis, Armeniis, 60 Geſchichte der Kreusgäge Bu I. Kap. VII, Siebentegs Kapitel. 3. er. Zu eben der Zeit, als das Koͤnigreich Jeruſalem ſeines Hauptes beraubt war, fehlte auch dem Fuͤrſtenthum Antio⸗ chien Boemunds kraftvolle Beſchuͤtzung. Denn Boemund war in der Gefangenſchaft des Ebn Daniſchmend, Fuͤrſten von Sebaſte und andern Städten ven Armenien. Haͤtte nicht Boemund zu der Zeit, Da der Herzog Gottfried das Zeitliche fegnete, feiner Freyheit entbehrt, fo wuͤrde er viel; leicht Die Krone von Sun erlangt haben, welche viefe ihm zudachten. Das Fuͤrſtenthum — welches bereits außer der Hauptſtadt eine nicht unbedeutende Anzahl von feſten Staͤd⸗ ten, als Eldſcheſer, Sardena, Sarmin *), begriff, war von noch maͤchtigern Feinden umgeben, als ſelbſt das Koͤnigreich. Der griechiſche Kaiſer betrachtete noch immer Antiochien als eine feinem Reiche angehoͤrige Stadt, um fo mehr, da fie kaum erft vor funfzig Jahren dem römifchen Neiche mar ents zogen worden. Nuch hatten ja die Fürften der MWallbrüder verfprochen,, alle Städte des griechifchen Reichs, welche fie - den Türfen wieder abgewinnen würden, dem Kaifer zurück zugeben, und auf die Erfüllung dieſes Verſpechens drang der Kaifer ernfthafter als fonft bey einer Stadt, welche durch ihre Lage und Feſtigkeit die ficherfie Vormauer für feine übris 3) Ste werden ald dem Fürften in Kemaleddins GBefchichte von von Antiochien gehörig aufgeführt Haled, Mfct., wovon Derr de 8a Herzog Gottfried, Ä 6x Scadte an der klemaftatiſchen Köfe gegen die Türfen 3. hr, fern rue. Won dem Kaifer waren Daher angeffrengte Berfuche zur Geltendmachung feiner. Rechte, welche fo oft in Anregung gebracht wurden, zu beforgen. Wie denn auch die Wiedererlangung' von Antiochien das beftändige Ziel Der Befrebungen von Alerius Comnenus dem Erften und feinen Nachfolgern im Reich aus feinein Gefchlechte war. Die grie⸗ chiſchen Statthalter, mit deren Provinzen das Fürftenthunt zuſammen grängte, betrachteten die lateinifchen Chriften als gefährliche Feinde und befämpften fie oft glücklich mit Treus lofigkeit und Hinterlift. Denn gegen ihre Waffen war Boe⸗ mund meift ſiegreich, und nur des Brafen Ralmunds Eis Ferfucht hemmte feine Eröberungen. Von der andern Seite aber war Das neue Fuͤrſtenthum gefährlicher durch einen tas pfern und Fühnen turfomanifhen Emir bedroht, wel⸗ cher von Armenien aus ein Reich wle daB Seldſchukiſche zu gruͤnden ſtrebte und auch dem ſeldſchukiſchen Geſchlechte in Ikonium ſchon gefaͤhrlich wurde. Kameſchthekin, Fuͤrſt von Sebäfte, war, wie die meiſten Stifter von tuͤrkiſchen Dynaſtieen, nicht aus fuͤtſtlichem Geſchlechte entfproffen und serdanfte feine Erhebung nur feiner: Tapferkeit und feinem Sluͤcke. Denn er war der Sohn eines Danifchmend. d. i. Selehrten! oder Schullchrers, daher wurde er gewöhnlich Hu Daniſchmend genaunt ”), Seins Herrſchaft war nicht die. Torannen eines wilden Croberers; ſongdern eine milde Regierung, und die Städte, welche ans ber habſuͤchtigen Baweltung griechiſcher Zuͤrſten oder Sterthelter unter fein Regiment al) vreſen biefe ——— als die Urſache I ® u. ey zu veris die Güte hatte einen N En Be hieß Tilu. Die Suszug in franzöfiſcher Heberfefung Turkomaͤnen nannten Ihre Schulletz⸗ wir. mitzurbehtens - un... 9 imt dem / pecſſichen Namen: O0 61 Geſchichte der —R Kap. VII 3,86. ibres aluchichern Zuſtandes ’). ‚Bars mut fin Auicc fo ſchnell. Asch Dſchanaheddaulah, Fuͤrſt son. Emafia, ua den Anfiochenern. furchtbar, und vor allen machte deux Sürs fen Rodvan von Haleb die Furcht vor — zum De tigen Seinde der Staufen. Boemund aber, um ſeine derrſchaft zu befeſtigen und zu erweitern , zog mit Wachfamfeit und Klugheit von De Zwietracht unter den Ungläubigen Vortheil. Denn Rodet von Haleb heguͤnſtigte die ſchwaͤrmeriſche und moftifche Sefte der Dateniten oder Affaffinen, welche unter feiner Regies rung zuerſt zu Haleb ſich gezeigt hatte, und ergab ſich der teis tung des Aftrologen Elhafim, welcher zu dieſer Sefte 3% hörte. Dieß entfremdete von ihm die rechtgläubigen, gücs fen und vornaͤmlich den Emir Dſchanaheddaulah von Emeſ⸗ fa,. welcher felbft durch Die Furcht gemeinſchaftlicher Gelaht und durch die Pflicht der Behuͤtung des Islam ſich nicht bes wegen ließ, ihn mit Ernft und Kraft wider Boemund jur ſchuͤtzen, als diefer im Begriff war, beguͤnſtigt durch ihre Zwietracht ſich der Etadt Haleb, zu bemaͤchtigen. Denn als Durch dem‘ avabifchen Stamm Kelab, — nn verſtattet harte, ihi Bande don Halek u bleiben, alle Lebensmittel fo verzehrt wären; Und Veh ini Bau ‚des‘ Landes ſo gehindert- wurde, - daß In-Halch und in möhrern andern Staͤdten Hungersnoth Antfähdf-erhobeh fit Bie-Inteinifchen -Chriffen, Nachdem eine Bert den: arublfchen — zerſtoͤrt bätter ws Rododk —8 wider ven Süden. es za cher — => —E — niſchmend. — T. II ten und grauſamen Mann ſchildert B- B24..1 zählt, DAB unter Ebn Daniſchmende 208 USERN — Gabriel, Heurſchaft Yen Bukand von Melitent “ ürden von Melitent« aikeinen-bap. Tfebs "glüslich geweſen· Maren. Herzog Gottfried. 00.6 Bomuud, erlitt aber bey Kelch *) eiur ſchwore Niederjage, 3. cum besior fünfhundert Gefangene, uud unter Diefen viele angefes + „uf. Bene Maͤnner und fam mit einer geringen Anzahl zuruͤck. Aues Land von Kafarthab bis Haleb und das ganze weſtliche Sand von Halch , ausgenommen Tel Menes, wo Dſcha⸗ naheddaulah eine Beſatzung hielt, kam in Boemunds Gewalt darch Disfen. Sieg. Nun begab ſich Rodvan zu Dſchanahed⸗ daulah uud bat um Huͤlfe wider: Die Franken, und diefer zug mit ihm nah Haleb. Weil aber indeß die Sranfen nach Antiechien zurüdgefchrt waren, fo blieb er ruhig in feinem Lager vor Haleb, und begab ſich bald, da er van Rodvan Gb yernanläffigt fah, nach Emefja zuruͤck; Rodvan ward Dieranf von vielen feiner Krieger, welche fein Betragen mißs billigten, verlaſſen. Gleich nach Dſchanaheddaulah's Abs zug lagerte ſich Boemund mit ſeinen Rittern und vielem Fuß⸗ velk zu Elmoſchrefa an der füdlichen Seite von Haleb und begann die Befeligung von drey Kapellen über Gräbern heis iger Männer, um ſich im DBeflg des Landes um Haleb zu: erhalten und die Rrüchte deffelben zu fammeln. Schon war diefes Werk weit vorgeräckt, ald Durch das Geſuch des griechis ſchen Fürften in Melitene um Hülfe wider Ebn Danifchmend Boemund zu fo eiligem Abzuge von Haleb bewogen wurde, daß er ſelbſt Die mitgebrachten Lebensmittel zuruͤcklleß. Als aum Haleb von der Belagerung der Franken befrenet war, kehrte Dſchanaheddaulah fogar ſelbſt die Waffen wider Rods " van, flug denfelben und fein Heer bey Sarmin, nahm felb den Bezir von Haleb gefangen und plünderte Das Land. Kodsan und fein Freund, der Aftrologe Elhakim, entlamen nur faum durch Die Flucht; aber Elhakim rächte fich im fols senden Jahre durch die treulofe Ermordung Dſchanaheddau⸗ 2 Km 05. des Mondes Gqabon im I. 98. d. 1. 4. Jul. zuoo. 3,0: — 64 Geſchichte ber Kreuzzuge. Buch IL Kap. VIL .. lah's. Denn dieſen ermordeten, als eben der Friede zwiſchen den beyden Fuͤrſten geſchloſſen war, auf des Aſtrologen Ge⸗ heiß drey perſiſche Aſſaſinen an einem Freytage auf dem Wege in die Moſchee zu Emeſſa. Dſchanabeddaulab, als er von Ihrem verraͤtheriſchen Mordmeſſer fiel, war eben im Begriff gegen den Grafen von Touloufe zu sieben, welcher das Schloß der Kurden befagerte °). Alſo erleichterten die Muſelmaͤn⸗ ner felbft den fränfifchen Rittern den Sieg, und die Chri⸗ fien hatten es fehr zu beklagen, daß Boemund nicht ſelbſt dDiefe den Chriften fo vortheilhaften Verwirrungen benugen fonnte, um dur die Eroberung von Haleb feiner neuen Herrfchaft Dauer gu geben. Denn er war in der Sefangens (haft und alfo das Fuͤrſtenthum Antiochien ohne Haupt, Boemund aber gerieth auf folgende Weife in Die Gefangen, ſchaft der Ungläublgen. | Gabriel, Zürft von Malatia oder Melltene in Armenien, verzweifelnd, feine Stadt wider die, Macht des Ebn: Das niſchmend länger behaupten zu koͤnnen, fandte an Boemund, welcher vor Haleb gelagert war, und bat um Hülfe. Boss mund, indem er meinte, daß auch die Nückficht auf die Si⸗ herheit feines Fürftenthums es gebicte, der Macht Ebn Das nifhmends Schranken zu fegen, eilte im Auguſtmonat mit dreyhundert Helmen nach Armenien. Schon in der Ebne von Marafch aber fließ er auf Ebn Danifchmend, welcher Die Belagerung von Melitene aufgehoben Hatte und mit fünffundert Reitern ihm entgegen zog °). Die Türken wie die Chriften gleich murhig zum Kampf zogen fogleich ihre Schwerter und nach einem unglüclichen aber tapfern Kampf wurden Boemund, fein Vetter Richard und viele andre Aules aach Kemaleddin, ct, Nach demſelben. Herzog Gottfried. 65 ter — die übrigen wurden erſchtagen / keilnee eut⸗ 3,8.
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https://github.com/kit-tm/fdeval/blob/master/plotter/agg_01_d060_weights_rsa.py
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,021 |
fdeval
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kit-tm
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Python
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Code
| 960 | 4,584 |
import logging, math, json, pickle, os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.dates as mdates
from datetime import datetime
import matplotlib.patches as patches
from matplotlib.backends.backend_pdf import PdfPages
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
import time
from heapq import heappush, heappop
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
from . import agg_2_utils as utils
FIGSIZE = (8,10)
SHOW_GREY = False
def plot(blob, **kwargs):
utils.EXPORT_BLOB = blob
includes = [
'scenario_switch_cnt',
'scenario_link_util_mbit_max',
'scenario_table_util_max_total',
'scenario_rules_per_switch_avg',
'rsa_table_fairness_avg',
'rsa_link_util_delegated_mbit_max',
'rsa_ctrl_overhead_from_rsa',
#'rsa_table_percent_shared',
'rsa_table_percent_relocated']
includes += blob.find_columns('hit_timelimit')
blob.include_parameters(**dict.fromkeys(includes, 1))
runs = blob.filter(**dict())
class ParameterSet(object):
def __init__(self, run):
self.w_table = run.get('param_rsa_weight_table')
self.w_link = run.get('param_rsa_weight_link')
self.w_ctrl = run.get('param_rsa_weight_ctrl')
self.label = r'%d-%d-%d' % (self.w_table, self.w_link, self.w_ctrl)
self.ctrl_overhead = []
self.table_fairness = []
self.percent_failed = []
#self.table_overhead_percent = []
#self.underutil_percent = []
self.runs = []
def add_result(self, run):
self.table_fairness.append((run.get('rsa_table_fairness_avg') / run.get('scenario_table_util_max_total')) * 100)
self.ctrl_overhead.append((run.get('rsa_ctrl_overhead_from_rsa') / run.get('scenario_rules_per_switch_avg')) * 100)
self.percent_failed.append(run.get('rsa_table_percent_relocated'))
self.runs.append(run)
"""
for switch in range(0, run.get('scenario_switch_cnt')):
try:
if run.get('dts_%d_table_overhead_percent' % (switch)) > 0:
#self.switches.append(Switch(run, switch))
self.ctrl_overhead.append(run.get('dts_%d_ctrl_overhead_percent' % (switch)))
self.link_overhead_percent.append(run.get('dts_%d_link_overhead_percent' % (switch)))
self.table_overhead_percent.append(run.get('dts_%d_table_overhead_percent' % (switch)))
self.underutil_percent.append(run.get('dts_%d_underutil_percent' % (switch)))
self.runs.append((run, switch))
except:
pass
#print("add failed", switch, run.get('scenario_switch_cnt'), self.label)
#print(run)
#exit()
"""
timelimit = 0
use_runs = []
use_seeds = set()
failed_seeds = []
switchcnt = []
for run in runs:
if run.get('hit_timelimit') and run.get('hit_timelimit') > 0:
timelimit += 1
if not run.get('param_topo_seed') in failed_seeds:
failed_seeds.append(run.get('param_topo_seed'))
continue
use_runs.append(run)
use_seeds.add(run.get('param_topo_seed'))
switchcnt.append(run.get('scenario_switch_cnt'))
print("len", len(runs))
print("timelimit", timelimit)
print("max", max(switchcnt))
print("seeds", len(use_seeds), len(failed_seeds))
results = {}
for run in runs:
if not run.get('hit_timelimit'):
seed = run.get('param_topo_seed')
if seed in failed_seeds: continue;
key = (run.get('param_rsa_weight_table'), run.get('param_rsa_weight_link'), run.get('param_rsa_weight_ctrl'))
if key == (0,0,0):
# this is a special case because the default parameters are chosen if all
# weights are set to 0-0-0 (which is 1-0-5); it is therefore removed here
continue
try:
results[key].add_result(run)
except KeyError:
results[key] = ParameterSet(run)
def plotax(ax, data, **kwargs):
data_x = []
data_y = []
for i, v in enumerate(sorted(data)):
data_x.append(i)
data_y.append(v)
ax.plot(data_x, data_y, **kwargs)
# ---------------------------------------------
# cdfs only
# ---------------------------------------------
if 1:
plt.close()
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2,2, figsize=(8, 8))
fig.tight_layout(pad=0)
cdf1 = axes[0][0]
cdf1.set_xlabel('Allocation fairness in \\%')
cdf2 = axes[0][1]
cdf2.set_xlabel('Allocation overhead in \\%')
cdf3 = axes[1][0]
cdf3.set_xlabel('Failure rate in \\%')
cdf4 = axes[1][1]
cdf4.set_xlabel('Aggregated score')
for ax in [cdf1, cdf2, cdf3, cdf4]:
#ax.yaxis.tick_right()
#ax.yaxis.set_label_position("right")
ax.set_ylabel('CDF')
#ax.set_xlim(0,80)
ax.xaxis.grid(True, color='grey', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
ax.yaxis.grid(True, color='grey', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
all_results = []
for m, result in results.items():
#if 0 in m: continue;
result.label
combined = [(3*x+5*y+10*z)/18.0 for x,y,z in zip(result.table_fairness, result.ctrl_overhead, result.percent_failed)]
color='lightgray'
alpha = 0.1
rating = sum(combined)
all_results.append((rating, result))
if SHOW_GREY:
utils.plotcdf(cdf1, result.table_fairness, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf2, result.ctrl_overhead, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf3, result.percent_failed, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf4, combined, color=color, alpha=alpha)
for m, color, marker, label, linestyle in zip([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (2,0,6)],
['red', 'green', 'blue', 'black'], ['^', 's', 'o', '*'],
[utils.rsa_weights(1,0,0), utils.rsa_weights(0,1,0),
utils.rsa_weights(0,0,1), utils.rsa_weights(1,0,5) + '(best)'],
['-','-','-','--']):
result = results.get(m)
color=color
markevery=20
alpha = 1
combined = [(3*x+5*y+10*z)/18.0 for x,y,z in zip(result.table_fairness, result.ctrl_overhead, result.percent_failed)]
utils.plotcdf(cdf1, result.table_fairness,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle, label=label)
utils.plotcdf(cdf2, result.ctrl_overhead,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle, label=label)
utils.plotcdf(cdf3, result.percent_failed,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle, label=label)
utils.plotcdf(cdf4, combined,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle, label=label)
# sort results by rating
all_results = sorted(all_results, key=lambda x: x[0])
print("best scores:")
for i in range(0,20):
print(all_results[i][0], all_results[i][1].label)
print("worst scores:")
for i in range(1,10):
print(all_results[-i][0], all_results[-i][1].label)
handles, labels = cdf4.get_legend_handles_labels()
fig.legend(handles, labels, loc='upper center', ncol=2, fontsize=12)
#plt.subplots_adjust(top=.9)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.2, hspace=0.2, left = 0.07, top=.87, bottom=.08)
utils.export(fig, 'weights_rsa_cdfonly.pdf', folder='weights')
# ---------------------------------------------
# Figure 1: results if only one of the three coefficients is used (e.g., wtable=1, others =0)
# ---------------------------------------------
if 0:
plt.close()
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 10))
fig.tight_layout(pad=0)
ax1 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (0, 0), colspan=2)
ax2 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (1, 0), colspan=2)
ax3 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (2, 0), colspan=2)
ax4 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (3, 0), colspan=2)
ax1.set_ylabel(r'Fairness deviation in ' + r'\%')
ax1.set_xlabel('Experiment index sorted by fairness deviation')
ax2.set_ylabel('Control overhead in \\%')
ax2.set_xlabel('Experiment index sorted by control overhead')
ax3.set_ylabel('Absolute failure rate in \\%')
ax3.set_xlabel('Experiment index sorted by absolute failure rate')
ax4.set_ylabel('Weighted score')
ax4.set_xlabel('Experiment index sorted by weighted score')
cdf1 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (0, 2))
cdf1.set_xlabel('Fairness deviation in \\%')
cdf2 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (1, 2))
cdf2.set_xlabel('Control overhead in \\%')
cdf3 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (2, 2))
cdf3.set_xlabel('Absolute failure rate in \\%')
cdf4 = plt.subplot2grid((4, 3), (3, 2))
cdf4.set_xlabel('Weighted score')
for ax in [cdf1, cdf2, cdf3, cdf4]:
ax.yaxis.tick_right()
ax.yaxis.set_label_position("right")
ax.set_ylabel('CDF')
ax.set_ylim(0,1)
#ax.set_xlim(0,100)
ax.xaxis.grid(True, color='grey', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
ax.yaxis.grid(True, color='grey', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
for ax in [ax1, ax2, ax3, ax4]:
#ax.set_ylim(0,55)
ax.set_xlim(0,100)
ax.xaxis.grid(True, color='grey', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
ax.yaxis.grid(True, color='grey', linestyle='--', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5)
all_results = []
for m, result in results.items():
#if 0 in m: continue;
result.label
combined = [(3*x+5*y+10*z)/18.0 for x,y,z in zip(result.table_fairness, result.ctrl_overhead, result.percent_failed)]
color='lightgray'
alpha = 0.1
rating = sum(combined)
all_results.append((rating, result))
if SHOW_GREY:
plotax(ax1, result.table_fairness, color=color, alpha=alpha)
plotax(ax2, result.ctrl_overhead, color=color, alpha=alpha)
plotax(ax3, result.percent_failed, color=color, alpha=alpha)
plotax(ax4, combined, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf1, result.table_fairness, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf2, result.ctrl_overhead, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf3, result.percent_failed, color=color, alpha=alpha)
utils.plotcdf(cdf4, combined, color=color, alpha=alpha)
for m, color, marker, label, linestyle in zip([(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (1,0,5)],
['red', 'green', 'blue', 'black'], ['^', 's', 'o', '*'],
[r'wTable=1, wLink=0, wCtrl=0 (table only)', r'wTable=0, wLink=1, wCtrl=0 (link only)',
r'wTable=0, wLink=0, wCtrl=1 (ctrl only)', 'wTable=1, wLink=0, wCtrl=5 (best combination)'],
['-','-','-','--']):
result = results.get(m)
color=color
markevery=20
alpha = 1
combined = [(3*x+5*y+10*z)/18.0 for x,y,z in zip(result.table_fairness, result.ctrl_overhead, result.percent_failed)]
plotax(ax1, result.table_fairness,
color=color, alpha=alpha, marker=marker, markevery=markevery, ms=4, label=label, linestyle=linestyle)
plotax(ax2, result.ctrl_overhead,
color=color, alpha=alpha, marker=marker, markevery=markevery, ms=4, label=label, linestyle=linestyle)
plotax(ax3, result.percent_failed,
color=color, alpha=alpha, marker=marker, markevery=markevery, ms=4, label=label, linestyle=linestyle)
plotax(ax4, combined,
color=color, alpha=alpha, marker=marker, markevery=markevery, ms=4, label=label, linestyle=linestyle)
utils.plotcdf(cdf1, result.table_fairness,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle)
utils.plotcdf(cdf2, result.ctrl_overhead,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle)
utils.plotcdf(cdf3, result.percent_failed,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle)
utils.plotcdf(cdf4, combined,
color=color, marker=marker, markevery=15, ms=4, alpha=alpha, linestyle=linestyle)
# sort results by rating
all_results = sorted(all_results, key=lambda x: x[0])
print("best scores:")
for i in range(0,20):
print(all_results[i][0], all_results[i][1].label)
print("worst scores:")
for i in range(1,10):
print(all_results[-i][0], all_results[-i][1].label)
handles, labels = ax1.get_legend_handles_labels()
fig.legend(handles, labels, loc='upper center', ncol=2, fontsize=12)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.1, hspace=0.3, top=.90, bottom=.05)
utils.export(fig, 'weights_rsa.pdf', folder='weights')
| 40,858 |
https://github.com/NtreevSoft/Crema/blob/master/common/Ntreev.Crema.Spreadsheet/Excel/SpreadsheetReader.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Crema
|
NtreevSoft
|
C#
|
Code
| 937 | 3,107 |
//Released under the MIT License.
//
//Copyright (c) 2018 Ntreev Soft co., Ltd.
//
//Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
//documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
//rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
//persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
//The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
//Software.
//
//THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
//WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
//COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
//OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using ClosedXML.Excel;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Packaging;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Spreadsheet;
using Ntreev.Crema.Data;
using Ntreev.Crema.Data.Xml.Schema;
using Ntreev.Library;
namespace Ntreev.Crema.Spreadsheet.Excel
{
public class SpreadsheetReader : IDisposable
{
private XLWorkbook workbook;
public SpreadsheetReader(string filename)
: this(new XLWorkbook(filename))
{
}
public SpreadsheetReader(Stream stream)
: this(new XLWorkbook(stream))
{
}
private SpreadsheetReader(XLWorkbook workbook)
{
this.workbook = workbook;
}
public void Dispose()
{
this.workbook.Dispose();
this.workbook = null;
}
public static string[] ReadSheetNames(string filename)
{
using (var fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
{
return SpreadsheetReader.ReadSheetNames(fs);
}
}
public static string[] ReadSheetNames(Stream stream)
{
using (var doc = SpreadsheetDocument.Open(stream, false))
{
var sheets = doc.WorkbookPart.Workbook.GetFirstChild<Sheets>();
var query = from item in sheets.Elements<Sheet>()
orderby item.Name.Value
select item.Name.Value;
return query.ToArray();
}
}
public void Read(CremaDataSet dataSet)
{
this.Read(dataSet, new Progress());
}
public void Read(CremaDataSet dataSet, IProgress progress)
{
var query = from sheet in this.workbook.Worksheets
join table in dataSet.Tables on sheet.Name equals SpreadsheetUtility.Ellipsis(table.Name)
orderby table.Name
select sheet;
var items = query.ToArray();
var step = new StepProgress(progress);
step.Begin(items.Length);
foreach (var item in query)
{
this.ReadSheet(item, dataSet);
step.Next("read {0} : {1}", ConsoleProgress.GetProgressString(step.Step + 1, items.Length), item.Name);
}
step.Complete();
}
private void ReadSheet(IXLWorksheet worksheet, CremaDataSet dataSet)
{
var dataTable = dataSet.Tables.FirstOrDefault(item => item.Name == worksheet.Name);
if (dataTable == null)
{
if (worksheet.Name.IndexOf('~') >= 0)
{
dataTable = dataSet.Tables.FirstOrDefault(item => SpreadsheetUtility.Ellipsis(item.Name) == worksheet.Name);
}
}
if (dataTable == null)
return;
var columns = this.ReadColumns(dataTable, worksheet.FirstRow());
foreach (var item in worksheet.Rows().Skip(1))
{
if (item.Cells(true).Any() == false)
continue;
this.ReadRow(dataTable, columns, item);
}
}
private string[] ReadColumns(CremaDataTable dataTable, IXLRow row)
{
var columns = new List<string>();
foreach (var item in row.Cells())
{
var text = item.GetString();
if (text == string.Empty)
{
var message = string.Format("'{0}!{1}'의 이름이 공백입니다. 열의 이름은 공백이 될 수 없습니다.", item.Address.Worksheet.Name, item.Address);
throw new CremaDataException(message);
}
if (text == CremaSchema.Tags || text == CremaSchema.Enable || text == CremaSchema.RelationID)
{
columns.Add(text);
continue;
}
if (text == CremaSchema.Creator || text == CremaSchema.CreatedDateTime || text == CremaSchema.Modifier || text == CremaSchema.ModifiedDateTime)
{
columns.Add(text);
continue;
}
if (dataTable.Columns.Contains(text) == false)
{
var message = string.Format("'{0}!{1}'의 '{2}'열은 '{3}'테이블에 존재하지 않는 열입니다.", item.Address.Worksheet.Name, item.Address, item.Value, dataTable.TableName);
throw new CremaDataException(message);
}
if (columns.Contains(text) == true)
{
var message = string.Format("'{0}!{1}'의 '{2}'열은 이미 존재합니다.", item.Address.Worksheet.Name, item.Address, item.Value);
throw new CremaDataException(message);
}
columns.Add(text);
}
return columns.ToArray();
}
private void ReadRow(CremaDataTable dataTable, string[] columns, IXLRow row)
{
var fields = this.CollectFields(dataTable, columns, row);
if (fields.Any() == false)
return;
var dataRow = this.NewRow(dataTable, fields, row);
foreach (var item in dataTable.Columns)
{
if (fields.ContainsKey(item.ColumnName) == true)
{
dataRow[item] = fields[item.ColumnName];
}
}
foreach (var item in dataTable.Attributes)
{
if (fields.ContainsKey(item.AttributeName) == true)
{
dataRow.SetAttribute(item.AttributeName, fields[item.AttributeName]);
}
}
try
{
dataTable.Rows.Add(dataRow);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new CremaDataException(string.Format("'{0}!{1}' 행 추가중에 문제가 발생했습니다.", row.Worksheet.Name, row.RangeAddress), e);
}
}
private CremaDataRow NewRow(CremaDataTable dataTable, Dictionary<string, object> fields, IXLRow row)
{
if (dataTable.Parent == null)
return dataTable.NewRow();
if (fields.ContainsKey(CremaSchema.RelationID) == false)
{
throw new CremaDataException(string.Format("'{0}!{1}'에 부모 행 번호가 존재하지 않습니다.", row.Worksheet.Name, row.RangeAddress));
}
var rowIndex = (int)fields[CremaSchema.RelationID];
var index = rowIndex - 2;
var parentTable = dataTable.Parent;
if (index < 0 || index >= parentTable.Rows.Count)
{
throw new CremaDataException(string.Format("'{0}!{1}'에 부모 행 번호'{2}'은(는) 잘못된 값입니다.", row.Worksheet.Name, row.RangeAddress, rowIndex));
}
var parentRow = parentTable.Rows[index];
return dataTable.NewRow(parentRow);
}
private Dictionary<string, object> CollectFields(CremaDataTable dataTable, string[] columns, IXLRow row)
{
var fields = new Dictionary<string, object>(columns.Length);
foreach (var item in row.Cells())
{
if (item.Value == null || item.Value.ToString() == string.Empty)
continue;
var columnIndex = item.Address.ColumnNumber - 1;
if (columnIndex >= columns.Length)
throw new CremaDataException("'{0}!{1}'의 값'{2}'은(는) 테이블 범위 밖에 있으므로 사용할 수 없습니다.", item.Address.Worksheet.Name, item.Address, item.Value);
var columnName = columns[columnIndex];
var column = dataTable.Columns[columnName];
try
{
if (columnName == CremaSchema.Creator || columnName == CremaSchema.CreatedDateTime || columnName == CremaSchema.Modifier || columnName == CremaSchema.ModifiedDateTime)
{
continue;
}
if (columnName == CremaSchema.Tags)
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetString());
}
else if (columnName == CremaSchema.Enable)
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetBoolean());
}
else if (columnName == CremaSchema.RelationID)
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<int>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(byte))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<byte>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(sbyte))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<sbyte>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(short))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<short>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(ushort))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<ushort>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(int))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<int>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(uint))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<uint>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(float))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetValue<float>());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(double))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetDouble());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(bool))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetBoolean());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(TimeSpan))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetTimeSpan());
}
else if (column.DataType == typeof(DateTime))
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetDateTime());
}
else
{
fields.Add(columnName, item.GetString());
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new CremaDataException(string.Format("'{0}!{1}'의 값'{2}'은(는) '{3}'열의 적합한 값이 아닙니다.", item.Address.Worksheet.Name, item.Address, item.Value, columnName), e);
}
}
return fields;
}
}
}
| 26,714 |
2021/32021R0441/32021R0441_GA.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
Irish
|
Spoken
| 7,034 | 17,360 |
L_2021085GA.01015401.xml
12.3.2021
GA
Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh
L 85/154
RIALACHÁN CUR CHUN FEIDHME (AE) 2021/441 ÓN gCOIMISIÚN
an 11 Márta 2021
lena bhforchuirtear dleacht frithdhumpála chinntitheach ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne iad tar éis athbhreithniú éaga a dhéanamh de bhun Airteagal 11(2) de Rialachán (AE) 2016/1036 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle
TÁ AN COIMISIÚN EORPACH,
Ag féachaint don Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh,
Ag féachaint do Rialachán (AE) 2016/1036 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 8 Meitheamh 2016 maidir le cosaint i gcoinne allmhairí dumpáilte ó thíortha nach baill den Aontas Eorpach iad (1) (“an bun-Rialachán”), agus go háirithe Airteagal 11(2) de,
De bharr an mhéid seo a leanas:
1. NÓS IMEACHTA
1.1. Bearta atá i bhfeidhm
(1)
I mí Iúil 2002, trí Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1339/2002 (2) d’fhorchuir an Chomhairle dleacht frithdhumpála chinntitheach 21 % ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne iad agus dleacht frithdhumpála chinntitheach 18,3 % ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh na hIndia iad (“an chéad tréimhse imscrúdaithe”).
(2)
Trí Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1338/2002 (3), d’fhorchuir an Chomhairle dleacht frithchúitimh chinntitheach 7,1 % ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh na hIndia iad.
(3)
Trí Chinneadh 2002/611/CE (4), ghlac an Coimisiún le gealltanas i dtaca le praghsanna maidir leis na bearta frithdhumpála agus na bearta frith-fhóirdheontais araon ar na hallmhairí ón India arna dtairiscint ag táirgeoir onnmhairiúcháin amháin as an India, eadhon Kokan Synthetics and Chemicals Pvt. Ltd (“Kokan”).
(4)
I mí Feabhra 2004, trí Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 236/2004 (5), mhéadaigh an Chomhairle ráta na dleachta frithdhumpála cinntithí is infheidhme maidir le hallmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne iad ó 21 % go dtí 33,7 % tar éis ath-imscrúdú ionsúcháin a dhéanamh.
(5)
I mí an Mhárta 2004, trí Cinneadh 2004/255/CE (6), rinne an Coimisiún aisghairm ar Chinneadh 2002/611/CE tar éis do Kokan an gealltanas a tharraingt siar go deonach.
(6)
Trí Cinneadh 2006/37/CE (7), ghlac an Coimisiún le gealltanas nua i dtaca leis na bearta frithdhumpála agus na bearta frith-fhóirdheontais araon ar na hallmhairí ón India arna dtairiscint ag Kokan. Rinneadh Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1338/2002 agus Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1339/2002 a leasú dá réir sin le Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 123/2006. (8)
(7)
Trí Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1000/2008 (9), d’fhorchuir an Chomhairle dleachtanna frithdhumpála ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne agus na hIndia iad tar éis athbhreithniú éaga a dhéanamh ar na bearta. Trí Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1010/2008 (10), d’fhorchuir an Chomhairle dleachtanna frithchúitimh cinntitheacha ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh na hIndia iad agus leasaigh sí leibhéal na ndleachtanna frithdhumpála ar allmhairí na hIndia d’aigéad sulfainileach tar éis athbhreithniú éaga agus athbhreithniú eatramhach a dhéanamh.
(8)
Trí Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1346/2014 (11) d’fhorchuir an Coimisiún dleacht frithdhumpála chinntitheach ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne iad agus dleacht frithdhumpála chinntitheach ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh na hIndia iad tar éis athbhreithniú éaga a dhéanamh. Trí Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1347/2014 (12), rinne an Coimisiún aisghairm ar an dleacht frithchúitimh chinntitheach ar allmhairí d’aigéad sulfainileach ar de thionscnamh na hIndia iad tar éis athbhreithniú éaga a dhéanamh.
1.2. Iarraidh ar athbhreithniú éaga
(9)
Tar éis fhoilsiú an Fhógra maidir le dul in éag atá le tarlú (13) ar na bearta frithdhumpála atá i bhfeidhm ar allmhairí ó Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne, fuair an Coimisiún iarraidh an 19 Meán Fómhair 2019 ar athbhreithniú éaga a thionscnamh i dtaca leis na bearta sin de bhun Airteagal 11(2) den bhun-Rialachán. Rinne Bondalti Chemicals S.A. (“an t-iarratasóir” nó “Bondalti”) an iarraidh a thaisceadh, arb é an t-aon táirgeoir d’aigéad sulfainileach é san Aontas, ag léiriú dá bhrí sin 100 % de tháirgeadh an Aontais.
(10)
Bhí an iarraidh bunaithe ar na forais gur dhócha go leanfaí le dumpáil nó go gcuirfí tús léi arís agus go leanfaí le díobháil nó go gcuirfí tús léi arís don tionscal de chuid an Aontais de thoradh dhul in éag na mbeart.
1.3. Athbhreithniú éaga a thionscnamh
(11)
Tar éis a chinneadh go raibh fianaise leordhóthanach ann chun athbhreithniú éaga a thionscnamh, d’fhógair an Coimisiún an 18 Nollaig 2019, trí Fhógra arna fhoilsiú in Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh (14) (“an Fógra Tionscnaimh”), go rabhthas chun athbhreithniú éaga a thionscnamh de bhun Airteagal 11(2) den bhun-Rialachán.
1.4. Imscrúdú
1.4.1. An tréimhse imscrúdaithe athbhreithnithe agus an tréimhse a measadh
(12)
San imscrúdú ar leanúint den dumpáil nó í a thosú arís, cumhdaíodh an tréimhse ón 1 Deireadh Fómhair 2018 go dtí an 30 Meán Fómhair 2019 (“an tréimhse imscrúdaithe athbhreithnithe”). San imscrúdú ar threochtaí atá ábhartha maidir leis an measúnú ar an dóchúlacht go leanfar den díobháil nó go dtosófaí arís í, cumhdaíodh an tréimhse ón 1 Eanáir 2016 go deireadh na tréimhse imscrúdaithe athbhreithnithe (“an tréimhse a measadh”).
1.4.2. Páirtithe leasmhara
(13)
San Fhógra Tionscnaimh, d’iarr an Coimisiún ar na páirtithe leasmhara teagmháil a dhéanamh leis chun bheith rannpháirteach san imscrúdú. Ina theannta sin, chuir an Coimisiún táirgeoirí onnmhairiúcháin aitheanta, údaráis Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne, agus allmhaireoirí agus úsáideoirí aitheanta ar an eolas go sonrach maidir le tionscnamh an imscrúdaithe agus d’iarr sé orthu a bheith rannpháirteach.
(14)
Níor tháinig aon pháirtí chun cinn.
(15)
Bhí deis ag na páirtithe leasmhara barúil a thabhairt ar thionscnamh an imscrúdaithe agus éisteacht a iarraidh leis an gCoimisiún agus/nó leis an Oifigeach Éisteachta in imeachtaí trádála.
(16)
Níor tionóladh aon éisteacht leis an gCoimisiún ná leis an Oifigeach Éisteachta.
1.4.3. Sampláil
1.4.3.1. Sampláil táirgeoirí onnmhairiúcháin i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne
(17)
Chun a chinneadh an raibh gá le sampláil agus, más amhlaidh a bhí, chun sampla a roghnú, d’iarr an Coimisiún ar gach táirgeoir onnmhairiúcháin aitheanta i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne an fhaisnéis a shonraítear san Fhógra Tionscnaimh a sholáthar. Ina theannta sin, d’iarr sé ar Mhisean Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne chuig an Aontas Eorpach táirgeoirí onnmhairiúcháin eile a shainaithint, má ba ann dóibh, ar táirgeoirí iad a bhféadfadh suim a bheith acu a bheith rannpháirteach san imscrúdú. Ní raibh aon chomhlachas táirgeoirí ann a rabhthas ar an eolas fúthu agus a ndeachthas i dteagmháil leo.
(18)
Níor tháinig aon chuideachta ó Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne chun cinn.
(19)
Dá dhroim sin, chuir an Coimisiún in iúl d’údaráis Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne (15) go raibh sé beartaithe aige fíorais a bhí ar fáil faoi Airteagal 18 den bhun-Rialachán a úsáid le linn dó leanúint Nóta Briathartha nó atarlú na dumpála a imscrúdú. Níor thug údaráis Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne aon fhreagra.
1.4.3.2. Sampláil allmhaireoirí neamhghaolmhara
(20)
Chun a chinneadh an raibh gá le sampláil agus, más amhlaidh a bhí, chun sampla a roghnú, d’iarr an Coimisiún ar gach allmhaireoir neamhghaolmhar, nó ionadaithe a bhí ag gníomhú thar a cheann, lena n-áirítear iad siúd nár chomhoibrigh san imscrúdú agus a raibh na bearta atá faoi réir an athbhreithnithe reatha dá dtoradh, iad féin a chur in aithne agus an fhaisnéis a shonraítear san Fhógra Tionscnaimh a sholáthar.
(21)
Níor tháinig aon allmhaireoir chun cinn.
1.4.4. Freagraí ar an gceistneoir agus fíorú
(22)
Chuir an Coimisiún na ceistneoirí le haghaidh na dtáirgeoirí onnmhairiúcháin, na dtáirgeoirí de chuid an Aontais, agus na dtairgeoirí neamhghaolmhara ar fáil ar líne.
(23)
Fuarthas an freagra ar an gceistneoir ón aon táirgeoir amháin ón Aontas.
(24)
Sheol an Coimisiún ceistneoir chuig Rialtas na Síne maidir le saobhadh suntasach a bheith i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne de réir bhrí Airteagal 2(6a)(b) den bhun-Rialachán.
(25)
Lorg an Coimisiún an fhaisnéis uile a measadh ba ghá chun cinneadh a dhéanamh maidir leis an dóchúlacht go leanfaí den dumpáil agus den díobháil nó go dtarlóidís arís agus leas an Aontais.
(26)
Tar éis ráig phaindéim COVID-19, chinn an Coimisiún gach taisteal neamhriachtanach a chur ar fionraí agus chuir sé na páirtithe leasmhara ar an eolas maidir leis sin (16). Ina dhiaidh sin, rinneadh cros-seiceáil chianda ar an bhfaisnéis a cuireadh isteach sa cheistneoir do na páirtithe seo a leanas:
Táirgeoir ón Aontas:
—
Bondalti Chemicals S.A.
1.4.5. Sonraí a chur i láthair
(27)
Ós rud é nach bhfuil ach táirgeoir amháin i dtionscal an Aontais, tá roinnt de na figiúirí a chuirtear i láthair sa rialachán seo i bhfoirm raonta ar chúiseanna rúndachta.
1.4.6. An nós imeachta chun an gnáthluach a chinneadh faoi Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán
(28)
Ós rud é go raibh fianaise leordhóthanach ar fáil nuair a tionscnaíodh an t-imscrúdú agus go bhféadfaí a thaispeáint, maidir le Daon-Phoblacht na Síne, gurbh ann do shaobhadh suntasach de réir bhrí phointe (b) d’Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán, thionscain an Coimisiún an t-imscrúdú ar bhonn Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán. D’fhonn faisnéis a fháil a mheas sé go mba ghá dá imscrúdú maidir leis an saobhadh suntasach a líomhnaíodh, sheol an Coimisiún ceistneoir chuig Rialtas na Síne. Ina theannta sin, i bpointe 5.3.2 den Fhógra Tionscnaimh, thug an Coimisiún cuireadh do gach páirtí leasmhar a gcuid tuairimí a chur in iúl, faisnéis a chur isteach agus fianaise thacaíochta a chur ar fáil maidir le cur i bhfeidhm Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán laistigh de 37 lá ó dháta fhoilsiú an Fhógra Tionscnaimh in Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh. Ní bhfuarthas aon fhreagra ar an gceistneoir ó Rialtas na Síne agus ní bhfuarthas aon aighneacht maidir le cur i bhfeidhm Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán.
(29)
Shonraigh an Coimisiún freisin i bpointe 5.3.2 den Fhógra Tionscnaimh, i bhfianaise na fianaise a bhí ar fáil, go raibh an India roghnaithe go sealadach aige mar fhoinse iomchuí de bhun Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán chun críche an gnáthluach a chinneadh bunaithe ar phraghsanna nó tagarmharcanna neamhshaofa. Luaigh an Coimisiún freisin go scrúdódh sé foinsí eile féideartha.
(30)
An 7 Bealtaine 2020, chuir an Coimisiún na páirtithe leasmhara ar an eolas trí bhíthin an chéad nóta (“Nóta an 7 Bealtaine”) maidir leis na foinsí ábhartha a bhí beartaithe aige a úsáid chun an gnáthluach a chinneadh. Sa nóta sin, chuir an Coimisiún liosta ar fáil de na tosca táirgeachta uile amhail amhábhair, saothar agus fuinneamh a úsáideadh chun aigéad sulfainileach a tháirgeadh. Ina theannta sin, bunaithe ar na critéir a threoraíonn an rogha praghsanna nó tagarmharcanna neamhshaofa, dheimhnigh an Coimisiún go raibh sé beartaithe aige an India a roghnú mar fhoinse iomchuí. Is é an t-iarratasóir amháin a sheol barúlacha maidir leis an Nóta an 7 Bealtaine.
(31)
An 25 Meán Fómhair 2020, chuir an Coimisiún páirtithe leasmhara ar an eolas trí bhíthin an dara nóta (“Nóta an 25 Meán Fómhair”) faoi na foinsí ábhartha a bhí beartaithe aige a úsáid chun an gnáthluach a chinneadh agus dheimhnigh sé gur roghnaigh sé an India mar fhoinse iomchuí. Chuir sé in iúl freisin do pháirtithe leasmhara go leagfadh sé síos costais díolacháin, costais ghinearálta agus costais riaracháin agus na brabúis bunaithe ar fhaisnéis a bhí ar fáil don chuideachta Aarti, táirgeoir san India. Breithníodh barúlacha arna seoladh ag an iarratasóir. Ní bhfuarthas aon bharúil maidir leis an dara nóta.
1.4.7. An nós imeachta ina dhiaidh sin
(32)
An 14 Nollaig 2020, nocht an Coimisiún na fíorais agus na breithnithe fíor-riachtanacha ar a bhfuil sé beartaithe aige na dleachtanna frithdhumpála a choinneáil ar bun. Deonaíodh tréimhse do na páirtithe uile ina bhféadfaidís barúlacha a dhéanamh maidir leis an nochtadh. Chuir an t-iarratasóir barúlacha isteach a thacaigh le torthaí an Choimisiúin.
2. TÁIRGE FAOI ATHBHREITHNIÚ AGUS TÁIRGE COMHCHOSÚIL
2.1. Táirge faoi athbhreithniú
(33)
Is é aigéad sulfainileach agus a shalainn, ar de thionscnamh Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne iad, an táirge atá faoi réir an athbhreithnithe seo (17) (“an táirge faoi athbhreithniú”), agus a thagann faoi chód CN ex 2921 42 00 faoi láthair (Cóid TARIC 2921420040, 2921420060, agus 2921420061). Áirítear air sin:
—
Aigéad sulfainileach, bíodh sé ianaithe nó de cháilíocht theicniúil, i bhfoirm tuaslagáin nó púdair, agus
—
Salainn aigéid shulfainiligh, bídís ianaithe nó de cháilíochtaí teicniúla, i bhfoirm tuaslagáin nó púdair, arna dtáirgeadh tríd an tuaslagán d’aigéad sulfainileach a chóireáil le hiodrocsaíd sóidiam, sárocsaíd photaisiam, nó hiodrocsaíd chailciam (nó ocsaíd), agus as a gcruthófar:
—
Sulfainioláit sóidiam,
—
Sulfainioláit photaisiam, nó
—
Sulfainioláit chailciam.
(34)
Úsáidtear aigéad sulfainileach mar amhábhar chun ábhar gealta optúil, breiseáin treisiúcháin, datháin bhia agus ruaimeanna speisialtachta a tháirgeadh, agus laistigh den tionscal cógaisíochta.
2.2. Táirge comhchosúil
(35)
Mar a leagadh síos sa chéad tréimhse imscrúdaithe agus in athbhreithnithe éaga ina dhiaidh sin, deimhníodh leis an imscrúdú den athbhreithniú éaga seo go bhfuil na saintréithe bunúsacha fisiceacha agus teicniúla céanna, chomh maith leis na húsáidí bunúsacha céanna, ag na táirgí seo a leanas:
—
an táirge faoi athbhreithniú
—
an táirge a táirgeadh agus a díoladh ar mhargadh intíre Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne agus
—
an táirge arb é an tionscal de chuid an Aontais a tháirg agus a dhíol é.
Dá bhrí sin, meastar gur táirgí comhchosúla iad na táirgí sin de réir bhrí Airteagal 1(4) den bhun-Rialachán.
3. AN DÓCHÚLACHT GO LEANFAR DEN DUMPÁIL NÓ GO dTOSÓFAR ARÍS Í
(36)
I gcomhréir le hAirteagal 11(2) den bhun-Rialachán, agus mar a luadh san Fhógra Tionscnaimh, scrúdaigh an Coimisiún ar dhóigh go leanfaí den dumpáil nó go dtosófaí ar dumpáil arís ó Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne de bharr dhul in éag na mbeart atá i bhfeidhm.
3.1. Neamh-chomhoibriú ó na cuideachtaí a sampláladh agus ó Rialtas na Síne
(37)
Mar a luadh in aithris (18), níor chomhoibrigh aon duine de na honnmhaireoirí/táirgeoirí ó Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne san imscrúdú. Dá bhrí sin, an 27 Eanáir 2020, chuir an Coimisiún in iúl d’údaráis na Sine i ngeall nach bhfuil comhar ann ó tháirgeoirí onnmhairiúcháin i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne, go bhféadfadh an Coimisiún Airteagal 18 den bhun-Rialachán a chur i bhfeidhm maidir lena thorthaí. Chuir an Coimisiún i dtábhacht freisin go bhféadfadh níos lú fabhair a bheith ag baint le toradh a bheadh bunaithe ar fhíorais a bhí ar fáil do na páirtithe lena mbaineann agus d’iarr sé ar Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne barúil a thabhairt. Ní bhfuair an Coimisiún aon bharúil maidir leis sin.
(38)
An 18 Nollaig 2019, sheol an Coimisiún ceistneoir frithdhumpála chuig Rialtas na Síne a bhí dírithe ar údaráis Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne. Cuireadh an ceistneoir sin ar fáil do Rialtas na Síne chun deis a thabhairt dó a thuairimí a sholáthar maidir leis an bhfianaise a bhí san iarraidh ar ar éilíodh gur ann do shaobhadh suntasach ar mhargadh intíre na Síne maidir leis an táirge faoi athbhreithniú a thugann údar cuí do chur i bhfeidhm Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán. Mar a cuireadh i dtábhacht in aithris (28) thuas, níor thug Rialtas na Síne aon fhreagra ar an gceistneoir ná níor thug sé aghaidh ar an bhfianaise i gcomhad an cháis arna sholáthar ag an iarratasóir, lena n-áirítear an “Doiciméad Inmheánach Oibre de chuid an Choimisiúin maidir le Saobhadh Suntasach i nGeilleagar Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne chun críocha Imscrúduithe Cosanta Trádála” (“an Tuarascáil”).
(39)
An 27 Eanáir 2020, chuir an Coimisiún údaráis Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne ar an eolas go raibh sé beartaithe aige Airteagal 18 den bhun-Rialachán a chur i bhfeidhm freisin agus a chuid torthaí maidir leis an saobhadh luaite i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne a bhunú ar na fíorais a bhí ar fáil. Chuir an Coimisiún i dtábhacht freisin go bhféadfadh níos lú fabhair a bheith ag baint le toradh a bheadh bunaithe ar fhíorais a bhí ar fáil don pháirtí lena mbaineann agus d’iarr sé ar Rialtas na Síne barúil a thabhairt. Ní bhfuair an Coimisiún aon bharúil. Níor chláraigh Daon-Phoblacht na Síne mar pháirtí leasmhar san imeacht.
(40)
Dá bhrí sin, i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 18(1) den bhun-Rialachán, bhí na torthaí maidir le saobhadh suntasach a leagtar amach thíos a bheith ann bunaithe ar na fíorais a bhí ar fáil. Go háirithe, bhí an Coimisiún ag brath ar an bhfaisnéis a bhí san iarraidh ar athbhreithniú agus ar fhoinsí eile faisnéise a bhí ar fáil go poiblí amhail suíomhanna gréasáin ábhartha.
(41)
I gcomhréir le hAirteagal 18(1) den bhun-Rialachán, bhí na torthaí maidir leis an dóchúlacht go leanfaí den dumpáil nó go dtosófaí í arís a leagtar amach thíos bunaithe ar na fíorais a bhí ar fáil. Go háirithe, bhí an Coimisiún ag brath ar an bhfaisnéis a bhí san iarraidh ar athbhreithniú agus sa staidreamh atá bunaithe ar na sonraí arna dtuairisciú ag na Ballstáit don Choimisiún i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 14(6) den bhun-Rialachán (“bunachar sonraí 14(6)”), agus Eurostat. Ina theannta sin, bhain an Coimisiún úsáid as foinsí eile faisnéise a bhí ar fáil go poiblí amhail bunachar sonraí an Global Trade Atlas (“GTA”) agus suíomhanna gréasáin tháirgeoirí ábhartha na Síne (18).
3.2. Dumpáil le linn na tréimhse imscrúdaithe athbhreithnithe
(42)
Mar a míníodh i roinn 4.3, b’fhiú níos mó ná aon trian d’allmhairí iomlána an táirge faoi athbhreithniú allmhairí na Síne isteach san Aontas. Cinneadh go raibh an méid d’allmhairí na Síne ionadaíoch chun críche an dumpáil a rinneadh le linn na tréimhse imscrúdaithe athbhreithnithe a ríomh.
3.2.1. Gnáthluach
(43)
I gcomhréir le hAirteagal 2(1) den bhun-Rialachán, “beidh an gnáthluach bunaithe ar an bpraghas a íocadh nó atá le híoc de ghnáth, i ngnáthchúrsa trádála, ag custaiméirí neamhspleácha sa tír is onnmhaireoir”.
(44)
Mar sin féin, de réir Airteagal 2(6a)(a) den bhun-Rialachán, “i gcás ina gcinntear […] nach bhfuil sé iomchuí praghsanna intíre agus costais a úsáid sa tír is onnmhaireoir i ngeall go bhfuil saobhadh suntasach sa tír sin de réir bhrí phointe (b), déanfar an gnáthluach a thógáil go heisiach ar bhonn na gcostas táirgthe agus díolachán ina léirítear praghsanna nó tagarmharcanna neamhshaofa”, agus “áireofar leis méid neamhshaofa agus réasúnach de chostais riaracháin, díolacháin agus costais ghinearálta agus i gcomhair brabús”.
(45)
Mar a mhínítear tuilleadh thíos i Roinn 3.2.2, tháinig an Coimisiún ar an gconclúid san imscrúdú seo, bunaithe ar an bhfianaise atá ar fáil agus ag féachaint don easpa comhair ó Rialtas na Síne agus ó na táirgeoirí onnmhairiúcháin, go raibh sé iomchuí Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán a chur i bhfeidhm.
3.2.2. Saobhadh suntasach a bheith ann
3.2.2.1. Réamhrá
(46)
Déantar “saobhadh suntasach” a shainiú in Airteagal 2(6a)(b) den bhun-Rialachán mar an saobhadh sin a tharlaíonn nuair nach torthaí ar fhórsaí an mhargaidh shaoir iad na praghsanna nó na costais a tuairiscíodh, lena n-áirítear costais amhábhar agus fuinnimh, toisc go bhfuil tionchar ag idirghabháil shubstainteach rialtais orthu. Agus measúnú á dhéanamh an ann do shaobhadh suntasach, tabharfar aird, inter alia, ar an tionchar a d’fhéadfadh a bheith ag ceann amháin nó níos mó de na nithe seo a leanas:
—
an margadh atá i gceist a bheith á chothú go suntasach ag fiontair a oibríonn faoi úinéireacht, faoi smacht, nó faoi mhaoirseacht beartais, nó faoi stiúir údaráis na tíre is onnmhaireoir;
—
an stát a bheith i láthair i gcuideachtaí lena gcumasaítear don stát cur isteach i leith praghsanna nó costas;
—
beartais phoiblí nó bearta poiblí lena ndéantar idirdhealú i bhfabhar soláthraithe intíre nó lena n-imrítear tionchar ar chaoi eile ar fhórsaí an mhargaidh shaoir;
—
maidir leis na dlíthe féimheachta, corparáideacha, nó maoine, easnamh a bheith ann ina leith, nó iad a chur i bhfeidhm go hidirdhealaitheach nó iad a fhorfheidhmiú go neamhleor;
—
saobhadh a bheith á dhéanamh ar chostais pá;
—
rochtain ar mhaoiniú arna dheonú ag institiúidí a chuireann cuspóirí beartais phoiblí chun feidhme nó ar chaoi eile nach ngníomhaíonn go neamhspleách ar an stát”.
(47)
De réir Airteagal 2(6a)(b) den bhun-Rialachán, sa mheasúnú ar an ann do shaobhadh suntasach de réir bhrí Airteagal 2(6a)(a) cuirfear san áireamh, i measc nithe eile, liosta neamh-uileghabhálach gnéithe san fhoráil roimhe sin. De bhun Airteagal 2(6a)(b) den bhun-Rialachán, agus measúnú á dhéanamh ar an ann do shaobhadh suntasach, tabharfar aird ar an tionchar a d’fhéadfadh a bheith ag ceann amháin nó níos mó de na gnéithe seo ar phraghsanna agus ar chostais sa tír is onnmhaireoir den táirge faoi athbhreithniú. Go deimhin, toisc gur liosta neamhcharnach é an liosta sin, ní gá aird a thabhairt ar na gnéithe go léir chun toradh de shaobhadh suntasach a fháil. Thairis sin, féadfar na tosca fíorasacha céanna a úsáid chun a thaispeáint gur ann do cheann amháin nó níos mó de na gnéithe ar an liosta. Mar sin féin, ní mór aon chonclúid maidir le saobhadh suntasach de réir bhrí Airteagal 2(6a)(a) a dhéanamh ar bhonn na fianaise go léir atá idir lámha. Féadfaidh an measúnú foriomlán ar an ann do shaobhadh comhthéacs ginearálta agus an cás sa tír is onnmhaireoir a chur san áireamh freisin, go háirithe i gcás ina dtugann na gnéithe bunúsacha de chomhdhéanamh eacnamaíoch agus riaracháin na tíre is onnmhaireoir cumhachtaí substainteacha don rialtas chun idirghabháil a dhéanamh sa gheilleagar ar bhealach a fhágfaidh nach torthaí ar shaor-fhorbairt fhórsaí an mhargaidh iad na praghsanna ná na costais.
(48)
Foráiltear in Airteagal 2(6a)(c) den bhun-Rialachán “i gcás ina bhfuil údar maith ag an gCoimisiún le creidiúint go bhféadfadh saobhadh suntasach dá dtagraítear i bpointe (b) a bheith ann i dtír ar leith nó in earnáil ar leith sa tír sin, agus i gcás inarb iomchuí chun an Rialachán seo a chur i bhfeidhm ar bhealach éifeachtach, déanfaidh an Coimisiún tuarascáil lena dtuairisceofar imthosca an mhargaidh dá dtagraítear i bpointe (b) sa tír sin nó san earnáil sin a ullmhú, a phoibliú agus a thabhairt cothrom le dáta”.
(49)
De bhun na forála sin, d’eisigh an Coimisiún tuarascáil de réir tíre maidir le Daon-Phoblacht na Síne (19), ina dtaispeántar gur ann d’idirghabháil shubstainteach rialtais ar go leor leibhéal den gheilleagar, lena n-áirítear saobhadh sonrach i gcuid mhaith príomhthosca táirgeachta (amhail talamh, fuinneamh, caipiteal, amhábhar agus saothar) chomh maith le hearnálacha sonracha (amhail cruach agus ceimiceáin). Tugadh cuireadh do pháirtithe leasmhara an fhianaise a bhí sa chomhad imscrúdaithe ag tráth an tionscnaimh a fhrisnéis, barúil a thabhairt ina leith nó an fhianaise a fhorlíonadh. Cuireadh an Tuarascáil sa chomhad imscrúdaithe ag an gcéim thionscnaimh.
(50)
Soláthraíodh fianaise bhreise san iarraidh ar athbhreithniú gur ann do shaobhadh suntasach in earnáil an aigéid shulfainiligh de réir bhrí Airteagal 2(6a)(b), a chomhlánaíonn an Tuarascáil. Chuir an t-iarratasóir fianaise ar fáil go bhfuil tionchar ag an saobhadh a luaitear sa Tuarascáil (go bhféadfadh tionchar a bheith aige ar a laghad) ar tháirgeadh agus ar dhíol an táirge faoi athbhreithniú, go háirithe de bharr go gcuireann an stát isteach go mór ar earnáil na gceimiceán, lena n-áirítear in earnálacha a bhaineann le táirgeadh aigéid shulfainiligh, go háirithe in earnálacha ionchuir agus a mhéid a bhaineann leis na tosca táirgeachta.
(51)
Scrúdaigh an Coimisiún an raibh nó nach raibh sé iomchuí praghsanna agus costais intíre a úsáid i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne, i ngeall gur ann do shaobhadh suntasach de réir bhrí phointe (b) d’Airteagal 2(6a) den bhun-Rialachán. Rinne an Coimisiún é sin ar bhonn na fianaise a bhí ar fáil ar an gcomhad, lena n-áirítear an fhianaise a bhí sa Tuarascáil, a bhíonn ag brath ar fhoinsí atá ar fáil go poiblí. Cumhdaíodh san anailís sin an scrúdú a rinneadh ar na hidirghabhálacha substainteacha rialtais i ngeilleagar Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne go ginearálta, ach cumhdaíodh freisin an staid shonrach margaidh san earnáil ábhartha lena n-áirítear an táirge faoi athbhreithniú.
3.2.2.2. Saobhadh suntasach a dhéanann difear do phraghsanna agus do chostais intíre i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne
(52)
Tá córas eacnamaíoch na Síne bunaithe ar an gcoincheap maidir le “geilleagar margaidh sóisialach”. Cumhdaítear an coincheap sin i mBunreacht na Síne agus cinntear rialachas eacnamaíoch Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne leis. Is é an príomhphrionsabal “úinéireacht phoiblí shóisialach ar na modhanna táirgthe, eadhon, úinéireacht an phobail uile agus comhúinéireacht ag an lucht oibre”. Is é an geilleagar faoi úinéireacht an Stáit “fórsa ceannasach an gheilleagair náisiúnta” agus tá sainordú ag an Stát maidir le “comhdhlúthú agus fás an gheilleagair a áirithiú” (20). Dá dhroim sin, ní hamháin go bhfágann comhdhéanamh foriomlán gheilleagar na Síne gur féidir idirghabhálacha substainteacha rialtais a dhéanamh sa gheilleagar, ach déantar idirghabhálacha den sórt sin a shainordú go sainráite. Tá an coincheap maidir le ceannas na húinéireachta poiblí ar an duine príobháideach leata ar fud an chórais dlíthiúil fhoriomláin agus cuirtear béim air mar phrionsabal ginearálta i ngach píosa lárnaigh reachtaíochta. Sampla maith de sin is ea dlí maoine na Síne: tagraíonn sé do phríomhchéim an tsóisialachais agus cuireann sé ar iontaoibh an Stáit seasamh leis an gcóras eacnamaíoch bunúsach faoina bhfuil ról ceannasach ag an úinéireacht phoiblí. Glactar le foirmeacha eile úinéireachta, agus tugtar cead de réir dlí iad a fhorbairt taobh le taobh leis an úinéireacht Stáit (21).
(53)
Ina theannta sin, faoi dhlí na Síne, forbraítear an geilleagar margaidh sóisialach faoi cheannaireacht Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne. Tá struchtúir Stát na Sine agus Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne fite fuaite ina chéile ar gach leibhéal (dlíthiúil, institiúideach, pearsanta), rud lena gcruthaítear forstruchtúr nach féidir róil an Pháirtí agus an Stáit a idirdhealú óna chéile ann. Tar éis leasú a dhéanamh ar Bhunreacht na Síne i mí an Mhárta 2018, tugadh tábhacht níos mó fós do ról ceannasach Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne trína athdhearbhú i dtéacs Airteagal 1 den Bhunreacht. Tar éis na chéad abairte atá cheana féin san fhoráil: “(i)s é an córas sóisialach córas bunúsach Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne” cuireadh dara habairt nua isteach ina léitear: “(i)s í gné shainiúil an tsóisialachais le saintréithe Síneacha ná ceannaireacht Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne.” (22) Léiríonn sé sin smacht gan cheist an Pháirtí Chumannaigh ar chóras eacnamaíoch Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne, smacht atá ag fás de shíor. Gné dhílis de chóras na Síne is ea an cheannaireacht agus an smacht sin agus gabhann siad thar an ngnáth-chás i dtíortha eile ina mbíonn smacht maicreacnamaíoch ginearálta ag na rialtais laistigh de na teorainneacha a mbíonn fórsaí an mhargaidh shaoir ag feidhmiú laistigh díobh.
(54)
Bíonn Stát na Síne ag gabháil do bheartas eacnamaíoch crioscaíolach de bhun spriocanna, a thagann leis an gclár oibre polaitiúil arna leagan síos ag Páirtí Cumannach na Síne in ionad a bheith ag léiriú na gcoinníollacha eacnamaíocha atá i réim i margadh saor (23). Tá an iliomad uirlisí eacnamaíocha crioscaíolacha in úsáid ag údaráis na Síne, lena n-áirítear an córas a bhaineann le pleanáil thionsclaíoch, an córas airgeadais agus le leibhéal na timpeallachta rialála.
(55)
Ar an gcéad dul síos, ar an leibhéal maidir le smacht riaracháin foriomlán, rialaítear treo gheilleagar na Síne trí chóras casta pleanála tionsclaíche a dhéanann difear do na gníomhaíochtaí eacnamaíocha uile laistigh den tír. Cumhdaíonn iomláine na bpleananna sin maitrís chuimsitheach agus chasta earnálacha agus beartais trasearnála agus tá siad i láthair ar gach leibhéal den rialtas. Bíonn na pleananna ar leibhéal cúige mionsonraithe agus leagtar spriocanna níos leithne síos sna pleananna náisiúnta. Sonraítear sna pleananna freisin na bealaí a úsáidtear chun tacú leis na tionscail/hearnálacha ábhartha chomh maith leis na tréimhsí ama ina gcaitear na cuspóirí a bhaint amach. Tá spriocanna follasacha aschuir i roinnt pleananna i gcónaí cé gur ghné thráthrialta de thimthriallta pleanála roimhe seo a bhíodh ansin. Faoi na pleananna, tá aird ar leith á tabhairt ar earnálacha tionsclaíocha aonair agus/nó ar thionscadail mar thosaíochtaí (dearfacha nó diúltacha) i gcomhréir le tosaíochtaí rialtais agus déantar spriocanna forbartha sonracha (uasghrádú tionsclaíoch, fairsingiú idirnáisiúnta etc.) a shannadh dóibh. Ní mór do na hoibreoirí eacnamaíocha, idir chinn phríobháideacha agus chinn faoi úinéireacht an Stáit araon, a ngníomhaíochtaí gnó a choigeartú go héifeachtach de réir an méid a fhorchuirtear leis an gcóras pleanála i ndáiríre. Ní hamháin go bhfuil sé sin fíor mar gheall ar chineál ceangailteach na bpleananna ach freisin toisc go gcloíonn údaráis ábhartha na Síne ar gach leibhéal den rialtas leis an gcóras pleananna agus toisc go n-úsáideann siad a gcumhachtaí dílse dá réir sin, rud lena gcuirtear faoi deara dá bhrí sin do na hoibreoirí eacnamaíocha na tosaíochtaí a leagtar amach sna pleananna a chomhlíonadh (féach freisin Roinn 3.2.2.5 thíos) (24).
(56)
Ar an dara dul síos, ar an leibhéal a ndéantar acmhainní airgeadais a leithdháileadh, tá an lámh in uachtar ag na bainc thráchtála faoi úinéireacht an Stáit ar chóras airgeadais Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne. Ní mór do na bainc sin, le linn dóibh a mbeartas iasachtaithe a bhunú agus a chur chun feidhme, iad féin a ailíniú leis na cuspóirí i mbeartas tionsclaíoch an rialtais seachas measúnú a dhéanamh go príomha ar fhiúntais eacnamaíocha tionscadail ar leith (féach freisin Roinn 3.2.2.8 thíos) (25). Tá an rud céanna fíor maidir leis na comhpháirteanna eile de chóras airgeadais na Síne, amhail na stocmhargaí, na margaí bannaí, na margaí cothromais phríobháideacha, etc. Chomh maith leis sin, tá na codanna sin den earnáil airgeadais seachas earnáil na baincéireachta bunaithe ar bhonn institiúide agus oibríochta ar bhealach nach bhfuil giaráilte i dtreo fheidhmiú éifeachtúil na margaí airgeadais a uasmhéadú ach i dtreo smacht a áirithiú agus idirghabháil de chuid an Stáit agus Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne a cheadú (26).
(57)
Ar an tríú dul síos, maidir le leibhéal na timpeallachta rialála, tá roinnt foirmeacha ag baint le hidirghabhálacha an Stáit sa gheilleagar. Mar shampla, úsáidtear na rialacha maidir le soláthar poiblí go tráthrialta in iarracht spriocanna beartais seachas éifeachtúlacht eacnamaíoch a bhaint amach, rud dá réir sin a bhaineann an bonn de na prionsabail mhargadhbhunaithe sa réimse. Foráiltear go sonrach sa reachtaíocht is infheidhme go ndéanfar an soláthar poiblí d’fhonn baint amach na spriocanna arna gceapadh trí bheartais an Stáit a éascú. Mar sin féin, níl an cineál spriocanna atá i gceist sainithe go fóill, rud a fhágann dá bhrí sin corrlach breithmheasa ag na comhlachtaí cinnteoireachta (27). Ar an gcaoi chéanna, sa réimse infheistíochta, coimeádann Rialtas na Síne smacht suntasach agus tá tionchar suntasach aige ar cheann scríbe agus ar dhearbhmhéid na hinfheistíochta Stáit agus príobháidí araon. Úsáideann na húdaráis scagadh infheistíochta chomh maith le dreasachtaí, srianta, agus coisc éagsúla a bhaineann le hinfheistiú mar uirlis thábhachtach chun tacaíocht a thabhairt do spriocanna beartais tionsclaíocha, amhail smacht an Stáit a choimeád ar phríomh-earnálacha nó borradh a chur faoin tionscal intíre (28).
(58)
Mar sin, tá samhail eacnamaíoch na Síne bunaithe ar aicsímí bunúsacha áirithe, lena ndéantar foráil maidir leis an iliomad idirghabháil rialtais agus a spreagann iad. Tagann idirghabhálacha substainteacha rialtais den sórt sin salach ar shaor-imoibriú fhórsaí an mhargaidh, agus déantar leithdháileadh éifeachtach acmhainní i gcomhréir le prionsabail an mhargaidh a shaobhadh dá bharr sin (29).
3.2.2.3. Saobhadh suntasach de réir Airteagal 2(6a)(b), an chéad fhleasc den bhun-Rialachán: an margadh atá i gceist a bheith á chothú go suntasach ag fiontair a oibríonn faoi úinéireacht, faoi smacht, nó faoi mhaoirseacht beartais, nó faoi stiúir údaráis na tíre is onnmhaireoir.
(59)
I nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne, léiríonn fiontair a oibríonn faoi úinéireacht, faoi smacht agus/nó faoi mhaoirseacht beartais nó faoi threoraíocht an Stáit cuid fhíor-riachtanach den gheilleagar.
(60)
In éagmais aon chomhair ó Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne, níl ach faisnéis theoranta ag an gCoimisiún maidir le struchtúr úinéireachta na gcuideachtaí atá gníomhach in earnáil an aigéid shulfainiligh i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne. I measc na dtrí chuideachta sa tSín atá sonraithe mar phríomhtháirgeoirí ag an iarratasóir, dealraíonn sé go bhfuil siad go léir faoi úinéireacht phríobháideach. Mar sin féin, chinn an Coimisiún i gcás ceann amháin de na trí tháirgeoir – Cangzhou Lingang Yueguo Chemical Co., Ltd. – go bhfuil aonad táirgthe an fhiontair lonnaithe i gCrios Forbartha Eacnamaíoch agus Teicneolaíoch Cangzhou Lingang – páirc cheimiceán náisiúnta, atá faoi thionchar díreach Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne, mar ba léir freisin leis an tuairisc seo a leanas sna meáin: “Ar maidin an 17 Iúil, bhí cruinniú páirtí ag Craobh an Pháirtí de Lárionad Seirbhíse Tionscadal Chrios Forbartha (Eacnamaíoch agus Theicneolaíoch Lingan) chun comóradh a dhéanamh ar chothrom an lae 99 mbliana
ó bu
naíodh an Páirtí chomh maith le tionól leathbhliana 2020 an Pháirtí. D’fhreastail Li Guoqing, Comhalta de Choiste Oibre an Pháirtí sa Chrios Forbartha, Leas-Chathaoirleach an Choiste Bainistíochta agus Rúnaí Choiste an Pháirtí sna fo-eintitis, ar an gcruinniú agus thug sé óráid uaidh.” (30) I gcás ceann eile de na cuideachtaí a luadh – Zhejiang Wulong Chemical Industrial Stock Co., Ltd. – chinn an Coimisiún, bunaithe ar na tuairiscí a thug Cónaidhm Tionscail agus Tráchtála Uile-Síne, go bhfuil dlúthcheangal ag an bhfiontar le Páirtí Cumannach na Síne toisc “gur rátáladh é mar ardeagraíocht Pháirtí sa phobal ar leibhéal contae agus baile ar feadh blianta fada. Sa chuideachta seo ina bhfuil beagnach 1 000 fostaí, chruthaigh an plódú daonra a tháinig isteach deacrachtaí do na hiarrachtaí an páirtí a fhorbairt. Dá bhrí sin, d’oibrigh craobh an Pháirtí sa chuideachta go dian chun bealaí nua a fhiosrú ina bhféadfaidís an páirtí a fhorbairt sa chuideachta agus an obair chun an Páirtí a fhorbairt a leathnú amach chuig gach roinn den chuideachta. […] Dúirt Song Yunchang nach dtugann go leor fostaithe de chuid na cuideachta aird ach ar obair tháirgthe amháin agus nach bhfuil tuiscint láidir acu ar an obair a dhéantar chun an Páirtí a fhorbairt. Dá bharr sin, is féidir le fostaithe, agus go háirithe comhaltaí den pháirtí an tuiscint idé-eolaíoch a fheabhsú. (61)
Faoi mar a chuir an t-iarratasóir isteach, déanann ceann eile de na trí tháirgeoir mhóra aigéid shulfainiligh sa tSín – Hebei Honggang Chemical Industry Co., Ltd – aigéad sulfainileach a onnmhairiú trí dhá chuideachta thrádála ar a laghad atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit (Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Import and Export Trade Co., Ltd. agus China Jiangsu International Economic and Technical Cooperation Group Co., Ltd). Thairis sin, de réir an iarratasóra, tá na trí thrádálaí is mó d’aigéad sulfainileach (32) go léir faoi úinéireacht an Stáit agus rinne siad onnmhairiú i rith na chéad seacht mí de 2019 ar bhreis is 4 000 tona d’aigéad sulfainileach, rud arbh ionann é agus 64 % de na honnmhairí go léir ó Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne sa tréimhse sin.
(62)
Maidir le soláthraithe na n-ionchur chun an táirge faoi athbhreithniú a tháirgeadh, arna chur isteach ag an iarratasóir agus arna dheimhniú sna himscrúduithe roimhe sin, is é anailín an príomh-amhábhar i monaraíocht aigéid shulfainiligh, ag léiriú 35 % de na costais táirgthe. De réir na hiarrata ar athbhreithniú, agus arna dheimhniú ag foinsí eile, ceann de phríomhtháirgeoirí an anailín ar scála domhanda is ea an chuideachta Shíneach Wanhua Chemical (nó Yantai Wanhua) (33). In 2019, dar le hiris speisialaithe ar líne gurbh é Wanhua Chemical an 37ú cuideachta cheimiceán is mó ar domhan (34). Is é Yantai Guofeng Investment Holdings Ltd (Yantai Guofeng) an scairshealbhóir is mó sa chuideachta, cuideachta atá faoi úinéireacht iomlán Choimisiún Riarachán agus Fhaireachán na Sócmhainní atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit (SASAC) de chuid Rialtas Chathair Yantai (35). I dtuarascáil bhliantúil Wanhua Chemical don bhliain 2019, tá Yantai Guofeng ar an bpríomh-eintiteas rialaithe in Wanhua Chemical (36). Chuige sin, fuair an Coimisiún amach freisin i dtuairiscí meán go bhfuil ról ceannasach ag Páirtí Cumannach na Síne i bpróisis oibríochtaí agus cinnteoireachta na cuideachta: “Dúirt Zhou Zhe, leas-rúnaí Choiste an Pháirtí in Wanhua, go mothálach: “taithí mhór is cúis le rath Wanhua le 40 bliain anuas. Ach d’fhéadfá cur síos a dhéanamh air in aon abairt amháin, is é sin, dílseacht don Pháirtí agus leas maith á bhaint as gach beartas athchóirithe a d’eisigh an Páirtí!” Ó Li Jiankui, an chéad chathaoirleach agus rúnaí an Pháirtí go dtí Ding Jiansheng, cathaoirleach agus rúnaí an Pháirtí sa chuideachta chomhstoic agus Liao Zengtai, an cathaoirleach reatha agus rúnaí an Pháirtí, “duine amhái
n”
a bhí i gceist i gcónaí le rúnaí choiste an Páirtí in Wanhua agus cathaoirleach an bhoird. Áirithíonn sé sin go mbeidh príomhról ag coiste an Pháirtí trí iallach a chur ar an bhfiontar an cúrsa a leagadh síos a leanúint, ag maoirsiú na n-oibríochtaí foriomlána agus ag áirithiú go gcuirtear cinntí chun feidhme. Áirithíonn Wanhua go bhfuil craobh Pháirtí ann le haghaidh gach aonaid táirgthe agus gur sciath chosanta láidir iad anois. Dá bhrí sin, nuair a thagann an crua ar an tairne, bíonn an cumannach chun tosaigh i gcónaí” (37).
(63)
Is féidir Wanhua Chemical, príomhtháirgeoir anailín i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne agus ar fud an domhain, a mheas dá bhrí sin mar tháirgeoir atá faoi smacht an Stáit. Leis an seasamh atá aige, ní mór féachaint air freisin mar gníomhaí tábhachtach i margadh ceimiceán na Síne, i mbun roinnt idirghníomhaíochtaí tráchtála leis an gcuid eile de chreatlach na hearnála, mar shampla, i ndáil le hionchuir a fhoinsiú (38). Is féidir le soláthóirí eile anailín a mheas freisin mar rannpháirtithe gníomhacha d’earnáil pheitriceimiceán na Síne. Maidir leis an earnáil sin, chinn an Coimisiún, de réir staidreamh náisiúnta, gurbh ionann fiontair atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit in earnáil cheimiceán na Síne agus 52 % de shócmhainní iomlána na gcuideachtaí ceimiceán in 2015 (39). Bhí ról ceannasach riamh ag na fiontair atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit, go háirithe na fiontair mhóra lárnacha, i dtionscal peitriceimiceán Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne i ngeall ar a staid olagaplachta i gcúrsaí réamhtheachtacha/bunábhar, a rochtain éasca ar shócmhainní a leithdháileann an rialtas (cistí, iasachtaí, talamh, etc.) agus a dtionchar láidir i gcinnteoireacht an rialtais.
(64)
Maidir leis an méid thuas, coinníonn Rialtas na Síne agus Páirtí Cumannach na Síne struchtúir ar bun lena n-áirithítear go mbeidh tionchar leanúnach acu ar fhiontair, agus go háirithe fiontair atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit nó faoi smacht an Stáit. Ní hamháin go ndéanann an Stát (agus Páirtí Cumannach na Síne freisin ar go leor bealaí) beartais eacnamaíocha ghinearálta na gcuideachtaí sin atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit nó faoi smacht an Stáit a cheapadh agus go ndéanann siad maoirseacht ar a gcur chun feidhme, ach éilíonn sé a chearta freisin maidir le bheith rannpháirteach ina gcinnteoireacht oibríochta. Déantar é sin de ghnáth tríd an meánbhainistíocht a rothlú idir údaráis an rialtais agus na cuideachtaí sin, trí chomhaltaí an pháirtí a bheith rannpháirteach i gcomhlachtaí feidhmiúcháin na gcuideachtaí agus “cealla páirtí” i struchtúir na gcuideachtaí (féach freisin Roinn 3.2.2.4), chomh maith lena dhéanamh trí struchtúr corparáideach na hearnála a mhúnlú (40). Ina ionad sin, baineann fiontair atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit nó faoi smacht an Stáit leas as stádas ar leith laistigh de gheilleagar na Síne, ina gcuimsítear roinnt buntáistí eacnamaíocha, go háirithe cosaint a thabhairt ar iomaíochas agus rochtain thosaíochta ar ionchuir ábhartha, lena n-áirítear maoiniú (41)
. Déantar forbairt bhreise i Roinn 3.2.2.4 thíos ar na gnéithe a dhíríonn ar an smacht atá ag an rialtas ar fhiontair i slabhra luacha an aigéid shulfainiligh, agus in earnáil na gceimiceán trí chéile.
(65)
Le leibhéal suntasach idirghabhála an rialtais i dtionscal ceimiceán na Síne, lena n-áirítear laistigh de shlabhra luacha an aigéid shulfainiligh, agus an sciar suntasach d’fhiontair faoi úinéireacht an Stáit san earnáil, cuirtear cosc fiú ar tháirgeoirí atá faoi úinéireacht phríobháideach ó fheidhmiú faoi choinníollacha an mhargaidh. Tá fiontair atá faoi úinéireacht phoiblí agus phríobháideach araon atá gníomhach in earnáil cheimiceán na Síne, lena n-áirítear táirgeoirí aigéid shulfainiligh agus táirgeoirí na n-ionchur is gá chun aigéad sulfainileach a tháirgeadh, faoi réir, go díreach nó go hindíreach, maoirseachta agus treoraíochta beartais freisin mar atá leagtha amach i Roinn 3.2.2.5 thíos.
3.2.2.4. Saobhadh suntasach de réir Airteagal 2(6a)(b), an dara fleasc den bhun-Rialachán: An stát a bheith i láthair i gcuideachtaí lena gcumasaítear don stát cur isteach i leith praghsanna nó costas
(66)
Seachas smacht a chur i bhfeidhm ar an ngeilleagar trí bhíthin úinéireachta ar fhiontair faoi úinéireacht an Stáit agus uirlisí eile, tá sé ar chumas Rialtas na Síne cur isteach ar phraghsanna agus ar chostais tríd an Stát a bheith i láthair i ngnólachtaí. Cé go bhféadfaí an ceart atá ag na húdaráis ábhartha Stáit príomh-phearsanra bainistíochta i bhfiontair atá faoi úinéireacht an Stáit a cheapadh agus a chur as a bpoist, dá bhforáiltear i reachtaíocht na Síne, a mheas mar rud a léiríonn na cearta úinéireachta a chomhfhreagraíonn dó sin (42), léiríonn cealla de Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne i bhfiontair, idir chinn atá faoi úinéireacht an stáit agus chinn phríobháideacha araon, modh tábhachtach eile trína féidir leis an Stát cur isteach ar chinntí gnó. De réir dhlí cuideachta Dhaon-Phoblacht na Síne, bunófar eagraíocht de chuid Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne i ngach cuideachta (le triúr comhaltaí de chuid an Pháirtí ar a laghad mar a shonraítear i mBunreacht Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne (43)) agus cuirfidh an chuideachta na coinníollacha is gá ar fáil le haghaidh gníomhaíochtaí eagraíocht an pháirtí. Ní léir gur leanadh an ceanglas sin i gcónaí roimhe seo nó gur forfheidhmíodh go docht é. Mar sin féin, ó 2016 ar a laghad threisigh Páirtí Cumannach na Síne na héilimh atá aige go bhfuil smacht aige ar chinntí gnó i bhfiontair atá faoi úinéireacht an stáit ar bhonn prionsabal polaitiúil. Tuairiscítear freisin gur chuir Páirtí Cumannach na Síne brú ar chuideachtaí príobháideacha tús áite a thabhairt don “tírghrá” agus disciplín an pháirtí a chomhlíonadh (44)
. In 2017, tuairiscíodh go raibh cealla den pháirtí in 70 % den 1,86 milliún cuideachta atá faoi úinéireacht phríobháideach, agus go raibh an brú ag méadú ar eagraíochtaí Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne an focal deiridh a bheith acu maidir leis na cinntí gnó laistigh dá gcuideachtaí faoi seach (45). Cuirtear na rialacha sin i bhfeidhm go ginearálta ar fud gheilleagar na Síne, i ngach earnáil, lena n-áirítear táirgeoirí an aigéid shulfainiligh agus soláthróirí a gcuid ionchur.
(67)
Mar shampla, tá forluí pearsanta ag struchtúir Pháirtí Cumannach na Síne leis an gcomhlacht bainistíochta i gcás cuideachta amháin ar a laghad – Wanhua Chemical – a tháirgeann, mar a luadh cheana féin, méideanna móra anailín (an príomh-chomhábhar ionchuir in aigéad sulfainileach). Chinn an Coimisiún go bhfuil an post mar rúnaí an Pháirtí ag cathaoirleach reatha an fhiontair, Liao Zengtai, freisin. Ina theannta sin, tá duine de stiúrthóirí Wanhua Chemical, agus cathaoirleach a chuideachta scairsheilbhe agus rialaithe Yantai Guofeng, ina chomhalta den Pháirtí Cumannach, agus fónann sé mar rúnaí ar chraobh an Pháirtí san fhiontar sin. Roimhe seo, bhí sé mar Chomhalta Coiste an Pháirtí ar Yantai SASAC, agus mar cheannaire ar Roinn Meastóireachta Staidrimh an eintitis phoiblí sin (46). Sampla eile chun láithreacht an Pháirtí a léiriú i réimse corparáideach earnáil na gceimiceán, i struchtúir cheann de phríomh-onnmhaireoirí an aigéid shulfainiligh i nDaon-Phoblacht na Síne – China Jiangsu International Economic and Technical Cooperation Group – tá lucht foirne ardbhainistíochta na cuideachta cleamhnaithe leis an bPáirtí (47). Tuairiscíonn an chuideachta í féin freisin maidir le gníomhaíochtaí inmheánacha a bhaineann leis an bPáirtí: “Tráthnóna an 18 Eanáir, thionóil Coiste an Pháirtí in China Jiangsu International Group Company athbhreithniú bliantúil 2018 ar obair Rúnaí Eagraíocht an Pháirtí maidir le Forbairt an Pháirtí sa phobal agus ar Chomhdháil um Shannachán Obair Forbartha an Pháirtí 2019” (48). Maíonn ceann eile d’onnmhaireoirí móra an aigéid shulfainiligh a luadh níos túisce – Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Import and Export Trade Co., Ltd. – go bhfuil “éisteacht le focail an Uachtaráin Xi, agus an Páirtí a leanúint” ar cheann dá bheartais chorparáideacha agus go bhfuil “Ní mór do reáchtáil gnó a bheith tairbheach don rialtas” (49) ar cheann dá luachanna corparáideacha.
| 39,355 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8462188
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,011 |
Stack Exchange
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Dwyer Tyler, Phil, cooky, https://stackoverflow.com/users/18985781, https://stackoverflow.com/users/18985782, https://stackoverflow.com/users/18985783, https://stackoverflow.com/users/763080, 腾讯新闻＿四会市大学生一次多少钱＿今日头条
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English
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Spoken
| 76 | 105 |
Link scrollers in Android
What is the best way to make scrollviews move dependent of each other?
I have three scrollers (ScrollView/HorizontalScrollView), on vertical on the left and one horizontal on te top - e.g. like excel - where moving the left or center scroller should affect vertical scrolling in both and moving top or center should affect horizontal scrolling in both.
What is the best way to implement this?
Have you considered a Canvas instead?
| 21,784 |
https://github.com/TanishqBhargava/HackerRank/blob/master/Java/Data Structures/Java Stack/Solution.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
HackerRank
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TanishqBhargava
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Java
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Code
| 125 | 284 |
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Scanner;
/**
* @author Oleg Cherednik
* @since 18.09.2017
*/
public class Solution {
public static void main(String... args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
while (sc.hasNext()) {
String input = sc.next();
Deque<Character> stack = new LinkedList<>();
boolean res = true;
for (char ch : input.toCharArray()) {
if (ch == '{' || ch == '(' || ch == '[')
stack.push(ch);
else if (ch == '}' || ch == ')' || ch == ']') {
char prv = stack.isEmpty() ? '\0' : stack.pop();
if (ch == '}' && prv != '{' || ch == ')' && prv != '(' || ch == ']' && prv != '[') {
res = false;
break;
}
}
}
System.out.println(res && stack.isEmpty());
}
}
}
| 7,156 |
DR3BQI4RABPDLWCQZMDKDCMVMTGHBWZ6_3
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German-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,899 |
None
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None
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German
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Spoken
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" Jonund , 4 Knopf , Paar 95 Pig. Stem - Haldschüns Fenster , " Ssrumpio , Wolle , P englisch Pig. Wichtig für Zahnleidend — Schmerzlose Behandlung kranker Zähne ohne Ausziehe Idealkrenen hen , A. Wanger , Dentist , D. -. , der Zahnersats der Zukg. Prospekte gratis. Freit Friedrich Wilhelmpe neben Rest. Germang Drus Erpeditkor Den besten Ersatz für Cognac bieten HPP ! Röcheste Auszeichnung auf beschickten Ausstellu Versand in istchen von 6 Flaschen an. Dampf - Kornbranntwein - Brennerei und Presshefefabrik von Biedech , neueste Muster , Posten I 3,65 Mk. Posten II , reine Wolle , 5,85 Mk. fr. Crarüneh Stück 45 Pfg. , 75 Pfg. , 95 Pig. Normal Hoinden und Hosen Im Räumungs - Verkauf Stück 85 Pfg. Qualität I , allen Grössen , Stück 1,25 Mark. reine Wolle , Paar Kapuzinergraben 10 Nachen azinergraben 1O. WOUPAROL. Albert amp ; austat - Lomlann , Witl Vertreter Joh. Heinr. Hammel. Roermonderstr. 10 , Telephe Für den für den lot für den ! Redaktion : Johe 2. Wir liefern : den gewöhnlichen Coke à Mark 0,80 ) den zerkleinerten Coke à Mark 0,90s per Centner Coke = Gries à Mark 0,20 ( ausschließlich Fuhrlohn ). Aachen , den 6. Januar 1899. 13258 liefert billigst J. J. Franzen 13 Mörgensgasse 15 13 Mörgensgass 100 A Geg. ( 600 verschiedene Serien ). Beste Gelegenheit für Sammler. 3 Serien à 1 Mk. 50 à 15 Mk. , alles verschiedene , so lange der Vorrath reicht. Conversations = Lexikons und sonstige Bücher sehr vorthall Glas = und Porzellan = Waaren. Damen finden freundliche Aufnahme b. Fr. Crotto , deutsche Heb. , rue Schet 25 Lüttich ( Belg. ). Absolute Garantie für Verschwiegenheit. nach Vien Vir böstel - Ersdir - Tar ( Ein tüchtiger Fachmann ( Resing E sucht für die Karneval # # # Buffet auf Rechnung zu übme Hohe Kaution kann gestellt wen¬ Gef. Offert. unt. 2 565 an Bachkaus , Matteriien. PrOTe # Man verlange überall Peter 0 Ney ’ s Blitz - Seifen - Extract anerkannt vorzüglich. Privatwohnung Römerstraße 47. Fernsprech. 327. Konlen - und Geaks Hanufung " von Emil Naus. Lager : Neuer Güterbahnhof. Fernspr. 1269. Ich liefere per 30 Centner franco Haus Sorte I , Stücke ohne Gries " IIa , 70 % Stücke ( Mageran ) IlId , 50 % „ Grube Kohlscheid 28. — 23,50 21. — Grube Atb = Teut Fetik. von " IIo , 25 % „ od. grob. Gries 19. 50 „ IIlb , Gries 17. — Gew. Würfel a , 35/70 mm , gries = u. steinfrei , 32. 50 „ „ b , 20/50 mm. „ „ „ 38. 50 „ " o , 12/25 mm. „ „ „ 27, — Briquets , Ia. , für Bäckereien , 24 Mk. Gouley 29. 50 25. — 22. 50 21. — 18. — 33. — 39. — 27, — Eierbriquets 25 Mariagr. 32. — 26. — 24. — 22. — 19. — Hoch strasse 5 Das in der Fluch der dösen That , Daß fruchtbar sie im Bösen ist , Gleich wie es schlimme Folgen hat , Wenn ' s Stiefelschmieren du vergißt. schmierst Gentner ’ s Schuh fett du Von Zeit zu Zeit das Leder ein , So bast du neis in voller Ruh Dich guten Schuhwerks zu erfreun. In rothen Dosen mit Schutzmarke Kaminfeger in den meisten Geschäften zu haben. 60101 Fabrikant : Carl Gentner in Göppingen. Mk. Anthracitkoks , 20/100 mm , Spezialität für Luftheizungen , 35 Mk. Gaskoks zum Tagespreis. Ohne Thorsteuer stellt sich die Fuhre 1 Mk. billiger. 30 Centner fertiges Gedecks 16 Mk. , 15 Centner 8,50 Mk. Kleingemachtes Breunholz , per Fuhre 12 Mk. Lager in Fett = , Flamm = und Schmiedekodlen. 11698 Großes Lager in gebr. Maschinen aller Art , sowie sämmtl. Utensilien für Spinnereien und Tuchfabriken 2c. halten J. B. Guillot Söhne , Nachen , Peterstraße 78. Telephon 1053. 32722 Passend und gut gemacht werden Paletots , mit Stoff u. Zutbaten , 1 = oder Lreihig , pro Stück 17,50 M. Hosen und Westen , pro Stück 2 M. Revaraturen billig. Kleiumarschierstr. 72. 10718 Eierucheuisbstun. am sich Die Einbruchsdiebstähle nehmen bekanntlich im Winter zu. Hiet Platze werden durchschn. 400 — 550 Einbrüche jährlich ausgeführt. Die Statistik der Brände muß hiergegen zurücktreten und empfiehlt deßhalb dringend eine Versicherung hierfür. Fertige Polizen für Private und Geschäfte mit voller Deckung von Mk. 5000 bis 20 000 und mehr zur Prämie von Mk. 5 bis Mk. 20 u. s. w. fertigt aus die General = Agentur der Frankfurter Trans port = , Anfall = und Gla : = Vers. =. = G. 11924 Emil Peters , Borgraben 127. Ebenso bei den Vertretern : Carl Massion , Adalbertsteinweg , Oskar Strom , Gottfriedstraße , Julius Hölscher , Wallstraße. Urtheile über Javol. Dr. S. dasselbe ganz famos. V. in C. Das erhaltene Javol hat unsern vollsten Beifall gen funden und vortreffliche Dienste geleistet. Wir haben fust all bekannten Kopfwässer und sonstige Präparate versucht , doel müssen wir sagen , dass keins davon dem Javol an die Seite 2 stellen ist , und wünschen wir demselben aufrichtig die weitest Verbreitung. Wir haben das Javol bereits eindringlich in Bei kanntenkreisen empfohlen und werden nicht anstehen , dies auch weiter zu thun. N. in G. Ich bemerke noch , dass Ihr Javol einfach in jeder Hinsicht tadellos ist und dass es hält , was es verspricht. Dr. R. in B. Javol ist ein in gesundheitlicher Beziehun , sehr empfehlenswerthes Haarpflegemittel , frei von zwecklosen und schädlichen Bestandtheilen. Es stellt ein für seinen angege benen Gebrauchszweck sehr geeignetes kosmetisches Erzeugnis dar. von S. in St. - P. ich bin entzüekt von dem Erfolg dieses Pro duktes , ich habe so etwas Ausserordentliches gar nicht erwartet. Ihr Mittel ist wahrhaft bewunderungswürdig. von C. in B. In vielen Fällen war die Wirkung eine gerade überraschende. Ich bitte mir noch drei Flaschen Javol su schieken. Ieh finde Thaufmann sucht altes rentavles Ge A schäft ( Detailgeschäft bevorzugt ) zu kaufen. werden. Rentabilitat muß nachgewiesen Offerten unter K 13393 die Expedition. Weberei. 15 — 20 gut erhaltene , mech. Wedstüble zu mietben gesucht. Offerten mit Preis angabe unter W W 513 an die Expd. Ich unterlasse die Namennennung , weil es Niemandem angenehm sein kann , öffentlich genannt zu werden. Ich erbringe aber nöthigenfalls die amtliche Be scheinigung eines Königl. Notars für wortgetreue Uebereinstimmung mit den Ori ginalberichten. Javol verdient Vertrauen bis in die höchste Steigerung hinein. Es ist ein unge wöhnliches vorzügliches Produkt. Wer es einmal mit Verständnis gebraucht hat , wird dem Kosmetikum Javol dauernd sein Vertrauen bewahren , wie es nie und nimmer durch die leider unvermeidlichen Zeitungsinserate erworben werden kann. Preis pro Flasche für langen Gebrauch Mk. — in allen feinen Parfümerien und Drogerien , auch in den Apotheken erhältlich. Javol ist untersucht von den staatlich vereidigten Handelschemikern Dr. Popp und Dr. Becker , vereidigten Sachverständigen der königlichen Gerichte zu Frank furt a. , und als frei von den nach § 3 des Gesetzes vom 5. Juli 1887 verbotenen giftigen Stoffen befunden , ebenso von Dr. C. Enoch , Hamburg , als durchaus zweck mässig erklärt. 57454 3. Ziehung der 1. Klasse 200. Königl. Preußz. Lotterie. Ziehung vom 12. Januar 1899. Nur die Gewinne üder 81. Mark und den betressenden Rummern in Purentbeie beigefügt. ( Odne Gewähr. ) 160 73 339 ( 100 ) 416 614 907 47 52 1038 137 313 494 628 711 77 350 2100 449 666 99 779 94 834 974 1200 ) 3254 379 482 766 815 929 4127 ( 150 84 405 746 822 5134 39 85 289 391 488 793 6018 23 45 173 1300 612 765 82 7024 38 271 594 611 96 813 974 8035 298 ( 100 ) 677 796 9001 72 260 310 58 435 585 646 941 10028 313 494 549 54 648 701 17 11780 946 19144 344 642 741 54 62 903 13146 284 3w 16 533 772 95 855 944 14078 104 66 223 29 99 373 611 97 811 ( 5190 259 301 434 510 670 824 16055 352 632 725 78 942 17117 73 ( 160 ] 218 358 458 606 838 18049 271 359 512 606 35 944 76 19179 384 88 658 8718 948 ( 150 20196 471 648 885 989 93 21090 364 469 88 601 944 56 22020 52 304 481 716 804 29 25 405 ( 300 40 516 46 639 826 24064 98 178 223 98 309 60 699 707 18 879 944 25310 94 610 ( 200 74 777 26380 421 96 ( 150 ) 733 822 27046 122 ( 100 ) 70 221 756 28183 262 526 794 29017 48 ( 100 ) 244 61 3u 740 76 901 ( 100 ) 18 73 1100 30318 419 34 1150 632 982 31145 215 356 71 412 505 982 32140 214 ( 300 ) 407 78 567 709 73 3m 33724 34013 172 372 456 998 35044 197 235 373 538 ( 1501 728 30·24 128 37 317 645 59 712 803 37045 93 374 85 691 761 847 98 B8387 98 406 67 540 743 52 58 847 39391 455 519 839 72 935 40063 127 327 56 596 768 89 915 66 41306 40 406 88 650 760 42021 41 67 82 109 10 330 611 41 ( 150 ) 739 820 43200 353 490 588 683 715 825 44094 478 632 70 919 1100 95 45104 53 325 681 ( 150 740 896 961 44065 144 72 98 ( 110 ) 217 57 557 686 830 960 47013 124 407 33 96 530 816 42 62 48 ) 22 130 540 59 87 649 61 915 88 49115 241 574 654 755 840 933 47 71 50089 172 231 323 60 502 658 775 848 968 76 51162 63 278 512 607 700 917 52106 46 250 63 480 53218 77 302 422 57 520 616 789 836 945 ( 300 ) 54116 ( 150 ) 59 246 91 311 733 63 55219 339 469 836 # 069 F21· bsc 31 745 k0 890 K9 038 98 983 bb1lb 210 317 745 59 829 83 938 57160 62 275 420 755 79 881 900 34 49 84 588079 551 8s 59141 240 387 466 529 ( 100 ) 620 4100 ) 866 949 610237 366 506 ( 83 963 6101S 166 812 924 62036 47 70 152 1100 94 400 33 544 672 90. 80 63/22 37 285 428 43 632 76 991 64048 250 387 471 522 52 759 876 65·/97 104 43 310 682 900 53 66136 324 65 464 803 63 936 67182 87 208 380 506 695 68338 665 817 85 en S 494 750 821 3 : 910 65 70083 103 ( 5100 ) 338 578 660 702 834 71022 106 79 426 99 72123 90 230 350 787 828 • 33077 220 ) 87 315 436 511 32 616 775 982 74146 70 295 314 82 914 ( 100 ) 75315 590 654 57 978 76142 262 68 512 671 804 77019 699 902 6R J91 17 231 538 749 57 79103 80 229 329 501 816 97 914 80011 16 90 338 46 57 95 407 29 583 622 751 840 B1 108 28 295 742 58 810 82024 123 65 250 ( 150 ) 358 483 89 525 721 818 79 81048 232 556 611 48 ( 10 ) 89 81465 903 845058 290 471 744 46 76 ( 150 834 863208 19 485 524 657 87611 44 96 747 801 31 88 90 824336 416 96 “ 88905 : 133 376 667 723 90144 71 385 461 561 69 91020 155 272 325 42 ( 1001 472 555 100 ) 678 820 36 76 929 D2e # | 62 448 952 926 93142 219 537 ( 100 92 800 941 52 91384 ( 1· # 0 55 965 85 95358 486 618 706 984 96083 236 781 97073 258 369 479 110 534 65 603 92524 945 90118 701 383 52 691 ( 200 ) 708 75 852 100017 472 91 538 674 994 101056 88 172 239 43 322 501 680 719 102065 214 1100 319 875 954 97 103116 342 469 581 659 807 101170 372 92 550 749 105 56 90 250 53 40 : 557 881 939 106 • 667 138 30 242 308 412 ( 100 , 559 1150 716 896 1n : 62 267 540 830 35 108117 86 87 209 751 976 100002 19 22o 83 459 516 617 36 767 W4 110179 400 750 53 65 970 111189 309 25 587 667 ( 200 ) 73 919 119134 224 99 505 96 819 32 113260 427 32 62 535 684 715 923 73 11 4040 60 989 115011 20 31 1150 ) 62 192 341 427 570 772 917 31 116075 94 347 96 647 52 66 710 830 993 117136 65 222 88 97 472 75 90 ( 300 ) 820 43 50 118020 70 80 109 10 60 255 82 541 49 57 774 ( 150 ) 9 DnR 119 25 62 199 M9 691 S 157 810 M 4150 120295 333 ( 100 ) 491 526 923 121099 195 509 86 122006 30 ( 1001 184 201 83 654 750 871 971 123266 54 484 631 721 931 124077 132 64 90 332 555 ( 510 ) 688 851 907 125154 877 126566 77 718 91 824 927 43 127028 415 509 24 630 755 306 63 128 58 165 ( 200 216 358 75 419 547 89 708 ( 100 ) 1. 9044 74 301 642 72 : : 30074 101 60 366 439 47 539 726 905 977 , 131076 248 304 489 563 721 132679 745 882 133125 334 56 86 1341121 235 81 833 921 135057 94 146 235 85 329 ( 1110 ) 488 522 659 801 136271 444 65 574 934 137023 260 357 433 565 81 731 36 826 ( 150 ) 55 138028 45 257 58 476 806 34 932 89 139452 828 110127 54 304 35 400 560 141024 123 559 779 802 46 976 142088 211 ( 150 ) 31 398 672 752 143014 65 310 18 422 43 60 516 47 781 920 141324 574 774 805 85 88 937 145140 95 277 873 ( 100 ] 89 489 605 700 894 906 146139 253 757 920 147186 423 944 14241/15 1300 ) 420 51 55 633 56 764 902 91 149110 97 241 313 79 89 404 547 79 752 50062 ( 100 324 457 678 151180 203 435 833 152133 ( 150 201 15 ( 100 89 354 414 ( 100 ) 39 76 965 1533076 276 79 549 653 65 789 54051 101 14 28 328 97 [ 200 ) 407 50 742 155143 69 509 618 23 75 842 943 156063 651 88 92 795 833 78 944 ( 200 ) 157336 621 67 940 55 99 1584006 156 509 27 93 652 790 890 159818 48 69 160159 271 76 306 588 690 844 161065 295 435 904 162012 123 235 394 642 799 849 163095 431 541 630 89 840 989 164188 304 7 ( 1001 73 77 85 ( 300 ) 794 165113 91 262 532 730 166194 282 427 699 717 904 167051 90 293 94 437 511 634 , 168138 358 59 500 29 666 793 830 1691/46 495 599 633 49 989 70456 816 94 915 71 11001 171092 424 94 787 854 179116 455 677 1733015 262 ( 150 ) 301 480 544 47 55 ( 300 ) 730 846 907 53 88 ( 100 ) 174319 513 33 666 175074 163 310 33 421 768 936 176299 365 82 511 96 957 63 70 177273 929 178110 55 242 401 503 179343 781 896 180351 635 770 860 181907 189050 120 312 468 565 636 46 793 ( 100 ] 183303 540 ( 100 ) 94 ( 200 ) 742 861 923 181169 234 405 25 560 869 958 185131 439 604 33 91 186314 ( 100 514 69 679 779 807 187001 154 381 484 634 770 78 976 ( 150 ) 188115 62 677 856 189102 45 47 462 596 753 57 90 95 462 64 70 597 613 48 701 101031 701 858 70 83 ( 100 ) 921 192027 330 699 774 193158 88 633 976 194172 308 415 88 541 49 855 916 79 195072 80 83 130 54 205 13 30 442 52 56 196029 424 662 197218 40 328 413 620 66 858 68 975 ( 100 ) 198022 227 422 199029 95 199 246 364 429 620 722 200123 345 462 11001 571 92 788 201288 768 93 202424 556 203446 100 773 20 1069 244 468 85 624 205048 452 716 206134 63 75 441 96 524 79 625 893 969 207196 218 86 700 36 802 978 ( 5000 ] 208010 178 533 670 729 95 209032 213 384 686 721 921 53 210123 401 972 B11114 555 65 775 834 989 212060 356 416 678 98 734 872 918 46 47 213915 302 470 816 83 214122 246 78 98 310 958 215002 149 378 654 216090 213 69 680 767 987 91 817009 ( 100 ) 25 285 324 414 655 922 212029 158 359 684 45 856 944 219065 286 378 408 62 875 98 909 220121 450 599 686 794 878 291173 222 427 69 664 ( 1001 729 37 880 222373 572 93 631 84 713 865 902 47 223003 178 486 587 856 224163 227 341 557 747 48 225059 76 167 212 350 508 Berichtigung. In der Lide vom 11. Januar vormittags des unn 212 Ktatt 202 212. eie Zirbung der zweite Klasse der W0osten Königlich Preußischen Klassen lotterie findet statt am 10 , 11. und 13. Jedruaz. Die beste Wichse ist und bleibt OATÖL weltberühmte , preisgekrönte In vormals Krauss - Glinz. blau - weissen Dosen und W Tense Zu haben in allen einschlägigen Geschäften. Schachteln à 5 , 10 u. 20 Pig. Kaldtorter Wad. Kieuni Vincenzstrasse 13. Einatmung von konzentrirter Fichtennadelluft mit Ozon. Angewe # # bei Erkrankungen der Athmungsorgane , chronischer Heiserkeit , ten und Auswurf. Seit zwei Jahren in Betrieb und von den bei Erfolgen begleitet. l Daübertroßen Die seit Jahren gleichmäseig vorzügliche Waare hat diesen Thee zu einer der bekannte sten und beliebtesten Marken in Deutschland gemacht. Alle Thee trinker loben den vorzüglichen Geschmack und das feine Aroma. Das Theehaus Wadi - Kisan in Norden , Onno Behrends , Hof lieferant , hat über 250 Stellen für den Verkaut eingerichtet , in Anchen nur bei der Firma Dle Schöchein gittsl 0 Haut echt mit Garte , Pleilring Harte Piauringa Ein den Apotheken und Drogerten. S. Kerb In Dosen à 10 , 20 u. 00 Pf. , in Tuben à 40 u. 80 Pf. H. Hochstrasse 25. 19254 Kapital schaftl. 9a 116 von 55 000 — 60 000 Mark anf zwei heer Däuser gesucht. Auskunft Expedition. Die lebenslänglich von der Preussischen Lebens - Versicheruie Actien - Gesellschaft in Berlin jährlich zu zahlende und sicherg “ Leibrente beträgt für : 40jährige. 6. 21 % 60jährige. 9. 60 % 50 „. 7. 42 % 65 „ 11. 32 % 55 „ 8. 35 % 70 „ 13. 67 % der einmaligen Capital - Einzahlung. Nähere Auskunft durch die General - Agentur Aachen Schmitz & Schnabel , 18500 Carisstrasse 1. Berlin , Haase ( n der Notn vegen der h # # ar ja be stecht einma # ahr ! links. Preise und n Port ! links. ) # nd diese venn man Sverrung di # sitzer , die wirte zu seir Partei , die kommen die wirtschäftsm Betracht. instaltet wo esien wuren der 5 ohen Preise urückgeführ ristierte , da u , daß er si mtlichen I nißtrauisch demokraten. ) # # # nd Hana und des Zu Königsbe 54 Prozent Nahrung # 1 , hort ! # # elen. Du ichtigkeit d # # eiter erklärt fortschritte die Leistung inks.
| 34,241 |
https://github.com/jwolf123456/jwolf-micro/blob/master/jwolf-service-api/jwolf-service-msg-api/src/main/java/com/jwolf/service/msg/api/entity/Msg.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
jwolf-micro
|
jwolf123456
|
Java
|
Code
| 113 | 459 |
package com.jwolf.service.msg.api.entity;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableName;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.activerecord.Model;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.Version;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.FieldFill;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableLogic;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableField;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.experimental.Accessors;
/**
* <p>
* 消息表
* </p>
*
* @author jwolf
* @since 2021-11-07
*/
@Data
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@Accessors(chain = true)
@TableName("t_msg")
public class Msg extends Model {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private Long id;
/**
* 消息
*/
private String msg;
/**
* 消息类型
*/
private Integer type;
/**
* 发送方ID
*/
private Long senderId;
/**
* 接收方ID
*/
private Long receiverId;
@TableField(fill = FieldFill.INSERT)
private LocalDateTime createTime;
@TableField(fill = FieldFill.UPDATE)
private LocalDateTime updateTime;
@TableLogic
private Integer deleted;
/**
* 浏览次数
*/
private Integer readNum;
}
| 45,264 |
<urn:uuid:601c132a-8dfd-4c39-a1ae-e936067b4383>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.courdecassation.fr/decision/65bc93911c5fe00008493401
|
courdecassation.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 272 | 408 |
COUR DE CASSATION Paris, le 01 février 2024
N/réf à rappeler : Ord n° 31784
Pourvoi n° : C 23-23.945
Demandeur : Monsieur [L] [G]
Représenté par : la Scp Zribi et Texier
Défendeurs : 1°- Le Procureur général près la Cour d'appel de Paris
2°- La ville de [Localité 1]
3°- La Présidente du Conseil de [Localité 1]
Vu le pourvoi n° C 23-23.945 formé le 26 décembre 2023 contre un arrêt de la Cour d'appel de Paris, pôle 3-chambre 6, du 20 octobre 2023 (RG 23/00871) par Monsieur [L] [G] ;
Vu la constitution en demande du 26 décembre 2023 de la Scp Zribi et Texier, avocats aux conseils, pour Monsieur [L] [G] ;
Vu la requête présentée le 22 janvier 2024 par la Scp Zribi et Texier et tendant à l'application de l'article 1009 du code de procédure civile. .
Vu l'avis présenté par Monsieur le Procureur général le 26 janvier 2024 et reçu au service des procédures de la première présidence le 30 janvier 2024.
S'agissant d'un mineur isolé non accompagné pour lequel la procédure vise à la détermination de son âge, laquelle conditionne une éventuelle mesure de protection, il y a lieu de réduire les délais d'instruction du son dossier.
Le délai imparti pour le dépôt du mémoire en demande est réduit à 2 mois, à compter de la notification de la présente ordonnance aux parties et le délai imparti pour le dépôt du mémoire en défense est réduit à 1 mois à compter de la notification de la présente ordonnance aux parties ainsi qu'à la SCP Zribi et Texier, avocat aux Conseils pour Monsieur [L] [G].
| 8,499 |
8184943_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,189 | 1,422 |
Pinney, J.
1. There is no preponderance of evidence against the finding of the court upon the issue on the equitable cause of action set out in the complaint. It would be of no service to set out the substance of the evidence, or to enter upon any discussion of it. That part of the judgment which denies the plaintiff any equitable relief must therefore be affirmed.
2. Whether the defendant, in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence, as an ordinarily intelligent man, under the circumstances shown in this case, ought to have relied upon the statements and representations made to him, and to have accepted them as true, without doing more than the testimony in this case satisfied the jury that he did do to ascertain the truth or falsity of said statements and representations, was left to the jury, upon the evidence, under instructions apparently fair and correct. For the want of exception on the part of the defendant to the charge, we cannot review it; and for the reason that no motion was made to set aside the special verdict on the eighth finding, we cannot say that the eighth finding is not supported by competent evidence. The only question then is whether, upon the verdict tallen as a whole, judgment should have been given for the plaintiff or for the defendant The defendant rests his right entirely upon the special verdict, and does not seek to question it in any respect. It appears from the uncontradicted evidence that the defendant, with his agent, visited the farm in question immediately before he concluded the trade, and had an opportunity to examine it, and they availed themselves of it, to some extent at least. Admitting that the representations stated in the special verdict were false and fraudulent, and were made with the intent that defendant should rely upon them; that he did not know the value of the lands, and did so rely upon them, and was thereby induced to purchase the farm; and that he was damaged by such false and fraudulent representations,— *187?the question presented is whether his consequent loss is not 'the result of his own negligence and folly.
In Slaughter’s Adm'r v. Gerson, 13 Wall. 383, the rule is stated to be that the representations, to entitle a party to ¡relief, “ must be representations relating to a matter as to which the complaining party did not have at hand the means of knowledge. Where means of knowledge are at hand and equally available to both parties, and the subject of the purchase is equally open to their inspection, if the purchaser does not avail himself of those means and opportunities he will not be heard to say, in impeachment of the contract <of sale, that he was drawn into it by the vendor’s misrepresentations.” The same doctrine is laid down in Mamlock v. Fairbanks, 46 Wis. 415, where it is said that “ the present ■means of knowledge concerning the subject matter of the representations of the party complaining, and whether he knew or might home known the truth, aside from such representations, are always material questions in such a case, and •cannot be ignored where there is any proper evidence upon which they can be raised;” that the rule in cases of fraud •by false representations is not to be extended to the protection of those who, having the means in their own hands, ¡neglect to protect themselves; that the rule as to fraudulent representations in respect to the sale of personal property generally is equally applicable to the sale of real estate; and “that if the defects in the subject matter of sale are patent, or such as might or should be discerned by the exercise of ordinary vigilance, and the buyer has the opportunity of inspecting it, the law does not require the seller to aid and assist the observation of the purchaser.” Kerr, Fraud & M. 101; Brown v. Leach, 107 Mass. 368.
The law requires men, in their dealing with each other, .to exercise proper vigilance and apply their attention to •those particulars which may be supposed to be within the reach of their observation and. judgment, and not to close *188their eyes to the means of information accessible to them; bat the seller must not use any art or practice any artifice to conceal defects, or make any representations or do any act to throw the purchaser off his guard, or to divert his eye, or to prevent his use of any present means of information. Kerr, Fraud & M. 96, 98. Accordingly, a mere assertion by the vendor as to the value of the property offered by him for sale, where the property is seen and examined by the purchaser, although untrue and known by him to be so, will not render him responsible to the purchaser for damages. There must have been want of knowledge or the present means of knowledge, and not mere want of judgment on the part of the latter, and a purchase in entire reliance upon the representations made, or there must have been some .artifice employed to prevent inquiry or the, obtaining of knowledge by the purchaser. Mosher v. Post, 89 Wis. 602; Chrysler v. Canaday, 90 N. Y. 272. The fraud or mistake must have been of such a nature that the purchaser could not, with reasonable diligence, acquire a knowledge of it when put on inquiry. Prince v. Overholser, 75 Wis. 646, 650; Brown v. Leach, 107 Mass. 368.
Aside from the representation as to the value of the farm,, the only other fraudulent representation found by the jury was “ as to the amount of hay ” the place produced. The contract was made at a time so near the usual period of cutting hay that the jury may have been able to conclude from the evidence that the defendant might have fairly judged of its truthfulness by an inspection of the crop then growing. But, be this as it may, their answer to the eighth question is nevertheless conclusive in this respect, as well as in respect to the representations as to value, that, under the circumstances, shown in the case, the defendant ought not to have relied upon these representations as true without doing more than he was shown to have done to ascertain their truth or falsity. This was a question for the jury, under proper instructions *189from the court; and for reasons founded upon the state of the record, already stated, the defendant cannot now question this finding. It is conclusive, and shows that judgment should have been given on the counterclaim in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant.
By the Court.— That part of the judgment denying equitable relief as prayed for in the complaint is affirmed, and that part of the judgment awarding damages, upon the •counterclaim against the plaintiff, to the defendant, is reversed, and the cause is remanded with directions to render judgment on the special verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant. The appellant is to recover costs in this court.
| 6,318 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17218419
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
AAC Stunts
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 145 | 458 |
AAC STUNTS
AAC STUNTS 公式ウェブサイト http://www.aac-stunts.co.jp/
AAC STUNTS 分類 企業
AAC STUNTS 成立日 2004
AAC STUNTS 法人番号 1012402021480
AAC STUNTS 国 日本
AAC STUNTS 業種 コンピュータゲーム産業
AAC STUNTS MobyGames 企業ID (旧形式) aac-stunts
AAC STUNTS グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/122b8xyd
AAC STUNTS MobyGames 企業ID 14219
AAC Stunts
AAC Stunts official website http://www.aac-stunts.co.jp/
AAC Stunts instance of business
AAC Stunts inception 2004
AAC Stunts Corporate Number (Japan) 1012402021480
AAC Stunts country Japan
AAC Stunts industry video game industry
AAC Stunts MobyGames company ID (former scheme) aac-stunts
AAC Stunts Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/122b8xyd
AAC Stunts MobyGames company ID 14219
AAC Stunts
AAC Stunts offisielt nettsted http://www.aac-stunts.co.jp/
AAC Stunts forekomst av bedrift
AAC Stunts dato for etablering, fremstilling e.l. 2004
AAC Stunts Japansk organisasjonsnummer 1012402021480
AAC Stunts land Japan
AAC Stunts bransje videospillindustrien
AAC Stunts MobyGames virksomhets-ID (tidligere format) aac-stunts
AAC Stunts Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/122b8xyd
AAC Stunts MobyGames virksomhets-ID 14219
| 22,320 |
<urn:uuid:9c052fbc-2610-417a-b15a-e888b8686624>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,022 |
https://www.lassuranceretraite.fr/portail-info/sites/pub/hors-menu/actualites-nationales/institutionnel/2022/oldyssey-l-assurance-retraite-re.html
|
lassuranceretraite.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 232 | 338 |
Mis à jour le 17/02/2022
Le projet Oldyssey dont l’un des objectifs est de promouvoir les initiatives inspirantes autour du vieillissement, mettra à l’honneur, en 2022, des retraités. En effet, l’ambition de ce projet est de créer un média digital dans lequel les retraités prennent la parole, se mettent en scène en vidéo mais aussi à travers des podcasts.
Diverses rubriques sont représentées :
- « Les vieux pots ». Les recettes de grands-mères et de grands-pères en vidéo : les plus âgés apprennent aux plus jeunes à faire leurs plats de famille, dans leur cuisine.
- « Vieux de la vieille ». Cette rubrique vidéo fait la part belle aux savoir-faire qui reviennent au goût du jour, avec l'appétence pour le « faire soi-même ».
- « Trous de mémoire ». Dans cette rubrique en format podcast, on récolte la mémoire des derniers témoins d’événements historiques, comment ils ont construit et vécu l'histoire.
- « Les questions que vous n’avez jamais osé poser aux vieux ». Dans ce podcast, les questions que se posent les jeunes auxquels les plus âgés peuvent répondre, car liées à leur expérience. L’objectif est de créer du dialogue entre les âges et éclairer les jeunes.
L’Assurance retraite avait déjà soutenu le projet Oldyssey lors de son “Tour du monde de la vieillesse” et le “Tour de France” en 2017 et signera prochainement une convention de partenariat.
| 8,838 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Kress%20von%20Kressenstein
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Karl Kress von Kressenstein
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl Kress von Kressenstein&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 778 | 1,526 |
Christoph Karl Jakob Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, auch Kreß von Kressenstein, (* 21. März 1781 in Nürnberg; † 26. Januar 1856 in Wien) war ein k. k. Wirklicher Kämmerer, Geheimer Rat, General der Kavallerie, Festungskommandant, Generalinspektor der Zentral-Equitation und zweiter Inhaber des Ulanen-Regiments Nr. 11.
Herkunft und Familie
Karl Kreß von Kressenstein entstammte einem alten, ursprünglich böhmischen Geschlecht, dessen zwischen Eger und Asch gelegenes Stammhaus nicht mehr existiert. Es zählte sodann zu den Nürnberger Patrizierfamilien (1291) und wurde geadelt. Mehrere Glieder der Familie machten sich um das Kaiserhaus verdient.
Er war der Sohn des großhessisch herzoglichen Kammerherren Johann Georg Friedrich (1750–1835) und der Maria Hedwig Haller von Hallerstein (* 12. Juni 1753; † 8. Mai 1784) und vermählte sich am 16. Februar 1822 mit Leopoldine Gräfin Zichy von Zich und Vasonykeö (* 16. Februar 1800; † 24. Dezember 1872 in Algier). Das Ehepaar hatte eine Tochter, Leontine (* 16. November 1822 in Pressburg; † 10. April 1907 in Wien), die Othmar Maria Johannes Graf von Khevenhüller-Metsch (* 1. November 1819 in Sankt Pölten; † 23. Mai 1890 in Teplitz) heiratete.
Biographie
Kreß trat 16-jährig am 29. März 1797 in das österreichische Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 56 ein, wurde am 22. Oktober 1798 wegen seines vorbildlichen Verhaltens beim Eklat des damaligen französischen Botschafters Bernadotte in Wien zum Fähnrich. Anno 1799 zum Unterleutnant im 3. Kürassier-Regiment befördert, machte er fortan alle Feldzüge mit. Im Jahr 1805 bereits Rittmeister wurde er bei Wertingen verwundet, gefangen genommen, nach Frankreich verbracht und erst am 16. April 1806 ranzioniert. Nach seiner Rückkehr wurde er zum Ulanenregiment Nr. 3 transferiert. Er wohnte dem Feldzug 1809 bei, wo er sich bei mehreren Gefechten, vor allem in der Schlacht bei Wagram auszeichnete und wurde 1810 zweiter Kommandant der Zentral-Militär-Equitation.
Nach seiner Beförderung zum Major 1811 wechselte sein Betätigungsfeld ständig: 1813 in der Armee, 1814 wieder in der Reitschule, 1815 als Oberstleutnant Generalstabschef der Hauptarmee unter Graf Radetzky, nach dem Frieden zur Equitation in Wiener Neustadt zurück, trat 1818 aber auf eigenen Wunsch wieder in sein Regiment ein. Er wurde am 20. Juli 1820 Oberst und Regimentskommandant desselben.
Am 26. August 1830 (Rang vom 3. September des Jahres) avancierte Kress zum Generalmajor und Brigadier in Güns, rückte am 29. Mai 1837 zum Feldmarschallleutnant und Divisionär vor, war 1844 Festungskommandant von Theresienstadt, sodann 1845 zu Ofen.
Um sein geschwächtes Gehör zu heilen, begab sich der Divisionär 1847 nach Wien, wo ihn die Behandlung mehrere Monate hindurch an der Rückkehr hinderte, Indes brach die 1848-er Revolution in Ungarn aus, doch war der General aus oben erwähntem Grund verhindert, sein Festungskommando wieder zu übernehmen, konnte aber deswegen auch nicht bei der aktiven Armee verwendet werden. Er musste seine künftige Bestimmung in Wien abwarten. Im folgenden Jahre berief ihn Feldmarschall Fürst von Windisch-Grätz nach Ofen und bestimmte ihn zum Generalinspektor bei der Zentral-Equitation in Salzburg. Karl fühlte sich in dieser, seiner Neigung und seinen Kenntnissen zusagenden Stellung sowie durch empfangene Beweise der allerhöchsten Zufriedenheit, ganz glücklich. Wenige Monate darauf wurde er jedoch, wahrscheinlich wegen einer dem Institut zugedachten neuen Organisation (der General hatte nämlich sein siebenzigstes Lebensjahr erreicht und seine Harthörigkeit bedeutend zugenommen), mit Beibelassung seiner Funktionszulage, unter Bezeugung der Allerhöchsten Zufriedenheit im Jahre I850, nach ununterbrochenen 53 Dienstjahren, in den Pensionstand übernommen.
Bald darauf wurde ihm die Geheimratswürde und am 10. Januar 1851 der Charakter eines Generals der Kavallerie verliehen. Der Freiherr wurde im Laufe seiner Karriere auch zum kaiserlichen Wirklichen Kämmerer und Oberst-Inhaber des Ulanen-Regiments Kaiser Alexander von Russland Nr. 11 ernannt, war unter anderem Träger des Großkreuzes des kaiserlich königlichen Ordens vom Weißen Adler, des russisch-kaiserlichen St. Annen-Ordens zweiter Klasse und des Ritterkreuzes des königlich französischen Militär-St.-Ludwig-Ordens. Zu seiner Beerdigung rückten vier Bataillone Infanterie, zwei Divisionen Kavallerie und zwei Batterien aus. Die Einsegnung des Leichnams erfolgte nach evangelischem Ritus. Das Militär nahm die Aufstellung am Graben und am Josephsplatz und feuerte die Geschütz- und Musketensalven am Glacis ab.
Der Herr auf Kraftshof und Röthenbach bei Sankt Wolfgang im Königreich Bayern war ein anerkannt guter Reiter und Pferdekenner und erwarb sich Verdienste um das Kavalleriewesen in der kaiserlichen Armee, teils durch Heranbildung tüchtiger Reiter, teils durch Einführung einer angemesseneren Behandlung der Pferde. Seine diesbezüglich gesammelten Erfahrungen veröffentlichte er in dem Buch „Der Reiter und sein Pferd. Ein kavalleristisches Fragment“.
Werk
Der Reiter und sein Pferd. Ein kavalleristisches Fragment, Verlag Carl Gerold, Wien 1848, 108 S., mit sechs zusätzlich eingebundenen lithographischen Tafeln mit 12 Abbildungen
Literatur
Einzelnachweise
General der Kavallerie (Kaisertum Österreich)
Militärperson (österreichische Habsburger)
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Österreich)
Kämmerer (Habsburgermonarchie)
Geheimer Rat (Habsburgermonarchie)
Träger des Ordens der Heiligen Anna
Träger des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Ordens vom Weißen Adler
Träger des Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis
Freiherr
Karl
Geboren 1781
Gestorben 1856
Mann
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https://github.com/CubicleJockey/angular-the-complete-guide/blob/master/recipe-app/src/app/recipes/recipe.model.ts
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angular-the-complete-guide
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CubicleJockey
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export class Recipe{
public Name: string;
public Description: string;
public ImagePath: string;
constructor(name: string, description: string, imagePath: string){
this.Name = name;
this.Description = description;
this.ImagePath = imagePath;
}
}
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9359957_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Motion of petitioner for leave to proceed in forma pauperis denied, and the petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismissed. See Rule 39.8..
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britishcriticqu06unkngoog_12
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The British critic, quarterly theological review, and ecclesiastical record
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In this extract let us observe carefully the clause, ^* save" that which they received from the mouth of the Apostles." The writer not only " burns/' he has the truth almost in his hands ; yet, as his whole argument plainly evinces, he scarcely has gained it, but he lets it go again. The notion of an apostolical creed authoritatively interpreting Scripture is altogether above him. He continues — " Let us next see what Clement of Rome believed, while as yet un* schooled by creeds and articlesy &c. . . . Trying Ignatius by the same test, we find birn, &c. .... As to the object 1 had in view in quoting these passages, since I find that Bamabus, Clementj and Ignatius, without creed preceding, arrived at the same conclusion that I have, namely, that Christ was God, and also the Creator of the world, I am little inclined to distrust that ^ orthodox education* to which you seem to attribute the in^ ftrences I draw from the study of the Scriptures." — p. 1 96. What follows, however, shows he has another reason for quoting the Fathers; viz. to make it clear they cannot be used against him* Dr. Priestley had pretended to assien the date of the first corrup- tions of the Church's doctrine. ** Justin Martyr is the first writer who mentions the miraculous conception.''^ — {Hist. Early Op. 170 The Brothen* Contnyoersy. vqL iv. p. 1070 Our controversialist meets this assertion; and is employed accordingly, not in showing that the tradition of the Trinity is apostolic, but that it is not Justin Martyr's. His inadequate notion of the primitive creed has already been shown. But one or two extracts in addition will be in point: — " We say, reason from Scripture, and expound Scripture by com- paring it with itself^ instead of with the dogmas of men ; and this is the appeal I wish every where to be made."--«-p. 115. *' I assert that neither the Church of England nor I have ever required persons to take their creeds for granted, or forbidden the unbiassed com- parison of them with the words of Scripture The eighth article of our Church says, * The three creeds ought thoroughly to be received and believed/ And why ? because the Church says so ? No ; but be- cause ' they may be proved by most certain warrant of Holy Scripture.' The word of God is the test by which we pronounce they are to be tried, &c."— p. 185—187. Ail this is most true, but not the whole truth. It is most true that Scripture is the sole verification of the creeds^asof all professed Apostolical traditions whatever ; but it is as true that the creeds are the legitimate exposition of Scripture doctrine. Revealed truth is guaranteed by the union of the two, the creeds at once appealing to Scripture, and developing it. To take Scripture as the guide in matters of doctrine is as much a mistake as to take the Apostolical Tradition as the rule. What is written is a safeguard to what is unwritten; what is unwritten is a varied comment on a (necessarily) limited text. The reason of the Clergyman's misapprehension is obvious. He is hampered by the ultra-Protestantism falsely ascribed to our Articles. At the time they were drawn up, the rights of Scripture, as the test of Tradition^ were disparaged ; and therefore they contain a protest in its behalf. Were they drawn up now, it would be necessary to introduce a protest in behalf of Tradition, as indeed incidentally occurs even as it is» in the famous clause of the £Oth Article^ which declares that " the Church," L e. Catholic^ " has autho^ fity in controversies of faith/' viz. as being the steward of Apos- tolical teaching. However, the circumstance that the direct statements of the Articles are mainly in defence of the authority of Scripture, has given specious ground to the school of Ultra-Pro* testantism to assert that it is a sufficient giru/e as well as Bnultimale appeal, and that each individual may put what sense he pleases upon it, instead of submitting to that one sense to which the Church has testified from the first, in matter of fact. We see the consequences in the controversy before us. Our orthodox disputant has to argue points which have been ruled in hifi lavouc The Brothers' C(MtfOfoer$y. 171 centuries upon centuries ago, as if inquiry was never to have an end. He is obliged to have recourse to grammatical criticism^ to consult Dr. Elmsiey, in the Bodleian* about the meaning of par- ticles (p. 48), and after all his toil is met with the candid and perplexing admission on the part of his opponent* that he does not think it necessary to rest his faith on any one ** certain sentence in a letter written by an Apostle." — (p. At the same time, consbtently or inconsistently with this last belief* but in truth betraying a conviction of the insufiiciency of his own arguments for the conversion of another* he condemns (though reluctantly) the anathemas of the Athanasian Creed, as investing with undue sanctions mere deductions made by the human intellect from the text of Scripture. '* Notbing that I have advanced upon the subject of the Athanasian Creed is, as I conceive, in the least degree inconsistent with my joining in the sentiment of Tillotson and wishing it removed from our Church service. If I were called upon to give my vote upon the subject* it would be for its omission 5 but this would not all imply that I felt less uneasiness as to the future salvation of those who deny the Lord that bought them ; nor do I see how the entertaining such fears necessarily leads to any breach of charity." — p. 108. We do not set much by this salvo, which seems to us but the protest of true Christian feeling against the latitudinarian con- clusions at which the intellect had arrived. Is it indeed possiblci — we do not say possible in the way of logical consistency* but is it possible in matter of fact* and in the case of men in general* — to believe that the doctrine of the Trinity is a mere human view of Scripture passages, and yet necessary to be believed in order to salvation ? Does not, in consequence, the theory that Scripture only is to be the guide of Protestants, lead for certain to liberalism ? We do not, indeed, for an instant suppose that any clear and unprejudiced reasoner could help seeing that the Catho- lic doctrine really is in Scripture, and that, therefore* the denial of it incurs the anathema therein declared against unbelievers; still* while belief in the document is made the first thing* and belief in the doctrine but the second, (as this theory would have it,) it inevitably follows in the case of the multitude, who are not 172 Apostolical Tradition. clear-headed or unprejudiced, that the definition of a' Christian will be made to tiirn, not on faith in the doctrine, but on faith in the document, and Unitarianism will come to be thought, not indeed true, but as if not unreasonable, and not necessarily dan- gerous. And here we take leave of a work which cannot but give pain to all who sympathise in our own views, the pain of seeing one who sincerely holds the truth of the Gospel, so little con- scious of the ground on which he holds it as to be unable to in- struct a brother in error. The argument for the existence of a known Apostolical Tradi- tion on the subject of the Trinity, and therefore an unerring in- terpreter of Scripture so far, which has been taken for granted in the above remarks, was briefly stated in our January number in a review of Mr. Blanco White's late work. We then expressed an intention of treating the subject more fully than our limits admitted at the time, and we have now a fit opportunity of redeeming our pledge. That writer, it may be recollected, entirely dismissed the notion of any existing Apostolical inter- pretation of the sacred text, and maintained, on the contrary, that Scripture has no authorized interpreter of any kind, and that dogmatic statements are not part of the revelation. This is the ground long ago taken by Chillingworth and Locke ; nor would Mr. Blanco White think we paid a bad compliment to himself to remark it. He would, of course, maintain that all clear-headed reasoners on the popular Protestant basis must necessarily pro- ceed onwards to his own latitudinarian conclusions, if they are but fair to their own minds, and free from the prejudices of edu- cation, and the inducements of interest. He would maintain that what is called " Bible religion" and the imposition of dog- matic confessions were irreconcilable with each other, except in a system, (if it deserved the name,) which was imposed by the law and intimately bound up with the security and well-being of the community. And thus he would account both for the acquies- cence of the majority in what is in itself absurd, and the recur- rence of the same objections and arguments, from time to time, on the part of men of more independent and enlarged minds. In consequence, he would rather exult than otherwise ' in finding the following passages in Chillingworth and others, anticipating his recent publication. " Certainly," says Chillingworth, " if Protestants be faulty in this matter," (playing the Pope,) " it is for doing it too mucb, and not too little. This presumptuous imposing of the senses of men upon the words of God, the special senses of men upon the Afo$tolical Tradition* 173 general words of God, and laying them upon men's consciences together, under the equal penalty of death and damnation ; this vain conceit, that we can speak of the things of God better than in the words of God ; this deifying of our own interpretations, and tyrannous enforcing them upon others; this restraining of the word of God from that latitude and generality, and the under- standings of men from that liberty wherein Christ and the Apos- tles left them, is, and hath been the only fountain of all the schisms of the Church, and that which makes them immortal : the common incendiary of Christendom, and that which (as I said before) tears into pieces, not the coat, but the bowels and mem- bers of Christ : * ridente Turcik nee dolente Judso/ Take away these walls of separation and all will quickly be one." — Religion of Protestants, iy. 17. In like manner Locke: — ** When they have determined the holy Scriptures to be the only foundation of faith, they nevertheless lay down certain pro- positions as fundamental, which are not in the Scripture, and because others will not acknowledge these additional opinions of theirs, nor build upon them, as if they were necessary and fundamental, they therefore make a separation in the Church; either by withdrawing themselves from others, or expelling the others from them. Nor does it signify any thing for them to say, that their confessions and symbols are agreeable to Scripture, and to the analogy of faith. For if they be conceived in the express words of Scripture, there can be no question about them . . . but if they say that the articles which they require to be professed, are consequences deduced from the Scripture, it is undoubtedly well done of them, who believe and profess such things as seem unto them so agreeable to the rule of faith. But it would be very ill done to obtrude those things upon others, unto whom they do not seem to be the indubitable doctrines of the Scripture. This only I say, that however clearly we may think this or the other doc- trine to be deduced from Scripture, we ought not therefore to impose it upon others, as a necessary article of faith, because we believe it to be agreeable to the rule of faith. I cannot but won- der at the extravagant arrogance of those men, who think that they themselves can explain things, necessary to salvation, more clearly than the Holy Ghost, the eternal and infinite wisdom of God." — Letter concerning Toleration,Jin. And Hoadly, in his Life of Dr. S. Clarke, speaking of him and his opponents in the Trinitarian question, — ** Let me add this one word more, that since men of such thought and such learning have shown the world in their own 1 74 Apo9taUeal Tradiium. example^ how widely the most honest inquirers after truth may differ upon such subjects; this, methinks, should a little abate our mutual censures, and a little take off from our positiveness about the necessity of explaining, in this or that one determinate sense, the ancient passages relating to points of so sublime a nature." The argument contained in these extracts stands thus: ** Scrip- ture is the sole informant of religious truth ; there is no infallible interpreter of Scripture, therefore every man has a right to inter- pret it for himself, and no one may impose his own interpretation on another/' If it be objected that learning, scholarship, judg- ment, and the like, conduce to the understanding of this as of any other ancient book, it is replied, that true as this may be, these qualifications are on all sides of the doctrinal controversy, there being no opinion entertained by any party which has not been advocated at one time or another by confessedly learned, scholarlike, judicious, and able men. This being the case, no one has a right to say that his pwn opinion is important to any one besides himself, but is bound to tolerate all other creeds by virtue of the very principle on which he has leave to form his own. The imposition, therefore, of dogmatic confessions on others by any set of religionists, is inferred to be an encroachment upon the Christian liberty of their brethren, who have in turn a right to their own private judgment upon the meaning of the Scripture text. Such is the latitudinarian argument. Now we might put it to the common sense and manly under* standing of any number of men taken at random, whether this, at first sight, is not a very strange representation, and such as they would never use in any ordinary matter of importance, any busi- ness they took an interest in or were earnest about. Surely no one in a confidential situation, on receiving instructions from his trincipal, which he could not altogether understand, would think imself at liberty to put any sense he pleased on them, without the risk of being called to account for doing so. He would take it for granted, that whether the instructions given were obscure or not, yet that they, were intended to have a meaning, that they had one and one only meaning ; and in proportion as he consi- dered he had mastered it, he could not but also consider fellow- agents wrong who took a different view of it ; and in proportion as he considered the instruction important, would he be distressed and alarmed at witnessing their .neglect of his own interpretation. He might, indeed, if it so happened, doubt about the correctness of his own opinion, but he never would think it a matter of indifference whether he was right or wrong, he would never think Apoiiolical Tradition. 175 dnt two persons could go on contentedly and comfortablj toge- ther who took opposite views of their employer's wishes. Now all this fairly applies to the Scripture disclosures concerning matters of faith. First, it is plain, that faith is therein insisted on as an important condition of salvation; next, it is faith in certain heavenly and unseen truths ; and this faith is expressly said to be " one/' and is guarded by an anathema upon those who reject it. Now let us ask the disciples of Latitudmarianism how do they understand, in what assignable manner do they fulfil, the passages in which all this is conveyed? What is the doctrine therein spoken of, and belief in which is pronounced to be neces- sary for divine favour? Does it not consist of certain mysterious truths, and these undeniably propounded in the form of dogmas, {as in the beginning of St. John's Gospel,) so as utterly to pre- clude the notion of faith being but an acceptable temper of mind or character? And if so, is it not perfectly wild to imagine that knowledge of these doctrines is altogether unattainable ? Can we conceive the allwise Governor of man to have made a solemn declaration of a doctrine which, after all, is so obscurely ex- pressed, that one sense of it is not more obvious and correct than another? Is it conceivable, that he should have pronounced a certain faith necessary to salvation, yet that faith should vary with individual minds, and be in each case only what each person hap- pened to think, so that all that was necessary was to believe in his own opinion ? These strong arguments in favour of the determi- nateness and oneness of the doctrinal revelation contained in Scrip- ture, can only be met by appealing to the fact that men do take different views of it; but this surely proves nothing; no more than the vicious or secular lives of the majority of men are a proof that one line of conduct is as pleasing to the Creator as another. But here Mr. Blanco White meets us with an objection which strikes at the root of our entire system. He is not content with denying the existence of an unerring guide for determining the theology of Scripture; he boldly advances a step, and maintains that no form of human language can possibly reveal in one certain sense those doctrines which we commonly suppose revealed; that words are necessarily the representatives of things experienced, and are simply words, and nothing but words, and not the symbols of definite and appropriate ideas, when used of things belonging to 176 Jpostolical TradUion. the next world. Now let it be observed clearly that this objection brings us upon quite a new ground ; here it is that this ingenious writer seems to add something to the arguments of his predeces- sors in the same philosophy. Hitherto the position maintained by latitudinarians has chiefly been, not that Scripture may not pos- sibly reveal to us heavenly truths in any measure, but that we cannot be sure that we individually have correctly ascertained them. The existence of an authorized interpreter, not the possi- bility of the revelation itself, has been questioned. But Mr. Blanco White denies of unseen truths, as well that tliey can be« as that they have been revealed to us under any one determinate view. Under these circumstances we shall claim of the reader the liberty of some little discursiveness, not so much, however, with the view of refuting an evident paradox, as of illustrating the subject itself. We call it a paradox, for if anything is plain, it is that Scripture does from time to time speak dogmatically on heavenly subjects. The writer in question, tells us that nothing respecting these sub- jects can be conveyed in language so definitely, as not to admit of the maintenance of the most contradictory theories respecting its meaning. With what purpose, then, does St. John, for instance, pro- pose for our belief, " The Word was with God and was God," if nothing definite is gained by saying it, if the matter is left as vague as if he had not said? He cannot but have meant to convey some- thing such, that it could not be anything else; and it is surely a paradox, to use a mild word, to maintain that Scripture attempts that which it cannot possibly accomplish. It4s a paradox for another reason. Would Mr. Blanco White deny that Christians of the Etiglish Church at this day, or again, that the Catholics of the fourth and fifth centuries, had embraced one certain view of the doctrine of the Trinity, and not another? We do not say how far definite, complete, consistent; but still, so far forth as they had any view, a view of a certain kind, ascertain- able, communicable, capable of being recorded? It seems hard to deny it, yet deny it he must, or else it will follow that human language is able to convey, circulate and transmit one cerlma^ sense of a mystery — a position which he denies in the abstract. But this is not all. Human language, he says, cannot stand for ideas concerning the Divine Nature, i. e. for definite conceptions such as may be imparted to us. Let us, for argument's sake, grant it. Yet even then, at least it may stand for the real objects theniselves. Nothing is more common in the usage of the world than what logicians call words of second intention^ which mean nothing at all to those who are not conversant witii the sciences which employ them for theirown purposes* Almighty God Apostolical Tradition, 1 77 might surely put His own meaning on human words, if it may be reverently said, and might honour them by making them speak mysteries, though not conveying thereby any notion at all to us. Here then at once we are admitted to the privilege of a dogmatic creed, in spite of Mr. Blanco White. Granting we do not at all understand our own words; nor did the Apostles when they were told their Lord should " rise from the dead :** they questioned what it meant. Still it is something after ail to be intrusted with words which have a precious meaning, which we shall one day know, though we know it not now. Is it nothing to have a pledge of the next world? to have that given us which involves the inten- tion of future revelations on God's part, unless His work is to be left unfinished? We will be bold to say that this is no slight point gained, if nothing else follows; a principle of mysterious- ness, a feeling of deep reverence, of solemn expectation and wait- ing, is at once introduced into our religion. Allow, for argu- ment's sake, that we have no data for disputing about the inter- pretation of the Scripture enunciations ; well, then, we have an obligation for that very reason to preserve them jealously, to regard them awfully. Is it nothing that human words have been taken into the dialect of angels, and stand for objects above human thought? Is it nothing that when thus consecrated for a superna- tural purpose, they have been given back to us to know and gaze upon, even though the outward form of them be the same as be- fore? Let all " denominations of Christians" unite as far as this, to set apart and honour the very formulae contained in Scripture, keeping silence and forbidding all comment upon them, and they will have gone a considerable way towards the adoption of the Catholic spirit respecting them. But again. We are told that human words cannot convey to us any idea, one and the same, of heavenly objects. Supposing it; but what then are we' to say about the doctrines of natural religion? Has all the world gone wrong for ages in supposing it had a meaning in saying that God is injfinite and eternal ? Yet what known objects do these words stand for? It will be an- swered that they stand only for negative ideas; that we know what is finite, and we say that the Almighty is not finite either in His attributes. His essence, or His existence. Truly said; but may not we gain just this from the doctrinal formulae of the Gospel, whatever else we gain beside, viz. the exclusion of certain notions from our idea of the Son and Spirit? Thus when Christ is said to be the Son of God, we conclude thence that He is not a crea- ture; not of a created essence, dissimilar from all created natures. Whether this be the right interpretation of the word Son, a fair NO, XXXIX. — JULY, 1836. N 1 78 JpoHoUcal Tr^diikH. inference from it« is another question; the instance is addaced here only with a view of exemplifying what is at least the negative force of the Scripture figures concerning divine objects. So again, the words " in the bosom of the Father/' surely may suf- fice to exclude from our theology the notion of the Son being dis- tinct in substance and existence from the Almighty Father. We assert it is possible that human language^ as used in Scripture^ should do as much as this, — it may make the truth of doctrine lie in one direction, not in another, whether there be an unerring arbiter of controversies or not, — it may have a legitimate meaning, so as to involve readers in guilt if they reject it, and make them amenable hereafter for not having had an unerring and sufficient judge of the Scripture text in their own breasts. And let it be observed that one great portion of the Catholic symbols and expositions actually is engaged in this department of limitation and admoni- tion. Thus, in the creed of the Nicene Council, the anathema was attached to those who rejected these negative attributes of our Lord, viz. His having no beginning, being 7iot of a created essence, and being tinchangeable. Again ; the following remarks of a recent writer on the conduct of the Fathers in the controversy are altogether in point, the more so as being incidentally intro- duced into his work. *' They did not use these [figures] for more than shadows of sacred truth, symbols witnessing against the spe- culations into which the unbridled intellect fell. Accordingly, they were for a time inconsistent with each other in the minor particulars of their doctrinal statements, being far more bent on opposing error than forming a theology J' To the same purpose are the remarks of Gibbon, who thought he was exposing the Catholic creed, when he was really illustrating the foundation of all our doctrine concerning the Divine Nature, whether in natural or revealed religion. ^' In every step of the inquiry, we are com- pelled to feel and acknowledge the immeasurable disproportion between the size of the object and the capacity of the human mind. We strive to abstract the notions of time, of space, and of matter, which so closely adhere to all the preceptions of our ex- perimental knowledge. But as soon as we presume to reason of infinite substance, of spiritual generation, a^ often as we deduce any positive conclusions from a negative idea, we are involved in darkness, perplexity, and inevitable contradiction.''— <-Gt&6on, ch. xxi. Yet, strange to say, this very author, who so unhesi- tatingly blames positive statement? concerning the mysterious essence of God, shortly after indirectly assails the Catholics at Nicaea for being more eager to denounce the Arians than to ex- plain the formula of the Homousion, and for allowing the Sabel- ApostoHcal Tradition. 179 li«&8 to shelter theniBelves under it, so that they would help them in subduing those who denied it. We do not by any means allow the correctness of this charge, but at least it represents the Catho- lics as doing the very thing which he had shortly before by impli* cation recommended, confining their symbol to the expression of *' a negative idea/' and excluding from it ** any positive conclu- sions/' Gibbon probably was not aware (unless he was too much prejudiced to admit) that the doctrine he puts forward in the above extract with so much pomp and authoritativenessj was a principle taken for granted by the Catholic Fathers, and acted upon in their discussions. St. John Damascene, (e. g.) after speak- ing of Almighty God as immaterial and spiritual, proceeds, ** But even this attribute gives us no conception of His substance, (^'^») any more than His eternity, unchangeableness, and the rest; for these declare not what He is, but what He is not; whereas, when we speak of the substance of any being, we have to say what it is, not what it is not. However, as relates to God, it i$ impassible to say what He is as to His substance ; and it is rather more to the purpose to contrast Him with all beings (^vrctfv) when we speak of Him The Divine Nature, then, is infinite and incomprehensible ; all we can know about it is, that it is not to be known; and whatever positive statements we make concerning Godf relate not to His nature, but to the accompaniments of His nature. I'hese observations seem to have carried us as far as this; firsts that whereas the New Testament contains dogmatic statements concerning the Divine Nature, proposes them for our acceptance, and guards them with anathemas, it is clearly our duty to put them forth formally, whether we be able in our present state to attach a distinct meaning to them or not, just as the Blessed Virgin pondered our Lord's words, or the Apostles His prophecy of His resurrection, or the Prophets what " the Spirit of Christ signified," without understanding what they received. Next it would appear that these statements, however inadequate to ex- press the divine realities, yet may convey to us at least some nega- tive information about them, whatever else they convey, — in fact, may reveal to us the mysteries of the Trinity and the Incarnation * De Fid. Orthod. i. 4. 180 Apostolical Tradition. in the same sense in which natural religion teaches us the truths connected with the being and attributes of God ; so that we are under no necessity of giving up our interpretations of the Scrip- ture statements, unless we are bound to go further, unless we are to be forced from our notions of religion altogether — forced into Pantheism, or some more avowed form of atheistical speculation. But we do not mean to stop here, we mean to prove the existence of an authorized interpreter of Scripture, as well as the intrinsic definiteness of its text. The obvious remark on what has hitherto been said, would be, that it justified the use, not the imposition, of extra-scriptural statements ; whereas some of the articles of the creed are not simply deduced from Scripture, but are made the terms of Communion, invested with the terrors of the invisible world, and so raised from human comments, into the rank of in- spired truth. Let us hear Or. Hampden * on this subject, a writer who is here introduced, not from any wish to come into collision with him, but because it has fallen to his lot to state objections to Catholic Truth in a more distinct shape than they have been found in the works of Churchmen for some time ^' The real causes of separation,^' he says, ^' are to be found in that confu- sion of theological and moral truth with religion, which is evidenced in the profession of different sects. Opinions on religious matters are regarded as identical with the objects of faith ; and the zeal which belongs to dissentients in the latter, is transferred to the guiltless differences of fallible judgments. Whilst we agree in the canon of Scripture, in the very words, for the most part, from which we learn what are the objects of faith, we suffer disunion to spread among us, through the various interpretations suggested by our own reasonings on the admitted facts of Scripture. We introduce theories of the Divine Being and attributes, — theories of human nature and of the universe — principles drawn from the various branches of human philosophy — into the body itself of revealed wisdom. And we then proceed to contend for these unrevealed representations of the wisdom of God, as if it were that very wisdom as it stands forth confessed in his own living oracles. ' The wisdom that is from above* is at once ' pure ' and ' gentle.' Surely it has no resemblance to that dogmatical and sententious wisdom which theological controversy has created/' — Observations on Religious Dissenty pp. 7, 8. Now we quote this passage for the sake of meeting it; it con-' tains a fair argument, which ought to be met. If a Christian is pained at it, as he may well be, it is not on account of the argument itself, or the putting it forward, or the necessity of encountering * This article was written before Dr. Hampden's appointment to the Divinity Pro- fessorship at Oxford, and has been in type since Marcli last. Apostolical TraditiofK 181 it, but to see an author so confident of its correctness as to allow himself in consequence to speak evil of that which others con- sider as the very word of God. Those who consider that the Creeds are the word of God, as truly, though not in the same sense, as the Scripture, and derived in the same way from transmission from the Apostles, of course will be shocked at finding their ex- pressions treated as a " dogmatical and sententious wisdom/' It is surely not modest or becoming in any one, so to connect his own opinions with the truth itself, as to assume that what he does not consider as the true view of the case, may be at once treated with contumely ; it is, in fact, but a specimen in Dr. H. of the very error which he conceives he has detected in the Church Catholic itself. We suppose he would object to a controversialist who» in arguing against a Calvinist, maintained, that if his opponent's view was the true one, the course of Providence was unjust and tyrannical. He would protest against hazarding the mercy and equity of the Divine dealings on the accident of the correctness of any human reasonings. On somewhat a similar ground we are offended at the above passage; not for the argument itself, which he is at liberty to put forth if he will; but at the lightness (as we view it) of his expressions about what others consider sacred statements, expressions which are not excusable, except a line of argument be true which we think a fallacy. ^* Let not him that girdeth on his harness, boast himself as he that putteth it off;" and let not the writer now in question assume the very position in debate, lest haply he be found to be scofiing against that very wisdom, which, " dogmatical and sententious " or not, has come by direct trans- mission independent of Scripture, from the Apostles themselves. We say, from the Apostles; and thus we advance a claim, which if substantiated, overturns the argument of Mr. Blanco White, Dr. Hampden, Chillingworth, Hoadly, Locke, and the rest from its very foundation. The doctrinal statements of the creeds are not to be viewed as mere deductions from Scripture, any more than the historical statements of those creeds, — the article of the Homousion any more than that of the Resurrection ; but as the appropriate expressions and embodying of apostolical teaching, known to be such, and handed down in the Church as such from age to age. If this be so, it is in vain to argue about " various interpretations of Scripture," " pious opinions" and " theories" upon *' facts," and of*' differences of fallible judgments;" it is equally vain to talk of '* hieroglyphics casting shadows" and " metaphors. explanatory of metaphors," and so forth. These ** interpretations" turn out to be authoritative and original state- ments; these '* opinions" are doctrines; these so-called secou<« dary metaphors are primary symbols given by Apostles or ex* 189 Apostolical Tradition^ pressiv^ of their known teaching. Will it be here said that now in turn we, are boasting before our proof ? No: we are com- plaining, and on this score^ that this view which we consider the true one, has pot attracted the attention either of Mr. Blanco White or Dr. Hampden. This is the more remarkable in the case of the latter of these two writers, for he approaches the view in question, but strangely enough in one who has a name for learning, he notices it only to misunderstand it. He speaks thus of the doctrine of the Church of Rome. " In the Roman Catholic Church. • , • the question" (whether conclusions from Scripture have in themselves the autho* ritatiye force of real divine truth) '' is formally decided in the affir-* mative, by the authority assigned to tradition in conjunction with Scripture ; for tradition is nothing more than expositions of the text of Scripture, reasoned out by the Church and embodied in a code of doctrine." — p. 4. This, we confess, is to us informa- t,ion; as we suspect it would be to Bellarmine also or any other Roman controversialist. We suspect that they would altogether disavow all claim to impose mere deductions from Scripture, as divine truths, in spite of their assumed infallibility in matters of doctrine. Rather it is one of their charges against Protestant communions, that these do impose, as matters of faith, what after all they believe only on the assurance of private judgment. They profess that their traditions exist quite independently of Scripture ^ that had Scripture never been written, they would have existed stilly and that they form a collateral not a subordinate source of information to the Church. We must repeat our utter surprise at such a statement as the above, from such a quarter, when even the popular work of Bishop Jebb would have warned Dr. Hampden of its incorrectness. '' The Church of Rome maintains," he says in his Essay on the Peculiar Character of the English Churchy *' not only that there are two rules of belief, but these two rules are co-ordinate ; that there is an unwritten, no less than a written word of God ; and that the authority of the former is alike defini* five with the authority of the latter.'' Reluctant as we may be to set before our readers a truth as plain as the fact of the exist-^ ence of the Roman Church itself, — its maintenance of the intrinsic and independent authority of the unwritten Word,^-yet we must insist v^pon it when writers indulge themselves in so extravagant a liberty of speculation. ** Totalis regula fidei," he says, (De Verb. Dei non Script. 12), est Verb.um Dei, sive revelatio Dei Ecclesise facta, quse dividitur in duas regulas partiales, Scripturam et traditionem.^' And b^ has a chapter on the tests by which we ascertain what traditions are apostolical Again^ among the uses of tradition he places JpoHoUcal TrwUiion. 183 that of interpreting Scripture doctrine. ** Sspissime Scripture ambigua et perplexa est, ut nisi ab aliquo, qui errare non possit^ explicetur, non possit intelligi ; igitur sola non sufficit. £zempla sunt plurima : nam a^ualitas divinarum personarum, processio Spiritus Sancti k Patre et Filio, ut ab uno principio, peccatum originis, descensus Christi ad inferos, et multa similia deducuntur quidem ex sacris litteriSf sed non adeo facile, ut si salts pusnandum sit Scripturae testimoniis, nunqucnn lites cum protervis Jiniri pos^ sint. Notandum est enim, duo esse in Scriptur^, voces scriptas, et sensum in eis inclusum £z bis duobus primum habetur ab omnibus ; quicunque enim novit litteras, potest le^ere Scripturas : at secundum non habent omnes, nee possumus m plurimis iocis certi esse de secundo, nisi aecedat tradiiio. — Ibid. 4. In like manner Bossuet, (Exposition, ch. 17> 18,) *' Jesus Christ having laid the foundation of his Church by preaching, the unwritten word was consequetuly the Jirst rule of Christianity ; and, when the writings of the New Testament were added to it, its authority was not forfeited on that account ; which makes us receive with equal veneration all that hath been taught by the Apostles, whether in writing or by word of mouth .... And a most certain mark that a doctrine comes from the Apostles, is, when all Christian Churches embrace it, without its being in the power of any one to show when it had a beginning .... Bound inseparably, as we are, to the authority of the Church, by the Scriptures which we receive from her hand, we learn tradition also from her; and by means of tradition the true sense of the Scriptures. 1 84 Apostolical Tradition. has rilled it in half' a sentence that " tradition is nothing more than expositions of the text of Scripture, reasoned out by the Church, and embodied in a code of doctrine ;" stating what is neither agreeable to the fact nor to the Roman view of it ; for no one will say, for instance, that the doctrine of indulgences either is and is professed by the Romanists to be primarily reasoned out from Scripture. Nay the decree of the Council of Trent expressly says *' Cumi potestas conferendi indulgentias a Christo Eccksiie concessa sit, atque hujusmodi potestate, divinitus sibi traditsl, anti-' quissimis temporibus ilia usa fuerit". &c., not a word being said of any Scripture sanction for the use of them. Indeed this is the very point of difference between the Romanists and ourselves. The English Church no where denies the existence of apostolical traditions, and their authority in the interpretation of Scripture ; so far we do not dissent from the Romanists. But what we do deny is the independent and substantive power of tradition in matters of faith, where Scripture is silent, — the right of the Church to impose doctrines on the mere authority of tradition, which the Council of Trent has done, for instance, in the above cited decree on indulgences. So that it would seem that Dr. Hampden has not only passed over the question of the apostolicity of the creeds, in which we conceive lies the refutation of his peculiar theory ; but he has actually missed that very point in the Roman Church's doctrine, in which she differs from our own. Here we take leave of Dr. H. for the present, and should feel pleasure if we could be saved the necessity of recurring to him. Other objections will be made to tlie notion of the authority of the creeds, as a contemporaneous comment upon Scripture, which we must try to clear off as expeditiously as we can. When an educated man of the present day first hears it said that the creeds are the expressions of apostolical traditions, he is at once annoyed, and listens with suspicion. Now why is this? First it is because he has never heard the view stated before, and he feels that doubt which spontaneously rises when the mind is put out of its usual way of thinking. He does not know what the principle may lead to ; he does not see how far it may carry him towards popery ; he does not see its bearings, its limitations, or its grounds. This is all very natural; yet on second thoughts perhaps he will take heart and be more rational. We say ** more rational," for' there are certainly fair grounds of reason, prior to evidence, to desire^ nay almost to expect, such an informant as we are offering to him about the meaning of Scripture. Such a guide is surely very much wanted* Scripture is not written in a dogmatic form, though there are dogmatic passages in it; it contains the portions and tokens of a theological system, without itself being such. It Jpiostolkal Tradiiion. }8S promises dogmatic statements without fully sopply ing them, Whatw then is so natural as to suppose that Divine Mercy has somewhere or other supplied this desideratum i and what antecedent improba- bility is there in the creeds containing the heads and subjects of the teaching required ? It is worth remarking, however, that this very character of Scripture, which seems by its form and. matter to point at the creeds and the traditionary teaching connected with them as its due complement, has been paradoxically brought as an argument for dispensing with them. Assuming that in Scrip- ture we have the model and type of all Christian teaching, it has been decided, that since the creeds, as being dogmatic, are unlike Scripture, that therefore they are no part of Christianity, which is about as rational as to conclude (according to St. Hampden came into our minds in this last sentence, because here too he has indulged in a seeming paradox as on other points. Speak- ing in depreciation of dogmatic statements, be uses an argument which tells so fatally against himself, thatreaders must look over it twice to be sure that they have not mistaken his meaning. *' I ask," he says iu his Bampton Lectures, in a passage which has been much quoted of late, " whether it is likely that an Apostle would have adopted the form of an epistolary communication for im- parting mysterious propositions to disciples with whom he en- joyed the opportunity of personal intercourse, and to whom he had already * declared the whole counsel of God V '' — p. 374. This argument, let it be observed, is to go to prove that Chris- tianity is not dogmatic, because Scripture is not ; and we do not know which most to admire — the boldness of the main position, or the felicity of a mode of handling it, which oversets the reason- ing on which it is founded. It presents a curious contrast to the ' reasoning of the present Archbishop of Dublin in his Essay on Creeds ; who advocates the same theory on the ground that there is no Apostolical teaching now extant, thus failing characterise* tically, not in the reasoning, which is most intelligible, but in the matter of fact. It will serve at once to explain and to defend the position we 186 ApoitoUeal TradiHon. have taken up against Dr. Hampden, to express ourselves in the language of the learned and soberminded prelate, who is at pre- sent in the possession of the see of Lincoln. ** If we mistake not the signs of the times/' he observes in his work upon Ter- tullian» '^ the period is not far distant when the whole controversy between the English and Romish Churches will be revived, and all the points in dispute again brought under review. Of those none is more important than the question respecting tradition ; and it is therefore most essential that they who stand forth as the defenders of the Church of England should take a correct and rational view of the subject, the view in short which was taken by our divines at the Reformation. Nothing was more remote fromtkeir intention than indiscriminately to cornkmn all tradition. , • • What our reformers opposed was the notion that men must, upon the mere authority of tradition, receive, as necessary to sal-^ vation, doctrines not contained in Scripture • • . • With respect to the particular doctrines, in defence of which the Roman Catholics appeal to tradition, our reformers contended that some were di- rectly at variance with Scripture ; and that others^ far from being supported by an unbroken chain of tradition from the apostolic age, were of very recent origin, and utterly unknown to the early Fathers ... In this, as in other instances, they wisely adopted a middle course ; they neither bowed submissively to the authority of tradition, nor yet rejected it altogether. We at the present day must tread in their footsteps and imitate their moderation, if we intend to combat our Roman Catholic adversaries with suc- cess."— p. 297, ed. 1826. In another place he speaks still more explicitly. ^' TertuUian,'' he says, as if citing the statement of a writer he was animadverting on, " appeals to apostolical tradi- tion, to a rule of faith, not originally deduced from Scripture, but delivered by the Apostles orally to the Churches w'hich they founded, and regularly transmitted from them to his own time. How, I would ask, is this appeal inconsistent with the principles of the Church of England, which declares only that Holy Scrip- ture contains all things necessary to. salvation ? Respecting the source, from which the rule of faith was originally deduced, our Church is silent." — p. 587.
| 19,618 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frink%20Brook
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Frink Brook
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frink Brook&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 40 | 76 |
Ang Frink Brook ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Heyograpiya
Tinipong Bansa
Frink Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Connecticut), Tolland County,
Frink Brook (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, New York), Saratoga County,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-02
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa
| 42,584 |
https://github.com/sakuracasino/roulette-contract/blob/master/test/libs/getPermitArgs.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
roulette-contract
|
sakuracasino
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 167 | 692 |
// Based on https://github.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v2-core/blob/master/test/shared/utilities.ts#L52
const { MaxUint256 } = require('ethers/constants');
const { keccak256, defaultAbiCoder, toUtf8Bytes, solidityPack} = require('ethers/utils');
const { ecsign } = require('ethereumjs-util');
const PERMIT_TYPEHASH = keccak256(
toUtf8Bytes('Permit(address owner,address spender,uint256 value,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)')
);
function getDomainSeparator(name, tokenAddress) {
return keccak256(
defaultAbiCoder.encode(
['bytes32', 'bytes32', 'bytes32', 'uint256', 'address'],
[
keccak256(toUtf8Bytes('EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)')),
keccak256(toUtf8Bytes(name)),
keccak256(toUtf8Bytes('1')),
1,
tokenAddress
]
)
)
}
async function getApprovalDigest(
token,
approve,
nonce,
deadline
) {
const name = await token.name()
const DOMAIN_SEPARATOR = getDomainSeparator(name, token.address)
return keccak256(
solidityPack(
['bytes1', 'bytes1', 'bytes32', 'bytes32'],
[
'0x19',
'0x01',
DOMAIN_SEPARATOR,
keccak256(
defaultAbiCoder.encode(
['bytes32', 'address', 'address', 'uint256', 'uint256', 'uint256'],
[PERMIT_TYPEHASH, approve.owner, approve.spender, approve.value, nonce, deadline]
)
)
]
)
)
}
module.exports = async function getPermitArgs({
token,
spenderAddress,
owner,
amount,
deadline = MaxUint256
}) {
const nonce = await token.nonces(owner.address);
const digest = await getApprovalDigest(
token,
{ owner: owner.address, spender: spenderAddress, value: amount},
nonce.toString(),
deadline.toString()
);
const { v, r, s } = ecsign(
Buffer.from(digest.slice(2), 'hex'),
Buffer.from(owner.privateKey.slice(2), 'hex')
);
return [deadline, v, r, s, {from: owner.address}];
};
| 30,749 |
https://github.com/abdullahfarookk/JPProject.IdentityServer4.SSO/blob/master/src/Backend/Jp.Database/Identity/IdentityUserManager.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
JPProject.IdentityServer4.SSO
|
abdullahfarookk
|
C#
|
Code
| 268 | 955 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using JPProject.Sso.AspNetIdentity.Models.Identity;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Identity;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
namespace Jp.Database.Identity
{
public class IdentityUserManager:UserManager<UserIdentity>
{
private readonly IdentityUserStore<UserIdentity, Tenant> _store;
public IdentityUserManager(IdentityUserStore<UserIdentity, Tenant> store, IOptions<IdentityOptions> optionsAccessor, IPasswordHasher<UserIdentity> passwordHasher, IEnumerable<IUserValidator<UserIdentity>> userValidators, IEnumerable<IPasswordValidator<UserIdentity>> passwordValidators, ILookupNormalizer keyNormalizer, IdentityErrorDescriber errors, IServiceProvider services, ILogger<UserManager<UserIdentity>> logger) : base(store, optionsAccessor, passwordHasher, userValidators, passwordValidators, keyNormalizer, errors, services, logger)
{
_store = store;
}
public Task<IList<string>> GetRolesAsync(string userId, string tenantId)
{
var user = _store.Context.Set<UserIdentity>().Find(userId);
var tenant = _store.Context.Set<Tenant>().Find(tenantId);
if (null == user)
{
throw new Exception("User not found");
}
if (null == tenant)
{
throw new Exception("Tenant not found");
}
return _store.GetRolesAsync(user, tenant);
}
public async Task<IdentityResult> AddToRoleAsync(Tenant tenant,UserIdentity user, string role)
{
ThrowIfDisposed();
var userRoleStore = GetUserRoleStore();
if (user == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(user));
}
var normalizedRole = NormalizeName(role);
if (await userRoleStore.IsInRoleAsync(user,tenant, normalizedRole, CancellationToken))
{
return await UserAlreadyInRoleError(user, role);
}
await userRoleStore.AddToRoleAsync(user, tenant, normalizedRole, CancellationToken);
return await UpdateUserAsync(user);
}
private async Task<IdentityResult> UserAlreadyInRoleError(UserIdentity user, string role)
{
Logger.LogWarning(5, "User {userId} is already in role {role}.", await GetUserIdAsync(user), role);
return IdentityResult.Failed(ErrorDescriber.UserAlreadyInRole(role));
}
private IdentityUserStore<UserIdentity, Tenant> GetUserRoleStore()
{
var cast = Store as IdentityUserStore<UserIdentity,Tenant>;
if (cast == null)
{
throw new NotSupportedException("StoreNotIUserRoleStore not supported to casting");
}
return cast;
}
public virtual async Task<IdentityResult> AddToRolesAsync(UserIdentity user, Tenant tenant, IEnumerable<string> roles)
{
ThrowIfDisposed();
var userRoleStore = GetUserRoleStore();
if (user == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(user));
}
if (roles == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(roles));
}
foreach (var role in roles.Distinct())
{
var normalizedRole = NormalizeName(role);
if (await userRoleStore.IsInRoleAsync(user, tenant, normalizedRole, CancellationToken))
{
return await UserAlreadyInRoleError(user, role);
}
await userRoleStore.AddToRoleAsync(user, tenant, normalizedRole, CancellationToken);
}
return await UpdateUserAsync(user);
}
}
}
| 35,770 |
https://github.com/markmathis/cse560/blob/master/FFA/Simulator/JUMP.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,011 |
cse560
|
markmathis
|
C#
|
Code
| 708 | 1,543 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace Simulator
{
class JUMP
{
/**
* Executes the JUMP instruction. Breaks the rest of the binary string apart and calls
* the desired procedure.
*
* @param function The JUMP procedure to be called.
* @param bin The binary representation of the instruction.
*
* @refcode OP1
* @errtest
* @errmsg
* @author Jacob Peddicord
* @creation May 20, 2011
* @modlog
* - May 22, 2011 - Andrew - Wasn't actually setting the new LC.
* @teststandard Andrew Buelow
* @codestandard Mark Mathis
*/
public static void Run(string function, string bin)
{
// save the LC for operations
var runtime = Runtime.GetInstance();
int lc = runtime.LC;
// get the jump destination
int dest = Convert.ToInt32(bin.Substring(6), 2);
// see which type of jump to perform
if (function == "=")
{
JUMP.Equal(dest, ref lc);
}
else if (function == "^=")
{
throw new Assembler.ErrorException(Assembler.Errors.Category.Serious, 22);
}
else if (function == "<")
{
JUMP.Less(dest, ref lc);
}
else if (function == ">")
{
JUMP.Greater(dest, ref lc);
}
else if (function == "<=")
{
throw new Assembler.ErrorException(Assembler.Errors.Category.Serious, 22);
}
else if (function == ">=")
{
throw new Assembler.ErrorException(Assembler.Errors.Category.Serious, 22);
}
else if (function == "TNULL")
{
JUMP.Tnull(dest, ref lc);
}
else if (function == "DNULL")
{
JUMP.Dnull(dest, ref lc);
}
// set the LC
Runtime.GetInstance().LC = lc;
}
/**
* Pulls the first item off of the test stack and sets the new LC
* if it is equal to 0 (equal).
*
* @param addr the address to branch to if conditions are met
* @param LC The current location counter to be modified if jumping
*
* @refcode OP1.0
* @errtest
* @errmsg
* @author Andrew Buelow
* @creation May 20, 2011
* @modlog
* @teststandard Andrew Buelow
* @codestandard Mark Mathis
*/
public static void Equal(int addr, ref int LC)
{
int i = -1;
i = Memory.GetInstance().TestPop();
if (i == 0)
{
LC = addr;
}
}
/**
* Pulls the first item off of the test stack and sets the new LC
* if it is equal to 1 (less than).
*
* @param addr the address to branch to if conditions are met
* @param LC The current location counter to be modified if jumping
*
* @refcode OP1.2
* @errtest
* @errmsg
* @author Andrew Buelow
* @creation May 20, 2011
* @modlog
* @teststandard Andrew Buelow
* @codestandard Mark Mathis
*/
public static void Less(int addr, ref int LC)
{
int i = -1;
i = Memory.GetInstance().TestPop();
if (i == 1)
{
LC = addr;
}
}
/**
* Pulls the first item off of the test stack and sets the new LC
* if it is equal to 2 (greater than).
*
* @param addr the address to branch to if conditions are met
* @param LC The current location counter to be modified if jumping
*
* @refcode OP1.3
* @errtest
* @errmsg
* @author Andrew Buelow
* @creation May 20, 2011
* @modlog
* @teststandard Andrew Buelow
* @codestandard Mark Mathis
*/
public static void Greater(int addr, ref int LC)
{
int i = -1;
i = Memory.GetInstance().TestPop();
if (i == 2)
{
LC = addr;
}
}
/**
* Take the jump if there is nothing on the data stack.
*
* @param addr the address to branch to if conditions are met
* @param LC The current location counter to be modified if jumping
*
* @refcode OP1.7
* @errtest
* @errmsg
* @author Andrew Buelow
* @creation May 20, 2011
* @modlog
* @teststandard Andrew Buelow
* @codestandard Mark Mathis
*/
public static void Dnull(int addr, ref int LC)
{
if (Memory.GetInstance().GetDataStack().Length == 0)
{
LC = addr;
}
}
/**
* Take the jump if there is nothing on the test stack.
*
* @param addr the address to branch to if conditions are met
* @param LC The current location counter to be modified if jumping
*
* @refcode OP1.6
* @errtest
* @errmsg
* @author Andrew Buelow
* @creation May 20, 2011
* @modlog
* @teststandard Andrew Buelow
* @codestandard Mark Mathis
*/
public static void Tnull(int addr, ref int LC)
{
if (Memory.GetInstance().GetTestStack().Length == 0)
{
LC = addr;
}
}
}
}
| 36,949 |
https://github.com/MarcSteven/ProtocolKit/blob/master/inspect_model_for_debugging.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ProtocolKit
|
MarcSteven
|
Python
|
Code
| 24 | 121 |
import coremltools
import numpy as np
model = coremltools.models.MLModel('')
spec = model.get_spec()
print(spec)
layer = spec.neuralNetwork.layers[0]
weight_params = layer.convolution.weights
print("Weights of {} layer:{}.".format(layer.WhichOneOf('layer'),layer.name))
print(np.reshape(np.asarray(weight_params.floatValue),(1,1,3,3)))
| 39,863 |
https://github.com/greenwoodms/TRANSFORM-Library/blob/master/TRANSFORM/Fluid/Volumes/ClosureModels/MassTransfer/Evaporation/PhaseSeparationHypothesis.mo
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
TRANSFORM-Library
|
greenwoodms
|
Modelica
|
Code
| 59 | 279 |
within TRANSFORM.Fluid.Volumes.ClosureModels.MassTransfer.Evaporation;
model PhaseSeparationHypothesis
extends
TRANSFORM.Fluid.Volumes.ClosureModels.MassTransfer.Evaporation.PartialBulkEvaporation;
/*
Source:
1. NUREG-CR-4449 pg 30
*/
input SI.Area Ac "Average cross sectional area" annotation(Dialog(group="Inputs"));
parameter SI.Length d_e = 0.001 "Equivalent spherical bubble diameter";
SI.Velocity v_bub=Functions.v_Stokes(
d_e,
medium2.rho_lsat,
medium2.rho_vsat,
medium2.mu_lsat) "Bubble terminal velocity";
equation
m_flow = noEvent(
if medium2.h > medium2.h_lsat and medium2.h < medium2.h_vsat then
v_bub*(0.9 + 0.1*medium2.alphaV)*medium2.rho_vsat*Ac
else
0);
end PhaseSeparationHypothesis;
| 38,437 |
https://github.com/dabachma/ProMaIDes_src/blob/master/source_code/system_hydraulic/source_code/gui/HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
ProMaIDes_src
|
dabachma
|
C
|
Code
| 292 | 862 |
#pragma once
#ifndef HYDGUI_PROFIL2DGM_CONVERTER_DIA_H
#define HYDGUI_PROFIL2DGM_CONVERTER_DIA_H
/**\class HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia
\author Daniel Bachmann et al.
\author produced by the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (IWW), RWTH Aachen University
\version 0.0.1
\date 2013
*/
//QT libs
#include <QDialog>
#include <QFile>
#include <QStringList>
//forms
#include "ui_HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia.h"
//system sys
#include "Sys_One_Filechooser_Wid.h"
#include "Common_Const.h"
///Dialog-class for the input data for a conversion of profile data to river DGM-W data \ingroup sys
/**
This dialog class reads in: two streamline representing the left and right river bank, a file of profile data,
the number of profiles in file and the number of extra stream lines for interpolation.
\see Sys_One_Filechooser_Wid
*/
class HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia : public QDialog
{
//Macro for using signals and slots (Qt)in this class
Q_OBJECT
public:
///Default constructor
HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia(QWidget *parent = 0);
///Default destructor
~HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia(void);
///Set the number of file-browser (Sys_One_Filechooser_Wid). They are also allocated and set to the dialog.
void set_number_file_browser(const int number, QIcon icon);
///Get the number of file-browser (Sys_One_Filechooser_Wid) used in the dialog
int get_number_file_browser(void);
///Get a pointer to the file-browser given by the index
Sys_One_Filechooser_Wid* get_ptr_file_browser(const int index);
///Get the text (path and filename) of the file-browser given by the index
string get_file_path(const int index);
///Set the text of the main text-label
void set_main_text_label(const string text);
///Set the window title
void set_window_title(const string text);
///Get the number of additional streamlines
int get_number_additional_streamlines(void);
///Get the number of profiles in file
int get_number_profiles_in_file(void);
///Get density along stream lines
double get_dens_streamline(void);
///Get offset for x-coordinate
double get_offset_x(void);
///Get offset for y-coordinate
double get_offset_y(void);
///Start the dialog
bool start_dialog(void);
private:
//members
///Form class made with the QT-designer for the layout of the dialog
Ui::HydGui_Profil2Dgm_Converter_Dia ui;
///Pointer to the single file-browser lines
Sys_One_Filechooser_Wid *file_browser;
///Number of file-browser in the dialog
int number_browser;
///Layout for the line-browser
QVBoxLayout browser_layout;
};
#endif
| 39,408 |
https://github.com/aBothe/D_Parser/blob/master/Tests/Completion/TestUtil.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
D_Parser
|
aBothe
|
C#
|
Code
| 141 | 470 |
using System.Threading;
using D_Parser;
using D_Parser.Dom;
using D_Parser.Parser;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace Tests.Completion
{
public static class TestUtil
{
/// <summary>
/// Use § as caret indicator!
/// </summary>
public static TestsEditorData GenEditorData(string focusedModuleCode, params string[] otherModuleCodes)
{
int caretOffset = focusedModuleCode.IndexOf('§');
Assert.IsTrue(caretOffset != -1);
focusedModuleCode = focusedModuleCode.Substring(0, caretOffset) +
focusedModuleCode.Substring(caretOffset + 1);
var caret = DocumentHelper.OffsetToLocation(focusedModuleCode, caretOffset);
return GenEditorData(caret.Line, caret.Column, focusedModuleCode, otherModuleCodes);
}
public static TestsEditorData GenEditorData(int caretLine, int caretPos,string focusedModuleCode,params string[] otherModuleCodes)
{
var cache = ResolutionTestHelper.CreateCache (out _, otherModuleCodes);
var ed = new TestsEditorData { ParseCache = cache };
ed.CancelToken = CancellationToken.None;
UpdateEditorData (ed, caretLine, caretPos, focusedModuleCode);
return ed;
}
public static void UpdateEditorData(TestsEditorData ed,int caretLine, int caretPos, string focusedModuleCode)
{
var mod = DParser.ParseString (focusedModuleCode);
ed.MainPackage.AddModule (mod);
ed.ModuleCode = focusedModuleCode;
ed.SyntaxTree = mod;
ed.CaretLocation = new CodeLocation (caretPos, caretLine);
ed.CaretOffset = DocumentHelper.LocationToOffset (focusedModuleCode, caretLine, caretPos);
}
}
}
| 47,268 |
https://github.com/Git-liuxiaoyu/cloud-hospital-parent/blob/master/cloud-hospital-parent/cloud-hospital-nacos-parent/physical-exam-service/src/main/java/com/example/physicalexamservice/service/command/physicalexamtype/update/UpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommandHandler.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
cloud-hospital-parent
|
Git-liuxiaoyu
|
Java
|
Code
| 89 | 473 |
package com.example.physicalexamservice.service.command.physicalexamtype.update;
import com.example.physicalexamservice.adapter.PhysicalExamTypeDaoAdapter;
import com.example.physicalexamservice.outlet.publisher.PhysicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher;
import com.example.physicalexamservice.service.api.physicalexamtype.IUpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommandHandler;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
/**
* 接口实现类 - 实现 - IUpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommandHandler
*
* @author Alnwick11AtoZ 松
* @date 2021/6/24
*/
@Component
@Slf4j
@Transactional
public class UpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommandHandler implements IUpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommandHandler {
/* 构造注入 - 开始 */
private final PhysicalExamTypeDaoAdapter physicalExamTypeDaoAdapter;
private final PhysicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher physicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher;
public UpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommandHandler(PhysicalExamTypeDaoAdapter physicalExamTypeDaoAdapter, PhysicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher physicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher) {
this.physicalExamTypeDaoAdapter = physicalExamTypeDaoAdapter;
this.physicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher = physicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher;
}
/* 构造注入 - 结束 */
@Override
public void action(UpdatePhysicalExamTypeCommand command) {
/* 调用方法 */
physicalExamTypeDaoAdapter.update(command.getId(), command.getName(), command.getDescription());
/* 发送删除缓存请求 到缓存队列 */
physicalExamTypeRedisCachePublisher.publishPhysicalExamTypeAllDelete();
}
}
| 13,769 |
https://github.com/EvilMog99/MOGEngine/blob/master/src/toolbox/Time.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
MOGEngine
|
EvilMog99
|
Java
|
Code
| 75 | 215 |
package toolbox;
import org.lwjgl.Sys;
public class Time
{
private static long previousTime = 0;
private static long currentTime = 0;
private static float deltaTime = 0;
public static float getDeltaTime() { return deltaTime; }
public Time()
{
}
public static void calculateDeltaTime()//derived from: http://wiki.lwjgl.org/wiki/LWJGL_Basics_4_(Timing).html
{
currentTime = (Sys.getTime() * 1000 / Sys.getTimerResolution());
deltaTime = (currentTime - previousTime) * 0.001f;
previousTime = currentTime;
}
public long getTime()
{
return (Sys.getTime() * 1000 / Sys.getTimerResolution());
}
}
| 31,849 |
https://github.com/SkillsFundingAgency/das-providerpayments/blob/master/src/AcceptanceTesting/Common/IlrGeneratorApp/ViewModels/LearnerViewModel.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
das-providerpayments
|
SkillsFundingAgency
|
C#
|
Code
| 341 | 941 |
using System;
namespace IlrGeneratorApp.ViewModels
{
public class LearnerViewModel : GeneratorViewModel
{
public LearnerViewModel()
{
StartDate = new DateTime(2017, 4, 5);
PlannedEndDate = new DateTime(2018, 4, 20);
}
private string _title;
public string Title
{
get { return _title; }
set
{
if (_title != value)
{
_title = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private long _uln;
public long Uln
{
get { return _uln; }
set
{
if (_uln != value)
{
_uln = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private long _standardCode;
public long StandardCode
{
get { return _standardCode; }
set
{
if (_standardCode != value)
{
_standardCode = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private int _frameworkCode;
public int FrameworkCode
{
get { return _frameworkCode; }
set
{
if (_frameworkCode != value)
{
_frameworkCode = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private int _programmeType;
public int ProgrammeType
{
get { return _programmeType; }
set
{
if (_programmeType != value)
{
_programmeType = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private int _pathwayCode;
public int PathwayCode
{
get { return _pathwayCode; }
set
{
if (_pathwayCode != value)
{
_pathwayCode = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private DateTime _startDate;
public DateTime StartDate
{
get { return _startDate; }
set
{
if (_startDate != value)
{
_startDate = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private DateTime _plannedEndDate;
public DateTime PlannedEndDate
{
get { return _plannedEndDate; }
set
{
if (_plannedEndDate != value)
{
_plannedEndDate = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private DateTime? _actualEndDate;
public DateTime? ActualEndDate
{
get { return _actualEndDate; }
set
{
if (_actualEndDate != value)
{
_actualEndDate = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private decimal _trainingCost;
public decimal TrainingCost
{
get { return _trainingCost; }
set
{
if (_trainingCost != value)
{
_trainingCost = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private decimal _endpointAssesmentCost;
public decimal EndpointAssesmentCost
{
get { return _endpointAssesmentCost; }
set
{
if (_endpointAssesmentCost != value)
{
_endpointAssesmentCost = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
private short _contractStatus;
public short ContractStatus
{
get { return _contractStatus; }
set
{
if (_contractStatus != value)
{
_contractStatus = value;
OnPropertyChanged();
}
}
}
}
}
| 42,169 |
https://github.com/genadyd/new_admin/blob/master/resources/js/admin/modules/categories_module/FormController.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
new_admin
|
genadyd
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 451 | 1,420 |
"use strict";
var __extends = (this && this.__extends) || (function () {
var extendStatics = function (d, b) {
extendStatics = Object.setPrototypeOf ||
({ __proto__: [] } instanceof Array && function (d, b) { d.__proto__ = b; }) ||
function (d, b) { for (var p in b) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(b, p)) d[p] = b[p]; };
return extendStatics(d, b);
};
return function (d, b) {
extendStatics(d, b);
function __() { this.constructor = d; }
d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __());
};
})();
var __spreadArrays = (this && this.__spreadArrays) || function () {
for (var s = 0, i = 0, il = arguments.length; i < il; i++) s += arguments[i].length;
for (var r = Array(s), k = 0, i = 0; i < il; i++)
for (var a = arguments[i], j = 0, jl = a.length; j < jl; j++, k++)
r[k] = a[j];
return r;
};
var __importDefault = (this && this.__importDefault) || function (mod) {
return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { "default": mod };
};
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
var CategoriesApi_1 = __importDefault(require("../../app/api/CategoriesApi"));
var TextFieldController_1 = __importDefault(require("./TextFieldController"));
var AbstractFormController_1 = __importDefault(require("../../app/controllers/forms_controllers/AbstractFormController"));
var items_find_1 = require("../../lib/item_find/items_find");
var FormController = /** @class */ (function (_super) {
__extends(FormController, _super);
function FormController(stateManager) {
var _this = _super.call(this, stateManager) || this;
_this.getInputsCollection = function () {
return (_this.form) ? _this.form.querySelectorAll('.category_data input, .category_data textarea') : [];
};
_this.formSubmit = function () {
var button = document.querySelector('.add_form_submit');
if (button) {
button.addEventListener('click', function () {
var formElements = __spreadArrays(_this.getInputsCollection());
var validArray;
// validation ====================
validArray = formElements.map(function (input) {
if (input.hasAttribute('validation')) {
return _this.validator.textValidator(input);
}
});
//validator ======================
if (validArray.includes(false)) {
return false;
}
//=========================
var token = document.querySelector('[name=csrf-token]');
var categoryDataObject = _this.collectCategoryData(formElements);
var textFieldsObject = _this.getTextFieldsElements();
var formData = {
categoryDataObject: categoryDataObject,
textFieldsObject: textFieldsObject,
'X-CSRF-TOKEN': token ? token.getAttribute('content') : ''
};
var Api = new CategoriesApi_1.default('/admin/categories/add_category', 'POST', { formData: JSON.stringify(formData) });
var promise = Api.exeq();
promise.then(function (data) {
if (data.success == 1) {
var state = __spreadArrays(_this.stateManager.getState('list'));
if (data.category.parent === 0) {
state.push(data.category);
}
else {
var elem = items_find_1.itemFindById(state, data.category.parent);
if (!elem.children_list)
elem['children_list'] = [];
if (elem)
elem.children_list.push(data.category);
}
_this.stateManager.setState('list', state);
_this.clearForm();
var radioButton = document.getElementById('list_open_close');
if (!radioButton)
return;
radioButton.checked = true;
_this.renderFunc();
}
});
});
}
};
_this.clearForm = function () {
if (_this.form) {
var inputs = _this.form.querySelectorAll('.entity_data input:not([type=hidden]), .entity_data textarea,' +
'.categories_text_field input, .categories_text_field textarea');
if (inputs) {
inputs.forEach(function (item) {
if (item.id.includes('ckeditor_text')) {
// @ts-ignore
CKEDITOR.instances[item.name].setData('html', '');
}
item.value = '';
});
}
var addedTextFields = _this.form.querySelectorAll('.added');
if (addedTextFields.length > 0) {
addedTextFields.forEach(function (el) {
el.remove();
});
}
}
};
_this.validatorInit();
_this.formSubmit();
_this.addTextField();
return _this;
}
FormController.prototype.getTextFieldObject = function () {
return new TextFieldController_1.default();
};
return FormController;
}(AbstractFormController_1.default));
exports.default = FormController;
| 18,877 |
https://github.com/lincenying/vite-vue2/blob/master/src/plugin/global.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
vite-vue2
|
lincenying
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 112 | 373 |
import api from '@/api'
import { is, isempty, oc, tranformStr, UTC2Date, deepClone, deepMerge } from '@/utils'
function install(Vue) {
if (install.installed) return
install.installed = true
Vue.prototype.$api = api
Vue.prototype.$oc = oc
Vue.prototype.$is = is
Vue.prototype.$empty = isempty
Vue.prototype.$clone = deepClone
Vue.prototype.$merge = deepMerge
Vue.mixin({
computed: {
$$global() {
return oc(this.$store, 'state.global')
}
},
mounted() {
const blackComponents = ['router-link', 'keep-alive', 'transition-group']
const componentName = this._isVue ? this.$options.name || this.$options._componentTag : this.name
if (componentName && componentName.indexOf('-') > 0 && componentName.indexOf('van-') < 0 && !blackComponents.includes(componentName)) {
console.log(`%c[${UTC2Date(null, 'y-m-d h:i:s.v')}] ${componentName} Mounted`, 'color: green')
window[`$$${tranformStr(componentName)}`] = this
}
},
methods: {
handleGoUrl(url) {
window.location.href = url
}
}
})
}
export default {
install
}
| 31,350 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Роддик
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Роддик&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 42 | 146 |
Роддик () — имя собственное; распространено в виде фамилий.
Роддик, Анита (1942—2007) — британская бизнес-вумен, правозащитница и эколог.
Роддик, Лине (род. 1988) — датская футболистка, защитник, выступающая за ФК «Барселона».
Роддик, Энди (род. 1982) — американский профессиональный теннисист, бывшая первая ракетка мира.
| 47,678 |
revuedelanorman01unkngoog_31
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,862 |
Revue de la Normandie
|
Gouellain, Gustave, b. 1836 | Cochet, Jean Benoit Désiré, 1812-1875, [from old catalog] ed
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,850 | 10,488 |
À tous ces allais arriver au château de Couterne, lorsqu'un exprès de M. de Frotté m'apporta des dépêches. Ce général m'ajointait qu'au moment où je recevrais sa missive, il serait embarqué pour l'Angleterre. Je fis réflexion que simple soldat, je ne pouvais agir dans une chose qui concernait seulement les chefs militaires. Je revins en conséquence sur mes pas. Le général Dumesnil, impatient, envoya des troupes à cheval qui me poursuivirent. Je me jetai dans la forêt d'Ardennes et à l'aide des bois, je pus parvenir aux environs de Fiers. J'y tombai de Charybde en Scylla, car les balles sifflaient autour de moi. J'envoyai l'agent du général qui me servait de guide pour savoir ce qui dirigeait contre moi la fureur des montants. Il vint me déclarer qu'on croyait que j'avais trahi les intérêts communs en pacifiant. Ayant dissuadé cette inquiétude, je pus prendre un peu de nourriture et de repos, puis j'assemblai tous les chefs et leur rendis compte de ma conduite en justifiant que je n'avais nuí en aucune manière à celle qu'ils voudraient tenir. Le général Dumesnil suivait son opération pacifique. Il envoya courriers sur courriers. Il faisait afficher qu'il allait faire détruire les fours et les moulins. Les gens du pays se retirant chez eux, il ne resta plus que les officiers qui pacifièrent avec le général Victor maintenant (1812), duc de Bellune. Je ne pouvais rentrer dans mes foyers, n'ayant pas une grande confiance dans le gouvernement républicain, car les lois sur l'émigration me condamnaient à mort. Je partis pour Rouen. « Le maire de Fontenay, M. de Chabannes, me donna un passeport qui pouvait le compromettre. Nous nous acheminâmes, Beaulieu mon domestique et moi, à pied. Nous fûmes coucher dans un mauvais village au-dessus de Quaté. Les autorités locales étaient à boire dans le cabaret où nous dîmes. Elles ne parlaient pas favorablement du parti royaliste; elles disaient que l'on pouvait tuer sans risque ceux qui venaient de faire la paix. Je me mêlai de la conversation et ne me laissai pas deviner. Je n'en dis pas moins à Beaulieu : « Par nous devons, le lit compris, partir sans tambour ni trompette. » Notre dortoir était au-dessus de la chaussée. Les autorités buvaient toujours; elles s'enhardissaient sur notre compte; elles commençaient à dire entre elles que nous pouvions bien être des royalistes. De crainte de mésaventure, nous passâmes par la fenêtre. J'arrivai à Rouen le second jour. Je ne ressemblais pas à un citadin : j'avais le costume d'un marchand de bœufs. Je n'en reçus pas moins l'accueil le plus favorable de M. Portier, ancien financier, en ce moment (1814) receveur principal des douanes au Havre. Il me logea et me nourrit chez lui. Je trouvais à Rouen non moins bon accueil chez Mme de Montbraçon, et M. de Rareton. J'allais avec le dernier pêcher à la ligne dans les îles de la Seine. Je me livrais au calme après une longue tempête, lorsqu'un beau matin une troupe à pied vint m'arrêter, et me mena à la prison de Saint-Louis. Tous mes papiers et effets furent saisis. On se porta même jusqu'à lever le lambris de mon ami Portier. J'avais sur moi le passeport du maire de Fontenay; je l'avalai de crainte de le compromettre. Dans ma prison, il me sembla que tous les diables étaient déchaînés contre moi. Je fus mis tout de suite au secret. Un maudit juge de paix, nommé Allaire, m'interrogeait nuit et jour. Les officiers municipaux et toute leur séquelle étaient à mes trousses, quand, pour ma consolation, ma femme, mon fils Georges et ma fille funèbre vinrent adoucir ma captivité. Je crachais le sauf; le passage subit de l'air pur à l'air méphitique de la prison avaient infiniment dérangé ma santé. Fontenay-le-Louvay (Orne). M. Portier, homme jouissant d'une haute considération, est arrivé aux emplois les plus élevés de l'administration des Douanes. (3) Geurges, depuis dereun cbef de la famille, sous les titres et noms de marquis de Chambraj, mort en 11M8, officier géuérnl d'artillerie, acteur et historien très eitiiitJ de la eanipagne de Russie Disiiizcdby Google l >: — 827 — « Je me trouvais en fort bonse compagnie de gens incarcérés pour avoir servi la même citisc. Je finis par découvrir la raison pour laquelle j'étais privé de ma liberté. M. de Frotté qui était retourné en Angleterre m'avait écrit, et la Buscription de ea lettre était : u A M. le vicomte de Chambra;, « préaident du conseil de l'armée royaliste de Normandie, s Cette lettre était bien inconséquente, puisqu'il me croyait chargé de la pacification. 11 m'y exprimait combien les princes français me savaient gré de mon énergie et de ma bonne conduite. Cette lettre avait été confiée èi un certain Picot qui aimait à boire. Entré dans un café de Bayeux,Picoty fit beaucoup d'im prudences et fut arrêté porteur de la lettre qui m'était destinée. Copie en ' fut envoyée à Paris. Un certain Hardy, médecin de Rouen, membre de la Convention nationale, partit aussitôt en poste pour Caen, afin de question ner Picot qui, dans la suite, a été fusillé. a Ce médecin qui vonlait me guérir de tous maux était venu me faire ar rêter à Rouen. Ce n'était pas bien difficile ; Picot avait donné mon adresse et m'avait desservi. Après quatre mois passés en prison, il vint des ordres de juger tous les royalistes. Un officier d'aetiUerie fut envoyé le premier pour subir son jugement à Agen, sa patrie. Je pus faire connaître sa marche dans le Maine. Il fut délivré et succomba dans une nouvelle insurrection royaliste. Ma femme, mes deux enfants. Portier, Rareton me tenaient fidèle compagnie. Je ne manquais de rien, à la santé présente. J'eus connaissance que l'on m'envoyait à Caen pour me faire fusiller, et je conçus l'idée de me faire enlever sur la route, l'officier d'artillerie dont j'ai parlé s'en étant bien trouvé. Ma femme m'aida, et partit en avant pour Caen où la rejoignit la bonne de mes enfants pour l'instruire de l'état de l'entreprise projetée. J'avais à ma disposition un chef royaliste déterminé avec dix autres personnes pour me rendre ma liberté. Je partis donc avec deux gendarmes le 31 décembre 1796, vers les dix heures du matin. Comme, de distance en distance, mon escorte devait toujours être doublée, je me déterminai à me faire enlever dans la forêt de Moulineaux, à quatre lieues de Rouen, avant la rencontre de la plus prochaine brigade. Ma mauvaise santé m'avait fait obtenir à mes frais un cabriolet pour moi et mes deux gendarmes qui devaient m'escorter jusqu'à Caen. Le signal convenu était un mouchoir blanc que je devais laisser traîner sur le devant de la voiture. Une petite troupe déguisée, sauf le chef, seul à visage découvert, me réclama au haut de la croix de Moulineaux. Un de mes gendarmes fit un mouvement sur ses armes, craignant qu'il ne me tue, je le saisis au cou; mes libérateurs bien armés tinrent les deux gendarmes couchés en joue pendant que je descendais de voiture, que j'y remontais pour prendre un paquet de linge oublié, et que je payais leur journée au postillon et aux gendarmes eux-mêmes. Je pris connaissance des papiers qui me concernaient et qu'ils portaient à Caen. Je lus : "Si vous ne le fusillez pas, renvoyez-le à Rouen, il le fera promptement." Je restai seul avec le chef qui m'avait délivré; les autres se dissipèrent dans la forêt. Il me fut donné un fusil à deux coups, et nous suivions notre chemin droit. Au bout d'un quart d'heure nous étions en plaine et nous entendions sonner le tocsin à Moulineaux. On nous disait que c'était le fils du maréchal de Broglie qui venait de s'évader. Nous avions l'air de chasseurs; on ne se mêlait pas de nous; mais, infirme comme je l'étais, quand j'eus fait cinq ou six lieues, je n'en pouvais plus. Je me couchais à toute minute. Il était dix heures du soir; une troupe à cheval vint à passer, nous nous collâmes contre un arbre, déterminés à nous défendre; nous ne fûmes pas vus. Enfin j'arrivai à moitié mort en lieu sûr, chez un chef de colonne mobile qui recevait des ordres pour me rechercher, mais qui me protégeait, et je restai deux mois chez lui. J'allai ensuite dans diverses maisons aux environs. Je fis ou je visitai le jardin à la Galitrelle, campagne de Mme de Franqueville. Je finis par connaître les routes et je me déplaçais seul. J'eus diverses inquiétudes dans mes promenades. Je rencontrai un jour une brigade de gendarmerie; je me mis à chanter comme un étourdi et j'en fus quitte pour la peur. Pareille aventure m'arriva vis-à-vis d'un détachement de colonne mobile; je n'en tirai par les mêmes moyens. Cette vie errante ne pouvait toujours durer, l'opinion me recevait bien partout où j'allais, mais la crainte était toujours de la partie. Il me fallait des souterrains pour m'éclipser en cas de besoin ; je couchais à des rez-de-chaussée pour m'évader au moindre bruit. Ma santé ne valait rien; je craignais toujours le sang. Le parti modéré venait de succomber à Paris. Je ne pouvais mieux. Fermé à Saint-Martin-la-Corneille, commune aujourd'hui réunie à la Saulsea. La Galerie appartient à Madame la vicomtesse Odoard, née de Paul de Marbeuf, petite fille de Madame de Frauqueville. Louis-Philippe a raconté à Londres à M. de Salvandy que familier avec les coups du sort, il avait cru avoir depuis longtemps raisonné toutes les impressions qu'il pouvait éprouver, mais que, dans la suite de 1846, il avait subi un choc le plus imprévu : la crainte du gendarme. Disponible sur Google. Je retourne chez mon premier bienfaiteur, toujours chef de colonne mobile ; je vis M. Davois de Kinkerville que j'avais connu à Falaise. Il avait fait un très bon mariage dans le pays de Gaillon. Il me proposa d'aller chez lui, j'acceptai ; nous traversâmes la Seine à Vieux-Port, et j'arrivai avec lui chez son beau-père, ancien chevalier de Saint-Louis, qui m'accueillit à merveille, au Ménil près Lillebonne. J'avais changé de nom dans toutes mes courses. Me trouvant très tranquille dans ce dernier asile, j'y pus soigner et je rétablis facilement ma santé. Je travaillais au jardin ; j'avais contracté l'habitude de vouloir toujours voir autour de moi. "Je n'eus pas passé plus de six semaines dans cet endroit que j'appris qu'un M. Mallet, de Genève, chef royaliste, s'en retournait en Angleterre. Je donnai mon fusil à M. Davois; je ne savais comment reconnaître ses bontés pour moi. Je pris une barque et j'allai rejoindre M. Mallet sur la rivière de Seine. Il était embarqué sur un bâtiment marchand de Hambourg, chargé de graine de trèfle. Il me dit qu'il m'en coûterait vingt-cinq louis pour être débarqué en Angleterre, j'en avais vingt-huit, mais je comptais sur des fonds en arrivant à ma destination. Le bâtiment de Hambourg fut fouillé devant Quillebeuf. Nous étions à fond de cale, et nous entendions les broches de fer des commis des douanes. Ce M. Mallet avait le mal de mer et faisait des efforts dont le bruit ne m'inquiétait pas inutilement. Je me considérais heureux de m'éloigner de Quillebeuf pour entrer dans l'Océan. Le lendemain nous étions en face de Calais; la brise était forte, le capitaine voulut relâcher; nous nous y opposâmes vigoureusement, et un bateau de douane anglais nous protégea pour entrer dans la Tamise. M. Mallet et moi nous fûmes jetés au village le plus voisin d'où l'on ne voulait pas nous laisser sortir sans un permis du gouvernement. J'écrivis à tout hasard à M. de Puisaye, sous le couvert de M. Windham, ministre de la guerre. Nous fûmes aussitôt réclamés et je me retrouvai à Londres." 11 est un homme dont la renommée s'étend loin et dont les livres sont des événements pour les Normands d'abord et pour les érudits ensuite. Cet homme, rare et unique parmi nous, c'est M. Léopold Delisle, dont le nom seul représente l'érudition la plus consommée que l'on ait encore vue en Normandie, et peut-être en France, depuis Ducange. M. Delisle pourtant n'a guère que quarante ans, et déjà ses travaux représentent pour nous toute une période de labours bénédictins. Aujourd'hui, nous laissons de côté les œuvres qui le recommandent à la France et à l'Europe savante comme une de ses gloires; nous ne nous occuperons que d'un livre modeste par son sujet, mais qui grandit par le nom de son écrivain, car tout ce que M. Delisle touche devient or. Nous devons remercier ce savant pionnier de notre histoire, qui d'une main rassemble les grands documents historiques de la France, tandis que de l'autre il rebâtit avec sa plume un simple château de nos provinces. C'est une grande fortune pour un bourg du département de la Manche d'avoir fixé les regards d'un érudit que l'étranger nous envie et de lui avoir inspiré l'Histoire du château et des sires de Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte. Il va sans dire que sur 680 pages de texte, il y en a 370 consacrées aux pièces justificatives. C'est le procédé de M. Delisle, il ne marche qu'escorté de chartes et de manuscrits inédits. La vie du château de Saint-Sauveur commence au XIe siècle, pour finir en 1789. M. Delisle la raconte avec toute la gravité et la maestosité de l'histoire. On y admirera le récit à la poétique et si nouveau de la révolte du Cotentin, contée quand Guillaume-le-Bâtard, en 1047, et comment cette rébellion, soutenue par les Français, fut étouffée au Val-des-Dunes près Argences. Après la partie purement normande, vient le grand drame anglo-français du XIIe et du XIIIe siècle. La guerre de cent ans est ici racontée avec un charme et une vérité extraordinaires. L'épisode des Harcourt, de 1310 à 1375, est des plus intéressants : on peut dire qu'il est l'âme du livre. Nous voudrions pouvoir exprimer longuement et dignement notre admiration pour un savant qui a toutes nos sympathies, mais nous ne saurions y suffire. Nous nous contenterons de donner des extraits d'un livre qui vaut tout une bibliothèque. Nous citerons d'abord le début d'une préface qui donnera la meilleure idée du livre et de son auteur : La petite ville de Saint-Sauveur, qui s'élève sur les bords de l'Ouve, au milieu des territoires les plus larges et des plus vertes Vallées du Cotentin, montre avec un certain orgueil les ruines de deux établissements qui ont eu leurs jours de gloire et dont le nom revient souvent dans les annales religieuses et militaires de la Normandie : une abbaye, fondée sous le règne de Guillaume le Conquérant et détruite à la fin du dernier siècle, mais que notre génération a vu renaître et qui brille aujourd'hui d'un aussi vif éclat qu'aux plus beaux temps du moyen-âge; — un château, qu'ont possédé les plus illustres barons de la Normandie, les Neel, les Taisson, les Harcourt, et sur lequel s'est plus d'une fois fixée, avec une inquiète sollicitude, l'attention de la France tout entière. J'ai essayé d'écrire l'histoire de ce château et de faire connaître les seigneurs à qui il a appartenu depuis la fin du Xe siècle jusqu'à la révolution de 1789. Pour la période la plus ancienne, les principaux cartulaires de la Normandie m'ont fourni des renseignements précis sur la famille à qui doit être attribuée la fondation du château, de l'abbaye et du bourg de Saint Sauveur, la famille des Néel, dont les faits et gestes tiennent une grande place dans les récits de nos anciens chroniqueurs. C'est aussi aux cartulaires que j'ai emprunté la plupart de mes renseignements sur les membres de la famille Taisnon et de la famille de Carcoart qui ont possédé Saint-Sauveur. À partir de cette dernière époque, mon sujet change de caractère. Los eventos dont el château de Saint-Sauveur es el teatro desde el año 1340, o aproximadamente, hasta en 1375, pertenecen a la historia general de Francia y de Inglaterra; ellos constituyen uno de los episodios más dramáticos de la guerra de ciento años. Me he esforzado por retrazar las menores circunstancias y bien establecer los relaciones con los otros eventos contemporáneos. Los escritores que han tratado este tema hasta el presente han tomado como guía a Froissart, el redactor de las crónicas de Saint Denis y el continuador de Guillaume de Nangis: el primero da a menudo un too libre curso a su imaginación; los otros dos son generalmente exactos, pero no entran mucho en detalles. He podido a partir de fuentes nuevas obtener muchas más nociones seguras y completas: varias crónicas normandas, esta que M. Siméon Luce publicó en 1862 a la Société de l'histoire de Francia, la de l'anónimo de Cagny, la de Pierre Cochon, y varias otras, que no han encontrado aún editores, me han sido de un gran auxilio. Pero si el libro que yo publico ahora ofrece algún interés, lo debo sobre todo a los documentos oficiales que he recogido, tanto a las Archives de l'Empire, como a la Biblioteca imperial. Los registros del Tesoro de las cartas, los de Parlement y los restos de las Archivos de la Cámara de cuentos que el tiempo ha respetado, han sido para mí minas cuya riqueza ha superado mis esperanzas. Il m'a semblé nécessaire de reproduire textuellement, à la fin du livre, les principaux documents que j'ai mis en œuvre, et dont plusieurs m'ont été gracieusement communiqués, il y a plus de quinze ans, par M. Léon Lacabanne, l'un des maîtres de l'École des chartes. Le recueil de pièces que j'ai formé sur l'histoire politique et militaire du château de Saint-Sauveur pendant les règnes de Philippe VI, de Jean et de Charles V, pourra donner une idée des immenses ressources que les anciennes pièces de procédure et de comptabilité fournissent pour éclaircir les annales de la France au XIVe siècle. Le château de Saint-Sauveur a déjà été l'objet de plusieurs travaux. Le plus remarquable est la notice que M. de Gerville publia en 1825 dans les Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie. Il faut encore citer un article de M. Théodore du Morel, inséré en 1843 dans la Revue archéologique du département de la Manche, et l'opuscule que M. le docteur Bonniget a fait paraître en 1849, sous le titre de Recherches historiques sur la petite ville de Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte. Maintenant, pour faire apprécier la méthode de l'auteur dans le récit des événements, nous allons donner le passage relatif aux derniers moments de l'occupation anglaise au XVème siècle. C'est à lui qu'il appartient de nous dire comment le Cotentin, sa chère patrie, fit retour à la couronne de France : Le gouvernement anglais ne parvint jamais à pacifier complètement la Normandie, dont les populations n'attendaient qu'une occasion favorable pour secouer le jour des conquérants. Aussi la plus grande vigilance était-elle recommandée aux capitaines des châteaux qui étaient sans cesse exposés à des attaques et à des surprises. Au commencement de l'année 1436, le capitaine de Saint-Sauveur fut averti que « plusieurs gens de guerre chef d'état et leurs complices et alliés venaient du pays d'amont pour entrer en la basse marche de Normandie, en intention de prendre aucunes places par subtils moyens ou autrement. » Les tentatives qui furent faites pour soustraire le Cotentin à la domination anglaise restèrent à peu près infructueuses jusqu'en 1449. À cette date, les soldats de Charles VII n'eurent, pour ainsi dire, qu'à se présenter; ils furent partout accueillis comme des libérateurs. Les Anglais essayèrent à peine de se défendre, ils évacueront successivement toutes les villes et les châteaux où ils tenaient garnison. Saint-Sauveur fut une des places qu'ils occupèrent le plus longtemps. Pour bien mettre ce point en lumière, je résumerai les événements militaires dont le Cotentin fut le théâtre en 1449 et 1450. Les opérations qui firent rentrer la Basse-Normandie sous la domination française furent dirigées par François, duc de Bretagne, et par le connétable Artus, comte de Richelmont. À l'entrée d'octobre 1449, ces deux barons conduisirent leurs hommes dans les murs de Coutances avec une armée d'environ six mille hommes et firent dresser dans le jardin des Jacobins une grosse bombarde qui devait servir à pratiquer une brèche dans les murailles de la ville. À la vue de ces préparatifs, les habitants manifestèrent hautement le désir qu'ils avaient d'être délivrés de l'occupation anglaise; ils ouvrirent leurs portes au duc de Bretagne, conformément à un traité conclu le 12 septembre, dont le texte nous est parvenu. Geoffroi de Couvran fut nommé capitaine de Coutances. Le jour même de la capitulation de Coutances, les Anglais abandonnèrent le château de Chantelou que le sire d'Estoutville fit garder par ses gens. De Coutances, le duc de Bretagne marcha sur Saint-Lô, dont il prit possession le 15 septembre. Les châteaux de Torigny, de la Motte, de Neubourg, de Hamele et de Pirou suivirent l'exemple de Saint-Lô et reçurent des garnisons françaises. Le sieur de Rais, à la tête de sa compagnie et d'une partie des habitants de Coutances, va mettre le siège devant Regnéville, qui capitule le 19 septembre. De leur côté, deux capitaines renommés par leur bravoure, Odet d'Ailly et Malortie, se font livrer le château de la Hague-du-Puits, et probablement aussi la bastille de Beuzeville. — Le château du Hommet fut pris le 25 septembre. Après la prise de la Hague-du-Puits, une compagnie d'Écossais qui servait dans l'armée de Charles VII vint occuper la tour de l'église de Barneville, pour tenir en échec les garnisons anglaises de Saint-Sauveur et de Cherbourg. Les bourgeois de Saint-Lô pressaient le duc de François d'aller attaquer Carnetan, dont les habitants devaient, disait-on, se défendre jusqu'à la dernière extrémité. Mais les projets de résistance s'évanouiront dès qu'on vit l'armée française prête à monter à l'assaut. La ville se rendit le 29 ou le 30 septembre : les soldats de la garnison purent en sortir un bâton de bois blanc à la main, et les habitants furent maintenus dans la possession de tous leurs biens. Artus de Ricquemont et l'amiral Prégent de Coëtivy occupèrent aussitôt le fort de Pont-d'Ouilly, qui était la clef du clos de Cotentin. La soumission de Valognes et de plusieurs châteaux du voisinage fut la conséquence immédiate de l'occupation de Pont-d'Ouilly. Le connétable, avant de retourner en Bretagne, vint assiéger Gavray, dont le capitaine André Trolop ne se rendit qu'après une résistance désespérée, le samedi 11 octobre. Les habitants du Cotentin auraient voulu que le duc François terminât la campagne par les sièges de Saint-Sauveur et de Cherbourg. Ils offraient même de fournir l'argent nécessaire à cette double entreprise. Le duc pensa que le moment n'était pas encore venu de frapper le dernier coup ; il jugea prudent d'attendre le retour de la belle saison ; mais en regagnant la Brestagne, il promit de bientôt revenir avec une armée plus nombreuse. Pendant son absence, le Cotentin fut horriblement ravagé par les garnisons de Cherbourg et de Saint-Sauveur. Les Anglais de Saint-Sauveur, s'imaginant que le château de la Haye-du-Puit était mal gardé, essayèrent de le surprendre par un stratagème. Au mois de décembre 1049, quatre-vingt-seize hommes s'embusquèrent dans un bois que une chronique contemporaine appelle Chasse Larron, pendant que cinquante cavaliers firent une pointe sur la Haye-du-Puit. À la vue de l'ennemi, les Français s'armèrent, se mettent en selle et sortent du château. Les Anglais se laissent poursuivre jusqu'à l'endroit où leurs compagnons étaient postés; mais les Français étaient sur leurs gardes : ils remportèrent une victoire complète, et rentrèrent à la Haye-du-Puit avec cinquante-deux prisonniers. Les garnisons françaises de Coutances, de Gavray, de Saint-Lô et de Torigny ne furent pas moins heureuses dans un combat qu'elles engagèrent vers la même époque avec les Anglais de Vire, dans les environs de Mortain. Tout le monde savait que le duc de Bretagne devait revenir au printemps avec une armée considérable. Le roi d'Angleterre, pour être en mesure de lui tenir tête, envoya des renforts considérables en Basse-Normandie. Vers la mi-mars 1450, un corps de cinq mille hommes, commandé par Thomas Kyriel, débarqua à Cherbourg, et se disposa à reconquérir tout le Cotentin, pour aller ensuite au secours du duc de Somerset, qui se défendait à Caen contre les troupes de Charles VII. Le vendredi de la semaine de la Passion, 27 mars 1450, Thomas Kyriel occupe la ville de Valognes et laisse ses soldats profaner l'église dans laquelle étaient rassemblés les fidèles. Des bandes indisciplinées pillent les campagnes voisines ; à Yvetot, elles mirent en pièces le crucifix de l'église, dans lequel elles espéraient trouver un trésor. Le château de Valognes, dont le capitaine était Abel Rouault, pouvait soutenir un siège en règle, et comme les Anglais attachaient un grand prix à la possession de cette place, le duc de Somerset envoya deux mille hommes pour renforcer l'armée de Thomas Kyriel. De son côté, Charles VII, averti par les bourgeois de Saint-Lô du danger que courait Abel Rouault, chargea le comte de Clermont d'aller au secours de la garnison de Valognes. Malheureusement, les ressources des assiégés s'épuisèrent avant l'arrivée du comte de Clermont, et Abel Rouault, à la suite d'une capitulation très honorable, dut sortir de la place qu'il avait courageusement défendue et dont Thomas Chisevall prit le commandement. Thomas Kyriel eut alors la pensée de marcher sur la Haye-du-Puits ; mais il adopta bientôt un autre plan qui consistait à passer dans le Bessin pour revenir avec l'armée du duc de Somerset enlever les places de Saint-Lô et de Carentan. Le comte de Clermont était alors à Carentan. Il tint un conseil de guerre pour aviser aux meilleurs moyens d'arrêter la marche de Thomas Kyriel. Les uns voulaient lui livrer bataille avant qu'il eût passé les Vës ; les autres trouvaient plus avantageux de le laisser s'engager dans le Bessin et de tomber sur ses dernières avant qu'il eût fait sa jonction avec le duc de Somerset. Ce dernier avis, qui était celui du comte de Clermont, prévalut ; il fut promptement communiqué par le curé de Carentan au connétable de Richemont, qui était déjà parti de Coutances et s'était mis en marche avec l'espoir de rencontrer l'ennemi au environs de la Hague-du-Puis. Quand les Anglais furent arrivés au Grand-Vaudré, les populations du voisinage, qui ne connaissaient pas les plans arrêtés par les capitaines français, se soulevèrent en un instant pour courir à l'ennemi et pour le tailler en pièces. Au signal donné par la cloche de l'église de Carentan, une multitude de bourgeois et de paysans s'élancent à la poursuite des Anglais et jettent le désordre dans leurs rangs. Beaucoup de soldats périrent dans le combat, les uns mortellement frappés par les Cotentinais, les autres noyés dans les eaux de la rivière. Cette rencontre eut lieu le 14 avril 1450. Le lendemain, le comte de Clermont et le connétable de Richemont, partis l'un de Carentan, l'autre de Saint-Lô, se réunirent dans la plaine de Formigny, où ils remportèrent sur les troupes commandées par Thomas Kyriel, par Mathieu Colough, par Robert de Vere et par Henri de Norwich, une victoire qui assura la délivrance de la Normandie. Je n'ai pas à rapporter ici les détails de cette mémorable journée ; il me faut seulement indiquer les événements qui suivirent dans le Cotentin. Les places de Bricquebec et de Valognes se rendirent à la première sommation des gens du connétable. On craignait de rencontrer une sérieuse résistance au château de Saint-Sauveur, dont les approches étaient rendues fort difficiles par les marais de l'Ouve. André de Lohéac, maréchal de France, et Jean de Montauban, maréchal de Bretagne, se disposèrent à en faire le siège. À leur arrivée, un de leurs écuyers, Jean de Blanchefort, tomba frappé d'un coup de canon ; mais la garnison reconnut bientôt qu'il serait inutile de se défendre. Elle se composait d'environ deux cents combattants exercés ; elle était à l'abri derrière des murs dont l'artillerie seule pouvait avoir raison. Mais quand des troupes sont démoralisées par les revers, à quoi peuvent servir l'expérience des chefs, la profondeur des fossés et l'épaisseur des remparts? Le seigneur du lieu, Jean de Robessart, était d'ailleurs affaibli par la vieillesse : il remit son château entre les mains des maréchaux et se retira à Cherbourg. C'était la seule place du Cotentin sur laquelle était encore arboré le drapeau anglais. Elle soutint un siège en règle et ne se rendit que le 12 août 1450, date à jamais célèbre dans les annales de la Normandie, puisqu'elle rappelle la retraite définitive des Anglais et le terme de l'horrible guerre qui épuisait la province depuis plus de cent. Voilà un vrai travail de bénédictin, entrepris pourtant par un seul homme ; cet homme n'est pas normand et le pays dont il parle est la Picardie ; mais l'auteur est un excellent voisin et la contrée qu'il décrit est notre plus prochaine frontière : or, comme dit le proverbe : il n'est pas de voisin qui ne voie son osevin. Nous croyons donc bien faire en entretenant le lecteur normand d'un travail remarquable qui s'édifie à nos portes et qui cadre si bien avec l'esprit de cette région. Pour nous, qui avons décrit ecclésiologiquement trois arrondissements de la Seine-Inférieure, nous pouvons apprécier toute la peine qu'il faut se donner pour décrire un seul arrondissement à tous les points de vue civil, religieux, militaire, héraldique, nobiliaire, biographique, etc. Quand M. Prarond met le pied sur un territoire, il ne néglige rien. D'abord, il décrit le pays dessus et dessous, il recueille toutes les traditions et il dépouille tout ce qui a été imprimé ou seulement écrit sur la localité. Voilà un procédé qui fait notre admiration ; il n'y a que le patriotisme le plus pur et le plus désintéressé qui puisse inspirer un projet semblable et qui soutienne le courage pendant les longues années que demande sa réalisation. M. Prarond a commencé sa publication en 1861 ; il a donné d'abord les deux cantons ruraux d'Abbeville et celui d'Hallencourt. En 1862, le seul canton de Rue lui a suffi pour remplir un volume ; en 1863, il consacre deux volumes à Saint-Valery-sur-Somme et aux cantons voisins, Moyenneville, Ault et Gamaches. Enfin, en 1867, un volume de 746 pages est accordé à Saint-Riquier et aux autres communes du canton d'Abbéville. C'est un "monument" qu'élève M. Prarond, mais un monument qui lui fait honneur et qui sera utile à sa patrie. Il est jeune encore et plein de vie, il pourra en voir de loin. Nous le désirons ardemment pour la Picardie et pour la science elle-même. Dieu a donné à M. Prarond otium cum dignitate. Nous reconnaissons volontiers qu'il fait de sa fortune et de son temps le plus noble usage. À la fin d'une carrière longue et bien remplie, il pourra se présenter avec confiance au Père de famille et lui offrir la gerbe que ses mains ont cueillie; il entendra l'éloge du bon serviteur qui a bien employé le talent confié et il recevra la récompense de sa bonne administration. Mais, dès ce monde, nous devons à M. Prarond l'éloge et la récompense qu'il mérite. Nous voudrions les lui donner dignes de son œuvre. Dans la crainte de ne pas savoir le faire comme il faut, nous répéterons ici l'appréciation d'un homme compétent. Voici donc ce que disait du travail qui nous occupe, M. Louis Paris, directeur du Cabinet historique : « Si l'on n'avait point un peu trop abusé du mot consciencieux, nous n'hésiterions pas à l'appliquer au livre que nous annonçons. M. Prarond, d'Amiens, auteur de travaux littéraires qui l'ont classé parmi les hommes d'esprit que la Picardie aime à citer, est un de ceux qui, loin de dédaigner les recherches historiques, semblent faire de cette étude la principale affaire de leurs loisirs. M. Prarond, longtemps directeur de la Picardie, revue littéraire qui se publiait à Amiens, a commencé ses recherches au profit de ce recueil. Il les continue pour son propre compte, ou plutôt pour le compte d'un public qui manquait peut-être à la revue. Le travail de M. Prarond est complet dans les parties qu'il a pu aborder dans ce volume. Rien n'y manque pour la connaissance des lieux décrits. Du reste, on le voit à chaque page, ce ne sont point les sources qui ont failli à l'auteur. Parfaitement au courant de tout ce qui a été imprimé, publié sur la province de Picardie, M. Prarond s'est également familiarisé avec tous les travaux et les documents inédits que conservent nos dépôts publics. Nul ne possède mieux son dom Grenier, dont il invoque souvent les recherches. cherches et l'autorité. M. Prarond n'est point un coureur de médailles aca démiques ; il écrit parce qu'il sait, et il n'éprouve pas le besoin qu'on le remercie ; il aime son pays, sa province, sa ville natale, et il veut en popu lariser l'histoire. Personne mieux que lui n'estpropre À cegenre de travail. Ses petites monographies traitent de tons les points sur lesquels un lecteur exigeant et curieux peut vouloir être instruit. Aichéologie, numismatique, généalogie, biographie, mœurs, traditions et coutumes, tout se trouve & point sons sa plume, et, ce qui ne gâte rien à ce genre d'exercice, c'est l'esprit quelque peu narquois de l'auteur, qui, semé dfùs une juste mesure, ne nuit ni à l'amusement, ni k l'instruction du lecteur » {!). (I) Cabinet kittorique, 8* année (anode 1863), p. 1«£. Disiiizcdby Google il'l Notice sur quelques enfants du havre qui ont illustré leur pats soit pae leurs actes, soit par leur» écrits, ou dbs nouveaux noms a donner AUX EUES DU HAVRE, par M. Ch, Vesque, in-8" de 74 pa^es, Havpe, Cette brochare est une bonne action. Composée à l'aide de notices bio graphiques, insérées dans le Junnuxl de rarrondistemfnt du Havre, elle com plète, pour la ville de François I", la Biographie de Levée et la Galerie de l'abbé Anfray. Mais avaut de parler du livre, disons un mot de l'auteur. M. Ch. Vesque est un jeune écrivain havrais, auquel le pays qu'il habite doit déjà d'estimables travaux d'histoire locale. Il y a plusieurs années que nous connaissons M. Vesque, que nous goûtons et encourageons ses œuvres : nous sommes heureux do lui en donner aujourd'hui un nouvel et public té moignage. Nous avons applaudi dans son temps à sa Notice sur les fortifications du Havre et à son Étude historique sur la ville de Montvilliers. Ce dernier travail renferme sur la cité monastique et féodale des renseignements qui, joints à ceux que M. Barabé a publiés dans le Précis de l'Académie de Rouen, devraient faire sur cette intéressante localité une histoire complète et toujours désirée. Il est vrai que pour l'abbaye, qui personnifie Montvilliers dans l'histoire, il faudrait dépouiller les dossiers, registres et cartons qui s'empalent d'une des salles de nos archives départementales. Mais l'histoire de l'abbaye ne viendra que lorsque quelque courageux pionnier aura l'envie de l'entreprendre. M. Vesque a encore traité fort convenablement trois monuments du Havre disparus ou transformés, l'ancien Hôtel-de-Ville, le Collège et la Citadelle. Comme les archéologues, M. Vesque s'attache surtout aux ruines et aux morts. C'est le véritable nécrologue havrais. Dans l'opuscule que nous signalons en tête de cet article, il s'agit encore de morts, puisqu'il y est question d'animaux du Havre qui ont laissé un nom. Mais au moins, cette fois, c'est l'avenir qu'on leur prépare. M. Vesque voudrait que les rues et places de sa ville forment une vraie biographie locale ou plutôt, un petit Plutarque normand. Cette idée est heureuse. Nous ne croyons pas qu'il y ait de meilleur moyen à employer pour faire naître l'émulation et pour porter au bien. Quand vous ne pouvez offrir à un homme une statue, ni une inscription commémorative, inscrivez son nom au coin d'une rue ; vous popularisez sa vie et vous éternisez sa mémoire. Eu effet, un jour ou l'autre, les enfants demanderont à leurs parents ce que ces noms signifient et alors on leur racontera les vertus de leurs compatriotes et les travaux de leurs ancêtres. Dieu lui-même, avant de donner la terre promise aux enfants d'Israël, avait fait placer des pierres commémoratives sur les routes du désert, du Jourdain et de la mer Rouge, afin qu'elles puissent au jour raconter aux enfants les prodiges qu'il avait opérés pour le bien des pères. Chez nous, le moyen est simple et facile. Il atteint sûrement son but. Déjà, depuis quatre ans, on le pratique communément à Rouen, au Havre et à Dieppe. Espérons qu'il s'étendra de plus en plus et qu'une foule de noms insigniants disparaîtront pour faire place à des noms honorables pour la patrie. Parmi les noms de rues que M. Vesque désire effacer, il en est que l'on peut et doit laisser subsister, à cause des faits, des monuments, des industries et des curiosités qu'ils rappellent, mais il en est beaucoup qui peuvent disparaître sans inconvénient et dont la nullité et l'insignifiance frappent tous les yeux. De même pour les noms nouveaux qu'il propose, il y a un choix à faire. Il est des noms que le temps se charge tout seul d'effacer du temple de mémoire, tandis qu'il en est d'autres qui grandissent avec les années et qui se dressent sur les ruines et sur le vide qui se fait autour d'eux. C'est pour ceux-là que nous voudrions voir la ville du Havre imiter l'exemple de Rouen ou plutôt continuer elle-même ses propres errements. Dans quelques temps nous verrions sur les rues de cette reine de la mer une pléiade de noms brillants qui éclateraient son jeune front et feraient envie des cités vieillies sous la main du temps. En terminant, un mot et M. Vesque. À la page 68, le jeune écrivain, parlant de Haumont, sculpteur havrais, né en 1772 et mort en 1836, dit qu'on lui doit l'église voilée qu'on admire dans la chapelle de la Vierge, à l'abbaye de Fécamp. Les lambris de la chapelle de la Vierge sont les anciens dossiers des stalles placés là vers 1803, seulement. Les stalles ont été faites de 1700 et 1746, sous les abbés de Neuville de Villeroy et de Montboisier de Canillac, dont elles renferment les portraits. C'est donc un travail du temps de Louis XV qui ne saurait être celui d'un jeune homme de dix-huit ans, au moment où l'on fermait nos monastères. L'abbé Cochet. Disjoncture d'histoire et de légende. ROUEN, VILLE FORTE, Supplément à Pessai sur l'histoire de la cité Sainte-Catherine... par L. Dutilleul, membre de l'Académie de Rouen, etc. — Rouen, Le Bruément, 1867, in-8° de 111 pages, accompagné de deux planches. La Revue est mal à l'aise pour parler de cet ouvrage ; son auteur est en effet l'un de nos collaborateurs les plus dévoués et les plus consciencieux. Nous devons cependant, dut-on nous accuser de partialité, signaler à nos lecteurs et signaler avec éloge un travail qui résume de la façon la plus complète et la plus discutée l'histoire militaire de la vieille métropole normande. Maintenant que les habitants de cette ville se sont entièrement transformés, intimement que son aspect est devenu bien différent de ce qu'il était autrefois, ses habitants ne se préoccupent pas beaucoup de son passé de guerre, et en cela certainement ils ont tort : l'auteur a donc raison de le leur rappeler. Son livre est un tableau précis et détaillé de tous les sièges subis par la ville de Rouen depuis le roi Sigebert jusqu'à la tentative malheureuse d'Henri IV en 1592. L'historien de la ville sainte-Catherine s'attache plus spécialement aux assauts donnés à ce fort en 1501, mais il discute avec le plus grand soin tous les points laissés en litige touchant l'histoire des siècles précédents. La valeur de l'ouvrage est doublée par celle des plans que M. de Durand ville a eu le dévouement de faire graver tout exprès. Le premier qui montre à la fois le fort vieux et nouveau, le tracé des travaux exécutés par Henri IV en 1591 et divers incidents du siège expliqués par une légende est un fac-similé des plus exacts du plan de Valdory, plan qui manque aujourd'hui dans la plupart des exemplaires du "Histoire de Rouen", ouvrage devenu lui-même très difficile à trouver de nos jours. La seconde planche annexée à la publication nouvelle donne la reproduction d'un plan de l'abbaye et du fort Sainte-Catherine qui se trouve à la Bibliothèque de Rouen, plan exécuté à la main, et qu'on peut considérer comme unique. C'est donc un triple service que rend simultanément M. L. de Duranville à l'histoire et à l'archéologie, et ce travail couronné dignement la série des études entreprises par son auteur sur les fortifications de la ville de Rouen. Nous ajouterions volontiers et avec sincérité, quoique selon la formule, quelle place de ce volume est marquée dans toutes les bibliothèques normandes, mais hélas! le nombre restreint des exemplaires (100 dont 25 avec une plâche coloriée) ne permettra qu'à des privilégiés de faire cette acquisition. C'est lin reproche que nous adresserons respectueusement à l'auteur : cet ouvrage, qui devrait être entre les mains de tout bourgeois de Rouen, va devenir le partage exclusif de trop heureux bibliophiles. Nous appelons de tous nos vœux une édition populaire à grand nombre et à bon marché. E. Mainard. AVEUX CHRONIQUES ET DESCRIPPTIONS OU GUIDES DE MONASTIRES ET SAINT-HAUMONT ET A JARSET, par M. LE HERICHER, 1 vol. in-12, Avranches, Anfray, éditeur.
| 22,852 |
https://github.com/ash26389/kafkastreams-gemfire-store/blob/master/src/test/java/kafkastreams/gemfire/builder/GemfireKeyValueStoreSupplierTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
kafkastreams-gemfire-store
|
ash26389
|
Java
|
Code
| 217 | 1,263 |
package kafkastreams.gemfire.builder;
import kafkastreams.gemfire.store.cache.GemfireKeyValueStoreTest;
import kafkastreams.gemfire.store.configuration.ServerProcess;
import org.apache.geode.cache.Cache;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serdes;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.StreamsConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.test.InternalMockProcessorContext;
import org.apache.kafka.test.StreamsTestUtils;
import org.apache.kafka.test.TestUtils;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.data.gemfire.tests.integration.ClientServerIntegrationTestsSupport;
import org.springframework.data.gemfire.tests.process.ProcessWrapper;
import org.springframework.data.gemfire.tests.util.FileSystemUtils;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Properties;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration
public class GemfireKeyValueStoreSupplierTest extends ClientServerIntegrationTestsSupport {
private static final String GEMFIRE_LOG_LEVEL = "debug";
private static ProcessWrapper gemfireServer;
private InternalMockProcessorContext context;
private GemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplierCached;
private GemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier;
private File dir;
@Before
public void setup() throws IOException {
//Gemfire setup
int availablePort = 40404;
String serverName = GemfireKeyValueStoreTest.class.getSimpleName().concat("Server");
File serverWorkingDirectory = new File(FileSystemUtils.WORKING_DIRECTORY, serverName.toLowerCase());
List<String> arguments = new ArrayList<>();
arguments.add(String.format("-Dgemfire.name=%s", serverName));
arguments.add(String.format("-Dgemfire.log-level=%s", GEMFIRE_LOG_LEVEL));
arguments.add(String.format("-Dspring.data.kafkastreams.gemfire.gemfire.cache.server.port=%d", availablePort));
arguments.add(GemfireKeyValueStoreTest.class.getName()
.replace(".", "/").concat("-server-context.xml"));
gemfireServer = run(serverWorkingDirectory, ServerProcess.class,
arguments.toArray(new String[arguments.size()]));
waitForServerToStart(DEFAULT_HOSTNAME, availablePort);
configureGemFireClient(availablePort);
//Kafka setup
dir = TestUtils.tempDirectory();
final Properties props = StreamsTestUtils.getStreamsConfig();
context = new InternalMockProcessorContext(dir,
Serdes.String(),
Serdes.String(),
new StreamsConfig(props));
//test setup
gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier = new GemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier("test-store",gemfireCache,Serdes.String(),Serdes.String(),false);
gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplierCached = new GemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier("test-store",gemfireCache,Serdes.String(),Serdes.String(),true);
}
private static void configureGemFireClient(int availablePort) {
System.setProperty("ak.gemfire.gemfire.log-level", "error");
System.setProperty("spring.data.kafkastreams.gemfire.gemfire.cache.server.port", String.valueOf(availablePort));
}
@After
public void tearDown() {
//Clearing gemfire cache
stop(gemfireServer);
System.clearProperty("ak.gemfire.gemfire.log-level");
System.clearProperty("spring.data.kafkastreams.gemfire.gemfire.cache.server.port");
if (Boolean.valueOf(System.getProperty("spring.ak.gemfire.gemfire.fork.clean", Boolean.TRUE.toString()))) {
org.springframework.util.FileSystemUtils.deleteRecursively(gemfireServer.getWorkingDirectory());
}
}
@Autowired
private ApplicationContext applicationContext;
@Autowired
private Cache gemfireCache;
@Test
public void nameTest() {
Assert.assertEquals(gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier.name(),"test-store");
}
@Test
public void getTest() {
Assert.assertNotNull(gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplier.get());
}
@Test
public void getCachedTest() {
Assert.assertNotNull(gemfireKeyValueStoreSupplierCached.get());
}
}
| 10,680 |
https://github.com/pupper68k/arcusplatform/blob/master/platform/arcus-containers/alarm-service/src/main/java/com/iris/platform/alarm/notification/strategy/BaseNotificationStrategy.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| null |
arcusplatform
|
pupper68k
|
Java
|
Code
| 718 | 2,804 |
/*
* Copyright 2019 Arcus Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.iris.platform.alarm.notification.strategy;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.iris.common.alarm.AlertType;
import com.iris.messages.address.Address;
import com.iris.messages.capability.DeviceCapability;
import com.iris.messages.capability.NotificationCapability;
import com.iris.messages.capability.PersonCapability;
import com.iris.messages.capability.RuleCapability;
import com.iris.messages.model.Model;
import com.iris.messages.model.dev.DeviceModel;
import com.iris.messages.model.serv.PersonModel;
import com.iris.messages.model.serv.RuleModel;
import com.iris.messages.type.CallTreeEntry;
import com.iris.platform.alarm.history.ModelLoader;
import com.iris.platform.alarm.incident.Trigger;
import com.iris.platform.alarm.incident.Trigger.Event;
import com.iris.platform.alarm.notification.calltree.CallTreeContext;
import com.iris.platform.alarm.notification.calltree.CallTreeDAO;
import com.iris.platform.alarm.notification.calltree.CallTreeExecutor;
public abstract class BaseNotificationStrategy implements NotificationStrategy {
private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BaseNotificationStrategy.class);
private final ConcurrentMap<Address, Set<AlertType>> activeIncidents = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
private final Set<Address> cancelNotificationSentList = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
private final NotificationStrategyConfig config;
private final CallTreeExecutor callTreeExecutor;
private final CallTreeDAO callTreeDao;
private final ModelLoader modelLoader;
protected BaseNotificationStrategy(
NotificationStrategyConfig config,
CallTreeExecutor callTreeExecutor,
CallTreeDAO callTreeDao,
ModelLoader modelLoader
) {
this.config = config;
this.callTreeExecutor = callTreeExecutor;
this.callTreeDao = callTreeDao;
this.modelLoader = modelLoader;
}
protected NotificationStrategyConfig getConfig() {
return config;
}
protected CallTreeExecutor getCallTreeExecutor() {
return callTreeExecutor;
}
protected CallTreeDAO getCallTreeDao() { return callTreeDao; }
@Override
public void execute(Address incidentAddress, UUID placeId, List<Trigger> triggers) {
Set<AlertType> seen = activeIncidents.computeIfAbsent(incidentAddress, (addr) -> new HashSet<>());
List<CallTreeEntry> callTree = callTreeDao.callTreeForPlace(placeId);
List<Trigger> additionalTriggers = new ArrayList<>();
for(Trigger trigger : triggers) {
// TODO: unified call tree does not handle care notifications at this time and I'm not sure about weather
if(trigger.getAlarm() == AlertType.CARE || trigger.getAlarm() == AlertType.WEATHER) {
continue;
}
if(!seen.contains(trigger.getAlarm())) {
doNotify(callTreeContextBuilderFor(incidentAddress, placeId, trigger, callTree), trigger);
seen.add(trigger.getAlarm());
} else {
additionalTriggers.add(trigger);
if(Event.VERIFIED_ALARM.equals(trigger.getEvent())) {
onVerified(incidentAddress, placeId, trigger, callTree);
}
}
}
if(!additionalTriggers.isEmpty()) {
onAdditionalTriggers(incidentAddress, placeId, additionalTriggers, callTree);
}
}
@Override
public boolean cancel(Address incidentAddress, UUID placeId, Address cancelledBy, List<String> alarms) {
boolean returnResult = false;
boolean activeIncident = activeIncidents.get(incidentAddress) != null? true:false;
boolean isSent = false;
if(doCancel(incidentAddress)) {
activeIncidents.remove(incidentAddress);
isSent = cancelNotificationSentList.remove(incidentAddress);
returnResult = true;
}
if(activeIncident && !isSent) {
sendCancelNotification(incidentAddress, placeId, cancelledBy, alarms);
}
postCancel(incidentAddress, returnResult);
return returnResult;
}
private void sendCancelNotification(Address incidentAddress, UUID placeId, Address cancelledBy, List<String> alarms) {
if(cancelNotificationSentList.add(incidentAddress)) {
try{
//only send cancel notification when it's the first time
List<CallTreeEntry> callTree = callTreeDao.callTreeForPlace(placeId);
Model cancelledByPerson = modelLoader.findByAddress(cancelledBy);
CallTreeContext.Builder contextBuilder = CallTreeContext.builder()
.withIncidentAddress(incidentAddress)
.withPlaceId(placeId)
.withPriority(NotificationCapability.NotifyRequest.PRIORITY_MEDIUM)
.withMsgKey(getMessageKeyForCancel(alarms.get(0), incidentAddress))
.addCallTreeEntries(callTree)
.addParams(ImmutableMap.<String, String>of(
NotificationConstants.CancelParams.PARAM_CANCELL_BY_FIRSTNAME, PersonModel.getFirstName(cancelledByPerson, ""),
NotificationConstants.CancelParams.PARAM_CANCELL_BY_LASTNAME, PersonModel.getLastName(cancelledByPerson, "")));
getCallTreeExecutor().notifyParallel(contextBuilder.build());
contextBuilder.withPriority(NotificationCapability.NotifyRequest.PRIORITY_LOW);
getCallTreeExecutor().notifyOwner(contextBuilder.build());
}catch( Exception e) {
logger.error(String.format("Fail to send cancel notifications for place id [%s], incident [%s]", placeId, incidentAddress ), e);
}
}
}
protected void onVerified(Address incidentAddress, UUID placeId, Trigger trigger, List<CallTreeEntry> callTree) {
// no op hook
}
protected boolean doCancel(Address incidentAddress) {
return true;
}
protected void postCancel(Address incidentAddress, boolean isCancelled) {
// no op hook
}
@Override
public void acknowledge(Address incidentAddress, AlertType type) {
// no op hook
}
protected void onAdditionalTriggers(Address incidentAddress, UUID placeId, List<Trigger> trigger, List<CallTreeEntry> callTree) {
// no op hook
}
protected abstract void doNotify(CallTreeContext.Builder contextBuilder, Trigger trigger);
protected String getMessageKeyForCancel(String alertType, Address incidentAddress) {
return String.format(NotificationConstants.KEY_TEMPLATE_FOR_CANCEL, alertType.toLowerCase());
}
protected String getMessageKeyForTrigger(AlertType alertType, Trigger.Event event) {
if(Trigger.Event.RULE.equals(event)) {
return String.format(NotificationConstants.KEY_TEMPLATE_FOR_TRIGGER_RULE, alertType.name().toLowerCase());
}else{
return String.format(NotificationConstants.KEY_TEMPLATE_FOR_TRIGGER, alertType.name().toLowerCase());
}
}
protected CallTreeContext.Builder callTreeContextBuilderFor(Address incidentAddress, UUID placeId, Trigger trigger, List<CallTreeEntry> callTree) {
return CallTreeContext.builder()
.withIncidentAddress(incidentAddress)
.withSequentialDelaySecs(config.getCallTreeSequentialTimeoutSecs())
.withPlaceId(placeId)
.withPriority(NotificationCapability.NotifyRequest.PRIORITY_CRITICAL)
.withMsgKey(getMessageKeyForTrigger(trigger.getAlarm(), trigger.getEvent()))
.addCallTreeEntries(callTree)
.addParams(triggerToNotificationParams(trigger));
}
protected Map<String, String> triggerToNotificationParams(Trigger t) {
Model m = findModelForTrigger(t);
return modelToNotificationParams(m, t);
}
protected Model findModelForTrigger(Trigger t) {
if(t == null) {
return null;
}
Model m = modelLoader.findByAddress(t.getSource());
if(m == null) {
return null;
}
// Supports device, rule, and person
if(m.getCapabilities().contains(DeviceCapability.NAMESPACE)) {
return m;
}
else if(m.getCapabilities().contains(RuleCapability.NAMESPACE)) {
return m;
}
else if(m.getCapabilities().contains(PersonCapability.NAMESPACE)) {
return m;
}
return null;
}
private Map<String,String> modelToNotificationParams(Model m, Trigger t) {
if(m == null) {
logger.warn("Unable to load model for trigger [{}]", t);
return Collections.emptyMap();
}
switch(m.getType()) {
case RuleCapability.NAMESPACE:
return ImmutableMap.of(
NotificationConstants.TriggerParams.PARAM_RULE_NAME, RuleModel.getName(m, "rule")
);
case PersonCapability.NAMESPACE:
return ImmutableMap.of(
NotificationConstants.TriggerParams.PARAM_ACTOR_FIRST_NAME, PersonModel.getFirstName(m, ""),
NotificationConstants.TriggerParams.PARAM_ACTOR_LAST_NAME, PersonModel.getLastName(m, "")
);
case DeviceCapability.NAMESPACE:
return ImmutableMap.of(
NotificationConstants.TriggerParams.PARAM_DEVICE_NAME, DeviceModel.getName(m, "device"),
NotificationConstants.TriggerParams.PARAM_DEVICE_TYPE, DeviceModel.getDevtypehint(m, "sensor")
);
default:
logger.warn("Unable to determine name for model of type [{}]", m.getType());
return ImmutableMap.of();
}
}
}
| 33,920 |
https://github.com/AdrianSoundy/microserver/blob/master/Net/HttpService/Mvc/Controllers/ControllerFactory.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
microserver
|
AdrianSoundy
|
C#
|
Code
| 255 | 811 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.SPOT;
using MicroServer.Net.Http.Mvc.Resolver;
using MicroServer.Net.Http.Mvc.ActionResults;
namespace MicroServer.Net.Http.Mvc.Controllers
{
class ControllerFactory
{
private readonly Hashtable _controllers = new Hashtable();
public IEnumerable Controllers
{
get { return _controllers; }
}
public virtual void Register(string uri, ControllerMapping controller)
{
if (controller == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("controller");
_controllers.Add(controller.Uri.ToLower(), controller);
}
/// <summary>
/// Loads Uri mappings for all controllers and their actions
/// </summary>
public virtual void Load()
{
ControllerIndexer indexer = new ControllerIndexer();
indexer.Find();
foreach (ControllerMapping controller in indexer.Controllers)
{
foreach (DictionaryEntry mapping in controller.Mappings)
{
_controllers.Add(controller.Uri.ToLower() + "/" + ((MethodInfo)mapping.Value).Name.ToString().ToLower(), controller);
}
}
}
public virtual bool TryMapping(string uri, out ControllerMapping mapping)
{
mapping = null;
if (_controllers.Contains(uri))
{
mapping = (ControllerMapping)_controllers[uri];
return true;
}
return false;
}
public virtual object Invoke(Type controllerType, MethodInfo action, IHttpContext context)
{
ControllerContext controllerContext = new ControllerContext(context);
var controller = (Controller) ServiceResolver.Current.Resolve(controllerType);
var newController = controller as IController;
try
{
controllerContext.Controller = controller;
controllerContext.ControllerName = controllerType.Name;
controllerContext.ControllerUri = "/" + controllerType.Name;
controllerContext.ActionName = action.Name;
controller.SetContext(controllerContext);
if (newController != null)
{
var actionContext = new ActionExecutingContext (controllerContext);
newController.OnActionExecuting(actionContext);
if (actionContext.Result != null)
return actionContext.Result;
}
object[] args = { controllerContext };
ActionResult result = (ActionResult)action.Invoke(controller, args);
result.ExecuteResult(controllerContext);
if (newController != null)
{
var actionContext = new ActionExecutedContext(controllerContext, false, null);
newController.OnActionExecuted(actionContext);
if (actionContext.Result != null)
return actionContext.Result;
}
return result;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
if (newController != null)
{
var exceptionContext = new ExceptionContext(ex);
newController.OnException(exceptionContext);
if (exceptionContext.Result != null)
return exceptionContext.Result;
}
ActionResult result = (ActionResult) controller.TriggerOnException(ex);
return result;
}
}
}
}
| 17,113 |
af5c1bb764574d965e6fcc34440de645
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,022 |
Code de la santé publique, article L5414-1
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 167 | 228 |
Les agents mentionnés à l'article L. 511-3 et aux 1° et 2° du I de l'article L. 511-22 du code de la consommation ont qualité pour rechercher et constater les infractions et manquements aux lois et règlements relatifs aux activités et aux produits mentionnés à l'article L. 5311-1 suivants : 1° Les dispositifs médicaux et leurs accessoires ; 2° Les dispositifs médicaux de diagnostic in vitro ; 3° Les produits dont la liste figure à l'annexe XVI du règlement (UE) 2017/745 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 5 avril 2017 ; 4° (Abrogé) ; 5° Les produits cosmétiques ; 6° Les produits de tatouage. A cet effet, ils disposent des pouvoirs prévus au I de l'article L. 511-22 du code de la consommation. Ces agents peuvent communiquer à l'Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé les informations et documents recueillis dans les conditions prévues à l'alinéa précédent afin qu'elle procède à toute évaluation et expertise pour les produits mentionnés au même alinéa.
| 25,972 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehlen
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Sehlen
|
https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sehlen&action=history
|
Romanian
|
Spoken
| 15 | 40 |
Sehlen este o comună din landul Mecklenburg - Pomerania Inferioară, Germania.
Comune din Mecklenburg-Pomerania Inferioară
| 49,272 |
https://github.com/Delepha/COMFORT/blob/master/artifact_evaluation/data/codeCoverage/fuzzilli_generate/895.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,021 |
COMFORT
|
Delepha
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 252 | 664 |
function main() {
const v1 = 0;
// v1 = .integer
const v2 = 100;
// v2 = .integer
const v3 = 1;
// v3 = .integer
const v5 = 4;
// v5 = .integer
let v6 = 0;
const v7 = v6 + 1;
// v7 = .primitive
v6 = v7;
let v8 = 4294967296;
function v9(v10,v11) {
const v13 = -2.2250738585072014e-308;
// v13 = .float
const v14 = 100;
// v14 = .integer
const v15 = 1;
// v15 = .integer
const v16 = 0;
// v16 = .integer
const v17 = 100;
// v17 = .integer
const v18 = 1;
// v18 = .integer
const v20 = new Uint32Array(46077);
// v20 = .object(ofGroup: Uint32Array, withProperties: ["buffer", "byteOffset", "byteLength", "constructor", "__proto__", "length"], withMethods: ["keys", "lastIndexOf", "some", "includes", "reduceRight", "find", "fill", "map", "reverse", "values", "entries", "forEach", "reduce", "filter", "join", "copyWithin", "sort", "subarray", "set", "slice", "every", "indexOf", "findIndex"])
function v21(v22,v23) {
const v25 = v20.subarray(0,v8);
// v25 = .object(ofGroup: Uint32Array, withProperties: ["__proto__", "byteOffset", "constructor", "length", "buffer", "byteLength"], withMethods: ["filter", "copyWithin", "fill", "set", "forEach", "some", "keys", "every", "reduceRight", "map", "reverse", "subarray", "values", "indexOf", "reduce", "join", "slice", "sort", "find", "includes", "findIndex", "lastIndexOf", "entries"])
const v27 = 1;
// v27 = .integer
let v28 = 0;
const v29 = v28 + 1;
// v29 = .primitive
v28 = v29;
const v30 = v20.indexOf(0,0);
// v30 = .integer
}
const v31 = v21(v21,v21);
// v31 = .unknown
}
const v33 = new Promise(v9);
// v33 = .object(ofGroup: Promise, withProperties: ["__proto__"], withMethods: ["finally", "then", "catch"])
}
main();
| 2,963 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.