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https://github.com/SamLucas/ProjetoQuiz/blob/master/application/views/Front_Quiz.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,019 |
ProjetoQuiz
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SamLucas
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PHP
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Code
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<div id="blue">
<div class="container">
<div class="row" style="text-align:center">
<h3>Perfil</h3>
</div><!-- /row -->
</div> <!-- /container -->
</div><!-- /blue -->
<div class="container mtb">
<div class="row" style="text-align: center;">
<table class="table table-hover">
<thead>
<tr>
<td>NOME</td>
<td>PROFESSOR</td>
<td>STATUS</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<?php foreach($quiz as $qz): ?>
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<td onclick="location.href = 'Front_Quiz/view_quiz?id='+<?= $qz->quiz_id ?>" style="cursor: pointer;"><?= $qz->quiz_nome?></td>
<td onclick="location.href = 'Front_Quiz/view_quiz?id='+<?= $qz->quiz_id ?>" style="cursor: pointer;"><?= $qz->prof_nome?></td>
<td>Aberto</td>
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| 12,939 |
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantuk%2C%20Singajuruh%2C%20Banyuwangi
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Cantuk, Singajuruh, Banyuwangi
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https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantuk, Singajuruh, Banyuwangi&action=history
|
Javanese
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Spoken
| 25 | 90 |
Cantuk iku désa ing kacamatan Singajuruh, Kabupatèn Banyuwangi, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Rujukan
Uga delengen
Singajuruh, Banyuwangi
Kabupatèn Banyuwangi
Pranala njaba
Situs resmi Kabupatèn Banyuwangi
| 21,587 |
voyageenhanovref00manguoft_4
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,805 |
Voyage en Hanovre fait dans les années 1803 et 1804
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Mangourit, Michel Ange Bernard de, 1752-1829
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French
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Spoken
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Il propose le premier au gouvernement français de s'emparer de l'Égypte pour en faire une colonie. Les papiers y relatifs sont conservés à la bibliothèque électoral. (Note de M. de Fillers.) Peu de temps après lui, fut fondée à Gottingue cette université célèbre, qui, tandis que ses sœurs de France et d'Angleterre voyaient décroître leur splendeur, devint la première école de l'Europe. Elle vit dès ses premiers jours, au nombre de ses professeurs, un Haller et tant d'autres, dont les noms se prononceront toujours avec respect : Tobie Mayer, inventeur des tables lunaires ; Busching, l'un des pères de la moderne géographie ; Achenwall, de la statistique ; Michaëlis, le plus savant et le plus philosophe des orientalistes. Le Hanovre est parsemé d'écoles et de sociétés littéraires. Le nord de l'Allemagne, couvert par une ligne de neutralité pendant la dernière guerre, a profité du calme pour cultiver les sciences. Pendant la guerre de sept ans, Gottingue devint pour les officiers français un but de pèlerinage. Le marquis de Lostanges y prit le grade de docteur en droit civil, et devint membre de la Société royale des sciences. (Du même.) Si M. de Villers eût consulté M. Langlès, conservateur de la bibliothèque nationale, il n'aurait pas dit que M. Michaëlis est le plus philosophe des orientalistes. C'est dans le nord que Mirabeau puisa ses idées libérales et les principes qui sont devenus en France la base du système social. Du même. Jeunes guerriers, au milieu de tant de lumières, resterez-vous oisifs ? La nation la plus spirituelle se montrera-t-elle insensible à tout ce qu'ennoblit et agrandit l'esprit ? À Hanovre, vous trouverez le respectable Feder ou M. Sestro, homme d'une vaste littérature, animé du plus pur zèle de l'humanité : à Zell, le célèbre auteur de la Venus Urania, M. Ramdohr : à Lüneburg, M. Soltau, traducteur heureux du Poème d'Hudibras et du Dom Guichotte. N'est-ce pas dans les autres villes, et jusqu'à dans les villages, vous ne trouveriez des maîtres et des guides... Il vous sera alors aisé d'apercevoir, quant au choix et à l'étendue des connaissances, la distance infinie d'un pasteur protestant à un théologien catholique. Suivant vos goûts divers, voulez-vous embrasser toutes les sciences, ou en approfondir une ? Obtenez les moyens d'habiter Gottingue. Est-ce l'astronomie qui vous occupe ? Approchez-vous de Lilienthal et du... Sans doute que M. de Villers n'a pas eu le bonheur d'être élevé dans le giron de l'Église romaine, ou de voyager en pays catholique. grand astronome qui y réside. Est-ce l'agriculture ? presque tous les grands propriétaires et les pasteurs peuvent vous donner d’utiles leçons. Il existe à Zell une société, qui en fait son unique objet. La minéralogie ou la métallurgie sont-elles vos sciences favorites ? Le Hartz est une des chaînes de montagnes les plus riches en mines. Allez visiter cette région de la Basse-Saxe ; allez à Clausthal, à Andreasberg, au Harzgebirge ; et vous ne reviendrez pas sans nouvelles lumières, sans avoir admiré ce canton romantique, ses richesses naturelles, la franchise, la bonté de ses habitants, presque tous mineurs. « Jeunes et braves français, livrez-vous à ces nobles recherches ; vivez, avec gravité et modestie, au milieu d'un peuple sérieux et naïf. Parmi ses mœurs, n'apportez pas le mélange d'autres mœurs; cueillez la palme des sciences ; elle sied mieux à côté des lauriers qu'une branche de myrte arrosée de sang. » M. de Schröter qui vient de publier le second tome de sa Topographie lunaire, dont nous n'avons pas de traduction. Le docteur Olbers de Brême, qui a découvert la neuvième planète (Pallas), est l'ami et le compagnon des travaux du sage de Lilienthal ; ils ne font ni de la prophétie, ni de la politique. trop de larmes ; et faites qu'une estime, sans tache vous accompagne à votre départ. Vous n'imiterez pas l'indolence de la grande majorité des émigrés qui, après avoir végété si longtemps dans une ridicule fainéantise, au centre des lumières de la Saxe, sont retournés, dans leur patrie, aussi ignorants qu'ils en étaient sortis ; blâmant tous les usages qu'ils n'étaient pas les leurs ; n'ayant pas le plus léger soupçon du monde nouveau qui les entourait, et ne sortant point en effet du vieil monde et des usages français qu'ils portaient dans leur tête et dans leur cœur. De ce qu'ils faisaient moins bonne chère qu'à Paris, de ce qu'ils étaient moins bien couchés, ils concluaient que l'Allemagne était encore dans la barbarie. Le ton poli et maniéré, une certaine élégance conventionnelle dans les formes extérieures, le luxe et les jouissances physiques, plus ou moins raffinés, forment chez beaucoup de nos compatriotes les seuls titres auxquels ils dispensent leur estime, et par lesquels ils jugent du degré de culture d'une nation : mesure étrange, d'après laquelle Sybaris devrait passer pour la première des cités, et Philadelphie pour la dernière. On doit aimer le ton respectueux avec lequel de Vilers parle des savants allemands; en effet, ils n'ont pas tellement de grands de quelques savants français. Ceux-ci sont souvent fort souvent, sans s'en apercevoir, ou parce qu'ils croient se donner ainsi de la considération. À supposer que les nôtres soient plus érudits que ceux du Hanaûre, je fais grand cas de la simplicité franche de ceux-ci ; je déteste autant le magot à tête branlante qui applaudit à tout, que le bonhomme immobile qui n'applaudit à rien. Je déteste, n'est pas le vrai motif, car le premier est ou un passif émotionnel à la table, ou un séducteur qui ajuste une victime, ou un intrigant qui se fait attentif à un ambitieux qui monte à l'échelle ; et le second, aspirant à un trône sans sujets, dédaigne tout ce qui ne ressemble pas à sa statue. Il est encore d'autres sortes de savants impitoyables : ce sont ceux qui, vous parlant de leur savoir, jusqu'à l'extinction de l'entendement, et leurs opposés qui vous dépriment d'assez bonne foi pour ne jamais vous en parler. Mais achevons la galerie : que pensez-vous de ces importuns qui sourient de la moitié du visage, de ces minutieux conseillers qui vous traquassent pour vous faire préférer un mot au mot équivalent, de ces grimacier si sujets aux crampes, lorsqu'il échappe d'un discours public, une étincelle philosophique ? Arrivons jusqu'à notre parnasse, et ces Poètes aux who la croient des Lauréats, parce qu'ils ont fait défiler quelques vers devant le quartier général d'un lycée. À tous ceux-là, préférez, croyez-moi, les bons et modestes érudits du fond de l'Allemagne. M. de Villers a donné de bons conseils que de bons esprits ont suivi. Soyons reconnaissants sans envers lui ; car son adresse aux officiers de notre armée, a fait estimer les Hanovriens par nos braves, et ceux-là se sont aperçus que nos troubles n'avaient pas tout-à-fait exilé de notre patrie, les mœurs et la politesse, les lettres et les arts. Ecole militaire du Hanovre, le Georgianum. — Son organisation. — Des têtes de bélier. Encore un chapitre sérieux ! Il n'est point inutile cependant de décrire l'organisation du Georgianum, afin qu'on puisse la comparer avec celle de notre prytanée. Le botaniste est récompensé de ses peines, lorsqu'il dépose au jardin des plantes, les graines qu'il a recueillies dans ses voyages ; je serai heureux comme lui, si les Desfontaines de notre instruction publique, trouvent parmi celles que j'apporte d’Hanovre, une seule qui mérite d'être acclimatée. Le Georgianum, décrété en 1796, fut établi au mois de mai suivant, pour les fils de la noblesse hanovrienne, à la place de l'ancienne institution des pages de l’électeur. La somme qui était destinée à entretenir vingt pages, a suffi à l'éducation très soignée de quarante élèves. On vit succéder à une éducation... toute militaire, jadis l'effroi des châteaux et des chaumières, une instruction non-seule ment rassurante pour la tranquillité des bons et des faibles, mais encore propre à rapprocher des sciences et des arts utiles et d'agrément, les descendants de ceux qui les avaient méprisés, comme indignes de leur naissance. Quelle différence y-a-t-il entre les pages qui n'apprenaient autre chose dans les castels et les manoirs de nos pères, qu'à panser des chevaux, à nettoyer le dressoir de la salle à manger, à servir à table, à battre les pauvres serfs et à dévaliser les petits marchands, et les Logans du grand seigneur, à qui l'on enseigne à bien couper les ongles, à raser avec dextérité, et d'autres gentillesse de cette importance ? Les nobles ont senti, un peu tard à la vérité, que s'ils s'étaient réservé l'usage de la valeur dans les camps sans y joindre l'urbanité des villes, les roturiers finiraient avec adresse par paralyser la force ; et c'est ainsi que partout la noblesse a renoncé à ses plus chères prérogatives d'ignorance. Chaque élève paye à son entrée 65 thalers (environ 380 francs) ; quinze dont les familles sont plus aisées, payent en outre 120 thalers. Ils sont tous logés, habillés, nourris ; instruits, soignés et traités aux frais de la maison ; leur uniforme est bleu foncé et collets écarlate, boutons de métal blanc ; reçus à l'âge de dix ans, ils sortent de la maison dès qu'ils sont en état d'entrer au service, ou de continuer leurs études à l'université de Gottingue, pour embrasser une autre profession. À leur entrée dans un régiment, la caisse de la maison leur fournit 260 thalers pour équipement ; la plupart ayant été reçus au Georgianum à dix ans, et sortant à-peu-près à seize, ont presque triplé en six ans les 95 thalers d'entrée, avec l'avantage d'une éducation gratuite, et l'assurance d'un emploi honorable. Les plus distingués des élèves qui vont se perfectionner à Göttingue dans les sciences relatives à l'état auquel ils se destinent, jouissent d'une haute paye de 550 thalers, pendant les trois ans qu'ils y passent ; et cette haute paye n'est diminuée ni augmentée pour personne. Le fils de l'électeur sortirait du Gèorgianum pour aller étudier à l'université de Göttingue, que sa part ne serait pas plus forte que celle du noble le plus ordinaire. Cependant, il ne dépend ni des élèves, ni de leurs pareils, de choisir leur état ; cela est un peu trop Spartiate. On n'admet à l'éducation disposée pour les fonctions civiles, que les sujets qui paraissent propres à s'y distinguerail le jugement qu'en porte le directeur de la maison ne leur est pas favorable, ils sont rejetés. Les parents sont alors les maîtres, ou de les laisser suivre la carrière militaire, ou de les retirer de l'institution ; mais avec un peu de sagacité, on découvre aisément, dans cette mesure réglementaire, le germe de l'influence de l'autorité civile sur la force armée. Cependant, on aurait beaucoup à craindre de la part d'un directeur investi du pouvoir de décider de la destinée de ses élèves, si l'on n'était rassuré par le caractère éminent d'équité qui distingue le directeur actuel, M. Feder. Le Georgianum est divisé en quatre classes. Les deux premières nommées fondamentales préparent les élèves de dix à quatorze ans. Les deux autres achèvent l'enseignement des adolescents destinés à des fonctions civiles ou militaires. Dans les classes fondamentales, on enseigne les principes du culte protestant, basés sur la morale, l'arithmétique, la géographie, le latin, le français, la pureté de la langue allemande, la calligraphie, l'histoire politique et l'histoire naturelle. Dans la classe chargée de diriger vers la profession des armes, le latin fait place à l'anglais : mais si l'enseignement de cette langue a eu pour seul but de mettre les officiers hanovriens en état de s'entendre avec les anglais, en événement d'armées combinées des deux pays, on a lieu d'espérer que désormais cet enseignement sera de toute inutilité. On instruit aussi ces jeunes gens dans la partie des mathématiques qui ont rapport avec l'art de la guerre, dans la physique, l'histoire naturelle de l'homme, quelques éléments de physiologie, le style français, le style allemand, la philosophie morale et la statistique, science germanique dont nous sentons enfin l'importance. Dans la classe civile, dite des étudiants, on y professe aussi l'étude de la langue anglaise, la géométrie, la trigonométrie, l'architecture civile, les éléments de logique, la philosophie morale, la physique et l'histoire naturelle de l'homme ; mais c'est à l'enseignement du latin et de l'histoire ancienne, que l'on consacre le plus de temps, parce qu'on les considère, l'un et l'autre, comme essentiels à l'étude du droit et de la politique. La danse, l'escrime, l'équitation, la musique et le dessin s'enseignent dans ces quatre classes, aux dépens des parents; ces maîtres sont externes, ce qui par tout a beaucoup moins d'inconvenients que dans des écoles de jeunes demoiselles. Les leçons commencent à sept heures du matin, durant le semestre d'été, et à huit, pendant le semestre d'hiver; une lecture morale ou religieuse les ouvre et les termine: On donne cinq leçons dans la matinée, et deux seulement l'après-midi. Cet établissement doit au zèle de M. Feder, la fondation d'une bibliothèque bien choisie, d'une collection déjà opulente de curiosités naturelles et technologiques et d'un appareil choisi d'instruments de physique. Chaque classe est régie par un professeur, ayant le titre de gouverneur; il en est l'instructeur principal et l'inspecteur immédiat; son cabinet est contigu à celui de sa classe; chacune des classes supérieures occupe deux appartements. Le gouverneur couche dans une chambre voisine de sa classe; ce qui évite toutes les communications et les colloques dangereux. Outre le logement et la table, il reçoit 220 thalers par an, (990 francs) et quoique spécialement attaché à sa classe, il est tenu de donner, dans les autres, des leçons sur la science qui lui est la plus familière: cette obligation a l'avantage d'exciter l'amour-propre des professeurs. Deux classes et leur gouverneur mangent dans une même salle. Outre les quatre gouverneurs, l'établissement seul un maître d'anglais, deux maîtres de langue française et un professeur de mathématiques, ayant le grade de capitaine au corps du génie. C'est par ce dernier contact que tous les divers genres d'enseignement ont le même rang entre eux. Les élèves militaires, en sortant, portent dans les régiments où ils sont placés, l'opinion, plus utile qu'on ne pense aux gouvernements et aux sociétés générales, que tous les genres de services rendus au pays, sont également honorables et méritent le même signe et la même couleur, quand ils ont droit à de grandes récompenses. L'instruction et la discipline sont confiées à deux directeurs. L'un, particulièrement affecté à la classe militaire, doit être un an cien officier ; celui d'aujourd'hui est lieutenant-colonel. L'autre embrasse l'ensemble : c'est le savant et respectable Feder, que ses érudits et ses lumières ont fait choisir, en dépit de sourdes et puissantes manœuvres. Il faut que l'on sache si l'intrigue travaille ailleurs, d'une autre manière que dans notre patrie. Si celle employée lors de la création du Georgianum eût réussi, cette intéressante institution eût été privée d'un législateur et d'un père; M. Feder a fortement contribué à l'organisation de cette maison : et qui pouvait mieux faire exécuter les règlements, que celui qui les avait tracés? Les maréchaux Mortier et Bernadotte, le général Dessoles, diraient de quelle sollicitude était agité ce vieillard vénérable, quand de faux bruits répandus sur la suppression du Georgianum venaient remplir son ardeur d'amertume. Un français réfugié en Allemagne, s'avisa dans ses pères temps de 1796, de traiter d'illuminé le Voltaire de la Germanie, M. Wieland, et d'associer M. Feder à l'illumination. Celui-ci, dont le bonheur est immuable au sein d'une famille composée d'une épouse et de huit enfants, ne répondit rien au pamphlétaire fameux mais les traits que méprisent les gens honnêtes, n'attirent que trop souvent l'attention des gouvernements, altèrent leur confiance, ébranlent leur justice, et quelquefois, la compromettent. Lorsque le ministre hanovrien qui réside près de l'électeur-roi, proposa M. Feder à sa majesté pour diriger le Georgianum, je le connais, dit le prince, n'est-il pas de ces têtes de béliers qui veulent tout renverser? Sans le pamphlet, jamais cette question n'eût été faite. Le ministre fut obligé d'entrer dans des détails justificatifs, qui ravirent un temps précieux au bien de l'état: et heureusement pour cette fois, un juste fut sauvé. — Je demandai la vérité de l'anecdote à M. Feder; sa physionomie si riante se voila de tristesse, il changea de conversation en me serrant la main. Je ne désirais d'autre preuve du fait... Veut-on rendre, en Allemagne, odieux et nuls, des hommes de paix et de capacité ? On les affuble du sobriquet d'illuminés ; ceux qui ne s'occupent que de restaurations, pas encore pour des démolisseurs, des hommes de queue, des têtes de béliers. Mais cette tactique n'est pas suivie ailleurs : consolons-nous. Quoique le directeur civil soit point obligé de donner des instructions aux élèves, il a cru devoir le faire alternativement dans chaque classe, pour animer le zèle des instituteurs, saisir par lui-même les dispositions des jeunes gens, influer sur leur développement, et les diriger plus promptement et d'une manière plus exacte vers le but principal de l'établissement. Les gouverneurs doivent rendre compte aux directeurs, sur-le-champ ou à la fin de chaque semaine, des événements de conséquence, selon leur gravité. Chaque semestre, ils leur présentent un tableau à deux colonnes ; l'une marque les progrès de l'instruction, et l'autre le développement des caractères. Ce tableau sert de base aux rapports que font les chefs, deux fois l'an, au gouvernement. Voici les bases fondamentales sur lesquelles la discipline morale intérieure a été établie. La première consiste à s'emparer de l'esprit, de la confiance et de l'amitié des élèves. On a senti que par un mot, un regard et des corrections légères, agissant sur le moral, on obtenait beaucoup plus qu'en infligeant des peines physiques, et que l'on s'accoutumait ainsi à une obéissance plus volontaire. La seconde, à rechercher les bonnes dispositions dont un sujet peut être doué, afin de les opposer avec avantage aux mauvaises. La troisième, à s'armer d'une lente patience pour supporter les défauts susceptibles de remède, et à repousser, sans faiblesse et promptement, le vice incorrigible et contagieux. Relativement aux études, on a exigé : 1°. Que les directeurs visitent souvent les classes, pendant et après les leçons, et que à la fin du mois, ils se font représenter les cachets des élèves. 2°. Que l'on fasse critiquer les thèmes des élèves, par leurs camarades. 3°. Que le directeur civil fasse présent à ceux qui se distingueraient, d'un livre sur lequel l'éloge mérité serait inscrit honorablement. 4°. Qu'à la fin de chaque semestre, il y ait un examen public, auquel un ministre de la régence et le feldmaréchal de l'armée assisteraient. Quand César nous conquit, les Gaules avaient aussi leur Apollon ; je crois que ce grand homme honora son culte, assista à ses fêtes et protégea les enfants de la lumière. Il me semble voir le maréchal Bernadotte, entouré de ses compagnons d'armes, présidant à l'examen de ces jeunes nourrissons des Muses et de Mars : il leur décerne des prix, et je l'entends leur dire : Honneur et patrie ! Ce sont les divinités chérées des allemands et des français. Les vacances ne durent que trois semaines, une fois l'an. Il faut obtenir du directeur une permission pour la plus courte absence d'un instructeur ou d'un élève. L'agrément d'un gouverneur suffit pour une visite à la ville. Les mascarades sont expressément défendues; mais le spectacle est permis, en compagnie des pères et des mères, ou sous la conduite de l'un des gouverneurs. Chaque table au dîner est servie de quatre plats, et de deux au souper. Trois femmes et six hommes suffisent au service de la maison. Un seul caissier tient compte des revenus, ainsi que du fonds de quarante thalers (180 f.), affecté à chaque élève, pour ses menus plaisirs dans l'année. La surintendance générale du Georgianum est confiée au baron de Low, maréchal de la cour, auquel, chaque mois, les directeurs rendent des comptes particuliers. Cet officier de la couronne, sur la présentation des deux chefs, nomme les gouverneurs et les instituteurs : c'est à lui que les familles s'adressent pour l'admission de leurs enfants : on dit que ses choix sont conformes à l'équité : les sujets des familles les plus pauvres et les mieux famées, sont préférés. Tel est le régime d'une institution dans laquelle des hommes destinés à commander aux autres ou à les rendre heureux, puisent, dès l'enfance la plus tendre, les principes de la religion, par essence, adaptée aux chaînons organiques d'un culte empreint encore d'un peu de rouille, mais nettoyé de verdure de gris. C'est là qu'on leur apprend que si le sol natal appartient indistinctement à tous leurs compatriotes, ils ne sont appelés de préférence, que pour le faire prospérer par la science, la morale et de bons exemples : que si la naissance les a mis au-dessus des autres, leur éducation saine leur recommande de s'asseoir près d'eux, pour les consoler, s'ils ne sont pas heureux : que si des institutions féodales favorisent leurs noms, l'humanité et la philosophie, dont un patriarche leur fait chaque jour entendre la douce et consolante voix, doivent être invoquées par eux à toutes les époques de la vie, pour adoucir leur fierté et pour attendrir leurs cœurs. Que le nom de l'idéal soit toujours présent à leur souvenir, sous les armes, sur le seuil du pauvre, sur la curule du magistrat et sous le toit paternel. CHAPITRE X. Taverne et bois de Nienhauss. — De l'inculation, de la vaccine, du galvanisme et des pierres tombées du ciel. Depuis huit jours, j'étais accablé d'une chaleur étouffante, et tellement contrarié par les attaques des mouches et des moustiques, qu'il m'était impossible d'écrire quatre mots sans souffler sur les doigts et sans me frotter le visage. Une averse abondante vient de suspendre ce martyre, et de me reporter soudain de la zone torride dans la fraîcheur humide du Hanovre. Je ne dois pas trop m'en réjouir; les pluies de thermidor ouvrent presque toujours le passage au vent polaire; elles occasionnent des dysenteries, des rhumatismes, des perversions très-dangereuses, si l'on néglige de se garantir de l'humidité du matin et du soir, et de se bien couvrir la nuit. Depuis le Spitzberg jusqu'à l'Égypte, il n'y a que le drap pour la santé. Je viens de profiter de la fraîcheur de la saison; je sors d'un bois enchanteur, qui ferait abandonner le bois de Boulogne, s'il était aussi rapproché de Paris. À l'ouest de la ville et de la porte Saint-Egide, on suit un chemin bordé de maisons et de jardins; un canal, planté de saules, vous dirige, environ une demi-lieue, jusqu'à une cour carrée, entourée de murs rouges, élévés à hauteur d'appui; là, restent les voitures, les chevaux de selle et les gens. En face, s'élève un vieux bâtiment, peint en gris de lin, couvert de briques, et dont l'architecture est trop modestement rurale. Vous y voyez l'officine où l'on prépare le thé et le café, l'arsenal des pipes et des réchauds, le magasin de la bière, du vin, du genièvre et du tabac. En traversant la taverne, un enchaînement de Losquets présente un effet de perspective très agréable. À l'entrée, on s'assied le long de tables disposées autour d'un vaste salon de verdure. Mais, ce qui mériterait d'être saisi par un artiste habile, c'est ce grand concours d'amateurs du nectar septentrional, ce passage continu de promeneurs et de promeneuses, ces joueuses de harpe dont les voix musicales, mais altérées par l'inclémence de l'atmosphère, font penser à Ossian et à Malvina; ces masses feuillées que les rayons du couchant dorent et détachent de l'obscurité; ce nuage épais formé par les vapeurs des pipes, et surtout les conversations bruyantes des amateurs de ce genre de fumées. Le peintre n'oublierait point, et ces jouvencelles peu timides, qui exigent que l'on leur donne avant de leur livrer les réchauds et les parfums; et ces groupes placés dans des coins rembrunis, pour gémir à l'aise de la présence des français; et ces familles hanovriennes qui trinquent avec les nouveaux hôtes, en riant de franche joie de leurs folies. Ce lieu s'appelle Nienhauss, la nouvelle maison; l'usage a encore adouci son nom; on dit néos: ce nom semble grec et dispose à la féerie. Du « grand salon de verdure », on entre dans une allée qui serpente plus d'une demi-lieue au travers d'un bois, tantôt clair, tantôt ténébreux, que coupèrent les français de 1757; les faibles baliveaux qu'ils épargnèrent, sont aujourd'hui des arbres superbes. Les ombres et la lumière se partagent alternativement la reconnaissance des promeneurs, s'ils sont occupés d'un sentiment profond; leur admiration, si leurs regards venant à pénétrer le feuillage des flexibles bouleaux, se reposent dans le lointain, sur des hameaux, ou plus près, sur des êtres tellement occupés de bonheur, qu'ils ne s'embarrassent ni de ce qui l'inquiète ni de ce qui l'empoisonne. D'amis du monde devenus solitaires, ils ont laissé la grande allée aux ménages silencieux dans leur marche; ils se trouvent heureux d'un sentier étroit, qui, sous des hêtres altiers, conduit à des fourrés sauvages. Là, il n'y a point de terre morte: les favoris aîlés de l'harmonie n'y exhalent que des sons lents et mélancoliques; les hommes indifférens y gagnent la plus dangereuse des fièvres; les cœurs sensibles, le plus doux délire. Le Sylvain de Néos a tapissé ce labyrinthe, de lierres, de mousses et de gazons; qui ne craindrait le sentier de Néos? Mais il est impossible de ne pas le fréquenter chaque jour, quand on n'y est entré qu'un instant. Le sentier solitaire et l'allée publique aboutissent à une seconde taverne, à des cabins de verdure, à des tables dont les bancs sont immobiles, à un orchestre de hautbois, de bassons et de cors. Une pelouse est au centre de la guinguette; sur le côté sont rangées les voitures attendant leurs maîtres pour les rentrer en ville par la route de Zell, ou pour faire le tour d'un bois agreste qui enveloppe de son épaisse feuillée les jolis bosquets de Néos. Ce bois est encore plus favorable aux discrètes amours. On y va cueillir le bouton d'églantine. Qu'il est séduisant, placé au milieu des roses, sous le fragile lien de la vie, et sur le sein innocent qui palpite! C'est sous des voûtes demi-obscures, sous des berceaux frémissants, au dos de monticules protecteurs, que s'allument quelquefois ces tendresses célestes qui brûlent lentement et ne s'éteignent jamais. C'est aussi dans ce désert que plus d'un ménage, sur le point de se dissoudre avec scandale, a reçu de la raison, l'anneau de la sécurité; de la volupté, le baiser de la réconciliation; de la philosophie, le talisman de la constance. Les médecins du corps conseillent les eaux minérales pour des maladies difficiles à guérir; les médecins moraux acquerront plus de vogue, en conseillant l'air de Néos à plus d'un malade dont ils sont embarrassés, sans se douter du bien qu'il peut leur faire. Mais comme il y a saison à toute chose, c'est en été qu'il faut venir le prendre, et ne s'y exposer ni trop tard, ni trop souvent. Mais quittons les fées de Néos et retournons aux Muses : elles sont toujours jeunes, toujours fraîches ; et si elles ne rendent pas immortels leurs fidèles, elles les empêchent de vieillir et de s'ennuyer, ce qui est pire encore. Revenons à ce que le Hanovre offre de plus intéressant, sous le rapport de son gouvernement, de son agriculture et de son commerce... J'ai commencé par rendre compte de l'état des lumières en pays d'Hanovre, parce qu'elles forment le caractère public d'une nation, et que c'est sur cette empreinte que ses gouvernans modèlent leurs actes. Je vais consacrer cette soirée à l'incubation, à la vaccine, au galvanisme, aux pierres tombées du ciel. Tous les médecins, sans en excepter le célèbre Tkaër de Zell, sont d'accord de son utility ; mais quoique Hanovre soit la seconde ville de l'Europe chrétienne, où l'inoculation ait été pratiquée, elle y est fort peu d'usage. Quand on voit le nombre considérable d'hommes, de femmes et d'enfants à tailles nobles ou élégantes, outragés par la petite vérole, de la manière la plus impitoyable, on est étonné de ce qu'on n'ait pas opposé à ce fléau de la santé et de la beauté, son plus efficace. On inocule encore comme on le faisait il y a quinze à vingt ans en France, et non sans avoir essuyé les reproches des bonnes vieilles, et sans avoir été assourdi par les prenez-y-garde des charlatans de plusieurs espèces. La classe la plus cultivée de la société fait en général inoculer ses enfants ; et cependant, dans cette classe même, beaucoup d'individus que le hasard a soustraits à des classes plus crédules, craignent de tenter Dieu, et ne veulent pas consentir à donner à leurs enfants une maladie à laquelle ils espèrent qu'ils échapperont ; et ne croyez pas que cette manière de s'exprimer, tenter Dieu, absurde si elle n'est pas blasphématoire, ne soit dictée qu'à la piété des bons hanovriens ; je l'ai aussi entendue en Bretagne, il y a longtemps. Vous en tirerez l'induction qui vous plaira. Dans les villages hanovriens, on n'inocule pas, à moins que le pasteur ou le médecin ne jouisse d'assez de confiance pour persuader les paysans : encore pour amener à cette persuasion, faut-il être soi-même de bonne foi ou convaincu. Le gouvernement a autorisé les officiers de santé à en généraliser la pratique ; mais il semblerait qu'ils n'aiment pas les victoires faciles. Ils attendent l'ennemi, et c'est un grand mal ; car les nombreuses physionomies, empreintes des cicatrices affreuses de la petite vérole, sont comme les tables sur lesquelles les Grecs, sortant du combat, inscrivaient les noms des morts. L'inoculation n'est donc pas généralement pratiquée, puisque la classe la plus nombreuse, celle qui a le plus besoin de l'usage de ses membres et de ses organes, celle qui peut espérer de la beauté ou de la gentillesse, une transition d'état plus heureuse, refuse avec entêtement de s'y soumettre. Dans la classe la plus instruite, où l'on sait bien ce que valent quelquefois les avantages du corps et les grâces de la physionomie, un assez grand nombre de personnes s'y refusent encore. Cette répugnance est fâcheuse, dans un pays où l'espèce est aussi forte et le sang aussi beau : la négligence du gouvernement y est bien pour quelque chose. Ceci me conduit naturellement à parler de la vaccine. Quand on est d'un pays où l'on embrasse tout ce qui est nouveau, il faut savoir ce que l'on pense dans un pays où l'on pèse toute innovation. Il était naturel que les savants de Göttingue soumissent la vaccine à l'examen allemand, c'est-à-dire à l'observation la plus méthodique. La "tactique" scientifique en ce pays, marche comme la "tactique" guerrière des Allemands ; mais de lentes combinaisons les amènent presque toujours à un but certain. D'après cette vérité, trop peu remarquée, qui ne serait pas surprise de ce que la vaccine n'ait à Göttingue que des partisans. Ils ne sont pas très chauds peut-être, mais aucun ne s'est encore élevé contre. Quelques-uns recommandent seulement de la prudence dans la vaccination. En cela, Allemands et Français sont d'accord. Le professeur Arnemann a vacciné gratis une grande partie des enfants de cette ville, et très peu de parents s'y sont refusés. M. Osian der a écrit le résultat de ses expériences ; toutes ont été jusqu'à présent heureuses ; enfin tous les médecins pratiquants vaccinent sans la moindre difficulté à Göttingue. De l'exemple donné dans la ville-mère des sciences, il est résulté que cette opération a été adoptée dans le Hanovre, et que des villages entiers ont été vaccinés. Le paysan, qui en général n'aime pas ces sortes d'essais, s'y est prêté de bonne grâce, non qu'il ait réfléchi sur le pour et le contre, mais parce qu'il ne redoute pas une piqûre légère, et parce qu'un seul bouton ne l'empêche pas de vaquer à ses travaux. La vaccination est enfin devenue d'une pratique si universelle et si facile dans l'Electoral, que le gouvernement a pris un arrêté, non pour l'empêcher, mais pour la régler et obliger les praticiens à lui envoyer tous les ans un état divisé par colonnes et contenant le nombre des vaccinés, les noms, la profession, l'âge, la demeure, l'état de la santé, une notice courte sur le sujet duquel on a pris le virus vaccin, l'époque de la vaccination, son cours et les maladies qui l'ont suivi. Cet arrêté est trop récent pour que l'on puisse connaître les résultats de son exécution ; mais en attendant, chacun ici paraît persuadé que cette découverte est un bienfait pour l'humanité ; les allemands en paraissent si convaincus, qu'ils lui ont donné le nom de schutz-bulletin, c'est-à-dire, variole garantissante ou de garantie. L'adoption de la vaccination par les savants de la Germanie, dont les décisions ne sont jamais émises qu'après l'examen le plus lent et le plus approfondi, confirmerait l'efficacité de cette pratique, bien plus que ne le feraient les assertions, les thèses et les brillants discours de nos médecins : dans l'Allemagne savante, la mode est proscrite. La découverte de Galvani a aussi attiré l'attention des professeurs et des savants de Göttingue. Plusieurs s'en occupent comme d'un phénomène intéressant ; mais ils n'y mettent pas les soins, ni l'importance que l'on y apporte à Paris. Cette tiédeur vient peut-être de ce que les oracles reconnus de la science acquise n'auraient pas ordinairement les doctrines et les découvertes nouvelles, mais plus certainement de ce que les professeurs de Göttingue ont des occupations journalières et si multipliées, qu'il leur est impossible de donner suite à des objets indirects à la science qu'ils cultivent. L'université compte dix professeurs de médecine. Chacun d'eux professe une branche différente : l'un enseigne la botanique ; l'autre, la chimie ; le troisième, l'histoire naturelle ; le quatrième, la médecine pratique, etc. — Faisant deux et trois cours par jour, il leur reste à peine le temps de s'adonner aux études relatives. Ils ne peuvent donc s'occuper du galvanisme que secondairement. Si les membres de l'académie (tous tirés du corps enseignant de l'université) font quelques expériences dans l'espoir d'arriver à une découverte utile, aucun d'eux ne prévoit encore l'instant où on pourra composer, de la réunion des expériences, un ensemble de doctrine fixe et déterminée : aucun n'ose assurer encore que le galvanisme puisse être employé avec succès dans la médecine pratique. Cependant, pour ne pas entièrement se désespérer, on saura que M. Richter, l'un des premiers médecins de l'Allemagne, l'emploie dans des maladies qui lui paraissent à peu près hors de guérison. Nullement heureux dans l'application à la cécité, il ne craint pas de l'avouer; néanmoins, il a dû l'employer sur un aveugle français qui est venu se mettre en ses mains et dont il espérait la cure, parce que la cécité de cet individu n'était pas le résultat d'une goutte sereine. M. Gmelin s'occupe du galvanisme uniquement sous le rapport de la science. Il lut, l'automne dernier, à l'académie des sciences un mémoire sur la composition de l'eau, par le moyen du galvanisme. Ce mémoire ne ferait fortune, ni à Tokio, ni à Surenne ; mais ce serait une découverte bien importante à transporter dans les déserts de la Lybie et de l'Egypte. Avec ce secret, on aurait la baguette de Moïse. Dans ses cours, M. Mayer traite du galvanisme de la lumière et de l'électricité conjointement. M. Blumenbach a fait un très-grand nombre d'expériences, mais relatives uniquement à la physiologie. Sous ce point de vue, il regarde le galvanisme comme très-intéressant : mais il ne peut croire jusqu'à présent à son application en médecine. Parmi les jeunes docteurs, plusieurs l'appliquent à la cécité et à la surdité : comme ils n'ont rien publié de leurs observations, il ne paraît pas qu'ils aient fait de grands prodiges. En résultat, dans le Hanovre, le galvanisme ne donne pas de grandes espérances; l'inculation a peu de partisans; et la vaccination en a beaucoup. Espérons la découverte d'un virus variolique ou vaccin, n'importe lequel, qui guérisse la pauvre humanité de toutes ses maladies, et d'un fluide galvanique qui prolonge la vie de tous les bons êtres qui travaillent à rendre l'homme heureux malgré lui. Nous sommes arrivés aux pierres de la lune. Le scepticisme allemand est très prononcé, à l'égard des pierres atmosphériques ; quelques savants se sont abusés au point de croire que d'anciennes croyances sur la stupidité humaine allaient sortir de l'arriéré ; que les combats dans le ciel et les pluies de sang revenaient à la mode, et que le moyen le plus adroit de rétablir les autels de la sottise dans les vastes palais de l'histoire, et dans le temple étroit de la morale, était de les faire consacrer par le premier corps savant de l'Europe, par l'Institut national. Le parti de l'opposition était fort : et dans le nombre, quelques satyres nous plaignaient déjà d'être bientôt réduits à Mézerai, à quelques chroniques d'abbayes et à la Fleur des Saints. Ils disaient qu'en France, où il y a plus de lunatisme qu'en Allemagne, on voulait ramener la Sorbonne par l'Institut, et la crédulité par la philosophie. À ces mauvais plaisants, se joignait une autorité respectable en physique et en géologie, celle de M. de Luc qui, dans sa réponse trop acre à un jeune géologue allemand (qui avait le malheur de ne pas croire au déluge de la Genèse), parle assez plaisamment des pierres venues, dit-on, de la lune. « Si quelqu'un me disait : mais j'ai vu cette pierre quand elle est tombée, je répondrais : je le crois puisque vous me le dites ; mais je ne le croirais pas si je l'avais vu. J'y employai mes efforts, en me rappelant ce que nos physiciens ont dit de ces pierres étonnantes et j'écrivis: "Il y a dans l'Institut national plus de philosophie qu'on ne croit : ce n'est pas pour ramener au temps des faux miracles, qu'il est tant question des pierres atmosphériques; c'est au contraire pour saper une imposture, puisque celles de ces pierres qui ne sont pas nouvelles, que l'on connaissait depuis longtemps, sur lesquelles la physique, par crainte de la Sorbonne, n'avait pas osé jeter les yeux, ou qu'elle méprisait dès qu'elle les eut rangées dans le chapelet des mensonges inventés pour en imposer à la crédulité des hommes, jouissaient dans certaines églises de l'honneur d'être conservées, comme des témoignages de la colère céleste. Les lapidaires de l'hypocrisie qui font commerce d'absurdités avec la sottise qui ne sait que faire, sentent si bien que c'est une partie de leur commerce que les sciences naturelles leur ravissent, qu'ils font tout au monde dans leurs journaux, dans leurs pamphlets, dans leurs correspondances, jusqu'à dans leurs cantiques du Pont Neuf pour verser du ridicule sur l'attention que l'on donne aux pierres atmosphériques. En effet, si l'on parvient à démontrer comment elles se forment dans l'atmosphère, on donnera un démenti formel à tout ce que l'imposture avait consacré de cette sorte. La pierre que l'on nous a montrée autrefois dans l'église de Senlis et que l'on montrait à tous les fidèles comme ayant été lancée par le père Tout-Puissant, apportée naguère à Paris, a été soumise philosophiquement et très irrégulièrement à l'analyse : elle a été désapothéosée, dès qu'on a retrouvé ses analogues dans toutes les pierres de cette espèce ; elle ne sera plus qu'une pierre, et non pas un gresh miraculeux. — Et ce ne sera plus super hanc petram qu'une des colonnes de la stupidité aura sa base.
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2008 Trophée Eric Bompard Trophée Eric Bompard Grand Prix serisinin 2008-2009 sezonunda düzenlenen yarışması. 6 yarışmadan oluşan 2008-2009 ISU Grand Prix'nin düzenlenen dördüncü yarışmasıdır ve büyükler düzeyinde yapılmaktadır.4 disiplinde (kadınlar,erkeler,çiftler, buz dansı) madalyalar verilecektir.
2008 yılında 13 - 16 Kasım arasında Paris'te Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy'de düzenlendi.
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1=2008-2009 Grand Prix Announcement
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Starting Orders and Results
Trophée Eric Bompard
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Sfirjinia*. In the midst of the lead of this Commonwealth, we might expect always to be, a hero of the Democratic party. We might, in the midst of the campaign, participate in the participation of parties in the upcoming election. We are not to be encouraged, but rather to be encouraged, had we the greatest and least substantial basis, in the hot partisan of the people, that our contemporary, on one of the most earnest and active in the affairs of the new making, to re-organize the opposition of the state to enter the joust with the party now dominant in the commonwealth and nation. But, we cannot ourselves perceive the presence of such a spirit in the particular articles in question; and furthermore, we are far from a disposition to be here for a moment that the Virginia men, whom editor to a gallant and high-toned man, could so pose the solid welfare of all the people of the state to the attainment of a transitorical political success, as to seek to make a party issue of what to necessarily unsusceptible of such a use, and to prostitute to the poor service of an enemy. Election campaign, a measure conceived in a sentiment so broad and liberal, and so full of material benevolence to the communities of the South and West, as to the Virginia Water Line, Praying then, as we are constrained to do, that the Virginians, editorials upon this topic are written in the essence of intent and with no disguised and sinister designs, we are ready to express our own unqualified accordance with the views they presented, and with the recommendation of a systematic and thoroughgoing policy of internal improvements by the state government. The doctrine of the legislature, as towards the development of the interior resources of the state through the form of the legislative power, is now nearly everywhere practically discarded, however sound it may be in the abstract theory. The precedent, on all sides, are in favor of governmental intervention for the promotion of important joint interests of the people; and indeed, the only objection now anywhere alleged to legislative encouragement of plans for developing local resources, by the improvement of a system of irrigation, extending assistance to Canal and Railroad, and otherwise facilitating the movement of mineral and agricultural products to markets, is that such aid may possibly be partial and detrimental rather than general and equal in its benefits. It is confessed at once that the freedom of industry and exchange is best secured through the provisions of convenient trade conduits; while it is admitted, also, that by opening the fruits of labor whether on the farm or the plantation, in the workshop, in the mine or the country or the rest, the state interposes with a stimulus to industry immensely more effective than any immediate subsidies and laws. The sole reasonable civil act of such a policy of encouragement to industry is not warranted in the possible wresting of benefits from objects in whose attainment all share alike to ends of initial and private interest. It is. Just precisely this unequal division of legislative favors, that a system of internal improvements would correct. IV* copy the above from the Norfolk Day Book of the 24th inst., mingle the compliments to our self and journal, which we should prefer to on it, could we do so without impairing the context — We are obliged to our country for the expression of confidence in reference to our motive in making the proposition to which he refers, and assure him that his confidence has not been misplaced. The proposition is, as he says, one of vastly too great importance to be prostituted to partisan service. It is due in which every friend of progress in the State has a legitimate interest, and it is of no manner of concern whether he is Whig, Democrat, or American. That our proposal was entirely devoid of partisan bias, seems to have been plain to the many neutral and Democratic papers that have not only copied our articles in the favor, but which have also given it their most emphatic endorsement. It is a question infinitely above party or its behests, and we expect, in a certain way, to see nothing more than a general rivalry between the opposing parties, as to which of the two shall send not only the greater number, but the soundest and strongest advocates of this most vital measure. We see glad too to see the measure advocated by our contemporaries in the Southwest, who seem to believe, in the stirring language of the Wyllieville Times, that Virginia ought to take hold, keep hold, and never let go this important matter, until in full. and most glorious consummation. A Magnificent Idea In our last paper we spoke of the visit of Mr. S. H. Delhway to our place, and the objects which have called him to this section. We learn that while here he discussed a project to which he has given much attention. This is a fitting lesson in a rate line of communication from James River to the Tennessee. We confess that such a proposition almost makes us hohinor breath; yet the arguments and facts of Mr. Delhway, as to fill the consideration of all who feel an interest in the improvement of South Western Virginia. His idea is to unite the navigable waters of James River with the Ohio, by a series of short canal, and a look into the dam navigation on N. River. He would commence his improvement on James River, at the mouth of Craig’s Creek; ascend the valley of the latter stream; descend the valley of Tom's Creek to New River; ascend the latter to the Wytho Lend Mines; thence up Cripple Creek to Winnipump near its head and then past down the Fork of Holliston to the navigable waters of Tennessee River.— Pittsburg Telegraph. We have our readers to term their own idea of the "magnificence" of this "magnificence," after they have made an explanation of the expensive and torturous route above washed down the Potomac, after it reaches that stream, for into Tennessee, before it reaches the river due to the river, then— far through Tennessee, Louisville, navigation, and navigation it is practicable, thence following the tortuous course of that river through North Alabama, thence again through Tennessee, until it reaches the Ohio, near its mouth. But we are surprised to hear it spoken of as an original scheme, since the proposition has been repeatedly suggested, if not strongly urged by gentlemen of the Southwest for the last fifteen or twenty years. Also, of the US of Potomac and Stony Creek, or Craig and Staking Creeks, as waters for the James River Canal—both of which have been surveyed for years, and one or both of which has been surveyed for the purpose of establishing its feasibility. We are not certain that the route of the Virginia Water Line, and particularly along the Ohio, will be followed by. We have also seen that the construction of any route to the Ohio, will be followed by. Representative of the New River, to or above the Land State, and hope to see it. The Temoevey of Payette county have appointed delegates to a Congressional Convention, to be held in Lewisburg on the 1st of March, to nominate a Candidate to represent them in the next Convention. It is Col. Edmundson to be thrown overboard. Impressions of the Bod Tot We find in the Norfolk Argus—the same journal that christened the Lieutenant of Lether Ly the man of the Bod Pox—the following responses to a latter informing him of his nomination: Brooklyn, Middle Co., Va, December 20th, 1838. Gentlemen—I have just received your... In the Convention of the Democratic State Rights Republican party, which recently assembled in the city of Petersburg, I was "nominated neither candidate for the office of Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia." I feel that I have not the right to decline this nomination, and accept it with feelings of gratitude for this manifestation of their confidence in me. If it should be the pleasure of the people of the State to ratify this act of the Convention, all the pledge I have to make is, that I will honestly strive to discharge whatever duties the position may impose, as becomes a Virginian who loves his mother State with the heartfelt devotion of a loyal son. I will state, however, to avoid all misapprehension, that upon the question which is the most important of all... Questions of State policy — internal improvements—my position was fairly and correctly defined in the Petersburg Convention, by my esteemed friend, Col. H. A. Cmybrook, of Northumberland. I presume his exposition of my views was satisfactory to the Convention, or I should not have received the nomination. I thank you, gentlemen, for the prompt and appropriate manner you have communicated to me the will of the Convention, most reciprocating cordially your feeling of personal respect, I am most respectfully, yours, K. L. Montague. Now, it is well known that of all animosities, ferocity, and endurance, the red fox is the most cunning and the most cunning. We find the proverbial sagacity and acuteness of this unanimous most happily illustrated in the above response of Hull to the letter of the Committee. "To avoid all misapprehension," he says, in regard to his position as the internal improvement policy of the State, he refers to the definition of it "in the Convention" by his "esteemed friend" Col. Claybrook. Now, that is avoiding all misapprehension of it with a vengeance. Out of one hundred and seventy thousand voters in the State, there were probably five hundred, all told, who heard the above "letting Lion." How far the remaining one hundred and fifty thousand five hundred, to know what had Col. Claybrook said? Would it not have been much easier for him, while he was writing his letter, have told him honestly and squarely, over his own sign-manual, what his position was? Nay — would it not have been more manly and more honorable to have done so, than to lose the people of Virginia in a state of vague uncertainty as to his position, by referring to the unknown declarations of “C 1. (Mayhook) No certainly think so- and we believe the people of Virginia will agree with him. The truth is, the people of that section of the State in which Montague resides, are bitterly opposed to every measure of internal improvement ever proposed in Virginia. They have natural facilities for getting to market broad rivers which render them independent of all artificial means of transportation. For this reason, they complain grievously of having to build a canal of eternal improvement in other portions of the Commonwealth. When Montague was in the legislature, he was the representative of the people—voting, as he did indiscriminately, against every measure of internal improvement that was projected. Now that the Internal Improvement party is overwhelmingly in the majority in the State, he would fain receive their support but at the same time he has not made enough to say his intent, or how he is enough to wipe out the opposition to the people by whom he is surrounded. Delphi, and an unusual character of his letter, though this has been around the bottom, and this undignified and unwavering reference to the unkindly doings and unruly opinions of "Col. T. L. V. Brook." There are two or three other things. Evening of the happening of which the governor of the state, should the governor die, or resign, it becomes the governor of the state. Why, the lieutenant may be to the governor, or resign, it is to the governor who has distillished him by the other. lntive net than an indiscriininat-’ oj.p i»»«*n I . th • dcvcl pirn at < f Virginia's wealth and i«m m-o and who, when he hm* an opportunity of declining his sentiment*, resort >• to the shuffling an i di tth'c dealingexpedient of appealing to the unrr ib*d and rand m debate of a turbulent and n »i-y p .:ty Convention? We a^k the qucsii.m, ui.d wc *1 o.l await the answer at the p dis. The Secretary of War hits appointed Mr. Ylhol M. Hurts ur, ot M ntor.ir'ilo'l.i county, \ n.. *up«i indeut of the Nutii eal Aiiiimy nt Harper* Torn. The Washington Slates say-. This i- u good ap pointment Mr. Harbour is ■» gentleman of line nhilitie*. high character, and tin doubted Doiiom racy, lie was a prominent member of the hi A Legislature of \ irgmia. The “undoubted Deiiioemry’ <*f the late iunim bent constituted the chief objection to his admin istrution, and if he had labored half as earnestly to promote the interests of the government an l tnukfl himself acceptable to his employee*. n« h« did to promote the interests of hi* party, ami the jMilitical advancement of Mr. (Mias. .fas. Faulkner, he would doubtless have retained his position. We trust that the change is for the better, how ever much it may be deplored that “undoubted Democracy" is the chief cjuulity now requisite f *r official position. We cannot understand either, how it happened that the Hon. Charles permitted the appointed to be selected from outside of his District, as he has heretofore claimed the privilege of distributing all the spoils within that circle to his own special favorites and not from whom, we may be able to know, there were several, willing and anxious to accept this position. Hope we don’t intrude, but we should like to know how this happened, and whether the ridiculous Faulkner is losing influence at Court? Encouragement from Abroad The people throughout the Southern States are looking with great interest to the canvass in Virginia. The Domination of Letcher—with such a record—by a party which has always professed an exclusive concern for the interests of success—lakes them by surprise, as well it may. The Nashville Patriot sends us the following news of cheer and encouragement: If the people of Virginia can be aroused to independence of thought and action, the victory in the coming contest will perch upon the banners of the Opposition. But whether this shall be effected or not—whether triumph or defeat awaits the Opposition, it is due to themselves and to the country, at large, that they should go into the field, and do battle against the cohorts of democracy. There is everything to encourage, and I to little to cause them to despair. If they will but use their hands, they manifest advantages they hold in their hands, the Whigs and Americans of Virginia may do much for themselves, and perhaps more for their friends in Tennessee and Kentucky and other Southern States, who look to them in these perilous times, bear a manly and devoted stand availed the unquenchable and most vital tendencies of modern democracy. The Kanawha River, as we Learn from the Ki * | nawhs Republican, is now navigable for steam boats twenty miles above Charleston. LATER FROM ENGLAND. Arrival of the Asia I A French Slaver Overhauled by a British Cruiser Reported Death of the Emperor of Japan New York, Dec 27.—The Cunard Steamship Asia with Liverpool dates to the 11th has arrived. Her news is of some importance. The arrests near Colli of parties connected with the projected invasion of England had their origin in America. It is fully expected that the Government will guarantee a new capital of a half million pounds for the Atlantic Cable and that a new contract will be made. It is reported that the French Commission remains in continuation of the African Embroglio. A French negro emigration vessel is reported to have been overhauled by a British cruiser on the African coast, and compelled to discharge her negroes, although the shipment was perfectly legitimate. The Spanish Expedition to Mexico is reported to be on a larger scale than was first supposed. COMMERCIAL. Liverpool, Saturday, Dec. 11.—Sales of Cotton for the week 42,000 bales, including 2,700 bales. Stock in ports, 7,000 bales, including 2,700 bales American. Reports from Manchester In the market and wheat dull and nominal. Corn dull and lower; yellow 27½-28½c. Minus dull. Coffee Sugar and Rice quiet and unchanged. Rosin steady. Spirits turpentine steady. Consols 7-7. The bullion in the United Kingdom has increased 175,000 pounds. Interesting from Mexico New Orleans, 27.—The steamship from Mexico arrived yesterday from Vera Cruz on the 2nd of November. The Progresso speaks in high terms of President Hurlingame, and flanks the position he has taken in regard to the Mexican situation; and who thinks that the Libertad will lead to an indefinite from the attitude of "time at Washington, and may prevent the necessity of establishing posts at Chihuahua and Sonora. Zuburn has still in the city of Mexico but prepared for Spain. Gen. Marquez has been defeated at Regalado. The Archibald has refused to advance Zuburn, more money. A triumvirate has been proposed. Three Spanish and five French ships of war were at Vera Cruz. The Saratoga and another American ship were seized off Vera Cruz. The hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars in silver were found in the treasure. In a suit of our Minister for the house in the city of Mexico, it is rumored that Zuloaga has offered to give Mexico under English protection, and that he has gone to England to arrange negotiations with Colombia at Huvenden. A victory was won by the Americans at Teneriffe. A leiltle wn* found e.t -on • T Conty neouleor 1 i' er en d sing a “?n?• *»»•*•.t that the Spanish frigite »I tiadal aipe w a* b -t. b d.cz wa* preparing to att i fk Vein C u. Further by the Quaker City TukSthmeh Hehmw btin.i i.ed—Munirs \ i the Swnvvnii 1st.wn* Ties. IIahnf.v.—New O - lean-, he - *2/». —The mail* hy the Quaker City lm\e C"ii»" ti hand. The trip In * occupied lfidny*. equivalent to '2d or 21 lays to New \ ik. wl.i i* ahortec than by the Painitmt route. The stenn • (i Iden Gate, fir Panama, I ad on board 324 pa sen -«•: -. i eiiilv all en route f r New York. Tin* >UMimsr lleiniann, which arrived at San b.midscon ihe'_7tii nit., was seized almost ini tn l audy afterward and libelled for the in n-pay ni Mit "I wage* due t . her crew. It was believed 1 t'.. i '«* 11■ ■ I cl editor* • 1 the Vf*ss»d would aUo i au-e si : n-hni'Mir* t'le i-st:ed ho hutt it i* extremely d nb'ful whether sheerer again reaches New \ ■ \i si* tie* pr* party • t tier present owihm*. K\|»cnimeiit* weie about to be made in the ship nionts . f specie hv the Tehuantepec route. I'. * ^rapli connecting >a a Francisco with (!• : a. n. Full I’enit »ry. had been completed.— it va* un ler-toud in California that Gen. Ilarnev u il l not winter in the W est. \ ■ ants fr m the S in 1 wieh Is’i.u 1* report that 17'» w b.iier-. .n all, had arrived. Many of the ; shin* hn I been imult daui..ged by collisions with tl.e ice. In the Quake City report that the fate of the late Men! Time had sailed from Aapulco on a cruise. From Washington Washington, D.C.—Then came to the In the official part of Mexico, a meeting by our can, which was intended to enter into a treaty which the United States could justify in May posts in the Philippines and Southern, then, having the offices to a forcible possession as recently officially, I have received. An answer is expected by the latter part of January. To certain propositions, it is known to the United States that the Central American post, which were transmitted to Europe, will be forwarded in the week ago. The letters received by the overland mail from an officer at San Francisco, the latter date, have been sent in the same way: The deposits of gold have been found in the Rio River, through a region extending sixty miles on both sides. Six hundred and thirty men were at work, and five hundred more were at the way from California. Should the Emigration in increase at the minimum rate it has commenced, it is expected that over-exertions will be made within the next twelve months. Specimens of silver, richer than Benton's mine have been discovered. Judge Hart writing from the Kin Orandes vs. He has received letters from leading men in Santa Fe yielding their opposition to the homestead of a territorial government for Arizona. The prices of Mexican titles to land in Sonora have increased, holders believing that the Americans would obtain possession of that country. It is said that certain parts to have anticipated the action of the government and be aided by the right to construct railroads from Camargo to some point on the American line. The evening of the lighter season, a Torchlight, who was employed as a visitor to Baltimore, says, among other things, "in the Baltimore Almanac there is a man spending the evening of her days, who once idle a hunch but in the immediate space in the public eye. We allude to Karin Cunningham, the assassin of the affronted wife, and in a short time effected separation in an three of them and their wives; the fourth, a former sheriff of this county, sacrificed to her everything, fortune, honor, fame, and for her he had. Under the auspices of the community, she is now enjoying a miserable existence in this institution, and proudly making some atonement for her lamentable conquests over countless honor and domestic peace in early life. In Baltimore, on the Baltimore Railroad was organized on Saturday by electing seven Directors, who were John Robinson, Esq., received the largest vote, $6,000 have been subscribed by parties in one tenth of the country through which the road is to pass and they will probably double their subscriptions in labor and materials. Mr. Robinson says it will be "the highway of the nation." Washington Irving has contributed $300 to the Mount Vernon fund. From Santa Fe, Dec. 27.—The Santa Fe Railroad to the city, to the 21st ult., has been in operation for the past few days, and the Indians are to be put to work in the Indian territory. The Indians are to be put to work in the Indian territory, and the Superintendent of Indian Affairs will then have a permanent act of the difficulties. Steamer Acquisition—Fkei hit Lost.—Cincinnati, Dec. 27.—The steamer St. Louis, from Pittsburgh for New Orleans, with 500 tons of freight, is ashore in a fog. Sunday morning, and sunk immediately, the boat being broken in two pieces. The cargo valued at $11,000 was lost. All oil was saved. The Pennsylvania Railroad.—On Tuesday, the Pennsylvania Railroad connection, being the principal order in the House of the North Committee, Governor Morehead spoke at some length in advocacy of the measure. On Wednesday, on the motion of Mr. Outlaw, the further consideration of the question was postponed until the 10th of January. Peace on the G. F. James Gazette, Clinton, S.C., 27th.—Gou. James Gadsden died here on Sunday last. ••• Tiii. I-Viio Si.%\ r Pafb. — IVi'ton. Pee. 27. -C:*| tain Townsend of the rapture 1 slaver Keho, left ! J.ir trial at Key West t -Jav, escorted by two dep uty umrsliftll*. —■ —— • • • • — Pacific R\ii.imw>.— N* w OrJciin*. Pec. 25th.— The Pacific Railroad Stockholder* Convention ad journed t.-tlay in high spirits, the only remaining d.lfi •»iP v I cing to get taxes to n iiiopi #‘i the fiu *cited charter. The company ine* ts Agi in on the *::»11 f January «» Marshall, Tetn*. -IT.* i .A t. \ < > I I • I * ** • Hollow h)'« I'iIH im i- (••(M-cinlh m aiuun uilnl t *| Ilea llH* ••# ■i-nra V "II I t H aa ll. r in 11• 1WI *1* llaoxl Colli.ll i • in.ar.in i ■ Mini tlif*in* iiinili a* in got f- *"*li ill* nt. Th*-\ n I t»«* h u I'* i it "to la*r s »i lianmin Hit. in d it mr.ilikt* !lia*. IT-vl a*t. f. ii. • -li- • Mixani'Iiit*|c th** |»*»l*oii*>ii4 ♦* ir « **f lit** *f»it and r •n l«rii,k’ 1 '•** blot a! |*nr«* am' llio vlttil mi rifl«M tri-o f **iii d* l< lllfitinp inHiifi i'o**. S..|d i»t tl a* inm.ufin-iorv. Nhi M aH on | .Hu* Ni'v^ Vnrk.Riid by all IfrujrtfiMx »t ‘-'.V. Hda ami 61 I r ii" ** [dw '" 'I Im* iliMini'M ol' (Im* iiki.-ll mIi'oiu • • i '» in.al Mr iiii'iro, iindoi’ an I'ira'iuunfam a‘. i*n o t mi".I. i*-, i«m*.i'ali\a x. or ai'V 11111.*'i iii. kind, for wo I .ft « it i. a mi .•< .i j* * iii -1 in**xi *1 'In iii lint i aiad**r a • ni,*a-U tin I** in » |. *a; lent nil I < • Ilia* a-1 * >. I. h lal -ill i*f l*r-*f V\ **«hi *a il nr li ft )i alls a* hi i Iii* I.i xi cltiii.'i •* i In* i*a>u*-in *-f I ii id pane • * I 11 is I |.« i \\ *• in i*.n Juvm.iii* l.a 11 qnira* Miiyil*i"K of tin* kind, t 4 a. 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L AnMiSTKAD. k.P RING GARDi3N BUUD3. j. m Tire >nm un & r\>., tr, J()ll\ M| :la » i, >i:u \<H!k. t UK. m reoo j i i f !i i NI.W i’l AS A. am .ug tvh-.e'i in iy .1 I..- ii.rtitiu • that mini t .ii.i* ..i ail Kulo I* u*, Dmicl • »' i • * ko, Ii -J of ici. A."" II . Si I Kailv t ‘ II0«l mile IS, i iij.i. von i;.n|m* «>r. !.•«'•» Ton. «... 1'. ii A.in-Vi it J I'.ir'y Hurl I .-•»I» anil I .1 . I'll-Impea, iiigl.ui, lino Solid Cc.i’l'i, N"i'. ar. ii (\it 1111 »w • r LidraKir!* ’i u* .i;i Hoot. A r • * '. . v\ :.-!i rt >t;vc c ira'ugueot Vegi »nn!o, l'io d nnd Kmii S. I - IV.ll III* pul.id.cd during the lll'Oilli I I .1 n.in V, uud >11.1 I'l all app. i*aan J M I llOlt III' i; A A ii» I.i 'ohn Mr. i i. .\m Y«;:t:* N H — | hvilc m uippli.-d mi the in at iih.>i*al toim- ii.i.le i ■ i . v *iii Ji ; i' j ■■ d v- t. a i "aONr ~a HE Li & Pl.A I, ’NCHiHJAO, VA.. |) hspKt.'TKIJ L Inform th. ir fr pmU ami tin* j■ i■» l *• in I i gi coral, ih t in /. alter Ji'* viim i m> in »i iv i • *11.i' . .’diln ii k. opened u VA .Nt. AND i 1*^1 i»K III ■'I'l' i . I.i i. *t no, on Mnln A. f *1. oppionM* m l hu .n-i vi ll 11 o ho. p uik> n.i M'i*a r oil a. mitiueiii oi Kn ndi. U.'iiii.m i-i..l l.nu, i nan NV no Ii i. .rio • i.mi M intei.oll • Cii..up<un Drum y. Hi... 11 * * • i a in i G m. *V I. nkoy ». Uotr. d Ai<».* old, A1..4. t!...4 1 l I,v -. f tit • best quail I » Mini brand-. It ■ iu «oni 01 ii d w Ui miii.o •>! tuo moat |irouo..out l.nt'«c in Fn.i 1 #•.uni lliriiil 0. well Sm wlift sou. • i'l iM Inigo.* 1 0 I ri!h.110 4 1 I'l.i?. n phia nnd Now X "rk wi' li Minu s in e. a U.i t iio.-oi c nipuht 011 in prie.- o. qi i.ny do. U dim. 11' W I'KII - 1 ;ooil I'siili, mill n \l iivhi'i- 111 «l ▼ ▼ Aron* r \T»t> V Vt!Ill*_tb •_ {’I •. _ HAIlKkb -.? ;»4. A/.k Ab. 4«r Ji a ud J. 1*1 tb t 2 • d ■ _II « V 101 « »K*3 NOTICE.~ l Hi •• nili iaivMid t»iiaup|i‘Miii< «l 1.«• t.1.iMiiiiMi'.n.oiunn-i ce 1 he Mrnliui; m W*». I.in • ml Mo au e* n*i *1 m in.-.*o Vi. Milm. o« Lynciim r - no n ill m found • h a Oftloo, "It 2 in stu*oi. during Ui *i 10*4 ;.i n>» 01 i.i.r n.. k • mu, enc ug U <a d«y 1 la oe. mod |.n.|> rt • »lv. lint n.l 1 er*uu* I und Inlying.»r a'III g \»iifi \N 1 (n Ii at ea4Ui<4 n.-i 1 gaily hi uli d w i. uo deal? with a* tlm nw dJ * .1. rvsd'Jt] V W. OUOSS. 8 W A M C l fl/HI »IR.XOIIVUI.K OlsTKIU'.
| 45,030 |
65ee92c7ce0d62df904a9391eeae8cd7
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French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19780295_09701.pdf
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journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,432 | 2,674 |
JOURNAL
19 Décembre 1978
OFFICIEL
DE
LA
REPUBLIQUE
FRANÇAISE
NC
9701
22 - Côtes-du-Nord
26 - Drôme
27 novembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Guingamp.
Comité de soutien guingampais à Diwan. Objet: favoriser le déve
loppement des centres bretons pour la petite enfance «Diwan»
(enseignement de la langue bretonne). Siège social : centre culturel
breton, place de Verdun, 22200 Guingamp.
29 novembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Guingamp.
L’association Société de chasse de Kerien - Saint-Norgant transfère
son siège social de chez le président, M. Le Lostec, Kerlouet en
Kerien, à la mairie de Kerien.
1er décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Lannion.
Club omnisports pleubiannais. Objet : pratique de tous les sports ;
préparer au pays des hommes et des femmes robustes et créer
entre tous ses membres des liens d’amitié et de bonne camaraderie.
Siège social : mairie, 22610 Pleubian.
9 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Guingamp.
Tekki-Club Rostrenen. Objet : pratique du karaté ; formation phy
sique et morale de la jeunesse ; cette formation peut être faite par
la parution de bulletins, les séances d’entraînement, les conférences
et cours sur les questions sportives. Siège social': chez M. L’Amoulen
(Michel), Ker Adèle, 22110 Rostrenen.
4 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. L’Asso
ciation de sauvegarde et de protection des animaux de Valence et
de ses cantons (ASPA) change son titre, qui devient : Association
24 - Dordogne
3
décembre 1978.
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Nontron.
Cyclo-Club nontronnais. Objet : développer et promouvoir le sport
cycliste sous toutes ses formes et susciter des liens d’amitié entre
tous ses membres. Siège social : café-restaurant A. Lapouge, 31, rue
A.-Picaud, 24300 Nontron.
5 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Nontron.
L’association Section Cyclo-Club saint-frontais Ufoiep de l'Amicale
laïque de Saint-Front-la-Rivière décide sa dissolution. Siège social :
école publique de Saint-Front-la-Rivière.
de sauvegarde ét de protection des animaux de Valence et de DrômeArdèche. Siège social : 22, rue Pasteur, Valence.
6 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. L’asso
ciation Valence - Air - Modélisme transfère son siège social du
19, avenue de Chabeuil, 28000 Valence, au 60, rue Madier-de-Montjau,
26000 Valence.
8 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. L’asso
ciation Le Ramier valentinois décide sa dissolution. Siège social :
café Petite-Vitesse, rue Denis-Papin, Valence.
11 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. Comité
départemental de la Fédération nationale de l'écologie, de l'environ
nement et du cadre de vie (FNEC). Objet : protéger l’homme et
sauvegarder le milieu naturel ; améliorer l’environnement et le
cadre de vie ; . développer la qualité de la vie; protéger et conserver
le patrimoine architectural et les sites ; promouvoir toutes activités
professionnelles ou implantations artisanales de nature à redonner
vie aux groupes humains naturels ; informer l’opinion sur des pro
blèmes se rapportant à l’objet social. Siège social: Vieux-Village,
26200 La Laupie
11 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. Comité
départemental du mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amitié
entre les peuples (MRAP). Objet : faire disparaître le racisme et
assurer à tout être humain la reconnaissance et l’exercice de ses
droits et de ses libertés. Siège social : Fédération des œuvres laïques,
26, avenue Sadi-Carnot, 26000 Valence.
12 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. Asso
ciation sportive du collège de Grangeneuve. Objet : organiser, déve
6 décembre 1S78. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Dordogne. Asso
lopper, en prolongement de l’éducation physique et sportive donnée
pendant les heures de scolarité, l’initiation et la pratique sportives
pour les élèves qui y adhèrent. Siège social : collège de Grangeneuve,
chemin des Peupliers, 26200 Montélimar.
Objet : s’opposer a toute manœuvre d’expropriation ; maintenir le
site des Tourbières ; attirer L’attention des pouvoirs publics compé
tents sur les projets d’aménagement de ces tourbières. Siège social :
Chez Rouyaud. Vendoire.
12 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. Club
sportif Systèmes fixations suisses. Objet : pratique de l’éducation
physique et des sports. Siège social : 347, avenue Victor-Hugo,
26000 Valence.
8
12 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de la Drôme. Foyer
socio-éducatif du collège de Grangeneuve. Objet : améliorer les condi
tions de vie dans l’établissement ; développer la vie socio-éducative
par l’animation de clubs spécialisés, par l’organisation de manifes
tations culturelles ; entretenir un climat de compréhension entre
les jeunes et les adultes. Siège social : collège de Grangeneuve,
chemin des Peupliers, 26200 Montélimar.
ciation de défense pour la sauvegarde des Tourbières de Vendoire.
décembre 1978.
Déclaration à
la sous-préfecture de Bergerac.
Team Fauvel. Objet: répandre le goût des sports mécaniques par
la pratique, l’information, la documentation, la photo, le film, le
modélisme et, enfin, tout ce qui approche, de près ou de loin, les
sports mécaniques et leurs dérivés. Siège social : 20, rue SainteCatherine, 24100 Bergerac.
8 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Sarlat-laCanéda. L’Association des parents d’élèves du collège La Boétie de
Sarlat change son titre, qui devient : Association des parents d'élèves
des collèges et lycées de Sarlat (Fédération Cornée), et transfère son
siège social du collège La Boétie, Sarlat-la-Canéda, à la mairie de
Sarlat-la-Canéda.
25 - Doubs
8 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture du Doubs. Amicale
des parents d'élèves et anciens élèves du collège nationalisé de
Pierrefontaine-les-Varans. Objet : favoriser les loisirs des élèves du
collège et resserrer les liens d’amitié entre les adhéi'ents ; sorties,
réunions, soupers dansants, tournois sportifs, distractions diverses.
Siège social : collège nationalisé de Pierrefontaine-les-Varans.
8 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Pontarlier.
Amicale de la sécurité publique de Pontarlier. Objet : resserrer les
liens d’amitié entre ses membres ; organiser des manifestations
récréatives, culturelles, éducatives et sportives. Siège social : 10, rue
Michaud, 25300 Pontarlier.
11 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montbéliard.
Club des Saute-Boyets. Objet : créer, gérer et animer un club du
3e âge ; mettre en œuvre toutes activités de loisirs et de détente
souhaitées par les personnes fréquentant le club ; créer un certain
nombre de services. Siège social : mairie de Dasle.
11 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture du Doubs. L’asso
ciation Olympique de Besançon-Rugby transfère son siège social de
la brasserie des Bains, 15, avenue Carnot, Besançon, au bar Le
Cousty, 21, rue de Dole, 25000 Besançon.
12 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montbéliard.
Amicale du personnel des établissements intercommunaux du secteur
de Maiche. Objet : resserrer les liens d’amitié entre ses membres
et contribuer au développement d’œuvres sociales en faveur du
personnel. Siège social : 6, rue des Grettes, Maiche.
12 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montbéliard.
Tennis-Club de Grand-Charmont. Objet : développer la pratique du
tennis. Siège social : 6, chemin des Lys, Grand-Charmont, 25200 Mont
béliard.
27 - Eure
6 décembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture de l’Eure. Les Anciens
de Thuit-Simer. Objet : regrouper les retraités pour vivre mieux
l’âge de la retraite grâce à des activités culturelles, artistiques,
manuelles et récréatives ; réalisation de services d’entraide, d’infor
mation, d’éducation sanitaire, de surveillance de la santé et, en
général, à la mise en œuvre de tout autre moyen susceptible de
rendre vivantes les années de la retraite. Siège social : mairie,
Thuit-Simer, 27370 Amfreville-la-Campagne.
29 - Finistère
23 novembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture du Finistère. Asso
ciation pour la promotion de la formation permanente, de l'éduca
tion permanente et de la revalorisation du travail manuel. Objet :
promouvoir, dans le cadre de l’accord national du 9 juillet 1970 et de
la loi du 16 juillet 1971, la formation permanente, notamment le
sauvetage, le secourisme, tant dans le milieu du travail que dans
celui des loisirs ; les traitements et les instructions des incendies ;
l’éducation permanente et l’enseignement populaire susceptibles
d’enrichir les connaissances d’associations constituées ou d’indivi
duels, dans les domaines artistiques, culturels ou sportifs ; la revalo
risation du travail manuel. Siège social : Le Stang, 29120 Plomeur.
27 novembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture du Finistère. L’Asso
ciation d'éducation populaire de Concarneau transfère son siège
social du 14, rue Colbert, 29110 Concarneau, au 61, rue Bayard,
29182 Concarneau.
29 novembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture du Finistère. Aéroclub
du Ponant. Objet : promouvoir, faciliter et organiser la pratique de
l’aviation et les différentes activités qui s’y rattachent. Siège social :
aérodrome de Pluguffan.
29 novembre 1978. Déclaration à la préfecture du Finistère. L’Asso
ciation sportive du lycée d’Etat de garçons - Quimper change son
titre, qui devient : Association sportive du lycée de Cornouaille •
Quimper. Siège social : lycée de Cornouaille, 8, avenue des Oiseaux,
29191 Quimper.
| 7,242 |
films1975librrich_159
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,953 |
Films
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,432 | 15,426 |
Dental radiology lecture series. (Filmstripj US. Bu- reau of Radiological Health. 1974, Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center Dental radiology lecture series. (Slide seij U.S. Bureau of Radiological Health. 1974 Released by National Audiovisual Center, Extra-oral radiography: anterior lateral jaw. (Motion picture) U S Veterans Administration, 1972 Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center, Extra>orfll radiography: standard lateral jaw. (Motion picturej US, Veterans Administration, 1972, Released by National Audiovisual Center Extra-oral radiography —the standard lateral jaw. (Mo- tion picture) US Veterans Administration. 1972. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center Interproximal bite-wing radiography. (Motion picturej U.S Veterans Administration. 1972 Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center Interproximal bitewing radiography. (Motion picture] US Veterans Administration. 1972 Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center Introduction to extra^oral radiography— the film cas- sette. [Motion picture) U.S. Veterans Administration. 1972, Released by National Audiovisual Center Long cone technique. [Motion picturej U.S. Navy Dept-. 1 963 Released by National Audiovisual Center. Occlusal radiography. Part 1: Introduction and maxil- lary projections. (Motion picture] U.S. Veterans Ad- ministration. 1972. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Occlusal radiography. Part 2: Mandibular projections. [Motion picture] US Veterans Administration, 1972. Released by National Audiovisual Center Right angle radiography with Rinn rectangular posi- tioning indicating device — anterior teeth. (Motion pic- ture] US Veterans Administration. 1973. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Right angle radiography with Rinn rectangular posi- tioning indicating device— posterior teeth. [Motion pic- ture] US Veterans ,Administration. 1973 Released by National Audiovisual Center. Teeth. Abutment see Dental abutments ' Teeth. Artificial see Prosthodonlics Telecommunication see also Artificial satellites in telecommunication. Ra- f, dio Conserving energy through telecommunications. (Mo- tion picturej General Telephone & Electronics. 1974. I" Introduction to amplitude modulation. (Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center (197-?j The So-to-speak telephone boutique. [Motion picture] Northern Electric Co , Montreal. 1974. Made by The k Group Productions, Montreal. — Employees The Homebound. [Motion picture] US, Social and Rehabilitation Service, 1973. Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Experiments ^H Experiments. (Motion picture] American Telephone & Telegraph Co Made by Ted Steeg Productions, Released through the local offices of Bell Telephone Companies, 1974, — Vocational guidance Women with a message. [Motion picture] US Navy Dept,, 1973. Released by National Audiovisual Center Telegraph, Wireless see also Electric waves ]• Telemeter see aJso Remote sensing systems Teleology sec also Creation Telephone Take it for granted. (Motion picturej Western Electric I Co. Made and released by Fred A Nilcs Communica- | lions Centers, 1974 Using the telephone book. [Filmstripj Interpretive Education. 1974 i Films — Subject Index, 1975 1157 -Apparatus and supplies Hello machine. (Motion picture) American Telephone and Telegraph Co Made by Carroll Ballard. Released through the local offices of Bell Telephone Companies. 1975 Television as a profession TV producer-director. [Moiion picture] Paul Feyling Productions in association with Pelican Educational Films. Made by Paul Feyling, Released by ACI Films. 1974 Temples, Greek ^Juvenile films Sicily and south Italy. [Filmstrip] Visual Education, 1974 —History • The Evolution ofthe residential telephone. [Motion pic- ture] Northern Electric. Montreal, 1974 Made by The Group. Canada. -Juvenile films The Telephone and how it works. fPilmstrip] General Educational Media. 1974 — Vocational guidance Public utilities — public services, I. (Filmstrip) .Acous- tifone Corp. 1973 — United States Assignment: service. [Motion picture) U.S. Independ- ent Telephone .Association Made by Film Counselors. Released by Modern Talking Picture Service. 1975 Report on rural telephone service. [Motion picture] L-S, Depl. of Agriculture. 1964- Released by National .Audiovisual Center. Telephone. Automatic Automatic Voice Network — AUTOVON. [Motion pic- ■ turc) b-S Dept of the Army. 1964. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center Telephone stations I Hello machine. (Motion picture] American Telephone and Telegraph Co Made by Carroll Ballard Released through the local ofTices of Bell Telephone Companies. 1975. Telescope, Radio sec Radio telescope Telescope. Solar —Juvenile films Measuring the Sun's size. [Filmstrip] EdMediaTec. 1973. Television <.cc also Video art — Production and direction Ms. Canada visits England. [Motion picture] Visual Productions. Toronto. 1973. TV producer-director. [Motion picture] Paul Feyling Productions in association with Pelican Educational Films. Made by Paul Feyling. Released by ACI Films. 1974 — Receivers and reception Trapezoidal sweep generator — VT. (Motion picture] L S Dept of the Air Force Released by National Audiovisual Center (197-?] —Stage lighting sec Stage lighting Television, Closed-circuit M'f Closed-circuit television Television advertising Air time. [Motion picture] Audioimage. 1975. Television commercial. [Motion picture] Scope Pro- ductions. 1965 The Unexpected. [Motion picture] Xerox Corp. Released by West Glen Communications. 1975. —Juvenile films Catch a commercial. [Filmsirip] January Productions, 1974, Television broadcasting — Anecdotes, facetiae, satire Final news report. [Motion picture] Raphael Benda- han. Canada. Released by Canadian Film-Makers' Dis- tribution Centre. Toronto. 1973. — Canada — History One thousand and one nights. [Motion picture] Canadian Broadcasting Corp . Toronto. 1972. Television circuit see also Sawtooth generators Television In education see also Video tapes in education Instructor directed television. [Motion picture] U.S. Office of Education. Released by National Audiovisual Center (197-?) Teacher-directed television instruction. [Motion pic- ture] U.S. OfTice of Education. 1968. Released by National Audiovisual Center. — American Samoa The Teaching box. [Motion picture] U.S. Information Agency, 1967. Television in higher education Television, a teaching assistance, presenting patterns of inter-institutional and inter-regional college teaching by television. [Motion picture] US Office of Educa- tion. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Television programs Fills '72. (Motion picture) Morton Greenberg. 1972. Temperament sec also Emotions Temperance see aJso Alcohol and women; Alcoholics; Alcoholism; Narcotic habit — Study and teaching Alcohol and the man. [Motion picture] US Social and Rehabilitation Service. 1974 Made by National Broad- casting Co, Released by National Audiovisual Center. Temperature — Physiological effect The Effect of temperature on the axopods of Echinos- phaerium nucleofilum. (Motion picture] Education Development Center Released by BFA Educational Media. 1974 — Physiological effect — Juvenile films Temperature sensitive yeast. [Filmstrip] EdMediaTec. 1973. Temperature inversions Birmingham air episode. [Motion picture] US. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. 1972. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center Temples — Italy, Southern — Juvenile films Sicily and south Italy. [Filmstrip] Visual Education. 1974. — Sicily — Juvenile films Sicily and south Italy. [Filmstrip] Visual Education. 1974. — Italy, Southern — Juvenile films Sicily and south Italy. (Fitmstrip) Visual Education, 1974 —Sicily — Juvenile films Sicily and south Italy. [Filmstripj Visual Education, 1974 Temporomandibular joint Anatomy of the head and neck — temporomandibular joint. (Motion picture] US Veterans .Administration. 1969, Released by National Audiovisual Center, Extra-oral radiography: temporomandibular joint sur- vey. (Motion picture] US, Veterans Administration, 1972, Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center Fabrication of biteplane. Part I: Waxing on mounted casts. [Motion picture] US Veterans Administration. 1974- Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Ankylosis Surgical treatment for ankylosis of the temporoman- dibular joint. (Motion picture] US. Veterans Adminis- tration. 1969, Released by National Audiovisual Center — Radiography Radiography ofthe temporamandibular joints. (Motion picture] US. Veterans Administration. 1973, Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Surgery Surgical treatment for ankylosis of the temporoman- dibular joint. [Motion picture] U.S. Veterans Adminis- tration. 1969. Released by National Audiovisual Center Temptation — Juvenile films If you're a horse. (Motion picture] Xerox Films. 1975. Made by Davidson Films Ten commandments see Commandments. Ten Ten plagues of Egypt see Plagues of Egypt Tenement-houses see also Poor Tennant Creek, Australia — Description Tennant Creek in passing. (Motion picture] Film Aus- tralia. Sydney. 1974 Released in the US by Australian Information Service. 1975 Tennessee Valley Authority Valley revisited. [Motion picture] U.S. Information Agency, 1963- Tennis Davis Cup impressions. [Motion picture] American Telephone & Telegraph Co, Made by Transworld In- ternational. Released through the local offices of Bell Telephone Companies. 1974. Marty Riessen. (Motion picture] Tele-Sports. Released by Oxford Films, 1973, Tension (Psychology) see Stress (Psychology) 1158 Films — Subject Index, 1975 Tent of meeting .■sfc Tabernacle Tenure of land sec Land tenure Teopanzolco. Mexico (Morelos) The Pyramid of Teopanzolco at Cuernavaca. (Motion piclurej \'isuai Education. l'>74 TepotzotlSn. Mexico. Colegio Tepolzotldn: baroque architecture in Mexico. [Slide set] L'ncbco. Paris. 1973 Released in the U.S. by Unipub. Terminal care The Lingering heart. [Motion picture] WKYC-TV, 1974. The Right to die. (Motion picture] ABC Merchandis- ing Released by Macmillan Films. 1974. Terminals (Transportaiion) .■iff aho Airports; Harbors Termites — Juvenile films Termites— social insects. [Motion picture] Visual Edu- cation. 1973, Terrain vehicles sec All terrain vehicles Terrariums see a/so Glass gardens — Juvenile films Home for a lizard — A home for earthworms. [Filmstripj Visual Education. 1974, Life in a terrarium. [Filmstripj EdMediaTec, 1973, A Miniature forest home for a salamander or newt. [Filmstripi Visual Education. 1974, Terrestrial globes see Globes Terrestrial physics see Geophysics Territorial waters sec a/so Maritime law Territoriality (Zoology) Red grouse of Scotland: population control. [Motion picture) Harper & Row. Publishers, 1970. Made by Unit One Film Productions, — Juvenile films On the little island. [Filmstrip] Bendick Associates, Released by General Educational Media, 1973. Test boring see Boring Testacea sec Mollusks Testicle Testicular torsion. {Motion picture] Eaton Laborato- ries. 1972 —Diseases The Laboratory aspect of diseases of the testicle. [Mo- tion picture] National Medical Audiovisual Center in cooperation with Emory University School of Medicine, 1969. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center, —Surgery The Thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal lymph node dis- svclion. [Muiion picture] Eaton Laboratories, l'>73 Transabdominal bilateral retroperitoneal lym- phadenectomy for testis tumors. [Motion picture] Ea- ton Laboratories, 1974, — Tumors Testis tumors. [Motion picture] American College of Radiology, 1967. Made by Scarborough College Television Unit. University of Toronto. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. The Thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal lymph node dis- section. (Motion picture] Eaton Laboratories. 1973 Transabdominal bilateral retroperitoneal lym- phadenectomy for testis tumors. [Motion picture] Ea- ton Laboratories. 1974, — Tumors — Diagnosis Self-examination of the testes for testicular tumor. (Motion picture] Eaton Laboratories. 1975. Made by Aegis Productions. Testicular torsion see Spermatic cord torsion Testimony see Witnesses Testing see a/so Standardization Testing laboratories 5ft' also Chemical laboratories Testing-machines Strength of materials laboratory. Part 2: Loads and stresses. (Motion picture) Robert Heller, Made by Virginia Polytechnic Institute Film Unit, Released by McGrav^-Hill. 1975, Strength of materials laboratory. Part 10: Fatigue. (Motion picture] Robert Heller, Made by Virginia Polytechnic Institute Film Unit. Released by McGraw- Hill. 1975 Testing of ordnance see Ordnance testing Tests. Mental see Mental tests Tests and measurements in education see Educational tests and measurements Tetanus A Fifty-fifty chance. [Motion picture] National Medi- cal Audiovisual Center, 1967. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Tetrabromobishydroxysulphophenylphthalide The BSP test. [Filmstrip) American Gastroenterologi- cal Association, 1974. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center. US, Bureau of Health Resources Development, and National Audiovisual Center. The BSP test. [Slide set] American Gastroenterologi- cal Association, 1974. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center, U.S. Bureau of Health Resources Development, and National Audiovisual Center. Tetralogy of Fallot Common cyanotic lesions. (Slide set} National Medical Audiovisual Center in cooperation with Medical College of Georgia 1974. Released by National Medical Audi- ovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Tetraplegia Quadriplegic functional skills — bowel and bladder tech- niques. [Motion picture] Iniversity of Illinois. 1974, Released by National Audiovisual Center Quadriplegic functional skills— Klressing. (Motion pic- ture] University of Illinois. 1974. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center. Quadriplegic functional skills — driving. [Motion pic- ture] University of Illinois. 1974. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center. Quadriplegic functional skills — showering and groom- ing. [Motion picture] University of Illinois. 1974, Released by National Audiovisual Center. The Quadruparetic patient — changing position and sit- ting up in bed. [Motion picture] Institute of Rehabilita- tion Medicine. New York University Medical Center, ; 1968, Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center The Quadruparetic patient — sitting balance in bed. (Motion picture] Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. New York University Medical Center. 1968 Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National 1 Audiovisual Center, The Quadruparetic patient —transfer from bed to wheelchair using a sliding board. (Motion picture] In- stitute of Rehabilitation Medicine. New ^'ork University Medical Center. 1968. Made by National Medical | Audiovisual Center Released by National Medical I Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center The Quadruparetic patient — transfer from wheelchair to car and reverse using sliding board. [Motion picture] ■. Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. New York Univer- { sity Medical Center. 1970 Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center, Tetrococcus pyogenes aureus see Staphylococcus aureus Tetrodes Transistor tetrodes and field effect transistors. [Motion picture] US, Dept. of the Air Force Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center [197-?] Texaco Canada, ltd. Lights on and ready to go. [Motion picture] Texaco Canada. Canada. 1973 Made by Crawley Films. Canada. Texas — Description and travel — 1951- H| Texans and their land, set 3. [Filmstrip] Associated Educators. 1973. —History— To 1846 Texas history filmstrips, set 1. (Filmstrip] Associated Educators. 1974 -History— 1846-1950 Texas history filmstrips, set 2. (Filmstrip] Associal Educators. 1974, -History— 1951- icd"^ Texas history filmstrips, set 2. [Filmstripj Associaii Educators. 1974 — Hurricane' In Carla's wake. [Motion picture] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1964. Released by National Auduu^vjal Center. — Hurricane. 1967 It happened in Texas (Hurricane Beulah '67). (Motion picture] US Office of Civil Defense. \'^bl Released by National Audiovisual Center, — Industries Texans and their land, set 1. [Filmstrip] Ass<KKiicd Educators. 1973 Texans and their land, set 2. (Filmstripj Assouiicd Educators. 1973. Text-books sec also Arithmetic Films— Subject Index, 1975 1159 Textile crafts Denim art. iSlide set] American Crafts Council Re- search & Education Depi.. 1975, : Textile design \ How to do: textiles. [Filmstrip] Educational Dimeii- \ sions Group. 1975. j Textile fabrics stv aho Selling— Textiles; Yarn Care of textile fabrics. [Slide set] Fairchild Visuals. 1974 — History Introduction to textiles. [Slide set) Fairchild Visuals. 1971 — Peru — History Peru: primitive methods of weaving. [Slide set] Organi- zation of American States Released by Pan American Development Foundation. 1970 I Textile fabrics in interior decoration Go natural. [Motion picture] J P Stevens and Co. 1973 Made by Audioimage. I Textile finishing Finishing of cloth. (Slide set] Fairchild Visuals. 1973. Textile industry — History Introduction to textiles. [Slide set] Fairchild Visuals. 1971 — France Region du nord, II. [Filmsirip] Playetie Corp.. 1974. Textile machinery aee also Looms; Tufting machines i Textile painting Bark cloth, dyed and painted techniques. [Filmstrip] Visual Publications. London. 1971. Made by Stuart Robmson. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. Textile printing Chintz. 16S0-1800. [Filmstripj Visual Publications. London. 1 97 1 , Made by Stuart Robinson, Released in the US, by Visual Publications. Chintz, 1800-1900. [Filmstrip] Visual Publications. London. 1971. Made by Stuart Robinson. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications, Coloring cloth. (Slide set] Fairchild Visuals, 1974. Roller and screen, 1900-1960. [Filmstrip] Visual Publi- cations. London. 1971, Made by Stuart Robinson. Released in the US by Visual Publications Screen- printing: 1960 onwards. [Filmstrip] Visual Publications. London. 1971. Made by Stuart Robinson. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. -History The Ancient world. [Filmstrip] Visual Publications. London, i 97 1 Made by Stuart Robinson. Released in the US, by Visual Publications, Thackeray. William Makepeace,1811-1863. Vanity Fair Vanity Fair. [Filmstrip] Brunswick Productions. Released by Educational Record Sales, 1972. — Description and travel Thailand. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Army, 1963, Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Description and travel — 1951- Land of smiles. [Motion picture] RCP Destination Films. Toronto. Released by RCP Destination Films, Toronto, and Viacom International, 1972. — Juvenile films Scenes of Thailand. [Filmstrip] Visual Education. 1974, — Social life and customs Adventure in Thailand. [Filmstrip] American Baptist Films, 1975. — Social life and customs — Juvenile films Family of Thailand. [Filmstrip] Encyclopaedia Briian- nica Educational Corp.. 1975. Farmers of Thailand. (Motion picture] Russell Wulff, Released by Oxford Films, 1975. Thaipusam Floating in the air, followed by the wind. (Motion pic- ture] Michigan Stale University. Made by Gunter Pfaff, Released by Indiana University Audio-Visual Center. 1974. Thalassography see Oceanography Thalidomide — Toxicology My son, Kevin. [Motion picture] Granada Television, London, 1974. Made by Allan Segal Released in the U.S. by Wombat Productions, 1975. The West — Antiquities Western petroglypbs. [Slide set] KaiDib Films Inter- national. 1974. —Description and travel — 1951- films -Juvenile Thailand Thailand — where men are free. [Motion picture) U.S. Dept of Defense. 1967 Gold towns of the Old West. [Filmstrip] Family Film- strips, Released by Society for Visual Education, 1974. National parks in the West. [Filmsirip] Eye Gate House. 1974. -Discovery and exploration Indian words from the end of the trail. [Filmstrip] Multi-Media Productions, 1974. -History America: the land. [Motion picture] Alan Landsburg Productions, Released by Xerox Films. 1975. A Last frontier — the American West as it really was. [Filmstrip] Multi-Media Productions. 1973. -History— 1848-1950 Domesticating a wilderness. (Filmstrip] Time-Life Films, 1973, -History— 1848-1950— Juvenile films The Westward movement. [Filmstrip] McGraw-Hill, 1975, -History — Juvenile films Ghost towns — what happened? [Filmstripj Family Filmstrips. Released by Society for Visual Education, 1974. How gold is mined. [Filmstrip] Family Filmstrips. Released by Society for Visual Education, 1974. A Modern-day prospector named George. (Filmstripj Family Filmstnps, Released by Society for Visual Edu- cation. 1974. — Juvenile films The Outcasts of Poker Flat. [Filmstrip] Brunswick Productions. Released by Educational Record Sales. 1973 The West in art The America of Currier and Ives: From sail to steam. [Filmsirip] Coronet Instructional Media. 1974, America, the beautiful: the land as inspiration. (Slide set] Sunburst Communications, Released by Center for Humanities, 1974, Theater see also Acting; Drama —History— Medieval, 500-1500 Medieval theater the play of Abraham and Isaac. [Mo- tion picture] Movie Show Co. Released by Ency- clopaedia Britannica Educational Corp., 1974. Medieval theatre. (Filmstrip] Visual Publications, London, 1971. Made by M, D, Anderson, Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications, — History — 16th century Renaissance theatre. (Filmstrip) Visual Publications, London. 1971 Made by R. L. Dallady. Released in the U,S, by Visual Publications. — History — 17th century Renaissance theatre. (Filmstrip] Visual Publications. London, 1971 Made by R. L. Dallady. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. — History — 18th century Later 18th century: 1720-1820. [Filmstrip] Visual Pub- lications, London. 1971. Made by Diana De Marly. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. — History— 19th century The New realism: 1870-1925. (Filmstrip) Visual Publi- cations, London, 1971, Made by Diana De Marly. Released in the US, by Visual Publications, Romantic theatre: 1820-1870. [Filmstrip] Visual Publi- cations, London, 1971, Made by Diana De Marly. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. — History — 20th century The New realism: 1870-1925. [Filmstrip] Visual Publi- cations, London. 1971, Made by Diana De Marly. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. ^Jews The Golden age of Second Avenue. [Motion picture] Arthur Cantor, inc . 1968 — Stage lighting see Stage lighting — England — History Shakespeare and his stage: approaches to Hamlet. [Mo- tion picture] Harold Mantell. Made and released by Films for the Humanities, 1975. — England — London — History The Globe: a day at Shakespeare's theater. [Filmstrip] Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp.. 1974. Made by Westport Communications Group. — France — History French classical theatre. [Filmstrip] Olesen Films, 1974. Made by Richard Medvitz. — Great Britain The Origins of English drama. [Filmstrip] Encyclopa- edia Britannica Educational Corp.. 1974. Made by Westport Communications Group. 200-072 o - 7fi - T*; 1160 Films — Subject Index, 1975 Theater (com.) — Great Britain — History Later I8lh century: 1720-1820. [FDmstrip] Visual Pub- licalions. London. 1*>71 Made by Diana Dc Marly- Reteased in the U.S. by Visual Publications. —Greece Greek theatre. (Filmstrip) Visual Publications. Lon- don. 1971. Made by R, L. Dalladay. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications. — Japan Oriental theatre. [Slide set] KaiDib Films Interna- tional. 1967. — New York (City) The Golden age of Second Avenue. [Motion picture] Arthur Cantor, inc.. 1968. — Rome Roman theatre. [Filmstrip] Visual Publications. Lon- don. 1971. Made by R, L, Dalladay. Released in the U.S. by Visual Publications, — United States Ideas of the theatre. (Motion picture] Chelsea House. Made by DHS Films. Released by Association-Sterling Films. 1970 Theatre U.S.A. (Slide set] KaiDib Films International, 1972 Theater in America Theater in America. [Motion picture) Elinor Bunin Productions. 1974. Theaters — Stage setting and scenery Shakespeare: his theatre. [Filmstrip] Coronet Instruc- tional Media. 1974, Made by Audio Visual Media. — Europe European theatres in action. [Slide set] KaiDib Films International. 1970 — Europe — Construction New and old theatres of Europe. (Slide set] KaiDib Films International. 1964 — France — Stage-setting and scenery Costume and stage design at the Th^dtre national popu- laire. (Slide set) KaiDib Films International. 1970. — Great Britain— Stage-setting and scnery The Royal Shakespeare Company. (Slide set] KaiDib Films International. 1970. —Greece Antique theatres of Greece and Rome. (Slide selj Kai- Dib Films Inlcrnatiimal. 1974. — Rome Antique theatres of Greece and Rome. (Slide set] Kai- Dib Films International. 1974, Theatre Passe Muraille Farm show. [Motion picture] Mongrel Films. Canada, Canada Council. Ottawa, and Ontario Council for the Arts. Toronto. Released by Canadian Film-Makers' Distribution Centre. Toronto. 1973. Theatrical films see Feature films Theatrical motion pictures see also Science fiction films Theatricals. College sec College theater Theft from motor vehicles — United States The Hijackers. [Motion picture] American Trucking Associations Made by Ralph Lopaiin Productions. Released by Association-Sterling Films. 1974, Theological belief see Faith Theology iee also Bible; Religion — Study and teaching see also Christian education Teleology, Doctrinal see also Incarnation; Jesus Christ Theology, Practical see also Christian life; Liturgies; Missions; Prayer Theoretical chemistry see Chemistry. Physical and theoretical Theory of sets see Set theory Theolocopuli, Dominico,called El Greco.d. 1614 El Greco. [Filmstrip] Warren Schloat Productions. 1971 Therapeutic abortion see Abortion, Therapeutic Therapeutic exercise see Exercise therapy Therapeutics see also Injections, Hypodermic; Nurses and nursing: Nutrition; X-rays Treatment of bums: systemic and topical. [Slide set) MEDCOM. 1975 The Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias by drugs and electricity. [Motion picture] Postgraduate Medical In- stitute in cooperation with Bingham Associates Fund. 1968, Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center. Therapeutics, Ophthalmological see also Eye — Diseases and defects Therapeutics. Parenteral see Parenteral therapy Therapeutics, Physiological see also Baths; Chiropractic; Occupational therapy; Physical Therapy; Radiotherapy Therapeutics. Suggestive see also Psychotherapy Tlierapeutics, Surgical see also Preoperative care Thermal insulation see Insulation (Heat) Thermal neutrons see also Neutron radiography Thermal waters see Geothcrmal resources Thermionic valve circuits see Vacuum-tube circuits i Thermochemistry see also Heal Thermodynamics see also Entropy -Juvenile films Heat of friction. (Motion picture) Doubleday Mul* limcdia. 1974, Thermometers and thermometry — Juvenile films How hot is it? (Filmstrtp) EdMediaTec. 1973. Maxwell Mouse's adventure in the land of metrication. Part 4: Mass and temperature. (Filmstrip] Creative Learning. 1975. Metric measurement for today. Part 3: Mass — tempera* ture. (Motion picture] Meiricraft. Released by Dou- bleday Multimedia. 1975 Thermometers and thermometry. Medical Temperature, pulse, and respiration. [Filmsirip] Trai- nex Corp.. 1974. TTiiazine dyes see also Methylene-blue Thieves see also Bank robberies Thieves. The Theft. (Motion picture] Pautist Productions. 1974. Thigh Anterior thigh and femoral triangle. (Motion picture] A-V Corp, Released by Teaching Films. 1968. Thigpen. Corbett H. Three faces of Eve Case study of multiple personality. [Motion picture] Corbett Thigpen and Her\ey Cleckley. 1954. Released by Psychological Cinema Register. 1957, Thiokol see Rubber. Artificial Third world see Underdeveloped areas Thoracic duct Dissection of the thoracic duct. [Motion picture] Jack Hasson. 1970 Released by National Medical Audi- ovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Thorax see Chest Thoreau. Henry David,1817-1862. Walden Walden Two: B. F. Skinner's Utopia. [Filmstrip] Multi- Media Productions. 1974 Thoreau. Henry David.1817-1862 Henry David Thoreau. [Filmstrip] Eye Gate House, 1974 Henry David Thoreau: the beat of a different drummer. [Motion picture] Canadian Broadcasting Corp.. Toronto. 1972. Released in the L.S by Films Inc. 1973. Talking with Thoreau. [Motion picture] Encyclopa- edia Brilannica Educational Corp.. 197S. — Knowledge— Natural history The World of Henry David Thoreau. [Filmstrip] Edu- cational Filmstrips, 197S Thorium ^Isotopes— Decay Thorium disintegration. [Motion picture] Hubbard Scientific Co.. 1972. Made by Films Inc. Films—Subject Index, 1975 1161 Thorness. Leo K. — Juvenile films Winning and losing: diary of a campaign. [Motion pic- ture] Daniel Wilson Productions. 1974. Thoroughbred horse Beginning. [Motion picture] Insight Productions. Toronto Released by Harry Smith and Sons. Toronto, W73. Prelude. [Motion picture) Insight Productions, Toronto Released by Harry Smith and Sons, Montreal. 1973 A Race of horses. [Motion picture] Film Australia. Sydney. 1974 Released in the U.S. by Australian in- formation Service. Thoroughbred. (Motion picture] Canadian Thorough- bred Horse Society. Toronto, and Ontario Jockey Club. Canada. 1972 Made by insight Productions. Toronto. Released m the Li S by Pyramid Films. 1974- — History History of the turf. [Motion picture) Film Arts. Toronto. 1973, Thoroughfares see Roads Thought and thinking see also Cognition; Ideology; Reasoning Feelings and thoughts. [Filmstrip] Argus Communica- tions. 1974. Miracle of the mind. [Motion picture] CBS News. 1968 Released by McGraw-Hill. 1975. Three (The number) Juvenile films Three is a magic number. [Filmstrip] American Broad- casting Co. Made by Scholastic Rock. Released by Xero.\ Films. 1974, Three is a magic number. [Motion picture] American Broadcasting Co. Made by Scholastic Rock. Released by Xerox Films. 1974, Three Festivals see also Sukkoth Threshing machines see also Combines {Agricultural machinery) Thrift see Saving and thrift Throat see also Larynx; Pharynx \ Thrush (Mouth disease) —Diagnosis Phase microscopy in the diagnosis of thrush. [Motion picture] U.S. Veterans Administration. 1963. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. I Thyralrons Thyratron sawtooth generator. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept of the Air Force Released by National Audi- OMSual Center [197-?] I Thyroid gland see also Parathyroid glands Dissection of the parathyroid and thyroid glands. [Mo- tion picture] Jack Hasson. 1970. Released by Na- tional Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. — Diseases see also Graves' disease; Hypothyroidism — Surgery The Thyroid area. (Motion picture] U.S. Veterans Ad- ministration. 1969, Released by National Audiovisual Center- Tibia — Fracture Tibial fractures: a functional method of treatment [Mo- tion picture) Johnson & Johnson. Released by As- sociation-Sterling Films, 1974. Ticks — Control Ticks and tick-borne diseases. [Motion picture] U.S. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility. 1960. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Ticks as carriers of disease see aJso Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick Ticks and tick-borne diseases. [Motion picture] US. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility, 1960 Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center, Tidal currents see Ocean currents Tide pool ecology — Juvenile films Exploring at low tide. [Motion picture] Visual Educa- tion. 1973. Tidepool: a miracle where sea meets land. (Motion pic- ture] James Crow and Gordon Chittenden. Released by AV-ED Films. 1974. Tidelands oil see Petroleum in submerged lands Tidemarsh ecology The Salt marsh: a question of values. [Motion picture] Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp., 1975. Made by Stanley Croner. Tie-dyeing Tie & dye: ikat and piece typing techniques. [Filmstrip] Visual Publications, London, 1971. Made by Stuart Robinson, Released in the US, by Visual Publications. Tie dye. [Motion picture] Clem Telkowski. Released by ACl Films. 1974. Tikal, Guatemala Guatemala: Maya — Tikal. (Slide set] Organization of American States, Released by Pan American Develop- ment Foundation. 1970. The Lost ancient ruins of Tikal and Copan. [Filmstrip] Creative Learning Center. 1974, Lost cities of Copan and Tikal. [Motion picture] Crea- tive Learning Center. 1974. Tiles — Herat. Afghanistan — Juvenile films Herat tile makers: Charikar grape harvest. [Motion pic- ture] Grisi Inc. Made by Arthur C. Twomey, Released by Sound Book Press Society, 1975. Timber see also Forests and forestry; Wood Wood and wilderness. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1953. Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Grading Tree grading. [Motion picture) U.S. Dept. of Agricul- ture [197-''] Time see also Day The Direction of time. [Motion picture] Iowa State University Science Film Advisory Board. 1974, Made by Iowa State University Film Production Unit, — Juvenile films Telling time. (Motion picture) Houghton Mifflin Co.. 1974, Made by Davidson Films, Telling time is easy. [Filmstrip] Eye Gate House, 1 974. The Universe: Time. [Filmsiripj BFA Educational Media. 1975. What is time? (Filmstrip) Joe Barfield and Anne Bar- field, Released by BFA Educational Media. 1975. Years, months, weeks, and days. [Filmstrip] Joe Bar- Tield and Anne Barfield Released by BFA Educa- tional Media. 1975. Time. Geological see Geological time Time allocation see also Leisure The Time game. [Motion picture] National Educa- tional Media. 1975, The Time of your life. (Motion picture] Cally Curtis Co,. 1974 Time and space see Space and lime Time dilatation Time dilation. [Motion picture) Bruce Cornwell and Katharine Cornwell. Released by Houghton Mifflin Co.. 1974. Time measurements see also Sun-dials Telling time. [Filmstrip] Interpretive Education, 1974 — Juvenile films Dividing the days. [Filmstrip] Joe Barfield and Anne Barfield. Released by BFA Educational Media. 1975, Time study see also Motion study Timor Visitors in time. [Motion picture] Chris Peacock. Released by ACl Films. 1975, Timothy (Biblical character) — Juvenile films Timothy learns to serve God. (Filmstripj Double Six- teen Co.. 1967. Tin miners ^Malaysia Tin miners of Malaysia. [Motion picture] Russell Wulff- Released by Oxford Films. 1975. Tishri see also Sukkoth Tissue compatibility see Histocompatibility Tissue culture Introduction to tissue culture techniques. [Filmstrip] US, Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility. I960. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Preparation of primary mammalian kidney cell cul- tures. [Motion picture] U.S. Public Health Service. 1965. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center. 1162 Films—Subject Index, 1975 Tissues see a/so Pcriodoniium Cells, tissues and membranes. [Filmstrip] Healih Edu- cation Aids. 1975. — Transplanation see Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. Tissues. Vegetable see Botany — Anatomy; Plant cells and tissues Titan (Missile) Titan 3 research and development report — for today and tomorrow. [Motion picture) US. Dept. of the Air Force. 1967. Released by National Audiovisual Cen- Titan the underground ICBM. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. 1961 Released by National Audiovisual Center- Titicaca Basin — Social life and customs Bolivia and Peru: life around Lake Titicaca. [Slide set] Organization of American States. Released by Pan American Development Foundation. 1970. Titles. Land see Land titles Tobacco see also Smoking — Physiological effect see also Cigarette habit Human ecology: the inner battle. (Filmstrip] Audio Visual Narrative Arts. 1974, Tobacco. [Motion picture] U.S. National Institute of Mental Health. 1971 Released by National Audi- ovisual Center. What are you going to do about smoking? [Filmstrip] Guidance Associates. 1975- — Toxicology A Physician talks about smoking. [Slide set] US. Health Services and Menial Health Administration, 1971 Released by National Audiovisual Center. Tobacco habit A Panorama of smokers' attitudes. [Motion picture] Summerhill Productions. Toronto, 1974, A Physician talks about smoking. [Slide set] U.S. Health Services and Mental Health Administration, 1971. Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Juvenile films Health wreckers. [Motion picture] Films/ West. Released by AIMS Instructional Media Services, 1974, Tobacco manufacture and trade sec also Cigarette manufacture and trade —United States Tobacco. (Motion picture] U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, 1971, Released by National Audi- ovisual Center- Tobogganing see also Coasting Toe dancing see Ballet dancing Toilet sec also Beauty. Personal Toilet (Grooming) .*(•(■ Grooming for men Toilet training Diapers away: Toilet training mentally retarded chil- dren in groups. [Filmstrip] US Social and Rehabilita- tion Service. 1968. Released by National Audiovisual Center, Vm ready Mom, are you? [Motion picture) Communi- cations Group West in cooperation with Exceptional Children's Foundation Released by AIMS Instruc- tional Media Services. 1974. Tokyo —Bombardment, 1942 Medal of Honor — America strikes back. [Motion pic- ture] US- Dept, of the Air Force. 1967, Released by National Audiovisual Center. —Description Tokyo. [Motion picture] Park Films. 1972. Toleration see also Minorities Tomography see aJso Radiography. Panoramic Improved excretory urography with routine tomogra- phy. [Slide set] MEDCOM. 1974, Tonantzinlla. Mexico. Tonantzintla (Church) Santa Maria Tonantzintla. [Motion picture] Visual Education. 1974, Tongue see also Lingual frenum — Juvenile films Discovering your senses: Your tongue is for tasting. [Filmstrip] Coronet Instructional Films, 1971. Tongue-tie see Ankyloglossia Tonometry Indentation tonometry technique in glaucoma detec- tion. [Motion picture] US Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility. 1966, Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center, Tonopah Test Range Laboratory in the desert. [Motion picture] U,S, Atomic Energy Commission, 1969. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center, Tool and die industry — Vocational guidance So you want to be a tool and die, or mold, maker. [Mo- tion picture] Vocational Films. 1975, Tools see also Hammers; Machine-tools; Power tools; Saws; Sharpening of tools; Woodworking tools The Handyman. [Motion picture] US. Information Agency. 1966. Sheet metal hand tools. [Transparencies] DCA Educa- tional Products, 1975 — History— Juvenile films Tools and machines. [Filmstrip] Educational Dimen- sions Corp , 1974 — Juvenile films The Toolbox [and] Machines. [Filmsirip] Association- Sterling Films. Released by Macmillan Pub. Co., 1974, Tooth cavity preparation see Dental cavity preparation Toothbrushes Brushing your teeth. [Motion picture] Milner-Fen- wick. 1973 Toothbrushing. Part I: Circular scrub method. [Motion picture) U.S. Veterans Administration. 1972. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Toothbrushing. Part 2: The bass technique. (Motion pic- lure] US, Veterans Administration. 1972. Released by National Audiovisual Center, Topographic maps — Juvenile films Reading maps: physical features. [Motion picturej Coronet Instructional .Media. 1975. Topographical anatomy see Anatomy. Surgical and topographical Topographical drawing see also Map drawing Topography, Medical see Medical geography Toreutic see Metal-work Tornadoes see also Cyclones; Storms Tornado below. [Motion picture] U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1975. Released by National Audiovisual Center- -Juvenile films Weather extremes. [Filmsirip] timedia. 1974. Doubleday Mul- Toronto — Description Toronto. [Motion picture] Ontario Ministry of Indus- try and Tourism, Toronto. Made by Drege-Audio, Toronto, Released by National Film Board of Canada. 1974. Toronto the good. [Motion picture) Ontario Place Corp.. Ontario. 1973. Winter view. [Motion picture] Kunta Naohiko, Canada. 1972. — History Chinatown — Toronto. [Motion picture] Film Arts, Toronto, 1973. — Social conditions The Invisible French? [Motion picture] York Univer- sity Dept, of Instructional Aid Resources, Toronto. 1972. —Streets— Queen Street Queen Street West. [Motion picture) Nelvana. Toronto. 1973. Toronto. Canadian National Exhibition Fun at the fair. (Motion picture] Baldwin Street Gal- lery of Photography, Canada. 1973. Ride to win. (Motion piciurcj Frascr W. Smith. Canada. Released by Films Lavole. Quebec. 1973. Toronto. Hospital for Sick Children Horses to helicopters. [Motion picture] Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. 1974. Made by Westminister Films. Toronto. Toronto daily star Great days on King Street. (Motion picture] Canadian Broadcasting Corp.. Toronto. 1972 > ji.. i Films — Subject Index, 1975 1163 Toronto Dance Theater I Toronto Dance Theatre in England. [Motion picture] ! Canadian Broadcasting Corp., Toronto, 1972. I v Torpedoes see also Explosives. Military Torres-Garcia. Joaquin, 1 874- 1 949 Torres-Garcia and the universal constructivism. {Mo- tion picture] Organization of American States- Released by Pan American Development Foundation. 1975 Toxemia of pregnancy Toxemias of pregnancy. [Filmstripj University of Mis. souri — Columbia. School of Nursing, Released by Medical Electronic Educational Services. 1973. Toxic and inflammable goods see Hazardous substances Toxicology see aJso Poisoning, Accidental Toxins and antitoxins see also Antigens and antibodies; Serumtherapy Trades see Building trades; Occupations Trades-waste see Waste producLs Tradescantia paludosa Pollen germination and tube growth (Tradescantia paludosa). (Motion picture] Education Development Center. Released by BFA Educational Media. 1974. Traditions see Folk-lore Torres-Garcia y el constructivismo universal. (Motion picture] Organization of American Slates. Released by Pan American Development Foundation, 1975 Torsion Strength of materials laboratory. Part 7: Torsion. [Mo- tion picture) Robert Heller Made by Virginia Poly- technic Institute Film Unit, Released by McGraw-Hill. 1975, Tort liabiiily of municipal corporations —United Sutes Legal aspects of fire service. (Transparencies] Lans- ford Pub, Co., 1974. Torts see also Fraud Torture —Brazil Brazil: no time for tears. (Motion picture] Film Dept., University of Chile. Santiago, 1971. Released in the U.S. by Triconiinental Film Center. Torulosis Pulmonary cryptococcosis. (Motion picture] National Medical Audiovisual Center in cooperation with Emory University School of Medicine. 1969. Released by Na- tional Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audi- ovisual Center, Totonacos Mexico: Totonac civilization. [Slide set] Organization of American States. Released by Pan American Devel- opment Foundation, 1970. —Art Mexico: Totonac civilization. [Slide set] Organization of American Slates. Released by Pan American Devel- opment Foundation. 1970, Touch Touching. (Motion picture] Psychological Films. 1975, ' Touch football Touch football ... the game of skill. (Motion picture] Joe Tiffenbach. Released by Oxford Films. 1975. Tourette-sur-Loup, France Tounrettes. [Motion picture] Emergent Films. Toronto. 1972 Tourist trade Travel analysis. (Motion picture] Palette Productions. Toronto. 1972. Town life see City and town life I Towns see Cities and towns Toys see also Selling— Toys Toys. Mechanical Penny lane. [Motion picture] Al Davidson, 1974. Tracheal triangle see Carotid triangle, Inferior Track-athletics see aJso Hurdle-racing; Javelin throwing: Relay racing; Running; Vaulting 1972 Olympic medalists film — men's track and field. (Motion picture] Track & Field News, 1973. 1972 Olympic men's track and field instmctional film. [Motion picture] Track & Field News, 1973. The Making of a champion. (Motion picture] U.S. In- formation Agency. 1963, Mamo of Colby. (Motion picture] U.S. Information Agency. 1967. Track and field for intermediate grades. [Motion pic- ture] Simon Fraser University. Bumaby, B.C.. 1969. Released in the U.S. by Universal Education and Visual Arts. 1970. Track-athletics for women 1972 women's Olympic track and field instructional film. [Motion picture] Track & Field News, 1973. Tracking and trailing Training for tracking. (Motion picture] Walter J. KJein Co,. 1974. Tracking radar see aJso Radar defense networks Tracklaying vehicles see aJso Snowmobiles Tracks of animals see Animal tracks; Animal tracks Traction (Orthopedia) see Orthopedic traction Trade see Business; Commerce Trade fairs see Fairs Trade regulation see aJso Commercial crimes Trade-unions — Ontario — Case studies Solidarity. [Motion picture] Joyce Wieland, Canada, in association with Canada Council. Released by Canadian Film-Makers' Distribution Centre, Toronto, 1973. — United States Industrial America — the third American revolution. [Filmstrip] Urban Media Materials, 1974. Made by Edward Dubrowsky. Traffic see Communication and traffic Traffic accident investigation Accident scene investigation. [Transparencies] Lans- ford Pub. Co.. 1975 Traffic accidents see aJso Drinking and traffic accidents; Hit-and-run drivers Collision rescue. (Motion picture] Film Communica- tors. 1974. Crosscan. [Motion picture] Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada, Ottawa. 1973. Made by Crawley Films. Holiday traffic safety — home for the holidays. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept, of the Air Force. 1963. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Traffic engineering see aJso Express highways Merging control systems. [Motion picture] U.S. Fed- eral Highway Admmistration. 1971. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center. Preferential treatment for high occupancy vehicle. [Mo- tion picture] U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 1973. Released by National Audiovisual Center- Traffic safety see aJso Road construction Bicycle safety. [Filmstrip] Eye Gate House. 1974. The Long weekend — the odds get shorter. (Motion pic- ture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force, 1968. Released by National Audiovisual Center- Traffic safety advanced driving — the greater adventure. (Motion picture] U,S Dept, of the Air Force, 1969, Released by National Audiovisual Center. — Juvenile films Be your own traffic policeman. [Motion picture] Por- tafilms. Released by Perennial Education. 1974. Safety in the street. [Motion picture] Moreland- Latchford Productions. Toronto. Released in the U.S. by Oxford Films. 1974, Safely in transit. (Motion picture] Moreland-Latch- ford Productions. Toronto, Released in the US. by Ox- ford Films. 1974, School bus safety and courtesy. [Motion picture] Cen- tron Corp. Released by Centron Educational Films. 1974. Walking safely to school. (Motion picture] Martin Moyer Productions, 1974. — United States Only one road — the bike/car traffic mix. [Motion pic- turc] AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 1975. Made by AVS Film Productions, Traffic signs and signals International traffic signs. [Filmstrip] Interpretive Education. 1973. 1164 Films— Subject Index, 1975 Traffic signs and signals (cont.) —Design and construction Perception of traffic signs. ( Motion picture] University of Albcria, Dcpt. of Psychology. Edmonton. Released by Cinelel Nine. Lcthbridge. Alta.. !974. Traffic signs and signals. Electronic see Electronic trafTic controls Traffic surveys see also Origin and destination traffic surveys Traffic violations see also Drunk driving —United States The Plea. [Motion picture] National Education Insti- tute in cooperation with National District Attorneys As- sociation, Made by Nelson Co. Released by Walt Disney Educational Media Co.. 1974. Trafficabilily The Motor vehicle driver — traction aids and the winch. [Motion picture] U.S Depl of the Army. 1957. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Tragedy Forms of literature: drama /tragedy. [Filmstripj Guid- ance Associates, 1975, Tragic. The The Tragic flaw: not in the stars but in ourselves. [Slide set) Center for Humanities, 1974. Trails — United States National forest trails. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1968. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Trained nurses see Nurses and nursing Training, Manual sec Manual training Training. Occupational see Occupational training Training. Physical see Physical education and training Training of employees see Employees, Training of Training of executives see Executives. Training of Tramping see Hiking Trance Sacred trances of Java and Ball. [Motion picture] Hartley Productions, 1975 Tranquillity see Quietude Trans-Alaska pipeline see Alaska pipeline Transactional analysis Eric Berne: transactional analysis; or, Who's O. K.7 [Filmstripj Multi-Media Productions, 1974. Meet your parent, adult, child. (Motion picture] CBS. Released by BFA Educational Media. 1975, We're OK. [Motion picture] Sam Weiss Productions. Released by BFA Educational Media. 1975. Transcontinental journeys (United States) see Overland journeys to the Pacific Transductors see Magnetic amplifiers Transfer of technology see Technology transfer Transfer orbits (Space flight) see Orbital transfer (Space flight) Transformations (Mathematics) see also Coordinate transformations Transformers. Electric sec Electric transformers Transfusion of blood see Blood — Transfusion Transients. Relief of see aJso Migration. Internal Shelter. [Motion picture] Filmwest Associates, Ed- monton, Alta.. 1972. Transients (Electricity) RC transients. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] RL transients. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-^] Transistor amplifiers Transistor amplifier principles — classification and cou- pling. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. 1967, Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transistor push-pull amplifier. [Motion picture] U.S. Depl. of the Air Force. 1967. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transistors. Part S: Transistor amplifier and oscillator circuits. (Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Army, 1962. Released by National Audiovisual Center Transistor audio amplifiers Transistorized audio amplifier. (Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. 1967, Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transistor circuits Intermittent transistor sawtooth generator. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center [197-?] Monostable multivibrator— TSTR. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force, Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistor triodes and special purpose devices — com- mon-base configurations. (Motion piclurej US Dept, of the Air Force, Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistor triodes and special purpose devices — com- mon-collector configuration. (Motion picture) U.S, Dept, of the Air Force Released by National Audi- ovisual Center [197-7] Transistor triodes and special purpose devices — com- mon-emitter configuration. (Motion piclurej U.S. Depl of the Air Force, Released by National Audi- (ivisual Center [197-'') Transistor triodes and special purpose devices — opera- tion. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept, of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistors. Part 4: PNP transistors. [Motion picture) US Dept, of the Army. 1962- Released by National Audiovisual Center Transistors. Part 7: Troubleshooting transistor circuits. (Motion picture] US, Dcpt. of the Army. 1962. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transistors. Part 8: Repairing transistor circuits. (Mo- tion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Army. 1962. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transistor oscillators see Oscillators. Transistor Transistors see also Field-effect transistors Transistor FM detector. [Motion picturcj U.S. Dept of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistor triode characteristics. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistor triodes. (Motion picture] US. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistor triodes and special purpose devices — bias I. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistor triodes and special purpose devices — bias II. [Motion picture] US. Dept. of the Air Force. Released by National Audiovisual Center (197-?) Transistor triodes— constructjon. [Motion picture] U.S. Dept. of the Air Force, 1967. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center. Transistorized regulated power supply. (Motion pic- ture] U.S. Depl. of the Air Force. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center [197-?] Transistors. Part 6: Transistors in pulse applications. (Motion picture] U.S, DeptI of the Army. 1963. Released by National Audiovisual Center- Transistors. Junction see Junction transistors Transit (Navigation satellite) Navigation by transit satellite. [Motion picture] U.S. Navy Dept., 1969, Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transkelolase Erythrocyte transketolase activity. (Motion picture] U.S. Veterans Administration, 1964. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center. Translocation (Botany) see Plant translocation Transmissions, Automobile see Automobiles — Transmission devices Transmutation of animals see also Adaptation (Biology); Variation (Biology) Transplantation immunology see also Histocompatibility The Genetics of transplantation. (Motion picture] Na- tional Foundation-March of Dimes. Made and released by Milner-Fenwick. 1975 Rejection of renal transplant. (Motion picture] Na- tional Medical .Audiovisual Center in cooperation with Emory University. 1969. Released by National Medi- cal Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Cen-. Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc. Experiments on the chick embryo: the chorioallantoic graft. (Motion picture] Education Development Cen- ter. Released by BFA Educational Media. 1974. i Man-made man. [Motion picture] CBS News. 1967. Released by McGraw-Hill. 1975, Transpo '72. Dulles International Airport Transpo 72. (Motion picture) U.S, Federal Highi Administration. 1972. Released by National Ai ovisual Center. 1 Films — Subject Index, 1975 1165 Transport. Biological sec Biological transport Transport of sick and wounded sec also Litters: Wheelchairs Basic wheelchair features and handling. [Motion pic- ture] L S Public Health Service in cooperation with American Rehabilitation Foundation. 1965. Released by National Audiovisual Center Emergency first aid: transportation of iigured. [Film- strip] Current Affairs Films, 1973. Emergency medica] technician — crash victim extrica- tion training course. (Slide set) U.S National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1974, Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center The Hemiparetic patient: In and out of car, patient walking with cane. [Motion picturej Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. New York University Medical Center, 1970, Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. The Hemiparetic patient: Transfer from wheelchair to car and reverse. [Motion picture] Institute of Rehabili- tation Medicine. New York University Medica! Center. 1970 Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center Lifting and moving patients. [Filmslripj Trainex Corp.. 1974 The Paraplegic patient: Transfer from wheelchair to car and reverse. [Motion picturej Institute of Rehabilita- tion Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 1969. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center- Quadriplegic functional skills^-driving. (Motion pic- lure] University of Illinois. 1974. Released by Na- tional Audiovisual Center. Quadriplegic functional skills — showering and groom* ing. (Motion picture] University of Illinois. 1974. Released by National Audiovisual Center. The Quadruparetic patient — transfer from bed to wheelchair using a sliding board. (Motion picture] In- stitute of Rehabilitation Medicine. New York University Medical Center. 1968. Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center, Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National .Audiovisual Center. The Quadruparetic patient — transfer from wheelchair to car and reverse using sliding board. [Motion picture] Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York Univer- sity Medical Center, 1970. Made by National Medical Audiovisual Center. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Technique for propelling standard wheelchair by hemi- plegic patient. [Motion picture] US. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility. 1966. Released by Na- tional Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audi- ovisual Center, Transfer from bed to wheelchair with assisttuce. (Mo- tion picture] US, Public Health Service, 1965 Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Transferring from wheelchair to bed — affected side of patient next to bed. [Motion picture] U.S Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility. 1 966, Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Transferring from wheelchair to bed — non-affected side of patient next to bed. (Motion picture) U.S. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility. 1966. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Center and National Audiovisual Center. Transferring from wheelchair to bed with maximal as- sistance. (Motion picturej US. Public Health Service, 1966, Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center. Transferring the patient with arthritis. [Motion picture] Arthritis Foundation. 1968. Made by Aztec Produc- tions. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center. Transportation of the injured. [Motion picture] U.S. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility, 1965. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transportation — the sixth fundamental. [Motion pic- ture] US Mining Enforcement and Safety Administra- tin, 1974, Released by National Audiovisual Center, Transportation — the sixth fundamental. [Motion pic- ture] U.S. Mining Enforcement and Safety Administra- tion. 1974. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Wheelchair transfers for the paraplegic. [Motion pic- ture) US Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility, 1966. Released by National Medical Audiovisual Cen- ter and National Audiovisual Center. Transport planes The Air Force now, no. 24. (Motion picture] U.S. Depi. of the Air Force. 1971, Released by National Audi- ovisual Center. Transport workers — Juvenile films Transportation. (Filmstrip] Alphaventure. Released by Xerox Films. 1975. Transportation see bJso Aeronautics, Commercial; Automobiles; Com- munication and traffic; Railroads; Shipping; Urban trans- portation; Vehicles — Federal aid see Federal aid to transportation — Juvenile films The Automobile. [Filmstripj Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp., 1972- Busy wheels. (Filmstripj Spectra Films. Released by Random House Educational Media. 1974. Moving people and goods. [Filmstripj Pathescope Edu- cational Films and Associated Press. Made and released by Pathescope Educational Films. 1975. Trains, and boats, and planes. [Filmstripj Educational Dimensions Corp . 1975, Transportation. [Motion picture] Doubleday Mul- timedia. 1974. Transportation: the Salang Pass and Kabul. [Motion picture] Gris6 Inc. Made by Arthur C. Tworaey. Released by Sound Book Press Society. 1975. — Laws and regulations see also Carriers; Maritime law — Vocational guidance On the move. [Motion picture) Olympus Pub. Co. Released by Film Forum, 1974. Trucking — land transportation, II. [Filmslrip] Acous- tifone Corp,. 1973 ^Vocational guidance^Juvenile films At work in transportation. [Filmstripj Learning Re- sources Division, Educational Development Corp., 1974, Moving people and goods. [Filmstripj Pathescope Edu- cational Films and Associated Press. Made and released by Pathescope Educational Films, 1975. — China — Juvenile films Transportation and flood control. [Filmstripj Spoken Arts. Released by Society for Visual Education. 1975. — Ghana Ghana, part 1. (Filmstripj Avid Corp., 1972. Released by Creative Learning. — New Jersey — History Transportation and communication in New Jersey. [Filmstrip] Omega Education Corp.. 1975. -North America North America. Part 4: Land and people — work and homes. [Filmstripj Visual Publications. London. 1974. Made by Ruth Way. Released by Visual Publications. -United States The American way. [Motion picture] Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1974. Released by National Audiovisual Center. Transportation, U.S.A. [Motion picturej U.S. informa- tion Agency. 1966.
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Le Front national européen (FNE) est une fédération politique européenne créée en 2004 et dissoute en 2009, rassemblant divers mouvements ultranationalistes en Europe. Son secrétaire général était Roberto Fiore.
Idéologie
Le FNE veut agir comme une « confédération » militant pour une « Europe des nations » avec l'appui des nationalismes traditionnels, pour la défense de l'Occident chrétien et de la chrétienté.
Eurosceptique, le mouvement s'oppose à l'« européisme » (ou fédéralisme européen), c'est-à-dire à la création d'une nation européenne qui remplacerait les États-nations. Il condamne aussi fermement la construction européenne actuelle.
Membres
Mouvements affiliés
: Alliance nationale bulgare
: Parti national rénovateur
Anciens membres et anciens affiliés
: Alliance patriotique (auto-dissous en 2007)
: Alliance nationale (auto-dissous en 2007)
: Svoboda (a rejoint l'Alliance européenne des mouvements nationaux en tant qu'observateur)
Activités
Le , le FNE s'est réuni à Bucarest en Roumanie pour les 80 ans de la fondation de « Légion de l'archange saint Michel » ( ; Garde de fer, ) de Corneliu Codreanu.
Notes et références
Parti politique fondé en 2004
2004 dans l'Union européenne
Parti politique disparu en 2009
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foreword
© 1999 Nature America Inc. • http://genetics.nature.com
© 1999 Nature America Inc. • http://genetics.nature.com
Microarrays and macroconsequences
The National Human Genome Research Institute of the
National Institutes of Health is delighted to sponsor this special
supplement of Nature Genetics. Within these pages the reader
will find a series of state-of-the-art reviews of the technology for
production of nucleic acid microarrays in various formats.
Examples of their utilization to address interesting biological
problems are provided, as is a consideration of the challenging
informatics problems presented by the collection of a great deal
of data in a short period of time.
As the Human Genome Project hurtles towards completion of
the first finished human sequence (now scheduled for 2003),
microarray technology offers the potential to open wide new
windows into the study of genome complexity. Applied to
expression analysis, this approach facilitates the measurement of
RNA levels for the complete set of transcripts of an organism.
Applied to genotyping, microarrays usher in the possibility of
determining alleles at hundreds of thousands of loci from hundreds of DNA samples, allowing the contemplation of whole
genome association studies to determine the genetic contribution to complex polygenic disorders. Applied to mutation
screening of disease genes with pronounced allelic heterogeneity,
the use of microarrays is likely to move the possibility of genetic
testing for disease susceptibility of individuals, or even entire
populations, into the realm of practical reality.
Advances reported herein are already having a substantial effect
on the kinds of questions that can be asked and answered, particularly for model organisms whose genomes are already completely characterized. Their widespread application is anticipated,
and will be yet another manifestation of the conclusion that there
will be no ‘post-genome’ era, at least not any time soon. Instead, it
seems that a ‘genome perspective’ is likely to characterize many
areas of biomedical research on an accelerating scale.
It is still too early to predict what the ultimate impact of
microarrays will be on our understanding of biology. Will this
technical advance ultimately rival PCR or the development of
recombinant DNA technology as a major quantum leap forward?
Or will microarrays take their place alongside other substantial
technical advances, such as the automation of DNA sequencing
or the development of large insert cloning vectors? There are
many critically important questions about this new field that are
yet unaddressed. By the publication of this special set of articles,
it is hoped that the technology of microarrays will be opened up
and demystified, and that additional opportunities for creative
exploration will be catalyzed.
FRANCIS S. COLLINS
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Building 31, Room 4B-09, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
2
nature genetics supplement • volume 21 • january 1999.
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| 87 | 147 |
Walog ang Costello Coulee sa Tinipong Bansa. Ang Costello Coulee nahimutang sa kondado sa McCone County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa ulohang dakbayan Washington, D.C.
Ang klima bugnaw nga ugahon. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Mayo, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga walog sa Montana (estado)
| 42,037 |
https://github.com/daniarherikurniawan/Chameleon512/blob/master/src/core/org/apache/hadoop/fs/Trash.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
Chameleon512
|
daniarherikurniawan
|
Java
|
Code
| 1,075 | 2,593 |
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.fs;
import java.text.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Date;
import org.apache.commons.logging.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.*;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringUtils;
/** Provides a <i>trash</i> feature. Files are moved to a user's trash
* directory, a subdirectory of their home directory named ".Trash". Files are
* initially moved to a <i>current</i> sub-directory of the trash directory.
* Within that sub-directory their original path is preserved. Periodically
* one may checkpoint the current trash and remove older checkpoints. (This
* design permits trash management without enumeration of the full trash
* content, without date support in the filesystem, and without clock
* synchronization.)
*/
public class Trash extends Configured {
private static final Log LOG =
LogFactory.getLog(Trash.class);
private static final Path CURRENT = new Path("Current");
private static final Path TRASH = new Path(".Trash/");
private static final Path HOMES = new Path("/user/");
private static final FsPermission PERMISSION =
new FsPermission(FsAction.ALL, FsAction.NONE, FsAction.NONE);
private static final DateFormat CHECKPOINT = new SimpleDateFormat("yyMMddHHmm");
private static final int MSECS_PER_MINUTE = 60*1000;
private final FileSystem fs;
private final Path trash;
private final Path current;
private final long interval;
/** Construct a trash can accessor.
* @param conf a Configuration
*/
public Trash(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
this(FileSystem.get(conf), conf);
}
/**
* Construct a trash can accessor for the FileSystem provided.
*/
public Trash(FileSystem fs, Configuration conf) throws IOException {
super(conf);
this.fs = fs;
this.trash = new Path(fs.getHomeDirectory(), TRASH);
this.current = new Path(trash, CURRENT);
this.interval = conf.getLong("fs.trash.interval", 60) * MSECS_PER_MINUTE;
}
private Trash(Path home, Configuration conf) throws IOException {
super(conf);
this.fs = home.getFileSystem(conf);
this.trash = new Path(home, TRASH);
this.current = new Path(trash, CURRENT);
this.interval = conf.getLong("fs.trash.interval", 60) * MSECS_PER_MINUTE;
}
private Path makeTrashRelativePath(Path basePath, Path rmFilePath) {
return new Path(basePath + rmFilePath.toUri().getPath());
}
/** Move a file or directory to the current trash directory.
* @return false if the item is already in the trash or trash is disabled
*/
public boolean moveToTrash(Path path) throws IOException {
if (interval == 0)
return false;
if (!path.isAbsolute()) // make path absolute
path = new Path(fs.getWorkingDirectory(), path);
if (!fs.exists(path)) // check that path exists
throw new FileNotFoundException(path.toString());
String qpath = path.makeQualified(fs).toString();
if (qpath.startsWith(trash.toString())) {
return false; // already in trash
}
if (trash.getParent().toString().startsWith(qpath)) {
throw new IOException("Cannot move \"" + path +
"\" to the trash, as it contains the trash");
}
Path trashPath = makeTrashRelativePath(current, path);
Path baseTrashPath = makeTrashRelativePath(current, path.getParent());
IOException cause = null;
// try twice, in case checkpoint between the mkdirs() & rename()
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
try {
if (!fs.mkdirs(baseTrashPath, PERMISSION)) { // create current
LOG.warn("Can't create trash directory: "+baseTrashPath);
return false;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
LOG.warn("Can't create trash directory: "+baseTrashPath);
return false;
}
try {
//
// if the target path in Trash already exists, then append with
// a number. Start from 1.
//
String orig = trashPath.toString();
for (int j = 1; fs.exists(trashPath); j++) {
trashPath = new Path(orig + "." + j);
}
if (fs.rename(path, trashPath)) // move to current trash
return true;
} catch (IOException e) {
cause = e;
}
}
throw (IOException)
new IOException("Failed to move to trash: "+path).initCause(cause);
}
/** Create a trash checkpoint. */
public void checkpoint() throws IOException {
if (!fs.exists(current)) // no trash, no checkpoint
return;
Path checkpoint;
synchronized (CHECKPOINT) {
checkpoint = new Path(trash, CHECKPOINT.format(new Date()));
}
if (fs.rename(current, checkpoint)) {
LOG.info("Created trash checkpoint: "+checkpoint.toUri().getPath());
} else {
throw new IOException("Failed to checkpoint trash: "+checkpoint);
}
}
/** Delete old checkpoints. */
public void expunge() throws IOException {
FileStatus[] dirs = fs.listStatus(trash); // scan trash sub-directories
if( dirs == null){
return;
}
long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < dirs.length; i++) {
Path path = dirs[i].getPath();
String dir = path.toUri().getPath();
String name = path.getName();
if (name.equals(CURRENT.getName())) // skip current
continue;
long time;
try {
synchronized (CHECKPOINT) {
time = CHECKPOINT.parse(name).getTime();
}
} catch (ParseException e) {
LOG.warn("Unexpected item in trash: "+dir+". Ignoring.");
continue;
}
if ((now - interval) > time) {
if (fs.delete(path, true)) {
LOG.info("Deleted trash checkpoint: "+dir);
} else {
LOG.warn("Couldn't delete checkpoint: "+dir+" Ignoring.");
}
}
}
}
//
// get the current working directory
//
Path getCurrentTrashDir() {
return current;
}
/** Return a {@link Runnable} that periodically empties the trash of all
* users, intended to be run by the superuser. Only one checkpoint is kept
* at a time.
*/
public Runnable getEmptier() throws IOException {
return new Emptier(getConf());
}
private static class Emptier implements Runnable {
private Configuration conf;
private FileSystem fs;
private long interval;
public Emptier(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
this.conf = conf;
this.interval = conf.getLong("fs.trash.interval", 60) * MSECS_PER_MINUTE;
this.fs = FileSystem.get(conf);
}
public void run() {
if (interval == 0)
return; // trash disabled
long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
long end;
while (true) {
end = ceiling(now, interval);
try { // sleep for interval
Thread.sleep(end - now);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
return; // exit on interrupt
}
try {
now = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (now >= end) {
FileStatus[] homes = null;
try {
homes = fs.listStatus(HOMES); // list all home dirs
} catch (IOException e) {
LOG.warn("Trash can't list homes: "+e+" Sleeping.");
continue;
}
if (homes == null)
continue;
for (FileStatus home : homes) { // dump each trash
if (!home.isDir())
continue;
try {
Trash trash = new Trash(home.getPath(), conf);
trash.expunge();
trash.checkpoint();
} catch (IOException e) {
LOG.warn("Trash caught: "+e+". Skipping "+home.getPath()+".");
}
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
LOG.warn("RuntimeException during Trash.Emptier.run() " +
StringUtils.stringifyException(e));
}
}
}
private long ceiling(long time, long interval) {
return floor(time, interval) + interval;
}
private long floor(long time, long interval) {
return (time / interval) * interval;
}
}
/** Run an emptier.*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
new Trash(new Configuration()).getEmptier().run();
}
}
| 25,102 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%20Bock
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Jérôme Bock
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jérôme Bock&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 407 | 739 |
Jérôme Bock ou de son nom de plume Hieronymus Bock, surnommé Tragus, né en 1498 et mort le à Hornbach (Palatinat), est un pasteur luthérien et un botaniste allemand. Avec Otto Brunfels (v. 1488-1534), Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566) et Valerius Cordus (1515-1544), il est considéré comme l'un des pères allemands de la botanique. Il est aussi nommé Le Bouc et Tragos.
Éléments biographiques
Destiné par ses parents à devenir moine, il arrive à les convaincre qu'il n'est pas fait pour une vie monastique. Grâce à l'aide du comte Ludwig du Palatinat, Bock peut suivre les cours de théologie et de médecine à l'université et obtient un poste d'instituteur à Deux-Ponts. Il a également en charge les jardins du comte mais, à la mort de celui-ci, il revient à Hornbach où il devient pasteur luthérien tout en pratiquant la médecine et en poursuivant ses recherches en botanique.
Œuvres
L'œuvre la plus importante de Bock est son New Kreütter Büch qui paraît à Strasbourg en 1539. Si la première édition n'est pas illustrée, les suivantes le sont de sur bois. Les gravures originelles sont l'œuvre de David Kandel (1520-1592) mais d'autres sont extraites des livres de Brunfels et de Fuchs. Il donne, en allemand, des descriptions originales des plantes. Même si celles-ci ne sont pas très longues, Bock essaie de fournir des informations utiles à leur reconnaissance. Le premier depuis Théophraste, il tente de classer les qu'il cite. Il renonce ainsi à l'ordre alphabétique et classe les plantes suivant qu'elles sont sauvages ou cultivées, que ce soient des arbres, des arbustes ou des herbes.
Son livre débute par la description de l'ortie. Habituellement, les ouvrages commençaient toujours par les espèces les plus rares, le fait que Bock débute sa flore par une espèce extrêmement commune constitue donc une petite révolution.
New Kreütter Büch connaît un immense succès et sera réédité plus de dix fois en un siècle à Strasbourg. Le Nouvel herbier des plantes qui croissent en Allemagne sera édité à Strasbourg en 1539, in-folio, traduit en latin par David Kyber, Strasbourg, 1552.
Liens externes
Hieronymus Bock. Kräuterbuch 1546. Digitalisat
Hieronymus Bock. Teütsche Speißkammer 1550. Digitalisat
Hieronymus Bock. Kräuterbuch 1551. Digitalisat
Hieronymus Bock / David Kyber. De stirpium 1552. Digitalisat
Hieronymus Bock / Melchior Sebiz. Kräuterbuch - Teutsche Speiskammer 1630. Digitalisat
Botaniste allemand du XVIe siècle
Naissance en 1498
Naissance à Bruchsal
Naissance dans la principauté épiscopale de Spire
Décès en février 1554
Décès en Rhénanie-Palatinat
Décès dans le Palatinat-Deux-Ponts
| 40,840 |
https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
پوستالسیو
|
https://azb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=پوستالسیو&action=history
|
South Azerbaijani
|
Spoken
| 40 | 222 |
پوستالسیو (ایتالیاجا: Postalesio) ایتالیا اؤلکهسینده بیر یاشاییش منطقهسیدیر. سوْن نۆفوس ساییمی اساسيندا ۶۱۸ نفر ایمیش. و لومباردیا اوستانیندا دا یئرلشیب.
بیرده باخ
ایتالیا شهرلرین لیستی
قایناقلار
اینگیلیسجه ویکیپدیاسینین ایشلدنلری طرفیندن یارانمیش«Postalesio»، مقالهسیندن گؤتورولوبدور.( ۸ آقوست ۲۰۱۸ تاریخینده یوْخلانیلیبدیر).
ایتالیا شهرلری
| 26,452 |
https://github.com/second-state/oasis-ssvm-runtime/blob/master/gateway/src/impls/mod.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
GPL-3.0-only
| 2,021 |
oasis-ssvm-runtime
|
second-state
|
Rust
|
Code
| 186 | 354 |
// Copyright 2015-2018 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
// This file is part of Parity.
// Parity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// Parity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Parity. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//! RPC implementations for the client.
//!
//! This doesn't re-implement all of the RPC APIs, just those which aren't
//! significantly generic to be reused.
pub mod eth;
pub mod eth_filter;
#[cfg(feature = "pubsub")]
pub mod eth_pubsub;
pub mod eth_signing;
pub mod net;
pub mod oasis;
pub mod web3;
#[cfg(feature = "pubsub")]
pub use self::eth_pubsub::EthPubSubClient;
pub use self::{
eth::EthClient, eth_filter::EthFilterClient, eth_signing::EthSigningClient, net::NetClient,
oasis::OasisClient, web3::Web3Client,
};
| 15,760 |
https://github.com/arifh28/yarbuu_offline/blob/master/fasco/models/OperatorModel.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
yarbuu_offline
|
arifh28
|
PHP
|
Code
| 651 | 2,307 |
<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
class OperatorModel extends CI_Model {
// SISWA ------------ SISWA //
public function get_siswa(){
$result = $this->db->get('akun'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function get_where_siswa($id_siswa){
$this->db->where('id_admin_sekolah', $id_siswa); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('akun')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function get_where_siswa_kelas($nama_kelas){
$this->db->where('kelas', $nama_kelas); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('akun')->result(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
//$result = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM siswa WHERE kelas = ".$nama_kelas."");
return $result;
}
public function tambah_siswa($data) {
$this->db->insert('akun', $data);
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function update_siswa($data, $id_siswa){
$this->db->update('akun', $data, array('id_admin_sekolah' => $id_siswa));
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function hapus_siswa($id_siswa) {
$this->db->delete('akun', array('id_admin_sekolah' => $id_siswa));
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
// VIDEO ------------ VIDEO //
public function get_video(){
$result = $this->db->get('video');
// $result = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM video"); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
// PELAJARAN ------------ PELAJARAN //
public function get_subject(){
$result = $this->db->get('pelajaran'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function get_where_subject($id_subject){
$this->db->where('id_pelajaran', $id_subject); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('pelajaran')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function add_subject($data) {
$this->db->insert('pelajaran', $data);
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function update_subject($data, $id_pelajaran){
return $this->db->update('pelajaran', $data, array('id_pelajaran' => $id_pelajaran));
}
public function delete_subject($id_subject) {
$this->db->delete('pelajaran', array('id_pelajaran' => $id_subject));
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function check_subject($nama_input){
$this->db->where('nama_pelajaran', $nama_input); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('pelajaran')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
// KELAS ------------ KELAS //
public function get_class(){
$result = $this->db->get('kelas'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function get_where_class($id_class){
$this->db->where('id_kelas', $id_class); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('kelas')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function add_class($data) {
$this->db->insert('kelas', $data);
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function update_class($data, $id_kelas){
return $this->db->update('kelas', $data, array('id_kelas' => $id_kelas));
}
public function delete_class($id_class) {
$this->db->delete('kelas', array('id_kelas' => $id_class));
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function check_class($nama_input){
$this->db->where('nama_kelas', $nama_input); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('kelas')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
// SISWA ------------ SISWA //
public function get_student(){
$result = $this->db->get('akun'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function get_where_student($id_student){
$this->db->where('id_admin_sekolah', $id_student); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('akun')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function add_student($data) {
$this->db->insert('akun', $data);
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function update_student($data, $id_admin_sekolah){
return $this->db->update('akun', $data, array('id_admin_sekolah' => $id_admin_sekolah));
}
public function delete_student($id_student) {
$this->db->delete('akun', array('id_admin_sekolah' => $id_student));
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
public function check_student($nama_input){
$this->db->where('nama', $nama_input); // Untuk menambahkan Where Clause : username='$username'
$result = $this->db->get('akun')->row(); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
// LOG ------------ LOG //
public function get_all_log_student(){
//$result = $this->db->get('masuk_web_siswa'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
$result = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM masuk_web_siswa WHERE tanggal2 = '".date('d/m/Y')."'");
return $result;
}
public function get_all_log_video_download(){
//$result = $this->db->get('masuk_web_siswa'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
$result = $this->db->query("SELECT a.id_video, a.tanggal, a.id_siswa, a.status, a.timestamp, b.nama, b.kelas, c.file, c.materi, c.nama_pelajaran FROM download_video a LEFT JOIN akun b ON a.id_siswa = b.id_admin_sekolah LEFT JOIN video c ON a.id_video = c.id_video WHERE a.tanggal = '".date('d/m/Y')."'");
return $result;
}
// SETTING ------------ SETTING //
public function get_setting(){
$result = $this->db->get('setting'); // Untuk mengeksekusi dan mengambil data hasil query
return $result;
}
public function update_setting($data){
$this->db->update('setting', $data);
return ($this->db->affected_rows() > 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
}
}
| 1,365 |
https://github.com/madskristensen/MarkdownEditor/blob/master/src/MarkdownEditor.Shared/BraceCompletion/BraceCompletionContextProvider.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
MarkdownEditor
|
madskristensen
|
C#
|
Code
| 134 | 560 |
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
using System.Diagnostics;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.BraceCompletion;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Editor;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Utilities;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Text.Classification;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Language.StandardClassification;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace MarkdownEditor
{
[Export(typeof(IBraceCompletionContextProvider))]
[BracePair('(', ')')]
[BracePair('[', ']')]
[BracePair('{', '}')]
[BracePair('*', '*')]
[BracePair('_', '_')]
[ContentType(MarkdownLanguage.LanguageName)]
internal sealed class BraceCompletionContextProvider : IBraceCompletionContextProvider
{
[Import]
IClassifierAggregatorService ClassifierService { get; set; }
public bool TryCreateContext(ITextView textView, SnapshotPoint openingPoint, char openingBrace, char closingBrace, out IBraceCompletionContext context)
{
if (IsValidBraceCompletionContext(openingPoint))
{
context = new BraceCompletionContext();
return true;
}
else
{
context = null;
return false;
}
}
private bool IsValidBraceCompletionContext(SnapshotPoint openingPoint)
{
Debug.Assert(openingPoint.Position >= 0, "SnapshotPoint.Position should always be zero or positive.");
if (openingPoint.Position > 0)
{
IList<ClassificationSpan> classificationSpans = ClassifierService.GetClassifier(openingPoint.Snapshot.TextBuffer)
.GetClassificationSpans(new SnapshotSpan(openingPoint - 1, 1));
foreach (ClassificationSpan span in classificationSpans)
{
if (span.ClassificationType.IsOfType(PredefinedClassificationTypeNames.Comment))
{
return false;
}
if (span.ClassificationType.IsOfType(PredefinedClassificationTypeNames.String))
{
return false;
}
}
}
return true;
}
}
}
| 9,973 |
<urn:uuid:ce67675b-c393-450c-9ad5-10f025f716a8>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.e-cancer.fr/Professionnels-de-sante/Veille-bibliographique/Nota-Bene-Cancer/NBC-184/Metastatic-non-clear-cell-renal-cell-carcinoma-treated-with-targeted-therapy-agents-Characterization-of-survival-outcome-and-application-of-the-international-mRCC-database-consortium-criteria
|
e-cancer.fr
|
English
|
Spoken
| 281 | 483 |
BACKGROUND This study aimed to apply the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic model in metastatic non–clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC). In addition, the survival outcome of metastatic nccRCC patients was characterized.
METHODS Data on 2215 patients (1963 with clear-cell RCC [ccRCC] and 252 with nccRCC) treated with first-line VEGF- and mTOR-targeted therapies were collected from the IMDC. Time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) were compared in groups with favorable, intermediate, and poor prognoses according to IMDC prognostic criteria
RESULTS The median OS of the entire cohort was 20.9 months. nccRCC patients were younger (P < .0001) and more often presented with low hemoglobin (P = .014) and elevated neutrophils (P = .0001), but otherwise had clinicopathological features similar to those of ccRCC patients. OS (12.8 vs 22.3 months; P < .0001) and TTF (4.2 vs 7.8 months; P < .0001) were worse in nccRCC patients compared with ccRCC patients. The hazard ratio for death and TTF when adjusted for the prognostic factors was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.19-1.67; P < .0001) and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.33-1.79; P < .0001), respectively. The IMDC prognostic model reliably discriminated 3 risk groups to predict OS and TTF in nccRCC; the median OS of the favorable, intermediate, and poor prognosis groups was 31.4, 16.1, and 5.1 months, respectively (P < .0001), and the median TTF was 9.6, 4.9, and 2.1 months, respectively (P < .0001).
CONCLUSIONS Although targeted agents have significantly improved the outcome of patients with nccRCC, for the majority survival is still inferior compared with patients with ccRCC. The IMDC prognostic model reliably predicts OS and TTF in nccRCC and ccRCC patients. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
| 36,583 |
https://github.com/RabahZeineddine/Material-ui/blob/master/src/components/Table/ColumnChooser/ColumnChooserOverlayComponent/index.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Material-ui
|
RabahZeineddine
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 41 | 161 |
import React from "react";
import { ColumnChooser } from "@devexpress/dx-react-grid-material-ui";
import { Menu } from "@material-ui/core";
function ColumnChooserOverlayComponent(props: ColumnChooser.OverlayProps) {
return (
<Menu
id="Column-chooser-overlay"
keepMounted={false}
anchorEl={props.target as Element}
open={props.visible}
onClose={props.onHide}
onClick={() => {}}
>
{props.children}
</Menu>
);
}
export default ColumnChooserOverlayComponent;
| 4,408 |
OW/1864/OW_18640305/MM_01/0017.xml_1
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,864 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,366 | 4,355 |
(FROM MEMOIRS OF JANE CAMERON, FEMALE CONVICT. BY A PRISON MATRON.) Whilst Jaue Cameron was serving her time at Glasgow Prison, Mary Loggie had taken to cotton-spinning again — hands had been wanted, the trade of thieving had been slack, and Mary ioined the mill hands. Here she became acquainted with a poor little factory girl — a delicate child, of ten or eleven years of age. This child fainted away one day in the mill, and after recovering from her stupor, was too ill to continue her work for the day. Feeling still very faint, Mary accompanied the child to her mother's house, whereat was lodging, at that period, the carpenter who took a sudden fancy to Mar}'. The car penter was out of work, and at home, and a conversation ensued between him and Mary before the latter went back to the mill. He was a middle-aged Englishman, who had recently crossed the Tweed in search of better fortune, Mary ascertained ; and he had hoped, in Glasgow, to find some distant relatives, who, however, had contrived to elude his search. Mary was a native of Glasgow, and might recollect some one of the name — and Mary recol lected one or two people in the city who bore the very name which he had been anxious to discover. The next day he met her coming from the mill, and told her that he had called to thank her for her information — that in Gorbals, whither Mary had sent him, he had alighted upon one second cousin, who was likely to find ■work for him iv a week or two. So the intimacy commenced, and Mr Simmons, the carpenter, began to cross Mary Loggie's path with a suspicious frequency. Mary did not understand it for a while ; he was a plain, matter-of-fact man, who paid no compliments, and put one or two awkward questions to Mary, that were difficult to answer. One day he asked her where she was living — how she managed to live on the money earned at the cotton mill. Mary told him that she went shares in one room down a close, and that she had no relations in the world. When he informed her that he was a widower, and had had one little child, who had died before it was five years old, Mary began to suspect that he had taken a fancy to her ; and when he asked her one afternoon if she would go to church with him next Sunday, she felt ready to burst out crying, with a strange, new sense of happiness. It was all true ; a stead}' and industrious man had taken to her, knowing nothing of her guilty antecedents. There were no heroic qualities in Mary Loggie — she was not courageous enough to tell the truth, or afford even a glimpse of the truth, when there was no longer any doubt of Mr Sim mons' intention. There was even a con centrative selfishness in wishing to be his wife at any hazard, and in chancing the denouement which, whilst she remained in Glasgow, might happen at any moment. Stiil she was an ignorant girl, and the temptation was great. It was the induce ment of leading an honest life, becoming an honest woman— and that was anew and strange temptation, which was irresistible. She did not think of blighting his life, only of changing her own. Let me add in her favor that this man had won her heart — that the honest middle-aged man had flat tered her by his affection, and wrought a revolution in every thought of hers. If she married him, ehe felt certain that she could make him happy, and settle down to his quiet home ; and if he never found out the truth, she and he woutd lead a very happy life together. She was afraid to be seen at night in the High Btrett after that, lest he should meet her there and see who were her associates. She gave up stealing and feigned illness, in order to keep within doors; she took the first opportunity of leaving the close in which she had been located, and taking shelter with honest poverty by way of a change. Every hour away from him was a suspense ; every time shemet him she expected thathe would tell her that he had discovered the truth, and never wished to see her again. But he suspected nothing; he believed her story about being alone in the world; he took pity upon her desolateness, and he asked her one day to be his wife. Mary Loggie accepted him—married him, and they took a room on the Gorbals side of Hutcheson's Bridge, where they had lived ever since, and where Mary Loggie would have been wholly happy, had not the shadow of the one fear ever be seen. "I don't cross the bridge mair often than I can help, Jane, for fear of meeting the old faces. And I would give two miles out of my way rather than go down High street," said Mary. "You're sorry enough to see me then, Mary?" "I'd rather see you than anyone else. You will natello of me?" "Kafa the world." They remained talking together for some time, and then Mary Loggie did a very foolish thing, considering that she was afraid of the "auld ac quaintances—of the bygones following her up and denouncing her. She was proud of her new position in life, and she had confidence in Jane Cameron. Jane Cameron had been always her friend, one in whom she could trust, she felt a desire to see her. On his face at once. "I never drink whisky," he replied; "good night!" "Oh; gude nicht to ye fa a skinflint," cried Ann Ryan, and appended to the remark a peal of derisive laughter, till Cameron began shaking her in the public streets. "Ye're a fule, ye alwa' wa a fule," cried Jane; "let the man be. He's na our sort— he's naethin' to do wi' us." Jane did not offer an explanation more explicit; for Mary's sake, that would not have been politic. She dismissed the subject abruptly, and refused to say one word more on the question, much to the surprise of the two girls whom he had accosted: one was his wife's friend, and had been known to visit his house, and he was a man who would keep his house pure. His suspicions had been aroused, and if Jane were a character unfit to associate with his wife, why, the sooner he ascertained that fact for himself the better. He followed Cameron and Ryan on the opposite side of the way, and in a very little while had ascertained for himself the characters of the two women whom he had set himself to watch. He saw them accost strangers in the street; meet disreputable men, who had "thief" stamped upon their villainous countenances; entor'the drinking shops, and talk and laugh with all as sembled there; finally, he addressed a policeman, and pointed out Cameron to him. "Do you know this woman?" he asked. "Ay, to be sure." "What character does she bear about here?" "A bad ain — nane worse, I reckon." "And her companion?" "About as bad — hae ye lost anything?" "No, no; but I wish to know her character." "They're na been a lang weel out of prison — Cameron and Ryan." "One's named Smith?" "Na!" "That one's named Smith," and Mr. Simmons indicated Jane Cameron. Here was a mystery that required clearing up. For the first time, a doubt of his wife shot through his brain; he began to think of how he had become acquainted with her, and what a little he knew of all her antecedents. He was no model character — fit for a novel, for instance — for he was naturally a suspicious man, a man who jumped readily at conclusions, shrewd and hard in his way. He went home, as Jane was afterwards, to cross-question his wife on the subject, and try to elicit the reason for her attempt to deceive him. "I've met your friend Smith tonight," he said. "Smith! what Smith!" "Jane Smith, who was here one morning when I came home from work." "Indeed!" was all that Mary could reply. "Her name is Smith, is it not?" was the careless question. Mary answered in the affirmative. "And you worked at the station-mill together, and you lied together in the closes?" Mary did not know what to answer, or what Jane might have told him if he had met her that night. She turned red and white as the approach of danger; but she did her best to meet it. "Yes, I lived together now and then." -" She's a bad character." "She was a good lassie when I knew her. She's been watched as a bad character by the police. Mary, you must have known this." Mary denied it; it was her last hope to cling to at this juncture, and she maintained her ignorance of the dark side of her old friend's character. Simmons affected to believe it, and, for a day or two, the storm which was threatening passed over. Mary, the husband, said it was her last hope to cling to at this juncture, and she made the acquaintance of one or two policemen, from whom he by degrees learned the whole truth. Piece by piece he gathered the whole history of Jane Cameron— -worse than that, the whole past history of Mary Loggie— -and then he sought Cameron again, and asked Her to come with him across the bridge. "What for?" "I want you to see Mary — will you come?" "I don't mind." Jane saw that something had gone wrong, and was a little curious, although timid. "She had a belief that Mr Simmons had discovered all, and she was anxious to see how Mary would stand against the attack, and what would become of her now all the truth had leaped to the light. So she went home with Mary's husband to see the end of it. When they took Jane home during her husband's absence, and showed her what a nice comfortable room she had. Just for once, if Jane would come, before they parted for ever! Jane hesitated, more for Mary Loggie's sake than her own; but Mary pressed the invitation upon her. There was nothing to fear— her husband would not be home till one o'clock; so the friends turned back, crossed the bridge, and went on to Mary Louie's lodging. Mrs. Simmonds, nee Loggie, rented apartments in a small house at the back of Pelham-street. She had put the Clyde between her and the old haunts; to live "over the water" was at least some sort of security. Mary, in her neatly-trimmed bonnet and decent dress, was a strange contrast to the bare-headed, loosely-clad companion at her side. Jane suggested, as they walked along, that she was hardly fit for her now. "Hoot away, I'm not at home with a bonnet on yet, Jennie," she replied; adding 'Here's the hoose, and there's nane to meet us and speerabootye. Mary opened the door with her key, and the two old pals went upstairs to the room on the first floor— a large room, forming "bedroom, parlor, and all, — plainly furnished, but, in its sizes, and general appearance, a palace to the astonished eyes of Cameron. "There, Jenny, is na that a bonnie hoose?" said Jane. "It just be," replied Jane. "Sit down and take a good hike at it— luke at the carpet, and the roses on the wall, lassie." Jane sat down, rested her hands on her knees, and looked round her very attentively. "Faith, Mary, ye are a lucky girl," she gasped at last. "It's not like the Vennel." "Nathin' like it — nathin'." Jane's description of this new "hoose," of her feelings at the sight of it, of the envy that stole into her heart and disturbed her equanimity, I should have liked to set down in her own broad accent— it affords an insight into that natural character which adverse circumstances had warper! and distorted. She felt as if she would have liked to have had a good cry at Mary's luck — then aggrieved that Mary should have attained to such an eminence above her, and been made an honest woman by doing so little to deserve it. There was a lump in her throat which she thought would suffocate her, and her knees knocked together in a strange manner that was altogether unaccountable. Here was the contrast between honesty and vice, and she felt how far she had drifted away from all that was good and praiseworthy, and how past praying and hoping for she was! "I ne'er knew how very bad I was until that day," she confessed; "and what made me feel such savage for a week was, that Mary Loggie had never deserved it." Still Jane Cameron was not an envious girl, and, the first pangs over, her evil temper subsided, and she congratulated Mary, in her own fashion, upon the rise in life for her. And Mary, who had strangely altered for the better, laughed and cried, told Jane of her fears lest the truth should escape, and her husband turned her out of doors, spoke of her love for this comforting, hard-working, earnest man, whom she was trying to deserve by a new and exemplary life. It was not a story of everyday occurrence—the moral was at least a bad one for Jane Cameron, who saw an old acquaintance raised to the greatness of being a carpenter's wife without an effort on her own part. Renentance for the past came after the "good luck;" any one might have turned better in such a way, said Jane Cameron. After the holidays, the ship's crew had to find her whereabouts. The time sped on without much heed being taken; there was Mary's set of best china tea-things to inspect, her Sunday gown for "kirk," her shoes for Sunday, the real bed which she had to lie on now. The bed was not quite all their property yet—it was being paid for in weekly installments, but they were getting on, and her "auld man, God bless him!" had been in full work for the last thirteen weeks. And, in the midst of Mary's display of household treasures to her enrapt observer, Mr Simmons came home ten minutes before his time, and found a Glasgie lassie sitting on the edge of a chair, talking to his young wife "That's his step," Mary had said when his feet were heard coming up the stairs. "My God, Jennie, sit ye still, and say naught, or sits up with me!" Jane's last remnant of envy or discontent vanished away, and fear for Mary was the sole sensation remaining. She felt that she could have done anything for Mary Loggie's sake—told any falsehood to screen her from discovery, and keep her from returning to that dark life whence she had emerged. "But I felt it was an atrocious squeak then, and my heart beat unco' fast." Mr Simmons entered; a middle-aged man, with a fierce expression of countenance, with iron-grey whiskers, and eyes that were very sharp and piercing, and looked hard at Jane Cameron, who rose, and in her enibarrawsrneut dropped a curtsey — the curtsey which she had been accustomed to make in Glasgow Prison to the governor, chaplain, head warder, and all visitors. The carpenter stared at Jane's respectful demeanor, and then turned to his wife, who was standing by the mantel-piece looking as white as a ghost, "This is Jennie Smith, who used to work with me at the cotton-mill, John," she said, suddenly dashing. At an explanation; "I met her on the bridge, and brought her home to see my new house." "How do you do, Miss Smith?" he paid, nodding his head towards her; "sit down, my lass — you're welcome." But Jane was only anxious to be gone before he should "get her face by heart," before any awkward questions should be asked, and one lie led to another until the whole false fabrication tottered over together. She was more confused than Mary, would have betrayed more to a man inclined to be suspicious just then, but Mr Simmons set it down to timidity and nervousness, and laughed very heartily at Jane's anxiety to depart. "You need not be afraid of me, my girl," he paid, cheerfully. "I shan't eat you. Don't run away, don't run away, just as if I'd frightened you out of the house." And so he had. Jane would listen to no entreaties to remain, but gathered her shawl around her, and made for the door and the staircase, without bidding even Mr Simmons good day. Mary 1 olio wed her in the passage, and caught our heroine by the arm; she was still white as death, with the horror of the fear that had beset her. "Dinna coom' again, Jennie— dinna ke:i me any mair, or I shall give mad. Dinna tell me that you had met me today." She did not shut the door after Jane, but stood watching her down, the street — making sure that every step took her farther and farther away from the home where discovery was death. This was Mary Simmons' first trial — there was a second and worse ordeal to pass, as our next chapter will relate. Mary Simmons must have experienced the feelings of Damocles during her stay in Glasgow. Large as the city was — boasting then its three or four hundred thousand inhabitants — it was not possible to tread the streets without occasionally meeting someone who belonged to the life she had abjured. Try how she might, and study how she might, a face or two occasionally would meet hers at which she recoiled, and the police on duty in the streets knew her still, and looked after her suspiciously, merely setting down Her new aspect in society to a disguise by which society was to be more fully imposed on. If her husband had left Glasgow, all would have been well, but he had found a means of living there, and was therefore inclined to remain. When Cameron had turned back with her to the Gorbals, Mary had told her, how on the preceding Sunday, her husband and she had walked down High street, and how her heart had beaten with every step which took her along the old field of guilty action, and passed the entrances to the closes, whereat so many of the old companions were lingering. She passed through unrecognized; but it had been a terrible ordeal, and sooner or later she felt something must occur to dash down the screen between her and the truth. She was not a strong-minded woman, and had not the courage to confers all to her husband — she hoped against hope, and kept to her own side of the river as much possible. She had been close to the truth when her husband had come home, and found Jane Cameron there, but she hoped that she had escaped the revelation forever after that — she was to see Jane Cameron no more, and her husband had faith in her. For her part in this story, she had not the courage to confess. It is by the merest chance in the world that this story of Mary Loggie's, stranger than fiction, finds its way into print. Pull of her own trials and troubles, Cameron would have proceeded steadily onwards with the recapitulation of her own history, and have left the characters which flit across her story to sink away without an explanation. Gate, when he came face to face with Jane Cameron. This was a month after the meeting with her at her own room; but his was a retentive memory, and he recognized her at once. On her own ground, Jane Cameron objected to the recognition, and felt embarrassed by it. 17.
| 2,193 |
2018/62017CA0296/62017CA0296_ES.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,018 |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 206 | 432 |
C_2019016ES.01001401.xml
14.1.2019
ES
Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea
C 16/14
Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia (Sala Cuarta) de 14 de noviembre de 2018 (petición de decisión prejudicial planteada por el Varhoven kasatsionen sad — Bulgaria) — Wiemer & Trachte GmbH, en liquidación / Zhan Oved Tadzher
(Asunto C-296/17) (1)
([Procedimiento prejudicial - Cooperación judicial en materia civil - Procedimientos de insolvencia - Reglamento (CE) n.o 1346/2000 - Artículo 3, apartado 1 - Competencia internacional - Acción revocatoria - Competencia exclusiva de los tribunales del Estado miembro en cuyo territorio se haya abierto el procedimiento de insolvencia])
(2019/C 16/16)
Lengua de procedimiento: búlgaro
Órgano jurisdiccional remitente
Varhoven kasatsionen sad (Bulgaria)
Partes en el procedimiento principal
Demandante: Wiemer & Trachte GmbH, en liquidación
Demandada: Zhan Oved Tadzher
Fallo
El artículo 3, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 1346/2000 del Consejo, de 29 de mayo de 2000, sobre procedimientos de insolvencia, debe interpretarse en el sentido de que la competencia de los tribunales del Estado miembro en cuyo territorio se haya abierto el procedimiento de insolvencia para conocer de una acción revocatoria por insolvencia ejercitada contra un demandado cuyo domicilio o sede se encuentre en otro Estado miembro es de carácter exclusivo.
(1) DO C 256 de 7.8.2017.
| 22,766 |
https://github.com/andreypp28/mediadesign-ecommerce-laravel/blob/master/app/Models/CardCategory.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
mediadesign-ecommerce-laravel
|
andreypp28
|
PHP
|
Code
| 90 | 304 |
<?php
namespace App\Models;
use Cviebrock\EloquentSluggable\SluggableInterface;
use Cviebrock\EloquentSluggable\SluggableTrait;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class CardCategory extends Model implements SluggableInterface
{
use SluggableTrait;
/**
* The database table used by the model.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $table = 'card_categories';
protected $sluggable = [
'build_from' => 'name',
'save_to' => 'slug',
'on_update' => true,
];
protected static function boot() {
parent::boot();
static::deleting(function($card) { // before delete() method call this
$card->cards()->delete();
});
}
public function cards()
{
return $this->hasMany('App\Models\Card', 'category_id');
}
public function getUri()
{
return $this->slug;
}
public function getUrl()
{
return url($this->getUri());
}
}
| 14,055 |
https://github.com/cp16net/trove/blob/master/trove/tests/unittests/backup/test_backup_models.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
trove
|
cp16net
|
Python
|
Code
| 972 | 5,406 |
# Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import datetime
from mock import DEFAULT
from mock import MagicMock
from mock import patch
from trove.backup import models
from trove.backup import state
from trove.common import context
from trove.common import exception
from trove.common import utils
from trove.instance import models as instance_models
from trove.taskmanager import api
from trove.tests.unittests import trove_testtools
from trove.tests.unittests.util import util
def _prep_conf(current_time):
current_time = str(current_time)
_context = context.TroveContext(tenant='TENANT-' + current_time)
instance_id = 'INSTANCE-' + current_time
return _context, instance_id
BACKUP_NAME = 'WORKS'
BACKUP_NAME_2 = 'IT-WORKS'
BACKUP_NAME_3 = 'SECOND-LAST-ONE'
BACKUP_NAME_4 = 'LAST-ONE-FULL'
BACKUP_NAME_5 = 'LAST-ONE-INCREMENTAL'
BACKUP_NAME_6 = 'LAST-ONE-DELETED'
BACKUP_STATE = state.BackupState.NEW
BACKUP_STATE_COMPLETED = state.BackupState.COMPLETED
BACKUP_DESC = 'Backup test'
BACKUP_FILENAME = '45a3d8cb-ade8-484c-a8a5-0c3c7286fb2f.xbstream.gz'
BACKUP_LOCATION = 'https://hpcs.com/tenant/database_backups/' + BACKUP_FILENAME
class BackupCreateTest(trove_testtools.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(BackupCreateTest, self).setUp()
util.init_db()
self.context, self.instance_id = _prep_conf(utils.utcnow())
self.created = False
def tearDown(self):
super(BackupCreateTest, self).tearDown()
if self.created:
models.DBBackup.find_by(
tenant_id=self.context.tenant).delete()
@patch.object(api.API, 'get_client', MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock()))
def test_create(self):
instance = MagicMock()
with patch.object(instance_models.BuiltInstance, 'load',
return_value=instance):
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
return_value=None)
instance.datastore_version = MagicMock()
instance.datastore_version.id = 'datastore-id-999'
instance.cluster_id = None
with patch.multiple(models.Backup,
validate_can_perform_action=DEFAULT,
verify_swift_auth_token=DEFAULT):
with patch.object(api.API, 'create_backup',
MagicMock(return_value=None)):
bu = models.Backup.create(self.context, self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME, BACKUP_DESC)
self.created = True
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_NAME, bu.name)
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_DESC, bu.description)
self.assertEqual(self.instance_id, bu.instance_id)
self.assertEqual(state.BackupState.NEW, bu.state)
db_record = models.DBBackup.find_by(id=bu.id)
self.assertEqual(bu.id, db_record['id'])
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_NAME, db_record['name'])
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_DESC, db_record['description'])
self.assertEqual(self.instance_id,
db_record['instance_id'])
self.assertEqual(state.BackupState.NEW,
db_record['state'])
self.assertEqual(instance.datastore_version.id,
db_record['datastore_version_id'])
@patch.object(api.API, 'get_client', MagicMock(return_value=MagicMock()))
def test_create_incremental(self):
instance = MagicMock()
parent = MagicMock(spec=models.DBBackup)
with patch.object(instance_models.BuiltInstance, 'load',
return_value=instance):
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
return_value=None)
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
return_value=None)
instance.datastore_version = MagicMock()
instance.datastore_version.id = 'datastore-id-999'
instance.cluster_id = None
with patch.multiple(models.Backup,
validate_can_perform_action=DEFAULT,
verify_swift_auth_token=DEFAULT,
get_by_id=MagicMock(return_value=parent)):
with patch.object(api.API, 'create_backup',
MagicMock(return_value=None)):
incremental = models.Backup.create(
self.context,
self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME,
BACKUP_DESC,
parent_id='parent_uuid')
self.created = True
db_record = models.DBBackup.find_by(id=incremental.id)
self.assertEqual(incremental.id,
db_record['id'])
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_NAME,
db_record['name'])
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_DESC,
db_record['description'])
self.assertEqual(self.instance_id,
db_record['instance_id'])
self.assertEqual(state.BackupState.NEW,
db_record['state'])
self.assertEqual('parent_uuid',
db_record['parent_id'])
self.assertEqual(instance.datastore_version.id,
db_record['datastore_version_id'])
def test_create_instance_not_found(self):
self.assertRaises(exception.NotFound, models.Backup.create,
self.context, self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME, BACKUP_DESC)
def test_create_incremental_not_found(self):
instance = MagicMock()
with patch.object(instance_models.BuiltInstance, 'load',
return_value=instance):
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
return_value=None)
instance.cluster_id = None
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'validate_can_perform_action',
return_value=None):
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'verify_swift_auth_token',
return_value=None):
self.assertRaises(exception.NotFound, models.Backup.create,
self.context, self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME, BACKUP_DESC,
parent_id='BAD')
def test_create_instance_not_active(self):
instance = MagicMock()
with patch.object(instance_models.BuiltInstance, 'load',
return_value=instance):
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
side_effect=exception.UnprocessableEntity)
self.assertRaises(exception.UnprocessableEntity,
models.Backup.create,
self.context, self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME, BACKUP_DESC)
def test_create_backup_swift_token_invalid(self):
instance = MagicMock()
with patch.object(instance_models.BuiltInstance, 'load',
return_value=instance):
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
return_value=None)
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'validate_can_perform_action',
return_value=None):
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'verify_swift_auth_token',
side_effect=exception.SwiftAuthError):
self.assertRaises(exception.SwiftAuthError,
models.Backup.create,
self.context, self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME, BACKUP_DESC)
def test_create_backup_datastore_operation_not_supported(self):
instance = MagicMock()
with patch.object(instance_models.BuiltInstance, 'load',
return_value=instance):
instance.validate_can_perform_action = MagicMock(
return_value=None)
with patch.object(
models.Backup, 'validate_can_perform_action',
side_effect=exception.DatastoreOperationNotSupported
):
self.assertRaises(exception.DatastoreOperationNotSupported,
models.Backup.create,
self.context, self.instance_id,
BACKUP_NAME, BACKUP_DESC)
class BackupDeleteTest(trove_testtools.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(BackupDeleteTest, self).setUp()
util.init_db()
self.context, self.instance_id = _prep_conf(utils.utcnow())
def tearDown(self):
super(BackupDeleteTest, self).tearDown()
def test_delete_backup_not_found(self):
self.assertRaises(exception.NotFound, models.Backup.delete,
self.context, 'backup-id')
def test_delete_backup_is_running(self):
backup = MagicMock()
backup.is_running = True
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'get_by_id', return_value=backup):
self.assertRaises(exception.UnprocessableEntity,
models.Backup.delete, self.context, 'backup_id')
def test_delete_backup_swift_token_invalid(self):
backup = MagicMock()
backup.is_running = False
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'get_by_id', return_value=backup):
with patch.object(models.Backup, 'verify_swift_auth_token',
side_effect=exception.SwiftAuthError):
self.assertRaises(exception.SwiftAuthError,
models.Backup.delete,
self.context, 'backup_id')
class BackupORMTest(trove_testtools.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(BackupORMTest, self).setUp()
util.init_db()
self.context, self.instance_id = _prep_conf(utils.utcnow())
self.backup = models.DBBackup.create(tenant_id=self.context.tenant,
name=BACKUP_NAME,
state=BACKUP_STATE,
instance_id=self.instance_id,
deleted=False,
size=2.0,
location=BACKUP_LOCATION)
self.deleted = False
def tearDown(self):
super(BackupORMTest, self).tearDown()
if not self.deleted:
models.DBBackup.find_by(tenant_id=self.context.tenant).delete()
def test_list(self):
backups, marker = models.Backup.list(self.context)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
self.assertEqual(1, len(backups))
def test_list_for_instance(self):
models.DBBackup.create(tenant_id=self.context.tenant,
name=BACKUP_NAME_2,
state=BACKUP_STATE,
instance_id=self.instance_id,
size=2.0,
deleted=False)
backups, marker = models.Backup.list_for_instance(self.context,
self.instance_id)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
self.assertEqual(2, len(backups))
def test_get_last_completed(self):
models.DBBackup.create(tenant_id=self.context.tenant,
name=BACKUP_NAME_3,
state=BACKUP_STATE_COMPLETED,
instance_id=self.instance_id,
size=2.0,
deleted=False)
models.DBBackup.create(tenant_id=self.context.tenant,
name=BACKUP_NAME_4,
state=BACKUP_STATE_COMPLETED,
instance_id=self.instance_id,
size=2.0,
deleted=False)
models.DBBackup.create(tenant_id=self.context.tenant,
name=BACKUP_NAME_5,
state=BACKUP_STATE_COMPLETED,
instance_id=self.instance_id,
parent_id='parent_uuid',
size=2.0,
deleted=False)
models.DBBackup.create(tenant_id=self.context.tenant,
name=BACKUP_NAME_6,
state=BACKUP_STATE_COMPLETED,
instance_id=self.instance_id,
size=2.0,
deleted=True)
backup = models.Backup.get_last_completed(
self.context, self.instance_id, include_incremental=True)
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_NAME_5, backup.name)
backup = models.Backup.get_last_completed(
self.context, self.instance_id, include_incremental=False)
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_NAME_4, backup.name)
def test_running(self):
running = models.Backup.running(instance_id=self.instance_id)
self.assertTrue(running)
def test_not_running(self):
not_running = models.Backup.running(instance_id='non-existent')
self.assertFalse(not_running)
def test_running_exclude(self):
not_running = models.Backup.running(instance_id=self.instance_id,
exclude=self.backup.id)
self.assertFalse(not_running)
def test_is_running(self):
self.assertTrue(self.backup.is_running)
def test_is_done(self):
self.backup.state = state.BackupState.COMPLETED
self.backup.save()
self.assertTrue(self.backup.is_done)
def test_not_is_running(self):
self.backup.state = state.BackupState.COMPLETED
self.backup.save()
self.assertFalse(self.backup.is_running)
def test_not_is_done(self):
self.assertFalse(self.backup.is_done)
def test_backup_size(self):
db_record = models.DBBackup.find_by(id=self.backup.id)
self.assertEqual(self.backup.size, db_record.size)
def test_backup_delete(self):
backup = models.DBBackup.find_by(id=self.backup.id)
backup.delete()
backups, marker = models.Backup.list_for_instance(self.context,
self.instance_id)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
self.assertEqual(0, len(backups))
def test_delete(self):
self.backup.delete()
db_record = models.DBBackup.find_by(id=self.backup.id, deleted=True)
self.assertEqual(self.instance_id, db_record['instance_id'])
def test_deleted_not_running(self):
self.backup.delete()
self.assertFalse(models.Backup.running(self.instance_id))
def test_filename(self):
self.assertEqual(BACKUP_FILENAME, self.backup.filename)
class PaginationTests(trove_testtools.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(PaginationTests, self).setUp()
util.init_db()
self.context, self.instance_id = _prep_conf(utils.utcnow())
# Create a bunch of backups
bkup_info = {
'tenant_id': self.context.tenant,
'state': BACKUP_STATE,
'instance_id': self.instance_id,
'size': 2.0,
'deleted': False
}
for backup in xrange(50):
bkup_info.update({'name': 'Backup-%s' % backup})
models.DBBackup.create(**bkup_info)
def tearDown(self):
super(PaginationTests, self).tearDown()
query = models.DBBackup.query()
query.filter_by(instance_id=self.instance_id).delete()
def test_pagination_list(self):
# page one
backups, marker = models.Backup.list(self.context)
self.assertEqual(20, marker)
self.assertEqual(20, len(backups))
# page two
self.context.marker = 20
backups, marker = models.Backup.list(self.context)
self.assertEqual(40, marker)
self.assertEqual(20, len(backups))
# page three
self.context.marker = 40
backups, marker = models.Backup.list(self.context)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
self.assertEqual(10, len(backups))
def test_pagination_list_for_instance(self):
# page one
backups, marker = models.Backup.list_for_instance(self.context,
self.instance_id)
self.assertEqual(20, marker)
self.assertEqual(20, len(backups))
# page two
self.context.marker = 20
backups, marker = models.Backup.list(self.context)
self.assertEqual(40, marker)
self.assertEqual(20, len(backups))
# page three
self.context.marker = 40
backups, marker = models.Backup.list_for_instance(self.context,
self.instance_id)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
self.assertEqual(10, len(backups))
class OrderingTests(trove_testtools.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(OrderingTests, self).setUp()
util.init_db()
now = utils.utcnow()
self.context, self.instance_id = _prep_conf(now)
info = {
'tenant_id': self.context.tenant,
'state': BACKUP_STATE,
'instance_id': self.instance_id,
'size': 2.0,
'deleted': False
}
four = now - datetime.timedelta(days=4)
one = now - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
three = now - datetime.timedelta(days=3)
two = now - datetime.timedelta(days=2)
# Create backups out of order, save/create set the 'updated' field,
# so we need to use the db_api directly.
models.DBBackup().db_api.save(
models.DBBackup(name='four', updated=four,
id=utils.generate_uuid(), **info))
models.DBBackup().db_api.save(
models.DBBackup(name='one', updated=one,
id=utils.generate_uuid(), **info))
models.DBBackup().db_api.save(
models.DBBackup(name='three', updated=three,
id=utils.generate_uuid(), **info))
models.DBBackup().db_api.save(
models.DBBackup(name='two', updated=two,
id=utils.generate_uuid(), **info))
def tearDown(self):
super(OrderingTests, self).tearDown()
query = models.DBBackup.query()
query.filter_by(instance_id=self.instance_id).delete()
def test_list(self):
backups, marker = models.Backup.list(self.context)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
actual = [b.name for b in backups]
expected = [u'one', u'two', u'three', u'four']
self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
def test_list_for_instance(self):
backups, marker = models.Backup.list_for_instance(self.context,
self.instance_id)
self.assertIsNone(marker)
actual = [b.name for b in backups]
expected = [u'one', u'two', u'three', u'four']
self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
| 43,366 |
1386814_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 711 | 1,087 |
812 P.2d 25 (1991)
LITTLE DONKEY ENTERPRISES, INC., Petitioner,
v.
STATE ACCIDENT INSURANCE FUND, Respondent.
88-11-01; CA A63546.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Argued and Submitted January 7, 1991.
Decided May 29, 1991.
Montgomery W. Cobb, Portland, argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief were David R. Simon and Tooze, Shenker, Holloway & Duden, Portland.
*26 John T. Bagg, Asst. Atty. Gen., Salem, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Dave Frohnmayer, Atty. Gen., and Virginia L. Linder, Sol. Gen., Salem.
Before WARREN, P.J., and RIGGS and EDMONDS, JJ.
RIGGS, Judge.
Petitioner seeks review of the final order of the Department of Insurance and Finance that ordered petitioner to pay workers' compensation premiums assessed by SAIF. We review for substantial evidence and errors of law, ORS 183.480; ORS 183.482, and conclude that substantial evidence supports the department's factual findings and that it did not err in determining that the workers in question are employees rather than independent contractors. However, the department failed to consider whether those employees are exempt as non-subject workers under ORS 656.027.
Petitioner argues that the department erred in finding that the testimony of petitioner's witnesses lacked credibility; in finding that OAR 836-43-110(3) does not apply to the audit; in finding that the workers are petitioner's employees rather than independent contractors; and in failing to consider whether the workers are exempt under ORS 656.027. Only the last contention merits discussion.
Petitioner characterizes itself as a transportation management company. It enters into contracts with persons who own and operate trucks (owner-operators) and arranges loads for them to transport. It collects payments from the shippers for the transportation provided and pays the owner-operators a percentage of that amount. It also handles the accounting for the owner-operators.
SAIF provided petitioner workers' compensation coverage from November 11, 1986, through December 31, 1987. After an audit, SAIF adjusted the premiums for that period, because it considered the owner-operators under written contract with petitioner to be employees subject to the Workers' Compensation Law. Petitioner was assessed additional premiums of $43,000.
Petitioner requested review of the assessment. At the hearing, the department found that petitioner's relationships with the owner-operators involved three types of operations: common-carrier, broker-carrier and trip-leasing. The department found that, under the contract for common-carrier operations, petitioner retains the right to control the owner-operators' duties and responsibilities and that, therefore, they are petitioner's employees.
The department did not address petitioner's contention that the owner-operators are exempt under ORS 656.027. SAIF argues that the department was not obliged to discuss the statutory exemptions because, to be exempt under the current version of ORS 656.027(7), a sole proprietor must qualify as an independent contractor and the department had already determined that the owner-operators do not qualify. The language on which SAIF relies, that "the sole proprietor must qualify as an independent contractor," was added in 1989. Or. Laws 1989, ch. 762, § 41. The same language was also added to the exemptions for partners and corporate officers in ORS 656.027(8) and (9). At the time of the audit, the statute read:
"All workers are subject to ORS 656.001 to 656.794 except those nonsubject workers described in the following subsections:
"* * * * *
"(7) Sole proprietors."
Under the statute, sole proprietors were exempt, even if they did not qualify as independent contractors.[1] The same was true for partners and corporate officers *27 under ORS 656.027(8) and (9). The department should have considered whether the owner-operators are exempt as non-subject workers under the pre-amendment version of ORS 656.027. Therefore, we remand for reconsideration.
Reversed and remanded for reconsideration of whether owner-operators are exempt as non-subject workers; otherwise affirmed.
NOTES
[1] In Bernards v. Wright, 93 Or. App. 192, 760 P.2d 1388 (1988), the claimant was found to be an employee, rather than an independent contractor, but was not exempt as a sole proprietor under ORS 656.027(7), because the employer did not prove that the claimant was a sole proprietor. The clear implication of that case is that, if the employer had proved that the claimant was a sole proprietor, the exemption would have applied. See also Lockard v. The Murphy Company, 49 Or. App. 101, 109 n. 6, 619 P.2d 283 (1980), rev. den. 290 Or. 519 (1981).
| 2,885 |
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikozuriya
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Glikozuriya
|
https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glikozuriya&action=history
|
Uzbek
|
Spoken
| 91 | 292 |
Glikozuriya (glyukoza va yun. uron — siydik) — siydik bilan kand (glyukoza) chiqishi. Asosan giperglikemiyaaan keyin kuzatiladi. Buyrak kanalchalarining reabsorbsiya qilish xossasi susayganda roʻy beradi, shuningdek, qandli diabetga xos belgilardan biri hisoblanadi. Qandli diabet bilan ogʻrigan bemor qonida qand koʻpayadi, bu siydikda qand boʻlishiga olib keladi. Normal siydikda qand boʻlmaydi. Alimentar (qand koʻp isteʼmol qilinganda), reflektor (hayajonlanish, stress holatlarida bir lahzada oʻtib ketadi), diabeti k va buyrak xili ajratiladi. Nerv va endokrin sistema faoliyati buzilganda, buyrak kasalliklari, turli zaharlanishlar, homiladorlik toksikozlarida ham G. kuzatilishi mumkin.
Adabiyotlar
OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
| 5,107 |
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cechtice
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Čechtice
|
https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Čechtice&action=history
|
Hungarian
|
Spoken
| 27 | 85 |
Čechtice település Csehországban, a Benešovi járásban.
Népesség
A település lakosságának változását az alábbi diagram mutatja:
Jegyzetek
További információk
A Benešovi járás települései
Bottal létrehozott cseh település cikkek
| 4,299 |
https://github.com/fanruan/intelli-swift-core/blob/master/swift-base/swift-base-common/src/main/java/com/fr/swift/cloud/util/concurrent/CommonExecutor.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
intelli-swift-core
|
fanruan
|
Java
|
Code
| 44 | 139 |
package com.fr.swift.cloud.util.concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
/**
* @author anchore
* @date 2018/6/14
*/
public class CommonExecutor {
private ExecutorService exec = SwiftExecutors.newFixedThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(), new PoolThreadFactory(getClass()));
public static ExecutorService get() {
return INSTANCE.exec;
}
private static final CommonExecutor INSTANCE = new CommonExecutor();
private CommonExecutor() {
}
}
| 22,804 |
sn82015679_1896-08-26_1_6_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,896 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,774 | 2,554 |
GROVER'S NEW ADVISER "DAVE'S FRANCIS A MAN AFTER CLEVELAND'S OWN HEART. Something About the New Secretary of the Interior Carlisle Whipped Into Line Again. Special to the Indianapolis Journal. WASHINGTON, Aug. 2. - Ex-Governor Francis, of Missouri, who has been appointed Secretary of the Interior to succeed Hoke Smith, resigned, is a Cleveland man after the President's own heart, and he has shared the fate of all other Cleveland men. When "Dave" Francis defeated old "Garden Sass" Cockrell for the gubernatorial nomination in Missouri years ago, he was recognized as the coming man in Missouri politics. For a while he dictated Missouri politics absolutely. Then he joined the Cleveland camp, became the President's "grand alarmer" of all the federal patronage in Missouri, and today it is doubtful if Mr. Francis could rally five thousand votes out of the hundreds of thousands of Democratic voters in Missouri. Mr. Cleveland's admiration for Francis was without limit. Every appointment that he made in Missouri was dictated by Governor Francis. He absolutely ignored Senators Cockrell and Vest, and in the case of the latter carried this disregard of senatorial prerogative to open contempt. At the request of Mr. Francis President Cleveland had appointed Mr. Samuel Priest a federal judge for the Eastern district of Missouri. Mr. Priest was an excellent lawyer, but he had been for years Mr. Gould's attorney for the Missouri Pacific railroad, and his appointment was very unpopular. Mr. Cleveland paid no heed to the protest, but Mr. Priest, after a few months' service, retired from his position. He wrote out his resignation, but instead of forwarding it to the President, handed it to Mr. Francis. Francis placed the resignation in his pocket, came on to Washington, saw the President, and in half an hour's interview had Priest's resignation accepted and the appointment of Mr. George Adams, a personal friend, made out. Senator Vest, of Missouri, had been for twelve years a member of the Judiciary committee. As a Senator from Missouri and a member of that committee, which decides the disqualifications of federal appointments, he had a right to demand that he be consulted, but Mr. Vest's first knowledge of Mr. Priest's resignation was when he read in the afternoon paper that his successor, Mr. Adams, had been appointed. When Postmaster-general Bissell announced his determination to retire from the Cabinet, President Cleveland had selected ex-Governor Francis as his successor and he intended to send Wilson to Mexico to succeed the late Governor Gray, of Indiana. Mr. Wilson wanted the place, and said so very frankly. Consequently, when at the last moment President Cleveland, for reasons which it is not necessary to enter into at this moment, changed his plans and named Senator Ransom, of North Carolina, for the Mexican mission, Mr. Wilson was indignant, and he placed no limits on the passionate language in which he denounced the "chief of Muscovy drakes," as he dubbed Mr. Ransom, who had robbed him of the coveted post. So great was the outcry of protest raised by Wilson's friends that President Cleveland was reluctantly compelled to shelve Francis and give the Postmaster-generalship to Wilson. (Francis accepted the situation very gracefully, and it is believed that he recently intimated to the President that Secretary Smith's retirement afforded an opportunity to cancel this outstanding obligation. Francis is no lawyer and it has been held by every President that the Secretary of the Interior should be an excellent lawyer, for nearly every case coming before that department is one involving some fine legal technicality. But his friends claim that the department is full of good lawyers who can do the work and that as he has millions of money he can entertain lavishly this winter and so let the Cleveland administration go out in a blaze of social splendor, the only distinction that is apt to mark its declining days. The circumstances attending Mr. Smith's resignation would seem to indicate that President Cleveland has whipped his recalcitrant Secretary of the Treasury into line again, as he has done so frequently before. Mr. Smith's first letter of resignation was largely tentative. It was spiked with "lots" and "ands." But the very news that it had been tendered was received by the Democratic press and especially in Georgia with such acclaim that Mr. Smith was carried off his feet. He knew that if he served out his term in the Cabinet he would return to Georgia a political ghost, where as a dignified martyrdom would repay very handsomely. After waiting a reasonable time on the President he wrote a second letter, again tendering his resignation, this time made conditional solely on the President's opposition to the Chicago ticket. Then the resignation was promptly accepted. From this fact those members of the Cabinet who had intended to support the Democratic ticket, but remain in the Cabinet, took their cue. It is certain that Mr. Carlisle had intended to vote for Bryan and Sewall. He told Senator Lindsay so and Senator Lindsay felt himself at liberty to announce that fact. He told another very prominent Democrat in this city that he intended to pursue the same course in the presidential campaign which he had followed in the Kentucky State campaign, that he meant to say nothing at all and a very good man. But since his visit to Gray Gables, the secretary has again displayed his usual vacillating nature and it need not surprise anyone to have him declare for the third ticket which will be nominated at Indianapolis. So, too, it is believed now that Mr. Wilson will listen to the crack of The whole and come into line. HOKE SMITH'S PLANS. He Will Moke Two or Three Political Speeches in Georgia. WASHINGTON, Aug. 25.-Secretary Hoke Smith briefly outlined his plans in an interview today: He said: "I will retire from office on Sept. 1, and it is my purpose to return to Atlanta at once. My resignation was due alone to the fact that I intend to support Bryan and Sewall. I have always voted the regular Democratic ticket, and shall make no exception this year. It is my purpose to devote my time to the practice of law and to my private business. I have, however, signified my willingness to make two or three speeches in Georgia for the state and national tickets, but the time I must devote to my professional and private business will not permit me to enter actively into the campaign outside my own State." Ex-Governor Francis, Secretary Smith's successor, will reach Washington sometime before Tuesday, and is now closing up his affairs in Missouri. He has already formally signified his readiness to qualify on the 1st proximo, when the resignation of Mr. Smith takes effect. The latter will leave immediately for the South. Fatents Granted Indians. Special to the Indianapolis Journal. WASHINGTON, Aug. -Patents were granted residents of Indiana today as follows: Frank Alderman, Fort Wayne, washing machine; Henry Behrens, Huntingburg, assignor to Indiana Manufacturing Company, Indianapolis, pneumatic straw stacker; Samuel Bufkin, assignor to Indiana Manufacturing Company, Indianapolis, threshing and separating machinery; John E. Clark, assignor to T. Teuchent. In Indianapolis, harness; Marion T. Deck. Mr. Ton, wire bender; Henry French, Elkhart, reciprocating saw; Gustave Brassow, Indianapolis, game board; Jeremiah J. Kelley and H. Irwin, Frankfort, state base; Christian A. Slegel, Indianapolis, pneumatic inkstand; William Stephen, Fort Wayne, car bolster; Amle E. Stout, assignor of one-half to F. W. Kammann, Aaron, buggy-top attachment; Mike W. Thomas, Dunrclth, cultivator. DELICIOUS DESSERTS can be made from NONE SUCH Mince Meat. Plum Pudding, Mince Pie, I run with the skin, I tried to try your VERELL-SOLON CO., Jf J A CRY OF "WARNING. I suffered for years and years with Tomb and kidney trouble in their worst forms. I suffered for years and years with rheumatism and kidney trouble in my back; I had terrible pains in my abdomen and back; I had the blues all the time, rascals to every one; but Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound has entirely cured me of all my pains. I cannot praise it enough, and cry kind to all women that their suffering is unnecessary; go to your drug store and get a bottle that you may try. It is anyway. You owe this chance of recovery to yourself." Mrs. J. Stesaw, 2218 Amber St., Kensington, Phila., Pa. Best and cheapest food is Bread; and the BEST of BREAD is BRYCE'S. See that your grocer gives it to you. SUMMER STOUES GAS RANGES, GAS STOVES. HOT PLATCO All kinds. Lilly & Stalnaker, 64 a Washington St, EDUCATIONAL. Educate for Real Life at the Permanent High School. OSKESS OVERSIT V. B. A. K. Established 1887. Classes in all disciplines. Mulls are taught from, Vrw and students are taught. Wan follows J. J. BZSB, professional. GIRL'S CLASSICAL SCHOOL FIFTEENTH YEAR. Opens Sept. 22. Preparatory for all College and admitting women. Its graduates are admitted on certificates to Smith, Welletley, Vastar, Michigan University, University of Chicago, and other leading Colleges. Faculty includes eighteen instructors. Special courses for students not preparing for Colleges, OTMNASIUM, excellent courses in Music and Art. Handsome accommodations for boarding pupils. THEODORE L. SEWALL, Founder. MAT WEST 6EWALL, Principal. 243 North Pennsylvania street. Send for Catalogue. Indianapolis, Ind. FOR SALE. COLLEGE for city and health location, fifteen miles north of Cincinnati. Full course of study, and College. Best facilities in practice, Art, etc., with home care Bronze and Aluminum Castings. a speciality. 110 to 116 S. Penn. St. Tel. 610. POPULAR Republican League Convention MILWAUKEE, WIS., AUGUST 20, 27, -VIA- Pennsylvania Lines 7.5 round trip via Chicago and rail. 18.60 round trip via Chicago and boat. Tickets sold Aug. 23 and 21. All trains by this route enter the Chicago Union Passenger Station. Ticket offices: No. 48 West Washington street. No. 46 Jackson place. Massachusetts avenue and Union Station. ROCKWELL D. P. A. E. A. FORD. Gen. Pass. At. Vandalia Line for Evansville, Ind. NO TRANSFER. Leave Indianapolis daily 7:20 a.m., 8:10 a.m., 12:40 noon, 11:20 p.m. Direct connections made in Terre Haute Union Station with all L. & T. H. trains. Through sleeper on 11:20 p.m. train, open every night at Ticket Offices, No. 48 West Washington street, No. 4 Jackson place, Union Station GEO. E. ROCKWELL, D. P. A. E. A. FORD, General Passenger Agent. "Velvet Inn" Highly delightful summer resort. Good bathing, bathing, etc. Special rates during September. For rates and information address MAHCUS G. STIMMEL, Lessee and Manager. Wawasee, Ind. SPAM, STENCILS, STAMPS, STENCILS, STENCILS, STAMPS, etc. The Sunday Journal, by Hail, 2 1 cent Mr. A. M. W i, Si BLAIR sear. MMPflEsa umiforhs. f?fnT7flAVE I'- -ScAIALCCUEIRI.
| 24,490 |
https://github.com/MOZGIII/dphx/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,021 |
dphx
|
MOZGIII
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 16 | 26 |
# Example settings don't go in the repo
/.env
# Do not include built binaries
/dist
| 20,756 |
https://github.com/Reddit-Mud/RMUD/blob/master/Core/Core/FormatMessage.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,015 |
RMUD
|
Reddit-Mud
|
C#
|
Code
| 768 | 1,966 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Reflection;
namespace RMUD
{
/// <summary>
/// Contains helper functions for parsing messages.
/// </summary>
internal static class MessageFormatParser
{
/// <summary>
/// Parses a number, which may be multiple digits.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="From"></param>
/// <param name="Number"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static bool ReadNumber(StringIterator From, out int Number)
{
Number = 0;
var digitString = "";
while (!From.AtEnd && IsDigit(From.Next))
{
digitString += From.Next;
From.Advance();
}
if (digitString.Length == 0) return false;
Number = Convert.ToInt32(digitString);
return true;
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="c"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static bool IsDigit(char c)
{
return c >= '0' && c <= '9';
}
/// <summary>
/// A specifier is some block of text contained in < >, such as '<a1>'. While specifiers always follow the form
/// 'labelNUMBER', this parser will happily accept specifiers missing one or both parts.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="From"></param>
/// <param name="Type">Out parameter. Set to the label parsed from the specifier. Blank if no label found.</param>
/// <param name="Index">Out parameter. Set to the value of the integer index parsed from the specifier. 0 if no index found.</param>
/// <returns>True if parsing succeeded, false if parsing failed</returns>
internal static bool ReadSpecifier(StringIterator From, out String Type, out int Index)
{
Type = "";
Index = 0;
if (From.Next != '<') return false;
From.Advance();
while (!From.AtEnd && From.Next != '>' && !IsDigit(From.Next))
{
Type += From.Next;
From.Advance();
}
if (IsDigit(From.Next)) if (!ReadNumber(From, out Index)) return false;
if (From.AtEnd || From.Next != '>') return false;
From.Advance();
return true;
}
}
public static partial class Core
{
/// <summary>
/// Parse and format a message intended for a specific recipient.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Recipient"></param>
/// <param name="Message">The message, possibly containing specifiers.</param>
/// <param name="Objects">Specifier indicies refer to this list of objects.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static String FormatMessage(Actor Recipient, String Message, params Object[] Objects)
{
//A leading @ indicates that the message should be interpretted as an entry in the global message table.
if (Message[0] == '@') Message = Core.GetMessage(Message.Substring(1));
var formattedMessage = new StringBuilder();
var iterator = new StringIterator(Message);
while (!iterator.AtEnd)
{
if (iterator.Next == '<') //We have located a specifier.
{
var type = "";
var index = 0;
if (MessageFormatParser.ReadSpecifier(iterator, out type, out index))
{
if (index < 0 || index >= Objects.Length) continue; //A blank in the output is preferable to crashing.
#region Expand Specifier
if (type == "the" && Objects[index] is MudObject)
{
//'the' overrides the object's article property.
formattedMessage.Append(GlobalRules.ConsiderValueRule<String>("printed name", Recipient, Objects[index], "the"));
}
else if (type == "a" && Objects[index] is MudObject)
{
formattedMessage.Append(GlobalRules.ConsiderValueRule<String>("printed name", Recipient, Objects[index], (Objects[index] as MudObject).Article));
}
else if (type == "l") //No connective clause is used for this style of list. eg 1, 2, 3.
{
FormatList(Recipient, Objects[index], formattedMessage, "");
}
else if (type == "lor") //Use or. eg 1, 2, or 3.
{
FormatList(Recipient, Objects[index], formattedMessage, "or");
}
else if (type == "land") //Use and. eg 1, 2, and 3.
{
FormatList(Recipient, Objects[index], formattedMessage, "and");
}
else if (type == "lnor") //Use nor. eg 1, 2, nor 3.
{
FormatList(Recipient, Objects[index], formattedMessage, "nor");
}
else if (type == "s")
{
formattedMessage.Append(Objects[index].ToString());
}
#endregion
}
}
else
{
formattedMessage.Append(iterator.Next);
iterator.Advance();
}
}
Message = formattedMessage.ToString();
formattedMessage.Clear();
iterator = new StringIterator(Message);
//Apply the ^ transform: Capitalize the letter following the ^ and remove the ^.
while (!iterator.AtEnd)
{
if (iterator.Next == '^')
{
iterator.Advance();
if (iterator.AtEnd) break;
formattedMessage.Append(new String(iterator.Next, 1).ToUpper());
iterator.Advance();
}
else
{
formattedMessage.Append(iterator.Next);
iterator.Advance();
}
}
return formattedMessage.ToString();
}
/// <summary>
/// Format a list of mud objects using commas and a coordinating conjunction. EG, into the form 'a, b, and c'.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Recipient">The actor that will, eventually, see the output.</param>
/// <param name="ListObject">Either a MudObject or a List<MudObject>. The actual items to format.</param>
/// <param name="FormattedMessage">Append the formatted message to this StringBuilder.</param>
/// <param name="CoordinatingConjunction">The word that separates the final item of a list from those proceeding it. EG, and, or, nor.</param>
private static void FormatList(
Actor Recipient,
Object ListObject,
StringBuilder FormattedMessage,
String CoordinatingConjunction)
{
// ListObject can be a MudObject or a List<MudObject>. The algorithm expects a list, so transform it.
List<MudObject> list = null;
if (ListObject is MudObject)
{
list = new List<MudObject>();
list.Add(ListObject as MudObject);
}
else
list = ListObject as List<MudObject>;
// If ListObject was neither a MudObject nor a List<MudObject>...
if (list == null) return;
for (int x = 0; x < list.Count; ++x)
{
FormattedMessage.Append(GlobalRules.ConsiderValueRule<String>("printed name", Recipient, list[x], list[x].Article));
if (x != list.Count - 1) FormattedMessage.Append(", ");
if (x == list.Count - 2 && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(CoordinatingConjunction)) FormattedMessage.Append(CoordinatingConjunction + " ");
}
}
}
}
| 5,205 |
https://github.com/alex-mitrevski/text_classifier/blob/master/include/ProbabilityList.hpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
text_classifier
|
alex-mitrevski
|
C++
|
Code
| 43 | 163 |
#ifndef CLASSIFIER_LIST_HPP
#define CLASSIFIER_LIST_HPP
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "Structs.hpp"
using std::string;
class ProbabilityList
{
public:
ProbabilityList();
~ProbabilityList();
probabilityNode* getHead() const;
void insert(string,double);
void remove(string);
double getProbability(string) const;
int size() const;
bool isEmpty() const;
private:
probabilityNode* head;
probabilityNode* tail;
int listSize;
};
#endif
| 19,727 |
householdnarrati54dick_42
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,850 |
The Household narrative of current events ... being a monthly supplement to Household words
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,782 | 10,111 |
Many houses were destroyed, several canteens, and a great quantity of stores. Perhaps the most serious loss, as affecting the war, was that of the fascines constructed by the French for the expedition to the Crimea. , The correspondent of the Times gives a most un- favourable description of the Turkish irregular troops, the Bashi-Bazouks. " The Bashi-Bazouks (he says) may be taken as completely hors de combat. Yusuf had failed in drilling .those disorderly scum into soldiers. Colonel Beatson was not more successful. The rascals ran whenever they could, and carried with them all they could lay their hands on. Captain Green has returned to Varna, and gives striking anecdotes of his men, their morals and demeanour. The French Bashis in an encounter with some Cossacks near ICostendje, about a fortnight ago, left their Colonel (Duprcuil) to fight almost single-handed, and he received no less than seven lance thrusts before they came to the front to September, 1S54.] FOREIGN EVENTS. 209 defend their commander ; so they are cowardly as well as ferocious. There are now two sad proofs of the savage and brutal ferocity of these wretches on board of her Majesty's ship Firebrand in Varna— proofs, too, of the humanity and noble feeling of the ever-to-be- lamented Hyde Parker. When the Greeks were flitting from Kostendje, the Bashi-Bazouks came down and attacked them. One family fled in a boat. The wretches fired into it as they left the beach. There were father, mother, and two young children, one about four years old. and the other a little more than a year old, ill the frail bark along with some other people. The children were soon orphans, and when Captain Parker searched the boat he found the two children bathed in blood beneath the lifeless bodies of their parents, and the gore trickling down their clothes from wounds in their puny limbs. The Bashis had deliberately shot them — their arms were pierced with balls, and burnt with powder, and it was only through the constant and unvarying kindness, care and attention of the officers and men of the ship that they ever recovered. When Captain Parker fell, the poor children were again left orphans indeed, but it is understood Her Majesty has made inquiries after them with a view to providing for them. At present, every Jack in the Firebrand is a nurse, to them. The eldest, dressed in a miniature sailor's dress, with a gigantesque straw hat on his head, considers himself one of the ship's company. He speaks English very well, but has not quite forgot his Bulgarian and Greek. They come into mess with dessert every day, and are as clean and well kempt as if they were turned out from the trimmest nursery in Belgravia." The following description of Sebastopol and its military defences, is given in Mr. Scott's newly-pub- lished work, " The Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Crimea: " " The town of Sebastopol is situated on the point of land between the commercial and military harbours, which rises gradually from the water's edge to an elevation of two hundred feet. It is more than a mile in length, and its greatest width is about three- quarters of a mile, the streets entering the open steppe on the south. In fact, all the fortresses and batteries, both to the north and south of the great bay, are commanded by higher ground in the tear. The first and all-important consideration, in reference to an attack on Sebastopol by land, is to ascertain where an army would find the most desirable place for disembarkation. Theodosia has been named amongst other localities, and it has certainly a beautiful harbour and many other con- veniences, but the distance from the scene of action is "" a serious drawback. The troops would have to march over about one hundred and thirty miles of steppe, as it would be necessary to keep to the north of the moun- tains, where their progress could be easily arrested. Should wet weather set in, this steppe would become in a very short time quite impracticable for heavy artillery and baggage, as there are no roads whatever, and our little experience of rain showed us how rapidly the country became converted into a state closely resembling an Irish bog. Yalta is another port where men and material might be safely landed, and where but little opposition could be offered, but although united to Sebastopol by a good road, this is in many places cut out of the face of the perpendicular rock, and could not only be defended by the enemy with facility, but a few hours' work would render it quite impassable. Between Yalta and Balaclava, on the southern coast, there is no available point ; but if the latter port could be taken, and the surrounding heights secured, every requi- site for advantageously carrying on operations against Sebastopol would be at once obtained. Distant only about ten miles from that town, and connected with it by an excellent road, Balaclava so infinitely surpasses all other places for the attainment of the object in view, that there cannot be two opinions on the importance of possessing it, and its admirable harbour would be of incalculable value to the fleets. Nature has, however, made it so strong that if the Russians have fully availed themselves of the facilities for defence, it might become a work of some difficulty to dislodge them ; but it is very doubtful whether they have had sufficient time to erect batteries which could hold out long against the force that could be brought to bear on them. Supposing the whole of the batteries defending the harbour to be destroyed, no ships could enter with safety until all the positions on the heights which surround and overhang it had been carried. The coast between Balaclava and Cape Chersonesus being abrupt and precipitous, furnishes no suitable localities for the required purpose, but some of the bays on the northern boundary of the Chersonesean peninsula may possibly be found available. Were the allied armies in posses- sion of the Chersonesus, they would find plenty of water, for there are two good sources towards Balaclava, though independent of it. One of these has been carried by an aqueduct to Sebastopol, and supplies the reservoir near the public gardens of that place. Besides which there are wells and some small streams at the head of the military harbour, whence the place formerly drew its only, though not very plentiful supply. Another plan for attacking Sebastopol might be adopted by landing to the north of the bay of Inkerman, destroy- ing or taking fort Constantine, and the other batteries from the rear, and thence bombarding the naval arsenal, the town, and ships ; and, indeed, this is the only alter- native, if a footing cannot be effected in the Chersonesus. As Sebastopol is held exclusively as a military and naval position, commerce does not exist: the only articles imported by sea being those required for material of war, or as provisions for the inhabitants and garrison. The streets of Sebastopol, as may be expected, teem with soldiers and sailors. Indeed, no one unconnected with the services lives there, and all but Russians are discouraged or forbidden to do so." A letter from a resident at Odessa, dated the 7th of September, published in the Vienna Lloyd, gives some interesting details as to the state of things there, and also respecting the Russian defences of the Crimea. " I entrust this letter to a friend of mine who is flying to Tirasopol with many more residents of this place, alarmed at the threatening position taken up by the ships of the enemy near our harbour. The half of the inhabitants have already fled into the interior of Russia in order to escape the frightful cannonading that has already thundered several times in our ears. Ships after ships have been collecting since yesterday in sight of our menaced city. Several of them have to-day drawn up in battle array and commenced ball practice. At first our commandant, General Annenkoff, thought the enemy was going to attack us, and so kept our garrison under arms. But after a brief reconnaissance the true state of the case was seen. The enemy has not yet attacked us, but we hourly expect that he will do so. A large number of ships is steering to the west. The enemy will, it is certain, menace every point of the Russian Euxine coast simultaneously, so as to keep our army everywhere on the alert. Akjermann, Odessa, Oczakov, Kinborn, Perekop, Eupatoria, Sebastopol, and other places as far as Anapa will have to prove the wrath of the hostile 210 THE HOUSEHOLD NAEEATIVE. [September 1S54. powers. Prince Menchikoffhas exhausted every means of defence in order to render Sebastopol impregnable by sea and by land. Between Sebastopol and Balaklava five strong detached forts have been built, which are manned by a corresponding number of troops. The road from Balaclava to Jalta has been broken up here and there, and mined. The reach of coast from Sebas- topol to Eupatoria is defended at irregular intervals by six batteries. Round Eupatoria three forts have been built — north, east, and south. This place is garrisoned by 15,000 men. The heights round Sebastopol are sur- rounded by trenches and ditches, crowned with IS bat- teries, and defended by 20,000 men. The garrison of Sebastopol amounts to not more than 10,000 men ; and if you add to them the crew of the fleet, the place itself will be defended by 25,000 men in all. Prince Menehi- koff has prepared his people for the worst in a proclama- tion he issued on the 3rd instant. I am not able to send you the text of it, but 1 can be answerable for the tenor of the contents, which I have from a military man who is a friend of mine. The prince begins by enumerating all the victories the Russians have gained in the course of this century, and exhorts the soldiers, by their valour and povver of resistance, to win similar victories over the enemy. Should the latter, however, by an unaltera- ble decree of heaven, press onward and gain the victory, then all the powder magazines are to be blown up. Sooner death than yield to the foe, is the sentiment that winds up the proclamation. Our army is much dispirited. The news of the fall of Bomarsund has not failed to cause a depression of tone among the military of all ranks. Rather large reinforcements have arrived within the last few days from the interior of Russia, particularly from the district of Novgorod. They don't remain here, however, but go on to Oczakov and Cher.~on. Troops have also arrived from the army of the Danube." By the intelligence from the Seat of War in Asia, it appears that several sanguinary battles have been fought, in which the Russians have had the advantage. The accounts are chiefly Russian and not to be depended upon. Of the most important of these battles, however, which was fought at a place called Kurouck- dere, on the confines of Armenia and Georgia, on the 4th of August, distinct and graphic details are given by the correspondent of the Morning Chronicle, who was present and shared its perils. The' Turks had previously been worsted at a place called Bayazid, and the news of this defeat having reached Zarif Pasha, the Turkish commander at Kadji veli Khoi, on the 3rd August, he, fearing that the victorious Russians would unite with General Bebutcff and attack his army, determined on assaulting the Russian camp. To effect this, on the night of the 4th he advanced his army, amounting to 20,000 infantry, 3700 cavalry, and 7S guns. These he divided into two divisions ; the right under Kerim Pasha, 9000 strong ; the left under Vely Pasha, about 13,000. Each was to march during the night, and, uniting before the Russian camp at daybreak, to fall upon their front. It so chanced, however, that the left wing was belated, and lost its way ; and therefore the right wing was upon the ground first. Bebutoff, seeing only one division before him, quitted his camp and assailed it with nearly all his force. After a sanguinary combat, this wing was defeated ; but the left arriving, somewhat turned the course of the battle, and held the Russians in check for a time : the Russian cavalry re- stored the fortune of the day, and the Turks fled in disorder to Kars. The Morning Chronicle correspon- dent thus describes the battle : — " At five o'clock the cannonade began, and orders were given to the left wing to hasten forward. As I perceived that at least two hours must pass before it could take part in the action, I galloped off, and never saw it again. As I proceeded in the direction of the fire, it increased ; and soon the rattling of musketry announced that the belligerents had come to close quarters. It was now broad day- light ; and as I galloped over the fields of corn trampled down by the soldiery, I came upon some fifty skulkers, who had taken advantage of the night to slip off. The ground here was covered with flying cavalry, who had cowardly given way before the Russian dragoons. I then passed the reserve of the redifs or militiamen, who had never been in fire, and now presented the picture of agonised terror. Five minutes more brought me to the side of Abdul-Kerini Pasha, the reis, or second in command of the army of Anatolia, who com- manded this wing. How the soldiers could have fled, with the example of this glorious old warrior before them, is beyond my understanding. In the hottest fire the figure of Kerim Pasha, hardly bent by age, with his flowing white beard and snowy hair, was seen. In his hand he held an Arab spear, with which he cheered on the men to the fight. All hope was now passed. The Turkish artillery was slackening its fire, the cavalry had fled, and the Russian guns were committing sad havoc on the Turkish rank and file. At every succes- sive discharge of grape the Turkish battalions would waver and open. It was now the moment to bring up the reserves, and Fezzi Bey (the Hungarian General Colman) started on that errand. The redif battalions, composing the reserve, no sooner heard that they were to be conducted into close fire, than they broke their ranks and disbanded ; the officers set the example. A more disgraceful scene could not be imagined ; not two men remained together. One or two battalions alone stood their ground. I met Colman haranguing the men ; who answered with shouts of ' Allah ! ' He ordered the Major of this battalion (it was of a Stamboul redif regiment) to advance. The Major trembled with fear and refused to obey. ' I have no orders from my Colonel,' he replied. ' I order you to advance in the name of the Mushir — coward ! ' shouted Colman. The men were indignant at the hesitation of their Major, and threatened him with their bayonets. He thereupon turned his horse and fled. General Colman then com- manded the senior Captain to lead the men ; which he did. I had spent some time in a village where this bat- talion had been quartered, and the men recognised mo with shouts of ' Englis Bey.' A junior Captain, an Arab, as black and as brave as Othello, whose hospitality I had once shared, rode up to me, and we went ahead. A few lusty strides brought the men into fire ; and to work they went. It was, alas, too late ; for the artillery were flying, and the remaining battalions were hesita- ting. A body of dragoons, visibly inflamed with drink, now dashed into one of the breaking battalions, and in a few moments cut it to pieces. This decided the contest. The remaining battalions, alter a fight of two hours and a half, then turned and dispersed. A battery opened against the battalion I had accompanied, and decimated its ranks. A shell burst over it, and a frag- ment entered the side of my Arab friend, and he fell dead from his horse. The battalion then also disbanded and fled. A perfect scene of carnage ensued. The cowardly redifs, who had already fled, suffered greatly. A flank battery poured in on them. Fortunately at this mo- ment the left Turkish wing appeared, and covered the retreat of the flying right. I had turned with the others, and galloped in search of my groom, who was in the rear with a led horse. The ground was covered with wounded and dead, and riderless horses galloping wildly about. I must here pay my tribute to the kind hearts of the Turks: the wounded, as they fell, were instantly seized by a comrade and carried off the ground. The Turkish left wing had now engaged the enemy and driven him back. The dragoons soon re- established the balance in Russian favour ; and, after a short conflict, the left wing, in its turn, attacked by the whole Russian force, gave way and flud. In my letter of yesterday I described the operations of the left wing : and as I arrived too late to note any indi- vidual observations I will not make any further re- marks. I had approached already to the first band of fugitives when I saw the whole line break. The same happened on the left wing as on the right — September, 1S54.] FOEEIGN EVENTS. 211 a confused flight, charges of dragoons, and a rain of grape upon the unfortunate Turks. The enemy soon gave up the pursuit, evidently crippled and fatigued. Had he continued it for one hour more, the whole army, with baggage and cannon, would have fallen into his hands. I fell in with a few European officers, and we returned together to our former camp : there we took a hasty meal, and again to horse. The living flood of fugitives poured over the whole country. Cavalry were mixed up with infantry, and artillery with the carriages containing the wounded; officers were mingled with the privates — all bound for Kars. Many of the poor soldiers, tired to death, threw themselves on the grass, and forgot in sleep the disasters of the day. For my part, I fell asleep on my horse ; which is certainly one of the most unpleasant modes of sleeping — a jerk would wake me suddenly, and throw me out of balance. A few moments' unrefreshing sleep appeared to be a slumber of years. At length the citadel of Kars appeared on the horizon, and a few hours' ride brought me to its gates. Sentinels at the gate prevented the ingress of all soldiers and irregulars, and thus Kars escaped pillage. In my yesterday's account I gave the number of killed and wounded as about 1500, the prisoners 2000, and the fugitives who have fled to their homes past Kars, as 5000. The last number, I now think, is exaggerated, and the former two, I am of opinion, have been esti- mated too low. Perhaps 2500 killed and wounded will be nearer the mark, and 2500 prisoners, with 2000 fugitives. Fifteen cannon were left on the field, not five, as thought at first. They were lost owing to the absence of reserve-horses. Hassan Pasha, of the Arabis- tany division, was the only general who fell. General Bebutoff, the Russian commander-in-chief, it is said was wounded. The Russian loss is estimated here to be above 201)0 killed." The operations of the left wing are briefly described. "At this moment the Turkish left wing approached, and by its presence stopped the pursuit. The left wing at once threw itself upon the Russians, and hurled them back. At this period fortune appeared to shine upon the Ottoman arms. The Cossacks had been ridden over by the Turkish cavalry, whilst the Russian infantry commenced retreating. Encou- raged, however by its officers, who were ever in the frout (the exact reverse of the Turkish commanders), the infantry returned to its duty, and the dragoons, who had returned from their slaughter, fell upon and utterly defeated part of the Turkish cavalry. The Russian infantry advanced, and attacked the remaining cavalry, who fled at once. The Turkish infantry like- wise recoiled and disbanded. Not two men remained together, and the whole country was covered with dots of fugitives. The artillery poured in grape upon them, whilst the cavalry made hundreds of prisoners. The Turkish artillery had already disappeared ; which accounts for its safety." The writer adds this comment on the action. " Neither army displayed any military qualities. The Russian cavalry was alone good ; but then it was unopposed by a respectable adversary. Their artillery was very badly managed. The guns were pointed too high, and little damage was done. The noise of their reports had far more effect on the Turkish troops than their actual execution. Their shells were equally harmless, all exploding in the air. The Russian infantry behaved badly. " We, the undersigned, Commanders-in-Chief of the combined naval and land forces, hereby authorise the authorities of these islands to continue in the adminis- tration of their respective duties, as we rely on their doing. so with zeal and circumspection. In times of tumult and war it devolves upon every well-disposed citizen to do his utmost in maintaining order and peace; the lower classes must not be led away with the belief that no law or order exists, for these will be enforced with as much rigour as heretofore. Since the late events, which have changed the aspect of these islands, the blockade has been raised, and the public are in- formed that they are at liberty to trade with Sweden on the same conditions and privileges as heretofore. Each and every one is cautioned against holding any commu- nication with the enemy or Finland, and if any one is found aiding them in any way he will be punished most severely. — Given under our hands, &c, Baraguay D'Hilliers, Charles Napier, Perseval Des- chexes, Harry D. Jones." On the 22nd ult. a reconnaissance was made by Captain Scott, in the Odin, with a view to ascertain the strength of the enemy's gun-boats and defences at Abo ; and to effect this object, Captain Scott took with him the Alban, Gorgon, and Driver. He passed through very intricate passages, the Odin grounding no fewer than nine times. He was received by a fire of shot and shell, which fell short; and he succeeded in making out that there were under the batteries, and protected by a chain-boom and a boom of stakes, seventeen gun- boats, of two guns each, and about twenty oars on each side ; four small steamers, and three if not four masked batteries. There were also about 4000 troops in the place, and 5000 on their way thither. The intention of an attack on this place has been abandoned, and the land-forces, with Gen. Baraguay d'Hilliers, their com- mander, have returned to France. The fortifications of Bomarsund, which cost nearly six millions, and upwards of twenty-five years in con- struction, have been totally destroyed. The work of destruction commenced on the 30th of August, when Fort Priisto (which had scarcely been injured, except ' a very little in the roof), was blown up about midday. A rumbling sensation was first felt, immediately fol- lowed by two tremendous explosions, and the fort was seen to rise into the air in an indescribable mass, with a dense column of black dust and smoke, from out of which beams of timber and blocks of stone shot in all directions ; and nothing remains of what was Priisto, but two little bits of wall about twenty feet high. The immense stores of Bomarsund were thrown open to the country-people, who were allowed to take away as much as they pleased — a very seasonable gift to the poor wretches, many of whom, but for it, must have starved during the winter. On the 1st of September Fort Nottich, which was so gallantly breached by our small battery, was blown up ; an experiment was made to blow it up with half the quantity of powder used at Priisto, and the explosion of course was not so violent nor quite as effectual, but the walls were thrown down. On the 2nd, at 7 p.m., the mines under Bomarsund (which had been ready for some days) were fired, and the greater part of this stronghold was blown up with five or six explosions. It was nearly dark when this took place, and the effect was most magnificent. None of the shells had been removed from the fort, and when they were blown into the air those projectiles were banging ofi' in all directions, sparkling like a bright star at the moment of their bursting. The ruins afterwards took fire and burnt with great violence. About twelve the fire reached another magazine, which sent the burning timber and hot stones blazing like meteors through the air. A portion of the centre of the tower had been purposely left for Admiral Chads to try the effect of the broadsides of the Edinburgh. On the 4th he laid his ship within 500 yards, and tired seven broad- sides, which made a complete breach in the wall, knock- ing several embrasures into one, and proving pretty clearly that, if the other forts of the Emperor are built like this they are no match against our " wooden walls." The Admiral then tried broadsides at 1,000 yards, but neither the firing nor its effect was satis- factory. Four natives were blown up with the fort. 212 THE HOUSEHOLD NAEEATIVE. [September, ISo-t. They had been repeatedly warned to go away, but secreted themselves in hopes of plunder, not believing the mines were to be sprung. One man escaped by some miracle to tell the tale. A number of the Russian prisoners taken at Bomar- sund have been brought to England in the Termagant, Valorous, and Dauntless. The Termagant had that dreadful companion of a voyage, the cholera, on board during her passage home. Happily, her officers and crew have escaped, the few cases that occurred among them giving way to medical treatment. But it was far otherwise with the unfortunate Russian prisoners. Out of forty-three attacks, seventeen proved fatal. They brought the epidemic on board with them from the French frigate Serene, and they are in appearance just the sort of men to suffer terribly from its ravages. No one can avoid perceiving in them the evidences of underfeeding. The officers are stout-built, powerful men, but the soldiers have that thin lathy appearance which is seen in our workhouses and prisons. There was not a single robust looking man among them, and their hard, spare forms contrasted strangely with those of our well-fed sailors. The prisoners brought by the Termagant are for the most part young men, and have little about them of that military air and carriage which the nations of the west inseparably associate with the profession of arms. They were scantily clad, having no undercoats. The stripes indicating grades of ranks or good conduct, instead of being upon the arm, are on the lapel ; the number of the regiment is marked upon the band of the forage caps, but not in metal, and facings seem used as in other European services. One half of the prisoners belonged to a Russian corps, and wore red facings ; the other were Finnish Chasseurs, and had blue facings. During the voyage they held entirely aloof from each other, the Finlanders disclaiming the idea of being considered Russians, and the Russians probably equally je;ilous of being confounded with the Finlanders. As they left the Termagant to go on board the Devon- shire they smoked and chatted gaily to each other. The sick were carried out in blankets and laid on the deck of the steam tender employed on the occasion with- out any apparent display of sympathy, and to one poor young fellow, who, in a state of great exhaustion, fell prostrate, the only attention shown by his comrades was that of pushing a knapsack under his head. English or French troops would probably have shown more feeling. Many trophies of the late siege are brought home in the Valorous and Termagant; among them one which at the present time possesses considerable interest is the Russian helmet. It is an excellent headpiece for the soldier, handsome, light, and strong, with a neatly con- trived ventilator at the top, and apparently well adapted for use in active service. Another object worthy of notice is the rifle with which the Czar arms his soldiers, and the ball used in it. The rifle is of Liege manu- facture, and pretty substantially made, but not equal to ours in finish. It has a very convenient sight, and is armed with a sword bayonet. The manner in which balls projected from it are flattened at long ranges shows its power, but, from the shape of the ball itself and other considerations, the accuracy of its fire is questionable. Great festivities have taken place at Boulogne, on the occasion of the meeting of the Emperor of the French ■with the King of the Belgians, the King of Portugal, and his Royal Highness Prince Albert. On Saturday, the 2nd inst., the Emperor left Boulogne for Calais, in order to meet the King of the Belgians. The Emperor arrived at noon, escorted by a detachment of Cuirassiers, and proceeded to Dessin's Hotel. The civil and mili- tary authorities of the town were assembled in official costume, and a deputation of poissardes, clad in pretty chintz dresses and black linsey-woolsey petticoats, were honoured with an interview, at which they presented a fine dish of fish. The peasant women were also admit- ted to an audience, and tendered a superb bouquet for the acceptance of his Majesty. A little before two the King of the Belgians arrived, accompanied by his eldest son, the Duke de Brabant. He was received at the entrance of the town by the authorities, and con- ducted, amid the cheers of the people, to Dessin's Hotel, The Emperor had left his apartments to receive him, and when the carriage arrived, he was standing in the courtyard of the hotel, surrounded by a small suite. Upon alighting, the two monarchs bowed, and the King of the Belgians said, " I am charmed to make your acquaintance. Allow me to introduce to you my son, the Duke de Brabant." The Emperor replied by a few kindly words, and took the King and the Duke to his private room, where the three royal personages were closeted ^one for three-quarters of an hour. When the Emperor had left the King of the Belgians, the latter received the authorities of the city, the English Consul, Mr. Bonham, and other official persons. In the afternoon, the Emperor, the King of the Belgians, and the Duke de Brabant went on board the Emperor's private steam-yacht, La Reine Hortense. Having inspected the cabins, the royal party walked along the deck, where the crew were drawn up in line, the Emperor stopping occasionally to address a few questions to the men. The royal visitors then walked to their carriages through the crowd which had assem- bled on shore. As soon as the Emperor had left the ship, the crew ran up into the rigging, and gave several hearty cheers. Next day, Sunday, the Emperor, ac- companied his guests to Boulogne, and on the same day King Leopold embarked for Ostend. The next, royal visitor was the King of Portugal, who, with his bro- thers arrived on Monday the 4th. They travelled from Paris, and arrived at Boulogne about twelve o'clock. They were escorted to the H6tel Brighton, where the Emperor welcomed them in person. After partaking of a dejeuner, the royal party drove to the camp at Honvault; and alighting they examined the huts both of the officers and men. As crowds pressed around them, the dragoons in attendance exerted themselves to keep a clear space ; but the Emperor ordered them to permit the people to move at their leisure. The troops having defiled past the two monarchs, they re- turned to Boulogne ; and on the same evening, at six o'clock, the King of Portugal and his brother departed by rail for Brussels. Meanwhile, seven British soldiers, two from each cavalry regiment of the Household troops, commanded by Corporal Sutton, and intended to act as Prince Albert's orderlies, had arrived, and had created a great sensation in Boulogne. They paid a special visit to their brethren of the Cent Gardes ; who had provided a most liberal entertain- ment in order to do honour to their confreres. The visit was marked by the utmost cordiality and good feeling on both sides. Both the men and horses were taken under the special care and protection of the Emperor, who would not allow them to expend a single sous for the maintenance of themselves or their chargers. The Emperor sent the Cent Gardes two dozen of champagne, wherewith to regale their English brethren ; and the latter showed off their dexterity in cutting bars of lead in two with their swords, and other feats. On Sunday, too, there was a grand mass in the morning in the open air; followed in the evening by a grand ball given in honour of the capture of Bomarsund ; and the quadrilles were styled " l'entree enFinlande," " Riga," " le bombardement de Cronstadt," " le congres de la paix," &c. Prince Albert arrived on Tuesday morning, in the royal yacht the Victoria and Albert ; the royal standard of England flying at the main, and the tricolor of France at the fore. The Emperor of the French, attended by a splendid suite, were waiting on the quay to welcome the Prince Consort; a com- pliment not paid to the King of Portugal or the King of Belgium. As soon as the royal yacht entered the harbour, a salute of artillery greeted her arrival. She steamed slowly along the quay ; and Prince Albert, attended by the Duke of Newcastle, General Lord Seaton, the Honourable C. Grey, Captain Du Piatt, and other officers of distinction, in full uniform was seen standing upon deck. The first burst of welcome was given by a number of English visitors on board the Albion, London Steamer, which was lying alongside the quay, near the jetty. The Prince graciously acknow- ledged the cheer, and continued to bow to the multi- September, 1S54.] FOREIGN EVENTS. 213 tildes who lined the quay. When the Victoria and Albert approached within a short distance of the Cus- tom House, where the Emperor was standing, a little in advance of his staff, the two illustrious personages re- cognised each other, and, simultaneously raising their hats, exchanging several bows. The band of the Guides struck up " God save the Queen," and afterwards " Rule Britannia." The royal vessel was soon alongside ; and a carpeted gangway having been quickly thrown on board, Prince Albert ran briskly ashore, and, raising his hat advanced to the Emperor, who, after raising his hat, tendered his hand to the Prince, which he shook very warmly. The Prince bowed two or three times in acknowledgment of the friendly expressions addressed to him by the Emperor. The Prince Consort was then introduced to the civic authorities; and the Duke of Newcastle, Lord Hardinge, &c, having made their salu- tations to the Emperor, who bade them welcome to France, his Majesty and the Prince directed their steps to the open carriage which had brought the Emperor to the landing-place. The courtesies of the first moment of the interview were here renewed. The Emperor requested the Prince Consort to take his place first in the carriage. Prince Albert hesitated to take prece- dence of the Emperor; but, as his Majesty insisted, the Prince ascended and took his place upon the further side of the vehicle, which happened to be the left. The Emperor followed, and, being determined that his illustrious guest should have the place of honour, pressed him to take the seat on his right hand. The Prince complied ; and the royal carriage then slowly drove off, escorted by the Cent Gardes, who, in their new uniforms of casque and cuirass, light blue coats, jack-boots, and leather breeches, formed a picturesque body-guard. Every window was filled with fashionably-dressed women, who waved a welcome, which the Emperor and the Prince Consort seemed never weary of acknow- ledging. The streets leading from the quay to the Emperor's hotel at Capecure, were lined along the entire route by the Chasseurs de Vincennes and in- fantry of the Line. The royal cortege, followed by the imperial carriages, containing the respective staffs of the Prince and the Emperor, slowly took the way to the Imperial Hotel, amidst a dense crowd of people ; who, although intensely gratified seemed too intent upon seeing the Prince to cheer as a purely English crowd would have done. After partaking of some refreshment together, the Emperor and Prince Albert, attended by their suites, set out at four o'clock for the camp. The streets through which the royal party passed were hung with flags ; and the Emperor and the Prince were received with loud acclamations from the crowds in the streets. Entering the camp at Ambleteuse, the Emperor and his illustrious guest on horseback, attended by Marshal Vaillant, General Lord Seaton, and a brilliant staff, composed of officers of various cavalry regiments and an escort of Guides, passed through the camps of Ambleteuse, Wimereux, and Honvault; the infantry falling into line with inconceivable rapidity as the royal cortege approached. Thus the illustrious party swept along the French line upon the cliffs from which the English coast could be clearly discerned, and upon the very spot where the camp of the first Emperor was pitched, the band of every regiment playing " God save the Queen " as the Prince Consort approached. Great numbers of English and French visitors were upon the ground, whose cheers were hearty and incessant. The Emperor and the Prince rode side by side, as near as the uneven- ness of the ground would permit, followed at a short distance by the leading personages of their staff. The royal party left the camp near the Column, and rode through the streets to the Imperial Hotel. In the "evening there were grand displays of fire-works ; a representation of the taking of Bomarsund ; and a ball at the Tintelleries. On "Wednesday, Prince Albert, the Duke of Newcastle, Lord Hardinge, Lord Seaton, General Wetherall, and other officers, accompanied the Emperor to the camp at Helfaut, near St. Omer, and there reviewed the infantry, and witnessed repeated charges of the cavalry. Prince Albert was introduced to the French officers by the Emperor; and he made a speech to them in their own language, expressing his earnest hope that the entente cordiale might long continue. After the review the party returned to Boulogne. On Thursday, the Emperor accompanied Prince Albert on board the royal yacht, and sub- sequently to the camp at Wimereux. On Friday, the Prince was present at a sham battle at Marquise ; when the troops stationed there, under the command of the Emperor, engaged those stationed at Equihen, under General Schramm. The Emperor has addressed the following proclama- tion to the Army of the North assembled at Boulogne. " Soldiers — In coming to take the command of that Army of the North, a division of which has so recently distinguished itself in the Baltic, I ought already to address you in the language of praise, for you have now for two months gaily supported the fatigues and priva- tions inseparable from a similar agglomeration of troops. The formation of camps is the best apprenticeship to war, because it is the faithful image of war ; but it will not profit all if the reasons of the movements to be executed are not brought within the comprehension of every soldier. A numerous army is obliged to divide itself in order to subsist so that it may not exhaust the resources of a country, and yet it ought to be able to reunite itself promptly on the field of battle. Here is one of the first difficulties of a great concourse of troops. 'Every army,' said the Emperor, 'that cannot reunite itself in twenty-four hours upon a given point is an army badly placed.' Ours occupies a triangle of which St. Omer is the apex, and of which the base extends itself from Ambleteuse to Montreuil. This triangle has a base of eight leagues upon twelve of height, and all the troops can be concentrated in twenty-four hours upon any point of the triangle whatsoever. These movements can be effected with facility if the soldier is accustomed to march — if he carries with ease his provisions and ammunition — if each chef de corps maintains on the march the severest discipline — if the different columns which direct themselves by different routes have well reconnoitred the ground, and never cease to maintain a communication with each other — in fine, if each army does not obstruct the march of the other notwithstanding the immense hindrance of a great number of horses and vehicles. The troops once arrived at the place indicated, it is necessary that they should understand each other ; that they should protect themselves by a military position and bivouac. This is what you are about to be called upon to put in practice. Without at present speaking of the engagements and manoeuvres of military tactics, you see how all is linked together in the art of war, and how much the most simple detail must contri- bute to the general success. Soldiers — The experienced chiefs whom I have placed at your head, and the devotion which animates you, will render the command of the Army of the North easy to me. You will be worthy of my confidence ; and, if circumstances should exact it, you will be ready to respond to the appeal of our country. — Napoleon. — Boulogne, Sept. 2." The accounts from Turkey speak of progress in the administration of the government. A council of high functionaries and principal Ulemas of the Porte was recently held at Constantinople, under the presidency of the Grand Vizier, to hear read a hatti-sheriff from the Sultan. In this document the Sultan expresses his desire of improvement. The principles of reform (he says) have been consolidated, but there are defects and breaches in all the departments of the administrative system, which require a remedy. As the cause of the non-realisation of these objects has been " nothing else but corruption," the Sultan proposes to put in force a new law, which can be neither evaded nor falsely inter- preted. [September, 1S54. orders the appointment of a new Council, or commission composed of five or six upright and experienced mem- bers. " Such,'' says the document, "are the points on which are concentrated our desires. Religion, zeal for the general good, and patriotism, require that each one should labour with ardour in the solution of questions so useful to public affairs. It will therefore be necessary that the ministers ar.d the functionaries, forgetting their particular advantage, should concentrate all their efforts to the general interests — interests in which each has naturally his part. Let, therefors, the labour be sin- cerely and faithfully undertaken, with all the attention and all the zeal possible, for the organisation of the necessary rules and regulations." Advices from Constantinople of the 7th inst. give further accounts of the movements of Schamyl, the celebrated Circassian chief. Between the 26th of August and the 1st of September he entered the northern part of Georgia with 18,000 men, and advanced to the Kour. The centre, which he commanded in person, was at Achalgori on the 28th of August ; the right wing, under the Emir Hassan Emin, was at Gori, on the Kour. at the same date ; and the left wins:, under Emir Chupli Emin, was at Mycht, a little to the north of Teflis. The Russians were taken completely by surprise, and retreated after a very feeble resistance into the mountains. Schamyl carried off a great quantity of booty, and made some prisoners of high rank. An important result of the razzia was, that the Russians were immediately obliged to relinquish all idea of conquest in Turkish Armenia. The accounts from Bucharest state that the Austrians, headed by Count Coronini, entered that city on the morning of the 6th instant. Omar Pasha received them at the head of a Turkish division and a detachment of the Wallachian militia, outside the gate of Padu Mogos- choy ; where the Catholic and Greek clergy, the mem- bers of the Administration, some of the Boyards, and a dense crowd of citizens, were assembled. CountCorouini, the commander of the Austrian corps of occupation, and the Turkish Sirdar, rode at the head of the troops. The Ottoman Commissioner in Wallachia, Dervish Pasha, has issued a proclamation announcing the coming of the Austrians, and explaining the object of their presence in the Principalities.- — " The Sublime Porte having entered into a convention with his Imperial Apostolic Majesty, as previously with the governments of France and England, it is my duty to make known to you, that, in accordance with that convention, the Imperial Austrian troops will provisionally occupy both Principalities. The presence of these troops in Walla- chia need cause no uneasiness to you, for they enter the country as one of the friendly powers allied with the Sublime Porte. These troops will be in no way a burden to you, for they will pay for everything pur- chased in ready money. After the Russians have posi- tively evacuated the Principalities, the formergovernment of the country will be restored. Your ancient privileges are and will be scrupulously preserved. Their main- tenance is not owing to the treaties which are annulled, but to the benevolent and paternal solicitude of his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, our gracious Sovereign, whose honour and glory are deeply interested therein.
| 44,742 |
https://github.com/blueskybcl/SF-Boilerplate/blob/master/SF.Entitys/Abstraction/IHaveLocalCreatedMeta.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
SF-Boilerplate
|
blueskybcl
|
C#
|
Code
| 98 | 244 |
namespace SF.Entitys.Abstraction
{
using System;
/// <summary>
/// Metadata information about the entity creation
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TCreatedBy">The identifier or entity type</typeparam>
public interface IHaveLocalCreatedMeta<TCreatedBy>
{
/// <summary>
/// The <see cref="DateTime"/> when it was created
/// </summary>
DateTime CreatedOn { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The identifier (or entity) which first created this entity
/// </summary>
TCreatedBy CreatedBy { get; set; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Metadata information about the entity creation, using a <see cref="string"/>
/// as an identifier for the <see cref="IHaveLocalCreatedMeta{T}.CreatedBy"/>
/// </summary>
public interface IHaveLocalCreatedMeta : IHaveLocalCreatedMeta<string>
{
}
}
| 44,236 |
https://github.com/stormi/tsunami/blob/master/src/bases/fonction/__init__.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
tsunami
|
stormi
|
Python
|
Code
| 412 | 718 |
# -*-coding:Utf-8 -*
# Copyright (c) 2010 LE GOFF Vincent
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
# list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
# without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
# OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""Ce fichier définit la classe Fonction, détaillée plus bas."""
class Fonction:
"""Cette classe définit une fonction possédant une liste
de paramètres, que l'on peut ainsi appeler à tout moment.
"""
def __init__(self, fonction, *args, **kwargs):
"""Crée un objet Fonction gardant la fonction et les paramètres
à appeler. Pour exécuter cette fonction, on utilise la méthode d'objet
exec().
A noter que la méthode exec() peut prendre des paramètres
supplémentaires. Ils seront ajoutés à la liste des paramètres
précisés lors de la construction de l'objet.
"""
self.fonction = fonction
self.args = args # sous la forme d'un tuple
self.kwargs = kwargs # sous la forme d'un dictionnaire
def executer(self, *args_sup, **kwargs_sup):
"""Cette méthode permet d'exécuter la fonction contenue dans
self.fonction en lui passant en paramètre :
- les paramètres contenus dans self.args et self.kwargs
- les paramètres contenus dans args_sup et kwargs_sup
"""
if self.fonction is not None:
args = self.args + args_sup
self.kwargs.update(kwargs_sup)
kwargs = self.kwargs
return self.fonction(*args, **kwargs)
| 20,050 |
https://github.com/murilo-henrique060/xp-calculator-discord-bot/blob/master/xpOperations/XpOperations.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
xp-calculator-discord-bot
|
murilo-henrique060
|
Python
|
Code
| 142 | 355 |
MAX_LV = 30000
MAX_XP = 225007500000
def convertXpLv(xp: int) -> int:
from math import sqrt
try:
xp = int(xp)
except ValueError:
return False
return int((-5 + sqrt(25 - 20 * (-2 * (xp / 100))))/10) if xp <= MAX_XP else MAX_LV
def convertLvXp(lv: int) -> int:
try:
lv = int(lv)
except ValueError:
return False
return int(500 * (((lv + 1) * lv) / 2)) if lv <= MAX_LV else MAX_XP
def xpMissingNxtLV(lv: int, xp: int) -> int:
try:
lv = int(lv)
xp = int(xp)
except ValueError:
return False
return int(convertLvXp(lv + 1) - xp) if lv < MAX_LV else 0
def maxXp(xp: int) -> int:
try:
xp = int(xp)
except ValueError:
return False
return xp if xp < MAX_XP else MAX_XP
def maxLv(lv: int) -> int:
try:
lv = int(lv)
except ValueError:
return False
return lv if lv < MAX_LV else MAX_LV
| 20,845 |
US-44860389-F_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,989 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 87 | 128 |
Streaming cassette tape drive
FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a streaming cassette tape drive showing our new design;
FIG. 2 is a rear elevational view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a left side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a right side elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a top plan view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view thereof;
FIG. 7 is a top front right side perspective view thereof.
The ornamental design for a streaming cassette tape drive, as shown and described..
| 14,067 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20Meadow
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Smith Meadow
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith Meadow&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 73 | 146 |
Ang Smith Meadow ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Heyograpiya
Tinipong Bansa
Smith Meadow (kalapukan), Connecticut, Litchfield County,
Smith Meadow (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, New York), Nassau County,
Smith Meadow (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, California, Fresno County),
Smith Meadow (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, California, Tulare County),
Smith Meadow (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, California, Tuolumne County),
Smith Meadow (patag sa Tinipong Bansa, Idaho), Owyhee County,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2017-02
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Tinipong Bansa
| 10,785 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1441976
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,009 |
Stack Exchange
|
Daniel Baliki, Hristian, Mack, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852717, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2852718, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2853164, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2853924, user2853924
|
English
|
Spoken
| 269 | 504 |
Webservice SocketException - Only Breaks On One Application
I have a few applications which use a single Web Service which resides on the same server as the applications.
Why would only one of the applications have a problem connecting to a web service? And is there a way I can better diagnose exactly what the problem is with the connection?
It won't even connect to a web service the application itself is hosting
I have tried running it from my local machine and it works fine (updated the web ref url and the connection string to point to the liver server), which should rule out that the code itself is the problem.
I have tried setting up a different virtual directory to point to the application; and later copying the entrie app to another location on the same server and setting it up there. No luck.
[SocketException (0x274c): A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond xx.xx.xx.xx:80]
System.Net.Sockets.Socket.DoConnect(EndPoint endPointSnapshot, SocketAddress socketAddress) +239
System.Net.Sockets.Socket.InternalConnect(EndPoint remoteEP) +35
System.Net.ServicePoint.ConnectSocketInternal(Boolean connectFailure, Socket s4, Socket s6, Socket& socket, IPAddress& address, ConnectSocketState state, IAsyncResult asyncResult, Int32 timeout, Exception& exception) +224
[WebException: Unable to connect to the remote server]
System.Net.HttpWebRequest.GetRequestStream() +5321194
System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapHttpClientProtocol.Invoke(String methodName, Object[] parameters) +103
...
Found it... the proxy was the cause of the issue and it is the only application where I specify proxy different from the default:
Since I only need the proxy locally I disabled it on the live web.config with enabled="false"
<defaultProxy enabled="false">
<proxy
autoDetect="False"
bypassonlocal="True"
scriptLocation="http://www.proxy.something"
proxyaddress="http://proxy.com" />
</defaultProxy>
| 12,192 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21757133
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Dê Pinakay Ghar
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 148 | 342 |
Dê Pinakay Ghar
Dê Pinakay Ghar
Dê Pinakay Ghar Geonames-ID 1143238
Dê Pinakay Ghar instans av berg
Dê Pinakay Ghar höjd över havet
Dê Pinakay Ghar geografiska koordinater
Dê Pinakay Ghar land Afghanistan
Dê Pinakay Ghar GNS-ID -3374111
Dê Pinakay Ghar inom det administrativa området Zabol
Dê Pinakay Ghar
berg in Afghanistan
Dê Pinakay Ghar GeoNames-identificatiecode 1143238
Dê Pinakay Ghar is een berg
Dê Pinakay Ghar hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Dê Pinakay Ghar geografische locatie
Dê Pinakay Ghar land Afghanistan
Dê Pinakay Ghar GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -3374111
Dê Pinakay Ghar gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Zabul
Dê Pinakay Ghar
mountain in Afghanistan
Dê Pinakay Ghar GeoNames ID 1143238
Dê Pinakay Ghar instance of mountain
Dê Pinakay Ghar elevation above sea level
Dê Pinakay Ghar coordinate location
Dê Pinakay Ghar country Afghanistan
Dê Pinakay Ghar GNS Unique Feature ID -3374111
Dê Pinakay Ghar located in the administrative territorial entity Zabul
| 8,478 |
https://github.com/gnoliyil/fuchsia/blob/master/src/media/audio/lib/format2/sample_converter_unittest.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,022 |
fuchsia
|
gnoliyil
|
C++
|
Code
| 301 | 1,681 |
// Copyright 2022 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include "src/media/audio/lib/format2/sample_converter.h"
#include <limits>
#include <vector>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
namespace media_audio {
namespace {
TEST(SampleConverterTest, Unsigned8) {
const std::vector<uint8_t> unsigned8_samples = {0x00, 0x40, 0x80, 0xE0};
const std::vector<float> float_samples = {-1.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.75f};
for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(unsigned8_samples.size()); ++i) {
const uint8_t unsigned8_sample = unsigned8_samples[i];
const float float_sample = float_samples[i];
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::FromFloat(float_sample), unsigned8_sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::ToFloat(unsigned8_sample), float_sample);
// Back and forth conversions.
EXPECT_EQ(
SampleConverter<uint8_t>::FromFloat(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::ToFloat(unsigned8_sample)),
unsigned8_sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(
SampleConverter<uint8_t>::ToFloat(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::FromFloat(float_sample)),
float_sample);
}
// Should be normalized.
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::FromFloat(5.5f), 0xFF);
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::FromFloat(-1.1f), 0x00);
EXPECT_LT(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::ToFloat(0xFF), 1.0f);
EXPECT_GT(SampleConverter<uint8_t>::ToFloat(0xFF), 0.99f);
}
TEST(SampleConverterTest, Signed16) {
const std::vector<int16_t> signed16_samples = {kMinInt16, -0x4000, 0, 0x6000};
const std::vector<float> float_samples = {-1.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.75f};
for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(signed16_samples.size()); ++i) {
const int16_t signed16_sample = signed16_samples[i];
const float float_sample = float_samples[i];
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<int16_t>::FromFloat(float_sample), signed16_sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<int16_t>::ToFloat(signed16_sample), float_sample);
// Back and forth conversions.
EXPECT_EQ(
SampleConverter<int16_t>::FromFloat(SampleConverter<int16_t>::ToFloat(signed16_sample)),
signed16_sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(
SampleConverter<int16_t>::ToFloat(SampleConverter<int16_t>::FromFloat(float_sample)),
float_sample);
}
// Should be normalized.
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<int16_t>::FromFloat(5.5f), kMaxInt16);
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<int16_t>::FromFloat(-1.1f), kMinInt16);
EXPECT_LT(SampleConverter<int16_t>::ToFloat(kMaxInt16), 1.0f);
EXPECT_GT(SampleConverter<int16_t>::ToFloat(kMaxInt16), 0.9999f);
}
TEST(SampleConverterTest, Signed24In32) {
const std::vector<int32_t> signed24in32_samples = {kMinInt24In32, -0x40000000, 0, 0x60000000};
const std::vector<float> float_samples = {-1.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.75f};
for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(signed24in32_samples.size()); ++i) {
const int32_t signed24in32_sample = signed24in32_samples[i];
const float float_sample = float_samples[i];
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<int32_t>::FromFloat(float_sample), signed24in32_sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<int32_t>::ToFloat(signed24in32_sample), float_sample);
// Back and forth conversions.
EXPECT_EQ(
SampleConverter<int32_t>::FromFloat(SampleConverter<int32_t>::ToFloat(signed24in32_sample)),
signed24in32_sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(
SampleConverter<int32_t>::ToFloat(SampleConverter<int32_t>::FromFloat(float_sample)),
float_sample);
}
// Should be normalized.
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<int32_t>::FromFloat(5.5f), kMaxInt24In32);
EXPECT_EQ(SampleConverter<int32_t>::FromFloat(-1.1f), kMinInt24In32);
EXPECT_LT(SampleConverter<int32_t>::ToFloat(kMaxInt24In32), 1.0f);
EXPECT_GT(SampleConverter<int32_t>::ToFloat(kMaxInt24In32), 0.999999f);
}
TEST(SampleConverterTest, Float) {
const std::vector<float> samples = {-1.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.75f, 1.0f};
for (const float sample : samples) {
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::FromFloat(sample), sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::ToFloat(sample), sample);
// Back and forth conversions.
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::FromFloat(SampleConverter<float>::ToFloat(sample)),
sample);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::ToFloat(SampleConverter<float>::FromFloat(sample)),
sample);
}
// Should not be normalized.
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::FromFloat(5.5f), 5.5f);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::FromFloat(-1.1f), -1.1f);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::ToFloat(5.5f), 5.5f);
EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(SampleConverter<float>::ToFloat(-1.1f), -1.1f);
}
} // namespace
} // namespace media_audio
| 17,300 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15536962
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Lèse majesté, Simon Hayter, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1892635, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2164811, https://stackoverflow.com/users/370940, user2164811
|
English
|
Spoken
| 335 | 643 |
The value of a range from another page
I want to have a program with range and at the end I want to give the user all the results.
First of all the range
Javascript:
function imgShow(Target)
{
for(var i=1; i<=images; i++)
{
if(i != Target)
document.getElementById('img' + i).style.display = 'none';
else
document.getElementById('img' + i).style.display = 'block';
}
}
HTML
<input type="range" id="slider" max="<?php echo ($images*1); ?>" min="1"
value="1" onchange="imgShow(parseInt(this.value/1));" />
<output>
<?php
for ($i=0; $i<$images; $i++){
$image = $files[$i];
echo '<div id="img' . ($i+1) . '" class="photo" style=""><img src="' . $image . '" /></div>';
}
?>
</output>
The code above is GOOD (I just write this so you know which variables I use)
You see I give the value of the range each time it change an image. Then my problem, I need to take the results from above and put them in another page so i can put it in a database. I want to show it in that other page in a textarea so the users know what they have scored on the test.
echo '<form action="'. $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] .'" method="post">';
echo 'Solution:<br>';
echo '<textarea name="message"></textarea><br>';
echo '</form>';
I guess I need to write something between textarea but I don't know what. Already tried some things. Yes echo's because I do this in the else of "if($_SERVER[REQUEST_METHOD]=='POST')".
I really hope someone can help me with this.
These type of questions are great on stack overflow. Voted for migration.
Can a user migrate it or can only a moderator do that?
Yep no problem at all m8... It's already in the works! You have no need to do anything other than check back later.
http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.variables.post.php
You can direct users to the properer page using the switch function: http://php.net/manual/en/control-structures.switch.php
When it comes to saving that result to a database, maybe this will help you: How to pass javascript variables to a database
I would say that when you generate the link to the next page, put the post function in that link. Hope that helps.
| 43,191 |
https://github.com/platform9/pf9-ui-plugin/blob/master/src/app/plugins/kubernetes/components/prometheus/PrometheusAddonDialog.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
pf9-ui-plugin
|
platform9
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 294 | 904 |
import { Dialog, DialogActions, DialogContent, DialogTitle } from '@material-ui/core'
import Button from 'core/elements/button'
import ApiClient from 'api-client/ApiClient'
import { onboardingMonitoringSetup } from 'app/constants'
import Alert from 'core/components/Alert'
import Progress from 'core/components/progress/Progress'
import useDataUpdater from 'core/hooks/useDataUpdater'
import { notificationActions, NotificationType } from 'core/notifications/notificationReducers'
import {
formatErrorWithClusterParams,
hasPrometheusTag,
} from 'k8s/components/infrastructure/clusters/helpers'
import React, { useCallback } from 'react'
import { useDispatch } from 'react-redux'
import { clusterActions } from '../infrastructure/clusters/actions'
const { appbert } = ApiClient.getInstance()
const PrometheusAddonDialog = ({ rows: [cluster], onClose }) => {
const enabled = hasPrometheusTag(cluster)
const dispatch = useDispatch()
const [tagUpdater, updatingTag] = useDataUpdater(clusterActions.updateTag, (success) => {
if (success) {
onClose()
}
})
const toggleMonitoring = useCallback(async () => {
try {
const pkgs = await appbert.getPackages()
const monPkg = pkgs.find((pkg) => pkg.name === 'pf9-mon')
if (!monPkg) {
dispatch(
notificationActions.registerNotification({
title: 'Prometheus error',
message: 'No monitoring package found of type "pf9-mon"',
data: formatErrorWithClusterParams(pkgs, cluster.uuid),
type: NotificationType.error,
}),
)
return onClose(false)
}
const monId = monPkg.ID
await appbert.toggleAddon(cluster.uuid, monId, !enabled)
if (!enabled) {
localStorage.setItem(onboardingMonitoringSetup, 'true')
}
} catch (e) {
dispatch(
notificationActions.registerNotification({
title: 'Prometheus error',
message: 'Failed to update monitoring status',
data: formatErrorWithClusterParams(e, cluster.uuid),
type: NotificationType.error,
}),
)
return onClose(false)
}
const val = !enabled
const key = 'pf9-system:monitoring'
tagUpdater({ cluster, key, val })
}, [tagUpdater, cluster, enabled])
return (
<Dialog open onClose={onClose}>
<DialogTitle>Monitoring Add-On (Beta)</DialogTitle>
<Progress loading={updatingTag} minHeight={100} maxHeight={200}>
<DialogContent>
<p>
After enabling the monitoring add-on, you will be able to access Prometheus metrics and
Grafana dashboards for Kubernetes. In addition, users will be able to spin up their own
Prometheus instances for application monitoring.
</p>
<Alert small variant="warning" message="Monitoring is currently a Beta feature" />
</DialogContent>
<DialogActions>
<Button color="secondary" onClick={onClose}>
Cancel
</Button>
<Button color="primary" type="submit" onClick={toggleMonitoring}>
{enabled ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'}
</Button>
</DialogActions>
</Progress>
</Dialog>
)
}
export default PrometheusAddonDialog
| 19,699 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkangpae
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kkangpae
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kkangpae&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,760 | 2,639 |
Kkangpae () is a romanization of the Korean word that is commonly translated to 'gangster' or 'thug'. The term is commonly used to refer to members of unorganized street gangs. By contrast, members of organized crime gangs are called geondal () or jopok (; Abbreviation of ).
Criminal gangs have featured in South Korean popular culture, including films and television, over the past decades.
History
The Korean mafia may have been established in the 19th century, towards the end of the Joseon dynasty, with the rise of commerce and the emergence of investment from European colonial powers. At this time, pre-existing street gangs, which were largely lower-class but operated by wealthy merchants, gained greater influence. The modern history of Korean criminal organizations can be divided into four periods: the Colonial era, the political mobs of the 1950s and early 1960s under president Syngman Rhee, the Civil War period under the military rule of Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan, and the present era.
1910–1945: Colonial era
During the 35 years of when Korea was under Imperial Japanese rule, some Koreans were subjected to forced labor and sex slavery. This intensified during World War II when the Empire of Japan spread its empire throughout Manchuria, and parts of China. During this period, Koreans fled to mainland Japan and formed mobs to overcome discrimination and crime. The most infamous "mobster" during this period was Kim Du-han, the son of a famous Korean independence fighter and insurgent leader Kim Chwa-chin, a freedom fighter against Colonial rule. After his mother and father were killed, Kim grew up as a beggar and became involved with a local gang named Jumok ("fist"). He rose through the ranks and became infamous for fighting groups against the Japanese mobs, or yakuza.
The colonial branch of the Imperial Japanese yakuza was then under the control of Hayashi, an ethnic Korean who defected to the Japanese and joined the yakuza. The rival mob to Hayashi's yakuza was controlled by Koo Majok, but the Korean mafia was always short of money and many local mob bosses were disloyal to Koo and formed separated mobs, notably Shin Majak and Shang Kal (twin knives). Koo Majok finally tried to solidify his control over the Korean mobs by knocking out Ssang Kal and taking over his territory, but it caused a backlash. Kim Du-han, originally a member of Ssang Kal, rebelled against Koo Majok. Kim killed both Shin Majok and Koo Majok, and unified all the Korean mobs under his command at the age of 18. After solidifying his rule by beating the revolting groups, Kim made his move against the yakuza, starting the famous trial war between Kkangpae and yakuza, which became symbolic of the resistance by Koreans against Japanese. Kim Du-han was a major figure of the movement against the colonial rule and later became a politician in Syngman Rhee's Liberal Party.
1950s–60s: Political mobs
During the 1950s, two separate Seoul-based groups, the Myung-dong and the Chong-ro, operated to protect Korean merchants from Japanese criminals who were often protected by officials. The 1960s, however, saw a shutdown of nearly all gang activity as those groups were considered a problem by the regime.
1970s–80s: Military rule
It was not until the early 1970s that the modern Korean gangs began to emerge. Hierarchical structures began forming during this time, as well as the use of weapons such as knives and iron bars which culminated in more violent attacks. The 1980s was a flourishing period for gangsters, as they were able to infiltrate businesses and set up connections with in-house government and entertainment officials, as well as making ties with other global crime rings.
1990s–present
The early 1990s saw another periodic crackdown with Article 114 of Korean Criminal Law dictating that not only were organized gangs illegal, but those who joined or formed groups could also be charged. This new law forced many into hiding or fleeing, while many others were arrested, and even those who finished their time were often put under surveillance if they were deemed career criminals. However, Korea's rapid globalization has it made it hard for law enforcement to completely stamp out organized crime, which continues to be a problem in the present day.
Gang members have been linked to crimes ranging from sex trafficking to drug smuggling, burglary, kidnapping for ransom and extortion. A survey in 2007 showed that 109 inmates jailed for organized criminal activities were all involved in extortion, mostly victimizing/running bars, nightclubs, and game rooms. Gangsters have also been used as hired muscle and strongmen for businesses, such as in the case of Kim Seung-youn, "a conglomerate owner who hired gangsters to abduct and beat up employees of bar". Assaults have become more common in recent years as seen in 2009, when out of 621 gang members, 35% were arrested for assault while extortion took second at 29%, and illegal gambling (11%) and loan sharking (7%) made up the rest. The number of gang members and affiliates jump in years of economic strain, as in the economic slump of 2009, when officials saw a 60% increase in new gang formations and activities. In 2011, police initiated a crackdown on gangs and affiliated members, rounding up 127 individuals within the first week of the "war against organized crime".
South Korean mafiosi often have tattoos of the pa (English: mob) they are in. When confronted by other mobs, they show their tattoos to help identify themselves. The tattoo can also be used as a warning to the general public. As a result, tattoos are often considered taboo in South Korean society. The mafia boss in Korea is called "hyungnim".
The stereotypical image of the quintessential South Korean mafioso is one with a gakdoogi hairstyle, which consists of the sides of the head shaved, with hair remaining on top, a big build, dark, black clothing, tacky suits, black-painted luxury cars, prominent tattoos, and regional accents or dialects (Korean: Saturi). Contrary to popular belief, Seoul is not a known hotbed of South Korean mob presence. The most prominent organizations of the South Korean mafia operate in the Jeolla region, in cities such as Gwangju and Mokpo, with other South Korean mafiosi known to be operating in Busan and Incheon.
Prominent South Korean gangs
There are many named local gangs and organized crime affiliates in South Korea. They often operate small, local businesses to earn extra money, however, their usual source of income comes from protection fees, in which they take over a certain neighborhood designated as their "territory" (Korean: 구역), demanding that all businesses in the neighborhood make a monthly payment to the gang leaders in exchange for not damaging their business. Some of the most proeminent criminal syndicates are:
the Beomseobangpa gang, founded in the 1990s by Kim Tae-chon (Hangul: 김태촌), one of the most powerful criminals in South Korea.
the Yangeuni Family, one of the most powerful criminal syndicates in South Korea, founded in the 1970s by Cho Yang-eun (Hangul: 조양은), a powerful South Korean crime boss known for having been arrested by the Philippine government in 2013.
the Chilsung-pa (also known as the Seven Star Mob), known as one of the biggest criminal syndicates in South Korea, the biggest crime syndicate of Busan and whose main source of profit for the gang is extortion and blackmail.
In popular culture
Films romanticizing kkangpae have featured in South Korean cinema since the 1970s, but gained a foothold in the market in the early 1990s. Such films emphasized traits like loyalty, decency, and morality against a backdrop of violence and corruption. The popularity of films like Friend (2001), A Bittersweet Life (2005), New World (2013) popularized the image of the identifiable and ‘honorable’ gangster.
The rise in gang-centered content in film and television has been linked to changes in the public perception of kkangpae, particularly in teens and younger audiences. Some have linked this to the increase in school-yard gangs known as iljinhoe, which may take cues from such movies in the form of intimidation and mental or physical abuse. Youths may look up to kkangpae characters for their strength and intelligence outside of the restrictive classroom setting.
Kkangpae were shown as important characters in the 2014 Franco-U.S. film Lucy.
Korean gang culture is also quite prominent in TV shows. Some notorious fictional Korean gangs that feature prominently in TV series include:
K-Town Killers in The Shield. Considered the main Asian gang in the series, they are known for being quite violent and for having prostitution and drug trafficking (mainly fentanyl) as their main economic activities.
Shin Kkangpae in Power. Originally from South Korea, this gang is considered one of the responsible for the intense drug trafficking between the United States and Asia. This gang is led by Jae Shin (played by CS Lee), a xenophobic and racist South Korean drug lord who, in order not to arouse suspicion about his criminal empire, presents himself as a legitimate businessman, owner of a famous Korean restaurant.
Golden Boys Gang or G-Boys in S.W.A.T.. Considered one of the most ruthless and brutal enemies of the first season of S.W.A.T., they are the main antagonists in two episodes of the first season, K-Town (1x11) and Vendetta (1x20). Responsible for trafficking fentanyl in Los Angeles, this powerful Korean criminal syndicate is headquartered in Koreatown, Los Angeles and led by Jae Kim (played by Kelvin Han Yee), a powerful Korean real estate mogul, who behind the image of a legitimate real estate businessman hides that he is a bloodthirsty drug kingpin who does everything he can to keep the lucrative fentanyl business alive, including kidnapping the son of one of the allies of LAPD Metropolitan Division, Katrina "K.C." Walsh, a DEA special agent (portrayed by MC Lyte).
See also
Triad (organized crime)
Tong (organization)
Yakuza
References
External links
Man’s gambling ties go far back
citypaper.net
http://kellogg.nd.edu/events/calendar/feb09/Lee.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20071028161413/http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=910aafffcf7ec967ae92c5411382b9f8
Extortion Case Explores Rifts in Korean Enclave in Queens
Organized Crime In California- Annual Report To The California Legislature 2004
Organized Crime In California- Annual Report To The California Legislature 1996
Anxiety builds as crime increases in Koreatown
Asian Organized Crime Groups – State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation 1989 Report
Korea 'fist' genealogy and history
Five Indicted In a Robbery At a Church
Korean Gangsters Held in Extortion
5 Men Said to Be in Korean Mob Are Charged in Waiters' Assault
MANHATTAN’S INVISIBLE KOREAN POWER
Korean Pride:Gangs And The Korean Community
The Way of the Fists
Scam, Like A Nesting Doll, Hid Even More
Gangs in South Korea
Korean culture
Organized crime by ethnic or national origin
| 43,887 |
html1987INPG0081_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 9 | 18 |
Conception de microprocesseurs à haut rendement
-disciplinary aire ée
| 15,660 |
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%82%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ХӀуьррийет (Караджабей)
|
https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ХӀуьррийет (Караджабей)&action=history
|
Chechen
|
Spoken
| 40 | 178 |
ХӀуьррийет () — Туркойчоьнан Мармаран хӀордан регионан Бурса провинцин (ил) Караджабейнан кӀоштара эвла/микрокӀошт ().
Географи
Истори
Бахархой
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Бурса провинцин нах беха меттигаш
Бурса провинцин микрокӀошташ
Караджабейнан микрокӀошташ
Караджабейнан кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
Туркойчоьнан микрокӀошташ
Туркойчоьнан нах беха меттигаш
| 37,691 |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenea%20subviridescens
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Glenea subviridescens
|
https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenea subviridescens&action=history
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 59 | 142 |
Glenea subviridescens adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Glenea, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Referensi
TITAN: Cerambycidae database. Tavakilian G., 25 Mei 2009
Glenea
| 37,663 |
https://github.com/scommons/scommons-admin/blob/master/client/src/main/scala/scommons/admin/client/system/group/SystemGroupActions.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
scommons-admin
|
scommons
|
Scala
|
Code
| 145 | 594 |
package scommons.admin.client.system.group
import scommons.admin.client.api.system.group._
import scommons.admin.client.system.group.SystemGroupActions._
import scommons.api.ApiStatus.Ok
import scommons.react.redux._
import scommons.react.redux.task.{FutureTask, TaskAction}
import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext.Implicits.global
import scala.util.Success
trait SystemGroupActions {
protected def client: SystemGroupApi
def systemGroupListFetch(dispatch: Dispatch): SystemGroupListFetchAction = {
val future = client.listSystemGroups().andThen {
case Success(SystemGroupListResp(Ok, Some(dataList))) =>
dispatch(SystemGroupListFetchedAction(dataList))
}
SystemGroupListFetchAction(FutureTask("Fetching Environments", future))
}
def systemGroupCreate(dispatch: Dispatch, name: String): SystemGroupCreateAction = {
val future = client.createSystemGroup(SystemGroupData(None, name)).andThen {
case Success(SystemGroupResp(Ok, Some(data))) =>
dispatch(SystemGroupCreatedAction(data))
}
SystemGroupCreateAction(FutureTask("Creating Environment", future))
}
def systemGroupUpdate(dispatch: Dispatch, data: SystemGroupData): SystemGroupUpdateAction = {
val future = client.updateSystemGroup(data).andThen {
case Success(SystemGroupResp(Ok, Some(respData))) =>
dispatch(SystemGroupUpdatedAction(respData))
}
SystemGroupUpdateAction(FutureTask("Updating Environment", future))
}
}
object SystemGroupActions {
case class SystemGroupCreateAction(task: FutureTask[SystemGroupResp]) extends TaskAction
case class SystemGroupCreatedAction(data: SystemGroupData) extends Action
case class SystemGroupCreateRequestAction(create: Boolean) extends Action
case class SystemGroupListFetchAction(task: FutureTask[SystemGroupListResp]) extends TaskAction
case class SystemGroupListFetchedAction(dataList: List[SystemGroupData]) extends Action
case class SystemGroupUpdateAction(task: FutureTask[SystemGroupResp]) extends TaskAction
case class SystemGroupUpdatedAction(data: SystemGroupData) extends Action
case class SystemGroupUpdateRequestAction(update: Boolean) extends Action
}
| 6,376 |
https://github.com/RicardoRioss/CursoJavaScript/blob/master/funcoes/exercicio1/script.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
CursoJavaScript
|
RicardoRioss
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 9 | 31 |
function somar(x, y){
return x + y;
}
console.log(somar(2,2))
| 45,158 |
https://github.com/jfeng45/payment/blob/master/applicationservice/dataservice/dataService.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
payment
|
jfeng45
|
Go
|
Code
| 19 | 69 |
package dataservice
import "github.com/jfeng45/payment/domain/model"
type PaymentDataInterface interface {
Insert(user *model.Payment) (resultUser *model.Payment, err error)
Find(id int) (*model.Payment, error)
}
| 29,800 |
5457923_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 755 | 910 |
By the Court, Welles, J.
The plaintiff was permitted to recover for the mesne profits during six years next succeeding the commencement of the ejectment suit—that is to say, from July, 1837, to July, 1843. The judgment roll in the ejectment Suit was filed Dec. 30,1844, and the suggestion for mesne profits was filed in April following—1845.
I think it can not be successfully contended that the plaintiff *494had the right of selecting any six years he might choose, and recover for that period. The six years referred to in the statute must be a fixed and certain period, with reference to some stage of the proceedings either in the ejectment suit, or upon the suggestion for mesne profits. If, however, the period selected was the one which the law decides was the correct one, the fact that the plaintiff was allowed to make the selection, constitutes no ground for a new trial.
It is not denied that in the old action of trespass for mesne profits, the recovery was limited to the six years next preceding the commencement of the action to recover them. The proceeding provided for by the revised statutes is in lieu of the former action of trespass, (2 R. S. 310, § 44,) and I think the rules which were applicable to the latter, should govern the former, excepting where the statute directs otherwise. The object is the same in both. In the former action of trespass, it was necessary to plead the statute of limitations, or the plaintiff might recover for the whole period to which he could show himself entitled, without reference to the six years limitation. In the proceeding by suggestion, it is not necessary to plead the statute, for the plaintiff can in no case recover for more than six years occupancy. (2 R. S. 311, § 50. Jackson v. Wood, 24 Wend. 443.) But this can make no difference as to the particular period of six years occupancy of .the premises by the defendant, for which the plaintiff shall recover damages. It is to be regretted that the legislature did not specify when the six years to which the plaintiff’s recovery is limited, should commence or terminate. The object of all statutes of limitation is to prevent the setting up of stale and dormant claims. They are called statutes of repose; they fix a period within which, in point of time, a claim or right must exist, in order to be the subject of judicial cognizance; and that period I think must terminate at the time when the party asserting the claim commences legal proceedings with a view to enforce it. In view of this rule, the period of limitation in the present case would terminate, either at the time of the commencement of the ejectment suit, or the filing the suggestion for mesne profits. The tendency of the argument of -the plaintiffs’ *495counsel, that the suggestion is a continuation of the ejectment suit, is to prove that the six years in question must be next before the commencement of the ejectment suit. That, however, was not what he asked for, or what the court allowed him; nor was it what the defendant contended for.
But to return to the real question before us. We are clear that the six years limitation in question terminates, or must be, next before the filing of the suggestion for mesne profits. That is the time when the plaintiff puts himself in motion, with a view to obtain the object he seeks. He may or may not stop his proceedings in the ejectment suit, when he has obtained possession of the land. They are complete, and his principal object is attained at that time ; and although the further proceedings provided for by the statute are to be entered with, or attached to, the record of judgment in the ejectment suit, as a continuation of the same, yet the defendant may appear and plead, and the parties have a trial by jury, as in other cases, and a distinct judgment is to be entered, as in an action of assumpsit for use and occupation, which will have the like effect in all respects. (§ 53.)
The plaintiffs claimed to go for the six years next succeeding the commencement of the ejectment suit, and the court held that they were entitled to recover for that period, to which the defendant excepted. We think in this the court erred, and that the defendant is entitled to a new trial.
Ordered accordingly.
| 39,983 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19854653
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Kamal, bekite, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2968095, https://stackoverflow.com/users/439279
|
English
|
Spoken
| 554 | 1,178 |
Talking to Angular Directive from Controller
I have a directive and I want to call a method of the Directive from outside controller . That means when I click a button in the main controller , I want to hide a component in the directive . Is this really possible ,If yes please help me .
Kamal
To call directive methods outside in a controller I would share a directive control object with the controller. Inside the controller you can call methods of this control object and they get executed inside your directive.
create a control object inside your directive
share this control object with the controller using tw data binding
call methods on this control object inside your controller
here is a plunker that demonstrates it: http://plnkr.co/edit/MqN9yS8R5dnqTfjqldwX?p=preview
Thanks a lot for your reply I need very similar to the one that you shared , but in my case I want to call the Directive method in the initialization of the controllor with out using $scope.$apply() ..please find the below plunker and help me [http://plnkr.co/edit/a9LiBT8vlqLDdSAKKlxU?p=preview]
When the controller is run first there is no function someAction on the object myDirControl. So you need to wait till angular parses the directive and assignes the directive object to myDirControl. Is there a reason you don't want to use $apply?
Many Thanks for reply . Actually When I integrate this code in my application , I am getting ** Error: $digest already in progress ** . I tried using but no use , so want to find out any other alternative .Any idea using resolve : { initialize directive } in state provider so that it will take care of initiazing the directive before the controller gets called.
To fix the $digest error: if(!$scope.$$phase) { $scope.$apply(...) }
I tried that too , I used something like this ... if($scope.$$phase) {
$scope.myDirControl.someAction();
}
else {
$scope.$apply(function() {
$scope.myDirControl.someAction();
});
}
In my case it always executing the If block only and ending up with an error someAction not defined on myDirControl . Can we initialize a directive in starting of the controller ?
I've updated your plunker using $scope.$apply http://plnkr.co/edit/QNl0XergHmCsYyOhNVG6?p=preview or $scope.$watch http://plnkr.co/edit/AazD549ZWB2hHO3XsoRK?p=preview
Thanks a lot bekite , I found solution for my problem . here is the plunker with my solution -- http://plnkr.co/edit/mZ1Vd3t6uUnS4r5XdORO?p=preview? please let me know If this solution causes any other issue ? Thanks Kamal
You can accomplish this by allowing your directive to listen to a scoped property from your controller. Using isolated scope and the =, you can tell your directive what to pay attention to in order to hide its component:
Html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<script data-require="angular.js@*" data-semver="1.2.0-rc3-nonmin" src="http://code.angularjs.org/1.2.0-rc.3/angular.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
<script src="script.js"></script>
</head>
<body ng-controller="Ctrl">
<h1>Hello Plunker!</h1>
<button ng-click="action()">Toggle</button>
<the-directive show-component="showIt"></the-directive>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript:
var myApp = angular.module('myApp', []);
myApp.controller('Ctrl', function($scope) {
$scope.showIt = true;
$scope.action = function() {
$scope.showIt = !$scope.showIt;
}
});
myApp.directive('theDirective', function() {
return {
restrict: 'E',
scope: {
'showComponent': '='
},
template: '<div><div ng-show="showComponent">show Me!</div></div>'
}
})
Here is a plunker demonstrating the technique.
@bekite Thanks a lot for your reply I need very similar to the one that you shared , but in my case I want to call the Directive method in the initialization of the controllor with out using $scope.$apply() ..please find the below plunker and help me [http://plnkr.co/edit/a9LiBT8vlqLDdSAKKlxU?p=preview]
| 42,815 |
https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/60916
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Zvi, https://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/5140
|
English
|
Spoken
| 304 | 511 |
Brush teeth on a Ta'anis
I find it difficult to go a day without brushing my teeth. Is it okay to brush my teeth on a Ta'anis (fast day)? I imagine it's forbidden on Yom Kippur, but what about the other fasts?
related: http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/13014/mouthwash-on-a-public-fast-day
According to this article, most Poskim do allow one to brush one's teeth on the three minor fasts, especially if they are going to be in some level of discomfort.
..While the Kaf Hachaim (OC 567:13) forbids rinsing even with less than a revi’is, most poskim are more lenient, especially when one is uncomfortable. Thus, the Rema (Darchei Moshe OC 567:2), Elya Rabba (567:5) and Baer Heitev (OC 567:5) relate that the Maharil used to rinse his mouth with water while being particular not to swallow any.
The Mishna Berura (567:11 quoting the Chayei Adam 132:20) writes that on one of the minor fasts one may rinse their mouth with water if they are uncomfortable and on Tisha B’av, one may only do so if they are suffering. One doing so should bend over the sink to ensure that they don’t swallow any water. A healthy person cannot rinse one’s mouth on Yom Kippur.
The poskim write that brushing one’s teeth is the same as rinsing one’s mouth (See Minchas Yitzchak 4:109).
R’ Ovadia Yosef (Yalkut Yosef, Ta’anis, 13) writes that if one is uncomfortable not brushing one’s teeth, one may do so, though ensure that one uses less than a revi’is of water and try not to swallow any.
The Aruch Hashulchan (OC 567:3) is more lenient still, allowing one to rinse (but not gargle) even with more than a revi’is of water.
In conclusion, one who wants to brush their teeth on a minor ta’anis may do so, though they should ensure that they don’t swallow any water.
| 1,224 |
https://github.com/mickmcgrath13/kuma/blob/master/pkg/api-server/service_insight_endpoints.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
kuma
|
mickmcgrath13
|
Go
|
Code
| 115 | 555 |
package api_server
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/emicklei/go-restful"
"github.com/kumahq/kuma/api/mesh/v1alpha1"
"github.com/kumahq/kuma/pkg/core"
"github.com/kumahq/kuma/pkg/core/resources/apis/mesh"
"github.com/kumahq/kuma/pkg/core/resources/store"
rest_errors "github.com/kumahq/kuma/pkg/core/rest/errors"
"github.com/kumahq/kuma/pkg/insights"
)
type serviceInsightEndpoints struct {
resourceEndpoints
}
func (s *serviceInsightEndpoints) addFindEndpoint(ws *restful.WebService, pathPrefix string) {
ws.Route(ws.GET(pathPrefix+"/{service}").To(s.findResource).
Filter(s.auth()).
Doc(fmt.Sprintf("Get a %s", s.Name)).
Param(ws.PathParameter("service", fmt.Sprintf("Name of a %s", s.Name)).DataType("string")).
Returns(200, "OK", nil).
Returns(404, "Not found", nil))
}
func (s *serviceInsightEndpoints) findResource(request *restful.Request, response *restful.Response) {
service := request.PathParameter("service")
meshName := s.meshFromRequest(request)
serviceInsight := &mesh.ServiceInsightResource{}
err := s.resManager.Get(request.Request.Context(), serviceInsight, store.GetByKey(insights.ServiceInsightName(meshName), meshName))
if err != nil {
rest_errors.HandleError(response, err, "Could not retrieve a resource")
} else {
stat := serviceInsight.Spec.Services[service]
if stat == nil {
stat = &v1alpha1.ServiceInsight_DataplaneStat{}
}
if err := response.WriteAsJson(stat); err != nil {
core.Log.Error(err, "Could not write the response")
}
}
}
| 36,993 |
https://github.com/precious-207/IFM1B-Group-Project-Changes/blob/master/T[4A]-P2019-TP/frmHome.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
FTL
| null |
IFM1B-Group-Project-Changes
|
precious-207
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 410 | 1,094 |
' *********************************************************************************
' TEAM NUMBER: 4A
' Member 1: Patel, U (219019235)
' Member 2: Bennett, J (219078393)
' Member 3: Madzivadondo, P (219089895)
' Member 4: Sethosa, M (218029523)
' Class name: frmHome
' *********************************************************************************
Imports System.IO
Imports T_4A__P2019_TP.RecordStructures
Public Class frmHome
'Get current date
Public Current As DateTime = New DateTime
'When form load/starts
Private Sub frmHome_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
'Get current date:
Current = DateTimePicker1.Value
End Sub
'When the add patient clicked:
Private Sub btnCapture_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnCapture.Click
'show the form to add a patient
frmAddPatient.Show()
'Hide the main form
Me.Hide()
End Sub
'Booking system button clicked:
Private Sub btnBooking_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnBooking.Click
'Show the booking sytem form and hide the current home page form
frmBookingSystem.Show()
Me.Hide()
End Sub
'Log out button clicked:
Private Sub btnLogout_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnLogout.Click
'Prompt user to return to the Login Page:
Dim prompt As Integer = MsgBox("Are you sure you would like to Log out? ", MsgBoxStyle.YesNo, "Log out")
'validate response:
If prompt = 6 Then
'show login page and close current form
frmLogin.Show()
Me.Close()
End If
End Sub
'Exit button clicked:
Private Sub pbClose_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
Dim close As Integer = MsgBox("Close the program.", MsgBoxStyle.YesNo, "Exit program")
'validate response:
If close = 6 Then
Me.Close()
End If
End Sub
'Expenses button clicked:
Private Sub btnExpenses_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnExpenses.Click
'Show expenses form and hide main form
frmSalary.Show()
Me.Hide()
End Sub
'create 2 random files with x amount of records
Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
'Create file for patients information:
Dim pFS As FileStream
Dim BW As BinaryWriter
Dim BR As BinaryReader
Const patientFILELOC As String = "PatientsInfo.txt"
Const nPatients As String = "Settings.txt"
'Blank record
Dim Blank As PatientRec
Blank.PatientID = -1 'unique identifier
Blank.Name = Space(30)
Blank.Surname = Space(30)
Blank.Gender = Space(10)
Blank.ID = Space(15)
Blank.DOB = Space(8)
Blank.Address = Space(200)
Dim pFilesize As Double = 594 * 4050
pFS = New FileStream(patientFILELOC, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write)
BW = New BinaryWriter(pFS)
pFS.SetLength(pFilesize)
'write the blank record 4050 times
For s As Integer = 0 To 4049
pFS.Seek(s * 594, SeekOrigin.Begin)
BW.Write(Blank.PatientID)
BW.Write(Blank.Name)
BW.Write(Blank.Surname)
BW.Write(Blank.Gender)
BW.Write(Blank.ID)
BW.Write(Blank.DOB)
BW.Write(Blank.Address)
Next s
pFS.Close()
MsgBox("File created successfully")
End Sub
'Medication supplies button clicked:
Private Sub btnMedication_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles btnMedication.Click
'Show Medication supply form and hide current home form
frmMadicationSupply.Show()
Me.Hide()
End Sub
End Class
| 16,275 |
https://openalex.org/W1680919860_2
|
Spanish-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 1,987 |
Unidad y diferenciación lingüística en el mundo andino
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 5,461 | 10,412 |
La variedad quechua unificada escriturariamente tendrá vigencia hasta
fines del s. XVI y comienzos del siguiente, tal como aparece en la obra del
Anónimo ([1586] 1951) y en las del ayacuchano Fray Jerónimo de Oré (por
ejemplo, Oré 1598). A partir del segundo decenio del s. XVII se advierten cla88
ros descontentos respecto de su empleo. Sintomáticamente, el criollo huanuqueño Alonso de Huerta (1616) optará por la escritura y pronunciación de la
palabra quechua, y no quichua, rechazando así la preferencia por las vocales
altas por parte del Tercer Concilio. Quince años más tarde, el cuzqueño Juan
Pérez Bocanegra (1631) será explícito en rechazar la forma quichua, advirtiendo que la "general lengua, [ ... ] se llama Quechua; y no Quichua", y en
sus escritos introducirá, si bien tímidamente, el empleo de recursos gráficos
(por ejemplo, el uso de la <k> y el de la duplicación de las consonantes) destinados a rescatar la "pronunciación" decididamente cuzqueña, que después
de todo es la variedad que afirma hablar y escribir. En 1646 Avila abogará decididamente por el empleo de dígrafos, ya sugerido por González Holguín
([1608] 1952: 9-10), para diferenciar las oclusivas laringalizadas de las simples, aunque pasando por alto la distinción entre aspiradas y glotalizadas entre las primeras, y además proponiendo la representación de la q fmal como
<ce> (cf. Avila 1646: LXXXIX- XC). Una actitud similar, especialmente en
el rescate de la oposición velar-postvelar, la encontramos en Malina ([ 1649]
1928), quien, tras reconocer las peculiaridades dialectales del quechua en las
distintas regiones, objeta a los traductores de los textos del Tercer Concilio el
haber normalizado una escritura "alejada" de la pronunciación: "el mapa que
lleva el que vá leyendo, es la pronunciación conforme la ortographía que a ésta se ha de seguir, y no ella al lector y su natural lenguaje, como hasta aquí se
ha usado en este idioma". Bien mirado, sin embargo, estamos frente a una
nueva situación. Lo que autores como Pérez Bocanegra, Avila y Malina intentan es hacer coincidir el quechua escrito del Tercer Concilio con la pronunciación del dialecto cuzqueño, por lo que reclaman la restitución de las laringalizadas, es decir precisamente aquello que los traductores de la Doctrina habían
eludido en aras de una mejor armonización pandialectal.
Contra dicha tendencia cuzqueñizadora se alzará la voz tardía de Avendaño (1648) al tratar de rechazar el empleo literal de la variante cuzqueñizada en la prédica de los indios de los alrededores de Lima. Dice, en efecto, el
religioso limeño: "juzgo, que en estos sermones, que principalmente se han de
predicar en este Aryobispado, en que el vulgo habla la lengua Chinchaisuyu, es
esta la mas genuina, y mas corriente traduccion, y no la Syriaca, que los cultos han introducido para que no los entienda el pueblo, y porque con el tiempo se auia consumido la impression de los sermones, que se imprimieron por
mandado del Concilio Limense tercero" (Avendaño 1648: Prólogo). Como
puede verse, la corriente cuzqueñista se aprovechaba, además, del rápido agotamiento de los materiales del Concilio. Lo que ocurrirá con los escritos de
Avendaño será que, como lo observó Torero (1972), sufrirá enmiendas en sus
diez primeros sermones: éstas tienen que ver precisamente con la introducción de la <k> y la duplicación de las consonantes oclusivas a fin de representar la distinción de las laringalizadas. Por lo demás, al margen de tales modificaciones, el resto del texto responde casi fielmente a la práctica escritura89
ria impuesta por el Tercer Concilio y de ninguna manera busca reflejar el dialecto chinchaisuyo, por lo que la protesta de Avendaño debe ser interpretada
como un rechazo hacia la introducción de las laringalizadas, y tal vez incluso
la distinción entre la articulación velar y la postvelar. Un año después, el propio Molina ((1649] 1928) se hará eco del resentimiento general de los chinchaisuyos frente a una pretendida imposición de la variante sureña, al habérseles "quitado [su <x>] contentándola con la S". Y aun cuando el franciscano
se propone dar pautas acerca de la pronunciación cuzqueña, advierte que si
fuera él "examinador en el Obispado de Chinchaisuyu, no examinara en los
términos del Cusco, sino en su materna, pues esta es la que hablan y entienden los naturales dél: Y este es argumento fortíssimo, que si yo fuera al Cuzco y predicase en la lengua de Chinchaisuyu, se reirían de mí y harían burla,
y mas si predicase en la lengua de Chili, o de Patanaguas". Como se ve, las
lealtades lingüísticas y los celos regionales se hallaban ya exacerbados por la
pretendida imposición de la norma cuzqueña.
6. La ruptura total Como se vio, los intentos por restablecer la unidad
del quechua, adaptándolo a la nueva situación creada por el ordenamiento colonial, se tradujeron en la elaboración de una variedad escrita, y eventualmente empleada en la prédica religiosa, diferente de la lengua general del imperio
y muy cercana del dialecto cuzqueño. Posteriormente fue cuestionada dicha
normalización, sobre todo en su forma escrita, buscando identificarla plenamente con la variante de la antigua metrópoli. De esta manera el afán por restaurar la unidad lingüística resquebrajada tropezaba con el glotocentrismo de
quienes consideraban que la única variedad digna de ser cultivada era precisamente aquella que se hablaba en el Cuzco. Desechando el ánimo conciliador
de los quechuistas del Tercer Concilio, los partidarios de la corriente cuzqueñista optaron por una solución unitaria con total rechazo de los dialectos que
se alejaban de la variedad asumida como la auténtica. La identificación del
quechua general con el dialecto cuzqueño significó entonces, por su propia
autodepuración, la quiebra total de los intentos de restauración de la unidad
lingüística. El celo cuzqueí'íista de hacer prevalecer las peculiaridades del dialecto local no hará sino ahondar sus diferencias respecto de las variedades más
afmes -como la ayacuchana-, hecho que hallará su mayor expresión cuando
el mencionado dialecto modifique drásticamente su fisonomía luego de la revolución consonántica que lo afectará entre fines del s. XVII y comienzos del
XVIII.
La campaña cuzqueñista llevó aparejado, como se vio, un profundo menosprecio por las demás variedades quechuas. Al prestigio del cuzqueí'ío como
otrora lengua de la corte se unía ahora otro galardón más: el desarrollo de una
rica literatura religiosa y profana, la misma que alcanzaría su clímax entre fines del s. XVII y comienzos del siguiente. Con tales atributos era difícil que
90
los demás dialectos compitieran, pues la misma intelectualidad criolla y mestiza, fuera o no cuzqueña, había interiorizado, salvo las aisladas protestas que
vimos, dicha diferencia. Ello puede explicar igualmente, en parte al menos,
por qué los estudios lexicográficos y gramaticales sólo giraron en torno a la
variedad sureña. En efecto, fuera de los trabajos de Domingo de Santo Tomás, el único intento posterior por ofrecernos datos específicos de la variedad
llamada chinchaisuya fue el del jesuita huancavelicano Figueredo ([ 1700]
1964). Como se vio, las peculiaridades dialectales no cuzqueñas fueron vistas
como "corrupciones", y en las pocas muestras de literatura tanto religiosa como profana que han llegado a nosotros, a través de numerosas copias y readaptaciones (piénsese, por ejemplo, en las dramatizaciones de la captura y
muerte de Atahualpa), se nota siempre el afán por cuzqueñizar, o en todo caso de sureñizar, los dialectos en los cuales fueron escritos (cf. Rivera Serna
1965, Ravines et al. 1985, Meneses 1985). Sin embargo, es de advertirse que
el sentimiento de estar frente a meras "bastardizaciones" del quechua fue de
alguna manera sensible a las futuras configuraciones político-administrativas
autónomas respecto del virreinato peruano, pues la primera descripción del
quiteño, proporcionada por Nieto Polo (1753), está lejos de presentarnos una
variedad ancilar en relación con la sureña, y, por el contrario, reafirma sus peculiaridades lingüísticas autónomas.
Asistimos de este modo a una situación tal en la que las condiciones estaban dadas como para que los hablantes de uno u otro dialecto, de una u
otra lengua, perdieran el nexo necesario que permitiera el funcionamiento de
un vehículo lingüístico común de origen andino. Contrariamente a lo que
ocurría en la época incaica, que gracias a una política administrativa centralizada y rígida había conseguido movilizar pueblos y "naciones" de diferentes
latitudes poniéndolos en contactos hoy inimaginables, a través del sistema de
los mitimaes o del reclutamiento de ejércitos, la administración colonial significó, una vez establecida la pax toledana, la dependencia de tales pueblos a órganos de gobierno civil y eclesiástico locales y relativamente autónomos. En
efecto, tras las guerras civiles, que movilizaron igualmente grupos étnicos de
distinta procedencia según los grupos o bandos en pugna, los únicos contactos pluriétnicos que se indujeron fueron las reducciones y el servicio de mitas
y obrajes. Pero en uno u otro caso los desplazamientos poblacionales no alcanzaron el nivel suprarregional. Lo dicho puede ilustrarse con lo ocurrido en
el Valle del Mantaro. En un espacio de poco más de ochenta kilómetros,
shaushas, lulin-huancas y hanan-huancas, etnias que se remontaban a épocas
preincaicas, habían desarrollado sus peculiaridades dialectales divisadas más
tarde por los propios españoles. Con la conquista incaica (ca. 1460), dichas escisiones habían encontrado un puente lingüístico común en virtud del uso de
la lengua general (cf. Vega [1582] 1965). Tras la caída del imperio y la consiguiente interrupción en el funcionamiento del koiné panandino, los hablantes
91
volvieron a enclaustrarse dentro de sus propias modalidades dialectales y los
contingentes de mitmas, que seguramente se servían de la lengua general, se
vieron asimilados completamente por los grupos étnicos locales sin dejar ninguna huella idiomática de importancia en las hablas respectivas. La fragmentación dialectal, unida a otros factores sociales y económicos, contribuyó a que
dicha zona fuese uno de los territorios peruanos más vulnerables a la castellanización y el desplazamiento idiomático. La relativa intercomprensión entre
las hablas se vio perturbada por el incremento de las diferencias aldeanas,
creando un contexto propicio en el que con el tiempo toda diferencia idiomática se resolviese a través del castellano ( cf. Cerrón-Palomino 1986).
Como se ve, la quiebra del aparato estatal y el consiguiente desmembramiento de las unidades administrativas incaicas tenían que acentuar las diferencias dialectales del quechua. No sólo recobraban su autonomía los dialectos que se habían constituido en época preincaica; también las variedades recientemente impuestas, en la etapa incaica y postincaica, se configuraban adquiriendo sus características actuales, imponiéndose sobre otras lenguas, siempre y cuando la presencia de hablantes de las mismas fuese mayoritaria, y, de
otro lado, siempre que la proselitización religiosa se hiciera empleándolas como medio de propagación. Allí donde los grupos étnicos locales de lengua diferente constituían una mayoría compacta el proceso quechuizador quedó
trunco y la acción misionera no tuvo alternativa que la de servirse de las mismas lenguas locales. Tal ocurrió no sólo con las poblaciones aimaras y puquinas, cuyas lenguas fueron también reconocidas como "mayores", sino también con los mochicas, los huamachucos y los yauyos. Para estos grupos, sobre todo para los de la costa y sierra norte peruanas, la segunda opción lingüística inevitable era la castellana, lengua que reemplazará al quechua como
vehículo de comunicación panandina. Por lo pronto, como efecto del despoblamiento masivo de los valles de la costa central a raíz de las guerras civiles,
así como de la presencia mayoritaria de los españoles radicados en ellos, el
quechua cedía rápidamente al castellano y es posible que para fmes del s.
XVII la población nativa existente estuviera castellanizada plenamente. La población indígena limeña, integrada en su gran mayoría por indios procedentes de las regiones más diversas, según se desprende de los padrones de la época (cf. Contreras [1613) 1968), se habría visto obligada a resolver su plurilingüismo a través del puente del castellano. De este modo, Lima perdía su atributo de centro quechuizador que Bias Valera destacaba para fines del s. XVI.
Se imponía así el castellano en tanto idioma dominante y la corona establecía
el aprendizaje obligatorio del mismo por parte de la elite nativa, como en
tiempo de los incas. Sólo que esta vez la imposición del castellano implicaba
un profundo menosprecio por la lengua y cultura nativas. Pronto la misma corona le quitará todo respaldo a la corriente indigenista del empleo de las lenguas vernáculas so pretexto de que a través de ellas se preservaban las prácticas culturales y religiosas reñidas con la moral y los intereses del poder colo-
92
nial. Como se sabe, los movimientos de liberación de cuño inca que alcanzarán su momento culminante en las últimas décadas del s. XVIII serán sofocados de manera violenta, desatándose luego una política de represión lingüística y cultural que acabará definitivamente con todo proyecto nacionalista de
iniciativa indígena. Por lo demás, trabajos como los de Torero (1974: 181214), Heath y Laprade (1982) y Mannheim (1984), nos ofrecen una reseña
de la situación lingüística colonial como efecto de las medidas políticas adoptadas por la corona, las mismas que, conforme se mencionó, fueron variando
sensiblemente hasta optar por una política idiomática asirnilacionista en favor del castellano, postura que será una de las tantas "herencias coloniales"
que prevalecerán en la vida independiente de las nuevas repúblicas andinas.
7. Situación actual y perspectivas. Los estudios dialectológicos del quechua nos descubren en la actualidad una realidad altamente fragmentada y
compleja, sobre todo allí donde la difusión de la lengua se remonta a etapas
más remotas. Como era de esperarse, es en el Perú en donde dicha complejidad adquiere mayor notoriedad. En efecto, se encuentran aquí los dialectos
del quechua central, tan diversificados entre sí, que su sola heterogeneidad denuncia desarrollos locales y regionales bien marcados. Al lado de tales variedades se cuentan igualmente los dialectos que forman el bloque denominado
Quechua II, desglosable a su vez en tres sub grupos denominados yúngay,
chínchay norteño y chínchay sureño (cf. Torero 1972). De todos ellos sólo
los dos últimos subgrupos alcanzan en la actualidad una dimensión internacional, pues el chínchay norteño cubre territorios pertenecientes a Colombia,
Ecuador y Perú; y el sureño abarca, a su tumo, además del Perú, Bolivia y el
noroeste argentino. De manera que la variedad quechua más difundida corresponde precisamente a la rama chínchay, que, por encima del yúngay y del central, logra restablecer una relativa afinidad en el mapa dialectológico, la misma
que se ve empañada sin embargo por las demarcaciones fronterizas y administrativas de los gobiernos nacionales involucrados. De allí que se hable de un
quechua ecuatoriano, colombiano, peruano, boliviano y argentino, denominaciones que esconden en muchos casos no sólo la complejidad interna de
tales abstracciones (por ejemplo el caso peruano, y, en menor medida, el ecuatoriano) sino también la continuidad relativa de una misma variedad (talla
situación peruano-boliviana). Las repúblicas andinas, por lo demás, al haberse
constituido al margen de los intereses de los grupos indígenas, alentaron siempre en éstos el sentimiento de una nacionalidad criolla por encima de las flliaciones étnicas y culturales preexistentes: de este modo, por ejemplo, los quechuas peruanos y bolivianos, o los aimaras de un lado y otro de la frontera altiplánica, son por sobre todo "peruanos" y "bolivianos", respectivamente (cf.
Primov 1974).
93
Como se dijo, la profunda diversificación actual de los dialectos quechuas es el resultado de la acentuación de las tendencias disruptivas que sobrevinieron a la caída del imperio, ahondándose en la etapa colonial y la republicana. La interrupción del circuito lingüístico -la lengua general- que acercaba a unas variedades respecto de otras, y que garantizaba la competencia comunicativa de los hablantes, virtualmente polidialectales, significó la mengua
de dicha capacidad. De esta manera los distintos grupos étnicos se "encerraron" dentro de su propio comunolecto. Más tarde, con la hegemonización del
sureño y el consiguiente menosprecio por las variedades que se apartaban de
él se avivaron las antiguas lealtades locales y regionales y el quechua misionero, que en alguna forma buscó reeditar el empleo de un vehículo común, no
pasaba de ser una forma de ritual que, circunscrita a una función específica, aparecía como un elemento postizo frente a las manifestaciones concretas de los
dialectos. Imposibilitados de lograr contactos suprarregionales, los hablantes
de uno u otro dialecto, o de una u otra lengua, tenían ahora frente a sí al castellano de los grupos dominantes, inalcanzable las más de las veces, como alternativa lingüística supraétnica. De esta manera, a medida que se propagaba
el castellano, se abrían ahora las posibilidades de una comunicación interétnica a través de dicha lengua: en adelante, chancas y huancas, shaushas y tarmas, yarus y huailas, chupachus y cashamarcas, encerrados dentro de sus propias hablas, se aproximarían al castellano, si ello era posible, como nuevo vehículo común. Porque, como era de esperarse, la relación de inteligibilidad
que unos grupos dialectales guardan con otros no sobrepasa el nivel regional
vistas las cosas desde una perspectiva macrosociolingüística.
En efecto, según Torero (1974:36-43), la intercomprensión entre los
quechuahablantes peruanos sólo se daría al interior de un mismo subgrupo
dialectal o, en todo caso, entre los miembros que manejan dialectos de grupos
diferentes pero geográficamente contiguos. Habrá que señalar, sin embargo,
que la falta de intercomprensión supralocal y suprarregional se debe no solamente a las diferencias estructurales sino también a la quiebra de las relaciones multirregionales y pluriétnicas franqueadas por la presencia del castellano
que hace inviable toda aproximación a partir del etnolecto propio. Teniendo
en cuenta la capacidad de comprensión de textos grabados en quechua, que
en sí, a diferencia de los mensajes recibidos de manera directa (ante la presencia física del emisor), ofrece ya cierto margen de turbulencia, el autor mencionado sugiere la posibilidad de inferir siete supralectos, los cuales, servidos por
las hablas "centrales" o de "crucero" al interior de cada grupo, podrían ser
reducidos a cinco. De manera que, dadas las condiciones actuales de diversificación dialectal, los intentos de unificación que podrían ensayarse tendrían
que partir del reconocimiento de dichos cinco supralectos o lenguas.
Existe, de otro lado, la posibilidad de lograr una mayor aproximación
de dichas lenguas entre sí. Ella está relacionada con la capacidad unificadora
94
que tiene todo sistema escriturario. Como se sabe, los sistemas ortográficos
de las lenguas de occidente mantienen una unidad básica por encima de las diversidades dialectales que se dan al interior de las lenguas a las cuales sirven de
canal. Si bien es verdad que tales alfabetos tienen una vieja tradición que los
ata al pasado (recuérdese el criterio etimológico que los alienta), manteniendo
muchas veces grafías que ya no encuentran su correlato sonoro en las formas
habladas, no es del todo aventurado postular, para el quechua, sistemas escriturarios que, en la medida de lo posible, representen los estadios más conservados de los supradialectos. Retrocediendo en el tiempo es posible encontrar
una mayor armonía entre los dialectos actuales, hecho que, recogido en el plano escrito, tendría la virtud de establecer una mayor aproximación entre los
supralectos inferidos a partir de la intercomprensión puramente oral.
La puesta en práctica de dicha alternativa implica superar, por lo pronto, un prejuicio sumamente arraigado: el de confundir un sistema escriturario
con un sistema de transcripción fonético-fonológico. Como se sabe, sin embargo, cada sistema tiene sus propios fines y objetivos: el primero persigue
fundamentalmente la transmisión de contenidos y el segundo busca representar lo más fielmente posible la pronunciación. A no ser que se trate de un medio auxiliar para reproducir fidedignamente la pronunciación de una lengua
por parte de quienes la ignoran -cosa que no es el cometido de ningún sistema escriturario-, todo alfabeto ha sido ideado para los propios usuarios de
una lengua y es un craso error el pensar que dicha ortografía "enseñe" a prommciar. La correlación grafía-fonema que implica todo proceso de alfabetización durante sus inicios es dejada de lado a medida que el aprendiz logra interiorizar la naturaleza convencional de los signos. En adelante, el futuro lector
o escribiente, dado el caso, estará más atento a la captación o al ciframiento
de contenidos, al margen de la pronunciación real de su lengua. No importa
entonces que los españoles diferencien el fonema interdental del apical allí
donde el hispanoamericano los neutraliza en una sola sibilante dorsal; lo que
importa es que el último sepa que, por convención, tiene que distinguir ortográficamente la e delante de e, i y la z de las. El empleo de una misma convención, como se ve, viabiliza el manejo de un sistema escrituraría único. Si ello
no ocurriera, si los escribientes de las distintas áreas dialectales decidieran por
propia iniciativa acomodar la escritura a la pronunciación, entonces proliferarían los alfabetos y las posibilidades de intercomprensión entre los diversos escribientes y lectores de habla hispana se verían menoscabadas. De otro lado,
la propuesta de un sistema ortográfico etimologizante supone la superación de
las ataduras locales que todo hablante siente instintivamente respecto de sus
formas propias de pronunciación. Lo que hay que remarcar, sin embargo, es
que la "renuncia" al localismo sólo se haría en el nivel de la escritura mas no
en el de la pronunciación. Ello involucra, por eso mismo, la diferencia de los
niveles de representación gráfica señalados líneas arriba. Por lo demás, los intentos de unificación del quechua a través de la escritura no son ciertamente nuevos. Ya vimos cómo los traductores del Tercer
Concilio postularon un sistema escriturario común para todas las variedades
quechuas. Si bien dicha alternativa resultaba demasiado "abstracta" en relación con las configuraciones dialectales existentes, y que en lo sustancial tenían la misma fisonomía que la que encontramos en el presente, la propuesta
que hacemos resulta en todo caso mucho menos arbitraria y más realista. La
posibilidad de unificar el quechua en los mismos términos tampoco fue ajena
a las preocupacion~s del franciscano Ráez (cf. Cerrón-Palomino 1985b), quien
se adelantó en más de setenta años a quienes, modernamente (cf. Parker
1975, Bailey 1975), echan mano del concepto de las gramáticas pandialectales y de sus implicancias prácticas en relación con los desarrollos escriturados
de las lenguas ágrafas. Finalmente, el mismo recurso a un sistema unificado ha
sido puesto a la práctica por los quechuistas asociados a la Universidad Católica de Quito en relación con el quichua ecuatoriano (cf., por ejemplo, Montaluisa 1980). De no optarse por un sistema único, como el propuesto en este
caso, la alternativa resulta en la postulación de un número abultado de alfabetos y convenciones para una variedad dialectal que, al margen de sus peculiaridades locales, constituye una misma unidad estructural. En tal sentido, creemos que los reparos formulados por Salomón (1983) en relación con la solución ortográfica adoptada en el Ecuador, a la que tilda de "idealista" y "arbitraria", merecen ser reconsiderados a la luz de la presente discusión.
Como se sabe, la proliferación de alfabetos es uno de los primeros obstáculos que impiden el desarrollo escriturado de una lengua. Y no es por azar
que quienes ven en el quechua sólo un medio para llegar al castellano se han
preocupado fundamentalmente de elaborar alfabetos transicionales de naturaleza eminentemente transcripcional. Ello es patente en el Perú, donde instituciones como el ILV parecieran estar abocadas más bien a la tarea de exacerbar las diferencias dialectales del quechua lejos de procurar el acercamiento
(escrito) entre las diversas hablas. No otra cosa se persigue, en efecto, con la
96
representación diferenciada de un mismo segmento pandialectal a través de
diferentes recursos gráficos (tal el caso del fonema /q/, que es representado
como <q>, <g>, <j>, e incluso nada), por el mero hecho de calcar la pronunciación local, y confundiendo por consiguiente escritura y transcripción.
No desconocemos, por lo demás, las dificultades iniciales que, desde el punto
de vista pedagógico y práctico, conlleva un sistema escriturario de corte etimológico (piénsese, por ejemplo, en el empleo de grafías silentes), pero creemos que todas ellas podrán superarse una vez despejados los prejuicios que hemos mencionado y tomando conciencia de la importancia de contar con un
sistema de escritura que amplía considerablemente el circuito comunicativo,
trascendiendo el nivel puramente localista.
Uegamos así a visualizar un gran reto en el esfuerzo por recobrar, en
parte al menos, la unidad lingüística perdida. Y así como con un pequefio entrenamiento un lector hispanohablante puede leer un texto escrito en portugués o en catalán (aun cuando la forma oral de dichas lenguas le parezcan total o parcialmente ininteligibles), del mismo modo podría darse el caso eventual de que un texto quechua ecuatoriano no le sea del todo extrafio a un ayacuchano o cuzquefio o viceversa, así como tampoco le sea ininteligible un texto escrito en quechua central a un lector potencial de Cajamarca o del propio
sur. Esta posibilidad queda rota con la postulación de alfabetos de naturaleza
transcripcional, pues éstos, lejos de tender a la unidad, apuntan hacia la dispersión definitiva de los dialectos en provecho de la hegemonización cada vez
mayor del castellano como única alternativa lingüística no sólo escrita sino incluso oral.
97
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103
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104.
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Various open science
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| 8,100 | 11,978 |
Tableau 17 : Décomposition de l'accro
issement de M2 au MMA (1980-1989). Algérie Maroc Tunisie Egypte Jordanie MDS $ % M2 MDS $ % M2 MDS $ % M2 MDS $ % M2 MDS $ % M2 ∆M2 -0,34 100,00 -0,05 100,00 -0,02 100,00 0,57 ∆B -0,22 66,34 -0,02 52,51 -0,01 46,04 0,01 100,00 0,01 100,00 1,19 -0,01 ∆m -0,11 33,66 -0,02 47,49 -0,01 53,96 -61,52 0,56 98,81 0,02 161,52 ∆c -0,01 1,63 -0,01 15,65 0,00 24,34 -0,02 -3,82 -0,01 -84,83 ∆r -0,11 32,02 -0,01 31,84 -0,01 29,62 0,58 102,64 0,03 246,35 ∆ME -0,24 72,06 -0,01 23,82 0,05 -265,69 0,36 63,46 0,06 587,04 ∆MCE 5,44 -1610,30 0,46 -1015,59 0,05 -258,46 16,49 2897,86 0,19 1748,06 -5,53 1638,24 -0,50 1091,78 -0,12 624,16 -16,28 MCP
Source : Calculs effectués à partir des statistiques du Fonds Monétaire International. -2861,32 -0,24 -2235,10
Les tableaux ci-dessus laissent percevoir les remarques suivantes : 23
∆m=
∆c+∆r ME correspond aux avoirs extérieurs nets. MCE correspond aux crédits à l'Etat. 26 MCP correspond à l'économie. 24
25
La croissance du stock de monnaie pour la période 1970-1980 semble être imputable à celle du multiplicateur dans tous les pays du MMA. La croissance de la base joue aussi un rôle non négligeable en Algérie et en Egypte. A partir de 1980, le stock monétaire a commencé à baisser au Maghreb. Cette baisse est imputable à la fois à la baisse de la base et du multiplicateur monétaire. La variation de la base monétaire, s'explique par les variations à la hausse des crédits à l'Etat et les variations à la baisse des crédits à l'économie. L'importance du multiplicateur sur les deux périodes revient au faible niveau de la préférence du public pour la liquidité. Le coefficient des réserves, semble jouer un grand rôle restrictif au MMA mais son action en tant de régulateur monétaire est beaucoup plus important au Machrek notamment sur la seconde période. La tendance de la préférence pour la monnaie centrale reste homogène dans tous les pays mais le coefficient des réserves varie sensiblement entre les deux régions. L'analyse des déterminants de la croissance monétaire a permis d'obtenir des éléments de réponses aux causes de la croissance monétaire au MMA. Les variations du stock monétaire sont ainsi imputables à la variation de la base monétaire. Celle-ci a baissé dans tous les pays durant la décennie quatre-vingt. Les raisons de cette baisse sont liées notamment à la baisse des crédits à l'économie au profit des crédits à l'Etat. Les créances à l'Etat en effet, augmenté d'une façon vertigineuse durant la même période. Cette forte croissance laisse penser que la monnaie a été utilisée à des fins budgétaires. Afin de vérifier cette idée, nous analyserons les modes du financement budgétaire dans ces deux régions. 2 LE FINANCEMENT MONETAIRE DU DEFICIT BUDGETAIRE
AU MMA. L'Etat peut financer son déficit soit par création monétaire ou par emprunt interne et/ou externe. Les conséquences du déficit budgétaire dépendent de la méthode de son financement. L'utilisation excessive de chacun de ces instruments de financement conduit nécessairement à un déséquilibre macroéconomique, Easterly et Hebbel (1993). L'excès d'emprunt domestique conduit au gèle des crédits entravant ainsi l'investissement privé ; l'excès d'emprunt externe conduit au déficit de la balance des paiements et le financement monétaire conduit à l'inflation. Mais avant d'étudier le lien entre le solde budgétaire et la croissance monétaire au Maghreb et au Machrek, 89 il faudrait savoir quelle est la mesure du solde à considérer. Notre objectif n'est pas de discuter de la pertinence de ces mesures mais seulement de les définir afin que notre choix soit conforme à l'objectif que nous recherchons. 2.1 LES DIFFERENTES MESURES DU SOLDE BUDGETAIRE.
Le choix d'une mesure du solde budgétaire va dépendre des effets macroéconomiques qu'exercerait ce solde sur certaines grandeurs économiques. Dans un pays ou l'inflation est relativement élevée, la demande globale apparaît comme la principale grandeur. Le choix d'une mesure adéquate du solde budgétaire peut nous aider à expliquer la relation qui peut exister entre la croissance monétaire et le déficit budgétaire. Un bref rappel des différentes définitions du solde budgétaire va nous éclairer sur le choix de la mesure la plus pertinente pour notre étude. Le solde conventionnel est obtenu par la différence entre l'ensemble des recettes et des dépenses budgétaires. Il permet de mesurer le besoin d'emprunt net de l'Etat. C'est aussi un bon indicateur de l'effort fournit par l'Etat afin de réduire les déséquilibres budgétaires notamment lors d'une politique de stabilisation. Mais le caractère endogène de cette mesure réduit quelque peu sa pertinence. En effet, selon Blejer et Cheasty (1991), le calcul de ce déficit tient compte des décisions passées en terme de politique budgétaire. Ces politiques sont, elles-mêmes, influencées par les fluctuations cycliques et conjoncturelles tels que la présence d'un pic inflationniste. C'est pourquoi le solde conventionnel est très souvent corrigé afin d'éliminer les éléments endogènes qui le composent. La suppression des paiements d'intérêts sur la dette interne et externe sont les principales corrections apportées au calcul de ce solde. En effet, les dépenses au titre du service de la dette présentent comme principale caractéristique, des engagements financiers contractés afin de couvrir des déficits budgétaires antérieurs. Le solde primaire permet d'éliminer cet enchaînement. est obtenu par la différence entre les recettes et les dépenses totales sans tenir compte des paiements d'intérêts internes et externes. Il permet ainsi d'estimer la soutenabilité de la politique budgétaire engagée en évaluant l'action de l'Etat sur l'encours de la dette durant une année fiscale. Il permet aussi de savoir si la politique budgétaire de l'Etat est soutenable à long terme. Le solde primaire doit être excédentaire afin de permettre à l'Etat de faire face au paiement d'intérêt. Dans le cas contraire, l'Etat fera recours à l'endettement. Le solde primaire ne tient pas compte, cependant, des paiements d'intérêt sur la dette publique, or l'inflation a tendance à gonfler ces paiements. Le solde opérationnel se définit par la somme du solde primaire et le paiement d'intérêt qui correspond à un revenu pour les créanciers. 2.2 LE DEFICIT BUDGETAIRE AU MAGHREB ET AU MACHREK.
Selon les différentes mesures du solde budgétaire discutées plus haut, nous avons montré que la pertinence de chaque mesure découle de l'effet macroéconomique qu'elle exerce sur les grandeurs économiques recherchées. Comme l'objectif de notre étude est de chercher la relation entre le déficit budgétaire et la croissance monétaire, nous avons déduit que la mesure la plus pertinente pour nous serait celle du solde opérationnel. Mais avant de calculer ce solde, il est nécessaire de discuter succinctement de la définition de l'Etat en l'occurrence du secteur public que nous allons retenir. Le choix d'une définition du secteur publique n'est pas, en effet, sans importance. Plusieurs définitions peuvent être retenues. La définition du secteur public peut être prise dans un sens strict ou dans un sens plus large. Si nous ne tenons compte que du sens strict, seul le gouvernement central serait pris en considération. 91 L'élargissement de la définition peut se faire d'une façon partielle ou totale selon qu'on tienne compte du secteur public non financier (administrations locales, sécurité sociale, entreprises publiques non financières) et du secteur public financier (banque centrale et les banques commerciales publiques). La mesure du solde budgétaire qui tient compte de la définition la plus large du secteur public est la mesure la plus précise de la position fiscale d'un pays donné. Mais les données sur le secteur public consolidé ne sont pas souvent disponibles et font souvent objet de mesures arbitraires différentes d'un pays à un autre ce qui réduit fortement l'utilité de la mesure. Il ne serait pas possible non plus, du moins dans cette étude, de ne tenir compte que du secteur public consolidé non financier car dans ce cas nous ne tiendrons pas compte des pertes de la Banque Centrale et des banques publiques s au financement des activités d'investissement étatiques. La définition du secteur public que nous choisissons de retenir est celle du secteur public consolidé qui tient compte des secteurs publics non financiers et financiers. La disponibilité des données sur le secteur public consolidé au Machrek et au Maghreb nous a beaucoup aidé dans notre décision. Le solde budgétaire du secteur public consolidé ainsi retenu est représenté dans le tableau 18 ci-dessous.
Tableau 18 : Les différents soldes budgétaires au MMA en pourcentage du PIB. Le déficit conventionnel a été calculé par la différence entre les recettes totales (y compris les dons) et les dépenses totales (y compris les prêts). Le solde primaire est égale au solde conventionnel auquel nous avons retranché les versements d'intérêts sur l'ensemble de la dette interne et externe. Le solde opérationnel comprend le solde primaire et les paiements d'intérêts sur la dette publique intérieure. Les intérêts intérieurs ont été calculés en appliquant à la dette publique de tous les pays un taux réel fixe de 4%. Bien que ce calcul semble arbitraire, il n'est cependant pas loin de la réalité étant donnée que dans ces pays, les taux appliqués aux titres publics étaient fixés par l'Etat et ne dépassaient pas en moyenne les 5%. La première lecture du tableau nous permet de remarquer une généralisation du déficit conventionnel pour l'ensemble des pays du MMA sauf pour l'Algérie et ce jusqu'en 1985. En effet l'Algérie est le seul pays à enregistrer des soldes conventionnels positifs en raison de l'importance des recettes d'exportations notamment celles des hydrocarbures. La tendance de ce solde s'est inversé suite au choc pétrolier de 1986 qui a réduit ces recettes. L'importance des déficits conventionnels au MMA vient de la croissance continuelle des paiements d'intérêts qui représentent une part importante dans la gestion des finances publiques. En effet, ces intérêts ont été évalués à 6% du PIB entre 1981-1989 pour les pays dont les données ont été disponibles. Le poids de ces intérêts dans le budget va de pair avec la taille du pays soit 7% en moyenne pour l'Egypte et le Maroc et 4% pour la Tunisie et la Jordanie. Le solde opérationnel n'est pas très différent du solde primaire notamment en e ou le solde opérationnel est resté négatif malgré une légère amélioration durant les années 1988 et 1989. Le même scénario se retrouve au Maroc et en Jordanie dont les intérêts en pourcentage du produit ont enregistré une croissance progressive sur toute la période ce qui a permis l'amélioration du solde opérationnel Ainsi, en présence d'une inflation modérée, le solde opérationnel ne présente pas une grande différence avec le solde primaire. Cette différence est plus apparente dans le cas d'une hyper-inflation. Mais la présence d'un taux d'inflation modéré n'exclut pas l'influence de ce dernier sur l'évolution des soldes budgétaires. Il en va de même pour la croissance de la masse monétaire. En effet, le recours à des solutions monétaires pour corriger les problèmes budgétaires est une des principales causes de la croissance de l'inflation.
MODE DE FINANCEMENT DES DEFICITS BUDGETAIRES AU
MMA
.
Sur la base du mode de financement des agents économiques, Hicks (1974) a permis de distinguer entre les économies d'endettement et les économies de marchés financiers. Le choix entre le financement obligataire et le financement monétaire dépend en partie du type de système financier qui existe dans ces deux économies. Dans les économies de marché, la finance directe permet aux offreurs et aux demandeurs de capitaux de se confronter directement sans passer par des intermédiaires. A travers l'émission de titres, les demandeurs peuvent collecter le financement dont ils ont besoin. Dans une économie d'endettement les emprunteurs font appel au secteur bancaire pour leur besoin de financement. Cette méthode de finance indirecte repose sur l'intervention des intermédiaires financiers. Dans ce type de système, le financement des investissements publics bénéficie généralement d'un accès privilégié aux crédits bancaires en raison notamment de l'absence de marchés financiers de titres privés. Par ailleurs, le secteur bancaire constitue une source de financement non négligeable pour l'Etat lorsque celui-ci a besoin de combler ses besoins de financement. L'accès de l'Etat aux ressources bancaires lui est possible dans la mesure ou le secteur bancaire est un secteur étatique qui dépend essentiellement du refinancement de la Banque Centrale. Le système économique au MMA, comme il a été montré plus haut, semble présenter les caractéristiques d'une finance indirecte ou l'Etat monopolise tout le système financier. Cette situation de monopole peut se voir à travers l'analyse du mode de financement du budget. L'analyse de la structure de financement du déficit bud étaire au Maghreb et au Machrek a été possible grâce au tableau 20 ci-dessous qui nous donne la répartition du financement domestique par type de créancier. Les données ont été calculées en pourcentage du financement total sur la période 1981-1989. La lecture de ce tableau permet de voir que les deux principaux pays exportateurs de pétroles, l'Algérie et l'Egypte, faisaient plus appel à la Banque Centrale pour le financement de leur budget. Nous pouvons même dire que le financement du budget en Egypte reposait sur les ressources de la Banque Centrale dont l'intervention n'a pas cessé de s'accroître à travers les années.
Tableau
29 : Structure de financement du déficit budgétaire en pourcentage du financement total. n.a 44,80 9,95 44,67 42,09 31,93 55,23
Financement total 1-étranger
En Algérie, l'intervention de la Banque Centrale est restée en moyenne de 40% du financement totale. Le reste du financement était réparti entre le secteur bancaire et non bancaire mais la contribution des Banques était plus importante. Dans les autres pays, le financement budgétaire reposait plus sur la dette extérieure comme le montre bien le cas du Maroc et de la Tunisie. L'intervention des autorités monétaires est restée ponctuelle (Maroc). Le reste du financement était partagé selon les pays entre les 95 banques et le financement obligataire. Ce dernier a commencé à augmenter progressivement au Maroc et en Tunisie suite à la mise en place des réformes financières vers la seconde moitié de la décennie quatre-vingt. Le manque de données sur la répartition du financement budgétaire en Jordanie ne nous permet pas de connaître l'importance du financement de chaque secteur ; mais le faible niveau de financement externe durant les années 1987 et 1988 et l'importance du taux d'inflation durant ces deux années laisse penser que le financement monétaire était important27. L'analyse de la structure de financement budgétaire au MMA a permis ainsi de révéler que le secteur bancaire était un des principaux intervenants dans le financement du budget. Ce dernier reposait totalement ou partiellement soit sur la participation de la Banque Centrale (Algérie et Egypte) ou de la Banque Centrale et des Banques locales (Jordanie, Tunisie et Maroc). Malgré la croissance du financement obligataire dans certains pays (Tunisie et Maroc), la participation du secteur bancaire restait importante (Maroc). Le reste du financement était compensé par le recours à l'endettement extérieur. CONCLUSION : Nous avons essayé tout au long de ce chapitre d'analyser la répression financière au MMA à travers les instruments et les indicateurs qui la caractérisent. Notre objectif était de mesurer le degré de répression financière et ses effets sur le développement financier. La méthodologie que nous avons choisi a consisté à suivre une démarche progressive qui s'est basée sur l'identification des instruments de répression utilisés par ces pays ainsi que la mesure du niveau du développement financier. Ainsi, le système financier au MMA était assujetti à la politique des réserves obligatoires non rémunérées et au contrôle direct de crédit qui se distinguait par des taux préférentiels au profit des secteurs prioritaires. La principale conséquence de cette politique est apparue à travers la baisse du niveau de développement du système 96 financier. Cette baisse se caractérisait par une épargne liquide et une dynamique bancaire très faible ainsi qu'une faible diversification des actifs financiers. Par contre la répression financière n'a pas eu des effets négatifs importants sur les crédits privés dont le ratio (CP/CI) était comparable à celui des pays développés. Une économie réprimée ne se caractérise pas seulement par la répression des taux ou le faible développement de son système financier. Les analyses économiques ont bien montré que dans une telle économie les taux d'inflation et la croissance monétaire sont généralement élevés. De même, le financement du déficit budgétaire puise ses ressources de l'émission monétaire. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons orienté notre recherche dans la deuxième section vers l'analyse des pressions inflationnistes au MMA. Pour cela nous avons examiné la relation entre l'inflation et la croissance monétaire à travers le test de causalité de Granger. Les résultats de ce test n'étaient pas concluants. avons trouvé en effet, une relation de causalité entre les deux variables par région, mais l'application du même test par pays n'a révélé cette relation que pour l'Algérie et la Jordanie. L'existence de cette relative relation de causalité, nous a poussé à approfondir notre analyse afin de voir comment la monnaie affecte t-elle l'inflation. Pour cela nous avons étudié les déterminants de la masse monétaire dans ces deux régions. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus ont révélé que les variations de la masse monétaires étaient imputables à celles de la base. Ce chapitre a permis ainsi de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques de la répression financière au MMA. L'administration des taux d'intérêt au-dessous du niveau du marché ainsi que le contrôle direct de l'intermédiation financière a constitué une entrave au développement du système financier. Par ailleurs, le financement monétaire du déficit budgétaire a accéléré les pressions inflationnistes et a entraîné l'Etat dans une situation économique difficile à gérer. Celle-ci était caractérisée par des taux d'inflation élevés, des déficits budgétaires accentués et une forte croissance monétaire en raison, notamment, de la participation du secteur bancaire dans le financement du déficit budgétaire. Le chapitre suivant montrera, par un modèle théorique et une estimation économétrique, Comment l'Etat, par la recherche de ressources financières nécessaires à ses dépenses, est arrivé à entraver l'activité du système financier.
ANNEXE 1 : LES PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS DE DEVELOPPEMENT AU
MMA
.
Considérés comme des pays à revenus intermédiaires, les pays du Maghreb et du Machrek arabe (MMA) couvrent une région qui s'étend des côtes atlantiques à l'Ouest jusqu'à l'Asie à l'Est, longeant ainsi le littoral sud méditerranéen au Nord et le Sahara au Sud soit une superficie de 4.083.000 km2 (1,65 fois la surface de l'Union Européenne et 7,4 fois la surface de la France). La population totale de cette région a atteint 142 millions d'habitants en 2002 soit 2,29% de la population mondiale. La position géographique et stratégique de la région ainsi que le potentiel humain qu'elle détient, fait d'elle un important acteur dans les relations économiques et financières avec l'étranger notamment avec les pays industrialisés.
Tableau 1: structure du produit Algérie PIB en millions de dollars 55914 Agriculture En% du PIB 10 Industrie En% du PIB 53 Services En% du PIB 37 Taux de croissance moyen (1990-2002) 0,3 Taux de croissance 2003 6,8 Maroc 36093 16 30 54 0,8 5,5 Tunisie 21024 10 29 60 3,1 6 Egypte 89854 17 33 50 2,5 3,1 Jordanie 9301 2 26 72 0,9 3 U. Européenne 6648492 2 28 70 1,7 R. intermédiaire 5139306 9 34 54 2
Source : Banque Mondiale : World Development
Indicators
(2004).
Avec des ressources naturelles importantes composées essentiellement de pétrole, de gaz naturel et de phosphate, la région du MMA se caractérise par sa grande disparité au niveau de la superficie, la population et de la répartition des ressources naturelles. La surface de l'Algérie dont les 2/3 sont composés de désert fait 26 fois la surface de la Jordanie alors que l'Egypte compte 70,5 millions d'habitants (en 2002) soit 48% de la population totale de la région. La Jordanie est le pays le plus petit de la région en terme de surface et de population puisqu'il ne compte que 5,3 millions d'habitants (en 2002) pour une superficie de 89000 km2. La population du MMA, dont la moitié est urbaine, est caractérisée par sa forte progression. Le taux de croissance moyen annuel de la population a été estimé à 2,25% entre 1975 et 2002 soit 1,6 fois plus que le taux de croissance des pays à revenu intermédiaire et 3,75 fois plus que le taux de croissance des pays de l'OCDE. Ce taux est comparable dans presque tous les pays sauf en Jordanie où il est estimé à 3,7% sur la même période. Cette forte croissance fait du MMA un important détenteur de potentiel humain. En effet, plus de la moitié de la population de cette région a moins de 15 ans.
Tableau 2 : Principaux indicateurs sur la population au MMA. Superficie en milliers de km2 Population totale en millions Taux de croissance moyen annuel de la population (1975-2002) Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale Densité (population/ km2) Algérie 2382 31,3 2,5 58,3 13 Maroc 447 30,1 2 56,8 66 Tunisie 164 9,7 2 63,4 63 Egypte 1001 70,5 2,2 42,1 67 Jordanie 89 5,3 3,7 78,9 58 OCDE à revenu élevé 32397 911?6 0,6 77,3 31 67886 2720,7 1,4 61 77 UE 2474 305 n.a n.a 125 Pays
Source : PNUD, rapport mondiale sur le développement humain (2004) Banque Mondiale : World Development Indicators (2004). Cette forte progression augmente la demande de travail et par conséquent le chômage dont le taux dépasse le taux des pays à revenu intermédiaires et de l'Union européenne28 (29,8% de la population active en Algérie en 2002 contre 5,4% en Jordanie). La faible offre de travail privilégie la main d'oeuvre masculine négligeant ainsi la participation de la femme dans le marché de travail. La faible participation féminine (22,7% de chômage féminin contre 5% de chômage masculin en Egypte en 2002) s'explique, en plus des contraintes économiques, par des considérations traditionnelles et religieuses qui conditionnent le travail de la femme et limitent sa participation dans des secteurs biens déterminés notamment le secteur des services. En effet, la participation de la femme a été estimée à 54% du total de la main d'ouvre dans le secteur des services au Maroc et en Egypte entre 1995 et 2002. Les indicateurs relatifs au développement des ressources humaines sont plus ou moins satisfaisants. Le taux de mortalité infantile est en continuelle baisse puisqu'il a été estimé à 32 pour mille en 2002 contre 36 pour 1000 en 1997. Cette baisse a été cependant, différente selon les pays. Ce taux a été en nette amélioration en Egypte alors qu'il s'est dégradé en Algérie. L'espérance de vie à la naissance en 2002 a nettement baissé par rapport à 1997 dans tous les pays notamment en Tunisie. Seule l'Egypte fait exception avec une légère amélioration.
Tableau 3 : Indicateurs de Développement humain. PIB par habitant en $ Algérie Taux de mortalité infantile pour 1000 enfants 1997 2002 1997 2002 1997 2002 1549 1785 1997 2002 1997 2002 Maroc 1320 1218 32 39 71 69,7 Tunisie 2145 2149 51 39 67 52,9 Egypte 1254 1354 30 21 70 55,6 Jordanie 1182 1799 51 35 67 68,8 OCDE n.a 29000 29 27 71 56,5 n.a 5908 n.a 5 n.a 70,4
Source : PNUD, rapport mondiale sur le développement humain (2004) Banque Mondiale : World Development Indicators (2004).
L'amélioration des indicateurs du développement humain semble avoir un effet positif sur la pauvreté qui a reculé dans tous les pays du MMA (12% en 2002 contre 17% en 1997). La population pauvre est plus importante dans les zones rurales comme le montre le tableau 4. 28 Le taux de chômage en 2002 était de 9,8% en Union Européenne et de 4,8 dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire. 102 Tableau 4 : Indicateur de pauvreté au MMA. Population en dessous du seuil de pauvreté en pourcentage de la population totale (vivant avec – 1$ par jour)
* 1989-1994 Population en dessous du seuil de pauvreté en pourcentage de la population totale (vivant avec –1$ par jour)* 1990-2001 Rurale Urbaine Totale Rurale Urbaine Totale Algérie 30,3 14,7 22,6 16,6 7,3 12,2 Maroc 18 7,6 13,1 27,2 12 19 Tunisie 13,1 3,5 7,4 13,9 3,6 7,6 Egypte 23,3 22,5 22,9 n.a n.a 16,7 15 n.a n.a 11,7 Jordanie
*Les estimations sont celles de la dernière année disponible pour la période. Source : PNUD, rapport mondiale sur le développement humain (2004) Banque Mondiale : World Development Indicators (2004).
Au niveau de l'éducation, les statistiques ont enregistré un taux inquiétant d'analphabétisation estimée à 32,28% en 2002 contre 37,42% en 1997 (pour une population au-dessus de 15 ans). Bien que ce taux semble être en baisse, les chiffres enregistrés restent élevés. Ce taux reste très disparate d'un pays à un autre et varie entre 49,2 % au Maroc à seulement 9,1% en Jordanie. Ce taux est cependant beaucoup plus important pour les femmes notamment au Maroc ou il est à plus de 60%.
Tableau 5 : Indicateurs du niveau d'éducation. Taux d'alphabétisation des adultes Taux brut de scolarisation (du primaire au supérieur) Algérie Masculin 59,6 Féminin 78 Total 68,8 Masculin 72 Féminin 69 Total 70 Maroc 63,3 38,8 50,8 61 52 57 Tunisie 83,1 63,1 73,1 74 75 75 Egypte 67,2 43,6 55,4 80 72 76 Jordanie 95,5 85,5 90,5 76 77 77 OCDE n.a n.a n.a 93,40 89,29 91,34 R.intermédiaire 92 83 87,5 n.a n.a 71 arabes 76 55 65,5 n.a n.a 60
Source : PNUD, rapport mondiale sur le développement humain (2004) Banque Mondiale : World Development Indicators (2004). L'important taux d'analphabétisation au MMA nous laisse perplexe devant les résultats obtenus en terme de scolarisation. Le taux total de scolarisation du primaire au supérieur n'a pas cessé en effet, de s'améliorer durant la décennie quatre-vingt et quatre vingt-dix jusqu'à atteindre le seuil de 74%. Ce taux baisse si nous incluons le Maroc où le niveau d'éducation reste faible par rapport à ses voisins. Le taux de scolarisation au primaire est beaucoup plus important puisqu'il a été estimé à 92,2% entre 1999 et 2002. Au niveau géopolitique, la situation géographique des pays du MMA, ajoutée à l'instabilité politique dans certains pays de la région (Algérie, Egypte), place la sécurité parmi les premiers objectifs des autorités politique. Les dépenses militaires sont ainsi très élevées. Elles ont constitué un peu plus de 4% du PIB pour l'ensemble des pays du MMA pour l'année 2002. La Jordanie est le pays qui consacre le plus d'argent pour son avec des dépenses estimées à 8,4% du PIB contre 2% seulement en Tunisie sur la même année. L'importance de ces dépenses s'explique notamment par la situation géographique très instable de ce pays qui fait face aux effets du conflit israélopalestinien qui l'oblige à se préparer à des éventuelles attaques de la part de ses voisins. En plus de l'instabilité géographique, certains pays du MMA vivent une grande instabilité interne en raison de conflits politiques ou religieux (Algérie) ce qui les placent dans la catégorie des pays les plus risqués. L'indice de risque international par pays indique un taux peu satisfaisant pour l'Algérie (52%)29. En dépits des problèmes climatiques qui caractérisent cette région: faiblesse des ressources en eau, sécheresse, désertification et manque terres arables (par exemple la surface cultivable est de 2,8% en Egypte et de 3,2% en Algérie en % de la surface totale), les pays du MMA bénéficient d'une panoplie de ressources naturelles tels que le pétrole, le gaz naturel et la phosphate30. L'Algérie, le Maroc et la Jordanie comptent ensembles 1/3 de la production mondiale en phosphate. Le Maroc détient à lui seul 40% des réserves mondiales. Ces ressources font de la région du MMA un important exportateur en ressources naturelles (95% des recettes en devises découlent des exportations du pétrole et du gaz naturel en Algérie) ce qui la rend très vulnérable aux fluctuations des prix mondiaux. L'importance des exportations (7% des exportations des pays à revenu intermédiaire tranche supérieure en 2002) ainsi que les effets positifs des réformes économiques adoptés durant la décennie quatre-vingt-dix, ont permis aux pays du MMA de présenter un PIB de 212.186 millions de dollars en 2002 soit 12,41% du PIB des pays à revenu intermédiaire tranche supérieure. L'Egypte, le pays qui présente le PIB le plus élevé, compte à lui seul 42,34% du PIB de la région MMA (la part de la Jordanie n'est que de 4,38%). Au niveau externe, les relations commerciales des pays du MMA avec l'étranger, bien que très diversifiées, semblent avoir une préférence pour l'Europe avec 54% des exportations et 38% des importations en 2001. les Etats Unis d'Amérique et le Canada viennent en seconde position avec 10,6% des exportations et 7,24% des importations pour la même année. L'activité d'exportation repose essentiellement sur les combustibles (98,1% pour l'Algérie en 2000 et 36,9% pour l'Egypte en 1999), les produits manufacturiers (77% pour la Tunisie, 66% pour la Jordanie et 64% pour le Maroc en 2001, ) et quelques produits agricoles (21% pour la Maroc en 2001). Les importations se limitent aux produits alimentaires (13,7 pour le Maroc en 2000) et les produits manufacturiers (75% pour la Tunisie, 67% pour l'Algérie, 63% pour le Maroc en 2000 et 62% pour la Jordanie en 2001). Autres 21% Structure des exportations au MMA par région en 2001 (en %) Acie de l 'est et asie occidentale 9% Europe 54 % Afrique 5% USA -Canada 11% Source : World Development Indicator
s
(2004)
105 Structure des importation au MMA par région en 2001 (en %) Europe 38 % Autres 47 % USA -Canada 7% Acie de l 'est et asie occidentale 6% Afrique 2% Source : World Development Indicators (2004)
Malgré ces indicateurs économiques plus ou moins satisfaisants, les pays du MMA souffrent de la lourdeur de leur dette extérieure qui, malgré sa baisse par rapport aux années quatre-vingt-dix, reste très élevée (43% du PIB en 2002 contre 69,38% en 1990). Des performances ont pourtant été observées au niveau du paiement du service de la dette qui a baissé de moitié entre 1990 et 2002 (6,3% du PIB contre 11,08). Cette baisse revient notamment à l'annulation d'une partie de la dette extérieure de l'Egypte et de la Jordanie par les Etats Unis suite aux aides qu'elle a reçue par ces deux pays pendant la guerre du Golf. Cette baisse revient aussi à la signature de plusieurs accords de rééchelonnement de la dette avec le Fond Monétaire International et le Club de Paris : Algérie (1994, 1995,1997), Egypte (1991), Jordanie (1989, 1992 et 1994) et Maroc (1990 et 1992). Le Maroc est le seul pays de la région dont le service de la dette a augmenté sur la même période (6,9% du PIB en 1990 contre 10,2% en 2002). Tableau 6: Dette extérieure au MMA.
Dette Extérieure en millions de dollars Service de la dette en % du PIB 1990 2002 1990 2002 Algérie 28.149 22.800 14,2 7,5 Maroc 25.017 18.601 6,9 10,2 Tunisie 7.690 12.625 11,6 6,8 Egypte 33.017 30.750 7,1 2,3 Jordanie 8.333 8.094 15,6 6,3 Pays arabes n.a n.a 4 2,3 n.a n.a 3 6,3
Source : PNUD, rapport mondiale sur le développement humain (2004) Banque Mondiale : World Development Indicators (2004).
Les politiques économiques adoptées par les pays du MMA depuis les années soixante, les a placées en marge de l'intégration économique internationale. La faiblesse de leur performance économique, le faible niveau de leur épargne nationale (18,4% du PIB en 2002 contre 17,6% en 1990), par rapport aux pays à revenu comparable (25% du PIB en 2002 pour les pays à revenu intermédiaire tranche supérieure), le déficit de la balance des paiements, nécessite d'eux de grands efforts de réformes qui s'appuient, entre autres, sur l'allégement de l'interventionnisme de l'Etat du secteur marchand et l'encouragement de l'initiative privée.
CHAPITRE 3 : UNE ANALYSE ECONOMETRIQUE DE L'EFFET REPRESSION FINANCIERE SUR LE SYSTEME FINANCIER AU MMA. DE LA L'objectif de la première partie de cette thèse 2 était de discuter de l'évolution théorique et empirique de la théorie de la libéralisation et de faire apparaître les faits stylisés de la répression financière au MMA. Nous avons pu démontrer à travers une analyse statistique que la politique de contrôle direct du système financier avait pour conséquence un faible approfondissement financier qui a été accentué par la croissance de l'inflation. Cette dernière a été stimulée par la croissance monétaire qui avait pour origine le financement du déficit budgétaire. Dans ce chapitre nous visons un objectif plus précis. Nous voulons montrer, par une démarche analytique et économétrique, l'effet de la répression financière sur le système financier. Cet effet apparaîtra à travers la fonction de demande de monnaie des agents et les fonctions d'offre de dépôts et de crédits des banques. Nous montrerons par la suite comment l'Etat arrive, par cette politique, à extraire des recettes conséquentes de seigneuriage.
SECTION 1 : METHODE D'ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE
L'objectif de cette section est de présenter un modèle théorique qui montre la relation entre la répression financière, le système financier et le seigneuriage. L'idée de ce modèle vient des différentes observations sur les pratiques de contrôle direct du système financier dans les pays en développement et leurs effets négatifs sur son développement. Plusieurs arguments ont été avancés afin de justifier l'interventionnisme accru de l'Etat. Parmi ces arguments on note l'idée selon laquelle l'Etat a besoin de maintenir un contrôle strict sur la réglementation bancaire afin de permettre aux autorités monétaires de contrôler l'offre de monnaie. Le deuxième argument fait apparaître l'idée de l'Etat bienfaisant. En effet, l'Etat intervient dans le système financier en supposant qu'il est mieux placé que le secteur privé pour connaître et sélectionner les investissements les plus profitables à la société. Il est ainsi le seul acteur à pouvoir allouer, de façon optimale, l'épargne qui lui est nécessaire. Enfin, la répression financière est identifiée par la présence de taux d'intérêt plus faible que ceux du marché ce qui permet à l'Etat de réduire le coût de sa dette. 109 Notre objectif n'est pas de discuter de la validité ou non de ces arguments mais d'analyser l'effet de cette politique sur le système financier. L'idée que nous avançons est que le système financier est considéré par l'Etat comme un système facile à contrôler et par lequel il peut extraire d'une façon aisée les ressources qui lui sont nécessaires pour ses besoins budgétaires. Le modèle que nous proposons dans ce sens est un modèle à trois secteurs dans lequel l'Etat est le principal acteur. L'Etat intervient dans le système en introduisant des règles relatives à sa politique de contrôle monétaire direct telles que la fixation des taux d'intérêt à des niveaux plus faible que ceux du marché, une politique direct de crédit, une politique de bonification des taux débiteurs pour les projets jugés prioritaires et/ou une politique des réserves obligatoires non rémunérées
1. CONSTRUCTION DU MODELE. 1.1 REPRESSION FINANC ET DEMANDE DE MONNAIE. En suivant la démarche de Sidrauski (1967) et de Roubini et S.I Martin (1992), nous supposons un environnement dans lequel vivent des individus identiques qui présentent une fonction d'utilité composée uniquement de biens de consommation et de stock monétaire. U = ∞ ∫ e [ln c(t) ρt + β(E) ln m(t) ] dt (1) 0 U est fonction d'utilité intertemporelle. La fonction U est concave et continue31. ρ est le taux d'escompte. c(t) est la consommation en termes réels. m= M (t ) ou P représente le niveau des prix et M la masse monétaire en termes P (t ) nominaux. m(t) représente les encaisses monétaires réelles. 31 U'(c,m) >0 et U'' (c,m) <0 110 E est une variable qui reflète le niveau d'interventionnisme de l'Etat dans le secteur financier. Nous appellerons le contrôle de l'Etat sur le système financier : répression financière. E est utilisé pour capter les effets « technologiques » de la répression sur les services rendus par la monnaie aux consommateurs. β est un paramètre qui reflète ces aspects technologiques. Afin d'exprimer ces effets, nous choisissons d'introduire E dans la fonction d'utilité à coté de la monnaie. β'(E) < 0 et β''(E) > 0. La fonction d'utilité inter-temporelle de la consommation et de la monnaie a déjà été utilisée par Roubini et S.I Martin (1992). Ces deux auteurs utilisent une forme plus complexe de la fonction d'utilité afin de montrer l'effet de la répression financière sur la croissance économique32. Ils supposent que la monnaie est une fonction décroissante du degré de la sophistication financière, c'est à dire que plus le système financier est développé, (présence de distributeurs automatiques de billets et de cartes de crédits), plus les bénéfices marginaux liés à la détention de la monnaie sont faibles. Cette hypothèse permet d'interpréter l'effet négatif du développement financier sur les coûts de transaction33. Le terme β(E) a été utilisé par plusieurs auteurs dans les modèles économiques où la monnaie est considérée comme un moyen d'échange. C'est ainsi que Kimbrough (1986) utilise ce terme (qui reflétait l'ensemble des techniques de transaction) afin d'étudier les effets de la politique de la taxe optimale (lorsque celle-ci est utilisée comme un bien intermédiaire par les agents) sur les coûts de transaction. De la même manière, Feenstra (1986) utilise ce terme à travers les modèles de Baumol (1952), Tobin (1956) et Barro (1976), afin de montrer que le fait d'utiliser les encaisses réelles dans la fonction d'utilité et de les introduire dans la contrainte budgétaire du consommateur sous forme de coûts de liquidité ne change en rien les résultats finaux. Faig (1988) utilise la fonction E(.) dans un modèle à horizon infini afin de voir quel est le meilleur moyen de financement des déficit budgétaire. Pour cela, il compare l'utilisation d'une taxe implicite sur la monnaie par rapport à l'utilisation de tax
ordinaires. 32 [ La fonction d'utilité utilisée par ces deux auteurs est : U = c ( t ) ∗ m ( t ) 1−α ] β ( A ) 1−α 111
Plus récemment, De Gregorio (1991) utilise ce concept afin d'examiner les effets de bien être relatifs aux innovations financières dans une économie donnée. En considérant β(E) comme l'ensemble des transactions technologiques,34 qui dépendent des considérations institutionnelles (niveau de développement du marché de crédit par exemple), il souligne qu'en présence de seigneuriage, les innovations financières augmentent le bien être, si l'inflation est faible, et réduisent le bien être si l'inflation est élevée. Les consommateurs utilisent leur portefeuille pour détenir de la monnaie M et des actifs financiers F. La contrainte budgétaire du consommateur montre que l'épargne (c'est à dire la partie du budget non consommée) est composée de l'investissement et de 33 Nouriel Roubini et Xavier Sala-i-Martin (1995), « A growth model of inflation, tax evasion, and financial repression » Journal of monetary economics, volume 35, n°2, p. 279. 112 l'accumulation monétaire. La réécriture de la contrainte budgétaire en termes réels donne la formulation suivante :
M& + F& = FR (1 − α ) + Tr − C ⇔ M& F& + = fR (1 − α ) + tr −
c P P (3) f, tr et c représentent respectivement, les avoirs financiers, les transferts publiques et la consommation en termes réels. Par ailleurs nous avons : f& F& P& P& & P& = − = f + f d'où f F P P P De même nous avons : m& M& P& M& P& = − d'où = m&+ m m M P P P La contrainte budgétaire du consommateur peut ainsi se transformer de la façon suivante :
p& P& m&+ f&= (1 − α )R − f − m + tr − c P P P& P& P& P& m&+ f&= (1 − α )R − f + (1 − α )R − m − (1 − α )R − m − m + tr − c P P P P P& P& P& m&+ f&= (1 − α )R − ( f + m) − (1 − α )R − m − m + tr − c P P P on pose a= f + m, on obtient: a&= (1 − α )R − P& P& a − (1 − α )Rm + tr − c P P (4) 34
Dans son modèle, De Gregorio appelle la variable qui représente le degré de la sophistication financière θF(m) et l'utilise dans la contrainte budgétaire du consommateur plutôt que dans la fonction d'utilité. 113 La contrainte budgétaire du consommateur s'écrit donc :
a&= (1−α)R- P& P& a- (1 - α) Rm+ tr-c P P (5)
Avec a = m + f où m et f représentent respectivement, les avoirs financiers et les encaisses monétaires en termes réels. tr et c sont respectivement les transferts publics et la consommation en termes réels. L'équation 5 représente la contrainte budgétaire du consommateur après transformation. Elle permet de percevoir au début du membre de droite une notion de taux d'intérêt réel après impôt et le coût associé à la détention de monnaie (qui dépend du taux d'intérêt après impôt et non pas de R). La maximisation de l'utilité du consommateur se présente sous la forme :
∞ Max U (c, m) = ∫ e − ρt [log c(t ) + β ( E ) log m(t )]dt ( c,m ) 0 S/C a&= (1-α)R − P& P& a − (1 − α)Rm+ tr − c P P
La hamiltonien du problème s'écrit:
H =e − ρt & & [log c(t) + β ( E ) log m(t)] + λ ( 1 − α)R − PP a- PP ( 1 − α)Rm + tr − c (6) 114
Les conditions de premier ordre sont: En faisant le rapport entre les équations 7 et 8, nous obtenons l'équation de demande de monnaie qui se présente sous la forme35: d mt =
β
(
E
) (1 − α )
R *c
(11 ) La fonction de demande de monnaie en termes réels est une fonction croissante de la consommation, et décroissante du taux d'opportunité de sa détention : le taux d'intérêt nominal. Elle dépend aussi négativement du degré de la répression financière. La répression financière a pour effet de faire croître les coûts de transaction (relatif à la transformation d'actifs non liquides en actifs liquide) et par conséquent d'influencer le comportement en matière de choix de portefeuille des agents ce qui va réduire la demande d'encaisses. Ce résultat a été trouvé par Nouriel Roubini et Xavier Sala-i-Martin (1992) où leur fonction de demande de monnaie était égale à : β(E) d Mt = *c αR 115 Du côté bancaire, le niveau du développement financier reflète la capacité des banques commerciales à jouer leur rôle d'intermédiaires financiers en minimisant les coûts et en augmentant les profits. Un système financier non développé où réprimé verra cette liberté d'action diminuer en raison des différentes contraintes de gestion que lui dicte l'Etat. La principale fonction bancaire qui sera atteinte par ces contraintes est la fonction d'offre de dépôts et de crédits. Notre objectif est de montrer que l'effet du contrôle direct de l'Etat sur le système bancaire réduit essentiellement son rôle d'intermédiaire à travers son effet sur les fonctions d'offre de dépôts et de crédits.
1.2 REPRESSION FINANCIERE ET INTERMEDIATION BANCAIRE. Dans la première partie du modèle nous avons montré l'effet de la répression financière sur le comportement des agents économiques à travers la fonction de demande de monnaie. Grâce à la répression financière, l'Etat peut influencer négativement sur les choix de portefeuille d'actifs monétaires des consommateurs à travers les coûts de transaction. L'objectif de cette deuxième partie est de montrer que la répression financière agit, dans la même logique, sur le secteur financier, entravant ainsi le bon fonctionnement de l'intermédiation financière. A ce titre, les banques sont le principal secteur financier qui est affecté par la politique de répression de l'Etat. L'effet de l'interventionnisme de l'Etat sur le système bancaire apparaît à travers la réduction de la liberté d'action de ce secteur dans le choix de la politique de crédits la plus favorable et la politique de dépôts qui en découle. Nous considérons ainsi un système bancaire en situation de concurrence dont la fonction de profit se présente sous la forme36: P (L, D) = ω1 L – ω2D + gG – Ĉ(D, L) (12) G représente le montant des titres publics. g est le taux de rémunération des titres publics L représente la somme des crédits bancaires D représente la somme des dépôts bancaires. 36 Frédéric Lobez (1997), « Banques et Marchés de Crédits », PUF. 116 Ĉ représente la fonction de coûts bancaire. ω1 est le taux d'intérêt nominal sur les crédits ω2 est le taux d'intérêts nominal sur les dépôts Klein (1971) et Monti (1972) utilisent la même fonction de profit pour une banque en situation de monopole et montrent que ce type de banques fixe les taux débiteurs en référence à la seule élasticité de la demande de crédits. Ils soulignent que les marges d'intermédiation sont étroitement liées aux élasticités de la demande de crédits et de l'offre de dépôts. Autrement dit, les banques vont gérer leur taux d'intérêt en fonction de leur pouvoir sur le marché mesuré par les élasticités des dépôts et des crédits. Une banque qui dispose d'un pouvoir de monopole va donc pouvoir offrir des taux débiteurs élevés et des taux créditeurs faibles. Dès lors, les politiques qui consistent à fixer les taux débiteurs à partir des taux créditeurs, doivent tenir compte de la structure de la fonction de coût de la banque. Selon Lobez (1997), lorsque la fonction de coût bancaire est additive, la banque procède à un arbitrage entre les titres publics et les créances sur le secteur privé afin de maintenir fixes ces taux. Différant du modèle de Klein (1971) et de Monti (1972), ce modèle considère un secteur bancaire composé uniquement de banques commerciales en situation de concurrence. L'Etat intervient dans ce secteur par l'utilisation d'instruments directs de contrôle monétaire tels que la technique des réserves obligatoires et/ou la politique d'administration des taux d'intérêts. L'effet du contrôle de l'Etat sur le système bancaire engendre des coûts supplémentaires qui alourdissent la fonction de coût de la banque. La fonction de coût ainsi définit est de la forme : Ĉ = Dα Lγ Eβ (13) De la même manière que dans le modèle demande de monnaie, E a pour objectif de capter les effets « technologiques » de la répression financière sur les coûts bancaires. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous l'avons introduit dans la fonction de coût. Pour plus de simplification, nous supposons que G est exogène c'est à dire que G ≥ RO où RO représente les réserves obligatoires (voir les raisons du choix de cette hypothèse en annexe 1 du chapitre 3). La fonction de profit de la banque devient: 117 P (L,
D
) = ω1
L
– ω2
D
+
gG – D
α
L
γ
Eβ
(14) Face à cette situation, les banques vont choisir un volume de dépôts et de prêt maximisant leur profit. Nous avons donc :
Max P(D,L) = ω1 L – ω2(L+G) + gG – (L+G)α Lγ Eβ S/C D= L+G
Les conditions du premier ordre sont : δP = ω1 − ω 2 − α ( L + G )α −1 Lγ E β − γLγ −1 ( L + G )α E β = 0 δL d'où α (
L
+
G)α
-1 Lγ + γLγ
−1
(
L + G
)α
=
ω1 − ω
2
Eβ
(15) Pour que L soit une fonction décroissante de E, il faudrait que le membre gauche de l'équation 15 soit être une fonction croissante de L. Ceci peut être facilement vérifié si nous supposons que la fonction de coût est homogène de degré 1 en fonction de D et L (hypothèse de rendement d'échelle constant). Nous avons ainsi α+ γ=1. dans ce cas l'équation 15 peut se transformer comme suit :
L L+G α 1−α On pose x = L + (1 − α ) L+G −α = ω1 − ω 2 Eβ L <1 L+G 1−α
So
it Φ( x) = αx + (1 − α ) x −α
, la dérivée
de la fonction Φ par rapport à x est : 1 Φ ′( x) = α (α − 1) x -α - α (1 − α ) x -α -1 = α (1 − α ) x -α 1 −
La dérivée de la fonction Φ est croissante quel que soit x. Cela revient à dire que la fonction Φ est une fonction croissante de L et donc L est bien une fonction décroissante de E. La condition de contrainte du bilan D=L+G nous permet de déduire directement la fonction d'offre de dépôts à partir de l'équation 15. Par la même démonstration effectuée pour la fonction d'offre de crédit L, nous pouvons démontrer que la fonction d'offre de dépôts est une fonction décroissante de E.
| 47,133 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussy-la-Pesle%20%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bussy-la-Pesle (Côte-d'Or)
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bussy-la-Pesle (Côte-d'Or)&action=history
|
Basque
|
Spoken
| 292 | 835 |
Bussy-la-Pesle Frantziako udalerria da, Côte-d'Or departamenduan dagoena, Borgoina-Franche-Comté eskualdean. 2013an biztanle zituen.
Demografia
Biztanleria
2007an Bussy-la-Pesle udalerrian erroldatutako biztanleak 55 ziren. Familiak 27 ziren, horien artean 10 pertsona bakarrekoak ziren (3 bakarrik bizi ziren gizonak eta 7 bakarrik bizi ziren emakumeak), 7 seme-alabarik gabeko familiak ziren, 7 seme-alabak dituzten bikoteak ziren eta 3 seme-alabak dituzten guraso-bakarreko familiak ziren.
Biztanleriak, denboran, ondorengo grafikoan ageri den bilakaera izan du:
Etxebizitza
2007an 45 etxebizitza zeuden, 28 familiaren etxebizitza nagusia ziren, 15 bigarren erresidentzia ziren eta 3 hutsik zeuden. 45 etxeak ziren eta 1apartamentu bat zen. 28 etxebizitza nagusietatik 24 bere jabearen bizilekua ziren, 3 alokairuan okupaturik zeuden eta 1 doan lagata zegoen; 3 etxek bi gela zituzten, 3 etxek hiru zituzten, 6 etxek lau zituzten eta 16 etxek bost zituzten. 20 etxek euren parking plaza propioa zuten azpian. 10 etxetan ibilgailu bat zegoen eta 14 etxetan bat baino gehiago zituzten.
Biztanleria-piramidea
2009an sexu eta adinaren araberako biztanleria-piramidea hau zen:
Ekonomia
2007an lan egiteko adina zuten pertsonak 34 ziren, horien artean 24 aktiboak ziren eta 10 inaktiboak ziren. 24 pertsona aktiboetatik 22 lanean zeuden (12 gizon eta 10 emakume) eta 2 langabezian zeuden (2 emakume eta 2 emakume). 10 pertsona inaktiboetatik 8 erretiraturik zeuden, 1 ikasten zegoen eta 1 "bestelako inaktibo" gisa sailkaturik zeuden.
Ekonomia jarduerak
2007an zeuden 4 komertzioetatik, 2 eraikuntza enpresak ziren, 1 ibilgailuen saltze eta konpontze enpresa zen eta 1 zerbitzu enpresa zen.
2009an norbanakoentzat zegoen zerbitzu bakarra argiketaria zen.
2000. urtean Bussy-la-Pesle udalerrian 4 nekazaritza-ustiategi zeuden, 464 hektarea erabiltzen.
Gertuen dauden herriak
Diagrama honek gertuen dauden herriak erakusten ditu.
Erreferentziak
Kanpo estekak
Résumé statistique INSEEren udalerriko estatistiken laburpena.
Évolution et structure de la population INSEEren udalerriko datuen fitxa.
France par comune Frantziako udalerri guztietako datu zehatzak mapa baten bitartez eskuragarri.
Côte-d'Orko udalerriak
| 46,701 |
https://github.com/xzrunner/shadergraph-old/blob/master/include/shaderlab/Relief.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
shadergraph-old
|
xzrunner
|
C++
|
Code
| 52 | 182 |
#ifndef _SHADERLAB_PARSER_RELIEF_H_
#define _SHADERLAB_PARSER_RELIEF_H_
#include "shaderlab/Filter.h"
#define STRINGIFY(A) #A
#include "shaderlab/relief.frag"
namespace sl
{
namespace parser
{
/**
* @brief
* relief
*/
class Relief : public Filter
{
public:
Relief() : Filter("_col_relief_") {}
protected:
virtual CU_STR GetBody() const override {
return relief_body;
}
}; // Relief
}
}
#endif // _SHADERLAB_PARSER_RELIEF_H_
| 1,778 |
https://github.com/Bharathgoku/ObjectOrientedDesign/blob/master/src/ObjectOrientedDesign/FoodDeliveryApp/entities/Item.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ObjectOrientedDesign
|
Bharathgoku
|
Java
|
Code
| 21 | 78 |
package ObjectOrientedDesign.FoodDeliveryApp.entities;
import ObjectOrientedDesign.FoodDeliveryApp.enums.CuisineType;
public class Item {
private String name;
private Double price;
private CuisineType type;
private boolean available;
}
| 9,192 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1544704
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
list of Montana state parks
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 256 | 444 |
State Parks in Montana
Wikimedia-Liste
State Parks in Montana Commons-Kategorie State parks of Montana
State Parks in Montana ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Liste
State Parks in Montana Kategorie in Bezug auf Liste Kategorie:State Park in Montana
liste des parcs d'État du Montana
page de liste de Wikipédia
liste des parcs d'État du Montana catégorie Commons State parks of Montana
liste des parcs d'État du Montana nature de l’élément page de liste de Wikimédia
liste des parcs d'État du Montana est une liste de parc d'État du Montana
liste des parcs d'État du Montana catégorie relative à la liste Catégorie:Parc d'État au Montana
list of Montana state parks
Wikimedia list article
list of Montana state parks Commons category State parks of Montana
list of Montana state parks instance of Wikimedia list article
list of Montana state parks is a list of Montana state park
list of Montana state parks category related to list Category:State parks of Montana
State Parks in Montana
State Parks in Montana Commons-Kategorie State parks of Montana
State Parks in Montana is a Wikimedia-Listn
lista de parques estaduais do Montana
artigo de lista da Wikimedia
lista de parques estaduais do Montana categoria da Commons State parks of Montana
lista de parques estaduais do Montana instância de artigo em forma de lista da Wikimedia
Список парков штата Монтаны
статья-список в проекте Викимедиа
Список парков штата Монтаны категория на Викискладе State parks of Montana
Список парков штата Монтаны это частный случай понятия статья-список в проекте Викимедиа
Список парков штата Монтаны относящаяся к списку категория Категория:Парки штата в Монтане
| 13,978 |
https://github.com/wcharczuk/advent/blob/master/pkg/log/logger.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
advent
|
wcharczuk
|
Go
|
Code
| 204 | 510 |
package log
import (
"fmt"
"os"
)
// Logger is a type that prints to logs.
type Logger interface {
Print(args ...interface{})
Printf(format string, args ...interface{})
Error(args ...interface{})
Errorf(format string, args ...interface{})
Context(label string) Logger
Contextf(format string, args ...interface{}) Logger
}
// Context returns the logger with a new context.
func Context(label string) Logger {
return std.Context(label)
}
// Contextf returns the logger with a new context by format and args.
func Contextf(format string, args ...interface{}) Logger {
return std.Context(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
}
// Print a message
func Print(args ...interface{}) {
std.Print(args...)
}
// Printf a message
func Printf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
std.Printf(format, args...)
}
// Error prints an error message
func Error(args ...interface{}) {
std.Error(args...)
}
// Errorf prints an error message
func Errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
std.Errorf(format, args...)
}
// Solution prints a message and exit(0)s the process.
func Solution(args ...interface{}) {
std.Context("solution").Print(args...)
os.Exit(0)
}
// Solutionf prints a message and exit(0)s the process.
func Solutionf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
std.Context("solution").Printf(format, args...)
os.Exit(0)
}
// Fatal prints an error message and exit(1)s the process.
func Fatal(args ...interface{}) {
std.Context("fatal").Error(args...)
os.Exit(1)
}
// Fatalf prints an error message and exit(1)s the process.
func Fatalf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
std.Context("fatal").Errorf(format, args...)
os.Exit(1)
}
| 17,124 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77497048
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,109 | 3,153 |
How to get tsParticles behind the rest of the elements in my NextJS project?
I'll preface by highlighting that I am not a webdev, so I could have my entire setup wrong.
With this current code, the particles cover all the other elements, and I'd like to get it behind the rest of the elements and only show as a background.
import Image from 'next/image'
import{AiFillLinkedin, AiFillGithub} from 'react-icons/ai'
import deved from "../public/dev-ed-wave.png";
import code from "../public/code.png";
import design from "../public/design.png";
import ParticleBackground from './components/particle';
export default function Page() {
return (
<div>
<div>
<>
<ParticleBackground/>
</>
</div>
<head>
<title>Portfolio</title>
<meta name="description" content='Blank'></meta>
<link rel='icon' href='/icon.ico' type='image/x-icon'/>
</head>
<main className='bg-white px-10 dark:bg-black md:px-20 lg:px-40, z-2'>
<section className='min-h-screen'>
<nav className='py-10 mb-12 flex justify-between'>
<h1 className='text-xl'>madebye :)</h1>
<ul className='flex items-center'>
<li><a className='text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-md ml-8 border-solid border-2 border-purple-400' href=''>Resume</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div className='text-center p-10'>
<h2 className='text-5xl py-2 text-purple-400 font-medium'>Evan Quah</h2>
<h3 className='text-2xl py-2'>
System Administrator and Security Student
</h3>
<p className='text-medium py-5 leading-8 md:text-xl max-w-xl mx-auto'>
blah blah blah fix later
</p>
</div>
<div className='text-5xl flex justify-center gap-16 py-3'>
<a href=''>
<AiFillGithub />
</a>
<a href=''>
<AiFillLinkedin />
</a>
</div>
<div className='derrelative mx-auto bg-gradient-to-b from text-teal-500 rounded-full w-80 h-80 mt-20 overflow-hidden md:h-96 md:w-96'>
<Image src={deved} />
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div>
<h3 className='text-3xl py-1'>Who I am</h3>
<p className='text-medium py-5 leading-8'>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
</p>
</div>
<div className='lg: gap-10'>
<div className='text-center shadow-lg p-10 rounded-xl my-10 border-solid border-2 border-purple-400'>
<div className='flex justify-center items-center'>
<Image src={design} width={100} height={100} />
</div>
<h3 className='text-lg font-medium pt-8 pb-2'>
Home Lab
</h3>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
</p>
<h4 className='py-4 text-purple-400'> Tools I use</h4>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Linux</p>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Docker</p>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Azure</p>
</div>
<div className='lg: gap-10'>
<div className='text-center shadow-lg p-10 rounded-xl my-10 border-solid border-2 border-purple-400'>
<div className='flex justify-center items-center'>
<Image src={design} width={100} height={100} />
</div>
<h3 className='text-lg font-medium pt-8 pb-2'>
Things I make
</h3>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
</p>
<h4 className='py-4 text-purple-400'> Tools I use</h4>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Nmap</p>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Wireshark</p>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Azure</p>
</div>
</div>
<div className='lg: gap-10'>
<div className='text-center shadow-lg p-10 rounded-xl my-10 border-solid border-2 border-purple-400'>
<div className='flex justify-center items-center'>
<Image src={design} width={100} height={100} />
</div>
<h3 className='text-lg font-medium pt-8 pb-2'>
Things I make
</h3>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
</p>
<h4 className='py-4 text-purple-400'> Tools I use</h4>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Nmap</p>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Wireshark</p>
<p className='text-gray-200 py-1'>Azure</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<div>
<h3 className='text 3xl py-1'>Portfolio</h3>
<p className='text-medium py-5 leading-8'>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
<span className="text-purple-400"> agencies </span>
consulted for <span className="text-purple-400">startups </span>
and collaborated with talanted people to create digital products
for both business and consumer use.
</p>
</div>
</section>
</main>
</div>
)
}
Here is my particle.jsx file as well:
'use client'
import React from 'react';
import { useCallback } from 'react';
import { loadFull } from 'tsparticles';
import Particles from 'react-tsparticles';
const ParticleBackground = () => {
const particlesInit = useCallback(async (engine) => {
console.log(engine);
// you can initiate the tsParticles instance (engine) here, adding custom shapes or presets
// this loads the tsparticles package bundle, it's the easiest method for getting everything ready
// starting from v2 you can add only the features you need reducing the bundle size
await loadFull(engine);
}, []);
const particlesLoaded = useCallback(async (container) => {
await console.log(container);
}, []);
return (
<div id='particle-background'>
<Particles
id='tsparticles'
particlesLoaded='particlesLoaded'
init={particlesInit}
loaded={particlesLoaded}
options={
{background: {
color: {
value: "#0d47a1",
},
},
fpsLimit: 120,
interactivity: {
events: {
onClick: {
enable: true,
mode: "push",
},
onHover: {
enable: true,
mode: "repulse",
},
resize: true,
},
modes: {
push: {
quantity: 4,
},
repulse: {
distance: 200,
duration: 0.4,
},
},
},
particles: {
color: {
value: "#ffffff",
},
links: {
color: "#ffffff",
distance: 150,
enable: true,
opacity: 0.5,
width: 1,
},
move: {
direction: "none",
enable: true,
outModes: {
default: "bounce",
},
random: false,
speed: 6,
straight: false,
},
number: {
density: {
enable: true,
area: 800,
},
value: 80,
},
opacity: {
value: 0.5,
},
shape: {
type: "circle",
},
size: {
value: { min: 1, max: 5 },
},
},
detectRetina: true,
}}
height='100vh'
width='100vw'
z-index='1'
></Particles>
</div>
);
};
export default ParticleBackground;
I am trying to get a website with tsParticles in the background, and the rest of the site elements in the front. Right now I am only able to get one or the other. If I remove the "ParticlesBackground" tag then the rest of the site will show, but if I leave it in it covers the rest of the page. Anyone know how I might fix this? I'm using NextJs and TailwindCSS.
UPDATE: Added the relative class to the outer div to establish a positioning context and Applied the z-10 class to the main element to ensure it has a higher z-index than the ParticleBackground.
export default function Page() {
return (
<div className="relative">
<ParticleBackground />
<head>
<title>Portfolio</title>
<meta name="description" content="Blank"></meta>
<link rel="icon" href="/icon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
</head>
<main className="md:px-20 lg:px-40 relative z-10">
Problem :
the particles cover all the other elements, and I'd like to get it behind the rest of the elements and only show as a background.
I am trying to get a website with tsParticles in the background, and the rest of the site elements in the front.....
Cause :
ParticleBackrgound component is directly placed, it should take children components. Under <Particles> options you should also specify zIndex to -1 due to which particles will be in background.
Solution :
Update your code in ParticleBackground component:
const ParticleBackground = () =>
to
const ParticleBackground = ({ children }) =>
then
<div id='particle-background'>
<Particles>.... </Particles>
to
<div id='particle-background'>
<Particles/>
{children}
</div>
Add this to options : in <Particles> above background key :
Change this from :
{background: {
color: {
value: "#0d47a1",
},
},
to
{
fullScreen:
{
enable: true,
zIndex: -1
},
background:
{
color: {
value: "#0d47a1",
},
},
Also in your Page :
Change this :
<div>
<>
<ParticleBackground/>
</>
</div>
to (place this below head tag)
<ParticleBackground>
<main> </main>
</ParticleBackground>
Place the main tag in component. Now you will not need that relative class.
Please Read :
Class Options : https://particles.js.org/docs/classes/tsParticles_Engine.Options_Classes_Options.Options.html
Class FullScreen : https://particles.js.org/docs/classes/tsParticles_Engine.Options_Classes_FullScreen_FullScreen.FullScreen.html
If you still have any doubts, please leave a comment
| 46,871 |
|
https://github.com/kevinphelps/ng-image-search/blob/master/build/helpers/shell.helpers.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ng-image-search
|
kevinphelps
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 276 | 784 |
import chalk from 'chalk';
import { spawn, ChildProcess, SpawnOptions } from 'child_process';
import * as path from 'path';
import { bail } from './utility.helpers';
export interface ExecuteResult {
command: string;
stdout: string;
stderr: string;
error?: any;
code?: number;
signal?: string;
}
export function execute(command: string, options?: SpawnOptions, bailOnError = true) {
const spawnOptions: SpawnOptions = {
stdio: 'inherit',
shell: true,
...options,
env: makeChildProcessEnv(options && options.env ? options.env : {})
};
return promisifyProcess(command, () => spawn(command, [], spawnOptions), bailOnError);
}
export function executeParallel(...commands: string[]) {
return Promise.all(commands.map(command => execute(command)));
}
function promisifyProcess(command: string, childProcessFn: () => ChildProcess, bailOnError: boolean) {
return new Promise<ExecuteResult>(resolve => {
console.log(`\n${chalk.gray(`> ${command}`)}`);
const result: ExecuteResult = { command, stdout: '', stderr: '' };
let done = false;
const handleResult = (error: Error, code?: number, signal?: string) => {
if (done === false) {
result.error = error;
result.code = code;
result.signal = signal;
if (bailOnError && (error || code !== 0)) {
bail(error ? JSON.stringify(result.error) : `'${command}' exited with code ${code}.`);
} else {
resolve(result);
}
done = true;
}
};
const childProcess = childProcessFn();
if (childProcess.stdout) {
childProcess.stdout.on('data', data => {
result.stdout += data.toString();
});
}
if (childProcess.stderr) {
childProcess.stderr.on('data', data => {
result.stderr += data.toString();
});
}
childProcess.on('error', error => {
handleResult(error);
});
childProcess.on('exit', (code, signal) => {
handleResult(undefined, code, signal);
});
});
}
function makeChildProcessEnv(environment: { [key: string]: string }) {
const env = { ...process.env, ...environment };
const pathKey = getPathKey();
const paths = [...process.env[pathKey].split(path.delimiter), path.resolve('./node_modules/.bin')];
env[pathKey] = paths.join(path.delimiter);
return env;
}
export function getPathKey() {
let pathKey = 'PATH';
for (const key of Object.keys(process.env)) {
if (key.toLowerCase() === 'path') {
pathKey = key;
}
}
return pathKey;
}
| 42,105 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Che%C5%82chowska-S%C5%82owik
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Maria Chełchowska-Słowik
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria Chełchowska-Słowik&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 61 | 155 |
Maria Chełchowska-Słowik (ur. 1926, zm. 10 października 2010) – polska lekkoatletka, sprinterka i skoczek w dal.
Dwukrotna srebrna medalistka zimowych mistrzostw Polski: w biegu na 60 metrów i w skoku w dal (1946).
Rekordy życiowe
Bieg na 200 metrów – 33,6 (1945)
Skok w dal – 4,30 (1946)
Przypisy
Polscy skoczkowie w dal
Polscy sprinterzy
Urodzeni w 1926
Zmarli w 2010
| 29,743 |
https://github.com/cppfuns/chain-js/blob/master/src/chains/eos_1_8/tester.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
chain-js
|
cppfuns
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 54 | 304 |
/* eslint-disable no-console */
import { toEosDate, toEosAsset, isValidEosEntityName, isValidEosPublicKey, toEosPublicKey } from './helpers'
const eosDate = toEosDate(new Date())
console.log(eosDate)
const eosAsset = toEosAsset(1.1, 'eos')
const eosPublicKey = toEosPublicKey('EOS7Rq5JcGyCGQXbRkmHLDpFTti1ZJFhcvU7HeX2m61wTkoHjJAMJ')
console.log(eosAsset, eosPublicKey)
console.log('EOS Name:', isValidEosEntityName('aaaaaBBBB123'))
console.log('EOS Public Key:', isValidEosPublicKey('EOS7Rq5JcGyCGQXbRkmHLDpFTti1ZJFhcvU7HeX2m61wTkoHjJAMJ'))
// this Constructor approach adds this class's members to another class (a mixin)
// See https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-2.html#support-for-mix-in-classes
| 41,091 |
5535567_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 2,034 | 2,444 |
OPINION OF THE COURT
Jones, J.
Members of the extended family of a child who has been surrendered to an authorized agency for the purpose of adoption have no special nonconstitutional right to custody of the child which permits them to override a decision by the agency to place the child for adoption with adoptive parents to be selected by the agency.
In May, 1981 the Commissioner of Social Services instituted this proceeding in Family Court, New York County, pursuant to section 392 of the Social Services Law for review of the foster care status of Peter L., Jr., a lad five years of age who had been in a foster home, through placement by the Department of Social Services, for a *517period of 18 months, thereby requiring judicial review of his foster care status.1 The child had initially come into the custody of the department in November, 1979 when an aunt with whom the father had left him was unable to care for him. After the department had received the child and placed him in a foster home the father was killed in an incident of street violence and promptly thereafter the boy’s mother executed and delivered to the commissioner both a voluntary placement agreement dated September 11, 1980, transferring temporary custody, and a surrender instrument pursuant to section 384 of the Social Services Law dated September 19, 1980, committing the guardianship and custody of the child to the commissioner and authorizing him to consent to the adoption of the child in place of the parent.2
During the 18-month period when Peter was in the care of the foster parents the Social Services Department made inquiry of the child’s 57-year-old grandmother, with whom the child and his father had lived for a time before going to the aunt’s, whether she might accept release of the boy, but the grandmother declined because of ongoing asthmatic, heart and arthritic problems to which she was subject. Peter did however spend some periods of visitation with her over holidays.
When the foster care status review proceeding was instituted, by order of the Family Court, the grandmother was given notice and permitted to participate with counsel. The agency stated then that it was recommending placement of Peter for adoption with a foster family thereafter to be selected.3 The grandmother’s attorney objected to such placement asserting that, although a proceeding had not been formally instituted, custody should be given to the grandmother as a blood relative of Peter.4 The agency, opposing that request on the basis of investigation of the *518grandmother’s home while Peter was in foster care, took the position that an award of custody to her would not be in the child’s best interests.
Following the receipt of testimony at a hearing scheduled for trial on the grandmother’s request for custody along with the foster care status review sought by the commissioner, Family Court issued an order and opinion reciting that most of the testimony had focused on the suitability of the grandmother as the person to whom the child should be discharged for permanent care and adoption, stating that the grandmother had no greater legal right to Peter than any stranger, finding that it was not in the best interests of the child to be placed with the grandmother, and directing that he be placed in a suitable adoptive home.
On the grandmother’s appeal from the order of Family Court the Appellate Division reversed the order, terminated authorization for foster home placement and awarded custody to the grandmother. Although stating the question posed as “all other factors being equal, whether the law favors a natural grandparent over a foster couple in awarding custody of a child who has been surrendered to the care of the State”, the court, reciting facts which it concluded demonstrated that the grandmother offered a “loving and close-knit family environment”, nevertheless resolved the appeal on the ground that “the best interests of the child would manifestly be better served by placing the child in his grandmother’s care and custody”. No provision for adoption, however, was included in the order.
On the commissioner’s appeal we now reverse the Appellate Division’s order and reinstate the order of Family Court.
At the outset we determine that the disposition made by the Appellate Division is not within the statutorily authorized dispositions in a proceeding brought under section 392 of the Social Services Law. Where the guardianship and custody of a child have been committed to an *519authorized agency by a surrender instrument executed by the surviving natural parent empowering the agency to consent to adoption only two dispositions are available to the court: it may either direct that foster care be continued (Social Services Law, § 392, subd 7, par [a]) or it may direct that the child be placed for adoption either in the foster family home where he resides or has resided or with any other person or persons (Social Services Law, § 392, subd 7, par [d]). Unlike the order of Family Court, which directed placement for adoption, the Appellate Division has done neither; it has discharged Peter from foster care and done no more than vest custody in the grandmother, leaving the child without either placement looking to the establishment of a permanent parental relationship through adoption or the prospect of subsequent review of foster care status with the possibility of adoption placement at that time. The disposition at the Appellate Division has left the child in a state of limbo, precisely contrary to the intent of the statute which, with recognition that “all children deserve the right to the security of parents and a home”, sought to release foster children for adoption or to return them to their biological parents and natural home environment (NY Legis Ann, 1970, pp 32-33; Matter of John J., 89 AD2d 933).
The grandmother argues however that, notwithstanding the execution by the mother as surviving parent of a surrender under section 384, as a close relative and a part of Peter’s extended family she has a pre-emptive right to custody of the child surpassing that of strangers who might be selected by the agency as suitable adoptive parents. To the extent that she now argues that she has a fundamental, constitutional, substantive due process right to the custody of her grandchild and a constitutionally protected liberty interest in the child, the argument — not tendered in Family Court and not relied on or addressed by the Appellate Division — is unavailable in our court (Tumolillo v Tumolillo, 51 NY2d 790). We are therefore foreclosed from consideration of the constitutional claims which are the principal components of the grandmother’s argument before us.
*520 Nor is any statutory or judicial precedent in this jurisdiction offered for the proposition that a fit member of an extended family takes precedence over adoptive parents selected by an agency to which has been transferred the natural parent’s power to consent to an adoption. The recognition of any such right would of course materially undermine the decision voluntarily made by the parent in determining to confer on the agency the power to act in her place in granting or withholding consent to adoption. Moreover, the complexity which would be added to the process of adoption of a child surrendered to an agency if all such fit members of the child’s extended family were to be recognized as possessing a prior claim to a child, the relinquishment of which would have to be obtained before a secure placement for adoption could be made, itself argues forcefully against the recognition of the claim now urged. Grandparents are not without statutory rights with respect to their grandchildren (e.g., Domestic Relations Law, §§ 72, 240; People ex rel. Sibley v Sheppard, 54 NY2d 320), but those rights do not entitle a grandparent to override the right of the natural parent to surrender the child to a public agency and to confer on it the right to consent to the adoption of the child.
In the present case, the position of the grandmother, in whose home the child had last resided more than 18 months before this proceeding was brought, was at best no better than that of short-term foster parents who seek to retain custody of a child thereby frustrating the adoption plan devised by an agency. We have said that such litigants face a virtually impossible task for they “must demonstrate not only that they would make suitable adoptive parents, but, rather, that they would provide a better adoptive home than that planned by the department or agency” (People ex rel. Ninesling v Nassau County Dept. of Social Servs., 46 NY2d 382, 389, 391). Without doubt, no such high standard of proof has been met in this case as the grandmother arguably concedes by her attempt to persuade that she enjoys a superior position in the contest for Peter by virtue of her familial relationship.
Finally, we would note that, even were best interests of the child — the basis for decision employed by both *521courts below — the determinative factor in this dispute, we would conclude that the finding made by Family Court that such interests would not be served by placing Peter with his grandmother more nearly comports with the weight of the evidence introduced at the hearing. As was found by the trial court, she lives alone and has few personal relationships other than one with a daughter. Of her three other children, she has disowned a daughter and has lost both her sons, including Peter’s father for whom she was in deep mourning at the time of the trial a year and a half after his death, through street violence. During Peter’s visits to her after she had declined to take the child because of her medical problems he was largely kept inside her home without other companionship. The child has drawn an impression from his grandmother that he is expected to avenge his father’s death on maturity and that he has a great responsibility for his grandmother who is dependent on him emotionally. After visits to her or telephone calls from her he exhibited signs of despair. A psychologist who testified for the grandmother stated that she would need help in securing educational and recreational facilities for Peter as well as counseling to provide a suitable home and that she could not accept guidance from the agency in that regard. The expert also stated that it would not be unusual for a person with the grandmother’s ethnic background to mourn for her sons for three to five years and was unable to say whether the manner of her own two sons’ death had permanently impaired her ability to care for Peter. In light of the foregoing factual findings — none of which impugn the sincerity or depth of her feeling for her grandson — the conclusion that Peter’s best interests would not be served by being in his grandmother’s care is unquestionable.
Because, for the reasons stated, the determination by the Appellate Division awarding custody of the child to his grandmother was in error, the order of that court should be reversed and the order of Family Court reinstated.
Chief Judge Cooke and Judges Jasen, Wachtler, Meyer and Simons concur.
*522Order reversed, with costs, and the order of Family Court, New York County, reinstated.
. (Social Services Law, § 392, subd 2.)
. The execution of the September 19 surrender which had been referred to in the petition but was not attached or introduced in evidence was conceded on oral argument in our court.
. The foster parents with whom Peter had been living did not wish to adopt.
. When pressed by the court as to whether custody was sought by the grandmother for the purpose of adoption counsel responded affirmatively. The grandmother’s argu*518ment in our court has encompassed both a claim that in seeking to place a child for adoption the agency must turn first to close relatives and a broader claim that a child may be discharged to the custody of a fit, close relative in a proceeding under section 392 of the Social Services Law even when the relative may not meet “the strictest requirements for adoption”.
| 22,140 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompiloides%20liukiuis
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Pompiloides liukiuis
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompiloides liukiuis&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 40 | 75 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Pompiloides liukiuis. Una ning gihulagway ni Kobayashi ni adtong 1931. Ang Pompiloides liukiuis sakop sa kahenera nga Pompiloides, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Pompiloides
| 37,156 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/454942
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
AHMED, Danatela, Dean Rather, John1024, Matrinix, Mr_TommyGun, Samir Alajmovic, Sharique8855, WinEunuuchs2Unix, blade19899, dimo414, https://askubuntu.com/users/12220, https://askubuntu.com/users/158442, https://askubuntu.com/users/1604359, https://askubuntu.com/users/1604360, https://askubuntu.com/users/1604361, https://askubuntu.com/users/1604452, https://askubuntu.com/users/1604493, https://askubuntu.com/users/1604966, https://askubuntu.com/users/1644297, https://askubuntu.com/users/171636, https://askubuntu.com/users/221266, https://askubuntu.com/users/307523, https://askubuntu.com/users/36315, https://askubuntu.com/users/55141, muru, nefo, shaharnakash
|
English
|
Spoken
| 949 | 1,952 |
How to convert Kilobytes to Megabytes or gigabytes through terminal?
I try to find the size of my disk, so i runned the below command
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda
976762584
It shows like above. I think the size(976762584) of the disk is shown in kilobytes. How do i convert the value to megabytes or gigabytes through terminal for better understanding?
This would do the trick: df -h /. Display the size of / in a -human readable format.
fdisk -s is also deprecated so probably better to use blockdev --getsize64
@blade19899 that will get the size of the partition not the whole disk
The shell does fixed-width integer arithmetic with no check for overflow. So, when doing a calculation that might involve either large numbers or fractions, bc is a good choice. To get megabytes:
$ echo "scale=2; $(sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda6) / 1024" | bc
13641.75
To get gigabytes:
$ echo "scale=2; $(sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda6) / 1024^2" | bc
12.70
The assignment scale=2 tells bc to display two decimal places.
I like using herestrings for cases like this: bc <<<"scale=2; $(sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda6) / 1024^2"
numfmt (part of GNU Coreutils) can be used here:
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda
976762584
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda | numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B --format="%.2f"
931.52MiB
Including the output from the command in your answer would make it more complete.
@Samir adding the output as an example here only makes sense if the output of sudo fdisk s /dev/sda and sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda | numfmt --to=iec-i --suffix=B --format="%.2f" agree. Now we have an example where the outputs have no relation to each other. numfmt isn't going to convert 488386584 to 931.52MiB
Yes you're correct, I updated it with the correct number.
In awk
To find the size of the disk in Megabytes,
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda | awk '{$1=$1/1024; print $1,"MB";}'
953870 MB
To find the size of the disk in Gigabytes,
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda | awk '{$1=$1/(1024^2); print $1,"GB";}'
931.513 GB
instead of sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda you can use df | grep ^\/dev.*/\$
@DeanRather sudo fdisk was the project scope defined in question.
There's a tool called units, which can be used for units conversion:
$ units -o "%.0f" -t "4 gibibytes" "mebibytes"
4096
It is available as a package via apt install units.
It is a fairly standard tool, that can be found installed by default on various other UNIX-like systems (e.g., FreeBSD). Keep in mind that units(1) syntax may differ across implementations available on various operating systems. Here's the same conversion but this time with FreeBSD units(1):
$ units -o "%0.f" -t "4 gigabytes" "megabytes"
4096
If the size is given in Kilobytes, you need to calculate through Bash built-in expressions.
Assuming block size = 512B, you have to type:
echo $((`fdisk -s /dev/sda`*512/1024))
This will show disk size in KiB. To go further, just add /1024 to the end of expression:
echo $((`fdisk -s /dev/sda`*512/1024/1024))
This will show disk size in MiB and so on.
Nicely done. As a minor note, the $[...] format has been deprecated and, as man bash says, "will be removed in upcoming versions." The currently preferred format for shell arithmetic is $((...)).
@John1024 thanks for the note. Didn't guess that double brackets syntax is appropriate.
Copy and pasting two commands generate error because sudo is missing. Also the unit of measure doesn't print out.
measurement is wrong.
but you could do echo $((($(cat /sys/block/sda/size)*512)/1024**3))GB
You can do this natively with Bash and pseudo-floating point numbers. Define this function in your ~/.bashrc and reopen your terminal:
function BytesToHuman() {
# https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/44040/a-standard-tool-to-convert-a-byte-count-into-human-kib-mib-etc-like-du-ls1/259254#259254
read StdIn
b=${StdIn:-0}; d=''; s=0; S=(Bytes {K,M,G,T,E,P,Y,Z}iB)
while ((b > 1024)); do
d="$(printf ".%02d" $((b % 1024 * 100 / 1024)))"
b=$((b / 1024))
let s++
done
echo "$b$d ${S[$s]}"
} # BytesToHuman ()
Now test it:
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda
976762584
$ sudo fdisk -s /dev/sda | BytesToHuman
931.51 MiB
If you're using Bash or Zsh, this function will perform the calculation for you. Additionally, if -si is the first argument, calculations are performed in SI units.
size () {
local -a units
local -i scale
if [[ "$1" == "-si" ]]
then
scale=1024
units=(B KiB MiB GiB TiB EiB PiB YiB ZiB)
shift
else
scale=1000
units=(B KB MB GB TB EB PB YB ZB)
fi
local -i unit=0
if [ -z "${units[0]}" ]
then
unit=1
fi
local -i whole=${1:-0}
local -i remainder=0
while (( whole >= $scale ))
do
remainder=$(( whole % scale ))
whole=$((whole / scale))
unit=$(( $unit + 1 ))
done
local decimal
if [ $remainder -gt 0 ]
then
local -i fraction="$(( (remainder * 10 / scale)))"
if [ "$fraction" -gt 0 ]
then
decimal=".$fraction"
fi
fi
echo "${whole}${decimal}${units[$unit]}"
}
For example:
$ size 1
1B
$ size 100
100B
$ size 999
999B
$ size 1000
1KB
$ size 4096
4KB
$ size -si 1000
1000B
$ size -si 1024
1KiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 ))
1MiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 - 1 ))
1023.9KiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 + 1024 ))
1MiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 + 1024 + 1 ))
1MiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 + ( 1024 * 512 ) ))
1.5MiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 + ( 1024 * 1024 ) ))
2MiB
$ size -si $(( 1 * 1024 * 1024 + ( 1024 * 1024 - 1 ) ))
1.9MiB
This is also compatible with e.g. sort -h.
$ { size 32; size 32000; size 35 } | sort -h
32B
35B
32KB
| 45,262 |
2019270501_1901-01-04_1_10_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,901 |
None
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 3,703 | 6,457 |
Für die Jugend. Zuquhören, Ein tapfer-es Mädchen Die Schule-rinnen der Mädchenschule in Washington Village, einem kleinen Orte Nordamerika-R waren in nicht geringer Aufregung Der große „Gedenttag“ stand Bevor, den die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika am 30. Mai zur ehrenken Erinnerung an ihre im Bürgerkriege von 1861—1865 gesallenen Helden festlich begehen. In Washington Village sollte diese Feier unter andere eine öffentliche Berichte der Heldengräder in sich schließen. Es waren hierzu Schulmädchen, die eines als Vertreterin eines Emzelstaates und in entsprechendem Klftim, ausersehen. Unsundvierzig gräberschmückende Mädchen däuchten nun dem Feftausch schu etwas allzuviel des guten, wesche halt man sich nach längerer Debatte aus dreizehn, die Zahl der ursprünglich Mr Union gehörigen Staaten, einigte. It welchem vHerz-klopfen die vorhandenen 52 Schü erinnen der Wahl entgegensahen. äizt sich denken. Dieselbe wurde sehr vereinsacht durch den weiteren Beschluss, nur Soldatentöchter zu nehmen, und freudestrahlend nahmen zwölf in der Schule ermittelte das hrenamt an. Überführt uns nur noch eine, sagte er Uptlehrer. „Ist denn keine mehr unter euch, deren Vater im Bürger trage mitgesuchten hat?” „Ich, Herr Lehrer, sagte ein schüchternes Stimmchen, und Rhoda Jaud, die neue Schülerin, erhob sich bescheiden. Sie war erst wenige Tage hier, und man wusste eigentlich nichts von ihr, als daß sie eine Waise und von auswärts gekommen sei, um in Washington Billage bei ihrer Tante zu wohnen. „Kannst du dag zyregimen deines Vaters angeben, Rhoda? fragte der Haaptlehrer. „Pvölftes Kavallerieregiment von Ala ama, sagte die tleine Fremde ohne Zögern. Peinliches Schweigen. Der Haupt lehrer räusperte sich verlegen und fah die Vorstands-huren hilflos an. Man hörte tichernde Mädchenstimmem und mehr als ein Augenpaar maß die ,,Fremde« fehr von oben herab. »Ma bainait Eine aus dem ehemaligen Stlavensiaate? Eine von der »andern Seite«?« fagtenldie richtenden Blicke. Die neue Schiilerin fühlte und ver stand sie sehr gut. Jhre dunklen Au en füllten sich mit Thränen, aber sie herrschte sich und blieb aufrecht stehen. Da trat einer der Vorstandsherren auf sie zu, faßte sie freundlich bei der Hand und fagte mit echtem Herzens tatt: »Nimm meinen Dant, mein Mäd chen. Jch begrüße es, daß du mit uns zusammenhalten willst. Die Zwölfek von Alabama waren brave Soldaten, Mann bei Mann, und der Gedenttaa gilt allen, die damals getämpft uns auf beiden Seiten treu ihre Pflicht ges than haben.« Dankbar sah Rhoda Jreland den Sprecher an und alle Anwesenden .fiihlten, daß dies das rechte Wort zu er Zeit gewesen war.. v wurde denn Rhoda zur dreizehn 4 ten der »griiberscheniickenden Jung auen« bestimmt. Sie besiegte durch hr fast ’schiichtern befcheidenes Wesen, vereint mit einem sehr lieblichen Acri rn, bald das anfängliche Vorurteil, S natürlich mehr der Gedankenlosig « -.leit, als dem bösen Willen entsprungen · Dar. Jnfvlge ihrer zierlichen Gestalt «- -« wurde sie als Rhode sland, der kleinste unter den dreizehn Staaten, bezeichnet und ließ sich auch ten Scherznamen Pesselbem »Little Rhody«, gern gefal en. .- -«.--. «« - - - — Wie allerliebst die »dreizehn Staa ten« am Festtage in ihrem Kostüm aus « sahen! Weiße Mulltleider mit breiten roten Schärpen, dazu die kleidsamen blauen Mützen, besät rnit goldenen Sternen: es- war wirklich eine hübsch-: Gruppe, als alle vor dem Schuld-arise versammelt waren. Ein Ruf des Entzückens — der blutigen Mädchen 2 — Jugend-prächtige Wagen, mit vier schönen Grauschimmeln bespannt, hielt an der Treppe! G war ein sogenannter Geplät, Rafmvagen mit zwei zu beiden Seil verliebten Sünden und einem drei bis zu verliebten Pia verliebten, jenes drei bis zu verliebten Wagen, jenes drei bis zu verliebten Was lag spießen. Die Akte Menschenmenge, sie amüsst in einem kleinen Stärke, kurz, das liebendes Streiben wurde, ein solches, zieht ein reizendes Bild. Can fuhren die dreizehn Stärke, die Straße, welche freudigem Bericht der Straße-verkehr, wo der singt nach dem ziemlich mit den Hügeln der Gräber. Den und Gewinden eine nmbiwarmaus sfsn M Mk is «. sie einen Schirm MS seufze- Pennsyl vquidn ve: p1 a sten- mnek den Staaten Y M h « nacht· siirnneien Connecticut, Mark und und andre ein. Nur Olivde Island, an fasi wechselose Sonnen lut ge « t, fiihlie sich frisch wie ein isch irr fser « So, da langten noch mehr Wagen an, bald wiirde es losgehem trösteten sich die Staaten. Da entdeckte der Kutscher, wie es schien, irgend einen Fehler am Pferde geschirr, dann, die Zügel sorgsam iider den Kutscherzitz legend, gab er die En den derselben der leinen Rhoda in die Band und sa te: »Einen Au endlich leine.« Er chwang sich vom agen. »Was wollen Sie, Kutscher? —Wenn sie nun ar:stneisen!« rief Nord-Carolina ängstlich. s »sich bin gleich wieder oben,« sagte der osselenter gemächlich, »und für diese Pferde stehe ich ein, davon tneifi tei —« Da lag er zur Seite geschleudert, denn eines der Tiere war durch den Musitwagen, der eben heranfuhr, scheu gen orden, brachte die andren mit in Aufregung — und fort ging es in wilder Hast, so sckzrsirs um die Ecke, daß das sührerlose , uhrweri auf ein Haar umgerrorfen worden wäre. Laut aufkreischend tlaminerten sich die Staaten aneinander. Ruhe, ihr Mädchen!« tonimandierte da eine helle Stimme. Little Rhody · nat es, die ausrkcht in dem holpern den, schwankenden Wagen stand. »Ihr erschreckt die Pferde ja noch mehr! — Sixsen bleiben! — Festhalten! —- Um Himmelswillen nicht abspringen!« Dabei Hatte sie selbst, die Zügel jin mer in der Hand, sich federleichi, ein paar vorspringende Verzierunan des Wagens benützend, aus den Bock ge schwungen, gerade als die Tiere in die Zauptfirasze jagten. Ein wackerer alter cmpsgenosse wollte die Vorderpferde am Kon fassen; er wurde umgerissen —Lnd weiter ging es. Ass Mit ftaunenswerter Geistes-geriss trart ordnete Little Rhody die "gel in den Händen, genau so, wie te es von ihrem Vater gelernt, während sie, o wie oft! neben ihm auf dem Bock zesessen und das daheim landesübliche espann von sechs Maultieren elentt hatte, das ihr Vater mit ge endem Zuruf antrieb, bis es dahinsaufte wie toll. Wolgefiillig lachend, hatte der ein fache Mann seine »kleine Ladh« auf den Rücken geflopr wenn sie ihre Sache gut machte. Ach, hätte sie ihn ietzt zur Seite! Aber sie mußte sich allein hel fen so gut fie konnte. Kannst du sie nicht zum Stehen bringen, hatte ihr Vater gesagt, so lass die Raders laufen; suche nur sie in geringer Richtung zu erhalten, bis sie von selbst genug gekriegt haben. Nein, zum Stehen bringen konnte Little Rhodh sie nicht, die großen Tiere mit den vorgestreckten Hals-km geblährenden Nüfern und angstglühenden Art-pen. Sie flogen ja wie der Wind da in mit dem langen, rasselnden Wagen, durch die belebte Straße, kein Hindernis achtend. Mit lna per Notarsweiehende Fuhrwerle, entstellt auf schreiende Menschen, von denen keiner helfen konnte, das Krachen eines zerstmetterten Faudwaams den der Besitzer im Stück gelassen hatte; und dort —o, ein von der Wärterin treulos preisgebener Kinderwagen — wird ihn das gleiche Schicksal ereilen? — Gerettet! — Denn die Pferden begannen unbewusst der besonnenen Leitung der kleinen treißen Mädchenaesialt zu folgen, die mit flatternden schwarzen Haaren, die sterngli ernde Freiheitsmütter. ze im Nacken, stra für ungefährliche, auf dem Fußbrett stan und mit der Kraft der Verzweiflung die Zügel anzog. Jetzt abermals ein Schrecken-monumente. Die Pferde machten Miene, in eine zu ihren Ställen führende Straße einzubiegen! Rhody schauderte; blätter bis in die Lippen, mit zusammengebissenen Zähnen, berechnete sie den Augenblick Ein wolbernessener Zügel griff, ein laut gellender Zuruf, wie ekemals in der Heimat —- noch einer und noch einer ——— und die überraschten Tiere, ihr unsinniges Verlangen verpassend, stiirmten an der gefährlichen Ecke vorbei, auf der jetzt freien, gerausend, auf der jetzt freien, gerausend, auf der jetzt freien, gerausend. Jetzt lass die Raders nur laufen! Nurmelte die Kleine, die Worte ihre-Baters wiederholend. Und sie liefen. Anfangs in unveränderten dann alle allmählich in etwas nachlassendem Tempo beginnende Ermüdung verrautend. Litt e Rody aber war klug genug, jetzt ihrer-MS nicht nachzugehen. damit die Tiere nicht mit noch zu wenig gebrochener Mast zum Stehen kämen. Unerbittlich muß sie weiter —- auch als es nun bergan ging, weiter! —bis sie nnd nach in Trab, dann in den gewöhnlichen itt verfielen und endlich in späteren Gang-an die letzte Strecke bis zum Kirchhof zurückgelegt hatten, wo ein Dukend lässt die dampfenden, kruchenden, jetzt völlig gebänden, aber vor Aufregung zu täteren Tiere Hinab-new - Gerettet —- In wirrem Durcheinander drängten sich die zwölf Staaten aus dem Wagen, mehr tot als lebendig nach der aus eftandenen Aft. Oben auf dem Fuß rett aber lag nicht leines, rot-weiß-blaues "uflein — Little Rhody, die lärm haft in das Polster des Kutschen hineinweinte. Nach und nach trafen die übrigen Wagen, Reiter und Fu gänger, nicht geordneter nicht mehr heldenhaft, anderen san das schüttet, bescheiden, kleine längere waren. Warich nur fort, dachte sie verwirrt, während das Bett-andern und Übereien kein Ende nahm. Sie mette auf, als endlich die Feier ihren Anfang nehmen sollte; allein ehe sie noch wusste, wie ihr geschah, hatte der Herr rüstigt sie auf den Platz neben m seinen befördert, gerade in der Mitte der vorderständig Reihe auf der Plattform, wo alle Leute sie ehen konnten! — Diese Plattform kam Rshoda Jreland unheimlicher vor als selbst der Kutschboit. Als aber der Festtädter etwas ein einzelnen von der jungen Soldatentochter aus Alabama, die an Tapferkeit den Helden auf dem Schlachtfeld nicht nachftände — da hätte diefe Heldin sich am liebsten in ein Maufeloch vertrochen. Doch es half nichts, sie muss zu tunzte statt, bis endlich das Hochru ein und Tücherschwerten und der freudigen Teil und der Gefang: „O, du sinnreiche-Z Banner", sich soweit legte, lass der Redende fortfahren konnte. Little Rhoda aber war fortan tein Fieindlina mehr in Washington Village. z sie war bei ihren Mitschulen sien beliebt und allgemein gerichtet Verntischtcs. Das gräßliche Unglück des Unter eingeführt, das zahlreiche Milien in Deutschland mit Schmerz und Trauer erfüllt, das von der DIE-DIE Ucclcto ganzen Welt bedauert wird, er-in innert an eine ähnliche Kata strophe, die sich im Jahre 1861 zutrug, wo das preußische Kadettenschul Arno on in einem Orkan an der hol ländischen Küste mit Mann unt-Maus unterging. Dem Wüthen der Elemente lellen Tausende zum Opfer, aber be finderes Mitleid ruft ein solcher Zoll hervor, wo so viele «unge Mens n leken, Hoffnung und götolz der Eltern, ir. der Blüthe ihrer jungen Jahre mit einem Schlage dahingerasft werden« Rußland betreibt die Einführung drahtloser Telegraphie für Mariae «trecle mit aller Kraft. Sämtliche teuchtthürrne am Schwarzen Mle sol len mit den Geräthen des Popos’schen Systems ausgerüstet werden« wodurch sie mit der Küste und den in der Nähe befindlichen Krie sschiffen rn ständiger Verbindung leihen.. n der letzten Woche wurden 200 do ständige Gefängnis nach Bladivostot und Port Arthur verschiffen. Die rufsifchen Kriegsschiffe im Stillen Ocean sollen sämtlich solche erhalten und ferner sollen Vodioostol und Port Arthur mit einander durch mehrere Stationen enthalten. Ein Besuch führte mich, so erzählt ein Reisender, türzlich nach Bordeaux umherzubringen, erklärte ich mir die Auslagen im Schaufenstem hier erblickte ich. A. einelebilduna des Nieischen Schiller- und Goethe-Denkmals in Weimar; aber zu meinem nicht aufgenommenen Erstaunen war es auf einem Zettel als Standbild can Frantlin und Washington bezeichnet. Der Inhaber des Geschäftes stand, frische Luft schöpfend an dem schmälen Sommertage, an der geöffneten Ladenthümer. Artig trat ich auf ihn zu und machte ich aufmerksam auf den Erstaunen. Ich werde, gab er mir verschenin löschen und zur Antwort, es wurde mir schon gesagt. Doch ich habe meinen auten Grund hätte amerikanische Freiheitshelden verraufen sich leichter als deutsche Dichter. Ein griechischer Phisantrap, ver vor einiger Zeit in Korfu gestorben ist, hat eine ziemlich beträchtliche Summe, eine tiftung ganz neuer Art hinterlassen. Es handelt sich um eine Lotte, deren Nummern arme Mädchen repräsentieren, die sich eines tadellosen Ruer erfreuen; eine gewisse Unzahl ein ihnen deren Nummern geöffnet derselben ganz ist, so erhalten sie ihre Nummern. Ein amüsantes Abenteuer hatte stötig Leopold von Belgien dieser Tage, aus et mit feinem neuen Automobil in Brüssel aufzubr. Er kam durch vie Avenue de Tervueren, da sauste plötzlich ein Nadfahrer an feinem Anton- und vorbei und rief ihm zu: “Polle! (ein Diamant für Leopold), wer zu erst nach Quatre-Bras kommt, zahlt vie Getrönte. Und damit setzte er noch kräftiger ein. König Leopold verstand die Herausforderung sehr gut und lachte, und obwohl fein Aufstellung über diese Respektlosigteit auf's „ochste entsetzt war, ging es mit voller Fahrt, los, und es dauerte auch nicht lange, bis er den Radfahrer drückte. Der Letztere setzte alle seine Kraft ein, mußte aber Bald völlig aus-vompte, aufgeben. Der Känig sah ich immer noch von Zeit zu Zeit um und hielt auch in Quatre-Bras, um die Widerstanden Getränke in Empfang zu Nachdem der städtische Regierung, aber der städtische Regierung hatte es wohl-gewisse Just-rücken. Eine Liga gegen die Seelratung und als ihr Organ eine Seetratung sind in Paris entstanden, die Mit aller Energie dem gefrorenen Uebel entgegenarbeiten wollen. Ein langen, langer ragebogen wird von der zigährigen verfahren, um alle Erfahrungen einzuführen. In Puck soll herausgegeben werden. Mit arbeiter werden in allen Ländern gezogen. Als Mittel egen die Seetratung werden em ohlen: Leibbinden und überhaupt besonders dafür hergestellte Interessen, Lüffungsvorrichtungen und Sauerstoff, starte Cotainslösungen. Die Franzosen scheinen ganz besonderen Schreck vor der Seetrat zu haben. Ein unlängst erfchienenes Buch Moltle und die Frauen, enthält folgende Mitheilungen über die Käse rin Eugenir. Für die verführerischen Spanierin auf dem französischen Thron fand Mollle Worte bei einer Anerkennung. „Eine überführende Efcheinung," chreibt er. „Sie ist schön und elegant, als und Arme sind von unübertrefflich er Schönheit, die Figur schlägt, ihre oilette ausgesucht, gefällt und reich, ohne überladen zu fein. Sie lrug ein weißes Atlas lleid von so konkommen. Daß die Damen künftig noch einige Ellen Seidenfloff mehr gebrauchen werden als bisher. In Haare hatte die Kaiserin einen schälchen Kops us und um den Hals eine dop pelte Schnur prachivoller Perlen. Sie fühl viel und lebhaft und zeigt dabei mehr Lebendigkeit als man an so ho her Stelle gewohnt ist. 1856 wohnte Moltle den ganz intirnen Abenden der Kaiserin in Fomainehleau hei. Aus diefer Zeit erzählt erfolgende löfliche Aneldotu Einmal larn das Gefäß auf den Magnetismus. Der Kammer herr der Kaiserin wurde von einem anwesenden Arzt magnetifiziert. Er mußte seine Rolle gut gespielt haben, oder er schlief wirklich, denn er schwürdig und weinte dabei. Es entwickelte sich folgendes Gespräch: Der Arzt: „Sie leiden?“ Der Kammerherr: “Ja.“ Der Arzt: “O denn?“ Der Kammerherr: “Nein,“ Der Arzt: “Wo tollschen Sie zu sein?“ Die Kaiserin Eugenie weiter-brechend: „Ach fällen Sie doch nicht folgende Fragen! Er spricht bisweilen Dummheit.“ Fische, ebenso wie viele andere Thiere, zeigen eine ausgeprägte Liebe sie ihrs-heim und sie haben die geborenen Gabe, immer sicher und schnell dahin zurückzukehren Fische, die in Flüssen oder kleinen Strömen leben, mögen sich dabei von der Gestaltung des Grundes und der Ufer sicher zu sehen, wenn sie durch das Meerziehen und, ohne Land zu sehen, genau nach derselben Stelle zurückkehren, müssen durch eine Art in derselben Stelle zurückkehren. Und wenn sie einen der großen Gedrücktinn und ein merkwürdige Gedrücktinn sie sich die durch einzelnen Gedrücktinnen, wie jeder andere Sinn, ist auch dieser bei alten Fischen sicher. Wie der entwickelt als bei jungen und wird auch z. B. von der Brief-, selbst der gewöhnlichen Haustäube belannt ist. Immerhin erscheint es als eine besondere Fähigkeit, die der Mensch mit den scharssten Sinnen ohne Hilfe von Instrumenten auch nicht annähernd zu entwickeln. Der Fähigkeit sich nicht, wie der Volk, weitl; umsehen, ein Umstand der es völlig ausschließt, dak er sich von der Umgebung aus seinen Weaen leiten. Die Hunde, die um Fischfang schon dressiert, sind nicht den Strand ab und i jedem Stein überzeugen sie. Vexilbttsvy, s- s- durch Hin- und Herberoegeu, ob unter ihm ein Aal steckt oder nicht. Jetzt ersteres der all, so arme ein Verschieden des steines, um den Aal zu verlassen seines Verschiedenes zu zwingen, worauf dann der Kampf bei ihnen, der in den meisten Fällen zum Aal endet. Die einmal an das Fischen gewöhnten Hunde heinnen, ohne dazu besonders veranschieden zu werden. Nach jedesmalige Schaden, und bringen jedem, der überwunden, dem betreffenden Beschreibung, der aus diese Weise zu einem weiten Fällen erhält, ohne sich mit deren Fällen besassen zu müssen. Die Hauptschwierte in der zum Fischfang nötigen Dressur eines hundes liegt in Überwindung her Scheu, einen— isch anzusassen. Jetzt ist der bestes Sind so gut wie serm, und der Grad seiner Leistungsstücke hängt dann von Umständen ab. Jetzt der Hund schneidig und wird ihm seiten zu einem gefangenen Aales ein bedeutendes Widerstand entgegengesetzt, dann vermehrt das seine Passion für den ischsang, zu dem jedoch nur ältere sind, nachdem re bereits mit E be und Flut verwöhnt haben, sich überhaupt an das Leben an der See und an die Flut verwöhnt haben. Bei jungen Hunden ist der Ekel vor Fischen, und namentlich selbald es sich um das Anfänger eines noch rohen, auch ein recht nicht, handelt. Kaum oder nur sehr schwer zu überwinden. Auf dem Gipfel der Gier-eas In San Francisco wird ein Proklament sgepianhles, wenn das ein Wunder der modernen echteilen werden wird. In den nächsten Monaten lässt die Southern Pacific-Bahn den Bau einer elektrischen Bahn in Californien in Angriff nehmen. Die selbe wird eine, ortseyung der male rischen Mount Ohio Railway bilden, welche vor mehreren Monaten von der Southern Pacific Gesellschaft ginge tauft wurde. Ein Teil der neuen Bahnlinie wird sich hoch oben frei in den Lüften von Gebirgspitze und Gebrüder hinziehen und den aäsagten ein wunderbare Panorania ein. Auf der einen Seite steile, schwebe deette Gebirge unan fruchtbare, 50 Meilen lange Täler, mit dem herrlichen Duft der Orangen- und Rosenheimie erfüllt; auf der anderen Seite das weite blaue Meer, der stille Orangen-Wer dann noch den Muth hat, hinabzu schauen, dem werden wilde silitste und tiefe Schluchten von mehreren Tausend. Für Tiefe ein Grauen ein Schlägen Wie dieses unerhörte Wunder einer Gebirgsdahn ausgeführt werden foll, ist noch ein Geheimnis der Juge nieute, aber eine Anzahl derselben ist tief an der Arbeit, um diesen Stroh artigen Bau auszuführen. Wenn man aber die Erbauung der mulerischen Mkunt Lowe Bahn Näher in’s Auge fätig, so ist man überzeugt, daß auch a Schwierigkeiten bei obigem Pro jetz überwunden werden. Seit Jahren war es die Sehnsucht der Bewohner zwischen dem Parifie chan und der großen Sierrn Mai-res. aus den wund dervollen Mount Lowe Ausschläge in können. Professor T. S. Lott trar Mann, welcher diesem Wunsche Lustige-he Geätung gab und das roße i einer ahnhaft auf den Gipfel des Echo Mountain iir Angriff nahen. uerst wollte man eine all in prächtigen Bahn, verwandt oder diese Jede und entschied sich für eine schiefe Ebene-Bahn. Der Weg sür dieselbe musste ilber steile Alitste und durch machtige länge geboiet werden, und zeigte die ahn bei ihrer Fertigstellung eine Länge von 2860 Fuß. Die Bahn hat ein donnettes Geleise mit einem Pothgeleise in der ältest zum Ausweisgemeinerseln zum Aufweisgemeinen dieselbe wird mit Elektrizitat betrieben, welche 90 Meilen davon entfernt, in den Schluchten von Santa Ana, durch Wasserfälle gelten sie durch noch genugend Kraft, um diese Gebirnszahl zu betreiben. Die Carz werden durch einen schirren Aufzug gehoben und ift die Maschinerie mit einer Bremse versehen, welche nicht allein den Zug zum sofortiges-Stillstand bringen tann, sondern auch bei Unflüllen die Betriebskraft abfiel, so daß die Sicherheit der Bahn außer er allem Zweifel steht. Wien man unten am Fuß der Mount Lowe Bahn inmitten blühender Rosen und einer milden Temperatur einstens landet man vier Minuten später st Füßoch auf dem Givfel in der Region eines ewigen XII-eins Hier bietet sich einem die herrühten Aussicht auf das liebliche San Gabriel That mit Pass j dena und Los Angeles am Fuße des Gebirges; 35 Meilen weiter entfernt H sieht man das Santa Catalina Island, welches aus dem unendlichen Ocean emporragt. Blickt der Befucher um sich, dann ist er erstaunt, so nahe an der Grenze des ewigen Schnees eine reiche Flora zu finden. Hier stehen Baumriefen von 20 Fuß umfang, welche 100 Fuß doch emporragen. Ein roßnrtigeservatorium ist eben als auf dem Gipfel errichtet worden mit einem Reflettor von drei Millionen Kerpenftirle und einer Linie von-M Pfund Gewi t, welcher seine Strahlen auf eine Ent ernunft von 150 Meilen hinausfende. Von hier aus wird die neue B hn weiter aufs den höchsten Gipfel es Gebirges, bis zu einer hohe von 8000 Fuß. Geführt werden. Das Türken auch ihren Humor haben, geht aus einigen Anetdoten berührt, die man in dem Buch die Türken in Europa findet, das soeben er schienen ist. Der Hodscha Nasdreden Effendi, eine Persönlichkeit aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, war ein veritabler Humorist. An einem Freitag bestanden die Dörfer darauf, dass der Hodschaft in der Moschee eine Predigt halte; er hatte das nie zuvor getan, weil er die Redenbahn besaß. Widerwillig bestie er die Kanzel, warf seinen Blick in der Versammlung und frei in Verzweiflung: “Oh! Jhr werden Glück, wie ich auf dem Punkte bin zu agen?“ Natürlich antworteten sie „Nun, ich weiß es wahrlich auch nicht,“ die er und verließ eiligst die Moschee. Die Gemeinde jedoch war entschlossen, eine Predigt von ihn zu haben und zwang ihn am darau folgenden Freitag aber mals, die Kanzel zu besteigen. Er stellte ihnen dieselbe Frage, und die Gemeinde antworten. Ein mit Überreichungsmittel: - »Ja! — »Nun, wenn Jhr es wiss, dann brauche ich es Euch nicht zu sa gen,« und entiam abermals. An drit ten Freitag hatten die Dörfler, wie sie - glaubten, einen unfehlbaren Plan aus gedacht. Sie bekamen den hohen aus die Kunkel und antworteten aus seine gewohn eFrage: »Einige von uns wissen es und die Andern nicht,« worauf der odscha antwortete: »Dann mögen leinen, die es wissen. Denen berichten, die es nicht wissen.« Die Gemeinde plötzlich auf die nicht mehr tun eine redigende — ein heißen Nacht schlief der Hods der Kuhle wegen auf der Veranda- Ertracht plößlich auf und sah eine Gelegenheit die er sich auf einen weiteren äuber hielt. über seine Garterunge klettern. Er erstreckt erstreckt seinen Bo en und scho so erstreckt einen Pseti au den vermeintlichen Einbrecher ab. Als er auf die Gartenbahn trat, fand er, dass sein feil ein weißes Nacht heraus durchbohr hatte, das seine Frau einweitens und zum Trocken an die aufgehängte hatte. Verbindlich singt laut Gott zu preisen an. Seine frömen worte steckten die Nachbarn auf, die glaubten, dass man sie zum Gebet rufe. Da es noch mehrere Stunden vor Sonnenaufgang war, schalten sie den Häusern wegen, wo raus dieser st entschuldigte: „Ich habe Gott daf r edanit, dass ich nicht in dem hemd ges eckt, das ich mit dem Pfeil durchbohrhaft.” Der offizielle Nachruf eines Meinschen stimmt oft wema mit der offizielle Nachruf.
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https://github.com/Drimpac2020eu/usef/blob/master/usef-build/usef-workflow/usef-brp/src/test/java/energy/usef/brp/controller/APlanControllerTest.java
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/*
* Copyright 2015-2016 USEF Foundation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package energy.usef.brp.controller;
import energy.usef.brp.exception.BrpBusinessError;
import energy.usef.brp.service.business.BrpPlanboardValidatorService;
import energy.usef.brp.workflow.plan.connection.forecast.ReceivedAPlanEvent;
import energy.usef.core.config.Config;
import energy.usef.core.data.xml.bean.message.MessageMetadata;
import energy.usef.core.data.xml.bean.message.PTU;
import energy.usef.core.data.xml.bean.message.Prognosis;
import energy.usef.core.exception.BusinessException;
import energy.usef.core.exception.BusinessValidationException;
import energy.usef.core.service.business.CorePlanboardBusinessService;
import energy.usef.core.service.helper.JMSHelperService;
import energy.usef.core.service.validation.CorePlanboardValidatorService;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.List;
import javax.enterprise.event.Event;
import org.joda.time.LocalDate;
import org.joda.time.Period;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Matchers;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
import org.powermock.reflect.Whitebox;
/**
* Test class in charge of the unit tests related to the {@link APlanController}.
*/
@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
public class APlanControllerTest {
private APlanController controller;
@Mock
private BrpPlanboardValidatorService brpPlanboardValidatorService;
@Mock
private CorePlanboardValidatorService corePlanboardValidatorService;
@Mock
private Config config;
@Mock
private JMSHelperService jmsHelperService;
@Mock
private Event<ReceivedAPlanEvent> receivedAPlanEventManager;
@Mock
private CorePlanboardBusinessService corePlanboardBusinessService;
@Before
public void init() {
controller = new APlanController();
Whitebox.setInternalState(controller, brpPlanboardValidatorService);
Whitebox.setInternalState(controller, corePlanboardValidatorService);
Whitebox.setInternalState(controller, config);
Whitebox.setInternalState(controller, jmsHelperService);
Whitebox.setInternalState(controller, receivedAPlanEventManager);
Whitebox.setInternalState(controller, corePlanboardBusinessService);
}
@Test
public void testActionWithSuccess() throws BusinessException {
Prognosis prognosis = buildPrognosis();
controller.action(prognosis, null);
Mockito.verify(brpPlanboardValidatorService, Mockito.times(1)).validatePeriod(
Matchers.any(LocalDate.class));
Mockito.verify(receivedAPlanEventManager, Mockito.times(1)).fire(Matchers.any(ReceivedAPlanEvent.class));
Mockito.verify(corePlanboardBusinessService, Mockito.times(1)).archiveAPlans(Matchers.any(String.class),
Matchers.any(LocalDate.class));
}
@Test
public void testActionWithValidationFailure() throws BusinessException {
Prognosis prognosis = buildPrognosis();
Mockito.doThrow(new BusinessValidationException(BrpBusinessError.INVALID_PERIOD))
.when(brpPlanboardValidatorService).validatePeriod(Matchers.any(LocalDate.class));
controller.action(prognosis, null);
Mockito.verify(jmsHelperService, Mockito.times(1)).sendMessageToOutQueue(Matchers.any(String.class));
Mockito.verify(corePlanboardBusinessService, Mockito.times(0)).archiveAPlans(Matchers.any(String.class),
Matchers.any(LocalDate.class));
}
private Prognosis buildPrognosis() {
Prognosis prognosis = new Prognosis();
MessageMetadata metadata = new MessageMetadata();
metadata.setSenderDomain("acm.com");
prognosis.setMessageMetadata(metadata);
prognosis.setCongestionPoint("abc");
prognosis.setPeriod(new LocalDate());
prognosis.setPTUDuration(Period.minutes(15));
List<PTU> list = prognosis.getPTU();
for (int i = 0; i < 96; ++i) {
PTU ptu = new PTU();
ptu.setStart(BigInteger.valueOf(i + 1));
ptu.setPower(BigInteger.valueOf(100));
list.add(ptu);
}
return prognosis;
}
}
| 16,566 |
3610246_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,990 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 130 | 177 |
A supporting deposition is not an unauthorized amendment of the petition in violation of Family Court Act § 311.5 where it merely restates the allegations of the petition and any appended supporting depositions in nonhearsay form (Matter of Rodney J., 108 AD2d 307, 314). The first appended deposition stated all of the facts necessary to show that respondent had committed the crimes charged, albeit some of those facts were in hearsay form. Concerning the charge of criminal trespass in the third degree, petitioner notes that respondent did not ask the Family Court to dismiss it as a lesser included count of burglary in the third degree, concedes that it is, and agrees that its dismissal "at the appellate level is appropriate." Concur—Kupferman, J. P., Milonas, Kassal, Wallach and Rubin, JJ..
| 17,798 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87.%20%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ويليام جيه. هايلى
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ويليام جيه. هايلى&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
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Spoken
| 45 | 144 |
ويليام جيه. هايلى كان سياسى من امريكا.
حياته
ويليام جيه. هايلى من مواليد يوم 4 مارس 1939, مات فى 21 اكتوبر 2001.
الحياه العمليه
سياسيا كان عضو فى الحزب الديمقراطى.
اشتغل فى كولومبوس (اوهايو).
المناصب
عضو مجلس نواب اوهايو
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
سياسيين
سياسيين امريكان
| 40,613 |
18440104_00000.txt_2
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Spanish-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,844 |
None
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None
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Spanish
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Spoken
| 5,516 | 9,501 |
''afleció seis meses después del pcsnr ocasionado por el lin irágico de su esposo. Mine. Aspasia de ;!aiiii-\ allier, que ** sUjnplBbre, ignorante como lo eran cotoiices todas las mngere's ilustres, se vio rediicida en Viena, adonde lúe d parar, á la mas espantosa miseria , y habría perecido tal **éz ««, ellB , üi un ba;i<(iiero austríaco iiiuv gordo y muy •coloradote, atraído por las gracias lic Muille. Saiot-Yallier, y por la hobl^a de su estirpe, no la liuliiese ofrecido su mal o , que elfa accpK), convirtiéndose en I\liije. Finkenlball. Yo "o sé qiié pasa entre la miiger ác\ linnipiero y un general frafWé,^ citiíndo la invasión ile nuestro ejército en Austria; P^fi 'jnzgarttlo el marido que el patrioiismo de su esposa iba 'lias all;i\le,l() (¡ue ciuisenliíin sus ideas tudescas y conyugales , jdro qiie mientras viviese él no pondría Mme. Fin'^eiilall los pies en su pais nativo, einiipiió su palabra, á .{!?>it,de bis observaciones <le su moifcr, (píele demostraba •l"e ella, una Sainl-Vallier , [lodria alcanzar lionores para ^ maU'iuiODio semi-estrangero : el ntistriaco loe iiilk^xible; parcélale quo el general baiiia de perseguirle en lodos los **cones de Francia, y murif) hace dos años sin bal'erse des•^ladi) de su sistema de aversión bicia nuestra hermosa patria.. > , —Y acaso me destinas para reemplazar al general con esa ''e.'!pglá!)!e'lnairona de Ele-so? Dijo riéndose el poeta. T-Teipíiero níejor que eso, porque la viuda c.ientamasde .•aíriío sigloi —<':Tiene acaso alguna bija? ' —N(), nna sobrina, hija de un hermano mayor que ella, Wntjuc segundo de lus vqrones de la familia. Este hermanó, ípie'emigró (amblen á Inglalerra, casó alli con una «»«« *HtlÍB^ ««irosada, cuya sola riqneía eran esos dos atractivos británicos. El caballero de Saint-Vallier volvió a Francia con 'a mayor parte de'la nobleza, y heredó el título de conde y 4Mtflil§H(l.£9&titl&d« MI nembre, únicos iiienes que !e habían dejado la revolución, y un henuaito mayor cálibe, que consumió el reslo de sus propiedades en buenas obras amorosas y demás. —¿Y por dónde sabes tú todo eso? Preguntó Enrique. —Porque Saint-Vallier dista no mas (lue tres leguas de Tours, y porque á los cuidados y elocuencia de mi padre debe el conde hasta la posesión de su titulo, pues los acreedores del hermano (pierian apoderarse de todo para mayor seguridad; pero mi padre les probo que el difunto no tenia derecho áenagenarsu nombre, y salvó asi este último resto de la fortuna de losSaint-Vallier. —¿Y crees que la muger d^'l banquero dotará ü sn sobrina? Dijo iMonredon. —Sin duda; Mme. Finkenlball, egoísta, vana, ambiciosa, y que descendió de su elevada clase por sn casamiento, necesita arraigarse aqui, donde es casi estrangera, por medio de un vinculo poderoso qne atraiga hacia su cabeza un llorón de la corona aristocrática. Solo asi podrá volver ala sociedad del aiTabal de San Germán: la bija de sn hermano le proporciona esta ventaja; y aparentando á los ojos del mundo una generosidad grande, Mme. Finkenlball, de origen Saint-Vallier, adopta A su sobrina. —Y conoces tú á esa sobrina ? -^La vi en su infancia. Como no tenia madre, el conde la hizo educar en Tours, en el mismo convento eu que estaba mi hermana Eloísa; algunas vecej venían las dos juntas al locutorio , y recuerdo aun la nobleza y la distinción de su ligura. Desiiues supe qne sn padre se la había vuelto á llevar á Saint-Vallier, donde viven los dos en una soledad absoluta. El buen anciano padece de gota; adeinas, creyent e casi humillado en su posición, no visita á ninguno de sus vecinos, que todos poseen alguna parle de los bienes que antes perienecian á su familia. —Has narrado admirablemente tn novela, dijo Mr. de Monredon; pero no acierto cómo pueda yo figurar en el des enlace. Tu viuda , á Juzgar por sus antecedentes financiero», debe no ser lerdia eu contratos matrimoniales; y no pienso que la edición completa de mis obras baste para hacer contrapeso á los llorínes, á que debe ser tan aficionada. —Al contrario, tú eres el hunibre que le conviene. Casándote con su sobrina le abres las puertas que ahora tiene cerradas. —Y cómo? —[^orque convierlestn casa, ahora desierta, en la tertulia mas concurrida de París, en el punto de reunión de las primeras celebridades ; y eso es á lo que ella aspira. Como poeta atraes á tu saluu á los hombres mas distinguidos por su lalento ; limpiando el escudo de armas de los Monredon, renovando su campo azul, verás correr á tn casa á la aristocracia que no se atreve á dar fiestas en sus palacios, y que se fastidia de muerte en la soledad que juzga le conviene desde 1830. Atlernas, y aquí entra el hombre político , la fortuna de la tía , de la que serás heredero por tu muger , dobla, triplica las acciones de lu elocuencia, conocida por tus obras: llegas á ser el punto en que se juntan los descontentos de lodos los partidos , porque tú los representas á todos ; cada facción "cuenta contigo para defender la independencia de sus ideas, para hacer triunfar su causa ; das dos bantpietes semanales eligieudo para coiiTÍdados aquellos de tus admiradores que pueden hablar mas tiempo sin enronquecer; mandas reííaurar á Saint-Vallier; te vasa pasar alli el verano, éntrelos placeres , de que te separas ostensiblemente y á menudo , para hacer creer qne te ocupas en la cosa pública; y en las primeras elecciones, lodos los electores de la Turena te nombian para pedir un puente, un canal, un camino de hierro, ó un pozo artesiano al ministerio, que se vé obligado á resjietarte. —He_ ahi nna iinprovbacion digna de ser impresa! esclamó Enrique, cuya risa había concluido por escitar Chavigny hasta el mas alto punto. Lástima es que mí futura lia no ksa una ninfa de los bosques, (uie te escuchare detrás del tronco de un árbol. Estoy seguro (le que entonce? ganaría mi pleito... sin apelación! —Yo seré el que le defienda, repuso Chavigny. —Y quién ha de dar oídos á tus pataratas? —Querido, interrumpió Ricardo, en el número de todas las seducciones que ofreces á Mme. Finkenlball, no te he citado aun la mas irresistible de todas. —y cuál es ? —Que para conseguir lo que deseas, amigo mió, no podrás prescindir de ella, y entonces te dominará.... —Eso es una infamia! prorrumpió Monredon levantándose indignado; y jamas consentiré... —Pero, ¿ y qué importa ? Después de concluido el matrimonio, entran los arreglos. jNíngun ambieioso logra lo qi» quiere, sin que algo le cueste... —Lo que dices me causa horror! esclamó el poeta. Con el mayor gusto copi.imos de la Gaceta el siguiente discurso leido en 28 de diciembre de t8V3 por el Excmo. Sr. ü . Antonio Alcalá Galiano, al tomar asiento en la real academia española como académico honorario de la misma : Discunso. "Al verniií en eslc recinlo pisado por tantos liuenos y aun insignes esciiioies cuantos ha conlailo Ijspafia de,sde la creación de e^la real acadniíia , dos afectos diferentes vienen á emliargar iniáH»iii>y d poseerle todo. ]',s el ¡iriinero un vivo. iigradeciinienlo , considerando (|ue he conseguido la honra de ser acadcuu." de la real academia de la lengua , diviiu. «ion cotliciail.i |>i?r mi iluraiile largos aHos , aunque no llega se mi osailia á Ciiiivertir en prelension el deseo ; dislinciiui , que al cabo he preieniiido cuando la edad y la alicion al cnliivo de la beriimja lengua castellana nía» que mis aciertos. como autor , me han dado aliento para solicitar lo que no he. llegado á merecer; y distinción que la bondad é indulgencia de este cuerpo respetalile han llegado i concederme, como queriendo recompensar en mi el buen celo, aun no siendo este favorecido ¡«r la fortuna. lOs el segundo el natural encogimiento al hallarme colocailo entre tantos varone* mis superiores en mérito, asi como en celebridad, ocurriéndoseme en la estrañeza (|ue me causa mi situación en este instante , (pie bien puedo decir de mi )o que de «i dijo aquel dux de (iénova cuando Mamado á Versalies á humillarse , y. consigo á su república ante ja mageslad de Luis XIV, y preguntado cuál cosa aditúrabta riuis en ia suntuosa curte del monarca francés, respondió que »« mayor atombro era verte él en aquel sitio. El haber nombrado á Luis XIV de Francia, desviando mi imaginación de mi propia |>ersuna y de mi situación presente, me lleva ¡k asunto harto diverso como lo es el recuerdo de la célebre academia francesa, de la cnal es en cierto modo hermana menor esta nuestra academia espailola. Porque si bien el monarca honrado con el título de grande, de(piien acabo de hacer inenci<Hi, no fue creador de aquella academia, fundada por Luis M U , ó digamos por su ministro el afamado cardenal de lAiclieiien, todavía favoreció con tanto em peflo al cuerpo creado por su pailre y le dio tal ilecoro y lustre, (pie celebrar la memoria de tan insigne rey, protector de las letras y artes, vino á ser obligación de todos los acadcniicot. Establecida en el solio de V^spafla la regia estirpe de loa • Horbones, el rey Felipe V. quiso hacer en la tierra (pie pasaha á serlo .susa lo (pie en su iiutiva Francia habian hecho sus ilustres progenitores. Dealiiviuo e n t r e o í r o s nacimientos de • cuerpos literarios el de esta nuestra academia. ¿Y por qué no lia de ser en ella costumbre elogiar ;i los reyes bajo cuyo pa, Irociiiio sali() á luz y lia vivido con gloria? iNo creo, pues, ipie disuene en e>te lugar, y ahora hacer un recuerdo sentido de alabanza y gratitud de losmonarcasdc esta real familia, la cual jp'iegue á Dios (|ue continúe rigiendo por dilatadas edades A nuestra patria p(/rella regeneraila en la época de su mayor abatimiento, y puesta en el camino de la ilustración y de la publica ventura! i)e la ilustración , s í ; y aqui es fuerza, y asimismo viene bien confesar que á la de Espaila ha cunlribiiido este cuerpo en grado (umsiderable. Dígase enhorabuena que las academias no han cumplido con todo cuanto de ellas se prometieron esperanz.íS demasiado halagüeñas, para llegar á ser completirinente logradas. Al cabo estos cuerpos han hecho (;iiauto les era posible hacer; lo cnal si no es mucho, no deja de ser algo; si no es brillante, es provechoso; si de pronto no se nota , se llega á conocer cuando en ello se medita. Man mantenido y mantienen las buenas tradici.mes Otro tanto debe s.ice 1er y sucede con los oradores de nuesliterarias, y en literatura, asi como en otras m a t e r i a s , es tra España. muy snbido el valor de las tradiciones. lian atendido y Allégase á lo dicho el peligro que hay de considerar en un • atienden h sus lenguas patrias, de cuya pureza son custo- orador de parlamento , no al hombre dueño del arte de la dios y defeiis(U-es, y si no han conseguido lit>erUrtas ente- elocuencia mirada en si, aparte de otra cualquiera consideramente de corru|tcion, á lo menoü un tanto lian servido ración , siuu al repúblico de estas ú esotras opinione« y banpara atajar los progresos de la que las está consumiendo y dería : por lo mismo acepto en estremo á unos, y & otros en destrozanilo. igual grado repugnante. Porque en valde procuramos los S o n , [lor otra p a r t e , i manera de un puerto adonde hombres separar en aíjuel á quien contemplamos y juzgar miran los literatos, como á tin logar de seguro y ciniodo queremos las partes diversas componentes de su entendimienabrigo al llegar la terminación de su fatigoso viaje, y como to y los lados diferentes por (pie mirársele d e b e ; pues como nn di'ilintivii honrosn con el cual ipiedan galardonados |ior la naturaleza ha hecho de él un ente solo, aunque múltiple, servicios hechos en una larga carrera. En la literaria , asi solemos, al verle y eslimarle como él es , celebrar ó vitupecomo en las demás, conviene que haya escalones , y que en rar , sin conocerlo nosotros mismos, el conjunto , cuando el superior se descubra un lugar donde parezca como que deseamos y creemos habérnoslas únicamente con la parte suse disfruta de un descanso aoinipariado de dignidad y glo- j jeta á nuestro juicio. r i a , lugar cuya posesión ansiada estimule y aliente á quieNo ignoro que á las razones aipii torpemente dadas por mi nes entre afanes á él laboriosamente se encaminen. j pueden ser opuestas otras varias, y no de liviano peso. Las Considerada la academia (romo una semejante situación glo- i carreras literarias se van miillijilicando: se abren cada dia tiosa, veamos por cuáles sendas á ella podrá arribarse. sendas nuevas [lOr donde se camina con provecho cimiun y Son estas varias, pero no muy numerosas, no e r a n d o di- i propia gloria ; en la de los ¡meblos tiene parte considerable vidido en muclms ramales el camino de la literatura. Por la , la f.iina adquirida por sus oradores. De estos los que se senda de la poe.>i i mas que por otra alguna han llegado á es- i granjean con justo motivo alto renombre tienen, algunos, y ta academia los mas entre los individuos que boy la coinpo- ! no cortos conocimientos liieraiius; no podiendo pasar por lien y ennoblecen, aunque no fallen (juienes por otras vias balierse distinguido altamente uno entre cuyas prendas no esté contada y campee la del buen decir; esto e s , la de hayan venido á ocupar un honroso asiento en este recinto, co espresarse con una considerable dosis de brillantez y de cormo críticos eruditos á la par (pie buenos hablistas. Pero, haJilando en esta materia, ocurre una dnda, y debe rección juntamente. Pero asi y todo corre gran peligro la fama literaria que o c n n i r mas que á otro á aquel, (pie si bien con lento y no firme paso, y (pied.bidose muy atrás en sn jornada, se ha solo en haber hecho famosas o buenas arengas estriba. Y ' dedicado con particularidad á bollar un sendero casi recien hay mas , pues el discurso mejor para pronunciado no es •blerto en nnestra tierra, que tiene mas de político que de bueno para leido. L n juez competente (pie hermanaba lo liliterario, aunque un tanto pueda tener de lo segundo. La terato con lo orador de primera clase, y en quien la prácdnda á (|ae me redero es, si pur el ejercicio di; la palabra tica de su arte había adelgazado y aclarado el juicio crítico en l(ís cuerpos delilnranles puede ganarse coii legitimo ti- (el insigne ingles Carlos Jacobo Fox), llegó á alirmar (pie si una oración agradaba mucho id leerla, con esto solo (pietJaba tulo nn puesto en la real academia española. Clérlamente el valor literario de los antiguos campe() y probado que había satisfecho y aun valido poco al pronun,brill(j tanto cuanto en otras composiciones en \a» oraciones ciarla. Parece, p u e s , lo mas justo y conveniente (en el sentir de ó arengas. Por las suyas, asi como por sus obras didácti cas (i ülo.síilicas, se remoiilii Cicerón á la mas alia cumbre quien ahora lo dice, sentir, por otra p a r t e , cnyo escaso vaen la región literaria. Sin ser mas (pie orador DeiiKÍstenes lor él mismo conoce y conliesa) (pie la f-ma de orador polímerece ser y es contado entre los primeros escritores del tico quede aparte de la literaria con separación absoluta. No inundo antiguo. Al lado y detrás ó delante de las dos prin- obste al orador el serlo, si en otras obras suyas acredita su cipales lumbreras (pie acabo de citar, resplandecieron otras mérito literario puro. Pero á quien 50I0 cuenta y puede precon inferior pero todavía notable brillo. A tan claros nom- sentar lauros ganados en la palestra política, dense otras rebre.s, honra de los íliislradisimos pueblos donde fueron co- compensa» gloriosas y apetecibles en grado snino, y no las conocidos y señalados, cualquier cuerpo literario (leberia ha- ronas (pie á los pacllicos literatos corresponden; y sean san tuarios como el de esta academia solamente los que en frase ber abierto con empeño sus puertas. Pero la elocuencia, hoy llamada parlamentaria , es en su clásica son llamados templos de la musas, las i/uales como es índole harto menos literaria que la de los antiguos. Criados sabido, se comunican (;oii sus devotos en el ^ a r t a m i e n t o de los pueblos modernos de modo muy diferente que los de la los negocios del E s t a d o , morand» y oplaciáiKlose en la.* t e clásica antigüedad , y meinw sensíMes i las arles del buen gioties (luietas, hermosas y lloridas , donde el enlendimiemo >(t«cir y á los primores de l a o r a l o r i a ; por otra p a r t e , trata- atento á buscar y adorar la belleza, se abstiene y olvida endas las materias ipie son asunto de las arengas de nuestros teramente de las otras afanadas y bulliciosas escenas mundadías , no con ta mira de arrastrar con el torrente de la elo- nales. He dicho. cuencia las r iluiitadesde una concurrencia crecidísima, ni con la de deleitar á un corro selecto de literatos; y ventilándo«s ademas en los enerpos donde se perora negocios en en yo despacho debe tener mas parle (pie la imaginación el buen seso; difícil es y basta perjudicial seria en un orador poUii(M)de la época presente emplear las varias y hermosas imágenes , los artiücios retóricos y el estilo llorido y limado, por «I cnal se distinguieron y.son tan admirados todavía y tan meGaeetlIIn d e provliielas. recedores de aprecio los esclarecidos oradores de las antiguas tiiecia y liorna. —El correo de ayer nos ha traído la siguiente carta de En los Cuerpos apellidados parlamentos suelen hablar casi nuestro corresponsal en Cádiz : lodos cuantos de ellos son miembros , cual mejor , cnal peor, CÁDIZ US de diciembre. Tiempo hace que no escribo á no siendo por eso de culpar , pues no á grangearse fama de Yds., porque nada particular ha ocurrido de que no hayan elocuentes, sino á tratar con acierto los negocios sujetos á su dado noticia oportunamenle los periiidicus de esta. Ahora lo examen y resolución deben dedicarse los elegidos por los juie- hago para referir un suceso (jue, auinjue es en sí bien insighlos para volver por su interés, y tener un inlhijo mas ó nilicaute, podrá llegar á esa muy abultado y suministrar menos directo en el gobierno del Estado. armas á la'oposición, que no perdona medios por reprobaEs costumbre en los Congresos hablar loa oradores de dos (pie sean para combatir el actual orden de cosas. repcnle, y aun cuando nn tanto preparados, con frase imEl capitán que manda la poca caballería que hay en esla provisada. Y como los auditorios nuestros contemporáneos, plaza, lia sido por repetidas veces objeto de rail groseros aunque á veces haga en ellos fuerte efecto lo que se les di- insultos que le ha prodigado el Üefentor Jet Pueblo, perióce , ya sorprendiéndolos por lo g r a n d e , ya coninoviéndo- dico que tan triste celebridad ha adquirido en estos últimos ' los por lo tierno, y de cualquier modo escilándoles sus va- tiempos por su iiiiolerancla y por el servilismo con (pie ha rias pasiones, todavía carei-en de aquel acendrado gusto dispensado á Espartero sus elogios y adulaciones. mienlos oratorios de incotUestable liermostlfa, el tejido d e su composición suele no ser perfecto, ni terso siipiiera. Hay otro motivo mas que á los ojos de las academias por fuerza ha de venir á hacer dudoso el derecho de entrada en ellas á ipiienes le reclaman con el título único de halier ganado con justicia fama de elocuentes hablando en los cuerpos (leliberaiues. Suele en semejantes lugares pecarse gravemente contra la lengua , usándose de voces y frases todavía no imcorporadas en su vocabulario ni en sn sintaxis, y basta fallas de buen derecho para ser en el uno ó en la óira admitidas, llien es vcrdadJ(pieacosasnuevascorrespon>len nombres asimismo nuevos: que á objetos diferentes de los que ocupaban á nuestros buenos autores pasados cuadran estilo y dicción diferentes de los que aquellos usaban. Pero (piiza por eso mismo el orador de un Congreso político, si nada m.is e s , está mal calilicado para ser académico de la lengua. Las materias (pie se ventilan en aipieltos cuerpos á este deben ser iieregriiias. Alabanza merece quien trata y resuelve bien los negocios en ipie se ocupa; pero no siendo estos literarios, en otra ¡parte que en los santuarios de la literatura debe aquel buscar .su galardón y renombre. Acaso parecerá singular y nada conveniente (lue tenga yo esta opinión , y todavía mas (pie la esprese dentro de una sociedad que tiene á su frente al primer orador de nuestra patria (I), á nuestro director, en cuyos discursos aun políticos asoma y hasta se descubre de lleno el literato cumplido, y hay concisión y á la par gala en el estilo y en la dicción, y belleza en las im.igenes, y en suma , jterfeccion artística digna de ponerse al lado con la de que pudieron , han podido, ó pueden blasnnar los vanmes mas elocuentes de la presente ó de las demás edades. Pero en este nuestro cumpañero, de quien se envanece con razón la academia, no menos (|iie España toda ,i hay méritos altos contraídos en trabajos literarios puramente, y eso» (según mi corlo entender) son los que le han dado entrada y asiento en este lugar hasta colocarle en el preferente quy entre nosotros dignamente octifia. le ofendiati. A este efecto .se presenltí en la redacción del tíwéetáUa d e la, c » p U » l > periódico, preguntó por el director de él, y como le contestasen que no estaba , se retiro sin hacer la menor de—A las nueve de la noche del dia \.° fe cayó f«e UM mustracion que indicase deseos de atacar ln imprenta ni de ventana que da al [latio de la casa número 3 S , de la caim|)edir á los escritores del Defensor el libre ejercicio del lle de Jacometrezo , un niño de cinco años de edad , el «ual derecho que el artículo 2. ° de la Constitución concede á ipiedó muerto en el acto. Tomó conocimiento ei alcalik da tfxios los españoles. Su objeto no era oiro que hacer perso barrio respectivo. nal el asunto, porque la cuestión no era política; era llura—A las nueve de la noche de id. han sido heridas Marta mente personal. El olicial se dirijió en la tarde del mismo dia al eafc lla- Baipier, que vive en la calle de la Justa, núni. 2<, euarli» mado de I). Francisco, donde concurre el Sr. Sastou, direc- en el patio; Toribia Moreno, id. id., y Teresa Patenal, V tor del Defensor: estuvo esperándolo largo ralo, y luego que (pie habita en la calle de San Díinas, luini. 4 3 , boardilla; - ' J buho llegado y tomado asiento al lado de sus amigos, le pur María Dolores Colomina , la cual vive en la calle la ' habló ulgimas palabras al oído, signilicándole una, dos y Justa , núm. 31 , cuarto patio , todo de resultas de una qiiítres veces por señas que tenia (pie liahlarle mas despacio, y mera habida entre las cuatro. Las dos heridas Baquer y Pas{ que saliese a ta calle. Sastou le contestó otras tantas veces ipie no cual , después de curadas, (iiirdarou en sus. casas, y la Müquería salir; y como esto lo dijo con una risasanhinica y provo- reno, herida de gravedad , fue conducida al Hospital Genecativa, el olicial no pudo contenerse y sacó el sable delante de ral. La agresora María Dolores Colomina quedó presa eo la cincuenta ó sesenta personas que alli se hallaban presentes. cárcel de corte; de todo lomó conocimiento el alcalde d« Entonces Sastou salió á la calle, [leio salió para huir. PARTE INDUSTRIAL. Vondog públicos. Estos son los hechos tales como han ocurrido. Conviene que el público los sepa, para que no se les dé un carácter político que no han tenido. —En los periódicos barceloneses leemos lo siguiente : Dipulacion provincial de Barcelona: Las desgraciadas ocurrencias de esta provincia asi como retardaron las eleciones generales de diputados á Cortes y propuesta de senadores, lian sido causa de (pie no se procediese en el tiempo marcado por el decreto de 7 de agosto último á las de diputados pn vinciales; mas habiéndose hecho aquellas ya, deben subseguir estas, á fin de que se verifique que ios electores sean los mismos que los de los representantes de la nación ; asi pues, en lodos los partidos judiciales se seguirá para las pnixiiiias elecciones de diputados de provincia la misma distribución de distritos ipie se ha seguido en las últimas de diputados á Cortes, escepto el partido de Harcelona, con respecUi al cual se señalará oportunamente su división para que se elijan los cuatro diputados y suplentes que le corresponden. No podiendo, pues , procederse á las elecciones ni al escrnlinio general de votos, ni reunirse los electos en esta capital de provincia en los días delerininados por el gobierno, el Excmo. Sr. gefe político se ha servido señalar para las elecciones en cada cabeza de distrito los días 5, 4, .'i, O y 7 de enero próximo ; para el escrutinio en el caso previsto por el artículo G. ° del mencionado decreto de 7 de agosto último el t2 del propio mes de enero, y para la reunión de los que resulten elegidos el dia 18 del mismo; prometiéndose la (iipnlacion que lo prevenido por el gobierno en su citado decreto, será estriclamenie observado en tan trascendentales actos, tanto si resultan definitivamente nombrados los propietarios y suplentes ipie conespunden á cada partido, como si en todos ó alguno de ellos debiese i|irocei!erse á segundas elecciones. Barcelona 2."5 de diciembre de t8i.>.—El presidente, Ricardo Schelly.—Por acuerdo de S. E.—Ramón Busanya , .secretario.—A los ayuntamientos cuikslitucionales de esu provincia. -—FciENCALÍENTE. Esta población, á pesar de la inmensa importancia de los baños minerales, yace tan abandonada , que parece como si fuéramos una especie de re((ública de San Marino , y nadie se acuerda de nosotros sino para rxijirnos mas contribuciones que las (pie podemos pagar, y que nada se invierte en pro nuestro. 1IOl.SK UK MADRID DEL D U 3 DE ENÜllO. TrroLOt íi. 3 roa lOO, Se han hecho 31 operacioues impórtame» 18.000,000 r j . doi al rontado á ^3 7|S y 24 las demás á diferentes fechas • vol. coa d Clip, corriente i p p. de a3 71S á »4 i\i p. 100. TÍTULOS al 5 ru%. 100. / Se han hecho 8 operaciones importantes 5.000,000 n , , una al contado á iS i|a Us demás á fío días fecha é vol. en carpeta* preseiilad.is á la renovación ![» p. de (S 7[S í »o i|7 p. 100. CUPUMS s u LLIMIDOS 1 CA.riTlI.UAB. Se h:in hecho i operaciones importantes 5.S56,ooo r». i difereutf-s fechas ó vol. á JO I | Í p. loo. CEItTIPIClC10:(U Dt DIUDA «IH IIII'»KS. 1.000,000 rs. á 6 p. 100 áGu dfas f. ó vol. i|4 p. •'Jf ESPBCTACÜIOS. Teatro d e l P r i n c Í | i e. A las siete de la noche: LA RUEDA D E Lk NA, comedia en cuatro actos: baile y sainefe. FORTD Teatro de l a Cruz. A las siete de la noche: A beneficio de lo« Sre«. Salai y Ojeda: 1.» Sinfom'a de la ópera de los CONTRABANDISTAS: 2. = Introducción de U misma ópera: 5 . » E L PUÑAL DEL GODO: 4. = Aria: 5 . » IntrodnccÍM y aria de ta (tpera CHIARA DI ROSEMBERG: «. ® Baile. T . » LOS FESTEJOS DE ALHAURIN, escena {MMÍM- mmU en música: 8 . » Baile: 0.° LA P E N D E N C I A. Teatro del Circo. A las siete y media: ÓTELO, ópera en tres acto». ANUNCIOS. D. cipniA¡%o VE ¡iiiao, PARTE INDIFERENTE. peluquero y pei-r(iniisl.i, privilegiad»^ l>or las (orles de I'aris j l a n d r e s , ^ w ^ a a m > ^ ~ vfulajusameiile coiiurido en a(|ii«llas capitales por la eU';;anoia de siiii peinados de col'te y de sus obras,, tiene el liouur de naitiei(.ar al púljlico (pie acaba de recibir ini surtido de peines de búfalü Ifgítiino, del precio de 7 á 16 reale.s, iguitiueote landrera» de mil lil y biilalo, del precio desde S á 16 loalet; también las baf de concha que en cnanto i iii elahoi-aciun no se lian «isto otras iguales : si^iie siempre con el elegante surtido de corlialu, tirantes y objetos de gusto, j airderes de oro y brillantes, igualBeat* i|ua Icl» paños de Venus en franela, que tanta aceptaeien kau^tcuido «a esta corte , y todo lo ((uc pertenece al tocador. ^Jvirlrncia á íoj tenores elrgantes. Acabo de invenlar un aiievo corle de pelo (pie corresponde á tos sombreros d* úhiaa aXMla: y á tas señoras y señores ipie usen casquete ó peluca, que acabada encontrar un nuero sisleiua para que el muelle no haga ninguna |iraoiinencia ni daño, igualmente que las pelucas uo IévBUt«Hi por detras, que hasta la feclia no se ha |x)dido evitar, y trabajaado «I pelo IKIJO un nuevo método qu« no hay necesidad de peinarse. Ca—A causa de los robos que se han efectuado úliimamenle lle dé Cnrrelas, níim. 3(,cnartu principal, tu frente da lo inipreuta nacional. en Barcelona, su digna autoridad política lia dado un bando, cuyos principales artículos son los siguientes: í.* Los alcaldes constitucionales y los de barrio, ejerPUNTOS DE SUSGRICION AL H E R A L D O. ciendo la mas esquisita vigilancia en sus respectivas demarcaciones, procederán á la detención de los vagos y mal enEK » ISTftAKOEKO. tretenidos; y en conformidad con lo dispuesto por el exceLondres, Mr. W. JeíTs, Foreing Library | 5 , Biirlingloa añada lenlisimo Sr. capitán general de este distrito.en su resolución de M del actual dispondrán ipie aquellos sean condu- PiccadiUy. En Partí, en el cercle litteraire dea Salont Valois, Palais lüyaV cidos al depósito correccional de esta plaza, acreditada que Gaterie de Valois, i56. tea debidamente dicha calidad. En el Havre, casa de Mr. Sebastian Boom. 2." Perseguirán con actividad y eficaz celo los juegos En Burdeos, Bureau Cieueral (les JuurnaijijL de • I ih»lii^ prohibidos, aplicando á los (pie á ellos se dediquen, las parlameuts, Place di: ta cotMxrM^'ilr. Delpetli. ¡¡et^ establecidas por las leyes sin Cíuisideracion ni mira En Bayona, en la redacción del Pitare des Pirenéts. itiientos de ninguna especie, pasándome relación nominal En L¡sl>oa, en la redacción de O Córrelo Portugués. de los sngetos aprehendidos para la publicación de sus nomEn Ultramar, en las Altlmiuistraciones deCorreoa. bres y demás medidas que á mi autoridad corresponde. M larAÜA. Madrid, en las oficinas del pariódiea, calle ie Sin B(i|lid, • 4 * 3.* Conslándome (pie en algunas posadas, cafés, tabermero »3. nas y otros parages destinados á lávenla de licoies y arEn todas tai Administraciones de Corre»», y aderaat en tículos semejantes, (se reúne habitiialmente gente de mal i Osa de D. Juan JOM CarrataUídd vivir, ó se fraguan proyectos contraríos á la seguridad de jUcanle. comercio de librot los vecinos y al reposo público , los alcaldes constitucionaId, D. Timoteo Araaii, id. ie» me pasarán nota de los (¡ue se hallen en este caso, asi Cddlt Id. D. Alejandro Lloreol*. p a n mandarlos cerrar inmediatamente como para exijirles Burgos Cuenca Id. D. Juan Meneiidez. á sus dueños ó encargados la responsabilidad á que de luDon Benito '. Id. D. Bernardino Oatvcc fl«l«ía> gar su falta de vigilancia , ó lal vez su connivencia con los Ferrol , Id, D. Nicasio Taxoncra, d«l aaaMVcrimínales. (io de liliroa. Id. D. Ignacio María IlaaMM. 4. ° Los alcaldes constitucionales de los pueblos liarán G'irallar En la secretaría del Liceo. frecuentes visitas en los mesones y puestos públicos de su Huesca I- la I Frontera. " I j j j j „ ^ itueno. demarcación, p«iniendo inmediatamente á mi disposición á erejz de Id, D. Camilo Boix, D. Tami» S u b los que aprehendieren sin pasaporte ú otro documento legUi- Jérida nio, asi como á los que usaren de armas prohibidas, ó de marti. cualquiera otra suerte dieren motivo á sospechar que aten- Mondoñcdo Id. D. Francisco Delgada, adauaiatan contra la seguridad ú orden público. trador de Loterías. Id. D Vicente Calvitlo, adoúniatraiar 5. ° Los alcaldes de barrio de esla ciudad , cuyo celo Ocaña de id. para la conservación del orden tengo muy conocido,' procu- Pontevedra.. Id. D.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5862558
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László Aranyos, Philip G. Lee, anchal, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12642573, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12642574, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12642575, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12642829, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1304128, https://stackoverflow.com/users/599152, k123, oskugbg, rlibby
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gdb reports wrong values in simple program. Why?
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{
int* a = new int[15];
a[0] = 42;
a[1] = 43;
std::cerr << a[0];
return 0;
}
gdb says a = 0xffffffff and 'print a[0]' gives 'cannot access memory address' but why? If run outside of gdb, the program prints out '42' as expected. What is going on here? Compiled with 'g++ test2.cpp -gstabs+ -O0 -o test2'.
Are you sure you aren't trying to access a before new is invoked?
Which platform are you are on? The gstabs+ debugger format is not universally supported, if you want to use it you must acquaint yourself with the fascinating differences between COFF, DWARF 2 and probably some other exe/debug formats I've never heard of. Bottom line - read the gdb manual. But your code will almost certainly work correctly if you simply use the -g flag.
I started using stabs+ years ago when I was having problems with debugging a c++ program. I tried all the formats and stabs+ was the only one that worked correctly at the time. I have stuck with it ever since, and this is the first problem I've had with it.
Yep I can reproduce that, but only with -gstabs+
So: why are you using -gstabs+?
It doesn't sound fair, but it is an honest question, what advantage does stabs+ bring over 'normal' debug info?
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sn88064460_1898-10-22_1_8_1
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V rX1'ýY'!'i ýv' f ".ý^ .-...- +.u· ~ ~I~ r i ik the best a r c .1 /V4. AINI h~ bi' 4' ;' j4 I·~: *·~l t / j ii '1 · :1111 1\' 1i "1.d'ddII I. ý ' i '.' . , i , !1 i I ,. . . Iý l ' I ýý I( I)· tiiii, 1:I i.' i 1 I 111 1.' '1 'I ," t r I.111,4 ~ i 1 i , ý . 1 Il ;s . I 'A1 'itI i' , i J'[ 1 II id1 1 1 .+ 1. 111'1 \';1 'Il . ill'· 1 1 1 . ' 1 I ' Iiil'ii.'tI ..I"" 1 1 "t I I .I , I ' , Si ýý' 1 x1 1 1 ,1 I 1 . i Ii aI E II I., .. I ' ' Bigar & t ,'r , t ,)t'~ IN,\ L.. T h e w a rb l wva , : -i:- ,;'-t ' g ,rl,, wvasn 1,ii,:! And man , tI'i: h+rlnit, ,.i,;hel-- 'till w , i ,. ('vm phl ,ll. Only the i ll ntimite flli,,(I of tile( conPtracetia, !) :rt I. weir' preset i d'(l with nardls of ;dli' .i. i, to the E pi:,olpal ('hu 'lr !,. t() w itin1, :,(, marriag.e't of Mr. nrtii ; , o'vºwell to SMis Mary ,,t Z/'iglr. on WeVd nesdlay m Ilorninlg, (,t,. 1th, ai t:1)t o'clouk, ITht' Iritni,-c are many howeve', and thie' churchl wi; cOin fort lbiy ti1il, i tefothe eeremlon}y I)egal. The I r wt a ti:rtically decoratx d with 0lpul1l14 and f'ernl, and I,'w r........ r the family, were balnked viih i' M (, s:; . ".1ill'1rd ;4 . :, l1, b'11 hll tr of the gr ain 1, ('h:`. ( 1I~ i .' ", (1n I1(1' ld Cu - tis 'Al t ~ i n : ll ' I(h ., 11 i l luevst. T' , only tlN. ntb(n :lut . ,1f 1hI' 1,e hi ' Wt l ler, lh 'r sist ir, Misso \'inn(i' Ziegler, and Mr. Mathew V al i',:1;. l)r. Iut-ne ,l ,:,lt ,h i d , f ,lr tadul lener ,,I, trp lu' , whe o hi,: in ll .: . . n ,'l,, ,it ., ilr i ',,r . ihn ti li ith ('hurch hn t the gre -t w -m il , 1 1i'I 1. '1 .f his ,,arlier Cull Ilh, rin e ui n d ,i , li't. b thltt!sd;.- in ti , ri~ ,, i whilt, ;1(1 .'''let, , reni ered fr'lH lthe aludy : elitolmll):,;.i. d by I h, g(1 oi, '. hoyea Ito tl, 'a rt, n t,!i lr a1ty, (wh t re, i in n flood of sunlight, 'nt(ro( the aniling, bride-(.'cl on the arm of her father, %h escorted her up the aisle :and lll her at the lt(,r into lths i keeping; ot f him wvho henceforth shall brot her throut h lif', - ,A ush f euli t, ih'' i oti', the heaulot t ful and iml)ressi i, Ei, isk i,,al ceremony bound these w-ot heutl s 'tilhe death (in the part f The iush reos aid hout a break; fromr its gell 1' ol lll e('o 'e, recompanyin il the lo neUlst'es i, gr "os homu dust knit n them, [M1id1, ol (M, ito) bless itnhe ever more," d in. a einl o htraiVs of iendels thont, ais I rid Urugon! an( m assed down the aisle into ld -he ine irei vithoult. e The hand,', Hil, i ;111, linll suit, fresh from N Redlern,s estalishmnient, and in wvich Y the brle inewas alrried(, was of Urugonl green repshaiding to Iu., ther skirt being made 11 with tpanish ntarlnce, while the stylish hat of the :iaud Ladies' dresses at the dress, satin, and satin, far back from the brow and adorned, yet was the more adorned by the sweet wave beneath. Miss Vinnie Zeigler was magnificently dressed in a creation of heavy silk in stripes of green and changeable reds, which would have done credit to the late Frederick Worth. The triple skirt was trimmed with narrow plaited white satin ribbon which formed gracefully bow knots here and there upon the flounces. The entire front of the waist, was of white satin and embroidered chiffon, with crush girdle of white satin, and the picture hat was an appropriate complement of this most admirable costume. Mrs. A. J. Zeigler was handsomely dressed in a suit of green and white, and Mrs. M. L. Scovell in suit of grey. Among the guests, we noticed Mrs. Logan, Mr. Vance, and Miss Mollie Vance, relatives of the bride, who had driven in from their country home to witness this happy event. Iohiller in his "E~mpire of Woman"lai Iii. +: T ý ". I ' , b S C'I t ' i ll ', li I , tll, I Ili '. t I 1l IlI i 1 ll t i ',I 1 t11 1;A ltill ' 114 1 !:1, li i4 if , tl . 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We were in a bad box about Shen, and needed help badly. Good But to begin again, keep I have Selling anything now to say from a baby's Have bonds, street paving no the toll Bridge. But I will entertain you Just a few minutes about LADIES' GENTS' Down To ED ROCK and Boys' READY-MADE CLOTHING; Second furnishing goods and anything else that a first-class dry goods house ought to keep. I cast off to sell you anything from a baby's See stocking to a man's hat. I can Keep you warm too, because I Have the bed-clothing This is my say for this week; How do you like it? BEN HOLZMAN. is in Shreveport they have it. 1 I "i \ c .' I 1 1 ' I'I' ; . ' ' I (' !1'!;1 11 I ~~!l ;: ·~ I Ii~i lIii- I ii II 1I. 11 t i rii - 1 ' ~ . 1 I. " l I . 'I" l 1 'I \t "I i" ii W I "I I II11 11 ", 1 "iii I. . ' ii , I i.1.ii l ý I 1 :'1;11 1I I1 ' " I t i I'" '" I 11 I .I 'I .. ' I }'.III j11 ',11 " ) n : f :; I') ill I i' ' .i'4 1 I*"'i 'n n i' i, \i*" I, "i'Iiii I iii ' 'II ;II '. 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PACIFIC EXCHANGE, Pacific Coast. Train via New Orleans, Texas, and the North, East & West. Through Pullman Vestibuled Drawing Room Sleeping Cars are run between Houston and Kansas City. The Shreveport Route, The Short Line From Houston to Kansas City, and the North, East & West. Through Pullman Vestibuled Drawing Room Sleeping Cars are run between Houston and Kansas City. ALVESTON, HOUSTON AND KANSAS CITY, Connecting at Shreveport with Through Pullman Vestibuled Sleeping Cars for Chattanooga, Chattanooga Memphis St. Louis, New York and all Eastern Points, Close connections made at Houston for St. Louis, San Antonio, Rockport, Corpus Christi and all points in Texas. Porter Ticket, sleeping Car Reservations and all necessary information call on nearest Ticket Agent, or address E. N. MILLS., City Ticket Agent, 403 Main street. Houston, Texas. WM. DOHERTY, R. D. YOAKUM, Tr. Pass. Agt. Gen. Pass. Agt. Houston, Houston. 11'. i:1i; ~rjl I' n u' :+t': 1,\ I. r 1 f I f x 1 N i. 1 11,I i :I((. 1ffrr. '1 ,r1 N. [ III fl IIn ~.t.1:. l V.. 11 "'I?t I 2 10 11.1. I, ::, '' 1. '("'I I :1111 f1. i'I ll .ý I \,I I '.,1 :It ( I f f'I1ý 1 : I :'f l. 111 i; Ill Ný. 1'. 1 1 1. .N '. I f~iI Il Ir r " I II' :1. ii. ri "f'i1 1 1.I~r iii~'Iii.'0 ~. 1 i iiu1f \. U.\:11t A1 r $umli Nr:fi '11'11 :i. n Arri1r!?1 I `II-\ r 1 U'' :. I i))1I I~n~ R I1I(i1i1) US' LO "'J R ATES= :: S"TO THa SPRINGS MOUNTAINS -or-- ENNESSEE, KENTUCKY, VIRGINIA and the CIROLI - ý'; TII LAKES AND WOODS, --OP- WISCONSIN, MICHIGAN AND "INNESOTA, ----TO BT. LOUIS, CHICAGO, CINCINNATI, LOUISVILLE, AND All Trains Prominent Summer Resorts IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. For rates, routes, time tables and all information necessary for a summer trip, address any Agent of the Company. A. GLISSON, (G. WARNER, General Passenger Agent, Land Passenger Agent, lines in The FT. WORTH, TEX. TYLER, TEX. E. W. LANBEAUME, General Manager and Ticket Agent, W. LOUIS, MO. Wants Work. Mr. W. B. Weaver, the well-known and reliable roof painter, is in Shreveport again, and wants to do your work. Remember he guarantees all his work, and will stay here as long as he is kept busy.
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US-78265304-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,317 | 8,836 |
Photonic data storage network
ABSTRACT
A system and method for transmitting traffic in an optical network is provided. The system includes an optical ring. A plurality of local nodes are coupled to the optical ring. Each local node of the plurality of local nodes configured to receive traffic at an assigned wavelength, disparate from wavelengths assigned to other local nodes. A data center node is coupled to the optical ring and operable to receive traffic from the plurality of local nodes, sort at least some of the traffic by destination, and transmit the traffic to a corresponding destination node at the assigned wavelength for that node.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to optical transport systems, and more particularly to a photonic data storage network.
BACKGROUND
Telecommunication systems, cable television systems and data communication networks use optical networks to rapidly convey large amounts of information between remote points. In an optical network, information is conveyed in the form of optical signals through optical fibers. Optical fibers comprise thin strands of glass capable of transmitting the signals over long distances with very low loss.
Optical networks often employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to increase transmission capacity. In WDM and DWDM networks, a number of optical channels are carried in each fiber at disparate wavelengths. Network capacity is based on the number of wavelengths, or channels, in each fiber and the bandwidth or size of the channels. Network capacity in a ring network is also limited by data processing at each node in the ring.
The topology in which WDM and DWDM networks are built plays a key role in determining the extent to which such networks are utilized. Ring topologies are common in today's networks. WDM nodes serve as network elements on the periphery of such optical rings and traditionally require optical-to-electrical conversion at each node to route data to local clients. WDM add/drop equipment at each network element (node) typically employs optical-to-electrical or electrical-to-optical conversion of each constituent channel to add, drop, or pass a channel.
SUMMARY
A method and system for transmitting information in a photonic data storage network are provided. A data center node receives traffic, sorts traffic by destination, and transmits signals at wavelengths assigned to the destination, wherein at least one wavelength is disparate from wavelengths assigned to other nodes in a network or system.
In accordance with one embodiment, the system includes an optical ring. A plurality of nodes are coupled to the optical ring. Each node of the plurality of nodes is configured to receive traffic at an assigned wavelength, disparate from wavelengths assigned to other nodes. A data center node is coupled to the optical ring and operable to receive traffic from the plurality of nodes, sort at least some of the traffic by destination, and transmit the traffic to a corresponding destination node at the assigned wavelength for that node.
Technical advantages include providing a centralized data storage and processing facility. In one embodiment, a remote location for the centralized data storage and processing facility provide greater security for the optical network and stored data. Other advantages of one or more embodiments may include a reduction in the cost of maintaining the optical network due to sharing storage resources by various enterprises, lower cost due to placing the storage facility outside an urban location, and simple local node configuration. Other advantages of one or more embodiments may include reducing, minimizing, or eliminating the need for extra transmitter and receiver cards to pass traffic through a node. Yet another advantage of one or more embodiments is that optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion is done once at the data center node, not at each node in a network or system. In this embodiment, the data center node can be physically located in a ring or virtually located in a ring. Another advantage of one or more embodiments may include a selector at the data center node operable to select signals from the shortest path, which has a higher optical signal-to-noise ratio and less tilt power.
It will be understood that the various embodiments of the present invention may include some, all, or none of the enumerated technical advantages. In addition other technical advantages of the present invention may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the figures, description, and claims included herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an optical ring network;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of operation of the optical ring network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of an optical network;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating yet another embodiment of an optical network;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an add/drop node of FIG. 3 or 4;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of an add/drop node of FIG. 3 or 4;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating yet another embodiment of an add/drop node of FIG. 3 or 4;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of multiple optical networks;
FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system;
FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system;
FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an optical network including a primary and a back-up data center node; and
FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of a method for transmitting information in an optical communication system including a primary and a back-up data center node.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an optical network 10. In this embodiment, the optical network 10 is an optical ring. An optical ring may include, as appropriate, a single, uni-directional fiber, a single, bi-directional fiber, or a plurality of uni- or bi-directional fibers. In this embodiment, the network 10 is an optical network in which a number of optical channels are carried over a common path at disparate wavelengths. The network 10 may be a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), or other suitable multi-channel network. The network 10 may be used in a short-haul metropolitan network, long-haul intercity network, or any other suitable network or combination of networks.
Referring to FIG. 1, the network 10 includes a plurality of local nodes 14, an optical ring 20, and a data center node 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the ring 20 comprises a single uni-directional fiber, transporting traffic in a counterclockwise direction. The ring 20 optically connects the plurality of local nodes 14A, 14B, and 14C and the data center node 12, wherein each local node 14 may both transmit traffic to and receive traffic from other local nodes 14 via the data center node 12. The optical signals have at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, non-real-time and/or other suitable data. Modulation may be based on phase shift keying (PSK), intensity modulation (IM), and other suitable methodologies.
In the illustrated embodiment, the optical ring 20 is a counterclockwise ring in which traffic is transmitted in a counterclockwise direction, as mentioned above. The local nodes 14, three embodiments of which is further described in reference to FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, are each operable to add and drop traffic to and from the ring 20. In particular, each local node 14 receives traffic from local clients and adds its traffic to the optical ring 20. At the same time, each local node 14 receives traffic from the ring 20 and drops traffic destined to it. As used herein, the term “each” means every one of at least a subset of the identified items. Traffic may be added to the ring 20 by inserting the traffic channel or channels or otherwise combining signals of which at least a portion is transmitted on the ring 20. Traffic may be dropped from the ring 20 by making the traffic available for transmission to the local nodes 14. Additionally, traffic may be dropped from the ring 20 and yet continue to circulate in the ring 20. In a particular embodiment, traffic is passively added to and dropped from the ring 20 using an optical splitter or other suitable device. “Passively” in this context means the adding or dropping of channels without power, electricity, and/or moving parts. An active device would thus use power, electricity, or moving parts to perform work.
In a particular embodiment, each local node 14 is assigned a sub-band (or a portion of a sub-band) in which to add and drop its traffic. A local node, as used herein, means any network element operable to add and drop traffic from optical network 10. A sub-band, as used herein, means a portion of the bandwidth of the network comprising a subset of the channels of the network. In one embodiment, the entire bandwidth of a network may be divided into sub-bands of equal bandwidth, or, alternatively, of differing bandwidth. In one embodiment, the sub-band assigned to a local node 14 is a single wavelength disparate from wavelengths assigned to the other local nodes 14. For example, the local node 14A may be assigned a wavelength λ₁, wherein local node 14A adds and drops traffic transmitted at the wavelength λ₁ to the ring 20. Similarly, the local nodes 14B and 14C may be assigned wavelengths λ₂ and λ₃, respectively, to add and drop traffic to the ring 20. Thus, in this example, each local node 14 controls interference of channels in the network 10 by both adding and removing traffic at the assigned wavelength. It will be understood that each local node 14 may be assigned a wavelength for receiving traffic and a disparate wavelength for transmitting traffic. Furthermore, this embodiment may reduce, minimize, or eliminate the need for optical-to-electrical conversion for dropping traffic at a local node 14. In another embodiment, each local node is assigned a sub-band including two or more wavelengths in which to add and drop its local traffic. Thus, each local node controls interference of channels in the network 10 by both adding and removing traffic in its sub-band. In other embodiments, each node may be assigned a sub-band (or a portion of a sub-band) in which it is to receive traffic disparate from an assigned sub-band for adding traffic to the ring 20, as discussed in more detail in FIG. 6.
In one embodiment, the data center node 12 includes a demultiplexer 30, a plurality of receivers 32, a data center 40, a plurality of transmitters 28, and a multiplexer 22. The demultiplexer 30 demultiplexes WDM or other multichannel signals transmitted over the optical ring 20 into constituent channels and sends each optical signal 24 to a optical receiver 32. Each optical receiver 32 optically or electrically recovers the encoded data from the corresponding traffic. As used herein, “traffic” means information transmitted, stored, or sorted in the network including any request for services as discussed in more detail below. The data is then forwarded to the data center 40. The data center 40 receives the data, sorts the data by destination node, and passes the sorted data to a transmitter 28 associated with the destination node. As used herein, a destination node is the node that is the destination for transmitted data on the ring. Each optical transmitter 28 generates an optical information signal 25 on one of a set of distinct wavelengths, λ₁, λ₂, . . . λ_(n), at a certain channel spacing. For example, in a particular embodiment, channel spacing may be 100 GigaHertz (GHz) in the C-band. The channel spacing may be selected to avoid or minimize crosstalk between adjacent signals. The optical information signals 25 comprise optical signals with at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, non-real-time, or other suitable data. The optical information signals 25 are multiplexed into a single WDM signal by the WDM multiplexer 22 for transmission on the optical ring 20. The optical information signals 25 may be otherwise suitably combined into the WDM signal 26.
In one embodiment, the data center 40 includes an electric switch 36, a traffic buffer 42, a controller 44, and a services module 38. The electric switch 36 is coupled to the traffic buffer 42, the controller 44, and the services module 38. The electric switch 36 passes traffic received from the receivers 32 to the traffic buffer 42 and forwards traffic stored in the traffic buffer 42 to the transmitters 28. In one embodiment, the electric switch 36 is a router. The electric switch 36 may comprise an Ethernet switch, IP switch, fiber channel (FC) switch, or other suitable switches for selectively passing traffic. The traffic buffer 42 is memory operable to store inter- and intra-network traffic. The traffic buffer 42 may comprise a single memory device or multiple memory devices. It will be understood that a memory device may include hard disk drive, a random access memory, non-volatile memory, and any other suitable or combination thereof. The controller 44 is operable to send a command signal to the electrical switch 36 to facilitate the sorting of both inter- and intra-network traffic. In one embodiment, the command signal sent to the electric switch 36 includes a buffer address associated with the destination node. In this embodiment, after receiving the command signal, the electronic switch 36 passes the data to the corresponding buffer address in the traffic buffer 42. A scheduler in the controller 44 schedules data out of the queue associated with the corresponding buffer address. In one embodiment, the queue is a first-in first-out queue. It will be understood that the traffic may be otherwise sorted. The electronic switch 36 forwards the traffic stored at the buffer address to a transmitter 28 associated with the destination node. As discussed above, the transmitter 28 encodes an optical signal 25 at a wavelength assigned to the destination node disparate from wavelengths assigned to other local nodes 14.
The controller 44 controls access to the traffic buffer 42 and services module 38 and may comprise logic stored in media. The logic comprises functional instructions for carrying out programmed tasks. The media comprises computer disks, memory or other suitable computer-readable media, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), digital signal processors (DSP), or other suitable specific or general purpose processors, transmission media, or other suitable media in which logic may be encoded and utilized.
In one embodiment, the services module 38 is operable to process and generate a response to a request for a service from a node, wherein the node may be an intra- or inter-network node. It will be understood that services may include providing data, storing data, processing data, or providing other services in a network system. In one embodiment, the services module 38 is a chip (or portion of a microchip) that implements the functions of the services module 38. In another embodiment, the services module 38 is a software module that runs on a processor in a server. In yet another, the service module provides centralized storage applications such as providing data, storing data, processing data, or any other suitable storage application. As used herein, centralized means predominantly located at the central data node 12. After the electric switch 36 receives traffic including a request from a node 14, the electric switch 36 forwards the request to the services module 38. The services module 38 processes the request and generates a response. In one embodiment, the response includes a file containing audiovisual content. In another embodiment, the response includes an acknowledgement that data was received. In yet another embodiment, the response includes data processed by the services module 38. The electric switch 36 receives the response generated by the services module 38 and passes it to the address in the traffic buffer 42 associated with the destination node. The electronic switch 36 forwards the response along with other traffic stored in the queue to a transmitter 28 associated with the buffer address and thus, the destination node. The transmitter 28 encodes an optical information signal 25 at a wavelength assigned to the destination node, disparate from wavelengths assigned to other nodes 14 in the network 10.
FIG. 2 is one embodiment of the optical network 10 of FIG. 1 in operation. The data center node 12 receives the optical signals 54 transmitted at λ₁, 56 transmitted at λ₂, and 55 transmitted at λ₃ from nodes 14A, 14B, and 14C, respectively. The data center node 12 receives the signals 54, 55, and 56 and sorts the traffic and any responses to the optical signals 54, 56, and 55 by destination node. The destination nodes are indicated by the headers or tags or labels 46. The data center node 12 generates responses, if appropriate, sorts the data and responses by destination node, and passes the sorted data and responses to a transmitter 28 associated with the destination node. The transmitters 28 encode optical signals with the data and responses at wavelengths assigned to each destination disparate from wavelengths assigned to other nodes 14. In the illustrated embodiment, optical signals 50, 53, and 51 are transmitted at wavelengths λ₁, λ₂, and λ₃, respectively, by the data center node 12 over the ring 20. The local nodes 14A, 14B, and 14C are configured to passively drop the assigned wavelengths λ₁, λ₂, and λ₃, respectively. This embodiment reduces, minimizes, or eliminates the need for optical-to-electric conversion at the nodes, which is typically required in conventional systems to determine the destination node for each data segment.
For example, the node 14A adds the optical signal 54, which is transmitted at the wavelength λ₁, to the ring 20. The optical signal 54 transmits two blocks of data whose destination nodes are the nodes 14B and 14C as indicated by the headers or tags 46. The data center node 12 receives and decodes the optical signal 54 and recovers the data including the destination node tag for each data block. The data center node 12 sorts the data by destination node. In this example, the node 14B adds the optical signal 56, which is transmitted at the wavelength λ₂, to the ring 20. The optical signal 56 transmits two blocks of data and a request whose destinations nodes are the nodes 14C, 14A, and 14C as indicated by the headers or tags 46. The last block of the optical signal 56 is a request sent by the node 14B wherein the node 14C will receive the response generated by the data center node 12. The data center node 12 receives and decodes the optical signal 56 and recovers the data and request including the destination node identification as indicated by header or tag 46. It will be understood that the header or tag 46 may be removed, so the traffic may be modified prior to being sorted or transmitted. The data center node 12 processes the request encoded in the optical signal 56 and generates a response, as discussed above. The data center node 12 sorts the data and the request by destination node. In this example, the node 14C adds the optical signal 55, which is transmitted at the wavelength λ₃, to the ring 20. The optical signal 55 transmits one block of data whose destination is the node 14A as indicated by the header or tag 46. The data center node 12 receives and decodes the optical signal 55 and recovers the data including the destination node header. The data center node 12 sorts the data by destination node. The data center node 12 transmits the received, decoded, and sorted data at wavelengths assigned to the destination node such that the destination node is configured to passively receive that assigned wavelength, which is disparate from wavelengths assigned to other nodes 14.
In one embodiment, the controller 44, illustrated in FIG. 1, sends a command signal to the electric switch 36 including a buffer address associated with the destination node. In this embodiment, after receiving the command signal, the electric switch 36 passes the data to the corresponding buffer address in the traffic buffer 42, which is illustrated in a sorted buffer 58. The sorted buffer 58 illustrates one embodiment of sorting the data according to the buffer address. Each buffer address is associated with a transmitter 28 transmitting at a specific wavelength. The sorted buffer 58 indicates that the destination node 14A will be sent two data blocks, where one originated from the node 14B and one from the node 14C. Additionally, the sorted buffer 58 indicates that the data blocks will be forwarded to a transmitter 28 transmitting at the wavelength λ₁. In this embodiment, the sorted buffer 58 also indicates that the destination node 14B will be sent one data block, originating from node 14A. Additionally, the sorted buffer 58 indicates that the data block will be forwarded to a transmitter 28 transmitting at the wavelength λ₂. In this embodiment, the sorted buffer 58 also indicates that the destination node 14C will be sent two data block and a response, one data block from the node 14A and 14B and the response from the services module 38. Additionally, the sorted buffer 58 indicates that the blocks will be forwarded to a transmitter 28 transmitting at the wavelength λ₃. The nodes 14A, 14B, and 14C are configured to passively receive the wavelengths λ₁, λ₂, and λ₃, respectively. Thus, the traffic signals 50, 53, and 51 will be passively dropped at the local nodes 14A, 14B, and 14C, respectively. It will be understood that the illustrated nodes may comprise a fixed optical filter, a sub-band rejection filter, or other suitable drop elements operable to drop traffic signals without continuing to propagate over the ring 20.
FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of an optical network 130 providing Optical Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring (OUPSR) protection. In this embodiment, the network 130 is an optical network in which a number of optical channels are carried over a common path at disparate wavelengths. The network 130 may be a WDM, DWDM, or other suitable multichannel network. The network 130 may be used in a short haul metropolitan network, and long haul inter-city network or any other suitable network or combination of the networks.
Referring to FIG. 3, the network 130 includes a plurality of nodes 14, a first optical fiber 140, and a second optical fiber 142. In this embodiment, optical signals may be transmitted in both a clockwise and counterclockwise direction around the fibers 140 and 142, respectively. Optical information signals are transmitted in different directions on the fibers 140 and 142 to provide fault tolerance. The optical signals have at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, non-real-time and/or other suitable data. Modulation may be based on PSK, IM and other suitable methodologies.
The nodes 14 are operable to add and drop traffic to and from the fibers 140 and 142. At each node 14, traffic received from local clients, the local node 14B illustrates one example, is added to the fibers 140 and 142, while traffic destined for local clients is dropped. Traffic may be added to the fibers 140 and 142 by inserting the traffic channels or otherwise combining signals of the channels into a transport signal of which at least a portion is transmitted on one or both fibers 140 and 142. Traffic may be dropped from the fibers 140 and 142 by making the traffic available for transmission to the local clients. In a particular embodiment, traffic is passively added to and dropped from the fibers 140 and 142. In one embodiment, traffic may be dropped and yet continue to circulate on the fibers 140 and 142. In a particular embodiment, traffic may be passively added to and/or dropped from the fibers 140 and 142 by splitting/combining, which is without multiplexing/demultiplexing, the signal in the transport rings and/or separating parts of a signal in the ring.
In a particular embodiment, each local node 14 is assigned a sub-band (or a portion of a sub-band) in which to add its traffic to the fibers 140 and 142. In one embodiment, the entire bandwidth of a network may be divided into sub-bands of equal bandwidth, or, alternatively, of differing bandwidth. In the illustrated embodiment, the sub-band assigned to a local node is two wavelengths that are disparate from wavelengths assigned to the other local nodes 14. For example, the local node 14B may be assigned a wavelengths λ₃ and λ₄ disparate from other wavelengths in the network 130, wherein local node 14B adds traffic at the wavelength λ₃ to the fibers 140 and 142 drops traffic transmitted at wavelength λ₄ from the fibers 140 and 142. Thus, in this example, the network 130 controls interference by reserving a set of wavelengths for dropping traffic disparate from a set of wavelengths for adding traffic, wherein the wavelengths in each set are disparate from other wavelengths in the network 130. Furthermore, this embodiment may reduce, minimize, or eliminate the need for optical-to-electrical conversion for dropping traffic at a local node 14.
In one embodiment, the local nodes 14 includes a transmitting element 67 and a receiving element 65. The receiving element is operable to receive, selectively switch between two signals, and decode the selected signal. The transmitting element is operable to encode an optical information signal and add two substantially similar signals to the optical fibers 140 and 142. The details of the receiving element 65 and 67 will be discussed in more detail below.
In one embodiment, the data center node 12 includes demultiplexers 156, a receiving element 65, a data center 40, a transmitting element 67, and multiplexers 154. The demultiplexers 156 demultiplexes WDM signals transmitted over the optical fibers 140 and 142 into constituent channels, typically resulting in two signals, one from each ring, associated with a single channel. The demultiplexed optical information signals are sent to the receiving element 65. The receiving element 65 selectively recovers the encoded data from the corresponding signal associated with each channel and sends the data to the data center 40. The data center 40 receives the data, sorts the data by destination node, and passes the sorted data to the transmitting element 67. The transmitting element 67 receives, encodes, and transmits the data at a wavelength that the destination node is configured to receive.
In one embodiment, the receiving elements 65 includes a plurality of selectors 69, a plurality of 2×1 switches 71, and a plurality of receivers 72. The demultiplexed channels, or dropped channels in the case of the local node 14B, are forwarded to one of the plurality of selectors 69 and corresponding switches 71, which allows selective connection of the receiver 72 with either an associated signal coming from the fiber 140 or an associated signal coming from the fiber 142. In a particular embodiment, the switch 71 is initially configured to forward to the receiver 72 from a fiber 140 or 142 that has the lower bit error rate (BER). A threshold value is established such that the switch 71 remains in its initial state as long as the BER does not exceed the threshold. Another threshold or range may be established for power levels. For example, if the BER exceeds the BER threshold or if the power falls above or below the preferred power range, the selector 69 sends a command signal to the switch 79 to switch and thus selecting the other signal. Commands for switching may be transmitted via connection 79 to the 2×1 switch 71. The use of such dual signals provides OUPSR protection or the allowance of traffic to be communicated from a first node 14 to a second node 14 over at least one of the rings 140 and 142 in the event of a line break or other damage to the other of the rings 140 and 142.
The transmitting element 67 includes a plurality of transmitters 74 and a plurality of couplers 73. In the case of the transmitting element 67 of the data center node 12, each transmitter 74 is associated with one of the nodes 14, such that the associated transmitter 74 transmits at a wavelength that the corresponding node 14 is configured to receive. In the case of the transmitting element 67 of the local node 14B, each transmitter 74 transmits at a wavelength disparate from wavelengths transmitted at other nodes. The coupler 73 splits the signal into two substantially similar signals, wherein one signal is added to the fiber 140 and the other signal is added to the fiber 142.
Total λ of the network 130 may be divided and assigned to each node 14 depending upon the local or other traffic of the nodes 14. Furthermore, the set of disparate transmitting wavelengths and the set of disparate receiving wavelengths may be disparate wavelengths for each node 14. For an embodiment in which the total number of disparate wavelengths is 80, the total number of nodes 14 is four, and the traffic is even in each node 14, 20 disparate wavelengths may be assigned to each node 14, wherein 10 disparate wavelengths are assigned as transmitting λ's and 10 disparate wavelengths are assigned as receiving λ's. If each λ is modulated by 10 gigabits per second data rate, each node can send 100 gigabits per second (10 gigabits per second times 10 λ) to all other nodes in the network 130. For a WDM system, the λ may be between 1,530 nanometers and 1,565 nanometers. In one embodiment, the channel spacing over the C-band may be 50 GHz between transmitting and receiving λ for each node 14 and thus 100 GHz between receiving λ's and 100 GHz between transmitting λ's or 8 nanometers.
In operation, the node 14B adds the same or substantially the same traffic signals 144 and 146 to the fibers 140 and 142, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, the traffic signals 144 and 146 are transmitted at the assigned wavelength λ₃. The optical beam splitter 73 splits a beam into the same or substantially the same traffic signals 144 and 146. The traffic signal 146 is a counterclockwise traffic signal along optical fiber 142, and the traffic signal 144 is a clockwise traffic signal along the optical fiber 140. Both signals are received by the data center node 12. The data center node 12 demultiplexes the clockwise and counterclockwise signals into constituent channels resulting in two signals, one from each ring, associated with each channel. Both signals are forwarded to the receiving element 65 of the data center node 12, which selectively passes traffic associated with each channel as discussed above. The decoded data is passed to the data center 40, which receives the data, provides responses to any requests, sorts the data and responses by destination node, and passes the data to the transmitting element 67. In one embodiment, request are addressed to the data center node 12. The transmitting element 67 receives, encodes, and transmits the sorted traffic at a wavelength that the destination node is configured to receive. For example, the destination the node 14B is assigned a wavelength λ₄ for receiving traffic. The transmitting element 67 transmits encoded data for the node 14B in the optical signal 148 at the wavelength λ₄ and propagating in the clockwise direction over fiber 140 and the optical signal 147 at the wavelength λ₄ and propagating in the counterclockwise direction 142. The traffic signal 147 is propagated in the counterclockwise direction along the optical fiber 142 until received by the node 14B, at which point the signal is split into a drop signal 151 and a pass-through signal 153. The drop signal 151 is passed through the node 14B to the receiving element 65 of the local node 14B, while the pass-through signal 153 continues to propagate over the fiber 142 until terminated at an interleaver 164 on optical fiber 142. In one embodiment, the node 14B does not split the optical signal 147, but uses a sub-band rejection filter to drop the optical signal 147 to the receiving element 65. For example, once a fault such as the fault 159 is detected between data center node 12 and node 14A, the receiving element 65 of the data center node 12 selectively connects the receiver 72 of the data center node 12 to the fiber 140. The signal is transmitted in a clockwise direction over the protection path from the node 14B to the data center node 12. The center node 40 receives the signal transmitted over the protection path at receiving element 65 of the data center node 12. The switch 71 of the data center node 12 passes the protected signal to the receiver 72, which receives and decodes the signal. The data center 40 recovers and sorts the data by the destination node. The sorted data is passed to the transmitting element 67 and transmits the optical signal 147 at the wavelength assigned to the node 14B propagating in the counterclockwise direction over fiber 142. The node 14B drops the transmitted signal 151 and 155 to the receiving element 65.
FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of an optical network 500. In this embodiment, the network 500 is an optical network in which a number of optical signals are carried over a common path at disparate wavelengths. The example optical signals, as shown in the figure, illustrate an implementation of an optical shared path protection ring (OSPPR). In FIG. 4, the optical network 500 includes a plurality of nodes 14, a first optical fiber 504, a second optical fiber 506, and a data center node 12. Optical information signals are transmitted in different directions on the fibers 504 and 506 to provide fault tolerance. The optical signals have at least one characteristic modulated to encode audio, video, textual, real-time, and/or other suitable data. Modulation may be based on PSK, IM and other suitable methodologies.
In the illustrated embodiment, several traffic streams are shown. Some of these streams comprise preemptable signals (or protection channel access (PCA) streams) and protected (or work) signals. Preemptable signals are signals that are terminated to provide protection to other signals. Protected signals are signals for which protection is provided. In the event of a line cut or other interruption causing a protection stream not to reach its destination nodes, one or more preemptable streams may be terminated to allow the protected traffic to be transmitted instead of the preemptable stream. After the pre-emption has been repaired, the network may revert to its pre-emption state. In one embodiment, the protection-switchable traffic may comprise higher-priority traffic than the preemptable traffic; however, it will be understood that other divisions of the traffic streams into protected and to preemptable portions may be suitable or desirable in other embodiments.
The nodes 14 are operable to add and drop traffic to and from the fibers 504 and 506. At each node 14, traffic received from local clients is added to the rings 504 and 506, while traffic destined for local clients is dropped. Traffic may be added to the fibers 504 and 506 by inserting the traffic channels or otherwise combining signals of the channels into a transport signal of which at least a portion is transmitted on one or both fibers 504 and 506. Traffic may be dropped from the fibers 504 and 506 by making the traffic available for transmission to the local clients. In a particular embodiment, traffic is passively added to and dropped from the fibers 504 and 506. In one embodiment, traffic may be dropped and yet continue to circulate on the fibers 504 and 506. In a particular embodiment, traffic may be passively added to and/or dropped from the fibers 504 and 506 by splitting/combining, which is without multiplexing/demultiplexing, a signal in the transport rings and/or separating parts of a signal in the ring.
In a particular embodiment, each local node 14 is assigned a sub-band (or a portion of a sub-band) in which to add its traffic from a transmitting element 508 and drop traffic to a receiving element 510. It will be understood that all nodes 14 have an associated transmitting element 508 and receiving element 510, even though FIG. 4 only illustrates the transmitting element 508 associated with node 14A and the receiving element 510 associated with node 14B. In one embodiment, the entire bandwidth of a network may be divided into sub-bands of equal bandwidth, or, alternatively, of differing bandwidth. In one embodiment, the sub-band assigned to a local node 14 is a single wavelength that are disparate from wavelengths assigned to the other local nodes 14. For example, the local node 14A may be assigned a wavelength λ₁, wherein local node 14A adds and drops traffic transmitted at the wavelength λ₁ to the fiber 504 and 506. Similarly, the local nodes 14B and 14C may be assigned wavelengths λ₂ and λ₃, respectively, to add and drop traffic to the fiber 504 and 506. Thus, in this example, each local node 14 controls interference of channels in the network 500 by both adding and removing traffic at the assigned wavelength. Furthermore, this embodiment may reduce, minimize, or eliminate the need for optical-to-electrical conversion for pass-through traffic at a local node 14. In another embodiment, each local node is assigned a sub-band including two or more wavelengths in which to add and drop its local traffic. Thus, each local node controls interference of channels in the network 500 by both adding and removing traffic in its sub-band. In other embodiments, each node may be assigned a sub-band (or a portion of a sub-band) in which it is to receive traffic disparate from an assigned sub-band for adding traffic to the ring 20, as discussed in more detail in FIG. 6.
In one embodiment, the transmitting element 508 includes a plurality of transmitters 526 and a plurality of 2×1 switches 530. The transmitter 526A encodes a protected traffic signal and transmitter 526B encodes a preemptable traffic signal. The switches 530 selectively connect the protected traffic signal between the rings 506 and 504 and are operable to terminate the preemptable signal 536. The switch 530A has one input for receiving the protected signal from the transmitter 526A that transmits the protected signal. The switch 530A has two outputs, wherein one output is coupled to the fiber 506 and passes the protected signal to the fiber 506 during normal operation. The second output of the switch 530A is connected to a second input of the switch 530B via the connection 532. The first input of the switch 530B is connected to the preemptable transmitter 526B, which pass the preemptable signal to fiber 504 during normal operation. In the case of a fault 540, the switches 530 switch such that the preemptive transmitter 526B is connected to an open pole and thus terminates the preemptable traffic. Additionally, the protected signal is forwarded by the switch 530A to the switch 530B via the connection 532. The protected signal then passes to the optical fiber 504 to the data center node 12.
In the illustrated embodiment, the receiving element 510 comprises a plurality of 1×2 switches 531 and a plurality of receivers 528, which allows selective connection of the receiver 528A with either an associated drop signal coming from the fiber 504 or an associated drop signal coming from the fiber 506. In a particular embodiment, the switch 531A is initially configured to forward protected signals to the receiver 528A from the fiber 506, and the switch 531B is initially configured to forward preemptable signals to the receiver 528B from the fiber 504. The switch 531A has two inputs and one output, where the output is connected the receiver 528A for receiving protected signals. The first input of the switch 531A is connected to the fiber 506 and passes the protected signal transmitted over the fiber 506 to the receiver 528A. The second input of the switch 531A is connected to the first output of the switch 531B and passes protected signals from fiber 504 to the receiver 528A when a fault is detected such as 540B. The switch 531B has one input and two outputs, where the input of switch 531B is connected to the fiber 504 and is operable to drop preemptable traffic from the fiber 504 to the preemptable receiver 528B. The first output of the switch 531B is connected to the second input of the switch 531A via the connection 533 and passes protected signals from the fiber 504 to the receiver 528A when a fault is detected. The second output of the switch 531B is connected to the preemptable receiver 528B and passes preemptable receiving traffic from the fiber 504 to the preemptable receiver 528B during normal operation.
In one embodiment, the data center node 12 includes demultiplexers 524, multiplexers 522, a preemptable receiving element 520, a protected receiving element 514, a preemptable transmitting element 518, a protected transmitting element 516, and a data center 40. The demultiplexers 524 demultiplexes WDM signals transmitted over the optical fibers 504 and 506 into constituent channels. The preemptable demultiplexed optical signals are sent to the receiving element 520. The protected demultiplexed optical signals are sent to the receiving element 514. The preemptable receiving element 520 is operable to forward the preemptable traffic to the data center 40 or pass protected traffic transmitted over an protection path to the protected receiving element 514. The protected receiving element 514 selectively connects a working path and a protection path depending on the detection of a fault in the working path such as the fault 540A. The preemptable transmitting element 518 is operable to transmit preemptable traffic over a protection path. The protected transmitting element 516 selectively connects the working path or the protection path of the transmitted signal from the data center node 12 to the destination node. The data center 40 receives the data, sorts the data by destination node, and passes the sorted data to either transmitting element 514 or 518 depending whether the signal is protected or preemptable traffic.
In one embodiment, the protected receiving element 514 includes a plurality of receivers 528 and a plurality of switches 539. The switch 539A has two inputs and one output, where the output is connected to the protected receiver 528A. The first input of the switch 539A is connected to the second output of the switch 543A of the preemptable receiving element 520. The second input of the switch 539A is connected to the working path of a protected signal and passes the protected signal to the receiver 528A from the working path of the originating node.
In one embodiment, the preemptable receiving element 520 includes a plurality of receivers 528B and a plurality of switches 543. The switches have one input and two outputs, wherein in the input of the switch 543A is connected to the protection path of the associated node and forwards preemptable traffic to the receiver 528B during normal operation. The first output of the switch 543A is connected to the receiver 528B, and the second output of the switch 543A is coupled to the first input on the switch 539A in the protected receiving element 514. If a fault is detected such as 540A, the protected traffic transmitted over the protection path is forwarded to the protected receiving element 514.
In one embodiment, the protected transmitting element 516 includes a plurality of transmitters 526 and a plurality of switches 541. Each switch 541 has one input and two outputs, where the input is coupled to the protected transmitter 526. The first output of the switch 541A is coupled to the working path of the destination node, and the second output of the switch 541A is coupled to the first input of the switch 545A of the preemptable transmitter 518.
| 41,920 |
https://github.com/LewJun/spring-boot-demo/blob/master/spring-boot-job/spring-boot-scheduling/src/main/java/com/example/lewjun/scheduleds/SpringScheduled.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
spring-boot-demo
|
LewJun
|
Java
|
Code
| 59 | 265 |
package com.example.lewjun.scheduleds;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Slf4j
@Component
public class SpringScheduled {
@Async
@Scheduled(cron = "0/1 * * * * *")
public void scheduledPerSeconds() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(3000);
log.info("【scheduledPerSeconds @Async 每一秒执行一次: {}】", System.currentTimeMillis());
}
@Scheduled(cron = "0/1 * * * * *")
public void scheduledPerSeconds3() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(3000);
log.info("【scheduledPerSeconds3 上次执行完毕后，隔3秒继续执行: {}】", System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
| 23,521 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/xmrn0z/articles/DTL54_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,872 |
Frankreich.
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 1,173 | 2,120 |
Frankreich. Paris, 14. April. De Vorgänge in Spa nien scheinen einen ernsteren Charakter anzunehmen. Die carlistischen Banden, deren Zer. streuung der im Dienste der Regierung stehende Telegraph so übergeschäftig zu melden eilte, tauchen an den verschiedensten Ecken u. Enden immer wieder auf’s Neue auf. In Catalonien, in Aragonien und nun auch in den baskischen Provinzen lassen die Siessbulletins des Gouverneurs an Faßlichkeit u. Klarheit Vieles zu wünschen übrig, und das alte Spiel der spanischen Anfstände sch int sich auch unter Amadeus l. in gleicher Act wie sonst wiederholen zu sollen. Den Siegesberichten der Negierung, welche stets von Neuem versichern, die aufständischen Banden vernichtet u. über die Gränze geworfen zu haben, folgen unabänderlich neue Telegramme, die von anderen aufständischen Regungen sprechen, welche gleichfalsdemnächst zu aaren getrieben werden würden, und so modernisirte sich die Mär von der lernäischen Schlange, der für jeden abgeschlagenen Kopf zwei neue erwuchsen. Was die Bewegung in Spanien einiger Maßen bedeklich macht, ist uicht so sehr die Zahl und die Kast der Carlisten, als vielmehr der Umnand, daß die monarchische Partei durch den Streit zwischen Zorilla und Zagasta, duich deu Zfall der progressistisch⸗demoeratischen Partei, früser die Hauptstütze des Thrones, sich jetzt in die Opposition hat drängen lassen. Auch die hiefige spanische Zotschaft ist nenerdins weit ntfernt, noch jene seelenruhige Si gsgewißheit an den Tag zu legen, die sie bisher all den Aufstandsgerüchten und den Coalitionsnachrichten gegenüber mit so viel Grandezza aufrecht erhalten. Ob König Amadeus schon diesmal ernstlich bedroht ist, mag jedoch noch zweifelhaft erscheinen, da ein guter Theil der Armee und namentlich der oberen Ossiciere zu ihm hält. Die französische Negierung bat mit den Insurgenten sehr wenig Mitgefühl und die Grenzüberwachung wird mit möglichster Strenge gehandhabt. (K. Z.) Der Temps bringt ein Schreiben von einem ehemaligen Bewohner von Neu⸗Caledomien, dem wir einige Details über Natur und Beschaffenheit der Orte entnehmen, welche für die Deportation der CommuneSträflinge ausersehen wurden. Vorerst weist unser Gewährsmann darauf hin, daß die im Gesetze genannte Halbinsel Ducos keine Halbinsel, sondern eine Insel ist, oder vi lnehr ein unfruchtbarer Felsen von 4000 Hectaren Flächeninhalt, aus dem sich ene kleine sunpfige Ebene und ein unbedeutendes Wässerlein befindet. Die sodanmn als einfacher Devortntionsort bez ichete Fchten⸗Insel (Ile des Pins, ist zwar besser gewählt, enthält aber schon eine gewisse A zahl von Eingeborenen, Colonisten und Misionaren, die alles urbre Land bebauen, so daß für die neuen Ankommlinge eigentlich kein latz mehr vorhanden ist. as die Insel Mare betrifft oyalty⸗Gri dselbe eine Korrlenbank, die erforscht noch celonisirt worden is. i Ven ist unergiebig und wassrios; die Ciegeborenen, welche man dort sindet, triken egenwasser, welches sie in Cisternen sammeln, und sind nebsttem Menschenfresser. Zum großten Theil nähren se sich vom Ficfing, der jedoch eine ihien eigene ech1klichkeit erfordert. aris, 4. Aipril. e der Constitutionnl“ wissen wiil, hälle Hr. Thies dieser age von Seilen des Mischlls Zaraguayd’Hiüiets Kenntiß e hlten von dem Bericht der Unter suchungs Commssion über die Captularion von .t. „U here Journale,“ sel reibt die „Luesse, „bn g m loet, daß der Mnrschai azaine elf Mal vor der Commission erschtenen sei; gluben versichern zi koiten, 0aß der d chll 2 zwei Mak verhort wotden ist. Cbenso sind nir in der Lage zn versichemn, daarschall Bazaine nie eine Depesce von ue aon empfangen hat.“ (?) Tise Lepesvae spielt übrigens eine Hauptroie in der Affaite, und es ist noch sehr zweiielhft, ob der Murschrll den Nichtempfang diefer Lepesche wird beweisen tönnen, da positive Zeugnisse dem entgegen iehen. So veroffellichte oe „Cloche“ dieser Tage ds foigene, aus Thionville vom 3. d. ihr zugeglngene Schreiben. „Heir Chef⸗Redacteur! Jn Jhrer Nummer vom 1. April sagen Sie, daß betreffs des Urocesses Bazaine ein einziger iunkt aufzuklären bleibt, nämlich die Depesche des Marschalls Mac ahon an Bazaine Der Mann, wvelcher diese epesche überbrachte, ist hier von Allen gekannt; er steht zur erfügung des Kriegsrathes, wenn dieser es wünscht. Es ist ei ge wisser Flao, Polizri⸗Agent in Thionville. Obgleich er usere arme Stadt verlassen hat, so kommt er doch jede Woche zwei Mal hieher, und wenn Sie glauben, daß er nothwendig ift, um die Schld Bazine’s zu erweisen, so schreiben Sie mir, Herr Redacteur, Jhnen ei Jdee in Vorschlag zu bringen: Hat der Kriegsrath betreffs Bazaine’s den Obersten vernommen, welcher während des Krieges in Thionville den Oberbefehl führte? Wern dieses nicht geschehen ist, so ist es eine b dauernswerthe Licke, und ich würde beinahe sagen, daß es nothwendig sei, es zu thun. Dieser Oberst heißt Turnau und ist gegenwärtig OberCommandant des Forts Vincennes (bei Pait.) Er kann sagen, daß Bizaine benachrichtigt war, daß die energische Garnison von Thionville in dieser unglücklichen Stadt enorme Quantitäten Leb nsmittel in der Hoffnung aufgespeichert hatte, daß ihre Metzer Kameraden sie abholen würden. Drei Eisenbahnzüge mit Lele itteln erwarteten die etzer Armee. Cine fliegende Brücke war hergerichtet worden, um sie über die Orne zu werfen und die Schienenwege herzustellen. Genehmigen ze. Liopolyte T ssot, zu Thionville, Ex⸗Lieutenant der Mlbilent, Cowmandant der Franetireurs des vierten sel Bataillons.“ Paris, 15. April. Außer dem Grafen u. der Gräsin von laris, dem Herzog v. Ne mours und seinem Sohne, dem Herzog von Alencon (er trug die liform eines Artillerielieutenants der französiiche Armee, Thiers hat ihn diesen Rang verliehen), haten sich bei dem gestrigen Empfange im Elysee auch noch der He zag und die Herzogin von Sachsen⸗Coburg (diese ift eine gelorue Hr ea) so wie der Fürst und bie Fürstin Szrtoryski (eine Tochter des Herzogs von N nouo) eing funden Herr Thiers, der gestern alle feine Drden geiegt, sprach nur wenig mit den Prinzen v. Orleans und unterhielt sich wieder vel mit den fremden Gesandten und anderen poluichen Persönlichkeiten. Die Anh ger der Fumilie Orleanes le n g oser Zahl aneend. Es schien, als seien sie g tontmte, um ie Gleorte shrer Brnzen u biiten Legitimistische Persönlichieiten von Bedentun felten gänzlich; dagegen bemerlte mn e nige Deputirte von der adicalen Partei, wie Edmon Adam. Die Psrinzen wa en um 10 Uhr erschienen und begaben sich um 11 lr hinweg Frau Thiers beileitete sie ls an die Thür. hr Wlggehel war das S gnal zum Aufbruch aller Orleanisten, die warscheilich auf diese Art andeuten wollten, daß sie nur wegen ihrer Psrinzen Herrn Te1s mir ihrem Vesuche beehrt hatten. Bemerkt u de algemien, daß sich der Graf voi Pn is eine rose Anzahl von Generalen und auch andere Ofsiciere (die Officiere hatten sich euses großer Zahl eingefunden, ein Saal war mit ihnen 9an, angefiut) vorstellen ließ, und sich sehr anigelejentlich mit ihnen unterhielt. Der Graf von za1is schemnt es sich in der letzten Zeit neLegen zu lassen, mit der Armee in Berührung zu kommen. So besuchte er am letzten Miitwoch die Nilitä Anstglten von Bourges. Die dortigen Miliar Vehörden waren von dem Vesuche des G1asen im vorus unte richtet worden, und man hatte in Folge dessen so grostartige Vorbe eitungen enacht, daß man in ou ges zueist glaubte, ant erwarte den Präsiden ten der Republik. er Grasf, der 1. lhr ahmitngs in Bourges eintraf und von deme eral Chabaud⸗Latour und demn Celegiren Hdenri Fourner begleitet war, worde i der Kanonengießerei von dem General und den übrigen hohen Ofsicieren feierlichst empfangen.
| 48,609 |
https://github.com/believedotchenyu/ShareDisk/blob/master/src/backup.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ShareDisk
|
believedotchenyu
|
C++
|
Code
| 359 | 888 |
// static int remove_dir(const char *dir)
// {
// char cur_dir[] = ".";
// char up_dir[] = "..";
// char dir_name[128];
// DIR *dirp;
// struct dirent *dp;
// struct stat dir_stat;
// if ( 0 != access(dir, F_OK) ) {
// return 0;
// }
// if ( 0 > lstat(dir, &dir_stat) ) {
// perror("get directory stat error");
// return -1;
// }
// if ( S_ISREG(dir_stat.st_mode) ) {
// remove(dir);
// } else if ( S_ISDIR(dir_stat.st_mode) ) {
// dirp = opendir(dir);
// while ( (dp=readdir(dirp)) != NULL ) {
// if ( (0 == strcmp(cur_dir, dp->d_name)) || (0 == strcmp(up_dir, dp->d_name)) ) {
// continue;
// }
// sprintf(dir_name, "%s/%s", dir, dp->d_name);
// remove_dir(dir_name);
// }
// closedir(dirp);
// rmdir(dir);
// } else {
// perror("unknow file type!");
// }
// return 0;
// }
// static void getnewpath(char *tmp, const char *path, char *pd) {
// int a1 = strlen(path);
// int a2 = strlen(pd);
// memset(tmp , 0, a1+a2+1);
// for(int i =0; i<a1+a2; i++)
// if (i < a2) tmp[i] = pd[i];
// else tmp[i] = path[i-a2];
// }
// static int is_accessible(const char *path)
// {
// int i, j, k, l;
// l = strlen(path);
// if (l == 1) return 1;
// char *tmp = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (l + 1));
// for (i = 0, j = 0; i < l; i++, j++)
// {
// if (i == 0 && path[i] == '/')
// {
// j--;
// continue;
// }
// if (path[i] == '/') break;
// else tmp[j] = path[i];
// }
// tmp[j] = '\0';
// for (k = 0, i = 0; i < key_count; i++)
// if (strcmp(key_list[i], tmp) == 0)
// {
// k = 1;
// break;
// }
// return k;
// }
// static int is_key_directory(const char *path)
// {
// int i, k, l;
// l = strlen(path);
// for (i = 1, k = 0; i < l; i++)
// {
// if (path[i] == '/') k ++;
// if (k >= 1 && path[i] != '\0') return 1;
// }
// return 0;
// }
| 48,065 |
<urn:uuid:fac6c565-7ca3-47fe-ab86-020e379298f7>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/cag05070563/ordinateur-portable
|
ina.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 62 | 127 |
Ordinateur portable
Le journal 20h - 22.04.1989 - 01:43 - vidéo
A l'école de commerce de Bordeaux, l'ordinateur portable est de plus en plus utilisé par les étudiants et les professeurs en cours. Images factuelles et témoignages d'étudiants et de professeurs vantant les mérites de cette nouvelle technologie.
Pascal Cagnato
amphithéâtre, apprentissage, Bordeaux, cours, disquette, enseignement, étudiant, informatique, microinformatique, ordinateur portable, université
| 41,881 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/f5rd9v/articles/DTL159_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,867 |
Pub. 25 Page 4
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 61 | 128 |
Niederlage »on Pumpen aus Gußeisen. Unterzeichneter liefert Pumpen auS Guß- eisen zu den verschiedensten Zwecken und für Brunnen von beliebiger Tiefe. Besonders empfiehlt er die gegen Frost garantirten omerifontfojen Pumpen, welche an jedem Brun- nen sich leicht anbringen lassen, keiner Repa- ratur bedürfen und dem Wasser keinen Beige- schmack geben. Ettelbrück, im Juni 1867. P. Herr (853) Ageut für bas Grohherzogthum..
| 33,666 |
https://github.com/estantevirtual/opsworks-cookbooks/blob/master/haproxy/recipes/configure.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
opsworks-cookbooks
|
estantevirtual
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 67 | 173 |
service "haproxy" do
supports :restart => true, :status => true, :reload => true
action :nothing # only define so that it can be restarted if the config changed
end
template "/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg" do
cookbook "haproxy"
source "haproxy.cfg.erb"
owner "root"
group "root"
mode 0644
notifies :reload, "service[haproxy]"
end
execute "echo 'checking if HAProxy is not running - if so start it'" do
not_if "pgrep haproxy"
notifies :start, "service[haproxy]"
end
| 45,408 |
https://github.com/eezhova/oslo.service/blob/master/oslo_service/tests/test_service.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
oslo.service
|
eezhova
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,322 | 5,378 |
# Copyright 2010 United States Government as represented by the
# Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
"""
Unit Tests for service class
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import threading
import errno
import logging
import multiprocessing
import os
import signal
import socket
import subprocess
import sys
import time
import traceback
import eventlet
from eventlet import event
import mock
from mox3 import mox
from oslo_config import fixture as config
from oslotest import base as test_base
from oslotest import moxstubout
from six.moves import queue
from oslo_service import eventlet_backdoor
from oslo_service import service
LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class ExtendedService(service.Service):
def test_method(self):
return 'service'
class ServiceManagerTestCase(test_base.BaseTestCase):
"""Test cases for Services."""
def test_override_manager_method(self):
serv = ExtendedService()
serv.start()
self.assertEqual(serv.test_method(), 'service')
class ServiceWithTimer(service.Service):
def start(self):
super(ServiceWithTimer, self).start()
self.timer_fired = 0
self.tg.add_timer(1, self.timer_expired)
def timer_expired(self):
self.timer_fired = self.timer_fired + 1
class ServiceTestBase(test_base.BaseTestCase):
"""A base class for ServiceLauncherTest and ServiceRestartTest."""
def _spawn_service(self, workers=1, *args, **kwargs):
self.workers = workers
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
os.setsid()
# NOTE(johannes): We can't let the child processes exit back
# into the unit test framework since then we'll have multiple
# processes running the same tests (and possibly forking more
# processes that end up in the same situation). So we need
# to catch all exceptions and make sure nothing leaks out, in
# particular SystemExit, which is raised by sys.exit(). We use
# os._exit() which doesn't have this problem.
status = 0
try:
serv = ServiceWithTimer()
launcher = service.launch(serv, workers=workers)
launcher.wait(*args, **kwargs)
except SystemExit as exc:
status = exc.code
except BaseException:
# We need to be defensive here too
try:
traceback.print_exc()
except BaseException:
print("Couldn't print traceback")
status = 2
# Really exit
os._exit(status)
return pid
def _wait(self, cond, timeout):
start = time.time()
while not cond():
if time.time() - start > timeout:
break
time.sleep(.1)
def setUp(self):
super(ServiceTestBase, self).setUp()
self.CONF = self.useFixture(config.Config()).conf
# NOTE(markmc): ConfigOpts.log_opt_values() uses CONF.config-file
self.CONF(args=[], default_config_files=[])
self.addCleanup(self.CONF.reset)
self.addCleanup(self._reap_pid)
def _reap_pid(self):
if self.pid:
# Make sure all processes are stopped
os.kill(self.pid, signal.SIGTERM)
# Make sure we reap our test process
self._reap_test()
def _reap_test(self):
pid, status = os.waitpid(self.pid, 0)
self.pid = None
return status
class ServiceLauncherTest(ServiceTestBase):
"""Originally from nova/tests/integrated/test_multiprocess_api.py."""
def _spawn(self):
self.pid = self._spawn_service(workers=2)
# Wait at most 10 seconds to spawn workers
cond = lambda: self.workers == len(self._get_workers())
timeout = 10
self._wait(cond, timeout)
workers = self._get_workers()
self.assertEqual(len(workers), self.workers)
return workers
def _get_workers(self):
f = os.popen('ps ax -o pid,ppid,command')
# Skip ps header
f.readline()
processes = [tuple(int(p) for p in l.strip().split()[:2])
for l in f]
return [p for p, pp in processes if pp == self.pid]
def test_killed_worker_recover(self):
start_workers = self._spawn()
# kill one worker and check if new worker can come up
LOG.info('pid of first child is %s' % start_workers[0])
os.kill(start_workers[0], signal.SIGTERM)
# Wait at most 5 seconds to respawn a worker
cond = lambda: start_workers != self._get_workers()
timeout = 5
self._wait(cond, timeout)
# Make sure worker pids don't match
end_workers = self._get_workers()
LOG.info('workers: %r' % end_workers)
self.assertNotEqual(start_workers, end_workers)
def _terminate_with_signal(self, sig):
self._spawn()
os.kill(self.pid, sig)
# Wait at most 5 seconds to kill all workers
cond = lambda: not self._get_workers()
timeout = 5
self._wait(cond, timeout)
workers = self._get_workers()
LOG.info('workers: %r' % workers)
self.assertFalse(workers, 'No OS processes left.')
def test_terminate_sigkill(self):
self._terminate_with_signal(signal.SIGKILL)
status = self._reap_test()
self.assertTrue(os.WIFSIGNALED(status))
self.assertEqual(os.WTERMSIG(status), signal.SIGKILL)
def test_terminate_sigterm(self):
self._terminate_with_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
status = self._reap_test()
self.assertTrue(os.WIFEXITED(status))
self.assertEqual(os.WEXITSTATUS(status), 0)
def test_child_signal_sighup(self):
start_workers = self._spawn()
os.kill(start_workers[0], signal.SIGHUP)
# Wait at most 5 seconds to respawn a worker
cond = lambda: start_workers == self._get_workers()
timeout = 5
self._wait(cond, timeout)
# Make sure worker pids match
end_workers = self._get_workers()
LOG.info('workers: %r' % end_workers)
self.assertEqual(start_workers, end_workers)
def test_parent_signal_sighup(self):
start_workers = self._spawn()
os.kill(self.pid, signal.SIGHUP)
# Wait at most 5 seconds to respawn a worker
cond = lambda: start_workers == self._get_workers()
timeout = 5
self._wait(cond, timeout)
# Make sure worker pids match
end_workers = self._get_workers()
LOG.info('workers: %r' % end_workers)
self.assertEqual(start_workers, end_workers)
class ServiceRestartTest(ServiceTestBase):
def _spawn(self):
ready_event = multiprocessing.Event()
self.pid = self._spawn_service(workers=1,
ready_callback=ready_event.set)
return ready_event
def test_service_restart(self):
ready = self._spawn()
timeout = 5
ready.wait(timeout)
self.assertTrue(ready.is_set(), 'Service never became ready')
ready.clear()
os.kill(self.pid, signal.SIGHUP)
ready.wait(timeout)
self.assertTrue(ready.is_set(), 'Service never back after SIGHUP')
def test_terminate_sigterm(self):
ready = self._spawn()
timeout = 5
ready.wait(timeout)
self.assertTrue(ready.is_set(), 'Service never became ready')
os.kill(self.pid, signal.SIGTERM)
status = self._reap_test()
self.assertTrue(os.WIFEXITED(status))
self.assertEqual(os.WEXITSTATUS(status), 0)
class _Service(service.Service):
def __init__(self):
super(_Service, self).__init__()
self.init = event.Event()
self.cleaned_up = False
def start(self):
self.init.send()
def stop(self):
self.cleaned_up = True
super(_Service, self).stop()
class LauncherTest(test_base.BaseTestCase):
def setUp(self):
super(LauncherTest, self).setUp()
self.mox = self.useFixture(moxstubout.MoxStubout()).mox
self.config = self.useFixture(config.Config()).config
def test_backdoor_port(self):
self.config(backdoor_port='1234')
sock = self.mox.CreateMockAnything()
self.mox.StubOutWithMock(eventlet, 'listen')
self.mox.StubOutWithMock(eventlet, 'spawn_n')
eventlet.listen(('localhost', 1234)).AndReturn(sock)
sock.getsockname().AndReturn(('127.0.0.1', 1234))
eventlet.spawn_n(eventlet.backdoor.backdoor_server, sock,
locals=mox.IsA(dict))
self.mox.ReplayAll()
svc = service.Service()
launcher = service.launch(svc)
self.assertEqual(svc.backdoor_port, 1234)
launcher.stop()
def test_backdoor_inuse(self):
sock = eventlet.listen(('localhost', 0))
port = sock.getsockname()[1]
self.config(backdoor_port=port)
svc = service.Service()
self.assertRaises(socket.error,
service.launch, svc)
sock.close()
def test_backdoor_port_range_one_inuse(self):
self.config(backdoor_port='8800:8900')
sock = self.mox.CreateMockAnything()
self.mox.StubOutWithMock(eventlet, 'listen')
self.mox.StubOutWithMock(eventlet, 'spawn_n')
eventlet.listen(('localhost', 8800)).AndRaise(
socket.error(errno.EADDRINUSE, ''))
eventlet.listen(('localhost', 8801)).AndReturn(sock)
sock.getsockname().AndReturn(('127.0.0.1', 8801))
eventlet.spawn_n(eventlet.backdoor.backdoor_server, sock,
locals=mox.IsA(dict))
self.mox.ReplayAll()
svc = service.Service()
launcher = service.launch(svc)
self.assertEqual(svc.backdoor_port, 8801)
launcher.stop()
def test_backdoor_port_reverse_range(self):
# backdoor port should get passed to the service being launched
self.config(backdoor_port='8888:7777')
svc = service.Service()
self.assertRaises(eventlet_backdoor.EventletBackdoorConfigValueError,
service.launch, svc)
def test_graceful_shutdown(self):
# test that services are given a chance to clean up:
svc = _Service()
launcher = service.launch(svc)
# wait on 'init' so we know the service had time to start:
svc.init.wait()
launcher.stop()
self.assertTrue(svc.cleaned_up)
self.assertTrue(svc._done.ready())
# make sure stop can be called more than once. (i.e. play nice with
# unit test fixtures in nova bug #1199315)
launcher.stop()
@mock.patch('oslo_service.service.ServiceLauncher.launch_service')
def _test_launch_single(self, workers, mock_launch):
svc = service.Service()
service.launch(svc, workers=workers)
mock_launch.assert_called_with(svc)
def test_launch_none(self):
self._test_launch_single(None)
def test_launch_one_worker(self):
self._test_launch_single(1)
@mock.patch('oslo_service.service.ProcessLauncher.launch_service')
def test_multiple_worker(self, mock_launch):
svc = service.Service()
service.launch(svc, workers=3)
mock_launch.assert_called_with(svc, workers=3)
class ProcessLauncherTest(test_base.BaseTestCase):
@mock.patch("signal.signal")
def test_stop(self, signal_mock):
signal_mock.SIGTERM = 15
launcher = service.ProcessLauncher()
self.assertTrue(launcher.running)
launcher.children = [22, 222]
with mock.patch('oslo_service.service.os.kill') as mock_kill:
with mock.patch.object(launcher, '_wait_child') as _wait_child:
_wait_child.side_effect = lambda: launcher.children.pop()
launcher.stop()
self.assertFalse(launcher.running)
self.assertFalse(launcher.children)
self.assertEqual([mock.call(22, signal_mock.SIGTERM),
mock.call(222, signal_mock.SIGTERM)],
mock_kill.mock_calls)
@mock.patch(
"oslo_service.service.ProcessLauncher._signal_handlers_set",
new_callable=lambda: set())
def test__signal_handlers_set(self, signal_handlers_set_mock):
callables = set()
l1 = service.ProcessLauncher()
callables.add(l1._handle_signal)
self.assertEqual(1, len(service.ProcessLauncher._signal_handlers_set))
l2 = service.ProcessLauncher()
callables.add(l2._handle_signal)
self.assertEqual(2, len(service.ProcessLauncher._signal_handlers_set))
self.assertEqual(callables,
service.ProcessLauncher._signal_handlers_set)
@mock.patch(
"oslo_service.service.ProcessLauncher._signal_handlers_set",
new_callable=lambda: set())
def test__handle_class_signals(self, signal_handlers_set_mock):
signal_handlers_set_mock.update([mock.Mock(), mock.Mock()])
service.ProcessLauncher._handle_class_signals()
for m in service.ProcessLauncher._signal_handlers_set:
m.assert_called_once_with()
@mock.patch("os.kill")
@mock.patch("oslo_service.service.ProcessLauncher.stop")
@mock.patch("oslo_service.service.ProcessLauncher._respawn_children")
@mock.patch("oslo_service.service.ProcessLauncher.handle_signal")
@mock.patch("oslo_config.cfg.CONF.log_opt_values")
@mock.patch("oslo_service.systemd.notify_once")
@mock.patch("oslo_config.cfg.CONF.reload_config_files")
@mock.patch("oslo_service.service._is_sighup_and_daemon")
def test_parent_process_reload_config(self,
is_sighup_and_daemon_mock,
reload_config_files_mock,
notify_once_mock,
log_opt_values_mock,
handle_signal_mock,
respawn_children_mock,
stop_mock,
kill_mock):
is_sighup_and_daemon_mock.return_value = True
respawn_children_mock.side_effect = [None,
eventlet.greenlet.GreenletExit()]
launcher = service.ProcessLauncher()
launcher.sigcaught = 1
launcher.children = {}
wrap_mock = mock.Mock()
launcher.children[222] = wrap_mock
launcher.wait()
reload_config_files_mock.assert_called_once_with()
wrap_mock.service.reset.assert_called_once_with()
class GracefulShutdownTestService(service.Service):
def __init__(self):
super(GracefulShutdownTestService, self).__init__()
self.finished_task = event.Event()
def start(self, sleep_amount):
def sleep_and_send(finish_event):
time.sleep(sleep_amount)
finish_event.send()
self.tg.add_thread(sleep_and_send, self.finished_task)
def exercise_graceful_test_service(sleep_amount, time_to_wait, graceful):
svc = GracefulShutdownTestService()
svc.start(sleep_amount)
svc.stop(graceful)
def wait_for_task(svc):
svc.finished_task.wait()
return eventlet.timeout.with_timeout(time_to_wait, wait_for_task,
svc=svc, timeout_value="Timeout!")
class ServiceTest(test_base.BaseTestCase):
def test_graceful_stop(self):
# Here we wait long enough for the task to gracefully finish.
self.assertEqual(None, exercise_graceful_test_service(1, 2, True))
def test_ungraceful_stop(self):
# Here we stop ungracefully, and will never see the task finish.
self.assertEqual("Timeout!",
exercise_graceful_test_service(1, 2, False))
class EventletServerTest(test_base.BaseTestCase):
def test_shuts_down_on_sigterm_when_client_connected(self):
server_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)),
'eventlet_service.py')
# Start up an eventlet server.
server = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, server_path],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
bufsize=1000,
close_fds=True)
def enqueue_output(f, q):
while True:
line = f.readline()
if not line:
break
q.put(line)
f.close()
# Start a thread to read stderr so the app doesn't block.
err_q = queue.Queue()
err_t = threading.Thread(target=enqueue_output,
args=(server.stderr, err_q))
err_t.daemon = True
err_t.start()
# The server's line of output is the port it picked.
port_str = server.stdout.readline()
port = int(port_str)
# connect to the server.
conn = socket.create_connection(('127.0.0.1', port))
# NOTE(blk-u): The sleep shouldn't be necessary. There must be a bug in
# the server implementation where it takes some time to set up the
# server or signal handlers.
time.sleep(1)
# send SIGTERM to the server and wait for it to exit while client still
# connected.
server.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
server.wait()
conn.close()
| 49,612 |
https://github.com/guozhengli/keyauth/blob/master/app/micro/enum.pb.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
keyauth
|
guozhengli
|
Go
|
Code
| 474 | 1,998 |
// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
// versions:
// protoc-gen-go v1.27.1
// protoc v3.19.1
// source: app/micro/pb/enum.proto
package micro
import (
protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
reflect "reflect"
sync "sync"
)
const (
// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
)
type Type int32
const (
Type_NULL Type = 0
// Custom 自定义的服务
Type_CUSTOM Type = 1
// BuildIn 系统内建的服务
Type_BUILD_IN Type = 2
)
// Enum value maps for Type.
var (
Type_name = map[int32]string{
0: "NULL",
1: "CUSTOM",
2: "BUILD_IN",
}
Type_value = map[string]int32{
"NULL": 0,
"CUSTOM": 1,
"BUILD_IN": 2,
}
)
func (x Type) Enum() *Type {
p := new(Type)
*p = x
return p
}
func (x Type) String() string {
return protoimpl.X.EnumStringOf(x.Descriptor(), protoreflect.EnumNumber(x))
}
func (Type) Descriptor() protoreflect.EnumDescriptor {
return file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_enumTypes[0].Descriptor()
}
func (Type) Type() protoreflect.EnumType {
return &file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_enumTypes[0]
}
func (x Type) Number() protoreflect.EnumNumber {
return protoreflect.EnumNumber(x)
}
// Deprecated: Use Type.Descriptor instead.
func (Type) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
return file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
}
var File_app_micro_pb_enum_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
var file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
0x0a, 0x17, 0x61, 0x70, 0x70, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x63, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x62, 0x2f, 0x65,
0x6e, 0x75, 0x6d, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x18, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x72, 0x61,
0x62, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x72, 0x64, 0x2e, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x61, 0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x2e, 0x6d, 0x69,
0x63, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x2a, 0x2a, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x54, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x12, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x4e,
0x55, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x10, 0x00, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x43, 0x55, 0x53, 0x54, 0x4f, 0x4d, 0x10,
0x01, 0x12, 0x0c, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x42, 0x55, 0x49, 0x4c, 0x44, 0x5f, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x10, 0x02, 0x42,
0x29, 0x5a, 0x27, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x69, 0x6e,
0x66, 0x72, 0x61, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x61, 0x72, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x61, 0x75, 0x74, 0x68,
0x2f, 0x61, 0x70, 0x70, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x63, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74,
0x6f, 0x33,
}
var (
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescData = file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDesc
)
func file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescData)
})
return file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDescData
}
var file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
var file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
(Type)(0), // 0: infraboard.keyauth.micro.Type
}
var file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for method output_type
0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for method input_type
0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for extension type_name
0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for extension extendee
0, // [0:0] is the sub-list for field type_name
}
func init() { file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_init() }
func file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_init() {
if File_app_micro_pb_enum_proto != nil {
return
}
type x struct{}
out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
RawDescriptor: file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDesc,
NumEnums: 1,
NumMessages: 0,
NumExtensions: 0,
NumServices: 0,
},
GoTypes: file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_goTypes,
DependencyIndexes: file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_depIdxs,
EnumInfos: file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_enumTypes,
}.Build()
File_app_micro_pb_enum_proto = out.File
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_rawDesc = nil
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_goTypes = nil
file_app_micro_pb_enum_proto_depIdxs = nil
}
| 1,835 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beziehungsstatus%3A%20kompliziert%21
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Beziehungsstatus: kompliziert!
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beziehungsstatus: kompliziert!&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 344 | 651 |
Beziehungsstatus: kompliziert! (Originaltitel: İlişki Durumu: Karışık) ist eine türkische romantische Dramedy-Serie, die auf der südkoreanischen Serie Full House basiert.
Handlung
Ayşegül Dinç, eine aufstrebende aber mittellose Schriftstellerin, lebt allein in dem Haus, das sie von ihren verstorbenen Eltern geerbt hat und das von ihnen erbaut wurde. Eines Tages lassen Ayşegüls beste Freunde Ece und Efe sie in den Glauben, dass sie eine Urlaubsreise nach Griechenland gewonnen habe. Dort angekommen stellt sie fest, dass für sie kein Zimmer reserviert ist. In der Zwischenzeit verkaufen Ayşegüls Freunde ihr Haus, damit sie ihre Schulden bezahlen können. Ayşegül trifft in Griechenland auf den berühmten Schauspieler Can Tekin, welchen sie überzeugen kann, ihr Geld für ihre Rückreise zu leihen. Wieder Zuhause wird Ayşegül vor vollendete Tatsachen gestellt und erfährt, dass ihr Haus von Can erworben wurde.
Ayşegül bittet Can im Haus leben zu dürfen, und beide kommen nach einigen Auseinandersetzungen zur Übereinkunft, dass Ayşegül fortan als Haushälterin für Can arbeitet, um ihre Schulden bei ihm zu begleichen. Can beschließt nach einer Weile Ayşegül zu heiraten, um die Frau eifersüchtig zu machen, die er sein ganzes Leben lang bewundert hat. Und beide schließen einen geheimen Vertrag ab, durch den sie sich verpflichten, sich in der Öffentlichkeit sechs Monate lang als glückliches Ehepaar zu zeigen und sich im Anschluss daran scheiden zulassen. Im Gegenzug erhält Ayşegül nach der Scheidung ihr Haus zurück. Doch während dieser Zeit werden die Dinge kompliziert und der Ausgang ist ungewiss.
Besetzung und Synchronisation
Die deutsche Synchronisation entsteht unter der Dialogregie von Benno Lehmann durch die Synchronfirma Ohmuthis Welt Synchron in Berlin.
Ausstrahlung
Türkei
Die Erstausstrahlung erfolgte vom 4. Juli 2015 bis zum 27. April 2016 auf dem türkischen Sender Show TV. Die vierteilige Fortsetzung İlişki Durumu: Evli wurde vom 1. Oktober 2016 bis zum 22. Oktober 2016 auf Show TV ausgestrahlt.
Deutschland
Die deutschsprachige Erstausstrahlung sollte ursprünglich auf dem Sender Zee.One erfolgen, da dieser aber Ende Mai 2020 eingestellt wurde, ist derzeit nicht bekannt, ob eine Veröffentlichung der Serie im deutschsprachigen Raum überhaupt noch stattfinden wird.
Weblinks
Einzelnachweise
Fernsehserie (Türkei)
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Show TV
| 34,987 |
https://github.com/pavlovcoder/sass-learning-app/blob/master/src/app/import/flexbox.sass
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
sass-learning-app
|
pavlovcoder
|
Sass
|
Code
| 400 | 1,510 |
@import '../partials/variables'
@import '../partials/mixins'
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Abel')
.flexbox-block
background-color: $flexbox-main
color: $error-color
float: left
width: 94.90%
text-align: center
outline: 5px solid $flexbox-border
h3
border-bottom: 5px solid $flexbox-border
padding-bottom: 15px
margin: 0
font-size: 30px
font-weight: bold
.head-ctn
width: 100%
height: 50px
position: relative
text-align: center
display: flex
align-items: center
margin: 2% 0 2.3% 0
h4
width: 300px
background-color: $flexbox-border-hover
box-shadow: 0 1px 5px 1px $box-shadow-color
outline: 5px solid $flexbox-border
position: absolute
left: 50%
transform: translateX(-50%)
padding: 10px
font-size: 20px
margin: 0
.flexbox-ctn
width: 100%
height: 250px
margin-bottom: 2.5%
.flexbox-ctn.items
.flexbox-container
&:nth-child(1)
.subitem-1
order: 3
.subitem-2
order: 4
.subitem-3
order: 2
.subitem-4
order: 1
&:nth-child(2)
.subitem-1
flex-grow: 1
.subitem-2
flex-grow: 1
.subitem-3
flex-grow: 2
.subitem-4
flex-grow: 1
&:nth-child(3)
.subitem-1
align-self: center
.subitem-2
align-self: baseline
.flexbox-container
width: 20%
height: 250px
outline: 5px solid $flexbox-border
float: left
margin: 0 2.5%
cursor: pointer
position: relative
display: flex
.mini-title
+transition(all .2s ease)
position: absolute
bottom: 0
left: 0
right: 0
width: 100%
background-color: $flexbox-border
color: $flexbox-main
height: 30px
padding: 20px 0
margin: 0
font-size: 18px
display: flex
align-items: center
justify-content: center
&:hover
box-shadow: 0 1px 5px 6px $box-shadow-color
transition: all .1s ease
outline: 5px solid $flexbox-border-hover
.mini-title
color: $flexbox-border-hover
@for $i from 1 through 4
.subitem-#{$i}
background-color: $flexbox-border-hover
$width-item: 40px
$height-item: 20px
@for $i from 1 through 4
@if $i == 1
$width-item: 30px
$height-item: 45px
@else if $i == 2
$width-item: 55px
$height-item: 30px
@else if $i == 3
$width-item: 40px
$height-item: 60px
@else
$width-item: 20px
$height-item: 40px
.subitem-#{$i}
+transition(all .2s ease)
width: $width-item
height: $height-item
background-color: $flexbox-border
margin: 10px
float: left
&:hover
outline: 3px solid $error-color
$first-flex-back: #a9947b
$first-flex-border: #595142
%flex-crossbrowser
display: -webkit-box //for safari
display: -moz-box //for mozilla
display: -ms-flexbox //for ms explorer
display: -webkit-flex //for webkit
display: flex
.first-flex-container
@extend %flex-crossbrowser
outline: 5px solid $first-flex-border
padding: 0
margin: 20px
background-color: $first-flex-back
list-style: none
width: calc(100% - 25px)
position: relative
float: left
-webkit-flex-flow: row wrap
flex-flow: row wrap
justify-content: space-around
.first-flex-items
+transition(all .2s ease)
background: $first-flex-border
color: $error-color
padding: 5px
width: 200px
height: 150px
margin-top: 10px
margin-bottom: 10px
line-height: 150px
font-weight: bold
font-size: 3em
text-align: center
cursor: pointer
&:hover
background-color: darken($first-flex-back, 2%)
//For header stable navigation:
.header-navigation
@extend %flex-crossbrowser
list-style: none
margin: 0
background: $header-background
-webkit-flex-flow: row wrap
justify-content: flex-end
position: fixed
top: 0
left: 0
right: 0
a
+transition(all .2s ease)
text-decoration: none
display: block
padding: 1em
color: $header-color
font-family: 'Abel', sans-serif
&:hover
padding: calc(1em - 4px) 1em
border-bottom: 4px solid darken($header-background, 3%)
| 26,471 |
2020/32020B1932/32020B1932_DA.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 379 | 1,049 |
L_2020417DA.01028701.xml
11.12.2020
DA
Den Europæiske Unions Tidende
L 417/287
EUROPA-PARLAMENTETS AFGØRELSE (EU, Euratom) 2020/1932
af 13. maj 2020
om afslutning af regnskaberne for Euratoms Forsyningsagentur (ESA) for regnskabsåret 2018
EUROPA-PARLAMENTET,
—
der henviser til det endelige årsregnskab for Euratoms Forsyningsagentur for regnskabsåret 2018,
—
der henviser til Revisionsrettens årsberetning om EU-agenturerne for regnskabsåret 2018, med agenturernes svar (1),
—
der henviser til Revisionsrettens erklæring (2) for regnskabsåret 2018 om regnskabernes rigtighed og de underliggende transaktioners lovlighed og formelle rigtighed, jf. artikel 287 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde,
—
der henviser til Rådets henstilling af 18. februar 2020 om decharge til agenturet for gennemførelsen af budgettet for regnskabsåret 2018 (05761/2020 — C9-0054/2020),
—
der henviser til artikel 319 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde,
—
der henviser til artikel 106A i traktaten om oprettelse af Det Europæiske Atomenergifællesskab,
—
der henviser til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU, Euratom) nr. 966/2012 af 25. oktober 2012 om de finansielle regler vedrørende Unionens almindelige budget og om ophævelse af Rådets forordning (EF, Euratom) nr. 1605/2002 (3), særlig artikel 1, stk. 2,
—
der henviser til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 af 18. juli 2018 om de finansielle regler vedrørende Unionens almindelige budget, om ændring af forordning (EU) nr. 1296/2013, (EU) nr. 1301/2013, (EU) nr. 1303/2013, (EU) nr. 1304/2013, (EU) nr. 1309/2013, (EU) nr. 1316/2013, (EU) nr. 223/2014, (EU) nr. 283/2014 og afgørelse nr. 541/2014/EU og om ophævelse af forordning (EU, Euratom) nr. 966/2012 (4), særlig artikel 68,
—
der henviser til Rådets afgørelse 2008/114/EF, Euratom af 12. februar 2008 om fastsættelse af vedtægterne for Euratoms Forsyningsagentur (5), særlig artikel 8 i bilaget,
—
der henviser til forretningsordenens artikel 100 og bilag V,
—
der henviser til betænkning fra Budgetkontroludvalget (A9-0056/2020),
1.
godkender afslutningen af regnskaberne for Euratoms Forsyningsagentur for regnskabsåret 2018;
2.
pålægger sin formand at sende denne afgørelse til generaldirektøren for Euratoms Forsyningsagentur, Rådet, Kommissionen og Revisionsretten og drage omsorg for, at den offentliggøres i Den Europæiske Unions Tidende (L-udgaven).
David Maria SASSOLI
Formand
Klaus WELLE
Generalsekretær
(1) EUT C 417 af 11.12.2019, s. 1.
(2) EUT C 417 af 11.12.2019, s. 34.
(3) EUT L 298 af 26.10.2012, s. 1.
(4) EUT L 193 af 30.7.2018, s. 1.
(5) EUT L 41 af 15.2.2008, s. 15.
| 25,990 |
US-201113284885-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,011 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,178 | 3,646 |
A wireless identification manager, such as the wireless identification manager 118 residing on the server 102, may store within the memory 124 a list of unique identifiers that have been assigned to RFID tags, such as the RFID tags 116. In addition, the memory 124 may store addresses of the read cells 104 and identification of a physical location of each read cell 104. The manager 118 may also assign identifiers to tags that enter an area, and may reclaim identifiers when tags leave an area. For example, an item with a tag attached thereto may leave an area when the item is purchased. In another example, an item with a tag may enter a store when the store is stocked with the item. As items enter or leave the area, the manager 118 may assign and re-sequence identifiers as disclosed herein.
Further, the manager 118 may store in memory 124 shelf or other store space identifiers for association with tag identifiers where items with the tags have preferred locations on a particular shelf or store space. The item may be quickly located and returned to its proper place by store personnel by use of the store space identifier and tag identifier. Such information may be suitably presented to the store personnel by use of one of the servers 102 or other computing device having access to the information.
The manager 118 may manage conflicts when tags are within a communication range of multiple read cells. Initially, the tag may be assigned to the read cell having the lowest address or identifier.
In another example, the manager 118 may generate an alert when a tag is missing. For example, an alert may be generated when an identifier for the tag is not reported after activation of all read cells. This situation may occur when a tag leaves a communication range of a read cell and does not enter a communication range of another read cell. Such an alert may indicate that the item with the tag is lost in the store or possibly theft of the item.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium (including, but not limited to, non-transitory computer readable storage media). A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter situation scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
What is claimed is:
1. A method comprising: using at least a processor and memory for: controlling a first wireless identification read cell to activate a first set of wireless identification tags within a first communication range; controlling a second wireless identification read cell to activate a second set of wireless identification tags within a second communication range during activation of the first set of wireless identification tags and subsequent to initially activating the first set of wireless identification tags, wherein the first communication range overlaps with the second communication range; receiving data from the second set of wireless identification tags; and in response to receiving data from the second set of wireless identification tags, controlling the first wireless identification read cell to deactivate the first set of wireless identification tags.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the wireless identification tags is one of a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag and a transponder.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving data from each of the wireless identification tags.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein a portion of the wireless identification tags in the first set includes wireless identification tags in the second set, and wherein receiving data comprises: receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags in sequence with one another; and subsequent to receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags, receiving data from the second set of wireless identification tags that are not included in the first set in sequence with one another.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the wireless identification tags transmit the data in sequence based on identifiers of the wireless identification tags.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags, and wherein controlling the second wireless identification read cell comprises controlling the second wireless identification read cell to activate the second set of wireless identification tags subsequent to receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first wireless identification read cell is one of a first set of wireless identification read cells, wherein the second wireless identification read cell is one of a second set of wireless identification read cells, controlling the first set of wireless identification read cells to activate wireless identification tags in sequence with one another; and controlling the second set of wireless identification read cells to activate wireless identification tags in sequence with one another during activation of the wireless identification tags of the first set of wireless identification read cells and subsequent to initially activating the wireless identification tags of the first set of wireless identification read cells.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein a communication range of the first set of wireless identification read cells overlaps with a communication range of the second set of wireless identification read cells.
9. A system comprising: a network interface configured to communicate with a first wireless identification read cell and a second wireless identification read cell; and a wireless identification manager configured to: control the first wireless identification read cell to activate a first set of wireless identification tags within a first communication range; control the second wireless identification read cell to activate a second set of wireless identification tags within a second communication range during activation of the first set of wireless identification tags and subsequent to initially activating the first set of wireless identification tags, wherein the first communication range overlaps with the second communication range; receive data from the second set of wireless identification tags; and control the first wireless identification read cell to deactivate the first set of wireless identification tags in response to receiving data from the second set of wireless identification tags.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein each of the wireless identification tags is one of a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag and a transponder.
11. The system of claim 9, wherein the network interface is configured to receive data from each of the wireless identification tags.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein a portion of the wireless identification tags in the first set includes wireless identification tags in the second set, and wherein the network interface is configured to: receive data from the first set of wireless identification tags in sequence with one another; and subsequent to receipt of data from the first set of wireless identification tags, receive data from the second set of wireless identification tags that are not included in the first set in sequence with one another.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the wireless identification tags are configured to transmit the data in sequence based on identifiers of the wireless identification tags.
14. The system of claim 9, wherein the wireless identification manager is configured to: receive data from the first set of wireless identification tags; and control the second wireless identification read cell to activate the second set of wireless identification tags subsequent to receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags.
15. The system of claim 9, wherein the first wireless identification read cell is one of a first set of wireless identification read cells, wherein the second wireless identification read cell is one of a second set of wireless identification read cells, and wherein the wireless identification manager is configured to: control the first set of wireless identification read cells to activate wireless identification tags in sequence with one another; and control the second set of wireless identification read cells to activate wireless identification tags in sequence with one another during activation of the wireless identification tags of the first set of wireless identification read cells and subsequent to initially activating the wireless identification tags of the first set of wireless identification read cells.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein a communication range of the first set of wireless identification read cells overlaps with a communication range of the second set of wireless identification read cells.
17. A computer program product for controlling activation of wireless identification tags, said computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therewith, the computer readable program code being readable by a computing device to cause the computing device to: control, by the computing device, a first wireless identification read cell to activate a first set of wireless identification tags within a first communication range; control, by the computing device, a second wireless identification read cell to activate a second set of wireless identification tags within a second communication range during activation of the first set of wireless identification tags and subsequent to initially activating the first set of wireless identification tags, wherein the first communication range overlaps with the second communication range; receive, by the computing device, data from the second set of wireless identification tags; and control, by the computing device, the first wireless identification read cell to deactivate the first set of wireless identification tags in response to receiving data from the second set of wireless identification tags.
18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code is readable by the computing device to cause the computing device to receive data from each of the wireless identification tags.
19. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code is readable by the computing device to cause the computing device to: receive data from the first set of wireless identification tags in sequence with one another; and subsequent to receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags, receive data from the second set of wireless identification tags that are not included in the first set in sequence with one another.
20. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the computer readable program code is readable by the computing device to cause the computing device to: computer readable program code configured to receive data from the first set of wireless identification tags; and computer readable program code configured to control the second wireless identification read cell to activate the second set of wireless identification tags subsequent to receiving data from the first set of wireless identification tags.
21. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the first wireless identification read cell is one of a first set of wireless identification read cells, wherein the second wireless identification read cell is one of a second set of wireless identification read cells, wherein the computer readable program code is readable by the computing device to cause the computing device to: control the first set of wireless identification read cells to activate wireless identification tags in sequence with one another; and control the second set of wireless identification read cells to activate wireless identification tags in sequence with one another during activation of the wireless identification tags of the first set of wireless identification read cells and subsequent to initially activating the wireless identification tags of the first set of wireless identification read cells..
| 35,976 |
US-86079386-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,986 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,987 | 2,333 |
Three-dimensional color television
ABSTRACT
An apparatus and a method for three-dimensional (3D) color televisions where the two simultaneously recorded static or movie pictures of a scene from two different directions are merged into one picture of a TV-receiver is disclosed. The pickups from two different directions are reproduced in different orientations of linear polarization of light such that when viewing through glasses with different polarization, each eye will receive the picture of each recording separately which will be perceived as a 3-D image. The different orientations of linear polarization are produced by subjecting the images from a first direction to an electric field which causes the light to become plane polarized according to the Kerr effect, while the electric field is switched off for the images from the second direction. Polarization is thus provided on alternate frames as light passes through a fiber optic medium which includes thin, transparent electrodes which are switched on and off in synchronization with the frame repetition rate.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are many methods for reproducing stereo-pictures (three dimensional pictures) such that the observer has the full spatial impressions of the object. This is done, e.g., by arranging the two pictures recorded from two different directions, as the two eyes of an observer view from the corresponding directions, on a screen and viewing the pictures through glasses of different color for non-color reproduction. If a color image is required, the different pictures are illuminated with linear polarized light of perpendicular orientation and glasses are used with the appropriate polarization such that the eyes see the objects separately in stereo. One difficulty with the foregoing is that the eyes are focused in an unnatural way, i.e. looking in different directions on alternate frames, if the reproduced pictures have to be next to each other.
The ideal method requires that the two reproduced pictures of different polarization be located within the same frame. This can be realized, e.g., by holographic production of the color TV picture. This method, however, is basically limited by the coherence length of the radiation such that the stereo effects can be seen only within a certain depth, e.g., 30 centimeters to 1 meter with the current generation of holographic reproduction equipment. This depth, even if extended, is limited by basic principles of physics. A further difficulty is that the granulation of the transmitted picture requires extremely high resolution and very small grain photographic material must be used. The electronic transmission of such pictures also requires an extraordinarily large bandwidth and minimal signal distortion.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a three dimensional television display comprising a video source for providing sequential video images which are photographed from first and second locations, respectively, in an alternating sequence, a plane polarizing screen for plane polarizing the light from the video source, and an electro-optical polarization rotating device for selectively rotating the polar orientation of the light from the video source on alternate frames of video such that the images photographed from a first location reach the viewer with a first polarization and the images photographed from the second location reach the viewer with a second polarization.
The electro-optical polarization rotating device may comprise a fiber optic transmission medium interleaved with thin electrode layers that are alternatively switched on and off on successive frames of video.
A principal object of this invention is to provide a three dimensional television display without the need for moving mechanical parts and utilizing the electro-optical properties of a fiber optic medium to rotate the polarization of a plane polarized video image on alternate frames of video.
The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the 3-D television system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional view of the electro-optical device of FIG. 1.
Description of the Invention
In order to avoid the mentioned difficulties of existing methods for stereo color televisions, for producing pictures within the same frame for the two different observation directions of the eyes, without the limits of the depth of the stereo mechanism and without a too strong increase of the necessary electronic transmission capacity, the invention uses, as shown in FIG. 1, an electro-optical device 10. The color picture will be produced in the plane "picture" by a video source 12 in a conventional or in an especially developed way as will further be described. The pictures are--if not static--produced in a temporal sequence having twice the normal frame repetition rate. If the usual rate is 16 pictures per second as an example, the invention uses 32 pictures per second where all even numbers of pictures come from a pick-up camera viewing a scene from one direction (not shown) and the odd numbers of pictures are from a second camera viewing the scene from a second direction (not shown). Light in the picture plane passes through a colorless polarization filter 14 such that only (or to a degree of more than 90%) linearly polarized light is transmitted, e.g. in the vertical direction of polarization. From there the light goes through an electro-optical device 10 consisting of fiber optical or similar optical transmitters 11 such that the picture entering at the side of the polarization filter is reproduced on the other side where the picture is being viewed. The material of the fibers chosen has a sufficiently strong electro-optical Kerr-effect or a Pockels-effect, such that an electric field applied perpendicularly to the direction of light propagation (or in another preferential direction) will turn the direction of the vertical polarization into horizontal polarization when reaching the other end of the fibers.
The electric fields are produced by arranging thin electrically conducting but preferably optically transparent layers 16 (E-Layers) in a horizontal orientation between the fibers with sufficient electrical insulation between the E-layers such that potentials in alternating sequence (+, -, +, - etc.) can be applied. If the distances between the E-layers 16 are small enough, only moderate electrical potentials have to be applied in order to produce the 90° rotation of the polarization direction as mentioned before.
The operation of the device is then synchronized with the application of electrical potentials by a synchronizing circuit 18 such that the polarization is vertical for the even numbered pictures and horizontal for the odd numbered pictures produced by the video source. As the pictures are usually produced by a scanning method, the switching of the potentials may also be done in synchronization with the scanning for improvement of the pictures. Looking then with glasses viewing the other end of the electro-optical device which include colorless polarizers 20 and 22, e.g. in the horizontal direction for the one eye 24 and in the vertical direction for the other eye 26, one will see a color TV in full three dimensions with no limitation to the depth by coherence effects.
The requirements of optical resolution of the pictures may need to be increased above the present numbers of several hundred lines per picture in TV pictures which in the next generation of electronics could well be met with the capacity of fiberoptics transmission where frequencies 100 GHz will be standard routines. Electric capacity is increased also by a factor of two because of the two different directions of observations needed for the transmission.
The pictures may be produced in conventional or in further developed ways. One slight modification for color-TV production of pictures is that instead of the standard hole plate in the glass tubes of TV sets, line plates may be used in order that the three electron beams of the tube are hitting the red, green and blue phosphors separately by reasons of different angles of incidence behind the openings of the plate. This scheme is known with horizontal line plates instead of the hole plates. In this case however, the horizontal arrangement will have to be used when there is line scanning. In order to provide higher resolution of transmitted information, the scanning per line is then not necessarily resolved into single points within the line but a continuous variation of the scanning beams is preferable. For this analog-type scanning, a high quality transmission of the information through the air or metallic or optical cables will then be performed with Fourier-transformed and re-transformed electronic signals.
In order to achieve a higher resolution, apart from increasing the number of the lines, the omission of the hole or line plates in the electron beam receiver tubes is possible by operating the viewing system in a manner similar to black-and-white TV-tubes. This is achieved by using one electron beam only wherein color is produced by quantum modulation of the electron beam either by using lasers (U.S. Pat. No. 3,730,979) or plasmons in a solid slab with spatial varying electron densities according to the spectrum of the colors for the optical wavelength between pink and red (German Pat. No. 2,111,852).
The stereo color TV with the electro-optical plate according to the present invention can be realized also with the production of the picture by irradiating scanning optical beams from lasers instead of the production of the picture in an electron beam tube. The same is applicable if the picture is produced by the methods of electrostatic motion of thin oil films as developed for large scale production of pictures.
The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A three dimensional television display comprising:(a) a video source for producing frames of video wherein a first series of frames represent pictures taken from a first location and a second series of frames represent pictures taken from a second location, wherein said first and second series of frames of video are produced by said video source one at a time in alternating sequence at a relatively high frame repetition rate that is substantially greater than the normal frame repetition rate for a conventional video source; (b) plane polarizing screen means for plane polarizing the light from each frame of video produced by said video source; (c) electro-optical means for selectively rotating the plane of polarization of said light passing through said plane polarizing screen means by 90°, said electro-optical means comprising a plurality of layers of optical fiber material having a sufficiently strong optical effect that an electric field applied perpendicularly to the direction of light propogation produces a Kerr effect thereby rotating said plane of polarization and including transparent electrode means comprising thin layers of electrically conductive material interleaved between said layers of optical fiber material and having predetermined polarities of alternating sequence for selectively providing said electric field; and (d) synchronizing means for supplying electrical potential to said electrodes on alternate frames of video such that said Kerr effect is created in said electro-optical means when video frames from said first series of frames are produced by said video source, and for turning off said electrical field when video frames from said second series of frames are produced by said video source.
2. The three-dimensional television of claim 1 wherein said plane polarizing screen produces vertical polarization of light from said video source.
3. The three dimensional television of claim 2 wherein said layers of optical fiber material are relatively thin to permit the use of low electrical potentials on said thin layers of electrically conducting material..
| 47,050 |
https://github.com/wromansky/incubator-heron/blob/master/heron/common/src/cpp/basics/spconsts.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
incubator-heron
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wromansky
|
C
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Code
| 283 | 570 |
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// This file contains the definitions of various constants used in the system
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#if !defined(HERON_CONSTS_H_)
#define HERON_CONSTS_H_
#include "basics/sptypes.h"
// constants related to logs
constexpr auto constMaxNumLogFiles = 5;
constexpr auto constLogsDirectory = "log-files";
constexpr auto constTestLogsDirectory = ".";
// constants for files and directories
constexpr auto constCurrentDirectory = ".";
constexpr auto constParentDirectory = "..";
constexpr auto constPathSeparator = "/";
// constants for socket utilities
constexpr auto constTcpKeepAliveSecs = 300; // 5 min
constexpr auto constTcpKeepAliveProbeInterval = 10; // 10 seconds
constexpr auto constTcpKeepAliveProbes = 5;
constexpr sp_int64 operator"" _KB(unsigned long long kilobytes) { // NOLINT
return (sp_int64)kilobytes * 1024;
}
constexpr sp_int64 operator"" _MB(unsigned long long megabytes) { // NOLINT
return (sp_int64)megabytes * 1024 * 1024;
}
constexpr sp_int64 operator"" _s(unsigned long long sec) { // NOLINT
return (sp_int64)sec * 1000000;
}
constexpr sp_int64 operator"" _ms(unsigned long long ms) { // NOLINT
return (sp_int64)ms * 1000;
}
#endif
| 41,512 |
JURITEXT000007063441
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French Open Data
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Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,989 |
Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, du 4 juillet 1989, 88-86.649, Publié au bulletin
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CASS
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French
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Spoken
| 451 | 777 |
<p>REJET des pourvois formés par :</p>
<p>- X... Bouzid, </p>
<p>contre l'arrêt de la cour d'assises des mineurs des Bouches-du-Rhône, en date du 7 octobre 1988, qui l'a condamné à 20 ans de réclusion criminelle pour homicide volontaire. </p>
<p>LA COUR, </p>
<p>Vu le mémoire produit ; </p>
<p>Sur le moyen unique de cassation, pris de la violation des articles 306 et 592 du Code de procédure pénale, 9 et 20 de l'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 : </p>
<p>" en ce que la cour d'assises des mineurs a déclaré le demandeur coupable d'avoir commis un homicide volontaire et l'a en conséquence condamné à la peine de 20 années de réclusion criminelle ; </p>
<p>" alors qu'après avoir ordonné la disjonction des procédures concernant les deux mineurs, la cour d'assises des mineurs ne pouvait se déclarer compétente pour juger le demandeur, majeur et demeuré seul en cause, selon la procédure à publicité restreinte édictée dans le seul intérêt des mineurs, sans méconnaître le principe de la publicité des débats et entacher ce faisant sa décision d'une nullité d'ordre public " ; </p>
<p>Attendu, d'une part, que lorsqu'il existe dans la même cause des accusés majeurs et mineurs de plus de 16 ans, la chambre d'accusation a la faculté de renvoyer tous les accusés devant la cour d'assises des mineurs en application des dispositions de l'article 9 de l'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 ; qu'aux termes de l'article 594 du Code de procédure pénale, en matière criminelle, l'arrêt de renvoi de la chambre d'accusation, devenu définitif, fixe la compétence de la cour d'assises ; qu'il en résulte que la cour d'assises des mineurs demeure compétente à l'égard d'un accusé majeur en cas de disjonction des poursuites ordonnée en raison de l'absence des accusés mineurs ; </p>
<p>Attendu, d'autre part, que le régime de publicité restreinte prévu par les articles 14 et 20 de l'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 est de rigueur devant la cour d'assises des mineurs et ne souffre aucune exception ; qu'il doit dès lors être observé à l'égard de tous les accusés déférés devant cette juridiction ; </p>
<p>D'où il suit que le moyen n'est pas fondé ; </p>
<p>Et attendu que la procédure est régulière et que la peine a été légalement appliquée aux faits déclarés constants par la Cour et le jury ; </p>
<p>REJETTE les pourvois.</p>
CONFER : (1°). (1) Cf. A comparer : Chambre criminelle, 1973-12-18 , Bulletin criminel 1973, n° 470, p. 1181 (règlement de juges) ; Chambre criminelle, 1981-01-28 , Bulletin criminel 1981, n° 41, p. 116 (rejet et cassation partielle). CONFER : (2°). (2) Cf. A comparer : Chambre criminelle, 1954-11-24 , Bulletin criminel 1954, n° 347, p. 598 (cassation) ; Chambre criminelle, 1967-11-08 , Bulletin criminel 1967, n° 287, p. 673 (cassation).
| 27,194 |
US-31485305-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,005 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,079 | 8,941 |
Increasing cache hits in network processors using flow-based packet assignment to compute engines
ABSTRACT
Methods and apparatus for improving cache hits in network processors using flow-based packet assignment to compute engines. Packet processing operations are performed on a network processor having multiple compute engines via execution of instruction threads on those compute engines. Via execution of the threads, a flow-based packet processing assignment mechanism is implemented that causes at least a portion of the packet processing operations for packets associated with common flows to be performed on compute engines assigned to perform packet processing operations for those flows. This results in the same compute engines performing packet processing on packets assigned to common sets of flows, thus increasing the cache hits on data that is stored locally on the compute engines pertaining to the flows.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This application claims priority under the Paris Convention to foreign patent application No. 3370/DEL/2005, filed on Dec. 15, 2005, with the Patent Office Delhi in New Delhi, India.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Network devices, such as switches and routers, are designed to forward network traffic, in the form of packets, at high line rates. One of the most important considerations for handling network traffic is packet throughput. To accomplish this, special-purpose processors known as network processors have been developed to efficiently process very large numbers of packets per second. In order to process a packet, the network processor (and/or network equipment employing the network processor) needs to extract data from the packet header indicating the destination of the packet, class of service, etc., store the payload data in memory, perform packet classification and queuing operations, determine the next hop for the packet, select an appropriate network port via which to forward the packet, etc. These operations are generally referred to as “packet processing” operations.
Modern network processors (also commonly referred to as network processor units (NPUs)) perform packet processing using multiple multi-threaded processing elements (e.g., processing cores) (referred to as microengines or compute engines in network processors manufactured by Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif.), wherein each thread performs a specific task or set of tasks in a pipelined architecture. During packet processing, numerous accesses are performed to move data between various shared resources coupled to and/or provided by a network processor. For example, network processors commonly store packet metadata and the like in static random access memory (SRAM) stores, while storing packets (or packet payload data) in dynamic random access memory (DRAM)-based stores. In addition, a network processor may be coupled to switch fabrics, cryptographic processors, hash units, general-purpose processors, and expansion buses, such as the PCI (peripheral component interconnect) and PCI Express bus.
Network processors are often configured to perform processing in a collaborative manner, such as via a pipelined processing scheme. Typically, different threads perform different portions of the same task or related tasks, with the output of one thread being employed as an input to the next thread. The threads are specifically tailored for a particular task or set of tasks, such as packet forwarding, packet classification, etc. This type of scheme enables packet-processing operations to be carried out at line rates for most packets, also referred to as “fast path” operations.
In general, the foregoing packet processing operations require multiple memory accesses to one or more memory units. As a result, packet throughput is inherently related to memory (access) latencies. Ideally, all memory accesses would be via the fastest scheme possible. For example, modern on-chip (i.e., on the processor die) static random access memory (SRAM) provides access speeds of 10 nanoseconds or less. However, this type of memory is very expensive (in terms of chip real estate and chip yield), so the amount of on-chip SRAM memory on an NPU (e.g., shared scratch memory and memory and caches local to each compute engine) is typically very small.
The next fastest type of memory is off-chip SRAM. Since this memory is off-chip, it requires a special interface (e.g., bus) to access it, adding a level of latency to the memory access. However, it still has relatively-low latency.
Typically, various types of off-chip dynamic RAM (DRAM) are employed for use as “bulk” memory units. Dynamic RAM is slower than static RAM (due to physical differences in the design and operation of DRAM and SRAM cells), and must be refreshed every few clock cycles, taking up additional overhead. As before, since it is off-chip, it also requires a special bus to access it. In most of today's network processor designs, DRAM memory stores with enhanced performance are employed, including RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) or DDR DRAM (double data rate), RLDRAM (reduced latency RAM) etc. via dedicated signals. As used herein, a memory unit comprises one or more memory storage devices having associated memory spaces.
An application designer faces the challenging task of utilizing the memory units available to an NPU in such a fashion as to ensure that a minimum amount of latency is incurred during packet processing operations, in order to maximize the packet throughput. Currently, memory unit utilization is done on a trial and error or educated guess basis in consideration of projected traffic patterns and service levels to be provided by the network element in which one or more NPU's are installed. This produces inefficient memory utilization, reducing packet throughput. Also when the designers use faster cache memories such as CAMs (Content Addressable Memories) and TCAMs (Temiary Content Addressable Memories) etc. to enhance packet processing, they are not sure of or can't quantify the lookup hit/miss rate success in the CAM/TCAM or any type of cached faster memories for a given set of packet flows arriving at the NPU.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified:
FIG. 1 a is a schematic diagram illustrating a technique for processing multiple functions via multiple compute engines using a context pipeline;
FIG. 1 b is a schematic diagram illustrating a technique for processing multiple functions via multiple compute engines using function pipelining;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a microengine architecture;
FIG. 3 is schematic diagram illustrating operations relating to a Packet Classifier and Metadata De-multiplexer (PCMD) module and a control plane PCMD initialization module;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating initialization operations performed by the control plane PCMD initialization module of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an overview of packet processing operation performed during ongoing run-time operation of a network element;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary network line card on which aspects of the embodiments discussed herein may be implemented; and
FIG. 7 shows further details of the network line card and NPU of FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments of methods and apparatus for improving cache hits in network processors using flow-based packet assignment to compute engines are described herein. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth, such as exemplary embodiments employing Intel's IXP 2xxx network processor architecture, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
In the following detailed description, techniques for improving memory cache utilization while reducing memory accesses in connection with packet processing operations are disclosed. In order to better appreciate advantages provided by the techniques, a discussion of packet processing operations and network processor aspects tailored for such packet processing operations is first presented. Details of exemplary embodiments for implementing the techniques are then discussed.
Network processing requires extremely high speed update of state sequentially and coherently, while demanding exclusivity and atomicity. Intel's architecture solution to this classic problem is pipelining. The idea behind pipelining is to break the entire processing for each cell/packet into sequential stages. As long as the dependencies and ordering of these stages are maintained, the execution of the stages that correspond to many cells/packets can be performed in parallel using multiple processing elements. Moreover, each processing element can execute multiple threads in a time-shared manner in order to maximize the overall processing throughput. Network processing applications normally include multiple functions. For instance, a typical router application consists of the following functions: packet receive, route table look-up, packet classification, metering, congestion avoidance, transmit scheduling, and packet transmit. Each of these functions can be implemented as a pipeline or a pipeline stage. These pipelines connect together to form the entire application.
There are two basic pipelining approaches: context pipelining and functional pipelining. A context pipeline is comprised of processing stages that each performs a specific function. The context of a cell/packet moves from stage to stage as the individual functions are sequentially performed on the context. Each context pipeline stage is represented by a processing element. If the processing element supports multi-threading with up to n threads, the processing element can apply the specific function to n contexts of cells/packets during one stage. As a result, the time budget for a stage can be n times the cell/packet arrival rate. In other words, one can afford to have n times the cell/packet arrival rate as time budget to perform only one function, which is just a portion of the entire processing. Another advantage of context pipelining is that each processing element only needs to perform its own function; consequently, the complexity and amount of software required for a processing element is minimized to the support of that particular function.
In a context pipeline, different functions are performed on different microengines (MEs) as time progresses, and the packet context is passed between the functions or MEs, as shown in FIG. 1 a. Under the illustrated configuration, z MEs 100 _(0-z) are used for packet processing operations, with each ME running n threads. Each ME constitutes a context pipe stage corresponding to a respective function executed by that ME. Cascading two or more context pipe stages constitutes a context pipeline. The name context pipeline is derived from the observation that it is the context that moves through the pipeline.
Under a context pipeline, each thread in an ME is assigned a packet, and each thread performs the same function but on different packets. As packets arrive, they are assigned to the ME threads in strict order. For example, there are eight threads typically assigned in an Intel IXP2800® ME context pipe stage. Each of the eight packets assigned to the eight threads must complete its first pipe stage within the arrival rate of all eight packets. Under the nomenclature illustrated in FIG. 1, MEi.j, i corresponds to the ith ME number, while j corresponds to the jth thread running on the ith ME.
In functional pipelining, a single processing element performs different functions during different stages, on the same cell/packet context. Consider a processing element that performs m consecutive functions on a cell/packet context; during each stage, a processing element only performs one of the m functions. This processing element takes m stages to complete its processing on each cell/packet context. In order to avoid blocking the overall pipeline advancement as new cells/packets arrive, m processing elements work in parallel. These m processing elements form the functional pipeline. These m processing elements actually work in a staggered fashion, so that at any one stage in time, each processing element performs a different function out of the m functions. This staggering is needed because each function may demand exclusive ownership of some global state. In case each processing element supports n threads of multi-threading, it can process n different cell/packet contexts in a time-shared manner in each stage. The advantage of functional pipelining is that the time budget each processing element has for operating on a cell/packet context is m×n×the cell/packet arrival rate. This time budget is m times bigger than the time budget that a context pipeline offers. In other words, functional pipelining accommodates very long latency functions efficiently. The disadvantages of functional pipelining include the overhead for transferring state information between consecutive processing elements, and the relatively greater complexity or larger amount of software required in each processing element; each needs to perform m functions as opposed to one function for a context pipeline stage.
An example of a functional pipeline is illustrated in FIG. 1 b. Under the illustrated approach, m processing functions are performed on each of m MEs 100 _(0-m) in a staggered manner, such that at a given point in time (stage), each ME is performing a different function from among the m functions. Furthermore, each ME is depicted as employing a corresponding thread from among n threads for each function.
A block diagram corresponding to one embodiment of a microengine architecture 200 is shown in FIG. 2. Architecture 200 depicts several components typical of compute-engine architectures, including local memory 202, general-purpose register banks 204A and 204B, a next neighbor register 206, a DRAM read transfer (xfer) register 208, an SRAM read transfer register 210, a control store 212, execution datapath 214, a DRAM write transfer register 216, and a SRAM write transfer register 218.
Architecture 200 support n hardware contexts. For example, in one embodiment n=8, while in other embodiments n=16 and n=4. Each hardware context has its own register set, program counter (PC), condition codes, and context specific local control and status registers (CSRs) 220. Unlike software-based contexts common to modem multi-threaded operating systems that employ a single set of registers that are shared among multiple threads using software-based context swapping, providing a copy of context parameters per context (thread) eliminates the need to move context specific information to or from shared memory and registers to perform a context swap. Fast context swapping allows a thread to do computation while other threads wait for input/output (IO) resources (typically external memory accesses) to complete or for a signal from another thread or hardware unit.
Under the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the instructions for each of the threads are stored in control store 212. However, this does not imply that each thread executes the same instructions and thus performs identical tasks. Rather, the instructions are typically structured to perform multiple tasks. Generally, execution of the multiple tasks are structured to support multi-threaded processing techniques, wherein a given set of tasks are performed on a respective object being handled by a network processor that includes multiple microengines, such as packet-forwarding operations. For example, in one embodiment the set of tasks performed by a given microengine correspond to a sub-set of overall tasks performed by a layer-2 application (e.g., one thread manages data movement from memory, another does header processing, etc.) As discussed above, a particular set of tasks may be performed by threads running on one or more microengines in a cooperative manner.
The following embodiments leverage aspects of the functional pipeline processing techniques and characteristics of packet flows in view of modern NPU architectures to improve the cached data hit rate in memories local to the NPU compute engines. This reduces the number of memory accesses that are performed during packet processing operations, and thus reduces packet processing latency.
In accordance with aspects of some embodiments, two software based components are added to a conventional NPU toolkit to effect the improved cache hit rate techniques. These include a (Data plane) Packet Classifier and Metadata De-multiplexer (PCMD), and a control plane PCMD initialization module.
The PCMD is used to perform two primary operations: Packet (flow) Classification and assignment of packets to functional pipelines by producing the packets on scratch rings associated with the flows to which the packets are classified. Meanwhile, the PCMD initialization module is used to initialize various data structures to effect various tasks associated with PCMD run-time operations.
FIG. 3 shows an overview of operations performed by the PCMD and the control plane PCMD initialization module. More particularly, FIG. 3 shows a control plane PCMD initialization module 300 running on a general-purpose processor 301, a PCMD microengine 302, scratch rings 1, 2, and 3, and packet processing microengines 304, 206, 308, 310, and 312. PCMD microengine 302 runs the PCMD software to effect the PCMD operations, which includes classification of packets into corresponding flows and extraction of packet metadata, as depicted toward the left side of PCMD microengine 302. Meanwhile, each flow is associated with a corresponding scratch ring. In the illustrated example, there are only three scratch rings 1, 2, and 3 for simplicity. In general, the number of scratch rings created may depend on the type of NPU application (core router/edge router/gateways etc. or on the expected number of packet/cell flows being terminated by the NPU application). Also, the number of scratch ring created can be made static by application compile time options or dynamic by load statistics collection]. In an actual implementation, n number of scratch rings could be employed. Each scratch ring, in turn, is associated with one or more packet processing microengines. In the illustrated example, scratch ring 1 is associated with packet processing microengines 304 and 306, while scratch ring 2 is associated with packet processing microengine 308 and scratch ring 3 is associated with packet processing microengine 310 and 312. The association between scratch rings and microengines is effected by binding microengines to scratch rings during compile time.
Each of scratch rings 1, 2, and 3 comprises a circular First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure in memory referred to as “scratchpad RAM” that is provided as on-chip SRAM memory on the host NPU. Accordingly, scratch rings are also called scratchpad rings. The are two operations performed with a scratch ring: producing and consuming. Producing concerns data being added to a scratch ring, while consuming concerns data being removed from a scratch ring. A pair of ring pointers are used to identify the current production buffer (that is, the next available buffer to which new data is to be added) and the current consumption buffer (that is, the buffer that is next in line from which data is to be removed. Generally, the rates at which data is produced and consumed need not be identical; however, a task that produces data faster than a corresponding task consumes data for a given ring will cause the ring buffers to become full.
Scratch ring implementations afford design flexibility with regard to production and consumption paths. For example, multiple producing tasks can be coupled to a single consuming tasks. Similarly, a single scratch ring may “feed” multiple consuming tasks. This latter case is illustrated in FIG. 3, wherein each of scratch rings 1 and 3 feed two packet processing microengines.
In accordance with the metadata de-multiplexer aspect of PCMD microengine 302, packet flows are associated with specific scratch rings, such that the same packet processing microengine or microengines perform packet processing on packets corresponding to the same set of flows. Packet flows relate to packets that are classified (also referred to as assigned) to a common group of packets with similar characteristics. For example, packets that are destined for the same destination address or destination prefix may be classified to the same flow. Similarly, packets that have multiple common classification attributes, such as source and destination address, source and destination ports, etc., may be classified to the same flow. Since packets classified to a common flow have common attributes, the packet processing operations (subsequent to packet classification) are typically the same. Thus, it is advantageous to provide those packets to the same packet processing microengine(s) in architectures that employ functional pipelines, as will be made more clear below.
Along with providing a mechanism for providing packets to appropriate packet processing microengines, the PCMD microengine provides a mechanism for tracking the number of flows allocated to each scratch ring. This is provided through use of a respective flow counter for each scratch ring, as depicted flow counters 1, 2, and 3. In general, the flow counters may be maintained in an appropriate storage resource local to a microengine, such as a general purpose register or local memory (e.g., local memory 202 for the microengine architecture of FIG. 2).
The control plane PCMD initialization module 300 is used for initializing the PCMD microengine 302 and packet processing engines 304, 306, 308, 310, and 312 with appropriate data to set up for subsequent run-time operations. With reference to the flowchart of FIG. 4, the following operations are performed during one embodiment of the initialization process. First, in a block 400, memory for the scratch rings are allocated. As described below in further detail, some NPUs include on-chip scratchpad memory or the like that may be used for this purpose. Other types of memory resources may also be used. The number and size of the scratch rings is a compile time option (or may be runtime if the PCMD ME is made intelligent by load statistics collection) that may be configured based on the expected traffic pattern at the network element in which the application is to be implemented. For example, the traffic conditions expected at some network elements may result in many different classified flows, while the number of flows at other locations will be less. Further details of the scratch ring operations are discussed below with reference to FIG. 5.
In conjunction with allocating memory for the scratch rings, the control plane PCMD initialization module passes the number of scratch rings created to the PCMD microengine 302 in a block 402. The PCMD microengine then creates flow counters for those scratch rings in a block 404. For example, a portion of local memory 202 for an IXP 2xxx microengine is allocated for m flow counters in one embodiment. In another embodiment, general-purpose registers 204A and/or 204B are used. The number and size of the flow counters is also a configurable compile time option. Alternately, new flow counters may be dynamically allocated for dynamically allocated scratch rings.
Continuing at a block 406, the packet processing microengines are initialized to associate each microengine with its corresponding scratch ring. This informs each microengine of the location in scratchpad memory of the scratch ring from which that microengine will consume packets (actually, packet metadata is stored in the scratch rings rather than the packets themselves, but is conventional practice to say that “packets” are produced on scratch rings and consumed from scratch rings.)
FIG. 5 depicts an overview of packet processing operations performed during continuing run-time operation of a network element. First, in a block 500, the flow counters and local context data are initialized. The run-time operations begin in a block 502, wherein a packet is “sourced” from a packet receive microengine to the PCMD microengine. The PCMD microengine then performs packet classification using an associated algorithm (or multiple algorithms, depending on the classification scheme) to classify the packet to a flow in a block 504.
In a decision block 506, a determination is made to whether the packet belongs to a new flow. If it does, packets corresponding to the new flow are assigned to a scratch ring in a block 508, and the flow counter for that scratch ring is incremented in a block 510 to reflect the addition of the new flow to the scratch ring.
Continuing at a block 512, based on the classified flow, an assignment algorithm is run to identify the scratch ring to which the flow is assigned. The packet (e.g., the packet handle along with metadata) is then produced on that scratch ring in a block 514.
During the ongoing operations of blocks 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512 and 514, operations depicted in blocks 516 and 518 are likewise performed in an ongoing manner for each packet processing microengine. In block 516, a microengine associated with a given scratch ring consumes the next packet on the scratch ring based on the current position of the consuming pointer for the scratch ring. The consuming microengine then performs remaining packet processing functions using a functional pipeline in block 518.
As discussed above, the embodiments described herein improve memory cache utilization while reducing memory accesses in connection with packet processing operations. In particular, known and required flows are converged to associated packet processing MEs to achieve this result. To more clearly understand how the result is achieved, an exemplary implementation is now described with reference to an execution environment 600 shown in FIG. 6.
Execution environment 600 includes a line card 602 hosting an NPU 604, SRAM 606, and DRAM 608. Further details of the NPU architecture, as well as line card 602 are shown in FIG. 7 and described below. In the illustrated embodiment, selective elements of an Intel IXP 2xxx NPU are depicted for NPU 604. These include two microengine clusters 0 and 1, each including eight microengines 610 (ME cluster 1 only shows four MEs for simplicity). Each microengine is operatively-coupled to an SRAM interface unit 612 and DRAM interface unit 614 through sets of address and data bus lines referred to as the processor “chassis.” NPU 604 further includes a SHaC (Scratchpad, Hash, and CSR Access Proxy (CAP)) unit 616 and sets of inpuvoutput (I/O) buffers including multiple receive (R×) buffers 618 (also referred to as RBUF elements) and transmit buffers 620 (also referred to as TBUF elements).
During ongoing operations, incoming packets corresponding to a packet stream 622 are received at one or more I/O ports of line card 602 and temporarily buffered in RX buffers 618. A receive engine 624 facilitated via execution of corresponding software on one or more microengines (depicted as ME 1×0 in FIG. 6) is used to manage the RBUF elements and initial packet transfer operations, which include copying packets from the RBUF elements to the PCMD microengine(s) 302. In FIG. 6, the PCMD microengines are MEs 1×1 and 1×2. In general, one or more ME's can be employed for hosting the PCMD software component. Furthermore, the PCMD operations described herein may be partitioned among multiple ME's such that different operations are performed in separate MEs. For example, better PCMD performance is achieved in one embodiment by hosting PCMD software on more than one ME as a functional pipeline.
One of the operations performed by the PCMD microengine(s) is packet classification, wherein a packet is classified to a flow. The complexity of the flow classification will generally depend on the particular requirements of the network element implementation. Overall, the objective of packet classification is to assign packets to flows having similar attributes. Subsequent packet-processing operations that may be particular to those flows may then be performed in an efficient manner.
In general, the embodiments for increasing cache hits during packet processing operations described herein are independent of the particular scheme used to classify packets into flows. However, the following discussion of packet classification is provided so one can better appreciate the advantages of packet classification as pertains to packet processing, and better understand advantages of the embodiments.
Traditional routers, which are commonly referred to as Layer-3 Switches, perform two major tasks in forwarding a packet: looking up the packet's destination address in the route database (also referred to as the route or forwarding table), and switching the packet from an incoming link to one of the router's outgoing links. Thus, flow classification under a layer-3 switch merely involves classifying the packet to a flow assigned to an outgoing link.
Increasingly, however, users are demanding, and some vendors are providing a more discriminating form of router forwarding. This new vision of forwarding is called Layer-4 Forwarding because routing decisions can be based on headers available at Layer 4 or higher in the OSI architecture. Layer 4 forwarding is performed by packet classification routers (also referred to as Layer 4 Switches), which support “service differentiation.” This enables the router to provide enhanced functionality, such as blocking traffic from a malicious site, reserving bandwidth for traffic between company sites, and provide preferential treatment to one kind of traffic (e.g., online database transactions) over other kinds of traffic (e.g., Web browsing). In contrast, traditional routers (e.g., layer-3 switched) do not provide service differentiation because they treat all traffic going to a particular address in the same way.
In packet classification routers, the route and resources allocated to a packet are determined by the destination address as well as other header fields of the packet such as the source address and TCP/UDP port numbers. Layer-4 switching unifies the forwarding functions required by firewalls, resource reservations, QoS (Quality of Service) routing, unicast routing, and multicast routing into a single unified framework. In this framework, forwarding database of a router consists of a potentially large number of filters on key header fields. A given packet header can match multiple filters; accordingly, each filter is given a cost, and the packet is forwarded using the least cost matching filter.
Traditionally, the rules for classifying a message (i.e., packet) are called filters (or rules in firewall terminology), and the packet classification problem is to determine the lowest cost matching filter or rule for each incoming message at the router. The relevant information is contained in K distinct header fields in each message (packet). For instance, the relevant fields for an IPv4 packet could comprise the Destination Address (32 bits), the Source Address (32 bits), the Protocol Field (8 bits), the Destination Port (16 bits), the Source Port (16 bits), and, optionally, the TCP flags (8 bits). Since the number of flags is limited, the protocol and flags may be combined into one field in some implementations. Classification on these fields is commonly referred to as 5-tuple classification.
The filter database of a Layer-4 Switch consists of a finite set of filters, filt₁, filt₂ . . . filt_(N). Each filter is a combination of K values, one for each header field. Each field in a filter is allowed three kinds of matches: exact match, prefix match, or range match. In an exact match, the header field of the packet should exactly match the filter field. In a prefix match, the filter field should be a prefix of the header field. In a range match, the header values should like in the range specified by the filter. Each filter filt_(i) has an associated directive disp_(i), which specifies how to forward a packet matching the filter.
Since header processing for a packet may match multiple filters in the database, a cost is associated with each filter to determine the appropriate (best) filter to use in such cases. Accordingly, each filter F is associated with a cost(F), and the goal is to find the filter with the least cost matching the packet's header.
Once a packet is assigned to a flow, it is produced on a corresponding scratch ring. In further detail, N scratch rings 1 to N are configured in SHaC unit 616 during the initialization operations of block 400 above. An IXP2xxx NPU supports up to 16 scratchpad rings. As shown in the SHaC unit detail 626 at the bottom of FIG. 6, each ring is implemented as an array (of configurable size) in scratchpad memory, with pointers to the first and last entries on the ring, called the head and tail, respectively. The SHaC unit maintains the head and tail pointers, the base address, and the size (in long words) of each ring. The head and tail pointers are circular pointers that respectively correspond to the aforementioned consuming and producing pointers, and are modified during put (produce) and get (consume) commands on the ring to reflect the current position of the producing (tail) and consuming (head) pointers.
Initially, upon startup of the network element, all of the flow counters are set to zero. As packets are received, they are assigned to new or existing flows, with corresponding flow entries being looked up in a flow table 628. At the same time, the flows are associated with corresponding scratch rings, through some type of handle, such as a flow identifier (flow ID). The particular manner in which flow IDs are assigned to scratch rings is independent of the operation of the embodiments described herein. The important aspect here is that packets assigned to the same flow are processed on the same packet processing microengine (hence achieving a high probability of cache hit in the packet processing ME); the scratch ring schemes disclosed herein merely provide a convenient mechanism for effecting this result.
The number of flows assigned to a given scratch ring is generally configurable (e.g., configured in advance, or dynamically programmable). In general, this number will correspond to the number of flow-related entries that may be cached on a given packet processing microengine. For example, in one embodiment, this number is set to 16, which coincides with the number of CAM entries in an IXP2xxx NPU. However, this number is merely exemplary, as other numbers of entries may also be used. In one embodiment, flows are assigned to scratch rings based on their flow IDs, which are sequentially allocated. Accordingly, under one implementation, packet flows having flow IDs of 0-15 are assigned to scratch ring 1, 16-31 to scratch ring 2, and so on. Under another approach, flows may be assigned to scratch rings by performing a hash on the flow IDs. This is advantageous when the number of flows is large. Flows may also be dynamically allocated to scratch rings based on their relative consumption rate. For example, back-pressure mechanisms may be used to inform the PCMD microengine that a given packet processing microengine is starving or overloaded. Information identifying which flow ID is assigned to which scratch ring is stored in the PCMD microengine 302. In one embodiment, this information is stored in its local context register as a bit map in the PCMD microengine.
Other flow ID to scratch ring assignment schemes may also be used. For example, in another embodiment, once the scratch rings are full with a maximum cache limit, the PCMD can start assigning the new flow IDs in a round robin fashion to the scratch rings. In yet another embodiment, a priority-based assignment algorithm may be used. The algorithm(s) to be used for flow assignment is also independent of this embodiment.
Assigning a flow ID to a scratch ring that is already full might require replacing an existing assignment. Under one embodiment, a least recently used (LRU) flow ID is replaced. This may be facilitated, for example, using the microengine's CAM.
As discussed above with reference to blocks 510 and 512 of FIG. 5, as packets are produced on each of the scratch rings, they are also being consumed by associated packet processing microengines, which then perform subsequent packet processing operations using a functional pipeline. An example of a common packet processing operation comprising packet enqueueing is illustrated in FIG. 6.
During packet enqueueing, packets are copied from Rx buffers 618 (or possibly some other buffer) into a buffer (commonly referred to as a queue) in DRAM 608 allocated for the flow the packet is assigned to. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, this is facilitated by the use of three data structures: flow table 628, a queue descriptor array 630, and queues (as illustrated by a queue 632). Each flow table entry 634 includes a flow ID and a buffer pointer, as well as other optional information, such as depicted by a state field and a statistics field. The buffer pointer points to the location of the queue descriptor 636 corresponding to the flow table entry. In turn, the queue descriptor contains information that identifies the head of the queue (i.e., the DRAM address of the first packet in the queue, and the tail of the queue (the DRAM address at which the next packet corresponding to the flow is to be stored).
As further illustrated in FIG. 6, each of the packets in packet stream 622 is labeled to identify the flow it is associated with and the sequence number of the packet within the flow. For example, F1-1 identifies this packet is the first packet for a flow 1. (As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the actual packet will contain a packet header containing information used to classify the packet—information explicitly identifying the flow will not usually be provided by the packet, as least at the TCP or UDP header level.) As further illustrated in FIG. 6, the packets for flow 1 are stored in queue 632. Similarly, packets associated with other flows would be stored in other queues in DRAM 608, with corresponding flow table entries and queue descriptors identifying the locations (DRAM addresses) for those queues.
Subsequent to enqueueing the packets, the packets in a given queue will be copied into Tx buffers 620 and asynchronously transferred to an appropriate target destination for the flow, such as an output port of the network element or a switch fabric for the network element. These operations are generally handled via execution of other instruction threads on the microengines that are not shown in FIG. 6 for simplicity and clarity. In general, the enqueueing and dequeueing operations may be part of the same functional pipeline, or may be implemented via separate pipelines.
Now, let's consider some advantages of the illustrated approach. By assigning packet processing for packets associated with a common flow to the same packet processing microengine, information pertaining to such packet processing operations may be cached on the microengine, thus reducing the need to retrieve this information from SRAM 606, DRAM 608, or some other storage location. For instance, flow table entries corresponding to the flows that are processed by a given packet processing microengine may be stored on a local memory resource, such as local memory 202 or CAM 215. Thus, during the packet processing operation, there would be no need to access a lookup table entry for the flow each time a packet was consumed by a packet processing ME.
Typically, packet processing MEs perform a high amount of I/O or memory accesses for packet processing operations like IPv4 LPM, IPv6 Forwarding lookup, etc. Since data related to these packet processing operations for a given flow will have been previously accessed and cached during prior packet processing operations, by assigning the same ME to perform packet processing for a given set of flows, the likelihood of the packet processing data already being cached on that ME is significantly enhanced (in comparison with random assignment of packets to MEs used under conventional techniques) along with the probability of cache lookup hit. Hence, the flow-based packet to ME assignment techniques disclosed herein ensure that a high percentage of cached data usage results compared to classical methods.
FIG. 7 shows further details of network line card 602 and NPU 604. In general, network line card 602 is illustrative of various types of network system line cards employing standardized or proprietary architectures. For example, a typical line card of this type may comprise an Advanced Telecommunications and Computer Architecture (ATCA) modular printed circuit board (PCB) that is coupled to a common backplane in an ATCA chassis that may further include other ATCA modular boards. Accordingly the line card includes a set of connectors coupled to its PCB to mate with mating connectors on the backplane, as illustrated by a backplane interface 700. In general, backplane interface 700 supports communication via various input/output (I/O) communication channels, as well as provides power to network line card 602. For simplicity, only selected I/O interfaces are shown in FIG. 7, although it will be understood that other I/O and power input interfaces also exist.
The network line card employs a network processor unit (NPU) 604 that includes n compute engines (e.g., microengines 610) that execute sets of instruction threads to effect the operations described herein. In one embodiment, n=8, while in other embodiment n=16, 24, or 32. Other numbers of microengines 610 may also me used. In the illustrated embodiment, 16 microengines 610 are grouped into two clusters of 8 microengines, including an ME cluster 0 and an ME cluster 1 (the latter showing only 2 microengines for simplicity).
Each of microengines 610 is connected to other NPU components via sets of bus and control lines referred to as the processor “chassis”. For simplicity and clarity, these bus sets and control lines are depicted as an internal interconnect 704. Also connected to the internal interconnect are an SRAM interface unit 612, a DRAM interface unit 614, a general purpose processor 706, a media and switch fabric interface 708, a PCI (peripheral component interconnect) controller 710, and an SHaC unit 616. Other components not shown that may be provided by network processor 604 include, but are not limited to, encryption units and a performance monitor.
The SRAM interface unit 612 is used to access an external SRAM store 606 via an SRAM interface 712. Similarly, DRAM interface unit 614 is used to access an external DRAM store 608 via a DRAM interface 714. In one embodiment, SRAM interface 712 comprises a multi-channel interface and SRAM store comprises a quad data rate (QDR) SRAM. In one embodiment, DRAM store 608 employs DDR (double data rate) DRAM. In other embodiment DRAM store may employ Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) or reduced-latency DRAM (RLDRAM). Other types of memories may also be employed for each of the SRAM and DRAM stores.
Media and switch fabric interface 708 is used to interface with the media switch fabric for the network element in which the line card is installed. In one embodiment, media and switch fabric interface 708 employs a System Packet Level Interface 4 Phase 2 (SPI4-2) interface 716. In general, the actual switch fabric may be hosted by one or more separate line cards, or may be built into the chassis backplane. Both of these configurations are illustrated by switch fabric 718 in FIG. 7.
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Vous êtes ici : Accueil > Actualités > A la découverte d'une plateforme unique en Europe dédiée à la décarbonation du transport maritime !
Printemps de l'innovation
Du 30/05/2022 au 30/05/2022
Description détaillée« Dans le cadre du Printemps de l’innovation, se déroulant du 3 au 31 mai, porté par Solutions&Co et la Région Pays de la Loire dont la vocation première est de proposer un programme d’événements pour sensibiliser à l’innovation des entreprises CEA Tech Pays de la Loire vous invite à visiter ses installations. Venez découvrir une plateforme unique en Europe, au sein de CEA Tech Pays de la Loire et soutenue par la Région Pays de la Loire, dédiée à la décarbonation du transport maritime !CEA Tech Pays de la Loire s'inscrit depuis son arrivée sur le territoire pour accompagner les acteurs sur la décarbonation du transport maritime. Les équipes ont développé des moyens et des compétences autour de la thématique d'innovation dédiée à la marinisation des systèmes énergétiques et plus spécifiquement, elles mènent des recherches sur l'intégration de systèmes de production, de conversion et de stockage de l'énergie dans des environnements marins à travers différents vecteurs : électricité, fluide, hydrogène et autres e-carburants.Rendez-vous le 30 mai de 10h30 à 12h au Technocampus Océan pour comprendre les enjeux de la décarbonation du maritime et les solutions proposées par le CEA Tech Pays de la Loire pour y répondre. »Programme :Introduction de Claire Hugues - Vice-Présidente du Conseil Régional déléguée aux affaires maritimes Présentation de la thématique clé de CEA Tech Pays de la Loire : marinisation des systèmes énergétiques et ses enjeuxVisite des équipements et de la plateforme dédiée à la décarbonation des transports maritimes
Infos PratiquesPOUR VOUS INSCRIRE, CLIQUEZ SUR CE LIEN
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Encyclopedia of Virginia biography, under the editorial supervision of Lyon Gardiner Tyler
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Ballagh, James Curtis, born in Browns- burg, Virginia, son of Rev. James Ballagh and Margaret Tate, his wife. He was a student at Washington and Lee University, and later at the University of Virginia, rvhich he was obliged to leave on account of impaired health. After several years absence in Europe, he returned, and en- tered Johns Hopkins University, from which he graduated A. B. (extra ordinem), in 1894, and the next year he received the degree of Ph. D. from the same institution, and in 1906 the LL. D. degree from the University of Alabama. In 1891 he btrcanie connected with Tulane University as assist- ant professor of biology. In 1895 he became assistant instructor and associate in history in Johns Hopkins University; associate professor of American history, 1905-11, and professor of same from the latter year to the present time. He is the author of "White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia" i 1895) ; a **History of Slavery in Virginia" (1905); also of numerous articles, princi- pally on American history and slavery ; and was the writer of ''Southern Economic History" in "The South in the Building of a Nation." He married Josephine Jackson, of Baltimore. Fairfax, Henry, born at Alexandria, Vir- ginia, May 4, 1850, son of Col. John W. Fairfax and Mary Jane Rogers, his wife, is a descendant of Thomas Fairfax, who, iipon coming to America from his English home in 1667, settled in Calvert county, Maryland. This locality was the family- home until 1791, when the branch of which Henry Fairfax is a member came to Vir- ginia. Col. John W. Fairfax was in the Confederate States army for the four years of the Civil war, was a member of the staff of Gen. James Longstreet, served as inspec- PROMINENT PERSONS 339 Ur-general with the rank of colonel, and was present at the Appomattox surrender. His wife was a daughter of Col. Hamilton Rogers, who won his military title through militia service prior to the war between the slates. Col. F'airfax in 1852 became owner of the famous "Oak Hill" estate in Loudoun county, long the residence of James Monroe. Henry Fairfax attended a private school in Loudoun county, and while his father was absent in the army, worked on the home farm. He entered the Virginia Mili- tary Institute in 1867, and graduated in 1871. After leaving the Institute he was chainman with an engineering corps in Pennsylvania, after which he was em- ployed in the eastern states, the west, and the middle west. In 1879 he accepted railroad contracts in Tennessee, soon after- ward moving his headquarters to Roanoke, Virginia, and until 1887 was active in his profession in Virginia and West Virginia, executing contracts, among others, for the Norfolk & Western Railroad, the East Ten- nessee & Western North Carolina Railroad Company and other roads in the south and middle west. His first public service was as a member of the finance committee of the council of Roanoke City, Virginia. In 1890 he was elected to the Virginia state senate as the successor of Hon. Henry Heaton, who represented Fauquier and Loudoun counties. He served for eleven years as state senator. As chairman of the senate committee finance, he won much distinc- tion. Loudoun county chose him as its representative in the constitutional conven- tion of 1901-02, in which he was a mem- ber of the committee on taxation and finance. His colleagues on this committee, appreciating his superior talents, deferred greatly to his judgment, and at the time of the convention's adjournment he occupied the chairmanship of the committee. Mr. Fairfax was subsequently appointed to the state corporation commission, of which he was a member until his resignation in Octo- ber, 1905, and his retirement from public life. He conducts a stock farm at his estate, "Oak Hill," in Loudoun county. His stock is of the highest grade and bear a wide reputation. In his manners and bearing Mr. Fairfax displays unaffected courtliness and dignity. He married, June 4, 1896, Eugenia Baskerville Tennant, of Richmond, Virginia, and has issue. Zimmer, William Louis, born July 7, 1852, in Atlanta, Georgia, son of Rev. William T. Zimmer» of Swiss ancestry, and Julia Ellis Nimmo, his wife. Rev. William I. Zimmer prepared for the law, but later graduated from the Theological Seminary of Virginia, and was ordained a clergyman of the Prot- estant Episcopal church, became the first rector of St. Philip's parish (now the Cath- edral parish) of Atlanta, Georgia. His son, William Louis Zimmer, entered the Univer- sity School of Richmond and Episcopal High School near Alexandria, then took a course in engineering, but at the age of eighteen years took a bank clerkship in I'etersburg, Virginia. He became assistant cashier, held that position for several years, then resigned to engage in business as senior member of Zimmer & Company, which firm he organized in 1885 for the manufacture and exportation of tobacco, and in 1902 was incorporated with Mr. Zimmer as presi- dent. He was a director of the Petersburg Saving and Insurance Company, served as councilman, chairman of the board of police 340 VIRGINIA BIOGRAPHY commissioners, member of the school board, trustee of the Bishop^ Payne Divinity School, and trustee of the Southern Female College. He was a vestryman of Grace Church, Epis- copal, and for twenty years was treasurer of the parish, also representing his church in diocesan councils, and in 1901 was deput> to the general convention in San Francisco, rie served several terms ab director 01 the Young Men's Christian Association, of which he was one of the organizers. His other societies and clubs are the Virginia Historical Society, the National Geographic Society, and the Riverside Country Club. He married. November 4. 1874, Julia Nunmo Howland, ot Portsmouth, Virginia. Bowles, William Anderson, born in Louisa county, Virginia, February 26, 1850, son of Augustus Knight Bowles and Eliza- beth Blaydes Anderson, his wife. He had ancestors who earned distinction in the colo- nies — Maj. James Goodwin, who settled in York county, Virginia, in 1648, and was a member of the house of burgesses in 1658; John Ellis, who was at Varina, then the county seat of Henrico county, in 1683 J ^i^d John Ellis, third of this name, who was a vestryman of St. John's Church in Rich- mond, and who received a grant for five hundred acres of land from Gov. Alexander Spotswood. Mr. Bowles attended the schools of his native county, and was grad- uated from the University of Virginia in the class of 1873. He settled in the valley of Virginia, and there opened a Peabody graded school at New Hope, Augusta county, taught for five sessions, when he was elected principal of the high school at Staunton, which he filled until he became superintendent of the Staunton public schools two years later. After three years in this office he was offered the principal- ship of Leigh school in Richmond, and at the expiration of two sessions, the princi- palship of the Richmond high school. In 1896 the Virginia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind was reorganized, and he accepted the superintendency, which he is holding at the present time. He served as a member of the first state board of edu- cation under the Virginia constitution of 1902. Mr. Bowles married. May 13, 1884, Mrs. Martha Hope Jones, of Louisa county, Virginia. McGuire, Francis H.,born June 4, 1850, in Mecklenburg county, Virginia, son of the Rev. Francis McGuire and Mary Willing Harrison, his wife, through whom he was connected with the distinguished family of that name. He was educated in private schools, and at Randolph-Macon College. After leaving college he taught school sev- eral years, and entered the University of Virginia in 1871. In 1874 he began the practice of his profession in the city of Richmond, having for two terms taken the summer law course at the University of Virginia. Coming to Richmond without assistance, by his industry and good char- acter he soon established the reputation of being an upright and honorable lawyer. He was one of the charter members of the Rich- mond Bar Association, and president. He was one of the founders of the State Bar Association, and chairman of the executive committee. He was a student, not only of jurisprudence, but also of general literature. He married Miss Nolting, and left one daughter. He died October 30, 1894. PROMINENT PERSONS 341 Burks, Martin Parks, LL. D., bom at Liberty, now Bedford City, Bedford county, Virginia, January 23, 1851, son of Judge Edward Calohill Burks (q. v.). He com- menced his education in the district schools in the vicinity of his home, then matricu- lated at Washington College, from which he was graduated in the class of 1870 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. At that time Gen. Robert E. Lee was president of this institution, which is now known as Washington and Lee University. He stud- ied law at the University of Virgfinia, under the preceptorship of the well known legal instructor, John B. Minor; received the de- gree of Bachelor of Law in 1872, and on January i, 1873, he engaged in the active practice as his father's partner. From that time until 1900 he practiced at Liberty, in Bedford county. He has held the position of reporter of the court of appeals since 1895, and in 1900 he was called upon to become professor of law in Washington and Lee University, and has been the capable incum- bent of this office since that time. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Roanoke College, in appre- ciation of his reputation at the bar, and also in recognition of the value of a law book published by Mr. Burks in 1893, entitled "Property Rights of Married Women in Virginia." Mr. Burks married, December 31, 1874, Roberta Gamble Bell, and they have had two children. Dunnington, Francis Perry, born in Bal- timore, Maryland, March 3, 185 1, son of William Augustus Dunning^on and Sarah Brice Keener, his wife. He was educated in the private schools of Baltimore, and at sixteen years old entered the University of Virginia, being graduated therefrom in 1872 with the degree of Civil Engineer and Bachelor of Science, and in 1873 with th? degree of Mining Engineer. Immediately after his graduation he was elected adjunct professor in analytical and agricultural chemistry, a position which he filled with so much satisfaction that in 1884 he was elected full professor. In 1880 he was made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 1885 was secretary of one of the sections of that association. He is a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and of the British Chemical Society. He has contributed much towards the advance- ment of science, to which he has devoted his life, and is an occasional contributor to the "American Chemical Journal," and other magazines of science. He has pub- lished a series of "Notes of Work by Stu- dents of Practical Chemistry in the Labora- tory of the University of Virginia." In Au- gust, 1878, he married Marion Sterling Eeale, of Fredericksburg, Virginia. Cowardin, Charles O'Brien, born at Rich- mond, Virginia, October 23, 185 1, died July 5, 1900, son of James Andrew Cowardin and Anna Maria Purcell, his wife. The first of the name to come to Virginia was Abraham Cowardin, from Cheshire, England, who settled in 1671 in Kent county, Maryland. Another ancestor, Jeremiah Strother, had a son William, whose life was spent in Stafford county, Virginia. James Andrew Cowardin founded the "Richmond Dis- patch" and was well known in the field of journalism, and he served as a member of the Virginia house of delegates in 1853. He was the owner of a fine country home near 342 VIRGINIA BIOGRAPHY Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs, but sub- sequently purchased a farm on Grove road near Richmond, where he lived until the close of the war. Charles O'Brien Cowardin attended Weed's school in Richmond, and graduated in 1872 at Georgetown College, Washington, D. C, and a few years later received the degree of Master of Arts. He became a journalist under his father, and on the latter's death was made president of the Richmond Dispatch Company. He was a musician of much natural talent and acquired skill. For a long time he had charge of the choir of St. Peter's Cathedral in Richmond, was a leading spirit in the organization of the Mozart Association, and other musical corporations. He also acted in the capacity of director to a number oi amateur opera companies. While a student in college in 1873, he was senior captain of the Georgetown College Cadets ; and on ac- count of his knowledge of military matters, he served successively as chief of staff for Govs. Lee, OTerrall, McKinney and Tyler. When Adjutant-Gen. Nalle took charge of a Virginia regiment during the Spanish- American war. Gov. Tyler solicited Col. Cowardin to accept the temporary appoint- ment of acting adjutant-general of the state, which he retained until the return of Gen. Nalle. He was president and vice- president of the Westmoreland Club. Col. Cowardin married (first) Kate Spotswood Lvans, who died February 19, 1886, daugh- ter of Col. Thomas J. Evans. He married (second) Anna Moale, daughter of Henry and Margaretta Moale, of Baltimore, Mary- land. Beckwith, Charles Minnegerode, born in Prince George county, Virginia, June 3, 185 1, son of Thomas Beckwith and Agnes Ruffin, his wife. He graduated at the Uni- versity of Georgia in 1873, studied at the Berkeley Divinity School (S. T. D., 1903), and received the degree of D. D. from the University of the South. He was assistant professor of mathematics in the University of the South, 1874-76, and master of its grammar school, 1876-79. He was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church, and held charges in Atlanta, Georgia; Houston and Galveston, Texas. He was consecrated bishop of Alabama in 1902. He published 'The Trinity Course of Church Instruc- tion "The Teacher's Companion to the Trinity Course," besides numerous sermons and addresses. He married Mary Belle Cameron, of Galveston, Texas. Hamilton, Alexander, was born at Wil- liamsborough, Vance county, at that time Granville county. North Carolina, March 18, 1 85 1, a son of Robert Alston Hamilton, and his wife, Sarah Caroline Alexander ; and a grandson of Patrick Hamilton, born at Burnside, Lanarkshire, Scotland, who came to America about 1800 accompanied by sev- eral of his brothers. Patrick Hamilton was a prosperous country merchant and planter, and the owner of an extensive estate. He married Mary, daughter of George Basker- ville, of Mecklenburg, Virginia, a descend- ant of John Baskerville, who settled in Vir- ginia about 1670, and was clerk of York county. Moses Alexander was his earliest American ancestor in the maternal line. He was sheriff of Mecklenburg county, and a Tory during the revolution. Nathanie! Alexander, grandfather of Alexander Ham- ilton, was an officer in the United States navy, serving with Commander Perry about PROMINENT PERSONS 343 1812-14; later he was a planter, and served as a member of the Virgfinia senate. His brother, Mark Alexander, served as a mem- ber of congress from what is now the Fourth Virginia district from about 1815 to 1830, and was a member of the constitutionol con- vention of Virginia of 1829-30. Robert Al- ston Hamilton was a planter and country merchant in his earlier active career, and subsequently a merchant in Petersburg, Virginia. For some years between 1850 and i860 he was president of the Raleigh & (iaston Railroad Company. His education had been acquired at Hampden-Sidney Col- lege and the University of North Carolina. His son, Alexander Hamilton, spent his earlier years in Granville county. North Carolina, and then resided in Petersburg, Virginia. He became a cadet at the Vir- ginia Military Institute in i8(»8 and gradu- <»ted in the class of 1871. While discharg- ing the duties of assistant professor of Latin and tactics at the Virginia Military Institute in 1872-73, he studied law at Washington Hnd Lee University, under Judge John W. Brockenbrough and the Hon. John Ran- dolph Tucker, and graduated in June. 1873. He practiced law in Richmond, Virginia, one year, and then settled in Petersburg. He became president of a large bank in Petersburg, and counsel for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, and numer- ous other companies. He became president of the board of visitors of the Central Lunatic Asylum, now the Central State Hospital, and served three years. In 1901- 02 he served as a member of the Virginia constitutional convention from Petersburg. At one time he was president, of the Vir- :ginia State Bar Association. Painter, Franklin Verzelius Newton, born at North River Valley, Hampshire county, Virginia, April 12, 1852, son of Israel Painter and Juliana Wilson, his wife. He attended public schools of Preston county, West Virginia, then entering Roanoke College, at Salem, Virginia. He took the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1874 with the first honors, with the additional dis- tinction of being awarded the medal in metaphysics. From Roanoke College he went to the Lutheran Theological Seminary, also located at Salem, graduating in 1878, and then passed several months in Euro- pean travel and study. While he was a student at the Theological Seminary, Roa- noke College in 1877 conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts, and in 1895, when he was in the midst of his life work, Pennsylvania College honored him with a D. D. Ordained into the Lutheran minis- try in 1878, he was at the same time elected professor of literature and modern lan- guages in Roanoke College, and for twenty- eight years was a member of the faculty, resigning in 1906 to devote his energies un- reservedly to literature. His published works include: "A History of Education" (1886); *'Luther on Education" (1889-go); **History of Christian Worship" (1891), in collaboration with Professor J. W. Rich- ard; "Introduction to American Literature" < 1897) ; "History of English Literature" 1 1900) ; **Lyrical Vignettes" (1900); *The Reformation Dawn" (1901) ; *The Elemen- tary Guide to Literary Criticism" (1903); *' Poets of the South" (1904) ; "Great Peda- {^^igical Essays" (1905), and others of later date. Dr. Painter married, August 9, 1875, Laura I rimble Shickel, and has children. 344 VIRGINIA BIOGRAPHY Hobbs, Alexander Raleigh, born at Dis- putanta, Prince George county, Virginia, April 5, 1852, son of Raleigh W. Hobbs and Caroline Virginia Robinson, his wife, daughter of Creath Robinson, of Greensville county, Virginia. He attended the common schools, and took a course of study at the Virginia Agi*icultural and Mechanical Col- lege, at Blacksburg, Virginia. He was for twenty years a member of the board of supervisors of his county, from 1897 to 1898 a member of the house of delegates; was elected state senator in 1901, re-elected in 1903 and 1907. For four years he was cap- tain of the Prince George troop of cavalry; he is a member of the Masonic order. On December 16, 1875, he married Emma Ger- trude, daughter of Dr. George E. Rives, of Prince George county, Virginia. Fitzhugh, Thomas, born at "Longwood," Goochland county, Virginia, October 12, 1852, son of William Henry Fitzhugh, of Fredericksburg, Vriginia, and Mary Anne Harrison, his wife, the latter a member of the distinguished Harrison family. He went to school in Fredericksburg, and was there prepared for the classical department of the University of Virginia, from which he grad- uated in 1880 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and received that of Master of Arts in 1883. He was an instructor in Bingham's school at Hillsboro, North Carolina, in 1881- 82, and in 1883 was appointed professor of Latin in Central University, at Richmond. Kentucky. Shortly afterward he became first assistant at the Bellevue high school, Bedford county, Virginia, filling this posi- tion until 1889, when he accepted the chair of Latin in the University of Texas, which he filled ably until 1899. He was then elected professor of Latin at the University of Virginia to succeed Col. William E. Peters, and was granted three years leave of absence to prepare himself for this work. He studied abroad and traveled in Greece " and the Orient until September, 1902, when he returned to America and assumed the duties of his chair at the University of Vir- ginia. He is a member of the Modern Lan- guage Association of America; the Ameri- can Philological Association of the Archeo- logical Institute of America; the American Dialect Society; and the Classical Associa- tion of England and Wales. From the pea of Mr. Fitzhugh have come valuable con- tributions to philological and educational literature, and in addition to these treatises he published, in 1897, "The Philosophy of the Humanities," and in 1900, "Outlines of a* System of Classical Pedagogy." He mar- lied (first), June 23, 1892, Katharine Le~ fevre, who died at the University of Vir- ginia, February 7, 1901, a daughter of Rev. Dr. J. A. Lefevre, a distinguished divine of the Presbyterian church in America. He married (second) at The Hague, in Hol- land, August 24, 1905, Gertrude Gold- stuecker, of Berlin, Prussia. Gardener, Helen Hamilton, born nea^ Winchester, Virginia, January 2T, 1853,. daughter of Rev. Alfred Griffith Chenowitk and Katherine A. Peel, his wife; she was a descendant of Oliver Cromwell and Lord Baltimore. In her childhood she associated Largely with persons older than herself, and took up books usually beyond those of her ?ge. She was educated in the best schools,, and early developed a taste for biological and sociological studies. She first became known to the reading public through a ser- PROMINENT PERSONS 345 ies of monographs on "Vicarious Atone- ment," "Historical Facts and Theological Fictions," "By Divine Right," "Pulpit, Pew and Cradle," and "Rome or Reason." Her first book, "Men, Women and Gods," was published in 1885. From 1885 to 1890 many of her stories, essays and sketches appeared in the principal magazines. Her first volume of stories, "A Thoughtless Yes," was pub- lished in 1890, and was followed by "Pushed by Unseen Hands;" most of these writings were based upon some suggestion or theory of the law of heredity. Her first novel, "Is This Your Son, my Lord," (1891), was fol- lowed the next year by "Pray You, Sir, Whose Daughter?" Both dealing with the double standard of morals. In 1893 she brought out "Facts and Fictions of Life," a series of brilliant essays, including one on "Sex in Brain," which attracted wide at- tention. "An Unofficial Patriot" (1898), is an historical and sociological study of the Civil war, giving many facts which could only be derived from the secret war records in Washington City, and the story was dramatized under the title, '*Rev. Griffith Davenport." Many of Miss Gardener's writings have been translated and published in Berlin and Vienna, some have been translated into French, Russian and Japanese, and one into Icelandic ; while her scientific essays and stories based on heredity have been reproduced in medical journals in Europe as well as in the United States. She has also been a strong figure on the lecture platform, attacking social abuses with a vehemence strangely im- pounded of argument and sarcasm. She has visited twenty different countries in making historical, sociological and art stud- ies. She married Col. A. C. Smart, of New York. Pitt, Robert Healy, born in Middlesex county, Virginia, June 26, 1853, son of Dr. L)ouglass Pitt, eminent physician of Middle- sex; his wife, of French descent, traced to the Worthams and Montagues. The son entered Richmond College, graduated in several courses, but ill health prevented his taking the full degree. He was ordained a minister of the Baptist church, and entered upon pastoral work in Hanover county in 1877. About 1888 he purchased a half in- terest in the "Religious Herald," the official organ of the Baptist church of Virginia. He is at the head of the Baptist Education Com- mission. Mercer University, of Georgia, conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and in 1905 Richmond College conferred that of LL. D. He lectures and delivers many addresses. Myers, Barton, born in Norfolk, Vir- ginia, March 29, 1853, Moses Myers, of Norfolk, and Julia G. Barton, his wife, daughter of Richard Barton, of Winchester. After receiving his education in Norfolk and Fauquier county, he engaged in mercantile business in Norfolk. In 1877 he was ap- pointed by the British government as vice- consul at Norfolk, and the same year re- ceived similar . appointments under the Netherlands and Brazilian governments. He was a member of the city council of Nor- folk for four years, and was elected mayor in 1886. He is interested in various local corporations. He has in possession the pis- tols which were used in the Decatur-Barron duel. He married Kate Mackay, daughter of Dr. Robert F. Baldwin, of Winchester, Virginia. 346 VIRGINIA BIOGRAPHY Duke, Judge Richard T. W., born in Char- lottesville, Virginia, August 27, 1853, son of Col. Richard T. W. Duke (q. v.) and his wife, Elizabeth Scott Eskridge; a descend- ant of Dr. Thomas Walker (q. v.), of *'Castle Hill/* Albemarle county, Virginia, who was the guardian of Thomas Jefferson, and also a descendant of George Eskridge (q. v.), guardian of the mother of Wash- ington, who, in gratitude for the services rendered to her, named her son for him. He attended several private schools of his native town, and later went to the academy conducted by Maj. Horace Jones. He stud- ied at the University of Virginia from 1870 to 1874, and received the Magazine Medal in 1873. same year he began to study law in the law school of the univer- sity. In October, 1874, he began to prac- tice law in Albemarle. He became his fath- er's partner and did a large business. In 1886 he was elected judge of corporation court of Charlottesville, and afterwards was twice re-elected, after which he declined further service on the bench. Judge Duke is a man of versatile talents, has written beautiful verse, and has contributed many articles to leading magazines. His time is, however, greatly taken up with legal busi- ness and he does not have much leisure for literary work. He has been active in the interests of the Masonic fraternity in the United States, and is past grand master of the order in Virginia. His affiliation with other organizations is as deputy governor of the Society of Colonial Wars ; member of the Virginia Historical Society, of the Sons of the Revolution, and of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity of William and Mary College ; has been presiding officer of the grand chapter of the Zeta Psi fraternity of North America. He is also a member of the State Library Board. Judge Duke married, October i, 1884, Edith R. Slaughter, a daughter of John F. Slaughter, Esq. Gravatt, John James, was born in Port Royal, Caroline county, Virginia, May 14, 1853, son of John James Gravatt and Mary Eliza Gravatt, his wife. He graduated from William and Mary College with distinction, afterwards taking the degree of M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania, and prac- ticing at Port Royal. He is descended from Col. Miles Cary, of Warwick county, Vir- ginia; Col. Larkin Smith, of King and Queen county, Virginia; and Col. John Ambler, of Jamestown. He entered the preparatory department of the Virginia Iheological Seminary, then the seminary proper, graduated in 1876, was ordained minister by the bishop of Virginia, and accepted a call to St. John's Church, Hamp- ton, Virginia, where he spent seventeen years, also preaching for the veterans of the Soldiers'* home and the negroes and Indians of Hampton Normal Institute. In 1893 he went to the Bishop Moore Memorial Church hi Richmond, now known as Holy Trinity. Mr. Gravatt has also acted as chaplain of militia and of various benevolent orders. On April 29, 1879, he married Indie Wray Jones. Fricc, Thomas Randolph, born in Rich- mond, Virginia ; in 1856 became a student" in the University of Virginia, and two years later graduated with the degree of Master of Arts ; the following three years were spent in travel and study in Berlin, Kiel, Paris and Athens ; only the outbreak of the civil war prevented the completion of his studies and attainment of the doctor's de- PROMINENT PERSONS 347 gree ; he ran the blockade and arrived at his home in 1862; he at once volunteered for service, and was assigned to duty as lieu- tenant on Jeb Stuart's staff ; a little later he was transferred to the corps of engineers, and served as captain until the close of the war. In the fall of 1865 he opened in Rich- mond, in company with his old schoolmate, John M. Strother, a classical school for boys, and there taught until 1868, in which year he was called to a chair in Randolph-Macon College, where he spent eight years, which were not the least effective m his caner; he possessed the art of stimulating in his pupils a love of learning, of planting deep and strong the roots of a life-long devotion to scholarship, and within a few years his graduates, with college culture broadened and deepened by university studies in Ger- many, were filling chairs of English in southern and southwestern schools ; in 1S76 the opening of the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity called his old master, Gildersleeve, away to Baltimore, and Mr. Price was in- \ited to fill his chair and for the following six years he served his alma mater as pro- fessor of Greek; his lecture room was crowded with earnest students, warmed by the tire of his enthusiasm and stimulated by his eager passion for learning, and his renown as a teacher grew apace; the call to Columbia was the reward of his success, and to Mr. He blended deference with dignity and grace with strength, and he had uncommon sweetness of nature. There was no man whom it was so simple to love ;" he died at his home in New York City, May 7, 1903. Moore, Charles Lee, born October 22, 1862. at Orange Court House, Virginia, son of Charles Catlett Moore and Virginia Anne Boulware, his wife. He graduated at Po- tomac Academy, Alexandria City, Virginia ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1883, the corporation court of 348 VIRGINIA BIOGRAPHY the city of Alexandria, Virginia. He accept- ed, January 17, 1884, a position in the office of the auditor of public accounts of the com- monwealth of Virginia ; in a few years was appointed first clerk in that office, and was elected auditor of public accounts of the commonwealth of Virginia by the general assembly in January, 1912. He entered upon his duties as auditor, March i, 1912, for a term of four years from that date, and now holds the office. Wayiandy John Walter, born in Shenan- doah county, Virginia, December 8, 1872, son of John Wesley Wayland and Anna Kagay, his wife. He received elementary education at home and in the public schools ; taught several sessions in the public schools of Shenandoah county ; Bachelor of Arts of Bridgewater College, 1899; Doctor of Phi- losophy of University of Virginia, 1907; secretary of Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools of Virginia, 1909-1911; member of board of judges, American School Peace League, 1914-1915 ; president of History Branch, State Teachers' Associa- tion of Virginia, 1914-15. He has taught in Bridgewater College, Jefferson School for Boys, the University of Virginia, and else- where, and since 1909 has been professor of history and social science in the State Nor- mal School, Harrisonburg, Virginia; is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Sigma Rho, the Raven Society, etc. He has pub- lished: "Paul, The Herald of the Cross," 1901; "The Twelve Apostles," 1905; "The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia," 1907, (second edition in prepa- ration) ; "The Political Opinions of Thomas Jefferson," 1907; "Sidney Lanier at Rock- ingham Springs," 1912; "A History of Rock- ingham County, Virginia," 1912; "How to Teach American History," 1914. He has edit- ed and compiled: "History of Bridgewater College," 1905 ; "The Raven Book," 1905. He is the author of magazine articles, bulletins, etc. — "Samuel M. Janney" and "Joseph Sal- yards" (both in "Library of Southern Liter- ature," 1908- 1909) ; "Two Elements of a Lit- erary Atmosphere, and Virginia's Title to Them," 1901 ; "The Virginia Literary Mu- seum," 1902; "The Progress and Character of Democracy," 1908 ; "Poe's Student Days at the University of Virginia," 1909; "One of John Brown's Men," 1909 ; "The Poetical Tastes of Thomas Jefferson," 1910 ; "Joseph Funk, Father of Song in Northern Vir- ginia," 191 1 ; "Some Southern Poets," twelve papers, 1912; "Scientific Book-Marking," 1913; "Leisure for Farm Women," 1913; "Best Things from Best Communities," 1913; "The Shenandoah Valley in History and Literature," 1915. He wrote the very popular song, "Old Virginia," about 1909. Booth, Edward Gilliam, son of Edwin G. Booth, and Sally Tanner Jones, his wife, was born in Nottoway county, Virginia, February 27, 1791. He attended Wingfield Academy, Dinwiddie county, Virginia, and was prepared for college by David Comfort, a Princeton graduate; attended Hampden- Sidney College two years, and afterward spent part of a session at the University of Virginia. He then went to the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1861 gp-aduated Doc- tor of Medicine ; enlisted in the Confederate army, Nottoway cavalry, and was at the battle of Big Bethel; commissioned assist- ant surgeon in the Confederate navy and was one month on the gunboat Beaufort^ commanded by Lieutenant William Har- PROMINENT PERSONS 349 war Parker. Ordered to report to Admiral Buchanan at Mobile ; he was surgeon on the Selma, and participated in the battle of Mo- bile Bay, in which after a fierce fight, against great odds, the Confederate fleet was de- feated, and Dr. Booth, with Admiral Bu- chanan and other officers, taken prisoners. They were taken to Pensacola and treated very kindly. Dr. Booth was released on parole. He was exchanged and reported to Commodore Farrand, and not long after this the war came to a conclusion. After the war he paid a visit to Europe, and on his return resided at his old home, "Shenstone," in Nottoway county, removing about 1886 to "Carter's Grove," James City county. Dr. r^ooth's youngest brother, A. J. Booth, was killed at Mount Jackson, while a member of the Third Virginia Cavalry. Dr. Booth married, in 1870, Clara H. Thomson, of Jef- ferson county, West Virginia, whose brother, the young and gallant Major James AV. Thomson, of Stuart's Lighthorse Ar- tillery, was killed near Farmville, Virginia, the day before the surrender at Appomattox. Stanton, Richard Henry, born in Alex- andria, Virginia, September 9, 1812. He re- ceived an academic education, studied law, ^vas admitted to the bar, and practiced in Maysville, Kentucky. Elected to congress as a Democrat, he served from December 3, 1849, till March 3, 1855 J presidential elector on the Buchanan ticket in 1856; state attorney for his judicial district in 1858; a delegate to the national Democratic con- vention in 1868; and district judge in 1868 74. He edited the **Maysville Monitor" and the "Maysville Express," and published a ^'Code of Practice" in civil and criminal cases in Kentucky, "Practical Treatises for Justices of the Peace, etc., of Kentucky," and a "Practical Manual for Executors, etc., ill Kentucky." Lamb, James Christian, son of Lycurgus Anthony Lamb, of "Rural Shades," Charles City county, Virginia, and Anne Elizabeth Christian, daughter of Rev. James Hend- ricks Christian, was born at his father's resi- dence, November 18, 1853. He was educated at the county schools, and after an experi- ence in business, studied law at the Univer- sity of Virginia in 1876-77, and practiced in Richmond with great success. He was editor of the "Law Journal" and after the death of Judge Fitzhugh was elected judge of the chancery court of the city of Rich- mond. He was well read in English litera- ture and wrote beautiful verse and possessed all the character of an able and discriminat- ing judge. He died in office, cut off in the prime of his life. He was a younger brother of Hon. John Lamb (q. v.). Shackelford, George Scott, born at War- renton, Fauquier county, Virginia, Decem- ber 12, 1856, son of Benjamin Howard Shackelford, a lawyer at the Warrenton bar, and during the war between the states cap- tain of the "Warrenton Rifles." Among the early instructors of Mr. Shackelford were William R. Abbott, Chapman Maupin and Horace W. Jones. From his fifteenth to his nineteenth year he was employed in a bi^nk, and while thus engaged he pursued a course of extended reading. From 1876 to 1878 he was a student in the law school of the University of Virginia, conducted by John B. Minor. Fully prepared for profes- sional work, in 1881 he began the practice of law at Orange Court House, Virginia. An important part of his practice was his 350 VIRGINIA BIOGRAPHY legal representation of the Southern Rail- road Company, whose counsel he was for many years. Mr. Shackelford was in 1888 chosen a member of the house of delegates, succeeding himself as the Orange county representative, and in 1900 was elected to the state senate. Later he was elected Judge of the judicial circuit, comprising the coun- ties of Culpeper, Orange, Louisa and Gooch- land. He married, July i, 1885, Virginia Randolph, and has children. Wheat, Lewis, born in Rockingham coun- ty, Virginia, May 20, 1856, son of Rev. James C. Wheat, D. D., Protestant Epis- copal minister of Washington, D. C, and Elizabeth R. Lewis, his wife. He received excellent training from his father, a fine classical scholar and experienced teacher, and early became a teacher himself. For a time he was clerk in a bookstore, and he followed other pursuits. At the age of twen- ty-one he began medical studies under Dr. William P. McGuire, of Winchester, and in 1881 graduated in medicine at the Univer- sity of Virginia. He engaged in practice in Richmond, and took surgery as a special- ty- He was a member of the board of vis- itors of the Richmond Medical College, and surgeon of the First Virginia Cavalry Regi- ment. He married Ella W. Rutherford, of Richmond. Stoddcrt, William, born in 1824, son of Dr. Thomas Ewell, of Prince William county, Virginia, and Elizabeth Stoddert, his wife, daughter of Hon. Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland, and Rebecca Loundes, his wife. In early manhood he legally adopted his mother's name, Stoddert, instead of the pa- ternal name, Ewell. He graduated from Hampden-Sidney College, and the Union Theological Seminary of Virginia. He was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry, and became a most successful preacher, popular lecturer and teacher in Tennessee. He re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Divinity from William and Mary College in 1876. He was brother of Gen. Richard S. Ewell, of the Confederate army. Grinnan, Andrew Glassell, born at Fred- ericksburg, Virginia, August 14, 1827, son of Daniel Grinnan, Jr., and his second wife, Helen Buchan Gassell. He graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylva- nia in 1848; practiced his profession at Madison Court House, Virginia, until 1859, then removing to his estate "Brampton," near Rapidan Station, Madison county, Virginia. He married, at "Eagle's Point," Gloucester county, Virginia, June 2, 1859, Georgia Scriven, daughter of John Ran- dolph Bryan and Elizabeth Tucker (Coal- ter) Bryan, and a niece of John Randolph, of Roanoke. He was very fond of history and literature, and contributed many val- uable articles to the newspapers and maga- zines, being well informed regarding the antiquities of the state. He died May 9, 1902. His son, Daniel Grinnan, is judge of the chancery court of Richmond. Glassell, William Thornton, born at "Fleetwood," Culpeper county, Virginia, January 15, 183 1, son of Andrew Glassell and Susanna Thompson Thornton, his wife. In 1848 he entered the United States navy as a midshipman, was made passed midship- man, in 1858; master, September 15, 1855; and the next day promoted to lieutenant. As midshipman he was on the United States ship St, Lawrence when it was sent to the World's Fair at London, where he made the PROMINENT PERSONS 351 acquaintance of Lord Byron's widow, who entertained him at her home. As lieutenant, he was on duty with Commodore Stribling's fleet in the Chinese seas when the civil war broke out. When the fleet returned to Bos- ton, Lieutenant Glassell, with other officers who would not take the oath of allegiance to the United States, was imprisoned at Fort Warren for about eight months, and there exchanged, as a prisoner of war, on the James river, Virginia. He was commis- sioned lieutenant in the Confederate States navy, to date from August 5, 1862, the time of his arrest and imprisonment, and was ordered to the Chicora, at Charleston, South Carolina, as deck officer in command of the first division. He fired the first shot, Janu- ary 30, 1863, at the Keystone State, in the attack on the United States fleet, which killed twenty-one men and wounded fifteen, and obliged Captain Le Roy to haul down his colors, but which he subsequently re- hoisted, and sailed away. At Wilmington, North Carolina, Lieutenant Glassell equip- ped the ironclad North Carolina. He was then sent to Charleston, South Carolina, to aid in the defense of that city, and to that end he devised and constructed the torpedo boat Dazndy and on October 5, 1863, person- ally exploded his torpedo under the finest ship of the United States navy. New Iron- sides, injuring her so greatly that for a time she was useless. Lieutenant Glassell's David was so badly damaged that her crew abandoned her, and he himself was picked up out of the water by the enemy and con- fined successively in Forts Warren and Lafayette. After twelve months' imprison- ment, he was exchanged, late in 1864. He was commissioned commander in the Con- federate States navy, to date from his ex- ploit against the New Ironsides. He was sent to the James river, and given command of the ironclad Fredericksburg, which he blew up at the time Richmond was evacuated, to keep her from falling into the hands of the enemy. He subsequently served with the artillery under Gen. Johnston, and surren- dered with him and his army.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17212022
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CC0
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七条城
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None
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Multilingual
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七条城
日本の城
七条城 分類 日本の城
七条城 国 日本
七条城 グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/1q54w6zdq
château de Seven Article
château de Seven Article nature de l’élément château japonais
château de Seven Article pays Japon
château de Seven Article identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/1q54w6zdq
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MIT
| 2,019 |
darkroom
|
imjuanleonard
|
Go
|
Code
| 568 | 1,693 |
package service
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"math"
"net/http"
"strconv"
"strings"
"time"
"github.com/gojek/darkroom/pkg/metrics"
"github.com/gojek/darkroom/pkg/processor"
"github.com/gojek/darkroom/pkg/processor/native"
)
const (
width = "w"
height = "h"
fit = "fit"
crop = "crop"
mono = "mono"
blackHexCode = "000000"
flip = "flip"
rotate = "rot"
auto = "auto"
blur = "blur"
compress = "compress"
format = "format"
cropDurationKey = "cropDuration"
decodeDurationKey = "decodeDuration"
encodeDurationKey = "encodeDuration"
grayScaleDurationKey = "grayScaleDuration"
blurDurationKey = "blurDuration"
resizeDurationKey = "resizeDuration"
flipDurationKey = "flipDuration"
rotateDurationKey = "rotateDuration"
fixOrientationKey = "fixOrientation"
)
// Manipulator interface sets the contract on the implementation for common processing support in darkroom
type Manipulator interface {
// Process takes ProcessSpec as an argument and returns []byte, error
Process(spec processSpec) ([]byte, error)
}
type manipulator struct {
processor processor.Processor
}
// Process takes ProcessSpec as an argument and returns []byte, error
// This manipulator uses bild to do the actual image manipulations
func (m *manipulator) Process(spec processSpec) ([]byte, error) {
params := spec.Params
var err error
t := time.Now()
data, f, err := m.processor.Decode(spec.ImageData)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
trackDuration(decodeDurationKey, t, spec)
if params[fit] == crop {
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.Crop(data, CleanInt(params[width]), CleanInt(params[height]), GetCropPoint(params[crop]))
trackDuration(cropDurationKey, t, spec)
} else if len(params[fit]) == 0 && (CleanInt(params[width]) != 0 || CleanInt(params[height]) != 0) {
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.Resize(data, CleanInt(params[width]), CleanInt(params[height]))
trackDuration(resizeDurationKey, t, spec)
}
if params[mono] == blackHexCode {
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.GrayScale(data)
trackDuration(grayScaleDurationKey, t, spec)
}
if radius := CleanFloat(params[blur], 1000); radius > 0 {
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.Blur(data, radius)
trackDuration(blurDurationKey, t, spec)
}
autos := strings.Split(params[auto], ",")
for _, a := range autos {
if a == compress {
orientation, _ := native.GetOrientation(bytes.NewReader(spec.ImageData))
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.FixOrientation(data, orientation)
trackDuration(fixOrientationKey, t, spec)
} else if a == format {
w := spec.IsWebPSupported()
if w {
f = processor.ExtensionWebP
} else if f == processor.ExtensionWebP {
f = processor.ExtensionPNG
}
}
}
if len(params[flip]) != 0 {
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.Flip(data, params[flip])
trackDuration(flipDurationKey, t, spec)
}
if angle := CleanFloat(params[rotate], 360); angle > 0 {
t = time.Now()
data = m.processor.Rotate(data, angle)
trackDuration(rotateDurationKey, t, spec)
}
t = time.Now()
src, err := m.processor.Encode(data, f)
if err == nil {
trackDuration(encodeDurationKey, t, spec)
}
return src, err
}
// CleanInt takes a string and return an int not greater than 9999
func CleanInt(input string) int {
val, _ := strconv.Atoi(input)
if val <= 0 {
return 0
}
return val % 10000 // Never return value greater than 9999
}
// CleanFloat takes a string and return a float64 not greater than bound
func CleanFloat(input string, bound float64) float64 {
val, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(input, 64)
if val <= 0 {
return 0
}
return math.Mod(val, bound) // Never return value greater than bound
}
// GetCropPoint takes a string and returns the type CropPoint
func GetCropPoint(input string) processor.CropPoint {
switch input {
case "top":
return processor.CropTop
case "top,left":
return processor.CropTopLeft
case "top,right":
return processor.CropTopRight
case "left":
return processor.CropLeft
case "right":
return processor.CropRight
case "bottom":
return processor.CropBottom
case "bottom,left":
return processor.CropBottomLeft
case "bottom,right":
return processor.CropBottomRight
default:
return processor.CropCenter
}
}
func trackDuration(name string, start time.Time, spec processSpec) *metrics.UpdateOption {
ext := strings.Split(http.DetectContentType(spec.ImageData), "/")[1]
updateOption := metrics.UpdateOption{
Name: fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.%s", name, metrics.GetImageSizeCluster(spec.ImageData), ext),
Type: metrics.Duration,
Duration: time.Since(start),
Scope: spec.Scope,
}
metrics.Update(updateOption)
return &updateOption
}
// NewManipulator takes in a Processor interface and returns a new Manipulator
func NewManipulator(processor processor.Processor) Manipulator {
return &manipulator{processor: processor}
}
| 27,625 |
5969404_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 137 | 183 |
Proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78 (transferred to this Court by order of the Supreme Court, entered in Albany County) to review a determination of respondent which denied petitioner’s application for accidental disability retirement benefits.
Respondent ruled that petitioner did not sufficiently establish that he is permanently incapacitated from the performance of his duties as a custodian because of an accident sustained in the employment upon which his membership is based. Upon our review of the record, we conclude that there is substantial evidence to support that determination. Respondent also rationally concluded that there was insufficient evidence to establish that an accident sustained by petitioner aggravated a preexisting condition to the point where it became disabling.
Weiss, P. J., Mercure, White, Mahoney and Casey, JJ., concur. Adjudged that the determination is confirmed, without costs, and petition dismissed.
| 46,472 |
https://openalex.org/W4236889464
|
OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
| 2,021 |
Comment on hess-2021-47
| null |
English
|
Spoken
| 7,997 | 13,699 |
Correspondence: Salvatore Manfreda ([email protected]) Received: 25 January 2021 – Discussion started: 22 February 2021
Revised: 7 June 2021 – Accepted: 8 June 2021 – Published: 30 July 2021 Received: 25 January 2021 – Discussion started: 22 February 2021
Revised: 7 June 2021 – Accepted: 8 June 2021 – Published: 30 July 2021 Abstract. Detention dams are one of the most effective prac-
tices for flood mitigation. Therefore, the impact of these
structures on the basin hydrological response is critical for
flood management and the design of flood control structures. With the aim of providing a mathematical framework to in-
terpret the effect of flow control systems on river basin dy-
namics, the functional relationship between inflows and out-
flows is investigated and derived in a closed form. This al-
lowed the definition of a theoretically derived probability dis-
tribution of the peak outflows from in-line detention basins. The model has been derived assuming a rectangular hydro-
graph shape with a fixed duration and a random flood peak. In the present study, the undisturbed flood peaks are assumed
to be Gumbel distributed, but the proposed mathematical for-
mulation can be extended to any other flood-peak probability
distribution. A sensitivity analysis of parameters highlighted
the influence of detention basin capacity and rainfall event
duration on flood mitigation on the probability distribution
of the peak outflows. The mathematical framework has been
tested using for comparison a Monte Carlo simulation where
most of the simplified assumptions used to describe the dam
behaviours are removed. This allowed demonstrating that the
proposed formulation is reliable for small river basins char-
acterized by an impulsive response. The new approach for
the quantification of flood peaks in river basins characterized
by the presence of artificial detention basins can be used to
improve existing flood mitigation practices and support the
design of flood control systems and flood risk analyses. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods
Salvatore Manfreda1, Domenico Miglino1, and Cinzia Albertini1,2
1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
2Dipartimento di Scienze Agro Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods
Salvatore Manfreda1, Domenico Miglino1, and Cinzia Albertini1,2
1Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
2Dipartimento di Scienze Agro Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods 4232 cob et al., 2019; Seibert et al., 2014). The proper design of a
detention basin is an extremely complex task given the large
number of factors that are involved in the decision process:
technical engineering features of the structure, site selection
and environmental characteristics. For this reason, Bellu et
al. (2016) proposed an innovative method to optimize the di-
mensioning and site selection of a flood mitigation system. The method follows three steps that include a preliminary
sizing, a site location and optimization according to environ-
mental objectives. Nevertheless, the sizing of the detention
volume is based, in most of the cases, on a given design flood
event neglecting the random nature of the phenomena and the
impact of the structure on a large spectrum of events. conditions. When water levels rise above the spillway, the
dam restricts the amount flowing through the opening, de-
creasing peak flow. Since detention dams minimally affect
rivers’ natural flows, under normal conditions negative en-
vironmental and socioeconomic impacts, such as sediment
accumulation, restriction of water flow to downstream com-
munities and ecosystems, and breaching during very extreme
flood events, can be minimized or avoided altogether. The schematization of the detention dam has been simpli-
fied with the aim to obtain a mathematical description of the
outflows associated with a given hydrograph. In particular,
we assumed that the dam body has two openings: a low-level
opening at the basement and a crest spillway. The former is
assumed to let pass the flow below a given control value,
while the latter starts functioning only when the volume of
the dam is completely filled up to the crest level. Thereafter,
the water starts to flow from both the openings, and the con-
trol is mainly exerted by the basin volume above the emer-
gency spillway (crest level). This scheme can be described
in closed form that may help the construction of a derived
probability distribution of the outflow from a detention dam. The flood attenuation caused by the presence of artificial
reservoirs is influenced by hydrologic and hydraulic factors,
such as flood wave shape and duration, as well as by the
storage capacity and geometric parameters of the detention
basin. Therefore, it is crucial to build a mathematical scheme
able to interpret the functional relationships, even in a sim-
plified form, among the mentioned variables. 2.1
The hydraulic characteristics of the problem Let us first introduce the key equations controlling the dy-
namics of a system like the one under study. The first equa-
tion to introduce is represented by the stage-storage capacity
curve which is able to describe the morphology of the gorge
closed by a specific dam. The function is generally repre-
sented by a power law: W(h) = w1hn,
(1) (1) W(h) = w1hn, where W(h) [m3] is the water storage of detention basin, w1
[m3−n] is the parameter of the stage-storage capacity curve,
h [m] is the water level in the reservoir and n [–] is the expo-
nent influenced by the shape of the control volume. The ex-
ponent ranges between 1 and 4.5, where 1 is associated with a
prismatic geometry with vertical surrounding walls and 4.5 is
associated with a more complex morphology closed by more
gentle lateral slopes. This paper is organized as follows: in Sect. 2, the con-
ceptual scheme of the detention basin adopted to derive the
mathematical formulation of outflows is described. Further-
more, the hydraulic concepts and assumptions to analytically
compute the derived probability distribution of the peak out-
flows are introduced; in Sect. 3, the proposed methodology is
tested under different reservoir configurations and compared
with the results of the numerical simulations, and a brief de-
scription of the numerical model is also provided; in Sect. 4
main findings and results are discussed. The streamflow of the river system reaching the reservoir
is altered by it based on the hydraulic characteristics of the
dam. The outflow will be controlled by the amount of water
accumulated in the system according to the continuity equa-
tion: dW(t)
dt
= Qin(t) −Qout(t),
(2) (2) S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods With this aim, the present article introduces a theoretically
derived probability distribution (TDD) of detention basin
outflows, which is obtained assuming the incoming flood
peaks randomly distributed and characterized by rectangu-
lar hydrographs of fixed duration (see e.g. Manfreda et al.,
2018). In the present case, flood distribution is assumed to
be Gumbel for the sake of simplicity, but the proposed ap-
proach can be applied to any flood-peak probability distribu-
tion. Performances of the proposed method are investigated
under different configurations and are tested with a numerical
simulation of flood mitigation. This method can be applied
to improve existing flood mitigation approaches and support
the design of flood control systems, flood risk and damage
analyses. 1
Introduction Abstract. Detention dams are one of the most effective prac-
tices for flood mitigation. Therefore, the impact of these
structures on the basin hydrological response is critical for
flood management and the design of flood control structures. During the last decades, the growing number of hydrologi-
cal extremes have raised economic losses and risk percep-
tion at the global scale (Peduzzi, 2005; Di Baldassarre et al.,
2010; Winsemius et al., 2016). The impact of natural dis-
asters has been quantified in a recent study by Wallemacq
and Below (2015), which is based on the Emergency Events
Database (EM-DAT). According to EM-DAT, flooding im-
pacted on nearly 2.5 billion people in the period 1994–
2013. A more recent study by Munich Re (NatCatSERVICE,
Munich Reinsurance Company (MunichRe), 2020) reported
3798 flash flood events that produced economic losses of
about USD 592 billion and killed around 100 000 people
worldwide during the last two decades (2000–2018). In this context, climate change and anthropic activities are
probably accelerating the number of extremes (Fischer and
Knutti, 2016; Papalexiou and Montanari, 2019). In fact, these
two factors are significantly modifying river basin hydrology
(Di Baldassarre et al., 2017), which now requires renewed
methods and techniques. Therefore, the need to find appro-
priate measures for flood hazard prevention and mitigation is
becoming more and more pressing. Flood risk management is a complex challenge for hydrol-
ogists that need to identify dynamic solutions for flood miti-
gation. Plate (2002) underlined the need to update flood mit-
igation plans according to the changing conditions (e.g. cli-
mate, populations, land use). Hence, the design of flood miti-
gation systems requires rapid methodologies to evaluate sce-
narios and intervention measures and obtain effective flood
risk management strategies (Franzi et al., 2016). One of the most effective actions for the attenuation of
peak discharges is represented by a detention basin system
or coordinated reservoir operations (e.g. UDFCD, 2016; Ja- Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2
The conceptual scheme The
outflow can be described as follows: Qout =
0,
0 < h ≤lf
µsb√2g(h −lf)
3
2 ,lf < h ≤hf
µfA√2g(h −hf)
1
2 ,hf < h ≤hs
µfA√2g(h −hf)
1
2 + µsL√2g(h −hs)
3
2 ,h > hs,
(3) (3) Figure 2. Example of flood mitigation induced by the presence of
a detention basin obtained via numerical simulation. Other parame-
ters are b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.9; hf = lf+d/2; hs =4; µf = 0.85;
µs = 0.385; L = 3 m, Wmax = 15000 m3. where µf [–] is the coefficient of discharge of the low-level
opening at the basement (suggested values may range be-
tween 0.6 (assuming a thin sharp edge) and 0.8 (assuming a
wall with thickness 2 times larger than the opening height)),
A [m2] is the area of the low-level opening (i.e. the product
of the opening width, b [m], and the minimum dimension be-
tween the top of the flow surface at the opening exit and the
bottom of the opening), µs [–] is the coefficient of discharge
of the spillway crest (suggested values range around 0.3–0.4
based on the geometry of the weir), lf [L] is the height of
the low-level opening at the basement, L [m] is the effected
crest length, hf [m] is the height of the barycentre of the low-
level opening, hs [m] is the height of the spillway crest, and
g [m/s2] is the acceleration due to gravity. For the scope of the present study, the outflow has been
simplified through the following set of equations: Qout =
Qin,0 < h ≤hf
Qc,hf < h ≤hs
µfA√2g(h −hf)
1
2 + µsL√2g(h −hs)
3
2 ,h > hs,
(4) (4) where Qc is the control value of discharge that is computed
using the discharge equation of the submerged opening and
assuming h = hs. The above expression includes the three main configura-
tions that may occur in the proposed scheme with the in-
crease of the water level stage in the reservoir. A detailed
description of the scheme proposed along with graphical in-
dication of the parameters meaning is given in Fig. 1. 2
The conceptual scheme In-line detention dams (also known as flow-through dams)
are constructed solely with the purpose of flood control and
mitigation of flood risks in downstream communities and
ecosystems. Unlike reservoir dams, which are primarily built
for water storage or power generation, the spillway (open-
ing) is located at the same height as the riverbed level, al-
lowing the river to continue its natural flow under normal where Qin(t) is the incoming flux and Qout(t) is the outflow
from the reservoir. where Qin(t) is the incoming flux and Qout(t) is the outflow
from the reservoir. The outflow can be computed using the traditional for-
mulation of hydraulics based on the variation of the wa-
ter level, h, in the reservoir, which can be derived from the
stage-storage capacity curve (Eq. 1) and continuity equation
(Eq. 2). In particular, we can assume that the outflow for a Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods 4233 Figure 1. Sketch of a detention basin section with a basin capacity Wmax, composed of a low-level opening, with an area equal to the product
between b and d, and a crest spillway of length L and height hs. basin section with a basin capacity Wmax, composed of a low-level opening, with an area equal to the product
illway of length L and height hs. Figure 1. Sketch of a detention basin section with a basin capacity Wmax, composed of a low-level opening, with an area equal to the product
between b and d, and a crest spillway of length L and height hs. Figure 2. Example of flood mitigation induced by the presence of
a detention basin obtained via numerical simulation. Other parame-
ters are b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.9; hf = lf+d/2; hs =4; µf = 0.85;
µs = 0.385; L = 3 m, Wmax = 15000 m3. simple scheme with two openings (the low-level opening and
the emergency spillway) and the characteristics described in
Fig. 1 may vary according to four different discharge laws ex-
pressed as a function of the reservoir water level stage. Estimation of the event duration (11) (11) keq =
w2
µsL√2g ,
(7) Given the above assumption, the term tp will be named equiv-
alent event duration from now on. Given the above assumption, the term tp will be named equiv-
alent event duration from now on. (7) (7) Estimation of the event duration The assumption of a rectangular hydrograph may produce
a significant overestimation of the flood volume. Therefore,
the parameter tp should be defined accounting for the real
volume associated with a realistic flood hydrograph. In this
context, we can rely on the flow duration frequency reduction
curve (FDF) proposed by the NERC (Natural Environment
Research Council, 1975), which describes the maximum av-
erage discharge q(D) as a function of the event duration D: The above equation should be modified, in the present
case, considering that the flood event should fill the dam wa-
ter storage capacity (or detention basin) before reaching the
crest spillway. Therefore, the crest spillway will be activated
only after a time: tfilling =
Wmax
(Qmax −Qc), tfilling =
Wmax
(Qmax −Qc), q(D) = Qmaxe−D
ω ,
(9) (9) where Wmax is the volume of water accumulated in the dam
at the crest level hs. where ω represents the characterizing basin time response
that is frequently associated with the lag time of the river
basin. When the volume below the spillway crest is totally filled,
the crest spillway starts functioning for discharge values
above the control discharge that is released at the bottom. Therefore, the peak outflow, Qp,out, assumes the following
form: Adopting the above formulation, Fiorentino (1985) sug-
gested a simple form of synthetic hydrograph redistributing
the volume symmetrically with respect to the time of the
peak. This leads to the following form of hydrograph: Qp,out = Qc + (Qmax −Qc)
1 −Exp
−
tp −
Wmax
(Qmax −Qc)
/keq
,
(6) q (t) = Qmaxe−2 |t|
ω . (10) (10) (6) Based on the above formulation, it is possible to impose that
the duration tp of the equivalent rectangular event has the
same volume of the synthetic hydrograph of Eq. (10) in the
temporal window of ω around the peak flow. This led to the
following equivalence: where keq [s] is the equivalent delay constant of the concep-
tual reservoir associated with the outflow. This parameter can
be derived exploiting the characteristics of the spillway and
the stage-storage capacity curve. In particular, according to
the linearity concept, the two functions should have the same
exponent. Under such a hypothesis, the parameter keq can be
estimated as tp = (e −1)
e
ω ∼= 0.632ω. S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods where tp [s] is the event duration, and k [s] is the delay con-
stant of the conceptual linear reservoir. 2
The conceptual scheme In par-
ticular, the opening at the bottom does not exert a significant
control on the incoming flow as long as the water level does
not generate a submergence of the opening (i.e. as long as
h ≤hs). The water flow starts to be limited when the water
stage reaches the value hf, after which the opening is sub-
merged. This allows filling the storage volume of the reser-
voir up to the level of the crest spillway. After this stage, the
reservoir tends to operate a mitigation that is influenced by
the water storage capacity of the reservoir above the crest
level and the hydraulic characteristics of the spillway. An ex-
ample of flood mitigation obtained via numerical simulation
is given in Fig. 2, which provides a comparison between a
synthetic hydrograph and the outflow from a detention dam. Assuming a rectangular hydrograph of the incoming flow,
it is possible to derive the peak flow associated with an in-
coming flood peak. Following the simplifying assumption
given in Eq. (4), the outflow is not affected by the presence
of the dam for lower streamflow values, while it is modified
when the inflow exceeds the control discharge. In particular,
the outflow remains almost constant as long as the reservoir
is filled and, thereafter, it is controlled by the crest spillway. In this last configuration, it is possible to use the linear reser-
voir concept for the water volume accumulated above the el-
evation of the crest spillway. In order to estimate the peak flow associated with a spe-
cific rectangular hydrograph of constant discharge equal to
Qmax, we should recall the expression of the peak flow gen-
erated by a simple linear reservoir, which can be described as
follows: Qlam = Qmax(1 −e−tp/k),
(5) (5) (5) Qlam = Qmax(1 −e−tp/k), https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 4234 3.1
Examples of application of the TDD of the
detention basin outflows under different
configurations Qmax = g−1 Qp,out
=
Wmax
2Qctp + Wmax
−keqQc
Qctp + Wmax
e
Wmaxtp
keq(Qctp+Wmax) + keq
Qctp + Wmax
Qp,oute
tp
k
keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
tp
k +
tpWmax −keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
Wmaxtp
keq(Qctp+Wmax)
. (12) Qmax = g−1 Qp,out
In order to explore the behaviour of the proposed for-
mulation, we investigated the effects of different types of
parametrization on the derived distribution starting from a
single distribution of floods. In Fig. 3, the influence of the
storage capacity and hydrograph duration on the outflow of
the reservoir is shown. We depicted the probability density
functions (PDFs) associated with increasing storage capac-
ity obtained by raising the crest level from 2 m up to 8 m
(moving top–down in the figure) and considering two distinct
equivalent event durations of 30 min and 1 h. As expected,
hydrographs with longer duration tend to saturate sooner the
water storage capacity of the reservoir, reducing also the lam-
ination effects. On the other hand, the increase in water stor-
age capacity leads to a proportional growth of flood peak
mitigation. These graphs describe the behaviour of a reser-
voir providing an output consistent with the dynamics of the
process. (12) This expression can be used to analytically compute the de-
rived probability distribution of the peak outflow from a de-
tention dam characterized by a storage capacity Wmax, an
equivalent delay constant keq, invested by flood hydrograph
of equivalent event duration tp. With this aim, any probability
distribution of the flood peaks can be used given the mono-
tonic nature of the above expression. The expression of the
TDD will be (see Benjamin and Cornell, 2014) fy(y) =
dg−1(y)
dy
fx(g−1(y)),
(13) (13) where the derivative of g−1 Qp,out
assumes the following
form: In Fig. 4, we modified the coefficient of the stage-storage
capacity curve, w1, using the values of 5000 and 10 000
and explored equivalent event durations ranging from half
an hour to 2 h. Graphs display how the PDFs of outflows are
altered by the presence of a dam with these characteristics. In the present example, the impact of the lower opening can
be better appreciated with a mass probability around Qc that
is equal to 52 m3/s. 3.1
Examples of application of the TDD of the
detention basin outflows under different
configurations It must be clarified that the cross-section
of the opening has been increased in this second example on
purpose to emphasize its impact on the proposed mathemat-
ical scheme. dg−1 Qp,out
dQp,out
=
keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
tp
keq
keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
tp
keq +
tpWmax −keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
Wmaxtp
keq(Qctp+Wmax)
. (14) dg−1 Qp,out
dQp,out
= keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
tp
keq
keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
tp
keq +
tpWmax −keq
Qctp + Wmax
e
Wmaxtp
keq(Qctp+Wmax)
. (14) (14) In order to describe the probability distribution of the out-
flows, we should divide it according to the three potential
configurations of the detention dams: (1) undisturbed flow,
(2) accumulation of water in the reservoir, and (3) activation
of the crest spillway. Based on these assumptions, the proba-
bility distribution of the outflow is subdivided into three com-
ponents and modelled by the following set of equations: 2.2
Functional relationship between the incoming
discharge and the outflow where w2 is the coefficient of the rescaled stage-storage ca-
pacity curve above the crest level. Such a parameter should
be computed in order to get the best approximation of the
function describing the volumes above the mentioned level,
hs imposing a coefficient n equal to 1.5 for the rescaled stage-
storage capacity curve (referred to the stage-storage capacity
curve above the crest level). With this aim, the parameter can
be computed by comparing the two functions and imposing
that they are equal in a point hm which is representative of the
range of variability of the water level above the crest level. The possibility to identify the analytical relationship between
two processes where one represents the stochastic forcing
allows determining the derived probability distribution of
the variable. This approach has been used several times for
flood maxima (Eagleson, 1972; De Michele and Salvadori,
2002; Gioia et al., 2008), soil moisture (Rodríguez-Iturbe
and Porporato, 2007; Manfreda and Fiorentino, 2008), and
scour process (Manfreda et al., 2018). In the present case, the
methodology has been applied to the laminated flood peak. w2 = W1(hs + hm)n −W1hn
s
h1.5
m
. (8) (8) With this aim, it is critical to identify the inverse func-
tion describing the laminated flood peaks as a function of the
maximum floods reaching the detention dam. Equation (6)
cannot be inverted in a closed form. Therefore, the function
has been approximated using a Taylor expansion of the first
order about the point 2Qc + Wmax
tp , where Qc + Wmax
tp
repre-
sents the incoming discharge that leads to overspilling. This
approximation allows defining a closed form of the inverse
function, which represents a good approximation for theoret-
ical derivation. Within the present article, we assumed the parameter hm was
set equal to hs. These assumptions allowed deriving a functional relation-
ship between the reservoir inflow and outflow, which can be
used to invert the function with respect to the incoming flow
and associate a probability with each flow discharged value
by exploiting the theory of derived distributions (Benjamin
and Cornell, 2014). https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 4235 3
Applications Given the above approximations, it is possible to derive the
inverse function of the peak discharge function of the peak
outflow. This equation can be obtained mathematically by in-
verting Eq. (6) and exploiting the parametrization introduced
above. The inverse function assumes the following form: 3.2
Testing the reliability of the proposed method In the current work, a numerical simulation of flood mit-
igation through a detention basin with the characteristics
reported in Fig. 1 was carried out using the same forcing
adopted for the proposed TDD. Therefore, we adopted the
Gumbel distribution as the reference distribution to generate
random values of discharge and numerically simulate the dy-
namics of the detention dam and its peak outflows. It must
be clarified that any probability distribution of floods (e.g. generalized extreme value, three-parameter log-normal, gen-
eralized logistic and Gumbel distributions) can be applied. An example of the numerical simulation is given in Fig. 2
with the consequent attenuation of the hydrograph due to the
detention dam. p(Qp,out) =
pQmax
Qp,out
,
Qp,out < Qc
Wmax
tp
+Qc
R
Qc
pQmax
Qp,out
dq,
Qp,out = Qc
dg−1(Qp,out)
dQp,out
fQp,out(g−1(Qp,out)),Qp,out > Qc. (15) (15) Equation (15) describes the general form of the probabil-
ity distribution of the outflow from a detention dam, where
the first component coincides with the distribution of the in-
coming flow as long as it is below the control discharge of
the lower opening (Qp,out < Qc). Assuming that the lower
opening is able to control the outflow around Qc after sub-
mergence, there is a mass probability in Qc depending on
the storage volume of the reservoir (Qp,out = Qc). After
these two phases, the outflow is affected by the lamination
due to the water volume accumulation above the crest level
(Qp,out > Qc). The numerical simulation was carried out with the main
scope of testing the theoretically derived probability distri-
bution of laminated peak flows and also quantifying the im-
pact of the approximations adopted to obtain a closed form
of the solution. Therefore, the comparison of the theoretically S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of flood S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods 4236 4236
S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods
Figure 3. Derived probability density functions of the peak outflow obtained by modifying the height of the spillway crest (hs) and the
equivalent event duration tp. Graphs on the left (a, c, e) are associated with a duration of half an hour and those on the right (b, d, f) to a
duration of 1 h, while elevation of the crest changes between 2 (a, b), 4 (c, d) and 8 m (e, f). Other parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s;
b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.5; hf = lf + d/2 = 0.5 m; hs = 2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 5 m. Figure 3. Derived probability density functions of the peak outflow obtained by modifying the height of the spillway crest (hs) and the
equivalent event duration tp. Graphs on the left (a, c, e) are associated with a duration of half an hour and those on the right (b, d, f) to a
duration of 1 h, while elevation of the crest changes between 2 (a, b), 4 (c, d) and 8 m (e, f). Other parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s;
b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.5; hf = lf + d/2 = 0.5 m; hs = 2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 5 m. Figure 4. Derived probability density functions of the outflow associated with different equivalent event durations, tp, using two different
coefficients of the stage-storage capacity curve, w1, which was set equal to 5000 in (a), (c), and (e), while it assumes values of 10 000 m3 in
(b), (d), and (f). Event duration changes between 0.5 (a, b), 1 (c, d), and 2 h (e, f). Other parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s; b = 4 m;
d = 2 m; n = 1.5; hf = lf + d/2; hs = 4; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 6 m. Figure 4. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods
4237
Figure 5. Comparison between derived probability density functions of the outflow (continuous black line for the inflow and dashed black line
for the outflow) and the empirical PDFs obtained via numerical hydraulic simulation (red dots for inflow and blue dots for outflow). Graphs
provide the following parameterizations: (a) w1 = 2000; hs = 4 m; (b) w1 = 1500; hs = 9 m; (c) w1 = 5000; hs = 4 m; (d) w1 = 3000;
hs = 10 m; (e) w1 = 40000; hs = 4 m; (f) w1 = 6000; = 10 m. Remaining parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s; b = 1 m; d = 1 m;
n = 1.9; hf = d/2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 4 m; tp = 2 h. 4237 Figure 5. Comparison between derived probability density functions of the outflow (continuous black line for the inflow and dashed black line
for the outflow) and the empirical PDFs obtained via numerical hydraulic simulation (red dots for inflow and blue dots for outflow). Graphs
provide the following parameterizations: (a) w1 = 2000; hs = 4 m; (b) w1 = 1500; hs = 9 m; (c) w1 = 5000; hs = 4 m; (d) w1 = 3000;
hs = 10 m; (e) w1 = 40000; hs = 4 m; (f) w1 = 6000; = 10 m. Remaining parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s; b = 1 m; d = 1 m;
n = 1.9; hf = d/2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 4 m; tp = 2 h. Figure 6. Comparison between derived probability density functions of the outflow (continuous black line for the inflow and dashed black
line for the outflow) and the empirical PDFs obtained via numerical hydraulic simulation (red dots for inflow and blue dots for outflow)
obtained by assuming the absence (a) or the presence (b) of the low-level opening. Remaining parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s;
w1 = 6500; hs = 10 m; b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.9; hf = d/2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 4 m; tp = 2 h. Figure 6. S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods Comparison between derived probability density functions of the outflow (continuous black line for the inflow and dashed black
line for the outflow) and the empirical PDFs obtained via numerical hydraulic simulation (red dots for inflow and blue dots for outflow)
obtained by assuming the absence (a) or the presence (b) of the low-level opening. Remaining parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s;
w1 = 6500; hs = 10 m; b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.9; hf = d/2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 4 m; tp = 2 h. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of flood Derived probability density functions of the outflow associated with different equivalent event durations, tp, using two different
coefficients of the stage-storage capacity curve, w1, which was set equal to 5000 in (a), (c), and (e), while it assumes values of 10 000 m3 in
(b), (d), and (f). Event duration changes between 0.5 (a, b), 1 (c, d), and 2 h (e, f). Other parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s; b = 4 m;
d = 2 m; n = 1.5; hf = lf + d/2; hs = 4; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 6 m. derived distribution and numerical outflows helps understand
the reliability of the proposed methodology. Results are given
in the following graphs. charge from the submerged opening induces a small disper-
sion of values around the control value of discharge, Qc, that
the theoretical probability distribution is not able to capture. Moreover, the adopted approximations slightly overestimate
the outflows which can be interpreted as a safety approxima-
tion for flood mitigation planning. Figure 5 provides a comparison of different PDFs ob-
tained, modifying the maximum water storage capacity of the
dam and its height. It can be noted that the values of the prob-
ability distribution replicate fairly well those obtained with
the numerical simulations. The approximation of a fixed dis- Comparing the different PDFs, it should be clarified that
the parameters have been changed, looking for combinations https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods 4238 Figure 7. Comparison between derived probability density functions of the outflow (continuous black line for the inflow and dashed black
line for the outflow) and the empirical PDFs obtained via numerical hydraulic simulation (red dots for inflow, blue dots for outflow obtained
by incoming rectangular hydrographs and green dots for outflow obtained by incoming exponential hydrographs), assuming three equivalent
event durations tp of half an hour (a), 1 h (b) and 2 h (c). Remaining parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s; w1 = 5000; hs = 4 m;
b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.9; hf = d/2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 3 m. Figure 7. Comparison between derived probability density functions of the outflow (continuous black line for the inflow and dashed black
line for the outflow) and the empirical PDFs obtained via numerical hydraulic simulation (red dots for inflow, blue dots for outflow obtained
by incoming rectangular hydrographs and green dots for outflow obtained by incoming exponential hydrographs), assuming three equivalent
event durations tp of half an hour (a), 1 h (b) and 2 h (c). Remaining parameters are α = 30 m3/s; β = 120 m3/s; w1 = 5000; hs = 4 m;
b = 1 m; d = 1 m; n = 1.9; hf = d/2; µf = 0.85; µs = 0.385; L = 3 m. of dam heights, hs, and coefficient w1 leading to similar wa-
ter storage capacity on each row. This allows demonstrating
that it is much more effective to increase the area flooded by
the reservoir (the parameter w1 represents the rate of increase
of the water storage with the water level) rather than increase
the height of the dam. ated how the use of an equivalent event duration produced
probability distributions of the outflow that look very similar
to those obtained with a symmetric exponential hydrograph. It must also be underlined that with the increase of the dura-
tion of the event such an approximation tends to deteriorate
the result of the proposed model. The last analysis performed is given in Fig. 6, where we
tested the performances of the TDD assuming the lower
opening closed. S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods Such a condition may be representative of
an ordinary dam with an assigned flood retention volume or
used for water supply purposes, where the volume above the
crest spillway leads to a lamination of floods. This configura-
tion has been compared with the scheme described in the pre-
vious sections that includes the presence of the lower open-
ing. The difference between the two configurations is given
in Fig. 6a (closed opening) and b (lower opening active). The
two graphs show the ability of the mathematical formulation
to properly interpret also the present configuration, offering a
wide spectrum of potential applications in hydraulic design. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods 4
Conclusion The present article introduces a new formulation useful to
quantify the impact of detention dams on the probability dis-
tribution of floods. We must acknowledge that the formula-
tion was obtained with several simplifying assumptions that
include the shape of the incoming hydrograph, the approxi-
mation used to interpret the flow through the lower opening,
and the approximation of a linear reservoir for the flow above
the crest level. Summing all these, it is really satisfying to
see that the obtained formulation can interpret the dynam-
ics of such hydraulic infrastructures fairly well, providing
an analytical description of the impact of artificial reservoirs
on flood dynamics. This may be extremely useful in prop-
erly addressing the effects of water infrastructures on floods. The TDD can be used for detention dams, but the formalism
can also be applied to ordinary dams just setting the control
discharge to zero and assigning a given value of the water Finally, in order to test the impact of the assumption of
rectangular inflow hydrograph, we also compared the results
of a numerical simulation where the hydrograph is assumed
to be a symmetric exponential one according to the expres-
sion given in Eq. (11). The comparison is given in Fig. 7 for
three different equivalent event durations. It can be appreci- https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 4239 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods level in the dam. Therefore, the formalism is versatile and
can be applied in different contexts. The strongest assump-
tion is represented by the rectangular hydrograph which can
be realistic for small river basins characterized by relatively
short concentration time. With the aim of minimizing the im-
pact of such a choice, we adopted an equivalent event dura-
tion in the formulation that allowed accounting for the flood
variability during a specific event. However, this assumption
may become limitative in large river basins where a hydro-
graph evolves over large areas and its shape is also not simple
to be predicted. In fact, large river basins may display com-
plex hydrographs with multiple peaks that require a specific
approach. The scheme can be used to carry out preliminary dimen-
sioning of these structures and eventually could be coupled
with other tools to identify optimal configurations for flood
mitigation. Moreover, the scheme can be applied to any prob-
ability distribution of floods, including the case of floods that
are already subject to laminations allowing the description of
a scheme of nested dams. This topic is still under investigation, and its study will
be applied to identify optimal solutions in flood control sys-
tems quantifying the impact of structure on the full spectra
of floods. The proposed method may be used in some contexts such
as the projects and design of small lamination dams and de-
tention dams in small river basins. For instance, there are sev-
eral river basins along the coastline that drain a high amount
of water in short durations, affecting cities and towns devel-
oped along the waterfront. These areas are typically exposed
to frequent flood events that may impose the need to properly
identify potential solutions for flood mitigation. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 4240 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods Review statement. This paper was edited by Giuliano Di Baldas-
sarre and reviewed by two anonymous referees. Munich
Reinsurance
Company
[MunichRe]:
Geo
Risks
Research,
NatCatSERVICE. ©
2020
Münchener
Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft,
NatCatSERVICE,
available
at: https://www.munichre.com/en/solutions/for-industry-clients/
natcatservice.html, last access: 26 May 2020. S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods Appendix A: Notations Appendix A: Notations Appendix A: Notations
α [–]
Scale parameter of Gumbel distribution
β [–]
Location parameter of Gumbel distribution
µf [–]
Coefficient of discharge of the submerged low-level opening
µs [–]
Coefficient of discharge of the crest spillway
A [m2]
Area of the low-level opening
b [m]
Width of the low-level opening rectangular section
d [m]
Height of the low-level opening
g [m/s2]
Acceleration due to gravity
h [m]
Variable water level within the detention basin
hm [m]
Mean of water levels over the spillway crest
hs [m]
Height of the spillway crest
hf [m]
Height of the barycentre of the low-level opening
k [s]
Storage coefficient of the linear reservoir method
keq [s]
Equivalent delay constant of the conceptual reservoir associated with the outflow
L [m]
Effected crest length
n [–]
Exponent of the stage-storage capacity curve
p(Q) [–]
Probability density function of outflows
lf [m]
Height of the low-level opening
Qc [m3/s]
Design outflow from the low-level opening
Qin [m3/s]
Inflow in the detention basin
Qmax [m3/s]
Peak flow incoming in the detention basin
Qout [m3/s]
Outflow from the detention basin
Qp,out [m3/s]
Peak outflow from the detention basin
t [s]
Time
D [s]
Flood event duration
tfilling [s]
Time after which the crest spillway starts functioning
tp [s]
Equivalent flood duration
ω [s]
Lag time of the river basin
Wmax [m3]
Water storage capacity at the crest level
W [m3]
Variable storage capacity of the detention basin
w1 [m3−n]
Parameter of the stage-storage capacity curve
w2 [m3/2]
Parameter of the equivalent stage-storage capacity curve Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4231–4242, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4231-2021 4241 S. Manfreda et al.: Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods Code and data availability. Codes
used
to
generate
the
theoretical
distributions
introduced
in
the
present
arti-
cle
are
available
on
MATLAB
Central
at
the
following
link
https://it.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/
95813-peak-outflows-of-a-detention-basin (Manfreda, 2021). Fiorentino, M.: La valutazione dei volumi dei volumi di piena nelle
reti di drenaggio urbano, Idrotecnica, 3, 141–152, 1985. Fischer, E. M. and Knutti, R. Observed heavy precipitation increase
confirms theory and early models, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 560–
564, 2016. Franzi, L., Pezzoli, A., and Besana, A.: Flood Lamination Strate-
gies for Risk Reduction, River Basin Management, 113, 315,
https://doi.org/10.5772/63553, 2016. Author contributions. SM conceived and coordinated the work,
DM supported the coding and numerical simulations, and CA sup-
ported the review and interpretation of the results. All authors con-
tributed to the writing and review of the article. Author contributions. SM conceived and coordinated the work,
DM supported the coding and numerical simulations, and CA sup-
ported the review and interpretation of the results. All authors con-
tributed to the writing and review of the article. Gioia, A., Iacobellis, V., Manfreda, S., and Fiorentino, M.: Runoff
thresholds in derived flood frequency distributions, Hydrol. Earth
Syst. Sci., 12, 1295–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1295-
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Ribeiro, L. B., de Oliveira, A. K. B., Arrais, C. M., and Miguez,
M. G.: Use of detention basin for flood mitigation and urban re-
qualification in Mesquita, Brazil, Water Sci. Technol., 79, 2135–
2144, 2019. Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest. Manfreda,
S.:
Peak
outflows
of
a
detention
basin,
MAT-
LAB Central File Exchange [model code], available at:
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/
95813-peak-outflows-of-a-detention-basin,
last
access:
27 July 2021. Disclaimer. Publisher’s note: Copernicus Publications remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations. Manfreda, S. and Fiorentino, M.: A stochastic approach for the de-
scription of the water balance dynamics in a river basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1189–1200, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-
1189-2008, 2008. Financial support. This research has been supported by the Italian
Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea with the research project
entitled “Hydraulic risk mitigation in coastal basins with in-line ex-
pansion tanks: an integrated sizing approach”. Manfreda S., Link, O., and Pizarro, A.: The Theoretically De-
rived Probability Distribution of Scour, Water, 10, 1520,
https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111520, 2018. Review statement. This paper was edited by Giuliano Di Baldas-
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| 18,935 |
biostor-51152_1
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,882 |
VI. Additional notes on Bombyces collected in Chili by Mr. Edmonds
|
Arthur G Butler
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,607 | 3,795 |
i iol j VI. Additional notes on. Bombyces collected in Chili by Mr. Edmonds. By Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. [Read March 1st, 1882.] It will be noticed that in my account of the Bombyces collected in Chili by Mr. Edmonds, reference has been made to descriptions of several larvae sent to me, but which I could not find among the notes in my hands (antea, pp. 18 and 20). In looking over supplementary notes upon the butter¬ flies received from Mr. Edmonds, I was surjirised to find these descriptions ; they are written (in pencil for the most part) upon letter paper, and had been placed with various letters received and answered, which must be my excuse for overlooking them, though it is, I admit, but a lame one at best. As fresh material has been received from Chili since the reading of my paper, and has come into my hands within the last few days, I think the best thing to do is to describe the new forms, giving at the same time the notes on species already enumerated ; I much regret that such a course should be necessary, but it seems decidedly ju-eferable to omitting valuable information which must prove useful to future collectors. 22. Ovniiscodes crinitUy Blanch. ‘‘ Larva. —Black, with interrupted transverse bands of yellow, and clothed with long brown bushy prickles and short grey hairs ; head shining black, thinly clothed with short grey hairs; body velvety black, variegated with orange, brown, and yellow ; the yellow markings form¬ ing transverse bands, irregularly spotted with black on the front part of each segment except the second ; immediately behind the yellow band on each segment there are six bushy spines, two on the back and two on each side, of a dark brown colour, except the extreme points, which are grey and very sharp. The spines on TRANS. ENT. SOU. 1882.- PART I. (APRIL.) 102 Mr. A. G. Butler's additional notes on the second segment are directed forwards, and those on the anal segment backwards ; the back part of each segment is ornamented with small orange-brown spots, and three patches of short grey hairs, one patch on the back and one on each side; prolegs and claspers dark reddish brown, thinly clothed with short grey hairs ; under side dull black. The spines sting severely when touched. Feeds in July, August, and September on ‘ Quilo * {Muhlenheckia sagitUefolia)^ and also on poplar, pepper, rose, and a number of other trees and shrubs. Papa. —Dull black, and enclosed in a loose cocoon, sometimes placed among dead leaves or rubbish on the surface of the earth. The perfect insect appears in January and February.”—T. E, The following description must, I think, refer to— 26. Cinommata histricjata, Butl. ‘‘Larva of ? Hgperchiria sp,*—Length inches; thinly clothed with fine hairs ; head yellowish white, with a narrow black streak running from the back across the face, forked at the end nearest the mouth, and a black streak on each side of the face; body dull grey, with a double dorsal line and broad subdorsal line dirty yellowish white; the former lines interrupted on the third and fourth segments by large black patches, and the subdorsal lines of a dull orange colour on the hind segments; a broad spiracular line white, with a fine horizontal crimson dash on each segment, and bounded above and below by a narrow black line; each segment furnished with six tufts of sharp-pointed bristles, colour very pale brown, with the extreme tips black, length rather less than a line; two subdorsal, two lateral, and two below the spiracles; a small smooth spine about l-16th of an inch long, soft, and of a bright red colour, springs from the white spiracular line on each side of the fifth segment; spiracles white, edged with light brown; under side dirty yellowish white, often tinged with green ; legs and claspers very pale brown. Feeds on ‘ Goligne ’ {Chusquea cummingii); full-fed beginning to middle of December; obtained when young by beating.”—:/\ E, * The number is omitted, and therefore for the present the identification must remain doubtful. Bomhyces collected in Chili, 103 27. Gercophora frauenfeldiy Feld. Larva, —Head whitish green, with a few very fine short black hairs; second segment pale green, slightly larger than the head, with a few very fine black hairs springing from the front edge and directed forwards ; one of these hairs on each side is slightly longer than the rest, and thickened at the tip; the third segment is larger than the second, and has an oval pinkish white spot margined with a fine black line on the back ; the fourth segment is much larger than the third, and forms a high peak on the back ; this peak is green, thickly dusted with yellow, and directed forwards; immediately in front of the peak there is a spot similar to that on the third segment, but smaller; both the third and fourth segments have some extremely fine silky hairs on each side, and one on each side of each segment is thickened at the tip; from the tip of the peak on each side a raised yellow line runs along the body above the spiracles, ending in a sharp yellow tail-like point at the extremity of the twelfth segment; the rest of the body is pale green, dusted with yellow, inclining to whitish green on the back; the fifth and sixth segments have pinkish spots on the back, and on each segment there is a small black spot, above and adjoining the lateral line, from which a long fine black hair, thickened at the tip, is emitted; prolegs and claspers pale green, and thinly clothed with very short downy hairs of a pale green colour ; the body slopes gradually from the peak on the fourth segment, and terminates in a sharp point. This larva is very sluggish in its habits, and clings tightly to the food-plant; when at rest the head is almost hidden by the second segment, and the second and third seg¬ ments are contracted and held downwards nearly at right angles to the on the fourth segment.”— T, E, I have introduced this description as being far more minute than my own, which was iiecessariH taken from the drawing. (See PL I., fig. o). 29. Eiidelia renusta, Walk. Larva, —Similar to that of C, francnfeldi, but difters in its larger size, in having the raised line, which runs from the peak on the fourth segment, pale blue on the 104 Mi\ A. G. Butler’s additional notes on top and white beneath, or in front, on that segment, instead of being entirely yellow, as in C, fraiienfeldi; in having the said line interrupted or replaced on the sides of fifth segment by short treble lines, the top one blue, the middle one black, and the under one orange, and in having the rest of the lateral line pale yellow on top and rose-colour under; in wanting the reddish spots on the backs of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments, and in having a dorsal line of a paler green than the rest of body. Feeds on ' Maiten ’ {Maitenus ckilensis). ** Cocoon, —Differs from C, fraiienfeldi in being slightly pear-shaped instead of oval, and is grey instead of yellowish; the larva spun up on August 15th.”— T, E, 31a. Polijthysana albescens. Larva, —Length rather over three inches ; head smaller than second segment, greenish, with black markings ; colour beneath pale green; above ashy, with a pinkish tinge ; a large velvety-black patch on the back of second and third segments, visible only when the larva is walking; body covered with short isolated stiffish hairs; the second, third, and fourth segments have in addition eight bipectinate spines, two on each side, and four on the back of each segment, those on the second segment about three lines long, those on the third and fourth about one line long, and also directed forwards ; the primary spines are reddish or pink, the pectinations are generally thick at the base, black and yellow, then they terminate abru 2 )tly in a slender whitish hair; the sixth to eleventh segments inclusive are fur¬ nished each with four stellate bunches of spines, each of from ten to fourteen prickles, yellow at base, black at tip; the central prickles having more black on them than the peripheral ones; these stellate prickles are situated at equal distances from each other in a line between the two spiracles of each segment; the twelfth and thirteenth segments have but three bunches each ; beneath each spiracle the fifth, sixth, eleventh, and twelfth each have two long bipectinate spines, like those on the thoracic segments; the other segments have one each in the same place (when the larva is at rest these are closely applied to the leaf or twig on which it rests) ; spiracles small, whitish yellow, with a slender black Bomhyces collected in Chili, 105 edge. Full-fed about the end of October or beginning of November. ‘‘ Pupa. —Enclosed in a pear-shaped cocoon of buff- coloured silk, open at one end {Saturnia-like), spun among the leaves of the food-plant.”— T, E, A pen-and-ink sketch by Mr. Edmonds represents the bipectinated spines as deflexed on each side of the body like the hairs on some other larvsB. 35. Hyperchiria erythrojjs, Blanch. Larva. —Dull brown, clothed with prickly spines: head dark brown and shiny; body dull greyish brown, with indistinct subdorsal and lateral lines of dirty white colour, and irregular pale dull orange lines immediately above and below the spiracles; the latter pale dull orange, edged with black; under side and claspers greenish grey; prolegs brown; each segment armed with six tufts of sharp prickles of a light brown colour, tke extreme tips dark brown ; these sting severely when touched ; two tufts are subdorsal, two lateral, and two spiracular. Food-plant, ‘‘ Maiten,” Bromelia, bramble, &c. Gregarious when young; a night-feeder ; hides by day among dead leaves and rubbish near roots of food- plants ; the young brood disperses as it grows older. Full-fed beginning of December.”— T. E. The two following new species are referable to the Notodontidce ; the larvae were left in Chili to be reared, and the moths forwarded quite recently to Mr. Edmonds. PSEUDOCERURA, n. g. Allied to Heterocampa, but with the general aspect of Cerura; thorax very flat above, very coarsely scaled ; collar very deep ; basal hairy clothing of the abdomen represented by an appressed expanded tuft on each side ; the abdomen itself rather short, tapering rather suddenly, almost to the extremity, strongly carinated along the dorsal line ; anal tuft also carinated, slightly expanded ; antennae rather thick,^ with very short ciliae along the anterior surface ; legs rather long, thick, and coarsely scaled; primaries with nearly straight costal margin, with convex subangulated outer margin and slightly sinuous inner margin ; secondaries subpyriform. TRANS. ENT. SOC. 1882. -PART I. (APRIL.) P 106 Mr. A. G. Butler’s additional notes on Pseudocerura tlioracica, n. s. Primaries above dark granite-grey, crossed by two widely-separated blackisli-edged pale lines, undulated, reversed, and divergent towards the costa, enclosing the ordinary spots, which are as follows: orbicular” rounded, pale buff, with a black central dot and black margin; ‘‘reniform” subquadrate, slightly constricted in the centre, buff, with black margin; a diffused buff crescent, with black lower edge below the ‘‘orbicular” si^ot; base, costal border, and external area buff, spotted with grey and dotted with black; a dentated blackish submarginal line, followed by an almost marginal series of well-defined small spots ; secondaries sericeous-white, greyish on abdominal area ; a grey spot at end of cell, and a marginal series of black lunules: thorax clothed with green-tipped white scales, giving it a pale green colour; abdomen greyish brown, with whitish anal tuft; under surface sericeous-white ; wings with intense black marginal spots ; primaries irrorated with blackish scales, and with a black subapical diffused patch ; costal border alternately ferruginous and white ; a blackish spot with an oblique blackish dash above it at the end of the cell; fringe spotted with blackish ; secondaries with blackish basi-costal area; a spot in the cell and a second at the end of the cell black; an arched discal series of short slender grey lunules; front of pectus blackish ; venter slightly greyish ; expanse of wings, 41 mm. Larva found September 21st, on ‘Boldu’ ; entirely pale yellowish green, almost transparent, and covered sparsely with minute yellow dots; head shiny; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines pale yellow; a pointed hump on the twelfth segment; a yellow oblique line extending from the point to near the si^iracular line on each side ; sixteen legs. When alarmed it throws back its head until it touches the centre of its back.”—T. E. Edmondsia, n. g. Allied to Lophopteryx, but with broad Noctuiform wings, with deeply undulated outer margins similar to those of Calicula and Sypna of the Old World ; the inner margin of the primaries with a subbasal lobe of long projecting scales ; body very robust, coarsely scaled; antennae rather short, thick (especially in the male), flattened, with the anterior surface slightly but scarcely perceptibly setose. Bomhifces collected in Chili, 107 Edmondsia sypnoideSy n. s. Primaries above smoky brown, with the costal border, discoidal cell, and veins broadly sericeous greyish black ; two zigzag velvet“black parallel lines across the basal third, and two more acutely zigzag across the disc ; reniform ” spot indicated by a small patch of pale brown scales in the female, but wanting in the male : a submarginal series of black-bordered pale-brown lunate spots, most distinct in the female ; fringe blackish, tra¬ versed by two paler undulated lines ; secondaries smoky brown, with the basal two-fifths sordid-white ; fringe as in primaries ; a marginal series of pale-edged black lunules most distinct in the female ; the latter sex also shows three divergent abbreviated l3lack lines running from the external half of the abdominal margin to about the centre of the disc; thorax dull velvet-black; abdo¬ men pale brown at the sides, blackish in the middle ; wings below sericeous smoky brown, crossed beyond the middle by two arched ill-defined darker stripes; outer margin slightly paler ; fringe grey, with a blue-black external edge; primaries with white internal border; secondaries pale towards the base, and with a small black spot at the end of the cell; body below dull black ; tarsi banded with white. Expanse of wings—male 47 mm., female 58 mm. Larva of Kdmoudsla }<i/jnwide}<, Butl. Larva, —Velvet-black, miniitely speckled with white ; head rather small and shiny; second segment also small; third segment veiy full and large, with two large quad¬ rate yellowish spots in front, and with two long black divergent tapering subdorsal horns, filiform at their extremities ; the fourth to sixth segments, which are also very full, with a yellowish dorsal patch ; the second 108 Notes on Bomhyces collected in Chili. to fifth segments with yellow instead of white speckling at the sides ; a broad lateral undulated creamy white band from the fifth to the twelfth segment, upon which are the spiracles, which are small and black ; the twelfth segment with two slightly divergent tapering thorn-like subdorsal horns; legs, clasj^ers, and under surface slightly greyish. I have taken this description from a coloured drawing of the larva ; as, after looking over all the notes in my possession, I have failed to recognise any description applicable to the species.
| 21,311 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%9A
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
纳亚
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=纳亚&action=history
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Chinese
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Spoken
| 15 | 280 |
纳亚（，；）是法国克勒兹省的一个市镇，属于盖雷区。
地理
（）面积，位于法国新阿基坦大区克勒兹省，该省份为法国中部省份，位于法國中央高原西北部，北起安德尔省和谢尔省，西接维埃纳省，南至科雷兹省，东临多姆山省，东北与阿列省接壤。
与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
所属的省级选区为。
人口
于时的人口数量为人。
参见
克勒兹省市镇列表
参考文献
克勒兹省市镇
| 28,189 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21829664
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Channels task force
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 32 | 48 |
Channels task force
Sub-project of WikiProject British TV
Channels task force instance of WikiProject
Channels task force part of WikiProject Television/British television task force
Channels task force main subject British television programme
| 24,653 |
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