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28325_2001_3
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Open Government
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Deferred tax (assets) liabilities at December 2, 2001 and December 3, 2000 are comprised of the following elements:
2001 2000 =============================== Net operating loss carryforwards $(4,294,000) $(5,295,000) Deferred revenue taxable currently (384,000) (493,000) Allowance for uncollectable accounts (207,000) (75,000) Depreciation and amortization (2,595,000) (1,586,000) Deferred rent not currently deductible (1,963,000) (1,651,000) ----------- ----------- Deferred tax (assets) liabilities, net (9,443,000) (9,100,000) Less valuation allowance 9,443,000 9,100,000 ----------- ----------- Net deferred tax $ -- $ -- =========== ===========
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
8. Debt
Effective October 2001, the Company's credit agreement with a group of banks was amended and increased to an aggregate total of $32,500,000, consisting of a $15,500,000 term loan and a $17,000,000 revolving line of credit. As of December 2, 2001, the credit facility as amended, provides for (i) a maturity date of November 28, 2004 for the revolving line of credit, and December 3, 2006 for the term loan, at which time all amounts outstanding thereunder are due, (ii) certain financial covenants, and (iii) amortization of the term loan in monthly amortizations totaling $2,000,000, $2,300,000, $2,600,000, $2,900,000 and $3,200,000 respectively in each year during its term, and a $2,500,000 balloon payment at maturity.
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
Long-term debt at December 2, 2001 and December 3, 2000 consists of the following:
2001 2000 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note payable in annual installments of $66,667 $ 36,595 $ 133,333 plus accrued interest commencing September 30, 2000 at an interest rate of 9%
Note payable $75,000 that was due on January 150,000 150,000 29, 2001; $75,000 that was due June 14, 2001, plus accrued interest commencing September 14, 2000 at an interest rate of 9%
Term loans payable to banks due December 3, 15,500,000 14,132,745 2006 and November 30, 2003, respectively
Revolving loan payable to bank due November 9,800,000 14,000,000 28, 2004 and November 30, 2003, respectively - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25,486,595 28,416,078 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Less: Current Portion 2,378,262 6,388,426
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $23,108,333 $22,027,652 ================================================================================
Interest on prime-based loans under the credit facility is payable monthly in arrears; interest on LIBOR-based loans under the credit facility is payable at the end of the applicable interest period.
During the year ended December 2, 2001 the interest rates ranged from 5.19% to 8.58% on the LIBOR-based loans (total principal balance of $24,800,000 at December 2, 2001) and from 6.25% to 10.75% on the prime-based loans (total principal balance of $500,000 at December 2, 2001). The overall weighted average interest rate paid to the banks during the year ended December 2, 2001 was 7.73%.
The loans are collateralized by certain assets of the Company, including receivables, inventory and store equipment.
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
Principal maturities of long-term debt as of December 2, 2001 are as follows:
Fiscal year ending - --------------------------------------------------------------- 2002 $ 2,378,262 2003 2,325,000 2004 12,425,000 2005 2,925,000 2006 5,433,333 - --------------------------------------------------------------- Total maturities $25,486,595 ===============================================================
9. Retirement Plan
The Company participates in various defined contribution multi-employer union pension plans, which are administered jointly by management and union representatives, and which sponsor most full-time and certain part-time union employees. The pension expense for these plans approximated $1,052,000, $999,000 and $740,000 for 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively. The Company could, under certain circumstances, be liable for unfunded vested benefits or other expenses of jointly administered union/management plans.
10. Stock Option Plans
On October 7, 1994, the Company granted the Chairman a non-qualified stock option to purchase an aggregate of 275,000 shares of common stock at a price of $3.75 per share (the fair market value at that date).
On August 12, 1996, the Company granted the Chairman a non-qualified stock option to purchase an aggregate of 250,000 shares of common stock at a price of $2.875 per share.
The Company currently has one incentive grant and five nonqualified grants under which stock options may be granted to officers, directors and key employees of the Company. The options to purchase shares of common stock generally are issued at fair market value on the date of the grant, begin vesting over three to five years, and expire ten years from issuance and are conditioned upon
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
continual employment during the vesting period.
Under the incentive grant and the nonqualified grants, the Company granted options to purchase up to 927,500 shares of common stock.
In addition to the one incentive grant, the Company has granted stock options to certain key executives and directors. The options vest over three to five years and contractual lives of these grants are similar to that of the incentive plan.
The Company applies APB Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees," and related interpretations for its stock option grants. Generally, compensation expense is not recognized for stock option grants.
In accordance with SFAS No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-based Compensation", the Company discloses the pro forma impact of recording compensation expense utilizing the Black-Scholes model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company's stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management's opinion, the Black-Scholes model does not necessarily provide a reliable measure of the fair value of its stock options.
SFAS No. 123 requires the Company to provide pro forma information regarding net loss and earnings per share as if compensation cost of the Company's stock option plans had been determined
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
in accordance with the fair value based method prescribed in SFAS No. 123. The Company estimates the fair value of each stock option at the grant date by using the Black Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions used for grants. During 2000 and 2001 there were no options granted.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dividend yield 0% Risk free interest rate 5% Expected lives 10 years Volatility 31%
Under the accounting provisions of SFAS No. 123, the Company's loss and earnings per share would have been adjusted to the pro forma amounts indicated below:
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
A summary of the status of the Company's stock option plans is presented below:
Weighted Average Shares Exercise Price - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Balance, November 29, 1998 1,260,000 $3.37 Granted: 292,500 2.37 Exercised: -- -- Forfeited: (130,000) 2.90 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Balance, November 28, 1999 1,422,500 3.21 Granted: -- -- Exercised: -- -- Forfeited: (22,000) 2.90 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Balance, December 3, 2000 1,400,500 3.21 Granted: -- -- Exercised: -- -- Forfeited: (45,000) 3.33 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Balance, December 2, 2001 1,355,500 $3.21 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Options exercisable as of December 2, 2001 and December 3, 2000 were 1,322,167 and 1,143,000, respectively.
All options prior to November 10, 1997 were assumed from Sloan's by the Company. The following table summarizes information as of December 2, 2001 concerning outstanding and exercisable options:
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
11. Litigation
1) RMED International Inc. v. Sloan's Supermarkets Inc. and John A. Catsimatidis.
On August 8, 1994, a lawsuit against the Company and Mr. Catsimatidis was instituted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York by RMED International, Inc. ("RMED"), a former stockholder of the Company.
The complaint alleges, among other things, that RMED and a purported class consisting of persons who purchased the Company's common stock on or after March 19, 1993 were damaged by alleged nondisclosures in certain filings made by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission between January 1993 and June 1994 relating to an investigation by the FTC. The complaint alleges that such nondisclosures constituted violations of Federal and New York State securities laws, as well as common law fraud, and seeks damages (including punitive damages) in an unspecified amount (although in discovery proceedings, the named plaintiff has claimed that its damages were approximately $800,000) as well as costs and disbursements of the action. On June 2, 1994, the Company issued a press release that disclosed the FTC action.
On September 30, 1994, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action and for lack of subject matter jurisdiction over the state claims. The motion was denied. In June 1995, the plaintiff filed a motion for class certification, which motion was granted in March 1996. Fact discovery was completed by the end of June 1998. Expert discovery was completed by the end of 1998. Plaintiff's expert prepared a report claiming that plaintiffs have suffered damages in an amount in excess of $3,000,000. In August 1999, defendants moved to exclude plaintiff's expert report, which motion was denied. In June 2000, the Company filed a motion for summary judgment. In February 2002, the court dismissed plaintiff's state law claim under Article 23-A of the General Business Law of New York, as well as plaintiff's claim for breach of
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
fiduciary duty, but denied the Company's motion with respect to the plaintiff's claim under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and Rule 10(b)-5 promulgated thereunder, as well as plaintiff's claim of fraud under state common law, finding that there were outstanding issues of fact which needed to be determined at trial. Pre-trial conference has been scheduled for March 4, 2002.
At this state of the litigation, the outcome cannot be predicted with certainty. However, the Company believes that it has a viable defense that may result in dismissal of RMED's claims.
2.) Ansoumana v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Inc. d/b/a/ A&P, Shopwell Inc. - d/b/a Food Emporium, Gristede's Operating Corp, Duane Reade, Inc., Charlie Bauer, individually and d/b/a B&B Delivery Service a/k/a Citi Express, Scott Weinstein and Steven Pilavan, ind. and d/b/a Hudson Delivery Service Inc., Chelsea Trucking, Inc. a/k/a Hudson York.
On January 13, 2000 plaintiffs, commenced a class action lawsuit in the U.S District Court for the Southern District of New York. Their complaint alleges violations of the Fair Labor Standands Act and the New York Labor Law. Plaintiffs are claiming damages for the differential between the amount they were paid by The Great American Delivery Service Company and what the minimum wage was in each specific year dating back to 1994. To date, 35 employees have opted into the class action.
Specifically, the Company was one of the parties sued in this litigation by delivery workers claiming they are not being paid the minimum wage. The delivery workers are employees of the Great American Delivery Company (formerly known as B&B Delivery Service or Citi Express), not employees of the Company. The Company is under contract with Great American to deliver groceries to the Company's customers.
In its answer, the Company denied the allegations and
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
cross-claimed against the delivery service co-defendants Weinstein and Bauer, based upon their own negligence, theories of contribution and contractual indemnity.
When allegations of underpayment first emerged last summer, the Company, on August 2, 2000, entered into a new contract with Great American. This contract was entered into in order to assure the Company that these delivery men would be properly and legally paid for their services. The legal hourly wages referred to in the contract were discussed with the New York Attorney General's office.
The Company is conducting an investigation of Great American to determine whether or not Great American is in compliance with the contract and the legal options available with respect to the contract terms.
Management expects the matter will be resolved in the near future. The Company will vigorously defend the fact that these workers are employees of Great American, and not employees of the Company.
On July 23, 2001, the Company terminated its Delivery Service Agreement with Great American Delivery Co., Inc. ("Great American") because Great American breached the terms of the contract. Based upon that termination, Great American commenced a breach of contract action in Supreme Court, Nassau County, against the Company and obtained a preliminary injunction compelling the Company to retain Great American as its delivery service contractor.
Thereafter, Great American was found to be in contempt of several orders and added as a party-defendant by motion to amend the complaint in the Ansoumana v. the Company's action. In response to those proceedings, Great American filed for bankruptcy. Hence, the breach of contract action commenced by Great American against the Company was stayed. The Company transferred the case to the United States Bankruptcy Court in the Eastern District of New York and is moving to have the case transferred further to
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
the judge assigned to Ansoumana v. Gristede's in the United States District Court of the Southern District of New York. When this is done, the Company will move the Court to have the matter dismissed.
3.) Red Apple Supermarkets, Inc., Gristede's Supermarkets, Inc., Supermarket Acquisition Corp., and Gristede's Sloan's Inc.,Plaintiffs, against Rite Aid Corporation and Rite Aid of New York, Inc., Defendants
Pursuant to a settlement agreement dated Feburary 22, 1999 (the "Settlement Agreement"), between the Company and Rite Aid Corporation ("Rite Aid"), Rite Aid agreed to compromise a dispute between the parties arising out of a written lease purchase agreement dated September 2, 1994 (the "Lease Purchase Agreement). Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, Rite Aid agreed to pay the sum of $400,000 (the "Settlement Sum") to the Company in full and final satisfaction of certain claims and disputes regarding defendants' breaches of the Lease Purchase Agreement. However, to date, Rite Aid has failed and refused to pay any portion of the Settlement Sum as required by the Settlement Agreement. Consequently, on June 5, 2000, plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Supreme Court of the State of New York (New York County) which alleged: Breach of Settlement Agreement, Breach of Good Faith and Fair Dealing and Breach of Lease Purchase Agreement. Such complaint seeks judgment against Rite Aid in the full amount of the Settlement Sum, together with interest from February 22, 1999.
As alleged in the complaint, the Lease Purchase Agreement contemplated defendants' purchase of certain commercial leasehold interests held by plaintiffs, in two stores. Pursuant to the Lease Purchase Agreement, defendants agreed to purchase plaintiffs' leasehold interest in the two stores for $1,950,000. However, in violation of the Lease Purchase Agreement - as well as their duty of good faith and fair dealing thereunder - defendants negotiated and obtained their own leasehold interest for both stores directly from each landlord, and failed to compensate plaintiffs as agreed.
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
To date, no depositions have been taken. At this stage of litigation, it is too early to determine the outcome of the litigation. However, it is the opinion of the Company's counsel that the likelihood of success on the Company's claim for breach of the Settlement Agreement is substantial. A receivable in the amount of $400,000 from Rite Aid is included in receivables as of December 2, 2001.
12. Impact of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
The Company has two stores in the World Trade Center area of Manhattan, which were forced to close as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. One store reopened for business on October 1, 2001, the other is being renovated. The Company has suffered property damage losses, including inventory, costs to repair and clean fixtures and facilities and loss of revenue. Management has filed claims for the above losses with its insurance carriers, including business interruption, and estimates net proceeds of approximately $1.5 million, along with costs incurred of approximately $1.1 million. The Company received an advance of $300,000 against these claims in October 2001. Management believes it is probable that payment will be received for the claim in the upcoming fiscal year.
Gristede's Foods, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ================================================================================
13. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) ($000s)
Financial data for the interim periods of Fiscal 2001 and Fiscal 2000 is as follows:.
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https://github.com/StepicOrg/stepik-android/blob/master/app/src/main/java/org/stepik/android/domain/network/exception/NetworkRequirementsNotSatisfiedException.kt
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package org.stepik.android.domain.network.exception
import java.io.IOException
class NetworkRequirementsNotSatisfiedException : IOException("Network requirements not satisfied")
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hal-03820302-In_Network_Traffic_Classification___GLOBECOM_Camera_ready.txt_1
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An Accurate & Efficient Approach for Traffic Classification Inside Programmable Data Plane. IEEE Global Communications Conference, Dec 2022, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ⟨hal-03820302⟩
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An Accurate & Efficient Approach for Traffic Classification Inside Programmable Data Plane
Muhammad Saqib, Ait Hmitti Zakaria, Halima Elbiaze, Roch Glitho
a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, . An Accurate & Efficient Approach for Traffic Classification Inside Programmable Data Plane
Muhammad Saqib∗, Zakaria Ait Hmitti∗, Halima Elbiaze∗, Roch H. Glitho† ∗ Université du Québec à Montréal,
Montreal
,
Canada † Concordia University
,
Montreal
,
Canada
{saqib.muhammad,ait hmitti.zakaria}@courrier.uqam.
ca
, [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract—In-network traffic classification is a class of innetwork computing that brings significant benefits to the network, i.e., the first line of defence, classification at line rate and fast reaction time. However, it is still challenging to accurately and efficiently classify Internet traffic at an early stage due to a clear trade-off between flow identification time and classification accuracy - both are competing objectives. To this end, we introduce a framework that focuses on deploying an accurate network traffic classifier inside a programmable data plane that can classify the traffic at maximal speed while considering the underlying constraints of the device. Notably, we move from statistical feature-based traffic analysis and argue that traffic flow can be classified using a single feature called sequential packet size information as input. We evaluate our approach by identifying different types of IoT traffic inside a programmable data plane. Our findings demonstrate that accurate and earlystage network traffic classification is achievable with minor use of networking device resources. classification I.
I NTRODUCTION Generally, in-network classification is a class of In-Network Computing (INC) [1] and inspired by the reconfigurability of the match-action paradigm [2]. With the rise of INC [3], [4], the interest is rapidly growing to run Machine Learning (ML) algorithms inside Programmable Data Plane (PDP) [5]–[7]. Running ML models inside the networking device significantly impacts the network. First, switches offer very high performance. The latency through a switch is in the order of hundreds of nanoseconds per packet [5]. Second, the performance of distributed ML is bounded by the time required to get data to and from nodes. So, if a switch can classify the traffic at the same rate that it carries packets to nodes in a distributed system, then it will equal or outperform any single node. Last but not least, the networking device can serve as the first line of defence by terminating unnecessary data close to the edge. As a result, it can help save energy, reduce traffic load on networking infrastructure, and improve user experience by lowering communication latency. Latencysensitive applications will significantly benefit. Packet and flow are the two core objects to extract from headers and This work was fully supported by CHIST-ERA program under the ”Smart Distribution of Computing in Dynamic Networks (SDCDN)” 2018 call. 978-1-6654-3540-6/22/31.00 ©2022 IEEE payloads in the network traffic classification process. The work in [6] investigated the trade-off between a per-packet or a per-flow based classification model. Per-packet model proved to be more efficient but less accurate, while the perflow one is contrariwise. Since accuracy and efficiency are two competing objectives, the value of both cannot be overstated. The information needs to be aggregated from several packets in the per-flow case. Having these richer features lead to better training of the model. However, keeping up-to-date flow states in the memory is a resources intensive solution that needs extra memory and demand for complex operations to derive useful information from the aggregated data. A per-packet model is potentially more efficient that can classify the traffic at a line rate without updating any features in the memory. However, it does not offer aggregated measurements and the possibility of learning from temporal correlation to the model. As a result, due to a clear trade-off between detection time and classification accuracy, it is still challenging to perform accurate and early-stage network traffic classification. In addition, there are certain limitations at PDP, such as the lack of support for complex operations and a limited amount of memory (tens of megabytes) to store many features for the incoming flows. Hence, setting up an upper bound on the performance of the traffic classifier inside PDP. Therefore, the design of a classification model that fits the constraints of PDP (e.g., no floating points, no loops, and limited memory) is challenging. Consequently, it is necessary to use the minimum number of features to reduce lookup and update overhead and identify the flow earliest stage while respecting the underlying constraints at the data plane. This work aims to propose an accurate and efficient innetwork traffic classification approach subject to the data plane constraints. Instead of using several statistical features of the flow, which are memory intensive and need complex operations, we only take a single feature as an input. Our evaluation results show that the proposed solution can identify the traffic type for several source applications at an early stage of the flow creation. The remaining of this work is organized as follows. Section II presents the background information and our work position with the literature. Section III represents the proposed solution. The system validation is shown in Section IV. Finally, Section V represents the concluding remarks and future directions.
II. R ELATED W ORK
This section aligns our proposed solution with state of the art. In recent years, there has been a rising interest in research combining ML and networking. For instance, recent works such as [8] investigated the problem of ML-based traffic classification. However, few considered the data plane programmability facet. For instance, papers [5], [6] use statistical properties analysis of the flow for traffic classification but do not consider the limitations at PDP. Therefore, we discuss the commonly used flow classification techniques and highlight their deficiencies. Finally, we highlight the importance of an accurate and efficient network traffic classification approach in next-generation programmable networks.
A. Flow classification techniques
Statistical-based flow analysis is a widely used technique for distinguishing network traffic by identifying differences in statistical properties of the flows [8]. Several packets must be tracked to obtain more detailed information about the flow. Sampling approaches were used to select a few packets for each flow and send them to the control plane, which hosts the classifier [9]. The choice of sampling rate, on the other hand, is crucial because it is highly dependent on the application requirements. A low sampling rate may result in a high rate of miss-classification, whereas a high sampling rate may overwhelm the controller with additional traffic overhead. In addition, the main flaw of this approach, which does not incorporate the learning process, is the static construction of such model [8]. In a dynamic networking environment, this flaw has a significant impact on the model’s performance. Moreover, feature such as inter-arrival time is under timedomain measurement. Instability is the main problem with a time-domain measurement that it is always prone to performance degradation in dynamic network conditions. As a result, statistical-based traffic classification approaches are limited in their ability to handle the dynamics in next-generation highprecision networks due to these robustness flaws. B. P4-switch as a classification machine
Naturally, the switch acts as a classification machine. Upon receiving an object (a packet), the switch first extracts the relevant features from its headers, such as IP, port, protocol type, packet size, etc. The parser extracts these fields where each field is itself a feature. The switch keeps these extracted features inside a Packet Header Vector (PHV) and then applies the pipeline process to the vector. Based on such motivation, the work in [5] demonstrates the mapping of trained ML algorithms to reconfigure able match-action tables (RMTs) [10]. Generally, the training module generates the resulting outputs in a decision tree where the control plane API called P4Runtime embeds the outputs into the switch’s RMTs. The authors validate their work by classifying IoT traffic based on some statistical properties of the flows; however, they did not examine accuracy or efficiency. Another work investigates a clear trade-off between traffic identification time and classification accuracy inside PDP [6]. Since packet and flow are the two core objects of classification decisions, it is hard to decide when picking one another. The per-flow based classification process is costly in terms of classification latency and resource consumption. Also, the demand for complex operations limits its applicability to PDP. On the other hand, there is no need to keep track of the packets in the per-packet case. Therefore, the resources overhead are not present anymore. However, it is hard to accurately identify the traffic class based on very little independent feature information provided by individual packets. Consequently, bringing accuracy efficiency to the network traffic classification process is still challenging and highly desirable in next-generation high-precision networks. III. S YSTEM D
E
SIGN
This section presents the necessary steps to deploy an ML model into a programmable networking device by using P4 language. Fig. 1 shows the high-level in-network classification architecture. The control plane characterises the source traffic and maps the resulted output into the data plane for online inference1. Knowledge
(
dataset)
Features Extraction Model Training P4 Runtime Mapping of model output to RMTs in-network classifier Source Applications IoT video streaming P4-enabled Switch Control Plane: traffic modeling Data Plane: traffic classification P4-enabled Switch
Fig. 1: In-network traffic classification architecture Fig. 2: Mapping of decision tree to P4 code A. Offline data training
In this phase, the control counterpart trains ML models on a given dataset and translates them into target switches for traffic identification at runtime. This section focuses on ML model training while considering the requirements such as flow identification time, classification accuracy and limitations of P4. Flow and metrics: A flow fi is a sequence of packets pj having the same five tuples (IP addresses, ports, protocol
1 Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/em-saqib/inc Parser Ingres
s & Egress Already classified or not IPv4 IPv6 TCP UDP Packets Five tuples Eth Predefined actions (e.g., QoS policies) Deparser Predict class Deparser Hash Computation Unit C2 fwd(2) registers 4th packet? Packets C3 fwd(3) Update flow features Size flow_id_reg C0 fwd(0) C1 fwd(1) T
Fig. 3: Packet processing pipeline in the data plane type). The first j packets of the flow fi are denoted fi (1 : j). The source dataset contains various traffic flows having different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Flows with similar QoS requirements belong to the same class, and the flow identification process for different QoS groups is known as multi-class classification. Two metrics are used to assess the flow classification accuracy: true positive rate (TPR) and true negative rate (TNR) [11]. Traffic features: TABLE II lists the features used to train ML models. The packet size is used for
a single feature and the rest for multi-features model. 1) Feature extraction
The two core objects in network traffic classification are f lowi and pj, which are used to extract information from traffic headers and payloads. The flows are mainly identified based on the statistical properties of traffic. However, keeping up-to-date flows’ states in the switch is a resources intensive solution that needs extra memory and demand for complex operations to derive useful information from the aggregated data. In addition, the features derived from time-related metrics such as inter-arrival time may not be consistent and stable enough to serve the classifier in dynamic network conditions [12]. Also, network conditions such as bursty heavy loads and traffic congestion may affect the time-related metrics. To solve this problem, we used the most stable feature, namely packet size information, as input for the classifier [13]. 2) ML model training
The original dataset Si consists of packets of subflows (fi (1 : j)) and is further split into training SiT and testing SiP samples. After preparing the dataset, the next step is to characterize the traffic by applying the ML algorithm. There are many supervised learning approaches in the literature, but not all are appropriate for our work. In other words, since we aim to embed the ML model’s output into the data plane, the necessary operations in the targeted model must be readily available in P4. Therefore, we decided to use a decision tree algorithm to cope with the P4 limitations. Given the P4 language’s current primitives, a decision tree classifier is more suitable for such a task. Only comparison operation is required to classify an element x, and it can be easily expressed in P4 using if-else statements (see Fig. 2). Ti is defined as a decision tree that predicts the flow class after receiving the j th packet for a flow fi.
3) ML to P4 converter
A decision tree algorithm makes decisions based on the values of input parameters (i.e., features) and can be represented with a tree structure. When using a decision tree to classify an element x, one must traverse the tree from root to leaf, respecting the conditions in each node until a leaf node is reached. This procedure can be easily implemented in general-purpose computer languages using recursion or repeating loops. In the P4 language, however, neither of these alternatives is available. As a result, hard-coding the tests and labels within the tree-nodes into if and else statements is an option. To that end, the ML to P4 component translates the model’s if-else conditions into a P4 code that describes the generic behaviour for a given application. B. Online inference
A general process of online inference is shown in Fig. 3. The switch maintains a few registers to record f low id, packet sizes, packet counter and other statistics such min/max/avg packet size and total number of bytes for the first few packets of each flow. The diagram depicts how each packet traversing the device is handled. For the incoming packets, the parser module extracts the relevant features (i.e., five tuples and packet size) from the header and keeps these features’ values in the pipeline’s metadata. The next step is to calculate the hash value for each flow based on the five tuples field from the packet’s header. The flow id register keeps track of all classified flows to treat the belonging packets accordingly. For the incoming packets belonging to identified classes, the switch applies corresponding actions. In other words, the classified flows’ packets will not necessarily go through the decision tree process and will be processed at a line rate. In the event where the flow is not classified, the switch verifies packet counter for the corresponding flow. Until the packet counter reaches the threshold, the parser extracts packet size and stores it into a size vector. Once the packet counter meets the threshold, a classification occurs on the size vector in following the if-else chain, encoded in P4 code. The flow’s class will eventually be saved in the meta.class variable. The detailed steps are revealed by Algorithm 1: Online inference Input: TCP
and
UDP
packets,
thr: max # of packets Output: classes vector classes vector = []; actions vector = []; flow id=[]; size vector=[]; min size= ∞ ; max size=0; avg size=0; total bytes=0;
Function InferClass(packets): while packets do f low id = hash(f ive tuple); if isClassified(f low id) then ApplyAction(f low_id); else if pkt counter <thr then single_feature(f low_id, pkt_size, pkt_ counter, size_vector) ; // Algorithm 2 multi_features(f low_id, pkt_size, min_size, max_size, avg_size, total_bytes) ; // Algorithm 3 pktc ounter + + if pkt counter == thr then classes_vector[f low_id] = Apply_SF_Model(f low_id, size_vector); classes_vector[f low_id] = Apply_MF_Model(f low_id, f eatures_vector); End Function Function isClassified(f low id): if classes vector[f low id]! = 0 then return True; End Function Function ApplyAction(f low id): egress port = actions vector[f low id]; End Function algorithms (1-3). Algorithm 2: Single feature Input: flow id, pkt size, packet counter, size vector Output: size vector[flow id] size vector
[f
low id
∗
4 + packet counter] = pkt size; Return size vector[] ; Algorithm 3: Multi features Input: flow id, pkt size, min size, max size, avg size, total bytes Output: min size, max size, avg size, total bytes if pkt size<min size then min size = pkt size; if pkt size > max size then max size = pkt size; total bytes = total bytes + pkt size; if packet counter == thr then avg size = Extern_Division(total_bytes, thr); Return min size, max size, avg size, total bytes; Function Extern_Division(total bytes, thr): division result = total bytes/thr; Return division result ; End Function
IV. P ERFORMANCE EVALUATION
This section evaluates our proposed in-network traffic classification solution by considering a use case of IoT devices generating data traffic belonging to various QoS groups. We demonstrate the efficiency of our solution explicitly in accurately identifying the class of source devices at an earliest stage inside PDP with minimal usage of device resources. We use packet capture (PCAP) traces of IoT devices released by [14] as our dataset. From the available dataset instances, we selected the PCAP files for nine days (from 22 to 30 Sep 2016), containing flows related to five applications comprising different IoT devices. Since we aim to identify the source devices based on a single feature (i.e., packet size), we only select the packet size feature for our ML model training which can be directly extracted from the header. TABLE I: Dataset summary
Device Amazon Echo (AE) Security Camera (SC) Motion Detector (MS) Photo-Frame (PF) Weather Station (WS) Class Smart assistants Cameras Smart home devices Appliances Sensors # of flow 16788 1601 6411 5439 979 # of packets 270840 144187 233329 23561 11623
TABLE II: Selected features
Feature SrcPort DstPort Pkt size Min pkt size Max pkt size Avg pkt size Total bytes Type Stateless Stateless Stateful Stateful Stateful Stateful Stateful Short Description Source port Destination port Size of the packet Size of the smallest packet Size of the largest packet Average packet size of flow Cumulative sum of IPv4 packet size
1) Dataset
We divide the monitored devices to five classes: static smarthome devices (e.g., motion detector), sensors (e.g., weather station), audio (e.g., smart assistants), video (e.g., security camera), and appliance (e.g., photo frame). We select classes that can be assigned to various QoS groups: from high bandwidth (video) and low latency (sensor) to best effort (others classes). The devices belonging to the same class sharing the same traffic characteristics. Therefore, we select only one device from each class for validation in the data plane. TABLE I shows a summary of the dataset for these selected devices.
2) Experimental setup
The experimental procedure starts from training the ML model on the given IoT dataset to embedding the trained model’ outputs to the data plane for online inference. We also observe the CPU and memory overhead added by the ML model to the P4 switch during online inference. In order to compare the performance of our single featurebased traffic classification approach with a statistical method, we train two different ML models based on the features described in TABLE II. The statistical properties allow the capture of flow dynamics (e.g., duration and cumulative packet size at a given moment). However, the downside is extra resources overhead and limited support of crucial operations (e.g., division and square root) in P4. Therefore, it is impossible to compute better descriptive measures directly (e.g., average, variance, and standard deviation) for time-varying features when working with flows. In a single feature case, we can directly extract the packet size from the header and the only operation required to infer class is a value comparison. The first step is to train ML models on selected samples from the dataset. We are using Python’s scikit-learn 2 implementation of the decision tree classifier to build the models. The training set for both single and multi-feature models is the same. However, the feature extraction process differs in both cases. In addition, the input length (i.e., number of packets) and decision tree depth must be kept to a minimum to identify the flow class at the earliest possible stage. Therefore, we are observing the input length and depth of the tree to understand the impact on classification accuracy. The obtained results show that with a tree depth of four and an input length of four, the single-feature model provides good accuracy (99%) as shown in TABLE III. As a result, both parameters are set to four. The next step of the experiment is to test the models in the data plane for online inference. We are applying both single and multi-feature models to all the packets in the test set. The data plane is implemented in P4, compiled with a target of behavioural model version 2 (BMv2) [15]. Moreover, another experiment step is to assess the CPU and memory overhead added by both models to the regular packet processing to accomplish the actions required for classification (feature extraction, updating feature values, and identifying the flow class).
TABLE III: Varying input length and tree depth
Class identification time: This performance criterion concerns packet residence time inside the switch’s pipeline. It can be obtained by calculating the packet forwarding latency throughout the pipeline processing. Equation 1 is used to calculate the identification time Tfi of a particular flow fi. It is the sum of j th packet processing time and the time spent in feature extraction and values updating process by unclassified packets (1 : j − 1) ∈ fi.
(1:j−1)∈fi Tfi = Ttj∈fi + Tt
The average flow identification time for each class is shown in Fig. 5. In the multi-features case, the class identification time increases with the number of features. This can be explained by the necessary operations for calculating statistical properties and updating corresponding flow entries in the memory. Classification cost: the last set of results concerns the cost of network traffic classification inside PDP in terms of CPU and memory consumption of the switch. Again, it is slightly higher in the multi-features case, indicating that an increase in the number of features directly impacts the device’s memory and computational resources. (See TABLE V). TABLE V: Classification cost
Input Length Tree Depth 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 55% 60% 71% 73% 73% 55% 60% 71% 73% 75% 72% 76% 83% 73% 90% 72% 84% 91% 99% 99% 75% 84% 91% 99% 99% (1) Model Type CPU Memory Single feature Multi-features 6.1% 7.4% 0.39% 0.49%
4) Discussion
The obtained results reveal that instead of classifying the flow based on statistical properties that are prone to network dynamics, affect the class identification time and adds-up extra resources overhead at the device; we can accurately TABLE IV
: Classification results
and efficiently
identif
y the
network traffic only based on
the
Single
-
feature model Multi-features model
sequential
packet size information of
the first
few
packets Class Precision
Re
call
F
1-Score
Precision Recall F1-
Score
by each flow. Since we
are
using
packet size information
as
an input, the applications having large-sized messages such AE
0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00
MS
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
as high-quality video streaming will cause fragmentation at PF 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.96 0.98 the network layer, affecting the overall class identification SC 1.00 0.92 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.99 time. However, as shown in TABLE VI, the payload size in WS 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.99 emerging and latency-critical IoT applications is less than the 3) Results maximum transmission unit (MTU). As a result, our proposed This subsection presents the obtained results, including the approach is potentially applicable to high precision networks classification accuracy, the class identification time and the where the latency-critical applications will benefit greatly. Meanwhile, taking a single feature as the input increases the resources overhead added by ML models to the data plane. Classification accuracy
: TABLE
IV summarizes the classi- system utilization in terms of CPU and memory consumption. fication results of both single and multi-feature models using In addition, despite having good accuracy, the one fit model the following performance metrics: precision, recall and f1- becomes outdated due to the changing traffic pattern. At the score. It is clearly shown that both models performed simi- same time, the network device memory needs to be carefully larly for class identification. The confusion matrix for online maintained. Therefore, it is vital to continuously monitor the inference of both models is shown Fig. 4, with the accuracy network device, remove inactive match-action rules from the device memory, and use the telemetry data to train the model of both models being similar. better to keep an updated model in the data plane. All these 2 https://scikit-learn.org/ limitations and considerations are subject to our future work.
Fig. 4: Confusion matrices for single feature (left) and multi-feature (right) model differentiated QoS provisioning. R EFERENCES
Fig. 5: Class identification time TABLE VI: Payload size and latency requirements of IoT applications in next-generation networks [16],
[17]
Use Case Factory Automation Process Automation Smart Grids / 2.0 Intelligent Transportation Internet of Everything E2E Latency (ms) 0.5 to 50 50 to 100 3 to 20 / 1 to 10 10 to 100 ms to s Data Size (bytes) 10 to 30 40 to 100 80 to 1000 <500 - V. C
ONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we presented an accurate and efficient approach for network traffic classification inside PDP that can identify various types of IoT traffic at an early stage by considering only a single feature as an input. Our proposed solution mainly consists of two phases, (i) offline model training at the control plane and (ii) online inference in the data plane. The first phase uses a data training algorithm to identify the traffic source based on a single feature, while the second phase uses the resulted outputs as match-action rules inside PDP to identify the flow class at runtime. The simulation results show that accurate and early-stage network traffic classification is achievable inside PDP by considering only the first few packets’ sizes information of each flow as an input. Our proposed solution achieves high precision early-stage network traffic classification, allowing efficient
[1] Y. e. a. Tokusashi, “The case for in-network computing on demand,” in EuroSys Conference, 2019, pp. 1–16. [2] P. e. a. Bosshart, “Forwarding metamorphosis: Fast programmable match-action processing in hardware for sdn,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 99–110, 2013. [3] I. Kunze, K. Wehrle, D. Trossen, and M.-J. Montpetit, “Use cases for in-network computing,” IETF, Internet-Draft, 2021. [4] Y. Tokusashi, H. Matsutani, and N. Zilberman, “Lake: the power of in-network computing,” in IEEE International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), 2018, pp. 1–8. [5] Z. Xiong and N. Zilberman, “Do switches dream of machine learning? toward in-network classification,” in ACM workshop on hot topics in networks, 2019, pp. 25–33. [6] B. M. e. a. Xavier, “Programmable switches for in-networking classification,” in IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 2021, pp. 1–10. [7] X. e. a. Zhang, “pheavy: Predicting heavy flows in the programmable data plane,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 4353–4364, 2021. [8] F. e. a. Pacheco, “Towards the deployment of machine learning solutions in network traffic classification: A systematic survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1988–2014, 2018. [9] S. Sadrhaghighi, M. Dolati, M. Ghaderi, and A. Khonsari, “Flowshark: Sampling for high flow visibility in sdns.” [10] P. e. a. Bosshart, “P4: Programming protocol-independent packet processors,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 87–95, 2014. [11] P. Poupart, Z. Chen, P. Jaini, F. Fung, H. Susanto, Y. Geng, L. Chen, K. Chen, and H. Jin, “Online flow size prediction for improved network routing,” in 2016 IEEE 24th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–6. [12] J. Erman, A. Mahanti, M. Arlitt, I. Cohen, and C. Williamson, “Offline/realtime traffic classification using semi-supervised learning,” Performance Evaluation, vol. 64, no. 9-12, pp. 1194–1213, 2007. W. e. a. Chen, “Sequential message characterization for early classification of encrypted internet traffic,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 3746–3760, 2021. [14] A. Sivanathan, H. H. Gharakheili, F. Loi, A. Radford, C. Wijenayake, A. Vishwanath, and V. Sivaraman, “Classifying iot devices in smart environments using network traffic characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1745–1759, 2018. [15] “Performance of bmv2,” https://github.com/p4lang/behavioralmodel/blob/main/docs/performance.mdwhat-impacts-performance, online; accessed 213 February 2022. [16] C. e. a. De Alwis, “Survey on 6g frontiers: Trends, applications, requirements, technologies and future research,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 2, pp. 836–886, 2021. [17] P. e. a. Schulz, “Latency critical iot applications in 5g: Perspective on the design of radio interface and network architecture,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 70–78, 2017.
| 31,410 |
https://github.com/rekpero/prescryp-lance-patient/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/prescryp/lance/Model/RideHistoryItem.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
prescryp-lance-patient
|
rekpero
|
Java
|
Code
| 250 | 773 |
package com.prescryp.lance.Model;
public class RideHistoryItem {
private String rideId;
private Long timestamp;
private String dateOfRide;
private String driverProfileImageUrl;
private String driverName;
private String ambulanceType;
private String rideRating;
private String distance;
private String pickupLocationName;
private String destinationLocationName;
public RideHistoryItem(String rideId, Long timestamp, String dateOfRide, String driverProfileImageUrl, String driverName, String ambulanceType, String rideRating, String distance, String pickupLocationName, String destinationLocationName) {
this.rideId = rideId;
this.timestamp = timestamp;
this.dateOfRide = dateOfRide;
this.driverProfileImageUrl = driverProfileImageUrl;
this.driverName = driverName;
this.ambulanceType = ambulanceType;
this.rideRating = rideRating;
this.distance = distance;
this.pickupLocationName = pickupLocationName;
this.destinationLocationName = destinationLocationName;
}
public String getRideId() {
return rideId;
}
public void setRideId(String rideId) {
this.rideId = rideId;
}
public Long getTimestamp() {
return timestamp;
}
public void setTimestamp(Long timestamp) {
this.timestamp = timestamp;
}
public String getDateOfRide() {
return dateOfRide;
}
public void setDateOfRide(String dateOfRide) {
this.dateOfRide = dateOfRide;
}
public String getDriverProfileImageUrl() {
return driverProfileImageUrl;
}
public void setDriverProfileImageUrl(String driverProfileImageUrl) {
this.driverProfileImageUrl = driverProfileImageUrl;
}
public String getDriverName() {
return driverName;
}
public void setDriverName(String driverName) {
this.driverName = driverName;
}
public String getAmbulanceType() {
return ambulanceType;
}
public void setAmbulanceType(String ambulanceType) {
this.ambulanceType = ambulanceType;
}
public String getRideRating() {
return rideRating;
}
public void setRideRating(String rideRating) {
this.rideRating = rideRating;
}
public String getDistance() {
return distance;
}
public void setDistance(String distance) {
this.distance = distance;
}
public String getPickupLocationName() {
return pickupLocationName;
}
public void setPickupLocationName(String pickupLocationName) {
this.pickupLocationName = pickupLocationName;
}
public String getDestinationLocationName() {
return destinationLocationName;
}
public void setDestinationLocationName(String destinationLocationName) {
this.destinationLocationName = destinationLocationName;
}
}
| 27,072 |
1770992_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,976 |
None
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None
|
English
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Spoken
| 2,091 | 2,855 |
Pearson, J.
The defendant David A. Warwick was charged and found guilty of one count of delivery of methylenedioxy amphetamine (MDA) and one count of manslaughter by having caused Forrest Bennett to consume a lethal quantity of MDA. The trial court entered judgment and sentence on the manslaughter verdict, but granted defendant's motion for arrest of judgment and dismissed the verdict on the delivery count. Defendant appeals from the manslaughter conviction and the State cross-appeals from the dismissal of the delivery charge. Defendant raises four questions on appeal: (1) Should a change of venue have been granted because of pretrial publicity? (2) Was there insufficient evidence to present to the jury the question of whether the MDA supplied by defendant caused Bennett's death? (3) Was the court's proximate cause instruction erroneous? (4) Was the defense improperly precluded from impeaching its own witness on the basis of surprise? For the reasons stated below we answer each question in the negative.
On April 4, 1975, 18-year-old Forrest Bennett died. Testimony disclosed that at approximately 8 p.m., April 3, 1975, Bennett consumed some MDA. A couple of hours later, he and two friends went to a party at the Aberdeen abode of two other friends. Bennett arrived "normal" and not "high." By midnight Bennett and his friend, Madison, apprised defendant, who was also at the party, that they would like to get "stoned." Defendant accommodated them by putting some MDA powder into two paper cups of water. Bennett and Madison each drank a cup. About 20 minutes later Madison became ill. Bennett shortly followed suit.
Bennett was placed on a bed, where he "shook" for a few hours. Meanwhile, the others discussed and rejected proposed hospitalization. At approximately 6:50 a.m. an ambulance was called. Shortly thereafter Bennett was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital. Autopsy disclosed he had. died of MDA intoxication.
Defendant contends he was so unduly prejudiced by pretrial publicity that he could not receive a fair and impartial trial in Grays Harbor County, and therefore his motion for a change of venue should have been granted. A defendant is entitled to a change in venue when pretrial publicity results in actual prejudice or where he demonstrates a reasonable probability of prejudice. Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 16 L. Ed. 2d 600, 86 S. Ct. 1507 (1966); State v. Knapp, 14 Wn. App. 101, 540 P.2d 898 (1975); State v. Stiltner, 80 Wn.2d 47, 491 P.2d 1043 (1971). Defendant urges that we reject the traditional stan dard of review that denial of a change in venue will be overturned only if the trial court has abused its discretion. See State v. Malone, 75 Wn.2d 612, 452 P.2d 963 (1969). Instead, he asks us to substitute our independent evaluation of the record in determining whether the court's refusal denied him a fair and impartial trial. He cites Sheppard v. Maxwell, supra, and Maine v. Superior Court, 68 Cal. 2d 375, 438 P.2d 372, 66 Cal. Rptr. 724 (1968), in support of his position.
While the Washington Supreme Court has adhered to the traditional "abuse of discretion" rubric, see State v. Stiltner, supra at 53, State v. Braun, 82 Wn.2d 157, 166, 509 P.2d 742 (1973), it has given the rule suggested by defendant its tacit approval, see State v. Stiltner, supra at 55, and has independently reviewed evidence presented in favor of a change in venue. See State v. Stiltner, supra; State v. Braun, supra. See also State v. Haugland, 14 Wn. App. 853, 545 P.2d 1237 (1976).
In the present case, our own independent review shows that on April 5, 6, and 7, 1975, three local radio stations received and periodically broadcast an Aberdeen Police Department news release stating the police were investigating five apparently related drug overdose cases involving teenagers, one of whom had died (Bennett), and asking that relevant information be directed to the department. Although it was not known at the time, there was no relation between Bennett's death and the other drug overdose cases which were not caused by MDA.
In addition to the radio broadcasts, five articles appeared in an Aberdeen newspaper. The first article, on April 5, 1975, contained the same information as the radio broadcasts and also identified Bennett and stated two persons had been arrested in connection with his death. The second article on April 6, 1975, identified MDA as being the cause of Bennett's death and the other drug overdoses. Defendant's name was not mentioned. The other articles, published April 8 and 11 and May 16,1975, identified defendant as having been charged with manslaughter and delivery in connection with Bennett's death, but did not unduly concentrate on the defendant nor refer to the other overdose cases.
Defendant's contention that the publicity violated the Statement of Principles of the Bench-Bar-Press of the State of Washington and Guidelines for the Reporting of Criminal Proceedings, Juvenile Court Proceedings, Civil Proceedings, Public Records (1966) is unfounded.
Neither the radio broadcasts nor the newspaper articles were sensational or inflammatory. The broadcasts, based on the news release, resulted from what the police reasonably believed was an immediate threat to public health and safety. The newspaper articles, which were factual and not accusatory, were nothing more than the conventional type of news coverage given by the media.
Defendant's greatest concern is that defendant was unjustly associated with and held responsible in the public mind for the other overdose cases because of police dissemination of the erroneous impression that the cases were related. Official participation in news dissemination is a factor to consider in determining whether the publicity is such as to warrant a change in venue. State v. Stiltner, supra; State v. Butler, 11 Wn. App. 605, 524 P.2d 488 (1974). However, official involvement with the publicity by itself, will not justify a change in venue. See State v. Butler, supra. The publicity must also engender actual prejudice or give rise to the likelihood that community prejudice was aroused against the defendant. State v. Stiltner, supra; State v. Butler, supra. The error in connecting all the overdose cases was, at most, only tenuously related to defendant's arrest and trial. Defendant's name and the unrelated drug incidents were never mentioned together. There was, in short, not the sort of inflammatory or prejudicial news coverage as would warrant a change of venue. See State v. Evans, 85 N.M. 47, 508 P.2d 1344 (1973).
The short time between the publicity and the date of trial, June 2, 1975, does not change this result. Several of the jury panel members did have vague recollections of having read or heard over the radio something about the case. Most had either forgotten the news items until reminded in court, or could not remember what they had read or heard. Their responses suggested nothing to indicate the possibility that defendant could not receive a fair trial. The publicity and record of the jury voir dire do not support either a presumption or probability of prejudice. It was not error to refuse a change in venue.
Defendant next contends there was insufficient evidence of a causal connection between the MDA supplied by defendant and the MDA intoxication which caused Bennett's death to support the manslaughter conviction. He places primary reliance on expert testimony that the human stomach involuntarily empties every three to four hours, and, since Bennett's stomach contained undigested paper and MDA powder at the time of his death, he "obviously" had consumed MDA after drinking the midnight concoction supplied by the defendant.
Our inquiry on appeal is limited to whether there was substantial evidence, viewed most favorably to the State, tending to establish circumstances from which the jury could have reasonably inferred Bennett's death was caused by the MDA supplied by defendant. State v. Smith, 15 Wn. App. 716, 552 P.2d 1059 (1976); State v. Luoma, 14 Wn. App. 705, 544 P.2d 770 (1976). Viewed in this light, the jury could have found that defendant's reliance on testimony regarding the involuntary emptying of the stomach was unwarranted since other expert testimony established such emptying, for various reasons, may or may not occur. Other evidence reasonably supported findings that the MDA consumed by Bennett at 8 p.m. on April 3, 1975, could not have caused his death; that the next and last time he ingested MDA was when he drank the mixture supplied by the defendant; that he immediately became ill, as did Madison, and remained ill and incapacitated until his death sev eral hours later; and finally, that his death was caused by the ingestion of MDA supplied by the defendant.
Defendant's next assignment of error relates to the trial court's refusal to allow the defense to impeach its own witness on the basis of surprise.
Prior to trial, defense counsel obtained an oral statement from Gene Swor that he and Forrest Bennett had consumed morphine on April 3, which resulted in Swor's hospitalization for morphine intoxication. On the day he was called to testify, Swor informed the defense that he had been mistaken as to the drug involved, that it had been sporine rather than morphine. On the stand, Swor testified that he and Bennett were not together April 3, that Swor had not taken morphine on that date, nor had he seen Bennett do so. At this point counsel, claiming surprise, moved to cross-examine Swor as to the prior inconsistent statement he had made to counsel and statements to third parties regarding his and Bennett's activities on April 3. The trial judge, being of the opinion that there was no real surprise, denied the motion. We think his decision was correct.
It is well settled that a party may not impeach his own witness unless he is both genuinely surprised and has been affirmatively prejudiced by the witness' testimony. State v. Matlock, 65 Wn.2d 107, 396 P.2d 164 (1964); State v. Thorne, 43 Wn.2d 47, 260 P.2d 331 (1953). Defendant has satisfied neither of these requisites. First, counsel's understanding that Swor and Bennett had consumed morphine together on April 3 was based mainly on hearsay statements by third parties of what Swor had stated to them. Further, counsel were unsure that Swor, in his original statement to them, had stated he actually saw Bennett consume morphine. On the basis of these facts, plus Swor's statement that he had been mistaken as to the drug involved, we cannot agree counsel were surprised by Swor's testimony.
Moreover, Swor's testimony was not affirmatively prejudicial. The defense was trying to prove, through Swor, that Bennett had taken morphine on April 3, for the purpose of introducing an alternative to the State's theory that Bennett's death was caused by MDA intoxication. Swor did not'testify that Bennett had not taken morphine on April 3, only that he had not seen him consume morphine on that date: Swor's testimony, therefore, was merely a disclaimer of knowledge which was insufficient to permit impeachment by the defense. State v. Matlock, supra.
Finally, defendant assigns error to the court's instruction No. 10, which told the jury it could find defendant guilty of manslaughter if his conduct was a proximate cause of Bennett's death. Defendant argues the instruction, which is proper in civil causes, is inappropriate when applied to criminal matters. He urges that we adopt the rule that "proximate cause" in criminal cases be "direct, actual, continuous and unbroken and that there cannot be, so far as criminal matters are concerned, more than one proximate cause of death." This argument was not presented to the trial court either by way of defendant's exception, which was too general to apprise the court of the grounds for his objection, State v. Chambers, 81 Wn.2d 929, 506 P.2d 311 (1973), or by inclusion in his proposed instructions. We therefore will not consider it on appeal. Haslund v. Seattle, 86 Wn.2d 607, 547 P.2d 1221 (1976); State v. McDonald, 74 Wn.2d 141, 443 P.2d 651 (1968).
Disposition of the issues raised by the defendant require affirmance of his conviction and have made moot the question presented in the State's cross-appeal.
The State concedes that since the evidence was the same for the two charges, defendant could not have been sentenced under both. We need not consider whether sentences should have been imposed in the alternative in the event of reversal.
Affirmed.
Petrie, C. J., and Reed, J., concur.
Petition for rehearing denied October 18, 1976.
Review denied by Supreme Court March 21, 1977.
MDA is sometimes consumed with paper to disguise its taste. There was no- testimony explaining the presence of the paper in defendant's stomach..
| 49,329 |
sn85066408_1914-04-14_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 4,030 | 7,836 |
La vittima d'un una Tirannia Romanzo storico della Dominazione Borbonica in Italia di GUIDO BASSI Kiparola si buttò Immediatamente carcomi a terra, appoggiando l'orecchio al suolo ed origliando. — SI! — esclamò poi, rizzandosi — K’ un cavallo che g’avvvina! — Nella macchia allora, via! — ordinò il capobrígante — Al fischio che darò, fermerete il cavallo, strapperete di sella colui che su di esso si troverò, lo leghete ed Imbavaglierete! Non è necessario che spargate sangue, a meno che egli stesso non cl provochi! Erano appena state pronunziate ta l' parole e erano l' banditi appena messi in agguato, quando in lonta manza, al chiaror di luna, si vide aparere la luccicante uniforme d’un uf ficiale di cavalleria. Non Vera dubbio: si trattava del messo del viceré. Tutto andò secondo quando Triedrico aveva disposto. Al suo fischio gli uomini con le pi atolo alla mano sbarrarono la strada. agguantarono per la briglia il cavallo e costrins Elegante a diocendere. Un instante de questi si provava nell'impossibilità di nuocere. Fu accuratamente perquisito da Giovanni di Parola e, come giustamente le et era supposto, si trovà in una tasca della tunica il sigillato messagio, portante le armi del viceré. Tracarlco prese il documento nelle mani e, con non comune abilità, lo après, pur lasciando il sigillo intatto. Alla luce debole della luna luna luce si caratteri del decreto erano leggi bili e gli occhi del capobrígante percorsero lo scritto, in un sarcastico sorriso. — iMe l'ere immaginato! — disse egli poi — Non una parola sola ri guardo il povero Ciccio Correi; il prìncipe delle Ungile fa la grazia sol tanto a quel miserabile dità banchie «le!... Si sono fatti però 1 conti senza di me! lo Invertirò le parti, e ciò sarà vera giustizia!.... Cocco-Ortu! Colui che con tale nome era stato chiamato si fece innanzi. Era stato tempo prima Impiegato presso la cancelleria del tribunale di Palermo, dove però avendo commes so gravi Irregolarità era Incorso nella destituzione, subendo per giunta la pena del carcere. Tornato In libertà gli era stalo impossibile d'ottenere altro lavoro, si «sia visto discacciato, respinto da tutti e. non sapendo ehe far di meglio.... v'ra diventato un bandito, — Dimmi! — fece a lui rivolto 11 capobrígante —- Ha addosso penna <e calamaio, secondo quanto t'ho ordinalo?! — Sicuro? — TI sei vantalo d! saper Imitare qualunque scrittura e di saper alte rare qualsiasi documento, senza cito Ih cosa lasci trac Sul volto della sua vida di poter finalmente mostrar à nelle, dando prova della sua arte. — Capo, serta contento del mio lavoro, quando lo vedrete rispose. — Vedi il nome questo Itanchitie? insogna ehe esso vada cancellato e che al posto d'esso sta scritto quello e Ciccio Correi. Com preso?... Quanto tempo t'occorre? Una diecina ili minuti! Ottimamente! Sbrigati però. chi non v è tempo da perdere! tà l'aliia sta per sorgere! Cocco-Ortu I ritirò dietro un ce spuglio. ritornando però dopo non molto con l'ulteiato documento ella inano. il,a falsificazione poteva dir i! riuscitissima! Allora il messaggio fa di nuovo chiuso, il sigillo, ancora intatto fu ri scaldato e rimesso a posto. Sbrigadieri disse sod disfatto (loffredo Tricaretto To gliete gli abiti a questiifflclale. Egli di alla statura e la sua uniforme si adatterà a meraviglia alla mia persona! Anche ciò fu presto eseguilo. E ohe dobbiamo adesso fare dei prigioniero? domandarono I bandito, mentre che 11 loro capo sal tava in sella al cavallo e C.lovaniil IH parola si affrettava u menargli una altra cavalcatura. — d.sedatelo legato ed Imbava gliato nella macchia. Egli non p trà darci nolo! Hivers del briganti si offersero di accompagnare tt loro capo nella sua spedizione. Egli però rifiutò ogni coni pagnia. — Desidero Invero — rispose — «'ho continuiate senza di me le rioer «he della oontessina! Uolul che la ri condurrà a me. riceverà in eompenso cinquecento ducati! «’iò detto egli spronava 11 suo cavallo, dando Una scudisciata all’al tro di cui reggeva le briglie. I due animali si misero di carriera per la strada provinciale, scomparen do poco dopo dalla vista del band Fu appena la tempo che tìoffrodo Tricarlco raggiunse la città. Malgrado l'ora mattutina gilt una numerosa folla al vedeva per lo vie e specialmente in vicinanza della pazza za principale. — No si crederebbe possibile — borbottò II capobrígante — che que sta canaglia ignorante provi tanto zzusto noll'aaalatere a si barbaro, sanguinarlo spettacolo! Si direbbe che vadano ad una festa! Quando la piazza fu da lui raggiunta soltanto il grido che corse tra la folla. — K' un corriere del vice ré — bastò a dargli la possibilità di farsi strada tra quella marea vivente. He due forche erano tu perfetto or dine; tanto i giudici quanto I con dannati si trovavano ai loro posto. Olla uno del carnefici aveva uggitati tato lo sventurate Corre), quando la voce di Goffredo Tricarlco che imperiosa; — Fermatevi! Sono un corr ere di Sua Serenità il Viceré! Lo no le re to di grazia! (K già ImiIlava ani lavalo de; ni;ig' : pirati il documento che «eco aveva Il presidente non potesta fare a meno dallo scambiare un sorriso di intelligenza col banchiere Goberghl. Era chiaro che la grazia non potesse riguardar che lui. Il sigillo fu rotto, il documento fu spiegato... ma aveva il presidente appena cominciato a leggere, che sul suo volto si pinseja massima sorpre sa. — Signori! — disse allora — Non é li banchiere Goberghl che viene graciato... ma 11 minatore Francesco Correi! — Ma e impossibile! — fu il mor morio generale che, non solo tra I magistrati, ma che tra la folla corse. lineato è un errore!... Questo è certo un errore! — gridò esasperato il banchiere. Adesso però che 11 suo destino pa reva deciso, nessuno del giudici si cu rava piò di lui e gl i fu radamente imposto silenzio. 1.0 scritto del viceré passò di ma no In mano. Ma con la stessa voce imperiosa.11 poco prima, il falso corriere escla mò: In nome di Sua Serenissima Altézza il principe delle Puglie, Viceré di Sicilia, Francesco Correi deve montare immediatamente su questo cavallo, poiché lo devo condurio alla residenza! 1.0 strano comando accrebbe lo sta pore generale; ma nessuno s'azzardò a fare obbiezioni. Il giovano minatore che credeva addirittura di sognare, si senti sciol to dalle catene, si senti spinto quasi suo malgrado in sella al cavallo. E già Goffredo Tricarico, tra grida di acclamazioni della folla, slava per partire... quando, come un fanta sama improvvisamente sorto da sotto terra, un uomo gli apparve davanti, vestito da contadino e facendosi trado a viva forza tra la folla, gridando: — Non lasciate fuggire questi duo! Fugile e un falso corriere... egli non é altri che il travestito capobrato tricarico!... Mi ha rubato il cavallo, l'uniforme, lo scritto del viceré... ed ita falsificato anche que sto, poiché non é Francesco Correi che viene graziato ma II banchiere Goberghi! CAINTOU) XIX. In diabolico pensiero. Che l'inferno l'ingliostisca! — gridò il capobrigante, dando al suo cavallo ed a quello di Ciccio Correi tale una scudisciata, che le due bestie, dopo d'esseral Inalberate si precipitato a tutta corsa, più veloci del vento. Chi non si fece di lato, fu senza misericordia travolto. Grida, lamenti, imprecazioni, miste nello stesso tu po a non pochi applausi, e Cheggiaro no nella piazza. Adesso soltanto a giudici e la scrota militare che aveva accompagnato i due condannati si rifacevano dello stupore in cui quell'inalteso incidente d aveva messi. Inseguiteli! Essi non devono fuggirci! gridò ai soldati il capitano, al cui ordini essi a trovavano. La homi che non al dica, gli uomini montarono sul loro cavalli ed un'ac canita caccia cominiò. La due l i;g 1 1 v| sentirono nuatcroVl '•ridottili fischiare a poca distanza da loro! Ma per fortuna nessuno an dò colpito. Che avveniva però adesso?... (libò! Il cavallo del capobrío, ferito a morte, piombava al suo liberato! Ciccio Correi volle allora fermari per dar socorso al suo liberato, eia. poco pratico como era del caval care, non rittsel a fermare lo sbizzar rito suo animale, che seco lo traspor tò nel suo sfuriato galoppo. C'iji grida di giubilo gli inseguitori si precipitarono su Goffredo Trlearl co; ma questi, dopo d’aver l'alto partire diversi colpi dalla sita pistola liberandosi cosi di diversi avversarli, fu In grado di raggiungere il bosco vicino. Al soldati Intanto s'erano uniti molti altr, in quel feroce Inseguimento e tra essi si notavano non pochi cospi cui. ricchi cittadini, a cui la cattu razioue del bandito sarebbe stato evi dente vantaggio. Ma a lungo durò quella caccia, sen za che del bandito si potessero rin tracciare le orme; si sarebbe detto come se egli fosse stato ingliottite dal terreno. Fonte era avvenuto tal fatto? Non s’ern trattato che d'un colpo d 'astuzia del capobrígante. Egli era con tutta sveltezza moti tato su di un albero e standosene accovacciato Ira le foglie, avva po tato vedere suol nemici passargli sotto. Ignari d'ogut cosa. Qitaud'essi si furono dissipali, egli tornò a scendere. Adesso sua meta era quella di rag giungere 1 compagni. Essi forse lo attendevano in ansia. 81 Incamminò quindi. Ad un tratto però nn'lmprovvtsa stanchezza lo prese. I trapassi degli ultimi giorni si facevano risentire. Ha quanto tempo non aveva più chiu so occhio al sonno! 'Adesso non ne poteva davvero più II caso fece si che una specie vii groltteina si mostrasse alla sua vi sta. La tentazione era troppo grande per non cedere ad essa. Egli si ficcò II dentro, si pose a giacere e, stanco come al trovava, non lardò a prender sonno. Non l'avête mal l'attaque! Viste vane le loro ricerche, suoi Inseguitori erano ritornati sui loro passi e tu cosi che uno di loro, il cava Iter Marza, un discolo di prima "TP e degno amico del baroncino di Ilrocoanillono, riuscì a scorgere il cap obtigante uel suo nascondiglio. (Continúa) Dr. Aug. A. Guglieri Publica questo avisa allo scopo eli venir in aiuto a tanti poveri am malati affetti da malattie veneree troppo spesso vit time di speculato ri che si spaccia no per specialisti nella cura di dette malattie, il Dr. Gu *411 eri si obbliga a guarire radicalmente tutte le malattie <* specialmente le malattie veneree Egli invita tutti quegli sfortunati che. vittime di falsi sistemi, hanno perduta ogni speranza di guarire. UFFICIO: 260 Columbus Ave., Ang. Broadway, San Francisco, Cal. - Ore dalle 2 alle 5 poni. Residenza al Han torlum 10!»" "th St., Angolo di Chestnut Oakland, Cal. t l».\S! LTI GUATI* BARBERO Il primo © più rinomato Pastor Italiano in San Francisco. Non-bien interessantemente con nessun altro patricios, n'était meno succésion. Hérole di pastel cerca a gelatieria situato al 1343 STOCKTON ST. Telefono: Nolte. OKAZIOU MIÑO. LA TORINÉS NUVA PASTICCI KIT! A ITALIANA 1242 STOCKTON ST. Specialistà Caramelle e Torroni Pressi Speciali per Rostri uranio e HoteU Fancy Ice Cream TELEFONO; Pacific: Douglas 270f LA FRANCISCO CURIÓN 5UCC155 CRÓNIC T0 0 BARBERO LA PÚBLICA VECCHIA PASTICCIÓN ITALIANA MITIÑO COSTA DEL PACÍFICO PREZIÓN SPECTACIÓN PER RISTORANTE ED HOTELS Speciallà in servizi da None, Batte sino al altre circostanze. Telefono: Muttcr 2104 AIf001.0 lALMUJO E STOCKTON 8T§ La piu’ grande scoperta del ventesimo secolo Trade EUPLOKAMON REO. U. S. RAT. OFFICE TONICO per i Capelli “lOiiplokamou" remili la cadu ta «lei enpelll In li giorni e 11 fa ereaevre folti e lielIImmìioì, rinfor zandone la ra«ll«'C. Noi g n rii n Un tuo alcurn risulta to u moiA ritornato II denaro. Protei 7Re - *i.oo - «l.Rtl la bottiglia. TINTI HA IMI'A NTANF.A per ridar»* al eaiielll il primitivo colori* nero o biondo. Pretto RO solili la bottiglia. ACUl A IH t OI.ON I \ tlnlMHlnir per profumeria. bagno • fritto dì. P\ etto 7 i solili la bottiglia grande r. A PII. Iltll sso UftVIoi 040. su» Ave., New \»rk l.om S4 rime» Sonare Sta. valente; ma mini & c•* Tel eternai lionata# 871 •RKKCN MTIIHKT, Mas Frali fra Powell A Stockton Mie ■ranch UM MIMMItiN 8TR Vicino alla IO mi Strada G. 1ACCHEH1 & CO., In*. (■«rkrrl, !.. a. ('«u.pu, !.. 1. K.rr. I, J. I*. v.ira.1 0.1. Ili HIIMI'K F1M0IIHI U IMBALLA M ATOIll r.i.fono- nm ni,., «ut FERRINI COMPANY PC IRÒ MI HI a c PIAI ANCSI. Prega • Le nostre Armonica* le adoperano t tnV tl’ori suonatori <k» mondo e sono la pt) perfezionata Si fanno Armonie ha n ogni Cenere di Meccanica Da dee Basai ai Una Mia mà a 2W Basai a 4 Pile, ut commuta Avana wmAACiiot» calli ABBONATI DOMAN DATE u BOLLETTINO DEI PREMI Lo diamo Gratis L'ITALIA è II giornale Più dtff «vi accreditato dell» Costa del Pi fico. Leggete sempre le ultime • ti rtesanti notti!* della Patri*. L’ITALIA. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. MARTEDÌ'. 14 APRILE 1914 FIOI D'ITALIA Restaurant A. DEL MONTI! * CO. 493 Broadway Timide Sala per banchetti di aoclcti Telefono: Douglas 1604 * Sulter 4047 PRANZI A TUTTE LE ORE HOTEL E A. BRENTA, Prop. Telefono: Kearny 827 RISTORANTE 1541-49 Stockton — §02 rlo« ite R. Prtrl, Prop. - J. Garello, V. Pm» D. Forese, Sejfr. e Tesorere R. PETHI WIN E CO., Inc. Pro». 550 Green Street, San Francisco, Cal. a Pio grande Hotel Italiano — Camere spazione e bene amnmblgUute — Nege alante airraggio <11 Vini, Liquori. Sigari, ecc. 1LL : Krarn.v COSMOPOUTAN HOTEL ROMA HOTEL O. MINO p< ZUCCA 408-10-12 BROADWAT, 9. FRANCISCO Telefono DookI» 2609 U pl9 vecchio, il piti r«nile ed 11 ■ tlniato Hotel ItMllanu la MINO A CO., Prop. città l’OLD ROMA HOTEL A. PORNO PROPRIETARIO E’ il primo tra gii alberghi Italiani per modernità, comfort, pulizia e trat tamento. Prezzi moderati, bagni gratis, biliardo • pool. Non mancate di andarlo a visitare e vi sarà facile trovarlo Giacché al trovato nello stesso posto, come prima del fuoco 8.8 MAX SOME S lUKET, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA FIRENZE HOTEL Único Albergo Italiano In San Francisco avente tutte le comodità moderne Q. GIUSTI, Prop. Tel.: Douglas 717 Acqua calda e fredda In ogni camera 2tW UROADWAY — SAN FRANCISCO CAVOUR HOTEL A. BUACCI, A. MORESCHI, I* BOTTO Telefono: Douglas 2888 Acqua calda e fredda In ogni camera Bagni - Luce elettrica e Gas - Balon Giuoco da bocia. CUCINA ALL’ITALIANA A TUTTLE ORE BROADWAY STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CAL, LEON D’ORO HOTEL restaurant e Camere con tutte le comodità — Cucina alla casaale — Sala da pranzo per banchetti — Anne*o Har di lusso. 1525-1527 GRAVY A YEN I E - SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. - Telefono: Douglas 1542 HOTEL D’ITALIA TOMORROW STREET Francisco Tel.: Douglas, Ili! CUCINA ALLA CASALINA Vicino alla Banca Popolare Fugasi Trovatore Ristorarne MS Broadway Street San Francisco APERTO TUTTA LA NOTTE Telefono: Kenruj 5*24 A. IM ('( OKLI, Manager D. sinIkIhnI - f*. Franceschi - J. Cereali NEW CALIFORNIA HOTEL 22:30 MAY 9THKET A. SINIOIANI, Mgr. 100 Camere ariose o tutte tmmbol gli&te a nuovo. Cucina all'Italiana BÌ g’ lardo Tel.: Franklin 7120. Puntua lità «il aeri Irlo m prml motllel F. Canale G. Iliornnn F. A. AlcntnndI G. Pelrona PIEMONTE HOTEL 75l)-752 VALLBJO 8T. t San Francisco Ùnico ritrovo del Panattlerl — Chiun que al rivolge a questo Hotel può sem pre avere abili panattlerl tanto per la città come per la campagna — Tele fonili Sutier 2SI6. Carlo — llo»rwiniio Rrotheru — Antonio Telefono: Douglas RRSH FIOR D’ITALIA SALOON VINI, LIQUORI E SIGARI DELLE MIGLIORI MARCHE 1 danno referente e Indirización al clien della campagna 1*M» GRANDE AVE. SAN FRANCISCO HONAVIA EXCHANGE. Chiappa e (In alai, Príp. — (12.% WASHINGTON ST. San Francisco, Cal. — Vini. Liquor e Iran delle migliori qualità. Ritrovo do» ristoratori ed Implegati affini. A. ROBERTI A GALLI L VECCHI TOSCANO HOTEL Ritrovo del Plautini del Prospécio 60 Camere Cucina alla Toscana Telefono West 70.il 1001 LOMBARDI SI., Annoio Webster St. San Francisco, Cal. AGL'INFELICI se Dr. GIBSON QUESTO Tacchi© sperimentato spe cialista di Ras Francisco euri sempre le mait tle DELLA PEL IE, DEBOLEZZA IN GENERALE REUMATISMI. K MORHOIDI, MA LATTUD DI RO GNONI E MALATTIE DI DONNE EO UOMINI, eoe., 1 di cui sintomi so no malinconia, macchie scure agli oc chi, dolori al capo. ecc. 11 I«r. Glhtoon pratica a San Francisco da 62 anni Egli guarisce dove gli altri falliscono. Provalelo. CURE GARANTITE SI cura anche a odmlclllo. Prezzi ragionevoli. Venite o scrivete Dr. J. F GIBBON, 1044 California St., vicino Ottavia St. San Francisco, Cal. 1000 DOLLARI DI DIFFIDA • chi potrh provare che 11 FERRO DUINA BITTERS ROSSI ala 11 solo ti j® O r. mossi Europa ed la América a DIFFIDATE degli Imbroglioni ch« con giuochi di parols tentano di Ingannar vi spacciando per Ferro-Quina Bitters genuino, ciò che è u na male riuscita fab bricazione. dannosa RIFUTATE qualsiasi sostitus Loi ed Insistière per ave il solo genuino FBI RO-QUTNA ROSSI. TENETE RENE A NIENTE che la forma del bottiglia del Solo Gen ulno Ferro-Quia stata cambiata, ma Bitter, non «.... sempre di forma quadrata e badate ( 5 U i 0?5,* etchetta sla Impressa la tei del LEONE e dall'ORSO. Un tonico ricostituente di gvn piacevole, è molto Indicato in tutte affezioni del songue — Febri di o| specie, debolezza generale e malat degli organi digestivi Appetlzzan bl vende al dettaglio In tutti gli St Uniti al prezzo di 110 la cassa di litri e se I vostri rivenditori non l’hi no, ordinatelo direttamente alla DHUG COMPANY IMO I nlon Street - San Francisco, C Distributori generale: Presso Speda: per grossa partite FOTOGRAFO Tniufaao: K< ài» (ili M INI HOTEL Clark c Diivìm St. San Francisco ETTORE G1PNTINI — A. B A ROZZI D. MERGONI — S. PAGANINI Proprietari RISiOR WTE e HOTEL di La CLASSE Chief Cook: A. Hnro/.l A D. Merloni Telefono: Kearny 1101 NEW TIVOLI HOTEL S. FIRPO & FINOCCHIO BROS.* Proprietari 1434 - 1430 - 143N 1)1 PO\T STREET San Francisco, Cal Vini, Liquor, Sigari delle migliori qua lità. Sala da biliardi. I migliori giuo chi di boccio sulla Costa del Pacifico. F. ((andrei II. T. Cuneo I. Va racchi lini,! Ituona Vista e Restaurante $40-50 (ol i >iiii s \\EM i: 2031-3043 MASON STREET 715-719 LO Al II A RI) STREET 11 pii) gran do Hotel Italiano della città. Sala separata per sposalizi © bat tesimi. Prezzi da non temere concor renza Telef.: Franklin 5554. GRAND MARCONI HOTEL 545 WASHINGTON STREET caa «unendo Elegante Rendurium IL GIARDINO D’ITALIA P. Zucconi, M. Glovannoul, O. Glannatlt « A. Glovannoul. Prop», Grande e moderno Hotel Italiana eon più di 80 camere pulite a éeue amata- Mgllate. Siena House e Caie' del Gìglio B50-55N DroRibvax. San Francisco Grande sala da biliardo. Camere ele ganti « pulito da affittarsi a giorno, a settimana e a mese. Allelui - X. Iliaiiehin - A. I.andiicel La Migliore Mondo MOTORIOLIÓN II ARI.F.R.DATIDOSO! FACIÓN CONDIZIÓNI - PRONTO PER LA CONSEGNA MAGGIA! A PBRKINS tubiti Market St, San Francisco. C« G. GALI. RAZZI Fabbricante ed aggiustatore in qualunque genere di Armoniche. Ab biamo Il brevetti ed una medaglia d’oro; 47s Jarkaoa St., San Francisco falli. ZELLERBACH PAPER COMPARÌ le |ll irulr rana raaeairrrlala 41 «aria al nradu «lampa r,.r »arrkl. eae •netti €1 carta, corda mi eatrUflit gnaato concerne In carta per naalalnal acopu *an Krnnolac*. Oa) L ITALIA 4 11 giornale Italiano pia diffuso ed accreditalo della Coati lai Pacifico OliO-lill DOLLARI-DI RECALO k oh ■ o» nriiAu» aI...li ii.... V I. 2. A chi ci pruova che può' offenere alt rove migliori condizioni delle nostre- ECCO I NOSTRI PATTI: ' PAGHIAMO NOI IL TRASPORTO, che farete di sei o sette òolhtd '' Pr ‘ m ° nSparmÌ0 RAN,P E. MAC^!^,^ A CAR!JSO - che gQ 3. dumo nello More 50 Doli, ve la daremo n, r^>r,ww ... S mesi di tempo per sperimentarla. Perciò’ potete ritornarcela se non e’ buona bercio potete 5.* DOVETE MANDÓN SOLÓNÓ O DOLLARI e I. ne Spedire Money Order o Retistrate a: • Socielajionjiralica Italiana stosors to Caruso Ptiouoirapli C& i 52 SE. New York * V ' CASE VINICOLE E LIGIÓN a ITALIAIM-SWISS- COLONY" 'T'-T'-T'i i IIL'I uinT.xrkTJT VIK1 ra npivnìra nwir * • PRODUTORI DEI MIGLIORI VINI B BRANDIES DELLA CALIFORNIA, Le nostre specialità eonoi TIPO (roano e Manco) Madera — Cognac _ r I nostri vigneti ed 1 nostri stabilimenti enologici sono 1 migliori de ~ <,’**** sono situati ad Asti, Cloverdale, Fulton, Sebastopol, Clayton, Made.1 : I Klnsgburg e Solma. '“Hi UFFICIO CENTRAL: San Francisco, Batter e Green ni eh Agenti della Clermont Distilling Co. di Kentucky e Cane Spring Whaling Agenti di importantissime Case Francesi ed Italiane per Liquori e vini Importator i diretti di generi alimentari — Specialità In Olii e Formaggi Prezzi da non temere concorrenza — Gli ordini dalla campagna vengono aiuti con cura e sollecitudine — Comproprietari della rinomata ROMA MACAKOM FACTORY, all'angolo di Francisco Street e Grant Avonue. GENERI AUMENTAR! IMPORTÀT MATTEUCCI & VANNUCCI •07-4O9 FRONT STREET SAN FRANCISCO G. IMBELLI & CO. Soli Agente de la Cigarra de Cigarros de Cigarros. XH* BROADWAY - 8AL FRANCISCO Telefono Douglas Mtìf importatori diretti dall'Italia il Olii, Tini liquori paste, lunchi, tor neggi «da. Uri generi di grosseria. f. MONTE VERDE & CO ‘eipertatori li Formaggi - Olle l’OUr Vegoslo aperto alla Domenica iaUe alle 13 a. m. MUS-M WASHINGTON ST., S. F., C. Telefono: Kearny 2011 MOLINARIÓN E CARIÓNI La pluma grande e accreditada fábrica de salud metodo italiano sulla (costa del pelo) Importador di ogni genere di grossería VINI E LIQUORI 37.1 Columbia Ave., San Francisco, CA 312 COLUMBUS AVENUE SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Telef.; Kearny 1TA» LA PINT IMPORTANTE FABRICA DE SALUD SULLA COSTA DEL S Importador directa di Genera alimentari - Salud, Olio. Formaggi, Vini e Llu rt Grande de p. Budelle per in marza G. D. VERGA & CO. G. VERGA & CO. 1309 GRANT AVENUE San Francisco, CA. Firma quallera generalmente in Saluderia — Dipartamento per grosseria e Importador di paste alimentari, vini e liquora Presi mo-Hr. Ordale dalla campagna C. O. tj. e rtletra referenze. — TEL.: Douglas' A. GIURIÁNI & ERO. Ì52-Ì60 Jackson St., San Francisco Importador DI GENERAL ALIMENTAR OLIVI — VINI - LIQUOR O. PAGANI 289 BLEECKER ST., NEW YORK La più grande ditta Musicale Italiana negli Stati Uniti Rappresentanti della Ditta: F. ROTI di Milano per instrumenti per Banda — Deposi tari del famoso Organetti del Comm. PAOLO SOPRANI di Castel fida rdo — Di Clarinetti di J. THIBOUVILLE di Parigi — DI Musica delle Ditte RAPINI di Firenze, RICORDI & CARISH di Milano, ORI di Torino — EDIZIÓN PROPRIE ed americane per qua lunque instrumento. Catalenkli Strumenti musicali 8c — Musica 5c — Strumenti Banda — brere 5c — Fonografi e Dischi 3c — Per-nese restai* 10c - Tre Treni ai giorno per CHICAGO Coincidenze Immediate pur New York ed altri punti dell'ast Noi vi ptwslamo fc*nlre oKnl dettaglio circa 1 vostri viaggi •«ir» verso 11 continoli le. — Telefonateci, scriveteci o venite In persona HAS RI IFFV AGENTI GKNERR B DELLA LAVA FE RI •71 MARKET STREET Telefono: Keany Sl« VIA SANTA FE 11 ATE FORTUNA XJOOOOOCXJg po.re^k^ nnn nf M.,9 0n. lp sr n,ene,e ««Ioni. mentre vi è temi e • X nuove I ndust i. 0n d! „ pt-i sone arricchirono c on azio X to per contanti- o-nm»r*m° n \° l * * 10,M * r ««Ione. 10 per cento di •* • J meno di Bazionf a!*'' he 1,1 dieci rate mensili. Non si \ £• l’ordine per -i/loni nni* 1 VL* ete fretto et * Informazioni gratis o ma'0 irS r »SiSSUjl *>« Veri? comp G. Rivoli! - J. Vnrnechl - V. V. Hr „ CAPIRRO’S WINEKY Vendita alllngrosso ed al minuto di Vini della California e Er.nd>s Pronta spedizione per la ramur.a VINI GARANTITI 545 GREEN ST. Phone: Douin* m A. CARBONARI & COMPANY BROADWAY, Sun Francisco Importatori In General Alimentari liniil - Spediamo «Un eampuunn Tel. Kearny 5218 SCHIAFFINO, MUSANTE \ «o, 445 Washington St., San Francisco o Importatori di Olio. Formaggio. ;.h| e Conserve Alimentari, f-.. GIORDANI & RESIM I! ) 454 t'antrò St. Telefono Park i Fabbrica di Salami e Importai' • Jl veneri alimentari. S E R VIZIO 1 N APPT NT A R II. I :.
| 3,510 |
https://github.com/fbernier/rom-http/blob/master/spec/unit/rom/http/dataset_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
rom-http
|
fbernier
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 1,630 | 5,052 |
RSpec.describe ROM::HTTP::Dataset do
let(:klass) { ROM::HTTP::Dataset }
let(:dataset) { klass.new(config, options) }
let(:config) do
{
uri: uri,
request_handler: request_handler,
response_handler: response_handler
}
end
let(:options) { {} }
let(:uri) { 'http://localhost:3000' }
let(:request_handler) { double(Proc) }
let(:response_handler) { double(Proc) }
it { expect(dataset).to be_kind_of(Enumerable) }
describe 'defaults' do
describe '#config' do
subject { dataset.config }
it { is_expected.to eq(config) }
end
describe '#options' do
subject { dataset.options }
context 'with options passed' do
let(:options) do
{
request_method: :put,
headers: {
'Accept' => 'application/json'
}
}
end
it do
is_expected.to eq(
request_method: :put,
path: '',
projections: [],
params: {},
headers: {
'Accept' => 'application/json'
}
)
end
end
context 'with no options passed' do
it do
is_expected.to eq(
request_method: :get,
path: '',
projections: [],
params: {},
headers: {}
)
end
end
end
end
describe '.default_request_handler' do
before do
module Test
class Dataset < ROM::HTTP::Dataset; end
end
end
context 'when no default_request_handler set' do
it 'returns nil' do
expect(klass.default_request_handler).to be nil
end
end
context 'when default_request_handler set' do
before do
Test::Dataset.default_request_handler(request_handler)
end
it 'returns the default request handler' do
expect(Test::Dataset.default_request_handler).to eq request_handler
end
end
end
describe '.default_response_handler' do
before do
module Test
class Dataset < ROM::HTTP::Dataset; end
end
end
context 'when no default_response_handler set' do
it 'returns nil' do
expect(klass.default_response_handler).to be nil
end
end
context 'when default_response_handler set' do
before do
Test::Dataset.default_response_handler(response_handler)
end
it 'returns the default response handler' do
expect(Test::Dataset.default_response_handler).to eq response_handler
end
end
end
describe '#response_transformer' do
context 'with argument' do
let(:transformer) { double('ResponseTransformer') }
subject! { dataset.response_transformer(transformer) }
it do
expect(dataset.instance_variable_get(:@response_transformer))
.to eq(transformer)
end
it { is_expected.to eq(transformer) }
end
context 'without argument' do
context 'when transformer not set' do
subject! { dataset.response_transformer }
it { is_expected.to be_a(ROM::HTTP::Dataset::ResponseTransformers::Schemaless) }
end
context 'when transformer set' do
let(:transformer) { double('ResponseTransformer') }
before do
dataset.response_transformer(transformer)
end
subject! { dataset.response_transformer }
it { is_expected.to eq(transformer) }
end
end
end
describe '#uri' do
context 'when no uri configured' do
let(:config) { {} }
it do
expect { dataset.uri }.to raise_error(ROM::HTTP::Error)
end
end
context 'when uri configured' do
it { expect(dataset.uri).to eq(uri) }
end
end
describe '#headers' do
subject { dataset.headers }
context 'with no headers configured' do
context 'with no headers option' do
it { is_expected.to eq({}) }
end
context 'with headers option' do
let(:headers) { { 'Accept' => 'application/json' } }
let(:options) { { headers: headers } }
it { is_expected.to eq(headers) }
end
end
context 'with headers configured' do
context 'with no headers option' do
let(:headers) { { 'Accept' => 'application/json' } }
let(:config) do
super().merge(headers: headers)
end
it { is_expected.to eq(headers) }
end
context 'with headers option' do
let(:config_headers) { { 'Content-Type' => 'application/json' } }
let(:config) do
super().merge(headers: config_headers)
end
let(:option_headers) { { 'Accept' => 'application/json' } }
let(:options) { { headers: option_headers } }
it do
is_expected.to eq(
'Content-Type' => 'application/json',
'Accept' => 'application/json'
)
end
end
end
end
describe '#name' do
subject { dataset.name }
context 'with no name configured' do
it { is_expected.to eq('') }
end
context 'with name configured' do
let(:name) { 'users' }
let(:config) do
super().merge(name: name)
end
it { is_expected.to eq(name) }
end
end
describe '#path' do
subject { dataset.path }
context 'with no path option' do
it { is_expected.to eq('') }
end
context 'with path option' do
context 'when path is absolute' do
let(:path) { '/users' }
let(:options) { { path: path } }
it 'removes the leading /' do
is_expected.to eq('users')
end
end
context 'when path is not absolute' do
let(:path) { 'users' }
let(:options) { { path: path } }
it { is_expected.to eq(path) }
end
end
end
describe '#absolute_path' do
subject { dataset.absolute_path }
context 'with no path option' do
it { is_expected.to eq('/') }
end
context 'with path option' do
context 'when path is absolute' do
let(:path) { '/users' }
let(:options) { { path: path } }
it { is_expected.to eq(path) }
end
context 'when path is not absolute' do
let(:path) { 'users' }
let(:options) { { path: path } }
it { is_expected.to eq("/#{path}") }
end
end
end
describe '#request_method' do
subject { dataset.request_method }
context 'with no request_method option' do
it { is_expected.to eq(:get) }
end
context 'with request_method option' do
let(:request_method) { :put }
let(:options) { { request_method: request_method } }
it { is_expected.to eq(request_method) }
end
end
describe '#params' do
subject { dataset.params }
context 'with no params option' do
it { is_expected.to eq({}) }
end
context 'with params option' do
let(:params) { { name: 'Jack' } }
let(:options) { { params: params } }
it { is_expected.to eq(params) }
end
end
describe '#with_headers' do
let(:headers) { { 'Accept' => 'application/json' } }
let(:new_dataset) { dataset.with_headers(headers) }
subject! { new_dataset }
it { expect(new_dataset.config).to eq(config) }
it do
expect(new_dataset.options).to eq(
request_method: :get,
path: '',
projections: [],
params: {},
headers: headers
)
end
it { is_expected.to_not be(dataset) }
it { is_expected.to be_a(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
end
describe '#add_header' do
let(:header_key) { 'Accept' }
let(:header_value) { 'application/json' }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_headers).and_return(new_dataset)
end
subject! { dataset.add_header(header_key, header_value) }
context 'with existing headers configured' do
let(:config_headers) { { 'Content-Type' => 'application/json', 'Accept' => 'text/html' } }
let(:config) { super().merge(headers: config_headers) }
it do
expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_headers).with(
'Content-Type' => 'application/json',
header_key => header_value
)
end
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
context 'without existing headers configured' do
it do
expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_headers).with(
header_key => header_value
)
end
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
end
describe '#with_options' do
let(:name) { 'Jill' }
let(:options) { { params: { name: name } } }
let(:new_dataset) { dataset.with_options(options) }
subject! { new_dataset }
it { expect(new_dataset.config).to eq(config) }
it do
expect(new_dataset.options).to eq(
request_method: :get,
path: '',
projections: [],
params: {
name: name
},
headers: {}
)
end
it { is_expected.to_not be(dataset) }
it { is_expected.to be_a(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
end
describe '#project' do
let(:data) do
[
{ id: 1, name: 'John', email: '[email protected]' },
{ id: 2, name: 'Jill', email: '[email protected]' }
]
end
before do
allow(request_handler).to receive(:call)
allow(response_handler).to receive(:call).and_return(data)
end
subject! { dataset.project(*projections).to_a }
context 'with projections' do
context 'with a list of arguments' do
let(:projections) { [:id, :name] }
it 'applies the projections to the result set' do
is_expected.to match_array([
{ id: 1, name: 'John' },
{ id: 2, name: 'Jill' }
])
end
end
context 'with a single array argument' do
let(:projections) { [[:id, :name]] }
it 'applies the projections to the result set' do
is_expected.to match_array([
{ id: 1, name: 'John' },
{ id: 2, name: 'Jill' }
])
end
end
end
context 'without projections' do
let(:projections) { [] }
it 'returns the original data' do
is_expected.to match_array(data)
end
end
end
describe '#with_path' do
let(:path) { '/users/tasks' }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
end
subject! { dataset.with_path(path) }
it { expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(path: path) }
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
describe '#append_path' do
let(:path) { 'tasks' }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
end
subject! { dataset.append_path(path) }
context 'without existing path' do
it { expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(path: '/tasks') }
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
context 'with existing path' do
let(:options) { { path: '/users' } }
it { expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(path: '/users/tasks') }
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
end
describe '#with_request_method' do
let(:request_method) { :put }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
end
subject! { dataset.with_request_method(request_method) }
it { expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(request_method: request_method) }
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
describe '#with_params' do
let(:name) { 'Jack' }
let(:params) { { user: { name: name } } }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
end
subject! { dataset.with_params(params) }
it { expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(params: params) }
it { is_expected.to eq(new_dataset) }
end
describe '#each' do
let(:response) { double(Array) }
let(:block) { proc {} }
let(:result) { double }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:response).and_return(response)
allow(response).to receive(:each).and_yield.and_return(result)
end
context 'with no block given' do
subject! { dataset.each }
it { expect(dataset).to_not have_received(:response) }
it { expect(response).to_not have_received(:each) }
it { is_expected.to be_kind_of(Enumerable) }
end
context 'with block given' do
subject! { dataset.each(&block) }
it { expect(dataset).to have_received(:response).once }
it { expect(response).to have_received(:each) }
it { is_expected.to eq(result) }
end
end
describe '#insert' do
let(:name) { 'Jill' }
let(:params) { { user: { name: name } } }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
let(:response) { double }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
allow(new_dataset).to receive(:response).and_return(response)
end
subject! { dataset.insert(params) }
it do
expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(
request_method: :post,
params: params
)
end
it { expect(new_dataset).to have_received(:response) }
it { is_expected.to eq(response) }
end
describe '#update' do
let(:name) { 'Jill' }
let(:params) { { user: { name: name } } }
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
let(:response) { double }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
allow(new_dataset).to receive(:response).and_return(response)
end
subject! { dataset.update(params) }
it do
expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(
request_method: :put,
params: params
)
end
it { expect(new_dataset).to have_received(:response) }
it { is_expected.to eq(response) }
end
describe '#delete' do
let(:new_dataset) { double(ROM::HTTP::Dataset) }
let(:response) { double }
before do
allow(dataset).to receive(:with_options).and_return(new_dataset)
allow(new_dataset).to receive(:response).and_return(response)
end
subject! { dataset.delete }
it do
expect(dataset).to have_received(:with_options).with(
request_method: :delete
)
end
it { expect(new_dataset).to have_received(:response) }
it { is_expected.to eq(response) }
end
describe '#response' do
let(:response) { double }
let(:result) { double }
context 'when request_handler and response_handler configured' do
before do
allow(request_handler).to receive(:call).and_return(response)
allow(response_handler).to receive(:call).and_return(result)
end
subject! { dataset.response }
it { expect(request_handler).to have_received(:call).with(dataset) }
it { expect(response_handler).to have_received(:call).with(response, dataset) }
it { is_expected.to eq(result) }
end
context 'when request_handler and response_handler configured' do
let(:klass) { Test::Dataset }
let(:config) { {} }
before do
module Test
class Dataset < ROM::HTTP::Dataset; end
end
Test::Dataset.default_request_handler(request_handler)
Test::Dataset.default_response_handler(response_handler)
allow(request_handler).to receive(:call).and_return(response)
allow(response_handler).to receive(:call).and_return(result)
end
subject! { dataset.response }
it { expect(request_handler).to have_received(:call).with(dataset) }
it { expect(response_handler).to have_received(:call).with(response, dataset) }
it { is_expected.to eq(result) }
end
context 'when no request_handler configured and no default set' do
let(:config) { { response_handler: response_handler } }
it do
expect { dataset.response }.to raise_error(ROM::HTTP::Error)
end
end
context 'when no response_handler configured and no default set' do
let(:config) { { request_handler: request_handler } }
it do
expect { dataset.response }.to raise_error(ROM::HTTP::Error)
end
end
end
end
| 49,201 |
arabiantalesanec00lane_4
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,845 |
Arabian tales and anecdotes : being a selection from the notes to the new translation of "The thousand and one nights"
|
Lane, Edward William, 1801-1876
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,574 | 8,487 |
vice which ye have given hath arisen from the baseness and meanness of your minds. Ye all know the close favour in which 'Abd Allah is held by the Prince of the Faithful, and ye know the wrath and enmity that sub- sisteth between me and him. Now God (whose name be exalted !) hath made this man a means of effecting a reconciliation between us, and hath fitted him for that purpose, and appointed him to extinguish the fire of hatred in our hearts, which hath been increasing for a period of twenty years ; and by his intervention our affairs shall be peaceably adjusted. It is incumbent on me to satisfy this man by verifying his opinions and amending his circumstances ; and I will write for him a letter to 'Abd Allah the son of Malik El-Khuzd'ee, to the effect that he shall treat him with increased honour, and continue to exalt and respect him. — And when the boon-companions heard this, they invoked blessings upon him, and wondered at his generosity and the abundance of his kindness. He then demanded the paper and the ink-case, and wrote to 'Abd Allah the son of Malik a letter in his own hand, of the following purport : — " In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Thy letter hath arrived : may God prolong thy life ! and I have read it, and rejoiced at thy safety, and been de- lighted at the tidings of thy well-being and thy general prosperity. Now thou imaginedst that that ingenuous man forged a letter as from me, and did not bear an epistle from me : but the case was not so ; for the letter I myself wrote, and it was not forged ; and I hope from thy liberality and kindness and excellence of disposition that thou wilt satisfy the hope and wish of that ingenuous ANECDOTE OF YAHTA. 85 and generous man, and regard him with the respect that he meriteth, and cause him to attain his desire, and make him a particular object of overflowing kindness and abundant favour ; and whatsoever thou dost for him, I shall regard myself as the object of it, and shall be thankful to thee." Then he directed the letter and sealed it and delivered it to the agent. So the agent sent it to 'Abd Allah, who, when he read it, was delighted at its contents, and, having caused that man to be brought to him, said to him, Whichever of the two things that I promised thee is the more agreeable to thee I will present to thee. And the man replied, The gift will be more agreeable to me than anything else. Accordingly, 'Abd Allah gave orders to present him with two hundred thousand pieces of silver, and ten Arab horses, five of them with housings of silk, and five with jewelled saddles such as are used in pro- cessions of state, and with twenty chests of clothes, and ten memlooks, horsemen, together with what was appro- priate of costly jewels. Then he bestowed upon him a dress of honour, and sent him to Baghdad magnificently equipped. When he arrived, therefore, at Baghdad, he repaired to the door of the mansion of Yahya the son of Khalid before he went to his family, and he begged permission to go in to him. So the chamberlain went in to Yahya, and said to him, O our lord, at our door is a man of re- spectable appearance and comely form and good con- dition, with a number of pages, desiring to come in to thee. And he gave him permission to enter ; and when he came in to him, he kissed the ground before him, and Yahya said to him, Who art thou ? The man answered ANECDOTE OF TAHYA. 87 0 master, I am he who was killed by the tyranny of fortune, and thou hast brought me to life from the grave of calamities, and raised me to the Paradise of desires. 1 am he who forged a letter in thy name, and conveyed it to 'Abd Allah the son of Malik El-Khuz£'ee.— And what, said Yahya, hath he done with thee ; and what hath he given to thee ? He answered, He gave me of the benefits proceeding from thy liberality and bene- volence, and thy comprehensive favours and universal generosity, and thy magnanimity and ample bounty, so that he enriched me, and he distinguished me by especial beneficence, and bestowed presents upon me ; and I have brought all his gifts and his presents ; they are at thy door, and the case is submitted unto thee, to decide upon it as thou wilt. Upon this, Yahya replied, The action that thou hast done for me is better than that which I have performed for thee, and thou art entitled to abund- ant thanks from me, and great bounty, since thou hast changed the enmity that subsisted between me and that highly revered man into sincere friendship and affection. I will therefore give thee the like of that which 'Abd Allah the son of Malik hath given thee. — He then or- dered that he should be presented with money and horses, and chests of clothing, such as 'Abd Allah had bestowed upon him ; and thus that man's original pro- sperity was restored to him by the kindness of these two generous men. 88 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. ANECDOTE OF EL-MA-MOON AISD A LEARNED MAN.' It is said that there was not among the Khaleefehs of the descendants of El-'Abbas any more learned in all the sciences than El-Ma-moon. On two days in every week he used to preside at discussions of the learned men ; and the professors of religion and law, and the scholastic theologians, by whom the discussions were carried on, used to sit in his presence according to their several ranks and degrees. Now on one occasion, while he was sitting with them, there came in to his assembly a stranger, clad in white tattered clothing, who seated himself at the lower end, behind the professors, in an obscure place. And when they began the discussion, and entered upon the consideration of the difficult propositions — it being their custom to submit the proposition to the members of the assembly one after another, and for each who could offer some quaint addition to what others advanced, or some extraordinary witty saying, to mention it — the question was proposed to them by turns until it came to that stranger ; whereupon he gave a reply better than the replies of all the professors; and the Khaleefeh approved it, and ordered that he should be raised from the place that he had taken to a higher one. Then, when the second question came to him, he gave a reply better than the first ; and El-Ma-moon ordered that he should be raised to a place of higher dignity. And when the third question went round, he gave, a reply better and more just than the two former replies ; upon which El-Ma-moon ordered that he should sit near ANECDOTE OF EL-MA-MOON. 89 unto himself. And after the discussion was ended, the attendants brought the water, and the guests washed their hands ; and they brought the repast, and they ate. The professors then arose and went forth ; but El- Ma-moon prevented the stranger from going out with them : he caused him to draw near unto him, and treated him with courtesy, promising him to bestow favours and benefactions upon him. And after this, the banquet of wine was prepared, the comely boon-companions came, and the wine circulated ; but when it came round to that man, he rose upon his feet, and said, If the Prince of the Faithful give me permission, I will speak one word. El-Ma-moon replied, Say what thou wilt. And he said, The possessor of eminent judgment (whose eminence may God increase !) knoweth that the slave was to-day, in this noble assembly, one of the obscure among the people, and one of the mean among the company, and that the Prince of the Faithful hath raised him to a place near unto his own person, small as is the wisdom that he hath displayed, and hath elevated him to a rank above others, so that he hath attained to a goal to which his ambition did not aspire ; and now he desireth to divest him of that small degree of wisdom which hath exalted him after his meanness, and enriched him after his poverty. But may God forbid, and by no means suffer, that the Prince of the Faithful 4should envy him for the small degree of wisdom and fame and excellence that he possesseth ; for if the slave drink wine, wisdom will de- part far from him, and ignorance will draw near to him, and he will be deprived of his politeness, and will re- turn to his former contemptible station, and become de- spicable and obscure in the eyes of men. I therefore e 3 90 ARABIAN TALKS AND ANECDOTES. hope that the possessor of eminent judgment, of his bounty and generosity and princely qualities and excel- lent disposition, will not despoil him of this jewel.— And when the Khaleefeh El-Ma-moon heard these words from him, he praised him and thanked him, caused him to sit again in his place and treated him with respect, gave orders to present him with a hundred thousand pieces of silver and to mount him upon a horse, and gave him magnificent apparel. And in every assembly he exalted and favoured him above all the professors, so that he became the highest of them in rank and degree. — And God is all-knowing. THE VICISSITUDES OF FORTUNE. It is related that a man was burdened with numerous debts, and his circumstances became strait unto him ; so he left his people and his family, and went forth wan- dering in perplexity and at random. He ceased not to proceed until he approached, after a length of time, a city with lofty walls and great buildings, and he entered it in a state of abasement and despondency. His hunger had become violent, and the journey had wearied him ; and as he walked through one of its great thoroughfare- streets, he saw a company of the great passing along ; whereupon he proceeded with them until they entered an abode resembling the abode of Kings, and he entered with them, and they went in until they came to a man sitting at the upper end of the mansion. He was of magnificent appearance, and great dignity, and sur- rounded by pages and servantsr as though he were of the VICISSITUDES OF FORTUNE. 9 1 92 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. sons of the Wezeers ; and when he saw the party, he rose to them, and treated them with respectful hospitality. So trouble of mind overcame the man above mentioned at witnessing this thing, and he was confounded at that which he beheld of the beauty of the building, and the servants and dependants. He therefore drew back, in perplexity and distress, fearing for himself, until he seated himself in a place alone, remote from the people, that no one might see him. And while he was sitting, lo, there approached a man with whom were four dogs, dogs of the chase, decked with varieties of silk and bro- cade, and having upon their necks collars of gold with chains of silver ; and he chained each of them in a sepa- rate place. Then he went away, and returned bringing to each dog a dish of gold full of rich food, and he put before each of them his separate dish, and departed and left them. This man therefore began to look at the food, on account of the violence of his hunger, and desired to advance to one of the dogs and to eat with him ; but his fear of them prevented him. Presently, however, one of the dogs looked at him, and God (whose name be ex- alted !) inspired him with a knowledge of his case : so he drew back from the dish, and made a sign to the man, who thereupon approached, and ate until he was satisfied, when he would have departed ; but the dog made a sign to him that he should take the dish, with the food .re- maining in it, for himself, and pushed it towards him with his fore-paw. He therefore took it, and went forth from the house, and proceeded without any one follow- ing him. He then journeyed to another city, where he sold the dish, and having purchased merchandise with its price, VICISSITUDES OF FORTUNE. 9a returned with it to his own town. There he sold what he had brought, and discharged the debts that he owed, and his wealth increased so that he became in a state of abundant affluence and perfect prosperity ; and he ceased not to reside in his town for a length of time ; after which, he said within himself, I must journey to the city of the owner of the dish, and take for him a handsome and suitable present, and pay him the price of the dish which one of his dogs bestowed upon me. Then he took a present befitting that person, and took with him the price of the dish, and set forth on his journey. He ceased not in his journey days and nights until he arrived at that city, and he entered it, desiring to meet with the man ; and he walked along its great thorough- fare-streets until he approached his abode. But he saw nothing of it save mouldering ruins, and a raven uttering its lamentable cry, and dwelling-places rendered desolate, and circumstances changed, and a state of things so altered as"not to be recognised ; whereupon his heart and soul were agitated, and he recited the words of the poet : — The recesses are devoid of their hidden treasures, as hearts are devoid of sciences and piety ; And the valley is changed altogether, and its gazelles are not those antelopes, nor is its sand-heap that sand-heap. And the saying of another : — The phantom of Soada* came by night to rouse me, towards morning, while my companions were sleep- ing in the desert : * " Soada" is a female proper name, and often used as a fictitious name, applied to a beautiful woman. 94 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. But when we awoke to behold the nightly phantom, I saw the air vacant, and the place of visitation dis- tant. And when that man beheld those mouldering ruins, and saw what the hands of fortune had openly done unto them, and found of the substance nothing but traces, knowledge rendered it needless for him to ask informa- tion. He then looked aside, and saw a miserable man, in a state that made the skin to quake at it, and rock to be moved with sympathy for it ; and he said, O thou ! * what have fortune and time done with the master of this place, and where are his shining full moons and brilliant stars, f and what hath been the cause of the event that hath happened unto his structures, that there remaineth of them nought save the walls ? He answered, He is this miserable wretch whom thou seest, sighing on ac- count of that which hath come upon him. But knowest thou not (he added) that in the saying of the Apostle is a lesson to him who would follow it, and an admonition to him who would be directed aright, — his saying (God favour and preserve him !), Verily it is the way of God (whose name be exalted !) not to elevate anything of this world without afterwards bringing it down ? If thou inquire respecting the cause of this event, there is nothing in the vicissitudes of fortune wonderful. I was the mas- ter of this place, and its founder and proprietor and builder, and the possessor of its shining full moons and magnificent appurtenances and splendid rarities and beau- * The expression thus rendered is generally used as one of slight contempt. t That is, " Where are his beautiful damsels, like full moous and stars V* VICISSITUDES OF FORTUNE. 95 tiful slave-girls : fortune, however, hath turned from me, and taken away the servants and the wealth, and reduced me to this present condition, and brought upon me events that it before kept concealed. But there must be a cause for this thine inquiry. Acquaint me then with it, and cease to wonder. — So the man acquainted him with the whole affair, being the while in grief and distress, and said to him, I have brought thee a present such as souls desire, and the price of thy dish of gold that I took ; for it was the cause of enriching me after my poverty, and of the replenishment of my abode after it was desolate, and of the dissipation of the anxiety and straitness that I 9G ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. suffered. But the other man shook his head, ana wept and sighed and lamented, and said, O thou ! I imagine thou art a madman : for this conduct proceedeth not from a man of sense. How should one of our dogs make thee a present of a dish of gold, and I take it back ? My taking back that which my dog hath presented would be wonderful ; and were I in the severest anxiety and dis- ease, by Allah there should not find acceptance with me, from thee, anything of the value of a nail-paring. So go to the place whence thou earnest, in health and safety. — The man therefore kissed his feet, and went forth on his return, praising him ; and on parting with him and taking leave of him, recited this verse : — The men and the dogs are gone together ; and on the men and the dogs be peace ! — And God is all-knowing.* ANECDOTE OF A CHARITABLE WOMAN. It is related that a certain King said to the people of his dominions, If any one of you give aught in alms, I will assuredly cut off his hand. So all the people re- frained from alms-giving, and none could bestow upon another. And it happened that a beggar came to a woman one day, and hunger tormented him, and he sa^ * In Trebutien's translation, this anecdote is briefly re- lated. The owner of the dogs is there described as com- plaining of the injustice of fortune, and the other man is said to have replied, You are wrong in accusing destiny of injus- tice : if you are ignorant of the cause of your ruin, I will acquaint you with it. You have fed the dogs in dishes of gold, and left the poor to die of hunger. CHARITABLE WOMAN. 97 to her, Give me somewhat as an alms. — How, said she, can I bestow an alms upon thee when the King cutteth off the hand of every one who doth so ? But he rejoined, I conjure thee by God (whose name be exalted !) that thou give me an alms. So when he conjured her by God, she was moved with pity for him, and bestowed upon him two cakes of bread. And the news reached the King; whereupon he gave orders to bring her before him ; and when she came, he cut off her hands. And she returned to her house. Then the King, after a while, said to his mother, I desire to marry : therefore marry me to a comely woman. And she replied, There is, among our female slaves, a woman than whom none more beautiful existeth ; but she hath a grievous defect. — And what is it ? he asked. She answered, She is maimed of the two hands. The King however said, I desire to see her. Wherefore she brought her to him, and when he saw her, he was tempted by her beauty, and married her. And that woman was she who bestowed upon the beggar the two cakes of bread, and whose hands were cut off on that account. But when he had married her, her fellow- wives envied her, and wrote to the King, telling him that she was unchaste : and she had given birth to a son. And the King wrote a letter to his mother, in which he commanded her to go forth with her to the desert, and to leave her there, and return. His mother therefore did so : she took her forth to the desert, and returned. And that woman began to weep for the misfortune that had befallen her, and to bewail violently, with a wailing not to be exceeded. And while she was walking, with the child upon her neck, she came ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. CHARITABLE WOMAN. 99 to a river, and kneeled down to drink, because of the violence of the thirst that had affected her from her walk- ing and fatigue and grief ; and when she stooped her head, the child fell into the water. So she sat weeping violently for her child ; and while she wept, lo, there passed by her two men, who said to her, What causeth thee to weep ? She answered, I had a child upon my neck, and he fell into the water. And they said, Dost thou desire that we rescue him and restore him to thee ? She answered, Yes. And upon this they supplicated God (whose name be exalted !), and the child came forth to her safe and unhurt. Then they said to her, Dost thou desire that God should restore to thee thy hands as they were ? She answered, Yes. And they supplicated God (whose perfection be extolled, and whose name be exalted !) ; whereupon her hands returned to her in the most perfect state. After this they said to her, Knowest thou who we are ? — God, she replied, is all-knowing. And they said, We are thy two cakes of bread which thou gavest as an alms to the beggar, and which alms occasioned the cutting off of thy hands.* Therefore praise God (whose name be exalted !) that He hath re- stored to thee thy hands and thy child.— And she praised God (whose name be exalted !), and glorified Him. * " That is, God (whose name be exalted !) made her action to assume the forms of two men, like as He causeth the virtuous action to assume the form of a man who cheereth the dead in his sepulchre." 100 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. ANECDOTE OF A CHARITABLE ISRAELITE. There was, among the Children of Israel,* a devout man, having a family who spun cotton ; and he used every day to sell the thread that they spun, and to buy fresh cotton ; and with the profit that arose, he bought, for his family, food, which they ate that day. And he went forth one day, and sold the thread which they had spun, and there met him one of his brethren, who com- plained to him of his need ; whereupon he gave him the price of his thread, and returned to his family without either cotton or food. So they said to him, Where is the cotton and the food ? And he answered them, Such- a-one met me, and complained to me of his need ; where- fore I gave him the price of the thread. They said, And what shall we do ; for we have nothing to sell ? But they had a broken wooden bowl, and a jar ; and he took them to the market. No one, however, would buy them of him ; but while he was in the market, there met him a man with a stinking, swollen fish, which no one would buy of him ; and the owner of the fish said to him, Wilt thou sell to me thy unmarketable property for mine? He answered, Yes :— and gave the man the wooden bowl and the jar, receiving from him the fish, which he brought to his family. They said, What shall we do * Such of the descendants of Jacob as held the true faith, the Muslims call " the Children of Israel f but the deniers of the Messiah they do not honour with this appellation : calling them " Yahood," i.e. " Jews." CHARITABLE ISRAELITE. 101 with this fish ? He answered, We will broil it and feed upon it until God (whose name be exalted !) please to supply us with sustenance. They therefore took it, and ripped open its belly, and they found in it a pearl. So they informed the sheykh [the devotee] ; and he said, See if it be pierced ; for if so, it belongeth to some one of the people ; but if it be not pierced, it is a gift which God (whose name be exalted !) hath bestowed upon you. And they looked, and lo, it was not pierced. And when the morning came, he went with it to one of his breth- ren, of those who were acquainted with pearls ; and this person said, O such-a-one, whence gottest thou this pearl? He answered, It is a gift which God (whose name be exalted !) hath bestowed upon us. And the man said, Verily it is worth a thousand pieces of silver, and I will give thee that sum ; but take it to such-a-one ; for he is of more wealth and knowledge than myself. So he took it to him, and he said, Verily it is worth seventy thousand pieces of silver : not more than that. Then he paid him seventy thousand pieces of silver; and the sheykh called the porters, who carried for him the money until he arrived at the door of his dwelling ; when a beg- gar came to him, and said to him, Give me of that which God (whose name be exalted !) hath given unto thee. And he said to the beggar, We were yesterday like thee. Take half of this money.— And when he had divided the money into two equal portions, and each of them had taken his half, the beggar said to him, Keep thy money, and take it : may God bless thee in it : for verily I am a messenger of thy Lord, who hath sent me to thee to try thee. And the sheykh said, To God be praise and 1Q2 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. thanks !-And he ceased not to pass a most comfortable lite, he and his family, until death. A DREAM. It is related that a man of Baghdad was possessed of ample riches and great wealth; but his wealth passed away, and his state changed, and he became utterly destitute, and could not obtain his sustenance save by laborious exertion. And he slept one night, over- whelmed and oppressed, and saw in his sleep a 'person who said to him, Verily thy fortune is in Cairo: there- fore seek it and repair to it. So he journeyed to Cairo ; and when he arrived there, the evening overtook him, and he slept in a mosque. Now there was, adjacent to the mosque, a house ; and as God (whose name be exalted !) had decreed, a party of robbers entered the mosque, and thence passed to that house ; and the people of the house, awaking at the disturbance occasioned by the robbers, raised cries; whereupon the Walee* came to their aid with his followers, and the robbers fled. The Walee then entered the mosque, and found the man of Baghdad sleeping there : so he laid hold upon him, and inflicted upon him a painful beating with mikra'ahs,f until he was at the point of death, and imprisoned him; and he remained three days in the * Chief magistrate of the police, f Thick end of a palm stick, used for beating. A DREAM. 103 prison ; after which, the Walee caused him to be brought, and said to him, From what country art thou? He answered, From Baghdad.-And what affair, said the Wdlee, was the cause of thy coming to Cairo ? He answered, I saw in my sleep a person who said to me, Verily thy fortune is in Cairo: therefore repair to it. 104 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. And when I came to Cairo, I found the fortune of which he told me to be those blows of the niikra'ahs that I have ece.ved from thee.-And upon this the W«ee laughel so thath.sgr.nders appeared, and said to him, ot of _ little sense, / saw three times in my sleep a person who said to mc, Verily a house in Baghdad in Tueh a d.stnct, and of such a description, hafh in fc^J \ garden at the lower end of which is a fountain, wherein IZl B rmt: theref'°re "** to » s take it But I went not; and thou, through the small ncss of thy sense, hast jonrneyed from cify city on account of a thing thou hast seen in sleep, when Vas only an effect of confused dreams.-Then he gave him some money, and said to him, Help thyself with this to return to thy city So he took it and rlturnld to tgh! ,n R MM r6 WWeh the Wilee had bribed, m Baghdad, was the house of that man; therefore when he arrived at his abode, he dug beneath the fountain and beheld abundant wealth. Thus God enriched and sustained h>m ; and this was a wonderful coincidence ANECDOTE OF A MAN AND HIS SLAVE-GIRL. It is related that a man of the inhabitants of El-Basrah purchased a slave-girl, whom he educated and instructed well ; and he loved her extremely, and expended all his property in diversion and amusement while he lived with her, so that nothing remained in his possession, and excessive poverty afflicted him. The slave-girl there- MAN AND SLAVE-GIRL. 105 / 106 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES. fore said to him, O my master, sell me ; for thou art in need of my price, and I am moved with pity for thee by the state of poverty into which thou hast fallen. If thou sell me, and employ my price for thy support, it will be better for thee than my remaining with thee ; and per- haps God (whose name be exalted!) will make thy means of subsistence ample. — So he assented to her proposal, on account of the straitness of his circumstances. He took her and went down with her to the market, and the broker offered her for sale to the Governor of El- Basrah, whose name was 'Abd Allah the son of Maamar Et-Teymee ; and she pleased him, and he bought her for five hundred pieces of gold, which sum he paid to her master. But when her master had received the money, and was about to depart, the slave-girl wept, and recited this couplet : — May the money which thou hast collected delight thee ! But for me, nought remaineth save sorrow and anxiety. I say to my grievously oppressed soul, Mourn little or much : the beloved is separated.* On hearing which, her master uttered groans, and thus replied : — If thou have not any resource in this case, and find not aught but death, yet excuse me. Eve and morn the remembrance of you will console me, and comfort a heart severely troubled. Peace be on thee ! Henceforth shall no visit nor meeting take place between us unless Ibn Maamar willeth. And when 'Abd Allah the son of Maamar heard their * That is, my mourning will not profit me. SIMPLETON AND SHARPER. 107 verses, and witnessed their sorrow, he said, By Allah, I will not be a means of separating you. It hath become evident to me that ye love one another : so take the money and the slave-girl, O man. May God bless thee in them both ! For the separation of two lovers is pain- ful to them. — They both, therefore, kissed his hand, and departed ; and they ceased not to live together until death parted them. — Extolled be the perfection of Him whom death doth not overtake I ANECDOTE OF A SIMPLETON AND A SHARPER. A certain simpleton was walking along, holding the halter of his ass, which he was dragging after him ; and two sharpers saw him ; whereupon one of them said to his companion, I will take this ass from this man. — How wilt thou take it? said the other. The first replied, Follow me, and I will show thee. So he followed him ; and that sharper, advancing to the ass, unloosed from it the halter, and gave the ass to his companion ; after which, he put the halter upon his own head, and walked on behind the simpleton until he knew that his compan- ion had gone away with the ass. Then he stopped : so the simpleton dragged him by the halter ; but he ad- vanced not. The man therefore looked back at him, and, seeing the halter upon the head of a man, he said to him, What art thou ? The sharper answered, I am thy ass, and my story is wonderful ; and it is this : I had a mother, a virtuous old woman, and I went to her one day in a state of intoxication ; whereupon she said to me, O my son, turn with repentance unto God (whose f 2 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES, name be exalted !) from these sins. But I took a staft, and beat her with it ; and she uttered an imprecation against me ; upon which God (whose name be exalted !) transformed me into an ass, and caused me to fall into thy possession, and I remained with thee all this time. To-day, however, my mother remembered me, and God inclined her heart towards me ; so she prayed for me, and God restored me to the human shape as I was. — And the simpleton said, There is no strength nor power but in God, the High, the Great ! By Allah, O my brother, absolve me of responsibility for that which I have done unto thee, in riding thee and in other things. — Then he left the sharper to go his way, and he himself returned to his house intoxicated with anxiety and grief. His wife therefore said to him, What hath afflicted thee, and where is the ass ? He said to her, Hast thou no knowledge of the case of the ass ? Then I will acquaint thee with it. — And he related to her the story ; on hear- ing which, she exclaimed, Alas for the punishment that we shall receive from God, whose name be exalted ! How hath it happened that all this time hath passed over us and we have been making a son of Adam to labour ANECDOTE OF ANOOSHIRWAX. 109 for us ! — Then she gave alms,* and prayed for the for- giveness of God. And the man remained a long time in the house without work. So his wife said to him, How long wilt thou remain in the house without work ? Go to the market and buy for us an ass with which to work. — He therefore went to the market, and stopped by the asses ; and lo, he beheld his own ass for sale. And when he recognised it, he advanced to it, and, putting his mouth to its ear, said to it, Wo to thee, O unlucky ! Doubtless thou hast returned to intoxication, and beaten thy mother again. By Allah, I will never again buy thee ! — Then he left it, and departed. ANECDOTE OF ANOOSHIRWAN. The just King, Kisra Anooshirwan, f rode forth one day to the chase, and separated himself from his troops, pursuing a gazelle ; and as he proceeded after it, he saw a tract of cultivated land near unto him. He was ex- ceedingly thirsty ; so he repaired thither, and, going to the door of the house of a family, he asked for some water to drink ; whereupon there came forth to him a damsel, who looked at him, and then returned to the house, and pressed for him a single sugar-cane, mixed its juice with water, poured it into a cup, and put into it some sweet-scented substance resembling dust. Then she gave it to Anooshirwan, who looked into the cup, * As an atonement. f Anooshirwan, or Nooshirwan, was the famous Persian monarch in whose reign Mohammad was born, and whose justice has been a theme of countless Oriental writers. ANECDOTE OF ANOOSHIRWAN. Ill and saw in it something like dust. He therefore drank it slowly, until he came to the end of it, when he said to the damsel, O damsel, excellent was the water, and how sweet had it been but for those particles swimming upon the surface ; for they rendered it turbid ! The damsel replied, O guest, I purposely threw into it those particles which rendered it turbid. — And why didst thou that ? said the King. She answered, Because I saw thee to be violently thirsty, and feared that thou wouldst drink it at a single draught, and it would have been injurious to thee ; and had there not been in it those particles upon the surface, thou wouldst have drunk it up quickly at once, and thy doing so would have been hurtful to thee. So the just King, Anooshirwan, wondered at her words and her intelligence, knowing that what she had said had proceeded from intelligence and acuteness and excellence of understanding ; and he said to her, From how many canes didst thou press that juice ? She an- swered, From one cane. And Anooshirwan wondered, and demanded the register of the taxes that arose from the village there ; and he saw that its taxes were little ; wherefore he purposed in his mind, when he should re- turn to his seat of government, to increase those taxes ; saying, Wherefore should the taxes of a village from a single sugar-cane of which this juice proceedeth be so little ? Then he departed from that village to the chase ; and at the close of the day he returned to it, and, passing alone by that door again, he asked a second time for water to drink ; upon which that same damsel came forth to him ; and, seeing and knowing him, she returned to bring him the water. But she was long absent from 112 ARABIAN TALES AND ANECDOTES.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/78064060
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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Stack Exchange
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Christoph Rackwitz, ado sar, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16568990, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2602877
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Understanding the implementation of T-Net in the PointNet model
I reading the PointNet paper and I am trying to understand how I should implement the T-Net block of the model (it is the same idea for both input and feature transform). All the PyTorch implementations I have looked at, do the same thing this snippet is taken from here:
class STNkd(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, k=64):
super(STNkd, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = torch.nn.Conv1d(k, 64, 1)
self.conv2 = torch.nn.Conv1d(64, 128, 1)
self.conv3 = torch.nn.Conv1d(128, 1024, 1)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(1024, 512)
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(512, 256)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(256, k*k)
self.relu = nn.ReLU()
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm1d(64)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm1d(128)
self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm1d(1024)
self.bn4 = nn.BatchNorm1d(512)
self.bn5 = nn.BatchNorm1d(256)
self.k = k
def forward(self, x):
batchsize = x.size()[0]
x = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))
x = F.relu(self.bn2(self.conv2(x)))
x = F.relu(self.bn3(self.conv3(x)))
x = torch.max(x, 2, keepdim=True)[0]
x = x.view(-1, 1024)
x = F.relu(self.bn4(self.fc1(x)))
x = F.relu(self.bn5(self.fc2(x)))
x = self.fc3(x)
iden = Variable(torch.from_numpy(np.eye(self.k).flatten().astype(np.float32))).view(1,self.k*self.k).repeat(batchsize,1)
if x.is_cuda:
iden = iden.cuda()
x = x + iden
x = x.view(-1, self.k, self.k)
return x
I am able to follow all the steps, until the iden part. Basically, if I understand correctly, they add an identity matrix to the regressed one. Does this make sense?
According to the paper:
The output matrix is initialized as an identity matrix.
The feature transformation matrix to be close to orthogonal matrix
The second point is clear. Just add (I - xx^T)^2 in the final loss. The first point seems unclear to me. I think the word initialized is a bad one, since this matrix is actually predicted by the network. Adding at each step (even at inference) an identity matrix, doesn't sound like an initialization.
Can someone fill these gaps between the paper and the implementation?
Some of the PyTorch implementations I have checked:
Implementation No 1
Implementation No 2
you'll need the right understanding of "linear algebra" for these things. I don't have enough of that. -- making the network infer a "residual" (resnet) seems to be a common tactic. it's a similar idea to a control loop getting fed the difference between target and actual. if they add an identity matrix, then perhaps the basic output (result of matrix mul) should look mostly like an identity, but with some modifications (residual). -- that's not so much a programming question as a neural networks question. perhaps you'll get better answers on another stack exchange.
@ChristophRackwitz Thanks for the answer. So basically, the regressed matrix should like a slightly modified identity one and these slightly modifications are what regressed? This now makes sense.
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https://openalex.org/W2946436350
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Disentangling the roles of maternal and paternal age on birth prevalence of Down syndrome and other chromosomal disorders using a Bayesian modeling approach
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James A. Thompson
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English
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Spoken
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(2019) 19:82 (2019) 19:82 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0720-1 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0720-1 Open Access Disentangling the roles of maternal and
paternal age on birth prevalence of Down
syndrome and other chromosomal
disorders using a Bayesian modeling
approach James A. Thompson © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Abstract Background: Multiple neonatal and pediatric disorders have been linked to older paternal ages. Combining these
findings with the evidence that many men are having children at much later ages generates considerable public
health concern. The risk of paternal age has been difficult to estimate and interpret because children often have
parents whose ages are similar and likely to be confounded. Epidemiologic studies often model the conditional
effects of paternal age using regression models that typically treat maternal age as linear, curvilinear or as age-band
categories. Each of these approaches has limitations. As an alternative, the current study measures age to the
nearest year, and fits a Bayesian model in which each parent’s age is given a conditional autoregressive prior (CAR). Methods: Data containing approximately 12,000,000 birth records were obtained from the United States Natality
database for the years 2014 to 2016. Date were cross-tabulated for maternal ages 15–49 years and for paternal ages
15–65 years. A Bayesian logistic model was implemented using conditional autoregressive priors for both maternal
and paternal ages modeled separately and jointly for both Down syndrome and chromosomal disorders other than
Down syndrome. Results: Models with maternal and paternal ages given CAR priors were judged to be better fitting than traditional
models. For Down syndrome, the approach attributed a very large risk to advancing maternal age with the effect of
advancing paternal age having a very small sparing effect on birth prevalence. Maternal age was also related to the
birth prevalence of chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome while paternal age was not. y
Conclusions: Advancing paternal age was not associated with an increase in risk for either Down syndrome or
chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome. : Paternal age, Maternal age, Down syndrome, Chromosomal disorders, Conditional auto-regressive Correspondence: [email protected]
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA Background relatively precise estimation of age-related risk especially
under the condition of non-linearity. While joint condi-
tioning of both parental ages is arbitrarily complex, it is
straightforward under a Markov Chain Monte Carlo
(MCMC) implementation. Under the Bayesian MCMC
implementation, the risk estimate for one parent’s age
will be adjusted for the full distribution of possible ef-
fects of the other parent’s age (not just the mean of the
expected risk, for example). The objective of this study
was to parse the maternal and paternal age effects on
Down syndrome (DS) and chromosomal disorders other
than Down syndrome (CD). The novel approach should
help resolve the current uncertainty on the direct effects
of paternal age on these syndromes. Furthermore, an ap-
proach to parsing parenteral age effects for a wide var-
iety of disorders will be illustrated and validated. The
approach has potential to provide an advantage to the
estimation of the risks of paternal age and, thus, could
enable the identification of multiple disorders mediated
by mutations during spermatogenesis. Such an advan-
tage may promote the identification of specific cumula-
tive exposures contributing to the causes of age-related
paternal risk. A rapidly increasing list of neonatal and pediatric disor-
ders has been linked to older paternal ages [1]. Combin-
ing these findings with the evidence that many men are
having children at much later ages generates consider-
able public health concern [2, 3]. The best known of the
many conditions that have been linked to older paternal
age are stillbirths, birth defects, childhood cancers and
neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spec-
tral disorders and schizophrenia [1]. However, consider-
able controversy exists in identifying the conditions
caused by paternal age because the analysis needs to ad-
just for mother’s age [4–7]. There is considerable theory
to explain potential associations between neonatal disor-
ders and paternal age. It has long been known that
males, with advancing age, have a nonlinear increase in
germ-line mutations with age related to cumulative
changes with the spermatagonial stem cells [8]. These ef-
fects result from age-related changes that compromise
DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle control, and epi-
genetic modifications in spermatagonial stem cells and
these errors accumulate with successive mitotic divisions
[9, 10] and contribute to de novo mutations, affecting
genetic traits in a variety of ways [11]. Background Now, the evidence
that paternal germline mutations are responsible for a
variety of conditions is considered overwhelming and
the list continues to grow [1]. In spite of the perceived
magnitude of the problem, the epidemiologic search for
the causative mutagens has stalled. Three reviews over a
period of 18 years trace the history of the, so far, futile
search for mutagens responsible for paternal germline
mutations [12–14]. The most important difficulty ap-
pears to be confounding, especially the confounding by
maternal age and, presumably by maternal exposures. © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Page 2 of 8 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Page 2 of 8 Methods
Database Data containing approximately 12,000,000 birth records
were obtained from the United States Natality database
for the years 2014 to 2016. In the United States, state
laws require birth certificates to be completed for all
births, and federal law mandates national collection and
publication of births and other vital statistics data. The
National Vital Statistics System, the federal compilation
of these data, is the result of the cooperation between
the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and
the states to provide access to statistical information
from birth certificates. This study was evaluated by the
Texas A&M Institutional Review Board (IRB) and deter-
mined to be exempt from IRB review. g
p
y
y
p
When modeling the joint effects of maternal and pa-
ternal ages, two approaches have predominated [15]. Often, age is measured to the closest year and maternal
and paternal ages are modeled as linear or as curvilinear
(linear and quadratic). This approach is usually inad-
equate because the linear and quadratic functions will
often fit well over specific age ranges and fit poorly over
other age ranges. Furthermore, the best fitting linear and
quadratic forms will be dependent upon the scale of the
model. For example, the scale for the logistic model is
usually log-linear as opposed to linear. The second pre-
dominant approach has been to stratify ages into cat-
egories which can leave residual confounding within age
categories [15]. As an alternative, we propose a Bayesian
modeling approach that measures age to the nearest year
and models each parent’s age as a conditional autore-
gressive (CAR) [16]. The CAR prior facilitates smooth-
ing of age-specific parental risk estimates to the risk
estimates of ages one year younger and one year older as
an autoregressive function. This approach facilitates Model 2 – paternal age random-walk (CAR) For
each
of
DS
and
CD,
case
counts
were
cross-tabulated by k = 51 paternal ages (15 to 65 years). For each row in the table Yk was the count of cases, at
birth, and nk, the count of births. The counts, Yk were
modeled as independent Binomial distributions condi-
tional on an unknown rate parameter (μk). The CAR models were compared to the Bayesian ver-
sion of more common models including a linear model,
a linear and quadratic model that we refer to as curvilin-
ear and a model that divided age into 5-year age categor-
ies. The age categories were 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–
34, 35–39, 40–44 and 45–49 for each parent’s age and
three additional categories for fathers’ ages namely, 50–
54, 55–59 and 60–65. Minimally informative Normal
priors with zero mean and wide variance, specifically
N(0,1000), were used for intercepts, linear, quadratic and
age-category effects. To compare final CAR models to
these three models, all odds ratios were adjusted to use
the overall mean risk as the baseline risk and the
medians from the posterior distributions were plotted. Model fit was evaluated using the Deviance Information
Criterion (DIC). [18] All models and the data are avail-
able in the Additional files 1–6. Yk Binomial μk; nk
Yk Binomial μk; nk
Model 3 – fully conditional random-walk (CAR) For
each
of
DS
and
CD,
case
counts
were
cross-tabulated by j = 35 maternal ages (15 to 49 years)
and k = 51 paternal ages (15 to 65 years). For each row
in the table Yjk was the count of cases, at birth, and njk,
the count of births. The counts, Yjk were modeled as in-
dependent Binomial distributions conditional on an un-
known rate parameter (μjk). Yk Binomial μk; nk
The logit of the rate parameter was then modeled as a
linear function of the overall intercept and a random ef-
fect for paternal age. Logit μk
¼ α þ paternalk The intercept was given a flat, improper prior. The pa-
ternal prior was a minimally informative CAR or ran-
dom walk prior of length 51 (ages (k) = 15 to 65). The
precision of the CAR prior was specified as uniform
(0,10) on the standard deviation scale. Logit
μj
¼ α þ maternalj the posterior distribution. Convergence was evaluated by
observing convergence of separate chains with diverse
starting values. The median, the lower 2.5% limit and
the upper 97.5% limit were all drawn from the complete
posterior distributions. The authors refer to the interval
from the 2.5 percentile to 97.5 percentile values as the
95% Bayesian credible interval. When the lower bound
of this credible interval is greater than 1, the value for
the Bayesian exceedance probability would be greater
than 95% which would be relatively analogous to a fre-
quentist p-value of less than 5% for a 2-tailed test [17]. The CAR prior produces estimates of random effects
that sum to zero at the scale of the log odds. For presen-
tation purposes, the CAR estimates were transformed to
odds ratios standardized to parental ages of 15 years. The intercept was given a flat, improper prior. The
maternal prior was a minimally informative CAR or ran-
dom walk prior of length 35 (ages (j) = 15 to 49). The
precision of the CAR prior was specified as uniform
(0,10) on the standard deviation scale. Results The
study
identified
11,943,020
births
over
the
three-year period. Of these births, 10,293,589 could be
determined have the mother’s age within the 15 to
49-year range and the father’s age belonged in the 15 to
65-year range. Excluded observations included 1,642,373
births for which the father’s ages were not recorded. These observations included all births for which a father
was not identified. Exclusions included 324 for which
both mother and father were younger than 15 y and 49
births for which both the mother was older than 49 and
father was older than 65. In observations for which the
mothers’ ages were eligible, the father’s age was greater
than 65 for 2539 births and less than 15 y for 450
births. When fathers’ ages were eligible, the mother’s
age was greater than 49 y for 1894 births and less
than 15 y for 1802. There were no exclusions for ei-
ther combination of the father older than 65 y and
mother younger than 15 y or father younger than 15
y and mother older than 49 y. Yjk Binomial
μjk; njk
The logit of the rate parameter was then modeled as a
linear function of the overall intercept and a random ef-
fect for each maternal and paternal age. Logit
μjk
¼ α þ maternalj þ paternalk Model 1 – maternal age random-walk (CAR) For each of DS and CD, case counts were cross-tabu-
lated by j = 35 maternal ages (15 to 49 years). For each
row in the table Yj was the count of cases, at birth, and
nj, the count of births. The counts, Yj were modeled as
independent Binomial distributions conditional on an
unknown rate parameter (μj). Yj Binomial
μ j; nj
The logit of the rate parameter was then modeled as a
linear function of the overall intercept and a random ef-
fect for each maternal age. Page 3 of 8 Page 3 of 8 Page 3 of 8 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Logit
μj
¼ α þ maternalj Logit
μjk
¼ α þ maternalj þ paternalk The intercept was given a flat, improper prior. The
maternal prior was a minimally informative CAR or ran-
dom walk prior of length 35 (ages (j) = 15 to 49). The pa-
ternal prior was a minimally informative
CAR or
random walk prior of length 51 (ages (k) = 15 to 65). The precision of both CAR priors was specified as uni-
form (0,10) on the standard deviation scale. The implementation allowed a burn-in of 5000 itera-
tions then the next 10,000 iterations were sampled for Page 4 of 8 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 The cross-tabulated data (n = 10,293,589) included
5390 children with Down syndrome with the diagnosis
confirmed for 2273 and listed as probable for 3117 chil-
dren. A
diagnosis
is
considered
“confirmed”
after
chromosomal evaluation and is considered “probable”
when based on clinical signs at birth. Chromosomal dis-
orders other than DS were identified in 4147 children
including confirmed for 1349 children and probable for
2798 children. and 95% credibility intervals was 18.9 (11.1, 32.7) for
Down syndrome, when adjusted for paternal age (Fig. 1c). For paternal ages, the plot of odds ratios showed the
odds ratios to be very near unity but tending to show
risk sparing (i.e., odds ratio less than 1). After age 49 y,
the odds ratio had a 95% credibility interval that ex-
cluded 1. When comparing age 45 y to age 15 y, the me-
dian odds ratio and 95% credible interval was 0.81 (0.60,
1.01) for Down syndrome (Fig. 1d). y
g
The odds ratio for the effect of maternal age on CD,
unadjusted for paternal age, started to increase at ap-
proximately age 30 and then increased relatively con-
stantly, on the log scale, up to age 45 y, where the odds
ratio appeared to stop increasing. The maximum odds
ratio, relative to 15-year-old women, was approximately
six-fold (Fig. 2a). The odds ratio for paternal age, un-
adjusted for maternal age, started to increase at approxi-
mately age 30 and then increases relatively constantly,
on the log scale, up to age 45 y where the odds ratio ap-
peared to stop increasing. The maximum odds ratio,
relative to 15-year-old men, was approximately two-fold
(Fig. 2b). Logit
μjk
¼ α þ maternalj þ paternalk For the effect of maternal age on CD, the plot
of adjusted odds ratios was very similar to the plot of
the unadjusted odds ratios. When comparing age 45 y to The odds ratio for maternal age, unadjusted for pater-
nal age, started to increase at approximately age 30 and
then increased relatively constantly, on the log scale, up
to age 45 y, where the odds ratio appeared to stop in-
creasing. The
maximum
odds
ratio
relative
to
15-year-old women, was approximately 16-fold (Fig. 1a). The odds ratio for paternal age, unadjusted for maternal
age, started to increase at approximately age 30 and then
increased relatively constantly, on the log scale, up to
age 45 y, where the odds ratio appeared to stop increas-
ing. The maximum odds ratio, relative to 15-year-old
men, was approximately four-fold (Fig. 1b). The plot of
adjusted odds ratios for maternal age was very similar to
the plot of the unadjusted odds ratios. When comparing
a mother’s age 45 y to age 15 y, the median odds ratio Fig. 1 Median odds ratio and 95% Bayesian credible interval, by parental age, relative to age 15 y for Down syndrome for (a) maternal age
unadjusted for paternal age; (b) paternal age unadjusted for maternal age; (c) maternal age adjusted for paternal age and (d) paternal age
adjusted for maternal age ge, relative to age 15 y for Down syndrome for (a) maternal age
(c) maternal age adjusted for paternal age and (d) paternal age Fig. 1 Median odds ratio and 95% Bayesian credible interval, by parental age, relative to age 15 y for Down syndrome for (a) maternal age
unadjusted for paternal age; (b) paternal age unadjusted for maternal age; (c) maternal age adjusted for paternal age and (d) paternal age
adjusted for maternal age Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Page 5 of 8 Fig. 2 Median odds ratio and 95% Bayesian credible interval, by parental age, relative to age 15 y for chromosomal disorders (excluding Down
syndrome) for (a) maternal age unadjusted for paternal age; (b) paternal age unadjusted for maternal age; (c) maternal age adjusted for paternal
age and (d) paternal age adjusted for maternal age Fig. Logit
μjk
¼ α þ maternalj þ paternalk 2 Median odds ratio and 95% Bayesian credible interval, by parental age, relative to age 15 y for chromosomal disorders (excluding Down
syndrome) for (a) maternal age unadjusted for paternal age; (b) paternal age unadjusted for maternal age; (c) maternal age adjusted for paternal
age and (d) paternal age adjusted for maternal age age 15 y, the median odds ratio and 95% credibility
interval was 5.8 (3.9, 9.0) for CD (Fig. 2c). For paternal
age, the plot of odds ratios showed the odds ratios for
CD were very precisely near unity throughout all pater-
nal ages. When comparing age 45 y to age 15 y, the me-
dian odds ratio and 95% credible interval was 0.98 (0.74,
1.21) for chromosomal disorders other than Down syn-
drome (Fig. 2d). smoothed than the other models, although this is
shown on a very fine scale for the odds ratios. The
Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) showed that
the CAR model provided a far superior fit than the
alternative models for the joint maternal and paternal
effects (Table 1). Discussion The name “random walk prior” is used more often in
time series analysis than “conditional autoregressive”
but they are the same [16]. In time-series, the model
is favored when long-term trends vary from linearity. The current study provides ample evidence that the
maternal age function for the logit of the birth preva-
lence is non-linear in that the log odds does not in-
crease uniformly each year of age. There were at least
two inflection points. In comparison of the CAR
model with more traditional models, the most obvi-
ous advantage of the CAR model was its ability to
model multiple inflection points and rates of change
for the risk. This is a result of the CAR or random
walk prior being non-parametric in that there is no
assumed structure among ages other than correlation
among ages one year younger and one year older g
When comparing the final CAR models with more
traditional models, all models showed strong effects
of maternal age on both Down syndrome and other
Chromosomal disorders (Fig. 3a and c). The linear
model did not fit the other 3 models well. The curvi-
linear model was very similar to the CAR model and
5-year age category model up to age 45, where the
CAR model and 5-year age category model both pro-
duced an inflection point. In modeling paternal ef-
fects, all models showed agreement that the effect of
increasing age is related to a decrease in the birth
prevalence of Down syndrome (Fig. 3b and d). None
of the four models showed an association with pater-
nal age and birth prevalence of other chromosomal
disorders. For modeling the effects of paternal age,
the
5-year
age
category
model
was
much
less Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Page 6 of 8 Fig. 3 Median odds ratio, by parental age, relative to the overall mean risk for (a) Down syndrome by maternal age adjusted for paternal age; (b)
Down syndrome by paternal age adjusted for maternal age and for (c) chromosomal disorders (excluding Down syndrome) for maternal age
adjusted for paternal age and (d) chromosomal disorders by paternal age adjusted for maternal age. *CAR = conditional autoregressive Fig. Additional files Additional file 1: Model 1. Maternal Age Random-walk (CAR). OpenBUGS
code and data that can be used to repeat the analyses for Model 1. (TXT 1 kb)
Additional file 2: Model 2. Paternal Age Random-walk (CAR). OpenBUGS
code and data that can be used to repeat the analyses for Model 2. (TXT 2 kb)
Additi
l fil
3 M d l 3 F ll C
di i
l R
d
lk (CAR) O Additional file 1: Model 1. Maternal Age Random-walk (CAR). OpenBUGS
code and data that can be used to repeat the analyses for Model 1. (TXT 1 kb) Additional file 2: Model 2. Paternal Age Random-walk (CAR). OpenBUGS
code and data that can be used to repeat the analyses for Model 2. (TXT 2 kb) Additional file 3: Model 3. Fully Conditional Random-walk (CAR). Open-
BUGS code and data that can be used to repeat the analyses for Model 3. (TXT 67 kb) Additional file 4: 5 year age categories. Fully conditional modeling of
maternal and paternal ages as 5 year age categories. OpenBUGS code
and data that can be used to repeat the analyses for the 5 year age
categories. The data are arranged so that the DIC is comparable to the
other fully conditional models (TXT 37 kb) Additional file 5: Linear. Fully conditional modeling of maternal and
paternal ages as linear. OpenBUGS code and data that can be used to
repeat the analyses for maternal and paternal ages as linear. (TXT 65 kb) Additional file 6: Curvilinear. Fully conditional modeling of maternal
and paternal ages as curvilinear. OpenBUGS code and data that can be
used to repeat the analyses for maternal and paternal ages as curvilinear. (TXT 66 kb) For DS, the risk of maternal age did not change when
controlling for paternal age. On the other hand, paternal
age effects changed from very large risk to a small spar-
ing risk when controlling for maternal age. According to
a recent systematic review, a very small but statistically
significant sparing effect, for paternal aging, is a novel
finding [23]. In the systematic review, it was concluded
that higher paternal age is probably associated with a
small increase in the incidence of trisomy 21 [23]. The
current study provides relatively precise risk estimates
by maternal age but the risk is for birth prevalence. Discussion 3 Median odds ratio, by parental age, relative to the overall mean risk for (a) Down syndrome by maternal age adjusted for paternal age; (b)
Down syndrome by paternal age adjusted for maternal age and for (c) chromosomal disorders (excluding Down syndrome) for maternal age
adjusted for paternal age and (d) chromosomal disorders by paternal age adjusted for maternal age. *CAR = conditional autoregressive including both childhood cancer and birth defects
using existing databases. [16]. Non-parametric regression has been described as
a preferable approach over age-band categories, frac-
tional polynomials and spline regression but, at the
time, the availability of user-friendly software was a
limitation [19]. The current study used readily avail-
able
software
and
incorporated
commonly
imple-
mented
and
well
justified
prior
values
[20]. The
OpenBUGS code and data used in the current study
are provided in the supporting information. Further
applications should be able to identify or resolve pa-
ternal
age
effects
for
a
wide
range
of
disorders There exists ample prior support to model maternal
and paternal age effects as independent random walks
for a wide variety of conditions. In females, age ef-
fects are expected to be attributed to meiosis which
begins
in
the
fetus,
goes
into
a
long
period
of
arrested development and then is re-initiated at ovu-
lation. Clearly, cumulative exposure would impact the
arrested
cells. In
males,
spermatagonial
cells
are
formed by mitosis starting at puberty and, at puberty, Table 1 Comparison of model fit by Deviance Information Criterion (DIC)
Down Syndrome
Other Chromosomal Disorders
Model
Deviance
Complexitya
DIC
Deviance
Complexitya
DIC
5-yr age category
3978.1
16.0
3994.1
3156.2
16.0
3172.2
Linear
4399.8
3.0
4402.8
3357.9
3.0
3360.9
Curvi-linear
3805.0
4.9
3809.9
3136.5
5.0
3141.5
CAR
3604.9
33.9
3638.8
3079.3
26.5
3105.8
aModel complexity is also referred to as number of effective parameters Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Page 7 of 8 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology males start a continuous process of meiosis. The
sperm cells participating in fertilization began meiosis
a few months before conception. While it has been
reported that age-related epigenetic changes to sperm
are often caused by current age-related exposures,
[21] the evidence is overwhelming that, for mutations,
age is acting as a surrogate for cumulative exposures
of which some might be preventable. In the male,
age-related,
cumulative
exposures
will
have
much
more impact on mitosis than meiosis. Discussion Even though
faulty mitosis is considered to be more relevant in
aging males, faulty paternal meiosis has been reported
to cause approximately 10% of Down syndrome cases
[22]. There exist important needs to identify the
exposures that cause non-disjunction in oocyte devel-
opment
which
is
certainly
age-related
and
non-disjunction in sperm development for which the
role of paternal age remains unclear. From the epide-
miologic perspective, the identification of the relevant
risks attributable to parental ages is imperative. who are familiar with Bayesian models, the proposed
approach is simple to implement and interpret. Further
applications are encouraged and supported. Funding Funding
This research was funded in part by a grant from the National Institutes of
Health: R03CA208021. The National Institutes of Health had no role in the
design of the study, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, and in writing
the manuscript. Abbreviations
d CAR: Conditional autoregressive; CD: Chromosomal disorders other than
Down syndrome; DS: Down syndrome; IRB: Institutional Review Board;
MCMC: Markov Chain Monte Carlo; NCHS: National Center for Health
Statistics Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was evaluated by the Texas A&M Institutional Review Board (IRB)
and determined to be exempt from IRB review. Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was evaluated by the Texas A&M Institutional Review Board (IRB)
and determined to be exempt from IRB review. Consent for publication
Not applicable. Competing interests
The author declares that he has no competing interests. Consent for publication
Not applicable. Consent for publication
Not applicable. Additional files For
Down syndrome, in the United States, both the elective
termination rate and the natural loss rate are approxi-
mately 30% following diagnosis which is possible as early
as 10 weeks of pregnancy and, thus, incidence (at con-
ception) and prevalence at birth or at a time of fetal
karyotyping will be very different [24]. In addition, the
loss prior to 10 weeks is largely unknown but more than
half normal-appearing IVF-produced embryos are aneu-
ploidy, including often Trisomy 21 [25]. It has been
shown that older women are less likely to choose elect-
ive termination with a prenatal DS diagnosis [26] but the
influence of paternal age on elective pregnancy termin-
ation appears to be unknown. The very small sparing
risk of advancing paternal age on birth prevalence of DS
could be explained by an influence of increasing paternal
age to increase the likelihood of an elective pregnancy
termination. This potential bias would not be present in
conditions that are not diagnosed prenatally. Conclusions Advancing paternal age was not associated with an in-
crease in risk for either Down syndrome or chromo-
somal disorders other than Down syndrome. For those Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the
National Center for Health Statistics, [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/
vitalstatsonline.htm]. Authors’ contributions Authors contributions
JAT performed all of the contributions to the manuscript including reading
and approving the final manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations. Page 8 of 8 Page 8 of 8 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Thompson BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019) 19:82 Received: 14 November 2018 Accepted: 27 March 2019 References 1. Andersen AMN, Urhoj SK. Is advanced paternal age a health risk for the
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maternal age are both important for autism risk. Am J Public Health. 2010;
100(5):772–3. 8. Crow JF. The origins patterns and implications of human spontaneous
mutation. Nat Rev Genet. 2000;1(1):40–7. 8. Crow JF. The origins patterns and implications of human spon 8. Crow JF. The origins patterns and implic
mutation. Nat Rev Genet. 2000;1(1):40–7. mutation. Nat Rev Genet. 2000;1(1):40–7. 9. Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G,
Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, et al. Rate of de
novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk. Nature. 2012;488(7412):471–5. 10. Pasqualotto FF, Pasqualotto EB. Aging and sperm DNA damage. Sperm
Chromatin: Biological and Clinical Applications in Male Infertility and Assisted
Reproduction; 2011. p. 337–49. 11. Goriely A, Maher G, Lim J, Taylor IB, McGowan SJ, Pfeifer S, Rajpert-DeMeyts
E, McVean GAT, Wilkie AOM: Paternal age effect and selfish mutations. Schizophr Res 2012, 136:S4-S4. 12. Shelby MD. Human Germ-Cell Mutagens. Environ M by MD. Human Germ-Cell Mutagens. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1994;23:30– 13. References Wyrobek AJ, Mulvihill JJ, Wassom JS, Malling HV, Shelby MD, Lewis SE, Witt
KL, Preston RJ, Perreault SD, Allen JW, et al. Assessing human germ-cell
mutagenesis in the postgenome era: a celebration of the legacy of William
Lawson (bill) Russell. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2007;48(2):71–95. Lawson (bill) Russell. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2007;48(2):71–95. 14. DeMarini DM. Declaring the existence of human germ-cell mutagens. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2012;53(3):166–72. 14. DeMarini DM. Declaring the existence of human germ-cell mutagens. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2012;53(3):166–72. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2012;53(3):166–72. 15. Reijneveld SA: Age in epidemiological analysis. J Epidemiol Commun H
2003, 57(6):397–397. 15. Reijneveld SA: Age in epidemiological analysis. J Epidemiol Commun H
2003, 57(6):397–397. 16. Besag J, York J, Mollie A. Bayesian image-restoration, with 2 applications in
spatial statistics. Ann I Stat Math. 1991;43(1):1–20. 16. Besag J, York J, Mollie A. Bayesian image-restoration, with 2 applications in
spatial statistics. Ann I Stat Math. 1991;43(1):1–20. 17. Zhang JL. Comparative investigation of three Bayesian p values. Comput
Stat Data An. 2014;79:277–91. 17. Zhang JL. Comparative investigation of three Bayesian p values. Comput
Stat Data An. 2014;79:277–91. 18. Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BR, van der Linde A. Bayesian measures of
model complexity and fit. J Roy Stat Soc B. 2002;64:583–616. 18. Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BR, van der Linde A. Bayesian measures of
model complexity and fit. J Roy Stat Soc B. 2002;64:583–616. 19. Greenland S. Dose-response and trend analysis in epidemiology -
alternatives to categorical analysis. Epidemiology. 1995;6(4):356–65. 19. Greenland S. Dose-response and trend analysis in epidemiology -
alternatives to categorical analysis. Epidemiology. 1995;6(4):356–65. 20. Lunn D, Spiegelhalter D, Thomas A, Best N. The BUGS project: Evolution,
critique and future directions. Stat Med. 2009;28(25):3049–67. 21. Sharma R, Agarwal A, Rohra VK, Assidi M, Abu-Elmagd M, Turki RF. Effects of
increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and
associated epigenetic risks to offspring. Reprod Biol Endocrin. 2015;13. 21. Sharma R, Agarwal A, Rohra VK, Assidi M, Abu-Elmagd M, Turki RF. Effects of
increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and
associated epigenetic risks to offspring. Reprod Biol Endocrin. 2015;13. 22. Zaragoza RV, Jacobs PA, James RS, Rogan P, Sherman S, Hassold T. Nondisjunction of human acrocentric chromosomes - studies of 432
Trisomic fetuses and Liveborns. Hum Genet. 1994;94(4):411–7. 22. Zaragoza RV, Jacobs PA, James RS, Rogan P, Sherman S, Hassold T. Nondisjunction of human acrocentric chromosomes - studies of 432
Trisomic fetuses and Liveborns. References Hum Genet. 1994;94(4):411–7. 23. Oldereid NB, Wennerholm UB, Pinborg A, Loft A, Laivuori H, Petzold M,
Romundstad LB, Soderstrom-Anttila V, Bergh C. The effect of paternal
factors on perinatal and paediatric outcomes: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24(3):320–89. 23. Oldereid NB, Wennerholm UB, Pinborg A, Loft A, Laivuori H, Petzold M,
Romundstad LB, Soderstrom-Anttila V, Bergh C. The effect of paternal
factors on perinatal and paediatric outcomes: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24(3):320–89. 24. de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG. Estimates of the live births, natural losses,
and elective terminations with Down syndrome in the United States. Am J
Med Genet A. 2015;167(4):756–67. 25. Papadopoulos G, Templeton AA, Fisk N, Randall J. The frequency of
chromosome-anomalies in human preimplantation embryos after Invitro
fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1989;4(1):91–8. 25. Papadopoulos G, Templeton AA, Fisk N, Randall J. The frequency of
chromosome-anomalies in human preimplantation embryos after Invitro
fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1989;4(1):91–8. 26. Jacobs M, Cooper SA, McGowan R, Nelson SM, Pell JP. Pregnancy outcome
following prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomaly: a record linkage
study of 26,261 pregnancies. PLoS One. 2016;11(12). 26. Jacobs M, Cooper SA, McGowan R, Nelson SM, Pell JP. Pregnancy outcome
following prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomaly: a record linkage
study of 26,261 pregnancies. PLoS One. 2016;11(12).
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Well, Anyway, the Finish is Brilliant—Crackers Win Two SISSON MAKES DEBUT; PRICE PITCHES WELL WELL, anyhow, the local baseball season went out with a big splash. Maybe you’ll recall that the opening came just five months ago yesterday. The Crackers’ opponents that day were the Lookouts. And Atlanta began this dolorous season with a defeat. 9 to 7. In that famous game, Miller was outpitched and the Crackers were outfielded and outgeneraled. Well, the finish was better than the beginning. Just five months to the day after that wretched opening of Atlanta's most immemorial season, the Crackers kicked in with the final performance on local grounds. And, marvel of marvels, the Crackers won both games. Being bitten by a stone dog wouldn't have been any more surprising. The first game the Crackers won by a score of 2 to 1. Becker was clearly outpitched by Grover, even if the Washington man did hurl a game calculated to win. The Lookout recruit just naturally pitched better ball, but two errors in his support cost him the game. The Crackers played brilliantly behind Becker. In the second game Price pitch - THE BASEBALL CARD SOUTHERN LEAGUE. Games Today. New Orleans in Mobile, July game scheduled. Standing of the Clubs. W. L. P.C. | W. L. P.C. Hamm. 84.622 | N’ville..64 69.481 Mobile 77 57.575 | Mont ...64 74.462 ,\. Or..70 64.523 Cincinnati. 59 72.451 M inphis 67 69.493 Atlanta. 52 81.391 Yesterday's Results. Atlanta 2. Chattanooga 1 (first game.) Atlanta 4. Chattanooga 1 (second game.) New Orleans 9. Montgomery 2 (first game.) Montgomery 4. New Orleans 3 (second game.) Others not scheduled. AMERICAN LEAGUE. Games Today. Boston in Chicago. New York in St. Louis. Philadelphia in Detroit. Washington in Cleveland Standing of the Clubs. W. L. P.C W. L. P.C Borton 94 38.712 Detroit.62 73.459 Philadelphia 80 53.602 (Cleveland 59 74.464 Washington 80 55.593 New York. 48 84.364 Chicago 64 68.485 St. Louis 45 87.341 Yesterday’s Results. Boston 6, Chicago 0. Philadelphia 9, Detroit 7. New York 5, St. Louis 4. Cleveland 3, Washington 2. NATIONAL LEAGUE. Games Today. Chicago in Boston. Cincinnati in Brooklyn. St. Louis in New York. Pittsburgh in Philadelphia. Standing of the Clubs. W. L. P.C W. L. P.C New York 92 39.702 Philadelphia 63 67.485 Chicago 82 48.631 St. Louis 5.5 76.419 Pittsburgh 79 53.599 Brooklyn 49 82.374 Cincinnati 66 67.496 Boston 39 92.298 Yesterday’s Results. Pittsburgh 10, Philadelphia 3. BELMONT WINS ST. LEAGUE. Doncaster, England, sept. 12. Tracery, an American horse owned by August Belmont, won the St. Leger stakes on Doncaster Moors today. Tracery was an 8 to 1 favorite. Mainderlich was a 100 to 1 shot. $2.50 BIRMINGHAM AND RETURN Via SEABOARD Tuesday, September 17th. Special trains leave old depot 8 a.m. SIDE TRIP EXCURSION VIA THE WEST POINT ROUTE FOR COLORED ODD FELLOWS TO TUSKEGEE, ALA., SEPT. 14TH. $3.50 ROUND TRIP. Train leaves Terminal Station, Saturday, September 14th, at 7. Returning reaches Atlanta 9:30 p.m. Dr. Booker T. Washington has arranged entertainment at the Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute for all Odd Fellows and their friends. Ticket offices: Fourth National Bank building and Terminal Station. P. BILLUPS, Genl. Pass. Agt. 519.35 Washington, D. C., and return, via Southern Railway. Tickets on sale September 16, 17, 21 and 22. Final limit September 30. Phone Main 142. WILTON JELLICO COAL $4.75 Per Ton SEPTEMBER DELIVERY The Jellico Coal Co. 82 Peachtree Street Both Phones 3668 ed for the locals, and he had all the advantage in a corking fine contest. Allen worked against Price and did fairly well except in the fifth. In that inning the whole Chattanooga team gave way with a sickening plump and the Crackers put over three runs and cinched the game. ROBABI.Y the big event of the day was the debut of Outfielder Sisson, the man from Columbus, Ga. This graduate from Jim Fox's team lived up to all the advance notices about his fielding. He is surely there. That he can hit in the Southern has yet to be proved. It is a shade doubtful, perhaps. However, Cracker fans will be only too ready to be convinced, for they liked the way the man handled himself. He may prove another Roy Moran. The pitching of Price was another thing that was encouraging. That lad will bet watching next year. He is a useful little port sider. THE Crackers have left for Memphis, where they wind things up. Buck Becker made the strength of having pitched a winning game yesterday, was allowed to depart. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION. Games Today. Toledo in Louisville. Indianapolis In Columbus, only games scheduled. Standing of the Clubs. W. L. P.C. W. L. P.C. M’w’kee 99 55.643 M’w’kee 72 79 477 Columbus. 95 60.61; St. Paul. 70 87.140 Toledo 92 63.593 L’ville...58 96.366 K. City 75 77.193 Indianapolis..55 99.358 Yesterday’s Results. Indianapolis 4, Columbus 2. Toledo 4, Louisville 1. Only games scheduled. INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE. Games Today. Montreal in Toronto. Buffalo in Rochester. Providence in Jersey City. Newark in Baltimore. Standing of the Clubs. W. L. P.C. W. L. P.C. Toronto. 81 59.587 Buffalo. 66 73.175 Rochester... 82 60.577 Montreal.. 66 75 Newark.. 72 67.518 Providence. 59 81.422 Yesterday’s Results. Newark 12, Baltimore 4. Toledo 5, Montreal 2. Buffalo 4, Rochester 1. YALE GOLF TEAM WINS COLLEGE CHAMPIONSHIP MANCHESTER, VT., Sept. 12—Yale won the team championship in the intercollegiate golf tournament on the Klwanock links here, defeating Harvard in the final match, 6 points to 3. Five colleges were represented in the tournament when it started Monday. Williams was eliminated the first day and Princeton and Pennsylvania Tuesday. FINAL WEEK RU U U‘ t f it‘u 4? i <?. z W HL k'V t I 1 J' Ji ■■& jT & j > jii |M«L' ■ <-*JaA • -.. ■'• XH£‘\ &> ’‘nk. 'JL-.,-' "a- jffisß, mb »? The distribution of the 15-piece blue and gold decorated Dinner Sets will close this week. This is your last chance to obtain this set for $3.50 and the six Premium Coupons cut from The Georgian. (See page 2.) The offer will be withdrawn next Saturday, September 14. A new supply of the 26 Piece Berkshire Silver Sets has been received. They will be offered for 2 Premium Coupons and $2.00 cash, and will go fast. If you want one of these sets, order it today. The Atlanta Georgian Premium Room 20 E. Alabama St. THE ATLANTA GEORGIAN AND NEWS. THURSDAY. SEPTEMBER 12. 1912. Last night for Washington. The rest of the bunch will travel to the Bluff City, where they will assist Bill Bernard’s men in the obsequies. TUESDAY’S game will mark the end of what has been, to Atlanta, a most direful season. There is a certain amount of consolation in the fact that the Crackers can’t possibly finish worse this year than any other team ever did before. In fact, barring the Montgomery team of 1910, which finished last with the Slaming High standing of 434, and the Nashville team that did almost equally well in 1907, with 431, the Crackers will end the season (if their luck holds) with a standing better than the tail-enders did in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1909, and perhaps better than the Crackers did in 1911. By a coincidence, the Crackers have the same percent today that Otto Jordan’s tail-eriders did at the end of the 1911 season. In fact, if this is any consolation—which it isn’t—three teams which have finished next to last in years past (Birmingham in 1901, Nashville in 1905, and the same team the (blowing year) had a standing as Bid or worse than the Crackers have at present. The Big Race Here is the up-to-the-minute dope on how the ’Big Five' betters of the American league are hitting: PLAYER. A.B. H. Av. COBB 496 206.415 SPEAKER 512 203.396 JACKSON 499 184.369 COLLINS 461 157.341 LA JOIE 365 121.332 Ty Cobb, despite the hit that was not followed by Umpire Connolly, garnered two others yesterday in four times at bat. Tris Speaker managed to secure only one safe clout in three visits to the plate. Jackson hit safely twice in four attempts. Collins was up five times and cashed three hits. Lajoie was on the job with two hits in three tries. ATHENS TEAM WINDS UP BALL SEASON SATURDAY ATHENS, GA., Sept. 12.—The last ball games of the season of 1912 will be the three played on Sanford Field today, tomorrow and Saturday between the invincible Southern railway team of Atlanta and a local team composed of the best players in Athens and among the Georgia university boys. The line-up of the Atlanta bunch will embrace Harrison, Donaldson, Bartlett, Herndon, Holliday, Howell, Askew, Ayers, Kimball, Jones, Pruitt, Lowery, and Skipworth. The appearance of Donaldson and Bartlett will be of especial interest here as Bartlett was a Red and Black star last year—captain of the Georgia team. Donaldson will enter Georgia this fall, it is understood, and will be a candidate for a place here. Here’s How Crackers Are Hitting the Ball Right Up to Date These averages include yesterday's double bill with the Lookouts: PLAYERS— g. ab. r. h. av. Sisson, rs 2 5 1 2.100 Price, p 5 10 1 3 300 Harbison, ss.,..79 273 37 79.289 Bailey, If 134 464 88 134.289 Alperman, 2b....129 484 63 140.289 Agler, 1b 70 234 40 64.274 Callahan, cf,,..93 346 33 90.261 Graham, c 65 199 20 48.241 McElveen, 3b....139 502 52 118.235 Reynolds, c....26 82 13 16.195 Becker, p 17 38 2 7.184 Brady, p 24 74 3 12.162 Wolfe, utility...24 65 6 10.154 Sitton, p 29 67 11 10.146 Johnson, p.... 8 18 0 1.056 Waldorf, p H 28 0 1.036 YESTERDAY’S GAMES. The score * first game): CHATTANOOGA —ab. r. h. po. a e Coyle, lb 3 0 1 10 I 0 Gastop, 3b 3 0 0 1 0 0 Cruise, If 3 0 1 1 0 a Balenti, ss.... 3 11 0 4 1 Tutwiler, cf.... 2 0 0 0 1 Jordan, 2b 3 0 0 2 4 0 Gray, rs 3 0 2 0 0 0 Noyes, c 3 1 0 1 1 0 Glover, p 2 0 1 0 4 0 Totals 25 1 6 18 14 2 ATLANTA—ab. r. h. po. a. e. Agler. lb 11 1) g a a Bailey. If 2 0 1 0 0 0 Harbison, ss.... 11 o 1 4 a Alperman, 2b... 3 0 1 0 2 0 McElveen, 2b.... 0 a 2 a 0 Callahan, cf.... 3 0 a 3 a 0 Graham, c 2 0 a 5 a a Sisson, rs....", 2 0 1 2 1 0 Becker, p.... 1 0 0 0 t 0 Totals 18 2 3 21 8 0 Score by innings: R. Chattanooga 000 000 11 Atlanta 000 000 0—2 Summary: Double play—Grover to Jordan to Coyle. Struck out—By Becker 5, by Grover 3. Rases on balls—Off Grover 5. Sacrifice hits—Becker, Agler, Tutwiler. Stolen bases—Harbison 3. Base on balls—By Becker. Hit by pitched ball—By Glover. Base on balls—By Glover. Time—1:05. Empires—Pfenninger and Rudderham. Score (second game): CHATTANOOGA—ah. r. b. po. a. e Coyle, lb 3 11 11 1 <) Gaston, 3b.... 3 0 2 0 6 0 Cruise, if 1 0 1 0 0 0 Balenti, ss.... 3 0 0 2 1 1 Tutwiler, cf.... 2 0 1 0 0 Jordan, 2b 3 0 0 1 2 0 Gray, rs 3 0 0 1 0 0 Giddo, e 2 0 0 1 1 0 Allen, p 2 a a a i 1 x Noyes 1 J) 0 Total.- 26 1 5 18 12 2 x—Batted for Allen in seventh. ATLANTA— ah. r. h. po. a. e. Agler. lb 3 0 1 9 0 0 Bailey. If 3 0 1 1 0 Wolfe, ss 2 0 0 0 1 0 Alperman, 2b.... 3 1 2 2 3 1 McElveen. 3b.... 3 a a i 2 1 Callahan, cf 2 0 0 1 a 0 Rejnolds, c.... 3 11 6 0 0 Sisson, rs 3 11 1 0 0 Price. |> 11 1) 0 2 0 Totals 23 4 6 21 9 2 Score by innings: R. Chattanooga.. 000 010 0 1 Atlanta •.010 030 • —4 Summary: Two-base hit—Sisson. Home run Alperman, Double plays Gaston to Coyle to Balenti. Struck out —By Price 5, by Allen 1. Stolen base—Callahan. Sacrifice hits Gaston. Price. Hit by pitched ball By Price. Tutwiler Time—1:06. I’mpires—Rudderham and Pfenninger, TONY ROSS SUSPENDED.- NEW YORK, Sept. 12. The state boxing commission has suspended Tony Ross, the Newcastle, Pa., heavyweight, for six months for fouling in his bout with Joe Jeannette here, this week. Coach Dobson Has Some Swell Looking Material to Build Eleven Around PROSPECTS BRIGHT FOR CLEMSON GRIDIRON TEAM CLEMSON COLLEGE. Sept. 12. Athletically things look a little brighter this year for Clemson. Coach Frank Dobson begins his third year in charge of the lighter camp. He has done two years of service. A hard work, in which he has earned the respect and the support of the players who believe in his ability and fairness. It is up to Dobson to put out the best team. Clemson has had since he took charge. The first year of Dobson's reign was not marked by many brilliant achievements on the gridiron, but that fact was largely to the constant changing of coaches in the years preceding. There was Vanderbilt's team to begin work Sept. 16 in Nashville, Tenn., and Coach McGugin has just received word from McKenzie, Tenn., that Dale Morrison, younger brother of Kent and Ray Morrison, of the 1911 football team, will come to Vanderbilt this fall and is expected to make a star player. Morrison has had a brilliant career in prep school for several years. He is a back field man and may be used in the place left vacant by Ray Morrison at quartet. SOCCER MEETING TONIGHT. A meeting will be held tonight at 929 Candler building, the office of Dr. Theodore Toepel, vice president of the Amateur Athletic Federation of Fulton County, for the purpose of organizing a soccer football league, to consist of four or six clubs. Arrangements have been made with the city by the officers of the federation for several football fields at Piedmont Park, and several will be laid out immediately. G/Cure Nature in her wisdom and beneficence has provided, in her great vegetable laboratory, the forest, a cure for most of the ills and ailments of humanity. Work and study have perfected the compounding of these botanical medicines and placed them at our disposal. We rely upon them first because of their ability in curing disease, and next because we Can use them with the confidence that such remedies do not injure the system. S. S. S. always cures without leaving any unpleasant or injurious effects. It is perfectly safe for young or old. Book on the blood and any medical advice free. THE SWIFT SPECIFIC CO., ATLANTA, GA. Correct Proverb Solutions Picture No. 71 * Picture No. 72 I hope you'll hope for happiness. I ask for a fork and you bring me a rake. He would fain fly, but wants feathers. CORRECT PROVERB SOLUTIONS TO DATE The early bird catches the worm - a heart never won fair lady. The very falling of loaves fright. All is not gold that glittery. A glimpse of the old king ens hares. A miss is as good as a mile... A homeless beggar must have a A man can the virtues of our ancestors' denial A rolling stone gathers no more. Cestors profit it if we do not imitate. Beggars must not be choosers them? Great engines turn on small play. A burnt child dreads the fire. Lean liberty is better than fat nts 7 -A pitcher that goes off to the well slavery. >»—l can not be at York and London Is broken at last. 3u—If strokes are good to give the time time. On a new broom, it is time enough to cry on when a new broom sleeps clean. It makes perfect. Ows before them. The shoemaker's wife and a smith's cat may look at a king. The wise man knows the fool, mare are always the worst shod. Great bodies move slowly, but the fool doth not know the wise. The wise man knows the fool, mare are always the worst shod. Forewarned, fores, mare, beateth a toothless shadow. Many hands make light work. Procrastination is the thief of the times. Better half a loaf than no bread, time. That listens for what people. Let the cobbler stick to his last. A boaster and a liar are calling. Say "I have peace; an idle person is the devil's play." Between the hand and the lip, the crooked stick will have a crooked shadow. His morsel may slip, crooked shadow. Between the hand and the lip, the crooked stick will have a crooked shadow. kindred. 18— A ragged colt may make a good 42—Ho who peeps through a hole that is 63 He that can read and meditate noise. See what will vex him. Will not find his evenings long or life. 19 Better a footlj out than always 43 Every man doth his own business tedious. 20 Ask thy purse what thou shouldst. —New-made honor doth forget it. In though a man's name. 21 browning men will catch at a 45 -There is a tide in the affals of, great straw. Men, which taken at the flood, leads to S L!!' ~.,.... 22—Bad excuses are worse than none, fortune. When one will not. two cannot. had no thought of catching him, " - T, ~. ~ 24 When one will not. two cannot. have no thought of catching him. " - T, ~. ~ 25 When poverty comes in at the 47 Strike while the iron is hot. Us '" 1 never catch it. 24 When poverty comes in at the 47 Strike while the iron is hot. Us '" 1 never catch it. What your glass tells you will justify himself before accusation? Is it not better to be told by counsel? A mail demerit extinguishes all. Never rub against the grain long service, it is better said than done. All things are difficult before they are better. The sapling. Feasting is the physician's bar, easy to straighten in the way. A wick, a stick will bring me improvement last season. Everyone is expecting still better things this fall. Some of the brilliant performers graduated last June, among them the big backfield bracer, Joe Bates, and the brilliant Captain Bissell, who was as nifty a player as Clemenson has had in many years. Bell, Gray, and Hayden were three of the heavyweight linemen who took away diplomas in June. But there are several of the varsity left who did excellent work and who will make a place for themselves in football history this fall, barring bad luck. Captain Britt, the biggest and brawniest man on the eleven, will play his last season and will strive to win the third in the row from Roanoke, N.Y. Munson's Bristol Boosters yesterday made it the straight from Roanoke, the pennant winning team of the Virginia league, in the post-season championship series played here. The Appalachian champions showed more class yesterday than in either of the two former games. Baker pitched for Bristol and gave up nine hits, as against twelve which the Boosters got off the delivery of Effird, a star pitcher of the Virginia league, who is given much of the credit for Roanoke's triumph in the past season. The three remaining games will be played at Roanoke, beginning today. NAT THORNTON A WINNER. CLEVELAND, OHIO, Sept. 12. Nat Thornton, of Atlanta, former Southern champion, and J. J. Armstrong, of Minneapolis, Western intercollegiate champion, easily won their doubles match in the Ohio state tennis tournament yesterday afternoon. Among the best of these remedies from the forest is S. S. S., a medicine made entirely of roots, herbs and barks in such combination as to make it the greatest of all blood purifiers and the Safest of all tonics. It does not contain the least particle of harmful mineral. S. S. S. cures Rheumatism, Catarrh, Sores and Ulcers, Scrofula, Malaria, Skin Diseases, Contagious Blood Poison and all other diseases dependent on impure blood. As a tonic, S. S. S. builds up the system by supplying a sufficient amount of The vigor and nourishment to the body, to make it his best. Johnny Kangeter is another senior who is headier than heavy, and who is due to improve over last year if he fulfills the promise of his career. Alex Lewis is one of the lightest players on the team, but there is not a faster or grittier tackler to be found in this section. Webb, the hard-fought fullback, and Schiller, the big Billie Bounce of the team, will be in the line-up. In addition to these men, there are several of the scrubs who threatened to break into the variety last year that will be fighting for positions from the first blow of the whistle. Following is Clemson’s schedule: October 8—Riverside at Clemson. October 12—Howard at Birmingham. October 19—Auburn at Auburn. October 26—Citadel at Clemson. October 31—Georgia in Columbia state fair. November 7—Georgia in Augusta (Georgia-Carolina fair). November 16—Mercer in Macon. November 28—Tech in Atlanta. Men and Women CURE YOU TO STAY CURED, — a " chronic, nervous, private, blood and skin diseases" Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, the very latest, methods, therefore getting desired results. I give you the celebrated German preparation, for blood poison, without cutting or detention from business. I cure you or make no charge. Everything confidential. Come to me without delay, and let me demonstrate how I give you results where other physicians have failed. I cure Varicocele, Stricture, Piles, Nervous Debility, Kidney. Bladder and prostatic troubles. Acute discharges and inflammation and all contracted diseases. FREE consultation and examination. Hours, 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. Sundays, 9 to 1. Dr. J. D. HUGHES, Specialist Opposite Third National Bank. 16 North Broad St., Atlanta, Ga. BARTON 19% PEACHTREE STREET UPSTAIRS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL UNREDEEMED PLEDGES FOR SALE A 11.
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De l'Ibérie, ou Essai critique sur l'origine des premières populations de l'Espagne
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Louis-François Graslin
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288 qui devaient connaître, aussi bien que Thucydide, les antiquités de leur propre pays? Cependant, les témoignages de Timéede Sicile et de Diodore sont plus explicites et plus impor 4 tans qu’on ne serait tenté de le croire, d’après ce que Fréret se borne à nous en dire. Nous sa vons, par Diodore, que Timée imputait à l’igno rance de Philiste l’origine ibèrienne qu’il donnait * aux Sicani , et qu'il prouvait , par de savantes re cherches historiques, que ces peuples étaient Autoch tones ; ce qui nous attestera toujours, malgré l’im propriété de cette expression , qu’il démontrait l’impossibilité de remonter jusqu’à leur origine. Diodore de Sicile , ajoute à ce témoignage, en son propre nom, que ce fait historique lui parais sait trop bien établi pour qu'il perdît son temps à sa démonstra tion, et que les Sicaniens indigènes avaient d’a bord occupé toute la Sicile (1). Pour détruire des assertions si positives , suffit il donc d’épiloguer sur le sens littéral du mot au tochtones P Je dirai plus : à moins de prétendre que „ Thucydide ait dû mieux connaître l’origine des Sicani que ces peuples eux-mêmes, il faut né Diodore de Sicile, lib. 5, ab init. 289 cessairement condamner celle qu’il leur attribuait, puisqu’il nous avoue luimême qu’ils rejetaient cette origine, et qu’ils se croyaient indigènes (1). Cette opinion des Sicani sur leur propre ori gine devait même être , dès les temps les plus re s . * * culés, généralement établie dans la Sicile, puis que , suivant la remarque du scoliaste de Théo % crite sur sa première idylle , Démétrius de Calatia , très ancien écrivain (auquel Diogène Laërce attri buait une histoire de l’Asie et de l’Europe) as surait que Sicanus , fondateur des Sicani , était fils d’un cyclope nommé Briarée. L’origine espagnole des Sicani est donc for mellement condamnée , même dans l’antiquité , par plusieurs autorités très imposantes qui ne se sont pas copiées les unes sur les autres : tandis qu’il est plus que probable que , depuis Thucy dide jusqu’à Pausanias , tous les écrivains qui les ont fabuleusement fait sortir de i’Hispanie, n’ont fait que se répéter successivement. « « * Peut-être, pourrais-je me dispenser de pousser plus loin cette discussion : mais , je croirais n’a voir rempli que la moitié de la tâche que je me l 2 ) Thucydide, lib. 6, cap. 2. 19 1 suis imposée si, après avoir combattu une erreur, je n' essayais pas d’y substituer la vérité. . Une fausse interprétation du mot ibère doit avoir induiten erreur, non seulement Thucydide, mais presque tous les anciens écrivains , lorsqu'ils ont parlé des premières colonies qui ont passé de lltalie dans la Sicile, comme elle a fhit tomber le célèbre Fréret , lui-même , dans la contradiction la plus manifeste sur l'origine de ces prétendus peuples ibères . IL va m’être facile de justifier d’a bord cette dernière assertion. J’ai déjà cité un passage dans lequel Fréret dit textuellement : « Que , dès les premiers temps , « la partie de l’Italie située au midi de l’Apen « nin, était occupée par des Sicules , nation « IBÉRIENNE OU ESPAGNOLE (1) . » Cependant, en parlant des Sicani, queVirgile dé signe plusieurs fois sous le nom de V eteres Sicani , il s’exprime en ces termes : « Virgile aura peut-être « donné, par licence poétique, le nom des Sicani, « ancien peuple espagnol , àüx Siccles, nation très « différente , puisqu’elle était illyriennb (,) . » (i) Fréret, Recherches sur V ancienneté et sur T origine de Vart de l'équitation dans la Grèce, œuvres comp., tom. 17, pag. 116. (*) Idem, ibidem ,4» vol., pag. 201. i 291 I ; Si ce savant et profond écrivain eût reconnu que , dans l’antiquité , le mot Ibère n’était qu’une épithète distinctive, il n'aurait certainement point fait des Stcules tantôt une nation espagnole ou ibérienne, tantôt une nation iüy tienne , très diffé rente des Ibériens : il n’aurait vu , dans les pre mières colonies qui sont passées dans la Sicile , que des peuples celtiques, surnommés Sicani , Ibères , ou Ligures , peut^tre même Sicules .. €’est encore dans cette équivoque qu’il faut chercher la source des confusions , des contradicr tions dans lesquelles sont tombés , du moins en apparence , les anciens écrivains qui ont parlé des premières populations de la Sicile. Thucydide et Phi liste , qui ne pouvaient connaître que de nom la nouvelle Ibérie dés Grecs, font partir les Sicani des bords d'un fleuve Sicanus, qui n'a jamais existé dans l’Hispanie. Lorsqu’on a commencé à recon naître que ce fleuve était imaginaire, c’est des bords du Sicoris qu’on les a fait partir ; et Servius a même dit, sür le 8 e livre de l’Enéïde, que les / • . . . ». W Sur l'autorité d’un ancien fragment des généalogies royales de la Thrace , Appien nous dit qu’une colonie de Sicules était passée dela-Dalmatie dans l'Italie sous la conduite d’nii chef nommé Celta. Les savans Pelloutier et Mentelle sont aussi d’accord pour attribuer aux Sicules une origine celtique. t Digitized by Google 292 Sicani, sortis de VWèrie, avaient tiré leur mm du fleuve Sicoris. * Les mêmes contradictions se présentent relati vement au passage des Siculcs dans cette île. Dans Thucydide , ce sont les Opiques ; dans Anthio chus de Syracuse , ce sont les Œnotriens et les Opiques qui chassent les Sicules de lTtalie ; dans * Hellanicus de Lesbos, ce ne sont plus les Sicules, * , mais les Elymes et les Ausones qui sont expulsés de lTtalie par les Œnotriens et les Iapyges ; dans Philiste et dans Silius-ïtalicus , les peuples chas sés d’Italie ne sont ni des Sicules, ni des Ausones, » r ni des Elymes , mais des peuples celtiques , sous le nom de Ligures , et sous la conduite d’un chef nommé Siculus (1). Pour expliquer des contradictions d’autant plus extraordinaires qu’elles existent dans des écrivains également dignes de confiance, ne devons-nous pas supposer qu’ils ont parlé d’un même peuple sous diverses dénominations distinctives ; que ces contradictions, en apparence si choquantes , pro viennent de ce que les temps anciens sont tombés, comme les temps modernes , dans l’erreur capi tale de prendre diverses désignations accessoires , (») Àpud Dionys : halyc : • lit) : 1 . Cap : 4. 2Ü3 ♦ souvent appliquées à diverses peuplades de meme origine , poiir des dénominations nationales ; et , surtout , de ce qu’ils se sont toujours obstinés à ne voir que des peuples originaires et sortis de PHis panie, dans ceux qui ont été désignés par l’épi thète distinctive d’ Ibère? Cette hypothèse peut, du moins, nous mettre sur la voie de reconnaître la vé ritable origine des premières populations de la Si cile, et concilier les autorités qui les ont tour à tour composées de Sicani , d’Ibères , de Sicules et de Ligures. Les contrées septentrionales de l’Italie que tra verse le Pô, avaient reçu le surnom d’ïbérie, et ses peuples l’épithète à' Ibères , long-temps avant que Scylax eut fait prendre à l’Hispanie le nom de son fleuve Ibérus. Pline nous apprend, dans son 37 e livre , qu’Eschylc donnait le nom Sibérie à » tous les pays que traversait l’Eridan. Dans la vie de Marcellus , Plutarque désigne aussi les peuples de l’Italie qui touchaient aux Alpes , sous la déno mination d’iBÈRES DE LA NATION CELTIQUE. CeS Ibères ne pouvaient être que les Insubres , qui, dès la plus haute antiquité , s’étaient fixés au nord et sur la rive gauche du Pô. Suivant Fréret, le nom des Insubres devait signi 294 . » fier les Ombri inférieurs. Ce nom n’était, sans doute, qu’une épithète, comme celui àTsombn que Poiybe donne à ces peuples. Néanmoins, cette interpréta tion de Fréret paraît inadmissible , parce que ces peuples étaient situés au nord, par conséquent au dessus de tous les autresOmbri.il est donc bien plus probable que, le singulier du mot Insubres étant Ins-uber , ou Ins-yber, ces Celles Ombri ont dû recevoir cette épithète distinctive, parce qu’ils s’étaient fixés au-delà d’un grand fleuve, sur un ter ritoire traversé par plusieurs autres fleuves, ouri vières, qui, même, y formaient plusieurs confluens, et; qu’ayant reçu ce surnom d Tns-Yber, le pays qu’ils habitaient fut également surnommé lbérie. Il n’est pas moins probable que c’était de ces Tbè* res italiens que saint Jérôme voulait parler, lors que, dans ses questions sur la Genèse, il disait que, par Thubal, il fallait entendre les Ibériens, c est à-dire les Espagnols , les Italiens, ouïes Ibériens asiatiques. IL était donc inutile, pour trouver l’origine des peuples qui, sous les noms d z Ligures, ou à' Ibé riens, ou de Sicani, surnommés Ibères , ont pu enva hir la Sicile avant la guerre de Troie , d’aller les cher cher jusque dans l’Hispanie; d’inventer un fleuve Sicanus, et de trouver ensuite l’origine du nom des jf Digitized b/ Google 295 t Sica/ii dans celui du fieu ve Sicoris ; de faire marcher en corps de nation une multitude de petites peu plades trop barbares pour qu’elles pussent songer seulement à se réunir et à entreprendre une longue expédition ; ou de les faire chasser de l’Hispanie par des Ligures qui n’avaient jamais fait passer une colonie au-delà des Pyrénées. Que ce fut donc des Ibères , ou des Ligures qui passèrent en Sicile avant les Sicules, ce ne pou vait être, sous l’une ou l’autre de ces dénomina tions accessoires , que des peuples celtiques, éta blis de temps immémorial dans le nord de l’Italie, et dont diverses branches furent surnommées Ombri, Ins-ybres, Ligures et Ibères. Telle devait être nécessairement aussi l’origine des Ibères que Denys d’Halicarnasse fait concourir à la fondation de la ville de Home. Si le célèbre Fréret , avant de décider que les Sicani étaient une nation ibérienne ou espagnole , si quelques autres savans philologues , avant de chercher l’origine de ces prétendus peuples ibères aux quatre points cardinaux et au centre de l’His * panie , sur les côtes du Latium et de l’Etrurie , et jttsqtic dans les débris d’une fie faubuleuse , eus sent remarqué que c’est toujours chez des peuples / * • % Digitized b/ Google m celtiques qu’on trouve, en Europe, les dénomina tions ôl Ibères et d 'Ibèrie, ou des noms géographi ques composés des mots iber ou ébro , ils auraient nécessairement reconnu que ce mot Ibère ne pou vait être qu’une dénomination distinctive, tirée d’une situation géographique , et généralement en usage chez les peuples celtiques. Il était cependant bien facile de faire cette ob servation , puisque c’est en m’appuyant toujours sur des autorités classiques, que j’ai constaté l’ori gine celtique des Celtibères voisins du grand fleuve Ibérus ; des autres Celtibères que Pline et Festus-Àviénusont placé dans la Lusitanie ; des Ibères des Gaules qui habitaient la ville et les bords du fleuve Il-lbéris ; des Ins-ybères , ou des Ibères du nord de l’Italie ; des peuples qui , dans une très haute antiquité , habitaient sur les deux rives du Rhin, et qu’on nommait Ibériens , lorsque ce fleuve portait lui-même le nom à' lber ; en un mot , puisqu’il était si facile de rconnaître que , dans toutes les parties des Gaules, de l’Hispanie , et même des îles britanniques , où il existait des noms de peuples, de pays, ou de fleuves, dérivés des mots lber ou Ebro , on trouvait toujours des peuples celtiques. Il y aurait ici une objection très «97 sérieuse à me faire : mais je ne tarderai pas à la produire moi-même, et j’essaierai d’y réporidrei Il me parait également impossible d’admettre que, dans des temps inconnus, des peuples de l'Hispanie se soient transportés dans Me de Corse. Cette tradition ne repose que sur des observations de Sénèque le philosophe et sur les conséquences qu’il a cru devoir en tirer* ’ * , Pendant son exil dans l’ilede Corse, Sénèque, dont j’ai déjà cité le texte, avait remarqué que les habitans de cette ile portaient des chaussures et des bonnets semblables à ceux des peuples de la Cantabrie , et que ces peuples avaient même , dans leur langage , quelques mots de la langue des Cantabres. Il en concluait que des peuples de la Cantabrie avaient dû passer dans l’île de Corse* Si Fréret, et quelques savans de nos jours, ont adopté les conséquences que Sénèque tirait de ses observations, c’est qu’ils n’ont pas considéré qu’il était bien plus naturel d’en conclure que, dans des temps très reculés, des peuples de même origine ont dû passer dans Vile de Corse et dans la Cantabrie. Nous n’avions même pas besoin des observa tions de Sénèque pour reconnaître, qu’avant les temps historiques, des peuples scythiques ont dû 298 s'arrêter dans quelques îles de la Méditerranée , quoiqu’une partie de ces mêmes peuples ait pour suivi ses excursions jusqu’aux extrémités occiden tales de l’Europe. Nous avons déjà vu qu’un Usage, bien plus concluant que l’analogie des bonnets et des chaussures , et même que quelque rapport de langage , existait chez les Cantabres et chez les an ciens habitans de l’îie de Corse ; que, suivant Stra bon, les Cantabres avaient la coutume de se mettre au lit lorsque leurs femmes venaient d’accoucher, et de se faire servir par elles (1) , et que nous lisons, dans le 5 e livre de Diodore de Sicile, que cet usage existait aussi dausl’ile de Corse. Faudra-t-il encore supposer qu’il a passé de l’Hispanie dans cette île P Cette supposition serait inadmissible, puisque j’ai déjà constaté que , suivant Apollonius de Rhodes et Valérius-FIaccus , la source très probable de cet usage, plus inexplicable encore que barbare, existait chez les Tibari qui étaient situés sur les bords du Pont-Euxin , et qui , suivant le scoliasle d’Apollonius , étaient des peuples scythiqucs (2). Quoique cette coutume sc soit reproduite chez (U Strabon, lib: 3, pag: 114. (*) àpoll., Argon : lib: 2: v: 1012. — Val: Flac: lib: H , v: 148. A 299 les Caraïbes^ct chez d’autres sauvages de l’Amé* rique ; en faudrait-il moins reconnaître qu’un raf finement de barbarie Si étrange et si révoltant , est trop opposé aux lois de la ftaturc, pour qu’il ait pu être deux fois inventé , même payées peuples sauvages , et pour qu’il n*ait pas été introdult^pai* des peuples de même origine dan9 l’tle de Corse , dans l’Hispanie et même chez plusieurs peuples barbares de l’Amérique? Que les Tibari en eus • sent été les inventeurs, ou qu’ils l’eussent reçu de quelque autre peuple scythique , il est d’autant plus probable qu’on doit leur attribuer son impor tation dans l’île de Corse et dans l’Hispanie , que nous avons déjà retrouvé , dans le nom même des' T-Ibari, sous une prononciation plus ouverte et plus sonore , l’une des dénominations géographi ques dérivées du mot Iber qui se sont propagées depuis l’isthme du Caucase jusqu’aux colonnes d’Hercule. Or, les peuples barbares qui ont porte cet usage monstrueux dans la Corse et dans la Can tabrie, ont également dû y porter les formes de leurs habillemens et quelques mots de leur langage.. Si TroguePompée n’a pas encore, par une équivoque involontaire , fait passer dans 1 Iberie des Grecs des peuples asiatiques qui touchaient a 500 l’isthme du Caucase , lorsque , suivant Justin , il a placé dans la Galice des peuples chaiybes , ne poü vons-nous pas conclure de l’existence de ces peu ples dans l’Hispanie » que les Tibari ont pu s’y transporter comme les Chaiybes , qui étaient situés ' entre ces Tibari et VIbérie asiatique P La Cantabrie n’est pas, d’ailleurs, la seule con trée de l’Hispanic où des peuples asiatiques 11’ont probablement pénétré qu’apres avoir laissé dans l’ile de Corse une partie de leurs colonies. Il existait dans cette île , suivant Strabon , une ville nommée Charax ; or, la Tarragonaise avait aussi , suivant Plutarque , des peuples nommés Characeni , situés au-delà du Tage , qui vivaient de brigandages et qui se retiraient dans les caver nes d’une montagne. Cependant , il existait aussi dans la Susiane une contrée nommée Cliaracina , dont la capitale portait le nom de Charax : on re trouve encore des villes de ce nom dans la Chcr sonèse Taurique , sur le Pont-Euxin , dans plu-, sieurs autres pays asiatiques et dans lîle de Crète / Des peuplades celtibériennes , situées près de la ville Segeda, étaient réunies, suivant Appien, sous le nom de Tithi , ou Titthi, et Ptolémée place aussi dans l’ilc de Corse des peuples Titi-Ani. Or , v i i Digilized b/ Google I 301 le fleuve Titium de Plllyric coulait, suivant Pline , entre la Liburhie et la Dalmatie , et des peuples barbares de l’Isaurie, dan s P Asie-Min eure, avaient une ville nommée Titio-Polis. On n’a jamais fait passer des Galiciens dans Pile de Corse : cepen dant , Ptolémée place dans la partie orientale de cette île une ville nommée Clunium, et le premier nom de la capitale de la Galice était Clùnia. Je ne rechercherai point dans l île de Corse d’autres traces de l’origine de ses premières popu lations : l’extrait géographique dans lequel je me propose de comparer quelques anciennes déno minations de peuples et de lieux de l’Hispanie, avec celles qui leur correspondent dans des pays asiatiques, suffira probablement pour constater que, dans la plus haute antiquité , des peuples de l’Asie ont envahi la péninsule hispanique et tou tes les contrées occidentales de l’Europe, et, néan moins , que des peuples de même origine se sont arrêtés dans les grandes îles de la Méditerranée. L’épisode de Norax , que Pausanias fait passer dans l’île de Sardaigne à la tète d’une colonie de peuples ibèriens , appartient encore à la mytholo gie des Grecs, quoique M. IJetit-Radel et quelques autres philologues aient essayé de le faire sortir ■ • ! i i Digitized b/ Google 302 du domaine de la fable pour en faire un événe ment historique. Cependant , il est très probable :que nos mythologistes auraient respecté le témoi gnage de Pausanias , s’ils eussent pu reconnaître . que la colonie qui passa en Sardaigne , sous la conduite de ISorax , pouvait très bien se composer de peuples ibériens, quoique ces peuples ne fus sent point sortis de l’Hispanie. Mais, il était irrévocablement arreté que le nom libériens ne pouvait s’appliquer qu’à des peuples de la péninsule hispanique, et Norax était petit fils du triple Géryou que la fable faisait régner dans l’île d’Érythie^ , même sur toute Xlbérie : si Géryon était fabuleul , son petit-fils et ses Ibériens ne pouvaient pas être historiques : il fallait donc abandonner cet épisode à la mythologie des Grecs. Cependant, lorsque j’aurai à examiner les illus trations fabuleuses que les Grecs ont importées dans leur Ibérie , j’essaierai de constater que Gé ryon n’appartenait point à l’Hispanie ; qu’il ré gnait en Épire , vers les monts Cérauniens , et que le ehamp dans lequel il faisait paître ses bœufs se nommait Érythie. Or, l’Illyrie, qui touchait à V Épire , avait un fleuve qui , suivant Diodore , portait le nom d 1 JE 303 + brus. Il lie serait donc point invraisemblable que Norax , en sa qualité de petit-fils de Géryon , eût commandé à des peuples qui , étant situés près de ce fleuve Ebrus, en auraient reçu le surnom d'Ibè res, et qu’il les eût conduits dans l’ile de Sardaigne. Mais une explication si simple d’un passage histo rique de Pausanias aurait encore exigé le grand effort de prendre le mot Ibère dans sa véritable signification. Il est vrai qu’on pourrait opposer à cette expli cation le principe que j’ai déjà tiré de mes pro pres observations, lorsque j’ai dit que, dans tou tes les parties de l’Europe où nous trouvons l’an cienne épithète d 'Ibère, ou des dérivés des mots Iber, ou Ebro, il devait exister des peuples celtiques. Si donc , on me demandait quels étaient , dans l’Épire, ou dans l’Illyrie , les peuples celtiques qui auraient pu recevoir cette épithète distinctive d’ Ibères, de leur voisinage d’un fleuve Ebrus, je répondrais qu’effectivement cette difficulté m’a d’abord fait considérer l’épisode de Norax comme fabuleux ; mais , qu’ayant reconnu que , suivant Antoninus Liberalis , cité par Mentelle M , des (0 Voyez le Dict. eneyc ., Géog. anc., 3 e vol., l re part., au mot Tectotages, page 296. 304 peuples nommés Celtes , situas vers l’Épire , fai saient partie des troupes que Géryon avait opposées à Hercule , cette apparente difficulté disparaissait et se changeait même en confirmation d un prin » cipe qui n’est que la conséquence de mes obser vations. Rien de plus simple, en effet, rien de plus vraisemblable que des peuples celtiques de Vlllyrie , ou de r Epire , eussent reçu du fleuve Ebrus qui coulait, suivant Diodore, sur les frontières de ces deux pays W., F épithète d’Ibériens et, qu’apres la défaite de Géryon , pour lequel ils avaient pris les armes , ils aient passé dans l’île de Sar daigne sous la conduite de Norax , son petit-fils. Cet épisode ne me semble donc offrir que des caractères historiques , quoiqu’il faille le rejeter des antiquités de l’ancienne Hispanie. Diodore, lib, 17, olymp. 116, an. 5. CHAPITRE J6f*%.3CVï, DE L’ORIGINE PRIMITIVE DES MOTS IBER, ÉBRO, ET DE TOUS LEURS DÉRIVÉS. , • • * . 1 * > Je crois avoir constaté , dans les chapitres pré cédens , que , dans toutes les contrées occidentales de V Europe , le mot Ibère n’était point un nom de peuple, et qu’il n’était qu’une désignation acces soire en usage chez les peuples celtiques . Mais , quoique cette observation me paraisse inattaqua ble , elle reçoit évidemment , dans d’autres pays , une contradiction que j’ai promis de ne pas ou blier et qu’il est important de remarquer , parce que l’explication de cette anomalie géographique peut jeter un nouveau jour sur les antiquités de l’Hispanie , peut-être même sur celles de l’Eu rope. Quoique, dans toute l’Europe occidentale, de puis les colonnes d’Hercule jusqu au Rhin , les mots lber , Ebro , et tous leurs dérivés ne s’appli 20 7M quasscnt qu’à des peuples celtiques, ou aux pays qu’ils occupaient , aussitôt que nous entrons dans dès confrëc^hl ^orientales , ces mêmes dénomi nations géographiques changent évidemment d’o rigine. Les peuples de la Th race qui avaient un fleuve Hébrus , les deux villes Europus ou Ebro-pus de la Macédoine , celles de la Carie qui nous présentent deux fois le mot Ebro dans les noms d’Euro-mus et d’Europus ; le fleuve C’Ebrus de la Mœsie ; le S’Iberis qui se jetait dans le Sanga # rius ; la ville Ybora située à l’embouchure de l’Ha lys ; les T-Ibari qui paraissent avoir porté daus l’île de Corse et dans l’Hispanie des mœurs barbares jusqu a la férocité ; les lbériens de l’isthme du Cau case et leur fleuve Ibérus ; les Neuri ou N’Ebri , situés au-delà du Tanaïs ; la ville S’Ebri-apa que Ptolémée a placée dans la Sarmatie asiatique ; le nom d’Euro, ou d’Ebro-Boreus , que Jornandès a donné à des mers septentrionales , etc., etc., sont certainement des dénominations d’origine scythi que, ou sarmatique, origines très difficiles à distin guer dans l'antiquité. Mais, je n’essayerai de tirer des conséquences de cette nouvelle observation, qu’après lui avoir Digilized b/ Google 307 donné plus de développemens. U est temps enfin de reconnaître que les grandes migrations des peu ples, qui nous sont attestées par l'enchaînement successif et non interrompu de ces monumens his toriques et géographiques , ont dû s’effectuer dès les temps les plus reculés et dans diverses directions. Ce n’est pas seulement dans l’Europe et dans le nord de l’Asie que ces dénominations géographi ques peuvent porter quelques faibles lueurs sur des événemens qui ont dû précéder les temps his toriques et même fabuleux. On les retrouve dans les grandes îles de la Méditerranée, comme dans celles de la Grande-Bretagne ; elles semblent s’être dirigées sur les colonnes d’Hercule, par l’Arabie, la Phénicie, la Lybie et la Maurétanie, éomme par l’Italie et par les Gaules : néanmoins elles se repro duisent encore jusqu’aux extrémités orientales de l’Asie. Je vais fournir quelques preuves de ces assertions. Nous savons , par le Scoliaste de Théocrite et par Servius , qu’il existait, dans la Sicile, un fleuve nommé Thybris , ou Tybris; près de la ville de Sy » racusc, Tite-Live et Etienne de Bysance ont con nu un lieu nommé Euri, ou Ebri-alus ; Strabon a placé dans l’île de Sardaigne des peuples JJiag Digitized b/ Google 508 Ebres; le lieu de l’Arabie Pélréc où s’arrêta le trente et unième campement des Israélites se nom mait Hebro-ma la Phénicie, suivant Étienne de Bysance, avait une ville Ebro-pa , et, suivant les actes du concile de Chalcédoine, cités par Mën telle, une ville Euro, ou Ebro-ma ; l’Écriture nous fait connaître dans la Palestine, la ville NEbn'm et celle qui existait, sous le nom d’ Hébron, plus de â,200 ans avant l’ère chrétienne ; Pline a placé dans la Lybie, entre les villes Matelgæ et Garama, un lieu nommé d'Ebris ; Ptolémée nous atteste que, dans la Maurétanie, il existait des peuples Necl-Ibêres ; Ce sont encore des Ibères que Pline a placés dans l’Inde sous le nom d 1 Ubêres ; il suffit d’ouvrir la Géographie de Ptolémée pour trouver dans l’Inde, même au-delà du Gange, sous les monts Bepyrrhum et Debassi, des peuples lber Ingœ ; dans la contrée nommée Rhandamarcotta , les villes Sïtt-Iberis et Rhing-Iberi : et, non loin des peuples Lestæ, la ville Sip-Iberis qui, suivant Danville, était située à l’extrémité orientale des Indes. Nous sommes donc dans l’obligation de recon naître que ces dénominations géographiques qui , dans toutes les parties occidentales de l’Europe , 509 attestaient la présence de quelques peuples celti ques, ne peuvent être considérées, dans tous les pays orientaux où nous les retrouvons, que comme des dénominations asiatiques. Les traditions, va gues et réputées fabuleuses , qui nous sont parve nues sur les anciens Scythes, et qui leur ont attri bué de très anciennes invasions de l’Asie, de la Palestine et de l’Egypte, peuvent-elles nous auto riser à admettre que partout où ces dénominations cessaient d’être celtiques , elles devaient être scy thiques P Quoi qu’il en soit, il est évident que des monu mens géographiques qui nous offrent très souvent , une parfaite identité , et toujours l’analogie la plus frappante, devaient avoir une origine com mune. Si elles ne dérivaient pas de la même langue , elles devaient nécessairement appartenir à des dialectes , plus ou moins immédiats, d’une langue primitive. Dans des temps inconnus , l’origine des Celtes et des Scythes aurait-elle donc été la même? Sui vant Strabon et toute l’antiquité , les mœurs bar bares de ces deux peuples avaient des rapports in contestables: s’ils ne parlaient pas la même langue , cette différence ne s’cxpliquc-t-clle pas naturel 510 lement par le grand nombre de siècles qui s’é taient écoulés depuis que les uns étaient passés dans diverses contrées occidentales de l’Europe , tandis que les autres ne s’étaient livrés à des incur sions que dans des pays asiatiques , dans le nord de l’Europe, et, plus tard, dans la Germanie? Ne se pourrait-il même pas que les noms de Scythes et de Celtes, dont l’ortographe est si différente , mais qui, à la prononciation, ne nous offrent que les mots cites et celles, n’eussent été , dans Vo ri gine, que le même mot dans deux dialectes d’une même langue? Dans cette hypothèse , qui se présente d’clle même, les mots ébro, iber , et tous leurs dérivés, au raient donc été, dans les îles britanniques, dans les Gaules et dans l’Hispanie , comme au delà du Gange, de primitive origine scythique. Cette con séquence nous conduirait encore à deux questions importantes. Se hasarder à les proposer, ce n’est point s’engager à les résoudre. 1 Faudrait-il enfin considérer, comme n’étant pas entièrement fabuleuse, la tradition que Trogue Pompée nous a transmise , et qui donnait aux Scy thes , daus des temps antérieurs au règne de Ninus, quinze siècles de domination sur l’Asie? Trouve 511 vons-nous , avec Pinkerton , dans des autorités ec clésiastiqucs, dans le Panarium de saint Épiphane et dans le Chronicon, qui divisent les temps primi tifs en quatre grandes époques , le barbarisme , le scythisme> Y hellénisme et le judaïsme ; dans la Chronique d’Ëusèbe , qui fait remonter jus qu’aux temps de Noé l’existence des peuples scythiques, des confirmations de la haute anti quité que Trogue-Pompée donne aux conquêtes des Scythes, et l'explication des innombrables monumens géographiques que nous trouvons répandus dans toutes les parties de l’ancien monde? â°. Quel aurait donc été le point de départ de ces dénominations géographiques, dont il serait si facile d’augmenter considérablement le nombre, et qui , si nous en exceptons la Finningie et la Scandinavie , se sont propagées dans tous les pays connus de l’antiquité, depuis l’extrémité orientale de l’Asie , jusqu’aux extrémités occidentales de l’Europe, et jusqu’aux côtes septentrionales de l'Afrique? Si l’évidente absurdité qu’il y aurait à chercher ce point de départ à l'une de ces extrémités du globe , nous faisait porter nos recherches sur des Digitized by Google 312 pays intermédiaires, ne pourrions-nous pas le trouver au centre même de l’ancien monde , chez des peuples scythiques qui, par leur très haute an tiquité , par leurs nombreuses ramifications , par leurs anciennes excursions dans l’Inde et dans des contrées européennes, par leur nom même , sem bleraient nous indiquer que, dans des temps in connus, ils ont transportés jusqu’aux colonnes d’Hercule et jusqu’au-delà du Gange , les monu mens géographiques dont nous cherchons l’origine primitive? Ces peuples dont je veux parler sont les anciens adorateurs du feu , ou plutôt du soleil , dont la Perse propre, ou la Perside, fut le berceau; en un mot, les Gu-Ebres , dont le nom ne fut peut-être que la plus ancienne dénomination ibérierme appliquée à la réunion de quelques peuplades scythiques , parce qu’elles étaient situées sur les bords et au-delà de l’Araxe, ou parce qu’elles touchaient au golfe Persique. Mais , ce n’est pas sans avoir hésité , que j’ose hasarder ces hypothèses ; il y a loin de là à la pré tention de les ériger en système. Si je suis parvenu à établir que le mot Ibère n’était point un nom de peuple ; qu’il n’était qu’une épithète distinctive , fréquemment en usage chez des peuples asiati 315 ques , connus de l'antiquité sous les noms de Scy thes et de Celtes , et qui , dans les temps les plus reculés, ont dû envahir l’Espagne et presque toute l’Europe, j’aurai atteint le seul but que je me sois proposé. I ’ 4 CHAPITRE XVII. » • . • DES ANTIQUITÉS HÉROÏQUES, OU FABULEUSES DE L’ESPAGNE. Si de hautes célébrités scientifiques et littéraires devaient imposer à la critique l’obligation de ré futer les systèmes les plus étranges, j’aurais d’a bord à combattre celui qui fait venir Sésostris en Espagne ; qui en fait le vainqueur de Géryon et le fondateur du temple de Gadès, puisque l’illustre Newton n'a pas abandonné cette conception chi mérique aux Yaseus , aux Florian d’Ocampo , aux Garibay et à quelques autres écrivains espagnols : j’aurais à rejeter de l’Iiispanie le fabuleux empire des Titans que le savant Pezron s’est permis d’y introduire sur l’autorité d’Évémère , que Strabon qualifiait d’écrivain futile et fabuleux ; j’aurais à constater que les auteurs de l’Histoire universelle sont tombés dans line grande erreur lorsqu’ils ont prétendu qu’un roi d’Éthiopie est venu fonder en Espagne la ville de Taraco , etc. Digitized b/ Google 315 Mais il est des systèmes qui se réfutent , ou qui tombent d’euxmêmes ; je ne m’arrêterai donc point à des discussions oiseuses sur des erreurs qui sont irrévocablement condamnées et dont il est évident qu’il faut chercher la source dans les équivoques qui devaient résulter de la liberté que les Grecs ont prise , dès qu’ils ont connu l’His panic , de lui donner le nom d’une contrée asia tique. Nous ne connaissons , comme j’ai dû l’attester * en son lieu, qu’une faible partie des brillantes inventions par lesquelles les Grecs ont fait entrer l’Hispanic dans le système de leurs propres illus trations héroïques, à partir de l’époque où les Phéniciens ont pu la connaître. J’ai aussi dû con stater que ces illustrations sont évidemment re poussées par les renseignemehs historiques que nous avons sur les premières navigations des Grecs. Néanmoins , de savans philologues ont cru pouvoir s’autoriser de ces traditions fabuleuses et les prendre pour bases de leurs systèmes sur les antiquités de l’Espagne. J’ai donc à remplir l’obli gation que je me suis imposée de reconnaître qu’il faut rejeter des temps primitifs de l’Hispanic ces conceptions purement fabuleuses. 516 Mais cet appel contre des systèmes qui dénatu rent les temps primitifs de l’Espagne , ne pou vant s’adresser qu’à des juges éclairés , je passerai le plus rapidement qu’il me sera possible sur des matières qui leur seront familières; et, certain que mes autorités ne leur seront point inconnues , je me dispenserai de charger ces dernières feuilles de citations qui seraient trop nombreuses. Dans l’année 1826, l’un de nos plus savans philologues écrivait, que, « suivant le témoignage « unanime des aüteurs , la ville de Sagonte a été « fondée par les Zacynihiens , 200 ans avant la guerre de Troie (1) . » Nous lisons , il est vrai , dans Pline , et j’ai déjà eu l’occasion de le recon naître, que cette tradition a été inventée, ou recueillie, par l’historien Cornélius Bocchus, dont le nom ne nous est parvenu que par quelques autres citations de Pline et de Sol in , son compi lateur. Mais , il n’est pas téméraire d’affirmer que , si Strabon , Tite-Live , ppien , Isidore de Séville , l’Etymologicon et quelques autres écrivains ont, (•) Petit-Ràdel, Notice sur les Nuraghes de Sardaigne, page 106. Paris, 1826. 517 plus ou moins formellement , parlé de la fonda tion deSagonte par les Zacynthiens, aucun d'eux et nul autre écrivain de l antiquité n'a dit un seul mot sur l'époque de cette fondation. Je n’en excepte que Silius Italicus , qui l’attribue fabuleusement à Hercule, ce qui ne la place que 30 ou 40 ans avant la guerre de Troie. Il faut donc réduirez prétendu témoignage unanime des auteurs à l’unique autorité de Cornélius Bocchus, qui nous est complètement inconnu. Loin de déterminer l’époque de la fondation de cette ville, Tite-Live se borne à nous attester sa très ancienne opulence et ne fait évidemment que répéter des bruits populaires , lorsqu’il parle de son origine , puisqu’il s’exprime en ces termes : « On dit que ses liabitans sont originaires de l’île « de Zacynthe : Oriundi à Zacyntho insulâ dicün « tür. » Ainsi, cet historien ne se permettait même pas d’affirmer que sa fondation dût être attribuée à une colonie de l’île de Zacynthe. Le silence unanime de tous les anciens écri vains sur l’époque de la fondation de Sagonte , de ceux même qui l'ont accordée aux Zacynthiens , suffit donc pour faire considérer comme fabuleuse la tradition de Cornélius Bocchus. Il est même Digitized b/ Google 318 très probable que c'est en raison de la haute an tiquité de cette ville , généralement reconnue et attestée par Tite-Live , que Silius Italiens lui don * i naît Hercule pour fondateur. Cette ville devait donc exister avant les temps où les Zacynthicns ont pu naviguer depuis les mers d’Ionie jusque sur les côtes de l’Iïispanie. On serait, d’ailleurs , fondé à croire que les Pho céens d’Ionie ont été, non ses fondateurs, mais les premiers peuples qui y ont fait passer une colo nie , puisque le père Florez cite des médailles qui portent le nom de Sagunte et des légendes en ca ractères inconnus, semblables à ceux des médailles dites celtibériennes , qu’on ne peut attribuer qu’aux Phocéens d’Ionie qui s’établirent chez les Indigètes vers le milieu du 6® siècle avant l’ère chrétienne. Il est , sans doute , très probable que la faible analogie du nom de Saguntum, avec celui des Za cynthiens , a été le seul titre sur lequel les Grecs ont fabriqué la tradition du passage de quelques obscurs insulaires sur les côtes orientales de l’His panie. Cependant, suivant Apollodorc, cité par Etienne de Byzance , le premier nom de Saguntum fut t 519 / i % Zacantha, nom qui pourrait nous mettre sur la * voie de sa véritable origine * car il nous offre plus * d'analogie avec celui des Zacathce , peuples que Ptolémée a placés dans la Sarmatie asiatique, vers les sources de Tanaïs, qu'avec celui de Saguntum. Dans tous les cas, si Les Zacynthiens ont, comme les peuples maritimes d’Ardée , fait passer une faible colonie dans la ville de Sagunte , ils n’ont évidemment pu le faire qu’après avoir connu les côtes de l’Hispanie par les Phocéens asiatiques : nous ne serions donc pas moins obligés de relé guer la tradition de Bocchus dans la catégorie des contes absurdes que Pline s’est quelquefois per mis de recueillir. * Le célèbre Mariana aurait écrit avec plus de critique, ou d’impartialité, s’il n’eut pas admis, comme un fait historique, l’arrivée et le débarque ment des Argonautes sur les côtes de la Bétique. • » Le nom d’ Océan , celui même de Grand Océan , qu’Homère a plusieurs fois donné aux parages qu’il a fait parcourir à Ulysse, sans qu’il ait même pu le faire sortir de la Méditerranée , a probable ment été la première origine de cette tradition fabuleuse. En effet , dès que , dans son poème des Argo Digitized by Google 520 nautes, Onomacrite, eut, à limitation d’Ho mère, fait passer ses héros dans l’Océan sep tentrional , Timée de Sicile, Diodore , et quelques autres écrivains grecs , durent nécessairement in venter et répéter cette fable de la relâche des Ar gonautes dans les environs du mont Calpé , puis que ces navigateurs ne pouvaient plus rentrer dans les mers de la Grèce sans passer le détroit de Gadès. Mais , cette invention fabuleuse est trop formellement condamnée par Eratosthènes , par Strabon , et par l’état où nous avons trouvé , à 4 * * cette époque, la navigation chez les Grecs, pour que je doive m’arrêter à sa réfutation. Le dixième des travaux d’Hercule est la pierre an gulaire du système héroïque que les Grecs ont trans porté dans leur Ibérie. J’ai donc à remplir l’obliga tion de rechercher s’il peut appartenir àl’Hispanie. Dans le nombre des auteurs anciens qui peuvent autoriser les temps modernes à reconnaître quel ques faits historiques sous les ornemens fabuleux * » v qui ont été prodigués , par les Grecs et par quel ques poètes latins , à cet épisode de la vie d’Her cule , il faut distinguer, sans doute, Diodore de Sicile , Salluste , Denys d’Halicarnasse, Pausanias, Justin et Ammien Marcellin. Mais, malgré la con N 321 fiance que méritent ces autorités , quoiqu’elle»' nous présentent , les unes quelquefois , les autre* très souvent , sous des formes historiques , des fic tions purement fabuleuses, la critique ne peut pas hésiter un moment à rejeter de l'Espagne , et des fies adjacentes , le règne de Géryon et'les exploits' de l’Hercule grec. Je me bornerai à produire les plus concluans des motifs qui peuvent justifier cette assertion Un fragment capital d’Hécatée de Milet , histo rien très estimé et qui vivait avant Hérodote , suf firait pour porter sur cette question un jugement décisif. Dans ce fragment ,, qui nous a été conservé par Arrien , le plus véridique des historiens d’A lexandre , il est dit : « que l’Hercule argien ne « fut enlever les bœufs de Géryon , ru en Espagne , « ni dans aucune Érythie située sur l Océan ; que « Géryon régnait sur le continent , vers Ampbi « loche et Ambracie qu’il serait même ridi « cule de penser qu’Euristhée eut pu entendre « parler dfes peuples qui habitaient' 1 extrémité* .« de l’Europe , etc., etc. » Paléphale , de Vite de Paros , qui écrivait aussi avant le père de l’histoire, et qu’on peut citer pour autorité , assure que Géryon était un citoyen 1 21 * % très distingué par sa naissance et ses richesses , de la ville de Tricarénie, vers le Pont-Euxin; qu’il possédait un superbe troupeau de bœufset qu’Hcr cule le tua pour s’emparer de ce troupeau. . Nous avons un renseignement bien plus pré * cieux encore dans Scylax de Caryande , qui était contemporain de Paléphate et d’Hécalée. Dans sa géographie de l’Europe , cet ancien voyageur nous apprend que Géryon faisait paître ses bœufs dans t le champ d’Erythie , qui était situé près des monts Cérauniens , en Épire. Il est important de ne pas perdre de vue ce champ dErythie. Suivant la mythologie des Grecs, Hercule, ayant de passer en Espagne , parcourut PÉgypte » ' etda délivra du tyran Bisiris , qui massacrait tous les étrangers. Cet épisode de la vie d’Hereule , dé gagé de tout accessoire , n’offre que des caractères « historiques.Cependant, Hérodote nous assure * * qu’il avoyagé en Egypte et que, dans aucun lieu de ce pays , il n’a pu entendre parler de cet Her cule : il ajoute même qu’il est incontestable qu’Amphytrion et Alcmène ne sont point Etés dans la Grèce et qu’ils appartiennent exclusivement à l’Égypte. Si cet historien parle ensuite sommaire ment des exploits de l’Hercule grec en Espagne , 323 de la défaite de Géryon et de l’enlèvement de ses bœufs , il a soin de répéter , par deux fois , qu’il ne fait que copier les récits des Grecs. Diodore de Sicile , qui nous donne un mélange de fables et d’histoires , dit qu’Hercule , après avoir vaincu les trois fils de Géryon , fit présent d’une partie de ses bœufs à un roi du pays : il ajoute , très sérieusement , que ces bœufs étaient sacrés et que, de son temps, ils existaient encore. Cependant il nous dit aussi que le temple d’Her cule fut bâti par des Phéniciens qui y sacrifiaient suivant l’usage de leur pays, et que les colonnes qu’on attribue au fils d’Alcmène, avaient dix mille ans d existence à l’époque où les Grecs ont placé la naissance de ce héros. Strabon rejette formellement, dans la catégorie des fictions purement fabuleuses , l’expédition d’Hercule en Espagne et son combat contre Gé ryon. Quoiqu’il fut né dans le voisinage de la préten due demeure de Géryon , Pomponius-Méla dit seulement que la tradition Va fait régner dans Vile d'Erythie : Mais il ne dit pas un seul mot des exploits d’Hercule en Espagne; il nous confirme, au contraire , que le temple de Cadix était dédié à 324 rHercule égyptien , et ne met qu’au rang des fa bles le combat que les Grecs font soutenir dans les Gaules à leur Hercule contre deux fils de Nep tune. Lorsqu’il se croit obligé d’accorder un léger souvenir à l’expédition de ce héros au Jardin des Hespérides , il ne la place qu’immédiatement à la suite de quelques traditions évidemment fabu leuses. Nous ne trouvons dans Pline que la répétition de la fable inventée par les Grecs sur les exploits de leur Hercule dans l’Hispanie. On prétend, dit-il, qu’ Hercule enleva les troupeaux de Gèryon . Cet écrivain tombe ensuite dans plusieurs erreurs ma nifestes , puisqu’il ajoute que , suivant quelques autorités, l’îie d’Érythie était située près de la Lu sitanie et qu’elle avait reçu son nom des Phéni ciens qui étaient sortis de la mer Erythrée. Je n’ai point à combattre l’origine que Pline donne aux Phéniciens : mais il m’importe de re pousser celle qu’il attribue au nom d’j Erytkie.
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El istmo de Darwin es una porción de tierra que une las partes norte y sur de la isla Soledad, en el archipiélago de las Malvinas.
Al este del istmo se halla el seno Choiseul y al oeste la bahía de Ruiz Puente.
Características
Al norte, sobre la costa oriental del istmo se encuentra Puerto Darwin, mientras que sobre la misma costa, en la mitad del istmo se halla ubicado Pradera del Ganso, la suma de la población de ambas localidades conforma la segunda de la isla Soledad, después de Puerto Argentino/Stanley. Entre ambas localidades se encuentra la escuela del istmo, cerca de una pequeña entrada de agua en la costa. Un camino de tierra atraviesa el istmo a lo largo, uniendo la región sureña de Lafonia con la parte norte de la isla. Dicho camino continúa hacia el norte y pasaba junto a una vivienda conocida como «Casa Quemada» (en inglés: Burntside House), la cual estaba a la entrada del istmo junto a una laguna del mismo nombre. El camino mencionado conectaba al istmo con el establecimiento San Carlos y con Puerto San Carlos.
En el istmo el terreno presenta pequeñas elevaciones, por ejemplo la colina Darwin (Darwin Hill) junto al poblado homónimo, y la colina Boca, ubicada junto a unos corrales de piedra construidos por gauchos argentinos en el siglo XIX, abandonados y de nombre Boca House. Este último punto se ubica casi sobre la costa occidental del istmo. Al sureste se ubica la ría Bodie.
Los malvinenses dan más importancia a Puerto Darwin, al punto tal que da nombre al istmo. Los argentinos percibieron esto durante la guerra de 1982 y suponían que la razón para ello era que en Darwin vivía el gerente de la Falkland Islands Company, la compañía monopólica dueña de la mayoría de las tierras y que administra la gran mayoría de los servicios y negocios de Malvinas.
Historia
Puerto Darwin se originó en 1859 como un centro de cría de ovejas, actividad que continuó hasta 1922 cuando la granja fue transferida a Prado del Ganso. El nombre de este poblado y del istmo se debe a Charles Darwin, quien en 1832 realizó un examen zoológico de las islas Malvinas durante su viaje alrededor del mundo en el barco HMS Beagle. Pradera del Ganso fue establecida en 1875, como el sitio de una fábrica de sebo. Según la Enciclopedia Británica de 1911, en el umbral del siglo XX, muchos de los habitantes locales eran escoceses, lo que en parte se refleja en la cercana Brenton Loch (bahía de Ruiz Puente).
Guerra de las Malvinas
Durante la guerra de las Malvinas, el 4 de abril de 1982 Pradera del Ganso y Puerto Darwin fueron ocupados por la Compañía "C" del Regimiento de Infantería 25 del Ejército Argentino mediante una operación helitransportada, sin hallar oposición. Más de un centenar de isleños quedaron transitoriamente resguardados en la sala de la comunidad, mientras que más de 1200 soldados argentinos ocuparon el asentamiento y los alrededores de Darwin. La Fuerza Aérea Argentina adaptó una pista preexistente en Puerto Darwin y creó la Base Aérea Militar Cóndor (BAM Cóndor) el 15 de abril de 1982, quedando al mando el vicecomodoro Wilson Pedroso. A partir del 26 de abril, se situaron en esa base 8 aviones I.A. 58 Pucará. La base fue bombardeada por aviones británicos el 1, 8, 12, 17, 21, 25, 27 y 28 de mayo.
El guardacostas PNA Río Iguazú (GC-83) de la Prefectura Naval Argentina fue atacado el 22 de mayo de 1982 por dos aviones británicos Sea Harrier cuando transportaba personal y material del Ejército Argentino, pudiendo averiar seriamente a uno de los aviones. El barco fue embicado en una isla a trece millas al este de Puerto Darwin, disponiéndose su abandono ante la eventualidad de nuevos ataques, pues se encontraba prácticamente inutilizado.
Entre el 27 y el 28 de mayo, Puerto Darwin y el cercano establecimiento de Pradera del Ganso fueron atacados por fuerzas británicas, desarrollándose intensos combates que culminaron con la ocupación de la zona por militares del Reino Unido. El 29 de mayo la fuerza de tareas argentina Mercedes, destacada en Puerto Darwin, finalmente capituló. La zona continúa minada en la actualidad.
Véase también
Referencias
Isla Soledad
Pradera del Ganso
Accidentes geográficos de las islas Malvinas
Istmos de América
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Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 852 | 2,242 |
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
religioso, storico e paleografo italiano
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi istanza di umano
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi luogo di nascita Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi occupazione paleografo
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi occupazione storico
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi prenome Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi data di nascita 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi data di morte 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificativo CERL cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificativo GND 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificativo VIAF 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sesso o genere maschio
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificativo Parsifal di un cluster 11287
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Italian palaeographer and historian
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi instance of human
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi place of birth Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi occupation palaeographer
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi occupation historian
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi given name Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi date of birth 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi date of death 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi CERL Thesaurus ID cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi GND ID 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF ID 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sex or gender male
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Parsifal cluster ID 11287
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi nature de l’élément être humain
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi lieu de naissance Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi occupation paléographe
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi occupation historien ou historienne
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi prénom Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi date de naissance 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi date de mort 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identifiant Consortium of European Research Libraries cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identifiant GND (DNB) 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identifiant VIAF 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sexe ou genre masculin
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identifiant Parsifal 11287
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi forekomst av menneske
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fødested Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi beskjeftigelse paleograf
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi beskjeftigelse historiker
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fornavn Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fødselsdato 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi dødsdato 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi CERL-ID cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi GND-ID 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF-ID 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi kjønn mann
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi tilfælde af menneske
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fødested Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi beskæftigelse palæografi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi beskæftigelse historiker
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fornavn Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fødselsdato 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi dødsdato 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi GND-identifikator 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi køn mand
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Google Knowledge Graph /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi førekomst av menneske
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fødestad Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi yrke historikar
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi førenamn Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fødselsdato 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi dødsdato 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi GND-id 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF-identifikator 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi kjønn mann
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi instans av människa
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi födelseplats Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sysselsättning paleograf
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sysselsättning historiker
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi förnamn Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi födelsedatum 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi dödsdatum 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi CERL cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF-ID 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi kön man
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Parsifal kluster-ID 11287
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Italiaans palaeograaf
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi is een mens
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi geboorteplaats Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi beroep palaeograaf
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi beroep historicus
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi voornaam Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi geboortedatum 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi overlijdensdatum 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi CERL-identificatiecode cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi GND-identificatiecode 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF-identificatiecode 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi Parsifal-identificatiecode voor cluster 11287
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi instancia de ser humano
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi lugar de nacimiento Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi ocupación paleógrafo
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi ocupación historiador
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi nombre de pila Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fecha de nacimiento 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fecha de fallecimiento 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador CERL cnp01196007
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador GND (DNB) 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador VIAF 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sexo o género masculino
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12116th8
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJyhgMPgBvxrJrPXwwvWDq
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi instancia de humanu
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi llugar de nacimientu Brescia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi ocupación paleógrafu
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi ocupación historiador
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi nome Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi fecha de nacimientu 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi data de la muerte 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador GND 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi identificador VIAF 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi sexu masculín
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi instancë e njeri
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi vendi i lindjes Breshia
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi profesioni historian
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi emri Giovanni
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi data e lindjes 1702
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi data e vdekjes 1788
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi GND ID 133839060
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi VIAF ID 20885619
Giovanni Ludovico Luchi gjinia mashkull
| 15,960 |
https://github.com/tvenkatapavan/todo/blob/master/displayProjects.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain
| 2,021 |
todo
|
tvenkatapavan
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 39 | 144 |
export default (projects) => {
const sidebar = document.getElementById('sidebar');
while (sidebar.children.length > 4) {
sidebar.removeChild(sidebar.lastChild);
}
Object.values(projects).forEach((project) => {
if (project.getId() !== 0) {
const button = document.createElement('button');
button.innerHTML = project.getName();
button.id = project.getId();
button.classList.add('project-button');
sidebar.appendChild(button);
}
});
};
| 21,265 |
https://github.com/g-theodoroy/apousies/blob/master/get_totals_parous_lyk.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
apousies
|
g-theodoroy
|
PHP
|
Code
| 4,162 | 13,479 |
<?php
require_once ('common.php');
checkUser ();
checktmima ();
$apous_count = count ( $apousies_define );
$dik_count = count ( $dikaiologisi_define );
isset ( $_SESSION ['userName'] ) ? $user = $_SESSION ['userName'] : $user = '';
isset ( $_SESSION ['parent'] ) ? $parent = $_SESSION ['parent'] : $parent = '';
isset ( $_SESSION ['tmima'] ) ? $tmima = $_SESSION ['tmima'] : $tmima = '';
isset ( $_GET ['am'] ) ? $am = $_GET ['am'] : $am = '';
// συνδέομαι με τη βάση
include ("includes/dbinfo.inc.php");
$sumtotapstr = '';
$sumapstr = '';
for($i = 0; $i < $apous_count; $i ++) {
$kod = $apousies_define [$i] ['kod'];
$k = $i + 1;
$sumtotapstr .= " sum( MID(`apous`,$k,1))+";
$sumapstr .= " sum(MID(`apous`,$k,1)) as `sumap$kod`,";
}
$sumtotapstr = substr ( $sumtotapstr, 0, - 1 ) . " as `sumtotap`";
$sumapstr = substr ( $sumapstr, 0, - 1 );
$color_array = array ();
$sumdstr = '';
for($i = 0; $i < $dik_count; $i ++) {
$kod = $dikaiologisi_define [$i] ['kod'];
$sumdstr .= " sum(if(`from` = '$kod',`dik`,0)) as `sumd$kod`,";
$color_array [$i] = $dikaiologisi_define [$i] ['color'];
}
$sumdstr = substr ( $sumdstr, 0, - 1 );
$kod_dik_0 = $dikaiologisi_define [0] ['kod'];
$query0 = "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') as `mymonth` ,$sumtotapstr, $sumapstr , sum(if(`from` = '$kod_dik_0',1,0)) as `daysp`, $sumdstr, sum(`oa`) as `sumoa`, sum(`da`) as `sumda`, sum(`fh`) as `sumfh`, sum(`mh`) as `summh`, sum(`lh`) as `sumlh`
FROM `apousies` LEFT JOIN `students` on `apousies`.`user` = `students`.`user` and `apousies`.`student_am` = `students`.`am`
JOIN `studentstmimata` on `students`.`user` = `studentstmimata`.`user` and `students`.`am` = `studentstmimata`.`student_am`
where `apousies`.`user` ='$parent' and `studentstmimata`.`tmima` = '$tmima' and `apousies`.`student_am`='$am' group by DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') order by `mydate` ;";
$result0 = mysqli_query ( $link, $query0 );
if (! $result0) {
$errorText = mysqli_error ( $link );
echo "0 $errorText<hr>";
}
$num0 = mysqli_num_rows ( $result0 );
$year = date ( "Y" );
$month = date ( "n" );
if ($month > 7) {
$year ++;
}
$query1 = "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') as `mymonth` ,$sumtotapstr, $sumapstr , sum(if(`from` = '$kod_dik_0',1,0)) as `daysp`, $sumdstr , sum(`oa`) as `sumoa`, sum(`da`) as `sumda`, sum(`fh`) as `sumfh`, sum(`mh`) as `summh`, sum(`lh`) as `sumlh`
FROM `apousies` LEFT JOIN `students` on `apousies`.`user` = `students`.`user` and `apousies`.`student_am` = `students`.`am`
JOIN `studentstmimata` on `students`.`user` = `studentstmimata`.`user` and `students`.`am` = `studentstmimata`.`student_am`
where `apousies`.`user` ='$parent' and `studentstmimata`.`tmima` = '$tmima' and `apousies`.`student_am`='$am' and `mydate` > '" . $year . "0101'and `mydate` < '" . $year . "0121' group by DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') order by `mydate`;";
$result1 = mysqli_query ( $link, $query1 );
if (! $result1) {
$errorText = mysqli_error ( $link );
echo "1 $errorText<hr>";
}
$query2 = "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') as `mymonth` ,$sumtotapstr, $sumapstr , sum(if(`from` = '$kod_dik_0',1,0)) as `daysp`, $sumdstr , sum(`oa`) as `sumoa`, sum(`da`) as `sumda`, sum(`fh`) as `sumfh`, sum(`mh`) as `summh`, sum(`lh`) as `sumlh`
FROM `apousies` LEFT JOIN `students` on `apousies`.`user` = `students`.`user` and `apousies`.`student_am` = `students`.`am`
JOIN `studentstmimata` on `students`.`user` = `studentstmimata`.`user` and `students`.`am` = `studentstmimata`.`student_am`
where `apousies`.`user` ='$parent' and `studentstmimata`.`tmima` = '$tmima' and `apousies`.`student_am`='$am' and `mydate` > '" . $year . "0120' and `mydate` < '" . $year . "0201' group by DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') order by `mydate`;";
$result2 = mysqli_query ( $link, $query2 );
if (! $result2) {
$errorText = mysqli_error ( $link );
echo "2 $errorText<hr>";
}
$query3 = "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(`mydate`,'%c') as `mymonth` ,$sumtotapstr, $sumapstr , sum(if(`from` = '$kod_dik_0',1,0)) as `daysp`, $sumdstr, sum(`oa`) as `sumoa`, sum(`da`) as `sumda`, sum(`fh`) as `sumfh`, sum(`mh`) as `summh`, sum(`lh`) as `sumlh`
FROM `apousies` LEFT JOIN `students` on `apousies`.`user` = `students`.`user` and `apousies`.`student_am` = `students`.`am`
JOIN `studentstmimata` on `students`.`user` = `studentstmimata`.`user` and `students`.`am` = `studentstmimata`.`student_am`
where `apousies`.`user` ='$parent' and `studentstmimata`.`tmima` = '$tmima' and `apousies`.`student_am`='$am';";
$result3 = mysqli_query ( $link, $query3 );
if (! $result1) {
$errorText = mysqli_error ( $link );
echo "3 $errorText<hr>";
}
$sumarray = array ();
$sumap_array = array ();
$sumd_array = array ();
while ( $row0 = mysqli_fetch_assoc ( $result0 ) ) {
$themonth = $row0 ["mymonth"];
$mymonth = intval ( $themonth );
$sumtotap = $row0 ["sumtotap"];
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumap_array [$kod] = $row0 [$kod];
}
$daysp = $row0 ["daysp"];
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumd_array [$x] = $row0 [$kod];
}
$sumoa = $row0 ["sumoa"];
$sumda = $row0 ["sumda"];
$sumfh = $row0 ["sumfh"];
$summh = $row0 ["summh"];
$sumlh = $row0 ["sumlh"];
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["sumtotap"] = $sumtotap;
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumarray [$mymonth] [$kod] = $sumap_array [$kod];
}
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["daysp"] = $daysp;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumarray [$mymonth] [$kod] = $sumd_array [$x];
}
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["sumoa"] = $sumoa;
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["sumda"] = $sumda;
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["sumfh"] = $sumfh;
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["summh"] = $summh;
$sumarray [$mymonth] ["sumlh"] = $sumlh;
}
$row1 = mysqli_fetch_assoc ( $result1 );
$themonth = $row1 ["mymonth"];
$mymonth = intval ( $themonth );
$sumtotap = $row1 ["sumtotap"];
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumap_array [$kod] = $row1 [$kod];
}
$daysp = $row1 ["daysp"];
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumd_array [$x] = $row1 [$kod];
}
$sumoa = $row1 ["sumoa"];
$sumda = $row1 ["sumda"];
$sumfh = $row1 ["sumfh"];
$summh = $row1 ["summh"];
$sumlh = $row1 ["sumlh"];
$sumarray ['1-'] ["sumtotap"] = $sumtotap;
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumarray ['1-'] [$kod] = $sumap_array [$kod];
}
$sumarray ['1-'] ["daysp"] = $daysp;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumarray ['1-'] [$kod] = $sumd_array [$x];
}
$sumarray ['1-'] ["sumoa"] = $sumoa;
$sumarray ['1-'] ["sumda"] = $sumda;
$sumarray ['1-'] ["sumfh"] = $sumfh;
$sumarray ['1-'] ["summh"] = $summh;
$sumarray ['1-'] ["sumlh"] = $sumlh;
$row2 = mysqli_fetch_assoc ( $result2 );
$themonth = $row2 ["mymonth"];
$mymonth = intval ( $themonth );
$sumtotap = $row2 ["sumtotap"];
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumap_array [$kod] = $row2 [$kod];
}
$daysp = $row2 ["daysp"];
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumd_array [$x] = $row2 [$kod];
}
$sumoa = $row2 ["sumoa"];
$sumda = $row2 ["sumda"];
$sumfh = $row2 ["sumfh"];
$summh = $row2 ["summh"];
$sumlh = $row2 ["sumlh"];
$sumarray ['1+'] ["sumtotap"] = $sumtotap;
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumarray ['1+'] [$kod] = $sumap_array [$kod];
}
$sumarray ['1+'] ["daysp"] = $daysp;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumarray ['1+'] [$kod] = $sumd_array [$x];
}
$sumarray ['1+'] ["sumoa"] = $sumoa;
$sumarray ['1+'] ["sumda"] = $sumda;
$sumarray ['1+'] ["sumfh"] = $sumfh;
$sumarray ['1+'] ["summh"] = $summh;
$sumarray ['1+'] ["sumlh"] = $sumlh;
$sumtotapA = 0;
$sumtotapA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumdayspA = 0;
$sumdayspA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdA_array = array ();
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumdA_array [$x] = 0;
$sumdA_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [9] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [9] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdA_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [10] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [10] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdA_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [11] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [11] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdA_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [12] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [12] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdA_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] [$kod] : 0;
}
$sumoaA = 0;
$sumoaA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumdaA = 0;
$sumdaA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumfhA = 0;
$sumfhA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$summhA = 0;
$summhA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["summh"] : 0;
$sumlhA = 0;
$sumlhA += isset ( $sumarray [9] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [9] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhA += isset ( $sumarray [10] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [10] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhA += isset ( $sumarray [11] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [11] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhA += isset ( $sumarray [12] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [12] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhA += isset ( $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray ['1-'] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumdikA = 0;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$sumdikA += $sumdA_array [$x];
}
$sumadikA = $sumtotapA - $sumdikA;
$sumoadaA = $sumoaA + $sumdaA;
$sumtotapB = 0;
$sumtotapB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumtotapB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["sumtotap"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["sumtotap"] : 0;
$sumdayspB = 0;
$sumdayspB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdayspB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["daysp"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["daysp"] : 0;
$sumdB_array = array ();
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$sumdB_array [$x] = 0;
$sumdB_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdB_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [2] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [2] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdB_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [3] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [3] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdB_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [4] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [4] [$kod] : 0;
$sumdB_array [$x] += isset ( $sumarray [5] [$kod] ) ? $sumarray [5] [$kod] : 0;
}
$sumoaB = 0;
$sumoaB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumoaB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["sumoa"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["sumoa"] : 0;
$sumdaB = 0;
$sumdaB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumdaB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["sumda"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["sumda"] : 0;
$sumfhB = 0;
$sumfhB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$sumfhB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["sumfh"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["sumfh"] : 0;
$summhB = 0;
$summhB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["summh"] : 0;
$summhB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["summh"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["summh"] : 0;
$sumlhB = 0;
$sumlhB += isset ( $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray ['1+'] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhB += isset ( $sumarray [2] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [2] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhB += isset ( $sumarray [3] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [3] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhB += isset ( $sumarray [4] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [4] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumlhB += isset ( $sumarray [5] ["sumlh"] ) ? $sumarray [5] ["sumlh"] : 0;
$sumdikB = 0;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$sumdikB += $sumdB_array [$x];
}
$sumadikB = $sumtotapB - $sumdikB;
$sumoadaB = $sumoaB + $sumdaB;
// προυπάρχουσες απουσιεσ
$pre_apousies = get_pre_apousies ( $parent, $am );
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'ap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$pre_apousies [$kod] == 0 ? $pre_apous_array [$x] = " " : $pre_apous_array [$x] = $pre_apousies [$kod];
}
$pre_apousies ["fh"] == 0 ? $pre_fh = " " : $pre_fh = $pre_apousies ["fh"];
$pre_apousies ["mh"] == 0 ? $pre_mh = " " : $pre_mh = $pre_apousies ["mh"];
$pre_apousies ["lh"] == 0 ? $pre_lh = " " : $pre_lh = $pre_apousies ["lh"];
$pre_apousies ["oa"] == 0 ? $pre_oa = " " : $pre_oa = $pre_apousies ["oa"];
$pre_apousies ["da"] == 0 ? $pre_da = " " : $pre_da = $pre_apousies ["da"];
$pre_apousies ["daysp"] == 0 ? $pre_daysp = " " : $pre_daysp = $pre_apousies ["daysp"];
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'di' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$pre_apousies [$kod] == 0 ? $pre_dik_array [$x] = " " : $pre_dik_array [$x] = $pre_apousies [$kod];
}
$pre_apousies ["date"] ? $pre_date = $pre_apousies ["date"] : $pre_date = "";
$pre_totap = 0;
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$pre_totap += intval($pre_apous_array [$x]);
}
$pre_totdik = 0;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$pre_totdik += intval($pre_dik_array [$x]);
}
$pre_totadik = $pre_totap - $pre_totdik;
$pre_totoada = intval($pre_oa) + intval($pre_da);
if ($pre_totdik == 0)
$pre_totdik = " ";
if ($pre_totadik == 0)
$pre_totadik = " ";
if ($pre_totoada == 0)
$pre_totoada = " ";
$row3 = mysqli_fetch_assoc ( $result3 );
$tottotap = $row3 ["sumtotap"];
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$tottotap += intval($pre_apous_array [$x]);
}
// $totap = $row3["sumap"];
// $totapk = $row3["sumapk"];
// $totape = $row3["sumape"];
$totdaysp = $row3 ["daysp"] + $pre_apousies ["daysp"];
$totd_array = array ();
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumd' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$pre_kod = 'di' . $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['kod'];
$totd_array [$x] = $row3 [$kod] + $pre_apousies [$pre_kod];
}
$totoa = $row3 ["sumoa"] + $pre_apousies ["oa"];
$totda = $row3 ["sumda"] + $pre_apousies ["da"];
$totfh = $row3 ["sumfh"] + $pre_apousies ["fh"];
$totmh = $row3 ["summh"] + $pre_apousies ["mh"];
$totlh = $row3 ["sumlh"] + $pre_apousies ["lh"];
$totdik = 0;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$totdik += $totd_array [$x];
}
$totadik = $tottotap - $totdik;
$totoada = $totoa + $totda;
if ($pre_totoada == 0)
$pre_totoada = " ";
mysqli_close ( $link );
$label_array = array ();
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$label_array [$x] = substr ( $apousies_define [$x] ['perigrafi'], 0, 2 );
}
$mytextdata = "<table cellspacing=\"0\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\" frame=\"box\" >
<tbody align=\"center\" >
";
if ($pre_apousies ["date"]) {
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th colspan=\"5\">ΠΡΟΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΣΕΣ<br>ΜΕΧΡΙ $pre_date</th>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">$pre_totap</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">$pre_totdik</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">$pre_totadik</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"green\">$pre_daysp</td>";
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$mytextdata .= "<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"$color_array[$x]\">$pre_dik_array[$x]</td>";
}
$colspan = $dik_count + 15;
$mytextdata .= "<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\">$pre_oa</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\">$pre_da</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\">$pre_totoada</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">$pre_fh</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">$pre_mh</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">$pre_lh</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan=\"$colspan\"> </td></tr>
";
}
$colspan = $dik_count + 1;
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th rowspan=\"3\">ΤΕΤΡ</th>
<th rowspan=\"3\">ΜΗΝ</th>
<th colspan=\"6\">ΣΥΝΟΛΟ</th>
<th colspan=\"$colspan\" >ΔΙΚΑΙΟΛΟΓΗΜΕΝΕΣ ΑΠΟ</th>
<th colspan=\"3\">ΑΠΟ ΑΠΟΒΟΛΕΣ</th>
<th colspan=\"3\">ΜΕΜΟΝΩΜΕΝΕΣ</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan=\"3\">ΜΗΝΑ</th>
<th rowspan=\"2\"> ΤΕΤΡ </th>
<th rowspan=\"2\"> ΔΙΚ </th>
<th rowspan=\"2\"> ΑΔΙ </th>
<th rowspan=\"2\" >ΗΜΕ<br>ΚΗΔ</th>";
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$label = $dikaiologisi_define [$x] ['label'];
$mytextdata .= "<th rowspan=\"2\">$label</th>";
}
$rowspan_big = $apous_count * 5;
$rowspan_min = $apous_count;
$mytextdata .= "<th rowspan=\"2\">ΩΡ<br>ΑΠΟΒ</th>
<th rowspan=\"2\">ΗΜ<br>ΑΠΟΒ</th>
<th rowspan=\"2\">ΣΥΝ<br>ΑΠΟΥ</th>
<th rowspan=\"2\">1ης<br>ΩΡΑΣ</th>
<th rowspan=\"2\">ΕΝΔΙΑ<br>ΜΕΣΑ</th>
<th rowspan=\"2\">ΤΕΛ<br>ΩΡΑΣ</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan=\"2\">_______</th>
<th > ΣΥΝ </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\">Α΄</th>
<th rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\">9ος</th>
<th >$label_array[0]</th>
<td class=\"semifont\" id=\"white\">";
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [0] ['kod'];
if (isset ( $sumarray [9] [$kod] ) && $sumarray [9] [$kod] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [9] [$kod];
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"demifont\" id=\"white\" rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\">";
if (isset ( $sumarray [9] ['sumtotap'] ) && $sumarray [9] ['sumtotap'] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [9] ['sumtotap'];
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumtotapA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumtotapA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumdikA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumdikA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumadikA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumadikA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"green\"> ";
if ($sumdayspA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumdayspA;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"$color_array[$x]\"> ";
if ($sumdA_array [$x] == 0) {
$mytextdata .= " ";
} else {
$mytextdata .= $sumdA_array [$x];
}
}
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($sumoaA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumoaA;
$mytextdata .= " </td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($sumdaA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumdaA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($sumoadaA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumoadaA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumfhA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumfhA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($summhA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $summhA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumlhA == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumlhA;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
</tr>";
for($x = 1; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th>$label_array[$x]</th>
<td class=\"semifont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if (isset ( $sumarray [9] [$kod] ) && $sumarray [9] [$kod] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [9] [$kod];
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
$mytextdata .= "</td>
</tr>
";
}
$months4print = array (
'10',
'11',
'12',
'1-'
);
foreach ( $months4print as $key => $value ) {
$value == '1-' ? $valuetoshow = '1' : $valuetoshow = $value;
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\">{$valuetoshow}ος</th>";
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
if ($x > 0)
$mytextdata .= "<tr>";
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$mytextdata .= "
<th>$label_array[$x]</th>
<td class=\"semifont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if (isset ( $sumarray [$value] [$kod] ) && $sumarray [$value] [$kod] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [$value] [$kod];
$mytextdata .= "</td>
";
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
if ($x == 0) {
$mytextdata .= "<td class=\"demifont\" id=\"white\" rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\"> ";
if (isset ( $sumarray [$value] ['sumtotap'] ) && $sumarray [$value] ['sumtotap'] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [$value] ['sumtotap'];
$mytextdata .= "</td>";
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
}
}
$mytextdata .= "</tr>
";
}
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\">Β΄</th>
<th rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\">1ος</th>
<th >$label_array[0]</th>
<td class=\"semifont\" id=\"white\"> ";
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [0] ['kod'];
if ($sumarray ['1+'] [$kod] == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumarray ['1+'] [$kod];
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"demifont\" id=\"white\" rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\">";
if ($sumarray ['1+'] ['sumtotap'] == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumarray ['1+'] ['sumtotap'];
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">";
if ($sumtotapB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumtotapB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumdikB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumdikB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumadikB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumadikB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"green\"> ";
if ($sumdayspB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumdayspB;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"$color_array[$x]\"> ";
if ($sumdB_array [$x] == 0) {
$mytextdata .= " ";
} else {
$mytextdata .= $sumdB_array [$x];
}
}
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($sumoaB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumoaB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($sumdaB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumdaB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($sumoadaB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumoadaB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumfhB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumfhB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($summhB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $summhB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumlhB == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumlhB;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
</tr>";
for($x = 1; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th>$label_array[$x]</th>
<td class=\"semifont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($sumarray ['1+'] [$kod] == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $sumarray ['1+'] [$kod];
$mytextdata .= "</td>
</tr>
";
}
$months4print = array (
'2',
'3',
'4',
'5'
);
foreach ( $months4print as $key => $value ) {
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\">{$value}ος</th>";
for($x = 0; $x < $apous_count; $x ++) {
if ($x > 0)
$mytextdata .= "<tr>";
$kod = 'sumap' . $apousies_define [$x] ['kod'];
$mytextdata .= "
<th>$label_array[$x]</th>
<td class=\"semifont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if (isset ( $sumarray [$value] [$kod] ) && $sumarray [$value] [$kod] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [$value] [$kod];
$mytextdata .= "</td>
";
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
if ($x == 0) {
$mytextdata .= "<td class=\"demifont\" id=\"white\" rowspan=\"$rowspan_min\"> ";
if (isset ( $sumarray [$value] ['sumtotap'] ) && $sumarray [$value] ['sumtotap'] > 0) {
$mytextdata .= $sumarray [$value] ['sumtotap'];
$mytextdata .= "</td>";
} else {
$mytextdata .= " ";
}
}
}
$mytextdata .= "</tr>
";
}
$mytextdata .= "<tr>
<th colspan=\"5\">ΕΤΗΣΙΟ<br>ΣΥΝΟΛΟ</th>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($tottotap == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $tottotap;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\">";
if ($totdik == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totdik;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($totadik == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totadik;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"green\"> ";
if ($totdaysp == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totdaysp;
for($x = 0; $x < $dik_count; $x ++) {
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td rowspan=\"$rowspan_big\" class=\"bigfont\" id=\"$color_array[$x]\"> ";
if ($totd_array [$x] == 0) {
$mytextdata .= " ";
} else {
$mytextdata .= $totd_array [$x];
}
}
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($totoa == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totoa;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($totda == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totda;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"grey\"> ";
if ($totoada == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totoada;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($totfh == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totfh;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($totmh == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totmh;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
<td class=\"bigfont\" id=\"white\"> ";
if ($totlh == 0)
$mytextdata .= " ";
else
$mytextdata .= $totlh;
$mytextdata .= "</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>";
echo $mytextdata;
?>
| 20,575 |
https://github.com/markusthoemmes/nimbella-cli/blob/master/src/commands/auth/current.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
nimbella-cli
|
markusthoemmes
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 423 | 946 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2019 - present Nimbella Corp.
*
* This file is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy
* of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under
* the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS
* OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
* governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
import { makeStorageClient, getCredentials, authPersister } from '@nimbella/nimbella-deployer'
import { NimBaseCommand, NimLogger } from '../../NimBaseCommand'
import { flags } from '@oclif/command'
export default class AuthInspect extends NimBaseCommand {
static description = 'Get current namespace with optional details'
static flags = {
name: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show namespace name' }),
apihost: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show API host' }),
auth: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show API key' }),
web: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show web domain (if available)' }),
storage: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show storage status' }),
redis: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show redis status' }),
project: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show owning project' }),
production: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show production status' }),
all: flags.boolean({ description: 'Show all fields' }),
...NimBaseCommand.flags
}
static args = []
async runCommand(rawArgv: string[], argv: string[], args: any, flags: any, logger: NimLogger): Promise<void> {
let { all, name, apihost, auth, web, storage, redis, project, production } = flags
if (all) {
name = apihost = auth = web = storage = redis = project = production = true
} else if (!apihost && !auth && !web && !storage && !redis && !project && !production) {
name = true
}
const creds = await getCredentials(authPersister).catch(err => logger.handleError('', err))
const ans: { name?: string, apihost?: string, auth?: string, web?: string, storage?: boolean, redis?: boolean, project?: string, production?: boolean } = {}
if (name) {
ans.name = creds.namespace
}
if (apihost) {
ans.apihost = creds.ow.apihost
}
if (auth) {
ans.auth = creds.ow.api_key
}
if (web) {
if (creds.storageKey) {
const storageClient = makeStorageClient(creds.namespace, creds.ow.apihost, true, creds.storageKey)
ans.web = `${storageClient.getURL()}`
} else {
ans.web = 'Not available, upgrade your account.'
}
}
if (storage) {
ans.storage = !!creds.storageKey
}
if (redis) {
ans.redis = creds.redis
}
if (project) {
ans.project = creds.project
}
if (production) {
ans.production = creds.production
}
if (Object.keys(ans).length === 1 && !flags.json) {
logger.log(String(Object.values(ans)[0]))
} else {
// In addition to respecting --json, this command does JSON output anyway if there is more than one element
logger.logJSON(ans)
}
}
}
| 11,017 |
https://openalex.org/W2335539125
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,016 |
Fibroblast-induced switching to the mesenchymal-like phenotype and PI3K/mTOR signaling protects melanoma cells from BRAF inhibitors
|
Kotryna Seip
|
English
|
Spoken
| 11,454 | 21,762 |
ABSTRACT The knowledge on how tumor-associated stroma influences efficacy of anti-cancer
therapy just started to emerge. Here we show that lung fibroblasts reduce melanoma
sensitivity to the BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) vemurafenib only if the two cell types are in
close proximity. In the presence of fibroblasts, the adjacent melanoma cells acquire
de-differentiated mesenchymal-like phenotype. Upon treatment with BRAFi, such
melanoma cells maintain high levels of phospho ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), i.e. active
mTOR signaling, which is suppressed in the BRAFi sensitive cells without stromal
contacts. Inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR in combination with BRAFi eradicate pS6high cell
subpopulations and potentiate anti-cancer effects in melanoma protected by the
fibroblasts. mTOR and BRAF co-inhibition also delayed the development of early-stage
lung metastases in vivo. In conclusion, we demonstrate that upon influence from
fibroblasts, melanoma cells undergo a phenotype switch to the mesenchymal state,
which can support PI3K/mTOR signaling. The lost sensitivity to BRAFi in such cells
can be overcome by co-targeting PI3K/mTOR. This knowledge could be explored for
designing BRAFi combination therapies aiming to eliminate both stroma-protected
and non-protected counterparts of metastases. Kotryna Seip1, Karianne G. Fleten1,*, Anna Barkovskaya1,*, Vigdis Nygaard1, Mads
H. Haugen1, Birgit Ø. Engesæter1, Gunhild M. Mælandsmo1,2,3, Lina Prasmickaite1
1Dept. Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
2K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway 3Dept. Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway *These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Lina Prasmickaite, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: melanoma, BRAF inhibitor, resistance, phenotype switch, fibroblasts Received: October 30, 2015 Accepted: February 16, 2016 Published: February 24, 201 15 15 Oncotarget, Vol. 7, No. 15 www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Fibroblast-induced
switching
to
the
mesenchymal-like
phenotype and PI3K/mTOR signaling protects melanoma cells
from BRAF inhibitors Kotryna Seip1, Karianne G. Fleten1,*, Anna Barkovskaya1,*, Vigdis Nygaard1, Mads
H. Haugen1, Birgit Ø. Engesæter1, Gunhild M. Mælandsmo1,2,3, Lina Prasmickaite1
1Dept. Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
2K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway
3Dept. Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
*These authors have contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to: Lina Prasmickaite, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: melanoma, BRAF inhibitor, resistance, phenotype switch, fibroblasts
Received: October 30, 2015 Accepted: February 16, 2016 Published: February 24, 2016 Kotryna Seip1, Karianne G. Fleten1,*, Anna Barkovskaya1,*, Vigdis Nygaard1, Mads
H. Haugen1, Birgit Ø. Engesæter1, Gunhild M. Mælandsmo1,2,3, Lina Prasmickaite1
1Dept. Tumor Biology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
2K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway Stromal cells protect melanoma cells from
BRAFi via proximity-dependent interactions mechanisms have been disclosed, including re-activation
of MAPK [20–22] and activation of alternative signaling
pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
(PI3K) cascade [20, 23]. It has also been observed that
melanomas with a mesenchymal gene signature, i.e. reduced expression of melanocytic genes and enhanced
expression of mesenchymal genes, are more resistant
to BRAFi [24–26]. Furthermore, it has been shown that
BRAFi resistance could be promoted by growth factors
secreted by stromal cells [3, 8]. To evaluate stromal influence on melanoma
response to BRAFi, the Luc+ melanoma cells were
grown together with Luc- lung fibroblasts WI-38 as co-
cultures, where the cells are in close proximity to each
other. The response to BRAFi was evaluated by measuring
bioluminescence produced exclusively by Luc+ tumor
cells. All four melanoma cell lines showed improved cell
survival/growth and significantly increased EC50 when
treated in the co-culture conditions compared to the mono-
culture (Figure 2A, 2B) (no effect on the fibroblasts was
observed). In concordance, the level of the proliferation
marker Ki-67 stayed high in the treated co-cultures,
while it was significantly reduced by BRAFi in the
mono-cultures (Figure 2C). Altogether, this indicates that
fibroblasts reduce melanoma sensitivity to BRAFi. Since
fibroblasts deposit fibronectin, which can diminish BRAFi
efficacy [11, 12], we also evaluated melanoma sensitivity
to BRAFi on the fibronectin-coated (5μg/cm2) surface. Although we observed increased cell survival/growth upon
treatment on fibronectin, the protective effect was lower
than what was seen in the co-cultures (data not shown). This suggests that adhesion to fibronectin can contribute,
but is not the sole mechanism of the fibroblast-mediated
protection from BRAFi.l Revealing factors affecting sensitivity to BRAFi
is important in the search of biomarkers of response,
or combination therapies involving BRAFi. It has been
shown that BRAFi-induced suppression of a mammalian
target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is associated
with a good BRAFi response, while a maintained
mTORC1 activity predicts BRAFi resistance [27]. Typically, mTORC1 is activated via the PI3K/AKT
pathway [28], but MAPK-dependent activation has
also been observed [29, 30]. Since mTORC1 converges
both signaling cascades, mTORC1 activity-reflecting
substrates could be good indicators of BRAFi response/
resistance [27, 30]. One such substrate is phospho
ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) that has been proposed as
a biomarker for assessing the effectiveness of BRAF-
targeted therapies [27, 31]. Melanoma cells in mono-cultures show good
response to BRAFi In this study we applied four BRAF-mutated
melanoma cell lines derived from lymph node or brain
metastases and stably labeled with GFP-luciferase (further
referred as Luc+). Cell sensitivity to the BRAF inhibitor
vemurafenib was scored by measuring bioluminescence
generated by viable luciferase-expressing cells. The
method was described previously [6] and further
validated in our cell system (Supplementary Figure S1). All tested cell lines showed good response to BRAFi,
where half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50)
were below 1μM (Figure 1A). At the molecular level,
we observed a decrease in phosphorylation of ERK and
S6 (Figure 1B), markers of the MAPK and mTORC1
activity, respectively. Altogether, this indicates that the
four melanoma cell lines, when grown as mono-cultures,
are highly sensitive to BRAFi. INTRODUCTION plasticity has been suggested as an important mechanism
of drug-resistance and a potential target for therapy [16]. Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive,
drug-resistant cancer types with a median survival of
stage IV patients of 8-18 months [17]. Until recently,
effective therapies against metastatic melanoma were
lacking. However, significant progress has been achieved
with inhibitors targeting frequently mutated BRAF [18]. Mutant BRAF constitutively activates the downstream
kinases, MEK and ERK, within the mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, leading to uncontrolled
cell proliferation. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), like
vemurafenib, suppress MAPK and often induce tumor
regression. However, there is variability in the magnitude
of the initial response, and resistance usually develops
within one year [19]. A number of acquired resistance The role of stromal cells in facilitating metastasis
and drug-resistance is becoming increasingly recognized
[1, 2]. A variety of stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial
cells and myeloid cells) can reduce cancer cells’ sensitivity
to chemotherapy [3–7], and particularly targeted therapy
[3]. This effect has been linked to stroma-secreted soluble
factors [3, 4, 8], cell-cell junctions [9, 10] or deposition of
extracellular matrix (ECM) [11, 12] that can activate pro-
survival mechanisms in the cancer cells. Besides, stromal
cells can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition
(EMT), a phenomenon when epithelial cancer cells
acquire a motile mesenchymal phenotype [13]. It appears
that cancer cells with mesenchymal features often show
higher resistance to therapies [14, 15]. Thus, phenotype www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 19997 Stromal cells protect melanoma cells from
BRAFi via proximity-dependent interactions Here we show that stromal cells, such as lung
fibroblasts, reduce melanoma sensitivity to BRAFi and
lead to emergence of non-responding cell subpopulations
with high levels of pS6. Stroma-mediated protection was
dependent on close proximity between the two cell types,
which resulted in phenotype switching and signaling re-
wiring in melanoma. These findings place stromal cells
as important contributors to BRAFi resistance and reveal
candidates for targeting stroma-protected parts of the tumor. To examine the influence of other types of stromal
cells, we co-cultured Melmet 5 with endothelial cells
HUVEC or monocytes THP-1. Endothelial cells, like
fibroblasts, adhered to melanoma cells and elicited
protection from BRAFi (Figure 3A, left). No adhesion was
observed between melanoma cells and monocytes, and the
monocytes did not confer any protective influence (Figure
3A, right). To validate the importance of the tumor-stromal
cell proximity/adhesion for the protection, we generated
cultures where the cell proximity was disabled by a semi-
permeable membrane. Melanoma cells were grown on
semi-permeable inserts, whereas fibroblasts were grown
on the bottom of a trans-well chamber. This prevents cell-
cell adhesion, but allows communication through soluble
factors. In contrast to the co-cultures, we did not observe
fibroblast-induced protection from BRAFi in Melmet 5 or
HM8 grown on the inserts (Figure 3B). Protective stroma alters the molecular phenotype
of the melanoma cells To investigate changes in the molecular profile of
melanoma, GFP+ Melmet 5 cells from mono-cultures and
co-cultures with GFP- fibroblasts, with/without BRAFi
treatment, were separated by fluorescence-activated cell
sorting (FACS) and analyzed for global gene expression. Principle component analysis (PCA) on normalized data
projects variance between the four sample groups. It
shows much greater expression differences induced by www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 19998 BRAFi in the mono-cultures than the co-cultures (Figure
4A): 742 versus 34 modulated genes, respectively. This
indicates a dampened transcriptional response to BRAFi
in the melanoma cells in the co-cultures. isolated from the co-cultures versus the mono-cultures are
compared in Figure 4B. A cluster of the down-regulated
genes harbors a number of melanocyte differentiation
genes controlled by the master regulator of the lineage,
microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF. In
the up-regulated gene cluster we found genes characteristic
for the mesenchymal/invasive phenotype defined
previously by others [32, 33]. q-PCR was performed to
validate the fibroblast-induced transcriptional changes
in selected differentiation genes (MITF, TYR and
MLANA), and the mesenchymal signature genes (AXL, Also in the absence of the drug, a clear gene
expression variance (608 differentially expressed genes)
was observed between the melanoma cells from the co-
cultures versus the mono-cultures (Figure 4A). This
indicates a significantly altered transcriptional profile
of melanoma cells due to contact with fibroblasts. The
transcriptional signatures of the untreated Melmet 5 cells O
t
t
19999
journals com/oncotarget
Melanoma cells grown as mono-cultures show good response to BRAFi. A. Four different melanoma cell lines
ono-cultures were treated with different doses of BRAFi for 72 h before the effect on melanoma cells was scored by measuring
ence. The signal intensity in the treated cells was related to the intensity in the non-treated controls and presented in % (average
3). B. Western blot analysis of the levels of the indicated proteins (α-tubulin, as a loading control) in non-treated or treated
BRAFi for 24 h) melanoma cells. Figure 1: Melanoma cells grown as mono-cultures show good response to BRAFi. A. Four different melanoma cell lines
grown as mono-cultures were treated with different doses of BRAFi for 72 h before the effect on melanoma cells was scored by measuring
bioluminescence. The signal intensity in the treated cells was related to the intensity in the non-treated controls and presented in % (average
± SEM, n ≥ 3). B. Protective stroma alters the molecular phenotype
of the melanoma cells Western blot analysis of the levels of the indicated proteins (α-tubulin, as a loading control) in non-treated or treated
(with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h) melanoma cells. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 19999 THBS1, DKK3) in Melmet 5 (Figure 4C) and HM8
(Supplementary Figure S2A). No significant changes
in the expression of all these genes were observed in
melanoma cells separated from the fibroblasts by semi-
permeable inserts (Supplementary Figure S2B and S2C). mono-cultures. Figure 4D shows the proteins that were
most up-regulated in Melmet 5 cells from the co-cultures,
confirming an enrichment for Axl and other mesenchymal
proteins, such as PDGFRB, fibronectin and vimentin. The
same proteins were found to be enriched also in HM8 cells
from the co-cultures (data not shown). To note, the purity
of the melanoma fractions was carefully validated (see
Materials and Methods) to exclude a possibility that the
observed mesenchymal signature is due to contamination
with fibroblasts. In summary, gene/protein profiling To reveal alterations in the proteome, the FACS-
isolated melanoma cells were analyzed by reverse-
phase protein array (RPPA). Like the transcriptome,
the proteome was significantly altered in the untreated
melanoma cells from the co-cultures compared to the Oncotarget
20000
pactjournals.com/oncotarget
2: Melanoma cells co-cultured with lung fibroblasts are more resistant to BRAFi. A. Four different melanoma
s were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with lung fibroblasts WI-38 with/without BRAFi treatment for 72 h. The effect on
ma cells was scored by measuring bioluminescence and is presented as % relative to the respective non-treated controls (average
n ≥ 3); *, p ≤ 0.05 at all doses (unpaired t-test). B. BRAFi EC50 values for each cell line treated in the mono-culture or co-culture
ons. C. The level of Ki-67 (detected by flow cytometry) in melanoma cells grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures and treated with
RAFi for 72 h. The levels in the non-treated controls are shown for comparison. Figure 2: Melanoma cells co-cultured with lung fibroblasts are more resistant to BRAFi. A. Four different melanoma
cell lines were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with lung fibroblasts WI-38 with/without BRAFi treatment for 72 h. The effect on
melanoma cells was scored by measuring bioluminescence and is presented as % relative to the respective non-treated controls (average
± SEM, n ≥ 3); *, p ≤ 0.05 at all doses (unpaired t-test). B. BRAFi EC50 values for each cell line treated in the mono-culture or co-culture
conditions. C. The level of Ki-67 (detected by flow cytometry) in melanoma cells grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures and treated with
1 μM BRAFi for 72 h. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget The levels in the non-treated controls are shown for comparison. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20000 revealed that in the presence of adjacent fibroblasts, the
melanoma cells undergo phenotype switching to the de-
differentiated mesenchymal state. cultures, though, some single melanoma cells retained
ERK phosphorylation (seen as yellow, Figure 5B). In
conclusion, generally, we observed pERK suppression
by BRAFi in both the mono-cultures and the co-cultures. However, more sensitive methods are needed to quantify
whether there is a difference in the suppression magnitude. Protective stroma enables BRAFi-treated
melanoma to maintain high levels of pS6 and cell
cycle progression To compare levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR-associated
proteins in the mono-cultures and the co-cultures,
phosphorylated AKT, GSK-3β, S6 and mTOR were
analyzed in FACS-separated melanoma cells by Western
blotting and/or Simple Western immunoassay. We
observed only minor alterations in pAKT levels. However,
the phosphorylation of an AKT substrate, GSK-3β, and
particularly an mTOR substrate, S6, as well as mTOR
itself was significantly reduced by BRAFi in the mono-
cultures but not in the co-cultures with fibroblasts (Figure
6A, 6B and Supplementary Figure S3A-C). To note,
S6 phosphorylation at positions S235/236 (that can be
regulated by MAPK in addition to mTOR) and S240/244 As reported previously, low levels of MITF and
high levels of AXL may predict melanoma resistance
to BRAFi [24, 26], and the resistance may involve
(re)activation of MAPK [20, 22] or PI3K/mTOR signaling
[23, 27]. To assess MAPK activity, the melanoma cells
from the mono-cultures and the co-cultures were analyzed
for pERK by flow cytometry. We detected BRAFi-induced
suppression of pERK in both culture conditions (Figure
5A). The same was seen by immunofluorescence, where
after BRAFi we observed green melanoma cells with
low signal of pERK in red (Figure 5B). In the treated co- Oncotarg
20001
www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget
Figure 3: Melanoma cell sensitivity to BRAFi in the presence of endothelial cells, monocytes or fibroblasts separated
a semi-permeable membrane. A. Melanoma cells were grown either as mono-cultures or co-cultures with endothelial cells HUVE
or monocytes THP-1. B. Melanoma cells were grown on semi-permeable inserts, where the fibroblasts or the respective melanoma ce
(“No fibroblasts”= Controls) were grown in the bottom chamber. Cells were treated with different doses of BRAFi for 72 h before the dr
effect was scored by bioluminescence (A) or the MTS (B) method. The effect on melanoma cells is presented as % relative to the respecti
non-treated controls (average ± SEM, n ≥ 3); *, p ≤ 0.05 at doses ≥ 1 μM (unpaired t-test). Figure 3: Melanoma cell sensitivity to BRAFi in the presence of endothelial cells, monocytes or fibroblasts separated by
a semi-permeable membrane. A. Melanoma cells were grown either as mono-cultures or co-cultures with endothelial cells HUVEC
or monocytes THP-1. B. Melanoma cells were grown on semi-permeable inserts, where the fibroblasts or the respective melanoma cells
(“No fibroblasts”= Controls) were grown in the bottom chamber. Protective stroma enables BRAFi-treated
melanoma to maintain high levels of pS6 and cell
cycle progression Cells were treated with different doses of BRAFi for 72 h before the drug
effect was scored by bioluminescence (A) or the MTS (B) method. The effect on melanoma cells is presented as % relative to the respective
non-treated controls (average ± SEM, n ≥ 3); *, p ≤ 0.05 at doses ≥ 1 μM (unpaired t-test). ll sensitivity to BRAFi in the presence of endothelial cells, monocytes or fibroblasts separated b
b www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20001 Figure 4: Fibroblasts induce global gene expression changes in melanoma cells. Melmet 5 melanoma cells, grown ei
as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts were treated with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h (controls were not treated), isolated by FA
and analyzed for gene expression (A-C) or protein levels (D). A. A PCA plot showing the variance between four groups (3 sets): n
reated mono-cultures (Mono) and co-cultures (Co), and BRAFi-treated mono-cultures (Mono+BRAFi) and co-cultures (Co+BRAFi). B
heatmap showing gene expression levels in melanoma cells from co- versus mono-cultures (n=3). The scale bar indicates signal inten
where green and red colors indicate low and high expression, respectively. Gene names labeled in green denote differentiation signa
genes, while genes in red denote invasive/mesenchymal signature genes reported previously [32, 33]. C. Relative gene expression
differentiation and mesenchymal signature genes, detected by q-PCR (average ± SEM, n=3); *, p < 0.05. The expression level in the
cultures was normalized to the level in the mono-cultures set to 1. Insert: MITF and AXL expression changes were confirmed by Wes
blotting (histone 3 (H3) as a loading control). D. A heatmap from the RPPA analysis that shows significantly enriched (at least by 2
proteins in the melanoma cells from the co-cultures versus the mono-cultures (n=3). Proteins are ranked based on fold-enrichment, w
he most enriched at the top. Figure 4: Fibroblasts induce global gene expression changes in melanoma cells. Melmet 5 melanoma cells, grown either
as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts were treated with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h (controls were not treated), isolated by FACS
and analyzed for gene expression (A-C) or protein levels (D). A. A PCA plot showing the variance between four groups (3 sets): non-
treated mono-cultures (Mono) and co-cultures (Co), and BRAFi-treated mono-cultures (Mono+BRAFi) and co-cultures (Co+BRAFi). B. A
heatmap showing gene expression levels in melanoma cells from co- versus mono-cultures (n=3). Protective stroma enables BRAFi-treated
melanoma to maintain high levels of pS6 and cell
cycle progression The scale bar indicates signal intensity,
where green and red colors indicate low and high expression, respectively. Gene names labeled in green denote differentiation signature
genes, while genes in red denote invasive/mesenchymal signature genes reported previously [32, 33]. C. Relative gene expression of
differentiation and mesenchymal signature genes, detected by q-PCR (average ± SEM, n=3); *, p < 0.05. The expression level in the co-
cultures was normalized to the level in the mono-cultures set to 1. Insert: MITF and AXL expression changes were confirmed by Western
blotting (histone 3 (H3) as a loading control). D. A heatmap from the RPPA analysis that shows significantly enriched (at least by 20%)
proteins in the melanoma cells from the co-cultures versus the mono-cultures (n=3). Proteins are ranked based on fold-enrichment, with
the most enriched at the top. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20002 induced decrease in pS6 in mono-cultures, which was
shown for different drug doses, cell densities or treatment
durations (Supplementary Figure S5A-C). In contrast, in
the co-cultures with fibroblasts, the level of pS6 remained
significantly higher (Figure 7A) and stayed so for the
whole treatment duration for up to 3 days (Supplementary
Figure S5C). Importantly, in the treated co-cultures we
discriminated two melanoma cell subpopulations: those
with a reduced pS6 level, and those with high levels, like
in controls (Figure 7A). These two subpopulations had
a clearly different cell cycle profile: pS6low cells were
arrested in G1, while pS6high cells mimicked the untreated (regulated predominantly by mTOR [34]) showed the
same pattern of changes (Supplementary Figure S4). Taken together, this indicates a lack of mTOR suppression
by BRAFi in the co-cultures. To note, when melanoma-
fibroblast contact was prevented by semi-permeable
inserts, or when melanoma cells were co-cultured together
with monocytes, the level of pS6 was significantly reduced
by BRAFi (Figure 6C). This supports the importance of
tumor-stroma proximity for sustaining mTOR activity in
BRAFi-treated melanoma. To explore pS6 levels in single melanoma cells, we
employed flow cytometry. The data confirms a BRAFi- tj
l
/
t
t
e 5: The level of pERK in BRAFi treated melanoma cells from mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts. oma cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h (controls were not
d) before analysis for pERK by flow cytometry (A) or immunofluorescence (B). A. Protective stroma enables BRAFi-treated
melanoma to maintain high levels of pS6 and cell
cycle progression pERK median level in treated melanoma cells
e to the level in the respective non-treated controls (set to 100) is shown. Data indicates average ± SEM, n≥3; *, p< 0.05 (unpaired
Lower panel: representative histograms indicating pERK levels in single melanoma cells. B. The cultures were immunostained for
(red) and GFP (green); cell nuclei were stained with DAPI. Only overlay pictures are shown (enlarged region indicated). Scale bar,
. Figure 5: The level of pERK in BRAFi treated melanoma cells from mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts. Melanoma cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h (controls were not
treated) before analysis for pERK by flow cytometry (A) or immunofluorescence (B). A. pERK median level in treated melanoma cells
relative to the level in the respective non-treated controls (set to 100) is shown. Data indicates average ± SEM, n≥3; *, p< 0.05 (unpaired
t-test). Lower panel: representative histograms indicating pERK levels in single melanoma cells. B. The cultures were immunostained for
pERK (red) and GFP (green); cell nuclei were stained with DAPI. Only overlay pictures are shown (enlarged region indicated). Scale bar,
50 μm. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20003 controls with cell cycle distribution in G1/S/G2 (Figure
7B). This indicates that the pS6 level discriminates
BRAFi-responders that stop progression through a cell
cycle, from non-responders that continue cycling. an elongated mesenchymal morphology which was not
observed in the melanoma cells at the distant site (Figure
8, GFP). The level of pS6 in the melanoma cells in the
interaction front versus the distant sites was compared. In
the absence of BRAFi, all melanoma cells, regardless of
their localization, had high levels of red-stained pS6 (seen
as orange cells in the overlay picture). In the presence of
BRAFi, the melanoma cells in the interaction front stayed
strongly positive for pS6. In contrast, a large fraction of
the melanoma cells in the distant site lost the red pS6 To verify the stromal role in maintenance of pS6
after BRAFi, we analyzed asymmetric co-cultures,
where melanoma culture regions and fibroblast culture
regions were allowed to invade each other, forming
an interaction front as illustrated in Figure 8. In the
interaction front, the green melanoma cells displayed action front, the green melanoma cells displayed
the melanoma cells in the distant site lost the red pS6
re 6: The level of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling-associated proteins in BRAFi-treated melanoma cells with/without
mal cells present. A, B. Melanoma cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts, treated with 1 μM BRAFi
h (controls were not treated), isolated by FACS and analyzed for the indicated proteins by Western blotting (α-tubulin as a loading
ol) (A) or automated Simple Western (B). (B) p-mTOR level (after normalization to the loading control, GAPDH) in the treated cells
ve to the respective non-treated controls (set to 100). Average ± SEM (n=3 for Melmet 5; n=1 for HM8); *, p< 0.05 by unpaired t-test. estern blot analysis of pS6 in melanoma cells grown/treated on semi-permeable inserts with/without fibroblasts in the bottom chamber
co-cultures in the presence of monocytes THP-1. Figure 6: The level of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling-associated proteins in BRAFi-treated melanoma cells with/without
stromal cells present. A, B. Melanoma cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts, treated with 1 μM BRAFi
for 24 h (controls were not treated), isolated by FACS and analyzed for the indicated proteins by Western blotting (α-tubulin as a loading
control) (A) or automated Simple Western (B). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget (B) p-mTOR level (after normalization to the loading control, GAPDH) in the treated cells
relative to the respective non-treated controls (set to 100). Average ± SEM (n=3 for Melmet 5; n=1 for HM8); *, p< 0.05 by unpaired t-test. C. Western blot analysis of pS6 in melanoma cells grown/treated on semi-permeable inserts with/without fibroblasts in the bottom chamber
or as co-cultures in the presence of monocytes THP-1. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20004 in vivo studies where we compared the influence of stroma
from different sites. Melmet 5 cells establish tumors in
multiple organs when injected into mice through the
left ventricle (L.V.), or grown subcutaneously after
subcutaneous (s.c.) injection, thereby generating distinct
interactions with site-specific stroma. The metastatic
cells from different sites of non-treated and BRAFi-
treated animals were isolated and analyzed for pS6 by
flow cytometry. We observed cellular heterogeneity with
respect to the pS6 level, where only a fraction of the
melanoma cells were strongly positive for pS6 (pS6high)
(Figure 9). After BRAFi treatment, the percentage of signal and appeared green in the overlay picture. Such
heterogeneous behavior was observed in both models,
HM8 (Figure 8) and Melmet 5 (data not shown). This
confirms that fibroblasts make adjacent melanoma cells
acquire mesenchymal features and sustain pS6 levels upon
treatment with BRAFi. Exploring pS6 in melanoma cells from distinct
sites in vivo The observation that fibroblasts foster melanoma
cell subpopulations with sustained pS6 levels, motivated O
t
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re 7: Flow cytometric analysis of pS6 levels and cell cycle in melanoma cells from mono-cultures and co-culture
fibroblasts. Melanoma cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts, treated with 1 μM BRAFi for 24
ols were not treated) before the total cell suspension was analyzed for pS6 levels (A) and cell cycle (B). A. Representative histogram
ting pS6 levels in single melanoma cells; dotted lines designate the histogram peak position in the non-treated cells. B. DNA conten
ell cycle distribution) in non-treated and BRAFi treated melanoma cells from the co-cultures, where the latter were divided int
pulations with low (pS6low) and high (pS6high) levels of pS6. Figure 7: Flow cytometric analysis of pS6 levels and cell cycle in melanoma cells from mono-cultures and co-cultures
with fibroblasts. Melanoma cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts, treated with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h
(controls were not treated) before the total cell suspension was analyzed for pS6 levels (A) and cell cycle (B). A. Representative histograms
indicating pS6 levels in single melanoma cells; dotted lines designate the histogram peak position in the non-treated cells. B. DNA content
(i.e. cell cycle distribution) in non-treated and BRAFi treated melanoma cells from the co-cultures, where the latter were divided into
subpopulations with low (pS6low) and high (pS6high) levels of pS6. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20005 pS6high cells (Figure 9B) and the mean level of pS6
(Supplementary Figure S6A) was reduced in all sites. Some inter-site variations were observed, where the lung,
spinal cord and brain metastases generally harbored a
larger fraction of pS6high melanoma cells than e.g. bone
metastases or s.c. tumors (Figure 9A, 9B), but this
difference has not been further explored. We chose lung
metastases and subcutaneous tumors for further analysis
by immunofluorescence and confirmed BRAFi-induced
reduction in pS6 (Figure 9C). Interestingly, in the treated
lung metastases, the remaining pS6high melanoma cells
tend to localize at the tumor border next to the stroma
(Figure 9C). In the treated s.c. tumors, the distribution
of pS6high tumor cells was more random, with less
pronounced localization at the tumor-stroma interface
(Figure 9C). Collectively, the in vivo data indicates that
pS6high melanoma cells remain after BRAFi treatment in
different metastatic sites, and e.g. in the lung they tend to
localize close to the stroma. Inhibitors of mTOR or PI3K reduces the
protective influence of the fibroblasts in vitro Inhibitors of mTOR or PI3K reduces the
protective influence of the fibroblasts in vitro Based on the pS6 data, we hypothesized that
mTORC1, or it activating pathways, might contribute to
fibroblast-mediated protection from BRAFi. To test this
hypothesis we employed an mTOR inhibitor, everolimus
(mTORi) in combination with the BRAFi and compared
the response in the mono-cultures versus the co-cultures
with fibroblasts. We showed that mTORi+BRAFi
treatment of the co-cultures eradicates a subpopulation
of pS6high melanoma cells (Figure 10A, insert). Consequently, the melanoma cell survival in the co-
cultures was significantly reduced after mTORi+BRAFi
compared to BRAFi alone. Thus, the survival benefit
that we saw in the co-cultures treated with BRAFi alone
was eliminated (Melmet 5) or significantly diminished
(HM8) after co-administration of mTORi (Figure
10A). A similar potentiation of the drug effect in the Figure 8: Immunofluorescence analysis of pS6 in asymmetric co-cultures. HM8 melanoma cells and fibroblasts were first
cultured within adjacent compartments and subsequently allowed to interact (illustrated by arrows), forming asymmetric co-cultures before
treatment with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h (controls were not treated). The cultures were immunostained for pS6 (red) and GFP (green); cell
nuclei were stained with DAPI. The staining patterns for the areas representing the distant site (labeled as “1”) and interaction front”
(labeled as “2”) are shown. Scale bar, 200 μm. Figure 8: Immunofluorescence analysis of pS6 in asymmetric co-cultures. HM8 melanoma cells and fibroblasts were first
cultured within adjacent compartments and subsequently allowed to interact (illustrated by arrows), forming asymmetric co-cultures before
treatment with 1 μM BRAFi for 24 h (controls were not treated). The cultures were immunostained for pS6 (red) and GFP (green); cell
nuclei were stained with DAPI. The staining patterns for the areas representing the distant site (labeled as “1”) and interaction front”
(labeled as “2”) are shown. Scale bar, 200 μm. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20006 exclude the possibility that the potentiated effects in
the co-cultures might be due to fewer fibroblasts. It is
interesting to note that the effect of the single agents,
mTORi or PI3Ki, was stronger in the co-cultures than
the mono-cultures of Melmet 5, suggesting that the co-
cultured cells might be more dependent on PI3K-mTOR
signaling. co-cultures was observed when BRAFi was combined
with a pan-PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 (PI3Ki) (Figure
10B). It should be noted that mTORi/PI3Ki also affected
fibroblasts, reducing their number by ~25% (data not
shown). Inhibitors of mTOR or PI3K reduces the
protective influence of the fibroblasts in vitro To compensate for this effect, the number of
fibroblasts was increased by 25% in the co-cultures
where mTORi/PI3Ki was applied. Thereby, we can Figure 9: Analysis of pS6 in melanoma cells from distinct sites in vivo. Melmet 5 melanoma cells were allowed to grow in
distinct organs in mice with/without treatment with BRAFi. The metastatic organs and s.c. tumors were collected and analyzed by flow
cytometry (A, B) or immunofluorescence (C). A. Representative dot-plots showing pS6 levels in Melmet 5 cells from non-treated (blue) and
treated (black) animal organs. The pS6high melanoma cell subpopulations are indicated in red boxes. B. The bars indicate average percentage
of pS6high cells ± SEM (n=3/4), except for the brain samples, where average ± St.Dev. (n=2) is shown. C. Immunofluorescence for pS6
(red) and GFP (green) in s.c. tumors (upper panels) and lung metastases (lower panels; S, stromal region; T, tumor region) derived from
non-treated and BRAFi treated animals. The pictures show an overlay of pS6 and GFP. Scale bar, 200μm. Figure 9: Analysis of pS6 in melanoma cells from distinct sites in vivo. Melmet 5 melanoma cells were allowed to grow in
distinct organs in mice with/without treatment with BRAFi. The metastatic organs and s.c. tumors were collected and analyzed by flow
cytometry (A, B) or immunofluorescence (C). A. Representative dot-plots showing pS6 levels in Melmet 5 cells from non-treated (blue) and
treated (black) animal organs. The pS6high melanoma cell subpopulations are indicated in red boxes. B. The bars indicate average percentage
of pS6high cells ± SEM (n=3/4), except for the brain samples, where average ± St.Dev. (n=2) is shown. C. Immunofluorescence for pS6
(red) and GFP (green) in s.c. tumors (upper panels) and lung metastases (lower panels; S, stromal region; T, tumor region) derived from
non-treated and BRAFi treated animals. The pictures show an overlay of pS6 and GFP. Scale bar, 200μm. Inhibition of mTOR enhanced the antitumor-
effect in BRAFi-treated lung metastases in vivo Re-activation of MAPK was suggested by others
to be involved in fibroblast-mediated BRAFi resistance
[11], and MAPK can also activate mTORC1 [29]. Therefore, we also tested BRAFi in combination with
other inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. In our models,
an ERK inhibitor, SCH772984 (ERKi), in combination
with BRAFi did not eliminate a subpopulation of pS6high
melanoma cell, neither potentiated the treatment effect
in the co-cultures (Figure 11A). Likewise, no therapeutic
benefit in the co-cultures was observed when BRAFi
was combined with a MEK inhibitor (MEKi), MEK162
(Figure 11B). Thus, the co-cultures demonstrated
significantly higher cell survival/growth than the mono-
cultures after treatment with MEKi or ERKi alone or
together with BRAFi. Aiming to explore the mTORi+BRAFi combination
in vivo, we performed a pilot study and showed that by co-
treatment with mTORi, we further reduced pS6 levels/pS6high
subpopulations compared to BRAFi alone (Supplementary
Figure S6B). We concluded that the tested dose of mTORi
acts on its molecular target, S6, in vivo. In further in vivo
studies, we compared treatment efficacies on early-stage
metastatic lesions established in mouse lung. Melmet 5
cells were delivered to the lung through tail vein injection
and were allowed to grow for 6 days before initiating the
treatment with a vehicle (control), BRAFi, mTORi or the
combination mTORi+ BRAFi. The tumor burden was scored
by live imaging in vivo tracking bioluminescence. At 6 days
post-injection, the metastatic lesions started to be detectable,
but were still small (as judged from the bioluminescence,
Figure 12B), and presumably rich in tumor-stroma contacts. Exposure of such lesions to the mTORi+BRAFi combination Collectively, these results indicate that inhibition
of PI3K-mTOR, but not other targets within the MAPK-
pathway, reduces the protective effect of the stroma and
helps to eliminate melanoma cells that become refractory
to BRAFi. Oncotarget
20008
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Figure 10: mTOR or PI3K inhibitor reduces the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma cells
were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 0.5 μM BRAFi (A, B), 5 nM mTORi (A), 10 μM PI3Ki (B)
or the combination as indicated (A, B). The level of pS6 in the co-cultures was analyzed after 24 h by flow cytometry (histogram inserts). Melanoma cell survival/growth was scored after 72 h by measuring bioluminescence and relating the signal in the treated cells to the signal
in the non-treated controls (set to 100); average ± SEM (n=3). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20007 Inhibition of mTOR enhanced the antitumor-
effect in BRAFi-treated lung metastases in vivo Inhibition of mTOR enhanced the antitumor-
effect in BRAFi-treated lung metastases in vivo *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). Figure 10: mTOR or PI3K inhibitor reduces the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma cells
were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 0.5 μM BRAFi (A, B), 5 nM mTORi (A), 10 μM PI3Ki (B)
or the combination as indicated (A, B). The level of pS6 in the co-cultures was analyzed after 24 h by flow cytometry (histogram inserts). Melanoma cell survival/growth was scored after 72 h by measuring bioluminescence and relating the signal in the treated cells to the signal
in the non-treated controls (set to 100); average ± SEM (n=3). *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). 10: mTOR or PI3K inhibitor reduces the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-culture K inhibitor reduces the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma cells i Figure 10: mTOR or PI3K inhibitor reduces the protective influence Figure 10: mTOR or PI3K inhibitor reduces the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma cells
were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 0.5 μM BRAFi (A, B), 5 nM mTORi (A), 10 μM PI3Ki (B)
or the combination as indicated (A, B). The level of pS6 in the co-cultures was analyzed after 24 h by flow cytometry (histogram inserts). Melanoma cell survival/growth was scored after 72 h by measuring bioluminescence and relating the signal in the treated cells to the signal
in the non-treated controls (set to 100); average ± SEM (n=3). *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). Figure 10: mTOR or PI3K inhibitor reduces the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma cells
were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 0.5 μM BRAFi (A, B), 5 nM mTORi (A), 10 μM PI3Ki (B)
or the combination as indicated (A, B). The level of pS6 in the co-cultures was analyzed after 24 h by flow cytometry (histogram inserts). Melanoma cell survival/growth was scored after 72 h by measuring bioluminescence and relating the signal in the treated cells to the signal
in the non-treated controls (set to 100); average ± SEM (n=3). *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20008 Consistent with previous reports [27, 31], we
identified one of the mTORC1 substrates, pS6, as a
marker discriminating BRAFi responders from non-
responders, and demonstrated its association with the
protective influence of the stroma. Inhibition of mTOR enhanced the antitumor-
effect in BRAFi-treated lung metastases in vivo Eradication of pS6high
melanoma cells by co-targeting mTOR, potentiated an
anti-cancer effect in the BRAFi-treated melanoma models
with abundant stromal contacts. Thus, BRAFi-treated
cancer cells with sustained pS6 levels might represent
subpopulations that got a survival advantage from adjacent
stroma. It is tempting to propose that the therapeutic
benefit that we see in vivo after co-inhibition of BRAF
and mTOR is due to co-targeting stroma-independent and
stroma-dependent counterparts of metastases. The fact that
we observe such a benefit in early-stage metastatic lesions,
where stromal contacts are abundant, supports but does
not prove this scenario. Although we primarily focused on
suppressing mTOR to overcome stromal protection, our
in vitro data indicates an equally good effect with PI3K
inhibitors. Given that in some cases mTOR inhibition can
lead to undesirable activation of AKT [23], targeting the
upstream kinases, like PI3K, is an attractive alternative. Multiple clinical trials are now initiated to evaluate the
benefit of co-inhibition of MAPK and mTOR or PI3K
(https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01596140) [35]. for 12 days inhibited metastatic growth. In contrast,
metastases treated with the single agents, BRAFi or mTORi
continued growing like the controls (Figure 12A, 12B and
Supplementary Figure S7). Although the metastatic growth
was resumed after the combined treatment was stopped, the
temporal suppression of the tumor development supports the
idea that active mTORC1 contributes to cell proliferation in
a part of a BRAFi-treated tumor. Thus, co-suppression of
mTOR and BRAF activity might be beneficial in early-stage
metastases with abundant stromal contacts. DISCUSSION Adaptive and less frequently observed innate
resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors (MAPKi) is a well-
known problem in the clinical management of malignant
melanoma. In the present study, we have revealed a
mechanism of stroma-promoted resistance. Stromal cells,
such as lung fibroblast, reduced melanoma sensitivity to
BRAF inhibition through proximity-dependent interactions. The protective influence of the stroma might have significant
implications for MAPK targeted therapies, since it can lead
to emergence of non-responding cancer cell subpopulations
in an otherwise well-responding tumor. e 11: ERK or MEK inhibitor does not eliminate the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma
were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 0.5 μM BRAFi (A, B), 10 nM ERKi (A), 0.5 μM
(B) or the combination as indicated (A, B). The level of pS6 in the co-cultures was analyzed after 24 h treatment by flow cytometry
ram inserts). Melanoma cell survival/growth was scored after 72 h by measuring bioluminescence and relating the signal in the
cells to the signal in the non-treated controls (set to 100). Data indicates average ± SEM (n=5 in A), or ± St. Dev. (from three
ls in a single experiment in B). *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). Figure 11: ERK or MEK inhibitor does not eliminate the protective influence of fibroblasts in the co-cultures. Melanoma
cells were grown as mono-cultures or co-cultures with fibroblasts and treated with 0.5 μM BRAFi (A, B), 10 nM ERKi (A), 0.5 μM
MEKi (B) or the combination as indicated (A, B). The level of pS6 in the co-cultures was analyzed after 24 h treatment by flow cytometry
(histogram inserts). Melanoma cell survival/growth was scored after 72 h by measuring bioluminescence and relating the signal in the
treated cells to the signal in the non-treated controls (set to 100). Data indicates average ± SEM (n=5 in A), or ± St. Dev. (from three
parallels in a single experiment in B). *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). Figure 11: ERK or MEK inhibitor does not eliminate the protective influence of fibroblasts in www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20009 Their rationale, though, does not lean specifically on
stroma-facilitated resistance to MAPKi. contrast, Hirata et al. [11] demonstrated stroma-dependent
re-activation of ERK as a resistance mechanism, which we
could not confirm, since no therapeutic benefit after co-
administration of MEKi or ERKi was seen in our co-cultures. Collectively, this favors BRAFi combinations with RTK/
PI3K/mTOR inhibitors rather than MEK/ERK inhibitors
in situations where a mesenchymal phenotype is promoted,
e.g. tumors with abundant stroma. However, more profound
analysis on MAPK is needed to clarify whether/how this
pathway is implicated in the stroma-induced phenotype. The protective effect of stroma could be explained
by stroma-induced phenotype transition in the adjacent
melanoma cells. We showed that in the presence of
fibroblasts, melanoma cells acquired a de-differentiated
mesenchymal-like phenotype. Such a phenotype has been
linked to BRAFi resistance in several previous studies,
where it was described as a cell-autonomous mechanism
of resistance [24, 26, 36]. We show that this phenotype
can be induced by extrinsic signals from the stroma. This
phenotype displayed reduced sensitivity not only to BRAFi,
but also MEKi, ERKi or combinations of these, as was also
shown by others, but not in a tumor-stroma context [24, 26]. The fact that resistance was observed even though pERK
was suppressed, raised doubts about MAPK dependence
in this phenotype [24, 26]. In contrast, the sensitivity to
PI3K/mTOR inhibition was preserved or even enhanced,
suggesting that the stroma-induced phenotype might prefer
PI3K/mTOR signaling. By switching to the mesenchymal
phenotype, melanoma cells gained additional “tools” to
signal via PI3K, e.g. up-regulated receptor-tyrosine kinases
(RTKs) like Axl and PDGFRB or ECM fibronectin [26, 37]. Re-wiring of signaling towards the PI3K pathway was also
reported for epithelial cancer cells that undergo EMT and
acquire alternative RTKs [38]. In line with our observations,
several recent studies showed that stroma-promoted
BRAFi resistance involves the PI3K pathway [37, 39]. In The majority of previous studies linked stroma-
induced BRAFi resistance to stroma-derived growth
factors [3, 8, 37], which could act on distant cancer cells. This contradicts our and Hirata et al.’s [11] observations
on the importance of close proximity between the tumor
and the stromal cells. Based on our data, we propose that
a tumor-stroma interaction front might be a site where
BRAFi resistant melanoma cells reside, which remains
to be validated in clinical material. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Adjacent stromal
cells could deposit ECM to which melanoma cells
could attach and gain a survival advantage, as shown
by others [11, 12]. Direct cell-cell communication via
e.g. gap junctions could be another mechanism for how
adjacent cancer cells might gain drug-resistance [9,
10]. Although we observed stroma-induced enrichment
for the ECM component fibronectin and a gap junction
constituent Connexin-43, we have not yet explored their
significance. Figure 12: Treatment effect on lung metastases in vivo. Melmet 5 cells were injected into mice i.v. and were allowed to grow for
6 days before initiation of the treatment with a vehicle (control), 50 mg/kg BRAFi, 5 mg/kg mTORi or a combination of both drugs every
weekday until day 17, when the treatment was stopped. Tumor burden was scored at days 6 (start), 17 (finish) and 38 (post-treatment) by
live imaging in vivo, measuring bioluminescence (p/s/cm2/sr) in the IVIS Spectrum instrument. A. The bioluminescence signal at days 17
and 38 was normalized to the signal at day 6 (for the non-normalized data, see Supplementary Figure S7). The number of animals per group
is indicated in the legend. *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). B. Representative IVIS pictures showing the animals at the start and the end of the
treatment. Figure 12: Treatment effect on lung metastases in vivo. Melmet 5 cells were injected into mice i.v. and were allowed to grow for
6 days before initiation of the treatment with a vehicle (control), 50 mg/kg BRAFi, 5 mg/kg mTORi or a combination of both drugs every
weekday until day 17, when the treatment was stopped. Tumor burden was scored at days 6 (start), 17 (finish) and 38 (post-treatment) by
live imaging in vivo, measuring bioluminescence (p/s/cm2/sr) in the IVIS Spectrum instrument. A. The bioluminescence signal at days 17
and 38 was normalized to the signal at day 6 (for the non-normalized data, see Supplementary Figure S7). The number of animals per group
is indicated in the legend. *, p<0.05 (unpaired t-test). B. Representative IVIS pictures showing the animals at the start and the end of the
treatment. Cell lines and drugs To prepare asymmetric co-cultures, the melanoma
cells and the fibroblast (20 x 103 each) were seeded in
separated compartments within culture-inserts from Ibidi
(Martinsried, Germany) placed on glass cover slips. After
removing the inserts, the cells were cultured for 4 days
allowing them to fill the gap and interact, before BRAFi was
applied for 24 hours treatment (no BRAFi for controls). Malignant melanoma cell lines: Melmet 5 (derived
from lymph node metastases), HM8 and HM19 (both
derived from brain metastases), were established from
melanoma patients at the Oslo University Hospital,
The Norwegian Radium hospital (Oslo, Norway) as
described previously [40] (REK No: S-01252; 2.2007.997;
2011/2183). Patient-3-pre cell line (derived from lymph
node metastases [41]) was generously provided by Prof. Peter Hersey (University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia). All melanoma cells were transduced with lentivirus,
carrying a human ferritin promoter-driven GFP-Luc
construct described previously [42] (kindly provided by
Dr. Glenn Merlino, NIH, MD). Human lung fibroblasts
WI-38 were obtained from the ATCC (Rockville, MD). Human primary umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)
and human monocyte cell line THP-1 were provided by
Prof. Guttorm Haraldsen (Oslo University Hospital,
Norway; REK S-05152) and Prof. Rigmor Solberg
(University of Oslo, Norway), respectively. To prepare cultures in trans-well inserts, 8 x 103 or
20 x 104 melanoma cells were seeded out into 0.4 μm-pore
membrane inserts in 24- or 6-well plates (Costar, Corning,
NY), respectively. In the bottom wells, either fibroblasts
or respective melanoma cells (for controls) were seeded,
keeping the insert:bottom cell ratio at ~1:2. For gene expression and protein analysis, the co-
cultures were pre-incubated for 48 hours followed by 24
hours treatment with 1 μM BRAFi. Melanoma cells were
separated from the fibroblasts by FACS, gating on the GFP
signal and collecting only clearly GFP positive melanoma
cells as shown in Supplementary Figure S8A. The mono-
cultures were handled identically. The purity of the FACS-
separated melanoma fractions (i.e. no contamination with
fibroblasts) is guaranteed since the gating was stringent;
no fibroblast-specific (female) transcripts were found in
the melanoma (male) fractions; no descent in male-specific
transcripts and luciferase (tag on melanoma) mRNA was
detected. All melanoma cell lines were cultured in RPMI
1640 medium, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum
(FCS) and 2 mM L-Alanyl L-Glutamine (all from Sigma-
Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The culture medium for THP-1 was
additionally supplemented with 0.05 mM 2-mercaptoethanol
(Sigma-Aldrich). Cell lines and drugs WI-38 fibroblasts were cultured in EMEM
medium (ATCC, Manassas, VA) supplemented with 10%
FCS. HUVECs were cultured in MCDB131 medium (Gibco,
Paisley, UK) supplemented with 7.5% FCS, 2 mM L-Alanyl
L-Glutamine, 20 mM Hepes, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100
g/ml streptomycin, 1 μg/ml hydrocortisone (all from Sigma-
Aldrich), 10 ng/ml EGF (R&D Systems, Minneapolis,
MN) and 1 ng/ml bFGF (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ). All
cells cultures were maintained at 37°C in a humidified
atmosphere containing 5% CO2 and were routinely tested
for mycoplasma and cell ID. Co-cultures and cultures in trans-well inserts Co-cultures were prepared by seeding GFP-Luc-
labeled melanoma cells together with non-labeled stromal
cells (WI-38, THP-1 or HUVEC) in the respective
medium, at a ratio 1:4, and a total cell density up to 7 x 103
cells/well in 96-well plates or 75 x 104 cells/T25 flasks. The same cell density was used for the mono-cultures. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20010 MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ), PI3Ki
LY294002 was from Cell Signaling Technology
(Danvers, MA). All drugs were dissolved in DMSO. For
animal studies, the drugs were further diluted in 0.5%
metylcellulose (Sigma-Aldrich). In conclusion, we have shown that under the
influence of adjacent fibroblasts, melanoma cells acquire
a mesenchymal-like phenotype with enhanced resistance
to MAPKi. This resistance could be overcome by co-
inhibiting PI3K/mTOR signaling. Understanding the link
between stroma-induced mesenchymal transition and
alterations in signaling should uncover nodes for targeting
stroma-protected cancer cells. Thereby, BRAFi combination
therapies could be designed to target both stroma-dependent
and independent counterparts of metastases. Cell survival assays Cell survival was evaluated either by measuring
luciferase-generated bioluminescence or using the MTS
assay. For the bioluminescence method, cells were
grown/treated in white 96-well plates (Costar), and
before measurement the culture medium was replaced
with a fresh medium containing 0.1 mg/mL D-luciferin
(Biosynth AG, Staad, Switzerland); after 10 min
bioluminescence was measured by a plate reader (Victor2
1420 Multilabel Counter, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA). For the MTS method, cells were grown in clear 96-well
plates (Falcon, Durham, NC) or 24-well inserts (Costar). Before measurement, 20 μl of CellTiter 96®AQueous One
solution (Promega, Madison, WI) was applied per each www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Immunofluorescent staining (IF) Cells seeded on coverslips were fixed for 15 min
in 1.6% PFA at RT and permeabilized either with 100%
ice cold methanol or 0.05% Saponin solution. Cells were
stained with primary antibodies (rabbit anti-pERK, #4370,
1:200 or rabbit anti-pS6, #2215, 1:200; both Cell Signaling
Technology) in combination with goat anti-GFP (ab5450,
1:2000, Abcam (Cambridge, UK)) overnight at 4°C,
followed by 1 hour staining with secondary antibodies
(donkey anti-rabbit DL549 and donkey anti-goat Alexa
488) at RT and counterstained with DAPI (all from Life
Technologies). Fluorescence images were taken using
Zeiss LSM confocal microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen,
Germany) or inverse microscope Olympus IX8 (Olympus,
Norway) and analyzed with ZEN 2009 Light Edition or
Cell^P softwares, respectively.i Protein analysis Protein lysates were prepared by re-suspending the
cells in lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris pH 7.5,
0.1% Nonidet P40) containing protease- and phosphatase
inhibitors (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany)
followed by ultrasonication. For Western blotting, total
cellular proteins (20 μg) were separated on NuPAGE®
Novex 4-12% Bis-Tris Gel (Life Technologies). After
transfer to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Merck
Millipore, Billerica, MA), it was blocked either with 10%
BSA or 5% dry milk solution and incubated with primary
antibodies at 4°C overnight, followed by incubation with
secondary antibodies at RT for 1 h. After application of
Super Signal West Dura kit solution (Thermo Scientific,
Rockford, IL), the membrane was developed in a
Syngene instrument (Syngene, Cambridge, UK) using the
GeneSnap software. Sections of paraffin embedded tumor tissue were
deparaffinized with xylene and ethanol and boiled in
antigen unmasking solution (1:100, Vector laboratories
Inc, Burlingame, CA) for 15 min in a microwave. The
slides were stained as above, except that anti-GFP was
diluted 1:1000. The Simple Western immunoassay was performed
on a PeggySue™ (ProteinSimple, San Jose, CA) applying
0.4 μg total protein lysate and using the Size Separation
Master Kit with Split Buffer (12-230 kDa) according to
the manufacturer’s instructions. The Compass software
(ProteinSimple, version 2.7.1) was used to program the
PeggySue-machine and for quantification of the results. Drugs BRAFi vemurafenib and ERKi SCH772984
were from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX), mTORi
everolimus was from Novartis (Basel, Switzerland)
and Sigma Aldrich, MEKi MEK162 was from www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20011 100 μl medium, followed by ~1 h at 37°C incubation, and
absorbance was measured at 490 nm by the plate reader. The following antibodies from Cell Signaling
Technology were used: anti-pS6 (#4858; 1:2000); anti-S6
(#2217; 1:1000); anti-pERK (#4370, 1:2000), anti-ERK
(#4695, 1:1000); anti-pAKT (#9271, 1:1000); anti-p-
mTOR (#5536, 1:50); anti-pGSK-3β (#9339, 1:50); anti-
MITF (#12590, 1:2000), anti-H3 (#4499, 1:2000) and
anti-GAPDH (# 5174, 1:200). Mouse anti-AXL (used
at 1:4000) was kindly provided by Prof. James Lorens
(University of Bergen, Norway). Mouse anti-α-tubulin
(Merck Millipore #CP06) was used at a dilution 1:5000. Flow cytometry Collected cells (from cultures or disintegrated tumor
tissue) were fixed for 15 min in 1.6% paraformaldehyde
(PFA) at room temperature (RT) and permeabilized
with 100% ice cold methanol. Up to four samples
were given a fluorescent “barcode” by adding pacific
orange (PO) dye (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) at
different concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 ng/μl (see
Supplementary Figure S8B). For the analysis of the in vivo
samples, we also included a “spike” control (Melmet 5
from in vitro), which received no PO (see Supplementary
Figure S8C). After incubation at RT for 30 min, followed
by washing, the barcoded samples were combined for
simultaneous staining with antibodies against pS6-Alexa
647 (Cell Signaling Technology, #4851 dilutions 1:80 for
in vitro and 1:50 for in vivo samples), pERK-PE (Cell
Signaling Technology, #5315; dilution 1:5) or Ki-67-PE
(BD Biosciences, #556027; dilution 1:5) for 30 min at
RT. For cell cycle analysis, pS6-Alexa 647 stained cells
were additionally stained with 1.5 μg/ml Hoechst 33258
(Life Technologies, #H3569) for 30 min at 37oC. The
samples were analyzed on an LSR II flow cytometer (BD
Bioscience, San Jose, CA). BD FACS DivaTM software
was used to control the flow cytometer and Flow Jo
software (FlowJo, Ashland, OR) was used to analyze the
data. (
p
)
The RPPA analysis on FACS-separated melanoma
cells was performed at MD Anderson RPPA core facility
(Houston, TX). In brief, denatured cell protein lysates
were arrayed at serial dilutions on nitrocellulose-coated
slides. Each slide was probed with a validated primary
antibody (specified at the core facility’s home page;
availbale upon request) followed by a biotin-conjugated
secondary antibody; the signal was detected by a DAB
colorimetric reaction. The slides were scaned and analyzed
using a MicroVigene software (VigeneTech, Carliste, MA)
to determine spot intensities. Each dilution curve was
fitted with a logistic model (“Supercurve Fitting”). The
data were log2-transformed and converted into standard
scores by subtracting the mean of the whole screen and
dividing by the standard deviation of the whole screen (for
a given antibody). The authors state no conflicts of interest. The authors state no conflicts of interest. RNA isolation and q-PCR Total RNA was isolated from the FACS-separated
cell pellets using TRIzol® reagent (Life Technologies). 1
μg RNA was reverse transcribed using cDNA Synthesis www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 20012 Kit (Quanta Biosciences, Geithersburg, MD). q-PCR
reaction was run in duplicates using 25 ng cDNA, mixed
with 300 nM of each primer, 200 nM FAM-labeled probe
(from the Universal Probe Library collection, Roche
Applied Science) and 1x PerfeCTa q-PCR SuperMix
(Quanta BioSciences) adjusted up to total volume of 25
μL/well in 96-well plates (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The
PCR was performed using Bio-Rad CFX Connect™ Real
Time PCR machine (Bio-Rad). Data was analyzed using
Bio-Rad CFX Manager software. injected intravenously (i.v.) leading primarily to lung
metastases. After 6 days, the animals were randomized
and treated with either 50 mg/kg BRAFi vemurafenib,
5 mg/kg mTORi everolimus, a combination of both
drugs or vehicle every weekday for two weeks. Tumor
growth was followed by reading bioluminescence (after
intraperitoneally injection of 4mg D-Luciferin in 200 μL
PBS) using an in vivo imaging system IVIS Spectrum
(Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA). FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE The project was supported by the Research Council
of Norway (222262/F20), the Norwegian Cancer Society
(730104), Einar Unsgaard and Kitty Unsgaard Legacy,
as well as Astri and Birger Torsteds Legacy. The RPPA
studies were supported by MDACC/CCSG grant P30
CA016672. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the flow cytometry core facility, with Idun
Dale Rein and Monica Bostad, for FACS; the microarray
core facility, with Solveig Mjelstad Olafsrud and Thea
C. Smedsrud, for microarray experiments; Solveig
Pettersen for assistance with confocal microscopy and
Stein Waagene for technical assistance with the in vivo
experiments. We also thank the RPPA core facility at the
MD Anderson Cancer Center and Dr. Gordon Mills for
RPPA analysis; and Prof. Peter Hersey (Royal North Shore
Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia) for providing
the Patient-3-pre melanoma cell line. Illumina microarray and data analysis Two-tailed Student’s unpaired t-test was used
in all statistical analysis. Differences were considered
statistically significant if p-values were equal/below 0.05. RNA was amplified from 500 ng total RNA using
the Illumina® TotalPrepTM-96RNA amplification kit (Life
Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For each sample, 750 ng labeled cRNA was hybridized to
Illumina Human HT-12v4 Expression BeadChip (Illumina,
San Diego, CA). Hybridization was performed by the
Norwegian Radium Hospital Microarray Core Facility
according to Illumina protocols. The scanning was done
with the iScan system. The data were annotated using
the HumanHT-12_V4_0_R2_15002873_B.bgx file from
Illumina. Sample data were quantile normalized and
log2-transformed in Illumina GenomeStudio® software. Preprocessed data was imported into J-Express v2012
(www.molmine.com) where a multi-group ANOVA
analysis was performed, followed by the application of
principal component analysis (PCA) on the top ranked
ANOVA-filtered genes to visualize differences between
groups. Significance of Microarray (SAM) analysis was
applied to identify differently expressed genes. Genes
were considered significant if fold change FC ≥ 1.5 and a
fold discovery rate FDR ≤ 1%. The microarray data have
been deposited in NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus and
are accessible through GEO Series accession number
GSE67637 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc. cgi?acc=GSE67637). Animal studies To analyze pS6 levels, GFP-Luc-labeled Melmet 5
cells were injected into athymic nude foxn1nu mice into
the left ventricle (L.V) or subcutaneously (s.c.) (15 x 104
or 1 x 106 cells/animal, respectively). After approximately
one month, the animals were randomized before initiation
of the treatment by oral gavage with BRAFi vemurafenib
(50 mg/kg) or vehicle (DMSO/metylcellulose) twice/day,
5 times in total. Where indicated, mTORi everolimus (5
mg/mL) was applied in addition once/day. Animals were
sacrificed 2 hours after the last treatment. Brain, lung,
femur, spinal cord and subcutaneous tumors were collected
and either disintegrated mechanically for analysis by flow
cytometry, or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for
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Good VM, Jones CM, Marshall CJ, Springer CJ, Barford
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IJ, Kim SJ. Role of the endothelin axis in astrocyte- and
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Imaging Reveals How BRAF Inhibition Generates Drug-
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JW, Cooper ZA, Piris A, Frederick DT, Barzily-Rokni
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29460700
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Jonathan Bedard, Peter Uhnak, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2007760, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3093378, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3953164, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4715062, mello, vsoftco
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Passing Array as Reference in c++
I have been trying to use an 2D array as Reference into a function. Thanks for the help.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void dfs(int *G[],int i,int *visited,int size) {
visited[i]=1;
int j;
for(j=0;j<size;j++) {
if(!visited[j]&& G[i][j] == 1)
dfs(G,j,visited);
}
}
@mello I think the last one addresses exactly your question.
Both do, the reason why you get the problem is because of static/dynamic array mismatch, this problem has been answered in both linked answers.
The issue is in the signature of your dfs function
void dfs(int *G[],int i,int *visited)
It takes a pointer to pointer to int. You are however passing an array to it
dfs(Array_From_file, 0, visited);
where Array_From_file is declared as
int Array_From_file[ROWS][COLUMNS];
Such conversion is not possible. Quick fix: change the signature of the function to:
void dfs(int G[][COLUMNS],int i,int *visited)
Better, use a std::vector<std::vector<int>> that you pass by reference. Here is an example:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int const COLUMNS = 100;
int const ROWS = 100 ;
typedef std::vector<std::vector<int>> int_mat;
void dfs(const int_mat& G, int i, vector<int>& visited) {
int size = ROWS * COLUMNS ;
visited[i] = 1;
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
if (!visited[j] && G[i][j] == 1)
dfs(G, j, visited);
}
}
so i should change the void pdfs (int G[][],int i , int *visitded)
you should either change the signature to void(int G[][COLUMNS], int, int*) (you have to specify the second dimension), or use int** Array_from_file.
so i should take the int size variable into the function and put a nested for loop with the const max right
@mello, yes, loop as you'd do over any bi-dimensional array, with a nested loop.
@mello see the updated edit for a modification of your code so it uses std::vector.
I believe your (heavily edited) fix is this:
int one_to_two(int* a, int x, int y)
{
return a[x*ROWS+y];
}
void dfs(int** G,int i,int *visited) {
int size = ROWS * COLUMNS ;
visited[i]=1;
int j;
for(j=0;j<size;j++) {
if(!visited[j]&& one_to_two(G,i,j) == 1)
dfs(G,j,visited);
}
}
That being said, I don't think that this is a well-structured method of solving this problem. I don't know why you're using recursion to do this, an iterative loop would be much simpler. This method has the possibility to blow-up the stack. You are NOT using tail recursion here, so this method will cause memory problems if ROWS or COLUMNS gets very large.
I apologize for my screw-ups, the typing didn't work quite the way I thought it did. This will require casting your 2-d array to an int pointer before sending it into the function. I'm not sure I like this solution, its not very elegant, but it should at least compile.
On another note, not quite sure what you're trying to do with depth-first search, but I don't think this algorithm does quite what you you think it does (for one, malloc doesn't zero the memory it allocates, which is of particular concern for this algorithm)
this declares G as an array of references, which is an error (caught at compile time)
that just happened ... the program crashed .. DO you have any subjections ? Please
Just changed it. I thought the reference would work, it does not. The double pointer should do the trick though.
@JonathanBedard it will still not work, int G[][] is the same as int** G, the problem is that you pass an array to it. It works only if you pass a double pointer, or change the signature to int G[][COLUMNS]
Ok, so everything I said before was fantastically messed up. Posting one that will definitely compile, although is a bit of a hack.
@JonathanBedard the last line dfs(G,j,visited) is still not going to pass... You just cannot pass the array int[ROWS][COLS] to int**.
@JonathanBedard yeah my DFS function is not good ? do you have any ideas how to implement it to with 2D array ?
Why don't you just use a nested loop? I can post another answer, but it will be a rebuild of your entire application
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Spoken
| 2,089 | 3,269 |
ME LOVELOCK TRIBUNE I »l j'» * »•,'* Attorney General-Stoddard, dem., 215; Springmeyer, rep., 166; Lorke, soc., —. Supt. State Priming-McCarthy, rep., 162; Lewis, dem., 215; Richter, soc., —. Supt. Public Instruction-King, rep., 194; Mitchell, dem., 190; Nelson soc., Regents University (long term)— Henderson, dem., 207; Sunderland, dem., 202; Starrett, rep., 169; Cutting, rep., 149; Hibbard, soc., —; Merkle, soc., —. Regents University (short term) — Phillips, rep., 167; Lewers, dem., 222; Hansen, rep., 178; Sauchereau, dem., 202. Judges Second Judicial District— Honniteid, dem., 361; Williams, rep., 179; Orr, rep., 162; Pike, dem., 168. State Senator-Bell, dem., 242; Brown, rep., 247. Assemblymen—Scott, dem., 221; Bradshaw, dem., 244; Davey, dem., 305; Conies, rep., 235; Reconzone, rep, 194; McCulloch, rep., 192. Sheriff—Lamb, rep., 331; Defen kaugh, dem., 113. County Clerk—Hill, dem., 300; Laveaga, rep., 182. County Treasurer—Hoenstine, dem., 385. County Treasurer—Cuthrie, rep., 248; Trousdale, dem., 244. District Attorney—Ducker, dem., 365. Public Administrator—Wolf, dem., 287; Bird, rep., 198. County Surveyor—Barnes, rep., 222; Sheldon, dem., 247. County Commissioner [long term]— Blattner, dem., 266; Cathcart, rep, 223. Short Term Stoker, rep, 222; Kuddell, dem., 263. The halaure of the county is yet to come in and might change the situation on some that are running close In these two precincts. The total vote of the county will be given as soon as it can be secured. Throughout the State. Both parties are claiming the assembly, in which there are forty votes. There may be a tie and the socialists may have elected one assemblyman in Esmeralda county. In the latter event it is possible that the socialists may hold the balance of power. The Democrats had one: hold-over senator, Wilson of Lyon, and have elected seven more; Douglas in Churchill, Hunter and Corvell in Elko, Fine;u Fsuierald (doubtful), Beil lboldt, Boyd ii, V. Sho\ Lobklin in Storey. Republican, of Reno, has been elected one of the second district judges by a handsome majority, receiving 400 votes in Washoe county running far ahead of Bonni tield and Williams and over 200 votes ahead of Pike. The election of the second judge is a matter of doubt. Bonni tield of winningemucca, and Pike of Reno, both democrats, being the strongest candidates, with the chances about even at the latest count. Geo. T. Mills was elected Lieutenant Governor. Sparks won by 1000 majority over Mitchell. EARTHQUAKE AT WHITE CLOUD Charles Sauerbrey, Superintendent of the Nevada-United Mining Co., reports an earthquake shock at their properties at White Cloud on the night of the fourth, at 4 a.m. The trembling of the earth lasted for some seconds, the motion of the house rousing him from sound sleep. It disturbed the source of the springs near the mine so that they were nearly dry the next morning. Later the flow of water seemed to return. John T. Held, our local mining engineer and manager of this mine, has gone out to investigate the cause and effect of the phenomenon. His report is that the current of electricity is sent through the ground. It will drive out all the worms and insects that are hiding in the earth. If the current is strong, it will kill them. The discovery was made by accident. The engineer, Hugo Helberger, was allowing the electric current to run into the ground when he noticed scores of worms coming hurriedly out of the earth, as if they were being chased. On looking more closely at the ground, he noticed that hundreds of smaller worms and insects were running for their lives away from the deadly gurrent. The other discovery has been made also by a German, an electrician of Darmstadt. Impossible as it may seem, he has succeeded in transforming air into fertilizing material. By means of a large electric "sparking machine" he mixes the nitrogen from the air with a substance made of lime and carbon. So it is now possible to send an electric current through the soil and free the roots of plants from the worms, snails, beetles, and other insects that are injurious to the plants. It is also possible to feed plants, vegetables, grain, etc., with food that is obtained from the air. Both these miracles are accomplished by the same power that causes the lightning which has always been the farmer's terror. The electric current, which used to be known to the farmer only as an enemy, may now be used to free his land from insect pests and to enrich the soil. The Artillery of Overnight. "It was the good ship Hesperus"— at last "M. A. P."—let the name of H. M. S. In question go at that, although it is christened quite otherwise in the navy list. And the captain of the Hesperus (the "owner," as the ward room irreverently called him) had been entertaining certain distinguished officers of a foreign power over night. He had seen them to the shore in his and given them an hour or so of his company at their quarters before returning rather obviously along the quays of the Mediterranean port, to where his boat's crew half slumbered at their oars. He reached the Hesperus with a steadiness born of long interruption to such incidents of life in the royal navy, and none would have been the wiser had not a salute been fired just as his man was calling him early next morning. Then he smiled genially as the big guns banked overhead, and doubtless with memories of the effervescence explosions of yesterday, very courteously remarked: "Not all the soda, please!"—M. A. P. There is an old-established firm in London which devotes itself almost entirely to the making of new sundials and the renovation of old ones. The largest dial ever erected is six feet square, and now records the time when the sun shines on the wall of Old Tile House in Buckinghamshire. Sir Walter Besant has a fine modern sundial in his garden at Hampstead, and Captain Penton another at Chalmette Park, Uxbridge. A number well-known man has gone so far as to have a beautifully carved su dial erected on the marble stone which Over his family burying-place, a handsome sum was recently erected for the Duke of Sutherland in the gardens at Chorley Wood, Surrey. Christmas Carol. O lovely voices of the sky. That hymned the Savior's birth. Are you not singing still on nigh, Ya that sang, "Peace on earth"? To us yet speak the strains. Wherewith in the days gone by, Ye blessed Syrian swains, O voices of the sky! O clear and shining light, whose beams Time hour heaver's glory shed Around the palms, and o'er the streams And on the shepherd's head; He near through life and death. As in that holiest night Of Hope, and Joy and Valth, O clear and shining light! O star which led to Him, whose love Brought down man's ransom free; Where are the midst the hosts above. May we still gaze on thee? In heaven thou art not set. Thy ways earth might not dim— Send them to guide us yet, O star which led to Him. —Felicia Henians. Packing Merchandise. The reputation of a house often depends upon the manner of packing as much as on the merchandise itself, goods for Manila should be packed with special care. The port is unprotected and the Rea is often very rough, making unloading at such times impossible. Transfer is made by natives in small boats from a point two miles distant. These boats are tossed about by the slightest agitation of the water. Buried Plot for Dogs. Mr. William E. Chisholm, a widow of College Point, L. I., has set aside a plot on her estate for the burial of her dogs. Mrs. Chisholm's son-in-law is a stepbrother of the present Duke of Marlborough. Good Companion. Bookkeeper "I asked the cashier to have a drink but he refused." Typewriter—"Yes, he reminds me of the office towel." Bookkeeper—“How is that?" Typewriter—"Never dry." embarrassing. "Don't you feel proud since your daughter married a duke?" "Proud!" echoed Mr. Cumrox. "Not a bit of it. I'm worried to death for fear I'll forget to approach the duchess with proper foresight." TO CURE A COLD IN ONE DAY Take LAXATIVE BROMO Quinine Tablets. Druggists refund money if it fails to cure. W. GROVE'S signature is on each box. YOUR WATCH!!! May seem to be a perpetual motion machine, but it is not. The works may rust, the dust accumulate; then IT NEEDS CLEANING For this work you need a reliable man: no traveling tinkler should be allowed to touch it. For faithful and guaranteed work go to CRUSE, THE JEWELER The keeps Watches, Chains, lockets and other Jewelry to sell. No shoddy goods in stock. MAIN ST. LOVELOCK. NEW SANITARY Plumbing and Sheet Iron Work ALL WORK GUARANTEED. Estimates given on Plumbing, Plumbing, Pitting and Sheet Iron Work. Acetylene Plants manufactured and Installed. All kinds of Plumbing, including New Water System in Your House R. NURBERGER, Lovelocks, - - - Nevada people Saloon. BENEDETTI & AROBIA, Proprietors. Wines, Liquors, C Gars and Beer Goods Always Best to Be Had. Billiard and Pool Tables Remember the Place East Side R. R. Street Lovelock, Nevada Fred T. Doll WOOL and HIDES PELTS, FURS, TALLOW and HAIR "B=rcE Elko, Nevada. MARKER'S Blacksmith Shop, Wagon Building and General Wood Work. Shop equipped with Latest Machinery, Electric Lights, Power and everything convenient. Only best of Materials used and Workmanship Guaranteed. Lumber, Wood and Coal Yard. IN. MARKER, Proprietor. ZUNINI & FERRETO Dealer In General Merchandise Plumbing, Tinning, and Gas Fitting Shop in connection. Well-fitting a Specialty. Our new warehouse is nearly completed and gives us room to handle goods in still inferior quantities than ever. Hence, we can: HAVE YOU THE LOWEST PRICES Railroad Street, Covelock, Berad, FOR SALE BY THE LOVELOCK & PARISH MACY FOR DYSPEPSIA DIGESTION, SOUR STOMACH, Belching of Gas, Etc. PREPARED ONLY AT THE LABORATORY OF E. C. DaWitt & Company, CHICAGO. PERMANENTLY CURES CONSUMPTION, COUGHS, COLDS, BRONCHITIS ASTHMA, SORB THROAT, HOARSENESS WHOOPING COUGH AND GROUP DO NOT DELAY Until the drain on your system produces permanent disability. The human breathing machinery is a wonderful system of tubes and cells. To have good health it must be kept in good order. A COLD is considered of no importance, yet if it was known by its proper name of “throat inflammation," or “congestion of the lungs.” its dangerous character would be appreciated. When a cold makes its appearance use at once Ballard’s Cough Syrup which will speedily overcome it. WHOOPING COUGH and CROUP Require Prompt Action. SNOW LINIMENT applied To the throat and chest, it gives wonderful relief, while Ballard's Horahound Syrup will rapidly stop the violent paroxysms of coughing. IT IS THE ONLY COUGH REMEDY THAT WILL POSITIVELY CURE WHOOPING COUGH AND CROUP. BEST FOR CHILDREN Mrs. Maud Adams, doldwalte, T-x., writes:— "I have used Ballard's Horehound Syrup and it is the best medicine for croup, coughs and colds. My children use it and it is pleasant to take and quickly cures." SAFE AND SURE Three Sizes, 25c, 50c, $1.00 The Children’s Favorite Remedy Every Bottle Guaranteed Ballard Snow Liniment Co., St. Louis, Mo. SOLO AND RECOMMENDED BY LOOK & LOCK PHARMACY. On the European Plan. GOOD ROADS, WHITE HELP ONLY. Grill Room has been Remodelled. Lunch Counter installed. None But Humboldt Water used. Charcoal Broiler and Latest Eastern Steam Table Installed. Fresh Sausage, Crab and Cider Every Thursday. Castern Oysters, Same, etc., in Season Look for “Sunday Dinner” Bill of Fare on Local Page every week. MRS. A. BREARLY, Lessee. O LOVELOCK LIVERY, FEED AND SALE STABLES. UP-TO-DATE RIGS ON SHORT NOTICE! CAREFUL AND COURTEOUS DRIVERS. STOCK BOARDED BY DAY OR MONTH Rrices Reasonable. FOR ANYTHING IN THE LIVERY STABLE LINE CALL ON OL. GREILICH. PROPRIETOR JOHN LEIGHTON. JOHN F. BRADNER, D. J. NOYES, First Vice-President. President. Secretary OSCAR NELSON. HARRY S. ANDERSON. Second Vice-President. Assistant Secretary. AMERICAN INCHE COMPANY. Miners and Smelters of Nickel Ore at Nickel, Nevada. Refiners of Nickel, Producers of Nickel Sals. Nickel Matte, Etc General Offices: OFFICES: NIVELYY (new) every day No. 66, Broadway, NEW YORK To Save Doctor Bills, GET HUMBOLDT WATER DELIVERED AT YOUR DRUGGIST: Dravinq and Hanlinn To pet Small Orders of Country Wood, to move Household Goods; pet Supplies to and from Depot, call on B. C. HARIS OVERLAND LIMITED! To Travel below San Francisco, Chicago, if you are interested THE FEWEST KUGS, THE BEST; It runs via the UNION PACIFIC S. F. BOOTH, General Agent No. 1. Montcorner St., San Francisco, California.
| 17,105 |
<urn:uuid:12791bf1-22ed-4cb5-9a14-c06e70c07854>
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
| null |
https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1647
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associations.gouv.fr
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French
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Spoken
| 1,279 | 1,990 |
AccueilTravail - FormationLicenciement économiqueLicenciement économique : priorité de réembaucheFocus
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Licenciement économique : priorité de réembaucheVérifié le 30 mai 2023 - Direction de l'information légale et administrative (Premier ministre)Un ancien salarié licencié pour motif économique peut retrouver un emploi dans son entreprise lorsque celle-ci procède à des embauches sur des emplois correspondant à sa qualification.En quoi consiste la priorité de réembauche ? Que doit faire le salarié pour pouvoir en bénéficier ? Pendant quel délai bénéficie-t-il de cette priorité ? Quelles sont les obligations de l'employeur et quelles sanctions encoure-t-il s'il ne les respecte pas ?Nous faisons le point sur la règlementation.
En quoi consiste la priorité de réembauche lors d'un licenciement économique ?La priorité de réembauche permet à un ancien salarié licencié pour motif économique d'être prioritaire dans l'attribution de tout emploi devenu disponible dans l'entreprise après son départ.Il doit adresser une demande à son ancien employeur pour pouvoir bénéficer de cette priorité.Qui peut bénéficier de la priorité de réembauche ?Le salarié licencié pour motif économique peut bénéficier de la priorité de réembauche, peu importe que le licenciement soit individuel ou collectif.La priorité d'embauche s'applique aussi au salarié licencié pour motif économique qui a accepté un contrat de sécurisation professionnelle (CSP).À savoir La priorité d'embauche concerne également le salarié dont le contrat de travail est rompu dans les situations suivantes :Plan de départ volontaire dans un contexte de difficultés économiques dans l'entreprisePlan de sauvegarde de l'emploi (PSE)Comment le salarié est-il informé qu'il bénéficie de la priorité de réembauche ?L'employeur doit mentionner dans la lettre de licenciement l'existence de la priorité de réembauche et les conditions de sa mise en œuvre.À noter En cas d'adhésion du salarié au contrat de sécurisation professionnelle (CSP), la priorité de réembauche doit figurer dans le document écrit énonçant le motif économique de la rupture.Il est remis au plus tard au salarié au moment de cette adhésion.Que doit faire le salarié pour pouvoir bénéficier de la priorité de réembauche ?Pour pouvoir bénéficier de la priorité de réembauche, le salarié doit en faire la demande à son ancien employeur dans le délai de 1 an à compter de la date de rupture de son contrat de travail.Aucun formalisme n'est imposé, mais il est conseillé au salarié de faire sa demande par écrit (par exemple un mail ou un courrier recommandé avec accusé de réception LR/AR).L'employeur doit-il informer le salarié des postes disponibles ?Oui, l'employeur doit informer le salarié qui fait usage de son droit à la priorité de réembauche, de tout emploi dans l'entreprise devenu disponible et compatible avec sa qualification.Aucun formalisme n'est imposé, mais il est conseillé à l'employeur d'informer le salarié par écrit (par exemple par courrier LR/AR ou mail).La priorité de réembauche concerne le poste disponible entrainant une procédure de recrutement, puis d'embauche.Cet emploi doit être compatible avec la qualification que le salarié possédait au moment de son licenciement.Il doit être compatible aussi avec la nouvelle qualification que le salarié a pu éventuellement obtenir après son licenciement, s'il en a préalablement informé l'employeur.Attention L'employeur n'a pas l'obligation de proposer un poste devenu disponible à un ancien salarié qui n'a pas demandé à bénéficer de la priorité de réembauche dans le délai de 1 an.Pendant quel délai l'ancien salarié bénéficie-t-il de la priorité de réembauche ?Le salarié bénéficie de la priorité de reémbauche pendant 1 an à compter de la date de rupture de son contrat de travail.Que peut faire l'employeur en cas de candidatures multiples sur le même poste ?Lorsque plusieurs salariés souhaitent bénéficier en même temps de la priorité de réembauche sur le même poste, l'employeur n'a pas l'obligation de suivre un ordre déterminé pour faire son choix.L'employeur peut choisir librement le futur salarié selon l'intérêt de l'entreprise et en fonction de critères qu'il peut définir lui même (par exemple l'ancienneté, la compétence, l'ordre d'arrivée sur la candidature, etc).Quelles sont les sanctions pour l'employeur qui ne respecte pas la priorité de réembauche ?L'employeur qui ne respecte pas ses obligations s'expose à des sanctions qui varient en fonction de la nature de l'infraction.En cas d'absence d'information du salarié dans la lettre de licenciement économiqueL'employeur qui n'informe pas le salarié de son droit à la priorité de réembauche dans la lettre de licenciement peut être condamné à verser des dommages et intérêts: titleContent au salarié en fonction du préjudice subi.Le salarié peut alors saisir le conseil des prud'hommes.En cas d'absence d'information du salarié sur les postes disponiblesL'employeur qui n'informe pas le salarié sur les postes disponibles s'expose à des sanctions qui varient selon l'effectif de l'entreprise et l'ancienneté du salarié :Répondez aux questions successives et les réponses s’afficheront automatiquementDans une entreprise de moins de 11 salariésL'employeur peut être condamné à verser des dommages et intérêts: titleContent au salarié en fonction du préjudice subi.Le salarié a un délai de 2 ans pour saisir le conseil de prud'hommes.Ce délai démarre 1 an après la date de rupture de son contrat de travail.Dans une entreprise d'au moins 11 salariésLe salarié a moins de 2 ans d'anciennetéL'employeur peut être condamné à verser des dommages et intérêts: titleContent au salarié en fonction du préjudice subi.Le salarié a un délai de 2 ans pour saisir le conseil de prud'hommes.Ce délai démarre 1 an après la date de rupture de son contrat de travail.Le salarié a au moins 2 ans d'anciennetéL'employeur peut être condamné à verser au salarié une indemnité d'une valeur minimum de 1 mois de salaire.Le salarié a un délai de 2 ans pour saisir le conseil de prud'hommes.Ce délai démarre 1 an après la date de rupture de son contrat de travail.Qui peut m'aider ?Vous avez une question ? Vous souhaitez être accompagné(e) dans vos démarches ? Trouver un interlocuteurPour toute information complémentaireRenseignement administratif par téléphone - Allo Service PublicPour plus d'informations sur ce sujet, vous pouvez contacter Allô Service Public.Coût : service gratuitLes informateurs qui vous répondent appartiennent au ministère chargé du travail.Attention : le service n'a pas accès aux dossiers personnels des usagers et ne peut donc pas renseigner sur leur état d'avancement.Il ne répond pas aux questions portant sur l'indemnisation du chômage et les démarches auprès de France Travail (anciennement Pôle emploi), les fonctionnaires ou contractuels de la fonction publique, le montant ou le versement des cotisations sociales, salariales ou patronales.Le service est accessible aux horaires suivants :Lundi :
de 13h00 à 16h15Être rappelé(e)Textes de loi et référencesCode du travail : article L1233-45Bénéficiaires, durée et obligations de l'employeurCode du travail : article L1233-42Mention de la priorité de réembauche dans la lettre de licenciementCode du travail : articles L1235-10 à L1235-17Sanction des irrégularitésQuestions ? Réponses !Un ressortissant européen salarié en France a-t-il les mêmes droits qu'un salarié français ?Cette page vous a-t-elle été utile ?1Pas du toutCette page ne pas m'a pas du tout été utile2Un peuCette page m'a été un peu utile3MoyenCette page m'a été moyennement utile4BeaucoupCette page m'a été très utile5Parfait !Cette page m'a été parfaitement utileCette page vous a-t-elle été utile ?12345Pas du toutUn peuMoyenBeaucoupParfait !L’équipe Service-Public.fr vous
| 36,122 |
https://github.com/banq/jivejdon/blob/master/src/main/java/com/jdon/jivejdon/api/property/UploadService.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
jivejdon
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banq
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Java
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Code
| 204 | 454 |
/*
* Copyright 2003-2006 the original author or authors.
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
package com.jdon.jivejdon.api.property;
import com.jdon.container.visitor.data.SessionContext;
import com.jdon.controller.events.EventModel;
import com.jdon.jivejdon.domain.model.attachment.UploadFile;
import java.util.Collection;
/**
* @author <a href="mailto:[email protected]">banq</a>
*
*/
public interface UploadService {
// get all uploadFiles include DB and Session
Collection getAllUploadFiles(Long messageId);
// get all uploadFiles only in Session that is work station
Collection getAllUploadFiles(SessionContext sessionContext);
Collection loadAllUploadFilesOfMessage(Long messageId, SessionContext sessionContext);
void clearSession(SessionContext sessionContext);
// get a uploadFile , lazy is true, the uploadFile's data not be load from
// db
UploadFile getUploadFile(String objectId);
// save a uploadFile in Session
void saveUploadFile(EventModel em);
// save and update a uploadFile in persistence
void saveAccountFaceFile(EventModel em);
// delete a uploadFile from session
void removeUploadFile(EventModel em);
}
| 43,281 |
BIUSante_90145x1761x14_1
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,761 |
Journal de médecine, chirurgie, pharmacie, etc.
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 6,027 | 10,241 |
JOURNAL DE MED ECINE, CHIRURGIE, P HA R MA C I E ,6c. Dedie k S. A. S. Mgr le Comte de Clermont, Prince du Sang. Par M. VA ndermonde i Docteur en Medecine de la Faculte de Paris , aticieri Profejfeur en Chirurgie Frangoife , Cenfeur Royal i.v.f}. 64, ■ "&T - : - 1 - i - I E R 1761. - * f* r \%{ A PARIS, Xggj Chez Vincent , Imprimeur-Libraire de M & fe Due de Bourgogne , rue S. Severin. ■tan'nwwMii .. .it inn — — ■■■ mwmmmmmmmmm 1 1 !■■■««, mmti AVEC APPROBATION , ET PRIVILEGE tiU U0t AVIS Pour le renouvdlement des Soufcriptions du Journal de Medecine. C’eft a Vincent, Imprimeur-Libraire, rue S. Severin , qu’il Faut s’adrefler pour fe procurer ce Journal. Le prix de la Soufcrip- tion pour toute 1’annee , eft de ntuf livres dou^e fob. Quand on voudra le faire venir par la Pofte , il n’eri coutera que quatre fols par moiy dans chaque Ville du royaume. On avertit que les Lettres qui ne Feront pas affran- chies , Feront au rebut. DE ME D E CINE, CHIRURGIE, PHARMA C IE, &c. JANVIER 1761. ME MOIRES De phyjique & de mathematique prifentes a Vacadimie des fciences , par divers fgavans , & lus dans fes ajjemblees , tome troijieme. A Paris , de l' lmprimeris royale 1760, 1 vol, in-40. Il est trois le volume des Memoires agrees par l'academie des sciences, que cette compagnie foumet à l'impreffion : il contient trente-fix Memoires, dont dix appartenant aux mathematiques & aux sciences qui leur font analogues, font abfolument éloignés de notre objet. Des treize qui traîtent de l'histoire naturelle et de la physique, nous ne ferons mention que du Mémoire sur le vernis de la Chine, dans lequel le père d'Incarville decrit la manière de recueillir la subsistance qui en fait la base sur l'arbre qui la produit, et les precautions extremes, minutieux mehne, auxquelles événés de vernis doit tout son luftre. Nous indiqués encore une découverte faite par un apothicaire de CarcaiTone, qui, dans l'année 1754, Annee tres-feche, trouva que les faules des faules des faules avaient tranfue une substance grenue, blanché, sucre au gout, telle eufin, que si l'auteur seut pu y découvrir une propriété purgative on l'auction certainement précédent pour de la manne. Un pared fuc qui découvrir du fené, ne furprend pas. On fait que cet arbre est dans la Calabre, celui qui nous produit la veritable manne; mais que le faule produisse l'œuvre pared, c'est l'enouvellement devoir son origine à de grands moucherons qui en piquent les faules. Le feu Memoire de botanique, contenu dans ce recueil, est de M. Ayman, et exjouisse la nature de la nielle, en quoi elle disfère de la rouille et du charbon, qui tous deux attaquent le grain, après la formaçon, au lieu que la nielle se prend à la fleur, et par conséquent avoir une origine plus reculee que ces deux autres maladies. M. Ayman croit que la mémoire, qui, lorsqu’elle attaque les grains, fait fes premières impréfictions fus le germe proprèment dit, est eaufe que ce germevenant ensuite à vegeter, donne à la fleur, qui precede necessement la formation du nouveau grain, une qualité qui détermina ce grain, et pour produit la nielle. On eu occasion de trouver cette veine branche, comme Lancifi fa dpcrite. Si on ne connoisseit l’avantage qui resulte de l’anatomie des animaux, & surtout du cheval, pour connoître plus à fond leurs malaies, ou reformer leur regime, on feroit surpris de trouver ici deux Memoires de M. Bourgelat, dont fun decrit trois espèces de vers qu’il a trouves dans le même cheval; & l’autre est un églai d’un nouveau traité d’hyppiatrique, ou il confidere les allures du cheval font analogues à la construite, & les allures du cheval font analogues à la construite. Si il ne feroit pas possible d’affujettir ces allures à des regies moins contradidores à celle qu’indiquération phéfique & anatomique des múcles. de cet animal. Les deux Memoires fuivans concernent les mouvemens naturels ou contre nature du cerveau. Ces experiences paroiflent pofterieures en date à celles que M. de Haller a faites fur ce sujet. Sil’onen croit le février professeur de Berne, il y a bien des experiences dans les Métmoires que nous annonçons, qui ne s’accordent pas ayec celles qu’il a faites. Trois fortes de maladies epidemiques fe répandirent en 1756 dans le Cotentin, des peripneumonies erupnies, des fievres malignes ou plutôt putrides, des efquinancies accompagnees de dysenteries, de phthisis. L’origine de cette epidemie, la longue enumeration des auteurs qui parlent de quelqu’une analogue, les moyens qu’il fit mettre en usage pour les combattre? PRESENTES A L'ACADEMIE, &C. occupent M. Barthes le fils, dans un Mernoire un peu prolixe, ou nous remarquons que l’auteur a eu Favantage rare de refuser enfin a vainère cesepidemies, qui dejant leur engine à la mauvaise constitution de la Fair, ne manquent pas de devenir moins formidables;, lorsque cet air se purifie ou cessé d’être auffi mal constipue. Nous remarquons Encore que dans ce.s fievres périodes, le camphre a été d’un grand leçon a l’auteur. Trois Memoires de chymie font continus dans le volume que nous annonçons; un de, M. Baume, fur Father vitriolique & fur les réfidus. L’auteur ayant fait publier ce Memoire, fous le litre de Dictionnaire sur Father, on peut voir dans le 8e tome de notre Journal, pag. 31 o Sc suivantes, ce que nous crumes alors devoir dire de l’ouvrage. Le second Memoire, dont l'auteur est M. Suvigny, St qui a popr objet le pyrophore de M. Homberg, est une preuve hien sensible, que quelqu'habiles qu'ayent été nos predeceétés, ils nous ont amplement laisse de qu'à nous exercer, même en prenant la même substance pour objet de nos travaux. Non-content d'avoir découvert le moyen de produire une matière capable de prendre seu, lorsqu'on l'exposait à Fair, M. Homberg s'était appliqué; à cet écrit, chercher toutes les substances qu'on pouvait submissé, celle que le hazard lui avoir montré, et que la repugnance naturelle empecheroit le plus grand nombre des phyliciens d'employer : la lite de ces submissées est nombreuse. Voici un phyficien qui Examine la l’alun, autre partie constituante du pyrophore, y entre comme alun, ou comme corps vitriolique. Il demontre que tous les fels vitrioliques peuvent être employés indifferemment, et obferve cepénidants les nuances qu’apportent ces fels au pyrophore qui en refulte. On délicieron fais doute que l’auteur, en expliquant la cause de l’inflammation du pyrophore à l’air libre, eut paru avoir connoissance de l’opinion de M. Stahl, qui croit que les fubfétants qu’on combine, ou plutôt qu’on calme-avec l’alun, tenant toutes une matière phofphorique, c’est ce dernier qui, s’enflammant à l’air libre, enflamme le foufre artificiel qui refulte de la combinaison d’uri echarbon vegetal avec un acide vitrio- lique. 11 y a deja plus de plus celebres chymistes de l’academie, public fes observations sur une encre épisode, a l’occasion d’une mine de bismuth qu’il examiné. M. Cadet a crupperévoir quelque chofe de plus, & à Compiunique à l’açadelye un Mémédium fur. Cette encre épisode, qui doit nous ouvert un peu plus longuement. Le cobalt a éte pendant longtements regardé, moins comme un demi-metal particulier, que comme un metal quelconque, plus ou moins alter par l’arfic; & on avait imagine, conféquemment à cette idee, que l’acide marin qu’on croit encore entrer pour beaucoup dans la combinaison de Parfenic, étoit & devoit dtre le feuil diff. olvant du cobalt. Nous avons eu occasion, dans le tome 1 2 de notre Journal, pag. 432, d’expérior l’orignée, Petymologie et la date de la découverté du cobalt, & nous y avons donné notice des auteurs qui en ont parlé. Il parroit, d’après ce detail, que le cobalt est un demi-metal particulier, differente St du bismuth & de Parfenic; que c’est ce demi-metal, dont la terre metallique a la propriété singuliere de donner Su verre la belle couleur bleue; & l’amour de la verite nous oblige d’avertir ici, que ce font des Ailemands, qui les premiers ont fait que quoi s’en tenir sur la nature du mineral colorant remail, & que toute pretention de la part des Français, est, à cet égard, frivole & mal fondée. Il pourrait bien même arriver que des experiences rappelaient les chymis a Pancienne idee, que le cobalt n'est pas un demi-metal particulier. Qqoiqu’il en foit, nous nous bornons a io Memoires1 cette difcuflion , & nous laiflfons a nos lec- teurs le plaifir de rechercher par eux-md- mes , jufqu’a quel point ils font redevables a M. Cadet , qui demontre dans fon Me- moire, que le cobolt eft diftbluble par tous les acides mineraux , qui tous , apres l’avoir diffous , donnent des encres fympathiques ; qu’en ce point , le cuivre paroit avoir quel- que analogic avec le cobolt , p.uifqu’ainfi que lui, il donne une forte d’encre fympa- thique, lorfqu’il a ete diffous par l’acide nitreux ; que peut etre la prefence ou Tab- fence de l’humidite de l’air eft la feule caufe des effets de fonencre fympathique. II nous paroit que M. Cadet a trouye un moyen plus certain St plus court d’obtenir le co¬ bolt des emaux , en prenant Talun pour in- termede ; fi cependant une des obfervations rapportees dans notre Journal , volume deja cite , n’indique pas un moyen plus fimple , puifque le cobolt fe precipite en regule pref- que naturellement , c’eft-a-dire , dans la pre¬ paration m£me del’email. Comme, dans la verite, la plépart des mines de cobalt tienen de Tarfenic, il entroit dans l’objet de M. Cadet de traiter ce mineral, et le hazard lui a fait découvrir une huile ou plutôt une liqueur singuliere, que peu de gens auroient ofé de espèrer. En traitant Torpiment avec accidente marin concentre dans le fublime corroif, M. Pott en avait obtenu une forte de l'habille frugante, et qu'il regarde, avec raison, comme la dissolution de Tarfenic dans l’acide marin. M. Cadet, qu’une partie comparaison honore sans doute, à trouve une huile ou liqueur frugante, produite de Tarfenic, par l’intermedée, dit-il, de la terre féuille; cette liqueur fume perpetuellement; et nous terminons par défirer. Avec le secrétaire de l’academie, que M. Cadet, entre les mains duquel est tombe la découverte, fasse part au public de la nature, de Torigine, de la propriété de la liqueur fumante, ainsi que des autres observations qu’il annonce sur l’arféric. OBSERVATION Sur laguerisme à la mammelle, par l’usage de la Bella-dona, avec tine nouvelle fagon de preuve remède, par M. Marteau, medecin à Aumale. S'il est imprudent d'adopter inconfiderablement des remedes qu'oût à jusqu'ici regardes comme des poissons, le feroit-il moins de les negliger, quand d'honneurs gens, uni-quement zeles pour les progrès dela medecine, et sans aucune vue danteret personnel, les prendre avec cette candeur qui ne fait pas diflimuler les dangers, et qui parlait. Observé sur les effets la même imprime à leur recit un caractère de verite? Quelles contradiètions n'a pas éprouve l'émetique! Que feroit devenu cet excellent remède, si une trop têmide prudences'etoit obtine à proferre les effais cauteleux qu'on en pouvait faire? Il en feroit de même de la bella-donna, il l'on ecoutait la voix du prejuge St. de l'erreur qui s'eleve. Contre fon ufage. J’ai long-têmes balance a m’en servir. L’autorité d’un des plus celebres medecins du royaume m’intimidait. Il blamoit abfolument & fans referve toute tentative à cet égard, il m’affuirent même que plusieurs de fes confreres avaient à l’employer. Une dame de notre voisinage ajoutoit aux premières frayeurs qu’on m’avoit inspire. Avant de fé faire opérer par M. de la Faye, eu avoit voulu tenter la bella-donna. Ceux qui s’intereffoient afaçant, lui avoient cite divers exemples de femmes, a qui ce remède avoit, difoit-on, fait tourner la tête. Quelle devoit dtre ma perplexité, après des affertations à poétives d’un danger précéquinevitable! Je reflechis cependant qu’on ait parvenu à administré par son danger, le sujet de cependant qu’on ait parvenu à administré par son danger, avec cinq grains de ce poisson exaétement diffusé, filtre et de tête détribue pendant quarante jours, par bujône de grain noye dans deux pints de tête. De la Bella-Donna, je voulais dépouvrir une fanté entière. Pour quelque n’ofois-je, avec les plus scrupules precautions, élayer un remède moins dangereux que le sujet de cette vie. La probité pouvait-elle, dété que par la fage de des mefures que je prendre, je mettrois cette remède hors d’etat de nuire. Fans aver-tir k terns? Telles etoient mes reflexions. Je pris mon parti. Sur de ne m'exposer a aucun reproche, par l'imprudence de mon admiration, je confultai l'analyse chymique de la bella-donna, dans la matière medicale de M. GeofFroy. Il y a une medio cre quantité de lei effentiel tartareux, uni a une plus grande quantité d'huile acre éc narcotique. Mon premier foin fut de la depuiller, autant qu'il feroit poffible, de la virulence de ces principes, ou du moins de la corriger. Ma feconde attention fut de la preparer en teinture, de manière à pouvoir graduer les dofes. Un huitième de grain fut mon premier éflai : un hypocondriaque le continuer longtemps, fans en éprouver ni bien ni mal. Un demi-grain dans la toux femme d'une phthisie confirme. eut un facile et au-dela de mes espèces. Il rappella le fommeil, & secunda parfaitement l’opération des balsamiques. J’en fis prendre demi-grâce une jeune fille, qui, quoique bien régée, avait le fein droit beaucoup plus gros que le gauche, parfeme de glan des & de rameaux durs. Si comme suivant des éléments afféctions, qui augmenteient à l’appréhension des éléments des éléments; cette marnmelle, au reste, n’avoit rien de cancereux. La témence de bella-donna, administré goutte agoutte, depuis demi-grain, jusqu’à la doise de deux grains, diffipaces simples qu’on ne rencontre guères que chez les jeunes filles, ou qui ne font pas encore reg. Les étant, ou qui le font mal. Les douleurs les plus lancinantes : la malade ne pouvoit répondre fur le côt gauche ; les bouleurs étaient même preférent le fommeil. Aumois de Juillet, un voyage de 60 lieues les rendit plus vives : la malade confuita, & prit, déléguées jours Fun des bols fondans : ils prouvait beaucoup, fitient l'appetit, augmentant Finisme, & conduièrent au marais. Un second voyage de trente lieues, au commencement d’Aussit, reduit cette dame à l'état le plus trifle. Elle confulta à Abbeville M. Boullon, pratique digne de la confiance dont il jouit dans la province. La glande égalité deja la groffeur d’un ceuf d’oie. Il confeilla l'extirpation. Je fus appelle au 13 Septembre : j’inféta. For la neceffité de l'operation propofée; le féquir-he commença à s'étendre vers les glandes axillaires, la malade y étoit prendrement; mais a qui avoir recours? Elle est établée hors d’etat de foutenir le cahot d’une voiture, dans un pays ou les chemins font impraticables. Les chirurgiens de nos provinces, fous le nom de chirurgie uufurpent les sontions du medecin, n’ont pas la moindre teinture des operations. Comment efférer fixer pendant une quinzaine, dans l'chateau, un chirurgien qu'on aproprié d'une grande ville? Ces difficultes engagerent la malade à éclairrer encore. Feffet des bols fondans : deux mois demi d'experience he lui avoient pas en- Observations sur les effets bore fuffi pour constater leurs mauvais effets je fus oblige de FoufFrir la continuation de ce remède ; cependant ne perdant pas de Vue les indications de restaurer, de calmer Je déterminer l'acrimonie de la lymphe, je tranfportai, apis le fouper, l'opiat fondant, auquel j'afféciai demi grain de lau- danum, je fis prendre le matin le lait d'aneffe ; il palFoit bien, & la malade ne fait trouvoit pas mieux : je propofai ma teinture. de bella-dona. L’observation de M. Lambergien me concilia une confiance qui jusqu'à la n’avoit été que chancelante. Supprimer l’opiat, c’était m’expérer à la perdre, parce qu’on y avait toujours beaucoup de devotion. J’etois-jàlix de une pas, d’échapper l’occasion de verifier l’effet de ma téinture : je tolerai urt mal que je ne pouvois empecher, l’assurer le lait ; je plaisait la bella-dona Fur les cinq heures d’après-midi ; pendant les mois d’Oéobre & de Novembre, on n’en prit que définagé par jour : d’éta la première Femaine, en s’apperçut qu’elle difficile, comme par enchantement, une douleur d’eftomac que kilFoit l’opiat, les jours viju’on en faifoit À faire. A quelle révéloit l'appetit à d’un fommeil tranquille firent nal-tre l’espérance : nous augmentames par dégères la dofe de la teinture anti-cancereuse, jusqu’à cinq quarts de grain, dans le courant de Decembre, On obferva que huit jours avant le terns des regies, l’élégant réprenoit son premier volume, pour diminer ensuite. A Noel, elle n’etoit pas plus groffe qu’une noix ; mais au 3 Janvier, la circustance du terns, critique l’avoit remise à son premier etat ; elle s’allongeoit de nouveau vers la glande axilaire, quoiqu’avec beau coup moins de douleur, que par le passe. Je commençais a des déféperrer ; St M. Barrie, chirurgien de Mantes, qui devoit faire l’époque en avait fixé le terns au. Monsieur, d'Avril. La teinture n'avoit jusqu'à jusqu'à la produit au- Tomt XI F. B Observé sur LES FÉTES cun des fymptomes decrits par M. de Lambergien. Dans le courant de Janvier, je pouvant jusqu'à trois grains : quoique dés le 3 de ce mois, j'eufe supprime le laudanum, le forpmeil n'en fut pas moins pasible ; les douleurs devinrent intermittentes : au 20 Janvier, elles ceflerent la dévouement : au commencement de Febrier, le mouvement du bras fut trélibre ; la glande dimingée, ne gonda plus fenfiblement au retour des regies : nous augmentames le nornbre, des gouttes, et toujours sans aucun inconveuient : tout allait de rien en mieux. Au 2 Mars, un erystème affeété le fein, dans, le terns des regies : j'éc. En accuissement, l'applicatiori d'un drap éclaire charge d'un drap éclaire depuis quelque terns : des doutes vives cauferent quelques nuits d'infomnie : l'éryfipele dura huit jours, pendant lesquels je reduis la malade a un feul grain de bella-donna, une faigne et un mélange, furent le prelude d'une nouvelle augmentation. Nous parvons peu-a-peu à l'ufage d'onze grains, sans éprouver, tout au plus, qu'une feichele d'un quart d'heure, sehe-refle très-supportable et qu'un vetredeau, régie diffipoit à l'uftant. C'est par ete mètode que je suis parvenu à fondre prés. Qu'entièrement été été été été découvertes : il rendit un cancer : il rendit un tubercule opinière, de la grodeur d'un hariot, et cui demière au même état depuis trois mois, quoique j'aye ajoffte à la belle-donna un bol de douze grains de racine de cigue, le matin avant le lait; au reste, de puis le commencement de Mars, elle n'a restenti aucune douleur, fauf un leger en-gourdiffement dans le fein, au retour d'un second erystème, un mois après le premier. Cette dame a passé tout le printemps et l'éte, en promenades fatiguantes, et dans le pénible exercice: d'arracher des orchis. Si quelque chofe avait été capable de reflufiter fes elancemens, c'était coup série, ces efforts violens. Elle a fait pluisseurs Voyages, par des chemins tres-durs Sc raboteux ; rien n’a pu alterer fon appetit, ni dimihuer fon fommeil : elle a même acquis un embonpoint qu’elle n’a jamais eu. Elle a, depuis le mois de Juin, substitue le lait de vache coupé au lait d’une équipe qui lui a manque : elle contiennue fes remedes, fans incommodite. Il lui est furtive, au mois de Septembre, de petits boutons aux bras Sea la poitrine, accompagnés d’une géande demangeaison i ils se dissipent et reparoissent. Seroient-ils l’effet de la bella-donna? Il ne le font surement pas de la poudre de cigue. J’ai des malades qui en ufent depuis quatre mois. Si a bien plus grande dofe, a qui il n’eftrien arrive de pared. Depuis Je j'ai fait cefler les fomentations d’urine, on n’a couvert le fein que d’une Bij. Observé sur les effets peu de cygne ou d’aiglon ; je crois ce feiss topique suffiant pour un cancer occulte. Tel est le recit fidelé l’operation décreme. Ne dois-je pas me flater de l’esprit du gouvernement radicale? Il sembleque j’aurois du l’attendre, pour publier cette observation ; mais je n’ai pu refister au défir d’encouraver ceux de mes confreres qui pourroient se trouver dans l’irrefolution ou m’avoient jette l’autorité d’un grand pratique &C le rapi port peu certain de quelques dveneins funeftes. Si je dois l’avantage d’avoir evite les symptômes qu’ont obferve MM. Lambergien & Darluc, à la manière dont je prepare la bella-donna, ou a celle dont je l’administre, n’est-il pas de mon devoir d’en faire part au public? A cet egard, l’observation ceféte d’être prémature. D’ailleurs il N'est plus queftion de cancer, ou il n'y a plus de douleur. Quelle est la manière d’agir de ce remée? Queftion importante, mais difficile a répondre. Il faut encore bien des faits de pratique pour porter un jugement certain. Les observations de MM. Lambergen & Darluc, donneront à foupçonner que la bella-donna porte fes impresions uniquement sur les folides dont elle révéille les ofcillations, & qu’elle met en état de secouer, pour ainsi dire, l’humeur cancereuse. Celle que l’époque ne étaient pas à de pareilles individuels; elle offre plutôt, l’idee d’un fondant qui attaque, mine & diffout peu-a-peu ces congeffions de l’impérieur. J’éspère que les observations se multiplieront, et mettront en état de décider. Les medecins pourroient-ils regarder d’un ceil Independant, un remède contre une maladie qui a jusqu'ici dlude toutes les refources de l'art? Ne faisaient-ils pas l’occasion de confirmer les vertus d’une plante que rien jusqu’à ce jour n’a pu fuppleer dans la cure du cancer? Le succès des premiers effais ne doit-il pas les animer? Quelles obligations ne leur aura pas l’art de guerir, quand, par de nouvelles experiences, ils auront concouru à établi l’arté curative de la maladie la plus affréufe & la plus rebelle aux secours ordinaires? Neque enim fasse ejé arbitror ut fucujus pardculares, jive methodi cujus, jive etiam remedii, scripds prodantur, (i neque hoc, neque ilia univerfälittr, atque in omnibus, scripds prodantur. Sydenham, in Prcesa. One page, 20. Provision que je publie, n’est pas la feule, qui, d’apres les heureux tentatives de MM. Lambergen &. Darluc, confirme la vertu anti-cancereuse de la bella-donna, M. Collignon, l’un des plus habiles chirurgiens de son fiecle, a fait part à l’acadence publique de l’academie d’Amiens, au 15. À ces effets, avec des heureux effets de cette plante, dans un cancer beaucoup plus considerable que celui de madame de Fautereau. Une religieuse Carmelite d’Amiens, est parvenue à prendre chaque jour, un gros de bella-donna en infusion. La dofe paroitra sans doute exceffive. Je douterois, et dans le particulier, M. Collignon ne m’avait repête ce qu’il avait annonce en public. Sa probite & fa droiture, a l’abri de route dtteinte, ne me permettent pas de sufférer la fidelité de son recit. Cette religieuse n’a efliye aucun accident, & son cancer est considerablé diminue; elle foutient l’usage de ce remée : elle a consentidé ajouter les pilules de cœur, a condition qu’on ne lui retrancheroit rien de la dofe de la belle-dame. Je ne puis mieux terminer cette obfervation, que par une reflexion judicieuse de M. Collignon. La bella-donna peut avoir des fucces dans la cure des cancers, dont les progres font aflez lents pour donner le temps de tater l’effet de ce lépisse. Mais n’est-il pas de la prudence d’en etendre l’un fage aux cas mêmes qui exigent indispensablement l’operation? N’avons-nous pas la douleur de voir nos malades fujets aux rechutes, après l’operation la plus habilement pratiquée? Il est rare que le vice soit imprimécable; il tient presque totijours à la désirer plus ou moins grande des huisses : Pextirpation n’erileve que l’effet, etc n’attaque pas la caufe ; celle-ci déclare tout ou tard. Route fon avait avant, tantôt à la dite, tantôt aux glandes axillaires ou aux linguaires : quelquefois elle exerce fes fureurs sur les vifceres; la pratique offre furent de ces metastas de Phumeur cérémonie, à la suite de l'autre. L'attaquer avant à présentir l'extérieur, altérer son avantage par l'usage du nouveau speciétique, n'est-ce point un parti que confeille la prudence? Ces vues font céles d'un chirurgien qu'une longue experience a instruit que le biftoil n'est pas un préservant failure contre la recidive. Les adopter, c'est servir l'humanité. II me refte a donner ici la preparation de ma teinture. J’a’i varie bien des fois , dans la vue de la rendre plus parfaite. Je me. fuis arrdte a la forrhule fuivante , comme <a.la plus efficace : B2 Bella- do tub , uncias quatuor ; Mentha, crifpez , uncias duas ; Croci orientalis ; drachmas duas,; : miruitiffimb concifa indt in matratium ca- paciffimum : fuperaffunde fpiritiis yini libras duas ; & fpiritiis volatilis cornu cervi fine calcc eliciti , uuciam femiffem , ritit obturato pellicula ovindaut vituhnd matra- tio , eandem pelUculam acu.ptrfo.ra : digen B iv 24 OBSERV. SUR EES EFFETS per quatuor dies balneo marice viginti qua - tuor gradibus ad thermometrum Reaumurii calido : cola; foriiter exprime; exprejjiim liquorem pondera; quantumque b duabus libris dejiderabitur , tantumdem fpiritus yini exprejjis herbis fuperaffunde : cola denub ; fortiter exprime ; utrarnque colatu- ram mifce ; gojjipio filtra 3 vaje.riib coo- perto. On dtend cette teinture dans l’infufion theiforme dubotris du Mexique , ou de telle autre plante, foit cordiale,, fait pe&orale, foit cephalique : le -vehicule y fait peu de chofe ; je prefererors cependant le botris , a caufe de fon huile aromatique , qui pour- roit bien etre un antidote de l’huile narco- tique de la belle-dame. En fuivant cette formule, huit gouttes de téinture contiennent la vertu d’un grain de bella-dotta, d’un demi-grain de menthe, d’un feizieme de grain de fafran, et un huitième de goutte d’esprit volatil de come de cerf (a); de forte qu’en donnant soixante & quatre gouttes de téinture, ou huit grains de bella-dona, on n’administrera qu’une goutte d’alcali volatil, et demi-grain de fafran. Je fais cette remarque, pour tranquillifer sur la crainte qu’on pourroit concevoir. Je fuppofe avec tous les medecins, que la goutte equivaut à un grain. DE LA BELLA-BONA. Voir de Tabus de l’esprit volatil. Huxham le taxe de diffoudre le fang, et de déspofer au scorbut, quand on en fait. Un ufage habilité; mais on n'a rien a en craindre, quand cet ufage est auffi modère que je le propose. Il enestendem dufasran, dont Tabus ne feroit pas exempt de blame, mais qui se trouve ici en si petite quantité, qu'il se rit ridicule de s'alarmère de la continuité de son ufage. J’ai deja dit, d’apres M. Geoffroy, que la bella dona contient beaucoup d’huile acre narcotique. C’est faites doute dans cette portion de fes principes, que refide la vertu de calmer les douleurs ; l’eau n’eft point un menstruire propre à Textraire toute entière : j’ai prefere l’esprit de vin, dans lequel les huiles effentielles se diffolvent se sément plus facilement : l’huile aromatique de la menthe, m’a paru propre à aider au développement de l’huile narcotique, dans le menstruire que je lui presontais ; c’est d’ailleurs un cordial, c’est par conséquent un correftif d’un poisson stupefiant : on peut joindre à ces avantages, qu’elle fauve le dégout, c’est l’odeur virulente que porte l’histoire a quelques-uns. Le fafran contient un esprit volatil, acre Sc aromatique; il n’est pas befoin de procède chymique, pour l’y découvrir : il se Observé sur les effets Manifée à l’odeur, en développant les paquets qui en contiennent une certaine quantité, & bien entaffée; cet esprit éprit vivement l’odorat, & affée les yeux presqu’autant que l’esprit volatil urineux; il les enflamme rende; c’est éprit, et la qua- lité cordiale qu’il cortède au fafran, qui la fait regardé comme un antidote de l’opium. Je ne pensé pas que ce soit à d’a-utre titre, qu’il entre dans la composition de la tété ture anodine de Sydenham. L’analogie qui se trouve entre l’opium & l’huile narcotique de la belle. Le dame, m'a fait imagine: que je poutrois tirer le même avantage du fafran dans ma teinture. Quant alcali volatil, perfone n'ignore qu'il est le qui croit dans nos forts du comte d’Eu, et elle m’a également réussi. Elle croit abondamment au château du Quefnoi, pres Foucarmont, au village de Campneuville, et pres les verreries du Courval St du Valdanois. Les paysans de ces cantons la connoissezent fous le nom d’yeux du diabé, à caufe de la noiréeur de son fruit. Il n’est pas inutile d’en avertir; cette plante est rare dans les environs de Paris; on ne la rencontre qu’à Chantilli : on peut la tirer de ce pays-qi, en la délignant fous la denomination vulgaire : le terns le plus favorable pour Cette référence, et aux environs de la S. Jean : plus tard, elle se trouve rongee par les pucrons ; St. Jean. Elle se reduit a peu de choi. Une attention effélentielement indispensable, est celle de rejetter les fruits, quand on la cueille dans la faison avancee : ils font mortels. M. Geoffroy en rapporte plusieurs examples. Je puis y ajouter celui d’un genilhomme de ce pays-ci, que deux ou trois grains ont conduit aux portes du tombeau ; son frere qui en avoir pris une plus grande quantité, n’a pu echapper à l’arstivité de ce poilbn. OBSERVATION Sur un Chorda fermi Witi, par M. Su-MEIRE, docieur en medecine, d Marignane. La danse de S. Wit est une maladie rare. Bien que plusieurs auteurs en ayant parlé, & que Sydenham nous en ait laisse une description achevee, avec la methode efficace de la combattre, je pensé que nous n’avons pas enc. Où affez d’observations, pour en déterminer precifement la nature, ni pour reduire à la plus grande simplicité les inoyens de la guerir. Allen rapporte qu’il a vu deux filles attaqués de cette maladie, en qui elle étoit caractère par une danse reelle, et par une alienation d’esprit passere. M. Ruamps, dans une observation imprimeeau Journal demédecine, Mars 1758, à rencontre quelques simpériennes que ne trace pas Sydenham, tel que le mouvement convulfif des levres, une espèce de ris fardonique, un violent mal de tête, la foible facile d’estomac, &c. Sydenham donne pour les prineipaux simpériennes la foible facile de l’une des jambes que le malade appuie en trainant, l’impulse de tête dans une Situation fixe le bras. SUITE UN CHORJEA, Stc. Du monde cote? & la gesticulation fin-guliere qu’il fait, en portant quelque chose à la bouche. Dans mon observation, on ne verra qu’une inflabilité de toutes les parties du corps, avec un peu de mouvement involontaire, aux levres & à la machoire: Le lo du mois de Novembre de l’annee 1759, on me fit voir une fille du lieu d’Espagne, agee d’environ dix ans, d’un temperament froid, d’une foible sc mince constitution, jouissant auparavant d’une aflez bonne fante, a ce qu’on me dit; mais etant, depuis quelques jours, dans l’etat oil on me la montroit, elle avoit l’air trifle, la couleur aflez pale, la peau aflez froide, le pouls petit sc languiflant; elle ne pouvait le tenir deux instans de suite dans une situation fixe: elle tournoit de terns en terns les jambes en Rond, comme si elle y fut déterminée par une cadence. Quand on appliquait une de fes mains à quelque partie de l'on corps, elle s'en detachoit tout de Suite ; elle portait cependant tout droit à Sans circuit, un verre à la bouche ; fa tâte n'est pas fixe, et sa mourut jamais fixe, et sa mourut jamais fixe, et sa mourut jamais fixe. Je cru devoir rapporter cette maladie à la danfe de S. Wit, dont elle portoit les principaux caractères. Je preférivis, en Sui- Observation Les idees de Sydenham, trois faignees et trois purgations, administres dans des intervalles convenables : un julep paregorique, tous les foirs de jours des purgation ; et les jours fibres, une drachme d’un opiat fait avec la conière de fleurs de romarin, la grande valeriane fauvage, le fauro de mars aperitif, la poudre de guttête et l’extrait d’ellebore noir, avec le fyrop de fauge ou de melisse, par-defus cet opiat. Voici ce que cette guerisson, qui fut tres-prompte, eut de fingulier. La première fauge. nee fit célème sur le champ les mouvemens et l’instabilité des membres du côt ou elle fut faite ; cela fit nâtre au chirurgien l’idee de pratiquer la seconde à l’autre côte, qui eut le même succès que la première ; il ne restait plus que f’ebranlement de la tête, des levres et de lamachoire ; le chirurgien pensé qu’il convenait d’ouvrir la veine du pied ; cette faignée acheva la guerisson. Quoi qu’on ait mis en usage tous les remèdes dont on a fait mention, il semble que la cure ait été, dans ce cas, l’ouvrage de la feule, saignée, qui a eu, pour ainsi dire, un vertu topique. M. Ruampus au contraire, a cru remarquer que la purgation avait eu plus de part à la guerisson de la maladie. La faignée; Sydenham, ne regarde, a sur un Chorda, &c. 31 Mon avis, la faignée 6c la purgation, que. Comme des remedes preparans, & les cephaliques, comme eux qui attaquent plus d'éducément la foutce du mal. Sans entrer dans une longue difcuffion des raifons propres a appuyer les differentes opinions que l’on peut etablir fur ces. diffe- rentes obi'ervations , touchant la caufe du chorota fancli Witi , 5c la maniere de le guerir , il paroit , par le fucces etonnant qu’a eu la laignee dans le cas que j’a’i rapporte , que cette maladie n’a point fa caufe dans la faburre des premieres voies , comme le conje&ure M. Ruamps , ni dans la foibleffe 5c l’irritation du genre nerveux, comme le penfe Sydenham , mais-qu’elle depend de la lenteur, de la groflierete vappide, de la fixite , pour ainli dire , du fang 6c des hu- meurs. L’age , le temperament , le pouls , la couleur , Fetat languiffant , la peau froide des perl'onnes qui en font attaquees , fern- blent indiquer une telle conftitution dans les fluides : en confequence d’un tel vice , les liquides paffent avec difficult^ 6c avec inegalite dans les vaiffeaux de tous les gen¬ res ; le fuc nerveux participant de cette con¬ dition , 6c manquant en quantite 6c en ener- gie , fe diftribue avec inegalite 6c irregula-' rite, dans les nerfs qui n’ont pas par con-, fequent une tendon luffifante 6c uniforme : de - la le defaut d’equilibre dans tout le 32 Observation fyftdme des mufcles 6c des nerfs , 8d’efpece de convulfion qui carafterife le chorcea fancfi Win. La faignee doit etre fouveraine, par la dimotion qu’elle procure. Les cephaliques font-ils neceflaires pour brifer 6c attenuer les liquides ? Les purgatifs 8c les narcoti- ques ne font-ils pas fuperflus ? C’eft a l’ex- perience a decider li la cure de la danfe de S. Wit demande tous ces fecours reunis , 6c a determiner le degre d’efficacite qu’a chacun en particulier. OBSERVATION Sur une espèce de Vers jugulier, par M. BONTE, docleur en medecine, a Coutans. Une femme, après avoir pris un purgat, rendit une grande quantité de vers qui lui parurent extraordinaires : surprise écrape de cet evenement, elle m'en envoyaquel quelques-uns, pour les examiner. Ils avoient à peine trois lignes de longifpry et n'en avoir pas une de grosleur : leu-r couleur est rouge ; mais ils la perdirent bientôt dans l'eau où je les avoir mis, pour les examiner a un microcope à trois vers vers; cette couleur dependait sans doute du fang dont ils étaient gorges. Cette espèce de vers n'est décrite par. Aucun auteur que je connoisse ; ils approchent cependant de celle dont Tulpius donne la figure dans la mdme planche ou est reprendé un tania : leur corps est partage par anneaux oblongs et détinées, comme celui d’une chenille : ils ont fix pieds ou manimelons, trois de chaque cote ; leur tête paroit fort grofle, et proportion du reste du corps ; elle est armée de deux crochets recourbes en défous, comme ceux des vers de la viande : entre les crochets, est un barbillon, ou une corne aufli longue que l’instérieure ; au-dessus de la tête, font quatre antennes, deux anterieures, plus longues, deux poète règues, plus courtes ; la queue est recourbe Stouch, félément par deux espèces de mammelons.
| 46,552 |
https://github.com/enhavo/enhavo/blob/master/src/Enhavo/Bundle/BlockBundle/Form/Type/PictureBlockType.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
enhavo
|
enhavo
|
PHP
|
Code
| 95 | 452 |
<?php
/**
* PictureType.php
*
* @since 23/08/14
* @author Gerhard Seidel <[email protected]>
*/
namespace Enhavo\Bundle\BlockBundle\Form\Type;
use Enhavo\Bundle\BlockBundle\Model\Block\PictureBlock;
use Enhavo\Bundle\FormBundle\Form\Type\HeadLineType;
use Enhavo\Bundle\MediaBundle\Form\Type\MediaType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\AbstractType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\TextType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormBuilderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\OptionsResolver;
class PictureBlockType extends AbstractType
{
public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
{
$builder->add('title', HeadLineType::class, array(
'label' => 'form.label.title',
'translation_domain' => 'EnhavoAppBundle'
));
$builder->add('file', MediaType::class, array(
'label' => 'form.label.picture',
'translation_domain' => 'EnhavoAppBundle',
'multiple' => false
));
$builder->add('caption', TextType::class, array(
'label' => 'picture.form.label.caption',
'translation_domain' => 'EnhavoBlockBundle',
));
}
public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver)
{
$resolver->setDefaults(array(
'data_class' => PictureBlock::class
));
}
public function getBlockPrefix()
{
return 'enhavo_block_block_picture';
}
}
| 35,233 |
https://github.com/rbaumbach/ios-client/blob/master/DarklyTests/LDConfigTest.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
ios-client
|
rbaumbach
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 662 | 3,038 |
//
// Copyright © 2015 Catamorphic Co. All rights reserved.
//
#import "LDConfig.h"
#import "LDClient.h"
#import "LDConfig+Testable.h"
#import "DarklyXCTestCase.h"
#import "DarklyConstants.h"
#import "LDUserModel.h"
NSString * const LDConfigTestMobileKey = @"testMobileKey";
@interface LDConfigTest : DarklyXCTestCase
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSArray<NSString*> *environmentSuffixes;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *secondaryMobileKeys;
@end
@implementation LDConfigTest
- (void)setUp {
[super setUp];
self.secondaryMobileKeys = [LDConfig secondaryMobileKeysStub];
}
- (void)tearDown {
// Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.
[super tearDown];
}
- (void)testConfigDefaultValues {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config inlineUserInEvents]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
}
- (void)testConfigBuilderDefaultValues {
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
LDConfigBuilder *builder = [[LDConfigBuilder alloc] init];
[builder withMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
LDConfig *config = [builder build];
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
}
-(void)testSetSecondaryMobileKeys {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.secondaryMobileKeys = self.secondaryMobileKeys;
XCTAssertEqualObjects(config.secondaryMobileKeys, self.secondaryMobileKeys);
}
-(void)testSetSecondaryMobileKeys_containsPrimaryMobileKey {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
NSMutableDictionary *secondaryMobileKeys = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:self.secondaryMobileKeys];
NSString *badEnvironmentName = self.secondaryMobileKeys.allKeys.firstObject;
secondaryMobileKeys[badEnvironmentName] = LDConfigTestMobileKey;
self.secondaryMobileKeys = [secondaryMobileKeys copy];
XCTAssertThrowsSpecificNamed(config.secondaryMobileKeys = self.secondaryMobileKeys, NSException, NSInvalidArgumentException);
}
-(void)testSetSecondaryMobileKeys_containsPrimaryEnvironmentName {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
NSMutableDictionary *secondaryMobileKeys = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:self.secondaryMobileKeys];
secondaryMobileKeys[kLDPrimaryEnvironmentName] = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@.%@", LDConfigTestSecondaryMobileKeyMock, @"Z"];
self.secondaryMobileKeys = [secondaryMobileKeys copy];
XCTAssertThrowsSpecificNamed(config.secondaryMobileKeys = self.secondaryMobileKeys, NSException, NSInvalidArgumentException);
}
-(void)testSetSecondaryMobileKeys_containsSameMobileKeyTwice {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
NSMutableDictionary *secondaryMobileKeys = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:self.secondaryMobileKeys];
secondaryMobileKeys[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@.%@", LDConfigTestEnvironmentNameMock, @"Z"]] = self.secondaryMobileKeys.allValues.firstObject;
self.secondaryMobileKeys = [secondaryMobileKeys copy];
XCTAssertThrowsSpecificNamed(config.secondaryMobileKeys = self.secondaryMobileKeys, NSException, NSInvalidArgumentException);
}
-(void)testSetSecondaryMobileKeys_containsEmptyEnvironmentName {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
NSMutableDictionary *secondaryMobileKeys = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:self.secondaryMobileKeys];
secondaryMobileKeys[@""] = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@.%@", LDConfigTestSecondaryMobileKeyMock, @"Z"];
self.secondaryMobileKeys = [secondaryMobileKeys copy];
XCTAssertThrowsSpecificNamed(config.secondaryMobileKeys = self.secondaryMobileKeys, NSException, NSInvalidArgumentException);
}
-(void)testSetSecondaryMobileKeys_containsEmptyMobileKey {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
NSMutableDictionary *secondaryMobileKeys = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:self.secondaryMobileKeys];
secondaryMobileKeys[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@.%@", LDConfigTestEnvironmentNameMock, @"Z"]] = @"";
self.secondaryMobileKeys = [secondaryMobileKeys copy];
XCTAssertThrowsSpecificNamed(config.secondaryMobileKeys = self.secondaryMobileKeys, NSException, NSInvalidArgumentException);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideBaseUrl {
NSString *testBaseUrl = @"testBaseUrl";
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.baseUrl = testBaseUrl;
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideStreamUrl {
NSString *dummyStreamUrl = @"https://clientstream.launchdarkly.com/dummySSEUrl";
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:@"testMobileKey"];
XCTAssertEqual(config.streamUrl, kStreamUrl);
config.streamUrl = dummyStreamUrl;
XCTAssertEqual(config.streamUrl, dummyStreamUrl);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideCapacity {
int testCapacity = 20;
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.capacity = [NSNumber numberWithInt:testCapacity];
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:testCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideConnectionTimeout {
int testConnectionTimeout = 15;
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.connectionTimeout = [NSNumber numberWithInt:testConnectionTimeout];
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:testConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideFlushInterval {
int testFlushInterval = 5;
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.flushInterval = [NSNumber numberWithInt:testFlushInterval];
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:testFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
}
- (void)testConfigOverridePollingInterval {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config pollingInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultPollingInterval]);
XCTAssertFalse([config debugEnabled]);
NSNumber *pollingInterval = [NSNumber numberWithInt:5000];
config.pollingInterval = pollingInterval;
XCTAssertEqualObjects(config.pollingInterval, pollingInterval);
pollingInterval = @(kMinimumPollingInterval - 5.0);
config.pollingInterval = pollingInterval;
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config pollingInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kMinimumPollingInterval]);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideStreaming {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
XCTAssertEqualObjects(config.mobileKey, LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertTrue(config.streaming);
config.streaming = NO;
XCTAssertFalse(config.streaming);
}
- (void)testConfigSetPrivateAttributes {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
XCTAssertNil(config.privateUserAttributes);
config.privateUserAttributes = LDUserModel.allUserAttributes;
XCTAssertEqualObjects(config.privateUserAttributes, LDUserModel.allUserAttributes);
}
- (void)testConfigSetInlineUserInEvents {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.inlineUserInEvents = YES;
XCTAssertTrue(config.inlineUserInEvents);
}
- (void)testConfigOverrideDebug {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
config.debugEnabled = YES;
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config mobileKey], LDConfigTestMobileKey);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config capacity], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kCapacity]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config connectionTimeout], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kConnectionTimeout]);
XCTAssertEqualObjects([config flushInterval], [NSNumber numberWithInt:kDefaultFlushInterval]);
XCTAssertTrue([config debugEnabled]);
}
- (void)testIsFlagRetryStatusCode {
LDConfig *config = [[LDConfig alloc] initWithMobileKey:LDConfigTestMobileKey];
NSMutableSet<NSNumber*> *selectedStatusCodes = [NSMutableSet setWithArray:@[@405, @400, @501, @200, @304, @307, @401, @404, @412, @500]];
[selectedStatusCodes unionSet:[NSSet setWithArray:config.flagRetryStatusCodes]]; //allow flagRetryStatusCodes to change without changing the test
NSMutableDictionary *statusCodeResults = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithCapacity:selectedStatusCodes.count];
[selectedStatusCodes enumerateObjectsUsingBlock:^(NSNumber *statusCode, BOOL *stop) {
statusCodeResults[statusCode] = @([config.flagRetryStatusCodes containsObject:statusCode]);
}];
for (NSNumber *statusCode in [statusCodeResults allKeys]) {
XCTAssertTrue([config isFlagRetryStatusCode:[statusCode integerValue]] == [statusCodeResults[statusCode] boolValue]);
}
}
@end
| 37,414 |
https://github.com/KingShadow/feeyo-redisproxy/blob/master/src/main/java/com/feeyo/redis/net/front/route/RouteResult.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,017 |
feeyo-redisproxy
|
KingShadow
|
Java
|
Code
| 183 | 716 |
package com.feeyo.redis.net.front.route;
import com.feeyo.redis.engine.codec.RedisRequest;
import com.feeyo.redis.engine.codec.RedisRequestPolicy;
import com.feeyo.redis.engine.codec.RedisRequestType;
import java.util.List;
/**
*
* @author yangtao
*
*/
public class RouteResult {
private final RedisRequestType requestType;
private final List<RedisRequest> requests;
private final List<RedisRequestPolicy> requestPolicys;
private final List<Integer> autoResponseIndexs; // 需要自动应答的 request index 集合
private final List<RouteResultNode> nodes; // 封装后的路由请求，包含路由到的节点和 分组后的请求 index 集合
public RouteResult(RedisRequestType requestType, List<RedisRequest> requests, List<RedisRequestPolicy> requestPolicys,
List<RouteResultNode> nodes, List<Integer> autoResponseIndexs) {
this.requestType = requestType;
this.requests = requests;
this.requestPolicys = requestPolicys;
this.nodes = nodes;
this.autoResponseIndexs = autoResponseIndexs;
}
public RedisRequestType getRequestType() {
return requestType;
}
public List<RedisRequest> getRequests() {
return requests;
}
public List<RedisRequestPolicy> getRequestPolicys() {
return requestPolicys;
}
public List<Integer> getAutoResponseIndexs() {
return autoResponseIndexs;
}
public List<RouteResultNode> getRouteResultNodes() {
return nodes;
}
// 请求数
public int getRequestCount() {
return requests.size();
}
// 透传数
public int getTransCount() {
return requests.size() - autoResponseIndexs.size();
}
// 自动应答数
public int getAutoRespCount() {
return autoResponseIndexs.size();
}
// 请求字节数
public int getRequestSize() {
int size = 0;
for(RedisRequest req: requests ) {
size += req.getSize();
}
return size;
}
public void clear() {
for (RedisRequest request : requests) {
request.clear();
}
requests.clear();
requestPolicys.clear();
autoResponseIndexs.clear();
nodes.clear();
}
}
| 6,982 |
https://github.com/i-gaven/Just_a_dumper/blob/master/all_headers/咕咚-你的跑步健身运动圈子-8.16.0(越狱应用)_headers/ArthurUINormal.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
Just_a_dumper
|
i-gaven
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 87 | 456 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Sep 17 2017 16:24:48).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
@interface ArthurUINormal : NSObject
{
}
+ (void)addBorderToView:(id)arg1 WithColor:(id)arg2;
+ (void)setViewCircle:(id)arg1;
+ (void)addCornerToView:(id)arg1 cornerRadius:(float)arg2;
+ (id)createBadgeToButton:(id)arg1;
+ (void)addTopBottomBorderToView:(id)arg1 width:(float)arg2 color:(id)arg3;
+ (id)createSomeBottomBorderToView:(id)arg1 emptyWidth:(float)arg2 endEmpty:(float)arg3 width:(float)arg4 color:(id)arg5;
+ (id)createSomeBottomBorderToView:(id)arg1 emptyWidth:(float)arg2 width:(float)arg3 color:(id)arg4;
+ (id)createBottomBorderToView:(id)arg1 width:(float)arg2 color:(id)arg3;
+ (void)addBottomBorderToView:(id)arg1 width:(float)arg2 color:(id)arg3;
+ (id)CreateSomeTopBorderToView:(id)arg1 emptyWidth:(float)arg2 width:(float)arg3 color:(id)arg4;
+ (id)CreateTopBorderToView:(id)arg1 width:(float)arg2 color:(id)arg3;
+ (void)addTopBorderToView:(id)arg1 width:(float)arg2 color:(id)arg3;
+ (void)showView:(id)arg1;
+ (void)hideView:(id)arg1;
@end
| 28,431 |
https://github.com/MasterBrian99/giggl-app/blob/master/src/components/header/Header.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
giggl-app
|
MasterBrian99
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 124 | 407 |
import React from 'react';
import {StyleSheet, Text, View, LayoutChangeEvent} from 'react-native';
import InfoIcon from 'react-native-vector-icons/MaterialCommunityIcons';
import CategoryIcon from 'react-native-vector-icons/MaterialIcons';
interface Prop {
children: string | undefined;
onLayout: (e: LayoutChangeEvent) => void;
allowFontScaling?: boolean | undefined;
tintColor?: string | undefined;
style?: false | undefined;
}
const Header = prop => {
console.log(prop);
return (
<View style={styles.container}>
<Text style={styles.headerText}>{prop.children}</Text>
</View>
);
};
export default Header;
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
container: {
backgroundColor: '#242a38',
display: 'flex',
flexDirection: 'row',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'space-between',
height: 60,
},
headerText: {
color: '#aaaaaa',
fontSize: 20,
fontFamily: 'Lato-Bold',
},
iconView: {
display: 'flex',
flexDirection: 'row',
alignItems: 'center',
},
infoIcon: {
marginLeft: 10,
},
});
// <View>
// <ChevronBackIcon
// name="chevron-back"
// size={30}
// color="#900"
// onPress={() => navigation.goBack()}
// />
// </View>
| 4,711 |
US-202318185719-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,023 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,080 | 8,141 |
Electronic device, method, and computer readable recording medium for synchronizing videos based on movement of body
ABSTRACT
An electronic device according to an embodiment includes a memory for storing instructions, and at least one processor operatively coupled to the memory, wherein when the instructions are executed, the at least one processor is configured to identify a plurality of videos capturing a body from each of a plurality of cameras, obtain a first information indicating a movement of a designated body part from a first video of the plurality of videos, obtain a second information indicating a movement of the designated body part from a second video of the plurality of videos, and synchronize the first video and the second video based on the first information and the second information.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C 119 to Korean Pat. Application No. 10-2022-0033962 filed on, Mar. 18, 2022, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which is incorporated by reference herein their entirety.
BACKGROUND Field
Various embodiments relate to an electronic device, a method, and a computer readable recording medium for synchronizing videos based on a movement of a body.
Description of Related Art
Recently, interest in a technique for representing a posture of a body within a virtual two-dimensional space or a virtual three-dimensional space is increasing by capturing the body and interpreting the captured video through a neural network. The neural network may mean a model with the ability capable of solving a specific problem by adjusting the strength of synaptic coupling through learning about a node that has formed a network through the synaptic coupling. For example, the posture of the body may be reconstructed within a virtual space by obtaining a plurality of points corresponding to a body part through the neural network and connecting the obtained plurality of points to each other, based on the inputted image or video.
SUMMARY
An electronic device may reconstruct a posture of a body based on a plurality of videos obtained by a plurality of different cameras. For example, in case that the operating point of time of the plurality of cameras is different, a time difference may occur between the postures of the body captured in each of the plurality of videos. In case that the time difference occurs between the postures of the body, since the posture of the body is not able to be accurately reconstructed, the electronic device may need a method of synchronizing the plurality of videos. The method of synchronizing the plurality of videos may include a method using a time slate or a sensor, but the above methods are cumbersome and have a problem of increasing a constraint condition for capturing the video.
The electronic device, the method, and a computer readable recording medium according to various embodiments may provide the method of synchronizing videos based on a movement of the body.
The technical problems to be achieved in this document are not limited to those described above, and other technical problems not mentioned herein will be clearly understood by those having ordinary knowledge in the art to which the present disclosure belongs, from the following description.
An electronic device according to an embodiment may comprise a memory for storing instructions, and at least one processor operatively coupled to the memory, wherein when the instructions are executed, the at least one processor may be configured to identify a plurality of videos capturing a body from each of a plurality of cameras, obtain a first information indicating a movement of a designated body part from a first video of the plurality of videos, obtain a second information indicating a movement of the designated body part from a second video of the plurality of videos, and synchronize the first video and the second video based on the first information and the second information.
According to an embodiment, an operating method of an electronic device may comprise identifying a plurality of videos capturing a body from each of a plurality of cameras, obtaining a first information indicating a movement of a designated body part from a first video of the plurality of videos, obtaining a second information indicating a movement of the designated body part from a second video of the plurality of videos, and synchronizing the first video and the second video based on the first information and the second information.
According to an embodiment, a computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs, when executed by at least one processor of the electronic device, the one or more program may cause electronic device to identify a first video capturing a body in a first FoV(Field-of-View) and a second video capturing the body in a second FoV different from the first FoV, obtain an information for shifting at least one of the first video and the second video in a time domain, based on a movement of the body changing according to a designated axis included in the first FoV and the second FoV, and synchronize the first video and the second video based on the obtained information and store the first video and the second video in a memory of the electronic device.
Since an electronic device, a method, and a computer readable recording medium according to an embodiment can synchronize a plurality of videos based on a movement of a body, a videographer who captures body posture can easily synchronize the plurality of videos without preparing separate equipment.
The effects that can be obtained from the present disclosure are not limited to those described above, and any other effects not mentioned herein will be clearly understood by those having ordinary knowledge in the art to which the present disclosure belongs, from the following description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and/or other aspects of the disclosure will be more apparent by describing certain embodiments of the disclosure with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of an electronic device according to an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram for describing a neural network obtained by an electronic device according to an embodiment from a set of parameters stored in a memory;
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an environment including an electronic device according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4 illustrates an example in which an electronic device according to an embodiment identifies a movement of a designated body part in a plurality of videos;
FIG. 5A is a graph illustrating an example of a movement of a designated body part indicated by first information and second information;
FIG. 5B illustrates an example of a method of identifying an offset for synchronizing a first video and a second video by an electronic device according to an embodiment;
FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a notification provided by an electronic device to guide a movement of a designated body according to an embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a flowchart for explaining an operation of an electronic device according to an embodiment;
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of an electronic device according to an embodiment.
Referring to FIG. 1 , an electronic device 100 according to an embodiment may include a processor 102, a memory 104, a storage device 106, a high-speed controller 108 (e.g., northbridge, MCH (main controller hub)), a low-speed controller 112 (e.g., southbridge, ICH (I/O (input/output) controller hub)). Within the electronic device 100, each of the processor 102, the memory 104, the storage device 106, the high-speed controller 108, and the low-speed controller 112 may be interconnected by using various buses. For example, the processor 102 may process instructions for execution within the electronic device 100 to display graphic information for a GUI (graphical user interface) on an external input/output device such as a display 116 connected to the high-speed controller 108. The instructions may be included in the memory 104 or the storage device 106. The instructions, when executed by the processor 102, may cause the electronic device 100 to perform one or more operations described above and/or one or more operations to be described below. According to embodiments, the processor 102 may be configured with a plurality of processors including a communications processor and a GPU (graphical processing unit).
For example, the memory 104 may store information in the electronic device 100. For example, the memory 104 may be a volatile memory unit or units. For another example, the memory 104 may be a non-volatile memory unit or units. For still another example, the memory 104 may be another type of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk.
For example, the storage device 106 may provide the electronic device 100 with a mass storage space. For example, the storage device 106 may be a computer-readable medium, such as a hard disk device, an optical disk device, a flash memory, a solid-state memory device, or an array of devices in a SAN (storage area network).
For example, the high-speed controller 108 may manage bandwidth-intensive operations for the electronic device 100, while the low-speed controller 112 may manage low bandwidth-intensive operations for the electronic device 100. For example, the high-speed controller 108 may be coupled with the memory 104 and may be coupled with the display 116 through the GPU or accelerator, while the low-speed controller 112 may be coupled with the storage device 106 and may be coupled with various communication ports (e.g., USB (universal serial bus), Bluetooth, ethernet, wireless ethernet) for communication with an external electronic device (e.g., a keyboard, a transducer, a scanner), or a network device (e.g., a switch or a router).
According to an embodiment, an electronic device 150 may be another example of the electronic device 100. The electronic device 150 may include an input/output device such as a processor 152, a memory 154, a display 156 (e.g., an OLED (organic light emitting diode) display or another suitable display), a communication interface 158, and a transceiver 162. Each of the processor 152, the memory 154, the input/output device, the communication interface 158, and the transceiver 162 may be interconnected by using various buses.
For example, the processor 152 may process instructions included in the memory 154 to display graphical information for the GUI on the input/output device. The instructions, when executed by the processor 152, may cause the electronic device 150 to perform one or more operations described above and/or one or more operations to be described below. For example, the processor 152 may interact with a user through a display interface 164 and a control interface 166 coupled to the display 156. For example, the display interface 164 may include a circuit for driving the display 156 to provide visual information to the user, and the control interface 166 may include a circuit for receiving commands received from the user and converting the commands to provide them to the processor 152. According to embodiments, the processor 152 may be implemented as a chipset of chips including analog and digital processors.
For example, the memory 154 may store information in the electronic device 150. For example, the memory 154 may include at least one of one or more volatile memory units, one or more non-volatile memory units, or the computer-readable medium.
For example, the communication interface 158 may perform wireless communication between the electronic device 150 and the external electronic device through various communication techniques such as a cellular communication technique, a Wi-Fi communication technique, an NFC technique, or a Bluetooth communication technique, based on the interworking with the processor 152. For example, the communication interface 158 may be coupled to the transceiver 168 to perform the wireless communication. For example, the communication interface 158 may be further coupled with a GNSS (global navigation satellite system) reception module 170 to obtain position information of the electronic device 150.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram for describing a neural network obtained by an electronic device according to an embodiment from a set of parameters stored in a memory.
Referring to FIG. 2 , the set of parameters related to a neural network 200 may be stored in a memory (e.g., a memory 104 of FIG. 1 ) of an electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 100 of FIG. 1 ) according to an embodiment. The neural network 200 is a recognition model implemented with software or hardware that mimics the computational power of a biological system by using a large number of artificial neurons (or nodes). The neural network 200 may perform a human cognitive action or a learning process through artificial neurons. The parameters related to the neural network 200 may indicate, for example, weights assigned to a plurality of nodes included in the neural network 200 and/or connections between the plurality of nodes. The number of the neural networks 200 stored in the memory 104 is not limited as illustrated in FIG. 2 , and the set of parameters corresponding to each of a plurality of neural networks may be stored in the memory 104.
The model trained by the electronic device 100 according to an embodiment may be implemented based on the neural network 200 indicated based on the set of a plurality of parameters stored in the memory 104. The neurons of the neural network 200 corresponding to the model may be classified along a plurality of layers. The neurons may be indicated by a connection line connecting between a specific node included in a specific layer and another node included in a different another layer from the specific layer, and/or a weight assigned to the connection line. For example, the neural network 200 may include an input layer 210, hidden layers 220, and an output layer 230. The number of the hidden layers 220 may vary according to an embodiment.
The input layer 210 may receive a vector indicating input data (e.g., a vector having elements corresponding to the number of nodes included in the input layer 210). Based on the input data, signals generated at each of the nodes in the input layer 210 may be transmitted from the input layer 210 to the hidden layers 220. The output layer 230 may generate output data of the neural network 200 based on one or more signals received from the hidden layers 220. The output data may include, for example, the vector having elements mapped to each of the nodes included in the output layer 230.
The hidden layers 220 may be positioned between the input layer 210 and the output layer 230 and may change the input data transmitted through the input layer 210. For example, as the input data received through the input layer 210 propagates sequentially from the input layer 210 along the hidden layers 220, the input data may be gradually changed based on the weight connecting nodes of different layers.
As described above, each of the layers (e.g., the input layer 210, the hidden layers 220, and the output layer 230) included in the neural network 200 may include the plurality of nodes. The hidden layers 220 may be a convolution filter or a fully connected layer in a CNN (convolutional neural network), or may be a various type of a filter or a layer bound based on a special function or feature.
A structure in which the nodes are connected between the different layers is not limited to an example of FIG. 2 . In an embodiment, the one or more hidden layers 220 may be a layer based on a recurrent neural network (RNN) in which an output value is re-entered to the hidden layer of the current time. In an embodiment, based on a LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), the neural network 200 may further include one or more gates (and/or filters) for discarding at least one of the values of nodes, maintaining them for a relatively long period of time, or maintaining them for a relatively short period of time. The neural network 200 according to an embodiment may include the numerous hidden layers 220 to form a deep neural network. Training the deep neural network is called deep learning. The node included in the hidden layers 220 may be referred to as a hidden node.
The nodes included in the input layer 210 and the hidden layers 220 may be connected to each other through a connection line having the weights, and the nodes included in the hidden layers 220 and the output layer 230 may also be connected to each other through the connection line having the weights. Tuning and/or training the neural network 200 may mean changing the weights between the nodes included in each of the layers (e.g., the input layer 210, the hidden layers 220, and/or the output layer 230) included in the neural network 200. The tuning of the neural network 200 may be performed, for example, based on supervised learning and/or unsupervised learning.
The electronic device 100 according to an embodiment may train a model 240 based on the supervised learning. The supervised learning may mean training the neural network 200 by using a set of paired input data and output data. For example, the neural network 200 may be tuned to reduce the difference between the output data output from the output layer 230 and the output data included in the set while receiving the input data included in the set. As the number of sets increases, the neural network 200 may generate the output data generalized by the one or more sets with respect to other input data distinct from the set.
The electronic device 100 according to an embodiment may tune the neural network 200 based on reinforcement learning in the unsupervised learning. For example, the electronic device 100 may change policy information used by the neural network 200 to control an agent based on interaction between the agent and an environment. The electronic device 100 according to an embodiment may cause the change in the policy information by the neural network 200 to maximize the target and/or compensation of the agent by the interaction.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an environment including an electronic device according to an embodiment.
Referring to FIG. 3 , an environment 300 according to an embodiment may include an electronic device 310 and one or more cameras 320. Since the electronic device 310 of FIG. 3 may be substantially the same as an electronic device 100 and/or an electronic device 150 of FIG. 1 , an overlapping description will be omitted.
According to an embodiment, the electronic device 310 may be a terminal or a server owned by a user. For example, the electronic device 310 may include at least one of a personal computer (PC) such as a laptop and a desktop, a smartphone, a smartpad, and a tablet PC (Personal Computer).
According to an embodiment, the electronic device 310 may include a memory for storing instructions, at least one processor, and a display 311. The memory of the electronic device 310 may be substantially the same as a memory 104 or a memory 154 of FIG. 1 , at least one processor of the electronic device 310 may be substantially the same as a processor 102 or a processor 152 of FIG. 1 , and the display 311 of the electronic device 310 may be substantially the same as a display 116 or a display 156 of FIG. 1 , so an overlapping description will be omitted.
The one or more cameras 320 may be used to capture a body 330. The camera 320 may be, for example, at least one of a digital camera, an action camera, and a gimbal camera, for capturing the body 330, but is not limited thereto. In FIG. 3 , the camera 320 and the electronic device 310 are illustrated as separate devices, but this is for convenience of description. According to embodiments, the camera 320 may be a partial component of the electronic device 310 included in the electronic device 310.
According to an embodiment, the camera 320 may move relatively with respect to the body 330. For example, the camera 320 may rotate with respect to the body 330. The camera 320 may rotate based on at least one of a roll axis 320 a, a pitch axis 320 b, and a yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320. The roll axis 320 a of the camera 320 may mean a virtual line extending along a direction parallel to an optical axis f of the camera 320. The roll axis 320 a of the camera 320 may extend along the front or rear of the camera 320. The pitch axis 320 b of the camera 320 may mean the virtual line extending along a direction perpendicular to the roll axis 320 a of the camera 320. For example, the pitch axis 320 b of the camera 320 may extend along the left side or the right side of the camera 320 based on the camera 320. The yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320 may mean the virtual line extending along a direction perpendicular to both the roll axis 320 a of the camera 320 and the pitch axis 320 b of the camera 320. For example, the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320 may extend along upward or downward of the camera 320 based on the camera 320. In case that the camera 320 is disposed on a ground, the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320 may be perpendicular with respect to the ground. According to an embodiment, the camera 320 may move linearly with respect to the body 330. For example, the camera 320 may move in a direction away from the body 330 or in a direction becoming closer to the body 330 along at least one of the roll axis 320 a, the pitch axis 320 b, and the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320.
According to an embodiment, the body 330 may take a specific posture while being captured by the camera 320. For example, the body 330 may move while taking the specific posture for a designated period of time. The camera 320 may obtain a one or more frames (or a one or more images) by capturing the body 330 taking the specific posture. For example, the one or more frames (or the one or more images) may include an image obtained by capturing the body 330 taking the specific posture. The image may be referred to as a still image. For another example, the one or more frames (or a one or more images) may include a video 340 obtained by capturing the body 330 taking the specific posture for the designated period of time.
According to an embodiment, the camera 320 may include a plurality of cameras 320 that capture the body 330 based on a different Field-of-View (FoV). The FoV may mean a range that may be captured by the camera 320 for the designated period of time, and the corresponding expression may be used equally below unless otherwise noted. According to an embodiment, the plurality of cameras 320 may obtain a plurality of videos 340 by capturing different parts of the body 330 based on a different FoV. According to an embodiment, the plurality of cameras 320 may orient the body 330 in an angle different from each other. For example, the camera 320 may include a first camera 321, a second camera 322, a third camera 323, and a fourth camera 324 that capture, respectively, different parts of the body 330 by orienting the body 330 in the angle different from each other. For example, the first camera 321 may capture the front surface of the body 330 by orienting the front surface of the body 330, the second camera 322 may capture the rear surface of the body 330 by orienting the rear surface of the body 330, the third camera 323 may capture the right side surface of the body 330 by orienting the right side surface of the body 330, and the fourth camera 324 may capture the left side surface of the body 330 by orienting the left side surface of the body 330. However, it is not limited thereto, and the disposition relationship of the plurality of cameras 320 may be variously changed. According to an embodiment, each of the yaw axes 320 c of the plurality of cameras 320 may face substantially the same direction as each other. For example, the yaw axes 320 c of each of the first camera 321, the second camera 322, the third camera 323, and the fourth camera 324 may face substantially the same direction as each other. Although FIG. 1 illustrates that the number of the plurality of cameras 320 is four, this is for convenience of description. The number of the camera 320 for capturing the body 330 is not limited by that illustrates in FIG. 1.
According to an embodiment, the camera 320 may transmit the obtained video 340 to the electronic device 310 based on obtaining the video 340. The video 340 may capture the body 330 moving for the designated period of time while taking the specific posture. For example, the camera 320 may capture a movement of the body 330 moving for the designated period of time to a first axis d1 parallel to the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320. For another example, the camera 320 may capture the movement of the body 330 moving for the designated period of time to a second axis d2 distinct from the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320. The second axis d2 may be, for example, parallel to the roll axis 320 a of the camera 320 or parallel to the pitch axis 320 b, but is not limited thereto.
According to an embodiment, the video 340 may include a first video 341 capturing the body 330 in the first FoV, a second video 342 capturing the body 330 in the second FoV, a third video 343 capturing the body 330 in the third FoV, and a fourth video 344 capturing the body 330 in the fourth FoV. For example, the first video 341 may be obtained by the first camera 321, the second video 342 may be obtained by the second camera 322, the third video 343 may be obtained by the third camera 323, and the fourth video 344 may be obtained by the fourth camera 324. In case that the yaw axes 320 c of each of the first camera 321, the second camera 322, the third camera 323, and the fourth camera 324 face each other in substantially the same direction, the first video 341, the second video 342, the third video 343, and the fourth video 344 may share a designated axis in each FoV.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may identify the plurality of videos 340 capturing the body 330 from each of the plurality of cameras 320. The processor may obtain information indicating a movement of a designated body part from each of the plurality of videos 340. For example, the information may include first information, second information, third information, and fourth information corresponding to each of the first video 341, the second video 342, the third video 343, and the fourth video 344. The designated body part may be, for example, a hip joint of the body 330, but is not limited thereto. According to an embodiment, the processor may identify at least one points corresponding to the designated body part within each of the plurality of videos 340, based on a first model receiving each of the plurality of videos 340. The processor may obtain information indicating the movement of the designated body part within each of the plurality of videos 340, based on identifying the at least one points. According to an embodiment, the first model may include a neural network (e.g., a neural network 200 of FIG. 2 ) pre-learned to identify the designated body part of the body 330 in the video 340. For example, the first model may include a convolution neural network, but is not limited thereto.
According to an embodiment, each of the information indicating the movement of the body may include data on a position change over time of the designated body part in the video 340. For example, the first information, the second information, the third information, and the fourth information may each include the data on the position change over time of the designated body part in the first video 341, the second video 342, the third video 343, and the fourth video 344.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may synchronize the plurality of videos 340 based on the information obtained from each of the plurality of videos 340. For example, the processor may synchronize the first video 341 and the second video 342 based on the first information and the second information. For example, the processor may identify a first offset that minimizes the difference between the movement of the designated body part in the first video 341 and the movement of the designated body part in the second video 342, among offsets for shifting the second video 342 in a time domain of the second video 342. The processor may synchronize the first video 341 and the second video 342 based on identifying the first offset.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may obtain posture information for indicating the posture of the body 330 from the plurality of videos 340 based on synchronizing the plurality of videos 340. The posture information may include information for indicating the posture of the body 330 within a virtual space. For example, the posture information may represent the posture of the body 330 based on a skeleton model, but is not limited thereto. According to an embodiment, the processor may obtain data including a plurality of coordinates for representing different parts of the body 330 within each of the plurality of videos 340. The processor may obtain the posture information for indicating the posture of the body 330 by aggregating data including the plurality of coordinates obtained within each of the plurality of videos 340. For example, the processor may obtain the posture information based on a second model (e.g., the neural network 200 of FIG. 2 ) receiving data including the plurality of coordinates.
As described above, the electronic device 310 according to an embodiment may easily synchronize the plurality of videos 340 based on the movement of the body 330. For example, in case that the plurality of videos 340 are obtained by the plurality of cameras 320, the time difference may occur between the plurality of videos 340 due to different capturing start point of time of the plurality of cameras 320. The time difference between the plurality of videos 340 may occur, for example, when an operation signal from the electronic device 310 to each of the plurality of cameras 320 reaches at different point of time. As the time difference occurs between the plurality of videos 340, when the posture of the body 330 is reconstructed without synchronizing the plurality of videos 340, the accuracy of the posture of the reconstructed body 330 may be low. In case that a time slate is used to synchronize the plurality of videos 340, there may be an inconvenience that the user has to synchronize the plurality of videos 340 directly based on the audio corresponding to the sound of the time slate. As another method for synchronizing the plurality of videos 340, a sensor may be used, but a problem that the amount of calculation of the electronic device 310 for synchronizing the plurality of videos 340 is increased may occur, and there may be inconvenience for a videographer to prepare a sensor separately. According to an embodiment, since the electronic device 310 may synchronize the plurality of videos 340 based on identifying the movement of the designated body part from each of the plurality of videos 340, it may accurately reconstruct the posture of the body 330 even without a separate equipment.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example in which an electronic device according to an embodiment identifies a movement of a designated body part in a plurality of videos.
Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, a method of operating the electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 310 of FIG. 3 ) according to an embodiment will be described based on a first video 341 and a second video 342, but the method of operating the electronic device 310 according to an embodiment may be substantially equally applied to a third video 343 and a fourth video 344 of FIG. 3.
Referring to FIG. 4 , according to an embodiment, a processor of the electronic device (e.g., the electronic device 310 of FIG. 3 ) may identify at least one points corresponding to the designated body part in each of a plurality of videos 340 based on a first model receiving each of the plurality of videos 340. For example, the processor may identify a first point 341 a corresponding to a designated body part 331 within the first video 341, based on the first model receiving the first video 341. For another example, the processor may identify a second point 342 a corresponding to the designated body part 331 within the second video 342 based on the first model receiving the second video 342.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may obtain information indicating a movement of the designated body part 331 based on identifying the at least one points. For example, the processor may obtain first information indicating a position change of the first point 341 a over time, based on identifying a movement of the first point 341 a. For another example, the processor may obtain second information indicating a position change of the second point 342 a over time, based on identifying a movement of the second point 342 a.
According to an embodiment, the movement of the designated body part 331 may include moving the designated body part 331 along a direction different from yaw axes (e.g., a yaw axis 320 c of FIG. 3 ) of each of a plurality of camera (e.g., a camera 320 of FIG. 3 ). For example, the designated body part 331 may move along a second axis d2 perpendicular to a first axis d1 parallel to the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320. In case that the designated body part 331 moves in a direction distinct from the first axis d1, video distortion may occur between the first video 341 and the second video 342. For example, in case that a body 330 moves along the second axis d2, although the body 330 performs one motion, the movement of the designated body part 331 of the body 330 in the first video 341 and the movement of the designated body part 331 of the body 330 in the second video 342 may be different each other. For example, in case that the designated body part 331 in the first video 341 moves to the right, the designated body part 331 in the second video 342 may move to the left. According to an embodiment, the processor may correct the video distortion between the first video 341 and the second video 342 based on first data. For example, the processor may obtain the first information and the second information indicating the movement of the body part 331 moving in a direction different from the first axis d1, based on the first data indicating a position relationship between a plurality of cameras 320. The first data may be an extrinsic parameter of the plurality of cameras 320 including at least one of a position, a rotation angle, a focal distance, or a distortion rate of the plurality of cameras 320. The extrinsic parameter may be referred to as an extrinsic matrix.
According to an embodiment, the movement of the designated body part 331 may include that the designated body part 331 moves in a direction parallel to the yaw axes 320 c of each of the plurality of cameras 320. For example, the body 330 may move along the first axis d1 parallel to the yaw axis 320 c of the camera 320. In case that the body 330 moves along the first axis d1, the movement of the designated body part 331 of the body 330 in the first video 341 may be the same as the movement of the designated body part 331 of the body 330 in the second video 342 each other. For example, in case that the designated body part 331 in the first video 341 moves up or down, the designated body part 331 of the body 330 in the second video 342 may also move up or down. In case that the designated body part 331 moves along the first axis d1, the processor of the electronic device 310 may obtain the first information and the second information without reflecting the extrinsic parameter of the plurality of cameras 320. As the extrinsic parameter is not reflected, in case that the designated body part 331 moves in a direction parallel to the first axis d1, the amount of calculation of the electronic device 310 for obtaining the first information and/or the second information may be reduced compared to the case where the designated body part 331 moves in a direction distinct from the first axis d1.
As described above, according to an embodiment, the electronic device 310 may obtain the first information and the second information for synchronizing the first video 341 and the second video 342 by identifying the movement of the designated body part 331 moving relatively with respect to the plurality of cameras 320.
FIG. 5A is a graph illustrating an example of a movement of a designated body part indicated by first information and second information, and FIG. 5B illustrates an example of a method of identifying an offset for synchronizing a first video and a second video by an electronic device according to an embodiment.
In FIG. 5A, a first graph 510 and a second graph 520 illustrate an example of a movement of a designated body part (e.g., a designated body part 331 of FIG. 4 ) indicated by the first information and the second information, respectively. In other words, the first graph 510 and the second graph 520 indicate a position change over time of a first point (e.g., a first point 341 a of FIG. 4 ) and a second point (e.g., a second point 342 a of FIG. 4 ) corresponding to the designated body part 331, respectively. In FIG. 5A, the horizontal axis of the first graph 510 and the second graph 520 indicate time, respectively, and the vertical axis indicates the normalized movement of the designated body part.
In FIG. 5B, the third graph 530 indicates the relationship between offset values for shifting the second graph 520 and absolute value of the difference between the second graph 520 shifted by a plurality of offsets and the first graph 510. In FIG. 5B the horizontal axis of the third graph 530 indicates the plurality of offset values for shifting the second graph 520, and the vertical axis of the third graph 530 indicates the absolute value of the difference between the second graph 520 shifted by the plurality of offsets and the first graph 510.
Referring to FIG. 5A, according to an embodiment, in a time domain of the second video (e.g., a second video 342 of FIG. 3 ), a processor of the electronic device (e.g., an electronic device 310 of FIG. 3 ) may identify the first offset 531 that minimizes the difference between the movement of the designated body part 331 in the first video (e.g., a first video 341 of FIG. 3 ) and the movement of the designated body part 331 in the second video 342, among offsets for shifting the second video 342. For example, due to a time difference between the first video 341 and the second video 342, the position of the first point 341 a and the position of the second point 342 a may be identified differently from each other at a first time point t1. The processor may shift the second graph 520 with the plurality of offsets in order to correct the time difference between the first video 341 and the second video 342.
Referring to FIG. 5B, according to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may identify the first offset that minimizes the difference between the position of the first point 341 a and the position over time of the second point 342 a, among the plurality of offsets. For example, the processor may identify the offset 531 value in the third graph 530 having the smallest absolute value of the difference between the second graph 520 shifted with the plurality of offsets and the first graph 510, as the first offset.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may synchronize the first video 341 and the second video 342 based on identifying the first offset. The processor may record the synchronized first video 341 and the synchronized second video 342 in a memory of the electronic device 310.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may record data on the first offset in the memory of the electronic device 310 based on identifying the first offset. The recorded data on the first offset may be used when the electronic device 310 synchronizes the first video 341 and the second video 342 in order to obtain posture information of the body 330. According to an embodiment, the processor may store data on the first offset in meta data of a file corresponding to the second video 342, based on identifying the first offset.
According to an embodiment, the processor of the electronic device 310 may trim a part of the second video 342 based on identifying the first offset. For example, the processor may discard a part of the second video 342.
| 1,933 |
https://github.com/yshalenyk/openprocurement.auction/blob/master/openprocurement/auction/includeme.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
openprocurement.auction
|
yshalenyk
|
Python
|
Code
| 40 | 202 |
from zope.interface import Interface
from zope.interface.interface import InterfaceClass
from openprocurement.auction.core import RunDispatcher, Planning
from openprocurement.auction.interfaces import IFeedItem, IAuctionDatabridge, IAuctionsChronograph
def _register(components, procurement_method_type):
iface = InterfaceClass("I{}Auction".format(procurement_method_type),
bases=(Interface,))
components.add_auction(iface,
procurementMethodType=procurement_method_type)
components.registerAdapter(Planning, (IAuctionDatabridge, IFeedItem), iface)
components.registerAdapter(RunDispatcher, (IAuctionsChronograph, IFeedItem), iface)
def default(components):
_register(components, 'default')
| 29,259 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66504689
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Scheff's Cat, chehrlic, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13043272, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7478597
|
English
|
Spoken
| 366 | 552 |
How should I stop thread in Qt?
I have an Qt app with a window with a grid on it. When User changes current row of the grid I need to do some "work/data base query/calculation" with a piece of information in selected row and display result in status bar. Since this is a small side option (do not want to block main thread) and because of "work/data base query/calculation" may take some time I do it in other thread. The problem pops up then user changes his mind and current row while my side thread is still running. I do not need previous results anymore and I want to stop calculating function running in other thread and free resources taken by it. How should I do that in proper way?
I tried different ways of managing threads:
-class QThread and examples from https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qthread.html
(does not work for me because while My function is running it blocks thread's event loop and prevent such a good ways of stopping thread as "QThread::quit" and "QThread::exit");
-function QThread::create
(does not work either because of created thread does not have event loop at all);
-QConcurent::run
(according to the Qt documentation - that guy is uncancelable).
Yes, there is ultimate way to stop thread - "QThread::terminate", but the documentation highly advice against it as a "dirty" method.
You could use an atomic which you check periodically in your compute thread whether to bail out or not. Unfortunately, there are not so much (or better no) ways to cancel a thread from outside (without introducing U.B. or rely on something very system specific). A thread always needs to be a bit co-operative for this - in Qt and in other thread APIs (std::, boost::) as well.
FYI: Qt and std::thread (Cancel option included - as Stop button)
No need for an own atomic - simply use QThread::requestInterruption() / isInterruptionRequested() similar to boost::thread (but sadly missing in std::thread)
@chehrlic Something, I missed til now. (I'm somehow focused on std::thread which works beyond Qt as well.) It's probably implemented similar like my "atomic-idea"...
@cherlic :-) QThread::interruptionRequested: std::atomic<bool> interruptionRequested;
But it's a build-in and therefore much more convenient. std can do anything but not convenient.
| 10,272 |
8686988_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 474 | 567 |
BOND, Circuit judge.
This-cause.has been submitted to the' court, without the intervention of a jury, by agreement in writing, to find the facts and determine the law applicable thereto: The facts have been agreed upon by the parties, and the court doth find them to be as follows: This is a suit upon a distiller’s bond. Triplett, one of the defendants, in the year 1872, after the first day of April, was a distiller, and as such executed ¡the bond upon which this suit is brought. In the autumn of that year he was indebted to the United States in the sum of $1,300, for which a distress warrant was levied by the United States collector of internal revenue for the Seventh district of Virginia, and the distillery premises referred to in the bond were exposed for sale at public auction, under said distress warrant. and. there being no other bidder, the premises were bought in by the collector for the United States at the sum due by Trip-lett to the United States. Subsequently it was ascertained that the property in question was encumbered by liens existing thereon prior to Triplett's commencing business as distiller, to an amount much larger than the value of the property. Sometime thereafter the property was sold under a decree of the circuit court of Fauquier county, Virginia, to satisfy the prior liens, and did not bring a sufficient sum to pay off and discharge them. The United States, on account of these facts, did not realize anything on account of their purchase, and this suit'is brought to recover the debt referred to in the declaration. A deed was made by the collector on January 7, 1874, conveying the distillery premises to the United States. And the court finds the law to be from these facts that by the sale of the premises by the collector, as stated, for an amount equal to the debt due by the defendant, that debt was extinguished and paid. And that it makes no difference whether the defendant had any real interest in the property or not, or that the purchaser acquired no title to the same. Nor is it material that the United States, and not an individual, is the purchaser. As there was no warranty of title at this sale, it would have been no answer to a suit on a note for the purchase-money given by an individual purchaser at the sale, that the delinquent had no interest in the property. He would have been told that all that was sold was whatever interest the party had, and that the act of congress referred to was notice to him of that. The same rule must be applied to the United States, when they become purchasers at these sales, as is applied to individuals, and the judgment must be for defendants.
| 7,140 |
https://github.com/BladeGTs/y/blob/master/frontend/tests/functional/ProductCest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
y
|
BladeGTs
|
PHP
|
Code
| 154 | 784 |
<?php
namespace frontend\tests\functional;
use frontend\tests\fixtures\UserFixture;
use frontend\tests\FunctionalTester;
class proudctCest {
protected $formId = "#form-enter";
public function _fixtures() {
return [
'user' => [
'class' => UserFixture::className(),
'dataFile' => codecept_data_dir() . 'login_data.php'
]
];
}
public function _before(FunctionalTester $I) {
$I->amOnRoute('/product/create');
}
protected function formParams($email, $password)
{
return [
'LoginForm[email]' => $email,
'LoginForm[password]' => $password,
];
}
// tests
public function EnterValidData(FunctionalTester $I) {
$I->see('Вход');
$I->submitForm('#login-form', $this->formParams('[email protected]', 'password_0'));
$I->see('erau', 'div.user-details');
$I->click('Действия с базой');
$I->click('Товары');
$I->click('Добавить товар');
$I->see('Добавить товар', 'h1');
$I->submitForm(
$this->formId, [
'Product[barcode]"' => '2135154',
'Product[Name]' => 'name_test',
'Product[Product_group]' => 'group_test',
'Product[Units]' => 'test_uinits',
'Product[Manufacturer_Name]' => 'tester',
'Product[Country_of_Origin]' => 'tester',
]
);
$I->see('name_test');
}
public function EnterWrongData(FunctionalTester $I) {
$I->see('Вход');
$I->submitForm('#login-form', $this->formParams('[email protected]', 'password_0'));
$I->see('erau', 'div.user-details');
$I->click('Действия с базой');
$I->click('Товары');
$I->see('Товары');
$I->click('Добавить товар');
$I->see('Добавить товар', 'h1');
$I->submitForm(
$this->formId, [
'Product[barcode]"' => 'text',
'Product[Name]' => 'name_test',
'Product[Product_group]' => 'group_test',
'Product[Units]' => 'test_uinits',
'Product[Manufacturer_Name]' => 'tester',
'Product[Country_of_Origin]' => 'tester',
]
);
$I->see('Значение «Штрих-код» должно быть числом.');
}
}
| 33,239 |
https://github.com/hito0512/Vitis-AI/blob/master/tools/Vitis-AI-Runtime/VART/vart/buffer-object/test/test_buffer_object.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
Vitis-AI
|
hito0512
|
C++
|
Code
| 247 | 625 |
/*
* Copyright 2019 Xilinx Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "vitis/ai/parse_value.hpp"
#include "xir/buffer_object.hpp"
using namespace std;
#include <vitis/ai/env_config.hpp>
DEF_ENV_PARAM(DEVICE_ID, "0");
DEF_ENV_PARAM_2(CU_NAME, "DPU", std::string);
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
size_t sz = 0ul;
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<xir::BufferObject>> all;
for (auto i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
vitis::ai::parse_value(std::string{argv[i]}, sz);
size_t device_id = (size_t)ENV_PARAM(DEVICE_ID);
const string& cu_name = ENV_PARAM(CU_NAME);
auto bo = xir::BufferObject::create(sz, device_id, cu_name);
std::cout << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << ": [" << __FUNCTION__ << "]" //
<< "bo->data_r() " << bo->data_r() << " " //
<< "bo->data_r() " << bo->data_w() << " " //
<< "bo->phy() " << std::hex << "0x" << bo->phy() << " " //
<< std::dec //
<< std::endl;
bo->sync_for_read(100, 200);
bo->sync_for_write(200, 300);
all.emplace_back(std::move(bo));
}
std::cout << "press enter to releaes memory and continue ... \n"
"you can use xbutil query -d 0 to check memory usage ...\n";
char c = 0;
std::cin >> c;
cout << "BYEBYE";
return 0;
}
| 31,034 |
https://github.com/ryfeus/lambda-packs/blob/master/Spacy/source2.7/spacy/lang/es/stop_words.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
lambda-packs
|
ryfeus
|
Python
|
Code
| 562 | 965 |
# coding: utf8
from __future__ import unicode_literals
STOP_WORDS = set("""
actualmente acuerdo adelante ademas además adrede afirmó agregó ahi ahora ahí
al algo alguna algunas alguno algunos algún alli allí alrededor ambos ampleamos
antano antaño ante anterior antes apenas aproximadamente aquel aquella aquellas
aquello aquellos aqui aquél aquélla aquéllas aquéllos aquí arriba arribaabajo
aseguró asi así atras aun aunque ayer añadió aún
bajo bastante bien breve buen buena buenas bueno buenos
cada casi cerca cierta ciertas cierto ciertos cinco claro comentó como con
conmigo conocer conseguimos conseguir considera consideró consigo consigue
consiguen consigues contigo contra cosas creo cual cuales cualquier cuando
cuanta cuantas cuanto cuantos cuatro cuenta cuál cuáles cuándo cuánta cuántas
cuánto cuántos cómo
da dado dan dar de debajo debe deben debido decir dejó del delante demasiado
demás dentro deprisa desde despacio despues después detras detrás dia dias dice
dicen dicho dieron diferente diferentes dijeron dijo dio donde dos durante día
días dónde
ejemplo el ella ellas ello ellos embargo empleais emplean emplear empleas
empleo en encima encuentra enfrente enseguida entonces entre era eramos eran
eras eres es esa esas ese eso esos esta estaba estaban estado estados estais
estamos estan estar estará estas este esto estos estoy estuvo está están ex
excepto existe existen explicó expresó él ésa ésas ése ésos ésta éstas éste
éstos
fin final fue fuera fueron fui fuimos
general gran grandes gueno
ha haber habia habla hablan habrá había habían hace haceis hacemos hacen hacer
hacerlo haces hacia haciendo hago han hasta hay haya he hecho hemos hicieron
hizo horas hoy hubo
igual incluso indicó informo informó intenta intentais intentamos intentan
intentar intentas intento ir
junto
la lado largo las le lejos les llegó lleva llevar lo los luego lugar
mal manera manifestó mas mayor me mediante medio mejor mencionó menos menudo mi
mia mias mientras mio mios mis misma mismas mismo mismos modo momento mucha
muchas mucho muchos muy más mí mía mías mío míos
nada nadie ni ninguna ningunas ninguno ningunos ningún no nos nosotras nosotros
nuestra nuestras nuestro nuestros nueva nuevas nuevo nuevos nunca
ocho os otra otras otro otros
pais para parece parte partir pasada pasado paìs peor pero pesar poca pocas
poco pocos podeis podemos poder podria podriais podriamos podrian podrias podrá
podrán podría podrían poner por porque posible primer primera primero primeros
principalmente pronto propia propias propio propios proximo próximo próximos
pudo pueda puede pueden puedo pues
qeu que quedó queremos quien quienes quiere quiza quizas quizá quizás quién quiénes qué
raras realizado realizar realizó repente respecto
sabe sabeis sabemos saben saber sabes salvo se sea sean segun segunda segundo
según seis ser sera será serán sería señaló si sido siempre siendo siete sigue
siguiente sin sino sobre sois sola solamente solas solo solos somos son soy
soyos su supuesto sus suya suyas suyo sé sí sólo
tal tambien también tampoco tan tanto tarde te temprano tendrá tendrán teneis
tenemos tener tenga tengo tenido tenía tercera ti tiempo tiene tienen toda
todas todavia todavía todo todos total trabaja trabajais trabajamos trabajan
trabajar trabajas trabajo tras trata través tres tu tus tuvo tuya tuyas tuyo
tuyos tú
ultimo un una unas uno unos usa usais usamos usan usar usas uso usted ustedes
última últimas último últimos
va vais valor vamos van varias varios vaya veces ver verdad verdadera verdadero
vez vosotras vosotros voy vuestra vuestras vuestro vuestros
ya yo
""".split())
| 9,447 |
https://github.com/nick-zhu/Shan/blob/master/src/shan/createElement.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
Shan
|
nick-zhu
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 219 | 502 |
import { typeNum } from './utils';
const RESERVED_PROPS = {
ref: true,
key: true,
__self: true,
__source: true
}
class VNode {
constructor(type, props, key, ref) {
this.owner = currentOwner.cur,
this.type = type,
this.props = props,
this.key = key,
this.ref = ref
}
}
/**
* Creating virtual DOM
* @param {String | Function} type
* @param {Object} config
* @param {Array} children
*/
function createElement(type, config, ...children) {
let props = {}, key = null, ref = null, childrenLength = children.length;
if (config != null) {
key = config.key === undefined ? null : '' + config.key;
ref = config.ref === undefined ? null : config.ref;
// update props with config object
for (let propName in config) {
// Skip reserved props
if (RESERVED_PROPS.hasOwnProperty(propName)) continue;
// Ensure propName belongs to config itself, not inheritated from prototype
if (config.hasOwnProperty(propName)) {
props[propName] = config[propName];
}
}
}
if (childrenLength === 1) {
// If children is undefined or null, set it to empty array
props.children = typeNum(children[0]) > 2 ? children[0] : [];
}
else if (childrenLength > 1) {
props.children = children;
}
let defaultProps = type.defaultProps;
if (defaultProps) {
for (let propName in defaultProps) {
if (props[propName] === undefined) {
props[propName] = defaultProps[propName];
}
}
}
return new VNode(type, props, key, ref);
}
export {
VNode,
createElement
}
| 20,922 |
https://github.com/bushra-suhail/e-learning/blob/master/resources/lang/ar/web.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
e-learning
|
bushra-suhail
|
PHP
|
Code
| 40 | 152 |
<?php
return [
'Categoris' => 'الاقسام',
'search' => 'بحث',
'home' => 'الرئيسية',
'About' => 'من نحن',
'Courses' => 'الدورات التدريبية',
'Shop' => 'المتجر',
'Pages' => 'الصفحات',
'Contact' => 'اتصل بنا',
'Blog' => 'المدونة',
'Languages' => 'اللغات',
'Login' => 'دخول',
];
| 11,454 |
https://github.com/syncfusion/file-formats-aspnet-ej1-demos/blob/master/XlsIO/ImportFromGrid.aspx.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Net-SNMP, Xnet, Info-ZIP
| 2,022 |
file-formats-aspnet-ej1-demos
|
syncfusion
|
C#
|
Code
| 219 | 736 |
#region Copyright Syncfusion Inc. 2001-2021.
// Copyright Syncfusion Inc. 2001-2021. All rights reserved.
// Use of this code is subject to the terms of our license.
// A copy of the current license can be obtained at any time by e-mailing
// [email protected]. Any infringement will be prosecuted under
// applicable laws.
#endregion
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using Syncfusion.XlsIO;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
namespace WebSampleBrowser.XlsIO
{
public partial class ImportFromGrid : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
gridView.DataSource = GetDataTable();
gridView.DataBind();
gridView.AlternatingRowStyle.BackColor = Color.WhiteSmoke;
gridView.RowStyle.BackColor = Color.LightGray;
gridView.HeaderStyle.BackColor = Color.WhiteSmoke;
}
protected void btnCreateExcel_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//Step 1 : Instantiate the spreadsheet creation engine.
ExcelEngine excelEngine = new ExcelEngine();
//Step 2 : Instantiate the excel application object.
IApplication application = excelEngine.Excel;
IWorkbook workbook = application.Workbooks.Create(1);
//IWorkbook workbook = application.Workbooks.Create(1);
IWorksheet sheet = workbook.Worksheets[0];
//Imports from GridView to worksheet.
sheet.ImportGridView(gridView, 1, 1, chbHeader.Checked, chbStyle.Checked);
sheet.UsedRange.AutofitColumns();
if (rdButtonXls.Checked)
{
application.DefaultVersion = ExcelVersion.Excel97to2003;
workbook.SaveAs("Output.xls", ExcelSaveType.SaveAsXLS, Response, ExcelDownloadType.PromptDialog);
}
else if (rdButtonXlsx.Checked)
{
application.DefaultVersion = ExcelVersion.Excel2013;
workbook.SaveAs("Output.xlsx", ExcelSaveType.SaveAsXLS, Response, ExcelDownloadType.PromptDialog);
}
workbook.Close();
excelEngine.Dispose();
}
private DataTable GetDataTable()
{
DataSet customersDataSet = new DataSet();
//Get the path of the input file
string inputXmlPath = XlsIOHelper.ResolveApplicationDataPath("Customers.xml", Request);
customersDataSet.ReadXml(inputXmlPath);
DataTable dataTable = new DataTable();
dataTable = customersDataSet.Tables[0];
dataTable.Columns.RemoveAt(4);
return dataTable;
}
}
}
| 21,483 |
https://openalex.org/W2987018780
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,019 |
Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Progress on Graphene Inks from 2008 to 2018
|
Jean C. A. Sousa
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,089 | 8,007 |
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 p
@
)
N. U. Yamaguchi is with the Master’s program of Clean Technologies,
Unicesumar, and Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
(ICETI), Maringá, PR 87050-900 Brazil (corresponding author, phone: +55-
3027-6360 ext: 1178; e-mail: [email protected]). J. C. A. Sousa, J. C. M. Santos, and A. J. Rubio are with the Master’s
program of Clean Technologies, Unicesumar, Maringá, PR 87050-900 Brazil
(e-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]). E. A. S. Paccola is with the Master’s program of Clean Technologies,
Unicesumar and Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
(ICETI),
Maringá,
PR
87050-900
Brazil
(e-mail:
[email protected]). I. INTRODUCTION In the present study, a bibliometric analysis of the literature
related to graphene inks published in the Web of Science
database was conducted. The objective was to determine its
quantitative characteristics, as well as to identify the most
relevant current and future trends, providing a basis for a
better targeting for future research. T HE experimental discovery of the isolation of a single
sheet of graphene led to the award of the Nobel Prize to
the physicists Geim and Novoselov in 2010. After this
discovery, the number of experimental and theoretical
researches has increased dramatically [1]. T Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms with a single
atom thickness in a hexagonal crystal structure similar to a
two-dimensional honeycomb network with carbon atoms with
hybridized sp2 bonds [2]. Since its experimental discovery,
graphene has aroused the interest of the scientific community
due to its peculiar configuration, by exhibiting excellent
chemical and physical properties [3]. Keywords—Bibliometric, coating, nanomaterials, scientometrics. Keywords—Bibliometric, coating, nanomaterials, scientometrics. ol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 Bibliometrics is an effective method that uses quantitative
analysis to describe the research trend of a specific field [6]. It
describes patterns of distribution of publications according to
some categories such as topics, fields, sources, authors,
institutions or countries research using a methodology used in
librarianship and information science, and is widely applied to
analyze scientific production and research trends in several
fields [7]. Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Progress on
Graphene Inks from 2008 to 2018 energy storage, drug delivery, water and wastewater treatment,
touch screens and solar cells, printing inks, among others [4]. energy storage, drug delivery, water and wastewater treatment,
touch screens and solar cells, printing inks, among others [4]. Abstract—A bibliometric analysis in the Web of Science
database was used to identify overall scientific results of graphene
inks to date (2008 to 2018). The objective of this study was to
evaluate the evolutionary tendency of graphene inks research and to
identify its aspects, aiming to provide data that can guide future
work. The contributions of different researches, languages, thematic
categories, periodicals, place of publication, institutes, funding
agencies, articles cited and applications were analyzed. The results
revealed a growing number of annual publications, of 258 papers
found, 107 were included because they met the inclusion criteria. Three
main
applications
were
identified:
synthesis
and
characterization, electronics and surfaces. The most relevant research
on graphene inks has been summarized in this article, and graphene
inks for electronic devices presented the most incident theme
according to the research trends during the studied period. It is
estimated that this theme will remain in evidence and will contribute
to the direction of future research in this area. The great majority of the cited applications utilize graphene
as a form of coating. Thermal sensors, electrochemical
sensors, solar cells, anti-corrosive materials, and touch
screens, all require a coating, which stimulates the
development of graphene inks. Therefore, graphene represents
the possibility to produce and process it in functional inks,
with varied rheological and morphological properties, with
different thicknesses, printing processes and coatings,
searching for a low cost and reliable industrial scale [5]. J. C. A. Sousa, J. C. M. Santos, and A. J. Rubio are with the Master’s
program of Clean Technologies, Unicesumar, Maringá, PR 87050-900 Brazil
(e-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]).
E. A. S. Paccola is with the Master’s program of Clean Technologies,
Unicesumar and Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
(ICETI),
Maringá,
PR
87050-900
Brazil
(e-mail:
[email protected]).
N. U. Yamaguchi is with the Master’s program of Clean Technologies,
Unicesumar, and Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
(ICETI), Maringá, PR 87050-900 Brazil (corresponding author, phone: +55-
3027-6360 ext: 1178; e-mail: [email protected]). II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bibliometric analysis of the literature of graphene inks
was conducted in Web of Science database. The contribution
of different researches published in the main periodicals up to
the present period, including languages, place of publication,
institutes, funding agencies, periodicals, articles cited,
thematic categories and applications were identified. Graphene has been used in many interesting and
revolutionary applications. The wide range of applications of
graphene
includes:
nanoelectronic
materials,
structural
compounds,
conductive
polymers,
battery
electrodes,
supercapacitors, bactericidal papers, biomedical technologies,
molecular sensors, electrochemical and biochemical sensors, The results were analyzed and evaluated according to
various criteria and used to determine the quantitative
characteristics of graphene inks investigations in the globe and
the most relevant trends. The search was performed in January 2019, for which the
following descriptors were used as keywords in the search
engine topic field: ("paint*" OR "ink*") and ("graphene" and
"coat*"). The search process in the first moment allowed the
identification of 258 documents. Then, the scientific papers
included in the study were selected through the evaluation of
titles and abstracts, following the inclusion criteria of
publications with studies of graphene inks for different
applications. Because graphene is a relatively new material, an
initial time period for the chronological identification of the
documents has not been delimited. Documents of the year ISNI:0000000091950263 International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019 308 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 and a percentage of 32.7% of all documents, followed by the
United States (USA) and England, with 20.6% and 17.8%,
respectively. 2019 were not considered in order to obtain only full years. After the evaluation of titles and abstracts, 107 documents
were selected. The most productive institutes and funding agencies were
classified by the number of articles published and the results
are presented in Tables I and II. Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 TABLE II
MAJOR FUNDING AGENCIES FOR RESEARCH ON GRAPHENE INKS TABLE II
MAJOR FUNDING AGENCIES FOR RESEARCH ON GRAPHENE INKS
Rank
Institution
Country Documents
Percentage
(%)
1
National Natural Science
Foundation of China
China
17
15.89
2
National Science Foundation
USA
5
4.67
3
Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council
England
3
2.80
4
National Basic Research
Program of China
China
3
2.80 Clearly there have been a steadily increasing number of
publications each year. The last four years corresponds to 84%
of the total publications. The publications analysis identified that the first paper
published was in 2008 titled "Graphene-stabilized copper
nanoparticles as an air-stable substitute for silver and gold in
low-cost ink-jet printable electronics" [8], the authors applied
graphene as an ink, for the first time, in an inkjet printer for
electronic devices. In this study, the electrical properties, high
conductivity and stability of graphene, were used in a new
application for graphene. The results for the most productive countries, institutions
and funding agencies were in agreement, since, the three most
productive funding agencies (China, USA and England) agree
with the most productive countries. Regarding the most
productive institutes, the institutes are from countries that
appear on the list of the top five most productive countries,
except USA that are not listed in the most productive research
institutes. This result may be an indicative that USA do not
have the graphene inks research concentrated in a single
institution, but in several institutions. The distribution of the document types was analyzed. It was
found 93 documents of scientific article type, two review
articles, and 14 proceedings papers, totalizing 107 publications
selected during the period of study. Please note that review
articles are also included in scientific articles. Most of the publications have been published in English,
except one that was published in Chinese. English is
undoubtedly the main language of scientific research and has
become the best option for all fields [9]. The distribution of the documents in periodicals is
presented in Table III. The corresponding impact factors of the
most productive periodicals were also included. Results with the most productive countries are shown in
Fig. 2. III. RESULTS The distribution of annual publication output identified by
Web of Science database of graphene inks for different
applications is shown in Fig. 1. TABLE I
RESEARCH INSTITUTES WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF DOCUMENTS ON
GRAPHENE INKS
Rank
Institutes
Country Documents Percentage
(%)
1
Chinese Academy of Sciences
China
11
10.28
2
Warsaw University of Technology
Poland
8
7.48
3
Institute of Electronic Materials
Technology
Poland
5
4.67
4
University of Cambridge
England
5
4.67
5
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia IIT
Italy
4
3.74
6
Jeju National University
China
4
3.74 TABLE I
RESEARCH INSTITUTES WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF DOCUMENTS ON
GRAPHENE INKS Fig. 1 Annual publication output
0
10
20
30
40
2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Number of
documents
Publication year Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 It is worth mentioning that the study on graphene inks is a
very comprehensive subject, with different applications, so
that it is published in journals from different areas. The most relevant periodicals according to the impact
factor, among the most productive journals, was Advanced
Materials with impact factor of 21,950. It is noticeable that
there was a good distribution in different journals, and there
was no concentration of documents of the studied topic in a Table IV lists the 10 most cited articles in the scientific
literature. TABLE IV
THE MOST CITED GRAPHENE INKS ARTICLES IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Rank
Document
Citations
1
Title: Graphene as a Long-Term Metal Oxidation Barrier: Worse Than Nothing
Authors: [10]
Source: ACS Nano
236
2
Title: Graphene-stabilized copper nanoparticles as an air-stable substitute for silver and gold in low-cost ink-jet printable electronics
Author(s): [8]
Source: Nanotechnology
166
3
Title: 2D-Crystal-Based Functional inks
Author(s): [5]
Source: Advanced Materials
111
4
Title: Transparent Conductive Electrodes from Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Inks for Ultrathin Organic Photodetectors
Author(s): [11]
Source: Advanced Materials
111
5
Title: Conductive Inks Based on a Lithium Titanate Nanotube Gel for High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries with Customized Configuration
Author(s): [12]
Source: Advanced Materials
81
6
Title: Graphene oxide nanopaint
Author(s): [13]
Source: Carbon
71
7
Title: Robust Superhydrophobic Graphene-Based Composite Coatings with Self-Cleaning and Corrosion Barrier Properties
Author(s): [14]
Source: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces
66
8
Title: Sun-Believable Solar Paint. A Transformative One-Step Approach for Designing Nanocrystalline Solar Cells
Author(s): [15]
Source: ACS Nano
58
9
Title: Synthesis of Fluorinated Graphene Oxide and its Amphiphobic Properties
Author(s): [16]
Source: Particle & Particle Systems Characterization
56
10
Title: Graphene-based large area dye-sensitized solar cell modules
Author(s): [17]
Source: Nanoscale
50
gineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Public Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No Based Functional inks" [5]. In this review study, the authors
approached different researches that used graphene ink in
different solvents with various applications. According to the list of the 10 most cited articles (Table
IV), it was noted that, although China is the most productive
country, with 32.7% of the total work published, any
document was found in the list of the most cited articles. Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 TABLE III
JOURNALS WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF ARTICLES PUBLICATIONS ON
GRAPHENE INKS AND SCIENTIFIC IMPACT FACTOR
Rank
Journal
Documents Percentage
(%)
Impact
factor
1
ACS Applied Materials &
Interfaces
5
4,68%
8.097
2
Carbon
5
4,68%
7.088
3
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
5
4,68%
5.976
4
Advanced Materials
4
3,74%
21.950
5
ACS Nano
3
2,80%
13.709 TABLE III
JOURNALS WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF ARTICLES PUBLICATIONS ON
GRAPHENE INKS AND SCIENTIFIC IMPACT FACTOR Fig. 2 The most productive countries
China was the most productive country, with 35 articles,
TABLE III
JOURNALS WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF ARTICLES PUBLICATIONS ON
GRAPHENE INKS AND SCIENTIFIC IMPACT FACTOR
Rank
Journal
Documents Percentage
(%)
Impact
factor
1
ACS Applied Materials &
Interfaces
5
4,68%
8.097
2
Carbon
5
4,68%
7.088
3
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
5
4,68%
5.976
4
Advanced Materials
4
3,74%
21.950
5
ACS Nano
3
2,80%
13.709
It can be observed that ACS Applied Materials &
Interfaces, Carbon and Journal of Materials Chemistry C were
the most productive journal, with five publications each,
followed by Advanced Materials and ACS Nano, both with
China
USA
England
Italy
Poland
India
South Korea
Australia
France
Taiwan
Others
0
10
20
30
40
Countries
Number of publications Fig. 2 The most productive countries
China was the most productive country, with 35 articles,
China
USA
England
Italy
Poland
India
South Korea
Australia
France
Taiwan
Others
0
10
20
30
40
Countries
Number of publications Fi
2 Th
t
d
ti
t i
China
USA
England
Italy
Poland
India
South Korea
Australia
France
Taiwan
Others
0
10
20
30
40
Countries
Number of publications Countries It can be observed that ACS Applied Materials &
Interfaces, Carbon and Journal of Materials Chemistry C were
the most productive journal, with five publications each,
followed by Advanced Materials and ACS Nano, both with Fig. 2 The most productive countries China was the most productive country, with 35 articles, China was the most productive country, with 35 articles, China was the most productive country, with 35 articles, International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019 ISNI:0000000091950263 309 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 four and three publications, respectively. The other studies
were distributed in different journals. single journal. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019 REFERENCES [1] O. C. Compton, S. T. Nguyen, "Graphene Oxide, Highly Reduced
Graphene Oxide, and Graphene: Versatile Building Blocks for Carbon-
Based Materials", Small, vol. 6, pp. 711-723, 2010. pp
[2] A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene", Nat Mater, vol. 6,
pp. 183-191, 2007. Applications for graphene inks have been gaining greater
prominence, especially in the area of electronics, where
graphene inks are generally applied on flexible substrates and
then applied with high performance in electronics due to high
conductivity [18]. Considering sensors, electrodes/capacitors
and solar cells as a general application of electronics, a major
application is found with 36.4% of the total documents. This
result may represent that the research related to synthesis and
characterization may be no longer the main focus of studies,
and that researchers are focusing on applications, especially in
the electronic area. [3] A. Martín, A. Escarpa, "Graphene: The cutting–edge interaction between
chemistry and electrochemistry", TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,
vol. 56, pp. 13-26, 2014. [4] N. A. A. Ghany, S. A. Elsherif, H. T. Handal, "Revolution of Graphene
for different applications: State-of-the-art", Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 9, pp. 93-106, 2017. pp
[5] F. Bonaccorso, A. Bartolotta, J. N. Coleman, C. Backes, "2D-Crystal-
Based Functional Inks", Advanced Materials, vol. 28, pp. 6136-6166,
2016. [6] A. Pritchard, "Statistical bibliography or bibliometrics", Journal of
Documentation, vol. 25, pp. 1, 1969. [7] H.-Z. Fu, M.-H. Wang, Y.-S. Ho, "Mapping of drinking water research:
A bibliometric analysis of research output during 1992–2011", Science
of The Total Environment, vol. 443, pp. 757-765, 2013. [8] N. A. Luechinger, E. K. Athanassiou, W. J. Stark, "Graphene-stabilized
copper nanoparticles as an air-stable substitute for silver and gold in
low-cost ink-jet printable electronics", Nanotechnology, vol. 19, pp. 445201, 2008. The physical properties of graphene, such as high thermal
conductivity, high strength, were also exploited using
graphene
inks. Anti-corrosive
surfaces
[19],
super-
hydrophobic [20], and thermal surfaces [21] were developed. Furthermore, graphene has also used as an antibacterial
material [22] and been studied for use in biomaterials [23]. Therefore, a broader class of applications may include all
documents of surfaces treatments. As result, 33.6% of the
documents are studies concerning to surfaces and also surpass
the characterization documents (27.2%). This result again
indicates that graphene inks research is more consolidated, and
studies of synthesis and characterization are no longer the
main focus of research, opening new possibilities for studies
for different applications. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Fig. 4 Applications covered in the publications Thanks to Intituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e
Inovação
(ICETI-Brazil)
and
Coordenação
de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES-
Brazil) for supporting this project. Different applications have been identified and organized. A
higher
concentration
of
publications
of
synthesis/characterization of graphene inks was already
expected (27.2%), since almost 60% of the publications fall
into the thematic category of material science of the Web of
Science. It is noteworthy that studies with other applications
also include synthesis and characterization, but in this
application investigation it was included the main objective of
each document. Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 Number of publications Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publication/10010517 This
indicates that while China has a significant amount of
published work, they do not have studies that have great
impact and were effectively used for the development of other
researches. The most cited articles were results of research
developed mainly in developed countries, among them the
United States, Italy, Canada, Germany, Australia and
Switzerland. The distribution of the research areas is shown in Fig. 3. The documents were compiled by thematic categories of the
Web of Science database. It was considered that some
publications were included in more than one category. Fig. 3 The most popular thematic categories of Web of Science
0
20
40
60
80
Materials science
Physics
Chemistry
Science technology
Engineering
Electrochemistry
Others
Number of publications
Thematic categories The most quoted article, "Graphene as a Long-Term Metal
Oxidation Barrier: Worse Than Nothing" [10], the authors
present graphene as a bad alternative for application in anti-
corrosive coatings, which is very controversial, since many
authors prove that the use of graphene is excellent as a
protective layer of the action of sea water and acidic
substances. In this context, the study of Krishnamoorthy and
collaborators [13] is also among the most cited works. Fig. 3 The most popular thematic categories of Web of Science Also among the most cited articles, is the first article
published using graphene for inks in an inkjet printer with
electronic applications [8] and the review article: "2D-Crystal- The ranking indicates that materials science (59.81%),
physics (35.51%), chemistry (34.58%), science technology
(32.71%), engineering (17.76%) and electrochemistry (6.54%) ISNI:0000000091950263 International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019 310 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 IV. CONCLUSION are the most common research areas. This result may indicate
that the research on graphene inks is still new and is being
developed as a material and not so much for applications in
engineering fields and technologies. This bibliometric study provided an overview of current
research and identified some significant factors. The analysis
of the applications revealed that the research on magnetic
graphene could be considered under three aspects: synthesis
and characterization, electronics and surface treatment. The
researches of synthesis and characterization are still numerous,
however the application in electronics and surface treatment
have been increasing and has become the majority. Publications related to graphene inks have increased
significantly in the last 10 years, since the first publication was
in 2008, and are expected to grow in the coming years. A good
distribution in different periodicals was found with no
concentration of documents in few journals. China was the
largest contributor of the research of graphene inks, but the
most relevant studies were the research in developed countries
such as USA, Italy and England. The applications discussed in the publications selected were
also compiled and are presented in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Applications covered in the publications
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Others
Antibacterial surfaces/biomaterials
Hydrophobic surfaces
Thermal surfaces
Anti-corrosion surfaces
Solar cells
Electrodes/capacitors
Sensors
Synthesis/characterization
Number of publications
Applications 328-337, 2014. [14] M. J. Nine, M. A. Cole, L. Johnson, D. N. H. Tran, D. Losic, "Robust
Superhydrophobic Graphene-Based Composite Coatings with Self-
Cleaning and Corrosion Barrier Properties", ACS Applied Materials &
Interfaces, vol. 7, pp. 28482-28493, 2015. [15] M. P. Genovese, I. V. Lightcap, P. V. Kamat, "Sun-Believable Solar
Paint. A
Transformative
One-Step
Approach
for
Designing
Nanocrystalline Solar Cells", ACS Nano, vol. 6, pp. 865-872, 2012. [16] A. Mathkar, T. N. Narayanan, L. B. Alemany, P. Cox, P. Nguyen, G. Gao, P. Chang, R. Romero-Aburto, S. A. Mani, P. M. Ajayan,
"Synthesis of Fluorinated Graphene Oxide and its Amphiphobic
Properties", Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, vol. 30, pp. 266-272, 2013. [17] S. Casaluci, M. Gemmi, V. Pellegrini, A. Di Carlo, F. Bonaccorso,
"Graphene-based large area dye-sensitized solar cell modules",
Nanoscale, vol. 8, pp. 5368-5378, 2016. [18] K. Karimi, E. Jabari, E. Toyserkani, P. Lee-Sullivan, "Highly conductive
graphene paper for flexible electronics applications", Journal of
Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 29, pp. 2537-2549,
2018. [19] S. De, J. L. Lutkenhaus, "Corrosion behaviour of eco-friendly airbrushed
reduced graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) coatings", Green Chemistry,
vol. 20, pp. 506-514, 2018, W. Sun, L. Wang, Z. Yang, T. Zhu, T. Wu,
C. Dong, G. Liu, "A facile method for the modification of graphene
nanosheets as promising anticorrosion pigments", Materials Letters, vol. 228, pp. 152-156, 2018. [20] L.-B. Lv, T.-L. Cui, B. Zhang, H.-H. Wang, X.-H. Li, J.-S. Chen,
"Wrinkled Graphene Monoliths as Superabsorbing Building Blocks for
Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces", Angewandte Chemie
International Edition, vol. 54, pp. 15165-15169, 2015. Open Science Index, Chemical and Materials Engineering Vol:13, No:6, 2019 waset.org/Publica [21] N. Karim, M. Zhang, S. Afroj, V. Koncherry, P. Potluri, K. S. Novoselov, "Graphene-based surface heater for de-icing applications",
RSC Advances, vol. 8, pp. 16815-16823, 2018, S. Giaveri, P. Gronchi,
A
B
i
"IPN P l
il
E
R
i
f
Hi h T [21] N. Karim, M. Zhang, S. Afroj, V. Koncherry, P. Potluri, K. S. Novoselov, "Graphene-based surface heater for de-icing applications",
RSC Advances, vol. 8, pp. 16815-16823, 2018, S. Giaveri, P. Gronchi,
A. Barzoni, "IPN Polysiloxane-Epoxy Resin for High Temperature
Coatings: Structure Effects on Layer Performance after 450 °C
Treatment", Coatings, vol. 7, pp. 213, 2017. A. Barzoni, "IPN Polysiloxane-Epoxy Resin for High Temperature
Coatings: Structure Effects on Layer Performance after 450 °C
Treatment", Coatings, vol. 7, pp. 213, 2017. [22] Dybowska-Sarapuk, A. Kotelab, J. Krzemińskia, D. Janczaka, M. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 31
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019 REFERENCES [9] R. Abejón, A. Garea, "A bibliometric analysis of research on arsenic in
drinking water during the 1992–2012 period: An outlook to treatment
alternatives for arsenic removal", Journal of Water Process Engineering,
vol. 6, pp. 105-119, 2015. [10] M. Schriver, W. Regan, W. J. Gannett, A. M. Zaniewski, M. F. Crommie, A. Zettl, "Graphene as a Long-Term Metal Oxidation Barrier:
Worse Than Nothing", ACS Nano, vol. 7, pp. 5763-5768, 2013. [11] Z. Liu, K. Parvez, R. Li, R. Dong, X. Feng, K. Müllen, "Transparent
Conductive Electrodes from Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Inks for
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J. Wei, W. Li, J. Deng, Y. Lai, B. Ma, X. Chen, "Conductive Inks Based
on a Lithium Titanate Nanotube Gel for High-Rate Lithium-Ion
Batteries with Customized Configuration", Advanced Materials, vol. 28,
pp. 1567-1576, 2016. pp
[13] K. Krishnamoorthy, K. Jeyasubramanian, M. Premanathan, G. Subbiah,
H. S. Shin, S. J. Kim, "Graphene oxide nanopaint", Carbon, vol. 72, pp. 311 ISNI:0000000091950263 International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Vol:13, No:6, 2019 328-337, 2014. 328-337, 2014. Wróblewska, H. Marcheld, P. Łęgorzb, M. Jakubowskaa, "Antibacterial
activity of graphene layers," Photonics Applications in Astronomy,
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Wilga, 2016. [23] J.-W. Yang, M.-L. Tseng, Y.-M. Fu, C.-H. Kang, Y.-T. Cheng, P.-H. Kuo, C.-K. Tzeng, S.-H. Chiou, C.-Y. Wu, G.-Y. Chen, "Printable
Graphene Oxide Micropatterns for a Bio-Subretinal Chip", Advanced
Healthcare Materials, vol. 7, pp. 1800365, 2018. ISNI:0000000091950263 International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 13(6) 2019
| 22,914 |
https://github.com/yinweixuan/powerfulfin.com/blob/master/app/Jobs/AppRequestInfo.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
powerfulfin.com
|
yinweixuan
|
PHP
|
Code
| 90 | 315 |
<?php
namespace App\Jobs;
use App\Models\ActiveRecord\ARPFAppRequestLog;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
use Illuminate\Queue\InteractsWithQueue;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Bus\Dispatchable;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
/**
* app接口请求访问日志记录
* Class AppRequestInfo
* @package App\Jobs
*/
class AppRequestInfo implements ShouldQueue
{
use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
protected $info = [];
/**
* Create a new job instance.
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(array $info = [])
{
$this->info = $info;
}
/**
* Execute the job.
*
* @return void
*/
public function handle()
{
if (!empty($this->info)) {
ARPFAppRequestLog::addInfo($this->info);
} else {
Log::error("消息内容异常：", $this->info);
}
}
}
| 21,682 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E9%99%BD%E9%A7%85%20%28%E6%85%B6%E5%B0%9A%E5%8D%97%E9%81%93%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
開陽駅 (慶尚南道)
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=開陽駅 (慶尚南道)&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 34 | 307 |
開陽駅 （ケヤンえき）は、大韓民国慶尚南道晋州市にかつて存在した韓国鉄道公社の駅である。
晋州駅周辺の高層マンション開発工事により、現在は駅舎や線路やホームが全て撤去されていて廃線跡も残されていない。
利用可能な路線
韓国鉄道公社
慶全線
晋三線
駅構造
2面3線の地上駅。
駅周辺
歴史
1925年6月15日 - 開業。
2012年10月23日 - 馬山駅 - 晋州駅間の複線新線への切り替えにより廃駅。
隣の駅
慶全線
南文山駅 - 開陽駅 - 晋州駅
脚注
関連項目
韓国の鉄道駅一覧
やん
慶尚南道の廃駅
韓国鉄道公社の鉄道駅
1925年開業の鉄道駅
慶全線
| 48,937 |
5615540_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 303 | 427 |
Broyles, O. J.
1. A discharge in bankruptcy does not release a bankrupt from liability for obtaining property by false and fraudulent representations. Atlanta Skirt Mfg. Co. v. Jacobs, 8 Ga. App. 299 (1) (68 S. E. 1077).
*114Decided November 13, 1923.
C. A. Christian, R. D. Smith, for plaintiff in error.
Fulwood & Eargrett, contra.
2. In the instant case the plaintiff, in its original petition, sued upon an open account for goods alleged to have been sold to the defendant. The defendant’s answer, as amended, set up that subsequent to the filing of the petition he was adjudged a bankrupt, that the plaintiff’s claim was a debt provable in bankruptcy, and that the plaintiff filed its claim in the court of bankruptcy and accepted a check sent out by the disbursing officer of the bankruptcy court for the 25 per cent, composition offered by the defendant and approved by the court. After the allowance of this amendment to the answer the plaintiff amended its petition by alleging that the defendant had obtained the goods through false and fraudulent representations, and therefore that the defendant’s discharge in bankruptcy did not operate as a' discharge of the balance of the account sued for. The defendant interposed demurrers assorting that the plaintiff could not change a suit ex contractu into an action ex delicto, and that the plaintiff was pursuing inconsistent remedies for the same cause of action. Held: The court did not err in overruling the demurrers. See, in this connection, Orr Shoe Co. v. Upshaw, 13 Ga. App. 501 (79 S. E. 362); Brandt v. Klement, 20 Ga. App. 665 (93 S. E. 255). The cases cited and relied on by counsel for the plaintiff in error are distinguished from this ease by their facts.
Judgment affirmed.
Lulce and Bloodivorih, JJ., concur.
| 21,772 |
https://github.com/tnestmeyer/reflectance-filtering/blob/master/training/networks.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
reflectance-filtering
|
tnestmeyer
|
Python
|
Code
| 2,468 | 12,149 |
# MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2017 Thomas Nestmeyer
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
"""Different network definitions."""
from __future__ import print_function, division
import os
import sys
import cv2
import barrista
import barrista.design as design
from barrista.design import (ConcatLayer,
ConvolutionLayer,
DeconvolutionLayer,
DropoutLayer,
EltwiseLayer,
EuclideanLossLayer,
InterpLayer,
PoolingLayer,
PowerLayer,
PReLULayer,
PythonLayer,
ReLULayer,
ScaleLayer,
SliceLayer,
SigmoidLayer,
# SilenceLayer,
PROTODETAIL)
# tell python where to find the python layers
layers_path = os.path.join(os.path.split(os.path.abspath(__file__))[0],
'layers')
sys.path.insert(0, layers_path)
NUM_COMPARISONS = 1181
NUM_AUGMENTED = 60049 # 89546
# print("Imported barrista from", barrista.__path__)
def create_network(args, draw_net_filename=None):
"""Call creation of a specific network defined by networkType."""
images_shape = [args.batch_size, 3, args.height, args.width]
comparisons_shape = [args.batch_size, NUM_COMPARISONS+1, 1, 6]
input_shapes = [images_shape, comparisons_shape]
inputs = ['images', 'comparisons']
if args.comparisonsType == 'augmented':
augmented_shape = [args.batch_size, NUM_AUGMENTED+1, 1, 6]
input_shapes.append(augmented_shape)
inputs.append('augmented')
if args.dataset == 'sintel':
input_shapes.append(images_shape)
inputs.append('albedos')
predict_inputs = ['images']
predict_input_shapes = [[1, 3, args.height, args.width]]
print("Network input:", input_shapes, inputs)
netspec = design.NetSpecification(
input_shapes,
inputs=inputs,
predict_inputs=predict_inputs,
predict_input_shapes=predict_input_shapes,
name='Networks_in_barrista'
)
# define the filler type:
args.filler_type = "xavier"
# args.filler_type = "constant"
# possible filler types: "constant", "gaussian", "positive_unitball",
# "uniform", "xavier", "msra", "bilinear"
RS_est_mode = args.RS_est_mode.split('-')[0]
if RS_est_mode in ['RS']:
# if we want to estimate R and S at the same time
num_output = 6
elif RS_est_mode in ['S', 'R']:
# if we want to use a RGB estimation
num_output = 3
elif RS_est_mode in ['sAbs', 'rAbs',
'rRelNorm', 'rRelMean', 'rRelY', 'rRelMax',
'sRelNorm', 'sRelMean', 'sRelY', 'sRelMax',
'rDirectly',
]:
# if we want to use a scalar estimation
num_output = 1
else:
msg = "RS-estimation '{}' not known".format(RS_est_mode)
raise Exception(msg)
# get the network dependent on the name
function = 'create_' + args.networkType
layers = globals()[function](args, num_output)
# interface: every network architecture has to end with tops=['RS_est']
# recover reflectance and shading from the estimation
layers.extend(recover_reflectance_shading(args, num_output))
# add the loss layers to all the networks
layers.extend(add_loss_layers(args))
# # show output for debugging
# layers.append(PythonLayer(Python_module='save_img_layer',
# Python_layer='SaveImgLayer',
# # Python_param_str="0.1",
# name='save_images',
# bottoms=['images',
# 'reflectance',
# ],
# # bottoms=['images',
# # 'refl_bi',
# # 'reflectance_level0',
# # 'reflectance',
# # ],
# tops=[],
# ))
netspec.layers.extend(layers)
# Create the network. Notice how all layers are automatically wired! If you
# selectively name layers or blobs, this is taken into account.
# print("Now instantiate the net")
net = netspec.instantiate()
# print("Net was instantiated")
if draw_net_filename is not None:
viz = netspec.visualize()
cv2.imwrite(draw_net_filename, viz)
prototxt = draw_net_filename[:-3] + 'prototxt'
netspec.to_prototxt(output_filename=prototxt)
return net
# from the layer catalogue:
# convolution parameters are:
# Required
# num_output, kernel_size (or kernel_h and kernel_w)
# Strongly Recommended
# weight_filler [default type: 'constant' value: 0]
# Optional
# bias_term [default true],
# pad (or pad_h and pad_w) [default 0],
# stride (or stride_h and stride_w) [default 1]
# group (g) [default 1]
def recover_reflectance_shading(args, num_output_final):
"""Recover reflectance and shading from estimation."""
layers = []
RS_est_mode = args.RS_est_mode.split('-')[0]
if RS_est_mode in ['RS']:
# if we want to estimate R and S at the same time, nothing needs
# to be recovered, just directly give R and S
layers.append(
SliceLayer(
name='slice_RS',
Slice_axis=1,
Slice_slice_point=[3],
bottoms=['RS_est'],
tops=['reflectance', 'shading'],
)
)
return layers # already return here
elif RS_est_mode in ['rDirectly']:
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='pass_on_r_to_reflectance',
bottoms=['RS_est'],
tops=['reflectance'],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='pass_on_r_to_shading_dummy',
bottoms=['RS_est'],
tops=['shading'],
)
)
return layers # already return here
estimation = 'RS_est'
# recover reflectance and shading:
layers.append(
PythonLayer(
Python_module='recover_reflectance_shading_layer',
Python_layer='RecoverReflectanceShadingLayer',
Python_param_str=args.RS_est_mode,
name='recover_reflectance_shading',
bottoms=[estimation,
'images'],
tops=['reflectance',
'shading']
)
)
return layers
def add_loss_layers(args):
"""Define the loss layers."""
layers = []
# compute whdr hinge loss
bottoms = ['reflectance', args.comparisonsType]
if args.dataset == 'sintel':
bottoms.append('albedos')
layers.append(
PythonLayer(
Python_module='whdr_hinge_loss_layer',
Python_layer='WhdrHingeLossLayer',
Python_param_str=(args.whdr_delta_margin_ratio_dense),
name='loss_whdr_hinge',
bottoms=bottoms,
tops=['loss_whdr_hinge'],
loss_weights=[args.loss_scale_whdr],
include_stages=['fit']
)
)
# compute 'real' WHDR as 'accuracy' for evaluation
bottoms = ['reflectance', 'comparisons']
if args.dataset == 'sintel':
bottoms.append('albedos')
layers.append(PythonLayer(Python_module='whdr_layer',
Python_layer='WhdrLayer',
Python_param_str="0.1",
name='whdr_original',
bottoms=bottoms,
tops=['whdr_original'],
# do not account as loss layer:
loss_weights=[0],
include_stages=['fit']))
if args.loss_scale_boundaries01 and args.RS_est_mode != 'rDirectly':
layers.append(
PythonLayer(Python_module='boundary_loss_layer',
Python_layer='BoundaryLossLayer',
Python_param_str=args.shading_unary_type[:2],
name='loss_boundaries_reflectance',
bottoms=['reflectance'],
tops=['loss_boundaries_reflectance'],
# loss layer
loss_weights=[args.loss_scale_boundaries01],
include_stages=['fit'])
)
layers.append(
PythonLayer(Python_module='boundary_loss_layer',
Python_layer='BoundaryLossLayer',
Python_param_str=args.shading_unary_type[:2],
name='loss_boundaries_shading',
bottoms=['shading'],
tops=['loss_boundaries_shading'],
# loss layer
loss_weights=[args.loss_scale_boundaries01],
include_stages=['fit'])
)
RS_est_mode = args.RS_est_mode.split('-')[0]
if RS_est_mode == 'RS': # add the lambertian term
layers.append(
EltwiseLayer(
bottoms=['reflectance', 'shading'],
tops=['lambert'],
# PROD = 0; SUM = 1; MAX = 2;
Eltwise_operation=0,
include_stages=['fit']
)
)
layers.append(
EuclideanLossLayer(
bottoms=['lambert', 'images'],
tops=['loss_lambert'],
loss_weights=[args.loss_scale_lambert],
include_stages=['fit']
)
)
return layers
def create_uNet(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista.
Create a network in barrista similar to a combination of U-Net and
the one in the learning data-driven reflectance priors paper.
"""
print("Using u-net")
layers = []
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad
# going down with local features in the U
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_stride=2,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv1',
bottoms=['images']))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['L1']))
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_stride=2,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv2'))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['L2']))
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_stride=2,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv3'))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['L3']))
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=7,
Convolution_stride=1,
Convolution_pad=3,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv4'))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['local']))
# lower path with the image global features
layers.append(PythonLayer(Python_module='resize_layer',
Python_layer='ResizeLayer',
name='resize',
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['resized']))
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=5,
Convolution_stride=4,
Convolution_pad=2,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv5',
bottoms=['resized']))
# for i in range(args.numLayers):
# layers.append(ReLULayer())
# layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
# Convolution_kernel_size=5,
# Convolution_pad=2,
# Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=5,
Convolution_stride=4,
Convolution_pad=2,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv6'))
# for i in range(args.numLayers):
# layers.append(ReLULayer())
# layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
# Convolution_kernel_size=5,
# Convolution_pad=2,
# Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=5,
Convolution_stride=4,
Convolution_pad=2,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv7'))
# for i in range(args.numLayers):
# layers.append(ReLULayer())
# layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
# Convolution_kernel_size=5,
# Convolution_pad=2,
# Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_stride=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
name='Conv8'))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['global_1']))
# combine the local and global features
layers.append(PythonLayer(Python_module='broadcast_layer',
Python_layer='BroadcastLayer',
name='broadcast',
bottoms=['global_1', 'local'],
tops=['global']))
layers.append(ConcatLayer(bottoms=['local', 'global'],
name='Concatenate'))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['R3']))
# going up again
layers.append(DeconvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=64,
Convolution_kernel_size=2,
Convolution_stride=2,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['R3d']))
layers.append(ConcatLayer(bottoms=['L2', 'R3d']))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['R2']))
layers.append(DeconvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_kernel_size=2,
Convolution_stride=2,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['R2d']))
layers.append(ConcatLayer(bottoms=['L1', 'R2d']))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer(tops=['R1']))
layers.append(DeconvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=3,
Convolution_kernel_size=2,
Convolution_stride=2,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['R1d']))
layers.append(ConcatLayer(bottoms=['images', 'R1d']))
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=3,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=3,
Convolution_pad=1,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['RS_est']))
return layers
def create_simpleConvolutionsRelu(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista."""
print("Using simple convolutions network with ReLU units, num_output is",
"16, 32 *", args.numLayers, ", 16, 1 and a final Sigmoid.",
"kernel_pad is", args.kernel_pad)
layers = []
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
# filler.value = 1
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_stride=1,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images']))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
for i in range(args.numLayers):
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_num_output=32,
Convolution_stride=1,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_num_output=16,
Convolution_stride=1,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler))
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(ConvolutionLayer(Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['RS_est']))
return layers
def create_convStatic(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista."""
layers = []
do_batch_normalization = False
# if you want to use a Prelu, do the following below:
# layers.append(PReLULayer())
# or SigmoidLayer
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
# filler.value = 1
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad + (args.dilation - 1)
num_output = 2**args.num_filters_log
print("Using a convolutional network with ReLU units.",
"It has", args.numLayers, "layers with",
num_output, "filters each, then a conv layer with num_output",
"filters (dependent on the RS_estimation mode)",
"The kernels are of size", kernel, "with a padding of", pad)
if args.numLayers >= 1:
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0',
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images']
)
)
if do_batch_normalization:
layers.append(BatchNormLayer())
layers.append(ReLULayer())
for i in range(1, args.numLayers):
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}'.format(i),
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler
)
)
if do_batch_normalization:
layers.append(BatchNormLayer())
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}'.format(i+1),
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['RS_est']
)
)
else:
# catch dummy case of numLayers == 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0',
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['RS_est']
)
)
return layers
def create_convStaticWithSigmoid(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista."""
layers = []
do_batch_normalization = False
# if you want to use a Prelu, do the following below:
# layers.append(PReLULayer())
# or SigmoidLayer
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
# filler.value = 1
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad + (args.dilation - 1)
num_output = 2**args.num_filters_log
print("Using CNN with ReLU units and sigmoid in the end.",
"It has", args.numLayers, "layers with",
num_output, "filters each, then a conv layer with num_output",
"filters (dependent on the RS_estimation mode).",
"The kernels are of size", kernel, "with a padding of", pad)
if args.numLayers >= 1:
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0',
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images']
)
)
if do_batch_normalization:
layers.append(BatchNormLayer())
layers.append(ReLULayer())
for i in range(1, args.numLayers):
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}'.format(i),
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler
)
)
if do_batch_normalization:
layers.append(BatchNormLayer())
layers.append(ReLULayer())
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}'.format(i+1),
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid']
)
)
layers.append(SigmoidLayer(bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid'],
tops=['RS_est']))
else:
# catch dummy case of numLayers == 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0',
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid']
)
)
layers.append(SigmoidLayer(bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid'],
tops=['RS_est']))
return layers
def create_convStaticSkipLayers(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista."""
layers = []
# if you want to use a Prelu, do the following below:
# layers.append(PReLULayer())
# or SigmoidLayer
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
# filler.value = 1
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad + (args.dilation - 1)
num_output = 2**args.num_filters_log
print("This net has skip layers and a sigmoid in the end!",
"Using a convolutional network with ReLU units.",
"It has", args.numLayers, "layers with",
num_output, "filters each, then a conv layer with num_output",
"filters (dependent on the RS_estimation mode)",
"The kernels are of size", kernel, "with a padding of", pad)
if args.numLayers >= 1:
i = 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}'.format(i),
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['conv{}'.format(i)],
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
if args.use_batch_normalization:
layers.append(
BatchNormLayer(
name='bn{}'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='relu{}'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}'.format(i)],
)
)
for i in range(1, args.numLayers):
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}'.format(i-1)],
tops=['conv{}'.format(i)],
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
if args.use_batch_normalization:
layers.append(
BatchNormLayer(
name='bn{}'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='relu{}'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ConcatLayer(
name='concat_skip_layers',
bottoms=['conv{}'.format(i) for i in range(args.numLayers)],
tops=['concat_skip_layers'],
)
)
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='fuse_skip_layers',
bottoms=['concat_skip_layers'],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid'],
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
layers.append(
SigmoidLayer(
name='sigmoid_after_fusing',
bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid'],
tops=['RS_est'],
)
)
else:
# catch dummy case of numLayers == 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0',
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid']
)
)
layers.append(
SigmoidLayer(
name='sigmoid_after_fusing',
bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid'],
tops=['RS_est'],
)
)
return layers
def create_cascadeSkipLayers(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista."""
layers = []
# if you want to use a Prelu, do the following below:
# layers.append(PReLULayer())
# or SigmoidLayer
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
# filler.value = 1
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad + (args.dilation - 1)
num_output = 2**args.num_filters_log
print("This net has skip layers and a sigmoid in the end!",
"Using a convolutional network with ReLU units.",
"It has", args.numLayers, "layers with",
num_output, "filters each, then a conv layer with num_output",
"filters (dependent on the RS_estimation mode)",
"The kernels are of size", kernel, "with a padding of", pad)
if args.numLayers >= 1:
i = 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}_level0'.format(i),
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
if args.use_batch_normalization:
layers.append(
BatchNormLayer(
name='bn{}_level0'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='relu{}_level0'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
)
)
for i in range(1, args.numLayers):
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}_level0'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level0'.format(i-1)],
tops=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
if args.use_batch_normalization:
layers.append(
BatchNormLayer(
name='bn{}_level0'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='relu{}_level0'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ConcatLayer(
name='concat_skip_layers_level0',
bottoms=['conv{}_level0'.format(i)
for i in range(args.numLayers)],
tops=['concat_skip_layers_level0'],
)
)
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='fuse_skip_layers_level0',
bottoms=['concat_skip_layers_level0'],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level0'],
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
layers.append(
SigmoidLayer(
name='sigmoid_after_fusing_level0',
bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level0'],
tops=['RS_est_level0'],
)
)
else:
# catch dummy case of numLayers == 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0_level0',
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level0']
)
)
layers.append(
SigmoidLayer(
name='sigmoid_after_fusing_level0',
bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level0'],
tops=['RS_est_level0'],
)
)
# recover reflectance and shading:
layers.append(
PythonLayer(
Python_module='recover_reflectance_shading_layer',
Python_layer='RecoverReflectanceShadingLayer',
Python_param_str=args.RS_est_mode,
name='recover_reflectance_shading_inner_level0',
bottoms=['RS_est_level0',
'images'],
tops=['reflectance_level0',
'shading_level0']
)
)
# add loss layers for inner levels
# compute whdr hinge loss
bottoms = ['reflectance_level0', args.comparisonsType]
if args.dataset == 'sintel':
bottoms.append('albedos')
layers.append(
PythonLayer(
Python_module='whdr_hinge_loss_layer',
Python_layer='WhdrHingeLossLayer',
Python_param_str=(args.whdr_delta_margin_ratio_dense),
name='loss_whdr_hinge_level0',
bottoms=bottoms,
tops=['loss_whdr_hinge_level0'],
loss_weights=[args.loss_scale_whdr],
include_stages=['fit']
)
)
# compute 'real' WHDR as 'accuracy' for evaluation
bottoms = ['reflectance_level0', 'comparisons']
if args.dataset == 'sintel':
bottoms.append('albedos')
layers.append(PythonLayer(Python_module='whdr_layer',
Python_layer='WhdrLayer',
Python_param_str="0.1",
name='whdr_original_level0',
bottoms=bottoms,
tops=['whdr_original_level0'],
# do not account as loss layer:
loss_weights=[0],
include_stages=['fit']))
# define what to pass on to the next level
level1_input = 'reflectance_level0'
# add concatenation to input into next level
# layers.append(
# ConcatLayer(
# name='concat_output_level0_to_input_level1',
# bottoms=['images', 'reflectance_level0', 'shading_level0'],
# tops=['concat_output_level0_to_input_level1'],
# )
# )
# level1_input = 'concat_output_level0_to_input_level1'
if args.numLayers >= 1:
i = 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}_level1'.format(i),
bottoms=[level1_input],
tops=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
if args.use_batch_normalization:
layers.append(
BatchNormLayer(
name='bn{}_level1'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='relu{}_level1'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
)
)
for i in range(1, args.numLayers):
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv{}_level1'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level1'.format(i-1)],
tops=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
if args.use_batch_normalization:
layers.append(
BatchNormLayer(
name='bn{}_level1'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ReLULayer(
name='relu{}_level1'.format(i),
bottoms=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
tops=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)],
)
)
layers.append(
ConcatLayer(
name='concat_skip_layers_level1',
bottoms=['conv{}_level1'.format(i)
for i in range(args.numLayers)],
tops=['concat_skip_layers_level1'],
)
)
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='fuse_skip_layers_level1',
bottoms=['concat_skip_layers_level1'],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level1'],
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
)
)
layers.append(
SigmoidLayer(
name='sigmoid_after_fusing_level1',
bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level1'],
tops=['RS_est'],
)
)
else:
# catch dummy case of numLayers == 0
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
name='conv0_level1',
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_dilation=args.dilation,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=[level1_input],
tops=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level1']
)
)
layers.append(
SigmoidLayer(
name='sigmoid_after_fusing_level1',
bottoms=['RS_est_before_sigmoid_level1'],
tops=['RS_est'],
)
)
# last output needs to be 'RS_est' (without a level description)
return layers
def create_convIncreasing(args, num_output_final):
"""Create network in barrista."""
layers = []
do_batch_normalization = False
filler = design.PROTODETAIL.FillerParameter()
filler.type = args.filler_type
# filler.value = 1
kernel = 2 * args.kernel_pad + 1
pad = args.kernel_pad
if args.numLayers >= 1:
num_output = 2**args.num_filters_log
num_outputs = [num_output]
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images']
)
)
if do_batch_normalization:
layers.append(BatchNormLayer())
layers.append(ReLULayer())
for i in range(1, args.numLayers):
num_output *= 2
num_outputs.append(num_output)
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
Convolution_num_output=num_output,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler
)
)
if do_batch_normalization:
layers.append(BatchNormLayer())
layers.append(ReLULayer())
num_outputs.append(num_output_final)
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=1,
Convolution_pad=0,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
tops=['RS_est']
)
)
else:
num_outputs = [num_output_final]
layers.append(
ConvolutionLayer(
Convolution_num_output=num_output_final,
Convolution_kernel_size=kernel,
Convolution_pad=pad,
Convolution_weight_filler=filler,
bottoms=['images'],
tops=['RS_est']
)
)
print("Using a convolutional network with ReLU units where num_output.",
"increases. It has", args.numLayers, "layers with",
num_outputs, "filters, then a conv layer with num_output filters",
"dependent on RS_est mode",
"The kernels are of size", kernel, "with a padding of", pad)
return layers
| 10,654 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49754008
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Barangay Ginebra San Miguel templates
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 16 | 32 |
Category:Barangay Ginebra San Miguel templates
Wikimedia category
Category:Barangay Ginebra San Miguel templates instance of Wikimedia category
| 1,413 |
https://github.com/shareme/BlackAndroids/blob/master/greenandroid/src/main/java/com/github/shareme/blackandroids/greenandroid/rvextensions/FixedGridLayoutManager.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
BlackAndroids
|
shareme
|
Java
|
Code
| 3,985 | 9,301 |
/*
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2014 Wireless Designs, LLC
Modifications Copyright(C) 2016 Fred Grott(GrottWorkShop)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.github.shareme.blackandroids.greenandroid.rvextensions;
import android.content.Context;
import android.graphics.PointF;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearSmoothScroller;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.util.SparseArray;
import android.util.SparseIntArray;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import timber.log.Timber;
/**
* A {@link RecyclerView.LayoutManager} implementation
* that places children in a two-dimensional grid, sized to a fixed column count
* value. User scrolling is possible in both horizontal and vertical directions
* to view the data set.
*
* <p>The column count is controllable via {@link #setTotalColumnCount(int)}. The layout manager
* will generate the number of rows necessary to accommodate the data set based on
* the fixed column count.
*
* <p>This manager does make some assumptions to simplify the implementation:
* <ul>
* <li>All child views are assumed to be the same size</li>
* <li>The window of visible views is a constant</li>
* </ul>
*
* Created by fgrott on 9/15/2016.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
public class FixedGridLayoutManager extends RecyclerView.LayoutManager {
private static final String TAG = FixedGridLayoutManager.class.getSimpleName();
private static final int DEFAULT_COUNT = 1;
/* View Removal Constants */
private static final int REMOVE_VISIBLE = 0;
private static final int REMOVE_INVISIBLE = 1;
/* Fill Direction Constants */
private static final int DIRECTION_NONE = -1;
private static final int DIRECTION_START = 0;
private static final int DIRECTION_END = 1;
private static final int DIRECTION_UP = 2;
private static final int DIRECTION_DOWN = 3;
/* First (top-left) position visible at any point */
private int mFirstVisiblePosition;
/* Consistent size applied to all child views */
private int mDecoratedChildWidth;
private int mDecoratedChildHeight;
/* Number of columns that exist in the grid */
private int mTotalColumnCount = DEFAULT_COUNT;
/* Metrics for the visible window of our data */
private int mVisibleColumnCount;
private int mVisibleRowCount;
/* Used for tracking off-screen change events */
private int mFirstChangedPosition;
private int mChangedPositionCount;
/**
* Set the number of columns the layout manager will use. This will
* trigger a layout update.
* @param count Number of columns.
*/
public void setTotalColumnCount(int count) {
mTotalColumnCount = count;
requestLayout();
}
/*
* You must return true from this method if you want your
* LayoutManager to support anything beyond "simple" item
* animations. Enabling this causes onLayoutChildren() to
* be called twice on each animated change; once for a
* pre-layout, and again for the real layout.
*/
@Override
public boolean supportsPredictiveItemAnimations() {
return true;
}
/*
* Called by RecyclerView when a view removal is triggered. This is called
* before onLayoutChildren() in pre-layout if the views removed are not visible. We
* use it in this case to inform pre-layout that a removal took place.
*
* This method is still called if the views removed were visible, but it will
* happen AFTER pre-layout.
*/
@Override
public void onItemsRemoved(RecyclerView recyclerView, int positionStart, int itemCount) {
mFirstChangedPosition = positionStart;
mChangedPositionCount = itemCount;
}
/*
* This method is your initial call from the framework. You will receive it when you
* need to start laying out the initial set of views. This method will not be called
* repeatedly, so don't rely on it to continually process changes during user
* interaction.
*
* This method will be called when the data set in the adapter changes, so it can be
* used to update a layout based on a new item count.
*
* If predictive animations are enabled, you will see this called twice. First, with
* state.isPreLayout() returning true to lay out children in their initial conditions.
* Then again to lay out children in their final locations.
*/
@Override
public void onLayoutChildren(RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
//We have nothing to show for an empty data set but clear any existing views
if (getItemCount() == 0) {
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
return;
}
if (getChildCount() == 0 && state.isPreLayout()) {
//Nothing to do during prelayout when empty
return;
}
//Clear change tracking state when a real layout occurs
if (!state.isPreLayout()) {
mFirstChangedPosition = mChangedPositionCount = 0;
}
if (getChildCount() == 0) { //First or empty layout
//Scrap measure one child
View scrap = recycler.getViewForPosition(0);
addView(scrap);
measureChildWithMargins(scrap, 0, 0);
/*
* We make some assumptions in this code based on every child
* view being the same size (i.e. a uniform grid). This allows
* us to compute the following values up front because they
* won't change.
*/
mDecoratedChildWidth = getDecoratedMeasuredWidth(scrap);
mDecoratedChildHeight = getDecoratedMeasuredHeight(scrap);
detachAndScrapView(scrap, recycler);
}
//Always update the visible row/column counts
updateWindowSizing();
SparseIntArray removedCache = null;
/*
* During pre-layout, we need to take note of any views that are
* being removed in order to handle predictive animations
*/
if (state.isPreLayout()) {
removedCache = new SparseIntArray(getChildCount());
for (int i=0; i < getChildCount(); i++) {
final View view = getChildAt(i);
LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) view.getLayoutParams();
if (lp.isItemRemoved()) {
//Track these view removals as visible
removedCache.put(lp.getViewLayoutPosition(), REMOVE_VISIBLE);
}
}
//Track view removals that happened out of bounds (i.e. off-screen)
if (removedCache.size() == 0 && mChangedPositionCount > 0) {
for (int i = mFirstChangedPosition; i < (mFirstChangedPosition + mChangedPositionCount); i++) {
removedCache.put(i, REMOVE_INVISIBLE);
}
}
}
int childLeft;
int childTop;
if (getChildCount() == 0) { //First or empty layout
//Reset the visible and scroll positions
mFirstVisiblePosition = 0;
childLeft = getPaddingLeft();
childTop = getPaddingTop();
} else if (!state.isPreLayout()
&& getVisibleChildCount() >= state.getItemCount()) {
//Data set is too small to scroll fully, just reset position
mFirstVisiblePosition = 0;
childLeft = getPaddingLeft();
childTop = getPaddingTop();
} else { //Adapter data set changes
/*
* Keep the existing initial position, and save off
* the current scrolled offset.
*/
final View topChild = getChildAt(0);
childLeft = getDecoratedLeft(topChild);
childTop = getDecoratedTop(topChild);
/*
* When data set is too small to scroll vertically, adjust vertical offset
* and shift position to the first row, preserving current column
*/
if (!state.isPreLayout() && getVerticalSpace() > (getTotalRowCount() * mDecoratedChildHeight)) {
mFirstVisiblePosition = mFirstVisiblePosition % getTotalColumnCount();
childTop = getPaddingTop();
//If the shift overscrolls the column max, back it off
if ((mFirstVisiblePosition + mVisibleColumnCount) > state.getItemCount()) {
mFirstVisiblePosition = Math.max(state.getItemCount() - mVisibleColumnCount, 0);
childLeft = getPaddingLeft();
}
}
/*
* Adjust the visible position if out of bounds in the
* new layout. This occurs when the new item count in an adapter
* is much smaller than it was before, and you are scrolled to
* a location where no items would exist.
*/
int maxFirstRow = getTotalRowCount() - (mVisibleRowCount-1);
int maxFirstCol = getTotalColumnCount() - (mVisibleColumnCount-1);
boolean isOutOfRowBounds = getFirstVisibleRow() > maxFirstRow;
boolean isOutOfColBounds = getFirstVisibleColumn() > maxFirstCol;
if (isOutOfRowBounds || isOutOfColBounds) {
int firstRow;
if (isOutOfRowBounds) {
firstRow = maxFirstRow;
} else {
firstRow = getFirstVisibleRow();
}
int firstCol;
if (isOutOfColBounds) {
firstCol = maxFirstCol;
} else {
firstCol = getFirstVisibleColumn();
}
mFirstVisiblePosition = firstRow * getTotalColumnCount() + firstCol;
childLeft = getHorizontalSpace() - (mDecoratedChildWidth * mVisibleColumnCount);
childTop = getVerticalSpace() - (mDecoratedChildHeight * mVisibleRowCount);
//Correct cases where shifting to the bottom-right overscrolls the top-left
// This happens on data sets too small to scroll in a direction.
if (getFirstVisibleRow() == 0) {
childTop = Math.min(childTop, getPaddingTop());
}
if (getFirstVisibleColumn() == 0) {
childLeft = Math.min(childLeft, getPaddingLeft());
}
}
}
//Clear all attached views into the recycle bin
detachAndScrapAttachedViews(recycler);
//Fill the grid for the initial layout of views
fillGrid(DIRECTION_NONE, childLeft, childTop, recycler, state, removedCache);
//Evaluate any disappearing views that may exist
if (!state.isPreLayout() && !recycler.getScrapList().isEmpty()) {
final List<RecyclerView.ViewHolder> scrapList = recycler.getScrapList();
final HashSet<View> disappearingViews = new HashSet<View>(scrapList.size());
for (RecyclerView.ViewHolder holder : scrapList) {
final View child = holder.itemView;
final LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
if (!lp.isItemRemoved()) {
disappearingViews.add(child);
}
}
for (View child : disappearingViews) {
layoutDisappearingView(child);
}
}
}
@Override
public void onAdapterChanged(RecyclerView.Adapter oldAdapter, RecyclerView.Adapter newAdapter) {
//Completely scrap the existing layout
removeAllViews();
}
/*
* Rather than continuously checking how many views we can fit
* based on scroll offsets, we simplify the math by computing the
* visible grid as what will initially fit on screen, plus one.
*/
private void updateWindowSizing() {
mVisibleColumnCount = (getHorizontalSpace() / mDecoratedChildWidth) + 1;
if (getHorizontalSpace() % mDecoratedChildWidth > 0) {
mVisibleColumnCount++;
}
//Allow minimum value for small data sets
if (mVisibleColumnCount > getTotalColumnCount()) {
mVisibleColumnCount = getTotalColumnCount();
}
mVisibleRowCount = (getVerticalSpace()/ mDecoratedChildHeight) + 1;
if (getVerticalSpace() % mDecoratedChildHeight > 0) {
mVisibleRowCount++;
}
if (mVisibleRowCount > getTotalRowCount()) {
mVisibleRowCount = getTotalRowCount();
}
}
private void fillGrid(int direction, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
fillGrid(direction, 0, 0, recycler, state, null);
}
private void fillGrid(int direction, int emptyLeft, int emptyTop,
RecyclerView.Recycler recycler,
RecyclerView.State state,
SparseIntArray removedPositions) {
if (mFirstVisiblePosition < 0) mFirstVisiblePosition = 0;
if (mFirstVisiblePosition >= getItemCount()) mFirstVisiblePosition = (getItemCount() - 1);
/*
* First, we will detach all existing views from the layout.
* detachView() is a lightweight operation that we can use to
* quickly reorder views without a full add/remove.
*/
SparseArray<View> viewCache = new SparseArray<View>(getChildCount());
int startLeftOffset = emptyLeft;
int startTopOffset = emptyTop;
if (getChildCount() != 0) {
final View topView = getChildAt(0);
startLeftOffset = getDecoratedLeft(topView);
startTopOffset = getDecoratedTop(topView);
switch (direction) {
case DIRECTION_START:
startLeftOffset -= mDecoratedChildWidth;
break;
case DIRECTION_END:
startLeftOffset += mDecoratedChildWidth;
break;
case DIRECTION_UP:
startTopOffset -= mDecoratedChildHeight;
break;
case DIRECTION_DOWN:
startTopOffset += mDecoratedChildHeight;
break;
}
//Cache all views by their existing position, before updating counts
for (int i=0; i < getChildCount(); i++) {
int position = positionOfIndex(i);
final View child = getChildAt(i);
viewCache.put(position, child);
}
//Temporarily detach all views.
// Views we still need will be added back at the proper index.
for (int i=0; i < viewCache.size(); i++) {
detachView(viewCache.valueAt(i));
}
}
/*
* Next, we advance the visible position based on the fill direction.
* DIRECTION_NONE doesn't advance the position in any direction.
*/
switch (direction) {
case DIRECTION_START:
mFirstVisiblePosition--;
break;
case DIRECTION_END:
mFirstVisiblePosition++;
break;
case DIRECTION_UP:
mFirstVisiblePosition -= getTotalColumnCount();
break;
case DIRECTION_DOWN:
mFirstVisiblePosition += getTotalColumnCount();
break;
}
/*
* Next, we supply the grid of items that are deemed visible.
* If these items were previously there, they will simply be
* re-attached. New views that must be created are obtained
* from the Recycler and added.
*/
int leftOffset = startLeftOffset;
int topOffset = startTopOffset;
for (int i = 0; i < getVisibleChildCount(); i++) {
int nextPosition = positionOfIndex(i);
/*
* When a removal happens out of bounds, the pre-layout positions of items
* after the removal are shifted to their final positions ahead of schedule.
* We have to track off-screen removals and shift those positions back
* so we can properly lay out all current (and appearing) views in their
* initial locations.
*/
int offsetPositionDelta = 0;
if (state.isPreLayout()) {
int offsetPosition = nextPosition;
for (int offset = 0; offset < removedPositions.size(); offset++) {
//Look for off-screen removals that are less-than this
if (removedPositions.valueAt(offset) == REMOVE_INVISIBLE
&& removedPositions.keyAt(offset) < nextPosition) {
//Offset position to match
offsetPosition--;
}
}
offsetPositionDelta = nextPosition - offsetPosition;
nextPosition = offsetPosition;
}
if (nextPosition < 0 || nextPosition >= state.getItemCount()) {
//Item space beyond the data set, don't attempt to add a view
continue;
}
//Layout this position
View view = viewCache.get(nextPosition);
if (view == null) {
/*
* The Recycler will give us either a newly constructed view,
* or a recycled view it has on-hand. In either case, the
* view will already be fully bound to the data by the
* adapter for us.
*/
view = recycler.getViewForPosition(nextPosition);
addView(view);
/*
* Update the new view's metadata, but only when this is a real
* layout pass.
*/
if (!state.isPreLayout()) {
LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) view.getLayoutParams();
lp.row = getGlobalRowOfPosition(nextPosition);
lp.column = getGlobalColumnOfPosition(nextPosition);
}
/*
* It is prudent to measure/layout each new view we
* receive from the Recycler. We don't have to do
* this for views we are just re-arranging.
*/
measureChildWithMargins(view, 0, 0);
layoutDecorated(view, leftOffset, topOffset,
leftOffset + mDecoratedChildWidth,
topOffset + mDecoratedChildHeight);
} else {
//Re-attach the cached view at its new index
attachView(view);
viewCache.remove(nextPosition);
}
if (i % mVisibleColumnCount == (mVisibleColumnCount - 1)) {
leftOffset = startLeftOffset;
topOffset += mDecoratedChildHeight;
//During pre-layout, on each column end, apply any additional appearing views
if (state.isPreLayout()) {
layoutAppearingViews(recycler, view, nextPosition, removedPositions.size(), offsetPositionDelta);
}
} else {
leftOffset += mDecoratedChildWidth;
}
}
/*
* Finally, we ask the Recycler to scrap and store any views
* that we did not re-attach. These are views that are not currently
* necessary because they are no longer visible.
*/
for (int i=0; i < viewCache.size(); i++) {
final View removingView = viewCache.valueAt(i);
recycler.recycleView(removingView);
}
}
/*
* You must override this method if you would like to support external calls
* to shift the view to a given adapter position. In our implementation, this
* is the same as doing a fresh layout with the given position as the top-left
* (or first visible), so we simply set that value and trigger onLayoutChildren()
*/
@Override
public void scrollToPosition(int position) {
if (position >= getItemCount()) {
Timber.e(TAG, "Cannot scroll to "+position+", item count is "+getItemCount());
return;
}
//Set requested position as first visible
mFirstVisiblePosition = position;
//Toss all existing views away
removeAllViews();
//Trigger a new view layout
requestLayout();
}
/*
* You must override this method if you would like to support external calls
* to animate a change to a new adapter position. The framework provides a
* helper scroller implementation (LinearSmoothScroller), which we leverage
* to do the animation calculations.
*/
@Override
public void smoothScrollToPosition(RecyclerView recyclerView, RecyclerView.State state, final int position) {
if (position >= getItemCount()) {
Timber.e(TAG, "Cannot scroll to "+position+", item count is "+getItemCount());
return;
}
/*
* LinearSmoothScroller's default behavior is to scroll the contents until
* the child is fully visible. It will snap to the top-left or bottom-right
* of the parent depending on whether the direction of travel was positive
* or negative.
*/
LinearSmoothScroller scroller = new LinearSmoothScroller(recyclerView.getContext()) {
/*
* LinearSmoothScroller, at a minimum, just need to know the vector
* (x/y distance) to travel in order to get from the current positioning
* to the target.
*/
@Override
public PointF computeScrollVectorForPosition(int targetPosition) {
final int rowOffset = getGlobalRowOfPosition(targetPosition)
- getGlobalRowOfPosition(mFirstVisiblePosition);
final int columnOffset = getGlobalColumnOfPosition(targetPosition)
- getGlobalColumnOfPosition(mFirstVisiblePosition);
return new PointF(columnOffset * mDecoratedChildWidth, rowOffset * mDecoratedChildHeight);
}
};
scroller.setTargetPosition(position);
startSmoothScroll(scroller);
}
/*
* Use this method to tell the RecyclerView if scrolling is even possible
* in the horizontal direction.
*/
@Override
public boolean canScrollHorizontally() {
//We do allow scrolling
return true;
}
/*
* This method describes how far RecyclerView thinks the contents should scroll horizontally.
* You are responsible for verifying edge boundaries, and determining if this scroll
* event somehow requires that new views be added or old views get recycled.
*/
@Override
public int scrollHorizontallyBy(int dx, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
if (getChildCount() == 0) {
return 0;
}
//Take leftmost measurements from the top-left child
final View topView = getChildAt(0);
//Take rightmost measurements from the top-right child
final View bottomView = getChildAt(mVisibleColumnCount-1);
//Optimize the case where the entire data set is too small to scroll
int viewSpan = getDecoratedRight(bottomView) - getDecoratedLeft(topView);
if (viewSpan < getHorizontalSpace()) {
//We cannot scroll in either direction
return 0;
}
int delta;
boolean leftBoundReached = getFirstVisibleColumn() == 0;
boolean rightBoundReached = getLastVisibleColumn() >= getTotalColumnCount();
if (dx > 0) { // Contents are scrolling left
//Check right bound
if (rightBoundReached) {
//If we've reached the last column, enforce limits
int rightOffset = getHorizontalSpace() - getDecoratedRight(bottomView) + getPaddingRight();
delta = Math.max(-dx, rightOffset);
} else {
//No limits while the last column isn't visible
delta = -dx;
}
} else { // Contents are scrolling right
//Check left bound
if (leftBoundReached) {
int leftOffset = -getDecoratedLeft(topView) + getPaddingLeft();
delta = Math.min(-dx, leftOffset);
} else {
delta = -dx;
}
}
offsetChildrenHorizontal(delta);
if (dx > 0) {
if (getDecoratedRight(topView) < 0 && !rightBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_END, recycler, state);
} else if (!rightBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_NONE, recycler, state);
}
} else {
if (getDecoratedLeft(topView) > 0 && !leftBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_START, recycler, state);
} else if (!leftBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_NONE, recycler, state);
}
}
/*
* Return value determines if a boundary has been reached
* (for edge effects and flings). If returned value does not
* match original delta (passed in), RecyclerView will draw
* an edge effect.
*/
return -delta;
}
/*
* Use this method to tell the RecyclerView if scrolling is even possible
* in the vertical direction.
*/
@Override
public boolean canScrollVertically() {
//We do allow scrolling
return true;
}
/*
* This method describes how far RecyclerView thinks the contents should scroll vertically.
* You are responsible for verifying edge boundaries, and determining if this scroll
* event somehow requires that new views be added or old views get recycled.
*/
@Override
public int scrollVerticallyBy(int dy, RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, RecyclerView.State state) {
if (getChildCount() == 0) {
return 0;
}
//Take top measurements from the top-left child
final View topView = getChildAt(0);
//Take bottom measurements from the bottom-right child.
final View bottomView = getChildAt(getChildCount()-1);
//Optimize the case where the entire data set is too small to scroll
int viewSpan = getDecoratedBottom(bottomView) - getDecoratedTop(topView);
if (viewSpan < getVerticalSpace()) {
//We cannot scroll in either direction
return 0;
}
int delta;
int maxRowCount = getTotalRowCount();
boolean topBoundReached = getFirstVisibleRow() == 0;
boolean bottomBoundReached = getLastVisibleRow() >= maxRowCount;
if (dy > 0) { // Contents are scrolling up
//Check against bottom bound
if (bottomBoundReached) {
//If we've reached the last row, enforce limits
int bottomOffset;
if (rowOfIndex(getChildCount() - 1) >= (maxRowCount - 1)) {
//We are truly at the bottom, determine how far
bottomOffset = getVerticalSpace() - getDecoratedBottom(bottomView)
+ getPaddingBottom();
} else {
/*
* Extra space added to account for allowing bottom space in the grid.
* This occurs when the overlap in the last row is not large enough to
* ensure that at least one element in that row isn't fully recycled.
*/
bottomOffset = getVerticalSpace() - (getDecoratedBottom(bottomView)
+ mDecoratedChildHeight) + getPaddingBottom();
}
delta = Math.max(-dy, bottomOffset);
} else {
//No limits while the last row isn't visible
delta = -dy;
}
} else { // Contents are scrolling down
//Check against top bound
if (topBoundReached) {
int topOffset = -getDecoratedTop(topView) + getPaddingTop();
delta = Math.min(-dy, topOffset);
} else {
delta = -dy;
}
}
offsetChildrenVertical(delta);
if (dy > 0) {
if (getDecoratedBottom(topView) < 0 && !bottomBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_DOWN, recycler, state);
} else if (!bottomBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_NONE, recycler, state);
}
} else {
if (getDecoratedTop(topView) > 0 && !topBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_UP, recycler, state);
} else if (!topBoundReached) {
fillGrid(DIRECTION_NONE, recycler, state);
}
}
/*
* Return value determines if a boundary has been reached
* (for edge effects and flings). If returned value does not
* match original delta (passed in), RecyclerView will draw
* an edge effect.
*/
return -delta;
}
/*
* This is a helper method used by RecyclerView to determine
* if a specific child view can be returned.
*/
@Override
public View findViewByPosition(int position) {
for (int i=0; i < getChildCount(); i++) {
if (positionOfIndex(i) == position) {
return getChildAt(i);
}
}
return null;
}
/** Boilerplate to extend LayoutParams for tracking row/column of attached views */
/*
* Even without extending LayoutParams, we must override this method
* to provide the default layout parameters that each child view
* will receive when added.
*/
@Override
public RecyclerView.LayoutParams generateDefaultLayoutParams() {
return new LayoutParams(
ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,
ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
}
@Override
public RecyclerView.LayoutParams generateLayoutParams(Context c, AttributeSet attrs) {
return new LayoutParams(c, attrs);
}
@Override
public RecyclerView.LayoutParams generateLayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams lp) {
if (lp instanceof ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams) {
return new LayoutParams((ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams) lp);
} else {
return new LayoutParams(lp);
}
}
@Override
public boolean checkLayoutParams(RecyclerView.LayoutParams lp) {
return lp instanceof LayoutParams;
}
public static class LayoutParams extends RecyclerView.LayoutParams {
//Current row in the grid
public int row;
//Current column in the grid
public int column;
public LayoutParams(Context c, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(c, attrs);
}
public LayoutParams(int width, int height) {
super(width, height);
}
public LayoutParams(ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams source) {
super(source);
}
public LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams source) {
super(source);
}
public LayoutParams(RecyclerView.LayoutParams source) {
super(source);
}
}
/** Animation Layout Helpers */
/* Helper to obtain and place extra appearing views */
private void layoutAppearingViews(RecyclerView.Recycler recycler, View referenceView, int referencePosition, int extraCount, int offset) {
//Nothing to do...
if (extraCount < 1) return;
//FIXME: This code currently causes double layout of views that are still visible…
for (int extra = 1; extra <= extraCount; extra++) {
//Grab the next position after the reference
final int extraPosition = referencePosition + extra;
if (extraPosition < 0 || extraPosition >= getItemCount()) {
//Can't do anything with this
continue;
}
/*
* Obtain additional position views that we expect to appear
* as part of the animation.
*/
View appearing = recycler.getViewForPosition(extraPosition);
addView(appearing);
//Find layout delta from reference position
final int newRow = getGlobalRowOfPosition(extraPosition + offset);
final int rowDelta = newRow - getGlobalRowOfPosition(referencePosition + offset);
final int newCol = getGlobalColumnOfPosition(extraPosition + offset);
final int colDelta = newCol - getGlobalColumnOfPosition(referencePosition + offset);
layoutTempChildView(appearing, rowDelta, colDelta, referenceView);
}
}
/* Helper to place a disappearing view */
private void layoutDisappearingView(View disappearingChild) {
/*
* LayoutManager has a special method for attaching views that
* will only be around long enough to animate.
*/
addDisappearingView(disappearingChild);
//Adjust each disappearing view to its proper place
final LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) disappearingChild.getLayoutParams();
final int newRow = getGlobalRowOfPosition(lp.getViewAdapterPosition());
final int rowDelta = newRow - lp.row;
final int newCol = getGlobalColumnOfPosition(lp.getViewAdapterPosition());
final int colDelta = newCol - lp.column;
layoutTempChildView(disappearingChild, rowDelta, colDelta, disappearingChild);
}
/* Helper to lay out appearing/disappearing children */
private void layoutTempChildView(View child, int rowDelta, int colDelta, View referenceView) {
//Set the layout position to the global row/column difference from the reference view
int layoutTop = getDecoratedTop(referenceView) + rowDelta * mDecoratedChildHeight;
int layoutLeft = getDecoratedLeft(referenceView) + colDelta * mDecoratedChildWidth;
measureChildWithMargins(child, 0, 0);
layoutDecorated(child, layoutLeft, layoutTop,
layoutLeft + mDecoratedChildWidth,
layoutTop + mDecoratedChildHeight);
}
/** Private Helpers and Metrics Accessors */
/* Return the overall column index of this position in the global layout */
private int getGlobalColumnOfPosition(int position) {
return position % mTotalColumnCount;
}
/* Return the overall row index of this position in the global layout */
private int getGlobalRowOfPosition(int position) {
return position / mTotalColumnCount;
}
/*
* Mapping between child view indices and adapter data
* positions helps fill the proper views during scrolling.
*/
private int positionOfIndex(int childIndex) {
int row = childIndex / mVisibleColumnCount;
int column = childIndex % mVisibleColumnCount;
return mFirstVisiblePosition + (row * getTotalColumnCount()) + column;
}
private int rowOfIndex(int childIndex) {
int position = positionOfIndex(childIndex);
return position / getTotalColumnCount();
}
private int getFirstVisibleColumn() {
return (mFirstVisiblePosition % getTotalColumnCount());
}
private int getLastVisibleColumn() {
return getFirstVisibleColumn() + mVisibleColumnCount;
}
private int getFirstVisibleRow() {
return (mFirstVisiblePosition / getTotalColumnCount());
}
private int getLastVisibleRow() {
return getFirstVisibleRow() + mVisibleRowCount;
}
private int getVisibleChildCount() {
return mVisibleColumnCount * mVisibleRowCount;
}
private int getTotalColumnCount() {
if (getItemCount() < mTotalColumnCount) {
return getItemCount();
}
return mTotalColumnCount;
}
private int getTotalRowCount() {
if (getItemCount() == 0 || mTotalColumnCount == 0) {
return 0;
}
int maxRow = getItemCount() / mTotalColumnCount;
//Bump the row count if it's not exactly even
if (getItemCount() % mTotalColumnCount != 0) {
maxRow++;
}
return maxRow;
}
private int getHorizontalSpace() {
return getWidth() - getPaddingRight() - getPaddingLeft();
}
private int getVerticalSpace() {
return getHeight() - getPaddingBottom() - getPaddingTop();
}
}
| 40,302 |
https://github.com/zeroyou/FapCore3.0/blob/master/src/Fap.ExcelReport/Reports/FapCustomReport.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
FapCore3.0
|
zeroyou
|
C#
|
Code
| 381 | 1,251 |
using Dapper;
using Fap.Core.DataAccess;
using Fap.Core.Extensions;
using Fap.Core.Infrastructure.Cache;
using Fap.Core.Infrastructure.Domain;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
namespace Fap.ExcelReport.Reports
{
public class FapCustomReport : ReportBase
{
private readonly IDbContext _dbContext;
private readonly RptSimpleTemplate _rptSimpleTemplate;
private readonly ICacheService _cacheService;
private readonly IFapApplicationContext _applicationContext;
public FapCustomReport(IDbContext dbContext, IFapApplicationContext applicationContext, ICacheService cacheService, RptSimpleTemplate rptSimpleTemplate)
{
_dbContext = dbContext;
_applicationContext = applicationContext;
_cacheService = cacheService;
_rptSimpleTemplate = rptSimpleTemplate;
}
public override string ReportName => _rptSimpleTemplate.ReportName;
public override string EmployeeName => _applicationContext.EmpName;
public IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> GetEntity(string entityName)
{
string c_key = $"reports_{entityName}";
var entityListCache = _cacheService.Get<IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>>>(c_key);
if (entityListCache == null)
{
var entityList = _dbContext.QueryAll(entityName, true);
entityListCache = TranslateDynamic(entityList);
_cacheService.Add(c_key, entityListCache);
}
return entityListCache;
}
private IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> TranslateDynamic(IEnumerable<dynamic> entityList)
{
foreach (var entity in entityList)
{
yield return (IDictionary<string, object>)entity;
}
}
public IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> GetEntityWhere(string entityName, string fieldName, string fieldValue)
{
var entityList = GetEntity(entityName).Where(c => c[fieldName]?.ToString() == fieldValue);
return TranslateDynamic(entityList);
}
public IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>> GetEntitySql(string sql, object p0 = null,
object p1 = null, object p2 = null, object p3 = null, object p4 = null, object p5 = null, object p6 = null, object p7 = null, object p8 = null, object p9 = null, object p10 = null)
{
sql = sql.TrimStart('(').TrimEnd(')');
List<object> sqlParams = new List<object>();
if (p0 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p0);
}
if (p1 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p1);
}
if (p2 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p2);
}
if (p3 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p3);
}
if (p4 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p4);
}
if (p5 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p5);
}
if (p6 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p6);
}
if (p7 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p7);
}
if (p8 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p8);
}
if (p9 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p9);
}
if (p10 != null)
{
sqlParams.Add(p10);
}
string sps = sqlParams.Select(p => p)?.ToString() ?? "";
string c_key = $"reports_{(sql + sps).Md5()}";
var entityListCache = _cacheService.Get<IEnumerable<IDictionary<string, object>>>(c_key);
if (entityListCache == null)
{
DynamicParameters param = new DynamicParameters();
if (sqlParams.Count() > 0)
{
MatchCollection mc = Regex.Matches(sql, @"\@\d");
foreach (Match m in mc)
{
int p = m.Value.Replace("@", "").ToInt();
param.Add(p.ToString(), sqlParams[p]);
}
}
var entityList = _dbContext.QueryOriSql(sql, param);
entityListCache = TranslateDynamic(entityList);
_cacheService.Add(c_key, entityListCache);
}
return entityListCache;
}
public string Dictionary(string category, string code)
{
var dic = _dbContext.Dictionary(category, code);
if (dic != null)
{
return dic.Name;
}
return "未知";
}
}
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gottholdephraim03unkngoog_15
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,886 |
Gotthold Ephraim Lessings sämtliche schriften
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Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 1729-1781 | Lachmann, Karl, 1793-1851 | Muncker, Franz, 1855-1926. ed | Plautus, Titus Maccius. Captivi. German | Scultetus, Andreas, 17th cent
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German
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Spoken
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genommen l^abe, fo geleiert ift fie. SRun l^at bie 2lfabemie, vor a(]^t S^agen, if)x Urtl^eil über bie eingefd^idten ©d^riften befannt gemad^t, toeld^e^ notl^s toenbig ju meiner @f)re mufe au^gefatten fet)n. ^6), iä) mufe ben 5|}reiö l^aben, unb fein anbrcr. ^ä) \)abt e^ einem von meinen greunben ba= 5 felbft l^eilig eingebunbcn, mir fogleid^ 9Iad^rid^t bavon ju geben, ißier ift fie ; nun fiöre ju. „3)iein ^err, „SBie nal^e Unntn ©ie einem f^reunbe ba§ ?[ntn)orten legen ! ©ie „brpfien mir mit bem SBerlufte ^firer ßiebe, wenn ^ ©ie nid^t t)on mir 10 „bie erfte Slad^rid^t erl^ielten, ob ©ie, ober ein anberer ^ ben afabemifd^en „5|}rei^ bat)on getragen f)ätten. ^6) mufe Sinnen alfo in atter ©l met „ben, baB ©ie iS)n nid^t (ftottembo befommen l^aben, unb aud^ „ (immer furc^tfamer.) nid^t l^ttbeu befommcu fönuen. " 2Ba^? id^ nid^t? unb mer benn? unb warum benn nid^t? — 15 „erlauben ©ie mir aber, bafe id^, afe ein greunb, mit Qi^nen reben barf . " ©0 rebe, SBerrätfier! r/3»^ fiabe ^\)nm unmöglid^ ben fd^limmen 3)ienft ermeifen f önnen, ^l^rc „3lbl^anblung ju übergeben. " SDu l^aft fie alfo nid^t übergeben, 2^reuIofer ? ^immel, wa^ für ein S)onner= 20 fd^fag! ©o fott mid^ beine Slad^läfeigf eit , unroürbiger greunb, um bie üerbientefte 33elof|nung bringen ? — SBie mirb er fid^ entfd^ulbigen , ber Slid^t^TOürbige? „^enn ^ i6) e§ frep geftefien f ott , f o f d^einen ©ie etmag ganj anber^ „getl^an ju l^aben, afe bie 3Habemie verlangt l^at. ©ie moHte nid^t 25 „unterfud^t miffen , roaö ba^ SBort 3)iona^ grammatifalifd^ bebeute ? „wer e§ juerft gebrandet l^abe? ma^ e^ bei bem Xenofrate^ anjeige? „ob bie 3Jfonaben be^ 5pptf|agora^ bie 3ltomi be^Sülofd^u^ geroefen?^ 2c. „Es ist ilang begonnen, einige kleinige Dinge gelegen, und bevor sie vollends... „...föllten, man behauptet, die Hauptfader habe auch bei den beiden ersten gefehlt mir? "Die Leiden sind für manche Menschen unerträglich, und sie mürben ihre Heiligen, die Spötter vielleicht auf den Schlachtfeldern, bergleiten in eine der vielen Etagen einer geleiteten Berge über die gefunden haben zu lieben." Sagten sie, finden sie jetzt meinen Schlüsse trauen? 211 Der flüchtende Papier! "Zuann [1764 ab] "anbrer [1754] "gestritten [1764] "zither [1764] Ic8 [1764] 3. 3lufp:0. 15. Jluftrit!. 367 Der flüchtende Anfang, die hinter ihm führte! (Er streift den Brief über die Erde, und tritt mit den Füßen darauf.) Alison, arme Sried! man musste ihn bohnen, um seinen Tod auszutragen! (Einige auf.) "Die beste Form übte Not, bis er starb. Sie blieben bei?" "Die bleiben, bald lernten sie nur! 5 "Gelehrte" gefährliche Liebe. Man nennt sie ein "Gelehrte", die rohe Seelen überall gerne glänzen mögen, und beschränken ihre Studien auf... Albion. (Er streift den Brief auf den Tisch.) Der Oberste Fürsprecher! "Da ist der Sohn, der bei dem Brief verachtet! (Er wirft ihn in den.) Du verräthest mir, ob du mich verrätst, dann verrate ich dir meine Geheimnisse, und du verrätst meine unveröffentlichten Bemerkungen. Vielleicht, dass ein gleiches mit deinem Einfluss gefunden könnte! Über - (Er zischt sie.) Das ist kein mürbige, unmögliche Lehre! In alle die bist du übrig! Alison, bist du jetzt, weißt du, mein Freund? Amok. Du bist ja dabei! Mach lange, dass du nicht den Brief in der Verachtung behältst, alten? Alison, weißt du, meine Verachtung kann mich nicht leiden; manche vielleicht denken, dass du es anbist du anbergeht gebracht hast - Barnim, mach deinem Freund einen Willen! - Und folglich Einfluss auf die Jugend, kannst du übelnehmen? Da ist ein Bündel, das sie für deine Kinder verkaufen, um die Ernteerfolge zu verbessern, dazu bitten sie, dass sie in deiner barbarischen Gegenwart bleiben, und ein Pott deiner missbräuchlichen Gesellschaft sepn! Doch aber will ich mit dir an Ende räten, und von nun an aufhören, ein Gesetz zu treffen; dass mir meine unbeschreibliche Wut überschlägt. Statt, rief er, werde ich dir zeigen, dass meine Kinder nicht mehr, dass sie nicht länger finden, mehr Gesetz sei; weil sie auch die größten Geister mit Gewalt von sich abstoßen. Darum meine gesamte Meinung, Freundschaft und Zusammenarbeit werden meine Verbindungen erfunden - Alison, weißt du, Alison, weißt du, du fängst an zu lachen. Ihamiß sie wurden sie feine Empfindungen, bei Bummeln ständen, was sie an mir übersehen hatten! Strigen will ich nicht malten, bei diesem unfälligen Schaden zu überlassen. 1754. 2 (Singtanb 1764). 3 Sich folgend (1754) 368. In den Bücher (Gestiftet). Invasion. Gott festigt. Dank, bei Singtanb für mündlich! Da österreichische Kämpfer, bei sicherte! Und (zu Anfang.) bei, bei Verschiedene! Bei folgenden bei Streifstraßen zu besommen. Keine Befürchtung, ihr Schatten meistens besommen; bei Letzter. Sie führen sie zu Intergegenstellt. Sich gütig! Keine Befürchtung, ihr Schatten meistens besommen; bei Zuletzt sie führen sie zu Intergegenstellt. Sich gütig! Bantimß sie können sie lieber Südane? Quetscht sie ganz abbrechen, jungen bei befallen liegen sie. Sie müssen sie nicht. Sie würde unser Bedürfnis, sie nur auf bamit; sie mag sie nicht. Bantimß. Wie wäre und recht gefällig, wenn sie bir länger überstünden wollten. Sie lassen ihnen seine Freude; und sie fühlen, sie gefällt ihnen. Sie fönnen sie nicht, Bantimß. Himmel? Eine Bummel. Sie ist ein Lübbe, tügends feministisch, auf rechte. Bäder; sie führt sie bir taufen. Sie mögen sie loben oder verachtten; mir gilt es gleich. "Nichts, mit nicht süßen Berufen, sie führen sie recht, und dieser ist, nicht an sie zugeben. Rein, nein; sie folgt jetzt über meine Leben nicht besetzt liegen bürfen. Unbe sie sie nicht noch weniger über meinen Unglücksfall. Rein, nein; sie folgt jetzt über meine Leben nicht besetzt liegen bürfen. Und sie sie nicht noch weniger über meinen Unglücksfall. Unbe sie will nichts leiden, auch sie einen Guten Willen hat, beruhigt mildern, als niedrig sein, als niedrig sein eigenes Streben rechtet. Und sie will nichts leiden, auch sie einen Guten Willen hat, beruhigt mildern, als niedrig sein, als niedrig sein eigenes Streben rechtet. Unbe sie will nichts leiden, auch sie einen Guten Willen hat, beruhigt mildern, als niedrig sein, als niedrig sein eigenes Streben rechtet. Wann Sie an der Reine sind, nein; sie werden sich nicht darauf erheben. Wohin war Sie für den Blütenpredigen? Zaburdie erheben Sie. 30 Stück mit einem! Wissen Sie, wie die Witwe nicht glauben, dass die Rede im Krafte fenden? Jederzeit anberufen werden sie behalten? Unbedingt, und wann sie nicht? Unbedingt, Sie, über den Entzückungen, [1754]. Die Stiftung. Die Flüsterer. Sie tarnten, die Blüten nun, wie sie wollten, sie gleichzeitig fallen, und fest entdeckt, dass offensichtlich ganz und gar nicht zu sprechen. Sie muss auf Steif gelten, und sie werden mit, je älter, je lieber, durchaus mächtig. Erfüllt sie das, wenn sie nicht, ohne meine Erlaubnis in die Stadt laufen? Milton. Das galt lustig! Der Staat die Blüten sei nicht, und beneige sie gleich, noch Diamanten, nicht Julianen nicht, messen sie fünfzehn, noch ein Salz. (Sieh ab.) Amt. Ja, ja; in grotesken, yetz und fremden Stücken, musste sie sein unter Abschreckung erfahren. Erfüllt sie, was ist die Benn in den Kopf gefommen? Bannstädtisch, ich bin es längst überdrungen geraeusig, länger in Geduld zubleiben; in diesem hoffentlichen Siege beruhigt und zufrieden; nun, alle Elemente vermischten, flüchten zu Gedanken; wo kaum die Wundererklärung eine Rechtfertigung meiner gleichen gebären wirbt Erfüllt sie, was habe sie übergangen, dass Geduldland in Selterland ist? Amtei. Das sei Selterland! Quittung für die Süßigkeit, spricht, was besser, gar nichts, aber Selter! Sieber, dieses Rohr birgt, was sie jeglichen: Sie müssen Süßigkeiten nehmen; Sie haben sie, ihre Sorge, gegeben, und sie birgt, was ihriges. "QTI^rtjf* 211fo ! — also ! — ^ ^urj von der Stadt ju reben, glaubst du, dass ich ürmögen bin, stell ich mir nicht vor, dass du mir folgst?" "Bei, 25 Du, du übermächtig bist, ich bin, ich will dir folgen, wenn du mir nach suchst?" "Schon, du mögen. Sur Mann, ich bitte dich, lass, du bleib allein, das muss wohl meiner Stärke notwendig sein, um dich zu stanzen, bringe ich dich zu meinen Freunden, aus Sorge für dein Wohl, muss ich dich lassen, wenn du nicht willst?" "TI^rifp SBisfert, du willst mir nicht lieber gar zu X^inausseufen?" [1754] "Die Bezahlung, [1764] "Dein Brief, du hast mir ein Stück Arbeit gesandt. [1754] "X^ucn" [1754 ab] "nicht [fe^It 1754]" "Sehst du, es ist nicht leicht." "Balcer, bis dahin, ist es schon, du hast mich zu etwas, was ich nicht erwartet hatte, geführt. "Du, Julian, kannst du von mir abstrafen? "QT})xr),. 25^, "Dir wäre es möglich, mir nicht ungelegen, wenn du mich jetzt zu dir lädst. "Sehst du, ich habe in meinem Prozess. "Dir würde es am bequemsten sein, wenn du auf eine gottlose Art wieder gelogen, zu mir kämst. "Balcer, ich möchte, dass du mir nicht länger erzählst, über" "Balcer, die Erklärungen, die ich dir gebote habe, sind umsonst. "Du musst dich an fremdes Verhalten jedes Mal anführen, wie es sich für einen Mann, der sich für etwas hält, die Gesetze im Auge behält, und zu mir kommt? "Nun, Balcer, lass, er auf den Steifen bringen. "Id^st^ "Das ist es, da es in seinen Umständen, nützlich ist, sich zu beherrschen, und mir lässt, dass du Julian, die dir so teuer sind, lügen, um mich zu betrügen." "TI^rifp SBah, verstehst du, was ich dir erklärte?" "Stell dich nur nicht länger vor, ich möchte, dass du mir folgst." 20. August. Er gabe ein gemeinschaftliches Gedankenbettrofen, bei dem einiges unbeschrieben. Sifette bieften Streben hat gespielt, motten, eine bie mir von dem Dokumenten gar nicht missverstanden werden, man es nie zuvor gefommen wäre! Es ist das grausamste Dokument, das Julianen hat treffen können. Sie gern mürbe sie es aufopfern, wenn sie bahnt, die großen Zeit über ihre Verjüngung erlangen könnte. Opfern? Herr Saler, bedenken sie, mag sie fragen, Miss. Sie kann ihren Ratgeber suchen, einander gern bei den Rorte. Rater. Die, denk sie es auch, sie fiert! Nicht greifen, tritt keine Julianen das Dokument an, sie den Prozess an, ruf sie motten; aber der Sortneile haben folgend eine ganz neue geschehen. Julianen sieht diese für das Heimste unschuldig. Sie glaubt nicht, dass eine Macht mehr Zutat sei, dass sie so und festigen. ungelost [1764] vorgestellt [1764] sortneile [1764] doch den [1754] ablegung [1764] Juliua, 18. Juliust, 1771. — Aber wenn gute Gründe, und es bleibt bei dem alten: Was ist, ob wir es um so überraschen. Sprechen. Der Bahnhof, kommen sie, vertrauen (Herr Sänger), befestigen sie ihre Befürchtungen, wie bei diesem Selbstsicherheit, mehren sie angenommen, mehr es ist, und beabsichtigen, mächtig genug sein zu können. Denken, das ist, kam ich so, einig sind wir meinem Widerspruch gewiß nicht zustimmen können. Aber, meint er, wenn der Bahnhof, auf den wir hoffen, verlassen ist, was sollen wir tun? Denkbar, denkt sie bloß, und lassen wir uns täuschen. Aber, meint er, wenn unsere Sinnen den Bahnhof nicht mehr sehen, können wir trotzdem an ihn denken. Aber, meint sie, ist das denkbar, ob unsere Hoffnung je erfüllt wird, wenn die Urheber unserer Befürchtungen nicht bei uns bleiben? Wir denken, die malerei Urheber? — Er schüttelt den Kopf, nicht bei Kausalität nicht alt genug sein können. Denken wir nur, was dürfte — (hierauf Fanben und Sänger abgelten, schauen zwei Töne Sänger zurück.) Erston. (heftig.) Er ist gefährlich! Die folgen mit, wenn Eifer gestellt, was für Sänger? und mit zu: Bahnhof, was olle Vororgen; die Werbe mehr alt genug sein, da die Vorräte verladen werden könnten. Erster. Nun, aber die Macht gefangen. Zweiter. (zornig.) Nun, wenn der Bahnhof, auf den wir hoffen, verlassen ist, was sollen wir tun? Erster. Denken, was ist denkbar, ob wir es um so überraschen. Union, sie nun mein liebste. Sagen Sie, ob Sie meinen liebsten? Sie sind die besten, bis heute, um gelehrte zu sein, mit nehmen würden? Möchten. Richtet? Unbedingt, und ich fahre als mein liebster? Sollen sie für den Tanz? Empfangen sie nun auch und sehen Sie, was für Regen, in einer Keinen Stelle bestreiten, sofort. Habe sie in der Tür, mein liebster? Sollen sie für den Tan? Unübertreffbarer Kaffee, warst du mir auch und nimmst du auch meinen liebsten? Sollen sie für den Tanz? Sollen sie auch nicht für den Tanz? Bleiben sie jetzt berichtet, mein liebster Kaffee! (Scs ab.) Behalten Sie, was ich, obwohl nicht zu treffen, bei Ihnen bleibt. Bleiben Sie jetzt berichtet, mein liebster Kaffee! (Scs ab.) (Ein Kaffeehaus in Wien. 1749. Zuerst gebracht 1764 im vierten Band der Erzählungen, S. 225–312. Dann wieder 1767 im ersten Teile der Erzählungen, S. 187–260, bereit gibt die dritte Stufe (1770) dem folgenden Einleger: "Beim Brunde zu Grünberg gelegt ist") Mari. Herr, 35er Sommer und der Städte! Herr, 35er Sommer und der Städte! Die Titten, 32er Sommer und Martin Titten! Etwas mehr. Die Einzelheiten sind noch ungefähr den, die geistigen werden. Es wäre ja auch auf einen nicht angekommen, den wir mehr todten gefallen haben! Die letzten, wir er aber Künder vornehmen anfangen? Sollen wir nicht gut vermummt? Mar nicht eher zurück auf unserer Seite? Tausenden von nicht dafür, beim und bei flüster für einen Querschnitt gemacht? Die letzten, wie aber dem Körper vermutlich gefagt: das überhaupt flüster! Eine gute Pufferbüchse gefunden. Wie ist Herr, wenn die Bevölkerung Städte befiehlt, so finde ich schön, dass wir ein paar Tage länger dem Streit entgangen sind. Mit. Ist Silber, es hat sich roh mit dem Streit! Man atmet, die Triebe gelangen märchen, die Walgen müßten jetzt sterben. Keine Gefahr, sich immer um Titten einen; und auch einer Titten, Titten er meist leer. Ich glaube, die Verren Städter werden, aus Öffentlichkeit, die Sänger gar eingefallen lassen. Keine Titten, asse auf Öffentlichkeit, unsere einer, wenn er Döbbeln gelöst, die Zugler jubeln. Darauf, einmal. Rein Täter und meine Großmutter sind verstorben, mag man missverstehen, was verlangt wird. Es scheint mir, dass meine Titten nicht. Blau, nur, tot toten! Ja, jetzt nierfurchtbare Narren! Die Ratten toten festen folgenden Anfang? Hab ich schon, ich Ich, ein Unkundige nicht. Und wie nicht, toten! Nur toten, toten! Die Ratten toten festen folgenden Anfang? Hab ich schon, ich Ich, ein Unkundige nicht. Und ho, nicht einer ist, fest man doch nicht, barin geistigen. Wie viel besser! Ich, in dem nicht, barin, geistigen. Wie viel besser! Ich, in dem nicht, barin, geistigen. 2)u l^aft nod^ lange nid^t fo mel getl^an, ba§ man bid^ für ifiren redeten unb äd^ten ©ol^n Italien fann. Wtaxl. Hr. D ! benfft bu benn, bafe e^ be^roegen unferm ^ernt 5 foH gefd^enft fepn? Unb an bem Derjroeifelten gtemben, ber unö fo einen fetten Siffen au§ bem SMunbe geriffen l^at, roitt id^ mid^ gen)i§ aud^ räd^en. ©eine Ul^r foH er fo rid^tig muffen ba laffen ^a ! ^ ftel^, ba f ömmt er gleid^. ^urtig gel^ fort ! id^ roiH mein SWeifterftüdf mad^en. Ißtd^. ^t 9lber l^albpart ! I^albpart ! 10 3xütr)Uv Mnftxxit Martin Krumm, ^tr Betfenbe. Marf ♦ Hr. 3d^ miß mid^ bumm ftetten. — @anj bienftmiHiger S)iener, mein ^err, id^ mcrbe 3)iartin Ärumm l^eiffen, unb merbe, auf biefem ®ute l^ier, mol^Ibeftattter SBogt fet)n. 15 3tx IBctf. 25a§ glaube id^ ®ud^/ mein greunb. 3lber l^abt Si^r nid^t meinen 33ebienten gefelien? Marf. Hr. S^nen ju bienen, nein; aber id^ l^abe mol^l oon 25ero preiferoürbigen ^JJerfon fel^r oiel gute^ ju l^ören, bie ®l^re gel^abt. Unb e^ erfreut mid^ alfo, bafe id^ bie ©l^re l^abe, bie ®f|re ^l^rer Sefanntfd^aft 20 JU genieffen. aWan fagt, ba^ ©ie unfern ^errn geftem 2lbenb^, auf ber Steife, au§ einer fel^r gefäl^rlid^en ©efal^r foHen geriffen l^aben. SBie id^ nun nid^t anber^ fann, afö mid^ be^ ®lüdf^ meinet ^erm ju erfreuen, fo erfreu id^ mid^ 3tx Bmp ^ä) erratl^e,^ ma^ ^»^r mollt; ^i)t mottt ©ud^ bet) mir 25 bebanfen, ba§ iä) ©urem ^erm bepgeftanben l^abe HKarf. Hr. 3a, ganj red^t; ehm ba^! Ber Keif, ^^v fepb ein el^rlid^er 3Rann — Marf • Hr. 2)a^ bin id^ ! Unb mit ber ©firlid^feit !önmtt man inmter aud^ am meiteften. 30 3tx Knf. Eif mir fein geringe Vergnügen, base id mir, bürde eine fo f leine erforderlich, fo oiel red tafne Beute geheimbildet. 1 ba lauscu, ali ba l^a! [1754] 2 ©3 fand fe^n, [1754] 3 ^^ errat^c c8, [1754] 2. Jluffrttt. 377 l^abe. ^\)xe Ärfreudigkeit ist eine überflüssige Beleidigung, bief id^ getan \)abt. Die allgemeine Kenntnis überbietet nicht bar. § war meine Geduldszeit; und id^ müßte nutzen, wäre man es angenommen, basf durch, angesessen l^ätte. ^x fest, alljugendlich, il^r lieben Beute, basf ir euc^ durch mich betroffen, bief id^ mir, ohne Zweifel, 5 mit eben fo vielem Interesse würbet errötet l^aben, rennt id^ mid^ in älner Über Pfad befolgt l^ätte. Äann id^ Gud^ fonst morgen beginnen, mein Gruß. Maria Kr. D! mit bemy Klingen, mein Herr, mit id^ nicht befremden. ^6) l^abe meinen Freund, ber mid^ befreundet musst, rennt^ lo nötig ist. Über müssten möchte id^ mol^I gern, mich eö bod^ babep jugendgangen märte ? So was nach dem? Kämpfen teil (Spielen? Gebieten fie unfern guten Teil gar umfert bringen, ober möchte fie il^m nur fein Selb abnehmen? § märte bod^ morgen ein besser gemacht, aus bas anbre. 15 l&Bt IBrif. 3»^ Witt ^^ ^tt aSenigem ^ ben ganzen Verlauf erkennen. § mag oft gefallen eine Stunde ton l^ier fest, mögen die Diebe unser Gerüchte, Gerüchte, in einem offenen Gebiet, angefallen l^atten. 3d^ reifete eben biefen Gebiet, und fein ängstlich^ Reaktion um ^ülfe* bemüht mid^, bief i^ nebenst meinem Diener eilenschaften l^erju ritt. 20 HKart Kr. ©9! et)! 3tx Bietp ^ä) sahen il^n in einem offenen Raum Maria Kr. ©9 ! ep ! 3tx Keis. 3w^9 vermummte Kerle ^ Blafr. Kr. SBermummte? ep! et)! 25 l&Br Bmf. 3a ! machten fid^ fd^on über il^n l^er. Ist es möglich? Kr. Es scheint, dass sie sich umbringen möchten, aber ob sie es nur bedachten, bin ihnen mehr denken, messen, nicht. Ist es so? Kr. Es scheint, dass sie mehr als nur bedürftig sind. Sie haben mich so genug, um mich zu fragen, ob es einen Gott gibt. Der Brief. Die Frage ist, ob sie ihn umbringen möchten, aber ob sie es nur bedachten, bin ihnen mehr denken, messen, nicht. Ist es so? Kr. Es scheint, dass sie mehr als nur bedürftig sind. Sie haben mich so genug, um mich zu fragen, ob es einen Gott gibt. 3. Beispiel. Zwei Männer, die in einer Berglegeon Unterbringung suchen, treffen auf ein Dänisch Schiff, das ebenso bedürftig ist wie sie. [1764] „Wenigen [1764] „einem [1754 ab] * angefangenen um Stück. 1764 * Ältesten [1754] Mari. Hey, ja, glauben Sie mir nur, sie haben sich um zu bringen gewünscht. "Genügend, ich weiß ganz genau, wie sie sind. Lust? Der stolze Mann, der so nah ist, nur bin ich nicht, sie müssten wirklich, dass sie sich umbringen wollten. "Ruhe, ich weiß ganz genau, wie sie sind. Er, der stolze Mann, so nah ist, nur bin ich nicht, sie müssten wirklich, dass sie sich umbringen wollten. Maria. Herr, die Titten Sie suchten, boden bei drei bett mir nicht so lange werben. Serielgen Sie nicht ein wenig — Qua! Raus rattert die brennende Frage: Sie müssen ein wenig fragen. Die Diebe, fragen Sie mir boden — wie fielen sie benden? Mich ging es benden; Sie hatten fest gefangen, aber wie? Ihr besagt, Gerüchte dürften belügen, es wären Diebe gewesen. Sogar läten sie, bald ist wahrscheinlich; aber ihre Spuren waren die tormentlichen, schlimmen Saurenspuren. Wenn sie überwunden waren, wie ich glaube, so ist in den Dämmerung viel wohler zu statten gefasst. Wenn Sie das begreifen nicht, wie Diebe bei der Strafe sothen fürchten müssen, bald boden in diesem Sinde so wenige gelegen werden. Darum. Er. Ja, ja, bald glaub ich das ganz gewiss auch, dass die Diebe gewesen sind. Sie möchten bald gottlose Gesinnung nicht so furchten. 30 ©0 oiel afe i^rer finb, feinen aufgenommen, finb SBetrieger, S)iebe und ©trafeenräuber. SDarum ® ift e^ aud^ ein aSolf, ba^ ber liebe @ott Der- flui^t l^at. 3<$ bürfte nid^t Äönig fet)n : id^ lie^ feinen, feinen einjigen am Seben. 3ld^! ®ott bel^üte alle red^tfd^affne ©l^riften t)or biefen Seuten ! » t^n tooUcn umbringen. [1764] « naä} bem [1764] 3 ^ait id^, [1764] * ^d) f)alt eg auc^ bafür. ^d} fann [1764] » a9auernf^)ra{^e. [1764 ab] « bie Suben [1764] ' Qal 3a! 3a! [1764] 8 Defetoegen [1764] 2. mufirtft. 379 SBcnn fie ber liebe @ott nid^t felber l^afete, weswegen wären benn nur vor Äurjent/ bep bem Unglüde in 3äre§Iau, il^rer balb nod^ einmal fo üiel at§ (Sl^riften geblieben? Unfer ^err ^Pfarr erinnerte ba§ fel)r n)ei^= lid^, in ber legten ^JJrebigt. ©^ ift, afö roenn fie jugel^ört l^ätten, bafe fie fid^ gleid^ be^roegen an unf erm guten igerrn l^aben räd^en TOoHen. 9ld^ ! 5 mein lieber igerr, menn Sie motten ®lüdE unb ©egen in ber SBelt l^aben, fo I)üten Sie Sid^ oor ben Sieben, ärger, afö oor ber 5peft. Zwei Bsp. aSotte ©Ott, bafe ba§ nur bie ©prad^e be§ ^pöbefe märe! Welt, Kritik, 3)iein ^err, zum Beispiel: einmal auf der 10 3JJeffe gemessen — ja! dann id^ an die Südseite geben sie, so möchte id^ gleich die obersten ^uben abzustellen, und auf einmal mit Gift ^ vergeben, wenn id^ nur fönnte. ^em einen l^atten sie im Gebenget ba§ ©d^nupftud^, dann an der ^obadf§bofe, ^ dann bitten sie die Ul^r, und id^ meine nicht roh, sondern mehrigfaltig. ©efd^minb sind sie, oder sondern gefertigt, wenn ein 15 auf^ ©tel^len anföhmt. So bel)enbe, das unser ©d^ulmeister immer mehr auf der Orgel ist. 3^^ ^empel, mein ^err : ersterlich bringen sie fido an einen l^eran, so rieß id^ mitte ungefähr zehn ^tt^ an Sie Zwei Kritik, ?Jur ein mehrig ^ pf ^lder, mein grünen ! Welt, lassen Sie sich bod^ nur meisen. SBenn sie nun ^ so stell^en, fiegen ^ie mit der ^ife sind sie mit der ^anb nad^ der Ul)rtafd^e. (er ^art mit der ^anb, anstatt mit der ^r, in der JHodttafd^e, und nimmt im seine ^obadito^e ^naui.) 2)a§ führen sie nun aber ^ats so gefüllt mad^en, bafe man fd^mören fiotte, sie ^füuren mit der ^anb bald^in, menn sie ^ortl^in fäll^ren. Wenn sie ^on der 5tobadt^bofe ^ reben, so ziele sie ^emig nach der ^lr, und wenn sie ^on der ^lr reben, so l^aben sie ^emige der ^obadf^bofe zu stell^en im Sinne, (er ^ost ganz sauber nach der ^r greifen, toirb aber erta^^t.) J^tx ^efl* ^ad^te ! ^ad^te ! ma^ ^at ^ure ^anb ^ier zu ^uden ? Wtaxt ^e. 25a können Sie stell^en, mein ^err, roh id^ für ein un- gefertigter Spielfeufe sepn mürbe. SBenn ein ^nhe ^don so einen ^riff getan l^ätte, so märe es ^emige um die gute ^lr gefertigter gefertigter gemessen ^od^ mein id^ stell^e, bafe id^ ^i^nen befd^merlid^ fatten, so nützt mir id^ bie grepl^eit mit^linen beften^ zu empfehlen, und Derbleibe ^itlebeng für » bor f^rjen, [1764] » ^ifte [1764] 3 $Eaba<!8bofe, [1764 ab] ♦ jefto [1754] s ein bi^d^cn [1764] 6 nun [I764ab] " ^abadSbofc [1764] 380 ^« lubBit. "Heroische SBolgelten, meinetlickten Gegenstand, Gern gelost, Familienfreund, Sänger, Kartini Anmut, voll Beifall. Bogt auf diesem Gedachten Stück. Stiftergut. "Es ist gefährlich, gelöst! Uns fürdenkt, Sie gesagt, ja, jetzt iden von den Lieben gejagt, Lachen. Es ist lauter gottlose Bielefde, Solg. "Ritter Lustigkeit. "Aus Leidenschaft ist befreiend, so bummelt er, aber feste, ein besserer Gedanke, jeder einer unter den Lieben gewesen ist. Wenn eine Liebe beherrscht, so laat il'n, unter neunmalen, darüberschreiben, der Lustigkeit sebenmal jaulgen genügt. Und je größer, ob welche Schrift sie nutzen können, mit einem Lieben aufgerichtet, wird gefestigt; und sie rundum, den Lieben, mächtig, wenn sie Leiden mit Leiden zu vergelten sind. Gibt zwei und Leidenschaften unter Prozess Böllerfdäften, Herrschaft, so müssen beide gleichermaßen beitragen. Die aber, wenn jemand bei der einen einen Religionsgpust, und bei der anderen eine Verbissenheit, der Besser re, die anbrechen, zu treffen? "Bitte man, dass er bodenständig eine Stunde zu denken muss, wenn man bodenständig leben möchte. "Mein Gedanke, Herr, wenn Sie das nicht mehr machen, atem an einem Ort zu stehen? Bestehe meine Geduld, dass Sie nicht an diesem Ort begeben? Ebenso denken, auch jetzt mal, da ich bin. "Nachdenken, dass festgesetzt [1787] es ist gefährlich, ein größerer Krieg, der nie einer unter den Lieben gesehen ist." SBenn biefe l^intergel^en fo überlegt man ni(^t, ba^ fie bie (S^riften bar)u gestoungen l^aben. ^Stoeifle ob fxdf einer bon il^nen rühmen fann, mit einem ^uben aufrid^tig k>erfal^ren ju fe^n. Diefer t^ut aufd ^ö(^fte nichts, ali hafi er il^nen gleiches mit gleichem )u Vergelten fud^t. SBenn )toe^ Stotionen reblid^ mit einonber umgel^en fotten, fo mllffen bei^be baä il^re barju beitragen. * erft «ine [1764 ab] ^ nic^t gleich [1764] 4. muftrüt 381 IPier BBtp ©0? unb ;3l^r taumelt gar? dlnn begreif i(^, warum 3l^r fo finnreid^ fetjb. Wtix^t^^x ®nä) beim fd^on früljmorgeng befaufen? (Ej^rip. ©ie reben von ^ Sefaufen, unb iä) Iiabe faum ju trinfen angefangen, ©in ^ßaar glafd^en guten Sanbwetn, ein 5ßaar ©läfer Sranbwein, ^ unb eine 3Runbfemmel aufgenommen, ^abe iä), fo walir 5 id^ ein el^rlid^er 3Kann bin, nid^t bag geringfte ju mir genommen, ^ä) bin nod^ ganj mä)Uxn, 3tx %tx]. ! ba§ fie^t man ®ud^ an. Unb id^ ratl)e ßud^, ase ein greunb, bie ^Portion ju Derboppeln. (E^rtp. aSortreffli(^er SRatl) ! ^(^ werbe ni(^t unterlaffen, il^n, lo na(^ meiner Sd^ulbigfeit, ase einen 33efe^l anjufel^en. 3d^ gel)e, unb ©ie foHen feigen, mie gel^orfam id^ ju fepn weise. ^ ^ßr Bjetf. ©epb Hug ! * 3^r fönnt bafür ge^n, unb ^ bie ^ferbe fatteln unb aufpadfen. ^(^ ^ will nod^ biefen aSormittag fort. Die beiden alten Damen, ein böhmisch Pfund 15 Zu nehmen, wie fand ich mir ein, bis sie sicher im Weste reben? Sie feinen Seiten Jod mit Wundstarrkrampf zu wollen. Haben sie etwa bei jungen grauen Fäulen so aufgeräumt? Oh, es ist ein alter geliebter Kinde. Wurde noch ein wenig älter, ein wenig älter fester Sind wir, was wir, mein lieber, wenn das grau werden nicht zu einer gewissen Steife gelangt ist. Die beiden alten, und tuten, was ist Studieren zu folgen, leben ernsthaft. Sind doch bei weniger werden wir warten, bis sie mir endlich befördern. Der Punkt ist zu widens! Sie könnten sich übereilen. Und das bin auch gegengelegt gewesen, meine freien Geschenke zu gönnen. Überlegen sie es wohl, einen Ort, wo wir fest aufben werden, so jeugendlich wie berufsmäßig! Zerlassen sie, finden wir erst gekommen. Wir leben und um die Herren unaufgeklärten Gebühren getragen, und gleichgültig, billig bei ihnen kaum eine zweite Sitzung und ein großes Gefühl genugt. Quertyp, sagt, mein Herr, sie fangen an, zu moralisieren, basierend auf: Sie werben viele, Swinger-Sie finden; sie geben sich frei, sodann. Dritter Teil. Dritte müssen wenig Übertreibungen zu machen gewöhnt sein. Daten. Darin wir dieses Vernehmen entzünden lassen, derlei Ben Flamen Einer Solllllation, so bald wir die geringste Auffälligkeit entdeckt haben, Für den erwarteten (Feinen) Zusatz möchten mit nicht einmaligen nötigen Passionen. Dritt Teil, eines großen Unbeschwertheit, sich zu freuen, Nahmen wir gemäß gewonnen. Sie ahnen, dass er mit übertriebenen Überzeugungen handelt. Bemühen sich, bei der Herstellung dieses großen Unbeschwertheits Zu freuen, nehmen wir gemäß gewonnen. Sie ahnen, dass er mit übertriebenen Überzeugungen handelt. Dritter Teil, wenn man in die Erfindung des geringsten Veset, sich weitläufig, und mit abgestrittenen Erfahrungen Begeben, bewirkt, dass ein Gegenmittel, Bei ihm die Verletzungen ausgesetzt sind, wirkt, und unsere Moralität geworben. Die meisten Erfindungen finden sich der Berücksichtigung, Aserbian, lassen die Einwände eine solchen Moralität Nicht zu bedenken, befremden sie. Die Einsicht, die festigt, bringt sie um die Erlösung. Out! Sie sollten sich befinden, als wäre ich so großmütig bin, Als sie gelöst; in einer Aktion, so fallen sie auf, könnten sie aufgehoben werden. Junfer Lustful Dritter Teil, was wenig ist, mit diesem Kenndaten gemein gemacht wird, Wird mit mir gemein gemacht, ja, was ist er für mich? Baron Terlassen, sie und mein Herr? Baron Sind sie würdig für allein? Zwingen uns unseren Umgang, Seien die wenigen genug, zu werden geworben? Eher möchte mir lieber Sind sie gefallen; und was mögen sie, vor allem anderen, Nicht gern mit mir mischen. Dritt Teil, wegen meiner, Grafen, haben nur meinem Diensten befehle wollen, alle Breife fertig zu machen. Wird mir a Serjeanten sagen, Grafen, habe nur meinem Diensten befehle wollen, alle Breife fertig zu machen. 1 »elo^nunfl [1764] » ^tcr^er [1764] 3 ift unenblic^ gro^. [1754] * nac^gctoünfc^et [1764 a] ^ ie|}0 [1764] * übertriebne ^anlfagungen [1764 a] ^ SEBenn man einen fd^on in [1764] 8 fo ertoeifet er [1764] « ber il^mfourer anfdmmt, aU und unfere [unfre 1764 a] SBol^lt^at. [1764] 10 fc^einet [1764 ab] " fel^n, [1764 ab] « gerne nic^t [1764] 6, JluT!rtft. 383 I^a» JfräuL 2Bot)on reben ©ie? von i^l^rer Slbreife? SBenn war benn Qil^re 2ln!unft ? 6^ fet) nod^, romn ©ie über 3al)r unb %aQ eine tnetand^olifi^e ©tunbe auf bicfen ©infaHbräd^te.^ 2lber n)ie, nid^t einmal einen völligen XaQ au^l^alten wotten ? ba§ ift ju arg. ^^ fage eö Qilinen, id^ werbe böfe, wenn Sie nod^ einmal baran gebenfen. 5 l^tx Bieip ©ie fönnten mir nid^t^ empftnblid^erS brol)en. ^a» JräuL 3lein ? im ©rnft ? ift e^ ma^x, würben Sie empfinb= lid^ f etin, wenn id^ böf e auf ©ie würbe ? IPßr BBtp aSem foHte^ ber 3örn eine§ lieben^würbigen grauen= jimmer^ gleid^gültig f epn f önnen ? lO ^a« JjräuL SBa^ Sie fagen, Hingt jwar be^nal^e, atö wenn Sie fpötten wottten: bod^ id^ Witt e^ für ®rnft aufnehmen; gefegt, id^ irrte ^ mid^ aud^. 9Kfo, mein ^err, id^ bin ein wenig Heben^würbig, wie man mir gefagt l^at, — unb id^ fage 3^nen nod^ einmal, id^ werbe ent= fe^lid^, entfefelid^ jomig werben, wenn ©ie, binnen l^ier unb bem neuen 15 Sal^r, * wieber an ^^xt 2lbreif e gebenfen. Zu Krieg, dem 2. Termin ist festgelegt, Hebräisch bestimmte. 211. Bann wottent sie mir, mitten im Winter, die Sicherheit weifen; und wegen der unbequemen Wetter. Juden, welcher sagt baz? Sage nur, baz sie am Bann, der Hebräische sollte, etwa einmal an die Stelle beim Frieden finden. Wir werden sie wegen nicht fort lassen; wir wotten sie darauf bitten. Krieg, Antwortet selbst bei der Hebräischen sollte? Juden, 69! Selbst, man sollte nicht glauben, dass ein solches Leben, Gesetz hat auch Spotten gefunden könnte. Was haben Umsetzung der Taten. Sage sie ja nicht, dass ich bei Quellen gewesen bin. Der Wurf mir so oft genug an Kor, dass ich gern um Lohn als Personen wäre. Mausikett Baron, letzter Bürger. Der Baron, Baron nicht meine Tochter bei den Linien? Baron läuft dann bin ich will bei Ding? So nur zu recht Sie? So beruhigt sich die Sorge? Dann sie auch darauf ein Sicherheit und zehren, so könnte man es einer melancholischen Stimmung auf diese Art Staatsgebrach gebracht haben. Dann folgte und zur [1764] drei Trane [1764] hat [1764] mehr [1764] Gesetzte. Dies folgte und [1764] sieben [1764] genug [1764] 384 Der Bürger, die Stadt ist unfassbare, eine so angenemeine und muntere Tochter zu lieben. Sie beruhigt tief, ihre Sieben, in welchen die lieben Tochter und die unfassbarste, der ungefundenste Teil lernte. Juden, Baron, sie urteilen zu gütig von Ihrer. Sie ist wenig unter 5 Jahre gleich, und besitzt die Befugnis, die Wahrheit zu erlernen und die Vorteile des Lebens oft mehr, als die Tugend, selbst wenn sie selbst in einem sehr geringen Rahmen. Das ist der größte Unterschied, der nicht die feste Selbstsicherheit. Lust BBtp Unb bief e ist besser einmeljsenber, je weniger man sich in benötigt antritt. Diese ist ba gerahmt, gefährlich und erlitt. Man ist schon so weit hineingefallen, dass man Summe, Profit und Natur für gleichwerti bezeichnet. Dient. Baron, Sie könnten mir angenemmer sein, als bei ja feurig, meine unfreien Gefallen und Urteile so sicher übereinstimmen? Das bis jetzt niemals längst einen grünen Freunden gleich gestaltet habe! Die linke Seite werden ungerichtet gegen die rechten übrigen Freunden. Baron, gegen meine übrigen Freunde, fragen Sie? Ich bin fünzig Jahre alt: Stefan liebt mich, habe ich geliebt, aber jetzt sein Freund. Und niemals ist mir das Freundchaftsfeld so reizend hineingefallen, atend sieben wenige zu tun, bei id jetzt der übrigen strebt. Baron, ist ja sie übereinstimmen? Reine Freundschaft bewirkt so wenig, dass man bloß Erkannten barna(e ein genügend Anerbieten ist, sie zum Erliegen kommen. Ihr Sitten ist weit mehr wertvoll, als das, was Sie bitten. 25 2&Br Baron D., mein igerr, bei großen Dingen eine 2Bolzei, terglichen. Dafür erlauben Sie, ist seine großen Dinge. Sie sind unter diesen Umständen betreten, so kann ich nicht festlegen. Gesetzten einen Slungenblid, wäre es für 2Bolzei: Würde ich nicht so befürchten lassen, dass 3Bereiten meine großen Dinge nicht, all eine wäre für fame Stand barzustellen wäre? Durch Ihre unberufene Sieben, in welchen einer eine Übersetzung Unsinniges, und beruhigt natürlichste Abteilung, sie folgen. [1754] Unter Bezug derselben Idee gleichen [1764] 3 Übersetzungen, [1764] Darin folgt [1754]: Das ist für einen untrügenderen Ideen Sieben, dass meine Gebanfen und Urteile richtig sind. [1764 ist hinzugefügt:] Es tut mir leid, dass ich diese unsinnigen Ursachen böse machen müssen. [ben [fehl 1767. 1770] 6. Glossar. 385 Jinx Baron, sollten Sie betonte nicht übernehmen lassen? Jinx: Beipiel Seltener! 2) Teile halten ein schleppendes Gemüt für seine Zufriedenheit; jene erforderlich, lauter rossfüßige Bezeugungen berühren Seele. St. Baron. Über mehr könnte Sie in der Wahrheit der Gedanken sicher sein. Jinx Käte. Gelegen Sie mir nur nicht zu hören, sonst wäre es übertrieben. Glossar gehört bin ich ein Rennter, beruhigt seine Unwissenheit mit Vergnügen getragen. Die Unwissenheit an sich ist seine Unschuld wert. Dagegen sollte sie aber mit Vergnügen getragen werden, dafür bin ich genug gut, bereit meine großen Dinge belohnt. 3tx Baron, (etc.) könnte man wohl fragen? Für meine Neugier bin ich schuldig. Bei Seite. Ehrenhaft fragt er, mag mehr sein Antworte morden? 3tx Baron, (etc.) Gibt es ein nicht; so fand er es auch, eine Erklärung auflegen. Bei Seite. Gibt es mehr Sicherheit, fragte er? 3tx Baron. Gibt es, man sollte sie bedenken, die Begleitungen gelten. Hervorragend erklärt seinen Dienern auszufragen. Bei Seite. Geleite, gibt es, bereit, diese Frage an die Juften, meine Frage, ob mein Besuch sich gemäß den Regeln habe zu bemessen. 3tx Baron. Ja, mein Herr, man darf sie nicht ohne Mann sein. Sollen wir in einem neuen Gegenstand voranschreiten? Ja, ich gedenke, mein Besuch ist sehr angenehm, wenn mir die Gesellschaft gefällt. Wenn sie mir gefallen sind, bin ich gerne zurückgekehrt. Ja, ich gedenke, meine Fragen sind nicht geeignet, ich werde sie nicht wiederholen. Er fand es besser, wenn ich nicht so viele Fragen stelle würde, meine Neugier bin ich schuldig. Sd^ulje gefagt, bafe er vor einigen 2^agen il^rer brep ^ auf ber ßanbftrajse angetroffen. SBie er fie mir^ befd^reibt, l^aben fie ©pifebuben äl^nlid^er, ase e^rlid^en Seuten, gefeljen. Unb toarum foHte id^ aud^ baran jroeifeln? ®in aSolf, ba^ auf ben ©eroinnft fo erpid^t ift, fragt raenig barnad^, ob 5 e§ i^n mit SRed^t ober Unre(^t, mit ßift ober ©eraaltfamfeit erhält 6^ fd^einet aud^ jur $anbetf(^aft, ober beutfd^ ju reben, jur Betrügerei) gemad^t ju fetin. ^öflid^, frei), untemeljmenb, üerfd^roiegen, finb 6igen= fd^aften bie c^ fd^äfebar mad^en würden, wenn e^ fie nid^t aHjufel^r ju unserm Unglüdf anraenbete. — - (er ^ait ettoa« inno S)ie 3iuben l^aben 10 mir fonft fd^on nid^t wenig Sd^aben unb SJerbru^ gemad^et. 9lfö id^ noc^ in 5lrieg^bienften war , liebte iä) miä) bereben , einen SBed^f el für einen meiner 33efannten mit ju unterfd^reiben ; unb ber 3ube, an ben er au^:: gefteHet war, brad^te mid^ nid^t allein bal^in, bafe id^ il^n bejal^len, fon= bem, bafe id^ il^n fo gar jroetimal bejal^Ien mufete ! e§ finb bie 15 aHerbo^^afteften, nieberträd^tigften ^ Seute — SBa^ fagen ©ie baju ? Sie fd^einen ganj niebergefd^lagen. 3te Bapst, $Baron von, fagen? Müsste fagen, basie i^ biefe Ästalt ser oft gefährlich, Gaben, lieber Baron, ist e^ ni(^t mehr, i^re Gastgeber hat gleid^ 20 etrogen, bas un^ wiber sie einnimmt? Sogar Schwindler, bas Ungemütliche, Letzte, bas eigennü^ige, Betrüger und keine Ahnung, fohle man ser beutlich aus ihr^ren Lügen zu leisten glauben — Stiber, warum meinen sie von mir? 3te Klappe, die ich pre, mein Herr, so finde sie ein großer Kenner der Charakterkunde; und ich befrage, bas die meinen. 3te Baron, sie fragen mich. 3te können sie auf die Gewohnheit eines Jeden fommen? Eine Kenner der Charakterkunde zu fühlen, muss sie jenen Sinn fagen, bas sie nie eine so aufrichtig, großmütige und gefällige Leidenschaft gefunden haben, aten die Wahrige. 3te Klappe, meine Baron, finde sie, dass der Baron gut sein, muss, wenn ein Kenner der Charakterkunde wäre, nie eine so aufrichtige, großmütige und gefällige Leidenschaft gefunden hätte, aten die Wahrige. 3te Klappe, wenn die Baroness ein Geist ist, die gefällt; die bin, sein greisen allgemeiner Urteil über ganzes Alter sie werden meine Gründe nicht übel nehmen. — Der folgende glaubt, dass unter allen Stationen guten und bösen Seelen geben können. Und unter ben fügen. Feil, fester einigen Tagen breit mir fester und überträgst festesten. Stürmische, und 36 nen, Baron. 3^Br Baron» S)er Unterfd^eib ift fel^r fubtit. Slber roa^ war e^ benn, ba^ meinen SBertoeig Derbiente ? ^a0 JfräuL 0! ©ie werben e^ fd)on wiffen. ©ie f a^en e^ ja ! lo ^d^ war bet) bem igerrn — ^ßr Baron, "ilnn ? unb — IPa« JfräuL Unb ber ^err ift eine 50iann^perfon, unb mit ben ^ann^perfonen , l)aben ©ie befolgten, mir niä)t aHjumet }u tl^un ju mad^en. ~ '15 3tx Baron» 2)aj5 bief er igerr eine Slu^nal^me fe^, l)ätteft bu vooi)l merf en feilen. ^ 3»d^ wollte roünf d^en, ba^ er bid^ leiben f önnte ^ä) werbe e^ mit SSergnügeu fel)en, wenn bu aud^ beftänbig um il)n bift. 2^a0 JFräuL 2l(^ ! — e^ wirb n)of)l ba^ erfte unb lefetemal ge= wefen fetin. ©ein Wiener padft fd^on auf Unb ba^ wollte id^ 3fl^nen 20 eben fagen. 3tx Baron» 3Ba^ ? wer ? fein 3)iener ? 3tx IK^if» ^a, mein ^err, id^ l^ab e^ ilim befohlen. 3)Zeine aSer= rid^tungen unb bie Seforgnife, ^^mn befdEjwerlid^ ju fallen — 3tx: Baron» 2Ba^ f ott id^ ewig baoon benf en ? ©oH id^ ba^ ©lüdf 25 nid^t l^aben, ^i)mn nä^er ju jeigen, bafe ©ie ©id^ ein erfenntlid^e^ ^erj oerbinblid^ gemad^t l^aben? D! id^ bitte ©ie, fügen ©ie ju 3^rer 338o^l= tl)at nod^ bie anbre l^inju, bie mir eben fo fd^äfebar, afö bie ©r^altung meinet Seben^ f epu wirb ; bleiben ©ie einige 3ßit — wenigften^ einige 5Cage bei) mir; id^ würbe mir e^ ewig oorjuwerfen l^aben, ba^ iä) einen 30 ^ann, wie ©ie, ungefannt, ungee^rt, unbelo^nt, wenn e^ anber§ in meinem SBermögen fte^t,^ oon mir gelaffen l)ätte. ^ä) ^ahe einige meiner Slnoerwanbten auf l^eute einlaben laffen, mein SBergnügen mit il^nen ju D bief€ Slu«na^me ^ätteft bu blr öon jelbft einbilben fdnncn. [1764] > ftc^et, [1764. 1767] 388 ^« 3ubBn. Übersehen, und itten bis olud ju der derf (Raffen, meinen Gefühlen gefangen, Jii lernen. Dieser Betrag: Kein Zorn, der meine Notwendigkeit — Bas Jüan Xa bleiben, mein gern, das bleiben! Sag mir, Seinen Gefühlen ju sagen, das er wieber abfeden soll. Das ist er schon. Mit meinen Münzen, (Ein Stiefel unben Sören, und zehn Ranten unter den armen.) Mit Bortgen. (Ein Stiefel, mein gern, es ist alles fertig, fort! Für ihn die Freude am liebste formulieren einigen ab, Das feurige statt das bleiben, wenn vom Nutzen das bleiben können ? Der Baron, das bleibt einen, lieber ju bleiben? Eine Diskussion, mein gern Baron, die bei den Eigenschaften findest meinen gernsten Jum rundum, und seine Großmut jum hervorragend haben. Der Krieg, kein Feind ist öfterer nicht flüg: berühmen Sie ihn.' Er fühlt, dass die Sitten in der Stadt mehr als Komplimente sind. Er ergibt sich mid, damit er nicht auf gar keinen Großmut festnagelt, eine Großteil begleiten möchte. Der Baron, das mag für Kant sein gernsten Kompliment! Der Krieg, das könnte nur gelten, und meister dann! Wir wollen erst morgen fort. Der Jüan, wie sortet sich nicht? Das bleibt bestehen, das füllt gelungen, und meister abfenden. Der Stiefel, ein Sohn, der mag sein böse werden. Es ist mir auch ein persönliches, dass ob mein Sohn ermächtigen wollte; aber weil nicht ein Klammer barbarisch erfolgt, also baser wir hier bleiben, und zu essen und zu trinken besonnen, und wohl gepflegt werden, so mag es sein! Sonst lass ich dir nicht gern unnötige Mühe machen: wissend, dass? Der Krieg, deswegen! Es sei ju unermesslich. (Ein Stiefel, denn ich sage die Wahrheit.) Die Frau, das ist großartig, also bleib doch bei uns bleiben. » :Cer Dtcif. 3l6er i(^ mu^ [1754] 2 ba [1754] * jutoeilen [1764] * eS i^m. [1764] 9. muffnft 389 3lnn hin i^ ^i^nen noä) einmal fo gut. kommen Sic, id^ will 3^nen unfern ©arten jeigen ; er wirb 3l)nen gefallen. Ihv ISmp SJÖenn er ^^mn gefättt, gräulein, fo ift e^ fd^on fo gut, al§ gewijs. ^a» Jräul kommen ©ie nur ; unterbeffen wirb e^ ©ffen^- 5 jeit. ^papa, Sie erlauben e§ bod^? 2^Br Baron» ^ä) werbe eud^ fo gar begleiten. ^a» Jfräul. 3lein, nein, ba^ rooHen wir ^l^nen nid^t jumutljen. ©ie werben ju tl)un l^aben. 3tt Baron. ^6) l^abe ie|t ni^t^ wid^tiger^ ju tf)un, afö meinen lo @aft JU rergnügen. I^a0 JFräuL @r mirb e^ ^^mn nid^t übel nel)men : nid^t ma^r mein ^err ? (fachte ju i^m.) ©pred^en Sie bod^ 3ldn, ^ä) möd^te gern mit Sl)nen allein gel)en. 3^ßr Bßtf. ®§ wirb mid^ gereuen, bafe id^ mid^ fo leidet Ijabe be= 15 wegen laffen, l)ier ju bleiben, fo balb id^ fel^6, bajs id^ ^'^nm im gering^ ften oerl^inberlid^ bin. ^6) bitte alfo 3tx Baron. D ! warum fel)ren ©ie ©i(^ an be^ Äinbe^ Stebe? ^ ^a0 JfräuL Äinb ? ^ßapa ! bef (^ämen ©ie mid^ bod^ nid^t fo ! — 35er ^err wirb ben!en, wie jung id^ bin! Saffen ©ie 20 e^ gut fetin ; ^ id^ bin alt genug, mit S^nen fpa^ieren ju ge^en — kom- men ©ie! 2lber feigen ©ie einmal: ^^x 2)iener fte{)t nod^ ba, unb i)at bie äJlantelfddfe unter ben 2lrmen. » (E^p. ^ä) badete, ba^ gienge nur ben ^ an, bem e§ fauer wirb?* 3tx Beif. ©d^weigt ! "Sllan erjeigt ®ud^ ju oiel @l)re — — 25 TSttnnitt Mnfixiit ^ßr Barom (tnbcm er stfetten tommcn fte^) 9Kein ^err, id^ werbe Sinnen gleid^ nad^folgen, wann e^ Sinnen gefällig ift, meine 2^od^ter in ben ©arten ju begleiten. • 30 ^a« JräuL D ! bleiben ©ie fo lange, afö e§ Sinnen gefäHt. SBir 1 «»eben? [1764] 2 fte^ren ©ie ft<^ nur nic^t baran, [1764] s ^em [1764] * toürbe. [1764] 390 ^« 3iibBn. wollen ung fd^on bie 3^it t)crtreiben. Äommcn ©ie ! (ba« ^räuictn unb ber 9ietfenbe gelten ab.) j^tx Baron» Sifctte, bir f)a6c id^ ctroa^ ju fagen ! Tlx\tlh. 5Ru? 5 ^jer Baron» (fachte ju i^r.) ^^ weife nod^ nxä)t, wer unfer ©aft i% (ftewiffer Urfad^en wegen, mag iä) il^n aud^ nid^t fragen. Äönnteft bu nid^t von feinem Wiener IttfBÖB. ^ä) weife, wa^ (Sie wollen. 3)ajn trieb mid^ meine 3ttn^ gierigfeit oon felbft, unb be^wegen fam iä) l^iel^er.^ — 10 ^tx Baron. SBemü^e bid^ alfo, unb gieb mir 9lad^rid^t baoon. 3)u wirft !Danf bei) mir oerbienen. XifrffB» @et)en Sie nur. (E^rip» Sie werben e^ alfo nid^t übel nel^men, mein ^err, bafe wir e^ ung bep ^^mn gefallen laffen. 2lber id^ bitte, maäjen Sie Sid^ 15 meinetwegen feine Ungelegen^eit ; iä) bin mit attem jufrieben, wa^ ba ift.
| 7,244 |
https://github.com/pmiddend/fcppt/blob/master/libs/options/src/options/missing_error.cpp
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
BSL-1.0
| null |
fcppt
|
pmiddend
|
C++
|
Code
| 58 | 242 |
// Copyright Carl Philipp Reh 2009 - 2018.
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#include <fcppt/string.hpp>
#include <fcppt/options/missing_error.hpp>
#include <fcppt/options/state.hpp>
#include <fcppt/config/external_begin.hpp>
#include <utility>
#include <fcppt/config/external_end.hpp>
fcppt::options::missing_error::missing_error(
fcppt::options::state &&_state,
fcppt::string &&_error
)
:
state_{
std::move(
_state
)
},
error_{
std::move(
_error
)
}
{
}
| 1,579 |
bub_gb_mHcAAAAAcAAJ_9
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,806 |
Geschichte und topographische Beschreibung der kaiserlichen freyen Reichsstadt Wetzlar / 2 Neuere Geschichte
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Ulmenstein, Friedrich Wilhelm von
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German
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Spoken
| 7,653 | 15,361 |
Pyrk, Scrag und Krebs, erfchienen zwar in der am zoten Julius zufammen berufenen vollen Rath figung. | Da aber die Verpflichtung des Grafen von Nyotz borgenommen werden follte, verließen fie die Raths— figung unter jehr heftigen Drohungen, begaben ſich in ein den Senaten gewidmetes Zimmer, und festen bier ihre gemöhnlihen Berufsgefchäfte fort. Die meiften Diefer vier Männer, infonderheit die erftgenannten derfelben, hatten ſchon vor dieſem Er- eigniffe mit verfchiedenen ihrer Amtsgehülfen, und vorzuglih mit dem Kammergerichts = Präfidenten, Freyherrn von Ingelheim, allerley Zwift gehabt, und es fiheinet, daß ſie mehr durch die dadurch in ihnen erzeugte Abneigung gegen dieſe ihre Amtsge- huͤl⸗ 346 hülfen ſowohl, als gegen den eben genannten Prä- fidenten,, und durch eine ihnen eigene Zankſucht, ale durch den zum Vorwande genommenen Eifer für das Vorzugsrecht des Präfentati von Om, und gegen die Verlegung des faiferlihen Präfentations- Rechts, zu dieſem Schritte geleitet worden feyen, ob fie gleich denfelben in der Folge noch durch das Vorgeben zu rechtfertigen. fuchten, daß der Graf von Nytz vorzüge lih darum dem von Ow vorgezogen worden fen weil der Kurfürit von Bayern, von welchem er prä- fentirt war, die Kammerzieler zahle *), das hohe Erzhaus Defterreich aber fich von der Bezahlung der⸗ felben frey anfehe. Der ) Wirflih hatte auch der Kurfürft bon Bayern, in dein oben berührten zum Vortyeile des Grafen von Nytz erlaffenen Vorſchreiben, dem - Kammergerichte, auf den Fall, wenn daffelbe feiner Verwendung ent ‚Sprechen werde, die pünftlichfte Zahlung feiner Kams merzieler zugelichert. Man raunte ji aber zu Wetzlar noch einen andern j Bewegungsgrund der warmen Anhänglichkeit des Präs fidenten von Ingelheim an den Kur-Baperifchen Hof in die Ohren; den nemlich, daß derfelbe der Kurfürftin von Bayern, bey ihrer Rückkehr aus den Niederlanden, eine beträchtlihe Geldfumme vorge ſchoſſen, und fi jetzt aus Furt, diefes Kapital zu verlieren, die Feindſchaft des Baverifchen Hofes nicht zuziehen wolle, =» | 347 Der Kanımergerichts-Präfident, Graf von Solms, ſchlug ſich zwar, nad) diefem Schritte, nicht öffent« lich zur: Parthey der genannten vier mißvergnügten Beyſitzer, zeigte aber doc) ungleich mehr Anhaͤnglich⸗ feit an fie, als an ihre Gegner. Der Kammergerichts= Benfiger, Ulrich Tho— mas Lauterbach b), ſchien die Rolle des Par» theyloſen zu fpielen. Die übrigen damals am Kammergerichte vorhan- denen fteben Benfiger aber, nemlich Jacob von Bielefeld, Chriſtoph Johann von Fries fenhaufen, Sobann Heinrich Daniel Freyherr von Ritter zum Grünftein, Chriftiaf Philipp von Brink, Michael CarlBigand*), Johann FerdinandFrütz und b) Der Sohn des berühmten Rechtsgelehrten, Wolf; gangkauterbach, weldem mandie Ausarbeitung der legtern Bücher des von feinem Vater berfaßten, fehr befannten Collegii Theoretico-practici verdanfet. *) Diefer von den catholifhen Ständen des Fränfifchen Kreifes präfentirte Beyſitzer war erjt vier Jahre vors ber, am 24ten Jänner 1698, ind fammergerichtliche Collegium eingeruckt. Er war ein unrmbiger Mann und hatte ſich furz vor dem Ausbruche diejes Zwifted erdreiftet, gegen den damaligen Zürftbifhof von Wirzburg, Johann Phi⸗ 348 und Koachim Andreas von Bernftorf, hin» gen mit Wärme an der Parthen des altern Kam⸗ mergerichts-Präfidenten , Freyherrn von Ingelheim, und des Beyſitzers, Grafen von Nytz. Nach der Vollziehung der Verpflichtung des Gras fen von Nytz, ließen die dem SPrafidenten von In⸗ gelheim anhangenden meiften Stimmen ihren vier Gegnern, durch den fammergerichtlicdyen Protonotar Michael bedeuten; daß das fammergerichtlidye Colle⸗ gium ſich die Ahndung gegen fie vorbehalte. §. 6 Der Abſcheu, welchen dieſer verderbliche Zwie⸗ ſpalt und die mit demſelben verbundenen aͤrgerlichen Auftritte, dem Praͤſidenten, Grafen von Solms, einfloͤßeten, bewog dieſen Mann, deſſen Handlungen überall mit dem kenntlichſten Gepraͤge Teutſchen Bie— derſinnes und Teutſcher Rechtſchaffenheit geſtempelt find, daß er den Kaiſer, unterm 2ıften Julius dies fes Sabre, um feine Entlaffung von der Kammer: gerichte Philipp, in deffen Dienften er geftanden hatte, und zwar in Wirzburg, fo anftößige Reden und Beruns glimpfungen ausgeftoßen, daß der Fürft ihm einen ſchriftlichen Verweis vorlefen und ihm verbieten ließ, ſich feiger Perſon zu nähern, 349 gerichts Prafidenten » Stelle bat, Diefes Geſuch auch beym Kammerrichter anbrachte. Da aber unterdeſſen der Praͤſentatus von Om feine Klage gegen den Präfident von Ingelheim un« mittelbar vor den Faiferlihen Thron gebracht hatte, fo lieg der Kaifer dem Grafen von Solms durd) den Reiche -Vicefanzler entbieten, daß er feiner Bitte, in der gegenwärtigen Lage der Sachen, nicht willfah- ren fonne. Da aud) der Präfident von Ingelheim mit feinen Anhängern jegt von der beym Kaifer angebrachten Klage des Präfentati von Ow unterrichtet murde, fo ſchickte dieſe Parthey, im September diefes Jah⸗ res, eines ihrer Mitglieder, den Kammergerichts— Benfizer, Jacob von Bielefeld, anden Kam- merrichter undanden Kurfürft von Maynz, mit dem Auftrage ab, die von ihr bisher gethanen Schritte zu rechtfertigen, und um die Unterftügung und Verwendung diefer beyden Fürften anzuflehen. Der Abgeordnete wußte ſich auch dDiefes Auftrages fo geſchickt zu entledigen, daß er bey beyden Fuͤrſten mit feinen Vorftelungen Gehoͤr fand, und vom da— maligen Kurfürften von Maynz, Lothar Franzı aus dem frenherrlichen, jetzt gräflichen Geſchlechte von 1702. 350 von Schönborn, infonderheit, die mündliche Zuficyerung feines Schuges erhielt. Der Drafident von Ingelheim erdreiftete fid) da⸗ bey, den zu Diefer Abfendung erforderlichen Auf- wand, aus der Kaffe des faiferlichengisci u fchopfen. zu ſchoͤpf Sn Unter den Unruhen, welche diefer unter den Glie— "dern des Kammergerichts ausgebrochene Zwieipalt verurfachte, verſuchte indeffen der Katholifdye Reli— gionstheil eine Neuerung in der öffentlichen Aus» ubung des Roͤmiſchen Gottesdienftes, welche der durch Die beftäandigen Drohungen und Beftrebungen der Mitglieder des Gerichts, Die Verlegung deffelben zu bewirken, erſchreckte Weslarifche Stadtrath gefches hen lies, ohne fich derfelben nit Nachdruck zu wis derfegen. Am Frohnleihnamstage 1702, lies nemlich die Roͤmiſche Geiftlichfeit, zum erftenmale, in verſchie— denen Straßen der Stadt, und an vier verfchiedes nen öffentlichen Orten, nemlich an der Mauer, wel⸗ che die Dechaney oder die Wohnung des Dechants des Stiftes einfchließet, fodann an dem Haufe, in welchem fidy jest Die faiferliche Briefpoft befindet *), *) Dies ift jetzt, wo dieſes gedruckt wird, nicht mehr der Fall. 351 einem Eigenthume des Wetzlariſchen Collegiat⸗Stif⸗ tes, an einem andern demſelben zuſtaͤndigen Haufe, in der fogenannten Pfaffengaffe, und an der nahe bey der Stiftsfirche befindlichen fogenannten Michels« kapelle, öffentliche Altäre erbauen, don welchen die aus der Stiftsfirche ausgezogene, von den catholi⸗ ſchen Gliedern des Kammergerichts begleitete feyer— liche Prozeſſion, unter Laͤutung der Glocken, ihr Gebet verrichtete, indeſſen von einem Prieſter vor dem Altare eine Meſſe geleſen wurde *). §. 8. Unter den beyden, im Reichs-Kammergerichte entſtandenen Partheyen, hatte die Erbitterung jetzt ſchon einen ſehr hohen Brad erreicht **), als ein ſich um *) Siehe Fabers Staatöfanzfey, im Soſten Theile, Seite 169, ) Den Präfidenten von Ingelheim befonderd hatten die bisher vorgefommenen Ereigniffe fo heftig erbictete, daß er fich fo fehr vergaß, in Gegenwart des Profu; rators, Dr. Pulian, fich der Ausdrücke zu bedienen: „Der Präfenratus von Ow fey ein Intriquenma:; „cher und ein gefährlicher Mann, Er habe ihn ſchon „längft gefannt. Zu Wien habe er gegen ihn eine „» Schrift übergeben, die lauter Lügen enthalte, Er „wolle fie aber fchon beantworten, und fih, ob es „ihn gleich Mühe und Geld foiten würde, gegen den „von 352 um dieſe Zeit ereigneter Vorfall, noch jur Vermeh⸗ rung derfelben den unerwarteten Anlaß gab. Aus der Sefhichte diefer Zeit ift befannt, daß ſchon im Sahre 1701 der Spanifche Succeffionsfrieg ausgebrochen, im September 1702 aber, vom gan zen Teutfchen Reiche, Der Keichsfrieg gegen Frank⸗ reich befchloffen rvorden , auch daß die Kur-Coͤllniſche Reſidenzſtadt Bonn, zu dieſer Zeit, mit Franzöfi- fen Kriegsvölfern befezt war *). Da die Franzoſen, aus diefer Damals noch ziem⸗ lich feften Stadt, mweite Streifereyen in die Nach— barfchaft vornahmen, fo bewog das Gerücht bier: ‘ von den damaligen Landgraf, Ernft Fudwig von Heffen-Darmfradt,vorzüglid zum Schutze des Reidig- Kammergerihts, die Reichsſtadt Web lar, am ı5ten September, mit einer aus der Darm fradtifchen Landmiliz gezogenen, ungefehr hundert Mann ftarfen Befagung, zu verfehen. Die Weglarifchen Bürger, "im unaufhörlichen Mahne, daß man dabey Die Verlegung ihrer Frey: hei⸗ „bon Div und andere Bärenhäuter bey dem „Collegio camerali, die mit unter der »„Dedelägen, Rache verfchaffen. *) Siebe das Theatrum Europaeum, im ıdten Theile, beym Jahre 1702, Seite 696, 353 heiten und Privilegien zur Abficht habe, fperrten anfanglich Diefem Fleinen Heerhaufen die Stadtthore, warfen ihn von den Stadtmauern mit Steinen, und thaten einige nächtliche Ausfälle gegen ihn. | Die dem Befehle des Oberftwachtmeifterg von Dü ring untergebene-Darmftädtifche Miliz; die an den folgenden Tagen nody einige Verftärfung erhielt, entfernte fich nicht von den Thoren, und’ hielt die Stadt fechs Tage lang gefperrt. ‚Die Bürgerfhaft, Diefer Heinen Belagerung end⸗ lih müde, bequemte; fich ame ıöten_ September , zur Aufnahme der Befagung o. ‚ Diefer Vorfall, der zwar in Der Geſchichte der Stadt eine Erwähnung verdient d), ſonſt aber nicht von 0) Seit diefer Zeit ift hernach eine beftändige, meift aus » Heffen:Darmftädtifcher Landmiliz beitehens de, doch allegeie nur ſchwache Befagung in der Stadt geblieben. 'd) Wahrfcheinlich bewog infonderheit eben diefer Vorfall den damals regierenden Landgraf, daß er im Jahre 2702 beym faiferlichen Reichshofrathe als Kläger gegen - die Stadt auftrat, und um einen farferlichen Befehl zur Unterlaflung aller Störung im Befige des Rechts der Vogtey (Mandatum de nom turbando iu pos- sessione juris adyocatiae et praefecturae) nachſuchte. Die Best. Geſch. IL. Theil, 3 354 | von großer Bedeutung war, hatte aufden im Schooße des Kammergerichts ausgebrochenen Zmwiefpalt einen feltfamen Einfluß. Er mar, mie viele andere, ibm ahnliche, bey denen fonft fehr friedfertige Hande merfsleute, ftatt des Schlachtmeffers, oder der Bes cferfchaufel, die Musfete gebrauchen wollen, fo ger eigenſchaftet, daß er von einigen, wirklich komiſchen Auftritten begleitet war; z. B. daß eine Nachtwache (Patrouitfe) der Bürger, die in der Dunfelheit ein Geraͤuſch hörte, und den Geraͤuſchmacher für einen Darmftädtifchen Soldaten, der fpioniren wolle, hielt, | einen dem Müller am Hauferthore entwifchten Efel, da fie-auf die Frage: Wer da? feine Antwort erhielt, erfhoß, u-f. w. Diefer und einige ähnliche laͤcherliche Auftritte reisten einige Wetzlariſche Wiglinge zur Satpre *), Bon Die Supplif um diefen Befehl wurde dem Stadts rathe mitgecheilt. Diefer erliattete zwar im Jahre 2705 feinen Bericht. Die Sache blieb aber liegen, und wurde in der Folge von beyden Theilen weiter nicht eifrig betrieben. - *) Emige Darmjtädtifche Soldaten ;. ®. hatten es ge⸗ wagt, die Stadtmauer zu erſteigen, waren aber von den Bürgern entdeckt, und nad einer heftigen Raus ferey, mit Zurücklaſſung ihrer Flinten, den Rückweg zu ſuchen gezwungen worden. Bey einem von den | Blr: 355 Don diefem Hauche beſeelet, verfaßten fie ein Ta— gebuch, welches eine umſtaͤndliche drollige Beſchrei— bung dieſer komiſchen Szenen enthielt, und zeichne— ten Abbildungen dazu, wovon fie in Mahnz Holz⸗ ſchnitte machen laſſen⸗ wollten. Ehe aber noch die- ſer Entwurf ausgefuͤhrt werden konnte, wurde er entdeckt und vereitelt. DM: dem Entwurfe enıdedte man auch feine Urheber, ' ’ Gewiß ift es, daß der —— rator Dr. Johann Philipp von Puliam, und der Kammergerichts - Profurator, Dr EC oe nelius Lindheimew, zu diefen Wihlingen-gehöt- ten, wahrſcheinlich aber nur, daß auch der Kammer: gerichts < Beyſitzer von Pyrk, Benträge zu diefem Ent⸗ Kane geliefert habe: *)i,ı Nurifo viel iſt vom letztern > i 32 gewiß, — Bürgern berfuchten Ausfalle war ein ihnen in die Hande gefallener Darınfideifcher, Korporal mit einer ' derben Trade Schläge zurückgeſchickt worden. Die auf einer vom Lahnſtrome gebildeten Inſel ausgeſtell— ten Darmftädtifhen Schildwachen oder Feldpoften war ren bon den Bürgern zum Rüchzuge genöthigt worden, u. ſ. w. *) Zur Befriedigung der Neugier ſolcher Leſer, welche diefed Corpus delieti näher zu beleuchten wünſchen dürften, werden wir dem dritten Theile diefes Werkes ‚unter Ziffer XV. einen Abdruck diefes Tagbuches beyt fügen. \ ‚356 „geriß,.daf er nicht. allein ‚einen Theil der zur Aus⸗ ‚führung des Entwurfes nöthigen. Koften, und pr fonders fünf Thaler. für die Holzſchnitte, herzugebin verfprochen hatte, fondern daß er auch im ſtarken Verdachte war, der Vater verfihiedener, fchon vor diefem Vorfalle erfchienenen , ſatyriſchen Erzeugniffe zu feyn, welche. von Denen, welche ſich durch Diefelben getroffen fühlten, für Pas quilegehalten wurden. Das bitterfte diefer degterny. war ein Meines La- teinifiheg, dem Vorgeben nach, am Tage der wiert gefronten, Kalender» Heiligen, nemlich am ten November verfaßtes Gedichtin und ſcheinet auf die eheliche Treue der Gattinnen verſchiedener zum Kammergerichte gehoörigen Glied exh ei⸗ em Schatten geworfen zu haben *). In der 1 Folge -- Dr Wir wollen dieſes nur in zwey — beſtehende Gedicht bier in der Urſprache nierheilen, und eime von und in ungereimten Teutſchen Jarıben rſuchte Ueberſetzung darunter ſetzen. Quatuor ec ce! Coronatorum festa recurrunt, „Le⸗ ituor en! totidem coruuti haec losla celebrant. Teutſch: — Schau! der vier Getrönten Feyer Iſt heute ung erſchienen; Schau! der vier Gehörnten Opfer Sind dieſem Feſt geweihet. | ‚ Die 357 - Folge wurde ber beym We latiſchen Collegiat⸗Stifte ahgefieftte Candnicus) E. W. D amen, als der Er ern Verlager defielben eitdedt | 3. 54 mut: 13:3 IH v y mn se ur Ne get: Sm Herbfte dieſes Zahres Fand unterdeffen die | Jugelheimiſche Parthey Mittel, den Kammerges richts⸗-Beyſitzer, Friederich Schrag, der bisher zu den Singelheimifchen Gegnern gehört hatte, von dene felben ab- und auf ihre Seite zu ziehen. Er trennte fich- anfaͤnglich Von der Parthey der Ingelheimiſchen Gegner unter dem Vorwande, daß man ihm den —— mache, wie er es mit beyden Partheyen s l zugleich Er ‚Pig: pier Männer, deren Gattinnen durch dieſes Latei⸗ niſche Spottgedicht fo ſehr in Schatten geſtellt wurs den, waren: der Bevſitzer, Graf von Mob, der kauujergerichtliche. Kanne rwerwalter Wolfgang Ignaz Fries, der Kammergerichts ⸗Prokurater, onrad Fra; Von’ Steinhaufen, und der Reichs ⸗Pfennigmetſter, Philipp. Jacob Krehk ! Der Berfaflen des Hedichts ſah ſie an jenem Tage der vier Gefrönten, bey einem von ihnen verſammeſt. Dieſes —— an verſchiedene Teutſche Höre, ‚und, an mehrere Munner bon: großer Bedeutung ge⸗ ſchickt. Der Er biſchof bon Trier beftrafte die ſatvriſche Neis gung dieſes Geiſtlichen damit, daß er ihn zwang, „Keine Weglurifhe Pirinde, mit einer ſchlechtern, zu Limburg an der Lahn zu vertauſchen. \358 zugleich halte, da, ex vor. dieſen Auftritten zu den Ingelpeimifhen, Anhängern gehört habe. Er er klaͤrte ihnen, dabey; daß er zwar fi fi ch ihrer Verbin⸗ dung entſchlagen, fünftig aber mit völliger Parthey⸗ loſigkeit, zum Vortheile des Kaiſers und der in ten Sache arbeiten wolle. Bald aber trat er öffentlich zur Ingelheimiſchen Parthey . zeigte ſich als ihr entſchiedener Anhaͤnger, und ſuchte dieſen Schritt durch das Vorgeben zu recht⸗ fertigen, Daß der Beyſitzer Krehs ihn zu feiner erſten Verbindung mit den Ingelheimiſchen Gegnern ver» leitet habe. 4. —4 „Die Ingelheimiſchen Gegner gaben aber, in einer dem Kaiſer übergebenen und hernach zum Drucke befoͤrderten Denkſchrift, ganz andere Bewegungs⸗ gründe, durch welche die Denfungsart ihres Amts» gehülfen fo ſchnell verändert worden ware, an. : Das vorzuglichfte: Werkzeug, deffen ſich Die ne gelheimifche Parthey zu dieſer Bekehrung bediente, foute nach diefer Denkſchrift der Schwager des Bey, figers ag © der a ne Raths⸗ er — die —* Nürnberg betref- fende, wichtige Rechtsangelegenheiten,. zu Ddiefer Zeit, beym Kammergerichte folizitirte, geweſen ſeyn. 359 feyn. Der Präfident von Ingelheim ſollte ſich die warme Anhänglichfeit dDiefes Mannes dadurch ver= ſchaffet haben, daß er, als faiferlicher Pfalzgraf, ibm ſowohl, ale dem Bruders» Sohne des Beyſitzers Schrag, den Adel und die Pfalzgrafen: Würde ertheilte. | G 10. - Zu allen den verſchiedenen bisher erzählten Er» eigniffen, melde zur Vermehrung der Feindſchaft und des Haffes, unter den im fammergerichtlichen Collegio entftandenen Partheyen, fo fehr bengetra= gen hatten, geſellte fich jetzt noch ein neues. Zur Erläuterung diefes Ereigniffes müffen wir hier wieder einige aus unferer Reichsgeſchichte ent= lehnte Gefhichtsumftände einfchieben. Die Geſchichte diefer Zeit lehrt ung nemlich; daß der damalige Kurfürft, Marimilian Maria Emanuel von Bayern , ſich dadurd) das Mißfallen des Kaifers Leopold des Eriten zuzog, daß er die Parthey des Koͤ⸗ nigs Ludwig des Vierzehenten von Frank— reich ergriff, und den Franzoͤſiſchen Kriegsvoͤlkern den Einzug in die zu dieſer Zeit, der Krone Spa, nien zuftändigen Niederlande, die er als Spanifcher Statthalter beherfchte, geftattete; Daß Die hierüber zwi⸗ 360 zwiſchen ihm und dem Kaifer entftandene Spannung ‚ihn deranlaßte, ſich öffentlid) für den Bundesgenofs fen Ludwig des Vierzehenten, und Dadurch für den Feind des Kaifers zu erfläaren, und daß er, in Diefer Abficht, die Zwecke des Königs von Frankreich zu unterjtügen, die Reichsſtadt Um in Schwaben, am öten September 1702, mit feinen Kriegsvölferm überrumpelte *). Es ift eine fehr gewöhnliche Erfcheinung, Daß Untertbanen die Parthey ihrer Landesherrfchaft zu ergreifen und ihre Schritte gegen unberufene Tadier zu rechtfertigen, geneigt find. Der Kammerdiener des Beyſitzers, Grafen von Nytz, ein geborner Bayer, handelte dieſer Erſchei— nung gemaͤs, bey einem Wortwechſel, in welchen er mit einem Wetzlariſchen Kammerboten, Johann Ja— | cob *) Siehe Zabers Staatöfanzley, im 7ten Bande, Seite 5. und 645., und Eudar. Gottl. Rinks, zuerſt Hauptmanns in kaiſerlichen Dienſten, hernach öffents lichen Lehrers zu Altorf, wunderwürdiges Leben und Thaten Leopold des Großen, Romiſchen Kaiſers; Seite 1401. der zweyten im Jahre 1715 erſchienenen Auflage; auch die ſchon angeführten Memoires de Lamberty, im zweyten Bande, Seite 204, Mir tiefer Empfindung erinnert diefes jetzt fchon über ein Rabrhundert alte Ereigniß an die Geſchichte uns ferer Tage, und der allerneueften Zeit, 561 cob Annach, über politifche Kannengießereyen diefer Zeit, gerieth. Die’ beyden eifrigen Staatsklügler, von denen fi fehr aͤhnliche Kopien in Wetzlar noch bis auf unfere Zeit erhalten zu haben fcheinen, vergaffen ſich in der Hitze des Streits fo-fehr, daß der Bayer un— anftandige und unehrerbietige Reden gegen Faifers Iihe Majeſtaͤt, der Faiferliche und Reiche - Rammer- bote aber ähnliche gegen den Kurfürften von Bayern, ausfties. Da diefe Szene vor einem zahlreichen Auditorio von Lipreebedienten und ähnlichen Zuhörern vorfiel, fo fam die Sache zur Unterfuhung. Bey Diefer erlaubte fid) der Prafident von Ingelheim mieder allerley Ungebürlichfeiten , Die feinen Gegnern neuen Anlaß zu gegründeten Klagen gaben. Er nahm die Unterfuchung ohne Vorwiſſen feiner Gegner, des Präfidenten, Grafen von Solms, und der ihm abgeneigten Beyſitzer vor, lies den Livree— bedienten des Benfizers Zernemann, ohne feinen Brodherrn davon zu unterrichten, abhöoͤ— ren, und behandelte den Nytziſchen Kammerdiener mit vieler Schonung; den politifchen Kammerboten aber mit vieler Härte, und drohte ihm unter andern; ä daß 362 dag er ſich feiner Meden wegen eidlich reinigen ſolle. Er that jetzt auch mit ſeinen Anhaͤngern, noch andere, eben fo nngebürliche Schritte. Er hielt jest mit denfelben haufig befondere Zu= fammenfünfte, von melden feine Gegner ausges fhloffen wurden. | In einer folhen Zufammenfunft faffete er 4. 2. zum Vortheile einiger ın feinem und des Bey— finers Wigand. Dienfte ſtehenden Kopi— ften, einen fogenannten gemeinen Befcheid. Diefer gemeine Befcheid follte, um ihm die ges fesmäßige Geftalt zu geben, am 2ten October Dies fes Jahres, in der öffentlichen kammergerichtlichen Audienz verkuͤndet, werden. Weil aber einer feiner Gegner, der Beyſitzer Krebs, an dieſem Tage in der Audienz den Vorſitz hatte, fo lies er den Kammergerichts - Profuratoren heimlich bedeuten, nach Endigung der Audienz noch fo lange zu mar; ten, bis der Beyſitzer Krebs ſich entfernt habe, wor⸗ nad) dann noch der gemeine Beſcheid dem’ Eollegio der Profuratoren fund gemadt wurde. Die Gegner des Präfidenten von Ingelheim uns terließen nicht, über ale diefe ungebürfichen und eigen= 363 eigenmächtigen Schritte deffelben, ihre Klagen vor den faiferlihen Thron zu bringen. Die häufigen, gegen den Prafident von Ingel⸗ heim bisher angebrachten Klagen bewogen jetzt den Raifer, Leopold den Erſten, daß er nicht allein, _ am ıöten December diefes Jahres, ein in fehr ſchar— | fen und empfindlichen Ausdrüden gefaßtes Reſcript ans kammergerichtliche Collegium erlies, fondern auch dem Kammerrichter ein Defret zufertigte, durch waches dem SPräfidenten von Ingelheim bedeutet twurde; wie er ſich des ihm ertheilten Titels, einesı faiferlichen geheimen Rathe formohl, als des Vor⸗ fies beym kaiſerlichen Kammergerichte, bei Ver: meidung ſchaͤrferer Ahndung, enthalten folle *). Der Kaifer trug dabey dem Kammerrichter auf, diefes gegen den SPräfident von Ingelheim gefaßte Suſpenſions-Dekret, dur feinen Kanzler don Sohlern, zu Weslar, zur Vollſtreckung bringen zu laflen. \ : 31, *) Siehe diefes SufpenfiondsDerret, und das deınfelben vorhergehende faiferlihe Abınahmungss Schreiben im . Theatro Europaeo, im ıdten Theile, beym Jahre 1702, Geite 625. und folg. 364 3705, $. ım N Die gegen ihre Gegner jest außerft erbitterte In— gelheimifche Parthen,. und vorzüglich ihr Coryfaͤe, der Kammergerichts = Prafident, Freyherr von In⸗ gelheim, fuchte den bey dem im November dieſes Jahres zum Vorſcheine gekommenen Tagbuches und den Holzſchnitten zum Grunde liegenden Muthtvile len, zum Verderben feiner Urheber zu nugen. In dieſer Abſicht ſtellte infonderheit der letzt⸗ genannte, den Inhalt des Tagbuches dem Lands grafen, Ernft Ludwig von Heffen-Darm, ftadt, bey einer Zufammenfunft auf der Jagd, in einem fo nachtheiligen Lichte dar, daß .diefer Fuͤrſt fi) und feine Kriegsmannfchaft dadurch beleidigt hielt, und beym Reichs» Kammergerichte, unterm Sten December dieſes Jahres, auf eine Unterfuchung und eine Öenugthuung der ihm dadurch zugefügten Beleidigung, Drang. Diefes Verlangen gab dem Freyherrn von ns gelheim und feinen Anhängern, in einer am 2ten _ Sanner 1705, gehaltenen vollen Rathefigung, den | Anlaß, eine fehr firenge Unterfuhung gegen den Dr. von Pulian und feine Mitfchuldigen, bey der Ver- faſ⸗ 365 faſſung des Tagbuches, zu verhängen, die Puliani- ſchen Aften, Brieffchaften und alle übrigen Papiere zu verfiegeln, audy den Eigenthuͤmer derfelben mit Hausarreit zu befegen , ihm den Gebrauch des Pa— piers und der Dinte verfagen, und ihn durch Kam— merboten bewachen zu laffen, wahrfcheinlich in der Hoffnung, daß daben der Kammergerichts » Benfiker von Pyrk als Mitfhuldiger entdeckt werden twurde *). Der genannte Freyherr von Ingelheim zog ſich daben den Verdacht zu, daß er aud) noch durch an— dere *) Eigentlich zog der Rammergerihtd+Profurator, Dr. von Pulian, fih diefe harte Behandlung dadurch zu, dag er fih weigerte, durch Handgelubde, an Eides ſtatt zu verſprechen; fein Hans nicht zu verlaffen, und nur verſprechen wollte, ſich niche aus der Stadt zu entfernen. Der Präfident von Ingelheim hatte indefs fen den Dr. von Pulian ſchon im vorhergehenden Herbite feine Abneigung empfinden-Iaffen. rt °" Dadiefer nemlich am 25ſten September die Erlaubs niß ‚zu, einer Reife nach Sranffurch verlangte, flug der Präfident fie mit dem Bedeuten ab, daß feine Ges genwart nächſtens dem kammergerichtlichen Collegio nothig ſeyn werde. Pulian reiſete, dieſes Verbotes ungeachtet, mit dem Beyſitzer von Pyrk ab, wurde aber bey feiner Ritter, diefes -Ungehorjames wegen, zum Procofolle vernommen, und bedeutet; daß das kam— mergerichtliche Collegium ſich die Ahndung gegen ihn vorbehalte, 366 dere ungebürliche Verſuche, die Entdecfung des Bey» fisers von Pyrk, als Mitfhuldigen, zu erzwecken gefucht habe *). Unterdejfen hatten andere, und darunter wahre ſcheinlich der Kammergerichts- Präfident, Graf von Solms, und der Kammergerichts« Benfizer Krebs, Gelegenheit gefunden, dem Landgrafen, Ernft Ludwig, den Zweck des Tagbuches aus einem an= dern Befihtspunfte zu zeigen, und ihn zu überfüh- ren, daß die Verfaffer die Abficht einer Beleidigung feiner Kriegsmannfchaft nicht gehabt hätten. Diefe Vorftedlung, und zugleich eine vom Dr. von Pulian dem Landgrafen übergebene Bittfchrifts bewog Denfelben zu der Erklärung; daß er meiter . nicht auf eine ernftlichere Unterfuchung gegen die Ur— 1765, heber des Tagbuches dringen wolle, ‘ $. 12. Um 5ten Sanner 1703, fam es unterdeffen beym Reichs⸗-Kammergerichte zu einer ſehr ſtuͤrmiſchen — vollen Er läugnete z. B. ſelbſt nicht, daß er einen Brief, den der Dr. von Pulian an einen gewiſſen Steinbach nah Maynz geſchrieben hatte, auf der Poſt auf⸗ gefangen habe. Dieſer Brief ward auch, welchen er dem kammergerichtlichen Collegio als den Beweis, daß Pulian der Verfaſſer des Tagbuches ſey, vorlegte * 367 vollen Rathsſitzung, in welcher fid) der Beyſitzer von Pyrk, ungeachtet die Ingelheimiſche Parthey die Abfiht hatte, ihn von derfelben auszufchlieffen, un- gerufen einfand, und auf die vom Präfidenten von Ingelheim aufgerworfene Frage; ob derfelbe bey diefer Berathung bleiben fünne, da fie das vom Dr. Pulian verfaßte Pasquill betreffe? ſich ſehr unane ftändige und ehrenrührige Ausdrücke erlaubte; 5. B. „der Prafident-von Ingelheim ziehe daraus eine „närrifehe Folgerung, daß, weil die Berathung „das vom Dr. Pulian verfaßte Pasquill betrefftr „et, der Beyſitzer von Pyrk, derſelben nicht beywoh⸗ „nen duͤrfe; weiter man gehe mit Intriguen gegen „ihn zu Werke, und mache Complotte gegen ihn; „der Verſuch, die Zeugen, die gegen ihn hätten aufs „, treten follen, mit Geld zu beftechen, fey ein rech= „tes Schelmftücz ferner, es gehe beym Kam— „ mergerichte ärger zu, ale bey einem Bauernges „richte, inden bey diefem ſolche Vorgänge nicht „geſtattet würden, u. f. mw,“ | In der naͤchſtfolgenden Sitzung, am4ten Jänner, verlangte der Prafident von Ingelheim; daß da eine den Benfiger von Pyrk angehende Sache dem Colle— gio vorgetragen werden folle, Derfelbe ſich gefallen laffen möge, die volle Rathsfizung zu verlaffen. Da der 368 der halsſtarrige Benfiker von Pyrk ſich weigerte, die- fes zu thun, fo lies der Präfident von Ingelheim in feiner Gegenwart darüber abftimmenz ob Pyrk hierzu fehuldig fen. Ä Ungeachtet jest der Schluß der meijten Stimmen dem Wunſche des Präfidenten entfprad), fo war der Benfiger von Pyrk doch zum Abtritte aus der Rathe- ſitzung nit zu vermögen, und blieb‘ auf ‚feinem Plage. Endlich * man dahin uͤberein, daß in einer weitern / auf den Sten deſſelben Monats. be— ſtimmten vollen Rathsſi itzung, eine Berathung uͤber den Inhalt des Berichts gepflogen werden ſolle, der uͤber die Lage der Sache, an —— er⸗ ſtattet werden ſollte. | Statt dieſer vollen Rathsſitzung — hielt der Praͤſident von Ingelheim an dieſem Tage eine Zu— ſammenkunft mit ſeinen Anhaͤngern in ſeiner Woh— nung, und reiſte unmittelbar nach derſelben mit den Beyſitzern, von Frieſenhauſen und ——— | nad) Koblenz zum Kammerrichter ab. - Rad) der Rücdkehr diefer Deputirten wurden die Zufammenfünfte in der Singelheimifchen Wohnung wiederholt. Bald darauf berief der Präfident von Ingelheim, auf den ıöten Jaͤnner, eine volle Rathefizung, und zu -369 zu derfelben auch die beyden Pyrkiſchen Anhänger, die Benfizer Zernemann'und Krebs, und den partheplofen Benfizer Lauterbach. = u ' Der Beyſi iger Zernemann ſowohl, als der Bey⸗ ſitzer Lauterbach ak ihre Abweſenheit durch Krankheit. Der Beyſitzer Krebs aber wollte der Sitzung beywohnen, und nahm in dieſer Abſicht, den nicht zu derſelben berufenen Beyſitzer, von Pyrk, mit ſich. Ri Bey ihrer Ankunft im Kammergerichts = Haufe aber fanden fie das der vollen Rathsſitzung gewöhn⸗ lich gewidmete Zimmer verfchloffer, und den Ge— richtspedellen, dem die Schließung des Zimmers oblag, nicht auf der Stelle. Da fie diefen zur Aufſchließung des Zimmers herbepriefen, that er, als wenn er den Schlüffel in der Leferen holen wollte, kam aber nicht wieder. Die beyden Benfizer waren alfo hier genöthigt, . in der falten Winterszeit, auf dem Vorplage, unter einer Menge dafelbft befindlicher Livreebedienten und Kammerboten, eine halbe Stunde lang vers geblich zu harren. Der Bepyſitzer Krebs nähe zwar Selegenbeit den ‚ von ungefehr vorübergehenden Prafident von In— Wetzl. Geſch. II. Theil. Aa gel⸗ «370 ‚gelheim zu fragen; warum man ihn auf diefe Art hier fiehen laſſe? Da er aber auf Die Stage Feine be— friedigende Antwort erhielt, ertviederte.er dem Proͤ⸗ | ſidenten, daß ver e8 der Würde feines Anites zumider halte, laͤnger an dieſem Orte zu verweilen. Da er darauf im Begriffe war, fid) mit dem Beyſitzer von Pyrk nach Haufe zu begeben, zief ihm der Präfident von Ingelheim nach: Er gehe jegt mit ‚den übrigen Beyſitzern in ein den Senaten Ben tes Zimmer. Sr war nicht. lange zu Haufe, als der Protdent von Ingelheim einen Kammergerichts-Notarium *) zu ihm ſchicte, und ihm erklaͤren lies: Es ſey mit der Verſchließung des gewoͤhnlichen großen Sitzungs⸗ zimmers nicht auf ihn, ſondern nur auf den Bey⸗ ſitzer von Pyrk abgeſehen geweſen. Er, der Praͤſi⸗ dent, ſey jetzt mit den erſchienenen Beyſitzern In dies ſem gewoͤhnlichen Sigungszimmer verſammelt,und ſtelle dem Beyſitzer Krebs frey ob er der Berathung noch beywohnen ‚wolle. Dieſer *) Die Sekretarien des Reichs-Kammergerichts haben belannterweiſe den Titel Notarien, weil ſie die Be— ſchlüſſe und Urtheile in den Senaten, in welche das Gericht eingetheilt iſt / zum Protetolle nehmen, alſo notiren. um gı Dieſer aber wollte ſich jet dem Anſinnen des Prafidenten nicht mehr, ‚fügen A re ———— In dieſer, in der Abwehnheit deg Präfidenten, Örafen von Solms, und der Porfifchen AUnhängery alſd von der Ingelheimiſchen Parthey allein, gehal⸗ tenen Rathsſitzung, wurde von derſelben beſchloſſen, den Beyſitzer von Pyrk von der Beyſitzer ſtelle zu ſuspendiren, und dem Reichs⸗ Pfennigmeiſter die Auszahlung feines Gehalts zu verbieten. Der desivegen gefaßte Beſchluß wurde Bemnfelben, fogleidy nad) der Endigung der Sigungy durch den Pedellen und einen Kammerboten ins Haus geſchickt. Der Praͤſident von Ingelheim lies auch zu glei- cher Zeit den Beyſitzer Krebs durch einen fammer- gerichtlichen Protonotar abmahnen, fichdes Im.» ganges mit dem von Porfzuentfchlagen. Da diefer verlangte, daf der Präfident ihm deu Ge- genftand anzeigen -folle, wegen deffen er den Um— gang des von Pyrf-meiden folle, lies ihm der Praͤ— fident erwiedern; Er habe ſich zu der ihm ertheilten Warnung durd) folgende dren Gründe bewogen ge— funden; 1.) durch des Benfiners Krebs ungebürlicheg Betragen, 2.) durch deſſelben Widerſetzlichkeit, und 3.) durch deſſen Umgang mit dem von Pyrk. Dieſe Ya Cr 378 _ F Erwiederung erklaͤrte der Beyſitzer Krebs für eine Snjurie, welche er rechtlich vindiciren wolle. F. 13. Inzwiſchen wollte doch der Kammerrichter, in einem im Hornung dieſes Jahrs, ans Kammerge- richt erlaffenen Schreiben, die Entfegung des Bey: figers ‘von Pyrk / von der Beyſitzerſtelle nicht gut beißen, fondern bedeutete vielmehr dem Prafidenten von Ingelheim und feinen Anhängern; daß fie dieſe Entfegung wieder aufheben mögten. 2 Die beyden Pprfifchen Anhänger, Zernemann und Krebs, befchloffen jest, den Gerichtsſitzungen fo lange nicht beyjuwohnen, big fie von den. Reichs⸗ ftanden‘, von welchen fie dem Kammergerichte prä« fentirt ſeyen, Die nöthigen Verhaltungsbefehle er- halten hätten. | In diefer Abficht ſchickten fie dem ——— ‚einen Entſchuldigungszettel, in welchem die Gruͤnde angefuͤhrt waren, die ſie zu dieſem Schritte bewogen. $. 14, Die Zngelheimifche Parthey nahm es Dabey bes fonders dem SPrafidenten, Grafen von Solms, fehr übel, daß er um Die Entlaffung von der Prafidentens ſtelle/ | 13°‘ ſtelle, beym Kaifer, aus dem Grunde’nachgefucht hatte, meil er ohne Verlegung feines Ge⸗ twörffens; nicht. langer beym Gerichte bleiben Fönne, vorzuglicy aber, weil er die Beförderung der Kam⸗ mergerichts⸗Viſitation, welche diefe Parthey durch alle moͤgliche Mittel’ zu verhindern ſuchte, bey der Neichsverfammlung fo thätig betrieb. — Der Beyſitzer von Nytz machte daruͤber, in einer von feinen Anhaͤngern, am ıBten Jaͤnner gehaltenen Berathung, eine befondere Anzeige. Die Unhänger dDiefer Parthey giengen bey diefer Berathung fo weit, daß fie den vom Grafen von Solms gemadten Verſuch zu feiner Entlaffung, mit der Yhinisflidyen Benennung von Injurien beleg- ten und ſich fogar! fo fehr vergaßen, daß fie nady dem vom Präfidenten von Ingelheim gemadjten An= trage 7 befhloffen, den Grafen von Solms, nicht wie e8 dem Gerichte anftändig und feiner Verfaffung angemeffen gervefen waͤre, in einem im Namen des kammergerichtlichen Collegii abgefaßten Schreiben zu fragen,‘ fondern ihn durch ein Handſchreiben des Kammergerichts » Ranzleyverwalters fragen zu laffen: Was es mit feinem beym Kaifer angebrachten Ent, laffungsgefuche für eine Befchaffenheit habe ? Der Graf von Solms war um diefe Zeit verreifet | ge⸗ 374 geweſen, und fam an-eben dem Tage, an dem das: Schreiben des Kanzleyverwalters - ihm durch einen Kammerbofen nad Frankfurth — nden war; ‚nach. Wetzlar zurück. ‚DR Sich, derſelbe am — Tage er — Ruͤckkehn, am Zoſten Jaͤnner, in der an eben dieſem Tage zufammen berufenen vollen Rathsſitzung ein⸗ nn erſchien an — —— Daten g rs „ira ten ch Ingelheim — vom — — gehtachte Schreiben zu / und meldete Daben ; daß der Kammerbote den Grafen von, Solms nicht mehr zu: öranffur th angetroffen habe.“ .. 4. Ban ., Da der bey Diefem unerwarteten „Auftritte gagenag hartige, Graf, von Solms- ‚auf feine Frage⸗ Was dann dieſes Schreiben ‚enthalte ? jetzt vontſeinem t Amtsgehuͤlfen von der Abſi icht und dem Snhalte Dei, Ecreibeng unterrichtet wurde, uͤußerte er feht nach⸗ druͤcklich ſeine gerechte Empfindlichkeit über: die un⸗ wuͤrdige Art, mit der er bier von ſeinem⸗ Amts· gehülfen - und: deſſen Anhaͤngern behandelt werde⸗ wollte auch die vom Proaͤſtdenten von Ingelheim an⸗ gefangene Vorleſung des Sch reibens nicht abrwartenz: verlangte ‚aber seine Abſchrift deſſelben, und. verlies augenblieflich Die Rathafigungy mitt der Aeußerumg; F daß 4 375 da ẽt ſich die Ahndung der ihm · durch Biete Behand⸗ lung sugefügten — vorbehalke u. DD ar N TOR EL GE I Pr] TE i "nt He: nn 85. 25, „ir: ? n ! Bald darauf fuhte ‚die Ingelheimiſche. — alle moͤgliche Gelegenheit dem ſchon ſo ſehr beleidig⸗ ten, Grafen von Solms, noch. härtere Kraͤnkungen und. Demüthigungen zu bereiten. mm? Ln einer um dieſe Zeit gehaltenen vollen Raths⸗ ſitzung woltte z.B. Dem Praͤſident von Ingelheim nicht: geſtatien, daß der Gngf von Solws dis; Aeuſ⸗ ferutigen welche NEBEN: gegen ihn sepfauben; ten/ ſchriftlich bemerkbes;< nal J ent, yal Der Praͤſient ———— nt fihjauchr mit feinen ‚Anhängern «Schreiben an ‚große und au= gefehene; Reichsfhänden du Br dem KUnfürf Maik: Mayınzı und den Erna Wirzbung, ohne Vorwiſſen feines-AUmtsgehülfeng.zu beſchließen, und dieſelben doch im Namen des ganzen kammer— gerichtlichen Collegii ausfertigen zu laſſen. „Die Ingelheimiſche Parthey trieb dieſe Kroaͤnkun⸗ on endlich’ fo: weit daß fie dem un von Solms die te.einyicht —— verweigerte, — 2 —— «welche »-’ . Ir ı. Rolly “ 4 si p19ı‘ J ‚my ®, da Thetran Enraparam, am abten Theile, beym Jahre 1705, Seite 97. u 7; 376 welche bey den vollen Ratheſitzungen aufgenommen zu werden pflegen. F Dieſe Parthey hatte unterdeſſen auch ein — im Namen des kammergerichtlichen Collegii gefaßtes Schreiben an den Koͤnig, Friederich den Er⸗ fen von Preußen, ferner” an den damaligen Kurfürftenson Braunfchweig- Lüneburg, den nachherigen König, Georg den Erften von Grosbrittanien *), und an den Damals nad lebenden fetten Herzog, Georg Wilhelm von Braune fchweig-Zefte, erlaffen, und darinnen ihre Bes’ ſchwerden : gegen die Benfiker Zernemann und Krebs, welche von diefen Reichsftänden dem Kammergerichte präfentirt. waren, angebracht. Die Antworten / wel⸗ che ffe darauf von diefen großen und mächtigen Reichs⸗ ftändeh erhielten ,- entfprächeh aber: fo’üwenig‘ ihren ' Wuͤnſchen, daß fie ſich, wahrſcheinlich Änfonderpeit die ſwatfan Ausdtuͤcke und die Re Dro⸗ a3 93% v 29 hun⸗ Beh det· Auẽfertigung des an Mir’ Braunſchweig gerichteten Schreibens, beging: man .in.der kammer⸗ gerichtlichen Kanzlepy den ſonderbaren Fehler, daß man daſſelbe an’ den ſchon fänger als bier’ Fahre vorher, um Jahre 1698 verflorbenen Vater des Königes und Kurfürften Georg des Eriten, den Kurfürſt, Erxrnſt Yugufikon a sichtete. — * * 377 hungen, welche dieſe Zuſchriften, vorzüglich aber das koͤniglich⸗Preußiſche und das Kur⸗Braunſchwei⸗ giſche Schreiben enthielten, bewogen fand, im Maͤrz dieſes Jahrs eines ihrer Mitglieder, den Beyſitzer von Ritter, zum Kurfuͤrſten von Maynz nad) Bamberg, dem Orte feines damaligen Aufenthalts, zu ſchicken. Bey diefer Gelegenheit erdreiftete ſich diefe Parthep abermals, und. zwar, mit großem Wi- derfpruche des Prafidenten,.. Grafen von. Solms, den zu dieſer WUbfendung noͤthigen Aufwand aus der Kaffe Des aller his DAMEN zu beftreis ten *) ! Der: Prafident von —— und ſeine — ger, welche die gerechte Ahndung des Reichsober⸗ haupts fuͤrchteten, ſuchten in allen ihren , der Reichßr , verfammlung übergebenen und durdy den Drud be— . fannt gemadıten BertheidigungeSchriften vorzuͤg⸗ lich den Grundſatz geltend zu machen, daß die Be⸗ ſchwerden gegen! die Mitglieder. des Kammergerichts, fo mie die Mängel deffelbeng nur bey einer Kammer⸗ getichts » Vifitation, von Der dazu angeordneten Reihsdeputation unterfucht werden koͤnnten. Ä + Ye Gie *) Siehe das Thearum Europaeum am (eßtangeführ; ten Orte, Beite 100. 378° Sie leugneten durd) diefen Grundſatz dem Reichs: oberhaupte das Recht ab, proviſoriſche, dier Mit⸗ glieder des Gerichte betreffende Verfuͤgungen, wenn ſolche auch nur die einſt weilige Abhelfung der ind Gerichte entſtandenen Unsrdnuns' gen On gel zum Zwecke hättem, ju treffen. ODie vorzuͤglichſte Abſicht dieſer Parthey aber gleng unbeeholen dahin!) eĩneꝰ aluß er or den tliehé Bis fitation des Kammergerſchts auf alle moͤgliche Art ab; Kwechden, und’ da’ihe' die großei Schwierig⸗ keltenn / weiche hit einer vudent lichen Viſitation des Gerichts verbunden ſeyn muſten, wohl bekannt wäh fd" hoffbte fie Uwahrſcheinlichnauf Biefem ae arte tat on db erfchöndt zu brbinhe unadimno mi n.ihe. | mmiyt | 0 Bm id Air. den SIEH \ iii DIen, 46. Air, Up Tree! Snjmw̃ iſchem brachte ei Ber Prafideht; "Graf bon Sölmsz im May-diefen Jahrs duvch den grenzen⸗ loſen Gerechtigkeitseifeti) der Dieſeñ ledeln Mans bes ſeelte / durch feine von dieſen Eifer erzeügte —groß⸗ muͤthige Vergeſſfenheit der ihm zugefuͤgten harten Kraͤnkungen und Verunglimpfungen, und durch ſeine ſehr thaͤtige Vermittelung dahin, daß die Beyſitzer Zernemann und Krebs «mit ihren Gegnern, der FE LEERE Singel: 7I9 Ingelheimiſchen Parthey, eine, Art eines: Vergleis‘ .hes eingingen, und nad)‘ der Errichtung deffelo _ ben, dem‘gewöhntlichen —— wieder — wohnten. wu : Der: Beyfiker ‘von — Sat — in einer am 8ten? May dem Kammirgerichte uͤbergebenen Bittſchrifth⸗ un ELLE feine wi. Br aoten Pay ans Karmmergerict erlaffenen Schreiben, den von Pyrk endlich von Der age in verhängten, 5 Unterfuchung Au befrepen. ee Da aber diefer in feiner eben Serüpeten ‚Bittfariftr, verfchiedene feiner Amtsgehülfen , und Änfonderheif, die. ‚Beofiser,. von Nytz und Migend,.. recufirt, Hatte. fp fahen ! diefelhen fowohlı. ‚als ihre, Anhänger dieſes als ein neues pon ‚feinem Urheber ſelbſt DE anlafteg ‚Sinderniß | feiner Birdereinfegung am.. Der Präfident, Graf von Solms, that Amir, jetzt noch einen, zur Hebung dieſes Hinderniſſes al- N leldinge gekigheten Bemitiefüngd: Volfchtag Er wurde abet o⸗ der zn, Fürth ber⸗ worfen ua | * x eben dieſem Monate noch — der Kurs” Trieriſche Kanzleydirector, J ohannPeter Traecu bach, zu Wetzlar, mit dem ausdruͤclichen Auftrage des — 380 des Kammerrichters , das Fammergerichtliche Colle— gium zur Vornehmung der Angelegenheit:des Taifer- lichen Präfentati bon Div zu beivegeny. und das Col⸗ legium mit dem Inhalte des fon am a6ten Des. cember 1702 vom Kaiſer Leopold an den Kammerrich- ter erlaffenen Referipte befannt zu machen. ' Da der Kaifer in diefem Reſcripte ausdruͤcklich verlangt hatte, daß der Beyſthzer von Nhtz bey der Berathung über dieſe Angelegenheit nicht; jugejogen wlitden möge, fo gab ſich der Graf von Solms ale Mühe, denfelben durch guͤtliches Zureden zu bewe⸗ gen, ſich freptoidlig der Berathung über diefelbe zu 'entjiehen. Der Behfiker von NH bejeigte fi) auch anfänglich zu dieſer freywilligen Entſchlagung der Berathung nicht aßgeneigt; änderte aber bald feine Meyhung, und worte nicht andere, als nad) der Ablegung "einer Erklärung, f ch dieſer Verathuns a a0, entziehen. \ Der Praſ dent, af. von n Solms, wandte ſich daher an den Kammerrichter, und bat ſich von die⸗ ſem eine Weiſung uͤber dieſe Weigerung aus, erhielt aber ſtatt derſelben eine nicht deutlich beftimmte und unzulaͤngliche Antwort. 5. 27. 381 $. 17. Die Heftigfeit, mit welcher der Freyherr von Ingelheim und feine Parthey, gegen ihre Gegner, den Benfiter von Pyrk uf feine Parthey / beſon⸗ ders bey der Pulianiſchen Unterfuchung, verfahren war, hatte Die Erbitterung unter ihnen-fo ſehr vermehrt, daß fie fich wechſelsweiſe fehr ehren⸗ rührige Vorwürfe machten. Der Beyſitzer don Pyrk mit feinen Anhängern z. 3. befhuldigte den Kammergerichts = Präfident, Freyherrn von-Ingelheini , und den Kammergerichts⸗ Beyſitzer, Graf von Nytz; „daß fie falfche Zeugniffe „hätten erfaufen wollen, Durch welche er, von Pyrk, „als der Verfaffer des Pulianifchen Tagbuches, und „des vorhin berührten Gedichtes, habe dargeſtellt „werden follen; daß der Graf von Nytz infonder- „heit, in dieſer Abficht , dem Weplarifchen Canonito „C. W. Damen, ein Befchenf von hundert Piſto— „len, dem Vetter deffelben , dem Licentiaten Hir fch „aber ein foldyes von zwanzig Kremniter Dufaten, „auf den Fall verfprodyen habe, wenn Diefe Zeugen „ihn, den Benfiger von Pyrk, als den -Verfaffer deg „eben erwähnten Lateinifchen Gedichtes angeben wuͤr⸗ „den; und endlich, daß. der Kammergerichts - Prä- „ fident, “ 382 „fident, Freyherr von Ingelheim, die ihm vom Kaiſer verliehene Comitiv zur Schaffung untaug⸗ licher Notarien mißbrauche , indem er die fuͤr ihn „arbeitenden Wetzlariſchen Handwettpieute zu kaiſer⸗ uchen Notarien umſchaffe. « ETBERE EINE. Außer dieſen Beſchuldigungen machte der do⸗ ſitzer von Pyrk dem Freyherrn von Ingelheim noch den harten Vorwurf der Beſtechung. Einen ähnlichen, dem Kammergerichts- Beyſitzer von Frieſenhauſen gemachten Vorwurf, ſuchte er ſo⸗ gar! durch eine dabey intereſſirte Perſon, einen Frey⸗ herrn von Kielmannseck, zu beſcheinigen. Dem Kammergerichts -Beyſitzer Wigand machte er den Vorwurf, Daß er, nachdem er genöthigt' ges wefen, die Stelle eines fürftlid) » Wirzburgifchen Kanzlers aufzugeben , fi dem Kammergerichte, wel— dem er vor feiner Wirzburgiſchen Kanzlerwuͤrde zur Beyſitzerſtelle praͤſentirt geweſen war, mit un— verſchämter Zudringlichkeit und ohne eine neue Vollmacht feiner ehemaligen Dräafentanten, der catholifchen Reichs: ftande :des Fränfifchen Kreiſes beyzus bringen, aufgedrungen habe. Dem Sammergerichts= Benfizer von Bernftorf machte er den Vorwurf, mit einem Sreyherrn von \ . Sem: \ ä ö 383 ‚Gemmingen; einen in den Rechten uners Iaubten Bertrag abgefchloffen su baben. ‚ Seinen famtlidyen Gegnern machte er endlidy noch Den, nad) einer bereits oben. vorgefommenen Bemer—⸗ fung ‚, allerdings gegründeten Vorwurf; daß fie, bey Der diefen Zwiſt angehenden Verſendung des zu ihrer _ Parthey gehörigen Beyſitzers pon Bielefeld, zum damaligen Kammerrichter, dem Kurfür ften von Tier, nad) Coblenz, die Meifefoften aus Der Kaffe des Faiferlichen Fisch gefchöpft hatten, _ .. ub Dagegen warf die Ingelheimiſche Parthey dem Beyſitzer von Pyrk vor, Daß eriein Urtheil, wodurch die Frau von Waltpott zu Dllbrüd, WESER einer Diißhandlung, melde ihre Bedienten an einem gewiffen Notarius Winkelmann begangen hatten, zu einer Senugthuung und zu einer öffentlichen Abbitte in der fammergerichtlichen Audienz verurtheilt war, für fich,.ohne Mitmiffen und Genehmi— gung.eines feiner Amtsgehüulfen gemadt, bernad) ‘aber der. Frau von Waltpott angetragen babe, daß, wenn fie eine gemwiffe Geld» fumme bezahle, fie von der Abbitte freu fenn follez und dem Benfizer Zernemann machte fie den ebenfalls micht ungegrüundeten Vorwurf; daß - er die fur» Brandenburgifchen Kammerzieler nicht dem 384 | dem Kammergerichts⸗ Pfennigmeiſter geliefert, ſon⸗ dern fie alle, ungeachtet fienoch mehr, als feine jährliche Befoldung betragen >: ten, — habe. a g. — Sm May dieſes Jahres fand ſich der Praͤſenta⸗ tus von Div zu Wetzlar wieder ein. Sm Junius übergab zwar der Benfiker von Pyrk, auf den vom Prafidenten, Grafen von Solms, ge, machten Verſuch einer Vermittelung, eine zweyte Bittſchrift um ſeine Wiedereinſetzung, in welcher die Recuſation der oben genannten izer N ent⸗ halten war. Der Haß der Ingelheimiſchen Parthey gegen ibm war aber jest fo hoch geftiegen, daß die Glieder ders felben ſich dieſer Wiedereinſetzung ein für allemal und auf alle mögliche Art widerſetzten. Der Prafident von Ingelheim wollte die Pyr⸗ kiſche Bittfhrift um die Wiedereinfegung gar nicht annehmen, und muthete fogar! dem Wräfidenten Grafen von Solms zu, die Bittfchrift dem fammer- gerichtlichen Protonotar zuzuſtellen. Der heftigſte der Pyrkiſchen Gegner war aber auch hier wieder der Beyſitzer, Graf von Nytz. —5* In 385 In einer am 2often Junius gehaltenen vollen‘ Rathsſitzung lies er feiner Abftimmung unter ander “einfließen: „Wenn es in der Sache zu mehrern Weis „terungen kommen follte ſo werde er fid) Die Ge⸗ „nugthuung gegen die ihm vom Beyſitzer von Pyrk „angethane Beſchimpfung felbft nehmen, und fügte Die Erflärung hinzu; „daß er in der Sache nicht „eher wieder abftimmen werde, bis ihm von ſeinem „; Präfentations» Hofe, dem Kurfuͤrſten von Bayern, „an den. er die Lage der Sache berichtet habe, eine „Weiſung zugefommen fen;.daß er auch in die Wien „„dereinfegung des von Pyrk nicht eher willigen wer» „de, bis derfelbe ihm eine hinlaͤngliche Genugthuung „werde verſchafft haben.“ In einer bald darauf gehaltenen vollen Raths⸗ ſitzung lies er ſich fogar! beygehen, das Betrageu des Praͤſtdenten, Grafen von Solms, in fehr unbefiheie denen Ausdrücken zu tadeln, und infonderheit ihn zu beſchuldigen; daß er ſich bisher als einen be» gondern Gönner dDes-Benfikers von Pyrf betragen, feine Bittfchriften angenoms= men unddiefelben Dem fammergerichtlis chen Collegio vorgelegt, fich auch beym Kammerrichter für denfelben mit fol« chem Rachdrudfe verwandt habe, als ob West. Geſch. IL. Theil, DB b an 386 an der Perfon Deffelben die Erhaltung des ganzen Berichts gelegen fey. Der Graf von Solms hielt fidy Durch diefen uns verfchuldeten Angriff empfindlich beleidiget, und vers langte vom Benfizer von Nytz, daß er ihm diefe Beſchuldigung ſchriftlich zuftellen ſolle. Der Beyſitzer von Nytz konnte ſich zwar der Er⸗ | fuͤllung diefes Verlangens nicht gänzlich entziehen, Da aber der Graf von Solms das beleidigende Ber nehmen Diefes Mannes gegen ihn in der nadjitfols ’ genden vollen Rathefizung zum Vortrage bringen und.die Mepnung des Collegii vernehmen mollte, und in diefer Abſicht dem Bepfizer von Nytz bedeu⸗ ten lies, daß er ſich in der erften Stunde Ddiefer Rathsſitzung von derfelben entfernt halten, alfo erft um 9 Uhr Morgens in derfelben erfcyeinen mögte, unterfieng ſich diefer, nicht allein Der an ihn gefcye- benen Erinnerung zuwider, ſich zur gewöhnlichen Stunde, nemlidy früh um Uhr, ſchon in der Rathes ſitzung einzufinden, ſondern auch eine Erklaͤrung zum Protokolle zu geben, durch welche er den Praͤſident, Graf von Solms, foͤrmlich recufirte. Man machte zwar, einem durch Die meiften Stim⸗ ‚men gefaffeten Schluffe gemaͤs, den Verſuch, den Beyſitzer, Graf von Notz zu einem Widerrufe der gegen 387 | gegen den Präftdenten: Grafen von Solms ausges ftoßenen Beleidigungen zu bewegen. Er erklärte aber den „su ihm abgeordneten Deputirten des kammerge⸗ richtlichen Collegii; daß er lieber Ben als widerrufen wolle. Da auch die meiften Stimmen im Collegio noch immer mit großem Eifer der Parthey der Gegner des Strafen von Solms anhiengen, fo war jest feine Hoffnung mehr, daß derfelbe für die ihm wiederholt zugefügten empfindlichen Beleidigungen die geringfte Genugthuung erhalten werde. Aus eben diefem Grunde war ihm auch nicht möge lid, die Angelegenheiten des Präfentati von Ow, aller feiner ernftlichen Bemühungen ungeachtet, in fammergerichtlihen Collegio wieder in Bewegung und zur Sprache zu bringen. $. 19. Durch die mannigfaltigen Hinderniffe und Schwie⸗ rigkeiten, mit denen man alle Thaͤtigkeit des Grafen von Solms beym Gerichte zu hemmen ſuchte, ſah ſich derſelbe endlich veranlaſſet, dem Collegio zu er— klaͤren, daß er kuͤnftig gar keine vollen Raths ſitzun⸗ gen mehr zuſammen berufen werde. Bald aber zeigte ro eine Gelegenheit, mo das allgemeine Wohl dee Bhbe Kam⸗ 388 Kammergerichts diefen biedern Mann bewog, von . feinem dem Eollegio erklärten feften Entfchluffe eine ‚Ausnahme zu machen. Ä Im kammergerichtlichen Collegis k kam — nem, lid eine neue Schwierigkeit zum Vorſcheine, die „das Gericht IE Verdrießlichkeiten bes drohete. ur re Sm Beheriſchen — befanden ſich — Reichsſtaͤnde, die mit der Zahlung der Kammerzieler im betraͤchtlichen Ruckſtande waren. Unter denſelben befand ſich der Kurfuͤrſt von Bayern ſelbſt. Cs war noͤthig dieſe Reichsſtaͤnde zur. Zehlung dieſer Ruckſtaͤnde anzuhalten. | Der Teutfchen. Reichsverfaffung ſowohl, als der Derfaflung des Gerichts war eg angemeffen, die aus— fehreibenden Fürften der Kreife um die Vollſtreckung der: diefe Rucftande betreffenden kammergerichtlichen Defrete anzugehen. Da aber der Kurfürft, Maximilian Maria Emanuel von Bayern, zu dieſer Zeit in der Eigenſchaft eines Bundesgenoſſen des Könis ges von Sranfreich, für einen Feind des Teuts fen Reiches angefehen, und vom Kaıfer öffentlich dafür erklärt war, fo glaubten mehrere Mitglieder des Fanınmergerichtlichen Colegii, ‚Daß Das Gericht, ın 389 in‘ drefexdage der pöfitifhen Reichsangefrgänbeiten, id, Yelnes” Meſchreibenden Yintes‘ im Baperifchen | Kreife ungeachtet, um die Vollſtreckung fofher de krete um. ſo weniger. angehen duͤrfe und koͤnne, da er ſelbſt mit feinen Kammerzielern im Ruckſtaude wat. Im vorhergehenden, Jahre war hierüber ſchon eine Bedenklichkeit ‚m Collegio geäußert worden. mn} Jeßzt glauhte ſich der, Prafigent,, Graf vom Solmg/. genoͤzhiget ‚in den damaligen Abweſenheit ſeines aͤl⸗ tesa Amtegehülfen z in, einerim Juniug dieſes Jah⸗ res. zuſammen berufenen vollen Rathsſitzung Pie.
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DORAN, J.
This is an appeal from the judgment.
The action was for damages. The complaint alleges that plaintiff was injured while on a streetcar operated by defendant and that the accident was the result of the negligence of the motorman. As recited in appellant’s brief, “The motorman brought his car to a halt with a jerk at the intersection ; the doors flew open; some of the departing passengers alighted; the doors closed; in the press of passengers who were entering and passengers who were riding in a standing position in the forepart of the car, other passengers who so desired had not yet alighted; they, including plaintiff, called ‘Out’ to the motorman; the motorman again jerked the car and opened the door; plaintiff was thrown to her knees and caught in the door, suffering severe injuries; she was then pulled and helped out of the car by strangers; the car sped away immediately. Plaintiff testified that the jerking of the car caused her to fall. Defendant offered no evidence relating to the operation of the car or to any other possible cause of plaintiff’s fall.” Respondent points out that, “Appellant has prosecuted this appeal upon a partial transcript of the proceedings before the trial court consisting only of appellant’s testimony.” Respondent’s description of the incident, in part, is as follows: “At the time appellant said ‘out, please, ’ the streetcar had just barely started in motion. After it moved not more than a couple of inches, the operator immediately stopped the streetcar in accordance with appellant’s request in order that she could leave the car. Indeed, on her direct examination, appellant testified that the streetcar had traveled only a couple of inches and stopped with ‘just a jar.’ ” (Emphasis included.)
It is contended on appeal that the court’s finding, “that defendant’s employee was not negligent is not supported by any substantial evidence in this record” and that, “A finding that plaintiff’s ‘injuries ... if any, were not proximately caused by reason of negligence on the part of the defendant ... As a matter of law the evidence is sufficient to support the findings in every respect.
The judgment is affirmed.
White, P. J., and Drapeau, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied May 27, 1954.
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Glasses for 3-dimensional scenography
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a glasses for 3-dimensional scenography, showing our new design;
FIG. 2 is a rear perspective view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a rear elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a top plan view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view thereof;
FIG. 7 is a right side elevational view thereof; and,
FIG. 8 is a left side elevational view thereof.
The ornamental design for a glasses for 3-dimensional scenography, as shown..
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lepeintregraveu03duchgoog_15
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French-PD-diverse
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Le peintre-graveur
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Passavant, Johann David, 1787-1861 | Bartsch, Adam von, 1757-1821. Le peintre-graveur | Duchesne, Jean, 1779-1855. Essai sur les nielles
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„Eyn wunderliche Weyssagung von dem Babstlhumb, Wie es yhm bisz an das Ëndt der Welt gehen soll, in Figuren oder Gem^i begriffen ge funden zu Nilrnberg ym Cartheuser Clostër etc. 1527." Ce livre, publié en 1528, devint l'objet d'une défense de la part du Conseil de Nuremberg qui fit connaître à Hans Guldenmundt son déplaisir de ce qu'il y avait introduit des passages injurieux contre le pape et l'empereur. Hans Sachs lui-même, qui avait écrit les vers pour accompagner les gravures sur bois, reçut l'avis de s'en tenir à son métier et de ne plus publier à l'avenir des hvres de ce genre: „ainig puchlein hiefur auszgehen zu lassen". Voyez Heller, Beitrâge L p. 99. 252 Maîtres de Nuremberg de la première moitié du XVI*. siècle. W.R, W.R.F. Wolfgan'g Resch (Formschndder). ( Bartsch VII. p. 473. ) Neudôrffer nous dit de cet artiste qu'il avait exécuté les gravures sur bois pour le livre suivant: „Ein schôner Dialogus, oder Gesprâch von zweyen Schwestern, die erste eine froine und zQchtige Wittfrau aus Meissen, die andere ein bOsz, stôrrig und zornig Weib vom GebUrg, zu Lob und Ehr allen Frommen, zurStraf und Unterweisung der zor nigen Frauen. Wolffgang Resch Formschneider zu Nttrnberg 1533." D'après Bartsch (Vil. p. 237) on trouve ses initiales. W. R. sur le revers d'un des bois du „Triomphe de l'empereur Maximilien I." de Burgmair (No. 81 ). Le docteur Nagler mentionne également dans son ^Dictionnaire des artistes" que Resch a publié un petit livre intitulé: „Ein New Visier Bttchlein welches inhalt wie man durch Quadraten auff eines jeden Land's Eych ein Rutten zu berayten und damit yetlichs Fass visiren, und solches jnnhalt erkennen soll. (Von Johann Frey, Bur ger zu NUrnberg.) Gedruckt zu NUrnberg bey Johann StUchs. In Verlegung Wolff Reschen Formschneyder, da findt man's bey. (1531.) In-8^" Additions à Bartsch. Gravures sur bois. 1. Allégorie sur une femme vertueuse. H. 14p. 61. L. 9p. 61. Voici comme Nagler décrit cette pièce: Des femmes forgent un cœur sur une enclume. Une tablette contient des vers allemands tirés d'une poésie allégorique de W. Pirkheimer, 1531 , H. 14 p. 10 1. L. 11 p., et il croit que c'est la même gravure décrite par Bartsch. Il semblerait que cette pièce contient plutôt une allégorie sur les mauvaises femmes et que les deux compositions appartiendraient égalenient au livre men tionné par Neudôrffer. Voyez B. No. 1. 2. L'empereur Maximilien I. Buste de profil, tourné à gauche; il porte une toque et une robe de fourrure et sur cette der nière l'ordre de la toison d'or. Rond dans un carré. On litxette in scription à l'entour: „Der Teur Fttrst K. Maximiljan ist auff den XII tag Peter FlOtner de Nuremberg. 253 des Jenners seins alters Im itjr Jar sâliglich von dyser Zeit geschaiden Anno dni 1519." De plus, on trouve au bas sur une tablette: Du haltest wenig Rw in diesem lebenn Darumb dir got yelz ewig Freudt bat geben. Dans la marge du bas la signature VY. R. F. H. 5 p. 1 1. L. 3 p. 10 1. Cette gravure sur bois parut d'abord dans un petit livre in-4° avec le titre: „AH Rômiscb Keiser nach Ordnung vnd wie lang yeder ge regiert bat bis auff den yetzigen grossmechtigsten Keiser Cari." Le texte en vers de Hans Sacbs termine au revers de la gravure par les mots: „Getruckt zu Nttrnberg. Anno M.D.XXX." Le dessin de cette gravure est quelquefois attribué à Albert Durer, mais il est non seule ment-très-différent de celui du maître, mais la gravure ne parut que deux ans après sa mort. On en a déjà décrit une copie dans l'Appendice à l'œuvre de Durer sous le No. 333. 3. Charles V. Buste de profil, tourné à droite. Médaillon entouré de l'inscription: „Karolus erwelter Rômischer auch zu Hispa nien, Neapolis, Aragon, Sicilien vnnd Granaten etc'Konig. Ertzherzog zu Oesterreich etc. seines alters Im XX. Jar — 1519." Au milieu du bas: W. F. 2. N. (Wolfgang Formschneider zu Nttrnberg.) H. 5 p. 10 1. L. 4 p. 5 1. 4. Jacques Fugger. Demi-figure, vue de profil, dans une bordure surmontée de l'aigle impériale. Au-dessous: JACOBVS FVGKER CIVIS AVGVSTAE, et plus bas: „Gedruckt zu Nttrnberg durch Wolf gang Reschen vormschneider." H. 15 p. 7 1. L. 11 p. Peter Flôtner de Nuremberg. (BartschlX. p. 162.) Nous apprenons de Neudttrffer que ce maître était sculpteur et dessinateur et qu'il a fait paraître plusieurs choses imprimées (sans dire que ce furent des gravures sur bois) et qu'il mourut le 23 Oc tobre 1546. Paul Behaim, dans son catalogue que nous avons souvent cité, dit que les initiales P. F. indiquent Peter FlOtneret Sandrart re marque, à propos des gravures sur bois marquées ainsi et en sa posses 254 Maîtres de Nuremberg de la première moitié du XVP. siècle. sion, qu'elles sont exécutées par Peter Flôtner qui était en même temps sculpteur et graveur sur bois. ' Cette notice était contenue dans un manu scrit qui s'est percfu en 1806 et dont Becker feit mention comme apparte nant à Mr. de Derschau dans le catalogue qu'il nous donne de la collection de celui-ci. Il possédait, en outre, de 1526, deux dessins marqués P. F. et un troisième signé P. FJOt. , également attribués à Flôtner dans le catalogue de Sandrart. Il accompagnait souvent ses initiales d'un maillet, d'un ciseau ou d'un couteau disposés de la manière fa plus diverse, comme nous en avons donné plus haut deux exemples et comme l'on pourra voir plus en détail dans le Dictionnaire de Brulliot II. No. 2903. On trouve aussi sa marque P. F sur un petit bas -relief sculpté en bois, représentant le berger Paris et qui se trouvait dans la collection de feu Mr. Heinlein à Nuremberg. Additions à Bartsch. Gravures au burin. 4. David et Bethsabé. Bethsabé avec une suivante se voit, à gauche, près d'une rivière traversée par un pont. Tout près une ville au milieu de laquelle s'élève une haute tour et à droite un palais à la porte duquel se tient David avec sa harpe. Au-dessous la marque du maillet et du ciseau avec les initiales P. F. Pièce cintrée. H. 7 p. 5 1. L. 4 p. 4 1. Berlin. 5. Les martyrs de Bythinie. En haut on voit' Ip roi avec turban et sceptre qui fait précipiter par ses soldats deux martyrs des rochers. Au bas on voit des arbres brisés sur lesquels six martyrs ont déjà trouvé la mort. H. 8 p. 3 1. L. 6 p. 4 1. 6. Le triomphe de Bacchus. Le jeune dieu est assis sur un char traîné par deux brebis et un bouc et se voit entouré de Faunes, de Bacchantes et d'enfants. Signé P. F. (BruUiot, Dict. IL 2903. L) H. 1 p. 11 L L. 6 p. 7 1. Dresde. 7. Pyrame et Thisbé. Il est vêtu d'une armure de chevalier, assis à droite et s'est plongé son épée dans le sein. A droite parait Thisbé en pleurs. H. 5 p. 3 1. L. 3 p. 9 1. 8. Le jugement de Paris. A gauche, les trois déesses, mais vêtues. A droite, Paris, dans l'ancien costume des chevaliers, est assis tenant la pomme de la main gauche. Derrière lui un vieillard. H. 5 p. 3 1. L. 3 p. 9 1. Peter FliJtner de Nuremberg. 255 9. Philipp^e, Landgrave de Hesse. Il galoppe vers la gauche. Au haut ses armoiries accompagnées de son nom et de ses titres. Pièce, non signée mais tout-à-fait dans le style de dessin du maître. On lit au bas: „Gedruckt zu NiJrnberg bei Wolfgang Strauch.'*^ (Cet éditeur a publié encore vers 1568 plusieurs gravures d'après FlOlner.) H. 15 p. L. 10 p. 7 1. Berlin. 10. Un seigneur, une dame et la mort. U est assis près d'elle sous un arbre, lui appuyant la main sur Tépaule et lui présen tant un gobelet. A gauche, la mort, les jambes entourées de serpens, élève son sablier. A droite un marmouset. Dans le fond, à gauche sous les arbres, un couple amoureux; à droite un Satyre qui accorde une lyre. Au milieu du bas les initiales P. F. H. 5 p. 9 1. L. 8 p. 7 1. Berlin. 11. Ursule et le garçon cordonnier. (Urschelein und Schuchknecht.) La femme est à gauche, vue de profil et s'entre tient avec un hallebardier. Pièce non signée. En haut de chaque côté et en deux colonnes six vers: * Sie. Mein bans so will ich mit dir lauifen etc. Er. Wol auf du schônes Urschelein etc. Gedruckt zu Nuremberg bey Wolff Strauch 1 568. H. 1 1 p. 11 1. L. 8 p. 5 L Berlin. 12. Le gargotier et sa femme. Il s'avance vers la gauche, elle le suit en parlant. Au haut leurs noms: Der Sud 1er und sei» Sudlerin, accompagnés de vers: Er. Aus Friszland rauschen wir daher etc. Sie. Mit Kflen, Sewen, Lemmer, Gensen etc. Gedruckt zu Nttrnberg bei Wolff Strauch 1568. De la même dimen* sien que la pièce précédente dont celle-ci forme le pendant. 13 — 25. Soldats. Suite dé treize feuilles contenant des sol dats, des lansquenets, des fifres, des hallebardiers etc. Sur quatre de ces feuilles on trouve deux figures, entre autres: No. 1. Ursel und Schuhknecht; puis sur une feuille la marque du maillet et ciseau. Ce sont des exemplaires récens, sans vers, mais qui appartiennent à la série Nos. 11 et 12. La Collection Derschau en contient quelques-uns. 26. Un Semeur. Le paysan s'avance vers la droite et sème de la main droite, tandis qu'il tient de la gauche le paquet de semences. A gauche un bois. On en trouve des exemplaires avec un texte latin au revers. H. 3 p. 4 1. L. 2 p. 4 1. Heller, Zusatze etc. p. 46. 27. Une femme nue. Elle est coiffée d'une plume et porte une chaîne au cou. On la voit assise sur un banc de verdure tenant 256 Maîtres de Nuremberg de la première moitié du XVP. siècle. des forces. Un fou, agenouillé adroite, Téclaire avec une lumière etia saisit à la hanche. H. 5 p. 2 1. L. 3 p. 9 1. Heller, Zusiitze etc. p. 46. 28. Allégorie. Une femme, tournée à gauche, termine en ser pent dont les anneaux se déroulent jusque vers le coin droit supérieur de Testampe. Elle est coiffée d'un casque à petites ailes et un ser pent lui entoure le bras gauche; elle tient de la main droite un an neau auquel pend une chaîne, terminée par un autre anneau, portant six chainons attachés au cou d'un égal nombre d'hommes enfoncés dans un marais. Sur le devant, à droite, les initiales P. F. accom pagnées du maillet et ciseau. H. 6 p^ 4 1. L. 7 p. 3 1. Heller, Zusâtze etc. p. 46. 29. Ornement avec deux renards. Celte riche arabesque sur fond noir montre au bas diverses figures fantastiques; au haut deux vaisseaux et au milieu une tête de marmouset, puis une urne et en suite au bas des rinceaux de feuillages où l'on voit deux hommes te nant chacun un renard par la queue. Au bas une tablette avec les initiales P. F. 1546, entourées de deux ciseaux et deux maillets. H. 6 p. 8 1. L. 4 p. 5 1. L'exemplaire de Bamberg porte au revers la marque du libraire André Gessner de Zurich et au-dessus quelques lignes d'un titre. Cette pièce appartient probablement à la série de quarante gravures pour orfèvres mentionnées par Brulliot, Dict. II. No. 2903. UL et dont la première porte outre la marque de FlOtner la date de 1546 et la dernière une signature imprimée au moyen de caractères mobiles. „Gedruckt zu Zurigh bei Rudolff Wyssehbach Formschnyder 1549." 30 — 33. ArabesqUes sur fond noir. Elles doivent appartenir à la série que nous venons de citer puisqu'une d'entr'elles porte la date de 1 546, tandis qu'une autre, au contraire, a celle de 1 533. Wyssen bach les aura probablement utihsées toutes pour son livre. Cabinet de Dresde. 30. Au milieu du haut une femme nue dans un rinceau de pampres; au bas six enfants suspendus. Sur une draperie les ini tiales P. F. et au-dessous le millésime 1533. H. 4 p. 6 1. L. 3 p. 4 1. 31. Sur les côtés du bas deux petits Amours tiennent un or nement à enroulements formé de ceps de vigne. Belle pièce non signée. H. 2 p. 11 1. L. 3 p. 2 1. 32. Celte arabesque, formée de rinceaux, est très -riche en figures et en oiseaux. Au bas deux femmes dans une barque traînée par des cygnes, et de laquelle pend une tablette couverte de divers Auguslin Hirschvogel. 257 outils de sculpteur, avec les initiales P. F. et le millésime 1546* H. 6 p. 9 1. L. 4 p. é 1. 33. Une coupe à boire (Pokal). Elle est richéînent ornée et se détache en blanc sur fond noir. A'vec les initiales . P . F . ac compagnées du maillet et du ciseau» H. 7 p. L. 3 p. 4 1. Dresde. 34. Membres d'architecture, un lit magnifique et des meubles. Brulhot, Dict. II. No. 2903. II. mentionne ces gravures sans autres détails. Elles sont finement exécutées, de différents for mats et on en trouve plusieurs dans le Cabinet de Dresde. 35. Cinq feuilles. H. 5 p. 1 1. L. 3 p. 4 1. On les trouve dans l'ouvrage intitulé: „Der hungern Chronica etc. Gedruckt durch Johann Metzkers zu Wien 1534", selon Brulliot (Dict IL No. 2903. IV), qui ajoute que l'on trouve dans le même livre plusieurs autres gra vures sur bois, non signées, mais qui doivent appartenir à notre maître. Les différences dans la taille indiquent du reste qu'elles sont dues à (fiverses mains. fr Augustin Hirschvogel. (Bartsch IX. p. 170.) • Cet artiste distingué, peintre sur verre et émailleur, naquit en 1506 à Nuremberg et mourut dans la même ville en 4560. D'après NeudOrffer c'était un homme plein de talent, mais d'une nature inquiète et qi^i passait facilement d'une occupation à une autre. Étant allé à Venise il y établit en société avec un chaufournier une fabrique de terres cuites qu'il porta à un haut degré de perfection et transplanta cette industrie plus tard dans sa patrie. 11 abandonna ensuite cette occupa tion pour voyager en Autriche, en Transylvanie et en Hongrie. A Vienne il dessina et grava à l'eau forte plusieurs vues du territoire autrichien qu'il dédia au roi Ferdinand. A ces vues doit appartenir le plan de la ville de Vienne après le premier siège par les Turcs en 1529, mais qui ne parut qu'en 1657 avec le titre suivant: „Hanc Viennae quam vides geometricam faciem archimedem Si racusanum Augustinus Hirsfogel a sua depictam radio imita tu s est." Il était également si savant à manier le compas et m. ' * ^ 17 558 Haîlres de Nuremberg de la première moitié du XVP. siècle. dans la perspective qu'il publia un petit livre sur ces sujets, comme le dit Neudôrffer à la fin de sa notice. Cet ouvrage est probablement celui décril par Barlsch sous le No. 135. Additions à Bartscli. Gravures à l'eau forte. 2. Le massacre des innocents. C'est la composition de Raphaël pour les „Arazzi". 100. Ornement marqué L S. P. 1543. Brulliot (Dict. IL 1707) mentionne encore deux montants d'ornements gravés à l'eau forte dans le style de Hirschvogel et marqués également L S. P. 1543 et ensuite soiis le No. 2322^* une pièce représentant Samson ijui enlève les portes de Gaza et signée P. S. MDXXXVIIL II est d'avis que ces trois pièces ont été gravées par Hirschvogel d'après des des sins d'autres maîtres. 137. Le Christ présenté au peuple. Il est debout sur une terrasse entre Pilate, à droite, et un soldat; sur le devant un guerrier et un enfant nu; à gauche trois docteurs de la loi, un en fant et un homme agenouillé qui s'élargit la bouche des deux doigts. Pièce signée au bas du millésime 1549 et gravée légèrement à l'eau forte. H. 4 p. 1 1. L. ^ p. 2 1. Beriin. . 138. Prjère avec quelques sujets dans un paysage. En haut, à gauche, Dieu le père avec les lettres A. E. F. Sur le de vant un roi, marqué D, s'élance à cheval en décochant une flèche; à droite un autre roi, marqué B, accompagné d'un lion et d'une foule de peuple. Au miUeu un guerrier agenouillé, C; sur le devant, à gauche, un troisième roi, agenouillé devant un autel, I; à droite, un second guerrier, H, se précipite sur son épée. L'inscription au bas commence ainsi: A. In le Dne confido eripe me. B. Ne ut leo ra piât etc. Pièce non signée. H. 5 p. 3 1. L. 6 p. 3 1. Berlin. 139. Une femme nue endormie. Probablement une Cleo pâtre. Elle est couchée sur un Ht; deux serpents s'entortillent à ses bras et lui mordent la poitrine. Derrière elle est un guerrier qui dans sa frayeur élève les deux bras. Dans le fond un mur avec une ou Terture à guise de fenêtre. Au bord à gauche se trouve le millésime 1543. H. 2 p. 5 1. L. 4 p. 1 1. Collection Meyer. 140. Un porte-enseigne. Il est debout dans un paysage, Augustin Hirschvogel. 259 tourné vers la droite et porte une cotte de mailles et une toque ornée de plumes sur la tête. On lit sur renseigne: ZVRICH. 1560. H. 5 p. 3 1. L. 3 p. Berlin. 141. Portrait d'Augustin -Hirschvogel lui-même. Il est vu de profil, tourné vers la droite, en buste dans un médaillon, dans lequel se trouve un globe et qui est entouré de figures allégoriques et d'inscriptions. Au haut l'Espérance et la Charité de deux côtés d'un vase au-dessus lequel se lit l'inscription: FAMiE FVLGOR ABSCONDI NON POTEST. Devant le portrait un squelette qui a une grenouille sous le bras gauche et sur le bord du sarcophage on lit: VENI. VIDI. VKIL Au-dessous, sur une tablette, l'inscription: „Hegno, regnavi, fragilis etc." puis aux côtés: Thv des hOchsten seine gepodt So lebst du ewiglich pei Godt. A la gauche du haut le monogramme avec la date de 1 549. H. 1 7 p. L. 1 0 p. Berlin. 142. Paysage. A gauche une ville près d'une rivière et en partie sur un rocher, c'est-à-dire on y voit le château. Fond montagneux avec l'indication d'un arbre à droite. Sans marque. H. 4 p. 5 1. L. 6 p. Berlin. 143. Paysage. A gauche, dans le fond, une ville où l'on voit une église. Sur le devant, à droite, une colline avec cinq aulnes secs et derrière une autre église. Pièce non signée, d'une belle composi tion, mais trop mordue par l'eau forte. H. 2 p. 7 1. L. 4 p. 7 1. Bâle. 144. Les armoiries de Lassla d'Edlasperg. Eco écar telé, au premier et au quatrième d'un mont à cinq coupeaux enflammés; au second et au troisième d'un griffon rampant. L'écu est entouré d'un dragon et timbré de deux heaumes dont celui de gauche porte pour cimier le mont du champ entre deux demi-vols, celui de droite deux cornes liées par une fasce. Au-dessous: LASSLA. V. EDLASPERG R. RO. KHAY. VND. KN. MAL EC. RATE. Les épreuves plus ré centes portent le monogramme et la date de 1 545. H. 10 p. 4 1. L. 6 p. 1 0 1. Berlin. 145. Ornement. Au milieu un vase entre deux Satyres. An haut deux cygnes. Au bas le monogramme et le millésime 1543. H. 2 p. 10 1. L. 3 p. 6 1. Wolfegg. 17* 260 Maîtres de Nuremberg de la première moitié du XVÏ*. siècle. Hans Sebald Lautensack. (Bartsch*ïX. p. 207.) Il était ôls du peintre Paul Lautensack de Bamberg qui, pour jouir en paix de ses opinions religieuses, vint s'établir à Nuremberg. On a cru que notre artiste était né en 1507; mais d'après une note manuscrite qui se trouve sur son portrait, mentionné par Bartsch No. 1, on doit conclure qu'il ne naquit pas avant 1524 puisqu'on trouve écrit dans Técusson vide: „Hannsz Lautensack Mahler'* et qu'il tient dans la main un instrument avec l'inscription: SVE XXX, tandis que le millésime 1554 accompagne son monogramme au milieu du bas. Cette pièce se conserve au Musée de Berlin. Brulliot (Dict. IL No. 1704) mentionne également une copie de ce portrait probablement exécutée par le maître lui-même, en contrepartie, signée L S. L. 1554, avec l'inscription au bas: „Hans Lautensack Maler in Nurnberg", de manière à ne laisser aucun doute que le portrait anonyme décrit par Bartsch sous le No. 1 ne soit le portrait de notre maître lui-même. On a des gravures sur bois d'après ses compositions, mais il est douteux qu'il les ait exécutées lui-même. Il reçut, le 21 Mars 1552, un présent de 50 florins donné par le Conseil de Nuremberg en reconnais sance* du don fait à la ville d'un exemplaire colorié de sa Vue de Nurem berg et des faubourgs, gravée par lui à l'eau forte sur six planches, décrite par Bartsch sous les Nos. 58 et 59. Lautensack paraît avoir demeuré à Vienne en 1560, puisqu'on y publia un livre de tournois avec des gravures sur bois auxquelles il ajouta sept planches gravées à l'eau forte, pièces en longueur, in-foL, dont quelques-unes portent le monogramme du^ maître et dont Bartsch décrit une estampe sous le No. 21. Cet ouvrage porte pour titre: „Thurnier Buch. Wahrhaftiger Ritterhcher Thaten, so in dem Monat Junii des vergangenen LX. Jars in und auszerhalb der Statt Wien zu Rosz und zu Fusz, auff V^asser und Lannd gehalten worden, mit schOnen Figuren contrafet, und dem AUerdurchlauchtigsten etc. Ferdi nando, erweltem ROmischen Kayser etc. Deren allergeliebsten Khindern etc. Durch Hansen von Francolin etc. zu Ehreii beschrieben. — Gedruckt zu Wienn in Oesterreich durch R. Hoffhalter auff Polnisch Skrzetusky genandt, beym gUlden Wolff. 1560." (Voyez Catalogue de R. Weigel No. 3500.) Les gravures de Lautensack portent les dates de 1544 à 1560. On ne connait point l'année de sa mort. ^ Hans Sebald Lauteusack. 261 Additions à Bartsch. 1. Ce portrait est celui de Hans Sebald Lautensack lui-même, comme il est prouvé par ce que nous en avons dit ci-dessus. 9. Portrait du Dr. Roggenbach. 1554. . Ce nom se trouve écrit à la main sur l'exemplaire de Berlin. 13. Portrait d'Oswald von Eck. 1553. Désigné pareille ment dans l'exemplaire de Berlin sous ce nom. 21. Un tournoi. Cette pièce appartient, comme nous l'avons déjà dit, au „Turnierbuch" publié en 1560 à Vienne. Outre les gravures sur bois, ce livre contient encore sept gravures à l'eau forte dont deux de Lautensack, savoir celle-ci et la suivante. 22. Autre tournoi avec l'inscription; „Equestris pedestrisque pugnae icon. MDLX. H. 14 p. 3 1. L. 18 p. 4 1. Le portrait du roi Christian de Danemarc, décrit par Bartsch p. 230, erronément attribué à Lautensack, est une gravure à l'eau forte de Jacob Binck qui était, en 1546, peintre de cette cour. 60. Portrait de Lautensack lui-même. Copie en contre partie du No. 1. A la gauche du bas et au-dessous d'un rébus, les initiales L L. S. 1554 avec la signature: „Hanns Lautensack, Maler in Ntirnberg." H. 4 p. 9 1. L. 5 p. 8 1. La marge inférieure mesure 10 1. Cette pièce appartient à une série de portraits pubUée par George Planche. (Voyez Brulliôt, DicL IL No. 1704.) 61. Hermès Schallautzer. Demi-figure presque de face, un peu tournée vers la droite. De la main droite il tient un gant. Au haut un écusson portant un coq essorant couronné ressemblant à un aigle héraldique. A droite un peu de paysage. Au bas: „Hermes Schallautzer D. Ferd. L Bom. imp. consilia et eivsdem aedificiorum praef. Natus annos LVIL" Au-dessous de l'écusson et sur fond noir Je monogramme. H. 8 p 9 1. L. 6 p. 2. 1. BerUn. 62. George Stella. Demi -figure d'un homme barbu, vu de iiace, un peu tourné à droite. Il tient les mains croisées sur un livre; à droite un vase avec des fleurs, aux côtés un peu d'architecture. Dans Jes airs plane un petit ange tenant une croix. A droite, un petit génie tient deux écussons, l'un chargé d'un siège, l'autre de trois têtes de lions arrachées. On lit au bas: „Bis tria lustra duosque annos, Lau :i*entio ad aedemetc. Anno aedatis suœ LXIII.*' Sans la signature ni ^Aom de la personne représentée que l'on retrouve cependant dans la I>ièce suivante dans un âge plus avancé. H. 9 p. 31. L.5p.5l. Berlin. 262 Maîtres de Nuremberg de la première moitié du XVP. siècle. 63. Portrait du même dans un âge plus avancé que dans l'estampe précédente. Il tient un papier avec de la musique notée dans la main droite et devant lui, sur le socle à hauteur d'appui, un livre, une plume et un encrier. Sur les côtés du haut les mêmes ar moiries que ci-dessus. Dans le ceintre au-dessus on lit d'une écriture ancienne: „Georg Stella Ludim. D. laur.", et sur le rouleau de papier h date de 1571. Gravure médiocre à l'eau forte. H. 9 p. L. 6 p. Berlin. 64. David» et Goliath. On voit à gauche le géant en ^armure complète; vjs-à-vis de lui, à droite, le petit David lui lance une pierre avec sa fronde ; au milieu un gros arbre. Dans Je fond les deux ar mées à côté de leurs tentes et à la droite du bas le monogramme surmonté du .millésime 1551. Pièce à l'eau forte. H.6p.2l.. L. 8p.31. Dresde. ' 65. Combat de fantasins et de cavaliers. Six de ces derniers sont encore à cheval, ils sont vêtus à l'antique et sont ac compagnés, à droite et à gauche, de porte-enseignes; trois d'entr'eux sont à terre. A droite, un soldat agenouillé tient un cheval par là bride, et au milieu un cheval qui a perdu son cavalier, rue des deux jambes. Cette composition parait appartenir à Jules Romain. A la droite du bas le monogramme et la date de 1546. Pendant du No. 20 de Bartsch. H. 7 p. 5 1. L. 11 p. 8 1. Dresde. 66. 67. Deux paysages qui appartiennent à la série décrite par Bartsch sous les Nos. 55 à 57. H. 7 p. 1 1. L. 10 p. 9 l. 66. Le jeune Tobie avec le poisson. 67. Un homme à cheval est précédé d'un piéton. Plus loin un autre homme étendu à terre près d'un tertre. Probablement l'homme blessé que le Samaritain doit recueillir ensuite. 68. Paysage. Dans le fond, à gauche, une montagne escarpée couronnée d'un château fort et au pied de laquelle se voit un village avec une église. Une petite rivière coule du fond sur le devant et à droite on aperçoit un homme, près d'un pont, dans l'acte de tirer un panier à poison de la rivière. Au milieu du premier plan un gros arbre s'élève du milieu, d'un taillis épais et près de là un voyageur avec un sac. Un peu plus dans le fond, à gauche, deux autres ligures d'hommes avec un âne chargé de deux sacs. A la droite du bas, la date de 1544. H. 4 p. 6 1. L. 7 p. 5 1. R. Weigel. 69. Armoiries de Hans Neudôrffer et de sa femme. Brulliot les mentionne dans son Dictionnaire Vol. I. No. 2402. Elles se trouvent probablement sur le titre suivant: Hans Sehald Laulensack. 263 Titre. Au haut d'un écusson richement orné on lit: „Spar tam quam nactus es, hanc orna — Johann Neudôrffer Rechenmeisler", et au-dessous deur écus armoiries; le premier à un pairie accompagné de trois étoiles, timbré d'un heaume ayant pour cimier une étoile entre deux cornes^ oa trompes. Le second , à deux chevrons entrelacés, porte pour timbre un chapeau pointu à plumes. Au milieu du bas un troisième écusson avec la marque de l'éditeur et plus bas, sur un écriteau, le monogramme avec la date de 1552. A gauche cinq génies dans des occupations scientifiques, à droite six autres près d'un globe. H. 7 p. 8 1. L. 4 p. 9 I. Berlin. Gravures sur bois. 3. Le déluge, pièce signée; H. 2 p. 3 1. L. 10 p. 6 1. Rud. Weigel, €at. No. 5624. 4. Paysage. On voit à la gauche un château sur un rocher et au bas des arbres où St. Jérôme est assis lisant dans un livre. Au miheui sur un chemin, s'avance vers la ganche un homme à cheval qui est précédé d'un piéton. Sur le devant, à droite, quelques arbres. Sans marque. H. 3 p. 10 1. L. 7 p. 1 1. Collection du Comte En zcnberg à Insbruck. Écoles d'Augsbourg et de Bavière du XVI siècle. HB-hB. HftBs Bvrgniair (le Tieui et le Jemie). ' (Bartsch VII. p. 197.) D'après les livres d'art on ne connaissait jusqu'ici qu'un seul artiste de ce nom qui se signait tantôt Burgmair, tantôt Burgkmair et on entretenait des opinions fort différentes sur les particularités de sa vie. Mais il est actuellement prouvé qu'il y a eu deux peintres de ce nom, père et fils, dont la manière était très -ressemblante et qui se servaient d'une signature commune. Le vieux Hans Burgmair était fils du peintre Thomas Burgmair et naquit à Augsbourg en 1473, comme il est prouvé par l'inscription qui se trouve sur un tableau contenant les portraits du maître et de sa femme conservé dans la galerie du Bel védère à Vienne, comme suit: Dans le fond à gauche: SOLLCHE GESTALT VNSER BAIDER V^AS IM SPIEGEL ABER NIX DAN DAS. et à droite, sur un écriteau: lOANN BVRGKMAIER MALER. LVI. lAR ALT ANNA ALLERLAHN GEMAHEL LIL lAR ALT MDXXVIIL Dans les registres des droits des peintres ( Gerechtigkeitçbuch ) il est nommé parmi les maîtres déjà morts en 1531.^®) 46) Voyez H. Herberger, Conrad Peutinger dans ses relations avec Tempe reur Maximilien I. Augsbourg 1851, p. 28, note 87, où l'on trouve encore d'autres notices sur Hans Burgmair le fils que nous utiliserons ailleurs. Hans Burgraair (le vieux et le jeune). 265 Si le billet au revers du portrait de Martin Schonganer, dont nous avons déjà parlé, est véritablement de la main de Hans Burgmair, il s'ensuivrait que celui-ci était en 1488 élève du maître de Colmar. Cette opinion semblerait être confirmée, entre autres, par la gravure sur bois d'une Vierge assise avec Fenfant Jésus (Rartsch No. 13) qui a une grande analogie avec la manière de Schongauer, bien que Burg mair s'en éloigna beaucoup depuis pour s'attacher à celle d'Albert Durer dont il fut lami, comme nous l'indique son portrait au crayon an ciennement en possession de Sandrart, dessiné par le maître de Nu remberg qui y ajouta le nom de Burgmair et son âge de 44 ans en 1517. Le nombre des dessins faits par Burgmair pour les gravures sur bois, la plupart par ordre de l'empereur Maximilien, atteint un chiffre très-élevé; néanmoins il faut croire que beaucoup de ceux qui lui sont attribués appartiennent en réaHté à son fils. Nous avons déjà démontré dans la partie historique de notre ouvrage qu'il est difficile de croire qu'il ait lui-même gravé sur bois et cette opinion acquiert encore phis de probabilité si l'on réfléchit que ses meilleures pièces depuis 1510^') et surtout le célèbre clair-obscur dont nous avons parlé, ont été exé cutées par Jost de Nec^er d'Anvers. Sa marque a toujours été celle que nous avons donnée plus haut, H. B., mais il ne s'est jamais servi du monogramme YQ qui est commun à son contemporain Hans Bro samer et à Hans Baldung Grun ou de la signature *^ qui indique George Breu ou Broy. On ne voit qu'après la mort de Burgmair le monogramme »^ qui appartient à un artiste postérieur. Nous devons également nous prononcer contre l'opinion qui veut que le vieux Burgmair ait exécuté des eaux fortes sur acier, ayant trouvé nous-méme des pièces de ce genre de son fils avec la date de 1545, entre autres les armoiries de la ville d'Augsbourg qui sont traitées dans la même manière que la gravure à l'eau forte représentant Vénus et Mars attribuée par Bartsch au vieux Burgmair. Cette pièce porte ies initiales H. B., mais la date citée nous prouve que le fils se servait de la même/ signature, sans compter que le style du dessin, surtout <fans le nu, ayant plus d'ampleur, appartient à une époque posté 47) Dans la Collection Alberline se trouve le clair -obscur de trois planches *"^présentant une jeune femme qui s'enfuit, B. No. 40, de l'année 1510, ^^ec le nom de Jost de Necker. Mais il est certain que notre artiste ne s'était I*^s établi à Augsbourg avant cette époque, comme il résulte d'un passage d'une ^^•-"tje de Peutinger que nous mentionnerons au No. 79. 266 Écoles d'Augshourg et de Bavière du XVP. siècle. rieure de développement dans Fart que celle qui était propre au vieux Burgmair. Nous trouvons, du reste, par une lettre de Vienne de Tem pereur Ferdinand I. au Conseil d'Augsbourg , sous la date du 1 1 Dé cembre 1559, que Burgmair le jeune s'était aussi occupé à graver à Teau forte des pièces d'armure en fer, ce qui aura pu le conduire aisément à des travaux analogues pour être imprimés sur papier. ^®) Il en résulte de plus que Hans Burgmair le jeune vivait encore en 1559. Depuis la mort de son père, Hans le jeune a beaucoup travaillé pour le graveur sur bois et éditeur de livres, Henri Stainer d'Augs hourg, et on doit considérer toutes les vieilles gravures sur bois des Burgmair pour Tillustratton des livres qui parurent depuis 1531, comme appartenant^ au fils. Cependant il est presque impossible de recon naître parmi les bois qui parurent avant cette époque ceux qui appar tiennent au père ou au fils. Nous les décrivons, par conséquent, ré unis dans notre catalogue en ayant cependant le soin de décrire à part les gravures à l'eau forte qui appartiennent au fils. Gravures sur bois. Observations à Bartsch VU. p. 200 à 242. 5. Bethsal)ée au bain. Cette pièce est la seule qui poite la seconde des marques ci-dessus h . B. 14. La passion de Jésus Ch rist. (Dasleiden Jesu Cbristi etc. Augspurg 1515.) Dans ce livre publié par Wolfgang von Mann avec 48) Le passage de la lettre en question est comme suit: .,Vns hat Euer Mitbûrger Hans Burkmair Maller vnderteniglich furbracht wie weillendt sein Vatter vnd Er vnseren lieben herren, anherren vnd brudern Kaiser Maximilian vnd Kaiser^Karlen hochlôblicher gedechlnis, mit niallung der harr nasch, desgleichen dém Etzen zu hilff vnnd fûrstandt der Plattner vnnd sonst in annder mer weg, gantz unverdrossen vnd gehorsamiich gedient baben etc. Diewiel er aber von dem Allmechtigen mit vielen clainen Kindlein begabt, vnd nunimer mit ainem hohen aller also beladen, das Er seines plôden ge sicbts vnnd zugestandner leibss scliwachhail halber sein bandtwerkh in solchem seinem Erleblen Aller nit mer dermassen als Er in seiner jugend gethan vorsteen khondle so ersuchen wir Euch hiemil gnedig begerendt, Ir wollet demselbea Burkhmair zu dem nechsten verlediglen Anslecher qder ainem ann der n Ambtll bei Euch, darzue Er geschickht vnnd dem vorsteen mag, vor anndern khumen lassen etc/^ Hans Burgraair (le vieux et le jeune). 267 30 gravures sur bois qui occupent la grandeur des pages, la première pièce qui représente l'auteur offrant son livre à Yemperenr Maximilien, est sans marque, il est vrai, mais appartient certainement à Hans Burg mair et montre une bonne exécution. 28. S te. Elisabeth. Cette pièce porte le monogramme -Jg* et selon toute apparence a été gravée d'après un dessin de Hai^s Bal dung Grun. 33. Jules IL On en trouve encore de clairs -obscurs de deux planches avec l'inscriplion : IVLIVS. LÏGVR. PAPA SECVNDVS. Pièce ronde de 8 p. 9 1. de diamètre. Dresde. 34. Jean Paumgartner. On trouve de cette très-belle pièce, en clair-obscur, des exemplaires imprimés au moyen de trois planches et qui portent la date de 1512. Nous avons déjà vu dans notre pré cis historique par une lettre adressée à l'empereur Maximilien, en date du 27 Octobre 1512, par Jost de Necker, qu'elle a été exécutée par ce célèbre graveur sur bois. 40. Jeune femme qui s'enfuit. On trouve encore à côté du nom de H. BVRGMAIR le millésime MDX. et sur un exemplaire dans la Collection Albertine on voit à la gauche du pilastre le nom de: Jost de Negker, ce qui est d'autant plus remarquable, que cette circonstance prouve que ce graveur sur bois distingué avait déjà en 1510 exécuté dès clairs -obscurs à trois planches et qu'il peut ainsi revendiquer l'honneur d'en avoir été l'inventeur. 77. LeroideGutzin, 1508. Une seconde édition porte la date de 1511. On en trouve également une copie sur quatre planches avec inscriptions, H. 9 p: 8 J. L. 46 p., dont on voit des épreuves récentes dans la collection Derschau II. No. 26. 79. La généalogie de l'empereur Maximilien. Celte gravure sur bois a été exécutée en 1510, comme on le rélève d'une lettre de Peulinger de la même année, 17 Mai, où à. propos de cet ouvrage et d'autres analogues, dont il avait été chargé par l'empereur, il informe celui-ci que le graveur auquel il avait confié ce travail avait quitté Augsbourg à son insu et qu'il lui fallait, par conséquent, cher cher un autre artiste pour l'achever („ausmache*') et termine en disant „que le peintre ici était très-propre à cela", passage que nous avons déjà cherché à expliquer dans notre dissertation historique et dans l'article sur Hans Schaeuflein. Mais ce manque de graveur disparut bientôt lorsque Jost de Necker d'Anvers, un des artistes les plus distin gués de son époque et en ce genre, vint s'étabhr la même année à 268 Écoles d'Augsbourg et de Bavière du XVJ*. siècle. Augsbourg, comme il est prouvé par la date de la pièce précédente, No. 40, la jeune femme qui s'enfuit. 80. Le Weisskunig. La plus grande partie des gravures sur bois de cet ouvrage a été exécutée d'après les dessins de Burgmair et ces gravures portent son monogramme. Une d entre elles porte néan moins la signature de Hans Schaeuflein M» c'est le No. 200; une autre (No. 19) celle de Hans Springinklee et d'autres non signées doivent avoir été également faites d'après des dessins de ces artistes puisqu'elles ^'éloignent de la manière de Burgmair et ne sont point aussi grandioses de composition que les siens. On peut induire que le travail des gravures était déjà commencé en 1511, de la date qui se trouve jointe au monogramme sur le canon dans la planche 66. H. B. XL La bibliothèque impériale de Vienne possède trois exemplaires d'une épreuve de premier tirage de la moitié à peu près des 237 gravures qui composent cet ouvrage, c'est-à-dire: Codex No. 3034. Questionnaire (Fragebuch) de 379 feuilles gr.-in folio, dans lequel Max Treytzsaurwein ,«alle mângl vnnd frag stucke auff aile figuren vnnd schrifflen, die in dem puch des «veyssen kunigs begrifl'en sein, vnnd noch jn volendung desselben puechs darein geh(Jren, in ditz puech geschrieben, dieselben maiïgl vnnd fragstuckh bey bemelter romischer kayserlicher maiestat zu erledigen. Sollich des Treytzsauerweins einschreiben ist beschehen in den nechsten vier zehnde tagen nach pfingsten Anno VC. im XV' vnnd funffzehnenden pfingsten (1515)." Les 82 épreuves ont des explications manuscrites. On y trouve trois des planches perdues. 1 . Le couronnement de l'empereur Frédéric IIL B. No. 13 dont la copie se trouve' dans l'édi tion de 1775 sous le No. 237. 2. Le tournoi B. No. 2. 3. Le siège d'une ville B. No. 6 qu'une notice manuscrite nous dit être le siège de Padoue. Les 35 dessins à la plume qui se trouvent dans le codex sont d'une exécution médiocre et n'appartiennent certainement pas à Burgmair. Codex No. 3033. Livre de cadastre in-foho de 204 feuilles et contenant 155 gravures, en excelhêntes épreuves, comme dans le pre mier codex, mais non pas toujours avec une large marge et quelques unes tirées sur la maculature d'un décret de Maximilien L du 5 Octobre 1514. Il contient des épreuves de cinq des bois perdus; et sur la pompe funèbre de Tempereur Frédéric avec les chevaux destinés au sacrifice on trouve écrit au-dessous à la plume le nom de „hans Hans Biirgmair (le vieux el le jeune). 269 franck^S probablement celui du graveur et qui est le même que Hans Lttlzelburger. On y trouve également cinq dessins à la plume mé diocres, comme ceux du codex précédent, et entre autres celui qui a servi à la planche perdue No. 7 avec cette inscription: „der pes (bOse) techant von gennt^^ (le méchant doyen de Gand). Codex No. 3032 contient la copie au net du texte sur 566 feuilles gr.-in-fol. dont on s*est servi strictement pour l'édition de 1775. Quelques chapitres sont ornés de 134 épreuves des planches, mais qui ne sont point égales en bonté ou en conser>^ation avec celles des deux codex précédents. Deux d'entre elles appartiennent aux bois perdus, ce sont les Nos. 2 et 13 de Bartsc}i. L'exemplaire mentionné par Bartsch VII. p. 226 qui a été recueilli vers le miheu du XVP. (ex Bibl. Archiducis Ferdinandi) contient les douze planches (et non treize) dont les bois sont perdus. Le bois décrit par Bartsch sous le No. 4 comme perdu, est le No. 3 de l'édi tion de 1775 et dans cet exemplaire porte l'inscription: „Excipît legator Bohemiae et Ungariœ." Un exemplaire non cité par Bartsch fCod. Ambras. 324) contient les planches perdues No. 7 et 10. Voyez F. v. Bartsch au heu cité p. 285—287. 81. Le triomphe de l'empereur Maximilien L Série de 135 feuilles. Un ancien exemplaire de la bibliothèque de l'empereur Ferdinand, auparavant l'archiduc Ferdinand, contient 128 pièces dont 101 sont des épreuves de premier tirage. (Voyez aussi Bartsch p. 234.) Deux d'entre elles appartiennent aux bois peîdus qui ne se trouvent point dans l'édition de 1796 et qui n'ont point été décrites par Bartsch, savoir : 1. Jérôme de Heremberg comme chef de colonne et tenant la tablette des rimes se voit à cheval en tête de la marche. Cette pièce appartient à celles qui se trouvent sous les Nos. 125 à 129 qui ont été erronément chiffrés dans l'édition de 1796, comme suit: Le No. 125 erronément dans l'édition No. 128. ^ 126 ^ :.:.:. 129. :^ 127 :* . . . 125. :* 128 ^ -. -. . 127. ^129 =* ^ -^ ^ 126. * ^ 129* J., de Heremberg manque. 2. Le char de triomphe avec Philippe L et Jeanne de Castille qui tient les armoiries de Castille et d'Arragon. Cette pièce doit suivre le 270 Écoles d*Augsbourg et de Bavière du XVI*. siècle. No. 135 où un génie conduit un attelage de quatre chevaux. Le fili grane de ces deux feuilles est un écusson en cœur avec une faucille. Additions à Bartsch. Gravures sur b o i s. ***) 83. Le portement de croix. Les deux larrons ouvrent la marche; à droite, sur le premier plan, la Véronique tient le voile; à gauche un enfant qui porté des clous et un vase avec du vinaigre; une foule de peuple le suit. On lit au bas: „0 Herr Jesu Christe, ich ermane dich des gangs und ausfttrens, do du dz schwar creutz etc.^^ et la date de 1527. 8 feuilles réunies traitées absolument dans la même manière et ayant les mêmes dimensions que „le Christ au jardin des oliviers" B. No. 17 et „Jésus à la croix" B. No. 19. H. 32 p. 8 1. L. 24 p. Collection Albertine à Vienne. 84. La Vierge, demi-figure. Elle est debout et tient lenfant Jésus ^qui la caresse, vers la gauche et avec les deux mains devant elle. De la main droite «He porte une couronne de roses. L'arc qui s*élève au-dessus d'elle est orné de rosettes. On trouve de cette pièce des épreuves en noir et d'autres en clair-obscur, mais dont les teintes plus foncées sont posées au |)inceau. B. 10 p. 10 1. L. 5 p. 7 l. Berlin. 85. S te. Anae. Elle est assise à côté de la Vierge, debout à sa gauche qui lui présente Tenfant Jésus. Au bas, sur le socle, la signature . H . B • H. 4 p. 5 1. L. 3 p. 4 1. Munich. 86. Ste. Hélène, Ste. Brigitte et Ste. Elisabeth. Ces trois figures debout sont marquées H. B. , puis „Jost de Negker zu Augspurg." Paris. 87 — 98. Douze feuilles de l'apocalypse. Elles portent toutes les initiales H. B. , mais sont trop faibles pour être du vieux Burgmair; les compositions en sont même souvent empruntées aux 49) Bien avant l'impression de notre Catalogue, M. Wiechmann-Kadow avait donné dans les Archives de Naumann 11. pp. 152—168, des notices précieuses sur les suites de gravures sur bois pour les livres de Hans Burgmair, mais il s'est trompé en les attribuant toutes à Burgmair le vieux puisque la plupart d'entr'elles n'a été exécutée qu'après sa mort. Quelques-unes de celles que nous avons exa minées nous -même se trouvent dans notre catalogue, nous en avons négligées d'autres dans l'incertitude qu'elles puissent être attribuées à Burgmair. Nous nous sommes également retenu de renvoyer à cet écrit qui n'est que le précurseur d'un ouvrage plus étendu que le savant auteur nous promet sous peu. Hans Burgmair (le vieux et le jeune). 271 gravures d'Albert Durer et les dessins, par conséquent, doivent appar tenir à Burgmair le jeune. H. 6 p. L. 4 p. 10 L On les trouve employées pour la première fois dans le nouveau testament imprimé à Augshoiirg en 1523, in-fol., par Sylvam Otttnar, 87. Le Christ avec les yeux lançant des flammes, portant l'épée et les sept étoiles, est debout dans les nuages, entouré dés sept can délabres. L'évangéliste est couché par terre, les bras étendus. La marque est à droite* 88. Dieu sur son trône est entouré des emblèmes des quatre évangélisles , d'anges et des vingt quatre vieillards. L'agneau brise les sept sceaux. La signature à la droite du baç. 89. Distribution des trompettes aux anges. Un d'eux crie: Malheur, malheur, malheurl (Wehe!) sur les habitans de la terre; L'étoile tombe dans un puits. 90. St. Jean l'évangéliste avale le livre.
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https://github.com/Vitorhpx/Onboard-Taqtile/blob/master/src/components/add-user-form.tsx
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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Onboard-Taqtile
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Vitorhpx
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TypeScript
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Code
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import * as React from "react"
import { navigate } from "gatsby"
import { Field } from "../components/field"
import { Validator } from "../utils/validator"
import { Button } from "../components/styled-button"
import { ErrorMessage } from "./error-message-styled"
import { StyledForm } from "../components/form-styled"
import { H1 } from "./h1-styled"
import { H2 } from "./h2-styled"
import { Color } from "../constants"
interface AddUserFormState {
submitted: boolean
errorMessage: string
password: string
name: string
cpf: string
birthDate: string
email: string
role: string
isPasswordValid: boolean
isNameValid: boolean
isCpfValid: boolean
isBirthDateValid: boolean
isEmailValid: boolean
isRoleValid: boolean
}
interface AddUserFormProps {
mutation: Function
result: any
}
export default class AddUserForm extends React.Component<
AddUserFormProps,
AddUserFormState
> {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
submitted: false,
password: "",
name: "",
cpf: "",
birthDate: "",
email: "",
role: "",
isPasswordValid: false,
isNameValid: false,
isCpfValid: false,
isBirthDateValid: false,
isEmailValid: false,
isRoleValid: false,
errorMessage: "",
}
}
render() {
const { submitted } = this.state
return (
<StyledForm
method="post"
onSubmit={event => {
this.handleSubmit(this.props.mutation, event)
}}
noValidate
>
<H2 color={Color.Black}>Adicionar Novo Usuário</H2>
<Field
canShowError={this.state.submitted}
onValueChange={this.handleSetName}
onValidChange={this.handleNameSetValid}
name="name"
placeholder="Joao Silva"
text="Nome"
validation={Validator.isName}
errorMessage="Nome deve estar no formato: Joao Silva"
type="text"
/>
<Field
canShowError={this.state.submitted}
onValueChange={this.handleSetCpf}
onValidChange={this.handleCpfSetValid}
name="cpf"
placeholder="12345678910"
text="CPF"
validation={Validator.isCpf}
errorMessage="CPF inválido"
type="text"
/>
<Field
canShowError={this.state.submitted}
onValueChange={this.handleSetBirthDate}
onValidChange={this.handleBirthDateSetValid}
name="birthDate"
text="Data de Nascimento"
placeholder="2000-12-30"
validation={Validator.isBirthDate}
errorMessage="Formato AAAA-MM-DD"
type="text"
/>
<Field
canShowError={this.state.submitted}
onValueChange={this.handleSetEmail}
onValidChange={this.handleEmailSetValid}
name="email"
text="Email"
placeholder="[email protected]"
validation={Validator.isEmail}
errorMessage="Email Inválido"
type="text"
/>
<Field
canShowError={this.state.submitted}
onValueChange={this.handleSetPassword}
onValidChange={this.handlePasswordSetValid}
name="password"
text="Senha"
placeholder="*******"
validation={Validator.isPassword}
errorMessage="Deve conter pelo menos 7 caracteres, com 1 alfanumérico e 1 dígito"
type="password"
/>
<Field
canShowError={this.state.submitted}
onValueChange={this.handleSetRole}
onValidChange={this.handleRoleSetValid}
name="role"
text="Função"
placeholder="user"
validation={Validator.isRole}
errorMessage='Função Inválida, deve ser "user" ou "admin"'
type="text"
/>
<Button type="submit">Criar Usuário</Button>
{this.props.result.error && (
<ErrorMessage error>{this.props.result.error.message}</ErrorMessage>
)}
</StyledForm>
)
}
handleSubmit = async (mutateFunction: Function, event) => {
event.preventDefault()
this.setState({
submitted: true,
})
const isFormValid =
this.state.isEmailValid &&
this.state.isPasswordValid &&
this.state.isBirthDateValid &&
this.state.isCpfValid &&
this.state.isRoleValid &&
this.state.isNameValid
if (isFormValid) {
await mutateFunction({
variables: {
data: {
name: this.state.name,
email: this.state.email,
cpf: this.state.cpf,
birthDate: this.state.birthDate,
password: this.state.password,
role: this.state.role,
},
},
})
}
}
handleSetPassword = passwordField => {
this.setState({
password: passwordField,
})
}
handleSetName = nameField => {
this.setState({
name: nameField,
})
}
handleSetCpf = cpfField => {
this.setState({
cpf: cpfField,
})
}
handleSetBirthDate = birthDateField => {
this.setState({
birthDate: birthDateField,
})
}
handleSetEmail = emailField => {
this.setState({
email: emailField,
})
}
handleSetRole = roleField => {
this.setState({
role: roleField,
})
}
handlePasswordSetValid = passwordValidity => {
this.setState({
isPasswordValid: passwordValidity,
})
}
handleNameSetValid = nameValidity => {
this.setState({
isNameValid: nameValidity,
})
}
handleCpfSetValid = cpfValidity => {
this.setState({
isCpfValid: cpfValidity,
})
}
handleBirthDateSetValid = birthDateValidity => {
this.setState({
isBirthDateValid: birthDateValidity,
})
}
handleEmailSetValid = emailValidity => {
this.setState({
isEmailValid: emailValidity,
})
}
handleRoleSetValid = roleValidity => {
this.setState({
isRoleValid: roleValidity,
})
}
handleCompleted = () => {
navigate("/UserListPage")
}
}
| 4,621 |
US-201615000472-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,082 | 5,062 |
The packing density was measured in the following procedure. The surface of the scintillator layer defined by needle crystals deposited in the final stage of the vapor deposition were soaked with a light absorptive black ink from the tips of the crystals, and the tips were ground and bonded to a transparent substrate with a low-melting point wax. Then, the scintillator layer in this state was removed from the substrate. Then, the crystals were further ground to such a thickness as the tips of the needle crystals were left. Thus a test sample was prepared. The test sample was observed through an optical microscope, and a plane observation picture was taken for measurement of the areas of the needle crystals and spaces therebetween. The packing density calculated was 67%.
Subsequently, the modulation transfer function or MTF, which is an index of resolution, was measured. For obtaining the MTF, a value corresponding to a spatial frequency of 2 Lp/mm (line pairs per millimeter) was measured using an X-ray beam satisfying the international standard IEC-RQA5 radiation beam quality. The surface of the scintillator layer formed in the Comparative Example was pressed on a photodetector (1500×1000 pixels) with a FOP (fiber optic plate) therebetween. The scintillator layer was vertically irradiated with X-ray beam through the substrate, and the MTF was obtained by an edge method using a tungsten knife edge. The thus obtained MTF of the Comparative Example was defined as 100.
Example 1
Example 1 incorporated the first embodiment. In the present Example, a scintillator panel including a scintillator layer containing a plurality of needle crystals 10 of mainly cesium iodide was produced by oblique vapor deposition using an intermittent deposition shutter 9 having openings 14 as shown in FIG. 5A in a manner as shown in FIG. 5B. The deposition was performed in the same manner as in the Comparative Example except that the intermittent deposition shutter 9 was disposed between the substrate and the deposition source, and thus description thereof was omitted.
The intermittent deposition shutter 9 (having 4 openings of 10 mm in width and 30 mm in length) was disposed between the deposition surface 6 of the substrate and the deposition source 1. The intermittent deposition shutter 9 was rotated in synchronization with the in-plane rotation of the substrate in such a manner that the intermittent deposition shutter 9 was rotated once in a plane while the substrate was rotated once in a plane (hence, the angular velocities were the same). The ratio of the opening width 19 to the shield portion width 20 was 22:78, and the contrast of the amount of deposit in practice was 120.
After the deposition apparatus was evacuated to 0.01 Pa or less, deposition was started by gradually applying a current to each of a deposition boat containing cesium iodide and a deposition boat containing thallium iodide and opening a shutter (not shown) disposed between the substrate and the deposition source in the same manner as in the Comparative Example. The rotation speeds of the substrate and the intermittent deposition shutter 9 were each 30 rpm. Under the observation of the deposition state, the shutter was closed before the materials 2 ran out. Thus the deposition was completed. The substrate 16 and the deposition source 1 were cooled to room temperature, and the scintillator layer was observed from the side opposing the substrate 16. There were observed a plurality of needle crystals 10 formed separate from each other on the substrate 16.
Subsequently, the orientation of the crystals in the scintillator layer in a plane at the deposition surface was evaluated. The half-width of a rocking curve obtained by ω scan was as good as 4°. Furthermore, a φ scan result exhibited four diffraction peaks as shown in FIG. 15. This suggests that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example had 4-fold rotational symmetry, that is, the orientations of the needle crystals 10 in the scintillator layer were aligned. FIG. 15 is shown in a different scale, in terms of vertical axis, from FIG. 14 for the sake of showing the entireties of the peaks. The intensity in FIG. 14 is comparable to the background (very low, substantially flat regions between the peaks) in FIG. 15.
Thus, it was confirmed that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example contained a plurality of needle crystals having the same in-plane orientation according to the direction in which the material was fed.
Example 2
Example 2 is different from Example 1 in the width of the penetrable portions of the intermittent deposition shutter. Other portions are the same as in Example 1 and thus description thereof is omitted.
In the present Example, the intermittent deposition shutter 9 having larger openings in width (4 openings of 24 mm in width and 30 mm in length) than those of Example 1 was disposed between the deposition surface 6 of the substrate 16 and the deposition source 1. The ratio of the opening width 19 to the shield portion width 20 was 48:52, and the contrast of the amount of deposit in practice was 30.
Vapor deposition was performed in the same manner as in Example 1. After the substrate and the deposition boats were cooled to room temperature, the substrate taken out of the apparatus was observed through a scanning electron microscope. There were observed needle crystals formed separate from each other with a high packing density, as shown in FIG. 12.
Subsequently, the orientation of the crystals in the scintillator layer in a plane at the deposition surface was evaluated. A rocking curve was obtained by ω scan, and the half-width was as good as 3°. The sample was measured throughout 360° while being rotated in the φ direction. The result exhibited four diffraction peaks. This result suggests that the scintillator layer had 4-fold rotational symmetry.
Furthermore, the packing density was measured in the same manner as in the Comparative Example. The packing density of the scintillator layer of the present Example was 71%.
Also, the evaluation result of in-plane orientation of a sample ground to a thickness of several micrometers exhibited 4-fold rotational symmetry. This result suggests that the scintillator layer had satisfactory in-plane orientation with a thickness from at least 50 μm to 100 μm or more. This means that if a scintillator layer has in-plane orientation even though the thickness thereof is 100 μm or less and even though the layer was not epitaxially grown on the deposition surface of the substrate, it can be though that the method of any of the embodiments of the present discloser has been applied.
Subsequently, the MTF was measured in the same manner as in the Comparative Example. The MTF was 103, 3% higher than that of the Comparative Example. Although the MTF was increased, the emission intensity of the scintillator was not reduced.
Thus it was confirmed that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example contained a plurality of needle crystals separate from each other when viewed from the surface thereof and that the packing density was increased though the MTF was increased. The reason why the packing density was increased in spite of the same incident angle as in the Comparative Example is probably that the area of the shadows of the needle crystals producing shadowing effect (voids between needle crystals) was reduced.
Example 3
Example 3 incorporated a modification of the first embodiment. The present Example is different from Example 1 in that screens disposed on the deposition surface 6 of the substrate 16 were used instead of the intermittent deposition shutter for changing the amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface 6 according to the angle between the projected incident direction and the reference direction.
In the present Example, a scintillator layer containing needle crystals of mainly cesium iodide was formed by oblique vapor deposition using four screens 15 disposed on the deposition surface 6 of a substrate 16, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
More specifically, first, a deposition boat (made of boron nitride, 30 mm in diameter by 150 mm in length) shown in FIG. 6B, containing 90 g of cesium iodide as the deposition material 2 was prepared as the deposition source 1. Then, the deposition source 1 and a substrate 16 (made of silicon, square of 20 mm on a side, 525 μm in thickness) were disposed in a deposition apparatus so that the deposition material could be emitted at an incident angle 5 of 60° from an emission opening 3 (of 5 mm in diameter) with a distance of 120 mm from the emission opening to the center of the deposition surface 6. In addition, another deposition boat (not shown) containing thallium iodide was disposed so that the material could be deposited on the deposition surface 6. Furthermore, four screens 15 (20 mm in width by 30 mm in height) were arranged on the deposition surface 6. The ratio of the opening width 19 to the shield portion width 20 was 50:50, and the contrast of the amount of deposit in practice was 137.
After the deposition apparatus was evacuated to 0.01 Pa or less, deposition was started by gradually applying a current to each of the deposition boat containing cesium iodide and the deposition boat containing thallium iodide and opening a shutter (not shown) disposed between the substrate and the deposition boat. The rotation speed of the substrate 16 was 30 rpm. Under the observation of the deposition state, the shutter was closed before the materials 2 ran out. Thus the deposition was completed. After the substrate 16 and the deposition boats were cooled to room temperature, the crystallinity and in-plane orientation of the resulting scintillator layer were evaluated in the same manner as in the Comparative Example. The scintillator layer was observed from the side opposing the substrate 16. There were observed a plurality of needle crystals 10 formed separate from each other on the substrate 16. A rocking curve was obtained by ω scan, and the half-width was as good as 1.1°. Furthermore, a φ scan result exhibited four diffraction peaks. This suggests that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example had 4-fold rotational symmetry, that is, the orientations of the needle crystals 10 in the scintillator layer were aligned.
Thus, it was confirmed that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example contained a plurality of needle crystals having the same in-plane orientation according to the direction in which the material was fed.
Example 4
Example 4 is different from Example 3 in the width of the screens 15. Other portions are the same as in Example 3 and thus description thereof is omitted.
In the present Example, four screens 15 (10 mm in width by 30 mm in height) were arranged on the deposition surface 6. The ratio of the opening width 19 to the shield portion width 20 was 73:27, and the contrast of the amount of deposit in practice was 9.8:1.
Vapor deposition was performed in the same manner as in Example 3. After the substrate and the deposition boats were cooled to room temperature, the crystallinity and orientation in a plane of the resulting scintillator layer were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3. The scintillator layer was observed from the side opposing the substrate 16. There were observed a plurality of needle crystals 10 formed separate from each other on the substrate 16. Furthermore, a φ scan result exhibited four diffraction peaks at regular intervals. This suggests that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example had 4-fold rotational symmetry, that is, the orientations of the needle crystals 10 in the scintillator layer were aligned.
Thus, it was confirmed that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example contained a plurality of needle crystals having the same in-plane orientation according to the direction in which the material was fed.
Subsequently, the MTF was measured in the same manner as in the Comparative Example. The MTF was 102, higher than that of the Comparative Example. Also, the emission intensity of the scintillator layer was not reduced.
Example 5
Example 5 is different from Example 3 in the width of the screens 15. Other portions are the same as in Example 3 and thus description thereof is omitted.
In the present Example, four screens 15 (4 mm in width by 30 mm in height) were arranged on the deposition surface 6. The ratio of the opening width 19 to the shield portion width 20 was 89:11, and the contrast of the amount of deposit in practice was 2.6:1.
Vapor deposition was performed in the same manner as in Example 3. After the substrate and the deposition boats were cooled to room temperature, the crystallinity and in-plane orientation in the surface of the resulting scintillator layer were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3. The scintillator layer was observed from the side opposing the substrate 16. There were observed a plurality of needle crystals 10 formed separate from each other on the substrate 16. A rocking curve was obtained by ω scan, and the half-width was as good as 1.7°. Furthermore, a φ scan result exhibited four diffraction peaks at regular intervals. The peak intensity was about 20000 counts, and the background intensity was about 500 counts; hence, the contrast thereof was about 40 times.
Thus, it was confirmed that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example contained a plurality of needle crystals having the same in-plane orientation according to the direction in which the material was fed.
Example 6
Example 6 incorporated the second embodiment. The present Example was the same as Example 1 in that a deposition apparatus as shown in FIG. 5B was used, but was different in that the substrate was rotated with varying rotation speed instead of using the intermittent deposition shutter 9.
Vapor deposition was performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the substrate was rotated at a speed of 300 rpm with suspension for 0.5 s every one-fourth rotation, instead of disposing the intermittent deposition shutter 9 between the substrate and the deposition source, as mentioned above. The actual contrast of the amount of deposit was not measured. The time for which the projected incident direction and the reference direction formed an angle x (unit was defined as 1 degree) every one rotation was 60 s÷300 rotations÷360 degrees= 1/1800 s and the suspension time was ½ s. The deposition time at the angle of suspending rotation was 900 times that at the angle of rotating. Accordingly, the contrast of the amount of deposit was estimated to be 2.6 or more. The substrate and the deposition boats were cooled to room temperature, and then the substrate taken out of the apparatus was observed through a scanning electron microscope. It was confirmed that separate needle crystals with a high packing density were formed by oblique vapor deposition as in Example 2.
The crystallinity and orientation of the resulting scintillator layer were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. A rocking curve was obtained by ω scan, and the half-width was as good as 3°. Furthermore, a φ scan result exhibited four diffraction peaks at regular intervals.
Thus, it was confirmed that the scintillator layer formed in the present Example contained a plurality of needle crystals having the same in-plane orientation according to the direction in which the material was fed.
The following table shows the evaluation results of the scintillator layers formed in the Comparative Example and Examples 1 to 6.
TABLE 1 Opening Contrast width:Shield of deposit In-plane width amount Method orientation Example 3 50:50 137 Screens Good Example 1 22:38 120 Shutter Good Example 2 48:52 30 Shutter Good Example 4 73:27 9.8 Screens Good Example 5 89:11 2.6 Screens Good Example 6 (1/1800 s:1/2 s) — Varying Good rotation speed Comparative — 1 — Poor Example
The results of Examples 1 to 6 suggest that when the contrast of the amount of deposit is 2.6 or more, the resulting needle crystals have in-plane orientation. The results of Examples 2 and 4 suggest that higher contrasts of the amount of deposit tend to lead to increased MTF.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-010462, filed Jan. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for manufacturing a scintillator panel including a substrate and a scintillator layer containing a plurality of crystals formed by depositing a scintillator material on a deposition surface of the substrate, the method comprising: depositing the scintillator material on the deposition surface of the substrate such that the scintillator material incidents on the deposition surface obliquely with respect to the normal to the deposition surface; and varying the angle between a reference direction on the deposition surface and a projected incident direction that is obtained by projecting the direction of the scintillator material incident onto the deposition surface, wherein the amount of the scintillator material deposited onto the deposition surface changes according to the angle between the projected incident direction and the reference direction.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the depositing of the scintillator material and the varying of the angle are performed at one time.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the depositing of the scintillator material and the varying of the angle are alternately performed.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the contrast of the amount of the deposited scintillator material varied according to the angle between the projected incident direction and the reference direction is 2.6 or more.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the crystals in the scintillator layer has n-fold rotational symmetry, and the amount of the deposited scintillator material periodically changes in a cycle of 2π/n.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method uses a deposition source that emits the scintillator material onto the deposition surface, and a shutter disposed between the deposition source and the deposition surface and configured to block the scintillator material emitted in a direction forming a specific angle between the reference direction and the projected incident direction.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the shutter includes a shield portion that blocks the scintillator material, and a penetrable portion through which the scintillator material passes, and the shutter is operable such that the shielding portion and the penetrable portion are each located between the deposition source and the deposition surface a plurality of times while the angle between the projected incident direction and the reference direction is varied from 0 to 2π.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is provided with a plurality of screens on the deposition surface with spaces therebetween.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the varying of the angle is performed by in-plane rotation of the substrate.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method uses a deposition source that emits the scintillator material onto the deposition surface, and the varying of the angle is performed by rotating the deposition source around the substrate with the projected incident direction maintained with respect to the normal to the deposition surface.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method uses a plurality of deposition sources disposed so that the angles between each of the projected incident directions of the deposition sources and the reference direction are different from each other, and the amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface changes by depositing the deposition material on the deposition surface from the plurality of deposition sources one after another according to the angle between the projected incident direction and the reference direction.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface changes according to the angle between the projected incident angle and the reference angel by in-plane rotation of the substrate at a speed varied during a single rotation.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method used a deposition source that emits the scintillator material to the deposition surface, and the amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface changes according to the angle between the projected incident angle and the reference angle by revolting the deposition source around the substrate with a speed varied during a single rotation thereof.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the depositing of the scintillator material includes: a first deposition step of depositing the scintillator material on the deposition surface such that the projected incident direction and the reference direction form a first angle; a second deposition step of depositing the scintillator material on the deposition surface such that the projected incident direction and the reference direction form a second angle; a third deposition step of depositing the scintillator material on the deposition surface such that the projected incident direction and the reference direction form a third angle; and a fourth deposition step of depositing the scintillator material on the deposition surface such that the projected incident direction and the reference direction form a fourth angle, wherein the largest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface in the first deposition step is 2.6 times or more the smallest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface at an angle larger than the first angle and smaller than the second angle, the largest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface in the second deposition step is 2.6 times or more the smallest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface at an angle larger than the second angle and smaller than the third angle, the largest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface in the third deposition step is 2.6 times or more the smallest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface at an angle larger than the third angle and smaller than the fourth angle, and the largest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface by the fourth deposition step is 2.6 times or more the smallest amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface at an angle larger than the fourth angle and smaller than the first angle.
15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the scintillator material is cesium iodide.
16. A method for manufacturing a radiation detector, the method comprising: preparing a scintillator panel including a substrate and a scintillator layer containing a plurality of crystals formed by depositing a scintillator material on a deposition surface of the substrate while varying the angle between a reference direction on the deposition surface and a projected incident direction that is obtained by projecting the direction of the scintillator material incident onto the deposition surface; and fixing the scintillator panel to a photodetector capable of detecting light emitted from the scintillator layer of the scintillator panel by irradiation with a radiation, wherein the amount of the scintillator material deposited on the deposition surface changes according to the angle between the projected incident direction and the reference direction.
17. A scintillator panel comprising: a substrate; a scintillator layer disposed on the substrate, the scintillator layer containing a plurality of scintillator needle crystals whose in-plane orientations are aligned in a contact surface between the scintillator layer and the substrate, wherein at least a part of the substrate contains crystals having an orientation different from the orientation of the scintillator needle crystals in the scintillator layer.
18. The scintillator panel according to claim 17, wherein the surface of the substrate in contact with the scintillator layer is amorphous.
19. The scintillator panel according to claim 17, wherein the scintillator needle crystals are made of cesium iodide, and the surface of the substrate in contact with the scintillator layer is made of a material other than cesium iodide.
20. A radiation detector comprising: the scintillator panel as set forth in claim 17; and a photo detector including a plurality of light-receiving elements, the photo detector being configured to detect light emitted from the scintillator panel..
| 20,369 |
https://github.com/andrewquick/NEW_ftc_app-master/blob/master/TeamCode/src/main/java/org/firstinspires/ftc/teamcode/Auto_Gyro.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
NEW_ftc_app-master
|
andrewquick
|
Java
|
Code
| 48 | 366 |
/*package org.firstinspires.ftc.teamcode;
import com.qualcomm.robotcore.eventloop.opmode.Autonomous;
import com.qualcomm.robotcore.eventloop.opmode.Disabled;
import com.qualcomm.robotcore.eventloop.opmode.LinearOpMode;
import com.qualcomm.robotcore.eventloop.opmode.TeleOp;
import com.qualcomm.robotcore.hardware.ColorSensor;
import com.qualcomm.robotcore.hardware.DcMotor;
@Autonomous(name= "Auto_Gyro")
@Disabled
public class Auto_Gyro extends LinearOpMode {
Hardware_robodux robot = new Hardware_robodux();
@Override
public void runOpMode() throws InterruptedException {
while (opModeIsActive()){
robot.init(hardwareMap);
robot.Testmotor.setMode(DcMotor.RunMode.STOP_AND_RESET_ENCODER);
robot.Testmotor2.setMode(DcMotor.RunMode.STOP_AND_RESET_ENCODER);
idle();
robot.Testmotor.setMode(DcMotor.RunMode.RUN_USING_ENCODER);
robot.Testmotor2.setMode(DcMotor.RunMode.RUN_USING_ENCODER);
waitForStart();
}
}
}
*/
| 39,112 |
https://github.com/161710126/webmts/blob/master/database/migrations/2018_11_15_093528_create_events_table.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
webmts
|
161710126
|
PHP
|
Code
| 62 | 273 |
<?php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
class CreateEventsTable extends Migration
{
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::create('events', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->increments('id');
$table->string('poto');
$table->string('judul');
$table->string('bulan');
$table->Integer('tgl');
$table->Integer('tahun');
$table->string('jam');
$table->string('alamat');
$table->text('deskripsi');
$table->string('slug');
$table->boolean('status')->default(false);
$table->timestamps();
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::dropIfExists('events');
}
}
| 7,300 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silene%20fetissovii
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Silene fetissovii
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silene fetissovii&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 30 | 67 |
Silene fetissovii är en nejlikväxtart som beskrevs av G.A. Lazkov. Silene fetissovii ingår i släktet glimmar, och familjen nejlikväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Glimmar
fetissovii
| 22,873 |
collectionintegr11mign_86
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,844 |
Collection intâegrale et universelle des orateurs sacrâes du premier et du second ordre et collection intâegrale, ou choisie, de la plupart des orateurs du troisiáeme ordre
|
Migne, J.-P. (Jacques-Paul), 1800-1875 | Villaume, X
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,998 | 10,703 |
Comme les opérations suivent l'être qui les produit, nous en trouvons de deux sortes en Jésus-Christ, à cause des deux natures qui sont unies en sa personne. D'un côté il fait des actions si miraculeuses et si admirables, qu'on voit bien qu'elles ne viennent pas de la nature humaine, il souffre de l'autre des dolours si bas, et des outrages si honteux qu'il est impossible de les rejeter sur la Divinité. C'est ce qui a fait dire aux théologiens que sa vie est divine et humaine en même temps : humaine par des choses qui ne peuvent convenir qu'aux hommes, divine par le Verbe qui en est le principe. Or, celle vie qu'il possède en lui-même et qui réside en sa personne comme dans sa source, ce divin Sauveur prétend nous la communiquer par la grâce de l'adoption. Elle est en lui comme dans le chef, mais il veut qu'elle soit en nous comme dans ses membres. C'est pourquoi la même grâce est en lui et en nous, en lui sans mesure, en nous avec mesure, en lui comme Christ, en nous comme chrétiens : Eadem gratia, dit saint Augustin, facta ab initio fidei sui homo quicumque Christianus, qua gratia homo ille ab initio suo factus est Christus : Nous renaissons par le même esprit qui l'a fait naître : De ipso spiritu est hic reatus, de quo est ille natus. Nos péchés nous sont remis par le même esprit qui l'a rendu impeccable : Eodem spiritu fit in nobis remissio peccatorum, quo spiritu factum est ut nullum haberet ille peccatum. En un mot, nous sommes créés à l'image de Dieu selon l'être naturel, et à l'image de son Fils, selon l'être de sa grâce, il y a donc de sublimes rapports entre la grâce qui a élevé le Christ en tant qu'homme, et celle qui nous rend chrétiens, et il est à propos de les considérer pour en concevoir une reconnaissance proportionnée à la grandeur d'un tel bienfait. I. Dans l'Incarnation, la nature humaine est unie au Verbe d'une union hypostatique, afin que le Fils de l'homme soit véritablement le Fils de Dieu, et qu'il n'y ait qu'une personne en Jésus-Christ. Cette grâce est appelée par saint Thomas la grâce de l'union personnelle, et elle n'a été donnée qu'au Sauveur. Celle du baptême donnée à tous ceux qui deviennent enfants de Dieu et frères de Jésus-Christ, en est un écoulement et une émanation, car c'est par elle que nous sommes entrés en Jésus-Christ pour ne faire avec lui qu'un même corps. // nous a communiqué, dit saint Pierre, des grâces qui sont d'un prix inestimable (II Petr. I, k), pour nous rendre participants de la nature divine : Ut per hœc efficiantur divinœ consortes naturœ. Considérez, dit saint Jean, quel amour le Père nous a témoigné de vouloir que nous soyons appelés, et que nous soyons en effet enfants de Dieu : Ut filii Dei nominemur et sumus. II. Par la grâce de l'union hypostatique, le Père éternel est vivant et opérant en son Fils. C'est le Père qui habite en moi [Joan. XIV, 10), dit Jésus-Christ, et qui opère lui-même les miracles que je fais : Pater in me habitat ipse facit opéra, mais comment est-ce que le Père agit en son Fils, sinon par le Saint-Esprit dont il possède la plénitude, et dont il suit tous les mouvements? En effet, s'il va au désert, il y est poussé par le Saint-Esprit : Ductus est in desertum a Spiritu (Math. III); s'il prêche aux pauvres, c'est l'Esprit du Seigneur qui lui donne sa mission : Spiritus Domini super me, Evangelizare paupelles (Luc IV). 1204 peribus misit me [Luc. IV, 18]; s'il meurt sur la croix comme une hostie sans lâche, c'est par le mouvement du Saint-Esprit : Per Spiritum sanctum semetipsum obtulit immaculatum Deo (Ps. IX, 20). La grâce du baptême nous procure les mêmes avantages. C'est elle qui fait habiter Jésus-Christ dans nos cœurs par la foi : Christum habitatare per fidem in cordibus nostris (Eph. VI, 17). C'est par elle que ce divin Sauveur opère en nous le vouloir et le faire, selon son bon plaisir, et fait lui-même par le Saint-Esprit toutes les bonnes actions que nous faisons. C'est par elle qu'il vit en nous et que nous avons droit de dire : Je vis, non moi, ce n'est plus moi qui vis, mais c'est Jésus-Christ qui vit en moi (Gal. III, 20). Quelle hardiesse que soit cette expression, l'apôtre s'en sert, et en son nom, et au nom de tous les vrais fidèles; car il n'y en a pas un qui n'ait reçu le Saint-Esprit, et avec le Saint-Esprit la grâce de mener une vie toute divine, qui lui donne droit de dire : c'est Jésus-Christ qui vit en moi : Vivit vero in me Christi. Car, comme on dit que l'avarice, l'ambition, la volupté font vivre ceux en qui ces passions dominent, parce qu'elles sont le principe et la fin de toutes leurs actions, on peut dire de même que Jésus-Christ fait vivre celui qui vit uniquement pour lui. C'est là le caractère de tous les enfants de Dieu, qui sont, dit saint Paul, poussés et conduits par l'esprit de Dieu, parce que c'est lui qui les fait agir : Quicumque enim spiritu Dei aguntur, hi sunt filii Dei. III. Cette même vérité recevra un nouveau jour d'un troisième effet de l'union personnelle qui rend le Christ vrai Fils de Dieu, c'est qu'elle donne droit de dire en toute propriété de langage que les souffrances et les actions du Christ, sont les souffrances et les actions du Fils de Dieu, et réciproquement d'attribuer au Christ en tant qu'homme les actions et les miracles du Fils de Dieu. Quand Jésus-Christ parle, c'est le Fils de Dieu qui parle ; quand il souffre la faim, la lassitude, la mort, c'est le Fils de Dieu qui souffre; quand il pleure, c'est un Dieu qui pleure ; et c'est de là que la théologie enseigne que Jésus-Christ n'a jamais rien dit, rien fait, rien souffert qui ne fût d'un mérite infini, parce que la personne qui parlait, agissait et souffrait en Jésus-Christ, était d'une excellence infinie; par la même raison, nous attribuons à Jésus-Christ homme, l'illumination des aveugles, la guérison des malades et la résurrection des morts, parce que le Sauveur faisait par une de ses natures des choses toutes divines, comme saint Augustin le remarque, et souffrait par l'autre des infirmités toutes humaines : Divina faciens et humana patiens. C'est ainsi qu'en vertu de l'union que la grâce fait entre Jésus-Christ comme chef, et les chrétiens comme membres, on peut attribuer à ce divin Sauveur tout ce que nous faisons par le mouvement du Saint-Esprit; lui-même nous donne cette idée en disant à ses apôtres : "Lorsque vous serez devant les rois, ne vous inquiétez point de ce qu'il faudra répondre, il vous sera donné en ce temps-là, parce que ce n'est pas vous qui parlez, mais c'est l'Esprit de votre Père qui parle en vous" (Math. X, 20). Non que le Fidèle ne parle véritablement, lorsqu'il dit ce que Dieu lui inspire, mais parce que c'est Dieu qui est le principe et la source de tout ce que dit et de tout ce que fait, les membres agissent, mais par la vertu que le chef leur communique. Jésus-Christ, dit saint Augustin, est notre chef, notre prêtre et notre Dieu; comme Dieu, il reçoit nos prières, comme Prêtre, il les offre à son Père, mais comme chef, c'est lui qui prie en nous et par nous : "Orate in nobis ut caput, oral pro nobis ut sacerdos, et oratur a nobis ut Deus". Il est donc vrai que c'est lui qui fait tout le bien que nous faisons. Ainsi, quand nous donnons l'aumône, c'est Jésus-Christ qui la donne, si nous la recevons, c'est lui qui la reçoit, il la donne par un de ses membres, il la reçoit par un autre, et c'est ainsi qu'il entretient le commerce de la charité et qu'il met le prix à toutes nos actions. Mais cette dignité que la grâce de l'incarnation nous communique, nous engage en même temps à imiter la vie de Jésus-Christ; car comme nous cessons de mener la vie du vieil homme qui se corrompt en suivant l'illusion des passions, c'est la fin de son incarnation, de sa naissance et de sa mort. La grâce de Dieu notre Sauveur, dit l'Apôtre, a paru à tous les hommes et nous a appris que, renonçant à l'impiété et aux passions mondaines, nous devons vivre selon les règles de la tempérance, de la justice et de la piété, dans l'attente de la béatitude que nous espérons et de l'avènement du grand Dieu, Jésus-Christ notre Sauveur, qui s'est livré lui-même pour nous racheter de toute iniquité, et nous purifier en se faisant un peuple particulier consacré à son service et fervent dans les bonnes œuvres. L'Apôtre en ces paroles marque très clairement les deux principales fins que Jésus-Christ s'est proposées dans sa vie et dans sa mort, qui sont d'abolir le péché et d'établir la justice et la piété, c'est ce que Daniel et Zacharie avaient prédit longtemps auparavant. Mais si on juge par là de la naissance et des autres mystères de Jésus-Christ, je crains qu'on ne s'en forme une idée toute contraire à celle que la parole de Dieu nous en donne; car de bonne loi, l'iniquité est-elle détruite, la justice règne-t-elle parmi les chrétiens? Au contraire, la plupart mènent une vie très éloignée de celle de Jésus-Christ, ont des inclinations toutes corrompues, ressemblent aux païens, jugent aussi faussement qu'eux des choses de la terre, et ne cherchent comme eux qu'à contenter leurs passions. 1205 SERMON XXIX. VERTUS ET QUALITÉS CONVENABLES À L'ETAT ECCLESIASTIQUE. 1206 C'est pourquoi saint Augustin s'écrie avec raison : "Ut quid Ocus factus est homo, nisi corrigitur homo ?" Pourquoi le Fils de Dieu s'est-il fait homme, si l'homme n'en devient pas meilleur ? Pourquoi s'est-il anéanti, si nous ne travaillons qu'à nous élever ? Pourquoi a-t-il préféré la pauvreté aux richesses, si nous ne cessons de les aimer et de les désirer ? Pourquoi a-t-il rejeté la gloire du monde comme une chose profane, si nous brûlons d'amiral et d'orgueil ? Pourquoi a-t-il souffert tant d'opprobres, si la moindre insulte nous irrite, nous porte à la vengeance : "Ut quid Deus factus est homo si non corrigitur homo ?" Jésus-Christ innocent, pur, sans tache, séparé des péchéurs, incapable de pécher mène une vie triste et pénitente, il travaille, il se fatigue, il marche, il se lasse, il prêche, il pleure nos péchés, s'afflige à cause de nous, il se prive de la vie douce et tranquille qu'il pouvait choisir, pendant que des pécheurs, après une infinité de crimes, ne cherchent que le plaisir, que la vie molle et sensuelle, et rejettent avec horreur la pénitence. Que cette vie est honteuse pour les chrétiens, et qu'elle est indigne de celle que Jésus-Christ nous a enseignée ! ajoutez. Seigneur, une grâce forte et puissante à vos instructions, ne souffrez pas que nous déshonorions plus longtemps la sainteté du christianisme en suivant nos passions, délivrez-nous de leur tyrannie par le mérite et la vertu de votre naissance, faites-nous marcher sur vos pas, vous abaissez votre humanité sainte, par les infirmités auxquelles vous la rendez sujette, mais vous la relevez infiniment par l'union hypostatique; faites en nous la même chose, donnez-nous le courage et la force de cacher tout ce qui pourrait nous relever aux yeux des hommes, de vivre dans l'humilité, et de nous relever en même temps par de saintes actions, afin que nous soyons un jour pleinement réunis à vous dans l'éternité bienheureuse. Ainsi soit-il. POUR LE JOUR SERMON XXIX. ETIENNE PREMIER DE SAINT MARTYR Des vertus et qualités convenables à l'état ecclésiastique. Elegerunt Stephanum virum plenum Odium, et Spiritu sanctio. Ils élurent Etienne, homme plein de foi et du Saint EspritAct., cil. M). CHRO. « ÉLU » Comme l'Église de Jérusalem devait servir de modèle à toutes les Églises, la Providence la gouvernait avec un soin tout particulier, et nous pouvons dire qu'il n'y arrivait rien que par son ordre. Sur ce principe, il est aisé de voir que l'élection des sept diacres, dont l'Église nous fait aujourd'hui le récit, renferme de grandes instructions. Un murmure pour un sujet assez léger donna lieu, mais le Saint-Esprit qui avait inspiré la pensée aux apôtres, nous voulait enseigner les qualités que doivent avoir ceux que l'on choisit pour les fonctions du sacerdoce et la sainteté avec laquelle ils s'en doivent acquitter. Nous voyons très clairement ces deux choses dans le grand saint Étienne; sa vocation fut plus divine qu'humaine, et il y répondit par une fidélité parfaite. On trouve en lui le zèle et la prudence, la fermeté et la condescendance, le courage et la douceur, la liberté et la charité qui sont nécessaires à tous les prêtres de l'Évangile. Jamais homme n'a mieux observé que lui ces règles que l'Esprit de Dieu nous prescrit. Ce qu'il y a d'avantageux dans son histoire, c'est qu'elle est tirée de l'Écriture sainte et ne contient rien qui ne soit d'une certitude infaillible. Saint Luc qui n'a composé qu'une partie de l'histoire des Apôtres nous a laissé celle de ce premier des martyrs. Nous lisons dans le livre des Actes son élection, l'innocence de ses mœurs, son zèle pour Jésus-Christ, la force de ses prédications, la multitude de ses miracles, l'excellence de sa foi, l'ardeur de sa charité, les marques de sa douceur : tout cela fait une partie de notre foi, parce que c'est le Saint-Esprit qui la fait écrire. On y peut remarquer deux sortes d'actions qui composent la vie du saint martyr : les unes sont extraordinaires, miraculeuses et plus admirables qu'imitables ; les autres entrent dans l'économie du saint et sont à la portée de tous les enfants de Dieu : les premières doivent être respectées, les secondes, outre le respect, exigent l'imitation. Quand on mange à la table d'un prince, dit saint Bernard, on doit distinguer les viandes qu'on y sert d'avec les vases qui les contiennent, il est permis de se nourrir des premières, mais il faut se contenter de louer les seconds. C'est ainsi que dans la fête d'un saint, il faut séparer les vertus qu'il a pratiquées pour tâcher de les imiter, d'avec les miracles qu'il a faits qu'il se faut contenter d'admirer. Voilà les bornes où je me renfermerai dans l'éloge de saint Étienne, je ne parlerai que des vertus et des qualités qui conviennent à l'état ecclésiastique dont il est le modèle. J'examinerai dans la première partie la conduite qu'il a tenue avant la persécution que les Juifs excitèrent contre lui, j'examinerai dans la seconde celle qu'il a tenue depuis qu'elle fut excitée. Saint Étienne libre, saint Étienne entre les mains des Juifs ; voilà tout mon dessein. Heureux si l'Esprit qui parlait par sa bouche, voulait bien donner à mon discours une partie de la force renfermée dans les siens. Esprit-Saint, vous le pouvez, et si je l'ose dire, vous y êtes en quelque sorte obligé, puisque c'est faire l'éloge de votre grâce que de louer ceux qu'elle a rendus si illustres et si saints. Accordez-moi cela par les mérites de votre chaste Épouse qui en était incomparablement plus remplie que saint Étienne, lorsque l'Ange lui dit : "Ave, Maria, plena gratia". Pour être un digne ministre de Jésus-Christ, deux choses sont nécessaires : une entrée légitime et canonique dans le ministère, et un grand zèle pour les intérêts de ce divin Sauveur. Une entrée légitime est le fondement de tout, bien que l'on doive faire; nul ne se donne cet honneur à lui-même, dit saint Paul : nemo sumit sibi honorem (Hebr., V, 4); il faut être appelé de Dieu comme Aaron; sed qui vocatur ad Deum tanquam Aaron (Marc, III, 16). Dieu est le maître absolu du choix de ses ministres, il appelle tous ceux qu'il veut. C'est moi, dit-il à ses apôtres, qui vous ai choisis (Joan., XV, 16). Le mérite personnel quelque grand qu'il soit, les plus beaux talents, la vertu la plus pure, la sainteté même la plus éminente ne suffisent pas sans vocation, puisque Jésus-Christ même, le saint des saints et l'auteur de la sainteté n'a pas pris de lui-même la glorieuse qualité de prêtre (Hebr., V, 5), mais il l'a reçue de son Père qui lui a juré qu'il serait le Prêtre éternel selon l'ordre de Melchisedech (Ps. CIX, 4). Cependant, il faut avouer que, quoique la sainteté sans vocation ne soit pas un titre suffisant pour entrer au sacerdoce, la vocation à cet état ne se trouve que parmi les grands pécheurs. Dieu n'y appelle d'ordinaire que ceux qui sont saints, il n'y appelle pas tous les saints, n'y ayant aucun état dans l'Église qui n'en renferme plusieurs, mais ceux qu'il destine au sacerdoce ont leur innocence, mènent une vie pure et digne de la sainteté des emplois auxquels ils sont appelés; que si sa providence y met quelquefois des pécheurs, c'est après qu'ils se sont purifiés par de dignes fruits de pénitence. Saint Étienne et les autres diacres qu'on élut avec lui sont un illustre exemple de cette vérité. Il s'agissait de donner à l'Église des ministres qui pussent soulager les apôtres dans leurs fonctions et les décharger du soin des pauvres. Voyons donc quelles qualités les apôtres cherchent dans ceux qui doivent entrer dans cet emploi : Choisissez, disent-ils, sept hommes d'entre vous qui soient d'une probité connue, pleins de l'Esprit-Saint et de sagesse, afin que nous leur commissions ce ministère [Act., VI, 3]. Cette proposition ayant été agréée, ils élurent Étienne, homme plein de foi et du Saint-Esprit. Admirez, chrétiens, l'éminence sainteté que les apôtres exigent pour le simple diaconat, qui est un ordre inférieur à l'épiscopat et au sacerdoce ; jugez de celle qu'ils ont demandée par ces deux fonctions qui sont redoutables aux anges mêmes. La première qualité que saint Paul prescrit pour y entrer, c'est l'innocence et la pureté des mœurs : Il faut, dit-il, que l'évêque, que le prêtre soit irrépréhensible, exempt de crime (Tim., III, 27) et sans reproche, que les étrangers même rendent un témoignage avantageux à sa conduite, de peur que son ministère ne soit avili et ne tombe dans l'opprobre, sion le peut convaincre de quelque désordre. Lisez les deux Épîtres de ce grand apôtre à Timothée, et celle à Tite pour y voir toutes les vertus qu'il exige de ceux qui sont choisis et appelés au service des autels; car c'est sur ces maximes apostoliques et toutes divines que les conciles et les Pères ont réglé la vocation et l'entrée dans l'état ecclésiastique. Ils n'y admettent que ceux qui ont conservé leur innocence, reléguant les autres dans les monastères pour y pleurer la perte d'un si grand trésor. C'est par le même esprit que le concile de Trente a ordonné que chaque évêque eût un séminaire pour y éprouver ceux qui se présentent et qui demandent les saints ordres ; il veut qu'on n'admette à la tonsure, qui en est l'entrée, que ceux de qui on a sujet d'espérer qu'ils serviront utilement l'Église. Or, de qui peut-on espérer ce service, sinon de ceux qui vivent chrétiennement, qui aiment l'étude, la prière et les autres fonctions de l'état ecclésiastique, qui ont horreur le jeu, l'ivrognerie, la bonne chère, les plaisirs, l'esprit du monde et les autres passions qui ne pourraient que dés honorer leur ministère. Rendez-vous attentifs, pères et mères qui entreprenez quelquefois de destiner par vous-mêmes vos enfants à un état si saint et si terrible ; apprenez que c'est attenter aux droits de Dieu même ; il n'y a pas de roi, ni de petit prince qui ne soit le maître du choix de ses officiers. Nul ne s'ingère à son insu et contre sa volonté. Nul ne se fait magistrat, ministre d'État, gouverneur de province, général d'armée, si le roi ne l'appelle et ne lui confie lui-même les emplois, on ferait mourir comme un usurpateur celui qui s'y serait intrus par sa propre autorité. Comment donc osez-vous donner au roi des rois des ministres qu'il ne veut point avoir et qui sont indignes de le servir. Non-seulement vous ne devez pas pousser vos enfants dans les fonctions du sacerdoce, mais vous devez les empêcher d'y entrer, si vous reconnaissez en eux des vices considérables. Un jeune homme qui aime le vin, le jeu, les femmes, qui est avare, ambitieux, colère, vindicatif, impie sera le déshonneur de l'Église, et peut être la cause de la ruine de sa famille, si on le met dans le sacerdoce. Je sais que présentement on se moque de ces vérités, et qu'on foule aux pieds ces saintes règles; les pères et mères, surtout parmi les gens de qualité, font et font comme il leur plait la vocation de leurs enfants. Dans certains pays on destine l'aîné au monde, en d'autres on y destine le cadet, et afin qu'ils soient plus riches et plus puissants, on tâche d'enrichir du patrimoine de Jésus Christ, et du bien des pauvres, celui qui est destiné à l'état ecclésiastique. Mais Dieu jugera un jour ces désordres avec d'autant plus de sévérité qu'on les commet avec plus de sécurité. Il se trouve des pécheurs qui, par un renversement non moins criminel des canons de l'Église, se font prêtres après avoir mené une vie scandaleuse, croyant donner par là une marque indubitable de leur conversion. Un tel, dit-on, qui était un scélérat et un impie est converti, il vient d'entrer au séminaire. Mais cette prétendue conversion doit être d'autant plus suspecte qu'elle paraît jointe à une prodigieuse ignorance, ou à une horrible présomption, étant très certain que l'état ecclésiastique n'est pas fait pour les coupables, pour ceux qui ont besoin d'expier leurs crimes par des torrents de larmes, et de qui la pénitence est l'unique ressource et le seul asile qui les puisse mettre à couvert contre les traits de la colère de Dieu. Il y a donc tout sujet de craindre que le pécheur qui le choisit ne soit trompé, et que le démon ne l'y pousse pour le faire tomber dans le dernier excès de la dépravation, qui consiste à profaner les choses saintes et dans l'endurcissement qui en est la juste peine. Quiconque a irrité le Seigneur et scandalisé l'Église par une vie dissolue est si indigne du sacerdoce que les conciles lui en interdisent l'entrée, et le déposent pour toujours, s'il a péché depuis son ordination. Il faut qu'il se retire dans quelque solitude pour y pleurer toute sa vie, et pour guérir les profondes blessures que le monde lui a faites; il ne lui reste que les larmes, l'humilité, la pénitence. Médecin, lui peut-on dire, guérissez-vous-même (Luc, IV, 23). Hypocrite, ôtez la poutre de votre œil (Matth. VII, 5). Mon fils, avez pitié de votre âme (Eccli. XXX, 24); souvenez-vous que la vraie charité prend soin de ses propres besoins avant de penser à ceux des autres. Il ne sied pas bien à un homme percé de plaies de panser les blessés, à un homme qui est enfoncé dans la boue de nettoyer ceux qui sont sales. Un criminel de lèse majesté n'a-t-il pas bonne grâce de parler au prince pour ceux qui lui ont déplu? Qui est celui, dit saint Grégoire pape, qui, étant prié d'intercéder auprès d'une personne puissante qu'il ne connaîtrait pas, ne répondrait aussitôt: Je ne puis me charger de cette commission. Un homme n'ose être médiateur pour adoucir l'esprit d'un autre, parce qu'il ne se croit pas assez de ses amis ; comment donc osera-t-il implorer la miséricorde de Dieu et demander pardon pour un autre, lui qui sait qu'il a longtemps été l'objet de la colère de Dieu, et qui a sujet de craindre qu'il ne le soit encore ? Ne doit-il pas appréhender qu'au lieu de l'apaiser, sa prière ne soit un nouveau péché et ne l'irrite du plus au moins ? Mais il ne suffit pas d'entrer dans le sacerdoce par une légitime vocation, il en faut remplir tous les devoirs par une exacte fidélité, et par un zèle ardent pour le maître que l'on sert. C'est ce que nous admirons dans saint Étienne. À peine a-t-il reçu l'imposition des mains, et la grâce du ministère auquel il est attaché par les apôtres, qu'il brûle du zèle de la foi, il la prêche partout, il attaque des synagogues entières, il dispute avec les Juifs, il les convainc, il en convertit quelques-uns, et les autres, ne pouvant résister à la sagesse et à l'esprit qui parlent en lui, subornent des faux témoins pour le faire périr. Quelqu'un peut-être s'étonnera de ce que saint Etienne, n'ayant été choisi, comme il paraît au chapitre VI des Actes, que pour avoir soin des tables, ne s'applique qu'à la prédication de la parole de Dieu que les apôtres s'étaient réservée aussi bien que la prière : Nos soucis orations, et ministère verbal incessants (Act. VI, k). Mais pour se convaincre qu'en cela il ne faisait que suivre les mouvements du Saint-Esprit, il n'y a qu'à lire ce que dit saint Luc : Etienne, étant plein de force et de grâce, faisait de grands prodiges et de grands miracles parmi le peuple, et ceux qui disputaient contre lui ne pouvaient résister à la sagesse et à l'esprit qui parlaient par sa bouche. En faut-il d'avantage pour justifier sa conduite? En ces premiers temps où le sang de Jésus-Christ était encore tout bouillant, et semblable à un vin nouveau qui enivre ceux qui le boivent, on trouvait peu de fidèles qui ne brûlassent de zèle pour Jésus-Christ. On ne parlait que de lui et de ses disciples dans Jérusalem. Les Juifs non moins zélés pour Moïse, s'opposaient de tout leur pouvoir au progrès de l'Évangile, et les chrétiens se défendaient de toute leur force. Il est vrai que les apôtres s'étaient réservés la prédication, mais ils ne s'étaient pas moins réservés la prière, et comme cela n'empêchait pas les fidèles de prier, il ne les empêchait pas non plus de prêcher; chacun selon son état, les uns en public, les autres en particulier, les uns en enseignant, les autres en disputant, les uns par leur vocation et par la mission des apôtres, les autres par l'inspiration du Saint-Esprit à laquelle les miracles servaient de sceau et de garant. Chacun travaillait à la construction du nouveau temple que Dieu faisait bâtir dans Jérusalem : ils bâtissaient d'une main, combattaient de l'autre, et ceux qui ne pouvaient davantage, opposaient leurs ferventes prières aux ennemis de cette spirituelle construction. Les apôtres, qui ne cherchaient que l'avancement de la foi, laissaient travailler tous ceux que le Saint-Esprit poussait, et pourvu qu'on annonçât Jésus Christ, ils ne regardaient ni par qui, ni comment il était annoncé. C'est ce qu'on ne saurait trop admirer dans les apôtres et dans les hommes aposto liques: ils prêchaient devant trois ou q.uatre personnes avec autant de zèle que devant trois ou quatre mille. Que dis-je? Jésus Christ no s'arrêta^ t-il pas longlemps pour mi ORATEURS SACRES. TREUVE. instruire une seule femme et pour la convertir, quoiqu’il fût fatigué et qu’il eût bien soin de manger, pour nous apprendre qu’il n’est point d’âme, quelqu’un qu’elles soient aux yeux des hommes, qui ne méritent qu’un vrai Divin maître de Jésus-Christ lui sacrifie son temps, ses soins, sa santé, sa vie même? Ne soyons donc plus surpris de ce que saint Élieenne a préféré l’instruction, qui est la nourriture des âmes, à celle qui ne conserve que les corps. Apprenons de lui à estimer cet emploi plus que tous les autres. Ne croyons pas qu’il suffise à un prêtre de dire la messe et son bréviaire; c’est là, j’en conviens, une partie des fonctions du sacerdoce. Mais ce n’en est ni la plus difficile ni la plus nécessaire. Il faut que le prêtre s’en acquitte, mais sans négliger les autres. Voici quelles fonctions lui sont prescrites par l’évêque dans sa consécration. Le prêtre doit baptiser, prêcher, offrir le sacrifice, lier et délier. La prédication est donc un de ses principaux devoirs; il ne peut ni ne doit négliger les occasions de le remplir. Celui qui ne peut pas prêcher peut faire des catéchismes; celui qui n’ose parler publiquement dans l’église peut parler en particulier à un malade dans l’Hôtel-Dieu, à un prisonnier, à un domestique, à un parent. C’est de l’aumône spirituelle qu’il est encore plus vrai que de la corporelle ce que a dit saint Augustin : Que celui qui a le cœur plein de charité a toujours de quoi donner; et, ce que a dit Jésus Christ même : Vous aurez toujours des pauvres avec vous, et il vous sera facile de leur faire du bien. L’oisiveté où une infinité d’ecclésiastiques passent leur vie est la source des scandales qui déshonorent un état si saint et si digne de respect. Après avoir accompli les charges principales du bénéfice ou de l’emploi que l’on possède, un ecclésiastique doit instruire les pauvres et s’appliquer à toutes les bonnes œuvres dont Dieu lui présentera les occasions. Comment les prêtres pourraient-ils négligencer l'instruction, s'il est vrai que les laïcs même y sont tenus en diverses rencontres, comme saint Chrysostome et saint Augustin l'enseignent en termes exprès. Car ces deux saints ne craignent pas de dire que les pères et les mères sont les évêques de leur famille et qu'ils doivent faire, pour le salut de ceux qui la composent, tout ce que les évêques font dans l'Église, c'est-à-dire prier, instruire, exhorter, reprendre, menacer, punir, conseiller, en un mot tout ce que la charité inspire. Les voisins mêmes doivent avoir du zèle pour le salut les uns des autres ; car Dieu les a chargés, dit le Sage, du soin de leur prochain : Et commanda-t-il à chacun de prendre soin de son prochain (Ecclesiaste, XVII, 12). On attribue à un apôtre cette belle sentence : Lorsqu'un chrétien péche, son voisin n'est pas moins coupable que lui, parce que c'est une marque qu'il n'a pas fait tout ce qu'il pouvait pour prévenir la chute de son frère. En un mot, le zèle pour la gloire de Jésus-Christ et pour le salut des âmes est une vertu nécessaire, en quelque degré, à tous les chrétiens, sans exception. Attirez à Jésus-Christ tous ceux que vous pourrez gagner, ou par vos discours, ou par vos exemples; pressez les hommes à temps et à contre-temps (1 Tim., IV, 2), et surtout vivez dans une sainte sollicitude, pour les personnes que la Providence a confiées à vos soins, puisque Dieu vous en fera rendre compte âme pour âme. Votre salut est presque entièrement attaché au leur. N'ayez donc point de repos, vous souvenant que celui qui n'a pas soin des siens est pire qu'un infidèle (1 Tim., V, 8). Ces obligations regardent les femmes aussi bien que les hommes. Car, quoiqu'il ne leur soit pas permis d'enseigner dans l'église, elles le peuvent dans les maisons. Et l'Apôré veut que celles qui sont âgées apprennent aux jeunes à se conduire avec beaucoup de sagesse; et il dit à celles qui sont mères qu'elles se sauveront par leurs enfants, en procurant qu'ils demeurent dans la foi, dans la charité, dans la sainteté et dans une vie bien réglée (I Cor., I, 35; Tit., II ; I Tim.). II, 15). Nous devons donc tous imiter le zèle de saint Étienne et soutenir comme lui les intérêts de Jésus-Christ dans les occasions qui ne sont que trop fréquentes. Car, combien de fois faut-il disputer aussi bien que lui avec la synagogue des libertins, avec les impies et les athées? La plupart des conversations du monde sont dangereuses; il ne cesse d'y répandre le poison de ses pernicieuses maximes. C'est alors que nous devons nous élever avec notre saint et combattre pour Jésus Christ. La foi nous doit remplit de force et de sagesse pour convaincre ces ennemis de Dieu, pour les confondre et les rendre ridicules auprès de ceux mêmes qui avaient du penchant pour eux. La honte, en ces occasions, est un crime. Si quelqu'un rougit de moi et de mes paroles, dit notre divin Maître, le Fils de l'Homme rougira aussi de lui lorsqu'il vienne dans sa gloire et dans celle de son Père et des saints anges (S. Luc, IX, 26). Ayons donc, je le répète, ayons du zèle pour notre Dieu, écoutons sa parole avec avidité et avec soumission; faisons part à tous ceux que nous fréquentons des vérités qu'elle contient. Mais si nous sommes fidèles à ce devoir, attendons-nous à être persécutés comme saint Étienne, et voyons dans sa conduite les vertus qu'il faut pratiquer en ces jours de tentation et d'épreuve. C'est ce qui fera le sujet de ma seconde partie. Quoique tous les hommes fassent profession d'aimer la vérité, et que par une suite nécessaire ils soient obligés d'aimer ceux qui la prêchent, la vérité n'ait pas tous les jours des succès, et les prédicateurs seraient les plus malheureux des hommes, s'il n'y avait point d'autre vie que celle-ci. On aime la vérité en général, mais nos passions, qui nous préviennent et qui nous indisposent contre ce qui les choque, nous font souvent mettre le mensonge en la place de la vérité, et celle-ci en la place du mensonge. Nous appelons bon ce qui est mauvais et doux ce qui est amer, nous prenons les ténèbres pour la lumière et saint Luc dit, qu'à ces paroles ils eurent l'erreur pour la vérité; celle-ci n'a pas moins d'ardeur que de lumière, et c'est ce qui la rend désagréable et difficile à suivre. Les hommes, dit saint Augustin, aiment la lumière que la vérité répand, mais ils ne peuvent souffrir son ardeur à les reprendre: Amant luciden, oderestit relentent. Qu'elle découvre la beauté de la vertu en général, nous l'admirons, mais si elle parle de nos vices, elle nous devient insupportable. C'est ce qui fait que les prédicateurs, qui la disent librement et hardiment, ne sont pas si goûtés que ceux qui la déguisent. Dites-nous des choses agréables, disaient les Juifs au prophète Isaïe, que votre œil voie des erreurs pour nous, éloignez de nous l'œil de Dieu, détournez de nos pas ce sentier étroit (XXX, 10); trompez-nous en nous flattant, et ne nous chagrinez pas en nous disant des choses désagréables. Je suis devenu votre ennemi, dit saint Paul aux Galates, en vous disant la vérité (Gal. IV, 16). C'est ainsi que saint Étienne s'attira la haine des Juifs. Ne pouvant le surmonter par la dispute, ils émourent le peuple, les sénateurs, et les docteurs de la loi, et, se jetant sur lui, ils l'entraînèrent et l'emmenèrent au conseil (Act. VI, 12). Le voilà entre leurs mains, captif et prisonnier. On produit contre lui de faux témoins, qui disent : cet homme ne cesse de parler contre le lieu saint et contre la loi; car nous lui avons ouï dire, que ce Jésus de Nazareth détruira ce lieu-ci, et changera les ordonnances que Moïse nous a laissées (13). Voyons donc de quelle manière il se défend, parce que son exemple doit servir de règle en de pareilles occasions. J'y remarque deux choses, qui ne manquent jamais de se trouver dans les hommes apostoliques : une grande liberté jointe à une grande charité, beaucoup de force, encore plus de patience ; des manières de parler qui paraissent dures, et une douceur invincible. Il représente à tous ses ennemis les bienfaits innombrables qu'ils ont reçus, dans tous les siècles, de la bonté de Dieu, et leur extrême ingratitude ; et il finit son discours par les reproches les plus durs et les plus capables de les humilier. Têtes dures et inflexibles, leur dit-il, hommes incirconcis de cœur et d'oreilles, vous résistez toujours au Saint-Esprit, et vous êtes tels que vos pères ont été. Qui est le prophète qu'ils n'ont pas persécuté ? N'ont-ils pas tué ceux qui leur prédisaient l'avènement du Juste ; et n'est-ce pas ce Juste que vous venez de trahir et de faire mourir ? Vous, qui avez reçu la loi par le ministère des anges, et qui ne l'avez point gardée (Ibid.). V. 1. Quelles paroles! Quels éclairs! Quels coups de foudre et de tonnerre! Peut-on porter la hardiesse et la force plus loin? N'y a-t-il pas même de l'excès? Ce grand Martyr a-t-il bien gardé toutes les règles de la modération et de l'humilité chrétienne? Ne manque-t-il pas au respect dû au prince des prêtres et aux sénateurs devant qui il parlait? Ne devait-il pas craindre de les irriter de plus en plus, et d'attirer quelque grande persécution sur l'Église naissante? En effet, ils étaient dans une rage qui leur déchirait le cœur, et qu'ils grinçaient les dents contre lui. Au même temps, ajoute saint Luc, il s'éleva une grande persécution contre l'Église de Jérusalem; et tous les fidèles, excepté les apôtres, furent dispersés en divers endroits de la Judée et de la Samarie (Ibid. 51, VIII, 2). À juger humainement, et par les effets du discours de saint Étienne, on le condamnerait comme trop fort et comme venant d'un zèle outré ; mais le même saint Luc dit que c'était un homme plein de fuit et de force, rempli du Saint-Esprit ; que c'était la sagesse même et l'esprit de Dieu qui parlait par sa bouche ; tout ceux qui étaient dans le conseil, ayant les yeux sur lui, son visage leur parut comme le visage d'un ange (Cap. VII, 1, 6, 13). D'où il s'ensuit qu'il n'a point excédé dans les reproches qu'il leur fit, et si nous les trouvons trop forts, c'est que nous ignorons le droit que la sainteté et le zèle pour la gloire de Dieu donnent aux hommes apostoliques sur ceux qui abusent de leur pouvoir, et qui, au lieu de l'employer à défendre la vérité, ne s'en servent que pour l'opprimer. Il est des cas et des conjonctures où les ministres du Seigneur ne connaissent plus personne, parce qu'il s'agit des intérêts de Dieu, pour qui il faut tout sacrifier. La générosité chrétienne fait et dit alors bien des choses que la prudence charnelle ne saurait approuver. Mais, dit saint Paul, si je voulais plaire aux hommes, je ne sera plus serviteur de Jésus Christ (Gai. 1, 10). Lévites, disait Moïse dans une de ces occasions dont je parle, soyez bénis ; vous avez consacré votre main au Seigneur, vous, qui avez dit à vos pères : Nous ne savons qui vous êtes ; et à vos frères : Nous ne vous connaissons pas (Exod. XXII, 29; Deut. XXXII, 9). Phinées apaisa la colère de Dieu en tuant deux impudients. Je sais que dans la loi de grâce il n'est plus permis de tuer les pécheurs, mais il est permis de les reprendre, et de faire mourir en eux les passions par le glaive de la parole de Dieu. Il est vrai qu'il faut être assuré que c'est lui qui nous inspire ces vives répriminations, et prendre garde à ne pas substituer à un zèle éclairé une humeur aveugle et bizarre, et une colère violente et injuste. D'ordinaire, ces grandes actions de générosité sortent autorisées par des miracles, et il n'y a que l'esprit de Dieu qui les puisse juger. La sagesse des hommes les condamne parce qu'elle les appréhende; elle n'a de zèle ni de courage, que pour les objets de ses passions; c'est ce qui est cause qu'elle se déclare toujours pour les abus, et plaide si bien leur cause, qu'il n'est jamais à propos, si ou l'en croit, de les réprimer. C'est elle qui ferme la bouche à ceux qui sont obligés, par toutes sortes de raisons, de parler et de reprendre. C'est elle qui change les pasteurs en idoles et en chiens muets qui n'oseraient crier contre le vice. Israël, dit le prophète, tes sentinelles sont des aveugles et des muets, ils n'ont que de fausses visions, et ils ne cessent de témoigner. tromper en disant: "La paix, la paix, bien qu'il n'y ait point de paix pour les impies", dit le Seigneur (Isa., LVI, 10; Tliren., II, 13). Aujourd'hui, dit sainte Thérèse, la prudence est la seule vertu dont on recommande la pratique. Sans son attachement, les autres n'osent agir; ainsi le zèle pour la maison de Dieu, qui dévorait les prophètes, passe pour une imprudence qui ne produirait que du mal. Il n'est presque plus permis de parler pour la vérité ni pour la justice. Cet homme de vérité suspect, et on le craint, parce qu'il est zélé, il gâchera les affaires, il se rendra inutile et même pernicieux. À ce tribunal de la prudence du siècle, Étienne eût passé pour un homme emporté, la plupart des martyrs et des saints évêques pour des imprudents. Mais cette prudence que nous élevons si haut, n'est-elle point la sagesse terrestre, animale et diabolique dont saint Jacques a parlé? n'est-ce pas cette impiété et cette injustice qui retient la vérité captive, comme dit saint Paul? Quelques-uns se justifient sur la différence des temps qui oblige les sages à suivre d'autres règles que les saints. Les temps sont changés, il est vrai, mais Dieu est immuable, mais la vérité est éternelle, mais la générosité chrétienne est une vertu commandée. Chacun doit, selon son état et selon ses forces, procurer la gloire de Dieu et le salut de ses frères, réprimer les méchants, aider les gens de bien, soutenir l'innocence, arrêter l'injustice. Les personnes constituées en dignité y sont encore plus obligées que les autres. Ne vous faites point juge, si vous ne vous sentez assez de force pour renverser Viniquié. Combattez jusqu'à la mort pour défendre la justice (Eccl., IV, 33). Ne craignez jamais rien quand il s'agit d'obeir à Dieu. Ne craignez pas ceux qui peuvent tuer le corps, et qui, après cela, n'ont plus de mal à faire, mais celui qui peut tourmenter le corps et l'âme dans la géhenne du feu. C'est celui-là, vous dis-je, que vous devez craindre (Luc, XII, 6).
| 1,436 |
https://github.com/hugoalh-studio/unit-convert-nodejs/blob/master/lib/pressure/class.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
unit-convert-nodejs
|
hugoalh-studio
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 205 | 795 |
const advancedDetermine = require("@hugoalh/advanced-determine");
/**
* @private
* @const {object} pressureUnitMap
*/
const pressureUnitMap = {
"at": "TechnicalAtmosphere",
"AT": "TechnicalAtmosphere",
"atm": "StandardAtmosphere",
"ATM": "StandardAtmosphere",
"atmosphere": "StandardAtmosphere",
"Atmosphere": "StandardAtmosphere",
"ba": "Bar",
"Ba": "Bar",
"bar": "Bar",
"Bar": "Bar",
"pa": "Pascal",
"Pa": "Pascal",
"pascal": "Pascal",
"Pascal": "Pascal",
"psi": "PSI",
"PSI": "PSI",
"standard atmosphere": "StandardAtmosphere",
"Standard Atmosphere": "StandardAtmosphere",
"technical atmosphere": "TechnicalAtmosphere",
"Technical Atmosphere": "TechnicalAtmosphere",
"torr": "Torr",
"Torr": "Torr"
};
/**
* @private
* @const {string[]} pressureUnitList
*/
const pressureUnitList = moreArray.removeDuplicate(Object.values(pressureUnitMap));
class Pressure {
/**
* @constructor
* @param {number} inputValue
* @param {string} [inputUnit="Pascal"]
*/
constructor(inputValue, inputUnit = "Pascal") {
if (advancedDetermine.isNumber(inputValue) !== true) {
throw new TypeError("inputValue", "number");
};
if (advancedDetermine.isString(inputUnit) !== true) {
throw new TypeError("inputUnit", "string");
};
inputUnit = pressureUnitMap[inputUnit];
if (typeof inputUnit !== "string") {
throw new RangeError("inputUnit", "Unknown/Uncovered unit.");
};
if (inputUnit === "Pascal") {
this.pascal = inputValue;
} else {
this[inputUnit.toLowerCase()] = inputValue;
this.pascal = require(`./${inputUnit.toLowerCase()}-pascal.js`)(inputValue);
};
pressureUnitList.forEach((element) => {
if (element !== "Pascal" && element !== inputUnit) {
this[element.toLowerCase()] = require(`./pascal-${element.toLowerCase()}.js`)(this.pascal);
};
});
};
/**
* @method
* @param {string} [outputUnit="Pascal"]
* @returns {number}
*/
to(outputUnit = "Pascal") {
outputUnit = pressureUnitMap[outputUnit];
if (typeof outputUnit !== "string") {
throw new RangeError("outputUnit", "Unknown/Uncovered unit.");
};
return this[outputUnit.toLowerCase()];
};
};
module.exports = Pressure;
| 8,589 |
sn85038614_1898-09-28_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,898 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,085 | 10,385 |
. THE RICHMOND DISPATCH-SATURDAY. OCTOBER 1, 1898. _ THE RICHMOND^DISPATCH. BY THE DISPATCH COMPANY. THK DATAT DISPA1C1 1" delivered to eutecrlber. at FIFTY GW H* month, payable to ?he earner eree** in,!.:!,!, Balled at ? per annum, pays blo m edreaeei B tor *" m>'uU"- "il l??luweBjmBthe;llceBalor^"~ >*ricc per copy. ! cent?. Trie VSF.F.M.Y DISPATCH nt IV per ThTsUNPAV IdSFAT.H at B? P? annum, or B rents for six months Subscriptions in Bl '?"V^?f, r avance, and M P*~ eO.tta.0d tf? ta. expiration of,he time,aia. post-office money order, check, or? * Jit,: i.ttcr. Correa > seal bi m.u *m It a >..- risk of tb WIShSPK IhetC Po, -?be ;,ve their old as w,.lnsthcir.,w pos. offlcc. Sasajde copies free. Ai.vERTieiNO HAT** jiai.k P*CH ?'ii i-':ss- ^ % u 1 time........... 1 B Itlmiis..-.'"". ||f 3 times. .......... I " I f times."" U times. '"' _ l0 w 1 month. i months . pj I ii. ss wants .'* frosted Mtuation. peysbU ? ad : . , Aboaa ratea bm f-r ".very daT or eO UI lllim iall running consecut.vely l,,ln?.,i?;i.,s!,.r<;,illnsmHHiMv,'. five line, or les,. 11:1? *? I'-1" five Unes or BOB, H <"lts- ,?,.?,?,, Card of ratOB for more space furnished on application. an lagtcra ami telesrama must be mV gs^led toTHl D18PATCB **?*?* Bajectad communications will net he retsnmed. ______ ah litters utiusamaadlnf candidates for office mUOtb, BBfd fur to insure their , ?blfcaiion. This is a Ion? Mamllng rule of ours._, Resolution al respect to dec mamb.rs paused by octetlea, con ti ms. or other organisa tiens ?fin I a ?ur as etfeeetielng matter _ n..T,m-N OfTICB, BBOAD*TBBBT PHABBACT, Bf ?AST BBOAD STREBT. BAMCHBSTBB 0FFICT6, ?B UV1>1< BTRBBT._ BATUBDA?.OOTOBEB 1, 1898. Formation of UN B? "Id do us a favor by myself; to the extent of any failure on the part of the carrier of our in. i money. Bancaster, or elsewhere. Ball subscribers are likewise invited to report to us whether their papers or irregularly. BSP-M i \hi.i: \\ ii FIBSfBf. The esteemed contemporary, the Providence (B I) Tournai, referring to our concern that the argument against such slavery by still the primary one against annexation of the Philippines, that that is easy enough to assert. but asks, "I am the Dispatch prove it?" "How," It continues, "are we going to get into any sentimental by taking over the legitimate? The cause let us take the testimony of Washington, the accepted father of the doctrine against entangling alliances and who ought, we think, to be still in the standing to some standing in court. After jokingly forth that Europe and a set of priorities, which to us have none or very remote relation, and declaring that it would be unjust for us to have ... ursalres in European politics, Washington says: "If we can make one people under an act, the act is not far off when we say defy material injury from external enemy; when we may take such an attitude will cause the neutrality we may at any time receive upon to be unequivocally regarded; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making such sessions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when we insist upon peace or war as our interest. Balded by justice, shall counsel why treat the aggressions of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand on foreign ground? Why, by interwoven, in our destiny with that of my part of Europe, entangle our souls and fervor in the toils of European ambition, rivalry, interest, humor, or capital. Here we have the germ and the inspiration of the Boston nine; for Washington not only wears us out to inter. Europe, an late rest and politics, but cautions us against inviting Europe to satisfaction upon us. To annex the Philippines would be to consult both of themselves. Nothing could be more legitimate than the supposition that if we attended to stride with Europe the primitive policy of the Senators' Washington, she would recognize us as primitive of this hemisphere, should it prove to her interest and in line, with the consummation of her ambition not to do so. And for the Governor of Washington's testimony, as above, we witness that part of the Blame of date of March 11, 1892: Quincy Adams, in which he states that testimony and Monroe doctrine and emphatic both. Surely, our New England friends, Against the contending forces, I cannot but accept Mr. Adams as a competent and intelligent witness. Fut, so < ill upon \\'ashlagtso agala. ii ?fjsJaot th- taridleoj wiles of for m'liiin. s .i eoojare you, fstiow-etti Bane, to bsBere me)i theJjaaloueyefe fret people ought to be rstmieiillj awake, aletory aasl . tat rsegoe prore thai ferstga laSasaci hi one o, ths most bane ful face <d i.puhlicaii ao'eminent." * j? tin aghl "f recent derelepments truly m ss"1 ; ?oom ih h \,.. ton .,,w u?i's 1er lino UM lutur.. Will ?t be thai h in aae foreign quarter, al UttU" I to stimuli, aattaa and Imperialistic senti meat m tin? eeemtryl And, consld ""' " far Bast of th ..< oa. srhlcb that ltiiiu.,,,,. ,;,,(Us (ti II be aoubted that this gr, ;""' ?"" freotis ' points to go animate od ths consequenl drawing of he I ?it. a ButSB Into the ma. ?str?m of ThU? mu.h In answer to our .ont,.,,, quewtieaa, Bowerer, s not glrea all el the teatlssoay el inHi?<ii against she aladeas o? a Jio,,.. An expansion that would safeguard the Asiatic group. The most ardent defender of imperialism admits that the annexation of the Philippines would necessitate a vast increase in our standing army. What does Washington say as bearing upon that administration? Hear him: "I, likewise, they (the United States) will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to its political liberty." So, we say in conclusion, that although we may not have proved our cause to the satisfaction of our contemporary, we have, we think, at least shown that there are very important ways of establishing our position on our side, and that Imperialism and new statesmanship are a little vulnerable. It is more than possible that the United States, in its present state of affairs, will have ample means, and it has purchased a large tract of Bedmar where Litch Street joins the Hermit Road. It purposes erecting its office buildings not far from the road and nearly parallel to the railroad. Opposite the brewery; but the plans will be drawn from the road and on the north of the creek a spur track will be run from the Ensorickburg railroad, and the entire equipment of the yards will be made, and good. We understand that a hotel, or lodging-house, will be built for the accommodation of drovers; a provision now general at the stock-yards in the great cities. A reliable supply of water will be available and the company has petitioned our city council to let them become a patron of waterworks. Doubtless, their request will be granted. Other large industrial interests are allowed to have city water. With the establishment of these stock, one will be relieved of the abominable balance of having droves of stock taken through our streets. More than usual, upon arriving here, will be much better attended to than now. A cattle train, upon reaching the stockyards, will find men in waiting there to feed the animals. The stock will not be imprisoned indefinitely in close proximity, but will be promptly turned loose into lots. Again, it will then be much more inspected cattle intended for our market than it is now. The convenience of travelers, buyers, etc., will, of course, be greatly promoted. Two years ago, it was stated highly improbable that such an organization as this could be formed. There were many interests to be consulted; many prejudices to be moved; much work to be done in organizing investors that it would pay. All of that now belongs to the past. The dockyard are assured. Next spring they will be in actual operation, and we feel sure the result will be beneficial to all. DOUBTFULNESS, we shall then do a great deal. Get cattle business, and cattle will here and be butchered in better condition. Yes; It is going to be a fine thing for Richmond, and, we hope and believe, or those who have put money into the enterprise. OBSERVER ABB M'COY. Grim Vassar war has again emblesish Its wrinkled front with a few additional National kinks, and the rumblings of his Board are heard throughout the land. Two Blightly Levites have met, and the world has trembled at the onslaught. In plain, only by-day language, the once "gnat and only" James Corbett has Mea kicked by his hated antagonist, "Kid" McCoy, and what is more shocking still, the "Quondam champion of America's fistic ring has had his hat removed from his head by the foot of it, whose appellation suggests a juvenile goat. It all happened a few days ago in a small hostelry known as the Gilsey House, in the city of New York. By a mischance he blatant pair of unfought fighters net in that hotel, and after some feeble motive of politeness on the part of their respective suites, one Cray, referring to the muffle demonstrated "scrap," which is on the tapis, said unto Pompa lour Jim "I don't think you want to let." To make a remark of this kind to a gentleman who is a pugilist by profession as like accusing a lawyer of not recognizing a fee simple estate when he stood on the strict, and even now we can not Jim's stentorian tones as he thundered in reply, "What's that?" And so, we can, even as we write, hear him. This supplemental language as he declared, "I'll fight him now and right here." A fee too soon later, the chivalry "Kid" started up, and administered unto the last of his pugnacious Corbett a certain light, which sent the headgear spinning with frightful velocity. IBM has >-,-t be.n told. A mom,ni after Btrdl tht sime foot of the same "Kid" lag dOSp into the groin of Sullivan's ,.,?. lUeror, and then, uniting with its lit, mpanion. sped th.- rit ilcitrant McCoj ? le entra?e?' of the hotel. Th.- tweet-terapered victim of this de trading ?pedal assault had no opportu nity for revenge, for his peaceful friends. nnelllng Ore ar?J brltaatoae at the oat. let ?f the meeting, seized and held him, c that the peace and dignity of th? ' in.no.iweaith might be preserved |m naculate. Hut oh: that words could ex iress the pent-up wrath which surges hj li" bosom of the battered pugilist. None can predict what the future will -ring forth, but the public Is relieved iomt thing important had to happen after he war te loosen the tOBatOS, and now BO body politic breathes easier. Wt await with bated breath the 9,??, luiuiis of threats ar.,1 journa li.-tic ?,'. s which will follow the Incident Ad ne in while we shall study up the ?roepecta for foot-ball. In time of ?.(' pitpare for war. The Chesapeake and Ohio railway re crts gross earnings for August of pj <jat S .m men as?- ,,f |H,?j>| M eom?pnred with - ?MOM month of last year, and net 1 I'l.'i? ase of yp.i.?ja, yIIT t)li, | lotiths ending Aagasi Bet the eroea irnings were Iewv.km. an (aerean? el compared with the correspond is period Of lust year, ami net JTui 'i'l ?St of L'l,607.-Th? .\'ew York Bun Wt arc fAu<l to see this ?talement." j| ?" mages us m hope that the company's n.m- Ial condition will noon be such as ill testify It In beginning work on a new Mtoager depot here. It is Tax-Payer Vul. Wyes, against Tax-Payer Botee for the governorship of New York now, and the World so certain it. There ought not to be any doubt that the New York State Board of Equalization would come and so we are surprised to hear the suggestion of the New York State Board of Equalization. The Firemen's Association, and, according to the statement of a paper published in that enterprising city, "the town is theirs till they shake the dust from their feet." In Richmond and the larger cities, where the firemen are paid, we boast the same importance to this class of citizens that they enjoy in other towns, but our brethren in the smaller municipalities realize their worth and take a personal pride in the men. Indeed, the firemen will always hold a unique position in American history and in the hearts of the American people. Whether paid or not, the work of these brave fellows is most important one, and the good they do is incalculable. In a certain sense, they never sleep, but are eternally the servants of the public, ready and anxious to risk their lives. If necessary, in checking the devouring element, which is one of man's worst and most destructive enemies. The local companies throughout the State are well drilled and efficient. Under the first lessons, the firemen's Association has been instrumental in bringing about a better fire in Richmond and the surrounding areas. are in the importance of concerted action and cool headwork. They do not rush pell-mell to a fire and attack it at will, but work together as harmonious parts of a well-ordered piece of machinery. Without them, the smaller towns, which are unable to have paid departments and expensive apparatus, would always be at the mercy of the incendiary and the careless individual who scatters sparks regardless of the direful consequences which generally follow such wanton. We might even go so far as to say that in his proper sphere, the volunteer fireman is more useful than the volunteer soldier. He does not enjoy the same eclat, nor is he so ornamental, but when bravery, courage, and judgment are to be tested, he stands pre-eminent. His good deeds, if reduced to a cash valuation, would mount up into the millions, while his compensation, though not to be reckoned in dollars and cents, is the best of all rewards—the consciousness of duty well and faithfully performed. The consensus of newspaper opinion is against the selection of any one to lead Miss Winnie Davis in the title of "The Daughter of the Confederacy." General John B. Wilson, who bestowed upon Miss Davis this sobiography, and who is the Grand Commander of the United Confederate Veterans, is also opposed to any one's subjecting to that title. That is the practical, and the sentimental view as well. The name "Miss Winnie" became the only child born in "the White House of the Confederacy," and because she was the only child born in "the White House of the Confederacy," and because she was the only child born in "the White House of the Confederacy." The pet of her father in his old age. Both could anyone else fill her place in the affection of our veterans. Of lovely and lovable young women who are daughters of distinguished Confederates, and who are dear to our Confederate organizations and to all our people, there are not few, but there is no other Winnie Davis. Her history and her title are unique, and it is her right to be remembered as the first and last of that name. Cleveland is situated in the very center of a district in which more than four million baskets of grapes, for the table use, will be marketed this year. That is, a crop of about thirty-six million pounds, or 18,600 tons. Those facts speak, especially unfortunate, in this part of the country, that foolish talk of the danger of causing appendicitis by eating the seeds of grapefruit has spoiled the pleasure which many persons would otherwise have in a multitude of the bounty of nature which is manifested every year in the vineyards around Cleveland. Abnormal sugar has become so fashionable that the vermiform appendix has required unnatural and somewhat fictitious interest for millions of Americans who live in grape-growing sections. The Cleveland Leader. Dr. Hunter Beggar, of Richmond, stated a year or two ago that he had performed a great number of operations for appendicitis, and in no case had he found the much-feared grape seed. The grape seed theory, in short, is one of those theories that "ain't so." A dispatch to the London Daily Mail from Cape Town says General Kitchener has cabled to Cecil Rhodes the question: "When are you coming up?" This is probably a joke, but it is a prophetic one. If Rhodes has, he will, "get there." That is as certain as that the Khalifa has been smashed and the Sirdar has raised the Egyptian flag over Fashoda. On with the trolley railway line to deep water and other regions! It's a "hummer," so to speak. We would like to see it practically "to hum," as the Yankees say, in the case of every dweller within fifty miles of Richmond, or over a wider area, with this city always, as the center of the system. And now we have a concern for it. (Marion District 11) Both editors of the Democrat, together with several other Marion papers, spoke down to Abington on Monday to hear the joint discussion between Rhea and Walker, congressional candidates. We will be disappointed in this by reason of Walker's tri-nals being afraid for him to discuss, but we heard Judge Ulna's magnificent speech in which both sides were shot down so thick and fast that we surely read the wisdom of General Walker's friends in keeping him out of range, mingled with Washington county citizens freely, and we agreeably surprised to find the county united and enthusiastic for Rhea. All reports to the contrary may be put down as false. Rhea sealed the fate of the county Monday, and has a full share of the same. Mark his words. Georgia and Alabama Famine. The earnings and expenses of the Georgia and Alabama railway for August, compared with the same month last year, are as follows: Mileage, $18.88, $18.88, $18.88 Gross earnings, $18.88, $18.88; increase, $18.92 per cent. Operating expenses and taxes, $18.87; $18.87, $18.63; increase, $18.72 per cent. Net earnings, $18.68, $18.38; $18.39. Increase, $10,775,08 per Fill. _?_ Much in Little is especially true of Hood's Pills, for no radical ine ever contained so great curative power in to small space. They are a whole medicine Hood's Best, always ready, always efficient, always at a-ays efficient; prevent a cold or fever, cure all liver ills, lick headache, Jaundice, constipation, etc. 29c The only Fills to take with Hood's Sarsaparilla Pills Made from pure cream of tartar. Safeguards the food against alum Alum baking powders are the greatest means to health of the present day. Tin: ockadi: iity. Sail XeWg?Hna Seen Long Service Balsam, PBTBR8BUBO, VA., September 30 (special.)-A telegram received here announces the death in Partit Amboy, B. J., on Wednesday night of Mrs. Nannie Kearny, wife of Mr. J. Lawrence Kearny, quit-suddenly, of her late-disease. Mrs. Kearny was formerly Miss Annie Rowlett, daughter of the late John Hewlett, of this city. She was a lady of striking and handsome appearance, a devoted member of and an untiring worker in the Episcopal church, and was a great favorite in Petersburg's best society. She was widely known and beloved for her many traits of true womanhood, a sister, and a niece reside in New York. Mrs. Kearny's health had been delicate for some time. Her funeral took place at Perth Amboy this morning. Judge Mullen has rendered a decision in the suit of W. D. Smith, of this city, against the Adujan (Mich.) Furniture Company, argument in which was heard in Chambers' trial, on the days of the trial. The plaintiff was represented by Hon. W. P. Kenney, and the defendant company by Bartlett Roper, Esq. The plaintiff filed a demurrer to the petition of the two banks of Adrian, assignees of the Furniture Company, which was sustained. The judge, however, granted the company permission to amend their petition. The case involved the validity of the deed of assignment, and it is thought the court's permission to amend the petition may be held valid. The case involves the validity of the deed of assignment, and it is thought the court's decision will be held valid. Apropos of the purchase of two fresh horses for the use of the fire department of this city, it may be said that one of the department's engine horses has been in active and continuous service for twenty-five years, and is instantly alert to every alarm. This horse was brought here with the first fire engine purchased by the city, and is now in active operation for the remainder of his life. From what can be learned from the old Confederate veterans in this city, there is a decided opposition to conferring the title of "Daughter of the Confederacy" in any lady, as the successor of Miss Winnie Darts. Of course, there is a division of opinion in the matter, but there are many of the veterans who think there should properly be but one. "Daughter of the Confederacy," and that title exists with the death of Miss Davis. Captain John Lamb, of the Richmond district, will speak during the campaign several places in this district, in behalf of Mr. James. There are many applicants for the vacancies from the Fourth Ward. The Council will have to elect. NORFOLK, VA., September 10.-The Governor Campbell, of Ohio, has been here for several days interviewing the principal capitalists of this region. It is said that his object is a resurrection of the old Virginia Pea Trust on a national scale. The trust will, it is stated, compels all the dealers in the South and West, and will employ every large capital and systematically control the trade. The BOSTON industry is one of the largest in Virginia, and the organization of the trust will secure its benefits. Lombated by the tarasen who produce nuts, be sure to make a stiffer and better price will be the rule. Bany of the sailors who served on the battleship Maine, captured the prizes at the Hornet, Wasp, Hawk, and Shaw have presented their applications through attorneys, it is rumored that an early adjustment of the claims will be given to the Navy Department. Fire in Clare County. BARRETT, VA., September 8 - Special.) At an early hour this morning, the barn of J. A. Christman, near White Oak, York County, was burned. Twenty tons of hay, 80 bushels of wheat, and the remainder of the farming utensils of Mr. Christman's warehouse were insured. The barn and contents were insured in the Mutual, of London, for $50,000. The wheat was insured in the same company to its full value. The building was ablaze when the fire was discovered, and it was only by the efforts of the part of Mr. Christman and his young son, who fought for three hours, that other buildings were saved. The dwelling house was also saved. The fire is supposed to have been started by incendiary fires. Charlottesville Rate. CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA., September (Special.)—Br. William C. Christmas, of Mr. John W. Christmas, of this city, has just been appointed superintendent of the Kanawha and Michigan railroad. He began as a messenger boy in his eighty-three years ago in the same company. The Southern railway under Captain Lawson, then superintendent of the South, succeeds Superintendent J. H. Lawson, resigned. Br. Dawson is now of this county. Captain R. B. Lee sflchle, of General Itshugh Lee'a staff. Seventh Army Corps, very ill at tbe residence of Captain H. lay BlChle, In this county. The niarrtage of Br. Douglas McGregor. ' this Ity, and Mi's .Minnie i; lughter of Mr. T. W. Ooodloe, is aa .1 for October IL'th. Bengtor H. 1>. Flood was In this efty ?-day. Supreme t'ourl ?if Appro!?. PTAt'NTON. VA.. September M.-lSpe al.)?Thl? was th" business before the ilpreme COUTt of Appeals to-day: The ise of the City of Hajrisonhurg against ohn * Holl.r. from the Circuit Court of ockingham countv. am', tin- case of it. lyres against John R. Hite, from the ircuii Court of Augusta county, were mtinTied to the next term. ,\ p. i'Mon for a rehearing was fJad in !.. case of O. ReUSeUS against .1. ?'. awson. Ouard. etc. The ?'ourt adjourn i, to BSOet m Khhmond th? Sih of Bo mber. _ The Helor. Courleon?. (Farmville Herald.) The DUpatch ?ays Richmond will have ti.it? i water bef?is Prism fklward wtii ive mudbss roads, our eorgratulatlons ir i apital dty, the pride of all Virginia, entitled t<> ,h?> best. -op Minister ('tired of Cholera MorbiiK. The Rev. W. B. Coetley, of Stockbridge, j.. while attending to his pastoral itles ut Ellenwood, that State, was at skad by cholera murbas B? says; "Bj macs I happened to get hold of a bottle Chamberiata's Cottc, cholera, and arrhoea Remedy, and I think It was i? mean? of saving my life. It relieved o at once." se 17-S'a,$uA\Vfr FEAST OF S?CCOTH. _J IHK rKST.il? SK.iSO* t'SHKRBD IS AT BETH AHiBA tfTBABBUVBL SERMON OX RIGHTEOUS REJOICINGS. Inlrrratlna 1 ?-rr mon lea That Will Be Continue?! tnttl the Canclaalre Fra?t, Hrvra Day? Hence?The ton quest of Heir. Huceoth, the Feast of Tabernacles, was assembled in at Beth Israel synagogue last evening, with appropriate services. The festival lasts for seven days, the first and last being specially observed. Rabbi K. X. calls on the subject "Righteous Rejoicing," taking his text from Leviticus xxii. 40: "Ye shall rejoice before the Lord." Eph said in part: The Jewish people are no longer an agricultural people; but the conditions which surround them from the soil were not of their own making, nor of discredit to them. On the contrary, it is an honor to them that they have preserved, through the migrations and the misery of the centuries the ceremonial which constantly reminded them of the injustices that were being left them. The ceremonial, however, has lost much of its original significance; its material asso. Its associations became refined to spiritual uses. As Israel himself, the better to accomplish his destiny, spread beyond the confines of a mere Palestinian tribe to become a world inhabitant, the true cosmopolitan, so have all his doctrines broadened beyond their primitive national borders, to become universal in Europe. A REIGN OF LIKE. Jtnlalsm Is above all things a religion of life. It provides for the crises and the commonplaces, it has not for the storm and the calm. As God in the beginning looked upon all things, and said "good," "doet Judaism look upon life and say that it is good, that it is gladness, full of sunshine, and of the song of birds and the fragrance of flowers." This lesson it taught by the success festival, and everywhere it sounds forth the melody of gladness and good cheer. Coming, as it does, immediately after Atonement Day, it means further, that there is a spiritual happiness, that is the harvest of atonement; a pure, deep, soul gladness, the fruit of penitence. The solemnity of the Atonement Day, is a barren and contrition, and even the many effects, are all wise and useful. But they are by no means to be permanent, not even to be prolonged. They give way to loyousness, and to the recognition that the relations between God and man are not those merely "of the stern Judge and the in mind, and more to those of the generous loving, benevolent Father, and His beloved child." AM INCONQUEBABLB OPTIMIST. The gloomy aspect that was so rampant in the Middle Ages did not touch the atmosphere of the blessedness. The atmosphere of the blessedness was not one that surrounded him, in spite of all his sufferings and misery, but has ever been an incomparable optimist, who fashions the rainbow of hope after every flood of misfortune. Who "rejoices before the Lord," even though he fell that the hand of the Lord may have rested heavily upon him. But the other thought in fact, that is, the center of the things here in we take our pleasure. Men differ in their rejoicing! So they do in their other habits. There is a morality in rejoicing as there is in the serious pursuits of life. We should rejoice in such pleasures as are morally chastis and what do we do. The satisfaction of our material appetites is a necessity of our existence and God in goodness has decreed that there shall even be a more pleasant season in the satisfying of them. THE MEANS AND THE END. But there is a vast difference between what is done for necessity, and what is done for indulgence. We must avoid mistakes. The means for the end. The means for the end. The means for the end. The means for the end. rren as the bread that wt i it It atstmi .it.-.] into tiic Mood. Bui the fault with aaay of us is. thai we continue to eat ?read even after the Mood has been nri'-heil and satisfied, b.-cause we like he bread tad its taste tlcklss our palate Th.. speaker mad.- a further applicat ion Of his thought t?, OUT national COB litions. Wt are rejoldng before <;?,?i be muse Bf the victories we hav?- a, Moved i nd laud We thOUld rejoice Ighteously in thsi are <i?> uol sllow our ,.|v.s to be misled by lust of conquest ,r greed for land. The greatest victory s that evt r temptation, the greatest coo? [nest, that of eelf. w il.il IBSBVBB. ontr.ict \v?!ir?!0?l?IHed nt an Ad \nneed Igt BtlOaaw wili.iamsherc,. va., Beptember B IpeciaL) The City School Board met to ny and awarded tht contract for h? ?tins i" Nicholson School buUding to I ;. Heal?-, of tins placa Extensive repalrt art befag mi ie "Math.-w Whaley Bedel and r chool" by tht college people, who own i property and conduct the school at m adjunct t?i th?- Chair of Pedag i?- college. -Xs * n lf is conducted un cr the faculty's tunsrvtalon by Hugh S. mi. a. H.. principal, a gratluata of the esbody Normal School, an.l Mls.s Eu y , Davis, BSslataBi prlnclp ti Mr. Oliv.-r P. Chltwood, from Rocky leant, Praaklln couoty, librarian of WH am ami Mary College, arrived this ni.tm ?j gad entered upon bit dettas. Nan? y aims, a realdent of Bruton Die let, Volk county, died yesterday; aged rears. Sot bad been a restdeai of the maty aU h?-r lif?-. Re? ri ateta n ici in lhe family lot ailjoining tht Old rn? s|, nd. Mr. E. W. Hope, Mr. John Lena, member of the Barahall Cornet and returned today from Newport, where they paraded with the Stone Hall band. Mr. Jack Hopkins, with his son, Mr. Lair, returned this morning from a visit to Mr. and Mrs. Edward Spencer, in Norfolk. Lieutenant Bagen, of the navy, spent yesterday in Newport. Miss Susan Webb, one of our most promising farmers, has gotten home from a visit to friends in Norfolk. Mr. William Oppenheimer, who has been stepping with Miss Marie Marshall for her home yesterday in Richmond, has been visiting her cousin, Miss Susie Warburton, of Richmond, visiting her cousin, Misses Barbara and Charlotte. Miss Annie Hampshire has returned to her home in Norfolk. Mr. J. M. Brooks, who has been quite ill, continues to improve, and Mrs. Barbara Para is expected much better today. Captain Stonewall J. Brooks of the Atlantic Coast Line, with boarders at the Chesapeake Bay, is here to visit his mother. Following the President, Tyler is expected home today from an extended visit through the counties in the Northern Neck. The Pensacola Bank people have been invited by the Host-office Department to help them locate in their hall-room, which is nearly completed. Proposed Alliance With Finland. If the United States and England should unite in alliance, the combined strength would be great that there would be the chances for enemies to overcome its own. A like manner, when men and women step up their bodily strength with Hosmer's Stomach Bitters, there is little chance of attack from disease. The old remedy resolutely enriches the blood, builds up the muscles, steadies the pores, and in cases the appetite. Try it. SCALES COVERED Head of Six Months' Old Baby. They Would Peel Off Taking The Hair with Them. Doctor & Remedies Did No Good Tried Cuticura. Hair Grow and New No Trace of Eczema. By baby was about six weeks old when the top of her head became covered with thick scales, which would peel and come off, taking the hair with it. It would soon form again and be as bad as before. I tried several things and then went to the doctor. He said it was Cuticura and prescribed an ointment, which did not do any good. A friend spoke of Cuticura Soap. I tried it and read on the wrapper about Cuticura Remedies for Eczema. I bought a box and washed her head in warm water and Cuticura Soap and gently combed the scales off. They did not come back, and her hair grew out fine and thick. She is now a year and a half old. A half-old and bal no trace of figures, you have my permission to publish my letter. Mrs. C. V. Rennell, Feb. 21, '68. Bancroft St., Bridgeport, Conn. Cramp BSBBMH tr-pri! With Instinct for to mathtr?. nurjf?. ami til harm the car? of chirim. To know that ting?-appointment will afford instant relief. Provi (r4C?ml?!r*p. and partial inap*e.lv cirr in th? molt torturing mil diiflgurlng of?Hin am?alpdiaraf?, with Iota of hair, and not to Ma BMi It to fill in your dutj. fine?ot Skis-Torti-iiiii Ram?! am. Itarr rot Time Heraaia? in? vtrm twith with Cens?e? so?r, ?ti 11 iinr.li" ippllen'inn of Cctici * [ointment], grtmVMt ofcinollunmnl akin MS Sold throughout th??nHd. r.iTTr? Dero.?nCiil?. Cour, "ol? Crop?. SV??0-v ->w.;io?.,.i.er Baor'a?Sta!'ia?a.i*a."mailed fr??. OLD III Uli \M? VICI\ITV, Mnrrinue In Kin? (?pnrge-Drnlli I!?1 |e Ion, Note?. rHKhKiu.-Ksiinn;. VA., feftember 30.-(Special.)-Miss Ida V. rflodO, sister of Dr. f. F. Binde, Treasurer or King? George County, and Mr. W. \Y. Brown, Clerk Of the County and Circuit courts. of that county, were married at Ring George Coarthouse Wednesday evening, Rev. T..1 W'r.iy performing the ceremony. Mony. The bride was given away by her brother, Mr. Charles Ninde, Deputy Treasurer, and the groom was attended by Mr. Wilson Ashton in his best man. Mr. Jos. P. S. M. was a well-known citizen of this city, died at his residence, on Liberty Street, last night, after an illness of several weeks. He was a native of Ireland, having resided for the past year. He leaves his wife and seven children, and was in the family of his age. His remains will be taken to the home of his brother, Mr. John P. Baton, near Rather Qlea, tomorrow and interment will be in the family burying ground. Rev. B. H. Rows, of Bowling Green, in the absence of Rev. J. P. Stump, of the Methodist church, who will assist in the dedication of a church in Woodstock Sunday, will preach for that divine Sunday morning and fight. The fair, which closed yesterday, was the most successful yet held, and with the exception of the exhibits to Jockeys, nothing was offered to mar the pleasures of the fair. Some time today, a party or parties entered the stable of Mr. P. K. Wise and took them from his black driving mare; also, bridle and harness. Despite his efforts to locate the horses, the animal could not be traced. Last night, however, he was found in one of the wagon-yards, but when or how he was there, there is unknown. When the owner of the yard went to supper, though, the bone was not there. The harness is not missing, and the appearance of the horse indicated that he had been roughly driven. The announcement here of the death of Captain John D. Treadwell, of Company K, Fourth Regiment, Immunes, which resulted at Camp Cuba on Wednesday night from pneumonia, was received with many regrets. During the encampment of the regiment here, Captain Treadwell was very popular, and made many friends. The W.F.D.V. in Fitchburg in Mr. Maule? A. Committee of the House of Representatives, Mr. Terribly burned. PRODUCE EXCHANGE, VA., September B.St.,?.ii.)?This evening between 1 and 3 o'clock several persons standing near the residence of Mrs. L. Cahill Observed smoke issuing from the front room of the building, and falling to receive say passes after repeated kicks at the door, which was locked, they forced an entrance. The sight which seized their game was horrifying. In the center of the room, near a big armchair, my Mrs. Cahill almost nude, and her burns were nearly to a crisp. Without making any examination, those who tried the room reported that she had been burned to death by her clothes catching fire from the grate. On arrival of the Coroner, however, it was that apparently no fire had been in the grate for some hours. Ab ion of the body was then made, and in turning it over a bullet-in-the-cart British bulldog pistol was found under her furtive examination than disclosed she herself through the breast, and after the bullet was located near her left shoulder. The fire is supposed to have been caused by the fire from the stove Mrs. Cahill was in the act of being, and widow of the widow of the widow of the deceased, Martin Cahill. The pistol with which he had been shot. She killed herself when on duty. One daughter, Blas, who, at the time of the occurrence, had been in the service of the United States, was killed by a mob. Mrs. A. M. Umerick, is aged and well-known in Christian, a Christian lady, died at her home on Sophia Street this evening. Ingering Illness in the bed near her home, Four children survive her. Mrs. Wesley L. Lumber and Mrs. Jane Shelton, of Stafford, have been in this city for several days. BATTLE BATTLE BATTLE. In the United States, September 8th, Senator T. B. Martin, of Virginia, has been mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives. He is currently in the Senate, having been a member of the House of Representatives for several years. Senator Martin is mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives. He is currently in the Senate, having been a member of the House of Representatives for several years. Senator Martin is mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives. He is currently in the Senate, having been a member of the House of Representatives for several years. Senator Martin is mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives. He is currently in the Senate, having been a member of the House of Representatives for several years. Senator Martin is mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives. He is currently in the Senate, having been a member of the House of Representatives for several years. Senator Martin is mentioned as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the House of Representatives. He is currently in the Senate, having been a member of the House of Representatives for several years. It is the Republican The? ,ck and other innovations, at the Navy-yard he made almost unanimous uestionably be constructed 8, Kramargf briI lientaeky. BBWFORT NEWS feptsmbeg fh? Special.)-The battleship KeaiaarSM ta la J received ru r smok.-'oks and now . presents a more formidable and complete appearance. The KsBtUCk) will receive tar smokestacks In the next few days. CLARKE COUNTY. The interest of W. Everhart in the proceedings of the 18th instant has passed and the perpetrator of the crime is still unknown. A report was made that St. Fa, the law of Everhart had been heard, and the jury, after hearing the evidence, was incorrect. The warrant was issued, and the jury, after hearing the evidence, was released. A summons was issued, and the case will be tried before Justice J. V. at Boyce, but no other trial has been decided. The case of the County Court has been set for trial, with the whole matter will be decided. The hearing of the case has been set for next Monday. The case of the County Court has been set for trial, with the whole matter will be decided. Preparatory. A revival in building started in Betseyville, the buildings are now in town. Mr. Herron B. Englishman, purveyor of a lot on South Church Street, has beautified a lot in the area. He is now erecting a new building with the plans of the company. Architect, band - it The modern concept of the town Frank I Talks up to the fort - much Which is credited At a recent meeting of the Camp of?on! leratt y l tions were in to Mrs. J. " and Bra J B B Bti have lately '"-!'lught i also appointed Commander M... re, Jr...lam H. Cattleman, and Tl n Kates to this at Culpeper on the 1st of i The loop worm. Wt have been toructive -., me of the North n II nipt b i crops troyed by l Baker Crian if tl tend the Virginia Polyi at Blackiburg, the con Tule) rit s." the ht E. E. Boyi In tl lyley Ing of H-'i i J Kurland, of W Ickltff? and Mary Page, Julletti Francis Burwell, end R Broun Md!?i nah k A driving party Bchley, of Bh< phi i u., htngton, and Mi J Jefferson county, W v.. \ >. S. Thorn PRICE or COTTON. Think? It Will Be Up Bit Borwood? NORFOLK, VA., B :lal.)?J. W. Perry, a BtOl cotton factor, president? Perry County, and the best large cotton had a tremendous impact on the price of cotton would now up within a few months. It will be the biggest crop he has ever known. Lastly, the judgment has been set aside for the sale of Bias in the celebrated Bankruptcy Bankruptcy, deceased. The bank's band and ten have been entered in which the plaintiff here in St. Louis last week.
| 3,549 |
https://github.com/KamillaGarifullina/symbiote.js/blob/master/esbuild.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
symbiote.js
|
KamillaGarifullina
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 46 | 188 |
import esbuild from 'esbuild';
const buildSequence = [
{
in: './core/symbiote.js',
out: './build/symbiote.min.js',
},
{
in: './core/BaseComponent.js',
out: './build/symbiote.base.min.js',
},
];
function build(buildItem) {
esbuild.build({
entryPoints: [buildItem.in],
format: 'esm',
bundle: true,
minify: true,
sourcemap: false,
outfile: buildItem.out,
target: 'es2019',
});
}
buildSequence.forEach((buildItem) => {
build(buildItem);
});
| 40,617 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17427867
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Соколов, Валентин Петрович
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 261 | 820 |
Соколов, Валентин Петрович
Соколов, Валентин Петрович это частный случай понятия человек
Соколов, Валентин Петрович место смерти Москва
Соколов, Валентин Петрович полученные награды Герой Советского Союза
Соколов, Валентин Петрович полученные награды орден Отечественной войны I степени
Соколов, Валентин Петрович полученные награды орден Ленина
Соколов, Валентин Петрович полученные награды орден Красного Знамени
Соколов, Валентин Петрович полученные награды орден Красной Звезды
Соколов, Валентин Петрович гражданство СССР
Соколов, Валентин Петрович дата рождения 1915
Соколов, Валентин Петрович дата смерти 1991
Соколов, Валентин Петрович фамилия Соколов
Соколов, Валентин Петрович место погребения Троекуровское кладбище
Соколов, Валентин Петрович война/сражение Польский поход РККА
Соколов, Валентин Петрович место рождения Харьков
Соколов, Валентин Петрович личное имя Валентин
Соколов, Валентин Петрович пол или гендер мужской пол
Соколов, Валентин Петрович принадлежность СССР
Соколов, Валентин Петрович код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1q6fhx2dn
Соколов, Валентин Петрович идентификатор Биография.ру sokolov-valentin-petrovich
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov is een mens
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov overlijdensplaats Moskou
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov onderscheiding Held van de Sovjet-Unie
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov onderscheiding Orde van de Patriottische Oorlog 1e klasse
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov onderscheiding Leninorde
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov onderscheiding Orde van de Rode Banier
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov onderscheiding Orde van de Rode Ster
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov land van nationaliteit Sovjet-Unie
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov geboortedatum 1915
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov overlijdensdatum 1991
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov familienaam Sokolov
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov begraafplaats Troyekurovskoye begraafplaats
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov militair conflict Sovjet-aanval op Polen
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov geboorteplaats Charkov
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov voornaam Valentin
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov trouw aan Sovjet-Unie
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/1q6fhx2dn
Valentin Petrovitsj Sokolov Biografija.ru-identificatiecode sokolov-valentin-petrovich
| 258 |
https://openalex.org/W1617952959
|
OpenAlex
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Open Science
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CC-By
| 2,012 |
Novo acesso para colecistectomia videolaparoscópica
|
D. Sobreiro
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 2,725 | 5,720 |
Abstract Introduction: The large surgical evolution in recent decades is due to the technical development of video-surgery. There
are countless benefits and currently almost never are disadvantages pointed out; however, less invasive procedures are
still to be sought that cause less pain and have better aesthetic result. This study aims to demonstrate a new technique
variation of easy performance and without modifications with regard to safety. Methods: The access to the lateral wall
of the abdomen for insertion of the trocars is proposed, as for the surgical and optical forceps and another on the umbilical
scar, so that when the patient is in prone position to the viewer, the scars are not to be visible. The lateral trocars are
placed in the midaxillary line, just above the anterosuperior iliac crest. The study included patients with ultrasonographic
diagnosis of gallstones with indication for surgery, and excluded patients with any comorbidity, patients with a Body
Mass Index (BMI)> 30 kg / m2, and those with anatomical defects and previous abdominal scars. Results: A series of 12
patients underwent surgery without any intercurrence or complications. Anatomic variations were identified of cystic
artery and an anomalous duct in the gallbladder bed in one patient. In two patients closed drainage was used to by the
side hole and one of them received another 5mm trocar on the right, for better exposure of the gallbladder and biliary
ductal system. All patients were discharged within the period specified for each case. Conclusion: The technique presented
in this study combines features which can be considered as viable option for the surgical treatment of gallstones. Key Words: Cholecystectomy. Gallstones. Cholelithiasis. Resumo A grande evolução cirúrgica, nas últimas décadas, deve-se ao desenvolvimento técnico da videocirurgia. São inúmeros
os benefícios e, atualmente, quase nunca se apontam desvantagens, embora ainda se busquem procedimentos menos
invasivos, que provoquem menor dor e que tenham melhor resultado estético. Objetivamos, com este trabalho,
demonstrar uma nova variação técnica, de fácil exequibilidade e sem modificações no que diz respeito à segurança. É
proposto um acesso na parede lateral do abdome, para inserção dos trocartes, das pinças operatórias e da ótica, e outro
na cicatriz umbilical, de forma que, quando o paciente estiver em posição frontal ao expectador, as cicatrizes não sejam
visíveis. Os trocartes laterais são posicionados na linha axilar média, pouco acima da crista ilíaca anterossuperior. Foram incluídos, nesse estudo, pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de litíase biliar com indicação de cirurgia,
e excluídos pacientes com alguma comorbidade, portadores de cicatriz abdominal, e pacientes com Índice de Massa
Corporal (IMC) > 30 kg / m2. 12 casos foram operados sem intercorrências ou qualquer complicação. Identificaram-se
variações anatômicas da artéria cística e um ducto anômalo no leito da vesícula em um dos pacientes. Em dois pacientes,
usou-se drenagem fechada pelo orifício lateral, e um deles recebeu outro trocarte de 5 mm à direita, para melhor
exposição da vesícula biliar. Todos os pacientes receberam alta dentro do prazo previsto para cada caso. A técnica
apresentada neste estudo reúne características que permitem considerá-la uma opção viável para o tratamento cirúrgico
da litíase biliar. Palavras-chave: Colecistectomia. Cálculos Bibliares. Colelitíase. CASO CLÍNICO ISSN 1677-5090
© 2010 Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas INTRODUÇÃO A litíase biliar é uma das afecções mais comum
nos seres humanos. Sua incidência na população
adulta é de 10% a 20%, o que torna a colecistectomia
uma das operações realizadas com maior frequência
no mundo. A mortalidade após a operação é baixa,
sendo 0,1% para o acesso videolaparoscópico e 0,5%
para a laparotomia. A técnica por incisão subcostal tem
maior incidência de complicações, sendo as mais
frequentes as complicações respiratórias, devido à
inibição reflexa do nervo frênico, o que leva a uma
disfunção do diafragma, com a dor pós-operatória
ocasionando a disfunção ventilatória (RAMOS et al.,
2009). O tratamento da dor pós-operatória com
analgésicos sistêmicos e infiltração local diminui essas
complicações e reduzem a morbidade (TOWNSEND et
al., 2010); LINHARES et al., 2011). A colecistectomia foi descrita pela primeira vez
no século passado e, desde então, é considerada o
tratamento-padrão para litíase biliar e outras afecções
desse órgão. Nos últimos anos, a evolução da
videolaparoscopia contribuiu muito para o avanço da
colecistectomia. Na atualidade, ela é considerada como
a principal forma de acesso cirúrgico (SANTOS et al.,
2008; HUANG et al., 2011). New access for laparoscopic cholecystectomy Sobreiro Junior, D.¹ ; Mathias, I. S.²; Freire, A. N. M.³
¹Doutorando em Processos Interativos dos Órgãos e Sistemas – ICS/UFBA; ²Bolsista de Iniciação Científica CNPq
– Acadêmico de Medicina. UFBA; ³Professor Adjunto de Cirurgia – Fac.de Medicina/UFBA Recebido em 29/06/2012; revisado em 20/08/2012. Recebido em 29/06/2012; revisado em 20/08/2012. Correspondência / Correspondence: Secretaria do Programa de
Pós-graduação Processos Interativos dos Órgãos e Sistemas. Instituto de Ciências da Saúde. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n - Vale do Canela. CEP 40.110-100. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Tel.: (55) (71) 3283-8959, Fax: (55) (71)
3283-8894. E-mail - [email protected] 255 R. Ci. med. biol., Salvador, v.11, n.2, p.255-258, mai./set. 2012 Sobreiro Junior, D., Mathias, I. S. e Freire, A. N. M. deram a operação e obesos (Índice de Massa Corporal
– IMC >30 Kg/m2). A técnica laparoscópica, devido à grande
evolução tecnológica e ao aumento da experiência dos
cirurgiões, apresenta menor índice de complicações
quando comparada com a laparotomia subcostal direita
(LINHARES et al., 2011; MARSON et al., 2004). Descrição da técnica – Com o paciente sob
anestesia geral, em decúbito dorsal horizontal, o
cirurgião se posiciona do lado esquerdo e o auxiliar
tanto pode permanecer à esquerda como à direita. Passa-se uma sonda nasogástrica (SNG) n°18, deixada
sob aspiração, que será retirada ao final do ato
cirúrgico. O pneumoperitôneo é feito sob visão direta,
por meio de incisão transumbilical, e a passagem de
dois outros trocartes, também sob visão direta. A
pressão é regulada para uma média de 12 mmHg e,
posteriormente, procede-se à elevação do tronco, com
lateralização esquerda da mesa operatória. Os trocartes
laterais são posicionados na linha axilar média, pouco
acima da crista ilíaca anterossuperior, e deverão passar
de forma oblíqua na musculatura lateral, para evitar
herniações futuras (Figuras 2 e 3). A ótica de 30º pode
ser introduzida tanto do lado esquerdo quanto do
direito, dependendo do melhor ângulo para visibilizar
o pedículo biliar. Mesmo sendo pouco frequentes as lesões
iatrogênicas de vias biliares, por sua elevada morbi-
dade, constituem uma questão prioritária de saúde
pública, em especial nos pacientes pertencentes a
faixas etárias economicamente ativas (LINHARES et al.,
2011; AGUIAR et al., 2005). Algumas das sérias
consequências das lesões iatrogênicas das colecis-
tectomias são cirrose biliar secundária e falência
hepática, podendo evoluir para o óbito. Seu prognóstico
depende da identificação precoce da lesão, de uma
reconstrução adequada para o caso e do seguimento
pós-operatório, já que, algumas vezes, é necessária uma
nova operação (LINHARES et al., 2011; MARSON et al.,
2004). Outros acessos estão em desenvolvimento para
melhorar o desempenho cirúrgico, como, por exemplo,
o NOTES (cirúrgica endoscópica transluminal por orifício
natural). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
F
d
12 Foram operados 12 casos sem intercorrências ou
qualquer complicação. Foi identificada uma variação
da artéria cística e a presença de um ducto anômalo no
leito da vesícula em um dos pacientes. Em dois
pacientes, usou-se drenagem fechada pelo orifício
lateral, e um deles recebeu outro trocarte de 5mm à
direita, para melhor exposição da vesícula biliar.Todos
os pacientes receberam alta dentro do prazo previsto
para cada caso. A faixa etária dos pacientes submetidos à
cirurgia videolaparoscópica é um fator que tem
preocupado os cirurgiões. O estudo retrospectivo
realizado por Loureiro e companheiros (2011) de 960
idosos submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscó-
pica mostrou que o procedimento é seguro e eficaz em
faixas etárias mais avançadas. A idade, em si, não é
capaz de contraindicar a videocirurgia. O que possui
relevância são as comorbidades existentes com a
progressão da idade. Segundo Carraro e companheiros (2011), o ganho
obtido pela cirurgia laparoscópica é observado em
longo prazo, em especial em pacientes sintomáticos,
com melhoria na qualidade de vida, em comparação
com a técnica aberta, tendo como principal fator
significativo de vantagem a diferença nas cicatrizes. Este
estudo compartilha o mesmo desfecho, com diminuição
da cicatriz visível em visão frontal do abdome, trazendo
maior satisfação ao paciente. A técnica operatória descrita no presente estudo
apresenta desempenho semelhante ao da técnica
tradicional de colecistectomia laparoscópica, sendo
considerada segura e capaz de reduzir o impacto em
relação ao posicionamento das cicatrizes, como pode
ser visto na comparação das Figuras 5 e 6. Reduzir o tempo operatório é importante para
os pacientes idosos, pois diminui o trauma cirúrgico e
o uso de drogas anestésicas que possam ser
prejudiciais. No entanto, devem-se evitar manobras
apressadas, devido ao maior risco de iatrogenias
(LOUREIRO et al., 2011). CONCLUSÃO Novas técnicas cirúrgicas com redução das
cicatrizes podem melhorar ainda mais os níveis de
satisfação e ainda incrementar os índices de qualidade
de vida em médio e longo prazo (CARRARO et al., 2011). Avanços tecnológicos no intuito de melhorar a
qualidade de vida dos pacientes, diminuindo a
morbidade associada ao ato cirúrgico, ou minimizando
o impacto estético nas cicatrizes operatórias, devem
ser incentivados. A cirurgia laparoscópica tem sido
a principal escolha para o tratamento das doenças da
vesícula biliar e, durante os últimos anos, houve um
importante progresso nas técnicas utilizadas nos
diversos serviços de cirurgia. Recebido em 29/06/2012; revisado em 20/08/2012. Entretanto, seu uso ainda está restrito ao meio
acadêmico e experimental (HUANG et al., 2011). O acesso
obtido através da cavidade vaginal obteve evolução
semelhante à das técnicas usadas atualmente em
relação a complicações, morbidade e internação
hospitalar (MARESCAUX et al., 2007). Entretanto, o acesso
transgástrico obteve maiores taxas de complicação
(24,14%), significativamente maiores que as taxas
verificadas nas técnicas convencionais e na transvaginal
(COOMBER et al., 2012; ZORRON et al., 2010). REFERÊNCIAS ser elaborados para desenvolver técnicas que possam
ser reproduzidas na prática clínica do cirurgião moderno. AGUIAR, G. B. et al. Lesão iatrogênica de vias biliares. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 32, n. 2, p. 69-73, 2005. AGUIAR, G. B. et al. Lesão iatrogênica de vias biliares. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 32, n. 2, p. 69-73, 2005. CARRARO, A.; EL MAZLOUM, D.; BIHL F. Health-related quality of
life outcomes after cholecystectomy. World J. Gastroenterol.,
Birmingham, v. 17, n. 45, p. 4945-4951, 2011. COOMBER, R. S. et al. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic
surgery applications in clinical practice. World J. Gastrointest. Endosc., Beijing, v. 4, n. 3, p. 65-74, 2012. MÉTODOS Os pacientes foram selecionados no ambulatório
de Cirurgia Geral do Hospital Santa Izabel, localizado
em Salvador (BA). Foram utilizados como critério de
inclusão os pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico
de litíase biliar com indicação de cirurgia, entre dezoito
e sessenta anos de idade. Os critérios de exclusão foram:
pacientes com morbidade associada, portadores de
defeitos anatômicos ou cicatriz abdominal, com algum
episódio de cólica biliar nos dois meses que antece- A técnica descrita neste estudo reúne
vantagens em relação à laparoscopia tradicional, po-
dendo fazer parte das opções terapêuticas disponíveis
ao cirurgião, com baixo custo e segurança em sua
aplicabilidade. Novos estudos experimentais devem R. Ci. med. biol., Salvador, v.11, n.2, p.255-258, mai./set. 2012 256 mia videolaparoscópica
Figura 4 – Visão anterior no pós-operatório imediato
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 5 – Visão anterior do abdome no pós-
operatório
pela
técnica
laparoscópica
convencional
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Novo acesso para colecistectomia videolaparoscópica Figura 1– Visão do abdome pré-operatório. Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 4 – Visão anterior no pós-operatório imediato
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 4 – Visão anterior no pós-operatório imediato
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 4 – Visão anterior no pós-operatório imediato
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 3– Visão lateral do acesso esquerdo
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 2– Visão lateral do acesso direito (com
dreno de Blake instalado)
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 1– Visão do abdome pré-operatório. Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 1– Visão do abdome pré-operatório. Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 1– Visão do abdome pré-operatório. Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 2– Visão lateral do acesso direito (com
dreno de Blake instalado)
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 2– Visão lateral do acesso direito (com
dreno de Blake instalado)
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 5 – Visão anterior do abdome no pós-
operatório
pela
técnica
laparoscópica
convencional
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 2– Visão lateral do acesso direito (com
dreno de Blake instalado)
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 6 - Visão anterior do abdome no pós-
operatório
pela
técnica
laparoscópica
proposta. Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 3– Visão lateral do acesso esquerdo
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Figura 6 - Visão anterior do abdome no pós-
operatório
pela
técnica
laparoscópica
proposta. Figura 3– Visão lateral do acesso esquerdo
Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. Fonte: foto tirada pelo autor. AGRADECIMENTOS CARRARO, A.; EL MAZLOUM, D.; BIHL F. Health-related quality of
life outcomes after cholecystectomy. World J. Gastroenterol.,
Birmingham, v. 17, n. 45, p. 4945-4951, 2011. Aos pacientes que aceitaram participar do
estudo; Aos residentes e aos médicos assistentes do
Hospital Santa Izabel; Aos funcionários do Centro
Cirúrgico e demais setores do Hospital Santa Izabel; Ao
Serviço de Nutrição Enteral e Parenteral (SENEP) do
Hospital Santa Izabel pelo suporte físico e financeiro. COOMBER, R. S. et al. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic
surgery applications in clinical practice. World J. Gastrointest. Endosc., Beijing, v. 4, n. 3, p. 65-74, 2012. COOMBER, R. S. et al. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic
surgery applications in clinical practice. World J. Gastrointest. Endosc., Beijing, v. 4, n. 3, p. 65-74, 2012. R. Ci. med. biol., Salvador, v.11, n.2, p.255-258, mai./set. 2012 257 Sobreiro Junior, D., Mathias, I. S. e Freire, A. N. M. PARK, S. M. et. al. Common bile duct dilatation after
cholecystectomy: a one-year prospective study. J. Korean. Surg
Soc., Seoul, v. 83, n. 2, p. 97-101, 2012. HUANG, C.; HUANG, R. X.; QIU, Z. J. Natural orifice transluminal
endoscopic surgery: new minimally invasive surgery come of age. World J. Gastroenterol., Birmingham, v. 17, n. 39, p. 4382-4388,
2011. RAMOS, G.,C. et al. Repercussão respiratória funcional da
colecistectomia aberta subcostal. Efeito analgésico da morfina. Rev. Col. Bras Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 2, 2009. Disponível em:
<http://www.scielo.br/rcbc> LINHARES, B. L. et al. Lesão iatrogênica de via biliar pós-
colecistectomia. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 38, n. 2,
2011. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/rcbc>. Acesso em:
15 jul 2011. SANTOS, J. S. et al. Colecistectomia: aspectos técnicos e
indicações para o tratamento da litíase biliar e das neoplasias. Revista de Medicina, Ribeirão Preto, v. 41, n. 4, p. 449-64, 2008. Disponível em: <http://www.fmrp.usp.br/revista>. Acesso em: 15
jul. 2012. SANTOS, J. S. et al. Colecistectomia: aspectos técnicos e
indicações para o tratamento da litíase biliar e das neoplasias. LOUREIRO, E. R. et al. Colecistectomia videolaparoscópica em
960 pacientes idosos. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 38, n. 3, 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/rcbc>. Acesso em:
15 jul. 2011. Revista de Medicina, Ribeirão Preto, v. 41, n. 4, p. 449-64, 2008. Disponível em: <http://www.fmrp.usp.br/revista>. Acesso em: 15
jul. 2012. SPRENGEL, O. Uber einen fall von extirpation der gallenblase mit
anlegung einer kommunikation zwischen ductus choledochus
und duodenum. Arch. Klin. Chir., Berlin, v. 156, n. R. Ci. med. biol., Salvador, v.11, n.2, p.255-258, mai./set. 2012 258
R. Ci. med. biol., Salvador, v.11, n.2, p.255-258, mai./set. 2012 AGRADECIMENTOS 470, 1891. MARESCAUX, J. et al. Surgery without scars: report of transluminal
cholecystectomy in a human being. Arch. Surg., Chicago, v. 142, n. 9, p. 823-827, 2007. TOWNSEND JR. et al.(ed.). Tratado de cirurgia: a base biológica da
prática cirúrgica moderna. 18. ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Saunders, 2010. MARSON, A. C. et al. Tratamento cirúrgico das estenoses da via
biliar. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 31, n. 4, p. 224-227,
2004. VETTORETTO. N. et. al. Critical view of safety during laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. JSLS, Rootstown, Ohio, v. 15, n. 3, p. 322–325,
Jul.-Sep., 2011. MARTINS, M. V. D. C.; SKINOVSKY, J.; COELHO, D. J. Colecistectomia
videolaparoscópica por single trocar access (SITRACC) – uma nova
opção. Rev. Col. Bras. Cir., Rio de Janeiro, v. 36, n. 2, 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/rcbc>. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2012. ZORRON R et al., International multicenter trial on clinical natural
orifice surgery-NOTES IMTN study: preliminary results of 362
patients. Surg. Innov., Nova Iorque, n. 7, p. 142-158, 2010. 258
| 26,372 |
https://github.com/apolloeleven/united-logs/blob/master/frontend/modules/admin/controllers/ProjectSubscriberController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,018 |
united-logs
|
apolloeleven
|
PHP
|
Code
| 449 | 1,384 |
<?php
namespace frontend\modules\admin\controllers;
use yii\filters\AccessControl;
use common\models\Project;
use common\models\ProjectLog;
use Yii;
use common\models\ProjectSubscriber;
use frontend\models\search\ProjectSubscriberSearch;
use yii\web\Controller;
use yii\web\NotFoundHttpException;
use yii\filters\VerbFilter;
/**
* ProjectSubscriberController implements the CRUD actions for ProjectSubscriber model.
*/
class ProjectSubscriberController extends Controller
{
/**
* @inheritdoc
*/
public function behaviors()
{
return [
'verbs' => [
'class' => VerbFilter::className(),
'actions' => [
'delete' => ['POST'],
],
],
'access' => [
'class' => AccessControl::className(),
'rules' => [
// allow authenticated users
[
'allow' => true,
'roles' => ['@'],
],
// everything else is denied by default
],
],
];
}
/**
* Lists all ProjectSubscriber models.
* @return mixed
*/
public function actionIndex($id)
{
$projectId = $id;
$projectLogEnvironments = [];
$searchModel = new ProjectSubscriberSearch();
$dataProvider = $searchModel->search(Yii::$app->request->queryParams,$projectId);
$project = Project::find()->byId($projectId)->one();
$query = ProjectLog::find()->select('environment')->distinct()->byProjectId($projectId)->all();
foreach ($query as $log){
$projectLogEnvironments[$log->environment] = $log->environment;
}
return $this->render('index', [
'searchModel' => $searchModel,
'dataProvider' => $dataProvider,
'project' => $project,
'projectLogLevels' => ProjectLog::getLevels(),
'projectLogEnvironments' => $projectLogEnvironments
]);
}
/**
* Displays a single ProjectSubscriber model.
* @param integer $id
* @return mixed
*/
public function actionView($id)
{
return $this->render('view', [
'model' => $this->findModel($id),
]);
}
/**
* Creates a new ProjectSubscriber model.
* If creation is successful, the browser will be redirected to the 'view' page.
* @return mixed
*/
public function actionCreate()
{
$id = null;
$project = null;
if(Yii::$app->request->get('id')){
$id = Yii::$app->request->get('id');
$project = Project::find()->byId($id)->one();
}
$model = new ProjectSubscriber();
$model->created_at = time();
$projectSubscriber = Yii::$app->request->post('ProjectSubscriber');
if ($projectSubscriber && $model->saveData($projectSubscriber)) {
return $this->redirect(['index','id'=> $projectSubscriber['project_id']]);
} else {
return $this->render('create', [
'project' => $project,
'model' => $model,
'projectLogLevels' => ProjectLog::getLevels(),
]);
}
}
/**
* Updates an existing ProjectSubscriber model.
* If update is successful, the browser will be redirected to the 'view' page.
* @param integer $id
* @return mixed
*/
public function actionUpdate($id)
{
$model = $this->findModel($id);
$model->updated_at = time();
$project = Project::find()->byId($model->project_id)->one();
$projectSubscriber = Yii::$app->request->post('ProjectSubscriber');
if ($projectSubscriber && $model->saveData($projectSubscriber)) {
return $this->redirect(['index','id'=> $projectSubscriber['project_id']]);
} else {
$model->removeCurlyBracesFormat();
return $this->render('update', [
'project' => $project,
'projectLogLevels' => ProjectLog::getLevels(),
'model' => $model,
]);
}
}
/**
* Deletes an existing ProjectSubscriber model.
* If deletion is successful, the browser will be redirected to the 'index' page.
* @param integer $id
* @return mixed
*/
public function actionDelete($id)
{
$model = $this->findModel($id);
if($model->markDeleted()){
return $this->redirect(['index','id'=> $model->project_id]);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Finds the ProjectSubscriber model based on its primary key value.
* If the model is not found, a 404 HTTP exception will be thrown.
* @param integer $id
* @return ProjectSubscriber the loaded model
* @throws NotFoundHttpException if the model cannot be found
*/
protected function findModel($id)
{
if (($model = ProjectSubscriber::findOne($id)) !== null) {
return $model;
} else {
throw new NotFoundHttpException('The requested page does not exist.');
}
}
}
| 8,961 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalictrum%20diffusiflorum
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Thalictrum diffusiflorum
|
https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalictrum diffusiflorum&action=history
|
Vietnamese
|
Spoken
| 42 | 76 |
Thalictrum diffusiflorum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Mao lương. Loài này được C. Marquand & Airy Shaw miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1929.
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
Thalictrum
Thực vật được mô tả năm 1929
| 19,217 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3083865
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
François Augustin Thiry
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 3,903 | 8,582 |
François Augustin Thiry
homme politique français
François Augustin Thiry lieu de naissance Nancy
François Augustin Thiry distinction reçue grand officier de la Légion d'honneur
François Augustin Thiry distinction reçue médaille de Crimée
François Augustin Thiry distinction reçue médaille militaire, date 1867
François Augustin Thiry scolarité École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry sexe ou genre masculin
François Augustin Thiry pays de nationalité France
François Augustin Thiry nature de l’élément être humain
François Augustin Thiry prénom François
François Augustin Thiry fonction sénateur du Second Empire, date de début 1859, date de fin 1870
François Augustin Thiry fonction officier d'ordonnance, de Louis-Philippe Ier
François Augustin Thiry langues parlées, écrites ou signées français
François Augustin Thiry identifiant Sénat (France) senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry date de mort 1875
François Augustin Thiry date de naissance 1794
François Augustin Thiry père François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry image François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry lieu de mort Nancy
François Augustin Thiry langue maternelle français
François Augustin Thiry grade militaire ou de la police général de division
François Augustin Thiry frère ou sœur Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry nom dans la langue maternelle de la personne
François Augustin Thiry a participé au conflit guerre de Crimée
François Augustin Thiry occupation personnalité politique
François Augustin Thiry occupation militaire
François Augustin Thiry identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry archivé par Service historique de la Défense, numéro d'inventaire GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry nom de famille Thiry
François Augustin Thiry cote Léonore LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry identifiant web Léonore 357314
François Augustin Thiry catégorie Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identifiant Rodovid 1062422
François Augustin Thiry corps militaire artillerie
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry fødested Nancy
François Augustin Thiry utmerkelse storoffiser av Æreslegionen
François Augustin Thiry utmerkelse Médaille militaire, tidspunkt 1867
François Augustin Thiry utdannet ved École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry kjønn mann
François Augustin Thiry statsborgerskap Frankrike
François Augustin Thiry forekomst av menneske
François Augustin Thiry fornavn François
François Augustin Thiry talte eller skrevne språk fransk
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr-ID senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry dødsdato 1875
François Augustin Thiry fødselsdato 1794
François Augustin Thiry far François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry bilde François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry dødssted Nancy
François Augustin Thiry morsmål fransk
François Augustin Thiry militær grad divisjonsgeneral
François Augustin Thiry navn på eget morsmål
François Augustin Thiry konflikt Krimkrigen
François Augustin Thiry beskjeftigelse politiker
François Augustin Thiry beskjeftigelse militært personell
François Augustin Thiry Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry arkivert hos Service historique de la Défense, inventarnummer GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry etternavn Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Commons-kategori François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-ID 1062422
François Augustin Thiry militærgren artilleri
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry fødested Nancy
François Augustin Thiry udmærkelser modtaget Storofficer af Æreslegionen
François Augustin Thiry udmærkelser modtaget Médaille militaire, tidspunkt 1867
François Augustin Thiry uddannelsessted École Polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry køn mand
François Augustin Thiry statsborgerskab Frankrig
François Augustin Thiry tilfælde af menneske
François Augustin Thiry fornavn François
François Augustin Thiry talte sprog fransk
François Augustin Thiry dødsdato 1875
François Augustin Thiry fødselsdato 1794
François Augustin Thiry far François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry billede François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry dødssted Nancy
François Augustin Thiry modersmål fransk
François Augustin Thiry modersmålsnavn
François Augustin Thiry væbnet konflikt Krimkrigen
François Augustin Thiry beskæftigelse politiker
François Augustin Thiry beskæftigelse militærperson
François Augustin Thiry Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry efternavn Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-ID LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Commons-kategori François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-ID 1062422
François Augustin Thiry værn artilleri
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry fødestad Nancy
François Augustin Thiry utdanna ved École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry kjønn mann
François Augustin Thiry statsborgarskap Frankrike
François Augustin Thiry førekomst av menneske
François Augustin Thiry førenamn François
François Augustin Thiry talte eller skrivne språk fransk
François Augustin Thiry dødsdato 1875
François Augustin Thiry fødselsdato 1794
François Augustin Thiry far François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry bilete François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry dødsstad Nancy
François Augustin Thiry morsmål fransk
François Augustin Thiry namn på morsmål
François Augustin Thiry konflikt Krimkrigen
François Augustin Thiry yrke politikar
François Augustin Thiry yrke militær
François Augustin Thiry etternamn Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Commons-kategori François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry militærgrein artilleri
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry födelseplats Nancy
François Augustin Thiry utmärkelse storofficer av Hederslegionen
François Augustin Thiry utmärkelse Storbritanniens Krimmedalj
François Augustin Thiry utmärkelse Médaille militaire, tidpunkt 1867
François Augustin Thiry utbildad vid École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry kön man
François Augustin Thiry medborgare i Frankrike
François Augustin Thiry instans av människa
François Augustin Thiry förnamn François
François Augustin Thiry befattning senator i andra franska kejsardömet, startdatum 1859, slutdatum 1870
François Augustin Thiry talade, skrivna eller tecknade språk franska
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr-ID senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry dödsdatum 1875
François Augustin Thiry födelsedatum 1794
François Augustin Thiry far François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry bild François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry dödsplats Nancy
François Augustin Thiry modersmål franska
François Augustin Thiry namn på modersmål
François Augustin Thiry väpnad konflikt Krimkriget
François Augustin Thiry sysselsättning politiker
François Augustin Thiry sysselsättning militär
François Augustin Thiry Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry efternamn Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-ID LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Léonore Web-ID 357314
François Augustin Thiry Commons-kategori François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-ID 1062422
François Augustin Thiry militär gren artilleri
François Augustin Thiry
French soldier, politician and officer
François Augustin Thiry place of birth Nancy
François Augustin Thiry award received Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour
François Augustin Thiry award received Crimea Medal
François Augustin Thiry award received Médaille militaire, point in time 1867
François Augustin Thiry educated at École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry sex or gender male
François Augustin Thiry country of citizenship France
François Augustin Thiry instance of human
François Augustin Thiry given name François
François Augustin Thiry position held Second Empire senator, start time 1859, end time 1870
François Augustin Thiry position held officier d'ordonnance, of Louis-Philippe I
François Augustin Thiry languages spoken, written or signed French
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr ID senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry date of death 1875
François Augustin Thiry date of birth 1794
François Augustin Thiry father François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry image François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry place of death Nancy
François Augustin Thiry native language French
François Augustin Thiry military or police rank divisional general
François Augustin Thiry sibling Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry name in native language
François Augustin Thiry conflict Crimean War
François Augustin Thiry occupation politician
François Augustin Thiry occupation military personnel
François Augustin Thiry Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry archives at Defence Historical Service, inventory number GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry family name Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore ID LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Léonore Web ID 357314
François Augustin Thiry Commons category François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid ID 1062422
François Augustin Thiry military branch artillery
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry születési hely Nancy
François Augustin Thiry elnyert díj a francia Becsületrend főtisztje
François Augustin Thiry elnyert díj Hadiérem, időpont 1867
François Augustin Thiry alma mater École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry nem férfi
François Augustin Thiry állampolgárság Franciaország
François Augustin Thiry osztály, amelynek példánya ember
François Augustin Thiry utónév François
François Augustin Thiry beosztás a Második Francia Császárság szenátusának tagja, kezdet ideje 1859, befejezés ideje 1870
François Augustin Thiry beszélt nyelvek francia
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr ID senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry halálozási idő 1875
François Augustin Thiry születési idő 1794
François Augustin Thiry apa François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry kép François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry halálozási hely Nancy
François Augustin Thiry anyanyelv francia
François Augustin Thiry rendfokozat hadosztálytábornok
François Augustin Thiry anyanyelvi név
François Augustin Thiry részvétel csatában/háborúban krími háború
François Augustin Thiry foglalkozás politikus
François Augustin Thiry foglalkozás katona
François Augustin Thiry Google Tudásgráf-azonosító /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry családnév Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-azonosító LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Commons-kategória François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-azonosító 1062422
François Augustin Thiry katonai részleg tüzérség
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry kraj rojstva Nancy
François Augustin Thiry nagrada visoki častnik Legije časti
François Augustin Thiry nagrada vojaška medalja, čas dogodka 1867
François Augustin Thiry alma mater École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry spol moški
François Augustin Thiry država državljanstva Francija
François Augustin Thiry primerek od človek
François Augustin Thiry ime François
François Augustin Thiry uradni položaj senator Drugega cesarstva, čas začetka 1859, čas konca 1870
François Augustin Thiry govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki francoščina
François Augustin Thiry datum smrti 1875
François Augustin Thiry datum rojstva 1794
François Augustin Thiry oče François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry slika François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry kraj smrti Nancy
François Augustin Thiry materni jezik francoščina
François Augustin Thiry vojaški čin divizijski general
François Augustin Thiry sorojenec Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry ime v materinščini
François Augustin Thiry bitka krimska vojna
François Augustin Thiry poklic politik
François Augustin Thiry poklic vojaško osebje
François Augustin Thiry oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry arhivirano v Service historique de la Défense, inventarna številka GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry priimek Thiry
François Augustin Thiry kategorija v Zbirki François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid 1062422
François Augustin Thiry veja v vojski artilerija
François Augustin Thiry
polític francès
François Augustin Thiry lloc de naixement Nancy
François Augustin Thiry premi rebut Gran Oficial de la Legió d'Honor
François Augustin Thiry premi rebut Medalla de Crimea
François Augustin Thiry premi rebut Medalla Militar, data 1867
François Augustin Thiry formació a École Polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry sexe o gènere masculí
François Augustin Thiry ciutadania França
François Augustin Thiry instància de ésser humà
François Augustin Thiry prenom François
François Augustin Thiry càrrec senador del Segon Imperi, data d'inici 1859, data de finalització 1870
François Augustin Thiry llengua parlada, escrita o signada francès
François Augustin Thiry identificador senat.fr senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry data de defunció 1875
François Augustin Thiry data de naixement 1794
François Augustin Thiry pare François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry imatge François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry lloc de defunció Nancy
François Augustin Thiry llengua inicial francès
François Augustin Thiry rang militar general de divisió
François Augustin Thiry germà o germana Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry nom en la llengua materna
François Augustin Thiry conflicte guerra de Crimea
François Augustin Thiry ocupació polític
François Augustin Thiry ocupació militar
François Augustin Thiry identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry localització dels arxius Servei Històric de Defensa, número d'inventari GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry cognom Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificador Léonore LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry identificador web Léonore 357314
François Augustin Thiry categoria de Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificador Rodovid 1062422
François Augustin Thiry branca militar artilleria
François Augustin Thiry
políticu francés (1794–1875)
François Augustin Thiry llugar de nacimientu Nancy
François Augustin Thiry premiu recibíu Gran Oficial de la Lexón d'Honor
François Augustin Thiry premiu recibíu Medaya Militar, data 1867
François Augustin Thiry educáu en Escuela Politéunica
François Augustin Thiry sexu masculín
François Augustin Thiry país de nacionalidá Francia
François Augustin Thiry instancia de humanu
François Augustin Thiry nome François
François Augustin Thiry llingües falaes francés
François Augustin Thiry data de la muerte 1875
François Augustin Thiry fecha de nacimientu 1794
François Augustin Thiry padre François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry imaxe François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry llugar de fallecimientu Nancy
François Augustin Thiry llingua materna francés
François Augustin Thiry hermanu o hermana Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry nome na llingua nativa
François Augustin Thiry conflictu Guerra de Crimea
François Augustin Thiry ocupación políticu
François Augustin Thiry ocupación militar
François Augustin Thiry apellíu Thiry
François Augustin Thiry categoría de Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry
político francês
François Augustin Thiry local de nascimento Nancy
François Augustin Thiry distinção Grande-Oficial da Legião de Honra
François Augustin Thiry distinção Medalha Militar, data de ocorrência 1867
François Augustin Thiry alma mater Escola Politécnica
François Augustin Thiry sexo ou género masculino
François Augustin Thiry país de nacionalidade França
François Augustin Thiry instância de ser humano
François Augustin Thiry primeiro nome François
François Augustin Thiry línguas faladas, escritas ou assinadas francês
François Augustin Thiry identificador de senador francês senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry data de morte 1875
François Augustin Thiry data de nascimento 1794
François Augustin Thiry pai François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry imagem François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry local de morte Nancy
François Augustin Thiry língua materna francês
François Augustin Thiry patente militar general de divisão
François Augustin Thiry irmão ou irmã Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry nome no idioma nativo
François Augustin Thiry conflito Guerra da Crimeia
François Augustin Thiry ocupação político
François Augustin Thiry ocupação militar
François Augustin Thiry identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry apelido Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificador Léonore LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry categoria da Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry ramo das forças armadas artilharia
François Augustin Thiry
Frans soldaat (1794-1875)
François Augustin Thiry geboorteplaats Nancy
François Augustin Thiry onderscheiding Grootofficier in het Legioen van Eer
François Augustin Thiry onderscheiding Crimea Medal
François Augustin Thiry onderscheiding Médaille militaire, tijdstip 1867
François Augustin Thiry opleiding gevolgd aan École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry sekse of geslacht mannelijk
François Augustin Thiry land van nationaliteit Frankrijk
François Augustin Thiry is een mens
François Augustin Thiry voornaam François
François Augustin Thiry ambt senator in het Tweede Franse Keizerrijk, begindatum 1859, einddatum 1870
François Augustin Thiry taalbeheersing Frans
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr-identificatiecode senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry overlijdensdatum 1875
François Augustin Thiry geboortedatum 1794
François Augustin Thiry vader François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry afbeelding François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry overlijdensplaats Nancy
François Augustin Thiry moedertaal Frans
François Augustin Thiry militaire rang divisional general
François Augustin Thiry broer of zus Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry naam in moedertaal
François Augustin Thiry militair conflict Krimoorlog
François Augustin Thiry beroep politicus
François Augustin Thiry beroep militair
François Augustin Thiry Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry archieflocatie Service historique de la Défense, inventarisnummer GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry familienaam Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-identificatiecode LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Léonore Web-identificatiecode 357314
François Augustin Thiry Commonscategorie François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-identificatiecode 1062422
François Augustin Thiry militaire tak artillerie
François Augustin Thiry
político francés
François Augustin Thiry lugar de nacimiento Nancy
François Augustin Thiry premio recibido Gran Oficial de la Orden Nacional de la Legión de Honor
François Augustin Thiry premio recibido Medalla Militar, fecha 1867
François Augustin Thiry educado en Escuela Politécnica
François Augustin Thiry sexo o género masculino
François Augustin Thiry país de nacionalidad Francia
François Augustin Thiry instancia de ser humano
François Augustin Thiry nombre de pila François
François Augustin Thiry cargo ocupado senador del Segundo Imperio, fecha de inicio 1859, fecha de fin 1870
François Augustin Thiry cargo ocupado Oficial de ordenanza, de Luis Felipe I
François Augustin Thiry lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas francés
François Augustin Thiry identificador de senador francés senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry fecha de fallecimiento 1875
François Augustin Thiry fecha de nacimiento 1794
François Augustin Thiry padre François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry imagen François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry lugar de fallecimiento Nancy
François Augustin Thiry lengua materna francés
François Augustin Thiry rango militar alcanzado general de división
François Augustin Thiry hermano o hermana Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry nombre en el idioma nativo
François Augustin Thiry participó en el conflicto Guerra de Crimea
François Augustin Thiry ocupación político
François Augustin Thiry ocupación militar
François Augustin Thiry identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry archivado en Service historique de la Défense, número de inventario GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry apellido Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificador Léonore LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry categoría en Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificador Rodovid 1062422
François Augustin Thiry rama militar artillería
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Geburtsort Nancy
François Augustin Thiry Auszeichnung Großoffizier der Ehrenlegion
François Augustin Thiry Auszeichnung Britische Krim-Medaille
François Augustin Thiry Auszeichnung Militärmedaille, Zeitpunkt/Stand 1867
François Augustin Thiry besuchte Bildungseinrichtung École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry Geschlecht männlich
François Augustin Thiry Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Frankreich
François Augustin Thiry ist ein(e) Mensch
François Augustin Thiry Vorname François
François Augustin Thiry gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Französisch
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr ID senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry Sterbedatum 1875
François Augustin Thiry Geburtsdatum 1794
François Augustin Thiry Vater François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Bild François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry Sterbeort Nancy
François Augustin Thiry Muttersprache Französisch
François Augustin Thiry militärischer Dienstgrad Divisionsgeneral
François Augustin Thiry Name in Muttersprache
François Augustin Thiry Konflikt Krimkrieg
François Augustin Thiry Tätigkeit Politiker
François Augustin Thiry Tätigkeit Militär
François Augustin Thiry Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry archiviert in Service historique de la Défense, Inventarnummer GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry Familienname Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-Kennung LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-Web-Kennung 357314
François Augustin Thiry Commons-Kategorie François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-Kennung 1062422
François Augustin Thiry Teilstreitkraft Artillerie
François Augustin Thiry
politico francese
François Augustin Thiry luogo di nascita Nancy
François Augustin Thiry premio ricevuto Grand'Ufficiale della Legion d'Onore
François Augustin Thiry premio ricevuto medaglia britannica di Crimea
François Augustin Thiry premio ricevuto médaille militaire, data 1867
François Augustin Thiry scuola frequentata École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry sesso o genere maschio
François Augustin Thiry paese di cittadinanza Francia
François Augustin Thiry istanza di umano
François Augustin Thiry prenome François
François Augustin Thiry carica ricoperta senatore del Secondo Impero, data di inizio 1859, data di fine 1870
François Augustin Thiry lingue parlate o scritte francese
François Augustin Thiry identificativo senat.fr senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry data di morte 1875
François Augustin Thiry data di nascita 1794
François Augustin Thiry padre François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry immagine François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry luogo di morte Nancy
François Augustin Thiry lingua madre francese
François Augustin Thiry grado militare generale di divisione
François Augustin Thiry nome nella lingua madre
François Augustin Thiry conflitto guerra di Crimea
François Augustin Thiry occupazione politico
François Augustin Thiry occupazione militare
François Augustin Thiry identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry archivi Service historique de la Défense, numero di inventario GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry cognome Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificativo Léonore LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry identificativo Léonore Web 357314
François Augustin Thiry categoria su Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificativo Rodovid 1062422
François Augustin Thiry unità militare artiglieria
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry syntymäpaikka Nancy
François Augustin Thiry palkinto Kunnialegioonan suurupseeri
François Augustin Thiry palkinto Sotilasmitali (Ranska), ajankohta 1867
François Augustin Thiry opiskeli École polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry sukupuoli mies
François Augustin Thiry kansalaisuus Ranska
François Augustin Thiry esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
François Augustin Thiry etunimi François
François Augustin Thiry puhuu kieliä ranska
François Augustin Thiry kuolinaika 1875
François Augustin Thiry syntymäaika 1794
François Augustin Thiry isä François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry kuva François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry kuolinpaikka Nancy
François Augustin Thiry äidinkieli ranska
François Augustin Thiry sotilasarvo divisioonakenraali
François Augustin Thiry nimi äidinkielellä
François Augustin Thiry konflikti Krimin sota
François Augustin Thiry ammatti poliitikko
François Augustin Thiry ammatti sotilashenkilö
François Augustin Thiry Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry sukunimi Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore-tunniste LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Commons-luokka François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid-tunniste 1062422
François Augustin Thiry puolustushaara tykistö
François Augustin Thiry
politiko franses
François Augustin Thiry lugá di nasementu Nancy
François Augustin Thiry sekso o género maskulino
François Augustin Thiry pais di nashonalidat Fransia
François Augustin Thiry ta un hende
François Augustin Thiry nòmber di dilanti François
François Augustin Thiry dominio di idioma franses
François Augustin Thiry fecha di fayesimentu 1875
François Augustin Thiry fecha di nasementu 1794
François Augustin Thiry tata François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry imágen François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry lugá di fayesimentu Nancy
François Augustin Thiry lenga materno franses
François Augustin Thiry nòmber den idioma propio
François Augustin Thiry okupashon politiko
François Augustin Thiry okupashon militar
François Augustin Thiry fam Thiry
François Augustin Thiry kategoria di Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry local de nascimento Nancy
François Augustin Thiry prêmios recebidos Grande Oficial da Legião de Honra
François Augustin Thiry alma mater Escola Politécnica
François Augustin Thiry sexo ou gênero masculino
François Augustin Thiry país de cidadania França
François Augustin Thiry instância de ser humano
François Augustin Thiry primeiro nome François
François Augustin Thiry cargo ocupado senador do Segundo Império, data inicial 1859, data final 1870
François Augustin Thiry línguas faladas ou escritas francês
François Augustin Thiry data de morte 1875
François Augustin Thiry data de nascimento 1794
François Augustin Thiry pai François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry imagem François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry local de morte Nancy
François Augustin Thiry língua materna francês
François Augustin Thiry irmão ou irmã Charles Ambroise Thiry
François Augustin Thiry nome no idioma nativo
François Augustin Thiry conflito Guerra da Crimeia
François Augustin Thiry ocupação político
François Augustin Thiry ocupação Militar
François Augustin Thiry identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry local dos arquivos Serviço Histórico de Defesa, número de inventário GR 7 YD 1310
François Augustin Thiry sobrenome Thiry
François Augustin Thiry categoria na Commons François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry identificador Rodovid 1062422
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен
французский офицер, дивизионный генерал (1854) и политик, участник Крымской войны, сенатор Франции.
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен место рождения Нанси
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен полученные награды великий офицер ордена Почётного легиона
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен полученные награды Крымская медаль
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен полученные награды Воинская медаль (Франция), момент времени 1867
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен учебное заведение Политехническая школа
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен пол или гендер мужской пол
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен гражданство Франция
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен это частный случай понятия человек
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен личное имя Франсуа
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен занимаемая должность сенатор Второй империи, дата начала 1859, дата окончания 1870
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен языки, на которых говорит или пишет персона французский язык
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен идентификатор senat.fr senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен дата смерти 1875
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен дата рождения 1794
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен изображение François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен место смерти Нанси
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен родной язык французский язык
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен воинское или правоохранительное звание дивизионный генерал
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен имя на родном языке
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен война/сражение Крымская война
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен род занятий политик
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен род занятий военнослужащий
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/112yfrc44
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен архивы хранятся в Историческая служба обороны, инвентарный номер GR 7 YD 1310
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен фамилия Тири
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен код Léonore LH//2595/27
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен код Léonore Web 357314
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен категория на Викискладе François Augustin Thiry
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен код персоны на Rodovid 1062422
Тири, Франсуа Огюстен вид или род войск артиллерия
François Augustin Thiry
Fransız asker ve siyasetçi (1794 – 1875)
François Augustin Thiry doğum yeri Nancy
François Augustin Thiry öğrenim gördüğü okul École Polytechnique
François Augustin Thiry cinsiyeti erkek
François Augustin Thiry vatandaşlığı Fransa
François Augustin Thiry nedir insan
François Augustin Thiry ön adı François
François Augustin Thiry konuştuğu, yazdığı diller Fransızca
François Augustin Thiry senat.fr kimliği senateur-2nd-empire/thiry_francois_augustin0072e2
François Augustin Thiry ölüm tarihi 1875
François Augustin Thiry doğum tarihi 1794
François Augustin Thiry babası François Mansuy Thiry
François Augustin Thiry görsel François-Augustin Thiry.jpg
François Augustin Thiry ölüm yeri Nancy
François Augustin Thiry ana dili Fransızca
François Augustin Thiry ana dilindeki ismi
François Augustin Thiry savaşları Kırım Savaşı
François Augustin Thiry mesleği siyasetçi
François Augustin Thiry mesleği askerî personel
François Augustin Thiry Google Bilgi Grafiği kimliği /g/112yfrc44
François Augustin Thiry soyadı Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Léonore kimliği LH//2595/27
François Augustin Thiry Commons kategorisi François Augustin Thiry
François Augustin Thiry Rodovid kimliği 1062422
François Augustin Thiry askerî branşı Top
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STATON, Judge.
Eric Whittington appeals his conviction for disorderly conduct, a class B misdemeanor.1 He presents for this court's review the sole issue of whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction.
We reverse.
On May 12, 1998, Officer Anthony Finnell responded to a report of a domestic dispute at an Indianapolis apartment. Rhonda Whittington (Erie's sister) reported that Whittington had struck her in the abdomen. As Officer Finnell gathered information and summoned an ambulance, Whittington continued to argue with his sister's boyfriend. Whittington was unresponsive to the officer's admonition to "calm down." In a loud and angry manner, Whittington uttered the following phrases: "this is all bullshit" and "fuck this shit." Record, p. 66.
IND.CODE 35-45-1-8(2) provides that a person who "recklessly, knowingly or intentionally makes unreasonable noise and continues to do so after being asked to stop" engages in disorderly conduct. The State charged that Whittington made unreasonable noise by "cursing, yelling and acting in a belligerent manner." Record, p. 7.
Art. I, § 9 of the Indiana Constitution guarantees to the citizens of this state the right of free expression.2 The legislature's *527sole authority over expression is to sanction individuals who commit abuse. Price v. State (1993), Ind., 622 N.E.2d 954, 958. Abating excessive noise is an objective legitimately pursued by the legislature; I.C. 35-45-1-3(2) is rationally calculated to achieve this objective. Id. at 960.
Our supreme court reiterated:
"[I.C. 35-45-1-8(2)] was adopted to provide relief to people whose privacy or use and enjoyment of land has been intolerably impaired by unwelcome and unreasonable noise. It is expressly aimed at preventing the harm which flows from the volume of the expression and not its substance."
Id. at 966.
"Section 85-45-1-3(2) is aimed at the intrusiveness and loudness of expression, not whether it is obscene or provocative."
Id. at 960, n. 6.
The statutory prohibition against unreasonable noise is content-neutral Thus, the State could not meet its burden of proof merely by establishing that Whittington issued epithets; it was incumbent upon the State to show that his speech infringed upon a right of peace and tranquility enjoyed by others.
A determination of whether loud speech is unduly intrusive and unreasonable requires consideration of the forum employed. Radford v. State (1994), Ind.App., 627 N.E.2d 1331, 1333 (Staton, J., dissenting). In Frisby v. Schultz (1988), 487 U.S. 474, 108 S.Ct. 2495, 101 L.Ed.2d 420, the Supreme Court stated:
"To ascertain what limits, if any, may be placed on protected speech, we have often focused on the 'place' of that speech, considering the nature of the forum the speaker seeks to employ. Our cases have recognized that the standards by which limitations on speech must be evaluated 'differ depending on the character of the property at issue.""
Id. at 479, 108 S.Ct. at 2500.
The forum employed by Whittington was his own home. Thus, the potential for invading the right of others to peace and quietude was diminished. Compare: Price, supra (involving a crowded residential alley); Radford, supra (involving a hospital hallway adjacent to an OB-GYN clinic) and Stites v. State (1994), Ind.App., 627 N.E.2d 1343 (involving a residential street).
Officer Finnell, the State's sole witness, testified that Whittington was "loud and boisterous, very upset and cursing." Record, pp. 65-6. However, there is no evidence that Whittington's speech was detectable by anyone outside his residence or that it "intolerably impaired" another person's privacy or use of his land.
We reverse Whittington's conviction and remand with instructions to enter a judgment of acquittal.
FRIEDLANDER, J., concurs in result and files separate opinion;
HOFFMAN, J., dissents and files separate opinion.
. IND.CODE 35-45-1-3.
. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution (prohibiting laws abridging the freedom *527of speech) has been incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment and thus applies to all states.
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https://github.com/DNetDev/webserver/blob/master/host/dnetdev/webserver/configs/flatten.d
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MIT
| 2,015 |
webserver
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DNetDev
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/**
* The MIT License (MIT)
*
* Copyright (c) 2015 DNetDev (Richard Andrew Cattermole)
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
* SOFTWARE.
*/
module dnetdev.webserver.configs.flatten;
import dnetdev.webserver.configs.defs;
/**
*
* TODO:
* <Limit>
* <LimitExcept>
*/
export void flattenConfig() {
import dnetdev.webserver.runners.config;
import dnetdev.apache_httpd_format;
ConfigFile getConfigFile(string name) {
import std.file : readText, exists;
if (exists(name))
return parseConfigFileText(readText(name));
else
return null;
}
ServerConfigs ret;
VirtualHost* currentHost;
bool isPrimary = false;
VirtualDirectory* currentFileSelector;
bool isRootDirectory;
bool[] hadIfsStatus;
bool[] isIfVersion;
size_t[] parentOffsets;
void execute(ConfigFile entry, Directive[] exParents) {
if (entry is null) return;
entry.apply((ref Directive d, Directive[] parents) {
if (parentOffsets.length > 0 && parentOffsets[$-1] == parents.length) {
parentOffsets.length--;
hadIfsStatus.length--;
isIfVersion.length--;
}
if (d.isInternal) {
if (d.name == "include" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
execute(getConfigFile(d.arguments[0]), parents);
} else if (d.name == "includeoptional" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
auto cf = getConfigFile(d.arguments[0]);
if (cf !is null)
execute(cf, parents);
} else if (d.name == "ifmodule" && d.arguments.length == 2) {
ret.modulesToLoad[d.arguments[0]] = d.arguments[1];
if (ret.moduleLoadable(d.arguments[0])) {
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
} else {
// ignore
ret.modulesToLoad.remove(d.arguments[0]);
}
} else if (d.name == "ifversion" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
import dnetdev.webserver.VERSION : NUMBER;
import semver;
// Does not support the regex version that Apache httpd does. Instead uses SemVer range format.
// Unlike Apache httpd it does not need multiple arguments.
string actual = d.arguments[0];
bool notIt;
if (actual[0] == '!') {
notIt = true;
actual = actual[1 .. $];
}
isIfVersion ~= true;
hadIfsStatus ~= notIt ? !SemVer(NUMBER).satisfies(SemVerRange(actual)) : SemVer(NUMBER).satisfies(SemVerRange(actual));
parentOffsets ~= parents.length;
if (hadIfsStatus[$-1])
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
} else if (d.name == "if" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
// TODO: execute argument http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/expr.html
hadIfsStatus ~= true;//...
isIfVersion ~= false;
parentOffsets ~= parents.length;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
} else if (d.name == "elseif" && d.arguments.length == 1 && isIfVersion[$-1]) {
import dnetdev.webserver.VERSION : NUMBER;
import semver;
assert(parentOffsets.length > 0);
assert(parents.length == parentOffsets[$-1]);
// Does not support the regex version that Apache httpd does. Instead uses SemVer range format.
// Unlike Apache httpd it does not need multiple arguments.
string actual = d.arguments[0];
bool notIt;
if (actual[0] == '!') {
notIt = true;
actual = actual[1 .. $];
}
isIfVersion ~= true;
hadIfsStatus ~= notIt ? !SemVer(NUMBER).satisfies(SemVerRange(actual)) : SemVer(NUMBER).satisfies(SemVerRange(actual));
parentOffsets ~= parents.length;
if (hadIfsStatus[$-1])
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
} else if (d.name == "elseif" && d.arguments.length == 1 && !isIfVersion[$-1]) {
assert(parentOffsets.length > 0);
assert(parents.length == parentOffsets[$-1]);
// TODO: execute argument http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/expr.html
hadIfsStatus[$-1] = true;//...
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
} else if (d.name == "else" && d.arguments.length == 0) {
assert(parentOffsets.length > 0);
assert(parents.length == parentOffsets[$-1]);
if (!hadIfsStatus[$-1]) {
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
}
} else if (d.name == "ifdefine" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
import std.algorithm : canFind;
assert(d.arguments[0].length > 1);
bool isNotted = d.arguments[0][0] == '!';
string actual = isNotted ? d.arguments[0][1 .. $] : d.arguments[0];
bool isDefined;
// server config
isDefined = (isNotted && (actual !in ret.primaryHost.rootDirectory.defineValues || !ret.primaryHost.rootDirectory.definedNames.canFind(actual))) ||
(!isNotted && (actual in ret.primaryHost.rootDirectory.defineValues || ret.primaryHost.rootDirectory.definedNames.canFind(actual)));
// virtual host
isDefined = !isRootDirectory && ((isNotted && (actual !in currentHost.rootDirectory.defineValues || !currentHost.rootDirectory.definedNames.canFind(actual))) ||
(!isNotted && (actual in currentHost.rootDirectory.defineValues || currentHost.rootDirectory.definedNames.canFind(actual))) || isDefined);
// directory
isDefined = !isRootDirectory && ((isNotted && (actual !in currentFileSelector.defineValues || !currentFileSelector.definedNames.canFind(actual))) ||
(!isNotted && (actual in currentFileSelector.defineValues || currentFileSelector.definedNames.canFind(actual))) || isDefined);
if (isDefined) {
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
}
} else if (d.name == "virtualhost" && d.arguments.length >= 1) {
bool prePrim = isPrimary;
isPrimary = false;
VirtualHost* preHost = currentHost;
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
parentOffsets ~= parents.length;
ret.virtualHosts.length++;
currentHost = &ret.virtualHosts[$-1];
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.rootDirectory = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = true;
// TODO: get ips/ports!
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
currentHost = preHost;
isPrimary = prePrim;
} else if (d.name == "directory" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.directories[d.arguments[0]] = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = false;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
} else if ((d.name == "directory" && d.arguments.length == 2 && d.arguments[0] == "~") || (d.name == "directorymatch" && d.arguments.length == 1)) {
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.directoryMatch[d.arguments[$-1]] = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = false;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
} else if (d.name == "file" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.files[d.arguments[0]] = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = false;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
} else if ((d.name == "file" && d.arguments.length == 2 && d.arguments[0] == "~") || (d.name == "filematch" && d.arguments.length == 1)) {
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.fileMatch[d.arguments[$-1]] = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = false;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
} else if (d.name == "location" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.location[d.arguments[0]] = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = false;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
} else if ((d.name == "location" && d.arguments.length == 2 && d.arguments[0] == "~") || (d.name == "locationmatch" && d.arguments.length == 1)) {
bool isRoot = isRootDirectory;
VirtualDirectory* preDir = currentFileSelector;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.locationMatch[d.arguments[$-1]] = currentFileSelector;
isRootDirectory = false;
execute(cast(ConfigFile)d.childValues, parents ~ d);
isRootDirectory = isRoot;
currentFileSelector = preDir;
}
} else {
// yes this should really be handled by the module system!
if (d.name == "define" && d.arguments.length == 2) {
currentFileSelector.defineValues[d.arguments[0]] = d.arguments[1];
} else if (d.name == "define" && d.arguments.length == 1) {
import std.algorithm : canFind;
if (!currentFileSelector.definedNames.canFind(d.arguments[0]))
currentFileSelector.definedNames ~= d.arguments[0];
} else {
foreach(loader; ret.modules.range) {
if (loader.handleConfigDirectiveLoading !is null) {
loader.handleConfigDirectiveLoading(d, exParents, ret, currentHost, isPrimary, currentFileSelector, isRootDirectory);
}
}
}
}
}, exParents, false);
}
isPrimary = true;
currentHost = new VirtualHost;
ret.primaryHost = currentHost;
isRootDirectory = true;
currentFileSelector = new VirtualDirectory;
currentHost.rootDirectory = currentFileSelector;
foreach(loader; ret.modules.range) {
if (loader.preConfigLoading !is null) {
loader.preConfigLoading(ret);
}
}
execute(getConfigFile(configFile), null);
foreach(loader; ret.modules.range) {
if (loader.postConfigLoading !is null) {
loader.postConfigLoading(ret);
}
}
foreach(loader; ret.modules.range) {
if (loader.validConfig !is null) {
assert(loader.validConfig(ret));
}
}
systemConfig = ret;
}
| 41,005 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53153557
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 196 | 350 |
How to create tabbed content inside a React Native screen
I am using React-Native, with Expo and React-Navigation.
In my App I have a Search Component which renders results, but I want to have two tabs of different result types, which can be clicked.
I cannot seem to find a component which does this, a TabNavigator seems to be to change the whole screen, but I have seen this functionality in many other RN Apps, so I have attached a screenshot of a similar component to what I want.
See how the Following, Popular and Explore are different tabs and the line in this case smoothly animates to underline the active tab.
Is there a component out there that does this?
I ended up using the Tabs component from Native Base
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { Container, Header, Content, Tab, Tabs } from 'native-base';
import Tab1 from './tabOne';
import Tab2 from './tabTwo';
import Tab3 from './tabThree';
export default class TabsExample extends Component {
render() {
return (
<Container>
<Header hasTabs />
<Tabs>
<Tab heading="Tab1">
<Tab1 />
</Tab>
<Tab heading="Tab2">
<Tab2 />
</Tab>
<Tab heading="Tab3">
<Tab3 />
</Tab>
</Tabs>
</Container>
);
}
}
| 48,196 |
|
bub_gb_F3isqSytaH0C_3
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,705 |
Samuelis Pufendorfi Commentariorum De rebus suecicis libri 26. ad expeditione Gustavi Adolfi regis in Germaniam ad abdicationem usque Christinae
|
Samuel : von Pufendorf
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 7,173 | 17,867 |
Donec totum negotium ad convcn- fuaderc in prodivi erat. Regis Jacobi poltuia- tum Rarisponcnlcm, quem Cxlar indicebar, re- ta, quantumvis xquillimis conditionibus ador- jiccrctur. Inierim Jaeobus Rex primaria Palari- nara, quia armis non fulciebantur, variis dilatio- natus oppida , qua: fridcrico adhuc reltabanc, nibusclula. Heidelbergam , Manhcimium & Eranclccnda- chriftisni jT. js. Extremum conatum inllaurandis Pala- iiam in tutelam le luam recipere proritetur, ve- ■mniiri- iini rcbus expromebant Chriftianus Brunliiiccn- lut non auluns Aultnacis tara aperte iplius auto- lis Dux, GcorgiusFndericus Marchio Durlaccn- ntate inlultarc. Alt Fiilius, neglecto inani cer- ** ris & Mansfeidius. Ille collectis copiis Palati- nculamcnro , Heidelbergam vi, Maniieiraium natum verius tendebat, & capto Amoenoburgo deditione capit. Lcopoldus quoque Aliatix lo- HalViam graviter «licitabar. Sed coeuntibus ila- ea dMansfddio occupata rccupcrat.dc Spirx, \Vor* varicis atque Hilpanis cerro in Wellphaliam ver- matixqucprxfklium imponir. Ac paliim miles tit, & cxpilara Padcrbornenli atque Monaltcri- Cxfarcamis eo petulantius Protcriantibus erae cnri ditione militem (uum auget , mltruitque. molcltus, quod nemo quem metueret liiperellet* Mansfeidius per Allariain grailabatur , ac novis Manslcldius enim /aeramento Eridcrici lolutus Hagenoam munitionibus circumdabat, cum Til- Cxlan primum mmiiicria tLia orte tebae. Sed lius inrerimpcrPaiacinatum minora oppida con- moxBullionxi pollicitationibus allectus per Lo- /ectatur. Mox acriter bellum repentur , poit- tharingiam in Mctcniein tractum una cumChri- quam Fridcricus e Batavis trajecto mari per Gal- ftiano Brunluicenli ducit , magno per Galliam Jiam Lotliaringiamquc ignotus ad Mansfeldium terrore dato, ne partibus Fiugenottorum, quos pervenerat, qui tunc ie (uasque copias opimis bello tunc in ordinem redigere LudovicusRex conditionibus Hilpanis venditabat. Inde traje- laborabat , accederet. Sed inani Gallis rraCta- '<l* cto Rheno Tiliium apud Wilclochura acri pu- tu illudens, an ipie illu/us , cum validas adver- 2— Sna caltigar. Qui tamen mox acceptam cladem fus le copias colligi videret, ad Batavos tranlire dium. ° reparavit victo apud \Vunpinainpoitalpcirimam conltituir. Ac depolitis Sedam inaclunis majori- 29.Afai, pugnam Durlaccnli , qui poit prxlium ad \Vilc- bus, reJictoque ibidem Fridcrico per Hannoni- fodmm copias luas, quas reducendo Fridcrico am feltinato itinere in Brabantiam rapitur, unde- Pnrlfwi collegerat, a Manstcldio teparaverac, uc Bava- cim dierum Ipatio quinquaginta novem milJiaria «Jfun- n vires factam iplius ditiones irruptione Jiltra- cum exercitu cmcnliis. Ei apud Florcacuxn Cor- Ptrliun» tJuaii berct j an ob xmulationcm inter ipiiimbc Mans- duale objecit, iter ipli intcrclulimis. Aere ibi prx- tbn» fcldium, gloriam profligati hoitis cum hoc par- Jium, Se magna utnnque exdes. ip/um cum filio captivum abducit , paulo poli §. +o. Ferdinandus aurem , cum artes juxta at- Co^en» tamen pecunia emunctum iterum dimittit, que arma ita feliciter ubique lucccdcrcnr,jara op- klr'lP°‘ Interea Brunfuiccnlis valido cum exercitu o portunum tempusadvcmiic judicans, quo duduin Weltphalu Rhenum verius progreditur, dema dcitinata circa Elcctoialem dignitatem in Bava- ji*. °* le habita Fuldcnri atque Darmltadicnli ditione rumtransferendam cxfcqucrctur, pro quo etiam le habita Fuldcnli atque Darmltadicnli ditione rum transferendam cxfcqucrctur, pro quo etiam Miam Harchltam oppidum capit, Mornum ibi ponte GalliarKcx nitebatur, conventum Rarisponx in- tranfiturus. Verum ingruente celeriter Tillio dictum obit * fimul fpccimcn daturus imperii pro- iwii. ac C°r^ua> alperrimo cum hifcc prxl io colligere priocx lubituatqueutii fprcraOrdinum autonrate cogitur. Inquo cum poit lex horarum pugnam gerendi. Ncqucenimumvcrlos Ordines convoca- hoites indcfcllbs urgere cerneret , luos prxhocx- verat, ierd Electores dnnraxar, Se pauculos libi fc- ccdere, Meenumque fuperare jufiir. Incumbcn reobnoxios.MoguntimisquippePalacinodudum tibus tamen hoftibus fuga magis quam receptus infenius hoc dcltrudtoYix quam vocantMonranx fuit, ac fatilcencc ponte plurimi flumine aut ferro i inhiabat. CoIonicnlisBavaricaltirpconus pro lua haulti. Inde majorem copiarum partem prxlio, Domo nitebatur. Trevi ren ris quoque atrocibus crcpraniMansfeldio junxit,.icuna cum illo com- in Fridcricum odiis quamulibet libertatis pubiicx plura AKarixoppida fubegir. jadluralitaruruserat. Saiisburgcrucm ut nihil vo- Ww.us ff. Interea Danix Rex & Saxonix Elector luntari CxfarisautBavan ad VLriumhiiuirct, ditio «ctinuii apudCxfarcm pro Palatino intercedere non de- urfique interjecta lubigcb.it. Ludovicus Halius “wnu-i fliterunt, quibus iite lolira clcmcnrix profcllio- dudumCxIari vclut mancipioaddidusfuerat, ut ne /pem reconciliationis fecit i qua etiam Hilpa-i hunc faventem libi circa ditionem Marpurgenlcm ni Jacobum Regem ladabanr. Et quia Cxlarl habcrctjdcqua fubfiiicin conventus lententia pro^ caulam dilatxcompolirioms in pertinaciam Fri-| nunciata elt.Brandcburgici exigua eo tempore lia- denci rejiciebat, qui refectis iubinde copiis pa bebatur ratio. Saxo.u u on ventui interdic vellet, ccin Germanix turbare non ccllaret , Jacobus , a mbiriolelolicitabatur. Sed iltc marris funJ’ obten- Rex ac exteri pro illo rcllitucndo verba interpo- < densobnixe rcciifabat,iudjgiutus pullos Bohemia ^ 2 Luihe- f Google 16 R E RV M S y ECICARVM 1 6 2 j. Luthcranos faccrdotcs, & ut dcftitutx libertatis Saxone congrclTus plene huic fatisfccit , ut non * 6 a J. exprobrationem apud exteros Proteftantcs dedi- j lolum Bavarum Collegam libi in Septemviratu naret; cum neque honefte Cxfaris adta probare > agnofccret , fed & omne ftudium fervandx au- ncc coram pertinaciter abnuere citra illius often- tornati Cxlarex polliceretur. Id quod etiam Jam pollet; nec fuain autoritatem ita coram vili- Brandeburgicus triennio poft allaborante Saxo- pendi vellet; armis autem cum Cxlarc ubique ne fecit. Nec parum momenti heie attulit Lu- tunc vi&orc collidi minime omnium contuitum latia , qux ob fados in bellum Bohcmicura fum- duccrct. Legatos tamen ardiflimis mandatiscir- ptus Saxoni addicebatur. Tum ipli atque Colo- cumlcriptos mifit, quod & Brandeburgicus fc- nicnii commifliim.uc Ludovicuin Hafluminpof- cit. Igitur , quos intimos libi ac fidiflimos (cilionem ditionis Marpurgcnlis mitterent. His confiliarios vocabat , Cxfar exponit , quid circa pondus addebant Tillii copix , quibus ifthoc ob- transferendam Elccfcoralem dignitatem in Bava- tentu per Hafliam Inferiorem nofpitia afligna- rum exfolvcndoluopromiflb,& ob illius in rem- bantur. Cxfar quoque oftcntand* clementi* pubi icam 3c le merita decreverit ; fimul circa re- Wilhclmum & Fridcricum Duces Saxoni*, quos media ftabilicndx pacis ac lccunratis confilium captivos tenebat , dimilit , ac Chriltianum An- ipfospofcit. Additur lnlpeciem de pecunia ad ver. haldinum in gratiam recepit. Nec mora , quin lus Turcam.de compclccndis Batavis; ne ob lo- Bavaroin perpetuum Eleaoratus confirmaretur, lum Palatinum negotium conventus indidus vi- cautione tamenaddita, exteris Elcdoribusidprx- dcrctur. Ac intcclcli.ifticis quidem, qui majorem' judicio non fore. .. partem faciebant, nulla mora erat, quin citra exee- 42. Interim Inferioris Saxoni* Principes, qui- ptionem Cxfaris delimatis applauderent. Haflus bus Ratisponx ada magnopere difpliccbant, eo callide negotium ad Eledores rejiciebat. Soli Sa- pias comparabant , invalelccntc prelcrtim pcrfcefta> xonici ac Brandeburgiu Legati diflentiebant; ejus- Wcftphaham Cordux, 6c]oannis Jacobi Comh6 modi agendi modum in caufa tam ardua Capitu- tisAnholtini milite. Dux copiarum adfcifcirur lationi Cxlarex, legibusquc Imperii minus con- Chrillianus Brunfuiccnlis , obtentu llimpto» ut gruere atterentes , nec liliis fratrique , & agnatis in- hoc modo a Mansfcldio abftradus eo facilius Cx- noxiisFriderici ob delidum jus quxlitura auferri lari reconciliari pollet. ScdTillius, cui illius mo- debere, inaudita prxlcrtim indefenfaquc caula. tusoblcrvarc injundum erat , admoto ad fines Neque hanc libi pacis conltitucndx idoneam vi- agri Brunfuiccnlis exercitu minabatur Fridcrico am videri ; fed Fridcricum potius ingratiam tcci- Ulrico Brunliiicenli ; fc Saxonicas ditiones ingrefi piendum. lfthxc a Conventu quidem Cxfari ex- lurum, ni frater iplius arma deponat, lite contra ponebantur, fed molliter, ut demitte potius mo- ferociter petere, utTillius finibus luis abfccdat. nere, quam contradicere videri vellent. Paulo Quod hic floccipcndens jam late per ejuldcra pro- fcrocius protettabatur Wolfgangus Wilhclmus vinciam gralVari incipit. Unde territi Principes, Ncoburgicus; leadvcrlus Auret hulU conllitiuio- nondum lat provifis qux tanto bello gerendo nem tanquam proximum agnatum atque innoxi- requirebantur , Lhnftiano denunciant , ut aut i um injuftc prxtcritum. Cxlarc oblatam gratiam ampledatur , aut ln- 41. Sed Cxfar in colorem fibifufficcrcjudi- ferioris Saxonix hnibus faccflat. Igitur veritus m.in Bi- cans maioris partis attentationem, negledis qui ille , ne amicis juxta atque inimicis invadenti- wum contradicebant folenni ritu leptem viralem digna- bus m angultias redigatur, per Wcttphaliam ad couicitHT, tioncnigavaro COnfcrt; ac ne plane racioncs eo- Mansfeldium tendere confiituit. Sed inicqucns rum.qui molliora luadcbant , uiluper habuilTc vi acriter Tillius ultimum iplius agmen carpebati dcrciur, addit; quamprimum a fe Conventum in Inter afpcras velitationes aliquot impedita loca dicendum, ubi fuper Palatini liberis, agnatisq;ami- liipcrantur. Sed apud Sradloam totus Brunlui- Chnftia* ea ratione aut formato judicio dilccptandum fit; ccnlis exercitus conlitterc coactus clt , qui nu- ac polt mortem Bavari eain rem nemini prxjudi- per collecto & inexercitato milite conlkans Til- \ CU<J cioforc. Adui tamen inaugurationis Saxonis atq; iianis par non fuit. Magnam ibi cladem aece- loamtifl- Brandeburgici Legati .Ncoburgicusquc, Se Hifpa- pit Cnriftianus , amiflis machinis , impedimen- cuw. nus orator, ne quod agebatur adprotxare videren- tisque , & magna copiarum parte concita , capta* tur,intereiTercculabant. Gallus contra legatis fui* aut diffipata. 1 ple cum reliquiis apud Batavos rc- injunxerat, ut deinceps huic Eledoris titulum tri- ccprusfuit. Tillio Frifiam Orientalem, cui Mans- bucrcnt, Palatino negarent. 1 It hoc negotio per- feldius inhxrcbat , invadere animus erat. Sed tinaccm futuris motibus materiam fuffici, fimul- cum Batavi Embdx prxfidium firmattent , ac que introducendo Germanis in (blito dominatui, Mansfcldius immillis terrx aquis aditum inter- & opprimendx Protcltantium religioni funda- cluliflct, retro cedebar. PcrluaUcbant tamen Ba- menta jaci , prudentes facile agnolccbant. Nec ravi Mansfcldio, ut accepta pccunix liimma Fri- in Re publica tam inconcinne uifpolita unquam, fiam lat jam cxhauftam relinqueret. Qui antC- occalioncm defore jadato jultitix vocabulo lub- quam exercitum dimitteret , cui ulterius alendo vertendi invi(os,aut opibus eminentes, fi penes nulla ratio fuppeicbat, validam manum pciMo- unurn Iit de (latu bonisque Principum decrcton- naltcricnfcm Se Paderbornemem ditionem cifu- am lentendam ferre, in folius judicis craolumcn-l dit, rapinis (tipendiorum vicem fupplcturis, aut tum redundaturam. Cxtcrum quia Brunluicenfi j importunos petitores amoliturus , fi concideren- atque Mansfcldio copix adhuc erant non fpernen- tur. Neque difficile fuit cupienti exercitum per- dx,3c Inferiores Saxones factum non obicurc im- derc. Nam qui prxdas actum iverant exii * aut probabant, Saxoque Eledor ac Brandeburgicus dittipati ; exterorum pars maxima ttipcndiorum 3ucri non dclillcbant, fua monita fuper oblervan- 'inopia dilabcbantur. Ipfc Dux cum reliquis ia is Imperii legibus non fuifle audita; nec per clau- Batavos abiit, alia via bellum reparaturus. ln- fulam a Cxfarc adjeftam Palatini filiis agnatisque tcrim Cxfarei Lipfiadium & ditionem Marca- conlultum , quorum jus in dubium vocetur, & nam atque Ravcnsbcrgcnlcm , aliaquc loca in a lubituCalaris inccrtovc judicii eventu in infi- potettatem redegerunt. Sed qux unica Frideri- nitura forte extrahendo lulpcndatur: igitur de- eo rcftabat Franckcndalia per Jacobum Regem mulccndo Saxoni ablegatur Ludovicus Haflus in lfabcllx Bclgic* manus Icqucftris titulo ad recenti jultitix beneficio obft.iftus. Is poltca ad- 1 octodecim mcnlcs confignatur ; quod ifteccrtifi juncto Mogumino Tillioque Slcufingx cum limam fpem foveret, le- pet matrimonium * de quo liber i. '7 'idlj. quo inter Carolum Wall i a: Principem , &Ma- itantis laboribus impares vires obtendebantur. 1 ** riam Regis Hilpani* lororcm contrahendo agi- Contra Dano prarcipuc favebam Brunluiccnlcs rabatur , Friderici reflirurionem obtenturum. Duces ipfius e forore nepotes, Chnltianus \Vil- Venim ea fpes irrito connubio poli cvancfcc- hclmusAdminiltrarorMagdcburgicus allinis, «Se bat ; ac Hilpinis folitum per connubia terras Mcchlcnburgcnlcs Duces. lude miles confcnbi- adquirerc , non amittere. Qui & repetentem tur, & carrera bello ncccllana magno fludio pa- poft ex pa&o id oppidum ufltato ludibrio diffc- rantur, fociis non Ipcrncndam pecunia: fummam rcbant. fuppeditantibus. Mansfcidius quoque in Anglia, jT- 4?* diverfa parte Dctlenus Turcicis auxi- & Chrjftianus Brunluiccnlis in Gallia non mva- kfHwa ft* liisfuftultus, & quod a Brunfuiccnfiatque Mans- *tm fddioaliquodopcrapreriiun tactum in lirarer, bellum acriter reparabat, caulatus nupera pace li- bi promidi fervata non fuifle. Igitur percurla Hun- gana in Mora viam penetrat, ipia quoque Bohe- mia jam trepidante. Fi a Calare obviam millus cum exercitu Nigromontius Marchio male habe, tur, dcinrcrclulo commeatu ad exrremam neccl- fitatem redigitur j cum repentinus pavor Bcrlc- nuni retro vertit e fallo rumore» vclur multa mil- lia e Germania Carfari in auxilium advolarent. Pe titas ab ipfo duorum mcnlium inducias Catar re- 1 fidebat, & qui pr-vdaonuih domum di (cedere eo- 1 nabantur Turc e.malc mulcabantur. Mox tamen idem Bctlcno honeftis conditionibus pacem da bar, quod Turcico bello implicari nollet , & re- bus luis in Germania promovendis vacare latius ducerer. Kowf*- 44. Poli pullos ubique, qui advcrfusCxfa- rc/narma gcBerant , bellum dcliiile, videbatur, pax nondum crar. Neque enim Calaris miles iSi*. minus gravis Germania incumbere pergebat; «Se armisparcaarmis utique retinenda erant. Ft qui Palatino favebant, non ccllab.mt omnes vias af. finitam iplius fortunam inftjuranditcntare , poll- quam circa eundem redituendum Caiar verbis fat zquum,rc implacabilem ic exhibebar. Nam quid ilii Calaris gratia, dignitate ac ditione ab- latis? Acjarndudum vicinis immcnlum gltfecns rtit. lidas copias conlcripfcrant , qua per Galliam in Alfatiam irrumpere debebant j /cd quaspoUca, Gallis promiifum tran licum negantibus, in lia- ravos adduxerunt ; mox poli frullra rcnraram Breda liberationem in agrum Colonicnlcm effo- derunt , numeris non parum minuentibus cre- bras ob mortes ac dclcrtioncs. illis Anhoftinum TilJius oppofiicrar. .Iplc contrarium £ Wettera- via Halliaque llativis exercitum in Brunluiccn* (ium fines dueebat, vclut Mansfcldio iter in eum tractum intcrciufurus, ac Huxrcram, Holzmun- damque rranleundo Vifurgi opportuna loca oc- cupabar. j)'. 4f . Frequens inde lircrarum Danum inter Kjut bdu saxoucique Inferiores , ac Tiliium commutatio. fili arma nullius m olfcnlioncm libi comparata tellnhantur>lcd tuendis luis finibus advcrlus mili- tum injurias, quas non mediocres hactenus ex- 1 porri Client. Simul petebant, ur Tillius excrcirum removeat; de ne Caiar circa pollcllbs hadenusab iplis Praluljtus qmd novet, nonoblcura ambage inlinuabant. Tillius ferociter relpondcre; milites Calaris aves non elie, ur in aere vitam agitare queant. Caterum Ii ipli prius exercitum dimittant* fcquoqueabiturum; ac Calarem in iidc advcrlus iplum perlillemibus pacem circa profana lacraque in Imperio lanatam Janam tectamquc praitiru- rum. inter halire dilccpcationcs magno utrinque lludio bellum parabatur ;curn neque imoncsfil- Aullriacorum potentia formidinem incutiebar, lio inermes (e exponere contuitum ducerent, «Se igitur in tardus coeunt Gallus, Britannus , Da- Caliir illa Germani* parte non domita nihil 4 le nus, adjunctis Sabaudo , Vcnctiique & Baravis» actum crederer. Atque hic quidem live Tiliium diverto linguli rcfpedu ; ied in eo omnes corno- fblum ei bello non luiliccic ratus, live 4Bavari- nicbanc , ut Aultnacorum progrcJliis lillercn- eo Duce id negotium confici nolens, cujus fru&us *1,p Przcipuc tamen obtentui futuebatur Pala- ' libi fuisque delimatum ibat, Albemini WalJcn- V*11«h licinium Fridlandia Ducem novo cum cxcrci- ftc|niu« tu liibmitrir , qui occupata ditione Halberlla- dienli , ac Magdeburgica compedes Albi inji- ceret , dum Tulius circa Vilurgim franandum faragir. jj. 46. A literis inde paularim ad manus res de- Bellam in ducitur. Dano primordia belli non fatis au- 1 picat a duxerant , quidum vallum Hamclxob cquirar , improvilo 'aplii in foliam prxeipitans tur* aliquot per dies exiguam vir* fpem fuis relique- rat. £0 cafu perterriti ejus duces cum exer- citu retro Verdam conccflcrunt , ne forte Til- lius capite deftituris ingrueret , utque Brunfui- ccnfis per Wcltphaham adventantis copias fibi eo tutius adjungerent. Alt Tillius occafioni- bus imminens nudata prxlidiis 4 Dano loca Ha- rnclam, Mindara, aliaquc occupat. Sedabob- lidio Nven burgi non line damno repellitur, quod tamen ulcifccndi paulo poli fortuna lo- cum prxbec. Rex enim Gallcnbcrgam 4 Til- lio nuper occuparam recuperare cupidus Fride- ricum Saxoni* Ducem «Se Joannem Michaclcnt Obcrnrraurium cum aliquot legionibus eo mit- tit. HisTillianiobviam procedunt, ac non procul Hanovera utrumque poli aerem pugnam magna cumcopiarumpartccadunr. Poft tamen Rex op- pidum Srolzenaviam recuperat. At Fridlandus pontem Deflavienfem callcllo firmat. Miles inde in hiberna utrinque dedudus , qua dum in Lu- bcccnfium agro pro more licentius furnir Mans-- O 3 fcldius* tinus in avitum parrimonium reponendus , «Se ut Hilpani Valle Tcllina , clauitris IraJi* , ex- cuterentur. Et circa Vallem Tcllinam quidem res ex dellinato fucccdcbar. Friderici Ipcs , fi- mulqucProrcftantium fortuna in deterius ibant; de quo plurcs contra tendebanc , eo latius Au- llriaci dominatum per Germaniam proferebant. Atque Gallum quidem internos Regni lui mor- bos cxlcindendi cura Germani* negotiis admo- dum vacarenon linebar. Angii conatus ad verius Hilpanum irriti; mox orta cum Gallis limul- tate , & xgrcfcentibus civium animis diltrahc- batur. Veneris Sabaudoque circa propiora tan- tum lolicitudo. Batavos erepta Breda Hilpani cominus urgebant. Hinc rora belli moles in Sa- xoniam Inferiorem, Da n iaque Regem Chrillia- num IV. incumbere, magni animi Principem, & qui inter arma ubique llrepentia quiclcerc igna- vum ducebar. Quem de nuendo in Palatinum ftimulabat, & cura pro Chrilliano Brunluicenli 1 Ibrons filio. Simul opimos Pralulatus Bremen- /cm. Verdcnfem , Mindcnfemque^c plurcs for- rade in filios luos transvolvendi occafioncm jam . praberi rcbatur , non modicum familia fua dc- cus’ ®-cSn0 levamentum. Eum in finem ic lucnch ^Ircuh Saxonici Interioris ducem creari curave- itm«raw-rat , abdicante id munus Chrilliano Lunabur- fam. genii, in Otiaris partes una cum Dace Georgio pronoob adtudicaram Lunaburgcnfib' dirionem Grubcnhagcnlem ; ea ter uni provenior atas, ac Dig I» KEKVM SVEC1CAKVM 1615. fcldius^b iftisfubito irrumpentibus far duriter ha- 1 firmabat, & apudTroppaviam muniris locis me* betut. tabatur, inde per Silciiam, Moraviamque late cx- i)t r*'» §• 47. Neque tamen, tum permodicas vclita- currens. Adverius illum Fridlandus fallis cum fcuftraaji- tiones majoribus aulis prxluditur, de pace farcicn- Bctlcno induciis tendebat; icdmors fato propera m- da cura decedit, circa quam in conventu BrunlVi- Ducem iftum magni animi^ccininora minantem fxindi&o fcquellrc Saxomx Electore fatagitur. medios inter conatus abripuit, Cxlariquc facilem tSaxones quidem copias le fuas dimifluros pro- vi&oriam ibi prxbuit. fitebantur, dummodo Caelaret deductis przlidiis, & reparato damno provincia excederent, ac Ca:- far circa Prxfularus a Protcliantibus policflos ni- hil innovaret. Tillius contra pollulare , ut ifti priores exercitum folvercnt , Luncburgico, qui aCxfaris partibus liabat , damnum datum repa- rarent, 4Danolc removerent , mque poltcrum militem non confcribercnt. Sed cum neutra pars de pollulatis fuis quidquam remitteret, Tillio vi- ribus prxvalcntc, Sa xo n ibus non lat inter le con- cordibus, nihil effectum fuit ; prxfcrtimcumCx- farcani fuper Przlulatibus cavere nollent, coque latis quid animi luper iitis Cxlan foret proderent. Danus quoque, inltaurato nuper cum Anglis,Ba- ravisque foedere Armatus majore animo, quam fucceflu bellum fumebar. §. 48. Alt Mansfcldius regione inter Lubccam & Hamburgum male habita, cum neque diutius ibi propter inopiam hxrcrc, nec opera: pretium facere pollct,inlupenorcs Germania: partes dulra- hendo holti tendere conftituit; xgtis quoque Si- lcliorum ac Moravorum in Czlarcra animis ob Pialium infcftata ipforum facra,ut duce tantum iliis ad re- parandum bellum opus videretur. Igicur fumto per Brandeburgicas terras itinere in Anlulcinam AMmifcl* «i w acta. $.49. Nec minus in SaxoniaCxfari fupra votum caf«i* res fluebant, ubiTilliusGccttingam deditione cc- fonuaapa perat,ac Danos aboblidione Callcnbcrgxliibmil- Saxonum. loLudovicoJacoboFurltcnbcrgio nonline clade repulerat. Sed cum Northcimum oblidere para- 16*7. rct, Rege cum univcrlo exercitu adpropcrante, Goettingam recedebat , ubi aliquot legiones a Fridlando ficLuncburgico lubmiilx ipjli jungeban- tur. His copiis auctus Regem in Eichsteldiam transgrcfluminlequiconllituic. Qui numero le inferiorem videns per impedita loca Guclfcrby- tum retro tendebat. Sed Tillius abeuntem preme- re, & per triduum velitationibus infcftarc, donec adLuttcram oppidum pugnandi explicata acicKex copiam faceret. U bi hic magno pra lio vicius cum reliquiis copiarum Gucltcrbytum, inde infra Ham- burgum conccflit. Impetus vidonsinlcfla a Dano Saxonixloca BrcmamuIquc.Guclfcrbyto paucis- qucahiscxccptis er a bebat; Se Fridericus Ulricus brunluiccnlis Dux, alnqucCxIaris gratiam pacilci properabant, inter quos& Joannes Albcrtus,ac Adolfus Fridcricus Mcehicnburgici Duces, cum Gxfarea prxlidia recipere decrevillcnt, prx veni- ent e Dano, & prxcipuis iplorum oppidis militem linmittcnte.dcllinatacxlcqui prohiucbantur. Un- «iitionem accedens caflcllum pomi Dciiavicnli a ideCxlariinDuccsoffcnix anlalumebarur, quam Fridlando adpolitum expugnare aggreditur, in-poit ditione exuti leniere. Eodem tempore in Au- faullo conatu. Nam rcpcnrc luper vemens Fnd- llriabupcriorcarulticis quoque tumulruarum.ob landus magna cum clade Manstcldiuui repeiiu»! prohibitam ProictUnuumrcaigioncniiraris, quos ac cum reliquiis copiarum retro inMarchurace- 1 repetitis praliisacruerrcftitantesGodofrcdusHcn- dere cogit. Danus contra Olnabruga oecupata, ! ricus Pappcnheiraius tandem in ordinem redegir. filium primogenitum ejus przliilatus Coadjuto-) $.yo. lmpuiias Dam per Germanum res plane vimnen- rem creari curat, prxpropcre nimis; cum mox Da. pcllumdarcm proclivi deinceps Gxlarcis ducibus nica prxlidia per Comitem Anholtinum inde eji-j fuit, Rege ffuflra renuente , qui Admimllrato- ccrcntur.ScdChrillianus Brunluiccnlis, polt fru- 1 rem Magdcburgenlcm , Se Turnum Comitem in lira rentatam Gos!ariam,cumNorthcimum,Gcet- \ Silciiam miferat , exercitui in locum defundi Jo- ringam,dc Mundam prxiidns hrmaiict, Gucltcr- hanuis Ernclti Vinaricnlisprxfuturos. Sed Fnd- bytum revertit, ubi paulopoBnou line veneni lu- (uicione extinguitur. Contra Tillius ex agro Pa- dcrborncnli in Haffiam progreffus Hirsteldiam, &alia complura loca occupat, Munda quoque per vim expugnata, atroci militis prxlidiarn& civium cxdccdita. UbiSc Landgravius Mauriuus cave- re Cxfari , & agnato Ludovico Darmftadicnli Rhcinfclfam 5c Chattorum arcem Rheno immi- nentem (ementia lata huic adjudicatam , tradere cogitur. EnimveroMansfeldius reparatis utcun quccopiis,aflumtoqucJohannc ErncltoVinaricn- (1 Duce in Silciiam tendit, inde ad Bctlenum trans- iturus, qui& ipfcdcnuo fortunam adverius Cx- larem tentarurus erat. Fridlandus ubi Mansfeldu confllium animadvcrtiffct, raptim copiarum par- tem per Lufatiamprxmittit,qux extremum i It ius agmen carperet, i ple toto cum exercitu inlccutu rus. Ac Mansfcldius quidem poli multam itinere cxhauila incommoda tandem in Hungananipcr Silclios penetrat, ubi Bcflcnus fe jam movere coe- perat. Sed incumbente acriter Fridlando perterri- tus Bctlcnus, Se quia Turearum auxilia ob acce- ptam aPerlis cladem languide accedebant, pro mo- re luo luper induciis traaareinftituit.lgirur Mans- fcldius,contignaris Betlcno copiarum reliquiis Se tormentis, pcrTurcicas ditiones ad Venctositcr fulcipit, fortunz damna alia via reparaturus ; ni morte in Bofnia oppreffus Auftriacos pertinaci t^"m ' hollclibcraffct. Inierim Johannes Erncllus Vi- naricnfisinSilefia reftiuns non modice vires luas landus fupplctis luis copiis, Se occupatis oppidis Lilchvvicio , Carnovu , Kolclia de Troppavia illum exercitum tota Silclia exturbabat. Pars militum , qux fub Carpezano Tribuno fuerat» pollmiffioncmdilpcrfa; reliquos lubBaudilio du- ce per Polonix fines in Marchiain evadere conan- tes immiffus a Fridlando Pcchmannus Tribunus cecidit, quo tamen in prxlio de iplc occubuit. Re- gi interii» cx Anglialcx militum millia lubMor- gano duce auxilio veneram, liinul ab Anglo Gal- loque pecunia lubmilla, (eruui fublidiurn, nec reparandis totcladibus lurficicns. lpic politis 10- tcrVifurgim atque Albim cailclJis progrcflusCx- larcorurn lillcrc nitebatur, ac per cxcurliones Luneburgcnlis ditionem vallabai. Sed non diu hxrcreibi dabatur. Tillius quippe apudTanger- mundam Albi lupcrato, l<xa pcrMarchiam&Da- nisinlcffa occupat, lisdcmquc Havclbcrga extur- baris Havclam fluvium tranlit. Mox incumbent e fimul Fridlando Boizcburgum , ac Lauenbur- gum recuperatae Regiis femper cedentibus in Hollariam tandem penetrat. '9 l <S2/. bis acriter ab oppugnatione repulfus ultro offerre [qua; inter duo regna illibata femper viguerit, con- 1 627. cogebatur- Nycnburgura quoque Anhol tino (e [cedere vcllentab ipfo omne Polonix frumentum fubniifir, qui omnem ad Vifurgim tradtum, & f coemi eodem pretio, quod peregrini mercatores Brcmcnlem ditionem, Stada excepta, in porcfta- 1 Gedani eflene loluturi. Ea ratione PoJonos Re- tem redegit. Tandem & Paopcnheiinio Guelfer- gem Catholicum fibi obligaturos Se rudituum bytumdeditur, obltrudoOckcra: alveo inunda- compendium faturos, quibus opus (it frumento tum. Ide rerum fucccfliis Georgium Wiihal- , Gedanum ufquc devehendo. Sed Srephanus re % mum Brandcnburgicum Elc&orcm fubcgir, ut dcliberataconccdcndum non judicavit, (apienter Bavarum Collegam agnolccrct , quod haftcnus judicans, mercatores peregrinos alias in oras dc- abnucrat, lcquem poteftatcCxIaris fore tcftare-j flexuros, dcficPoloniam mercibus, quibus care- tur, ejuldem militi tranlitum holpitiaque polii- jrenequeat, vino, pannis, aromatibus, deftitu- citus, fuolquc Dano militantes avocans. Indela- endam. Ita repulfiHilpani eundem Legatum ali- te per Mareniam, Mechlcnburgicam aePomera- quanto poft Gedanum niilcrc , qui ad Senatum niam Ci faris miles lc diffundit , ac provinciales admilfus, aede benevolentia & amicitia Regis lui graviffimis exactionibus pro libidine exhaurit. prarfarus, rogabatomncciviraris frumentum (ibi Cummi Modica inter hac pacis mentio, non quod venale concedi » majus pretium offerens, quam Muiiitiii. CaC*Iaricordicllcr,fcd nepopuli torincommo- mercatores peregrini (olent. Hoc petitum et (i fe. dis belli in defpcrarioncm verterentur. Nam lc- natuimulrisnominibuseljetiu(pcaum,nonigna- garis Damcisad Conventura, quem Elc&orcs in- ro, quo hac confilia pertinerent, vixtamcniio- tcr (e Mulhulii agitabant , a ocellus negabatur, nefte (e poterat expedire. Sed cum Legatus cui- mm cjufmoJi pacis leges dicebantur , quas Re- piam e primoribus civitatis interroganti, quid gem nunquam accepturum parebat. Inanis quo- ranta copia frumenti fadhims cllirt, relpondiilcrj que opera Colmanx A Wurrembcrgico &Lotha :at quidem improvide; quid eorum referret, nngico Ducibus (umebatur circa conciliandum etiamli in mare projiceret, modo ad allcm ipfis (61- CaJari Palatinum. Nam & tales conduioncs a veretur; eo rrtpon(o accepto Senatus unanimi vo- Cxlarc proponebantur, quas prxftarc penes Pa- ceprofelTiisclt, lc Legati poftulara nunquam ad- latinum non erat, «Se ab hoc oblata* moderatiores <niflurum,ne tam horienda.* profulionis particeps plane refpucbaiuur. Cxterum e Mulhulino con- fiat,& quod hac arte «Se monopolio fubductismer- ventu nullus in publicum fruclus, nili quod Cx- cibus peregi inis inaximuindainnum civitati infe- farpcriftuni ad evertendam plane Ordinum liber- rendumfir. Hac rcpulfahaur quidquam protelati ratem viam fibiltruerct, dum vclut in Comitio- tiifpani Regem Sigtfmunduin 111. in partes luas rum locum illos e paucis, Ubique fere obnoxiis pcrrrahcreconati i unr, ut ejusopera commercium congre Ilus fovet, quibus (ola conlultandi, nulla Gedancnlcfohobrincicnt. Eo lineipii nummo- decernendi facultas relinquebatur, & quorum niojungirur Anna Aminaea, FerdinanJi il. foror, comiliaprolubiruCxfaradipernaripotcrit. Sed I «M ea mature defuncta ejuldem (oror Conflantia. & ex eodem Conventu prxtcxtus a Calare quali- 1 Hxquaahimrate factum, ut magna auxilia cqui- tus ede videtur revocandis bonis (acris, qua poft' tum Colaccorum Calari fubfidlo imrrercnrur, transactionem PalfavicnlcmiiiProtcllantiumma- . Polonicaque naves clalli ad Wifmariam Umendae rus pervenerant; dumEloftoresEccIcliaftici teri- 1 (ubmitreremur. IdeooucRcxSigj/mundusrenta- pto Calari dcmonftrant; ipfius munus ede peuris! vitquoque omnem pulverem tormcntariuin tora Caiholicoruni heie larisfacere; ac paci Augufta- IBoruflia coemere, quo Hollandos eo belli inftru* nar repugnare, illosEpilcopatusaProtedautibusj mento excluderet. Ita Hifpani, favorcRegiscon- fubPralulumaut Admimftiatorum vocabulo de- j fili» demiorem Gedani tcnranr, pro Batawcarum tincri. Qnoquidem in negotio non expers lucri navium jactura Hifpanicas, Italicas, Indicafquc, cratCxfar, dum filium Leopolduni Wilhclmum pneterinfignesimmunitates, offerentes. Unde HalbcrltadienfisEpilcopatus, «Se Abbatia: Hirich- Anno 1627. Philippus IV. Gedanum ablegavit fcldcnlis Adminiftratorcm ren unciari curat » in Baronem Auchium deleam, qui Gedancnfibus<r And»/, quem etiam Ponrifcx Prxlulatum Magdeburgen- lummum Regis fui deliderium cum ipfis amici- icm contulerat, uturElcftoris Saxoni* filius Au- ; tiam locicratcmquecontrahcndi/ignihcarcf, am- gu (lus abdicaro ChriftianoW ilhclmoA Canonicis pliflimaquc privilegia polliceretur , fi in Hifpania et regimini defignatus forer. Illum Brcmenlisj mercaturam facere vellent, unde plus utilium mercium, quam ex Hollandia percepturi finr. Sed ad hoc negotii opus lore, ut Rex Catholicus perpetuum procuratorem Gedani alar, qui litcras commeatu:, det, rcrumque invcftarum libellos ailcrtorios lignee, ac fubfcriptione firmer. Ad hanc Legati propolitioncm cum Gedanenfes dire- cte re/pondere non polfent, quod ea res ad omnes pandis Cadar inhiabar. Ea res quanti momenti vi- 1 civitates Haihcaticas pertineret, i quibus divelli lafucrir, vel inde judicare licet, quod perram va- nequeanr, ad proxima carum Comitia id negorii dcaliiEpiieoparusIcquurun erant, pretium belli defervitur* Saxoni* compedes. f’ f ■ *• Neque lus fele finibus i uccelfu irritata do- Bu*A«.minandi cupido coercebat : led de Maris Baltici ftoMu. tentatum imperium frenando Septentrioni, fimui fub/ugandis Batavis, quorum coi-nmercia naviga- tione illius maris fundantur, cujus faucibus oecu rias vias & artes eandem perficere laborarim Au. fttiaci, ne quidem poft tot irritos conatus cupidine cxtinfta. Quos junftim heie rcccnfcrcab inftituto noftro haudal ien um fuerit. LTt igitur commerciis Baltici maris Batavos arccrcnr Hiipani.focictatcm cum Polonis&Hanlcaricis inire inftituerunr, ob- jaroiifdcmmufuoin Hifpania mercatura’ ulu de Ii- 1 bcra per omnes Auftnacar ditionis partes naviga- 1 tionc,ca tamen lege, ut reliquis tceacribus in per- petuum renuntient. Jam primum regnanrc Stc- phano Batoreo Gedanum venit Legarus Philip pi II. expoliturus Regi & Proceribus Polonix furn- um frumenti penuriam, qua Hifpania preme- retur, cuique oblectavit, ut pro veteri amicitia, rejecerunt. PortAnno «657. Legatus Hifpan reus volumen articulorum Regi Ordintbu.que Polo- ni* Warfaviar obtulit , qui tpedarentad mrtituen- dum cum utriulque Regni, Hifpania: (k Polonix, fubditisinutuuinniercaturi* ulum; quibus inter extera caveretur, ne rx portu Gedanenii ulla (ol- veret navis Hilpaniam verius, quxtelis, funibus, cera, & nitro non foret onufta, quo his mercibus Hifpania inftrucretur, Hollandia privaretur. Et ne Gcdancnlcs navibus in Hollandia (tructis , imo ne illis quidem uterentur, qu.r Gedani ad modum Hollandicarum navium adificatx fint. Er cum Gedancnlesnionuiflcnr, mutatione navigationis & mercatur* fux civitati ingens damnum illatum r> + iii, Dic I \ 2» RE RV Ai SVEC1CARVM »*i7- iri, ille pollicebatur cx Hilpania vina , pannos, I fore putarent. Jam quoque Hifpaniconftituernnt j aromata, falcm & omnia liniilia. RcxPolqniae j inftaurandis per Daniam faens Romanis omnes Uladislausob contradam eo anno cum Aultriacis regni incolas partira inHilpaniamad agroscolcn- aftimtatcm, duda Cxcilia Renata, Ferdinandi dos, partim in Americana ad metalla ctFodicnda 111. fororc , articulorum libellum liaiim Geda- , transportare, dedudis in horum locum coloniis nura milit , Senatores urbis exhortatus , ut Hifpa- ex Hilpania & Belgio ; tum tam* caprandx omnia notum poftulatis faciles le prxbcant. Sed quiifta bona tcdcliaftica rcltimcrc. Ac utDania perpe- • vclut altius penetrantia conftantcr relpuerunt. tuo in fide Romana perfiftcrct, ipl» Hilpani freti Nec minus ut Hantcaticos fpccic locietatis ad mi- 1 Orclundicipoficlfioncm conlervaturi erant, Regi nirtcrialuadifponcrcnt Hilpani, laboratum. Ho- j Succi* prxmii loco data Scania, Hallandia&t Ulce- rum caput Lubccam, qux circa id tempus quin- kingia. Stephano prxtcr immortalem gloriam quaginta circiter navibus portus Hilpanicos fre- ob navatam promovenda: religioni operam ad quentabat. Anno 1625-. Legati adiere Comes diesvitxevedligahbusfrctiDaniciannuaccntcna Schvvartzcnbcrgius Aulx Cxfatcx prxfcdus, aureorum millia , &c a Pontifice lexagena millia Baro Auchius jam didus, StGabricl de Roy , qui delimabantur. Enim vero id confiliumfruftrafuir, Cxlaris dHilpaniaruin Regis tantam in eam lo quod negotia $ pluribus pendentia, quorum ra- cietatcm benevolentiam tciUbantur , ut amplas ttoneslibi cxainullim conformes non lunr, raro immunitates per Germaniam & Hifpaniam |am ita dilponi queant, ut omnes pari thidioad eadem ultro oblatum eant} & quia ad utnulquc regionis perficienda incumbant. ScdpoIlpulIocGcrma- lnlignc commodum videatur facete, Ii ardilTima nia Rege Danix facilis via dari vifa dominatum inluper inutux navigationis &mcrcaturx focictas maris Ce Borealium regnorum invadendi , occu- incatur. Ea de re cum Senatores U rbis Legatos ro pata Mcclenburgica , quam mox Pomerania lecu- garent, ut mentem fuam dittindius exponerent, tura erat. Fndlandus quoque aCxfare inaudito & quibus modis id tieri queat} hi rcfpondcrunt : hadcnuscxcmplo luprcmus clalfis prxfcdus per ncccllarium efle aliquot navium clallcm inftrui, Oceanum ac inarc Balticum declaratur, collaro quibus Cxlar naves liias adjungat inlignibus & in eundem Mcclenburgico Ducatu, quem velue apluliribus Imperii ornatas, & li opus Iit Rex Ca- in pignoris vicem ob iumtus in id bellum fados tholicus iildem auxiliares naves lubmirtat, ad tantnper obtineret} qui tamen paulo poft pleno tuendam Hanfcaticorum fecuram navigationem, faidi jure in eundem transfcriptuscft. Eumquip- quocunquc vela facere piaceat. Addito, ad fccu- pcCxlarlibicompctereaflercbarjurcbcIlibcre- rain Stconftantcm commercandi fouctatem lia- ternionis, quod Duces ilh Dano faviftcnr, &mi- biliendam utique requiri, ut Urbes Hanfcuticx nus parate lcrvitiofc viderentur cxpoluiftc. Isco- cxtcrisfa*dcribusnuncium remittant, neque ul- lor tunc fuftecir, ut Duces M cclci iburgici avita lum aliud abfquc Cxlaris conlcnlii, extra intrave ditione exuerentur, qua Maris Baltici imperium Imperium dcmccps contrahant. Dcnovohocnc affectantibus opus erat} cum paulo poli tamen gotiandi de navigandi modo delegati Urbium ad Dano, qui illos bello implicarat, ftix ditiones i luos li: relaturos reccpcrunt,quodip(ihacdcreni- Germanico Imperio dependentes gratis rcftituc- hil in mandatis habeant. Sed quia ob continuam rentur. Occupato lictore, portuque, clafli com- bellorum tcmpcftatcm ab eo tempore nullus Han- parandx incumbitur, negotitimque datum Co- icaucarum Urbium conventus fuit habitus, nego- mu: Mansfcldio, Wilinarix tunc Prxfcdo, ut tium id in 1'ufpenlo luit rclidum. Et quanquam quindecim naves bcllicascxmtcndascurarci,quL monopolium mercium Hifpanicarum lucrum bus intra paucos mcnlcs perfectis, cum & Sigil- que iiigensindc redundaturum plaulibilitcr jada- mundus 1’olouix Rex fuas aliquot naves fublidio rctur} ea tamen illecebra haut qmdquam capic- adjunxiftet, Succix Regem ita resci advertit, ut bantur Hanleatici, minitante Danix Rege, & principiis iltisutiquc oblidendum libi decreverit, quod tot populi mari potentes ipfos talia conantcs ubiinvalcfccrcnt, in exitium iplius juxta Danix- lacii e leprciluricflcnt. tcrpolitam inoram Lubecenlcs cxcu lavere feCx- ' jL fj- Inde &Pomcranix manus injiciebantur» i$»t. lari, rogantes uti libi ejus pace liceat hxrcrc intra' qux licet toto bello extra omne armorum conta- Pumennu limites priitinx negotiationis, 6c vitata invidia il- j giumrcmoraimmcnlbCxfarcimilirisagmine in- lam cum omnibus tranquille de citra contentio- 1 undabatur} cujus unicus Dux prolilque expers mi- ncmcxerccrc} exterum Ic de oblcquioCxfari de- norccuminvidiaCxlarcmhxrcdcm habiturusvi- bitoninil detraduros. Enimvero quod amicitix debatur. Eumque in finem jam Bavarus adio- incitamcntis obtinere non poterant Auftriaci, id nem inPomeraniam, 4 Ludovico Romano Lu- violcntisrcmcdiisutallcquercntur, operam dede- dovicilV. Imperatoris filio derivatam, ubi Du- runt,quo dominatum in partibus Borcalibus, pof- ccm fato fungi contingeret, meditabatur, qua lcftb mari Balneo, ftabilircnt. Eo fine Philippus II. Brandcnburgicus fuccciiione excluderetur; qux Daniam oppriracrcconftituit,hautdifiicultcr per- quantumvis infirmis & obloletis nixa rationibus tradoinfocictatcmJoannc,RcgcSuccix,obodia ; lutheere poterat, ut Cxfar fcqucftris titulo eam inter illas gentes, & quod Ipcs foret hac occafione regionem vclut litigiofam occuparet. UtStral- fines regni proferendi. A Philippo quoque indi- lunda invaderetur, iacileeratprxtcxtiimcommi- gatus Romanus Pontifex, &iple Daniam ad cui- nilci. Pollulabatur, ut caprxlidium Cxfareura tum fui revocare cupidus , Stephanum Batorcum reciperet , 6c magnam pccuiux liimmam iblvercr, gloriafadiprxraiilqucadduxerat.utcxercituqua- «St aha, quibus litis materia quxrcbatur. Cum ca draginta millium equitum fub fpecie belli ini ur- urbs lardiusin fui perniciem conlentirc videretur, eas aut RulTos gciendi confcripto Pomeraniani mox oblidionc cingitur- Cives hoftis hadenus pervaderet, ac inde Hollatiamdt Juttam, regiones Icmpcrvidorisinfolentiahauttcrritiad vim pro- apertas, intrarer. Inrcrcadum hincPolonus, inde pullandam ftrenuclc parant, quibus aliquot cohor- Succusinvadunt, Hifpauicam eia flem Selandiam tes peditum Danus auxilio milcrac. Sed prxei- infulam cum Hafnia & Croncnburgo occupatu- pua fiduaa in Rege Succix erat, qui cum facile ram. Ac jam Ipc devoraverant multas aureorum mtclligcrct, quinti fuaintcrcflctCxfarcm litorc myriadcs,quas fretum illud Regis fui a rario quot- Balticonon potiri , ultro pulverem pyrium, quem annis infert, quod Dano tam improvifa procella iltiaGcdaneniibus petierant , fubnulir, aeperLe- ©pprcllo nullum prxter Noivvcgiam refugium gatum auxilia prolixe obtuli t,cupicntclquc valido milite Digitized by CjOOqLc r \ L 1B militcfirmavit. His fubfidiis audii oppidani acri- ter fscpms repetitos Cxlarcorum inlultus repule- runt, eofquc portam ifla duodecim militum rail- luobGdium lolverc coegerunt. Tentata quidem pofteum urbe compolirio ; led illa nihil fidi d Cx- 1'arecxpccUns foederi Succi* Regis innexa eft, ci- dem facilem mox in Germaniam ingrcfiiim fatu- ra. Panm §. f4* Interea ad finem tendebat bellum cum Rc Dano, cui ad extremum ufquc fortuha adverla **“■ teflabat. Nam & Srada a Morgano inlclla» & Crempa , fame compulla , utraque cervices victo- rifubmirtcbar, ut toto in continente nihil prxtcr Glucfladium Regi fupcrcilct, Batavis ad id lcrvan- dum acriter connixis. Rex equidem claire oram Holtitix, recuperata inlula Fernera ren rare; in- de repuifus Rugix ftuftra allidere, mox Uledo- mum de Wolgaitum in Pomerania occupare. Sed liipcrvcnientibus Cxlarcis non line clade rejectus flaves confccndit, de re infeda Hafmam naviga- vit, caulatusnon ideo fc vcnille , ut ea loca reti- neret, fcd ut Ducem Pomeramx ulci Iceretur, quod tormenta CxfareisoppugnandxStrallundx * commodaflct.Hunc ut pacem dcliderarer* res ubi- qucadvcrlxliibigcbant, deDanix Senatores bel- lum deteflantes; de quod a Gallis Anglifquede- Ritutum ft pcrfpicerct. Nec latis arridebat, quod Batavi non alia lcgcmilstcm mittere vellent, quam cuftodicndis arcibus Ireto Orciundico adpohtis. Cxlir autem, Saxone, HollatixqucDucc Fride- tico lol ici tant ibus, duriflimas illi pacis conditio- nes propoluerat, & Fridlandus rem extrahebat lentaturus , num in infulas quoque penerrare pol- let. Quem in finem, cum ab Hanlcaticis com- modatoobtincre non pollet , naves apud Wilma- riam xditicarc iriftituic ; de in locum equitum, qui dimittebantur, peditem lcribir* Veiut navibus imponendum. 5cd cum eam rem tardius proce- ' ddte, ac facilius tituium Prxfc&i maris adlumi , quam claflcm hoftibus lormidatam parari polle cerneret, limulquc judicaret , quantopere Regis ilhus amicitia firmandis novis luis in MeclCnbut- gica rebus utilis cllc pollet: pacem Dano dedit» Lubccxcondulam lioncilis uuq; conditionibus» fi prxfcnrcm hujus fortunam 1 pedes; quippe per quam omnes bello aroiflx ditiones ipli rcilituc- bantur. Se J in qua nulla mentio Ducum Mcclcn- burgenlium fiebat, quos Regis amicitia in exitium traxerat. Atque inliipcr RCgi ijcultas cortccfla no- vum vectigal in Albi flumine exigendi. Erant qui crederent* FridlandumOccalionem honefte bel-{ lo Iclc extricandi cupide amplexura , quod defi- cientibus ftipendiis , qux tanto exercitui fuftice- rent , df corrupta plancdifciplina rem fuo ex inge- nio gerere non pollet* acmctucret, negloriapari fttllaet h bello diutius extratto dcftruerctur. u,nnu* (• f f - Sed & Cxfarcm, ut cum Dano xquis con- kom. ditionibus tranligeret , non parum movifle vide- tur negotium Mantuanum, fub illud tempus ob- ] ortum. Cum enim Vincendus MantuxDux li- j ne prole decefliflct, hxrcditatcm iplius Veiut pro- 1 ximusagnatusadibatCarolusNivcrncrtfis, quein i Hilpani in Gallia natum Mediolano vicinum aver- 1 libantur, ac provincias illas libi adjungere cupie- bant. Cui rei prx textum Cxfar liipocditabat, cafdcm veiut dubio luccellionis jure ob lirem ii Guaftallx Duce, & Sabaudo motam fcqucflris homine occupare inftituens. Eoque fine validx 1 E r J. i* in Italiam copix mittebantur, quibus Mantuaqui- ,fS29» dem urbs in prxdamccflir. Verum irrito Calalis obfidio, & acriter connitentibus Gallis , Elcdo- ribulque, & quia Succorum Rex ingruebar, Ni- vcrncnlis Ducatum obtinuit ; «Se Cxlar nihil aliud lucratus eft, quam ut florem exercitus fui frultra perderer, & Gallos excitaret» ut Aultriacorum progreflibus eo majori Audio le objicerent. „ j) . j 6. Gxterum quo magis Calari hadenus omnia fupra votum lucccfleranc, cograviusGer- m terri. mania fub tam Ixvi ac diuturni belli onere inge- milccbat; nec ullus malorum linis & modus, cx- tindis licet aUt profligatis, quiCxlarisarma pro- vocaflcargucbantur. Nam c.vdes. incendia, Au- pra, direptiones bonorum, & omne genus fxvitix atque injuria- belli genio imputabantur, quamdiu fupereflet» quircliitcrcr. Nunc cum poli vido- riam quoque belli calamitates non cellarem, noti pacem , led Germania- fervitiura quxri adparebar. Et cum linis belli adefle crederetur, legionum nu- merus immenfum augebatur, ut a Fndlando ja- darum fit, Cxlarcm iiipra centum fcxagintamil- iiamihtUmiub lignis habere. Ducum quoque in. feriorum numerus prxtcr morem multiplicatus» ut integrx legiones ex illis lolis componi pollent ; quibus id unicum negotium, civium opes exhau- rire congeltaimmcnla pecuniarum vi, nec mino- re inluxuriolas epulas, velles ac preriofos equos dillipata. Hi roriGermanix veiut in praedam libi concclix intolerandis modis inliilrarc, hofpitil ubicunque placeret lurocre, inconliilris Principi- bus, ad quosex terne ipcftabanr. Nec ullus impe- randi aut extorquendi medus ; 6c abreptis qux oc- currebant, incorpora Ixvicbatur, depromendis qux occultata arguebant. Nullum quoque malis levamentum, fiveadfummos exercituum duces» live ad ipfum Cx farciri qucrclx deferrentur. Omnes culpam malorum inaiios amovere. omnes verbis improbare, nemo medicinam adrerre. Et tamen publicum latrocinium exercentibus non nili Cxfaris minifleria , iulus parrix ac publi- cum bonum crepabamur. Pleriquc tamen invi- diam tantxopprcllionis in Fridlandum derivatuirt ibant , qui iniolita fortuna ebrius vdut didatorerrl ageret, nec Calaris mandatis, nili quantum ipli collibirum, parerer. ErcrantvirO immcnfi fpiri- tus; led qui tamen haut quicquam culpa ablolvd- ret lortune fuse aUtorem Cxlarcm , qui miniftri luifada libi prxftanda norar. Equidem mitteban- tur, qui in militum facinora inquirerent, ac le- giones aliquot J aeramento exfolvcrent. Sed nui- ium inde nialis levamentum; quin contra oblcf- vabatur, quo plus pecuniarum conferretur, eo mi- nus illam expenfis lulficcre , veiut omnia abyllb ablorbcrcntur. Accedebant & alia, indignatio- nem plurimorum, qucrclamve in prxlens» me- tum in pofterura cxcitanria. Ih fifcum redada eo- rum bona* qui lupcnoribus temporibus militaflfc fiib Palatino ipfiuiquc partes icclantibus argue- bantur, veiut in legem majeftatis dciiquiflenri QnxcalamirasinprimisEqucftri ordini per fupe- riorem Germaniam incumbebat. Nec audieban- tur Principes, qui illa bona libiranquam Fcudi do- minis Vindicatum ibant , li fiduciarii poflcflbres iildcmobdclifla excidi flent. Nam eam prxdam * Cxlaris conliliarii libi delimaverant, ne in dire- ptione Gcrmamxipfi foli ipoliorum expertts fo- rent. Eoindigniorautemvidebaturiflares, quod cxccurio cominifla foret cuidam Rudoifo OlEx» qui non ita pridem vili rainillcrioHanovix Comi- ti addiflus jam in fummos xque ac medios inlolcfii ti rigore grallabarur. Enimvero extremam Prorcllantibus iri- jicicbat dclpcrationcm Edidum i Cxlare prom u 1 - dc gatum u R E RV M SV ECICARVM l6}°' gatum fupcr rcftitucndis bonis facris poft tranfa- turo, in os negare nolebant. Proponitur ibi 4 1630. amici"»- £fcjoncm Paflavienlem per Protcftantcs occupatis; Cxfarc; culpam malorum penes fe haut efle, led tnnuii quo religionis juxta ac libertatis lui oppreflionem penes Palatinum , cui omnis obtinendx rcftiui- poft nant- qua:rt judicabant. Scculumjam fere erat, ex quo tionis fpes fit prxfcindcnda, ejulque ac Batavo* Bionem ejus rei fulcipicndx occalioncm Pontificii anhela- rum machinationibus obviam eundum. Additur P-iTavitn. verant, qux- nunc promlfima videbatur allubclcc- de jure Cx-farum per Italiam afferendo; aeSueeo re » dudum lepuira Unione, Saxonia Interiore nihil caufx competere, quare Germaniam iuva- oteupa> domita. Dano re pullo. Turea quicfccntc , ex- dat. Denique ut de alendo exercitu, corrigcnJa P " hauftis Proteftanuum viribus ; cum contra Cxfar militari dilciplina, ac pecuniis lnllipcndiumcom- infinitis copiis, ac valido Ligx exercitu Germania: mode colligendis decernatur. ContraSaxo abro* incumberet. Igitur adcxpromendosconatus, qui gationem Edidi per Legatos enixe exigebat , pro- fub pietatis ac juftitix vocabulo venditabantur, lixe expolito, quam duriter Protcftantcs per Cx- Cxfarcm alias latis proclivem ftimulabant lacer- larcum exercitum habiti Imr ; acutrcs adeompo- dotes ; ac Liga Hcidclbcrgx congregata auxilium litionem deducatur. Super hoc poftulato ipfi Ca- exlcqucndo negotio libcralitcr offerebat. Diu tholici haut eadem lenticbant ; cum alii lubl.ua tamen deliberatum , num fatius foret pedetennm aut lufpcnfacdidicxecutioncad paccmGcrmanis progredi. Se fado i debilioribus initio exterorum ftabiliendam incumbere fatius ducerent ; exteri patientiam tentare j acpotcntiorcsProtcftantium 1 ut ex tenore Edidi bona facra Prorcftantibus cri- cxciperc ferendo imeripfosdiffidio. Super forma piantur contenderent. Illi differebant: modera- quoque negotii difccptatum , an non minus in- tionc adhibita polle Protcftantcs revocari ad con- vidiofura foret , ad querelam Pontificiorum fen- cordiam , ut non modo imminentem e Sueeia ho- tcntiamvclutpro tribunali promulgare. Sed fi- ftc;n deftituant, led & pro communi Germania: ducia potentix , cui nemo amplius par crcdcba- falutc conlil.a opelqueCxfari adjungant. Et in tur, 1 uadebat eo modo rem proponi ac fulcipi, hanc Icntcntiam ab initio propendebat ipIcCxfar, qui maxime liberam Cafaris potclbicm de fum- de Eledores Catholici, & non pauci utrorumque ma rerum prolubitu llatucndi referre videretur. 1 conliliarii. Ac inprimis Bavarus per moderata Igitur edidutn promulgatur, quo bona a Prote- conlilia pacem reducendam luadebat, qui immi- ftantibus poft PalVavienlem transadionem occu- nentem tempeftatcm latis profpicicbat. amplcduntur. Qup ipfoCalvinianos excludi in EtjamfpcseratfadaSaxoni&Brandcburgicopoll aprico erat, lnrcculantes prolcriptio decernitur, (cilionem bonorum facrorum ad quadraginta & cxfccutio citra exceptionem confeitim facien- annos retinendi, ut hac illecebra dcliniti exteri da. Acutinfultatioco foret manifeftior, ab Au- Protcftantcs, quos Edidi cxccutio nondum teti- guftana urbe initium fit, abs qua Proteftanuum gerat, fiinili benignitate contenti reliquis poftu- Confcllioni nomen inditum, cujus cives publico latis delifterent, mallentquc cerii temporis uiii- cxcrcitioLuthcranx religionis arcebantur. Inde ram, quam incertas lpcs ab exterorum auxilio, pallim per omnesGermanix regiones conftituun- qui fxpe illos, quibus fervandis arma movere tur, qui resex cdido ordinent, (pretis qux cum' profitentur, exitio involvunt. Sed facerdores exteri, rum Saxonix Eledor fuper illius iniquita- fere duriora ingerebant, luperiorum annorum te querebantur; cui prxeipue i reliquis eidem re- profpcris fuccclVibus , & continua vclut vidoria- ligioniaddidiscxprODrabaturintcmpcftivumpro rumleric feroces. Tam maturuifle mdlcm con- Cxfare adverlus Palatinum ftudium, quo fonte gerendis in Ecdefix horreum per tot luftra inrcr- hxc pellis promanaverit. Quem & i pfum gravidi- verfis reditibus. In expedito efle validos cxcrci- mc offenderat , quod nullo difcriminc tamdiu tus, qui hoftem domcfticum contineant, cxrcr- poffcllis bonis exui videret, qui ptoCxfarc arma num reprimant. Vix polle ignavia* notam dccli- gcllcrant, & qui in diverfa parte fuerant. Qupin- nari, fi & fubjcdis, adevidis, ab egentibus Cx- lolcntius autem Pontificii faccrdotcs tanta vido* lar autoritatem Se cdidum fuum convelli patiatur, ria exfultabant, eo altius Protcftantium lamenta- Quando tandem Cxlar munere luo fundurus (ic, tiones iramixtxrcibnabant, quorum multis me- quo dcfenforEcclclix audit, li nunc divinitus ob- tum adimebat dcfperatio , alii proprias & extero- latam occalioncm ncgligat- Agi heie Dei glorum, rum vires circumfpiciebant , prxlcrum cum Cx- Ecclcfix decus, fidei amplificationem, falutem in- faris exercitum non mediocriter dcbiiitaflcnt ra- finitarum animarum. Protcftantcs hadenus pa- lidx in Italiam, Hifpanilquc contra Batavos , & dis non fteuffc. Ad fpolia Paflavicnfi convcnrio- PolonisadverfusSuccix Regem in Boruftiammil- nccondonarafubindcnova adjccilVc: nec ufurpa- fxcopix, quarum maximam panem belli incom- ! rionum finem fore, li nunc denuo ad novam trans- moda rnorbique abfumferant. actionem admittantur. Paflavii tranladum ob ST* Sopiendis tamen querelis Cxlar convcn- fpem finiendarum per Concilium conrroverlia- »cuC«l[u* tum Eledorum Ratisponam indicit, vclut malis: rum: Ea fpes cum hodie nulla fit, jam tandem medicinam fadurus, cum interim nihilo fegnius ad juris remedium confugiendum, & ab injuftis Edidi cxfccutio procederet , ac Cxlar (ilio Leo- j poffcfloribusbonaEcclclix vindicanda.
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https://github.com/yan765235629/czcsqh_opencloud/blob/master/platform/open-cloud-base-client/src/main/java/com/opencloud/base/client/model/entity/sale/UserCouponOrderDetail.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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czcsqh_opencloud
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yan765235629
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Java
|
Code
| 75 | 416 |
package com.opencloud.base.client.model.entity.sale;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.IdType;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableId;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableName;
import com.opencloud.common.mybatis.base.entity.AbstractEntity;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiModel;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiModelProperty;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
/**
* 优惠券与订单详情关联表
*
* @author liyueping
* @date 2020-03-10
*/
@Data
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@NoArgsConstructor
@TableName("sale_user_coupon_order_detail")
@ApiModel(value="UserCouponOrderDetail对象", description="优惠券与订单详情关联表")
public class UserCouponOrderDetail extends AbstractEntity {
private static final long serialVersionUID=1L;
@ApiModelProperty(value = "优惠券与订单详情关联id")
@TableId(value = "user_coupon_order_detail_id", type = IdType.ID_WORKER)
private Long userCouponOrderDetailId;
@ApiModelProperty(value = "用户优惠券id")
private Long userCouponId;
@ApiModelProperty(value = "订单明细id")
private Long orderDetailId;
}
| 42,897 |
2805727_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,934 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 508 | 626 |
Mr. Justice Tantis
delivered the opinion of the court:
Claimant seeks to recover for the account of the Farmers Co-op. Elevator Company of Luther, Iowa, for alleged negligence on the part of a grain inspector at Chicago, for delay in delivering an inspection report on a car of corn. The complaint alleges that the car was bought from the Farmers Co-op. Elevator Company July 27, 1931, at 57c delivered to Chicago with inspection at latter point to be by July 31st; that the car arrived in Chicago and was inspected on July 31st before 11:00 a. m., in time to have been handled in the Board of Trade before the close of the session and before the expiration of July contracts, but that through error, the sample, taken by the inspector in the Division of Grain Inspection, Department of Trade and Commerce, was delivered to the Grain Stabilization Corporation and was not discovered until after the close of the Board of Trade; that due to the fact that delivery by the. railroad of the car in question was made before July 31st, the railroad cannot be held responsible for the delay; that claimant's agent was compelled to buy a car to fill July contracts at the cash market for No. 2 yellow corn, which was 71%c Chicago, making a loss to the shipper of 14%c per bushel; that the delayed car was sold on the open market on August 1st at 62c net; that the actual loss was 9%c per bushel, or $125.12.
Respondent has filed a motion to dismiss the claim on the ground that the declaration not only fails to show that the Grain Inspector in question had ever been notified prior to the inspection, by claimant or anyone else, to whom the report of inspection should have been delivered, and further for the reason that the respondent could not in any event be liable for any purported negligence upon the part of such employee.
The complaint alleges that the Beach-Wickham Company was the consignee of the car in question, but there is nothing in the complaint disclosing any instructions or notice to the Inspector or the Grain Department in regard to the car in question. Regardless of this, however, the objection by the Attorney General that respondent could not be liable for any purported error or negligence upon the part of the employee is correct.
This court is committed to the rule that the State is not liable for the negligence of its agents or employees unless there is a Statute making it liable. There is no Statute making the State liable in a claim of this character, and unless the claimant can show the existence of a Statute creating such liability, the State, under the rule of respondeat superior would not be liable, and this court is without proper authority to make an award.
Derby vs. State, 7 C. C. R. 145.
Mercer vs. State, 6 C. C. R. 20.
The motion of the Attorney General to dismiss the claim is allowed. Case dismissed..
| 21,749 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37585423
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Andrey Alonzov, Ivica Mamic, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5417194, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6391337
|
English
|
Spoken
| 190 | 631 |
Which element to use to retrieve and store a list of div tags (C#)?
This is what i currently use, but I need this to be stored as List which I can re-use in other classes.
var docbaseResults = repo.MyProcess.MainMenuExplorer.Docbase_QCMP3_Results.Find(".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']");
EDIT:
SOLUTION:
List<WebElement> docbaseResults = element.Find<Ranorex.WebElement>( ".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']").ToList();
As mentioned in documentation, "Find" method returns an IList<T> collection. You can use LINQ Method .ToList() and of course you should remove "as WebElement".
List<WebElement> docbaseResults = element.Find(
".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']").ToList();
When using this one I get => Cannot implicitly convert type 'System.Collections.Generic.List<Ranorex.Core.Element>' to 'System.Collections.Generic.List<Ranorex.WebElement>'
You can try to find function in Ranorex to convert Ranorex.Core.Element to Ranorex.WebElement and than try to use LINQ, something like .Select(el => el.Convert()).ToList(). You can also try List<WebElement> docbaseResults = element.Find<Ranorex.WebElement>( ".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']").ToList();
Thanks, this worked... :)
List docbaseResults = element.Find<Ranorex.WebElement>( ".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']").ToList();
List<WebElement> docBaseResult = new List<WebElement>();
doBaseResult.Add(element.Find('') as WebElement);
I get 0 results back when using this one...
List docBaseResults = new List();
docBaseResults.Add(repo.MyProcess.MainMenuExplorer.Docbase_QCMP3_Results.Find(".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']") as WebElement);
I get 0 results back when using this one... @Maxime matter
List<WebElement> docBaseResults = new List<WebElement>();
docBaseResults.Add(repo.MyProcess.MainMenuExplorer.Docbase_QCMP3_Results.Find(".//div[@class~'webfx-tree-item' and @visible='true']") as WebElement);
| 7,386 |
https://github.com/napkin-ide/lcu-limited-trial/blob/master/projects/common/src/lib/state/data-apps/limited-data-apps-management.state.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
lcu-limited-trial
|
napkin-ide
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 80 | 259 |
import { Application, DAFApplicationConfig, DAFAPIApplicationConfig, Status, DAFViewApplicationConfig } from '@lcu/common';
export class LimitedDataAppsManagementState {
public ActiveApp: Application;
public ActiveDAFApp: DAFApplicationConfig;
public ActiveDAFAPIs: DAFAPIApplicationConfig[];
public ActiveHost: string;
// I'm adding this property
public CurrentAppView: DAFViewApplicationConfig;
public AddingApp: boolean;
public Applications: Application[];
public AppType: DAFAppTypes;
public DAFApps: DAFApplicationConfig[];
public DefaultApps: Application[];
public DefaultAppsEnabled: Status;
public HostOptions: string[];
public Loading?: boolean;
// public VersionLookups?: boolean;
public VersionLookups?: any;
}
export enum DAFAppTypes {
View = 'View',
API = 'API',
Redirect = 'Redirect'
}
| 7,038 |
https://github.com/SanBuNam/AllCodeAllDay/blob/master/designPattern/modulePattern/main.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
AllCodeAllDay
|
SanBuNam
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 26 | 65 |
var Repo = require('./taskRepository');
var Task = require('./main');
var task1 = new Task(Repo.get(1));
var task2 = new Task({ name: 'create a demo for modules'});
task1.complete();
task2.save();
| 26,970 |
42d32e097f26b855d71f798ef1ab426a
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,023 |
Code de la santé publique, article D6124-248
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 23 | 32 |
L'organisation générale, le matériel et les locaux du titulaire de l'autorisation sont adaptés à la nature et au volume des prises en charge.
| 19,515 |
ByTheChristianBrothers1843_4
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,843 |
The life of the Ven. J. B. de la Salle, founder of the Christian Schools, with an historical sketch of the institute to the present time
|
Garreau, Jean Claude
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,340 | 9,099 |
His continual fatigues reduced him to a state of great debility ; yet, in a journey which he was obliged to make to Rheims, he travelled on foot. Being arrived at Rheims, he despatched the business on which he came, and was returning to Paris, when he became so ill, that he was obliged to take to bed. Of all the means which the Brothers used for his restoration, their prayers were the most efficacious. God heard their sighs : in three days he began to regain his strength, and in a veiy short time he was sufficiently well to revisit Paris. Being still in a state of convalescence, the journey was too much for his strength, so that he got a relapse. The celebrated Dr. Helvetius visited him, and despaired of his recovery. When the charitable physician beheld him in a naked room, upon a poor bed, accompanied by his disciples in tears, he was moved with compassion. After mature consideration of his case, he saw but one remedy that could possibly cure him, though it might have the contrary effect Before giving him this medicine, he recommended that the Holy Viaticum should be admi nistered to him. M. Baudran performed this duty. He Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 73 came, accompanied by all the priests of the community of St. Sulpice, with lighted tapers. The procession was joined bya multitude of persons, who were attracted by devotion, or by the desire of witnessing the death of a saint. His countenance displayed the greatest tranquil lity, and even beamed with holy joy, which marked his lively faith and confidence, and which proved to the spec tators that death itself has delights for those who have lived well. The Brothers surrounded his bed bathed in tears ; their affliction moved the heart of the cure, who pledged himself to be their protector, and requested of M. de la Salle to give them his benediction before his death. The good father, scarcely able to speak, uttered only these words, which the tenderness of his heart dic tated : “ I recommend to you great union and perfect obedience” He wished to bless them, but his arm was obliged to be supported and directed in its movement ; he then received his Creator, as a certain pledge of a happy eternity. Each one retired with feelings of holy joy, mingled with sorrow. Never does the Christian religion appear so sublime and so consoling as at the death of those who have faithfully followed its maxims; nor can any moment better display the happiness of dying in its bosom. Hel vétius having administered the medicine, continued for some time between hope and fear as to the result; at length it produced the desired effect, and the abbé’s health was perfectly re-established. The Brother director, who governed the house in Rheims, committed some indiscretions, probably through inexperience, at which his subjects, who were not as yet sufficiently grounded in virtue, took great offence. The inconveniences which followed, appeared to M. de la G Digitized by Google 74 THE LIFE OF Salle so considerable, that he determined to establish a novitiate in Paris, to form the Brothers to the holy pracr tices of their state. It was an undertaking of great dif ficulty, and was warmly opposed by M. Baudran : a scarcity then prevailed, and no assistance could be ex pected but from the public charities. Any other than M. de la Salle would, under the circumstances, have relin quished the project. He, however, felt ultimately the importance of the design, and persevered in it, counting always on divine Providence as his great resource. Re flecting that the Institute, the establishment of which had cost so many fatigues and crosses, was lately on the point of being annihilated, his heart burning with zeal for his neighbour, became oppressed. To prevent such a disas ter, he associated with him two Brothers, whom he deem ed the most capable of carrying on the great work after his death. The following is the formula of a vow which he, together with his new associates, made of using their endeavours to perpetuate the Institute : — “ Most Holy Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, prostrate in profound respect before your infinite and adorable Majesty, we consecrate ourselves entirely to you, to procure by all our power, and all our care, the establishment of Christian Schools, in the manner which shall appear to us most agreeable to you, and most ad vantageous to the society. For this purpose, I, John B. de la Salle, Priest ; I, Nicholas Viast ; and I, Gabriel Drolin, henceforward, until the last survivor, or the com plete establishment of that society, make vow of associa tion and union, to procure and maintain the said estab lishment, without liberty to swerve, even though there should remain but three in the society, or that we should be obliged to ask alms, and live on bread only. In per Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 75 formance of this, we promise to do unanimously, and with common consent, what we shall believe in conscience, without being swayed by any human considerations, to be for the good of the Society. — November 21st, 1 691.” CHAP. V. After this vow, the pious founder felt new confidence, and more ardour to advance the project of the novitiate. To prevent any contradictions that might arise, he ob tained the approbation of M. Harlay, then archbishop of Paris. The next step was to procure a suitable house. He found one at Vaugirard, a village almost adjoining the city. God, in his mercy, seemingly wished that this place, then known by its licentiousness, should have a daily example of what the spirit of penance and .mortifi cation could inspire. The city residence of the Brothers being very unhealthy, the abbé, ever solicitous to provide for their wants, removed them to Vaugirard, delighted at having it in his power to better their condition. When the time of vacation approached, he wrote to the Brothers in the country to assemble in Paris. He lodged them at Vaugirard, and made them enter on a retreat, for which he gave them suitable exercises. The retreat being ended, he told them, that those who were but one or two years in the society were not sufficiently qualified for their state ; that more time was requisite to form them ; that Digitized by Google 76 THE LIFE OF the more ancient, whose virtue was proved, might return to resume their functions, and that they would be aided by the masters destined for the country, who were still at Rheims. The ancient Brothers departed, with orders to return each year, at the same season, to perform the spi ritual exercises. The new Brothers, who remained at Vaugirard, passed a year there in all the practices of an interior and mortified life. The happy success of 3uch a novitiate inspired him with the design of forming it on the plan of novitiates in religious orders, for all those who would enter the In stitute. Great numbers presented themselves from the country. Like the Son of God, he asked those who wished to be his disciples, if they desired to become per fect : if they expressed a strong desire of becoming per fect, he admitted them — a short time would prove its sincerity. What is read of the ancient solitaries concerning aus terity and mortifications, can scarcely surpass the prac tices of the novices at Vaugirard. They inhabited a house without furniture, without a window that could be closed ; the rooms were open to the winds, to rain, sleet, and snow ; they had no other beds than badly made-up palliasses. Two quilts only were in the house; one for the sick ; the other, which was destined for M. de la Salle, was never worn by him. The house had neither fire nor kitchen : it was at Rue du Bac that food was prepared, and this consisted only of some remains given by the charitable community of St. Sulpice. Scarcity prevailed at the same time at Paris, where the misery was excessive. When it is considered, that it was during the calamity that M. de la Salle resolved to found the novitiate, it is not a matter of surprise that it should have met with op Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 77 position from M. Baudran. And y et, though the dress of the novices announced extreme poverty, and though they practised long prayers, fasts, and watching, they were, notwithstanding, content and happy. The Brothers at Rheims, Laon, Guise, and Rethel, came to the novitiate, where, after ten days’ retreat, they performed for one month the same exercises as the no vices ; and being thus renewed in the spirit of their vocation, they returned, making the journey as they came, on foot. This practice was observed for the seven years which the novitiate lasted at Vaugirard. It was on the occasion of these journeys that M. de la Salle formed a close intimacy with a nobleman of singu lar piety, the Count du Channel. This nobleman was accustomed to pass a part of the year in the vicinity of Vaugirard ; yet he had hot heard of the abbé, a circum stance which should give a high idea of the retired life led by the servant of God. Three of the brothers being on their way, in the month of September, to make their retreat, arrived at night in a country parish, and claimed the hospitality of the curé. He was edified by their humble and modest demeanour, and astonished at their drèss. He communicated the news to the lord of the place, and had them introduced to the Chateau du Channel. The count questioned them on their manner of living and the end of their Institute. He was so pleased with their replies, that he solicited them to beg of their superior to direct by Channel, all the Brothers who should be going to Champagne. After their departure, delighted with what he saw, he reproached himself with having neglected to cultivate an intimacy with the founder of so holy a Society. He re medied this neglect on his first visit to Paris, for he went g 3 Digitized by Google 78 THE LIFE OF direct to the novitiate of Vaugirard, and became ac quainted with the abbé. He renewed the kind invita tions, or rather commands, to have the Brothers, on their way to Champagne, pass by Channel. The practice of the count was to go yearly to La Trappe, that he might receive edification from the mem bers, but he avowed that he had seen nothing there more edifying than he then witnessed ; and to testify his ap probation of the observances of the house, and his affec tion for the exalted personage whose spirit appeared to animate all the members of the community, he made him a present of a splendid altar-piece and chasuble. The humble superior thanked Providence for having procured for the Institute so virtuous, powerful, and generous a protector. The mutual friendship of these two servants of God terminated only with their death. In the times of persecution above mentioned, M. de la Salle redoubled his usual austerities. Once having passed the night in prayer, and being no longer able to resist sleep, he lay on wet mortar. At first, he was not aware of the consequences ; but in some years after he found that it brought on rheumatism. The pain was vio lent and without intermission, except on Sundays and festivals. This, doubtless, was a special favour that he asked. On these days he was able to immolate the Spotless Lamb , and distribute it to his children. The re medy which he applied was rather singular. He stretched himself on chairs, as if on a gridiron ; two red hot chaf ing-dishes were placed under him, and in these was put burning gin, the flames of which were directed to the part affected. He suffered this remedy many days in suc cession, with a patience almost unexampled, and without a murmur, except, “ My God ! God be praised !” So Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 79 great was the heat, that even the chairs upon which he was laid became too hot to admit the hand for a single moment. In great part the remedy had the desired ef fect ; enough, however, remained to exercise the continual patience of this lover of suffering. Happy and sanctified days passed in this poor house of Vaugirard ; nor did the tumult of the adjoining great city disturb his repose. The famine, which reached its height towards the end of 1693, obliged him to abandon it for some time, and transfer the novitiate and commu nity to the house attached to the School of St. Sulpice ; otherwise he would have exposed himself and the commu nity to die of hunger. Poverty, which acknowledges no law, had led a pauper to force away from a Brother, the little provision which he was taking to the house of Vaugirard : the danger of a similar recurrence increased daily : the famished poor associated in the streets and used violence to the passengers. They undoubtedly would have laid hands on the portion which came at a certain hour, and the Brothers would be without a resource. Bread became unprecedently dear. M. Baudran, by his situation, was obliged to provide for his parochial poor, who increased so rapidly, that he was unable to pay the 500 livres which he promised the Brothers yearly. This had been M. de la Salle's last and only resource. In a very short time the Brothers were reduced to live on boiled herbs, and these even were on the eve of being exhausted. At this some began to murmur, but were excited to con fidence in the merciful providence of God by their superior, who, penetrated with the spirit of faith, addressed them thus : “ My dear children, be not diffident ; say not, what shall we eat, or what shall we drink, or what shall clothe us ? for it is thus the pagans speak. Your Heavenly Father Digitized by Google 80 THE LIFE OF knows you want all these things.” They were for some days in this extremity. At length four sous only were left, and nothing remained in the house to he sold. He gave these to the procurator to purchase vegetables, offer ing at the same time his fervent prayers to the Father of mercy to take pity on his family. The Brother, on his way to the market, passing near the house of a lady at which a crowd of poor waited for alms, he mixed in the throng. When the lady came to distribute the alms, she remarked this Brother by his dress : she requested him to enter — she asked him, " Why do I see you among these poor creatures ? Do you thus feel the rigours of this famine ? Are you not the nrin cipal objects of M. Baudran’s care ?" In reply, the Brother detailed the wants of his community, and concluded by saying, that there remained but four sous, with which he had been going to buy vegetables, when seeing a concourse about her door, he took the liberty of placing himself among them in order to share, if possible, in the alms which they expected. The charitable lady, moved at this simple and ingenuous recital, said to the Brother, “ Go in peace ; I will give orders that you want nothing.” She immediately went to the curé ; she expressed to him her surprise that he neglected to relieve men who were so useful to the parish, and who were reduced to the last extremity. M. Baudran avowed that he knew the fright ful miseiy of the Brothers ; but that he could not extend relief to all the distressed; and added, that from the melancholy circumstances in which all persons were placed, the Brothers should resign themselves to suffer. “ But,” replied the lady, “ it is one thing to suffer, and another thing to be in absolute want. Some efforts must be made for them.” Digitized by Google THE VEK. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 81 As this lady was very rich and one of the best resources which the curé had, he was obliged to accede. He sent some money to M. de la Salle, who received it, attribut ing the donation to God's special protection. In the month of January, 1694, the famine increased still greater ; the means of M. B au dr an diminished as the poor became more numerous. Though he was affec tionately attached to the Brothers, they were to him in these times of scarcity as strangers : he was apparently per suaded that he owed the first attention to his natural pa rishioners. M. de la Salle had recourse to his ordinary refuge, Jesus Christ crucified. He cast himself at his feet; he conjured him to grant them relief. He felt in spired to go to the curé : he went, and found him in good dispositions, having just received a large sum from the king for the relief of the parishioners. The curé embraced M. de la Salle with the greatest tenderness, acknowledged the evils that he suffered, and gave him 200 livres, with a promise of 200 more in a few days. This promise was punctually fulfilled. They, however, lasted but a short time. Again he solicited the curé ; and, contrary to his expectations, was courteously and generously responded to : the curé, on taking leave, handed him an order on a baker to furnish the community weekly with a certain quantity of bread. After some time the curé changed this order to a sum of 1 00 livres per month, as an equi valent, to which he bound himself for one year. Bread was distributed throughout to the Brothers by weight, and with the strictest economy ; still the expense of this mo derate distribution amounted monthly to 1 50 livres. At length, food having on a sudden become cheap, the good father was relieved from his embarrassment. M. Baudran considered M. de la Salle obstinate on Digitized by Google 82 THE LIFE OF some points ; the community suffered by the misunder standing. The yearly rent of the house occupied by the Brothers, was 700 livres, which were paid by the cure. The time expired, and the landlord gave notice either to renew the agreement or seek a dwelling elsewhere. M. Baudran wished to engage a house at a lower rent, but which was neither so suitable nor so convenient. M. de la Salle would not consent ; he said that he would prefer paying the 700 livres himself. It was a heavy charge for the servant of God ; however. Providence in a short time furnished him with means of defraying it. At length the famine ceased, and abundance succeeded. The community commenced their labours in Paris, and met with liberal support. But the charms of the solitude at Vaugirard recalled the holy man, with six novices, thither to resume their first exercises. He profited of the repose he there found, to execute a design which he had in view, that of drawing up rules for the Institute ; those observed in the houses had not the force of a law, and were maintained by fervour rather than by authority. Following all the holy founders of orders who preceded him, he first had recourse to prayer : he implored the light of the Holy Ghost ; he supplicated his powerful protectress, the Mother of God, to obtain for him a par ticular assistance from heaven ; he fasted and macerated his body, and then drew up the rules in writing. Before publishing them, he wished that they should have the approbation of those whom they were to bind. As soon as possible, he assembled all the ancient Brothers ; he put into their hands his collection, declaring his wish to be, that without any complaisance to him, they should speak freely upon what they believed before God should be reformed. His intention was only to impose a yoke Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 83 that would be borne freely. The new Brothers had also the liberty of giving their opinions. On this occasion, the Brothers proceeded with their usual simplicity. Near ly all had representations which they had designed to make, but when requested to speak, they were so full of the idea that the rules were inspired by the spirit of God, that they had not strength to object. Some less fervent Brothers murmured at the rigidity of the rules. He replied, “ Take them to three of the most enlightened and virtuous supe riors of communities in Paris ; I submit to their judgment, and I will subscribe voluntarily to all the changes and additions which they shall deem necessary.’* He did the same on subjects of recreation. At first he thought to cut off all recreation ; but discovered, that in this parti cular, he was opposed to the most interior founders of religious orders. That his decrees should be such as wisdom and prudence would dictate, he consulted God by a retreat of eight days. The following was the re sult : — 1. The Brothers were not to speak at recreation until they had at first saluted the Brother director, and received from him permission to speak. 2. They were not to speak of any individual but in terms of praise. 3. They were not to speak of anything frivolous, or of what could only serve to gratify an idle curiosity. 4. Silence was to be observed when they separated after recreation. 5. Levity and jesting were to be avoided. 6. Loud talk and laughter were prohibited. 7. They were neither to contradict nor to correct each other ; this being reserved to the Brother director. 8. In fine, they were to discourse on such matters only Digitized by Google 84 THE LIFE OF as might lead to the love of God and to the practice of virtue. M. de la Salle composed several very useful works for the schools: — “ Christian Politeness;” ** Instructions on the Sacrifice of the Mass, and the manner of assisting thereat “ Instructions on Penance and the Eucharist;” several catechisms, meditations, and other works of piety for the use of his disciples. Persuaded, that without making perpetual vows, the Institute would not last long, he thus addressed his dis ciples : “ Shall we continue to hind ourselves to God, only as hirelings bind themselves to their master ? They are free to change at the end of their year’s servitude ; or, if they wish to continue, they must each year renew their contract. Their interest alone determines them. The master whom they serve cannot count upon them beyond the stipulated time ; because he possesses not the hearts of such mercenaries. Is there not something similar in our manner of serving God, since we engage ourselves to him but for a time, after the expiration of which we regain our liberty ? But, unfortunately, in regaining it, we find ourselves with all our evil inclinations at the risk of indulging them. If we had once sacrificed in good earnest this liberty which might prove destructive to us, the necessity of persevering in our holy state would con firm our determination of serving God, and of giving him the unreserved possession of our hearts.” Nothing could give the abbé more pleasure than the anxiety of his children to bind themselves, and for ever. It being a matter of great importance, he deferred the execution of it to prove their sincerity. He requested the ancient Brothers in the provinces to consult the Lord, and assemble in Paris at Pentecost. They arrived at the Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 86 appointed time, to the number of twelve. He entered With them into a retreat, and confined all his exhortations to the subject of the vows. He showed them that the perpetuity of these vows would enhance their merit before God ; but be also represented to them that precipitation might expose them to useless and fatal regrets — perhaps to horrible sacrileges ; or at least to seeking dispensations, which would lead those who obtained them to heart rending inquietudes on the validity of the reasons upon which they were obtained. These instructions had the desired effect ; their unanimous opinion was, that per petual vows should not yet be made, except those of obedience, and stability in the Institute. On Trinity Sunday, the day on which the retreat finished, he and 'his twelve disciples pronounced these vows of obedience to the body, as well as to the superior of the society, and of perseverance during life in the same society. The humble superior thinking the present a favourable op portunity of procuring the election of a superior in his stead, addressed the assembled Brothers in the following terms : — “ Since Providence has united you together by perpetual vows, it would be wise to adopt the means of rendering this union so strong, and so solid, that it cannot be shaken either by the devil or die world. Now, the first of these means is, to place in God alone your confi dence, recollecting, that those who lean upon man are supported by a rotten reed, which, in breaking under the hand, pierces it, as is expressed in the holy Scriptures. You should look upon me but as a poor priest, without influence, or the means to support you. It is the greatest folly to count on a mortal man, and to rest your hopes on an arm of flesh. You have not forgotten that it is but three years since I escaped from the gates of death. H Digitized by Google 86 THE LIFE OF I may return to them in three days ; and in this case you would be obliged to elect another superior ; it is better to anticipate than await this necessity. Strong reasons re quire that you should make this choice quickly. Delay may be destructive to the society, because death may outstrip the term of it. “ The second efficacious means to render your union indissoluble is, to elect a superior who is not a priest For the sacerdotal character would place between you and your superior a great disparity ; it would weaken your union ; and subjects not well united to him who governs, form a body, which, having the head and the members badly joined, remains without health and without vigour. For this reason it is time — it is high time to take from me the government of the Brothers. If you wait, you , may have reason to repent. The first experience which you will have of my neglected advice, if I happen to die, shall be to see as many superiors as there shall be schools. This diversity of pastors will infallibly divide the flock ; the sheep, thus separated, will remain without any union among themselves, and without subordination to a common pastor. Having no longer the same direction, you will cease to have the same spirit, the same heart, and the same sentiments. The separated bands, no longer forming the same society, will change views, doc trine, manners, habits, and shortly destruction will succeed their division ; because the detached Brothers can be re placed but by men of different desires and talents; shortly you will see mercenaries preside over the schools, which, ceasing to be gratuitous, may cease also to be Christian, and consequently, be unfit for the education of poor children. “ Suppose even, if you wish, that the different local Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA. SALLE. 87 ecclesiastical superiors agree together to give you, after my death, a priest as superior, would he be qualified to conduct you ? would he have the spirit of your commu nity ? would he follow your rules and conform to your manner of life ? could he and you mutually sympathise with each other P would you be disposed to give him your confidence ? would he live among you as one of your selves ? Suppose him even to be a saint, full of the spirit of God, of zeal for his neighbour, and of charity and tenderness for you, would he be suitable to govern you, not having been brought up with you, nor to the practice of the same observances ? Further, his dignity placing between him and you a wide disparity, and being ignorant of your maxims and practices, how would you and he form together but one heart and one soul ? With respect to your rules, might he not wish to change them ? In a word, would he be qualified to conduct you, who would require much time to obtain the necessary experience to govern you according to the spirit of your Institute ? In truth, it could be effected only by a mi racle ; and do you expect this miracle ? If you expect it not, why do you defer taking away the office of supe rior from a priest, and making a law, never to place it in the hands of any person vested with that dignity ?” M. de la Salle flattered himself that he had, by this discourse, triumphed over the simplicity of the Brothers : they were, however, proof against this effort of his elo quent humility, remembering how it had, on a similar oc casion, surprised them into an act of which they after wards repented. When he requested of them to com mence an election, they complied with much reluctance ; and when the suffrages were declared, he found himself confirmed in the office of superior. At this he was tempted to become angry; but they freely represented to him that he was not at liberty to re sist the will of God, so clearly manifested to him in his election, and refused to go into a third scrutiny. Re signing himself to the will of heaven, he only requested that the Brothers, in signing the act of his election, should add to it a formal exclusion of all persons in holy orders to govern the Institute. The twelve Brothers signed the following act : — “ We, the undersigned, being associated with Rev. John B. de la Salle, priest, to hold together gratuitous schools, by the vows which we made on yesterday, the feast of the Most Holy Trinity, acknowledge that, in consequence of these vows, and of the obligations which we have contracted by them, we have chosen for superior J. B. de la Salle, whom we promise to obey with an entire submission, as well as those whom he shall appoint as superiors. We declare also, that the present election binds not as a pre cedent in future ; our intention being, that after M. de la Salle, and for evermore, there shall not be received among us, nor chosen for superior, any person who may be a priest, or who has received holy orders ; that we will not have, and that we will not admit, any superior who is not associated with us, and has not made vows like all the Brothers. “ Nicholas Viast, “ Gabriel Drolin, &c. “ Vaugirard, 7th June , 1694,” Digitized by Google THE YEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 89 CHAP. VI. At this period, many bishops applied for Brothers to con duct schools in their diocesses. The superior requested a little time to form his disciples properly ; the leisure which he now enjoyed afforded him the opportunity of doing so. M. Francis de Harlay had just died, and was succeeded in the archbishopric of Paris by M. Louis Anthony de Noailles, previously bishop of Châlons-sur Marne. The new archbishop applied strenuously to the reformation of abuses, of which one was the multitude of domestic chapels, all of which he placed indiscriminately under an interdict. This general proscription embarrassed M. de la Salle, who, as it has been already observed, had no other place to celebrate Mass and give the Holy Communion to his disciples, than the chapel of a private individual, residing near the novitiate. The parochial chapel was at a great distance, in going to which, at an early hour, they had to encounter the scandalous com portment of city libertines, a circumstance which might prove fatal to their innocence. Impressed with these con siderations, M. de la Salle waited on the archbishop to obtain permission for a chapel in his community. He received the abbé in the kindest and most gracious man ner, and not only gave the required permission, but he confirmed in writing the verbal permission which M. de Harlay had given him, to establish a community in Paris. To these privileges he added that of always exercising all the powers of the sacred ministry. The holy priest h 3 Digitized by Google 90 THE LIFE OF returned overwhelmed with so many marks of kindness and affection. In a short time the chapel was erected, the altar completed, and one of the grand vicars came to perform the ceremony of consecration. Though the curé of the parish was the particular friend of M. de la Salle, yet he felt displeased that he and his community would not attend the church to assist at the divine office. He treated them and their superior rather harshly — as men who wished to withdraw themselves from the authority of their pastor, and whose example might prove pernicious. M. de la Salle contented him in some degree, by going with his norices to the parochial church on the first Thursday of every month, to celebrate the solemn Mass of the Holy Sacrament. M. de la Salle attended regularly at Easter also, and on the feast of St. Lambert, the patron of Vaugirard. While God permitted M. de la Salle to be thus thwarted in his enterprises by the contradictions of men from whom he should expect protection and support, the reputation of his Institute spread abroad. Many postu lants solicited admission : though poverty continued to be all his riches, he bad not fortitude to refuse those ap plicants In a very short time the house became insuf ficient for their accommodation, he was therefore neces sitated to look out for one more extensive and commo dious. As he passed one day through the Rue Vau girard, he beheld a large and beautiful housp, seemingly for some time abandoned. It had been occupied by the nuns of Notre Dame des Vertus , and was retired and well enclosed: 1600 livres was the yearly rent M. Baudran having been dissatisfied at the rent of the for mer establishment, co-operation from him on the present occasion could not be expected. Digitized by Google THE YEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 91 The resignation of his parish, which M. Baudran made shortly after in favour of M. de la Cheztardie, was a for tunate event for the Institute under the present circum stances. M. de la Cheztardie proved himself always one of its most zealous protectors. When the abbé waited on him to congratulate him on his appointment, he mentioned the new establishment. M. de la Cheztar die, with kindness, said to the abbé, " You have great difficulty to live ; how, then, will you be able to pay so high a rent ?” He increased by 60 livres the annual salary of each Brother. The abbé and the community were im mediately transferred to the new establishment. Some furniture became necessary ; he had nothing to purchase it ; by the solicitations of the cure, Madame Voisin, a virtuous and rich lady, gave 400 livres, with a promise of such a sum yearly. The kind cure found the commumity still badly supplied — again he represented to her their wants : she gave a sum of 7,000 livres. According to the world, the Brothers had never been so rich ; their superior taught them to rely on the care of Providence, and to offer their prayers continually for their benefactors. By these sums the novices were better lodged ; but the food and exercises of mortification remained as before. A suitable chapel was also fitted up ; one of the grand vicars came to dedicate it under the invocation of St. Cassian, Martyr. M. de la Salle selected this saint for a patron, because he had been a martyr by his charity for the instruction of children, and that he might be a powerful intercessor for the Brothers, and a model for their imitation. M. de la Cheztardie showed a paternal kind ness for the Brothers. He established a third school in the parish of St. Sulpice, and furnished the support of four additional Brothers. Digitized by Google 92 THE LIFE OF The schoolmasters of Paris, ever attentive to the pro gress of the Institute, renewed their clamours against the Brothers, and obtained a provisional sentence, by virtue of which they seized upon whatever was to be found in the schools of St Sulpice. M. de la Salle being in formed of the matter, hastened to the schools, and found them removing the seats. Without losing any of his self-possession, he said to his enemies, “ Hold ; take me also.” They replied, that the sentence concerned not him, but the Brothers. In fine, they cited the Brothers, and the schools were shut up for the three months during which the lawsuit lasted. M. de la Salle fell sick at this time ; fortunately his illness was not of long duration, so that he was able to plead the cause of the poor, and was forcibly supported by M . de la C hez tard ie. The whole drift of the charge brought against the Brothers was, that, though they made profession of teaching gratuitously, they derived, notwithstanding, considerable emoluments from their schools. This gross calumny was denied in whole and in part by the Brothers ; their superior declared if this charge could be substantiated, he and they were ready to sign their own condemnation. To this challenge no reply could be made : the judge awarded, that the furni ture taken out of the schools should be restored, and that the Brothers might resume their functions ; a sentence which was received by the people with acclamations of joy, and by none with greater satisfaction than by M. de la Cheztardie, who frequently visited the schools, accom panied by Madame Voisin. They excited the emulation of the children by their liberality. He would say to the zealous superior, “ If all these children were not assem bled here now, where would they be found but in the streets, wrangling, insulting the passengers, and at their Digitized by Google THE VEN, J. B. DE LA SALLE. 93 expense becoming adepts in all vices ?” He often ques tioned them on the mysteries of our holy religion, and was charmed with the promptitude and clearness with which they replied. On the first Saturday of each month, the different schools came in procession to hear the Solemn Mass of the Blessed Virgin. Madame Voisin took great delight in this imposing scene, which drew from the spectators a thousand benedictions upon the Brothers and the founder. A holy emulation was thus excited in the cure of St. Hippolytus, to have a school like that of St. Sulpice. It was accordingly established ; and the result was so bene ficial to the parish, that the zealous cure desired to have some Brothers sent to the country parts, where the chil dren were in a state of gross ignorance. To this the founder objected; but he proposed that well disposed young men from these parts should, as at Eheiçjs, come and be trained under his superintendence. Th# curé consented, and promised to procure the necessary funds. One individual gave a house ; an ecclesiastic gave 800 livres as a salary ; and these were sufficient to Commence the work. In a short time the young men arrived. M. de la Salle placed at their head one of the most expe rienced Brothers : he prescribed them the same rules as he laid down for the young men at Rheims, and taught them all that was necessary for becoming efficient in structors. The severity of the director he left at Rheims caused the ruin of the first establishment of this kind ; the perfidy of him who was placed over that of St Hippolytus caused the ruin of the second. So charmed was the curé with the new seminary, that he contemplated the erection of another, when he was attacked with the sickness of which Digitized by Google 94 THE LIFE OF he died. As the house was not authorised by letters pa tent, he left the director his universal legatee. He was one of those who engaged himself by vow with M. de la Salle, to uphold the Institute to his latest breath. No sooner did the generous cure close his eyes in death, than this wretched man appropriated to himself the entire pro perty. M. de la Salle having been informed of the death of the curé, came to this Brother to make arrange ments respecting the intention of the testator ; but was insolently told that his interference wa3 unsolicited — to withdraw immediately, and never more to make his ap pearance. It is easier to conceive than express the sen timents of the abbé at that moment. The ecclesiastic who had promised the 800 livres in support of the house, on hearing of the perfidiousness of the director, retracted his promise. The wretched man then banished the Bro thers who conducted the school with him, and quitted the Institute. Though this unfortunate occurrence was so well calculated to lower the Brothers in the estimation of the people, and to deprive them of their confidence, yet the holy superior consoled himself by the reflection, that the interests of the society were in the hands of God, and resumed his wonted tranquillity. Few are unacquainted with the misfortunes of James the second, king of England, who was followed into France by numbers of Catholics, many of whom were pennyless, and exposed to the greatest misery. James felt for them like a father ; yet he was unable to relieve all their wants. The memory of this ill-fated monarch shall be dear to religion, whatever might have been his political errors. In particular, he had much at heart the Christian education of fifty Irish boys, whom he recom mended warmly to the archbishop of Paris. This pre Digitized by Google THE VEN. J. B. DE LA SALLE. 95 late thought iinmediately of M. de la Salle’s establish ment, and asked admission for them and obtained it. This was an honourable mark of confidence in the humble superior, and a glorious testimony to the regularity of his community. Through respect for the persons who confided to him these exiles, he charged himself in a great measure with their education, and in a short time they were found capable of filling with honour the situa tions for which they had been destined. His ex-majesty, accompanied by the archbishop, visited them, and testified to M. de la Salle the satisfaction which he felt at his kindness and attention.
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Slanghtered by the Christian males, who were put to the sword. Many elderly women met the same fate, and the young were cruelly outraged. Cries of victory were distinctly heard by the outposts of the Romanian army, and the account is further corroborated by the reports of two Bulgarians who escaped the slaughter. There was great excitement in Jedburgh on May 15, owing to a rumour that a Russian fleet was expected in the Red Sea. The Bulgarian refugees in Romania are being armed. On the bombardment, by Turkish monitors, the inhabitants of Reni, Ibrail, and Alenitz fled. A force resembling the German Landwehr will shortly be called out for the defense of the shores of the Baltic and the Black Sea. It is intended to organize rifle corps in every Russian town along the entire coast from Cape Adler to Pore Chentikov. Turkish enormities in Bulgaria still continue. Romania is being armed to protect herself against the Turkish monitors. On May 12 a Persian envoy arrived at St. Petersburg to conclude negotiations enabling Russia to march troops through Persian territory. The first collision between the Greek insurgents and the Turkish troops occurred near Armyros, in Thessaly. The press of Athens unanimously demands war. Meriats has driven the Turks from Orsk after a sanguinary fight, wherein an entire Turkish battalion was destroyed. ENGLAND AND THE WAR General Sir John Simmons will be the Commander-in-Chief of the English army if sent to the seat of war. Mr. Carlyle writes to the Times that Earl Beaconsfield evidently intends to involve England in a war against Russia. Sir Stafford Northcote says that the Turks have 400,000 well-armed and disciplined troops in Europe. Six gun-boats and ten boats for landing troops have been ordered. During a debate in the House of Commons, on the Eastern Question, Prince Napoleon was in the gallery. The Under-Secretary said the Government had no knowledge that Russia had assembled a large force at Sassanid, for offensive operations through Persia. The army clothing factories are worked without interruption. Arrangements have been made for the embarkation of 25,000 men in six days if necessary, and 25,000 more a fortnight after. English Statesmen think Russia will not venture on the occupation of Constantinople, fearing the consequences of a general European war. The Government has stopped armaments for Turkey in the Victoria Dock. The magazines are ready in Portsmouth, and 3,000 barrels of powder have been sent to Malta. It is rumored that Turkey will cede the sovereignty of Egypt to England for payment of the capitalized amount of tribute. NEWS BY THE MAIL. GREAT BRITAIN. During WhitMonday's amusements, Mr. Hull's balloon, when about to ascend, was blown against a gas jet, and exploded. Several spectators were injured, six seriously. Twenty-five thousand Northumberland colliers are on strike. The shipbuilders' lock-out at Glasgow affects 23,000 men. TURKEY. The Sultan has proclaimed a holy war, and signed a decree deposing the Prince of Roumania. Serious differences have occurred between the Turkish Chamber and the Government. The latter proposed to declare Constantinople in a state of siege, but found it could close Parliament without doing so. The Chamber desired to impeach Mourad Pasha, the Sultan's brother-in-law, for embezzlement. Dispatches from Constantinople authorize the Turkish Legation to declare that the news of the persecution of Christians in villages on the right bank of the Danube is without foundation. FRANCE. The circulation of foreign newspapers in France will only be permitted after a censorship has been duly appointed. The Radicals are disinclined to accept office. Gambetta visits Lyons, Marseilles, and other large towns to organize Republican resistance. Three hundred and sixty-one deputies have signed the protest of the Left. Jules Simon, on the 4th May, said the Government could not be responsible for Ultramontane intrigues. The Government is determined to make all parties respect the law. Gambetta protested against the encroachments of the Clerical party. The Chamber, by 331 votes against 121, called upon the Government to use lawful means for the suppression of Ultramontanism. France informs the Porte that she will not send an ambassador to Constantinople. A fire at Metz, on May 7th, destroyed the roof of the cathedral. On May 16th, Jules Simon resigned, in consequence of differences with MacMahon, and on the 17th, the whole Cabinet resigned, except the Minister of War. Gambetta, on the same day, in the Chamber of Deputies, said the President had demanded the resignation of the Premier. He said the President's enemies were driving him to ruin. If a dissolution happened, the country might see it as a prelude to war. The Right passed a resolution declaring MacMahon's action constitutional. The French fleet is ordered to proceed to Haiti, to enforce the payment of the debt repudiated by the Haitians. ITALY. The Holy Italian paper is hostile to England on account of the presence of an English fleet at Crete. An Italian war steamer took soundings off Durazzo. A Turkish warship protested. Both sides loaded their guns, but the Turkish authorities avoided a collision. SPAIN. The Basque provinces have been ordered to provide food conscripts. The ex-Queen Isabella has urged the Pope to advise King Alphonse from marrying a princess not of the Catholic faith. The levy of conscripts in the Basque is regarded as dangerous. BERLIN. Bismarck's arrival at Berlin was not the result of a sudden call. The North German Gazette, a ministerial organ, reprints from Bismarck's despatches to show that the appointment of a clerical and Monarchical Cabinet in France might prejudice German interests, and imperil the maintenance of peace. Von Molike's speech was intended to acquaint France that Germany watched her military preparations. The government visited Alsace, and Lorence took measures for military movements corresponding to those adopted by France. AUSTRIA. Austria and Hungary have made representations to St. Petersburg and Constantinople against the restriction of this navigation of the Austrian Danube. The ambassadors in Constantinople protested against the forming of a Polish legion, which would include Austrian subjects. The insurgents at Grad burned the barracks and two block-houses, and sacked magazines and customs. The Government has received assurances from Belgrade that Servia will not interfere in the war. HOLLAND. There are large investments in bonds. HUNGARY. Kossuth, the great Hungarian patriot, has written about an alliance between Hungary and Turkey to protect their independence from their common enemy, Russia. All the Hungarian papers urge action by Austria and Hungary. The restriction on the Danube paralyzes Hungary's trade. The Hungarian journals are hostile to Turkey. INDIA. Fifty thousand deaths have occurred from cholera in India. AMERICA. The Winnebago Courthouse fell in while being built, killing 12 men, and injuring nearly 20. A collision between a carriage and a train at Pompton killed three persons and injured two fatally. A Fenian movement is recorded at Ohio. A call has been made for gaining possession of Ireland, in the event of England being drawn into war. The steamship Sicilian, from Glasgow to New York, blew up, killing the captain and six engineers. At Chicago, after a strike amongst the coal miners, the old hands, after being taken back, poisoned the food of the new hands, and several died. The perpetrators were not discovered. An extensive fire at St. Johns, New Brunswick, destroyed 95 buildings, and left 80 families houseless. Property worth half a million dollars was destroyed. By great fires in Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, Newfoundland, several frontier towns were destroyed and many lives lost. Devastating forest fires are reported along the Hudson, at Ottawa, North Conway, Upper Bartlett, and New Hampshire. Clinton Mills, formerly a thriving township, was totally destroyed, not a house being left standing. Three-quarters of a million dollars worth of property was wrecked. The devastation in Wisconsin was terrible. There was one continuous line of fire for 120 miles, the whole side of the White Mountains being on fire at one time, and a two-mile blaze near South Berwick. Harrowing accounts have been received of families burnt at St. Clair, Pennsylvania. In Maine, an explosion killed nine men and injured five others. The Conservatives have been twice defeated at Mangalata and Rio Hacha, and General Lizarralde is now the popular candidate for the next Presidency of Columbia. The Archbishop of Quito was poisoned on Good Friday, while saying mass, by strychnine introduced into the Eucharist. There was great excitement. The perpetrator was discovered. A terrible storm visited Marion, Indiana, on May 12. One church was unroofed, and another blown down while full of worshippers. Value for Money.—As a rule, nineteen people out of every twenty believe in getting value for their money, and as a reminder to those who are about to furnish their houses, replenish their wardrobes, or invest in a sewing machine for adornment, convenience, or comfort, they should go, or send, to J. L. Milligan's Fairview House, Thames-street, Dunedin, where they will find the above adhered to.—J. L. Milligan, Milliner, Cape, Tailor, and Boot and Shoe Importer, - [Advt.] Gentlemen's Colonial Clothing, Stood and Shemanks, corner of Tees and Richmond streets, Dunedin, have the largest stock of Gentlemen's Colonial Clothing in the north of Otago, and unsurpassed for cheapness and durability. "Working men and others will find this a safe and reliable establishment to make their purchases. Every article of genuine quality, and their stock is of all goods of a doubtful or jobbing character. One price asked. - [Advt.] Owen New Zealand Industries —Messrs. Hallestein Bros., manufacturers and wholesale warehousemen, of the New Zealand Clothing Factory, following the example of some of the large manufacturers at Home, and more especially with a view of preventing the importation of English clothing, are opening extensive retail establishments in the large centres of population. For this purpose they have recently fitted up commodious premises in Messrs. Shrimski and Moss' buildings, Thames-street, where the sale of their manufactures will be thrown open direct to the public of Dunedin. This branch, which will be opened on Saturday, April 7, will be under the immediate management of Mr. L. C. Lindsay, and under the personal supervision of Mr. J.B. Hallestein, the head of the New Zealand firm. Messrs. Hallestein Bros., under the management of Mr. Anderson, started the New Zealand Clothing Factory about three years ago. They commenced on a comparatively small scale, but at present they employ between 300 and 400 people. They had to overcome many difficulties, and much prejudice, and especially the persistent opposition on the part of the import houses, glutting this market with imported goods, and no doubt the retailers found it to their advantage to push these in preference to local manufactures. NOTICE. ALL ACCOUNTS due time are requested to be Paid, either at Mrs. Wright's shop or to J. Macqueen, Clerk, and those owing by me to his rendered, within Fourteen Days from this date. JAMES WRIGHT Butcher, Tees-street, Oamaru, 16th June, 1877. QUICK SALE. BOARD and RESIDENCE for Four Gentlemen, at Bay View Tuiphean Hotel, Wharf-street. Terms moderate. BEST CURE FOR HAMS AND BACON—NEW SEASON. JUST received our first supply of this season's Cure of HAMS and BACON, in splendid condition. SPENCER & BEE. AUCTION SALE. At the Store, Tyne-street. SALE OF TIMBER, STEEL, AND CLOTHING. I have received instructions from John Thomson, of the Eskbank, Dunedin, to sell by public auction, at the above time and place— An Assortment of TREES AND SHRUBS, Consisting of— 310 Cupressus Macrocarpa 100 Do Funereal 100 Do Lawsoniana 250 Pinus Tasmanica, - and 3 years old 250 Do Pinus or. 2 and 3 years old 250 Do Austrella 250 Tarach 1000 Spruce. 2 and 3 years old 1000 Scots Fir, 2 and 3 years old 1000 Sap, Citrus Abies, Yew, Laurel, etc. Also, Rhododendron, Fruit Trees, etc. AUCKLAND HARBOUR BOARD. NOTICE. ALL APPEARANCES OF RATES UNPAID by 20th JUNE will be sued for, by order of the board. Now, Collector. RARE VALUE IN Underground are now Landing Ex William Gifford, 320 TONS BEST NEWCASTLE COAL. C. GALBRAITH & CO., Thames-street, London Landing Ex Hera, from Newcastle, BEST AA COMPANY'S COALS, At Lowest Price. 517 H. AITKEN. APARTMENT FOR RENT - THOUSANDS OF ROOMS AVAILABLE, VARIOUS CONVENIENCES. Rent moderate. Apply 11. o'clock, Trent-street. "ANOTHER EXCELLENT BOARD and RESIDENCE for Two or Three Gentleman, next door to Wesleyan Church. Dozen Latest Rack Combs, from 15 shillings each. M. TAYLOR, Hairdresser, Thames-street. WANTED: The Public to KNOW that Advertisements of 10 Words or less are placed in the Wanted Column for ON A SHILLING. WANTED: KNOWN, that the Canaran Weekly Mail presents Special Advantages to persons in Want of Servants, it is essentially the working man's paper, and consequently has the Latest Circulation of any paper in the district. GENERAL STEAM COMMUNICATION TO AND FROM CANARAN AND DUNEDIN. From Canaran - The Canaran and Dunedin Steamship Co.'s ss WAITAKI, every Wednesday and Saturday, at 10.30 a.m. The Union Steamship Co.'s ps SAMSON, every Monday and Thursday, at 6.00 p.m. From Dunedin - The Canaran and Dunedin Steamship Co.'s ss WAITAKI, every Tuesday and Friday, at 7 a.m. The Union Steamship Co.'s ps SAMSON, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday, at 9.30 a.m. Return Tickets for Port Chalmers issued on Saturdays by Waitaki at 5.30, to return same evening by Samson, thus giving about six hours in Dunedin. H. AGEN Agent ALIVE! ALIVE!! ALIVE!!! SKAIL, OR A CARD. TO-NIGHT. At the Shop lately occupied by Mr. Moody, Blacksmith, Thames-street. Each visitor is entitled to a prize. The only live Sea Leopard ever exhibited in New Zealand. Come one and all and see for yourselves. Remember - A Prize for Everyone. Admission ... Is. About 100 ACRES of Good AGRICULTURAL LAND, within two miles of Railway Station. Apply to J. GEOEGE SUMPTER. BOOTS AND SHOES! "IT AS. MOLLISON AND SON'S New Boot and Shoe Warehouse, Thames-street, is replete with every variety of Ladies', Gentlemen's, and Children's Boots and Shoes of the very latest fashion, and at the very lowest possible prices. J. M. and R.
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15965/17 ADD 1 μκρ
DGG 3A EL
Συμβούλιο
της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης
Βρυξέλλες , 21 Δεκεμβρίου 2017
(OR. en)
15965 /17
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CONSOM 411
GAF 52
AGRI 712
CODEC 2137
IA 229
Διοργανικός φάκελος:
2017/0354 (COD)
ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ
Αποστολέας: Για τον Γενικό Γραμματέα της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής,
ο κ. Jordi AYET PUIGARNAU, Διευθυντής
Ημερομηνία
Παραλαβής: 20 Δεκεμβρίου 2017
Αποδέκτης: κ. Jeppe TRANHOLM -MIKKELSEN, Γενικός Γραμματέας του Συμβουλίου
της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης
Αριθ. εγγρ. Επιτρ.: COM(2017) 796 final ΑΝΝΕΧ
Θέμα: ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ της Πρότασης ΚΑΝΟΝΙΣΜΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΟΥ
ΚΟΙΝΟΒΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟΥ σχετικά με την αμοιβαία
αναγνώριση των προϊόντων που κυκλοφορούν νόμιμα στην αγορά άλλου
κράτους μέλους
Διαβιβάζεται συνημμένως στις αντιπροσωπίες το έγγραφο COM(2017) 796 final ΑΝΝΕΧ.
συνημμ.: COM(2017) 796 final ΑΝΝΕΧ
EL EL
ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗ
ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ
Βρυξέλλες, 19.12.2017
COM(2017) 796 final
ANNEX 1
ΔΕΣΜΗ ΜΕΤΡΩΝ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΠΡΟΪΟΝΤΑ
ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ
της
Πρότασης
ΚΑΝΟΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΟΥ ΚΟΙΝΟΒΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟΥ
σχετικά με την αμοιβαία αναγνώριση των προϊόντων που κυκλοφορούν νόμιμα στην
αγορά άλλου κράτους μέλους
EL 1 EL ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ
Δήλωση αμοιβαίας αναγνώρισης για τους σκοπούς του κανονισμού [XXX/YYYY]
1. Μοναδικός αναγνωριστικός κωδικός των προϊόντων ή του είδους προϊόντων:
[Σημείωση: Να εισαχθεί ο αριθμός προϊόντων ή άλλος δείκτης αναφοράς για τη
μονοσήμαντη ταυτοποίηση των προϊόντων ή του είδους προϊόντων.]
2. Όνομα και διεύθυνση του παραγωγού ή του εξουσιοδοτημένου αντιπροσώπου του:
3. Περιγραφή των προϊόντων ή του είδους προϊόντων που αποτελούν αντικείμενο της δήλωσης: [ Σημείωση: Η περιγραφή πρέπει να επαρκεί ώστε να καθιστά εφικτή την
ταυτοποίηση των προϊόντων για λόγους ιχνηλασιμότητας. Μπορεί ν α συνοδεύεται από
φωτογραφία, κατά περίπτωση.]
4. Δήλωση και πληροφορίες σχετικά με τη νομιμότητα της εμπορίας των προϊόντων ή
του είδους προϊόντων:
4.1. Τα προϊόντα ή το είδος προϊόντων που περιγράφονται ανωτέρω συμμορφώνονται με τους οικείους κανόνες που εφαρμόζ ονται στο κράτος μέλος που προσδιορίζεται
κατωτέρω: Ο τίτλος, σε κάθε περίπτωση, των οικείων κανόνων που εφαρμόζονται στο εν λόγω κράτος μέλος:
4.2. Αναφορά της διαδικασίας αξιολόγησης της συμμόρφωσης που εφαρμόζεται στα προϊόντα ή στο είδος προϊόντων και/ή των τυχόν δοκιμών που διενεργήθηκαν από
οργανισμό αξιολόγησης της συμμόρφωσης (αν η εν λόγω διαδικασία
πραγματοποιήθηκε ή αν αυτές οι δοκιμές διενεργήθηκαν) :
5. Δήλωση και πληροφορίες σχετικά με την εμπορία των προϊόντων ή του είδους
προϊόντων:
5.1. Τα προϊόντα ή το είδος προϊόντων καθίστανται διαθέσιμα σε τελικούς χρήστες στην
εγχώρια αγορά ενός κράτους μέλους.
5.2. Πληροφορίες σχετικά με τη διαθεσιμότητα των προϊόντων ή του είδους προϊόντων
στους τελικούς χρήστες στο συγκεκριμένο κράτος μέλος, όπως στοιχεία για το οικείο
κράτος μέλος και την ημερομηνία κατά την οποία τα προϊόντα κατέστησαν για
πρώτη φορά διαθέσιμα σε τελικούς χρήστες στην εγχώρια αγορά αυτού του κράτους μέλους:
6. Τυχόν πρόσθετες πληροφορίες που κρίνονται σκόπιμες για την αξιολόγηση του κατά πόσον τα προϊόν τα ή το είδος προϊόντων κυκλοφορούν νόμιμα στο εν λόγω κράτος
μέλος:
7. Η παρούσα δήλωση εκδίδεται με αποκλειστική ευθύνη των υπογραφόντων:
Υπογράφεται από και για λογαριασμό (τόπος και ημερομηνία έκδοσης):
(όνομα, θέση) (υπογραφή):
Εάν το σημείο 5 συμπληρώνεται από άλλο οικονομικό φορέα:
Υπογράφεται από και για λογαριασμό:
EL 2 EL (τόπος και ημερομηνία έκδοσης)
(όνομα, θέση) (υπογραφή).
| 41,849 |
s_G_SCM_M123_4
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 6,796 | 10,371 |
213. En su Protocolo de Adhesión, China convino en crea r o designar "un servicio de información
donde podrá obtenerse, a petición de cualquier particular, empresa o Miembro de la OMC, toda la
información relativa a las medidas que deben publicarse".
214. Los Estados Unidos han encontrado referencias a cinco medidas jurídicas: dos relativas a las
subvenciones a los combustibles destinadas a los pescadores, una relativa al desarrollo de la flota
china de pesca en aguas distantes y dos relativas a la rama de producción de semiconductores.
Como no pudieron encontrar esa s medidas en la Gaceta del MOFCOM ni en ninguna otra parte, los
Estados Unidos presentaron una solicitud al servicio de información OMC de China en abril de 2020.
215. En su Protocolo de Adhesión, China acordó que "[l]as respuestas a las solicitudes de
informac ión se facilitarán en general en un plazo de 30 días contados a partir de la recepción de las
mismas. En casos excepcionales, podrán facilitarse las respuestas en un plazo de 45 días contados
a partir de la recepción de la solicitud. Se notificará por escr ito a la parte interesada el retraso y los
motivos del mismo". Tres años después de la solicitud inicial, no se ha facilitado ninguna
respuesta escrita.
216. En septiembre de 2020 un representante del Ministerio de Comercio se puso en contacto con
la Embajada d e los Estados Unidos en Beijing y declaró que China no facilitaría copia de ninguna de
las medidas solicitadas, porque en breve serían sustituidas por nuevas medidas, o no eran
pertinentes en relación con los compromisos de China en el marco de la OMC. El MOFCOM no facilitó
ninguna información sobre la fecha en que las medidas serían sustituidas. A juicio de los
Estados Unidos, si China considera que no debe facilitar la información solicitada sobre una medida
si esa medida puede ser sustituida en algún lej ano momento del futuro, la obligación en materia de
servicio de información no tendría ningún sentido.
217. Los Estados Unidos indican que China ha modificado su posición con respecto a otras medidas
y señalado que no aduce que sus medidas jurídicas relativas a los semiconductores, por ejemplo,
no estén abarcadas por los compromisos que ha contraído en el marco de la OMC, sino que las
medidas solicitadas no son leyes, reglamentos y demás medidas. G/SCM/M/123
- 33 -
218. Los Estados Unidos señalan que el compromiso relativo a los servic ios de información
establecido en el Protocolo de Adhesión está redactado en términos muy amplios al referirse a las
"leyes, reglamentos y demás medidas" y que es difícil imaginar un texto más inclusivo. Los
Estados Unidos también recalcan que, en el conte xto de la solución de diferencias, "todo acto u
omisión atribuible a un Miembro de la OMC puede ser una medida de ese Miembro". Las medidas
solicitadas, una de las cuales proviene del Consejo de Estado de China, la oficina de más alto nivel
de la rama ejec utiva del Gobierno chino, se incluirían fácilmente en una definición tan amplia.
219. Según el informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Adhesión de China, la creación del servicio de
información tenía por objeto atender las preocupaciones de los Miembros de la OMC , en el momento
de la adhesión de China, con respecto a las "dificultades para obtener copia de los reglamentos y
otras medidas adoptados por diversos ministerios, así como los adoptados por las autoridades locales
y provinciales". Veintidós años después y después de que China acordara establecer un servicio de
información, subsisten exactamente las mismas preocupaciones.
220. Aunque la respuesta inicial de China a esas cuestiones sobre la transparencia es que se toma
muy en serio sus obligaciones en materia de transparencia, la experiencia de los Estados Unidos con
el servicio de información de China demuestra lo contrario.
221. La Unión Europea expresa su apoyo a las cuestiones planteadas por los Estados Unidos y
recuerda que la obligación de China en materia de tra nsparencia dimana no solo del artículo 25.8
del Acuerdo SMC, sino también de su Protocolo de Adhesión a la OMC. A este respecto, China acordó
establecer un mecanismo de servicio de información, lo que se llevó a cabo mediante la creación de
la Oficina de N otificación e Información en el marco de la OMC. China también convino en publicar
sus medidas relacionadas con el comercio en la Gaceta del MOFCOM. China ha indicado en reiteradas
ocasiones que anualmente publica muchos números de la Gaceta de Comercio Ex terior y
Cooperación Económica de China. Sin embargo, si la información está incompleta o China no
responde a las solicitudes de información, estas obligaciones no se cumplirán. La Unión Europea
insta a China a que haga honor a su compromiso de transparenc ia tramitando todas las solicitudes
formuladas al servicio de información y publicando todas las medidas relacionadas con el comercio
en la Gaceta.
222. El Japón señala que la obligación de notificación y la transparencia están entre los fundamentos
más esenciales del sistema de la OMC y que su cumplimiento beneficiará a todos los Miembros. Le
preocupa que la falta de transparencia del gasto en subvenciones especí ficas aliente la concesión de
subvenciones causantes de distorsión y de origen a problemas mundiales, por ejemplo de
sobrecapacidad. El Japón pide a China que cumpla las obligaciones en materia de transparencia
acordadas en su Protocolo de Adhesión para ma ntener la eficacia de los mecanismos que contribuyen
a aumentar la transparencia.
223. Australia , al igual que los oradores anteriores, señala que atribuye gran importancia a las
obligaciones de notificación y transparencia en el marco de la OMC, que se derivan tanto de los
Acuerdos como de los protocolos de adhesión de los Miembros. La transparencia sigue siendo
fundamental para el buen funcionamiento de la OMC y sustenta el Acuerdo SMC, ya que crea
certidumbre para que todos los exportadores puedan competir en condiciones equitativas en los
mercados internacionales. Corresponde al Miembro que otorga la subvención notificar sus medidas
con prontitud y de manera completa, y no imponer la carga de su descubrimiento a otros Miembros
de la OMC. Australia insta a Chi na a cumplir los compromisos en materia de transparencia contraídos
en el marco de su Protocolo de Adhesión.
224. El Reino Unido se hace eco de las preocupaciones planteadas por los oradores anteriores y
recuerda que, anteriormente, hizo hincapié en la importan cia de las obligaciones de los Miembros
en materia de transparencia, que incluyen compromisos específicos contraídos por ellos. Reconoce
que China ha adoptado algunas medidas con respecto a esas obligaciones y le insta a dar más pasos
hacia el cumplimiento . El Reino Unido destaca, en particular, la necesidad de publicar todas las
medidas pertinentes y alienta a China a colaborar constructivamente con los Miembros interesados
para aclarar qué información considera que está comprendida en el alcance de sus ob ligaciones en
materia de servicios de información y cómo los Miembros deben comunicarse con el servicio de
información para obtener esa información. G/SCM/M/123
- 34 -
225. El Canadá se hace eco de las preocupaciones de otros Miembros con respecto al cumplimiento
por China de las obligaciones de transparencia en el marco de la OMC. Reitera que el proceso de
notificación forma parte integrante, no solo del Acuerdo SMC, sino también del sistema multilateral
de comercio. Según el Canadá, es importante que todos los Miembros presenten notificaciones de
conformidad con las prescripciones de la OMC pertinentes. Alienta a China a cumplir plenamente las
obligaciones en materia de transparencia que le corresponden de conformidad con las normas de
la OMC y su Protocolo de Adhesión.
226. China reitera que ha cumplido fielmente sus obligación de transparencia en el marco de
la OMC. El compromiso de establecer un servicio de información pone de manifiesto el valor asignado
por China a la transparencia. China se adhirió a la OMC hace 21 años, cuando e l acceso a la
información era relativamente limitado. En este contexto, China se comprometió a establecer un
servicio de información, que es un compromiso más estricto y demuestra su voluntad de facilitar la
información pertinente con la mayor sinceridad y en la mayor medida posible.
227. En segundo lugar, China observa también que las disposiciones en materia de transparencia
de su Protocolo de Adhesión no la obligan a responder las preguntas por escrito. La pandemia
de COVID -19 acaecida en 2020 ha dificultado enormemente la labor interna de los Gobiernos de
todos los Miembros, incluida China. A pesar de esta situación, el servicio de información ha trabajado
arduamente para superar los efectos de la pandemia y respondido a los Estados Unidos lo antes
posible tr as finalizar los procedimientos internos.
228. En tercer lugar, el Gobierno chino promueve, desde hace años, la divulgación de información
y la transparencia de las políticas. Por ejemplo, el Reglamento sobre la Divulgación de Información
Gubernamental promulga do por la República Popular China en 2007 y revisado en 2019 estipula el
objeto y el alcance de la divulgación de información sobre, entre otras cuestiones, las políticas
comerciales. En los últimos años, el rápido desarrollo de la tecnología de la comunic ación a través
de redes también hace que el acceso a la información sea mucho más práctico.
229. Por último, en lo que respecta al documento de política solicitado por los Estados Unidos, la
política relativa al desarrollo del sector pesquero se publicó en el s itio web oficial. El resto de las
políticas no está sujeto a "leyes, reglamentos y demás medidas que ... afecten al comercio" ni
comprendido en el alcance de la información divulgada. El servicio de información de China ha
explicado y aclarad o esta cuestió n a los Estados Unidos en reuniones ordinarias, así como del CCM,
en varias ocasiones. China espera que sus compromisos de adhesión, encaminados a aumentar la
transparencia y demostrar sinceridad, no se conviertan en un medio para causar reiteradas molesti as
ni se presten a que algunos Miembros se aprovechen de ellos.
230. Los Estados Unidos reiteran que, a lo largo de muchos años, han demostrado que China no
cumple su obligación de publicar todas las leyes, reglamentos y demás medidas en la Gaceta
del MOFCOM. E n sus preguntas sobre las notificaciones de subvenciones presentadas por China, los
Estados Unidos han preguntado reiteradamente si esas medidas se han publicado en la Gaceta
del MOFCOM, pero China nunca ha respondido afirmativamente. Los Estados Unidos so licitan a China
que demuestre dónde están publicadas las medidas pertinentes en la Gaceta del MOFCOM. Con
respecto al servicio de información, los Estados Unidos subrayan que una medida relativamente
sencilla, como una subvención a los combustibles destina da a los pescadores, no figura en ningún
documento público ni está publicada en la Gaceta del MOFCOM. Esto también ocurre en el caso de
los semiconductores. Aunque China reitera que la transparencia es un valor fundamental, los hechos
demuestran lo contrar io.
231. China reitera que atribuye gran importancia a la transparencia. No solo China, sino también
muchos otros Miembros, están trabajando arduamente para fortalecer su capacidad de cumplir la
obligación de transparencia y mejorar continuamente la notificació n. Incluso tratándose de los
Estados Unidos, hay casos en que las políticas no se notifican. Según China, sería más práctico
centrarse en el presente y el futuro, en lugar de los embrollos que se repiten en el Comité.
232. Los Estados Unidos reiteran que China no publica todas sus medidas en la Gaceta del MOFCOM,
a pesar de que está obligada a hacerlo.
233. El Comité toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas. G/SCM/M/123
- 35 -
13 PROPUESTA DE MODIFICACIÓN DEL PROCEDIMIENTO PARA EL EXAMEN DE LAS
NOTIFICACIONES NUEVAS Y COMPLETAS DE SUBVENCIONES - PUNTO INCLUIDO A
PETICIÓN DE AUSTRALIA, EL CANADÁ, LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, EL JAPÓN, EL
REINO UNIDO Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA
234. Los Estados Unidos recuerdan que, en virtud del artículo 26 del Acuerdo SMC, se encomendó
al Comité la tarea de examinar las n otificaciones de subvenciones de los Miembros y que en 2005 el
Comité acordó un procedimiento para el examen de esas notificaciones que siguió utilizándose en el
de las notificaciones nuevas y completas de subvenciones de los Miembros correspondientes a 20 21.
Se trata de un documento sencillo del Comité que establece un proceso de preguntas y respuestas
por escrito que debe tener lugar dentro de un plazo específico.
235. Desde hace muchos años, en el curso normal del examen de las notificaciones en el Comité,
los Miembros han preguntado por programas no incluidos en la notificación examinada. Los
Estados Unidos y algunos otros Miembros han recibido tales preguntas y las han respondido.
Responder a esas preguntas ya es parte del proceso habitual de preguntas y res puestas sobre las
notificaciones de subvenciones y ha contribuido a la transparencia general de los regímenes de
subvenciones de los Miembros.
236. Los Estados Unidos señalan que, para aclarar los procedimientos del Comité, los
copatrocinadores proponen una mod ificación que obligaría a todos los Miembros a presentar
respuestas escritas a todas las preguntas planteadas por escrito, también las relativas a
subvenciones específicas no incluidas en la notificación de un Miembro. El único cambio sustantivo
es la fras e en negrita del tercer párrafo; todos los demás cambios solo tendrían por objeto modificar
las fechas de modo que el proceso modificado comience con el examen de las notificaciones nuevas
y completas de subvenciones correspondientes a 2023.
237. Según los Esta dos Unidos, se trata de una simple modificación que prácticamente todos los
Miembros han venido siguiendo desde el principio. Su adopción propiciaría el grado de transparencia
que los redactores del Acuerdo supusieron que existiría en el curso normal del e xamen del Comité,
incluso en ausencia de una obligación por escrito.
238. La Unión Europea recuerda que, en reuniones anteriores, ha expresado sus preocupaciones
por el enfoque adoptado por algunos Miembros con respecto al proceso de examen de las
notificacione s de subvenciones y, en particular, con respecto a las preguntas planteadas sobre las
subvenciones no notificadas. Algunos Miembros han indicado que las preguntas formuladas en los
procedimientos de examen deben ceñirse exclusivamente a los programas inclu idos en las
notificaciones. Sin embargo, este enfoque socavaría gravemente la eficacia del proceso de examen
e impediría que los Miembros comprendan plenamente todas las subvenciones. El proceso de
formular preguntas por escrito no tiene por objeto poner d e relieve las deficiencias de las
notificaciones de subvenciones de los Miembros, sino completar el panorama en los casos en que
parece faltar información. A lo largo de los años, la Unión Europea ha presentado una serie de
notificaciones complementarias e n respuesta a preguntas de otros Miembros sobre programas de
subvenciones que se pasaron por alto en el proceso de notificación. Esto ha ayudado a la
Unión Europea a contribuir a aumentar y mejorar la transparencia en el marco del Acuerdo SMC. Al
igual que la propuesta examinada en el marco del punto 7 del orden del día, esta es una propuesta
importante que reforzaría la transparencia de las notificaciones de subvenciones. La Unión Europea
anima a los Miembros a que apoyen la propuesta.
239. El Canadá celebra qu e la propuesta se siga debatiendo y señala que se trata de una simple
modificación que contribuiría a aumentar la transparencia al exigir que se faciliten respuestas
escritas a todas las preguntas escritas, incluidas las subvenciones que no figuren en la n otificación
de un Miembro. El proceso de preguntas y respuestas por escrito es parte fundamental del proceso
de notificación de las subvenciones. Al mejorar este proceso, los Miembros pueden mejorar la
transparencia en su conjunto y colmar algunas de las i mportantes lagunas de información
mencionadas durante la reunión. A juicio del Canadá, la propuesta lograría este objetivo mediante
la formalización de una práctica de larga data ya observada por muchos Miembros.
240. Australia opina que es oportuno y útil exam inar los procedimientos para la presentación y el
examen de las notificaciones nuevas y completas de subvenciones correspondientes a 2023 ya que
se aproxima el plazo. El primer elemento del texto propuesto exigiría responder por escrito a G/SCM/M/123
- 36 -
preguntas formula das por escrito. Al llevarse a cabo por escrito, el procedimiento garantizará que
las respuestas sean plenamente comprensibles para los Miembros que formulan preguntas. En
efecto, el Miembro puede formular preguntas escritas adicionales si las respuestas s on incompletas
o no son claras. En segundo lugar, la propuesta reflejaría la práctica ya arraigada del Comité con
arreglo a la cual los Miembros pueden plantear preguntas por escrito sobre cualquier subvención
específica, aunque no esté incluida en la noti ficación del Miembro. A juicio de Australia, la propuesta
refleja la práctica arraigada del Comité que permite que cualquier Miembro solicite, en cualquier
momento, información acerca de una subvención concedida o mantenida por otro Miembro o una
explicaci ón de los motivos por los que se ha considerado que una medida concreta no estaba sujeta
al requisito de notificación. Australia alienta a los Miembros a apoyar la propuesta.
241. El Japón dice que el Acuerdo SMC permite a los Miembros solicitar que se explique n los motivos
por los que se haya considerado que una medida de ayuda no está sujeta a la prescripción de
notificación. Si dichas explicaciones y la información pertinente sobre las subvenciones específicas
se comunicaran con más facilidad por escrito, est o serviría para aumentar la transparencia. El Japón
espera con interés el apoyo de los Miembros a esta propuesta.
242. El Reino Unido señala que el objeto de la propuesta es contribuir a mejorar la transparencia
mediante la simple formalización de lo que consid era que es la práctica normal de los Miembros. Por
lo tanto, no impondría cargas nuevas o irrazonables a los Miembros. El Reino Unido recuerda que se
aproxima el plazo para la presentación de las notificaciones nuevas y completas de subvenciones
correspond ientes a 2023 y espera que los Miembros puedan apoyar la propuesta para asegurar un
examen provechoso y sin contratiempos de esas notificaciones.
243. La India dice que el documento G/SCM/W/583 exige que se cumplan dos condiciones para que
el procedimiento sea eficaz. En primer lugar, es necesario que las preguntas y respuestas se
presenten a su debido tiempo. En segundo lugar, los funcionarios competentes deben estar
presentes al dar todas las respuestas en caso de que los Miembros no faciliten respuestas escri tas
antes de la fecha límite. La India señala que la propuesta presentada en dicho documento es similar
a la examinada en el marco del punto 7 del orden del día, que prescribe plazos para actuar de
conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 25.9 del Acuer do SMC. Por lo tanto, con respecto al
establecimiento de plazos para facilitar respuestas escritas, la India reitera las preocupaciones
planteadas en el marco del punto 7 del orden del día y pone de relieve lo gravosa que sería la
propuesta para los Miembr os. Además, dado que la información sobre las subvenciones industriales
se compila a partir de datos recabados de distintas partes interesadas, la segunda condición de que
los funcionarios en cuestión estén disponibles durante la reunión para dar respuesta s orales no sería
factible para los Miembros menos adelantados, especialmente cuando existe una estructura federal
de gobierno. Por lo tanto, a los Miembros les resultaría difícil cumplir las condiciones y plazos que
figuran en el documento relativo al exa men de las notificaciones nuevas y completas
correspondientes a 2023. La India subraya que es necesario seguir deliberando sobre esta cuestión
y manifiesta su disposición a participar constructivamente en estos debates.
244. Nueva Zelandia acoge con satisfacció n la propuesta y se remite a sus declaraciones anteriores
sobre la cuestión. Nueva Zelandia considera que la modificación propuesta es compatible con el
espíritu y la finalidad de las obligaciones existentes en materia de transparencia y es una manera
importante de promover la transparencia, así como la eficacia de la función de vigilancia del Comité.
Mantiene su apoyo a la propuesta e insta a los demás Miembros a que sigan su ejemplo.
245. La Federación de Rusia reitera sus preocupaciones expresadas durante la reunión anterior del
Comité en relación con la propuesta. Recuerda que la modificación prevé que los Miembros presenten
respuestas escritas a todas las preguntas planteadas por escrito, incluidas las preguntas planteadas
en el marco de medidas "relativas a subvenciones específicas no incluidas en la notificación". La
redacción de la propuesta parece estar en contradicción con el artículo 25.2 del Acuerdo SMC, que
no permite dejar de notificar las subvenciones específicas. Además, deja margen para considerar
una medida como una subvención específica sin ofrecer pruebas sustanciales que demuestren su
especificidad. Por último, esa redacción puede entrañar la carga adicional para el Miembro que
notifica de probar que la medida no notificada no es una subvención específica. Durante el debate
anterior, la Federación de Rusia sugirió sustituir la expresión "subvención específica" por la expresión
"supuesta subvención". La Federación de Rusia manifiesta su disposición a proseguir los debates
sobre esta cuestión. G/SCM/M/123
- 37 -
246. Los Estados Unidos aclaran que la propuesta consiste en modificar los procedimientos de
examen añadiendo una frase. En consecuencia, si se formula a un Miembro una pregunta escrita
sobre un programa que no se ha notificado, debe facilitarse una respuesta escr ita. La propuesta no
establece disposiciones relativas a la oportunidad u otras cuestiones conexas.
247. La Presidenta señala que hay una divergencia de opiniones considerable con respecto a la
propuesta. Propone que los copatrocinadores sigan examinando la pro puesta con los demás
Miembros hasta la siguiente reunión del Comité e incluyan este punto en el orden del día de esa
reunión si lo desean.
248. El Comité toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas.
14 INFORME DE LA PRESIDENTA AL COMITÉ ACERCA DE LOS INFORMES PRESEN TADOS
AL CONSEJO DEL COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS SOBRE EL FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL COMITÉ
Y LA RESPUESTA A LA PANDEMIA (DOCUMENTOS G/L/1449 - G/SCM/162 Y G/L/1450 -
G/SCM/163) Y LAS CONSULTAS MANTENIDAS POR EL PRESIDENTE DEL CCM A
ESTE RESPECTO
249. La Presidenta señala q ue se ha incluido este punto en el orden del día de la reunión para
informar al Comité de la cuestión de las consultas en curso en el marco del CCM en relación con la
reforma de la OMC y los dos informes que la Presidenta presentó bajo su responsabilidad a l
Presidente del CCM —a petición de este — sobre el funcionamiento del Comité y la respuesta a la
pandemia (documentos G/L/1449, también distribuido con la signatura G/SCM/162, y G/L/1450,
también distribuido con la signatura G/SCM/163).
250. El primer informe se refiere al funcionamiento actual del Co mité, es decir, las medidas
concretas que el Comité ha adoptado en los últimos años para mejorar su labor. El informe de la
Presidenta contiene un panorama general de las reformas que ya se han introducido y de la situación
en que se encuentra actualmente el Comité. Esta actividad se centró únicamente en las acciones y
debates anteriores. El objetivo de este ejercicio es hacer balance y reunir información a fin de que
los Miembros puedan celebrar un debate basado en hechos, por lo que la Presidenta se absti ene de
incluir recomendaciones o una evaluación de lo que hay que mejorar (de esto se encargarán los
Miembros, si así lo deciden).
251. El segundo informe se refiere a la respuesta de la OMC a la pandemia, y en él se describen las
actividades que el Comité ha e mprendido en el contexto de la pandemia durante los
dos últimos años.
252. La Presidenta recuerda que el 21 de noviembre de 2022 envió ambos informes fácticos a los
Miembros en forma de proyecto para darles la oportunidad de formular observaciones al respecto.
El 28 de noviembre de 2022, la Presidenta presentó ambos documentos al CCM.
253. Sobre la base del contenido de esos informes y de los informes de los Presidentes de todos los
demás órganos subsidiarios, la secretaría del CCM distribuyó, el 11 de enero de 2023, una "matriz
de comparación " mediante el documento G/C/W/824 que ofrece una visión de conjunto de los
principales elementos de los distintos informes que parecen comparables. La Presidenta señala que,
como se explica en la parte introductoria de esa matriz , la matriz no sustituye a los informes
presentados por los Presidentes y no recoge toda la información que contienen dichos informes.
254. El 31 de enero de 2023 el CCM celebró una reunión informal a la que invitó a
los 14 Presidentes, incluida la Presidenta d el Comité, y a todos los miembros del CCM. En esa
reunión, la Presidenta del Comité hizo una breve reseña de ambos informes y los Miembros
formularon observaciones. En lo que respecta al funcionamiento de los Comités, aunque no hubo
ninguna observación esp ecífica sobre el informe del Comité SMC en sí, los Miembros formularon
sugerencias basadas en su lectura de los diferentes informes y de la matriz. Sus opiniones reflejaban
su propia visión de cómo reproducir lo que consideraban buenas prácticas, preservan do a un tiempo
la individualidad de cada Comité, ya que está claro que no puede haber una solución única válida
para todos. El Presidente del CCM consideró evidente que correspondería a los miembros de cada
Comité debatir y decidir si algún procedimiento, práctica o medio de dirección de los debates
necesitaba una mejora o un cambio. El Presidente del CCM recomendó y alentó el examen de esas
cuestiones en el marco de los Comités. G/SCM/M/123
- 38 -
255. En cuanto a la respuesta a la pandemia, no se formularon preguntas u observaci ones
específicas sobre el informe del Comité SMC. El mensaje principal fue que todos los órganos
subsidiarios debían aplicar las enseñanzas extraídas de la pandemia en consonancia con sus propios
mandatos. El Presidente del CCM dijo que esto constituía un paso adelante y que proseguirían los
debates sobre esta cuestión.
256. El 9 de marzo de 2023, el Presidente del CCM envió a los Presidentes de los 14 órganos
subsidiarios una comunicación en la que se les pedía que iniciaran debates en sus respectivos
órganos, en el contexto de reuniones formales o informales, sobre el funcionamiento de esos
Comités. Esto ayudaría a los Miembros a identificar posibles esferas susceptibles de mejora en ese
órgano particular, teniendo en cuenta la matriz de comparación preparada p or la Secretaría, de la
que se distribuyó una versión revisada a mediados de febrero mediante el
documento G/C/W/824/Rev.1. El Presidente del CCM también hizo hincapié en que, más adelante,
se pediría a los órganos subsidiarios que presentaran un informe e scrito al CCM en el que se
describieran los debates celebrados y las mejoras introducidas. En la medida de lo posible, esos
informes escritos habrán de someterse al CCM para su examen en la última reunión formal del CCM,
que está programada provisionalment e para el 30 de noviembre de 2023. Dicho de otro modo, esos
informes deberán presentarse al CCM a más tardar a mediados de noviembre.
257. El 22 de marzo de 2023, el Presidente del CCM invitó a los Presidentes de los órganos
subsidiarios a una breve reunión inf ormal a fin de intercambiar opiniones y facilitar información
actualizada sobre la situación. En el caso de este Comité, la Presidenta dejó claro que esa cuestión
se incluiría en el orden del día de la presente reunión, en la que informaría de los informes que
presentó al CCM y cedería la palabra a los Miembros para que debatieran y formularan
observaciones.
258. Por último, pero no por ello menos importante, la Presidenta señala que, en su reunión formal
de los días 3 y 4 de abril de 2023, el Presidente del CCM presentó un informe de situación sobre sus
consultas en el marco del punto del orden del día titulado "Cuestiones relativas a la aplicación
dimanantes de la CM12: Funcionamiento del CCM y sus órganos subsidiarios y respuesta de la OMC
a la pandemia". Los Miembros pidieron al Presidente del CCM que informara a los 14 Presidentes de
los órganos subsidiarios acerca de la situación actual de los trabajos en el CCM, como se refleja el
documento JOB/CTG/28.
259. En una comunicación enviada a los 14 Presidentes, el Presidente del CCM destacó en particular
que, hasta la fecha, el Consejo había podido llegar a un acuerdo formal sobre las cuatro cuestiones
siguientes, a saber: la utilización de la plataforma E -Agenda para la labor del CCM con carácter
experimental; la ampliación del plazo para la inclusión de puntos del orden del día a 15 días naturales
antes de la reunión formal, de modo que los Miembros puedan prepararse mejor para tratar el
elevado número de preocup aciones comerciales planteadas en el CCM; la encomienda a la Secretaría
de que separe las preocupaciones comerciales nuevas y las incluya en el orden del día antes de las
preocupaciones comerciales planteadas anteriormente; y la encomienda a la Secretaría de que
integre los datos del CCM sobre preocupaciones comerciales en la Base de Datos sobre
Preocupaciones Comerciales, con sujeción a limitaciones presupuestarias.
260. Además, hay aproximadamente otras 11 cuestiones que el Consejo no examinará de nuevo,
al me nos por el momento, ya que ha pedido que, bien el Presidente del CCM, bien la secretaría
del CCM, adopte algunas medidas para atenderlas, o porque se trata de cuestiones transversales
que tal vez deban abordarse a nivel horizontal o que pueden tener implic aciones presupuestarias.
261. En la misma reunión del CCM, algunos Miembros subrayaron que había una amplia
convergencia respecto de varias cuestiones que se habían examinado en el CCM y que también
deberían examinarse en los órganos subsidiarios, en particular las relacionadas con la asistencia a
los delegados residentes en las capitales y en Ginebra, la planificación y organización de las
reuniones y los procedimientos de trabajo.
262. Si bien el Presidente del CCM indicó en su comunicación que algunas medidas adop tadas por
el Consejo podían servir de inspiración a los órganos subsidiarios, hizo hincapié en que holgaba decir
que correspondía a cada órgano subsidiario decidir qué cuestión examinar y qué tipo de medidas
había de adoptar para mejorar su funcionamiento. Recordó una vez más a los Presidentes de los
órganos subsidiarios que deben presentar informes escritos al CCM en los que se describan los G/SCM/M/123
- 39 -
debates celebrados y las mejoras introducidas, y que, en la medida de lo posible, esos informes
escritos se deben so meter para su examen en la última reunión formal del CCM, programada para
el 30 de noviembre de 2023. En ese sentido, a fin de asegurar una transición fluida, pidió a todos
los Presidentes salientes que informaran a los nuevos Presidentes acerca de esta es fera de trabajo
tan pronto como fueran nombrados.
263. La Presidenta pide disculpas por la extensión de su declaración, pero quiere ser lo más
minuciosa posible al señalar estas cuestiones a la atención de los Miembros, e invita a los Miembros
a formular observ aciones acerca de los informes que ha presentado al CCM, acerca del informe que
ha presentado en la reunión, y acerca de la manera en que desean abordar esta cuestión en futuras
reuniones del Comité.
264. Antes de ceder la palabra a los Miembros para que formul en observaciones y propuestas, la
Presidenta pide a los Miembros que, al formular esas observaciones, también se centren en la
evolución futura de ese debate.
265. En primer lugar , con respecto al modo del debate, si se opta por el modo formal o informal.
La Presidenta señala que, en su opinión, y con el fin de que haya un libre intercambio de puntos de
vista, se podría prever —si los Miembros están de acuerdo — que los debates de esa reunión, así
como todos los debates futuros, se celebraran de modo informal. E llo permitiría mantener un debate
franco y abierto entre los Miembros. Si se alcanza un consenso para introducir alguna mejora en el
funcionamiento del Comité, se podría adoptar una decisión sobre esa base en la reunión de octubre,
o en una reunión extraor dinaria, o mediante un procedimiento escrito. La Presidenta señala que
agradecería que los Miembros hicieran aportaciones al respecto.
266. En segundo lugar , aunque sin duda la cuestión del funcionamiento del Comité será un
objetivo lógico, también recuerda a l os Miembros la cuestión de la respuesta a la pandemia , y si
desean mantener nuevos debates sustantivos a ese respecto. La Presidenta recuerda, por ejemplo,
que algunos Miembros habían presentado notificaciones de legislación en las que informaban de las
adaptaciones de procedimiento que habían introducido en sus investigaciones sobre medidas
comerciales correctivas a raíz de la COVID -19. La Presidenta pregunta si los Miembros desean seguir
debatiendo sobre este asunto.
267. Se decide que el Comité celebre el deb ate de modo informal.
268. Tras volver al modo formal, la Presidenta señala que, después de la reunión, la Secretaría
distribuiría un documento6 de sala en el que figura la lista de temas y propuestas que serán objeto
de debate, estudio o examen en el futuro. La Presidenta agrega que —junto con los dos Presidentes
salientes de los Comités de Salvaguardias y de Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias — distribuirá
una comunicación conjunta7 sobre el camino a seguir para el seguimiento de esas cuestiones. El
docum ento de sala en el que figura la lista de cuestiones se adjuntará a esa comunicación. Del resto
del proceso se ocuparán los nuevos Presidentes después de su elección. La Presidenta agrega que,
si así lo desean, los Miembros pueden formular propuestas adici onales al debate.
269. El Comité toma nota de las declaraciones formuladas en modo formal.
15 INFORME DE LA PRESIDENTA AL COMITÉ SOBRE LA REUNIÓN DE TRANSPARENCIA
CELEBRADA EL 12 DE ABRIL DE 2023 ACERCA DE LA LABOR CONJUNTA DE
CUATRO ORGANIZACIONES INTERNACIONALES EN MATERIA DE SUBVENCIONES Y LA
CREACIÓN CONEXA POR LA SECRETARÍA DE UNA BASE DE DATOS SOBRE SUBVENCIONES
270. La Presidenta señala que se ha incluido este punto en el orden del día de la reunión para
informar al Comité acerca de los debates mantenidos en el marco de la reunión de transparencia
celebrada el 12 de abril de 2023.
271. En su correo electrónico de fecha 7 de abril de 2023, la Presidenta explicó que la Secretaría la
había informado de la puesta en marcha de una plataforma común de información sobre
subvenciones, que dará acceso a las distintas bases de datos y fuentes de información de
6 RD/SCM/62.
7 Distribuida el 10 de mayo de 2023. G/SCM/M/123
- 40 -
subvenciones de cuatro organizaciones internacionales, a saber, el FMI, el Banco Mundial, la OCDE
y la OMC, en aplicación de su estudio conjunto sobre subvenciones publica do en abril de 2022.
También fue informada de que, como parte de este proyecto conjunto, la Secretaría había estado
trabajando en la creación de un conjunto de datos sobre las subvenciones notificadas por los
Miembros en el ciclo de notificación de 2021.
272. Aprovechando la ocasión de la reunión informal de transparencia sobre las elecciones del GPE
celebrada el 12 de abril de 2023, la Presidenta pidió a la Secretaría que hiciera una exposición sobre
la labor conjunta en curso con las otras organizaciones inter nacionales, y los esfuerzos de la
Secretaría para crear una base de datos sobre subvenciones.
273. Durante su exposición, la Secretaría explicó la iniciativa conjunta de las cuatro organizaciones
para mejorar el acceso a la información sobre subvenciones a trav és de una plataforma común de
subvenciones basada en la web. En el marco de esa iniciativa conjunta, la Secretaría ha estado
trabajando en la creación de una nueva base de datos que convertirá el contenido de las
notificaciones de subvenciones nuevas y com pletas de 2021 a un formato de base de datos.
274. Durante la sesión de transparencia tuvo lugar un largo debate, en el que hicieron uso de la
palabra muchos Miembros. Haciendo hincapié en la importancia de la transparencia, muchos de los
Miembros que tomaron la palabra expresaron su preocupación por que la Secretaría no los hubiera
consultado antes de la puesta en marcha del proyecto de base de datos, en el que sus notificaciones
de subvenciones se convertirán al formato de hojas de cálculo. Algunos también ob jetaron que el
proceso no había sido dirigido por los Miembros.
275. Casi todas las delegaciones que hicieron uso de la palabra expresaron su preocupación por
que el plazo para poner en marcha el portal conjunto de subvenciones y la base de datos de
subvencione s de la OMC venciera al final de abril, y señalaron, entre otras cosas, que, para
garantizar su exactitud, necesitarían tiempo suficiente para examinar la información que les
concernía presentada en el formato de la base de datos, habida cuenta de la gran cantidad de datos
que había que verificar. Hicieron hincapié en el carácter sensible de la información relativa a las
subvenciones, y señalaron que cualquier cambio en el formato de presentación requeriría un examen
cuidadoso en sus capitales. Además, algu nos Miembros mencionaron que, dado que la reunión
informal con fines de transparencia era la primera oportunidad que tenían los Miembros para
formular observaciones sobre el proyecto, necesitarían más tiempo para reflexionar y examinar la
cuestión desde un a perspectiva sistémica. En consecuencia, varias delegaciones pidieron que se
celebraran debates formales en el Comité.
276. Por último, en aquella reunión informal algunos Miembros cuestionaron el valor añadido de la
nueva base de datos, afirmando que las noti ficaciones ya estaban a disposición del público, y que la
cuestión principal se refería a medidas que no habían sido notificadas por los Miembros. Además, un
Miembro expresó su preocupación por la posible inclusión de enlaces a bases de datos distintas de
las mantenidas por las cuatro organizaciones internacionales.
277. De conformidad con la solicitud formulada por los Miembros en la reunión informal, la
Secretaría compartió las presentaciones realizadas durante la reunión, junto con el documento
metodológico e n el que se exponían las explicaciones técnicas relativas a la conversión de las
notificaciones al formato de base de datos. Además, la Secretaría envió a cada uno de los Miembros
que habían notificado información en el ciclo de 2021 las porciones de la ba se de datos
correspondientes a su información, con fines de comprobación y verificación. La Secretaría pidió a
las delegaciones interesadas que presentaran sus observaciones y correcciones con respecto a esos
archivos no más tarde del 12 de mayo de 2023.
278. Además, el 28 de abril de 2023 la Directora General envió una nota explicativa a todas las
delegaciones con información adicional sobre los esfuerzos conjuntos en curso con otras
organizaciones internacionales en relación con las subvenciones, así como sobr e la labor realizada
por la Secretaría para la creación de la base de datos sobre subvenciones.
279. Después del informe, la Presidenta da la palabra a la Directora General Adjunta ("DGA") Anabel
González, que dirige la labor realizada por la Secretaría en mate ria de subvenciones con las otras
organizaciones internacionales, para que facilite información sobre la iniciativa conjunta de las cuatro G/SCM/M/123
- 41 -
organizaciones internacionales y sobre los trabajos de la Secretaría en la creación de la base de
datos sobre subvenc iones.
280. La DGA manifiesta que le complace presentar al Comité información actualizada sobre la
iniciativa conjunta de las cuatro instituciones (la OMC, el Banco Mundial, el FMI y la OCDE) sobre la
facilitación del acceso a la información relacionada con las subvenciones. La oradora se refiere a la
nota informativa enviada a todos los Miembros por la Directora General el 28 de abril de 2023, en
la que esta explicaba los antecedentes de la labor de la Secretaría en materia de subvenciones y de
igualdad de cond iciones. La DGA recuerda que esta labor se anunció inicialmente en una
comunicación enviada por la Directora General a las delegaciones el 30 de junio de 2021, en la que
se indicaba la división de responsabilidades entre los Directores Generales Adjuntos.
281. La DGA recuerda que se ha ultimado la primera fase de la labor de la Secretaría en materia
de subvenciones. El resultado de esta labor es el informe titulado "Subvenciones, comercio y
cooperación internacional" elaborado conjuntamente por la OMC, el FMI, l a OCDE y el Banco Mundial,
con el fin de especificar las carencias de conocimientos y las medidas necesarias para aumentar la
transparencia y corregir algunas de esas carencias. El informe conjunto, que también está disponible
en el sitio web de la OMC, fu e presentado el 22 de abril de 2022 por los jefes ejecutivos de las
cuatro instituciones coautoras. La oradora agrega que el 5 de mayo de 2022 se celebró en Ginebra
un acto público en el que las principales conclusiones del informe fueron presentadas por
funcionarios de las cuatro instituciones coautoras.
| 6,953 |
US-16787708-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,957 | 11,097 |
Motion-Validating Remote Monitoring System
ABSTRACT
A method of autonomously monitoring a remote site, including the steps of locating a primary detector at a site to be monitored; creating one or more geospatial maps of the site using an overhead image of the site; calibrating the primary detector to the geospatial map using a detector-specific model; detecting an object in motion at the site; tracking the moving object on the geospatial map; and alerting a user to the presence of motion at the site. In addition thermal image data from a infrared cameras, rather than optical/visual image data, is used to create detector-specific models and geospatial maps in substantially the same way that optical cameras and optical image data would be used.
RELATED APPLICATION
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationNo. 60/958,192, filed Jul. 3, 2007, and entitled MOTION-VALIDATINGREMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM, which is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to remote monitoring and securitysystems. More specifically, the invention relates to motion-validatingremote monitoring systems and methods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Standard closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems have long been used tomonitor locations requiring security. Such CCTV systems remotely monitorbuildings, military installations, infrastructure, industrial processes,and other sensitive locations. As real and perceived threats againstpersons and property grow, the list of locations requiring remotesecurity monitoring also grows. For example, regularly unmannedinfrastructure such as power substations, oil rigs, bridges, and so on,may now require protection through remote monitoring.
These traditional video surveillance systems may include networked videodetectors, sensors, and other equipment connected to a central site. Oneof the drawbacks to such traditional monitoring systems is that theyoften rely on human supervision to view video images, interpret theimages, and determine a relevant course of action such as alertingauthorities. The high cost of manning such systems makes themimpractical when a large number of remote sites require monitoring.Furthermore, a lack of automation in analysis and response increasesresponse time and decreases reliability.
Known automated monitoring systems solve many of these problems. Suchknown automated systems digitally capture and stream video images,detect motion, and provide automatic alerts based on parameters such asmotion, sound, heat and other parameters. However, these known automatedsystems often require large transmission bandwidths, provide onlylimited control over remote devices, remain sensitive to network issues,and struggle with accurate image and motion recognition.
Therefore, a need exists for reliable systems and methods of remotemonitoring that require limited bandwidth, while providing accuratemotion recognition and intelligent alert capabilities.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides systems and methods to autonomously andseamlessly track moving objects in real-time over an entireremotely-monitored site. The present invention automatically andaccurately detects and tracks moving objects at a monitored site usingone or more primary detectors, without requiring secondary detectors,human operators, or other input sources to confirm or track the motion.Virtual models of each detector are created and linked to a commongeospatial map. Tying together the separate virtual models on the commongeospatial map creates a real time virtual model of an entire geographicarea including the modeling of detected objects that are located andtracked across a site. When motion is detected, a primary detector ismoved to, or trained on, the precise X-Y coordinate location of actualmotion, rather than a predefined location. Tracking occurs continuously,and in real time, across the entire monitored site, even when objectsmove out of the detection range of one detector, and into the detectionrange of another detector. Multiple detectors monitoring detected motionat a site follow priority rules provided by an on-site controller toautonomously track a moving object. After motion has been validated, auser may be notified via one or more communication methods and presentedwith a sequence of relevant motion images.
In addition, thermal image data from infrared cameras, rather thanoptical/visual image data, is used in substantially the same way thatoptical cameras and optical image data would be used. In the samemanner, when gathering temperature data from multiple detectors, usersmay be notified and presented with a sequence of relevant temperatureimages when changes occur and along with the geospatial location of thetemperature measurement.
In one embodiment, the present invention is a method of autonomouslymonitoring a remote site, including the steps of locating a primarydetector at a site to be monitored; creating one or more geospatial mapsof the site using an overhead image of the site; calibrating the primarydetector to the geospatial map using a detector-specific model;detecting an object in motion at the site; tracking the moving object onthe geospatial map; and alerting a user to the presence of motion at thesite.
In another embodiment, the present invention is a motion-validatingmonitoring system that includes a primary PTZ detector, a secondarydetector, and an on-site detector controller. The on-site detectorcontroller is adapted to receive image data from the primary PTZdetector and the secondary detector, and to use the data to create oneor more detector-specific, three-dimensional models of the image viewedby the detector, the detector-specific model being capable ofdetermining the precise location of a detected object in motion. Theon-site detector controller is further adapted to project the locationof the object in motion detected and located by each detector-specificmodel, to a geospatial map.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a motion-validating remote monitoringsystem, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the motion-validating remote monitoring systemof FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the step of creating a primary geospatial map,according to the flowchart of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is an image of a monitored site including two positional markers,according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the step of creating secondary geospatial maps,according to the flowchart of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is an image of a monitored site including two positional markersat a building, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an image of a floor plan of a building with two positionalmarkers, according to the embodiment of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the step of calibrating individual detectors toa geospatial map via virtual detector models, according to the flowchartof FIG. 2;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a pinhole camera model as employed by anembodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a flowchart of the step of calibrating detectors to determinevirtual detector parameters, according to the flowchart of FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 is an elevation view of a set of detectors located at amonitored site and in their home positions, according to an embodimentof the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a flowchart of the step of determining fields of view,according to the flowchart of FIG. 10;
FIG. 13 is an image of a graphical user interface used for calibratingdetector field of view, according to the process of FIG. 10;
FIG. 14 is a flowchart of the step of determining zoom offsets,according to the flowchart of FIG. 10;
FIG. 15 is a detector image of a portion of a monitored site includingreference points, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a detector overhead image of a portion of a monitored siteincluding reference points, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 17 is a flowchart of the step of determining remaining virtualdetector parameters, according to the flowchart of FIG. 10;
FIG. 18 is a diagram of a camera viewing a point in three-dimensionalspace, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is a flowchart of the step of adding 3D reference pointscorresponding to viewable elevated terrain in an image, according to theflowchart of FIG. 8;
FIG. 20 is a Voronoi diagram with Thiessen polygons of the point viewedby the detector of FIG. 18, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;
FIG. 21 a is a perspective diagram of a detector view of the point ofFIG. 18 as projected onto a three-dimensional virtual model of adetector, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 21 b is an elevation diagram of the detector view of FIG. 21 a;
FIG. 22 is a flowchart of projecting, three-dimensional local points ofa detector model to a geospatial map, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIG. 23 is a flowchart of establishing an initial background, accordingto an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 24 is a diagram of several one-dimensional pixel history arrays,according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 25 is a diagram of several one-dimensional pixel history arrayswith sample pixel intensity values, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention
FIG. 26 is a flowchart of the method of updating a background, accordingto an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 27 a is a pixel history array at time t=0, according to anembodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 27 b is the pixel history array of FIG. 27 a at time t=1;
FIG. 27 c is the pixel history array of FIG. 27 a at time t=2;
FIG. 27 d is the pixel history array of FIG. 27 a at time t=10;
FIG. 28 is a motion image array, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIG. 29 is a filtered motion image array, according to an embodiment ofthe present invention;
FIG. 30 is a last motion image array, according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;
FIG. 31 is a filtered last motion image array, according to anembodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 32 is a screen image of an object with motion rectangles, accordingto an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 33 is a last motion image array with a base motion rectangle,according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 34 is a filtered last motion image array with a filtered basemotion rectangle, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternativeforms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in thedrawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood,however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to theparticular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe spirit and scope of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, the present invention is amotion validating monitoring system 100 that includes a main office 102,a first remote site 104, an optional second remote site 106, a remoteuser location 108, and Internet 110. System 100 may include additionalremote sites depending on the number of locations requiring remotemonitoring. Main office 102 connects to remote sites 104 and 106, andwith remote user location 108 via Internet 110.
In one embodiment, main office 102 includes a ScadaCam Management Server(SMS) 112, internal office user 114, computer terminal 116 withmulti-detector viewer (MCV) software 118, wireless communication device120, local area network (LAN) 122, main office intranet 124, andfirewall 126. Wireless communication device 120 may be a mobiletelephone, pager, or other wireless handheld communication device.Computer terminal 116 connects to SMS 112 via main office intranet 124and LAN 122. In other embodiments of main office 102, computer terminal116 connects directly to SMS 112. Main office 102 connects to Internet110, that may be a public or private internet, through firewall 126.
In one embodiment, remote sites 104 and 106 each include one or moresecondary detectors 128, one or more primary pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)detectors 130, raw data 132 comprising detector images 129, on-sitedetector controller (ODC) 134 with database 136, processed site data138, and optional structure 140. Secondary detectors 128 include fixedcameras that may be digital or analog video cameras that provide videooutput of all or a portion of a remote site. Secondary detectors 128 mayinclude single-, or limited-function detectors such as motion detectors,fence shakers, door and window sensors, and so on. Generally, secondarydetectors 128 provide a single view of all or a portion of a remote site104 or 106, and do not pan or tilt.
Primary PTZ detectors 130, include PTZ cameras and other detectors thatprovide pan, tilt, and zoom capabilities, and may be controlled by anumber of remote or local sources, including, but not limited to, ODC134. In some embodiments, primary PTZ detectors may not all be capableof panning, tilting, or zooming.
Although embodiments of system 100 discussed herein include the use ofsecondary detectors 128, unlike most previously known systems, system100 of the present invention does not require the use of secondarydetectors 128. Previously known motion-tracking systems typically relyon secondary detectors, usually fixed optical cameras, to firstly detectmotion. Then, based on the detection viewed by a secondary detector, aPTZ camera is panned, tilted, and/or zoomed to a predefined coordinatewithin the field of view of the secondary camera that detected motion toview the purported motion. Motion is confirmed using the PTZ camera, andonce the moving object moves out of view of the secondary camera, thePTZ camera no longer tracks. Accordingly, and unlike system 100 of thepresent invention, a secondary detector working in conjunction with aprimary PTZ detector is required to detect motion. System 100 does notrequire a secondary detector, and is capable of moving immediately to alocation of detected motion, rather than a predetermined location.
Secondary detectors 128 and primary PTZ detectors 130 connect to ODC 134using wired, wireless, fiber, USB, or other appropriate technologies. Inother embodiments, remote site 104 or 106 may include other monitoringand sensing devices, such as motion detectors, sound recorders, door orgate switches, perimeter security devices, and so on, in addition tovideo cameras.
ODC 134 coordinates and provides a number of different functions such asan integrated digital video recorder (DVR), motion detection, motionfollowing automation engine, communications managers, self-healthmonitors, local I/O management, while processing all inputs, raw data132, such as image data, and requests, and ultimately producing anoutput of videos and images 129, or processed site data 138. Motionfollowing entails directing one or more detectors to follow objects inmotion according to priority rules and detector availability rules asdescribed further below. ODC 134 includes electronic components such asprocessors, memory devices, and so on, especially adapted to implementthe algorithms and methods described below. Such algorithms and methodsmay take the form of software modules, each adapted to perform one ormany of the functions describe herein.
ODC 134 may connect to Internet 110 via wired or wireless technology. Insome embodiments, ODC 134 may connect to Internet 110 using DSL,broadband, fiber optics, or other high-speed connection. However,high-speed connectivity may not be available at many remote sites 104 or106, so slower speed connectivity, for example, narrowband transmissionover a telephone network, may be used.
Remote sites 104 and 106 may also include structures 140 to be monitoredby system 100. Structure 140 may be a building, power substation,industrial equipment, or any other item requiring monitoring. In otherembodiments, remote site 104 may be a geographical area that does notinclude a structure 140.
In one embodiment, remote user location 108 includes a remote user 115,computer terminal 117 with multi-camera viewer (MCV) software modules118, and wireless communication device 121. Computer terminal 117connects to Internet 110, linking it to the other devices in system 100.Remote user 115 gains access to system 100 for viewing detectors 128 and130, configuring the system, and accessing reports. Multi-camera viewersoftware generally includes the capability to view images communicatedfrom ODCs 134 at remote sites 104, 106.
In general operation, detectors 128 and 130 monitor remote sites 104 and106, feeding video images or raw data 132 to an ODC 134 at each site.ODC 134 manages and controls detectors 128 and 130, directing them totrack objects in motion, processes raw data 132, and communicatesprocessed site data 138, which may include video and report information,to main office 102, and remote user sites, via Internet 110. Data 138 isreceived by SMS 112 and made accessible to internal office users 114 orremote users 115 running MCV software 118 on their respective computerterminals 116 and 46. Alternatively, SMS 112 may wirelessly transmitselected information, such as alarms in e-mail or text messagingformats, to a user's wireless communication device 120.
In one embodiment, because all resources attach to SMS 112, networkinginstallation and security becomes easy. Not having to route all usersout to remote site devices maintains security. Also, because of thistopology, remote users 115 are attaching to SMS 112 usually over ahigh-speed network, providing very quick access to videos and reportinformation. Conversely, if remote users 115 were to attach directly toremote site devices to obtain videos and information, the slow-speedconnection typically used to connect the remote devices to an internet,would dramatically slow access to the information, despite a user'shigh-speed connection to an internet.
As such, the present invention at least delivers a reliable,cost-effective solution for remote security and monitoring, eliminatingthe need for round-the-clock human supervision of remote sites 104 and106. Further system 100 provides automated unattended surveillance ofremote sites 104 and notifies users 115 and 114 within seconds of analarm-level event through a monitoring application, e-mail, or textmessage. After an alarm notification, a user 115 or 114 may retrievelive streaming feed or view recently recorded high-resolution digitalvideo or images from remote sites 104 or 106.
As will be described in further detail below, and unlike previouslyknown systems, system 100 creates and uses mathematical,three-dimensional virtual models of each detector 128, 130, referencedas detector-specific models, or detector models 160 below. Thesedetector-specific models 160 are linked to a single master model of site104, referenced as geospatial map 154 below. Detector models 160simulate all physical awareness of each detector 128, 130 andautonomously track any motion activity that any of the detectors 128,130 detect. All motion activities are placed on to the mastermathematical model geospatial map 154 for seamless, real-time,detector-to-detector tracking of objects in motion.
A key difference between system 100 and known systems is that knownsystems solely use the actual detector to keep track of objects inmotion. Once an object leaves the view of a detector of a previouslyknown monitoring system, the system no longer knows where the object islocated. The systems and methods of the present invention only use whateach detector 128, 130 sees as an intelligence gathering vehicle,regarding object size and x-y-z coordinate location, and places it ingeospatial map 154. The tracking actually goes on inside the geospatialmodel, geospatial map 154, a scaled simulation, rather than at thereal-life detector 128, 130.
After detector-specific model 160, a three-dimensional spatialenvironment (x, y, z) of a remote site 104 is built, the 4th dimensionof time is added where the real world object's size, speed andtrajectory of an object 166 is mathematically simulated using a viewfrom each detector 128, 130, at different angles from the object.Trajectories of objects 166 being tracked can be plotted and pathsmathematically can be forecasted.
Moving objects 166 can pass behind obstructions on site 104, blocking itfrom the view of detectors 128, 130 but system 100 can do detectorhandoffs in the geospatial model to seamlessly continue tracking as anobject 166 leaves the view of one detector and comes into the view ofthe next one. This can occur only because the tracking and hand offs aredone inside the model as opposed to the real world field detectors.
Further, a broad unique feature of motion-validating security system 100is that it is able to track objects 166 in motion, with a changingbackground, using multiple primary PTZ detectors 130, and optionallywith secondary detectors 128.
As described below in further detail, the present invention alsoincludes a method of managing, grouping, and identifying all objectspresent within the spatial environment. The information is againfiltered through algorithms to further classify the metric informationas a whole. Physical width in scale, height in scale, color histogramcomputation, speed parameters, current spatial location, and projectedtrajectory all associated to a motion alert zone are processed. Allobjects from all detectors 128, 130 in the area are trackedindependently and objects 166 that pass the algorithms filtering willnow be considered of high importance, or validated objects. As describedbelow, validated objects are those objects that ultimately are projectedto geospatial map 154.
The present invention is also a determination process that occursagainst all of the information and variances of objects 166 to make adetermination whether each validated object is a threat and needs to bereported to a user. In addition to the physical width in scale, heightin scale, color histogram computation, speed parameters, current spatiallocation, and projected trajectory the object is placed with exceptionto user identified motion alert zones to determine the appropriatereporting scenario.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the depicted flowchart illustrates thehigh-level operations of an embodiment of system 100 as applied to amonitored remote site 104, or a monitored remote site 106.
Initially, secondary detectors 128 and primary PTZ detectors 130 areinstalled, along with other components of monitoring system 100 atremote site 104, as indicated by Step 150 of FIG. 2. At Step 152, aprimary two-dimensional geospatial model, or map, 154 of the site beingmonitored, remote site 104 in this example is created. If at Step 156 itis determined that additional, secondary geospatial maps 154 are needed,these are created per Step 157. Additional, secondary geospatial maps154 may be of buildings, structures, or other particular areas ofinterest within remote site 104.
After creating one or more geospatial maps 154 at Steps 152 and 157,secondary and PTZ detectors 128 and 130, respectively, at Step 158, arecalibrated to geospatial maps 154. This step includes creating adetector-specific virtual, three-dimensional (3D) model 160 for eachdetector 128, 130. Detector model 160 is a three-dimensional earth gridmodel of the points on the earth being seen by each detector 128, 130,and includes construction of images viewed or detected with eachdetector 128, 130. The basis behind this unique method is that a scaledmathematical model of the real world view of a detector 128, 130 isbuilt and used for simulation of objects 166 located on, or passingacross, a site 104. Details of Step 158, including the creation ofdetector model 160 will be described in further detail below.
At Steps 162 and 164, system 100 monitors remote site 104, continuouslychecking for any objects 166 in motion within the bounds of remote site104. If an object 166 in motion is detected, the exact location ofobject 166 is determined, and object 166 is tracked, as indicated atSteps 168. “Tracking” in part includes ODC 134 directing one or moredetectors 130 to automatically and continuously view object 166. At Step170, system 100 determines object 166 properties, including height,width, direction and speed, among others.
The details behind each process Step 150 to 170 are described in moredetail below. Further, although each step is presented in a particularsequence for the purpose of explaining the unique features andoperations of the present invention, the sequential order of each stepmay vary from the order presented.
As indicated above, and with reference to Steps 150 to 166 of FIG. 2, amathematical virtual 3D detector model 160, is built for each detector.Models 160 are used to project as accurately as possible, points from adetector image frame to a three-dimensional x,y,z coordinate in thecontext of a user-supplied and accurately scaled overhead map, diagram,or drawing. The model is also used to perform the reverse projection.
With respect to Step 150, secondary detectors 128 and Primary PTZdetectors 130 are initially installed at a remote site 104. The numberof detectors 128 and 130 installed may vary from site to site, dependingon considerations that include remote site 104 geographic size, numberand degree of site 104 elevation changes, existence and quantity of site104 portions requiring additional monitoring, and so on. Further, anycombination of secondary detectors 128 and primary PTZ detectors 130 maybe used. Although both secondary and primary PTZ detectors 128, 130 maybe installed at a typical site 104, some remote sites may only includesecondary detectors 128 or primary PTZ detectors 130.
Further, the term “detector” as used in the present invention includesdevices, such as cameras, used to capture images using light in thevisible spectrum, such as an optical video camera, but may also includedevices capable of capturing images using wavelengths elsewhere in theelectromagnetic spectrum, including infrared, thermal, and so on.
The term “detector” also generally includes other detectors or sensorscapable of collecting data that may correlate to, and be used to detect,an object in motion at a monitored remote site 104.
For example, in one embodiment, system 100 includes optical fixed andPTZ video cameras as detectors 128, 130. Pixel data describing visiblespectrum images are captured and used to create detector-specific models160 and geospatial map 154, and are used to track motion. In anotherembodiment, system 100 uses thermographic cameras as detectors 128, 130.In such an embodiment, system 100 uses thermal image data, rather thanoptical/visual image data, to create detector-specific models 160 andgeospatial map 154, in substantially the same way that it would, usingoptical cameras and optical image data.
Referring now to Step 154 of FIG. 2, and to FIGS. 8 to 16, geospatialmap 154 of remote site 104 may now be created. Geospatial map 154 isessentially a two-dimensional scaled overhead image of remote site 104overlayed with a coordinate system defined in terms of pixels anddistance units. Every point, or location, shown on geospatial map 154 isdefined by a geo-coordinate (GC). A GC is defined by an “x” coordinateand a “y” coordinate, each corresponding to actual distances from anorigin reference point, referenced by (0,0), and corresponding to unitsof measure such as feet, meters, or other, so that any specific GC maybe designated (x,y). As will be described further below, each portion ofan image 129 captured by a detector 128, 130 may be correlated to acorresponding GC on geospatial map 154.
Accordingly, to begin defining geospatial map 154, horizontal andvertical scales defining the number of pixels per geospatial map 154unit are determined.
As will be explained further below, points defined or identified withindetector specific models 160 also use x,y,z coordinates to definelocations of points, or objects. However, the initial x,y,z coordinatesin detector-specific models, though eventually scaled, are specific andrelative to each detector. Each detector location within its model 160is considered the origin, and the home direction of each detector 128,130 is considered the directional north for the associated model 160. Assuch, detector-specific horizontal and vertical offsets must becalculated to project detector-specific locations to the real-world,geospatial x,y coordinates of geospatial map 154. Further, a direction,or angle of rotation offset is also required to transform directionalnorth in detector-specific models to line up with wherever “North” is inthe overhead image.
With respect to Step 150 of FIG. 1, creating a first or primarygeospatial map is depicted and described using the flowchart of FIG. 3.
At Step 174, digital overhead image 176 is loaded into system 100.Referring also to FIG. 4, in one embodiment, overhead image 176 may be asatellite image, or other overhead image, of remote site 104. In otherembodiments, overhead image 176 may be an elevation drawing, floor plan,or other such drawing or image. Digital overhead image 176 willinherently be defined by a total number of pixels, as well as a pixellength Lp, and a pixel height, Hp.
At Step 178, a user 114 at main office 102, possibly an administrator,or a remote user 115 at a remote user location 108, viewing overheadimage 176 at a computer terminal 116, uses a mouse and cursor to inserttwo markers 180 and 182 onto a displayed version of overhead image 176,previously loaded into system 100 at Step 174. The distance betweenthese markers is either an actual measured distance known to the user,or may be calculated by system 100 using known GPS coordinates of thelocations corresponding to each marker 180 and 182.
At Step 184, user 114 enters the actual distance in terms of feet ormeters, or other units of measure. Alternatively, at Step 184 a, user114 enters a pair of GPS coordinates corresponding to the marker imageson overhead image 176.
At Step 186, system 100 calculates a horizontal and vertical scale foroverhead image 176 by dividing the number of pixels separating markers180 and 182 on image 176, by the actual measured distance. For example,if the distance between markers 180 and 182 is 664 feet, and the numberof pixels separating markers 180 and 182 is 500, a scale of 0.753 pixelsper foot is determined. Alternatively, at Step 186 a, system 100 usesprovided GPS coordinates to determine horizontal and vertical scales.
In some embodiments, a user specifies directional north on geospatialmap 154. In other embodiments, directional north is defined by defaultas an image bottom-to-top direction.
As such, geospatial map 154 of remote site 114 has been created bycalculating a pixel/distance scale and applying a set of geospatialcoordinates (GCs) to overhead image 176.
System 100 also provides the ability to use multiple overhead images fora single site 104 to create multiple geospatial models 154, as indicatedat Step 157 of FIG. 2. User 114, 115 is allowed to switch among thesegeospatial maps 154 on a viewer application. An example would be to usea primary satellite overhead image 176 to create a primary geospatialmap 154 a of a large campus, parking lots, and paths for outsidesurveillance, as well as use an interior floor image 188 andcorresponding geospatial map 154 b of a building on campus to showindoor surveillance.
If detectors 128, 130 are positioned and calibrated to primarygeospatial map 154 a, they will look aligned and scaled correctly onthat primary geospatial map 154 a. However, the interior floor image maybe of a different scale, most likely do not cover the same area, and mayeven have “North” pointing in a different direction than the satelliteimage. Therefore, the present invention provides a process ofcalibrating a secondary overhead image 188 to an already establishedgeospatial map 154 a, used to create a secondary geospatial map 154 b.This process takes advantage of the previously definedhorizontal/vertical scale, offsets and direction parameters describedabove.
Referring to FIG. 5, Steps 190 to 212 describe the process ofcalibrating a secondary geospatial map 154 a.
Referring also to FIGS. 6 and 7, two new markers, 192 and 194 have beenadded to geospatial map 154 a via user 114, 115. Markers 192 and 194mark two corners of a building of interest 196 located on geospatial map154 a and image 188. A new geospatial map 154 b is derived fromsecondary overhead image 188, in this case, a floor plan of building ofinterest 196, and from information associated with geospatial map 154 a.
Referring again to FIG. 5, at Step 190, secondary overhead image 188 isloaded into system 100. At Step 198, system 100 loads stored image 176of geospatial map 154 a, and displays both geospatial map 154 a andsecondary overhead image 188. At Step 228, while having both previouslycalibrated geospatial map 154 a and new, image 188 onscreen, user 114drags marker 192 to a point on geospatial map 154, and then drags thesame marker 192 to the same point on overhead image 188. At Step 202,additional markers, including marker 194, may be correlated betweenimages.
Parameters are then calculated for secondary image 188 that willtransform real-world, geospatial x,y coordinates (GCs) of the twomarkers 192 and 194 already established on primary image 176 andgeospatial map 154 a into GCs that equal where the markers have beenplaced in secondary image 188. This is done at Steps 210 to 212.
At Step 204, and also referring to FIG. 7, a secondary image 188rotation angle is calculated by subtracting angle A_(s) of geospatialmap 154 b coordinates marker 192 to marker 194 from angle A_(p) ofsecondary overhead image 188 coordinates marker 192 to 194.
At Step 206 a scale is calculated by dividing pixel distance betweenmarker 192 and marker 194 on secondary image 188 by the previouslymeasured or calculated distance between them.
At Step 208, GCs of marker 192 are rotated an amount equal to therotation angle calculated in step 204 and then multiplied by the scalefactor calculated in step 206.
At Step 210, subtracting marker 192 GCs on primary overhead image 176from the result calculated in step 208 to yield a distance offset fromprimary overhead image 176 to secondary image 188. The distance offsetcan then be taken into account when mapping image 129 points tosecondary geospatial map 154 b.
The above described process yields a second geospatial map 154 bcorrelated to geospatial map 154 a such that pixels or points from animage 129 may be projected to a correct location, defined by a single,common GC on either geospatial map 154 a or 154 b. The reversetransformation is also possible.
Once geospatial maps 154 have been created per Steps 152 to 157 of FIG.2, the next step, Step 158, calibrating individual detectors togeospatial maps 154 using detector models 160, Step 158 of FIG. 2, maybe implemented as described and depicted in the flowchart of FIG. 8.
Referring to FIG. 8, calibrating detectors to geospatial maps 154includes Steps 214 to 220. Steps 214, 216, and 218 essentially describethe creation of detector-specific, 3D virtual models 160, where eachmodel 160 may be thought of as a collection of two- andthree-dimensional reference points or coordinates, a collection ofmeasured and virtual detector parameters, and a 3D wire frame model ofthe portion of site 104 appearing within an image 129 of the detector128, 130. In the context of the present invention, two-dimensionalrefers to a coordinate that has a z coordinate of zero.
At Step 214, each detector 128, 130 is calibrated to determine itsactual and virtual detector parameters, and a number of two-dimensionalreference points are determined. Step 214 is described in further detailbelow with reference to FIGS. 8-17.
At Step 216, a number of three-dimensional reference pointscorresponding to viewable elevated terrain or structures at site 104 aredetermined. Step 216 is described in further detail below with referenceto FIGS. 18-19.
At Step 218, a three-dimensional wire frame model simulating points ofimage 129 is created. Step 218 is described in further detail below withreference to FIGS. 20-21.
At Step 220, detector models 160 are employed as needed during themotion tracking processes to project or correlate points viewed inimages 129 to geospatial maps 154, as described in farther detail below.
With respect to Step 214 and detector calibration, each detector 128,130 may be initially modeled as a pinhole camera, as depicted in FIG. 9.In the pinhole camera model, the basic mathematical relationship betweenthe coordinates of a three-dimensional point and its projection onto animage plane are well known. The camera aperture, or focal point, isdescribed as a point and no lenses are considered in the model.
Further, each detector 128, 130 is said to capture an image or frame 129that can be defined by a matrix of pixels, as known by thoseskilled-in-the art.
Still referring to FIG. 9, the following terms are used throughout todescribe the optics and the poses of detectors 128, 130:
Horizontal Field of View (A)—Describes the angle that detectors 128 and130 are able to “see” horizontally. For a primary PTZ detector 130 withvariable zoom, multiple horizontal field of view (FOV) measurements maybe stored for incremental zoom levels. For example, horizontal FOVmeasurements may be stored for every 10% of zoom level between 0% and100% of the total zoom range for eleven measurements total.
Vertical Ratio—Describes the ratio of the horizontal FOV to the verticalFOV.
Zoom X and Y Offsets—On a variable zoom detector 130 or camera, zoomingin or out can cause the focal point in the center of the frame to shifthorizontally and/or vertically due to the mechanical movement of lenses.The present invention may store and utilize a zoom offset for certainzoom level increments to adjust the pan/tilt direction that detector 130is facing in order to compensate for this shifting focal point. In oneembodiment, an offset for every 10% zoom level is stored and utilized.
Detector Rotation Angle (B)—Detector Rotation Angle B is defined as theangle the detector 130 head deviates from a level plane If looking atthe horizon through the view of the camera, points selected across thehorizon should ideally project out to a flat plane in a lineperpendicular to the angle that the camera is facing on an overheadview. In the case of where the horizon appears slanted due to detectorhead rotation, this parameter is used to mathematically rotate pointsback to a level position before projection.
Lens Distortion—Almost all lenses have some type of distortion thatcauses straight lines to appear bowed in or bowed out from a centerpoint of the image. In some embodiments, system 100 corrects for thisdistortion to achieve proper projection. Because lens distortion is notalways centered around the very center of the frame, distortion centerpoint may be identified, stored in x,y screen coordinates, and utilized.
Tilt Directional Angle (C) and Tilt Displacement Angle (D)—Becausedetectors are rarely mounted perfectly level, whether up on a pole or ontop of a building, tilt directional angle is used to specify thedirection (0-360 degrees) of where the detector is tilted. Tiltdisplacement angle D defines of the degree of tilt at that direction.
Geospatial X Offset (E) and Y Offset (F)—Describes where on thegeospatial map detector 128 or 130 is located in units applicable togeospatial map 154, such as feet or meters.
Geospatial Direction Delta (G)—The angle difference between “North” ongeospatial map 154 and the detector's home position. “North” may referto the commonly understood cardinal direction North, or may refer to adirection corresponding to a predefined direction as indicated ongeospatial map 154.
Detector Height (H)—Distance of base of detector 128, 130 up todetector's focal point.
Referring to FIG. 10, Step 214 of FIG. 8 may be broken down into aseries of Steps 224 to 234 as depicted and described.
First, at Step 224, an individual detector 128 or 130 is selected forcalibration. At Step 226, if the selected detector is a Primary PTZdetector 130, fields of view and zoom offsets are determined per Steps228 and 230, respectively. If the selected detector is a secondarydetector 128, then the process proceeds to Step 232, associatingtwo-dimensional points from an image 129 to geospatial map 154.
In the case where the selected detector to be calibrated is a primaryPTZ detector 130, at Step 228, detector 130 fields of view aredetermined according to FIGS. 11-13.
Referring specifically to FIG. 11, in the depicted embodiment, remotesite 104 includes three primary PTZ detectors 130, primary PTZ detectors130 a, 130 b, and 130 c. Using a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinatesystem, a centerpoint of remote site 104 is defined at (0,0), andcorresponding to the geospatial map 154 origin, and detectors 130 arelocated at (−120, 50), (120, 20), and (−80, −120), respectively.Although any number of units may be used, in this embodiment, units inthis case correspond to feet, as used in geospatial map 154. DirectionalNorth is indicated by arrow 236, and corresponds to 0°. “Home” positionsof each detector 130 are defined in this embodiment as 135°, 270°, and180°, respectively, are rotational offsets to be considered when mappingpoints from model 160 to geospatial map 154.
Once each detector 130 position is defined relative to site 104, Step228 of FIG. 10, a field of view calibration process for each detector128 and 130, is implemented. A rotation calibration process for primaryPTZ detectors 130 is also implemented.
Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, a detector 130 field of view and rotationcalibration process is described in Steps 238 to 254 and in thegraphical user interface (GUI) image 256, respectively. The field ofview and rotation calibration process yields detector parameters ofhorizontal FOV, vertical FOV, and vertical ratio, for each zoom level ofa detector 130. This information is used in part to define a detectormodel 160 of a detector 130.
To start, at Step 238, a user moves primary PTZ detector 130 so that itis centered on a corner or other type of feature with definition in theimage 129 a frame, which defines a reference point R. At Step 240, viaeither a manual or automated process, detector 130 shifts left by half aframe of reference point R and captures an image 129 b, leavingreference point R at a right-most side of image 129 b. At Step 242, thedetector is then shifted right by half a frame of the reference pointand captures a second image 129 c, leaving reference point R at aleft-most side of image 129 c.
As indicated at Step 244, and as depicted in FIG. 6, the reference imageand the two shifted images 129 b, c, are displayed to user 114, 116 atGUI image 256. At Step 246, a user clicks on reference point R in bothadjusted images 129 a and b.
The number of pixels associated with each image 129 is known in advance,and is a function of detector 128, 130. As will be understood by thosefamiliar with digital imaging technology, a digital image displayed on amonitor or screen may be defined by a pixel matrix, such that any given“point” on a displayed image is associated with a pixel, and a pixellocation coordinate. For example, a JPEG-formatted image displayed on ascreen may be 700 pixels wide (“x” direction) by 500 pixels tall (“y”direction), with, for example, the extreme upper left displayed pixelcorresponding to pixel coordinates (0,0), and lower right displayedpixel corresponding a pixel coordinates (699, 499). Such relativecoordinate data corresponding to individual pixels, or locations on animage, may be captured using known technology.
In the present invention, image 129 is displayed at terminal 116, 118and viewed by a user 114,115. As a user 114, 115 follows the stepsdescribed above, a left-most pixel location or coordinate is capturedwith one mouse click, followed by a right-most pixel location with asecond mouse click. Accordingly, a horizontal image length as measuredin pixels is determined for a given image 129. Knowing the movement ofdetector 130 in degrees of rotation, a horizontal FOV can be defined interms of pixels as indicated at Step 248.
At Step 250, the process steps of 238 to 248 are repeated in a verticalcontext to determine a pixel-defined vertical FOV. At Step 252, avertical ratio is calculated using the horizontal and vertical FOVs.
At Step 254, the zoom increment is increased by a step, and steps 238 to252 are repeated to define a horizontal FOV for each periodic zoomincrement for each detector 130. In one embodiment, the zoom incrementschange in 10% increments, so that eleven different horizontal FOVs arecalculated. The vertical FOVs are calculated for each zoom levelincrement by dividing the vertical ratio determined earlier. Todetermine an approximate camera head rotation, the angle from theleft-most pixel location to the center of the left image, and the anglefrom the center of the right image to the right-most pixel location areaveraged together.
Referring to FIG. 14, a zoom offsets calibration process, Step 230 ofFIG. 10, is also applied to primary PTZ detectors 130.
In the same fashion as the field of view calibration, at Step 258, user114, 115 moves detector 130 to center on a reference point at a zoomlevel of 0%. At Step 260, using either a manual or automated process,detector 130 is zoomed in one increment. In one embodiment, the zoomincrement may be 10%. At Step 262, user 114, 115 then adjusts theposition of detector 130 to center on the same reference point. In somecases, due to the particular properties of detector 130, the detectormay or may not need to be moved.
At Step 264, an x and a y offset, defined in numbers of pixels, are thencalculated for the current zoom level by taking the difference betweenthe current (x,y) position of the detector and the reference position ofthe detector at 0% zoom.
At Step 266, if the zoom level is at 100%, zoom offsets for each zoomincrement have been determined, and the process is complete. If the zoomlevel has not reached 100%, Steps 260 to 266 are repeated until all zoomoffsets are determined.
The zoom offset parameters for each primary PTZ detector 130 are thensaved in memory and used to create 3D virtual model 160.
Referring again to FIG. 10, after a secondary detector 128 is selectedat 224, or after primary PTZ detector 130 fields of view and offsets arecalculated via Steps 228 and 230, Step 232 is implemented.
Step 232 associates a finite number of “two-dimensional” (2D) points onimage 129 to corresponding points on geospatial map 154. In doing so, aset of reference points with corresponding, unique, GCs is established,and used to create a 3D model 160 that can extrapolate further pointsand their coordinates.
Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, Step 232 begins with user 114 identifyingat least five points A-E that appear in both detector image 129 andgeospatial map 154. Points A-E should generally be at the same altitudebecause they will eventually define a base plane with a z-coordinate ofzero|_([A1]).
User 114, 115 operating a terminal 116, 117, simultaneously views bothdetector image 129 and geospatial map 154. In a manner similar to theprocesses described above, uses a mouse and cursor to drag and drop eachof the five points A-E from image 129 on to geospatial map 154. It willbe appreciated that other methods and techniques may be used to matchpoints from image 129 to geospatial 154. Further, in some cases, more orless than five matching points may be used, depending on site 104characteristics and desired accuracy.
After the point-matching detector calibration process, the GCs of pointsA-E appearing in image 129 are now defined, i.e., x- and y-coordinatescorresponding to geospatial map 154. The GCs of these points A-E arethen used as input into an algorithm of the present invention thatcreates a unique virtual 3D detector model 160 for each detector128,130.
One algorithm widely used in the computer vision industry to createvirtual detector models, which includes defining virtual detectorparameters, is disclosed in a paper authored by Roger Y. Tsai andentitled “A Versatile Camera Calibration Technique for High-Accuracy 3DMachine Vision Metrology Using Off-the-Shelf TV Cameras and Lenses,”which is hereby incorporated by reference. It allows an input oftwo-dimensional screen coordinates and actual three-dimensional “world”or site coordinates, and outputs detector parameters, such as FOV,vertical ratio, detector coordinates, including height, etc., requiredto define a 3D virtual model. However, the methods described by Tsaionly apply to an immovable (fixed) detector, whereas the approach of thepresent invention as described below works on either a secondarydetector 128 or movable primary PTZ detector 130.
Referring to FIG. 17, an improved algorithm for determining virtualdetector parameters, according to Step 234 of FIG. 10, is depicted anddescribed. It will be understood that detector parameters refers atleast to camera location, horizontal field of view, camera height,camera tilt direction/tilt delta, lens distortion, and camera headrotation.
At Step 268, detector parameters are initially set to default levels.For primary PTZ detectors 130, certain previously determined parametervalues, for example, horizontal and vertical fields of view for eachzoom step, vertical ratio, and so on, may be used to set initialparameter values. For other primary PTZ detector 130 and secondarydetector 128 parameters, the algorithm of FIG. 17 will iterativelycalculate best values for such parameters.
At Step 270, maximum and minimum values representing a span or range foreach parameter is selected and input to the algorithm. Initially, thesevalues may be set to absolute theoretical maximums and zero, may be setaccording to estimated values based on known detector properties, or maybe estimated based on previous experience. The initial span is notcritical as these may be adjusted iteratively based on algorithmresults.
At Step 272, an increment, or step, is selected for each parameter. Aswith the span selected above, the initial step value selected is notcritical and may be adjusted to achieve improved results if needed.
At Step 274, using current detector parameter values (initially set atdefault values), the previously identified image 129 point set A-E isprojected to a virtual flat plane using known techniques such as thosedisclosed by Tsai, thereby creating a projected point set A′-E′ with acorresponding set of projected x,y coordinates.
Next, at Step 276, a known alignment algorithm is used to move, or alignthe projected point set A′-E′ to a region of the known point set A-E.Because it is not known what the location and direction of detector 128,130 is with respect to geospatial map 154 (for example, refer back toFIG. 11), a point set alignment algorithm is run to move or alignprojected points A′-E′ to the GCs of known points A-E, as closely aspossible. This alignment algorithm is detailed in the paper authored byDivyendu Sinha and Edward T. Polkowski and entitled “Least SquaresFitting of Two Planar Point Sets for Use in Photolithography OverlayAlignment,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.If the x,y coordinates, or locations, of newly aligned point set A′-E′precisely, or closely matched the GCs of known point set A-E, the errorwould be zero or small, indicating that the current set of virtualdetector parameters provides a good model for the actual detector 128,130 providing image 129. However, several iterations of the algorithmtypically are required before acceptable detector parameters aredetermined.
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Enfin, l'acceptabilité de cette innovation dépend aussi de critères économiques, comme dans le cas des phéromones. En revanche, il n'y a pas de frein réglementaire à l'utilisation de ce type d'outil en AB ou AC. Les éleveurs les plus intéressés par cet outil (prêts à le tester) sont en majorité des adhérents à des organismes de sélection, ayant recours aux traitements hormonaux de synchronisation des chaleurs et à l'IA (notamment des éleveurs de grands troupeaux), ce qui est cohérent avec l'intérêt de l'outil tel qu'exprimé par les intervenants. Réciproquement, les éleveurs en lutte saisonnée, n'ayant pas recours à des techniques de synchronisation et défavorables à l'identification électronique sont apparus comme les plus défavorables (ne souhaitant ni tester ni acheter l'outil) à l'utilisation des détecteurs automatisés de chaleurs. Les éleveurs en AB, faisant parti majoritairement de ce dernier profil d'éleveur, se sont avérés davantage défavorables à l'outil, notamment en filière caprine. En effet, l'automatisation de la détection des chaleurs participe à l'évolution vers l'élevage de précision qui est expliquée notamment par une recherche constante d'amélioration de l'efficience et de la productivité des élevages (pour revue : Hostiou et al 2014) ; cela n'est pas forcément souhaité par ces éleveurs et ne parait pas non plus en adéquation avec la philosophie de l'AB.
La gestion de la reproduction en élevages ovins et caprins 6.3 / Les principaux freins exprimés : quelle efficacité, quel coût et quel impact sur l'organisation du travail? Des craintes par rapport au coût des nouveaux
outils proposés (phéromones et détecteurs) ont été largement soulevées par les éleveurs et les intervenants enquêtés, dans toutes les filières, en AB et en AC. Les enquêtes ont montré que pour être acceptable, une nouvelle méthode de synchronisation des chaleurs (en l'occurrence les phéromones de l'effet mâle) devrait être au moins aussi efficace que le traitement hormonal actuel (fertilité à l'IA équivalente), facile à mettre en oeuvre et pas plus coûteuse. Les résultats des enquêtes suggèrent aussi que l'efficacité des détecteurs automatisés de chaleurs serait un critère essentiel pour l'acceptabilité de l'outil, notamment par les éleveurs qui jugent satisfaisante la détection des chaleurs par observation tel qu'elle est réalisée actuellement (principalement en filière caprine). La question du rapport coût/ bénéfice est ainsi l'une des premières raisons expliquant l'adoption ou non des nouvelles technologies par les éleveurs (Bewley et Russell 2010). Les raisons technico-économiques (améliorer les performances de reproduction, détecter précocement les troubles de santé), qui sont facilement mesurables, ont un poids important pour motiver l'adoption des technologies de précision (pour revue : Hostiou et al 2014). Par exemple, une étude réalisée par Ingrand et al (2012) en élevages ovins allaitants (entretiens auprès d'éleveurs et enquêtes auprès d'experts) montre que les raisons de mise en place de pratiques innovantes concernent majoritairement le revenu et les coûts (environ 70% des pratiques) ainsi que les performances techniques (60% des pratiques). Il est intéressant de noter que les innovations identifiées dans ces élevages ovins allaitants concernaient pour 15% d'entre-elles la reproduction (en 2ème place après les innovations concernant les équipements). Les notions de gain en temps et de confort de travail (moins faciles à quantifier) sont aussi des critères pris en compte dans l'acceptabilité d'innovations. Par exemple, une étude sur le retour d'expérience d'éleveurs bovins laitiers ayant introduit dans leurs élevages la détection automatisée des chaleurs (Hostiou et al 2014, d'après Pupin 2013) montre que les motifs de satisfaction des éleveurs concernent principalement le gain en confort de travail (aide à la prise de décision) et en temps de travail (moins de temps passé à observer les animaux) apporté par ces technologies. Malgré tout, Jago et al (2011) notent (en élevage de bovins) que l'achat d'un détecteur automatisé des chaleurs peut être économiquement négatif si les performances de détection de cet outil sont inférieures à celles de l'éleveur, tout en libérant deux heures de travail par jour. De plus, l'étude de Pupin (2013) montre que les détecteurs automatisés de chaleurs peuvent aussi générer du stress supplémentaire (interprétation des courbes en cas d'alerte) ainsi qu'une nouvelle charge de travail (pose et vérification des détecteurs). Les éleveurs et les intervenants enquêtés dans notre étude ont également exprimé leurs inquiétudes sur l'impact de nouveaux outils de gestion de la reproduction sur l'organisation du travail en lien avec la conduite du troupeau. En effet, des études antérieures ont montré que l'automatisation de certaines tâches permet de gagner du temps (augmentation de la productivité du travail, temps réinvesti pour observer le troupeau à des moments plus opportuns, pour diversifier son activité), de réduire la pénibilité physique du travail en déchargeant l'éleveur de tâches contraignantes, d'alléger le stress des éleveurs en déléguant la responsabilité de la détection de certains évènements par exemple. En revanche, la charge peut s'alourdir (accumulation de problèmes lors de la mise en route d'un nouveau système), le stress peut aussi être renforcé (risques accrus de pannes, remplacement de l'éleveur plus complexe). Cela implique une réorganisation du travail, une période d'apprentissage et de nouvelles compétences (gestion des automates, des bases de données, utilisation des alertes). Enfin, l'automatisation, limitant les contacts entre l'homme et l'animal, diminuerait d'autant les possibilités pour l'éleveur d'observer le comportement, la santé et le bien-être des animaux (Hostiou et al 2014). 6.4 / Perspectives
La diversité de pratiques de gestion de la reproduction mises en avant par nos résultats d'enquêtes auprès des intervenants en élevage et des éleveurs de petits ruminants, en AB et en AC, est clairement le reflet de la diversité de profils d'éleveurs dans toutes les filières. Ce constat renforce l'idée de la nécessité de proposer aux éleveurs un panel varié de pratiques, qu'ils puissent adapter à leurs objectifs et à la conduite de leur troupeau. En outre, la possibilité de combiner des pratiques est un moyen d'optimiser l'efficacité de la reproduction d'un troupeau : c'est le cas aujourd'hui lorsque l'on combine les traitements photopériodiques et l'effet mâle. Il serait aussi envisageable de combiner le photopériodisme et l'effet mâle (ou les phéromones de l'effet mâle) avec la détection automatisée des chaleurs pour optimiser la reproduction par IA (ou la lutte en main), notamment dans des situations où la synchronisation des chaleurs est moins bonne qu'après synchronisation hormonale. Cette évolution dans les pratiques apparait comme essentielle pour le maintien de l'activité d'IA, notamment dans l'éventualité d'une interdiction complète de l'utilisation des hormones en élevage pour la maîtrise de la reproduction quel que soit le mode de production, AB ou AC. Enfin, les intervenants en élevage ont souligné que les pratiques disponibles sont parfois mal maîtrisées, que des dérives existent dans l'application des protocoles. Il y a donc un besoin concret d'accompagnement des éleveurs, de transfert et de développement concernant la gestion de la reproduction dans les élevages de petits ruminants : il faut pouvoir améliorer le lien entre les différents maillons de la chaîne (recherche, développement, intervenants en élevage, éleveurs), car de nombreux documents de support technique existent, mais n'atteignent pas forcément la cible que sont les éleveurs. Ainsi, l'implication des éleveurs dans les études de développement d'innovations en général et pour la gestion de la reproduction en particulier, apparaît comme cruciale pour prendre en compte leurs besoins et spécificités, répondre à leurs inquiétudes et, au final, favoriser l'acceptabilité des innovations.
Conclusion
Les pratiques de gestion de la reproduction mises en oeuvre par les éleveurs enquêtés ont des spécificités propres à chaque filière et mode de production, toutefois la mise en oeuvre de la pratique de l'effet mâle a été évoquée dans les trois filières. L'effet mâle semble être une voie d'amélioration privilégiée, qui a été mise en avant également par les intervenants en élevage. L'utilisation potentielle de phéromones mâles pour l'induction et la synchronisation des chaleurs et des ovulations a été globalement bien accueillie par les éleveurs ovins et caprins enquêtés. Cependant, quelques réserves ont été émises par des éleveurs en production biologique, qui jugent ce type de dispositif « contre-nature ». Pour toutes les filières, des questions ont été soulevées quant à la possibilité d'utiliser les phéromones dans les élevages en AB. De même, l'accueil a été plutôt défavorable dans le département des PyrénéesAtlantiques, où les éleveurs ovins laitiers ont émis davantage de réserves que dans les autres régions. Même si l'acceptabilité des phéromones mâles est globalement bonne pour les intervenants et les éleveurs A. LURETTE et al enquêtés, tous attendent des informations complémentaires. En effet, les éleveurs s'interrogent sur l'efficacité, les potentiels effets secondaires, le mode d'utilisation et le coût de cette innovation. L'acceptabilité des détecteurs automatisés des chaleurs a été plus mitigée. La plupart des intervenants et certains éleveurs ont exprimé un intérêt pour ces détecteurs dans l'organisation du travail, et la facilitation des IA (après synchronisation des chaleurs, ou sur chaleurs naturelles). Des inquiétudes ont cependant été exprimées concernant l'inadéquation de ce type d'outil à certaines conduites d'élevage, notamment dans le cas du pâturage. Pour toutes les filières, l'outil est considéré comme plus adapté aux grands troupeaux disposant d'une main-d'oeuvre suffisante.
Références Agence BIO, 2016. La BIO en France, des Producteurs aux Consommateurs. Les carnets de l'Agence BIO, première édition 2016, 38p. Agreste, 2016a
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Fatet A., Leboeuf B., Freret S., Druart X., Bodin L., Caillat H., David I., Palhière I., Boué P., Lagriffoul G., 2008. L'insémination dans les filières ovines et caprines. Renc. Rech. Rum., 15, 355-358. FranceAgriMer, 2014. La filière lait de chèvre 2008-2013. Une difficile adaptation de l'offre à la demande. Les synthèses de FranceAgriMer, n°3 novembre 2014, 16p. FranceAgriMer, 2015. Observatoire de la formation des prix et des marges des produits alimentaires. Rapport au Parlement, 319p. Cohen-Tanoudji J., Einhort J. Signoret J.P., 1994. Ram sexual pheromones: First approach of chemical identification, Physio. Behav., 56, 955-961. Freret S., Talbot J., Fatet A., Boissard K., Ranger B., Bruneteau E., Boisseau C., Laine A.L., Borderes F., Desmarchais A., Caillat H., Dewez J., Johnson L., Pellicer-Rubio M.T., 2015. Évaluation d'un collier accéléromètre pour la détection automatisée des chaleurs induites par traitement hormonal chez des chèvres Alpines dessaisonnées et en bâtiment. Renc. Rech. Rum., 22, 207-210. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ); Scientific Opinion on Risk of transmission of TSEs via semen and embryo transfer in small Idele, 2015a. Chiffres clés 2015 Productions ovines lait et viande, Institut de l'Élevage et Confédération Nationale de l'Élevage (CR n°0015501032), 12p. Chemineau P., Malpaux B., Brillard J.P., Fostier A., 2007. Seasonality of reproduction and production in farm fishes, birds and mammals. Animal, 1, 419-432. Debus N., Maton C., Lurette A., Guyonneau J.D., Viudes G., Tesniere A., Alhamada M., Menassol J.B., Bocquier F., 2016. Artificial insemination of ewes grouped by a ram effect is feasible with the use of automated oestrus detector. Proc. Workshop "The male effect, yesterday today and tomorrow", Nouzilly, France, p8. Hostiou N., Allain C., Chauvat S., Turlot A., Pineau C., Fagon J., 2014. L'élevage de précision : quelles conséquences pour le travail des éleveurs? In : Numéro spécial, quelles innovations pour quels systèmes d'élevage. Ingrand S., Baumont R. (Eds). INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 113-122. PA_texte LURETTE_V3_pour ozalides.qxp_MÉDALE 20/10/2016 10:40 , 2015b. 'Élevage (CR n°0015501033), 10p. Ingrand S., Devun J., Pailleux J.Y., Chauvet A., Dujour E., 2012. Les innovations en élevages bovins et ovins allaitants : analyse de résultats d'entretiens auprès d'éleveurs et de réponses d'experts à un questionnaire. Renc. Rech. Rum., 19, 393-396. Jago J., Burke C., Dela Rue B., Kamphuis C., 2011. Automation of estrus detection. Dairy NZ Technic. Series, 2-7. Karlson P., Lüscher M., 1959. "Pheromones": a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature, 183, 55-56. Lagriffoul G., Morin E., Astruc J.M., Bocquier F., De Boissieu C., Hassoun P., Legarto J., Marnet P.G., Poulet J.L., Barillet F., 2016. Panorama de la production de lait de brebis en France et son évolution depuis 50 ans. In : Brebis laitières en France : 50 ans de recherche et de développement. Barillet F., Hassoun P., Astruc J.M., Lagriffoul G., Morin E. (Eds). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 29, 7-18. Le Danvic C., Gérard O., Sellem E., Ponsart C., Chemineau P., Humblot P., Nagnan-Le Meillour P., 2015. Enhancing bull sexual behavior using estrus-specific molecules identified in cow urine. Theriogenoloy, 83, 13811388. Loywyck V., Lagriffoul G., 2015. Compte-rendu annuel sur l'insémination artificielle ovine – campagne 2014. Institut de l'Élevage Collection Résultats (CR n°0015200009), 35p. Martin G.B., Milton J.T.B., Davidson R.H., Hunzicker B., Lindsay D.R., Blache D., 2004. Natural methods for increasing reproductive efficiency in small ruminants. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 82-83, 231-246. Martineau C., Chanvallon A., 2014. Évaluation de l'acceptabilité de technologies innovantes pour la reproduction. Institut de l'Élevage Collection Résultats, CR n°0014 302 055, décembre 2014, 67p. Maton C., Debus N., Lurette A., Guyonneau J.D., Viudes G., Tesniere A., Bocquier F., 2014. Insémination animale sans hormone après détection automatisée des chevauchements chez la brebis. Renc. Rech. Rum. 21, 281-284. Résumé Nozières M.O., Moulin C.H., Boutonnet J.P.
2011. Valorisation des produits ovins : Quelles stratégies d'élevage?
In : Bernués A., Boutonnet J.P., Casasús I., Chentouf M., Gabiña D., Joy M., López-Francos A., Morand-Fehr P., Pacheco F. (Eds). Economic, social and environmental sustainability in sheep and goat production systems. Zaragoza : CIHEAM / FAO / CITA-DGA, 261-266 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens ; n. 100). Pellicer-Rubio M.T., Leboeuf B., Bernelas D., Forgerit Y., Pougnard J.L., Bonne J.L., Senty E., Chemineau P., 2007. Highly synchronous and fertile reproductive activity induced by the male effect during deep anoestrus in lactating goats subjected to treatment with artificially long days followed by a natural photoperiod. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 98, 241-258 Pellicer-Rubio M.T., Leboeuf B., Bernelas D., Forgerit Y., Pougnard J.L., Bonne J.L., Senty E., Breton S., Brun F., Chemineau P., 2008. High fertility using artificial insemination during deep anoestrus after induction and synchronisation of ovulatory activity by the "male effect" in lactating goats subjected to treatment with artificial long days and progestagens. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 109, 172-188. Pellicer-Rubio M.T., Ferchaud S., Freret S., Tournadre H., Fatet A., Boulot S., Pavie J., Leboeuf B., Bocquier F., 2009. Les méthodes de maîtrise de la reproduction disponibles chez les mammifères d'élevage et leur intérêt en agriculture biologique. In : Numéro spécial, Elevage bio. Perez J.M. (Ed). INRA Prod. Anim., 22, 255-270. Pellicer-Rubio M.T., Boissard K., Forgerit Y., Pougnard J.L., Bonné J.L., Leboeuf B., 2016. Evaluation of hormone-free protocols based on the "male effect" for artificial insemination in lactating goats during seasonal anestrus. Theriogenology, 85, 960-969. Philipot J.M., Krauss D., Trou G., Ponsart C., Vinet A., Noel T., Pery C., Descombes M., Le Guenic M., Jouanne D., Chevallier A., Gatien J., Paccard P., 2010. i d'un système novateur de détection des chaleurs des femelles bovines par mesure de l'activité. Renc. Rech. Rum. 17, 137-140. Pupin M., 2013. État des lieux de l'offre et de la valorisation des outils d'élevage de précision dans la filière bovine française. Mémoire de fin d'étude pour le diplôme d'ingénieur de l'Institut Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, Agroalimentaires, Horticoles et du Paysage (Agrocampus Ouest), 21p. Saint-Dizier M., Chastant-Maillard S., 2012. Towards an automated detection of oestrus in dairy cattle. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 47, 10561061. Prache S., Bauchart D., 2015. La viande et la carcasse des agneaux : les principales qualités recherchées. In : Numéro spécial, Le muscle et la viande. Picard B., Lebret B. (Eds). INRA Prod. Anim., 28, 105-110. Rekwot P.I., Ogwu D., Oyedipe E.O., Sekoni V.O., 2001. The role of pheromones and biostimulation in animal reproduction, Anim. Reprod. Sci., 65, 157-170. Roy F., Combes B., Vaiman D., Cribiu E.P., Pobel T., Delétang F., Combarnous Y., Guillou F Maurel M.C., 1999a. Humoral immune response to equine chorionic gonadotropin in ewes: association with major histocompatibility complex and interference with subsequent fertility. Biol. Reprod. 61, 209-218. Roy F., Maurel M.C., Combes B., Vaiman D., Cribiu E.P., Lantier I., Pobel T., Del ́etang F., Combarnous Y., Guillou F., 1999b. The negative effect of repeated equine chorionic gonadotropin treatment on subsequent fertility in Alpine goats is due to a humoral immune response involving the major histocompatibility complex. Biol. Reprod. 60, 805-813. SCVPH 1999. Assessment of potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products, adopted on 30 April 1999. http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/docs/ cs_meat_hormone-out21_en.pdf SCVPH 2002. Review of previous SCVPH opinions of 30 April 1999 and 3 May 2000 on the potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products, adopted on 10 April 2002. http://cordis. europa. Viudes G., Debus N., Lurette A., Capron J.M., Bocquier F., 2012. Détection automatisée des chaleurs de brebis Mérinos d'Arles pendant 4 cycles successifs. Renc. Rech. Rum. 19, 363. La maîtrise de la saisonnalité de la reproduction est un enjeu pour les filières ovines et caprines. Dans le contexte socio-économique actuel, l'essor de pratiques alternatives aux traitements hormonaux d'induction et de synchronisation des chaleurs et des ovulations est nécessaire en Agriculture Conventionnelle (AC) et de nouvelles perspectives d'évolution sont attendues en Agriculture Biologique (AB). À partir d'enquêtes réalisées auprès de 97 intervenants en élevage et 298 éleveurs ovins et caprins en AB et en AC, nous avons dressé un état des lieux des pratiques de gestion de la reproduction mises en oeuvre dans les principaux bassins de production en France. Puis, nous avons évalué l'acceptabilité des acteurs vis-à-vis de deux outils innovants associés à la gestion de la reproduction : l'utilisation de phéromones impliquées dans l'effet mâle (comme alternative aux traitements hormonaux pour l'induction et la synchronisation des ovulations et des chaleurs) et la détection automatisée des chaleurs (pour optimiser la mise à la reproduction par IA ou pour la lutte en main). D'après les enquêtes, les pratiques de dessaisonnement de la reproduction impliquant les traitements lumineux, le recours à la mélatonine et les lactations longues sont quasi exclusivement mises en oeuvre par les producteurs caprins. Les traitements hormonaux pour l'induction et la synchronisation des chaleurs et la mélatonine sont interdits par le cahier des charges en AB et donc exclusivement utilisés en AC. Au contraire, l'effet mâle est pratiqué dans l'ensemble des filières. La détection des chaleurs n'est mise en oeuvre que par les éleveurs caprins et ovins laitiers. Enfin, le flushing est surtout pratiqué en filière ovine. L'utilisation potentielle des phéromones pour induire et synchroniser les chaleurs intéresse à la fois les intervenants et les éleveurs. En AB cette technique soulève cependant des questions quant au respect du cahier des charges. L'accueil réservé aux détecteurs automatisés de chaleurs est plus mitigé. Si leur intérêt pour l'organisation du travail et la facilitation des IA a été exprimé par les éleveurs, PA_texte _ / A. LURETTE et al ces derniers ont soulevé une inquiétude quant à l'inadéquation par rapport aux conduites d'élevage au pâturage a été soulevée. Si certains éleveurs sont prêts à acquérir les deux types de dispositifs, ils sont en attente des résultats concernant l'efficacité, le coût et la praticité des outils avant d'envisager de s'équiper..
| 10,970 |
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/87726
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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Dragonsdoom, Dunk, Engineer, House, PowerUser, RecursiveCall, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/14553, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/31764, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/33289, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/4918, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/5473, https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/7191
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English
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Spoken
| 807 | 1,540 |
Sprites get terribly scaled
I've been making a Space Invaders game in XNA for a while. I got the invaders animated and contained within an array. But when I call spriteBatch.Draw and debug the invaders sprites get a huge scale-up! Here is my code:
public static Texture2D g_BotInvaderTex;
public static Rectangle g_BotInvaderHitBox;
public static Vector2 g_BotInvaderPos = new Vector2(0, 24);
public static Vector2 g_BotInvaderOrigin;
public static Rectangle[,] g_BotInvadersRect;
int m_InvaderRows = 5;
int m_InvaderCollumns = 10;
public static Color InvadersColor = Color.White;
// blah blah sprite animation logic
public void Draw(Texture2D texture, Vector2 position, Rectangle[,] destinationRect, Nullable<Rectangle> sourceRect, Color color, float rotation, Vector2 origin, SpriteEffects effects, float scale, SpriteBatch spriteBatch)
{
for (int r = 0; r < m_InvaderRows; r++)
{
for (int c = 0; c < m_InvaderCollumns; c++)
{
spriteBatch.Draw(g_BotInvaderTex, g_BotInvadersRect[r, c], g_BotInvaderHitBox, Color.White);
}
}
}
After I intialize the invader class in my Game1 and call Draw:
botInvader.Draw(botInvaders.g_BotInvaderTex, botInvaders.g_BotInvaderPos, botInvaders.g_BotInvadersRect, botInvaders.g_BotInvaderHitBox, Color.White, 0f, botInvaders.g_BotInvaderOrigin, SpriteEffects.None, 1.0f, spriteBatch);
I don't think the sprites should be scaled up, after all I've given 1.0f to the scale argument???
for (int r = 0; r < m_InvaderRows; r++)
{
for (int c = 0; c < m_InvaderCollumns; c++)
{
g_BotInvadersRect[r, c].Width = g_BotInvaderTex.Width;
g_BotInvadersRect[r, c].Height = g_BotInvaderTex.Height;
g_BotInvadersRect[r, c].X = 70 * c;
g_BotInvadersRect[r, c].Y = 70 * r;
}
}
Please tell us what debugging steps you've taken already.
If this is the code you are using it shouldn't compile. You are passing 10 arguments to a draw method with 5 parameters.
Whoops, my bad. Edited @Dragonsdoom
@PowerUser the code examples are still incorrect. Your draw method can't accept the arguments you are sending to it.
@Dragonsdoom – Alright I just wrote the code without copy-pasting it, I did a mistake. Sorry, now everything must be fixed and all right.
From the msdn website:public void Draw(Texture2D texture, Rectangle destinationRectangle, Nullable sourceRectangle, Color color)
destinationRectangleType: Rectangle
A rectangle that specifies (in screen coordinates) the destination for drawing the sprite. If this rectangle is not the same size as the source rectangle, the sprite will be scaled to fit.
Please post a screenshot to give us an idea of what the scale should be and what it actually became.
@PowerUser This looks like code that would compile, but the scale parameter is unused in your method. It doesn't do anything if you send it but don't use it in the code. You would have to pass it to the spritebatch or use it to interact with your other parameters somehow.
How big is the texture versus how big is the destination rectangle. I'll bet the destination rectangle is a lot bigger than the texture. Thus, "the sprite will be scaled to fit.".
@Dunk They are multiple sprites actually, the single sprite is 52x88. I'll upload a screenshot in my question in a minute.
At first glance I read "sprites get terribly scared"...
In your loop, you are using this overload: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff433987.aspx, which instead of specifying a scale, specifies destination and source rectangles.
It's hard to tell from the names you chose if you provided the correct rectangles, but you specified g_BotInvadersRect[r, c] as the destination (screen bounds) and g_BotInvaderHitBox and the source (spritesheet location).
If you place a breakpoint on that draw method and take a look at the value of g_BotInvadersRect[r, c], you should see the actual destination rectangle for that sprite, which according to your problem description is the wrong value. Your issue is most likely that your destination bounds were not calculated correctly.
You are correct about the rectangles. Even so how can I change g_BotInvadersRect[r, c]'s size?
Not sure what you mean by changing the size of the destination rectangle. How did you define it in the first place?
It's in the question: public static Rectangle[,] g_BotInvadersRect;. I didn't define any size to it? Also if the size is wrong it should be changed to the correct value.
you are right, the width of the destination rectangle is 156 for every sprite, where it should be exactly 52. Any thoughts?
Where do you assign the values to g_BotInvadersRect?
Look at the code under my screenshot in the question body.
Ooooh. I found the problem! This line of code: g_BotInvadersRect[r, c].Width = g_BotInvaderTex.Width;! Since my texture contains many sprites it gets the width of the entire texture and not the sprite itself, I changed it. Thanks anyway I'll accept this as an answer.
You might be reassigning it elsewhere or don't assign it in the correct place. Also, is g_BotInvaderTex in a spritesheet or a separate sprite like in your post?
If it's a spritesheet, you might be getting the wrong width because you're assigning the width of the spritesheet and not of the sprite.
You beat me to it. :)
Yeah it was just as I thought - something simple I'm forgetting about. :)
| 45,573 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27794038
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
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English
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Spoken
| 309 | 546 |
Is bootstrap included in Laravel 4?
I have "bootstrap" subfolder in my laravel app, is that means bootstrap is included in Laravel?
No. bootstrap doesn't just refer to Twitter Bootstrap. From Wikipedia:
In general parlance, bootstrapping usually refers to the starting of a
self-sustaining process that is supposed to proceed without external
input. In computer technology the term (usually shortened to booting)
usually refers to the process of loading the basic software into the
memory of a computer after power-on or general reset, especially the
operating system which will then take care of loading other software
as needed.
Note that also on Stack Overflow, the [bootstrap] tag does NOT refer to Twitter Bootstrap. That's what the [twitter-bootstrap] tag is for.
So what is it actually?
The few files in the bootstrap directory will, bootstrap, start, initialize the application.
autoload.php Autoload classes from vendor/autoload and compiled.php if possible
(compiled.php) Precompiled framework classes
paths.php Defines important paths relative to the bootstrap dir
start.php "Starts" the application. Environment detection, loading paths and creating an instance of the container Application
You can have twitter bootstrap on your project folder, but if you want to use all the styles and libraries of bootstrap you need to include in your master.blade the .js and .css bootstrap files
Example:
{{ HTML::script('http://public/assets/js/bootstrap.3.0.0.min.css') }} // This include all the css files of bootstrap.
{{ HTML::script('http://public/assets/js/bootstrap.3.0.0.min.js') }} // This include rapall the functionalities of bootstrap
Of course you need to add your own bootstrap files and path.
Once you have include the .js and .css you can use all the staff of bootstrap like:
<button type="button" class="btn btn-info">Save</button>
The class btn btn-info it's a style of bootstrap.
No, it's not. What you had saw bootstrap folder in your laravel app include
autoload.php
paths.php and
start.php
Read more about laravel Request Lifecycle on laravel doc, to know how Laravel work.
| 18,919 |
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42494536
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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Justin Seidl, ZEE, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1415725, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4232386
|
English
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Spoken
| 322 | 792 |
Display User Data from Local Storage in Profile
I'm just starting my first Ionic app and am a little confused. I'm using a rails API to login a user and then I would like to display user information on the Ionic app (Name, Email, etc...).
I can't seem to pull in the user's email and name on my root page. Below is my code and I apologize for asking such a beginner level question.
services.js
angular.module('starter.services', [])
.factory('User', function($resource) {
return $resource("http://localhost:3000/api/v1/users/:id.json");
})
.factory('UserSession', function($resource) {
return $resource("http://localhost:3000/login.json");
})
controller.js
angular.module('starter.controllers', [])
.controller('DashCtrl', function($scope, User) {
$scope.user = User.get(localStorage['userId']);
})
.controller('LoginCtrl', function($scope, $location, UserSession, $ionicPopup, $rootScope) {
$scope.data = {};
$scope.login = function() {
var user_session = new UserSession({ user: $scope.data });
user_session.$save(
function(data){
window.localStorage['userId'] = data.id;
window.localStorage['userName'] = data.name;
window.localStorage['userEmail'] = data.email;
window.localStorage['userZip'] = data.zip;
window.localStorage['userBalance'] = data.account_balance;
$location.path('/tab/dash');
},
function(err){
var error = err["data"]["error"]
var confirmPopup = $ionicPopup.alert({
title: 'An error occured',
template: error
});
}
);
}
});
tab-dash.html
<ion-view title="Overview">
<ion-content class="padding">
<h2>Name: {{user.name}}</h2>
<p>Email: {{user.email}}</p>
</ion-content>
</ion-view>
As you can see from the screenshot below the name and email values aren't showing in my view.
Here is also a screenshot of the values saved in my localStorage.
"http://localhost:3000/api/v1/users/:id.json" what does .json do here ? !!!!
@ZeRubeus I removed the .json and that didn't seem to make a difference.
why you are using new with the service UserSession ?
I guess problem can be in this line
$scope.user = User.get(localStorage['userId']);
Try to change it to $scope.user = User.get({id: localStorage['userId']});
And check what do you receive in $scope.user variable. It can be promise and you will need to adjust nesting.
Answer
I updated the above code in my controller.js and also had a nesting issue in my views like you had mentioned.
In my views instead of {{user.name}} I needed to use {{user.user.name}}
thanks for the quick solution, I updated your answer with my solution based on your help!
| 44,937 |
https://github.com/A-Wiedemann/living-documentation/blob/master/livingdoc-maven-plugin/src/main/java/ch/ifocusit/livingdoc/plugin/glossary/JavaElement.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
living-documentation
|
A-Wiedemann
|
Java
|
Code
| 168 | 851 |
package ch.ifocusit.livingdoc.plugin.glossary;
import ch.ifocusit.livingdoc.annotations.UbiquitousLanguage;
import ch.ifocusit.livingdoc.plugin.utils.AnchorUtil;
import com.thoughtworks.qdox.model.JavaAnnotatedElement;
import com.thoughtworks.qdox.model.JavaAnnotation;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import static ch.ifocusit.livingdoc.plugin.utils.AsciidocUtil.NEWLINE;
import static io.github.robwin.markup.builder.asciidoc.AsciiDoc.TABLE_COLUMN_DELIMITER;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.EMPTY;
public interface JavaElement {
String JAVAX_VALIDATION_CONSTRAINTS = "javax.validation.constraints.";
String HIBERNATE_VALIDATION_CONSTRAINTS = "org.hibernate.validator.constraints.";
String getName();
String getType();
JavaAnnotatedElement getModel();
default String getDescription() {
return getModel().getComment();
}
default String getAnchor() {
return "anchor:" + getLinkContent() + "[]";
}
default String getLinkContent() {
return AnchorUtil.formatLink(getGlossaryId().orElse(null), getName());
}
default String getLinkableName() {
return getAnchor() + getName();
}
default String getAnnotations() {
return getModel().getAnnotations().stream()
.filter(annot -> annot.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().startsWith(JAVAX_VALIDATION_CONSTRAINTS)
|| annot.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().startsWith(HIBERNATE_VALIDATION_CONSTRAINTS))
.map(annot -> annot.toString().replace(JAVAX_VALIDATION_CONSTRAINTS, "")
.replace(HIBERNATE_VALIDATION_CONSTRAINTS, ""))
.collect(Collectors.joining(NEWLINE + NEWLINE));
}
default Optional<JavaAnnotation> getGlossary(JavaAnnotatedElement annotatedElement) {
return annotatedElement.getAnnotations().stream()
.filter(a -> a.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().endsWith(UbiquitousLanguage.class.getSimpleName()))
.findFirst();
}
default Optional<Integer> getGlossaryId(JavaAnnotatedElement annotatedElement) {
return getGlossary(annotatedElement).map(annot -> annot.getProperty("id") == null ? null :
Optional.ofNullable(Integer.valueOf(String.valueOf(annot.getNamedParameter("id")))))
.orElse(Optional.empty());
}
default Optional<JavaAnnotation> getGlossary() {
return getGlossary(getModel());
}
default Optional<Integer> getGlossaryId() {
return getGlossaryId(getModel());
}
default boolean getIdDefined() {
return getGlossaryId().isPresent();
}
default Integer getId() {
return getGlossaryId().orElse(null);
}
default String getLinkableIdColumn() {
return getGlossaryId().map(id -> TABLE_COLUMN_DELIMITER + getAnchor() + String.valueOf(id)).orElse(EMPTY);
}
}
| 49,273 |
https://github.com/edyan/docker-xhgui/blob/master/test.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
docker-xhgui
|
edyan
|
Shell
|
Code
| 56 | 169 |
#!/bin/bash
set -e
if [ -z "${1}" -o ! -d "${1}" ]; then
echo "You must define a valid image version to build as parameter"
exit 1
fi
DIRECTORY=$(cd `dirname $0` && pwd)
VERSION=${1}
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
NC='\033[0m' # No Color
./build.sh ${VERSION}
echo ""
echo -e "${GREEN}Testing version ${VERSION} ${NC}"
cd ${DIRECTORY}/${VERSION}/tests
export GOSS_FILES_STRATEGY=cp
dgoss run "edyan/xhgui:${VERSION}"
| 44,981 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwatalli%20I
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Muwatalli I
|
https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muwatalli I&action=history
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 509 | 923 |
È stato scoperto soltanto nel 1984 a seguito del ritrovamento di un sigillo contenente il suo nome, su di una tavoletta con cui il re donava un terreno ad un tempio di Ḫattuša.
Biografia e regno
Muwatalli ascese al trono uccidendo il suo predecessore Huzziya II (e la consorte Summiri) di cui era il capo della guardia reale: è possibile che fosse stato un fratello minore del sovrano o comunque un congiunto.
Una volta insediato sul trono nominò capo della guardia reale suo figlio Muwa, secondo alcuni l'esecutore materiale del duplice delitto; tradizionalmente si riteneva che la sua sposa reale fosse stata Walanni, anche se recentemente gli storici propendono più per la regina Katteshapi quale consorte.
Muwatalli cercò la via della diplomazia dopo il regicidio, assicurando ai due figli del defunto Huzziya ruoli prestigiosi a corte, in un tentativo di convivenza pacifica: ad Himuili assegnò il ruolo di capo della servitù ed a Kantuzzili quello di sovrintente degli Auriga d'oro.
Il tentativo però naufragò miseramente in breve tempo: i due, con una congiura di palazzo, assassinarono Muwatalli ponendo così fine a quello che gli studiosi convenzionalmente chiamano Antico Regno.
La reazione del clan di Muwatalli non si fece attendere e così si arrivò allo scontro armato tra la fazione degli assassini (che spinse verso il trono il giovane Tudhaliya I/II, concordemente ritenuto oggi il figlio di Kantuzzili e quindi membro della famiglia reale ittita originaria) e quella capeggiata da Muwa, sostenuto anche da alleati Hurriti.
Lo scontro fu rapido e si risolse a favore dei primi, con lo stesso Tudhaliya I/II che, assieme a Kantuzzili ed Himuili, condusse le proprie truppe alla vittoria sul campo, dove lo stesso Muwa perse la vita.
Al trono ittita ascese così Tudhaliya I/II, probabilmente attorno al 1420-1410 a.C.
Tuttavia una rilettura dell'episodio è stata recentemente fornita alla luce delle "Liste delle offerte D e E" nelle quali, nel medesimo paragrafo, compare Kantuzzili associato ad un nome femminile, Walanni, già noto da una lista delle Regine Ittite, nel quale apre la lista e precede Nikkalmati, moglie appunto di Tudhaliya.
Tradizionalmente si riteneva che Walanni fosse stata la moglie di Muwatalli I, ma unicamente perché, essendo questi stato re prima di Tudhaliya, la regina che precedeva la moglie di quest'ultimo avrebbe dovuto essere logicamente la moglie del primo.
Il rinvenimento del nome di Kantuzzili vicino a Walanni in ben due liste delle offerte reali ("se Walanni è regina e Kantuzzili le è indicato di fianco significa che è il suo re") ed una logica deduzione (perché Kantuzzili, erede naturale di Huzziya II, una volta ucciso l'usurpatore avrebbe dovuto lasciare il trono al figlio senza sedervisi?) hanno fatto ipotizzare che a Muwatalli I sia seguito sul trono di Hatti proprio Kantuzzili. Che Walanni fosse in effetti la moglie di questi e quindi la madre di Tudhaliya I/II. E che quest'ultimo fosse asceso al trono solo dopo un periodo di regno, verosimilmente breve, del padre. La sposa reale di Muwatalli I sarebbe stata in tal caso Katteshapi. Al momento manca una prova definitiva di questa teoria.
Note
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Carl%C3%A9n
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Adam Carlén
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Italian
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Spoken
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Carriera
Dopo aver mosso i primi passi nel Björsäters IF, cresce nel settore giovanile dell'; nel 2016 debutta in prima squadra giocando 4 incontri di Division 3, il quinto livello del calcio svedese.
Il 2 agosto 2017 viene acquistato dal , nel cui vivaio rimane due anni. Il 3 agosto 2019 debutta fra i professionisti in occasione dell'incontro di Superettan vinto 3-1 contro il . In totale, nell'arco di quell'annata, colleziona 13 presenze in campionato. Nella stagione seguente, con 29 presenze e 2 reti, fa parte della rosa che conquista la promozione in Allsvenskan, la massima serie nazionale, da cui il Degerfors mancava da 23 anni.
Statistiche
Statistiche aggiornate al 7 novembre 2021.
Presenze e reti nei club
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The Accuracy of Smart Devices for Measuring Physical Activity in Daily Life: Validation Study
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Laurent Degroote
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Abstract Background: Wearables for monitoring physical activity (PA) are increasingly popular. These devices are not only used by
consumers to monitor their own levels of PA but also by researchers to track the behavior of large samples. Consequently, it is
important to explore how accurately PA can be tracked via these devices. Objectives: The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate convergent validity of 3 Android Wear smartwatches—Polar
M600 (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland), Huawei Watch (Huawei Technologies Co, Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China),
Asus Zenwatch3 (AsusTek Computer Inc, Taipei, Taiwan)—and Fitbit Charge with an ActiGraph accelerometer for measuring
steps and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on both a day level and 15-min level. Methods: A free-living protocol was used in which 36 adults engaged in usual daily activities over 2 days while wearing 2
different wearables on the nondominant wrist and an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the hip. Validity was evaluated on
both levels by comparing each wearable with the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer using correlations and Bland-Altman plots
in IBM SPSS 24.0. Results: On a day level, all devices showed strong correlations (Spearman r=.757-.892) and good agreement (interclass correlation
coefficient, ICC=.695-.885) for measuring steps, whereas moderate correlations (Spearman r=.557-.577) and low agreement
(ICC=.377-.660) for measuring MVPA. Bland-Altman revealed a systematic overestimation of the wearables for measuring steps
but a variation between over- and undercounting of MVPA. On a 15-min level, all devices showed strong correlations (Spearman
r=.752-.917) and good agreement (ICC=.792-.887) for measuring steps, whereas weak correlations (Spearman r=.116-.208) and
low agreement (ICC=.461-.577) for measuring MVPA. Bland-Altman revealed a systematic overestimation of the wearables for
steps but under- or overestimation for MVPA depending on the device. Conclusions: In sum, all 4 consumer-level devices can be considered accurate step counters in free-living conditions. This
study, however, provides evidence of systematic bias for all devices in measurement of MVPA. The results on a 15-min level
also indicate that these devices are not sufficiently accurate to provide correct real-time feedback. Corresponding Author: Corresponding Author:
Laurent Degroote, MSc
Physical Activity & Health
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences
Ghent University
Watersportlaan 2
Ghent, 9000
Belgium
Phone: 32 9 264 62 99
Email: [email protected] JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.1
(page number not for citation purposes) The Accuracy of Smart Devices for Measuring Physical Activity
in Daily Life: Validation Study Laurent Degroote1,2, MSc; Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij1, PhD; Maïté Verloigne1, PhD; Louise Poppe1,2, MSc; Geert
Crombez2, PhD 1Physical Activity & Health, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 1Physical Activity & Health, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2Health Psychology, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Physical Activity & Health, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2Health Psychology, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgiu 2Health Psychology, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Original Paper Background To our knowledge, all validation studies using activity trackers
investigate validity on a daily level; however, validation using
a smaller time-scale (eg, 15 min) is warranted. Increasingly,
individual-focused interventions are developed that are based
on real-time feedback. Examples are Just-In-Time adaptive
interventions (JITAIs), which are the interventions that provide
the right type and amount of support at the right time by adapting
to an individual’s changing internal and contextual state. By
providing this personally tailored support, interventions can be
more effective in guiding users toward a physically active
lifestyle [25]. Due to the internal sensors, the larger screen, and
the fact that the device can be consulted constantly as they are
worn on the wrist, smartwatches have the potential to serve as
a platform for a JITAI. Notwithstanding the potential of
smartwatches for JITAIs, smartwatches should be accurate in
measuring physical active or inactive behavior during a short
time duration [25,26]. Increasing the level of PA in the general population has proven
notoriously difficult [10]. Scientists and practitioners have turned
to behavior change theories to better understand the process of
change and to better design interventions. Among various
behavior change techniques, self-monitoring of the PA [11,12],
has proven effective in changing PA levels. Consumer-level
devices, also referred to as wearables, are increasingly used for
the monitoring of PA [13]. They have built-in sensors to track
and quantify daily movement [14]. For example, when users engage in a 15-min jog, the device
has to be able to correctly categorize this behavior as 15 min of
MVPA. On the basis of this measurement, the appropriate
intervention component is to give real-time feedback to the user
that he or she is doing well without giving other suggestions
for more PA. However, when the user is not physically active
for 15 min, the device has to be able to correctly categorize this
as 15 min of physical inactivity. On the basis of this
measurement, the appropriate intervention component is to
provide real-time feedback in the form of a tailored suggestion
to the user to engage in more PA. Various wearables exist, and we can distinguish between activity
trackers and smartwatches. Activity trackers (eg, Fitbit Flex,
Misfit Shine, Garmin Vivosmart, and Xiaomi MiBand) are
specifically built to track activity levels. Background Physical inactivity is one of the major risk factors for mortality
worldwide, causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths (6%) [1]. It accounts for approximately 21% to 25% of breast and colon
cancers, 27% of type 2 diabetes, and 30% of burden because of
ischemic heart disease [2,3]. It is hence recommended to perform
a sufficient level of physical activity (PA). Physical activity is
defined as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles
that require energy expenditure” [4]. PA can be classified
according to the intensity of the activity using metabolic
equivalents (METs). MET is the ratio of a person’s working
metabolic rate relative to their resting metabolic rate. One MET
is defined as the energy cost in rest and is equivalent to a caloric
consumption of 1 kcal/kg/hour. It is estimated that compared
with sitting, a person’s caloric consumption is more than 1.6
times higher and less than 3 times higher when being lightly
active (1.6-3 METs), 3 to 6 times higher when being moderately
active (3-6 METs), and more than 6 times higher when being
vigorously active (>6 METs) [5]. Adults aged 18 to 64 years
should accumulate at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic
PA throughout the week or do at least 75 min of
vigorous-intensity aerobic PA throughout the week or an
equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity
activity [5,6]. Another recommendation is to take at least 10,000
steps a day [7,8]. Nevertheless, 58% of the global population
does not meet either of these recommendations [9]. Until now, only activity trackers have been scrutinized for their
validity [17-23]. These studies found that most activity trackers
(Fitbit Flex, Fitbit Zip, Fitbit One, Fitbit Charge HR, Jawbone
Up, Nike+ Fuelband SE, Misfit Shine, and Withings Pulse) are
valid for measuring steps but to a lesser extent, for measuring
MVPA. For smartwatches, the validity for measuring PA
variables (the number of steps and time spent in MVPA) has
not been investigated. This is partly because of the recent rise
in these devices: Up until 2014, about half of devices on the
market were smartwatches. In 2015 and 2016, smartwatches
represented 59.3% (143/241) of new devices on the market,
whereas fitness trackers represented 40.7% (98/241) [24]. Furthermore, there is also a need for validation of wearables
(both activity trackers and smartwatches) at a small time-scale. KEYWORDS physical activity; fitness trackes; accelerometry https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.1
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RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al trackers and smartwatches, are increasingly popular not only
with consumers but also with researchers [16], it is important
to determine their accuracy for measuring PA variables such as
step counts and minutes of MVPA. Background Smartwatches (eg,
Apple Watch, Samsung Gear, and Huawei Watch) also track
activity levels but include other functions as well (eg, surfing
the Web, receiving and answering mails or calls, playing music,
and using the global positioning system). Furthermore,
smartwatches allow downloading of apps and can be readily
synchronized with a mobile phone. Smartwatches, therefore,
have the potential to serve as a platform for app developers. They also have the potential to transform health care by
supporting or evaluating health in everyday living because they
(1) are familiar to most people; (2) are increasingly available
as a consumer device; (3) enable near real-time continuous
monitoring of PA and physiological measures; (4) support
tailored messaging and reminders; (5) enable communication
between patients, family members, and health care providers;
and (6) allow for in situ mini-surveys and behavior verification
based on sensor-based measure [15]. As wearables, both activity https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.2
(page number not for citation purposes) Objectives Every 15 min, it was shown how many seconds were
spent on various activities (walking, running, biking, and tilting) consumer-level devices was compared directly with the
measurements of an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Statistical Analysis Only days with valid data of the ActiGraph were included in
the analysis. A valid day was defined as a 24-hour period in
which at least 10 hours of data wear time was recorded. Nonwear
time was analyzed as a run of zero counts lasting more than 60
min [35,36]. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS
Statistics version 24.0. All analyses were performed on a day
level as well as a 15-min level. First, the correlation between
the wearables and the ActiGraph accelerometer for measuring
steps and MVPA was examined by calculating the Spearman r
and ICC (absolute agreement, 2-way random, single measures,
and 95% CI). Both analyses were conducted to take into account Free-Living Protocol As it was neither feasible nor comfortable to wear 4 wearables
at the same time; participants were instructed to simultaneously
wear 2 of the devices and the ActiGraph accelerometer for 2
consecutive days and then the other 2 wearables and the
accelerometer for another 2 consecutive days. Between these 2
periods of 2 days, there was always a gap of 1 day on which
devices were transferred from one participant to another. The
devices were worn during all waking hours, except during
water-based activities. All participants wore all 4 different
wearables. All possible combinations of 2 wearables (a total of
6) were randomly assigned to the participants. Each combination
was tested for 24 days in total, and each device was tested for
72 days. The ActiGraph GT3X+ was fitted to the right side of
the participants’ waist, and the wearables were placed on the
nondominant wrist. Furthermore, participants were instructed
to keep a short diary in which they wrote down when they put
on the devices and when and why they took them off. On the basis of this assessment, we included 18 participants
(50% male) who met the guideline of 30-min MVPA per day
and 18 participants (50% male) who did not meet this guideline. All participants read and signed an informed consent form. The
study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the
University hospital of Ghent (B670201731732). Convergent Measure The ActiGraph GT3X+ (Actigraph, Pensicola, FL, USA), a
triaxial accelerometer was used as reference or convergent
measure. The ActiGraph GT3X+ has been found to be reliable
and valid. The GT3X+ is valid for measuring step counts
compared with direct observation by trained observers [29-31]
and for MVPA compared with indirect calorimetry [32,33]. Accelerometer data were initialized, downloaded, and processed
by using ActiLife version 5.5.5-software (ActiGraph, Fort
Walton Beach, FL, USA). The Freedson Adult (1998) cut-points
were used to categorize PA measured by the ActiGraph
accelerometer (sedentary activity=0-99 counts/min, light
activity=100-1951 counts/min, moderate activity=1952-5723
counts/min, and vigorous activity ≥5724 counts/min) [32]. A
15-s epoch was used when downloading the data. Participants In this study, 36 healthy participants (50% male; mean age 39.43
years, SD 17.77) aged between 20 and 65 years and living in
the area of Ghent (Belgium) were recruited using purposeful
sampling. The inclusion criteria were having no current physical
limitations, medical conditions, or psychiatric conditions. Before
participants were selected, they completed the International
Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, long 7d version) to
assess their current level of PA. This procedure allowed us to
have variation in the participants’ activity levels. The IPAQ was
chosen for 2 reasons. First, a self-report measure was used for
practical reasons. The self-report measurement allowed us to
assess the current PA of people by letting them fill out a 10-min
questionnaire, which makes it a very time-efficient measurement
as opposed to objective measurement. Second, earlier research
indicated that IPAQ is a reasonably reliable valid measurement
tool for measuring habitual PA [27,28]. The International
Physical Activity Questionnaire–Long Form (IPAQ-LF, last 7
days) asks participants to report the frequency and duration of
activities in the last 7 days. Activities were classified into the
domains of occupation, transportation, household, and leisure
for each category of walking, moderate-intensity PA (MPA),
and vigorous-intensity PA (VPA). Weekly and daily minutes
of total PA, MPA, and VPA were computed. Objectives The aim of this study was, therefore, to validate wearables in
an adult population on both a day level as well as a 15-min level
in free-living situations. We opted for a 15-min level because
this is the smallest time level measured by the tested
smartwatches. We opted for a validation in free living because
this increases the external validity of our findings for use of
wearables in daily life. We investigated convergent validity of
3 Android Wear smartwatches (Polar M600, Huawei Watch,
and Asus Zenwatch3) and 1 activity tracker (Fitbit Charge). The number of steps and the time spent in MVPA measured by JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.2
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RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Wear platform that has a significant market share (18% during
Quarter 1 2017) and provides easy opportunities to program
smartwatches and develop apps [34]. Polar M600, Huawei
Watch, and Asus Zenwatch were selected because of their
potential for electronic health interventions at the time of data
collection (beginning of 2017). All 4 devices measure steps and
a specific variable that quantifies the degree of PA. For the
Fitbit, we used the variable active minutes, which is divided
into light active, fairly active, and very active minutes. To
approach the MVPA variable, fairly and very active minutes
were summed. For the Android Wear smartwatches, we used
the variable active time, which is calculated by summing the
time spent on various activities (walking, running, and biking)
that are all covered by the definition of MVPA (>3.0 MET) [1]. As all the devices set a goal of 30-min PA per day (similar to
the MVPA recommendations for adults), we assumed that the
measured variable corresponded to MVPA as measured by the
ActiGraph. However, specific information regarding intensity
cut-points is not publicly available. All Fitbit data were exported
in an XLS (Microsoft Excel) format using the Fitbit Dashboard
Web app. Every minute was categorized as sedentary, lightly
active, fairly active, or very active. Afterward, the data per
minute were converted to data per 15 min. Data from the
Android Wear smartwatches were exported in a CSV
(comma-separated values) format from Google Fit using Google
Take Out. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.3
(page number not for citation purposes) https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ Validation at a Day Level In Table 2, the mean steps and mean minutes of MVPA (SD)
per day are presented for all wearables and ActiGraph
accelerometer. Moreover the statistical significance (P value)
of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and the
wearables is presented. This table shows that every wearable
overestimated the number of steps per day (not significant for
Asus). For MVPA, Huawei, Asus, and Fitbit underestimated,
whereas Polar overestimated the number of minutes of MVPA
(not significant for Fitbit). Wearables We tested 4 wearables: Fitbit Charge, Polar M600, Huawei
Watch, and Asus Zenwatch 3. Fitbits are one of the most popular
activity trackers on the market. Smartwatches from Polar,
Huawei, and Asus were selected because they use the Android https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al because of device malfunction (2 days MVPA or steps for Asus)
and participant error such as not charging the device (4 days
MVPA or steps for Asus, Polar, Fitbit, and Huawei). No data
were lost from the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. the possible systematic difference between the measurements,
which is taken into account by the ICC, but not by the Spearman
correlation. The following cut-off values were used to interpret
the Spearman correlation: r<.20=very weak; .20 to .39=weak;
.40 to .59=moderate; .60 to .79=strong; and .80 to 1.0=very
strong [37]. The cut-off values to interpret the ICC were
<.60=low; .60 to .75=moderate; .75 to .90=good; and
>.90=excellent [38]. Second, to examine the level of agreement
between the wearables and the convergent measure,
Bland-Altman plots were constructed with their associated limits
of agreement. Results Participants' Characteristics JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.4
(page number not for citation purposes) Correlations For measuring steps on a day level, all wearables showed strong
to very strong correlations based on the Spearman r and
moderate to good agreement based on the ICC. Correlations
between the MVPA levels from the wearables and the MVPA
levels from the ActiGraph accelerometer were moderate based
on the Spearman r. Agreements for MVPA between the
wearables and the ActiGraph accelerometer were low. The
correlation coefficients, ICC values, and associated 95% CI are
shown in Table 3. The correlations are also illustrated in Figure
1. This figure shows that the scatter of the points around the
line, reflecting the perfect agreement between measurements is
larger for measuring MVPA than for measuring steps. Participants' Characteristics ICCa (95% C
Spearman r (95% CI)
Variable aICC: interclass correlation coefficient
bP<.001. aICC: interclass correlation coefficient
bP<.001. cMVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. average number of steps or number of minutes of MVPA of the
2 devices (x-axis). Mean differences with the ActiGraph
accelerometer and the limits of agreement for each wearable
are presented in Figures 2 and 3. A positive value of the mean
difference indicates an underestimation of the wearable
compared with the golden standard, and a negative value
indicates an overestimation. The systematic differences (mean
differences) and the range between the upper and lower limits
of agreement are important to make a statement about the
validity of these wearables. The broader the range between the
lower and the upper limit, the less accurate the measurements
are. All wearables showed broad limits of agreement. For
measuring steps, the plots (presented in Figure 2) showed the
narrowest limits for Huawei (7759 steps) and the broadest limits
for Polar (18,379 steps). The Bland-Altman plots for measuring
MVPA are presented in Figure 3. For measuring MVPA, the
narrowest limits were found for Fitbit (94 min), and the broadest
limits were found for Polar (212 min). average number of steps or number of minutes of MVPA of the
2 devices (x-axis). Mean differences with the ActiGraph
accelerometer and the limits of agreement for each wearable
are presented in Figures 2 and 3. A positive value of the mean
difference indicates an underestimation of the wearable
compared with the golden standard, and a negative value
indicates an overestimation. The systematic differences (mean
differences) and the range between the upper and lower limits
of agreement are important to make a statement about the
validity of these wearables. The broader the range between the
lower and the upper limit, the less accurate the measurements
are. All wearables showed broad limits of agreement. For
measuring steps, the plots (presented in Figure 2) showed the
narrowest limits for Huawei (7759 steps) and the broadest limits
for Polar (18,379 steps). The Bland-Altman plots for measuring
MVPA are presented in Figure 3. For measuring MVPA, the
narrowest limits were found for Fitbit (94 min), and the broadest
limits were found for Polar (212 min). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.5
(page number not for citation purposes) Participants' Characteristics Participants’ characteristics are presented in Table 1. All 36
participants wore the devices as planned. Some data were lost Table 1. Participant characteristics (N=36). Table 1. Participant characteristics (N=36). Mean (SD)a
Minimum-maximuma
Characteristic
39.43 (17.77)
20-65
Age (years)
172.28 (8.22)
150-186
Height (cm)
68.43 (12.09)
42-98
Weight (kg)
23.00 (3.50)
17.51-32.00
BMIb (kg/m²)
43.70 (42.02)
0-178.29
MVPAc (min/day)a MI: body mass index. Table 2. Mean steps and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day measured by Huawei, Asus, Polar, and Fitbit and the corresponding
ActiGraph measurements and statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables. Table 2. Mean steps and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day measured by Huawei, Asus, Polar, and Fitbit and the corresponding
ActiGraph measurements and statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables. P value
ActiGraph accelerometer, mean (SD)/day
Wearable, mean (SD)/day
Variable
Huawei
.02
7148 (3761)
8625 (4514)
Steps
.07
36.97 (27.63)
27.24 (31.59)
MVPAa (min)
Asus
.42
7082 (4148)
7662 (4380)
Steps
<.001
39.53 (36.33)
27.14 (33.18)
MVPA (min)
Polar
<.001
7234 (4076)
10,864 (7517)
Steps
.03
36.51 (28.31)
59.77 (62.94)
MVPA (min)
Fitbit
.004
7459 (3661)
9127 (5381)
Steps
.39
41.98 (34.40)
35.47 (49.18)
MVPA (min)
aMVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity Table 2. Mean steps and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day measured by Huawei, Asus, Polar, and Fitbit and the corresponding
ActiGraph measurements and statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.4
(page number not for citation purposes) JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.4
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RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Table 3. Correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients, and 95% CI of the measurements at a day level. ICCa (95% CI)
Spearman r (95% CI)
Variable
Huawei
.885b (0.822-0.926)
.892b (0.779-0.930)
Steps
.606b (0.433-0.736)
.577b (0.346-0.752)
MVPAc
Asus
.723b (0.590-0.817)
.757b (0.605-0.881)
Steps
.517b (0.324-0.669)
.557b (0.349-0.724)
MVPA
Polar
.695b (0.553-0.798)
.847b (0.659-0.937)
Steps
.377b (0.159-0.560)
.529b (0.292-0.724)
MVPA
Fitbit
.792b (0.686-0.866)
.885b (0.798-0.939)
Steps
.660b (0.504-0.774)
.564b (0.358-0.738)
MVPA Table 3. Correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients, and 95% CI of the measurements at a day level. Validation at a 15-Minute Level Validation at a 15-Minute Level In Table 4, the mean steps per 15 min and mean minutes of
MVPA per 15 min are presented for all devices. Moreover, the
statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the
measurements of the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables
is presented. The results are displayed for (1) all 15-min time
periods (including those with no MVPA) and (2) only the 15-min
time periods in which MVPA was displayed with and without
data revealing no MVPA. We opted to also present the latter to
avoid distortion of the results. As users did not perform any PA
during most periods of the day, a good agreement would be
easy to obtain because of the many zero measurements by both
measuring devices (wearable and ActiGraph accelerometer). In
addition, this would reflect the validity of measuring physical
inactivity rather than validity of measuring PA. Table 4 shows
that every wearable device overestimated the number of steps
per 15 min (all significant). For MVPA, Asus underestimated,
whereas Huawei, Polar, and Fitbit overestimated the number of
minutes of MVPA (not significant for Asus). Level of Agreement Mean differences with the ActiGraph accelerometer and the
limits of agreement for each wearable device for measuring
steps and MVPA are presented in Figure 5. For measuring steps,
Huawei (503 steps) had the narrowest limits and Polar (770
steps) had the broadest limits. For MVPA, Asus (13.14 min)
had the narrowest limits, and Fitbit (17.26 min) had the broadest
limits. Level of Agreement Bland-Altman plots indicated the differences between the
ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables (y-axis) against the https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Figure 1. Correlations between the activity estimates per day from the wearables and the ActiGraph. Spearman r values and intraclass correlation
coefficient values denote the correlation for measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearable and the ActiGraph. a)
P<.001. MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient. Figure 1. Correlations between the activity estimates per day from the wearables and the ActiGraph. Spearman r values and intraclass correlation
coefficient values denote the correlation for measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearable and the ActiGraph. a)
P<.001. MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient. Figure 1. Correlations between the activity estimates per day from the wearables and the ActiGraph. Spearman r values and intraclass correlation
coefficient values denote the correlation for measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearable and the ActiGraph. a)
P<.001. MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient. y
p
y
p
p
fficient values denote the correlation for measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearable and the ActiGraph
001. MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.6
https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/
(page number not for citation purposes)
O JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.6
(page number not for citation purposes) https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Figure 2. Bland-Altman plots of the wearables. The middle line shows the mean difference (Positive values indicate an underestimation of the wearable
and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the measurements of steps of the wearables and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate
the limits of agreement (1.96 × SD of the difference scores). Figure 2. Bland-Altman plots of the wearables. The middle line shows the mean difference (Positive values indicate an underestimation of the wearable
and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the measurements of steps of the wearables and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate
the limits of agreement (1.96 × SD of the difference scores). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.7
(page number not for citation purposes) Level of Agreement For measuring MVPA (only including the data
without zeros), correlations between readings from the wearables measuring steps. For measuring MVPA (only including the data
without zeros), correlations between readings from the wearables
and the ActiGraph accelerometer were very weak to weak based
on the Spearman r. Agreement between all the wearables and
the ActiGraph accelerometer was low. The correlation
coefficients, ICC values, and associated 95% CIs are shown in
Table 5. The correlations are also illustrated in Figure 4. This
figure revealed a systematic difference between the
measurements of the wearables and the ActiGraph. The
systematic difference increased as the number of steps or number
of minutes MVPA increased. For example, an overestimation
of 20% results in a difference of 200 steps on a day with 1000
steps. On a day, however, with 8000 steps, the difference
between the measurements is 1600 steps. This is also evident
from the Bland-Altman plot (Figure 5). Level of Agreement g
(
)
Validation at a 15-Minute Level
In Table 4, the mean steps per 15 min and mean minutes of
MVPA per 15 min are presented for all devices. Moreover, the
statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the
measurements of the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables
is presented. The results are displayed for (1) all 15-min time
periods (including those with no MVPA) and (2) only the 15-min
time periods in which MVPA was displayed with and without
data revealing no MVPA. We opted to also present the latter to
avoid distortion of the results. As users did not perform any PA
during most periods of the day, a good agreement would be
easy to obtain because of the many zero measurements by both
measuring devices (wearable and ActiGraph accelerometer). In
addition, this would reflect the validity of measuring physical
inactivity rather than validity of measuring PA. Table 4 shows
that every wearable device overestimated the number of steps
per 15 min (all significant). For MVPA, Asus underestimated,
whereas Huawei, Polar, and Fitbit overestimated the number of
minutes of MVPA (not significant for Asus). Correlation
measuring steps. For measuring MVPA (only including the data
without zeros), correlations between readings from the wearables
and the ActiGraph accelerometer were very weak to weak based
on the Spearman r. Agreement between all the wearables and
the ActiGraph accelerometer was low. The correlation
coefficients, ICC values, and associated 95% CIs are shown in
Table 5. The correlations are also illustrated in Figure 4. This
figure revealed a systematic difference between the
measurements of the wearables and the ActiGraph. The
systematic difference increased as the number of steps or number
of minutes MVPA increased. For example, an overestimation
of 20% results in a difference of 200 steps on a day with 1000
steps. On a day, however, with 8000 steps, the difference
between the measurements is 1600 steps. This is also evident
from the Bland-Altman plot (Figure 5). Level of Agreement
Mean differences with the ActiGraph accelerometer and the
limits of agreement for each wearable device for measuring
steps and MVPA are presented in Figure 5. For measuring steps,
Huawei (503 steps) had the narrowest limits and Polar (770
t
) h d th b
d
t li it
F
MVPA A
(13 14
i ) Validation at a 15-Minute Level
bl
4
h
1
i
d
i
f
measuring steps. Correlation All devices showed strong to very strong correlation based on
the Spearman r and good agreement based on the ICC for https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.7
(page number not for citation purposes) https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
RenderX XSL•FO
RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Figure 3. Bland-Altman plots of the consumer-level devices. The middle line shows the mean difference (Positive values indicate an underestimation
of the consumer-level device and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the measurements of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of
the device and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate the limits of agreement (1.96 × SD of the difference scores). MVPA: moderate to vigorous
h
i
l
ti it Figure 3. Bland-Altman plots of the consumer-level devices. The middle line shows the mean difference (Positive values indicate an underestimation
of the consumer-level device and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the measurements of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of
the device and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate the limits of agreement (1.96 × SD of the difference scores). MVPA: moderate to vigorous
physical activity. Table 4. Mean steps and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per 15 min measured by Huawei, Asus, Polar, and Fitbit and the corresponding
ActiGraph measurements and statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables. Table 4. Mean steps and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per 15 min measured by Huawei, Asus, Polar, and Fitbit and the corresponding
ActiGraph measurements and statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and the wearables. Table 4. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.9
(page number not for citation purposes) Correlation Mean steps and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per 15 min measured by Huawei, Asus, Polar, and F
ActiGraph measurements and statistical significance (P value) of the difference between the ActiGraph accelerometer and P value
ActiGraph accelerometer, mean (SD)/15 min
Wearable, mean (SD)/15 min
Variable
Huawei
<.001
148 (236)
184 (263)
Steps
.11
2.53 (3.19)
2.91 (4.68)
MVPAa with zeros deleted (min)
<.001
0.54 (1.79)
0.86 (3.06)
MVPA (min)
Asus
.04
147 (241)
166 (228)
Steps
.76
2.50 (3.67)
2.44 (3.62)
MVPA with zeros deleted (min)
.76
0.61 (2.12)
0.60 (2.07)
MVPA (min)
Polar
<.001
145 (241)
231 (358)
Steps
<.001
1.62 (2.86)
3.75 (4.40)
MVPA with zeros deleted (min)
<.001
0.52 (1.78)
1.20 (3.03)
MVPA (min)
Fitbit
<.001
151 (247)
192 (304)
Steps
.003
2.86 (3.82)
3.59 (5.28)
MVPA with zeros deleted (min)
.01
0.62 (2.13)
0.78 (2.86)
MVPA (min)
aMVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol 6 | iss 12 | e10972 | p 8
https://mhealth jmir org/2018/12/e10972/ P value
ActiGraph accelerometer, mean (SD)/15 min
Wearable, mean (SD)/15 min https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Table 5. Correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients, and 95% CIs of measurements at a 15-min level. ICCa 95% CI
Spearman r 95% CI
Variable
Huawei
.868b (0.859-0.877)
.752b (0.728-0.772)
Steps
.488b (0.424-0.547)
.177b (0.078-0.269)
MVPAc
Asus
.837b (0.825-0.847)
.870b (0.851-0.880)
Steps
.577b (0.524-0.625)
.208b (0.118-0.304)
MVPA
Polar
.792b (0.778-0.806)
.885b (0.875-0.898)
Steps
.461b (0.408-0.512)
.153b (0.080-0.223)
MVPA
Fitbit
.887b (0.879-0.895)
.917b (0.906-0.928)
Steps
.543b (0.481-0.599)
.116b (0.007-0.223)
MVPA
aICC: interclass correlation coefficient
bP< 001 Table 5. Correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients, and 95% CIs of measurements at a 15-min level. ICCa 95% CI
Spearman r 95% CI
Variable https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
RenderX XSL•FO
RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Figure 4. Correlations between the activity estimates per 15 min from the wearables and the ActiGraph GT3X+, Spearman r values, and intraclass
correlation coefficient values that denote the correlation for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearables and the
ActiGraph. a) P<.001. ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. Figure 4. Correlations between the activity estimates per 15 min from the wearables and the ActiGraph GT3X+, Spearman r values, and intraclass
correlation coefficient values that denote the correlation for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearables and the
ActiGraph. Principal Findings This study investigated the validity of 4 wearables (3
smartwatches and 1 activity tracker) for measuring steps and
MVPA in naturalistic situations. Validity was investigated
separately for a day level and a 15-min level. The ActiGraph
GT3X+ accelerometer was used as a convergent measure. The
results can be readily summarized. First, all 4 wearables showed good validity for measuring steps
on a day level and a 15-min level. Nevertheless, all devices
overestimated the number of steps. Second, for estimating
MVPA, our study results demonstrated systematic bias for all
wearables, both on a day level and a 15-min level, suggesting
the validity is moderate to low for MVPA. Although we cannot compare the overestimations of the steps
per day for the smartwatches with previous studies, an
overestimation for Fitbit has been reported before [18,35,39]. These studies showed that Fitbit overestimated steps on average
by about 4% to 13% per day (step difference between wearable
and Actigraph/steps measurement of the ActiGraph), which is
a smaller overestimation than what we found. The
overestimation for Fitbit (on average 1709/9126 steps, 18.72%),
Huawei (on average 1477/8626 steps, 17.12%), and Polar (on
average 3630/10,854 steps, 33.44%) was substantially larger. The overestimation on a day level was the smallest for Asus
(on average 652 on 7662 steps; 8.50%). Moreover, on a 15-min
level, all 4 devices overestimated the amount of steps: Huawei
with on average 19.0% (35/184 steps), Asus with on average
10.8% (18/166 steps), Polar with 37.2% (86/231 steps), and
Fitbit with 21.2% (41/193 steps). When looking at the limits of
agreement on both levels, Polar shows the broadest limits,
whereas Huawei shows the smallest limits. From this, it can be
concluded that Polar is the least accurate device for measuring
steps and that, despite the smallest mean difference being that
of Asus, Huawei is the most accurate device for measuring steps. There are several reasons that may account for the systematic
overestimation. First, the overestimation may also be explained
by the different wear location of the devices. The ActiGraph
GT3X+ is worn on the hip, whereas the wearables are worn on
the wrist. This by itself could result in different measurements. Previous research concluded that wrist attachment devices
detected consistently fewer counted steps than the waist
attachment devices at most treadmill speeds during laboratory
testing. In contrast, wrist attachment devices detected a higher
average step count than the waist attachment devices under
free-living conditions [40]. Correlation On a
day level, Fitbit, Huawei, and Asus underestimated MVPA with
an average of 30% (10/35 min per day), 16% (9/57 min per
day), and 36% (12/33 min per day), respectively, whereas Polar
overestimated MVPA with 33% (23/70 min per day). When
looking at the limits of agreement on a day level, Fitbit shows
the narrowest limits, whereas Polar shows the broadest limits. Moreover, Huawei shows rather narrow limits, making it, in
combination with the small mean difference, the most accurate
for measuring MVPA on a day level. Polar, however, is the least
accurate. On a 15-min level, Fitbit, Huawei, and Polar
overestimated MVPA with 20% (0.72/3.60 min), 13% (0.38/2.91
min), and 57% (2.13/3.75 min), respectively, whereas Asus
underestimated MVPA with 2% (0.06/2.44 min). Asus also
showed the narrowest limits of agreement, meaning it is the
most accurate wearable device for measuring MVPA on a
15-min level. The results of Fitbit Charge on a day level are in
line with the findings of a validation study of Fitbit Flex in
naturalistic settings in which an underestimation of 36% time
spent on MVPA per day was found [21]. Other studies in
naturalistic settings found an overestimation of the MVPA
measurements by Fitbit on a day level with 77% to 153% per
day [19,41]; however, in these studies, Fitbit was worn on the
hip. The difference between the findings of these previous
studies and this study can, therefore, be explained by the
placement of the wearable. Ferguson et al and Reid et al
investigated the validity of Fitbit One, Fitbit Zip, and Fitbit
Flex. All these wearables are worn on the hip. Correlation a) P<.001. ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. Figure 4. Correlations between the activity estimates per 15 min from the wearables and the ActiGraph GT3X+, Spearman r values, and intraclass
correlation coefficient values that denote the correlation for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearables and the
ActiGraph. a) P<.001. ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. relation coefficient values that denote the correlation for measuring moderate to vigorous physical activity or steps between the wearables and
tiGraph. a) P<.001. ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.10
(page number not for citation purposes) https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al Figure 5. Bland-Altman plots of the wearables. The middle line shows the mean difference (positive values indicate an underestimation of the wearable
and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the wearables and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate the limits of agreement (1.96
× SD of the difference scores). MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. Figure 5. Bland-Altman plots of the wearables. The middle line shows the mean difference (positive values indicate an underestimation of the wearable
and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the wearables and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate the limits of agreement (1.96
× SD of the difference scores). MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. Figure 5. Bland-Altman plots of the wearables. The middle line shows the mean difference (positive values indicate an underestimation of the wearable
and negative values indicate an overestimation) between the wearables and the ActiGraph, and the dashed lines indicate the limits of agreement (1.96
× SD of the difference scores). MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. SD of the difference scores). MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.11
https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/
(page number not for citation purposes)
O JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.11
(page number not for citation purposes) https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al accelerometer on a day level and even low validity on a 15-min
level. Whether MVPA was overestimated or underestimated
varied depending on the device type and the time level. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.12
(page number not for citation purposes) https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ Principal Findings Second, the overestimation may
also be explained by the algorithms used to convert raw activity
data from the different sensors in the watches into steps. Companies may use a lower threshold for steps than the
threshold for the ActiGraph accelerometer algorithm. In line
with this hypothesis, the systematic error increased as the
number of steps increased. A possible explanation for the moderate to low validity found
in our study could be that the PA variables measured by the
devices were not explicitly identified as MVPA. However,
because all devices had set a goal of 30 min PA per day (similar
to the MVPA recommendations for adults), we assumed that
the measured variable corresponded to MVPA as measured by
the ActiGraph accelerometer. Nevertheless, specific information
regarding intensity cut-points was not provided and publicly
available from these 4 wearables. An earlier study showed that
using different intensity cut-points in accelerometers resulted
in different MVPA levels [42], suggesting that it is difficult to
compare accelerometer MVPA measurements when intensity
cut-points vary. This could be the case in this study, which
makes it difficult to compare the Actigraph accelerometer
MVPA measurements with the wearable MVPA measurements
[43]. However, our results showed large inconsistent
underestimations and overestimations between and within
participants, which cannot only be attributed to the lack of
definitional similarity of the measured variable. Therefore, the
discrepancies here may be a result of both definitional and
measurement problems (eg, sensitivity algorithm). These
findings are in line with previous studies that have expressed
concerns that such devices might not be able to provide adequate
information to guide exercise intensity or detect MVPA [17]. The inclusion of 4 popular devices enables to draw conclusions
on the validity of these 4 smartwatches and not only on a
singular device. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this
was the first study to explore validity of smartwatches to All devices displayed information on how much time per day
was spent in PA of at least moderate intensity. In contrast to
measuring steps, wearables showed only moderate validity for
measuring MVPA relative to the ActiGraph GT3X+ https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
RenderX JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Degroote et al previous validation studies [19-21,38,41,49]. Fourth, the
development of new wearables that appear on the market is
going fast. Therefore, the need for further validation in
naturalistic settings remains. Principal Findings Obviously, it is not possible to
validate each single new device coming onto the market. However, we must always remain critical of measurements of
PA by new devices, and research must continue to invest
resources and time in this type of research, especially when new
devices also have potential to be used within research. In this
respect, it may be very useful in the future when manufacturers
provide more insight into the cut-points and algorithms that
were used to translate the raw data into useful information (such
as steps and minutes of MVPA). measure steps and MVPA. The key strength of this study is the
validation of the wearables on a 15-min level to investigate the
potential of the devices to correctly situate physically active
behavior over time to provide exact real-time feedback on PA
behavior. Despite the clear results of this study, it is important
to see them in the context of the purpose of the devices. The
main purpose of these devices is to motivate the user to move
more in everyday life, suggesting that 100% accurate
measurements might not be needed. Modest accuracy can be
good enough for this purpose [44]. Furthermore, this study has
some other limitations. First, the choice of a 15-min level is
arbitrary. It was the smallest data collection window in the
Android Wear smartwatches. Ideally, validation on a smaller
time-level, such as 1 or 5 min, should be performed to be able
to better estimate the potential for providing real-time feedback. However, we can, based on the 15-min timescale, assume that
these wearables will logically also not be accurately measuring
MVPA on a smaller time-scale (eg, 10 min, 5 min, 1 min, and
30 s). Second, we used the ActiGraph accelerometer as
convergent measure and not as a criterion measure, meaning it
may not be considered the true golden standard. Although earlier
studies showed good validity of the ActiGraph GT3X+ for
measuring MVPA compared with indirect calorimetry, the main
limitation for both uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers is the
inability to accurately assess the movement associated with
nonambulatory activity, such as cycling, especially with
hip-worn devices [45]. For measuring steps, the golden standard
is direct observation. For measuring MVPA, which is a complex
and multifaceted construct, there is currently no consensus
[46,47]. Principal Findings As by definition, PA leads to energy expenditure; the
doubly labeled water (DLW) method, which assesses total
energy expenditure over longer periods of time, is the golden
standard to assess physical activities in laboratory settings
[47,48]. However, because of feasibility, direct observation and
DLW are impossible in free-living conditions. The ActiGraph
was, therefore, by approximation, the best available golden
standard. Third, the sample size was small but comparable with Conflicts of Interest None declared. Conclusions Generally, it can be concluded that all 4 consumer-level devices
(Huawei Watch, Polar M600, Asus ZenWatch2, and Fitbit
Charge) are valid devices to estimate the amount of steps in
naturalistic situations on both a day level and 15-min level. Nevertheless, for estimating MVPA, our study reveals
systematic bias for all devices, both on a day level and a 15-min
level, suggesting the validity is moderate to low for MVPA. This suggests that these wearables cannot replace the current
generation of research-based accelerometers such as the
ActiGraph GT3X+ to assess MVPA. The MVPA results on a
15-min level also indicate that these devices are not accurate in
giving feedback on how many minutes the user performed
MVPA in the past 15 min. Although we were not able to
investigate validity on a smaller time-scale, we can, based on
the 15-min time-scale, assume that these wearables will not be
accurate in measuring MVPA on a smaller time-scale as well
(eg, 10 min, 5 min, 1 min, 30 s). Consequently, these wearables
cannot be considered to have the potential to provide exact
real-time feedback on minutes MVPA. Therefore, we conclude
that these wearables cannot be used to inform the design of a
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47. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ Abbreviations DLW: doubly labeled water
ICC: interclass correlation coefficient
IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire
JITAI: Just-In-Time adaptive intervention
METs: Metabolic Equivalents JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 | vol. 6 | iss. 12 | e10972 | p.15
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(page number not for citation purposes) JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH MPA: moderate-intensity physical activity
MVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity
PA: physical activity
VPA: vigorous-intensity physical activity Edited by A Tsanas; submitted 04.05.18; peer-reviewed by A Maier, J Meng, JJ Murphy, A Rodríguez-Molinero; comments to author
27.06.18; revised version received 19.08.18; accepted 21.09.18; published 29.11.18 Edited by A Tsanas; submitted 04.05.18; peer-reviewed by A Maier, J Meng, JJ Murphy, A Rodríguez-Molinero; c
27.06.18; revised version received 19.08.18; accepted 21.09.18; published 29.11.18 Please cite as:
Degroote L, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Verloigne M, Poppe L, Crombez G
The Accuracy of Smart Devices for Measuring Physical Activity in Daily Life: Validation Study
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018;6(12):e10972
URL: https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/
doi:10.2196/10972
PMID: Please cite as:
Degroote L, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Verloigne M, Poppe L, Crombez G
The Accuracy of Smart Devices for Measuring Physical Activity in Daily Life: Validation Study
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018;6(12):e10972
URL: https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/
doi:10.2196/10972
PMID: ©Laurent Degroote, Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Maïté Verloigne, Louise Poppe, Geert Crombez. Originally published in JMIR
Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 29.11.2018. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mhealth and uhealth, is properly cited. The
complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and
license information must be included. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/12/e10972/ XSL•FO
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Spoken
| 69 | 158 |
Nr. 255. Samstag, den 30. Oktober 1869. 22. Jahrgang. Luxemburger Wort 3»sertio»sgMhre» Abonnements-Preis pro Quartal. für Wahrheit und Recht. gfr. S 00 für Sujemburg. „ 3 75 im ©rofeberjogthum Susembutß. „ 5 00 für Selgien. 30 Centime* per Pettt Zeile od. deren Ran« Verttaglweise billiger. Erscheint „ 6 15 für ©eutfchlanb uub fcoltanb. „ 7 50 für gronfreidf}. täglich mit Ausnahme^« Sonn- wun& Feiertag«. tßreiS per Kummer: 15 6entimes..
| 49,555 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10892596
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
公元系列
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 7 | 51 |
公元系列
公元系列 隶属于 電子遊戲系列
公元系列 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/1q6jyh2rw
| 21,763 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Івічно
|
https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Івічно&action=history
|
Ukrainian
|
Spoken
| 31 | 100 |
Івічно (, ) — село в Польщі, у гміні Каліська Староґардського повіту Поморського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Староґардського повіту
| 7,205 |
https://github.com/coldplaying42/botbuilder-community-dotnet/blob/master/libraries/Bot.Builder.Community.Adapters.RingCentral/DependencyInjection/RingCentralServiceCollectionExtensions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
botbuilder-community-dotnet
|
coldplaying42
|
C#
|
Code
| 190 | 603 |
using System;
using Bot.Builder.Community.Adapters.RingCentral;
using Bot.Builder.Community.Adapters.RingCentral.Handoff;
using Bot.Builder.Community.Adapters.RingCentral.Renderer;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.Extensions;
namespace Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection
{
/// <summary>
/// Extension methods for adding RingCentral integration support to the DI container.
/// </summary>
public static class RingCentralServiceCollectionExtensions
{
/// <summary>
/// Adds services required for using RingCentral bot integration.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="services">The <see cref="IServiceCollection"/> to add the services to.</param>
/// <returns>An <see cref="IRingCentralBuilder"/> that can be used to further configure the RingCentral services.</returns>
public static IRingCentralBuilder AddRingCentral(this IServiceCollection services)
{
_ = services ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(services));
var builder = new RingCentralBuilder(services);
// CONSIDER removing this extension and add them directly to services.
builder
.AddDownrenderingMiddleware()
.AddConversationPublishMiddleware();
services.TryAddSingleton<RingCentralClientWrapper>();
services.TryAddSingleton<IHandoffRequestRecognizer, StaticHandoffRequestRecognizer>();
// Register WhatsAppRenderer
services.TryAddSingleton<IWhatsAppRenderer, WhatsAppRenderer>();
return builder;
}
/// <summary>
/// Adds services required for using RingCentral bot integration.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="services">The <see cref="IServiceCollection" /> to add services to.</param>
/// <param name="setupAction">An <see cref="Action{RingCentralOptions}"/> to configure the provided <see cref="RingCentralOptions"/>.</param>
/// <returns>The <see cref="IServiceCollection"/> so that additional calls can be chained.</returns>
public static IServiceCollection AddRingCentral(this IServiceCollection services, Action<RingCentralOptions> setupAction)
{
_ = services ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(services));
_ = setupAction ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(setupAction));
services.AddRingCentral();
services.Configure(setupAction);
return services;
}
}
}
| 8,937 |
https://github.com/ktoso/review-kiwi/blob/master/project/build.sbt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Beerware
| 2,013 |
review-kiwi
|
ktoso
|
Scala
|
Code
| 11 | 52 |
// dependency for yap:bump
libraryDependencies += "org.eclipse.jgit" % "org.eclipse.jgit" % "1.3.0.201202151440-r"
| 31,496 |
https://github.com/jiujuan/gin-tutorial/blob/master/09gin-gorm-restful/apidemo.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
gin-tutorial
|
jiujuan
|
SQL
|
Code
| 45 | 140 |
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `articles`;
CREATE TABLE `articles` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`title` varchar(190) COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
`body` text COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
`create_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`update_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
| 47,516 |
https://github.com/MacKentoch/advanced-repo-browser/blob/master/src/app/services/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
advanced-repo-browser
|
MacKentoch
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 18 | 49 |
// @flow weak
import * as fetchTools from './fetchTools';
import {getSomething} from './API/example';
export {
fetchTools,
getSomething
};
| 46,989 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.