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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11896619
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
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Danish
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Spoken
| 344 | 853 |
Custom Control Dependency Property Binding
I am going insane trying to get this to work with even the most basic example. I cannot for the life of me get binding to work. Here is a super easy example that is not working for me. I MUST be doing something incorrect.
My Custom Control in my control library assembly:
public class TestControl : Control
{
public static readonly DependencyProperty TestPropProperty =
DependencyProperty.Register("TestProp", typeof(string), typeof(TestControl), new UIPropertyMetadata(null));
public string TestProp
{
get { return (string)GetValue(TestPropProperty); }
set { SetValue(TestPropProperty, value); }
}
static TestControl()
{
DefaultStyleKeyProperty.OverrideMetadata(typeof(TestControl), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(typeof(TestControl)));
}
}
And its XAML template:
<Style TargetType="{x:Type local:TestControl}">
<Setter Property="Template">
<Setter.Value>
<ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type local:TestControl}">
<Border Background="{TemplateBinding Background}" BorderBrush="{TemplateBinding BorderBrush}" BorderThickness="{TemplateBinding BorderThickness}">
<StackPanel>
<TextBlock Text="Testing..." />
<Label Content="{Binding TestProp}" Padding="10" />
</StackPanel>
</Border>
</ControlTemplate>
</Setter.Value>
</Setter>
</Style>
Here's the XAML consuming the control in a wpf window with a reference to my control library:
<Grid>
<ItemsControl Name="mylist">
<ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
<DataTemplate>
<my:TestControl TestProp="{Binding Path=Name}" />
</DataTemplate>
</ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
</ItemsControl>
</Grid>
And here's the code behind:
public partial class Test2 : Window
{
public class TestObject : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
protected void OnPropertyChanged(string PropertyName)
{
if (PropertyChanged != null)
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(PropertyName));
}
private int _id;
public int id
{
get { return _id; }
set { _id = value; OnPropertyChanged("id"); }
}
private string _Name;
public string Name
{
get { return _Name; }
set { _Name = value; OnPropertyChanged("Name"); }
}
}
public Test2()
{
InitializeComponent();
mylist.ItemsSource = new TestObject[]
{
new TestObject(){ id = 1, Name = "Tedd" },
new TestObject(){ id = 2, Name = "Fred" },
new TestObject(){ id = 3, Name = "Jim" },
new TestObject(){ id = 4, Name = "Jack" },
};
}
}
Running this example gives me four instances of the control, however I only see the "Testing..." TextBlock on each. My label is never bound. What am I misunderstanding and doing incorrectly?
You haven't set the proper binding source. You would either have to set RelativeSource:
<Label Content="{Binding TestProp, RelativeSource={RelativeSource Mode=TemplatedParent}}" />
Or use TemplateBinding:
<Label Content="{TemplateBinding TestProp}"/>
| 50,713 |
|
https://github.com/mlodic/django-rest-durin/blob/master/.dockerignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
django-rest-durin
|
mlodic
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 6 | 33 |
*venv/
*.tox/
*.egg-info/
*.sqlite*
__pycache__
.vscode/
| 37,599 |
histoiredesgiro01lama_3
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,847 |
Histoire des Girondins
|
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 1790-1869
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,614 | 11,714 |
Que restait-il au roi, pressé ainsi entre une assemblée qui avait usurpé toutes les fonctions executives, et ces réunions factieuses qui usurpaient tous les droits de représentation? Placé sans forces propres entre ces deux puissances rivales, il nétait là que pour recevoir le contre-coup de leur lutte, et pour être jeté, tous les jours, en sacrifice par lAssemblée nationale à la popularité ; une seule force maintenait encore l'ombre du trône et Tordre extérieur debout, c'était la garde nationale de Paris. Mais la gai^de nationale était une force neutre, qui ne recevait de loi que de l'opinion, et qui, flot tant elle-même entre les factions et la monarchie, pouvait bien maintenir la sécurité dans la place publique, mais ne pouvait servir d'appui ferme et indépendant à un pouvoir politique. Elle était peuple elle-même ; toute intervention sérieuse contre la volonté du peuple lui eût paru un sacri lège. C'était un corps de police municipale, ce ne pouvait jamais être encore l'armée du trône ou de la constitution ; elle était née d elle-même, le lendemain du 14 juillet, sur les marches de l'hôtel de ville ; elle ne recevait d'ordre que de la municipalité. La municipalité lui avait donné pour chef le marquis de la Fayette; elle ne pouvait pas mieux choisir; le peuple honnête, dirigé par son instinct, ne pou vait mettre la main sur un homme qui le représentât plus fidèlement. LIVRE PREMIER. i» XXII Le marquis de la Fayette était patricien, possesseur dune immense fortune et allie, par sa femme, fille du duc dAyen, aux plus grandes familles de cour. Né h Chavagnac en Au ergne, le 6 septembre 17S7, marié à seize ans, un précoce instinct de renommée l'avait poussé, en 1777, hors de sa patrie. Cétait l'époque de la guerre de lindépendance d'Amérique ; le nom de AVasliington retentissait sur les deux continents. Un enfant rêva la même destinée pour lui dans les délices de la cour amollie de Louis XV ; cet enfant, c'était la Fayette. Il arma secrètement deux navires, les chargea d'armes et de munitions pour les insurgents, et arriva à Boston. Washington l'accueillit comme il eût accueilli un secours avoué de la France. C'était la France moins son drapeau. La Fayette et les jeunes officiers qui le suivirent constataient les Aoeux secrets d'un grand peuple pour l'indé pendance d'un nouveau monde. Le général américain em ploya M. de la Fayette dans cette longue guerre, dont les moindres combats prenaient, en traversant les mers, l'im portance de grandes batailles. La guerre d'Amérique, plus remarquable par les résultats que par les campagnes, était plus propre à former des républicains que des guerriers, M. de la Fayette la fit avec héro'isme et dévouement. Il conquit l'ami lié de Washington. Un nom français fut écrit par lui sur l'acte de naissance d'une nation transatlantique. Ce nom revint en France comme un écho de liberté et de gloire. La popularité, qui s'attache à tout ce qui brille, s'en empara au retour de la Fayette dans sa patrie ; elle enivra le jeune héros. L'opinion ladopta, l'Opéra l'applaudit, les actrices le couronnèrent. La reine lui sourit, le roi le fit général, Franklin le fit citoyen, Icuthousiasme national en fit son idole. Cet enivrement de la faveur publique décida de sa vie ; la Fayette trouva cette popularité si douce qu'il 46 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. ne voulut plus consentir à la perdre. Les applaudissements ne sont pas de la gloire. Plus tard il mérita celle dont il était digne. Il donnait à la démocratie son caractère, l'hon nêteté. Le d4 juillet, M. de la Fayette se trouva tout prêt pour être élevé sur le pavois de la bourgeoisie de Paris. Fron deur de la cour, révolutionnaire de bonne maison, aristo crate par la naissance, démocrate par principes, rayonnant d'une renommée militaire acquise au loin , il réunissait beaucoup de conditions pour rallier à lui une milice civique et devenir, dans les revues au Champ-de-3Lars, le chef na turel d'une armée de citoyens. Sa gloire d'Amérique rejail lissait à Paris. La distance grandit tout prestige. Le sien était immense. Ce nom résumait et éclipsait tout. Necker, Mirabeau, le duc d'Orléans, ces trois popularités vigou reuses, pâlirent. La Fayette fut le nom de la nation pen dant trois ans. Arbitre suprême, il portait à l'Assemblée son autorité de commandant de la garde nationale; il rap portait à la garde nationale son autorité de membre influent de l'Assemblée. De ces deux titres réunis il se faisait une véritable dictature de l'opinion. Comme orateur il comptait peu; sa parole molle, quoique spirituelle et fine, n'avait rien de ce coup ferme et électrique qui frappe l'esprit, vibre au cœur et communique son contre-coup aux hommes ras semblés. Elégante comme une parole de salon, et embar rassée dans les circonlocutions d'une intelligence diplomati que, il parlait de liberté dans une langue de cour. Le seul acte parlementaire de M. de la Fayette fut la proclamation des droits de l'homme qu'il fit adopter par l'Assemblée na tionale. Ce décalogue de l'homme libre, retrouvé dans les forêts d'Amérique, contenait plus de phrases métaphysiques que de vraie politique. Il s'appliquait aussi mal à une vieille société, que la nudité du sauvage aux besoins compliqués de rhomme civilisé. Mais il avait le mérite de mettre un moment l'homme à nu , et en lui montrant ce qui était lui et ce qui n'était pas lui, de rechercher, dans le pi'éjugé, l'idéal vrai de ses devoirs et de ses droits. C'était le cri de LIVRE PREMIER. & rëvoltp de la nature contre toutes les tyrannies. Ce cri de vait faire écrouler un vieux monde usé de servitude et en faire palpiter un nouveau. L'honneur de la Fayette fut de la voir proféré. La fédération de 1790 fut l'apogée de M. de la Fayette; il effaça, ce jour-là, le roi et l'Assemblée. La nation armée et pensante était là en personne, et il la commandait; il pou vait tout, il ne tenta rien. Le malheur de cet homme était celui de sa situation. Homme de transition, sa vie passa entre deux idées; sil en eût eu une seule, il eût été maître des destinées de son pays. La monarchie ou la république étaient également dans sa main , il n'avait qu'à l'ouvrir tout entière; il ne l'ouvrit qu'à moitié, et il n'en sortit qu'une demi-liberté. En passionnant son pays pour la république il défendait une constitution monarchique et un trône. Ses principes et ses actes étaient en apparente contradiction ; il était droit et il paraissait trahir. Pendant qu'il combattait à regret par devoir pour la monarchie, il avait son cœur dans la république. Protecteur du trône, il en était en même temps l'effroi. Il ne faut qu'une cause à une vie. La monar chie et la république gardent à sa mémoire la même estime et les mêmes ressentiments; il les a servies et desservies toutes les deux. Il est mort sans avoir vu triompher une des deux causes; mais il est mort vertueux et populaire. Il eut, outre ses vertus privées, une vertu publique qui lui vaudra le pardon de ses fautes et l'immortalité de son nom; il eut avant tous, plus que tous et après tous, le sentiment, la constance et la modération de la Révolution. Tel était l'homme et telle était l'armée sur lesquels repo saient le pouvoir exécutif, la sécurité de Paris, le trône con stitutionnel et la vie du roi. 48 HrSTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. XXIII Ainsi se dessinaient, le 1^"^ juin 4791, les partis, les honnnes et les choses au milieu desquels s'avançait, par une impulsion occulte et continue , l'esprit irrésistible dune grande rénovation sociale. Que pouvait-il sortir alors de tels éléments, si ce n'est la lutte, l'anarchie, le crime et la mort? Aucun parti n'avait la raison, aucun esprit n'avait le génie, aucune âme n'avait la vertu, aucun bras n'avait l'é nergie de dominer ce chaos et d'en faire sortir la justice, la vérité et la force. Les choses ne produisent que ce qui est en elles. Louis XVI était probe et dévoué au bien, mais il n'avait pas compris, dès les premières impulsions de la Ré volution, qu'il n'y a qu'un rôle pour le chef d'un peuple, c'est de se mettre à la tète de l'idée nouvelle, de livrer le combat au passé, et de cumuler ainsi dans sa personne la double puissance de chef de la nation et de chef de parti. Le rôle de la modération n'est possible qu'à la condition d'avoir la confiance entière du parti qu'on veut modérer. Henri IV avait pris ce rôle, mais c'était après la victoire; s'il l'eût tenté avant Ivry , il aurait perdu non-seulement le royaume de France, mais celui de Navarre. La cour était vénale, égo'ïste et corrompue; elle ne dé fendait dans le roi que la source des vanités et des exac tions à son profit. Le clergé, avec des vertus chrétiennes, n'avait aucune vertu publique. État dans l'État, sa vie était à part de la vie de la nation ; son établissement ecclésiastique lui sendjlait indépendant de l'établissement monarchique. Il ne s'était rallié à la monarchie menacée que du jour où il avait vu sa fortune compromise; alors il avait fait appel à la foi des peuples pour préserA er ses richesses, mais le peuple ne voyait plus dans les moines que des mendiants, dans les évéques que des exacteurs. La noblesse, amollie par une longue paix, émigrait en masse, abandonnant le roi LIVRE PREMIER. 49 à ses périls, et croyant à une intervention prompte et déci sive des puissances étrangères. Le tiers état, jaloux et en vieux, demandait violemment sa place et ses droits aux castes privilégiées; sa justice ressemblait à la haine. L'As semblée résumait en elle toutes ces faiblesses, tous ces égoïsmes, tous ces vices : Mirabeau était vénal, Barnavc était jaloux, Robespierre fanalitjue , le club des Jacobins cruel, la garde nationale égoïste, la Fayette flottant, le gouvernement nul. Personne ne voulait la Révolution que pour soi et à sa mesure; elle aurait dû échouer cent fois sur tous ces écueils, sil n"y avait, dans les crises humaines, quelque chose de plus fort que les hommes qui paraissent les diriger : la volonté de lévénement lui-même. La Révolution tout entière n'était comprise alors par per sonne, excepté, peut-être, par Robespierre et par les démo crates purs. Le roi n'y voyait qu'une grande réforme, le duc d'Orléans qu'une grande faction, Mirabeau que le côté poli tique, la Fayette que le côté constitutionnel, les Jacobins qu'une vengeance, le peuple que l'abaissement des grands, la nation que son patriotisme. Nul n'osait voir encore le but final. Tout était donc aveugle alors, excepté la Révolution elle même. La vertu de la Révolution était dans l'idée qui for çait ces hommes à l'accomplir et non dans ceux qui l'accom plissaient; tous ses instruments étaient viciés, corrompus ou personnels; mais l'idée était pure, incorruptible et divine. Les vices, les colères, les égo'ismes des hommes devaient produire inévitablement dans la crise ces chocs, ces vio lences, ces perversités et ces crimes, qui sont aux passions humaines ce que les conséquences sont aux principes. Si chacun des partis ou des hommes mêlés dès le premier jour à ces grands événements eût pris leur vertu au lieu de leur passion pour règle de leurs actes, tous ces désastres, qui les écrasèrent, eussent été sauvés à eux et à leur patrie. Si le roi eût été ferme et intelligent, si le clergé eût été dés intéressé des choses temporelles, si l'aristocratie eût été juste, si le peuple eût été modéré, si Mirabeau eût été intègre, si 1. 5 80 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. la Fayette eût été décidé, si Robespierre eût été humain , la Révolution se serait déroulée, majestueuse etcalme comme une pensée divine, sur la France et de là sur l'Europe; elle se serait installée comme une philosophie dans les faits, dans les lois, dans les cultes. Il devait en être autrement. La pensée la plus sainte, la plus juste et la plus pieuse, quand elle passe par limparfaite humanité, n'en sort qu'en lambeaux et en sang. Ceux mêmes qui l'ont conçue ne la reconnaissent plus et la désavouent. Mais il n'est pas donné au crime lui-même de dégrader la vérité ; elle survit à tout, même à ses victimes. Le sang qui souille les hommes ne tache pas l'idée, et malgré les égo'ismes qui l'avilissent, les lâchetés qui l'entravent, les forfaits qui la déshonorent, la Révolution souillée se purifie, se recon naît, triomphe et triomphera. LIVRE DEUXIÈME. L'Assemblée nationale, fatiguée de deux années d'exis tence, ralentissait son mouvement législatif : depuis qu'elle n'avaitplus à détruire, elle ne savait plus que faire. Les Jaco bins lui portaient ombrage, la popularité lui échappait, la presse la débordait, les clubs linsultaient; instrument usé des conquêtes du peuple, elle sentait que le peuple allait la briser, si elle ne se dissolvait elle-même. Ses séances étaient froides, elle achevait la constitution comme une tâche qui lui était imposée, mais dont elle était découragée avant de ravoir accomplie. Elle ne croyait pas à la durée de ce qu'elle proclamait impérissable. Ses grandes voix qui avaient remué la France si longtemps étaient éteintes par la mort, ou se taisaient par l'indifférence. Maurv, Cazalcs, Clermont-Ton nerre semblaient se désintéresser d'un combat où l'honneur était sauvé , où la victoire était désormais impossible. De temps en temps seulement, quelques grands éclats de colère entre les partis interrompaient la monotonie habituelle des discussions théoriques. Telle fut la lutte du 10 juin, entre b2 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDLXS. Cazalès et Robespierre, sur le licenciement des officiers de l'ar mée : <i Que nous proposent les comités, s'écria Robespierre, <c de nous fier aux serments, à l'honneur des ofliciers, pour « défendre la constitution qu'ils détestent? De quel honneur <( veut-on nous parler ? Quel est cet honneur au-dessus de «i la vertu et de l'amour de son pays? Je me fais gloire de «I ne pas croire à un pareil honneur, n Cazalès, officier lui même, se leva indigné. « Je n'entendrai pas impunément ces I. lâches calomnies, » dit-il. A ces mots, de violents mur mures s'élèvent à gauche ; des cris (A l'ordre ! à l'Abbaye ! à l'Abbaye !) éclataient dans les rangs des amis de la Révolu tion, u Eh quoi ! répond l'orateur royaliste, n'est-ce point 1! assez d'avoir contenu mon indignation en entendant ac <( cuser deux mille citoyens qui, dans toutes les crises ac <! tuelles, ont donné l'exemple de la patience la plus hé «1 roïque? J'ai entendu le préopinant, parce que je suis, je <i le déclare, partisan de la liberté la plus illimitée des opi <i nions ; mais il est au-dessus du pouvoir humain de m'em <( pécher de traiter ces diatribes avec le mépris qu'elles mé <( ritent. Si vous adoptez le licenciement qu'on vous propose, tt vous n'avez plus d'armée, nos frontières sont livrées à ti l'invasion de l'ennemi, et l'intérieur aux excès et au pil <! lage d'une soldatesque effrénée ! n Ces paroles énergiques furent l'oraison funèbre de l'ancienne armée, et le projet du comité fut adopté. La discussion sur l'abolition de la peine de mort offrit à Adrien Duport l'occasion de prononcer, en faveur de l'abo lition, un de ces discours qui survivent au temps, et qui protestent au nom de la raison et de la philosophie contre l'aveuglement et l'atrocité des législations criminelles. Il dé montra avec la plus profonde logique que la société , en se réservant l'homicide, le justifiait jusqu'à un certain point dans le meurtrier, et que le moyen le plus efficace de désho norer le meurtre et de le prévenir était d'en montrer elle même une sainte horreur. Robespierre, qui devait tout laisser immoler plus tard, demandait qu'on désarmât la société de la peine de mort. Si les préjugés des juristes n'eussent pas LIVRE DEUXIEME. 85 prévalu sur les saines doctrines de la philosophie morale, qui peut dire combien de sang eût été épargné à la France? Mais ces discussions, renfermées dans l'enceinte du Ma nège, occupaient bien moins l'attention publique que les con troverses passionnées de la presse périodique. Le journa lisme , ce Forum universel et quotidien des passions du peuple, s'était ouvert avec la liberté. Tous les esprits ardents s'y étaient précipités , 3Iirabeau lui-même avait donné l'exemple en descendant de la tribune. Il écrivait les Lettres à ses commettants ou le Courrier de Provence. Camille Des moulins, jeune homme d'un grand talent, mais d'une raison faible, jetait dans ses feuilles l'agitation fiévreuse de ses pen sées. Brissot, Corsas, Carra, Prudhomme, Fréron, Danton, Fauchet, Condorcet rédigeaient des journaux démocratiques; on commençait à y demander l'abolition de la royauté, <t le «1 plus grand fléau, disaient les Révohilions de Paris, qui ait u jamais déshonoré l'espèce humaine. )> Marat semblait avoir absorbé en lui toutes les haines qui fermentent dans une so ciété en décomposition; il s'était fait l'expression perma nente de la colère du peuple. En la feignant, il l'entretenait; il écrivait avec de la bile et du sang. Il s'était fait cynique pour pénétrer plus bas dans les masses. Il avait inventé la langue des forcenés. Comme le premier Brutus il contrefai sait le fou, mais ce n'était pas pour sauver sa patrie, c'était pour la pousser à tous les vertiges et pour la tyranniser par sa propre démence. Tous ses pamphlets, échos des Jacobins ou des Cordeliers, soufflaient chaque jour les inquiétudes, les soupçons, les terreurs au peuple. <i Citoyens, disait-il, veillez autour de ce palais, asile in <( violable de tous les complots contre la nation ; une reine <i perverse y fanatise un roi imbécile, elle y élève les lou " veteaux de la tyrannie. Des prêtres insermentés y bénis n sent les armes de l'insurrection contre le peuple. Ils y pré n parent la Saint-Barthélémy des patriotes. Le génie de 'i l'Autriche s'y cache dans des comités présidés par Antoi «1 nette; on y fait signe aux étrangers, on leur fait passer « par des convois secrcts l'or et les armes delà France, pour S^ HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. <! que les tyrans, qui rassemblent leurs armées sur vos fron «I tières, vous trouvent affamés et désarmés. Les émigrés, <! d'Artois, Condé, y reçoivent le mot d'ordre des vengeances <t prochaines du despotisme. Une garde étrangère de stipen <( diés suisses ne suflit pas aux projets liberticides de Capet. t: Chaque nuit, les bons citoyens qui rôdent autour de ce «i repaire y voient entrer furtivement d'anciens nobles qui <! cachent des armes sous leurs habits. Ces chevaliers du « poignard , que sont-ils sinon les assassins enrôlés du <! peuple? Que fait donc la Fayette? est-il dupe ou com <' plice? comment laisse-t-il libres les avenues de ce palais <t qui ne s'ouvriront que pour la vengeance ou pour la n fuite ? Qu'attendons-nous pour achever la révolution dont <! nous laissons l'ennemi couronné attendre, au miheu de <! nous, l'heure de la surprendre et de l'anéantir? Ne voyez «( vous pas que le numéraire disparaît, qu'on discrédite les <( assignats? Que signifient sur vos frontières ces rassemble <i ments d'émigrés, et ces armées qui s'avancent pour vous <i étouffer dans un cercle de fer? Que font donc vos minis <i très? Comment les biens des émigrés ne sont-ils pas con «1 fisqués? leurs maisons brûlées? leurs têtes mises à prix ? <i Dans quelles mains sont les armes? Dans les mains des «1 traîtres! Qui commande vos troupes? Des traîtres! Qui •1 tient les clefs de vos places fortes? Des traîtres, des traî <t très, partout des traîtres ! et, dans ce palais de la trahison, « le roi des traîtres ! le traître inviolable et couronné , le «t roi! II affecte l'amour de la constitution, vous dit-on? " piège! Il vient à l'Assemblée? piège! c'est pour mieux «1 voiler sa fuite ! Veillez ! veillez ! Un grand coup se pré u pare, il va éclater; si vous ne le prévenez pas par un coup (I plus soudain et plus terrible, c'en est fait du peuple et de Il la liberté ! » LIVRE DEUXIEME. 85 II Ces déclamations n'étaient pas toutes sans fondement. Le roi, honnête et bon, ne conspirait pas contre son peuple ; la reine ne songeait pas à vendre à la maison d'Autriche la cou ronne de son mari et de son fils. Si la constitution qui s'a chevait eût pu donner l'ordre au pays et la sécurité au trône, aucun sacrifice de pouvoir n"eiit coûté à Louis XVL Jamais prince ne trouva mieux, dans son caractère, les conditions de sa modération; la résignation passive, qui est le rôle des souverains constitutionnels, était sa vertu. Il n'aspirait ni à l'econquérir ni à se venger. La reine elle-même, bien que d'une âme plus forte et plus absolue, était vaincue par la nécessité et s'associait aux in tentions du roi; mais le roi, qui n'avait pas deux volontés, avait cependant deux ministères et deux politiques, une en France avec ses ministres constitutionnels, une au dehors avec ses frères et avec ses agents auprès des puissances. Le baron de Breteuil et M. de Galonné, rivaux d'intrigue, par laient et traitaient en son nom. Le roi les désavouait, quel quefois sincèrement, quelquefois sans sincérité, dans ses lettres officielles aux ambassadeurs : ce n'était pas hypo crisie, c'était faiblesse; un roi captif paraissait excusable de parler tout haut à ses geôliers et tout bas à ses amis. Ces deux langages, ne concordant pas toujours, donnaient à Louis XVI l'apparence de la déloyauté et de la trahison. Il ne trahissait pas, il hésitait. Ses frères, et principalement le comte d'Artois, faisaient du dehors violence à ses volontés et interprétaient arbitrai m HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. rement son silence. Ce jeune prince allait, de cour en cour, solliciter au nom de son frère la coalition des puissances mo narchiques contre une doctrine qui menaçait déjà tous les trônes. Accueilli à Florence par l'empereur d'Autriche, Léo pold, frère de la reine, il en avait obtenu quelques jours après, à Mantoue, la promesse d'un contingent de trente cinq mille hommes. Le roi de Prusse, l'Espagne, le roi de Sardaigne, IVaples et la Suisse garantissaient des forces pro portionnées. Louis XVI tantôt saisissait cette espérance d'une intervention européenne comme un moyen d'intimider l'As semblée et delà ramener à une conciliation avec lui, tantôt il la repoussait comme un crime. L'état de son esprit, à cet égard, dépendait de l'état du royaume; son âme suivait le flux et le reflux des événements intérieurs. Un bon décret, une réconciliation cordiale avec l'Assemblée, un applaudis sement du peuple venaient-ils consoler sa tristesse, il se re prenait à l'espérance et écrivait à ses agents de dissoudre les rassemblements hostiles de Coblentz. Une émeute nouvelle assiégeait-elle le palais, l'Assemblée avilissait-elle la dignité royale par quelque abaissement ou par quelque outrage, il recommençait à désespérer de la constitution et à se pré munir contre elle. L'incohérence de ses pensées était plutôt le crime de sa situation que le sien ; mais elle compromettait sa cause à la fois dedans et dehors. Toute pensée qui n'est pas une se détruit elle-même. La pensée du roi, quoique droite au fond, était trop vacillante pour ne pas varier avec les événements ; or les événements n'avaient qu'une direc tion : la destruction de la monarchie. III Cependant, au milieu de ces tergiversations de la volonté royale, il est impossible h l'histoire de méconnaître que, dès le mois de novembre 1790, le roi méditait vaguement le LIVRE DEUXIÈME. 87 plan d'une évasion de Paris combiné avec l'empereur. Louis XVI avait obtenu de ce prince la promesse de faire marcher un corps de troupes sur la frontière de France, au moment qu'il lui indiquerait ; mais le roi avait-il l'intention de sortir du royaume et d y rentrer à la tête de forces étran gères, ou simplement de rassembler autour de sa personne une partie de sa propre armée dans une place frontière et de traiter de là avec lAssemblée? La dernière hypothèse est la plus vraisemblable. Louis XVI avait beaucoup lu Ihistoire et surtout l'his toire d'Angleterre. Comme tous les malheureux, il cherchait dans les infortunes des princes détrônés des analogies avec sa propre infortune. Le portrait de Charles I" par Vandyck était sans cesse devant ses yeux, dans son cabinet aux Tuile ries, son histoire souvent ouverte sur la table. Il avait été frappé de ces deux circonstances : que Jacques II avait perdu sa couronne pour avoir quitté son royaume, et que Charles I*' avait été décapité pour avoir fait la guerre à son parlement et à son peuple. Ces réflexions lui avaient inspiré une répugnance instinctive contre l'idée de sortir de France ou de se jeter dans les bras de l'armée. II fallait, pour qu'il se décidât à l'un ou à l'autre de ces deux partis extrêmes, que sa liberté desprit fût complètement opprimée par l'immi nence des périls présents, et que la terreur qui assiégeait jour et nuit le château des Tuileries fût entrée jusque dans l'âme du roi et de la reine. Les menaces atroces qui les assaillaient dès qu'ils se mon traient aux fenêtres de leur demeure, les outrages des jour nahstes, les vociférations des Jacobins, les émeutes et les assassinats qui se multipliaient dans la capitale et dans les provinces, les obstacles violents qu'on avait mis à leur départ pour Saint-Cloud, le souvenir enfin des poignards qui avaient percé le lit même de la reine aux 5 et 6 octobre, tout faisait de leur vie une transe continuelle. Us commençaient à comprendre que la Révolution insatiable s'irritait par les concessions mêmes qu'ils lui avaient faites; que l'aveugle fureur des factions, qui ne s'était pas arrêtée devant la 88 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. majesté royale entourée de ses gardes, ne s'arrêterait pas devant l'inviolabilité illusoire décrétée par une constitution; et que leur vie, celle de leurs enfants et de ce qui restait de la famille royale n'avaient plus de sûreté à trouver que dans la fuite. La fuite fut résolue, souvent elle avait été débattue aAant l'époque où le roi s'y décida. Mirabeau lui-même, acheté par la cour, l'avait proposée dans ses mystérieuses entre vues avec la reine. Un de ses plans présentés au roi consis tait à s'évader de Paris, à se réfugier au milieu d'un camp ou dans une ville frontière, et à traiter de là avec l'Assem blée intimidée. Mirabeau , resté à Paris et ressaisissant l'esprit public, aurait amené, disait-il, les choses à un accommodement et à une restauration volontaire de l'auto rité royale. Mirabeau avait emporté ses espérances dans la tombe. Le roi même, dans sa correspondance secrète, témoi gne de sa répugnance à remettre son sort entre les mains du premier et du plus puissant des factieux. Une autre inquiétude agitait Icsprit du roi et troublait plus profondé ment le cœur de la reine; ils n'ignoraient pas qu'il était question au dehors, soit à Coblentz, soit dans les conseils de Léopold et du roi de Prusse, de déclarer le trône de France vacant de fait par le défaut de liberté du roi, et de nommer régent du royaume un des princes émigrés, afin d'appeler à lui avec une apparence de légalité tous ses sujets fidèles, et de donner aux troupes étrangères un droit d'intervention incontesté. Un trône, même en débris, ne veut pas être partagé. Une jalousie inquiète veillait encore, au milieu de tant d'autres terreurs, dans ce palais où la sédition avait déjà ouvert tant de brèches, h M. le comte d'Artois sera donc un héros, ') disait ironiquement la reine, qui avait beaucoup aimé ce jeune prince et qui le ha'issait aujourd'hui. Le roi, de son côté, craignait cette déchéance morale dont on le menaçait, sous prétexte de délivrer la monarchie. De ses amis ou de ses ennemis, il ne savait lesquels craindre davan tage. La fuite seule, au milieu d'une armée fidèle, pouvait LIVRE DEUXIEME. 5Î) le soustraire aux uns et aux autres; mais la fuite elle-même était un péril. Si elle réussissait, la gueri-e civile pouvait en sortir, et le roi avait horreur du sang versé pour sa cause ; si elle ne réussissait pas, elle lui serait imputée à crime, et qui pourrait dire où s'arrêterait la fureur de la nation? La déchéance, la captivité et la mort pouvaient être la consé (luence du moindre accident ou de la moindre indiscrétion. Il allait suspendre à un fil fragile son trône, sa liberté, sa vie, et les Aies mille fois plus chères, pour lui, de sa femme et de ses deux enfants, et de sa sœur. Ses angoisses furent longues et terribles, elle^ durèrent huit mois; elles n'eurent pour confidents que la reine, auidame Elisabeth, quelques serviteurs fidèles dans l'enceinte du palais, et au dehors le marquis de Bouille. IV Le marquis de Bouille, cousin de M. de la Fayette, était le caractère le plus opposé à celui du héros de Paris. Guer rier mâle et sévère, attaché à la monarchie par principe, au roi par dévouement religieux, le respect pour les ordres de ce prince l'avait empêché d'cmigrer; il était du petit nombre des officiers généraux aimés des troupes qui étaient restés à leur poste, au milieu des orages de ces deux années, et qui, sans prendre parti pour ou contre les innovations, avaient tenté de conserver à leur pays la dernière force qui survive à toutes les autres et qui quelquefois les supplée seule : la discipline de l'armée. Il avait servi avec beaucoup d'éclat en Amérique, dans nos colonies, dans les Indes; l'autorité de son caractère et de son nom sur les soldats n'était pas brisée. La répression héro'ïque de la fameuse insurrection des trou pes à Nancy, au mois d'août précédent, avait retrempé cette autorité dans ses mains; seul de tous les généraux français, 60 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. il avait reconquis le conimandenient et fait reculer l'insu bordination. L'Assemblée, que la sédition militaire inquié tait au milieu de ses triomphes , lui avait voté des remercî ments comme au sauveur du royaume. La Fayette, qui ne commandait quk des citoyens, redoutait ce rival qui com mandait à des bataillons; il observait et caressait M. de Bouille. Il lui proposait sans cesse une coalition de baïonnettes dont ils seraient les deux chefs, et dont le concert assurerait à la fois la révolution et la monarchie. M. de Bouille, qui suspectait le royalisme de la Fayette, lui répondait avec une politesse froide et ironique qui déguisait mal ses soupçons. Ces deux caractères étaient incompatibles : l'un représentait le jeune patriotisme, l'autre l'antique honneur. Ils ne pou vaient pas s'unir. Le marquis de Bouille avait sous son commandement les troupes de la Lorraine, de l'Alsace, de la Franche-Comté et de la Champagne ; ce commandement s'étendait de la Suisse à la Sambre. Il ne comptait pas moins de quatre-vingt-dix bataillons et de cent quatre escadrons sous ses ordres. Sur ce nombre, le général ne pouvait avoir confiance que dans vingt bataillons de troupes allemandes et dans quelques régiments de cavalerie : le reste était révolutionné, et l'esprit des clubs y avait soufllé l'insubordination et la haine du roi ; les régiments obéissaient plus aux municipalités qu'aux généraux. Dès le mois de février 1791, le roi, qui se fiait entière ment à M. de Bouille, avait écrit à ce généi'al qu'il lui ferait faire incessamment des ouvertures, de concert avec M. de Mirabeau et par l'intermédiaire du comte de Lamarck, sei gneur étranger, ami et confident de 3Iirabeau : u Quoique « ces gens-là ne soient guère estimables, disait le roi dans LIVRE DEUXIEME. 61 <i sa lettre, et que j'aie payé Mirabeau très-cher, je crois '^ qu'il peut me rendre service. Écoutez sans trop vous '. livrer. :> Le comte de Lamarck arriva en effet à Metz bientôt après. Il parla à M. de Bouille de l'objet de sa mis sion. Il lui avoua que le roi avait donné récemment 600,000 francs à Mirabeau, et qu'il lui payait en outre î)0,000 francs par mois. II lui déroula le plan de sa conspi ration contre-révolutionnaire, dont le premier acte devait être une adresse de Paris et des départements pour deman der la liberté du roi. Tout reposait, dans ce plan, sur la puissance de la parole de Mirabeau. Enivré d'éloquence, cet orateur acheté ignorait que les paroles, qui ont tant de force d'agitation, n'en ont aucune d'apaisement. Elles lancent les nations, les baïonnettes seules les arrêtent. M. de Bouille, homme de guerre, sourit de ces chimères d'homme de tri bune. Cependant il ne le découragea pas de ses projets et promit d'y concourir. Il écrivit au roi de couvrir d'or la défection de Mirabeau, <; scélérat habile, qui pourrait peut '; être réparer par cupidité le mal qu'il avait fait par ven «t geance; ;> et de se défier de la Fayette, u enthousiaste « chimérique, ivre de faveur populaire, capable peut-être «'. d'être un chef de parti, incapable d'être le soutien d'une « monarchie. i> VI Mirabeau mort, le roi en suivit la pensée en la modifiant; il écrivit en chiffres, à la fin d'avril, au marquis de Bouille, pour lui annoncer qu'il partirait incessamment avec toute sa famille, dans une seule voiture qu'il faisait faire secrètement pour cet usage ; il lui ordonnait d'établir une chaîne de postes de Châlons à Montmédy, ville frontière où il voulait se rendre. La route la plus directe de Paris à Montmédy 1. 6 62 HISTOIRE DES GIRO^'DI^S. passait par Reims; mais le roi, qui avait été sacré à Reims, craignait dv être reconnu. Il préféra, malgré les observa tions de M. de Bouille, passer par Varennes, La route de Varennes avait l'inconvénient de n'avoir pas de relais de poste partout. 11 fallait y envoyer des relais sous différents prétextes ; la présence de ces relais pouvait faire naître des soupçons dans le peuple de ces petites villes. La présence de détachements sur une route que les troupes ne fréquentaient pas habituellement avait le même danger. M. de Bouille voulut détourner le roi de cette direction. Il lui représenta, dans sa réponse, que, si les détachements étaient forts, ils inquiéteraient les municipalités et les provoqueraient à la vigilance ; que, s'ils étaient faibles, ils ne pourraient le pro téger. Il rengagea aussi à ne pas employer une berline con struite exprès et remarquable par sa forme, mais à se servir de deux diligences anglaises, voitures usitées alors et plus légères; il insista surtout sur la nécessité de prendre avec lui un homme sûr, ferme, décidé, pour le conseiller et le seconder dans toutes les circonstances imprévues d'un pareil voyage ; il lui désigna le marquis d'Agoult, major des gardes françaises ; enfin il pria le roi d'engager l'empereur à faire opérer un mouvement de troupes autrichiennes, menaçant en apparence pour nos frontières du côté de Montmédy, afin que l'inquiétude des populations servît de prétexte et de justification aux mouvements des détachements et aux ras semblements de corps de cavalerie française autour de cette ville. Le roi consentit à cette démarche et promit de prendre avec lui le marquis d'Agoult ; il refusa tout le reste. Peu de jours avant le départ, il envoya un million en assignats à M. de Bouille pour servir aux achats secrets de rations et de fourrage et à la solde des troupes dévouées qui devaient seconder le projet. Ces dispositions faites, le marquis de Bouille fit partir un officier affîdé de son état-major, M. de Guoguelas, pour faire une reconnaissance complète de la route et du pays entre Chàlons et Montmédy et en donner au roi un rapport exact et minutieux. Cet officier vit le roi, rapporta ses ordres à M. de Bouille. LIVRE DEUXIEME. 63 En attendant, M. de Bouille se tenait prêta exécuter tout ce qui avait été convenu : il avait éloigné les troupes patrio tes et concentré les douze bataillons étrangers dont il était sûr. Un train d'artillerie de seize pièces de canon filait sur Montmédy, Le régiment de Royal-Allemand entrait à Stenay, un escadron de hussards était à Dun, un autre escadron à Varennes, deux escadrons de dragons devaient se trouver à Clermont le jour où le roi y passerait; ils étaient commandés par le comte Charles de Damas, officier habile et aventu reux. M. de Damas avait ordre de porter de là un détache ment à Sainte-Menehould, et de plus cinquante hussards détachés de Varennes devaient se rendre à Pont-Somme velle, entre Chàlons et Sainte-Menehould, sous prétexte d'assurer le passage d'un trésor qui apportait de Paris la solde des ti'oupes. Ainsi, une fois Chàlons traversé, la voi ture du roi devait trouver, de relais en relais, des escortes de troupes fidèles. Le commandant de ces détachements s'approcherait de la portière, au moment où Ion changerait de chevaux, pour recevoir les ordres que le roi jugerait à propos de donner. Si le roi voulait poursuivre sa route sans être reconnu, ces ofiiciers se contenteraient d'assurer contre tout obstacle son passage au relais, et ils se replieraient lentement derrière lui par la même route ; si le roi voulait être escorté, ils feraient monter leurs dragons à cheval et lescorteraient. Rien ne pouvait être plus sagement com biné, et le secret le plus étroit couvrait ces combinaisons. Le 27 mai, le roi écrivit quïl partirait le 19 du mois sui vant, entre minuit et une heure du matin ; qu'il sortirait de Paris dans une voiture bourgeoise ; qu'à Bond} , première poste après Paris, il prendrait sa berline ; qu'un de ses gardes du corps, destiné à lui servir de courrier, l'attendrait à Bondy; que, dans le cas où le roi n'y serait pas arrivé à deux heures, ce serait le signe qu'il aurait été arrêté; qu'alors ce courrier partirait seul et irait jusqu'à Pont-Sommevelle annoncer à M. de Bouille que le coup était manqué, et pré venir ce général de pourvoir à sa propre sûreté et à celle des officiers compromis. 6i HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. VII Ces derniers ordres reçus, M. de Bouille fit partir le duc de Choiseul avec ordre de se rendre à Paris, d'y attendre les ordres du roi et de précéder son départ de douze heures. M. de Choiseul devait ordonner à ses gens de se trouver à Varennes le 18, avec ses propres chevaux , qui conduiraient la voiture du roi. L'endroit où ces chevaux seraient placés dans la ville de Varennes devait être désigné au roi d'une manière précise pour que le changement de chevaux s'y fit sans hésitation et sans perte de temps. A son retour, 31. de Choiseul avait ordre de prendre le commandement des hus sards postés à Pont-Sommevelle, d"y attendre le roi, de l'escorter avec ses hussards jusqu'à Sainte-Menchould, et de poster là ses cavaliers avec la consigne de ne laisser passer personne sur la route de Paris à Varennes et de Paris à Ver dun, pendant les vingt-quatre heures qui suivraient l'heure du passage du roi. M. de Choiseul reçut de la main de M. de Bouille des ordres signés du roi lui-même , qui lui prescri vaient, ainsi qu'aux autres commandants des détachements, d'employer la force, au besoin, pour la sûreté et la conser vation de Sa Majesté et de la famille royale, et pour l'arra cher des mains du peuple, si le peuple venait à s'emparer du roi. Dans le cas où la voiture aurait été arrêtée à Chàlons , M. de Choiseul avertirait le général, rassemblerait tous les détachements et marcherait pour délivrer le roi ; il reçut six cents louis en or, pour les distribuer aux soldats des déta chements et exalter leur dévouement , à l'instant où le roi paraîtrait et se ferait reconnaître. M. de Guoguelas partit en même temps pour Paris pour reconnaître une seconde fois les lieux, en passant par Stenay, Dun, Varennes et Sainte-3Ienehould, et pour bien incul quer la topographie dans la mémoire du roi ; il devait rap porter les dernières instructions à 3i. de Bouille, en revenant LIVRE DEUXIEME. 6a à Montinédy par une autre route. Le marquis de Bouille partit lui-même de Metz, sous prétexte de faire une tournée d'inspection des places de son gouvernement. Il se rapprocha de Montmédy. Il était le 15 à Longwy; il y reçut un mot du roi, qui lui annonçait que le départ était retardé de vingt quatre heures, par la nécessité d'en cacher les préparatifs à une femme de chambre de la reine, démocrate fanatique capable de les dénoncer, et dont le service ne finissait que le 19. Sa Majesté ajoutait qu'elle n'emmènerait pas avec elle le marquis d'Agoult, parce que madame de Tourzel, gouver nante des enfants de France, avait revendiqué les droits de sa charge et voulait les accompagner. Ce retard nécessitait des contre-ordres funestes ; toute la précision des lieux et des temps se trouvait compromise ; les passages de détachements devenaient des séjours ; les relais préparés pouvaient se retirer; cependant le marquis de Bouille para , autant qu'il était en lui , à ces inconvénients , envoya des ordres modifiés aux commandants des détache ments, et s'avança de sa personne le 20 à Stenay, où il trouva le régiment de Royal-Allemand, sur lequel il pouvait compter. Le 21 , il réunit les généraux sous ses|ordres; il leur annonça que le roi passerait dans la nuit aux portes de Stenay et serait le lendemain matin à Montmédy ; il chargea le général Klinglin de préparer, sous le canon de cette place, un camp de douze bataillons et de vingt-quatre escadrons. Le roi devait habiter un château derrière le camp; ce château servirait de quartier général. L'attitude du roi semblait plus convenable et plus sûre au milieu de son armée que dans une place forte. Les généraux ne témoignèrent aucune hési tation. M. de Bouille laissa à Stenay le général d'Hoffelizze avec le régiment de Royal-Allemand ; ce général avait ordre de faire seller, à l'entrée de la nuit, les chevaux de ce régi ment, de le faire monter à cheval à la pointe du jour, et d'envoyer à dix heures du soir un détachement de cinquante cavaliers entre Stenay et Dun, pour attendre le roi et l'es corter jusqu'à Stenay. A la nuit, M. de Choiseul partit lui-même à cheval de 6. 66 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS. Stenay, avec quelques ofiiciers ; il s'avança jusqu'aux portes de Dun, où il ne voulut pas entrer, de peur que sa présence n'agitât le peuple. Il attendit là, en silence et dans l'ombre, l'arrivée du courrier qui devait précéder d'une heure les voitures. Les destinées dune monarchie, le trône d'une dynastie, les vies de toute une famille royale, roi, reine, princesse, enfants, pesaient sur son âme. Cette nuit durait un siècle pour lui; elle s'écoulait cependant sans que le galop d'un cheval sur la route > int annoncer à ce groupe , caché sous des arbres, que le roi de France était sauvé ou perdu ! VIII Que se passait-il aux Tuileries pendant ces heures déci sives? Le secret du départ projeté avait été religieusement renfermé entre le roi, la reine, madame Éhsabeth, quelques serviteurs dévoués et le comte de Fersen, gentilhomme sué dois chargé des pi^éparatifs extérieurs. Des rumeurs vagues, semblables aux pressentiments des choses qui courent, avant les événements, parmi le peuple, étaient, il est vrai, répan dues, depuis quelques jours; mais ces rumeurs étaient plutôt l'effet de la disposition inquiète des esprits que d'aucune révélation positive des confidents de la fuite. Ces bruits cependant, qui venaient assiéger sans cesse M. de la Fayette et son état-major, faisaient redoubler de surveillance autour du chcàtcau et jusque dans l'intérieur des appartements du roi. Depuis les 5 et 6 octobre, la maison militaire avait été licenciée ; les compagnies de gardes du corps , dont chaque soldat était un gentilhomme, et dont l'honneur, la race, le sang, la tradition, l'esprit de corps assuraient l'inébranlable fidélité, n'existaient plus. Cette vigilance respectueuse, qui faisait pour eux un culte de leur service , autour des per LIVRE DEUXIÈME. 67 sonnes royales, avait fait place à l'ombrageuse surveillance de la garde nationale, qui épiait le roi bien plus qu'elle ne gardait le monarque. Les gardes suisses, il est vrai, entou raient encore les Tuileries; mais les Suisses n'occupaient que les postes extérieurs. Lintérieur des Tuileries, les escaliers, les communications entre les appartements étaient sur A cillés par la garde nationale. M. de la Fayette y venait à toute lieure; ses oflicicrs rôdaient la nuit à toutes les issues, et des ordres non écrits mais tacites les autorisaient à empêcher le roi lui-même de sortir de son [)alais après minuit. A cette surveillance ofticielle venait s'adjoindre lespion nage secret et plus intime de cette nombreuse domesticité du palais, où Tesprit de la Révolution était venu encourager l'infidélité et sanctifier l'ingratitude. Là , comme plus haut, la délation s'appelait vertu et la trahison patriotisme. Dans les murs de ce palais de ses pères, le roi n'avait de sûr que le cœur de la reine, de sa sœur et de quelques courtisans de son infortune, dont les gestes mêmes étaient rapportés à M. de la Fayette. Ce général avait expulsé violemment et injurieusement du château des gentilshommes fidèles, qui étaient venus fortifier la garde des appartements, le jour de l'émeute de Vincennes. Le roi avait du voir, les larmes aux yeux, ses amis les plus dcA oués chassés honteusement de sa demeure, et livrés par son protecteur ofliciel aux risées et aux outrages de la populace. La famille royale ne pouvait donc trouN er aucune complicité au dedans pour favoriser son évasion. IX Le comte de Fersen fut le principal confident et presque le seul agent de cette hasardeuse entreprise. Jeune, beau, dévoué, il avait été admis, dans les jours heureux de Marie 68 HISTOIRE DES GIRONDINS.
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http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000094634442 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000094634442 http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000001.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000002.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000003.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000004.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000005.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000006.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000007.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000008.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000009.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000010.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000011.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000012.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000013.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000014.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000015.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/SUBHH/Hamburger_Anzeiger/1934/10/03/00000016.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000094634442_1
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^scheint tügiich außer Sonntag!. Nichlerliteinen einzelner Nummern und Bci- la.icn infolge dödcrer Gewalt oder Bctriedtliörungcn berechtigen den Beziedcr nicvi zur KUriung de! Bezugipreilei. RUctzavlung zu lordern oder zum Än- Irruch aus Lielerung der Zeitung, und e« erlilcht lede Verplltchiunz aus Er- lullung von Anzeigenaulträgen und Leisiuna von SSadenerlav Schriltlcituiig „nd HcmpIgelHallsslelle: Hamburg Z6. GänIemarN 2l—uz Sprech»»,,de der Bilelklislen-Schrlttleltung: Werllggltcv abends 5 bis K Udr außer Sonnabends. unv-rlangt eingesandte Manullripte wird leine Sewadr adernonimcn. ^,.riilprechir: At IZ 12 vi» Z4 lS lv. Ztachtrus: 34 37S». Telegrammadresse: H.nelger, Hamburg. Banlverdlndungen: Reiasbanthauvtslelle Ham.urg. ^...niburg tt, Alterwall 2—S «unter Girardet ^ Co>. Deuische Bank und ^i'ZconIo.Melelttchas«, Fil. Hamburg. Hamburg n. Adolodblatz 7. Sommerz- üuo Privat-Bank. A.-S.. Hamburg. Vostlchea-Konto: Hamburg ZIZ54. vereinigt mit Ileue Kamburger Zeitung General-Anzeiger für Hamburg. Altona Hauptschriftleiter: Hans Jacobi— Druck und Verlag: GirardetKCo., Hamburg Wöchentlich reichhaltig illustrierte Beilage in Kupfertiefdruck ^>aylung: b>« 05t. IN! Itriobsslclte >7 Pio.I. leacoubr ziciie» die Img der Zeilung-Z- lesamtbetrag ist an ^monatl. RM I SO. Poslbcllellgcld. I brette Millinieter« 1>n»cigcn biS zur . . «jsennig. Slellcn- ??7ierzeilc. Sonstige Preise. N>i»iak- .PreiSlisle Nr. S. ErsllllungZort sllr Lieferung u»d Hamburg. Sertchtjsland: Amtsgericht Hamburg. Simmer Nl Mittwoch, den Z. Moder M4 47. ZahWng Manischer Vrotest in Washington Ter Mgen Damm ISZö fertig /MordMage gegen deneindberghEnWrer Kabinettskrisen Wir wollen einen Augenblick bei dem Durcheinander ringsumher verweilen: denn es ist wahrhaftig der Betrach tung wert. Ringsumher: das ist ganz Europa. Soeben erleben wir wieder einmal einige Kabinetts- lrisen. Man kann sagen, das; gelegentliche Regierungs- siurzc keine welterschütternden Tatsachen darzustellen brauchen. Gewiß nicht: aber gerade in dieser Krisenzeit decken sie jedesmal gewisse Hintergründe auf: und je länger das Durcheinander dauert, um so öster muß man erkennen, din innerpolitische, also häusig recht belanglose, Beweg gründe in den Hintergrund geraten, und mehr und mehr d.is weltpolitische, oder besser gesagt, das kontinentalpoli- t.-che Moment überwiegt. Das kann man mit drastischer Deutlichkeit am Bei spiele Frankreichs erkennen, wo seit dem Regie rungsantritt Doumergues mit dem alten Brauch gebrochen wurde, alle nasenlang ein Kabinett zu stürzen und ein nrncs»^» eisrigem Kuhhandel zusammenzustellen. Diese Re gierung wird überhaupt nur noch zusammengehalten durch «innenpolitische Rücksichten. Und gerade deshalb ist es mög lich da>? der innerpolitische Druck doch eines Tages die nationale Konzentration zum Platzen bringt: weil näm- >!ch die Frage des Marxismus und des Bolschewismus von internationalen Kraftquellen gespeist wird, die weit Uber d>e Grenze hinaus, bis nach Moskau hin, ihre Veräste lungen sinden. To bleibt Doumergne in einer latenten K r i ! e. , Iii einer nicht ganz ähnlichen Lage >uhrt drüben in E n^g l a n d das Kabinett Macvonald seine Geschäfte. Man erinnert sich an die häusig auftauchenden Gerüchte, dag dcr britische Premier seines Amtes müde geworden sei und danach trachte,- sich als stiller Gouverneur .Kanadas in i>i.'b?cks »bereiste Cesilde zurückzuziehen. Aber gerade j>!>l kommt die Meldung, er werde — von seiner langwie rigen Aiigenerkrankung leidlich wiederhergestellt — seinen Posten wieder antreten und sich mit neuem Mut den Ge- üli isten widmen. Aber auch um ihn kriselt es. Und wiederum scheinen außenpolitische Motive eine ^richiige Rolle dabei zu spielen. Denn England ist natür lich an den Mißerfolgen der französischen Politik nicht un- ! ',.>>!igt: und der Eintritt Ruhlands in den Völkerbund, der nur mit den sieben« tim- !,,»>! des britischen Weltreichs in Genf er möglicht worden ist, särbt auf Stimmung und Gemüt der Engländer nicht unwesent lich ab: ganz abgesehen davon, daß die Sorgen im Fernen !7!:cii, in Indien und .Afrika zwar innerpolitische Probleme Imperiums darstellen, aber gerade deswegen nicht Mluiicr von allgemein-politischen Erwägungen überschattet w.'rve». Spaniens neuer Ministerpräsident ! Der Mann, der den Kamps ansniinnit i Paris, 2. Oktober. Nachdem der spanische Staatspräsi- - dent den ganzen Tag über mit den Parteisiihrern beraten ' l?ii>, beauftragte er am Dienstag gegen 20.Z0 Uhr den Führer der Radikalen Partei, Lerroux, mit der Bildung des Kabinetts. Der Auftrag lautete dahin, eine Mehr- hcitsregierung auf breitester parlamentarischer Basis zu bilden, in der also außer den Radikalen und Agrariern auch die katholische Volksaktion <Eeda) vertreten sein miisj. Damit ist ein entscheidender Schritt zur Bildung einer Front gegen die Marxisten getan. Der Staatspräsident hat, ungeachtet des Druckes von liuls, aus eine Auslösung des Parlaments verzichtet und di.» zur Wiederherstellung der Staatsautorität frei gemacht. Abzuwarten bleibt, wie die Marxisten diesen Eulschluß beantworten werden, und ob sie ihre Drohung, >"> Falle der Ernennung von Lerroux den Generalstreik >n ganz Spanien auszurufen, wahrmachen werden. — ^erroux wird am Mittwoch die Ministerliste zusammen stellen. Spätestens am Donnerstag dürfte sich das neue Kabinett vorstellen können. Al-le Wieder BerWerkMgM DNB. Tokio, Z. Oktober. Wie die Telegraphenagen, tur Nippon Tempo meldet, ereignete sich in einem Berg werk der Provinz Fukushima «ine Explosion. Z6 Arbeiter fön??» dabei de» Tat», „Ter gefährliche Feind Amerikas" Undiplomatische Rede eines amerikanischen Generals / Mstungspläne DNB. Washington, 2. Oktober. Der frühere Hilfs arbeiter des Militärflugwesens, Brigadegeneral a. D, William Mitchel, machte vor dem Lustfahitaiisschuß, den Roosevelt eingesetzt hat, interessante Ausführungen. Er erklärte, Japan sei der gefährliche Feind der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Vereinigten Staaten sollten Flugzeuge entwickeln mit einer Reichweite von l0 0M bis l!Z 000 Kilometern, mit denen man Japan angreifen könnte. — Am Schluß seiner Ausführungen setzte sich Mitchell sür die Errichtung von Lustschissahrtslinien ein, die die ganze Welt umspannen sollen. Das Echo in Tokio DNB. Tokio, Oktober. Die Erklärungen des cbemaligen Cyess der amerikanischen Luftstreitkräfte, General» Mitchell, über einen Krieg der Zulunst zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Zapan hat in hiesigen politischen Kreisen gröhles Aufsehen er regt. Die Behauptung Mitchells, Japan sei als der gröhte Feind der Vereinigten Staaten anzusehen, und seine Forderung, bah die amerikanische Regierung sich zum Kampfe gegen die Japaner durch den vermehrten Bau von Flugzeugen vorbereiten miisfe, werden in japanischen politischen Kreisen als ein Versuch au»- gelegt, sich wegen der Perstärkung der amerikanischen Lustslotte zu rechtfertigen. Die sapanische Regierung werde deshalb durch ihren Geschäftsträger in Washington Schritte unternehmen und daraus hinweisen, bah solche Erklärungen nicht be ruhigend sür die Beziehungen zwischen Japan und den Vereinigten Staaten wirken können, abgesehen davon, daß die Erklärung de« General« Mitchell zu einem Zeitpunkt, zu dem die japanisch-englisch-ameiikanisch«» Flollenbespicchungen eingeleitet werden sollen, symptomatisch sei sür die feindliche Haltung der Vereinigten Staaten gegenüber einer Verstärkung der japanischen Lust» und Seestreilkräsle. Zapan siihlt sich von Rußland bedroht DNB. London, 3. Oktober. „Times" meldet aus Tokio, das Kriegsministerium hat lkggg Exemplare einer Flug, schrist verbreitet, deren Inhalt, wie das Blatt Nitjchi- Nitschi versichert, die persönlichen Ansichten des Krie.^s- miiiisters, des Generals Hayaschi, wiedergibt. In der Flugschrist wird eine wirtschaftliche Reorganisation des Landes gefordert und ein starkes Heer, das der Lage im Fernen Osten entspreche. Zur Zeit des Zaren sei Rußland im Niedergang gewesen, jetzt habe Japan nicht nur Man» dschukuo, d. h. ein Gebiet von dreifachem Umfange Japans, zu verteidigen, sondern es stehe auch der Sowjetunion gegenüber, die seit Beendigung des Fünfjahresplanes ein mächtiger militärischer Staat geworden sei. Japan müßte deshalb seine militärische Macht, besonders in der Lust, stärken. Mehr als AMN Flugzeuge seien in der Lage, Japan an zugreifen. während Japan nur 1000 Flugzeuge besitze. Eine Streitmacht von 30W Flugzeugen sei notwendig, um ^apan davor zu bewahren, in der Lust von einer Änzahl >r«mder Mächte geschlagen zu werden. Die an dem gegenwärtigen Wirtschaftssystem «geübte Kritik gründet sich aus den Grundsatz, daft eine wirksame Landesverteidigung von einer vollkommenen Vereinheit lichung der geistigen und moralischen Kräste des Volkes abhänge. Das jetzige kapitalistische System, so wird in der Flugschrift ausgesiihrt, sührt zu einer Bereicherung einer kleinen Minderzahl und zur Verarmung der großen Massen, besonders der Bauern und Fischer. Es sollten daher Anstrengungen unternommen werden, um zu einem .moralischen Wirtschaftssystem" zurück zukehren, Der Fall Lindbergh Änvtninnn unter Mordanklage? DNB. Neuqork, 2. Oktober. In der Untersuchung des Falles der Entführung des Lindbergh-Kindes erklärte der Gouverneur von New Jersey, Moore, daß die Unter suchung gegen Hauptmann in den nächsten Tagen bereits abgeschlossen werden dürste. Man habe genügend Beweis» Material gegen Hauptman zusammengetragen, um ihn dez Mordes übersiihren zu können. Der Zeuge William Dennis ist ermittelt worden. E» sagte aus, daß er Hauptmann nach Photographien als den Mann wiedererkenne, den er in der Entsührungs- nacht beim Auspumpen eines Kraftwagenreifens geholfen habe. In dem Wagen habe eine blonde Frau gesessen, außerdem noch eine dritte Person, die ein Bündel im Arm zu halten schien. 19ZK wird er fertig Der Stand der Meilen ani üliigeodnmm Berlin, Z. Oktober. lDrahtbericht unseres Berliner Büros.) Im Rahmen der Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen d-r Reichsregierung ist der vor einem Jahr in Angriff ge nommene Bau des Riigendammes von erheblichem Inter esse, haben doch über Personen, und zwar K0V Erwerbs, lose und 2l»> Facharbeiter sür mehrere Jahre Arbeit und Brot gesunden. Ganz abgesehen davon, dah durch den enormen Verbrauch an Eisen, Holz, Zement usw. auch Tausend« von Volksgenossen Beschäftigung sind«" Di« Eesamtkosten des Rügendammes, der zur Bädersai>ön lSZS drit, Mriehr übergeben werden soll, sind aus 25 Millionen Reichsmark vrranschlagt worden. ^ Durch den Bau des Damme» ist die ganze Land schaft verändert worden. Es find rund Slw lllw Tagewerke Arbeiten notwendig, um zunächst einmal das Fundament sür den Dammbau zu legen. Durch die Ausbaggerungen aus der Fahrrinne und aus dem Stralsunder Hasen werden rund Sllv ovo Quadrat meter Neuland gewonnen. Der Schlick wird aus der Halb» insel Drigge, dem westlichen Zipsel der Insel Rügen, aus geschüttet. Dadurch werden fruchtbare Weiden und Acker land gewonnen. Zm Jahre l»Z4 wird die Fertigstellung der Dammarbeiten erfolgen. Und im Frühjahr l»ZK wer den die Restarbeiten an den Brücken, sowie die Umgestal tung der Damm- und Flußanlagen den Abschluß der Arbeiten bilden. Das neue rumänische Kabinett Lhne Mlescn Bukarest, 3. Oktober. Die Regierungskrise ist verhält nismäßig sehr schnell beendet worden. Die neue Minister liste ist folgende: Ministerpräsident, vorläufiger Außen minister und Rllstungsminister: Tatarescu; Unter richt: Dr. Angelescu: Inneres: Inculeti Verkehr: Franasooici' H e e r: General Angelescui Handel und Industrie: Manolescu Strunga: Justiz: Victor Anto- nescu; Finanz: Slavescu: Gesundheit: Dr. Costi- nescu: Ackerbau: Sassy: Arbeit: Nistor: Kultus: Lapedatu; Minister ohne Portefeuille: Valer Pop und Iamandi. Titulescu gehört diesem neuen Kabinett also nicht an. Ueber die Haltung Titulescus erklärte Tatarescu, Titu lescu habe im Lause eines Ferngesprächs grundsätzlich das Außenministerium wieder angenommen. Titulescus Freunde dagegen versichern, daß Titulescu sich nach wie vor weigere, dem Kabinett beizutreten. Ferner ist noch besonders zu erwähnen, daß die aktivsten Mitglieder der Iungliberalen mit Unterstaatssekretariaten betraut wurden. Französische Hoffnungen Paris, I. Oktober. In politischen Kreisen glaubt man, daß Titulescus Rücktritt vom rumänischen Außen- ministerium nicht als endgültig anzusehen >ei und hofft, daß eine Aussprache mit Tatarescu es Titulescu erlauben werde, der außenpolitische Schiedsrichter Rumäniens zu bleiben. Dublin, die irische Hauptstadt, ist neun Wochen ohne Zeitungen gewesen. Gestern fanden die Zeitungsverkäufer. deren Schreien wieder durch die Straßen hallt, sür ihr« Ware nun reißenden Absatz. Die ersten Ausgaben eni- hielten «ine zusammensassende Uebersicht über die Ereig nisse der letzten neun Wochen, in denen die Zeitungen wegen Streiks nicht erschienen waren. das von der letzigen Volkswirtschaft verdrängt worden sei, deren Grundlagen die ausländischen Lehren vom In dividualismus bilden. Die Flugschrift kommt auch beiläufig auf die Frage der Seemacht zu sprechen und sagt, das gegenwärtige System des Stärkeverhältnisses zu anderen Mächten sei sür einen selbständigen Staat unerträglich. Wenn die Flotten konferenz von 19115 fehlschlagen sollte, dann werde es ein, Krise geben, die nicht nur diplomatische Verhandlungen, sondern ein Zusammenfassen-der ganzen Nation ersordere. ^si^eigss- ^cl^sgofig. «r. S!»^ Kamburger Anzeiger S. ckwber 1 J.?k EMmiMelcgimm des üieichskmzlers an König Boris DNB. Berli«, Z. Oktober. Der Führer und Reichs kanzler hat «n den König von Bulgarien aus Anlast des Jahrestages seiner Thronbesteigung nachstehendes Tele gramm gerichtet: „Eure Majestät bitte ich. anläßlich der Wiederkehr de» Taftes der Thronbesteigung meinen aufrichtigsten Glück wunsch entgegenzunehmen; ich oerbinde hiermit meine herzlichsten Wünsche für Euerer Majestät Wohlergehen un» das weitere Gedeihen Bulgariens. Adolf Hitler Deutscher Reichskanzler." DNB. Berlin, Z. Oktober. Ihre Majestät, die Gattin des Königs von Afghanistan, hat am 2!!. September d. I. einem Sohn das Leben geschenkt, welchem der Name Prinz Ahmed Shah Khan gegeben worden ist. Der Führer und ?!eiäskanzler hat dem König von Afghanistan aus diesem Anlas, durch den deutschen Gesandten in Kabul seine Glück wünsche aussprechen lassen. Wieder exemplarische Strusen ZuchAus siir Unterschlagung von WinlerlMMern DNB. Köttingen, 3. Oktober. Das Eöttinger Schwur gericht verurteilte dieser Tage nach mehrtägiger Verhand lung den früheren Krcisamtsleiter der NSV. Hage ms n n zu sechs Iahren Zuchthaus, 200 RM. Geldstrafe und 10 Iahren Ehrverlust, den früheren politischen Kreispropa gandaleiter Niens zu 3 Iahren 3 Monaten Zuchthaus 2«ll) RM. Geldstrafe und den früheren Propagandaleiter der PO, AZoltjes, zu drei Zahren. drei Monaten Zuchthaus nnd zehn Zahren Ehrverlust.. Die Verurteilten hatten sich wegen Untreue und Unterfchlagungen am Winterhilsswerk 1SZÜ/Z4 zu verantworten. Die Schwere der Strafen war bedingt durch die Tatsache, dag es sich um Gelder des Winterhilss- wcrks handelte. Als eigentlicher Urheber der Gesamtaktion war Woltjes anzusehen, der Hagemann veranlahte, ihm ein Darlehen von liäv RM. auszuzahlen und dielen Betrag nicht zu buchen. Niens lieg sich für die Städtischen Spiele in Güttingen ein Darlehen von 250V RM. geben, über das nicht quittiert und das nicht verbucht wurde. Nach dem Erntedanktag Neichsdauernlag im November Berlin, 3. Oktober. lDrahtbericht unseres Berliner Büros.) In Goslar fand eine Tagung zur Vorbereitung des 2. Reichsbauerntages unter Vorsitz des Reichsbauernführers statt. Im Anschlich an die grosse Kundgebung zum Ernte dankfest auf dem Bückeberg kehrte Pg. Darre »n Begleitung seines persönlichen Stabes nach Goslar zurück um die Ar beitssitzung des Organisationsamtes zur Vorbereitung des 2. Reichsbauerntages, der bekanntlich vom ll. bis 18. Neb- lung lNovember» 1934 in Goslar stattsindet, persönlich zu leiten. Der Sitzung ging eine Besichtigung des Geländes auf dem Osterfeld vorauf, auf dem die Zelte errichtet wer den, die die Tausende von Bauernführern aus dem Reiche während der acht Tage, die der Reichsbauerntag dauert, beherbergen sollen. Es sollen zwei große heiz- und beleucht- bare Zelte errichtet werden. Die Reichsl'Mtstadt als Tagungsort Die Hoteliers in Berlin DNB. Berlin, 3. Oktober. In dem festlich mit den Farben des Dritten Reiches und den Fahnen sämtlicher Kulturstaaten der Erde geschmückten Reichstagssaal bei Kroll wurde am Mittwoch der Internationale Hotelier kongreg eröffnet. Dem Festakt war eine feierliche Kranz niederlegung am Ehrenmal vorausgegangen. Präsident Spillmann wies in seiner Ansprache aus die internationale Krise im Hotelgewerbe hin und er läuterte in diesem Zusammenhang den Zweck und Sinn des Weltkongresses. Der Fremdenverkehr, führt« er weiter aus, der den Staaten zahlreiche Einnahmequellen erschließe, müsse unter staatlichen Schutz gestellt werden. Im Gastland Deutschland seien diese Fragen be> bereits energisch in Angriff genommen worden. Anschließend übermittelte Staatssekretär Funk die besten Wünsche der Reichsregierung und insbesondere des für das Fremdenverkehrswesen zuständigen Reichsministers Dr. Goebbels. Die Tatsache, dag ein internationaler Kongreß von der Bedeutung des Ihrigen in dem neuen nationalsozialistischen Deutschland seine Tagung abhält, wird, so sagte Funk, von der Reichsregierung freudig bcgrüszt, weil sich hierbei die Gelegenheit bietet das Ausland über die wahren Zustände in Deutschland aufzuklären und einer gefährlichen Hetz- und Lügenpropaganda mit Erfolg entgegenzutreten. Sie werden bei Ihrem Aufenthalt in Deutschland erkennen, daß alles ganz anders ist, als es in einer feindseligen Einstellung zur nationalsozialistischen Staatsform und Weltanschauung im Auslande dargestellt wird. Dabei sind Sie besonders be rufen, die Wahrheit über Deutschland zu verkünden, denn Sei Sinn der sranMchen Sllllllsiesorm Frankreich zwischen rechts und links - Äoumergue sucht einen Ausweg ^ari», z. Oktober. Im .Echo d» Pari»- begrüht d« Kerillis. der von einer längeren Sluhlandreise zuriükgelehrt ist, die Staotsresormpläne Doumergue» als letzte Möglich keit zur Verhinderung des vollständigen Zusammenbruch». Da» Land müsse wählen: Entweder eine mehr oder weni ger kommunistische Revolution mit allen sie begleitenden Schrecken und zweifelt»» dem auswärtigen Krieg al» Ab- schluh, oder «ine mehr oder weniger faschistische Revolu tion mit «b«nso ernst«» Folgen, Bürgerkrieg und an- schliehend vielleicht auch auswärtigem Krieg, oder endlich ein« sehr schnell«, energische, «ber nicht brutale Evolution zu «inem autoritär«» Regime mit «in«in erneuerten Par lamentarismus. Die von Doumergue geplante Staatsreform wird übri gens auch vom Führer der Frontkämpfervereinigung Feuer kreuz, Oberst de la Rocque, als dringend ersorderlich be zeichnet. de la Rocque spricht sich in diesem Sinne im Rahmen einer vom „Exelsior" veranstalteten Rundsrage aus. Im Wahlkampf für die am näMten Sonntag statt findenden Kantonalwahlen sprach Herriot in Lyon zu gunsten der radikalsozialistischen Kandidaten. eaalschlacht in Toulouse Pari», 3. Oktober. Bei einer Wahlversammlung in. einem Vorort von Toulouse aus Anlaß der bevorstehenden Kantonalwahlen siel aus einer Gruppe von Kommunisten und Marxisten ein Schuß, der das Zeichen zu einer all gemeinen Schlägerei war. Mit Viergläsern, Flaschen, Stuhlbeinen und anderen greisbaren Gegenständen gingen die politischen Gegner aufeinander los. Es wurde auch noch öfter geschossen. Ein Arbeiter wurde durch einen Halsschuß schwer verletzt. Als die Veranstalter der Versammlung den Saal verließen, wurden sie auf der Straße von Kom munisten mit einem Hagel von Steinen empfangen. Auch ein Polizeibeamter wurde erheblich verletzt. Der Polizei, die die Ordnung wieder herstellte, gelang es nicht, Ver haftungen vorzunehmen. Wir brauchen Zvcharbeiler! Schulungs-Aktion in der Znngarbeiterschast Die Ausgabe der Hitlerjugend Ueber Sinn und Durchsührung der zusätzlichen Berussschulung sprach am Dienstag Overgebiets- tilhrer Axmann, ver L«it«r d«s Soziale« Amt« in der Reichsjugendsuhrung, vor Vertretern der Presse. Durch die wirtschaftliche Not der Nachkriegszeit, so führte der Obergebietsführer u.a. aus, war der größte Teil der deutschen Jugend gezwungen, als ungelernter Jungarbeiter in die Betriebe zu gehen. Das wirkt sich heute so aus, daß nicht mehr die unbedingt notwendige Anzahl lwn Lehr lingen vorhanden ist. Damit ist sogleich auch der Nach wuchs der Facharbeiter für die deutsche Wirtschaft auf das schwerste geiährdet. Bei der Ueberleaung, was gegen diese Erscheinungen zu tun ist, sind sich Industrie, das Handwerk, die Deutsche Arbeitsfront und die deutsche Jugendbewegung darüber einig, daß man ihnen einmal am besten begegnen kann durch die Mehreinstellung von Lehrlingen und zweitens dadurch, daß unbedingt dafür Sorge getragen wird, dag die Berussausbildung der Jugend vertieft und allseitig durchgeführt wird. Drittens soll die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit eine gesunde Grundlage durch die körper liche Ertüchtigung erhalten. Hier steht die HZ vor großen Ausgaben. Schließlich kann man den Facharbeitermangel wirksam dadurch bekämpfen, daß eine zusätzliche Be» be- rufsschulung einsetzt, die nun am 1. Oktober d. I gönnen hat. Die deutsche Wirtschaft kann sich auf dem Markt der Welt nur deswegen noch behaupten, weil sie hochqualifi zierte Waren erzeugt. Diese hochqualifizierten Erzeugnisse sind vom hochqualifizierten Facharbeiter abhängig. Dah-r ist die Frage der qualitativen Leistung nicht allein eine Frage der Jugend, sondern eine Lebensfrage der gesamten deutschen Wirtschast. Bei der Durchführung der Berussschulung stehen zwei Grundsätze im Vordergrund: Es muß immer darauf ankommen, dag der junge Mensch in alle Teile seines Berufes eingeführt wird. Ein gutes Vorbild in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft besteht bereits in dem ,,Scheinfir menwesen" der Deutschen Angestelltenschaft. Zum zweiten sollen im Rahmen der zusätzlichen Berussschulung wirtschaftskundliche Fahrten ermöglichen, daß der junze Mensch die Zusammenhänge seines Berufes zur Gesamt- wirtschast erkennt. Die zusätzlich« Berussschulung, die von der Hitler-Zogend gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Arbeitsfront durchge führt wird, soll alljährlich ihren Abschluß im Reichsberufswettkampf der deutschen Jugend finden. das Hotelgewerbe ist auf gute Beziehungen der Völker untereinander im besonderen Maße angewiesen. Die wirtschaftliche Zerrüttung, in die die Welt ver fallen ist, wird von Ihrem Gewerbe besonders schwer empfunden. Die deutsche Regierung bemüht sich mit allen Kräften, zur Beseitigung der schweren Wirtschaftsnöte der Welt das ihrige beizutragen. Auch im Fremdenverkehr vertreten wir unbeschadet des Primats der nationalen Pflichten und Belange grundsätzlich durchaus den Stand punkt der Freizügigkeit und bedauern es selbst sehr, daß zur Zeit für Deutschland auf diesem 'Gebiete so große Schwi«rigkeiten bestehen. Alle amerikanischen Schisse unter Aussicht von Marineoffizieren Lehren des Falles ..Mm» Castle" Washington, 3. Oktober. Das Ergebnis der Unter suchung des „Morro Castle"-Unglücks hat dazu geführt, daß man sich entschlossen hat, die Verkehrssicherheit in der amerikanischen Handelsschisfahrt durch eine außerge wöhnliche Maßnahme zu gewährleisten. Handels minister Roper hat den Präsidenten aller amerikanischen Dampferlinien die Mitteilung gemacht, daß in Zukunft jedem amerikanischen Handelsschiff «in Marineoffizier beigegeben werd«, der die Aufgabe habe, während der Reise die Arbeiten des Bordinspektionsdienstes zu ergänzen. Die mit der Ueber- wachung der Handelsschisse betrauten Marineoffiziere wer den ihr Hauptaugenmerk auf die Feuerschutzanlagen und auf die Rettungseinrichtungen der Handels schiffe richten. Aufnahmegesuche an NSDAP zwecklos Reichsschatzminister Schwarz hat folgende die Mit gliedersperre betreffende Verfügung erlassen: Es besteht Veranlassung, darauf hinzuweisen, daß meine Verfügungen 36/33 vom 29. September 1333 sowie SK/33 vom 23. Novem- ber 1333, erschienen im Verordnungsblatt Folge S6 vom 1. Oktober bzw. Folge KU vom 3l>. November 1333 nach wie vor zu Recht bestehen. Bis zur Aufhebung dieser Verfügungen sind Aufnahme gesuche sowie Gesuche um Wiederaufnahme zwecklos. Die Parteidienststellen werden angewiesen, die bei ihnen ein laufenden Aufnahmegesuche bzw. Wiederaufnahmegesuche voy^nh^aus ablehnend zu bescheiden. Berlin, 2. Oktober 1334. (gez.) Schwarz. Gefährliche Lprengstoss-Iiebe. die llicht wissen» was sie stahlen Amerika In Auslegung DNB. Bridgeport fTonnecticu), 3. Oktober. Aus dem Munitionslager der Remington-Arms-To. wurden zehn Zweipsundpäckchen Polnol gestohlen. Polnol, das als Zünder für Granaten Verwendung findet, ist ein außer ordentlich hochbrisanter Sprengstoff, dessen Wirkung im Vergleich zu Schwarzpulver etwa LlMmal so stark ist. Die gestohlene Menge dürft« ausreichen, mehrere Häuserblocks in die Lust zu sprengen. Die Explosionsgefahr des Polnol ist so groß, daß der Transport dieses Sprengstoffes nie mals in Wagen, sondern stets durch Boten mit besonderen Traggürteln erfolgt. Die Entdeckung des Diebstahl» hat «ine b«triichtlich« Aufregung verursacht. Die Behörden tun alles, um die Diebe auf di« Gefährlichkeit ihre» Diebesgut«» hinzuweisen. Wiederholt ist durch Funkspruch gewarnt worden, die Päckchen nicht etwa in den Hasen zu werfen, da allein schon der Wasseraufschlag genügt, um eine Explosion herbei- zusühren, sondern sie vorsichtig ins Wasser gleiten zu lassen. Die gesamte Polizei ist aufgeboten, um den Ver bleib des Sprengstoffes festzustellen. Der neue «Seist in den Betrieben Dr. Leg zur Ilmschallung in der 2AZ Der Führer der Deutschen Arbeitsfront, Dr. Ley, »er« öffentlicht einen Aufruf an die Männer und Frauen de» Deutschen Arbeitsfront, dem wir folgende Stellen ent, nehmen: Mit d«m heutigen Tage tritt jene Eemeinschafts- organisation in Kraft, die sür alle Zeiten den Marxismus und Liberalismus aus den Betrieben Deutschlands besei tigen soll. Die nächsten Monate bis Ende des Jahres wollen wi? nun benutzen, um die Organisation einspielen zu lassen, dort, wo noch Fehler vorhandenn sind, sie auszumerzen, und falls sie hier oder da noch unvollkommen sein sollte, sie zu ergänzen. Es ist ganz klar, daß bei einer so gewaltigen Organisation Mängel sich ergeben werden, und nur durch das Vertrauen zu den altbewährten Kämpfern der RSBO und NS Hago konnte jene Zuversicht erwachsen, diese ge waltige Leistung zu vollbringen. An dieser Stelle möchte ich jenen Kämpfern in den Be trieben danken, die in jahrelangem Ringen den National sozialismus zum Glaubensbekenntnis von Millionen schaffen der Menschen gemacht haben. Wenn heute der weit über wiegende Teil der Arbeiterschaft treu zu unserem Führer Adolf Hitler und dem Nationalsozialismus steht, so seid ihr, meine NSBO-Kameräden, und ihr, Vorkämpfer in der NS Hago, die Apostel gewesen. Ich werde dafür sorgen, daß euch die Anerkennung der Partei zuteil wird. Und ein Zweites erfüllt mich mit Stolz und Freude. Nicht nur der Arbeiter und Angestellte haben ihr Volt wiedergefunden und sind jetzt zu wahren Sozialisten ge worden, sondern auch der Unternehmer hat in diesem Jahr des Ausbaues bewiesen, daß auch er teilhaben will an der Gemeinschaft und damit an der Nation. Wer hiitt« es für möglich gehalten, daß Tausend« und Abertausende von Unternehmern aus freien Stücken erhöhten Urlaub gewährten, nicht nur die Urlaubszeit bezahlten, sondern auch zu den Urlaubs- reisen der NS-Gemeinschaft Kraft durch Freude nam haft« Beiträge zusteuert«»! Allein auf Anregung hin werden die Werke verschönert, hygienische Einrichtungen gebaut, die Jugendarbeit unend lich gefördert. Mit einem Wort, wie mir viel tausend Ar beiter immer wieder bestätigen: Der Geist in den Betrieben ist ein an derer geworden! Deshalb kann ich auf einige Anfragen, die Gott fei Dan! nur vereinzelt an mich gelangen, folgendes antworten: Wenn in früheren Verfügungen und Anordnungen der Behörden oder Wirtschaftsführer von betriebsfremden Ele menten gesprochen wurde, so kann sich dies nie und nimmer auf die Politischen Leiter der NSDAP, aus die Amtswalter der Arbeitsfront oder Amtswarte der NS-Gemeinschaft Kraft durch Freude beziehen. Bring; weinte nicht Bon Wilhelm Auffermann Waschtag hatten wir, und ich sollte Brings Mutter Bescheid sagen. Die Sonne stand schon voll am Himmel, als Ich an Brings Haus klopfte. Es dauerte nicht lange, und Brings häßlicher Kopf erschien beim Fenster. „Ach, du bist's?... Sosort!..." Kurz darauf hörte ich ihn vorsichtig über die Fliesen schlürfen. Als ich vor ihm stand, machte er „Pst". „Mutter schläft noch," sagte er, „geh ganz leise! Auch die Kinder schlafen!" Er schob mich in die Stube: „Brauchst dich nicht zu schämen, geht nur!..." Die Stube war mehr ärmlich als einfach, und sie roch stark nach Seifenwasser. Der Bretterboden war noch feucht. Auch Brings Arme waren feucht. „Ich habe schon alles sauber gemacht," sagte er, — „und Mutter bat keine Ahnung davon. Si« hat heute Ge burtstag, sie soll sich einmal ausschlafen. Gestern sielen ihr fortwährend die Augen zu." Obwohl er geflüstert hatte, waren bei seinen Worten die Kinder erwacht. Sic lagen in einem breiten Bett neben der Tür. Das kleinste hatte den Daumen im Mund und lutschte verschlafen daran. „Zwei Brüder und ein Schwesterchen," erklärte mir Brings. Die Augen der Kinder irrten ängstlich zu mir herüber, dann suchend durch den Raum. Fanden die Mutter nicht. Blieben erstaunt am Tisch haften, aus dem unter einem Strauß Feldblumen ein braunaebackener Napfkuchen stand. Weiteten sich noch mehr. Ein Weilchen war es still, dann verlangten sie mit ihren dünnen, hohen Stimmchen nach der Mutter. „Pst!" machte wieder Brings, „Mutter schläft noch, seid still, sie soll sich heute ausschlafen!" Er kleidete die Kinder an und gab ihnen Milch zu trinken. Er kam sich wichtig vor. „Heist mir in der Küche Ordnung machen, dann kann Mutter noch länger schlafen," sagte er z» ihnen. Da taten auch die Kleinen wichtig und halsen Brings in der Küche. Von Zeit zu Zeit aber steckte» sie ihre Näschen durch die Stubentür, denn der Ki'chen hatte eine Riesenkraft, die sie nicht zur Ruh« kom men ließ. Eine gute halbe Stunde war vergangen, da fragte ich ihn: „Es ist schon halb zehn Uhr, wie lange schläft deine Mutter noch?" „Eigentlich müßte sie bis morgen früh schlafen, sie hat die letzten Nächte durchgearbeitet. Heimarbeit. Das macht sie oft so, und tagsüber wäscht sie." Er zuckte mit der Achsel. „Vater hätte nicht so früh sterben sollen! Wir haben keine Rente." „Wie alt ist denn heute deine Mutter geworden?" „Sechsunddreißig." „Dann ist sie so alt wie die meine." „Nein! Deine Mutter ist jünger." Ich verstand ihn nicht. Er schien es zu merken. Er nahm mich bei der Schulter und sagte: „Euch geht es besser..." „Brings," stotterte ich, „Brings, ich werde dir jetzt immer mein Frühstückbrot geben. Ich hels dir auch bei den Ausgaben..." Er lachte. Ich schämte mich. Die Kinder hatten sich in eine Ecke gedrückt und spielten mit den Holzscheite». Als Brings Feuer machte, stellten sie sich auf die Zehen und bliesen mit geröteten Wangen in das Herdloch hinein. Es dauerte auch nicht lange, und der Wassertopf begann zu surren. Ich half Kartoffelschälen. Die Uhr tickte. Und irgendwo in einem Zimmer lag Brings Mutter und schlief und schlief. So lange, bis sie von selber erwachen würde... Als es elf Uhr schlug, verschwand Brings leise und vorsichtig einen Moment, um nach ihr zu sehen. Sie schlief noch immer. Als er zurückkam, warf er schweigend die geschälten Kartoffeln ins Wasser. Gab Salz nach. Der Damps klapperte mit dem Deckel eine traurige Musik, den Marsch der armen Leute, die selten zu kochen und nie zu braten haben. Um zwölf Uhr schob mir Brings einen Stuhl hin, und ich mußte mitessen. Die Salzkartoffeln waren nicht so schlimm. Nur die Specksoße, ja, die Soße, hatte doch einen zu starken Geschmack. Die Kinder schielten noch immer ins Nebenzimmer zum Geburtstagskuchen. Sonst taten si«. als ob die Mutter bei ihnen wäre. Brings horchte dann und wann auf. Nach dem Essen wurde Brings nachdenklich. Er begann in der Küche auf und ab zu gehen, und fortwährend nach der Uhr zu sehen. Ob die Mutter böse sein würde, weil sie die Arbeit versäumt hatte, fragte er sich wohl. Schließ lich entschloß er sich, die Mutter zu wecken. Ging wieder nebenan, und man hörte eine Tür quietschen. Lange blieb Brings bei der Mutter. Lange. Die Kin der waren zum Kuchen geschlichen und knibbelten. Dann kam Brings. Wankend kam er — ohne Mutter. Hielt sich im Gehen an der Wand. Sein häßlicher Kops stand bleich und starr auf dem Rumpf, als gehöre er nicht mehr zu ihm. „Sie schläft!" Seltsam schwer sagte er es. Es herrschte Totenstille. Ueber seine Schultern ging ein krampshaftes Schütteln, als er den Geburtstagskuchen in Teile schnitt und de» kleinen Geschwistern von ihm gab. bin ich... älter als du!" Dann kniff er fest die Augen zu, noch immer ohne Tränen. Ich raste nach Hause. „Liebe, liebste Mutter!" Heulend flog ich ihr um den Hals. Gott sei Dank, sie lebte noch. Erstaunt sah sie mich an. „Brings Muster ist tot!" Ich konnte nicht zu Atem kommen, „tot..., tot!" Da küßte mich meine Mutter beruhigend und sah mir tief in die nassen Augen. Die Tränen sind mir wohl nur so über die Backen gelaufen. „Und Brings... hat... nicht... ge—weint!" „So...? — Ja, das verstehst du noch nicht, mein Junge!" Fest drückte sie mich in ihre Arme und weinte mit mir. Dann ging sie zu Brings. Lieder- und Arienabend Carl Eiinther Varl Günther gehört zu dcn wenigen erfolgreichen Lpern- tenören, die auch Im Konzertsaal ihren Platz wirklich ausfüllen, «or allem in gesanglicher Hinsicht: denn diese schöne, weiche, ausS sorgsamste gepslegte Stimme besieht ja schon als klanglicher und technischer Werl slir sich und braucht auch die Erponiertheit de« KonzcrtpodtuinS nicht zu scheuen. Aber auch als Gcstaltck Pakt Günther zum Konzcrtsanger. mit seiner rein lyrischen Grundrinstelliing. mit der geraden Einfachheit in Empfindung und Ausdruck, die stark genug sind, um aus Süßere, theatralische HilsSinittel verzichten zu können. So findet er ohne Schwierig keit zum Lied. Leider brachte das gestrige Programm nur wenige, und meist sehr bekannte. wirkungSsichere Lieder. — Die Mehr zahl der Hörer war nallirlich Mi« dem Arienprogramm durchaus einverstanden und sreule sich, die lyrischen Glanzstücke a»S Manon, Karinen. ToSka. Evangelimann usw. gentetzen zu rönnen, die man aus der Biibne von Günthcr setzt nur relativ selten hören kann. Aür die grosie Beliebtheit des Sängers sptachen der gute Besuch deS Konzerts, die jubelnde erste Begrünung. die vielen Blumen und der stürmische Beifall. Erstaunlich und erfreulich war bei so viel Enthusiasmus die Achtung vor den poetischen Nachspielen Generalmusikdirektor Richard Richters, der dcn Sänger mit aukerordcntlicher Anpassungsfähigkeit tn klanglicher und rhythmischer Beziehung begleitete. vr. LI. VV. Der WandSheler Maler und «raphiker Mar»« Echwemer ist von der Rctchskainmcr der bildenden Künste mit der kommissa- rilchcn Leitung des .,W a n d s b e k e r KllnstlerveretnS' beauftragt worden. Am iireitag. 17 Uftr. findet nunmehr iitt WcmdSbeker Hof eine Versammlung der Maler, Graphiker, Kunst handwerker und Bildhauer statt, auf der LandeSftellenleiter fiir die Reichskammer der bildenden lliinste, LangmaaS, Uber ..Das Anlgalicngebiel der bildenden Niinstc' sprechen wird. Gleich- ,>>iis, wird e»> Arbeitsplan vorgelchlagen und zur Beratung ge> stell«. Alle bildenden Niinstler und Kunsthandwerker WanoSbrkS und de» Kreise« Ztorman sind eingeladen, an der Versammlung teilzunehmen, soweit sie bei der MeichSkammer der bildenden KUnIte angemeldet lind. Tie «nlchrift de» loinmMarischen Letter» ist: M. Schwemer, Wandsbek, Tondernstr. 7, Ruf 2S 62 ZS. Amerikanische; In» Eleanor Steele (Sopran! und Hall TlovtS lTenor) kommen aus der einstigen Heimat der Prohibition. (?s muh nicht unbedingt darum sein, daft alles Dionysifche, Rauschbaftc in threi» Leistungen vermieden wird. Aber eS fehlt jedenfalls, und dies» gemöbigte Temperierlheit wird in etlichen Teilen d«S Programms (Schubert, BrahmS, Cornelius» besonders fühlbar, in denen sich unbedingt mehr als eine geschmackvolle Tonkultur ereignen soll. Bon dieser, immerhin beträchtlichen, Einschränkung abgesehen, war der Besuch des Konzertes keineswegs unergiebig. Ter Haupt akzent war auf den Vortrag von Duetten gelegt, der aus zweier lei Gründen erfreuliche Tatsachen zeitigte: Eleanor Steele und Hall EloviS haben offenbar die gleiche GefangSunterweisung ge nossen und sind also tonlich sehr auseinander abgestimmt. DaS Timbre ist bei beiden etwas flach, vorzugsweise aus nasale Re sonanz ausgerichtet, die Atemslihrung locker, das Ztreben geht nicht auf gros;eS Volumen, aber auf gute Tragfähigkeit aus. Zum zweiten ist die Aufarbeitung der Stllcke auf peinliche rhythmische Sorgfalt bedacht, man spielt oder singt sich die Phrasen zu, man singt wirklich zusammen, llnd gerade das wirkt überzeugend, ja vorbildlich. Der ungenannt und unbekannt gebliebene Ein- studierer hat an diesem Lob einen woblgcmellcnen Anteil. IN den Sololtedern waern diese Vorzüge nicht tn gleichem Mas;« auszuwerten, und daher fielen hier die oben angedeuteten Mängel auch mebr ins Gewicht. Was aber auf dem Wege ge sanglicher Klugheit und Shrsurcht vor dem Noten- (und Gedichi-I «ext zu erreichen war, wurde auch hier zur Geltung gebracki», Das Programm war international, langte von Haydn bis z» (recht glitschigen! ..»rro ?i>ii-iiuni«' (die wohl USA. repräsen tieren sollten!. ES zeigte, was man mit günstigen Anlagen in einer sorgfältigen Schulung lernen kann. Und ein solches Exer zitium behält auch in der VoMdrung aus dem Podium seine» Wert und seinen — Neiz. !5 r a n z Rupp bot eine zuverlässig „Begleitung" und konnte bei Wolf und BrahmS. bei einer senr genauen Anpassung an die Sänger, dennoch seinen mnsikantischcn Tran» durchsehen. vr. ^V. N. Der Landesverband Nordmark der RetchSmuNkerschalt schreibt uns: Im der io überaus dringlichon Neuordnm«, uuiereS deutschen Musiklebens machen wir die musikalisch intereski.'lti QesfenUichkett hiermit aus die von der ReichSinusikkammci gcfcviich festgelegten Hauptpunkte der UnterrichtSbedinaiingen fiir dcn Privat in ufiklebrerunterricht ausincrksmn, die im Wortlaut in der Landeösicllc sowie in dcn einzelnen LrtS- imlstkerfchaften zum unverzüglichen Abheben ber»itti«g«n. Die Hamburger Singakidemlc weift noeknnolS darauf bin. tx>i Ik>r auch für den kommenden Konzcrnvtnier umfangreiche Aufgaben im Hambnraiiche» Musikleben «»vertraut sind. ,1n Berbiuduna mit der PiiMiarmonislve» Mscllscnast werden mit dem Phil harmonischen Zlaaic-orchelter sollende Wer?« zur Nufslihrung gelangen: BrahmS: ..Em deutsches :Xeguie,n': Gottfried Müller: ..Ein demschcS Herdenreauien,' (Erstaufführung!: Beethoven: ,,Ncunie Sinfonie": ?<. ?. ?ach: ..MaiwäuSvossio»". Aiisicr1>?m wird die Z>n<iak<idemie die Li'orausliibningcii im nack'sljährigcii ' öS. Tonkünstlerfest. das in Hamburg stattfindet, bestreiten. Da« Hamburger Kainmerorchester wird In der ko-mmende» «Saison unter Leiiuim von Dr. Hans Hoffmann drei Konzerte "> der Kleinen Musikvalle veranstalten. Da» erst« Konzen im No vember bringt das Programm ..I. S. Bach »n/d soinc SSHn«'. ^ »s. i Nr. L5t Kamburger Anzeiger Mtttwoch. z. cktvber »s»4 durch Ä n 5. Ok- d dessen , werk zu' I, schreibt a >i»lere4 »ierrsli.'rit r gclcducO > » nac » limcrlsam, >»en LH»- i bin. tx>d Aufgaben crbi»du»>i »cm Pb>>- ufsllhiung i> MiiNer^ ^ccldovcin ?I»sicN»'M; lN-Vrt«c» ' n. ; »minendc» onzert« >» im Ito- Hamburg KIMbahll Wrt Melier Mit b«m kommenden Sonntag tritt auf der Stadt» und Vor ortbahn «in neuer Fahrplan in Kraft, der ein« Erhöhung der Fahrgeschwindigkeit und damit «in« Verkürzung der Reisezeit um einige Minutin bringt. zwischen Blankenese und Hamburg-Hauptbahnhof werden zwei Minuten eingespart. Die Weiterfahrt nach Ohlsdorf geht eine Minute schneller vor sich, und zwischen Ohlsdorf und °Poppenbültel wird noch einmal eine Halde Minute gespart. Aus der ganzen Strecke also verkürzt sich die Reisezeit um dreieinhalb Minuten. Aus der Rückfahrt sieht die Sache etwas anders aus: zwischen Hamburg-Hauptbahnhof und Blankenese weiden nur eineinviertel Minute erspart. Von Poppenbüttel nach Blankenese ist es also Dreiviertel Minuten weiter als von Blankenese nach Poppen- büllel. Auf «in« «ntsprechend« Scherzfrage wird mancher her einfallen. Durch die Verkürzung der Reisezeit ergeben sich gegenüber kein jetzigen Fahrplan andere Absahrzeiten für die Züge von fast allen Bahnhöfen. Wer es eilig hat, der unterrichte sich lieber über die neuen Fahrpläne, die überall angeschlagen sind. Aus den meisten Bahnhöfen, soviel kann kuy gesagt werben, fahren die Züge um ein bis drei Minuten früher ab, als nach dem zur Zeit noch gültigen Fahrplan. Flugplanäuderung aus Strecke Sit Infolge des Inkrafttretens der Winter-Uhrzeit ändert sich der Flugplan der Strecke 511 (Malmö—Kopenhagen—Hamburg— Amsterdam mit Anschluß nach Rotterdam, London und Paris) nicht, wie in den Flugplänen der Deutschen Lufthansa bekannt gegeben wurde, am 8. Oktober, sondern schon am 7. Ok tober. Die Abflugzeiten ab Hamburg: Richtung Kopenhagen— Malmö 12,10 Uhr, Richtung Amsterdam 14.30 Uhr. Außerdem wird die Strecke entgegen den Angaben im Flugplan im Oktober sonntags durchgeführt. Zas Relchsorchester des Zeutschs» Lllstspott- Verbandes kommt nach Hamburg Zum erstenmal wird das Reichsorchester des Deutschen Lustsport-Verbandes unter Leitung des Generalmusik direktors Fliegerkapitän Rudolf Schulz-Dornburg, Berlin, in der zweiten Oktoberhälfte in unserer Stadt ein großes Konzert geben. Die bereits in ganz Deutschland von Publikum und Presse begeistert aufgenommenen Dar bietungen dieses aus lauter jungen geschulten Künstlern bestehenden Orchesters werden auch in unserer Stadt leb haftem Interesse begegnen. Bezeichnung findet, ist während der Dauer der Werbewoch« ..Ehrengast der NS-Gemeinschaft „Kraft durch Freude". Er kann sich ungehindert an sämtlichen Veranstaltungen, die während dieser Zeit stattfinden, beteiligen. Außerdem ibn noch besondere Überraschungen vorgesehen, ^eder, oer meint, die richtige Bezeichnung gesunden zu haben, kann diese auf eine Postkarte schreiben, die Karte mit seiner Adresse versehen, und an die NS-Gemeinschaft „Kraft durch Freude", Amt für Presse- und Propaganda, Hamourg 13, Mittelweg 14. einsenden. Die Postkarte kann auch dort oder bei einem Kreiswart abgegeben werden. ' Pastoreneinsührung. Am Sonntag. 7. Oktober, wird in der St. Annen-Kirche Pastor Dr. Smechula durch kirchenrat Drechsler in sein Amt eingefühlt. Ober- Uli bot gliiou>lt du? Vdvt.i EWU» Dat is wllll doch een Unnerscheed, Hier kannst di dat bekieken. De Minschen stammt vun'n Open aw—? goarnich to verglieken —l 5« lebe Gott het heugern Sinn Un stell alln» »nkelt for sick hin. Mit Op«nkrom bliev mi vun'n Liev, Mi het d« Enack ni dropen —: Een lüttje» Minschenkind i» mehr Bs hunnertdusend Open —! Een Minsch gtiek hoch ui» heuger strevt; Een Op bliwt Op, solang he lest. Un wenn se mit'n Tollstoik met, Lot dt dat nich verkloarn; Een Op ward nt een Minsch, ot «ich In hunnertdusend Joahrn —l Wat is, dat i», so a» dat i«. De Minsch vun'n Op —? Mokt mi keen miß! VVTK0. <te<- Kassia 5e^sssse6siiss Das Ardeitsamt hat ein« Art „fliegend« Abteilung" eingerichtet, die unvermutet stichprobenhaft eingreift und prüsend überwacht überall dort, wo durch den normalen Stempeldetrieb «ine ausreichend« Kontrolle der Arbeit nehmer nicht gewährleistet ist. Wir hörten von einer Ueberholung des Schlachthofes und des Deichtormarttes. Aus dem Dom hat man nach Schwarzarbeitern gesucht, und beim nächtlichen Uebeilandverkehr. Neuerdings sieht man denen etwas genauer auf die Pfoten, die aus der Etage Kanarienvögel oder Zierfisch« züchten, die recht gut dabei verdienen und trotzdem nebenher zur Wohlfahrt gehen. Das Arbeitsamt würde diese Kontrollen lieber heut« als morgen ausgeben, schon weil sie Kosten und Aerger bereiten. Leider aber zeigen ihre Erfolge immer wieder, wie notwendig solche überraschenden iUeberholungen sind. Immer wieder begegnen die Beamten Arbeitnehmern, di« — teilweise sehr gut — verdienen und dennoch regelmäßig aus der Wohlfahrt ihren Zins eintreiben. Immer wieder entdecken sie Verstöße dieser und jener Art, Verstöße von leiten der Arbeitgeber, die im Vertrauen auf ihre stärkere wirtschaftliche Position ihren Arbeitnehmern Bedingungen diktieren, die unwürdig sind. Diesen schwarzen Schafen muß, wenn Mahnungen nichts fruchten, durch Strafe ge zeigt werden, daß der autoritär« Staat sich derartige Ver stöße gegen seine neu« sozialistische Ordnung nicht gefallen läßt. In diesen Tagen geht die Razzia der fliegenden Ab teilung aur Möbelwagen. Leider — die Handwerker klagen darüber gleichermaßen wie die Firmen des Möbeltrans> ports — drängen sich 80 Prozent aller Unuüge auf zwei Termine zusammen: Aprilboginn und Oktoberbeginn. Handwerker und Möbeltransporteure können zu diesen Ter minen das Stoßgeschäft kaum bewältigen. Sie sind nicht in der Lage, gelernte und mit der Arbeit vertraute Helfer einzustellen. In der übrigen Zeit des Jahres dürfen sie dann die Hände in den Schoß legen. Andererseits wittern die schwarzen Schafe, von denen oben schon die Rede war, in diesen Tagen Morgenluft. Sie versuchen sich irgendwo am Möbelwagen zu vekdingen, wenn dort Leute gebraucht werden, und hoffen, daß man im Durcheinander dieses Hochbetriebes nicht nach den Ar beitspapieren fragt. Sie vergessen über ihrem Einzelschick sal, über dem Gedanken an einen zusätzlichen Verdienst, daß sie als Mitglied einer Volksgemeinschaft, die sich auch ihres Schicksals annimmt, in erster Linie nicht an sich denken dürfen, sondern an die Auswirkungen, die ihr Handeln für Volk und Staat hat. Wir hatten Gelegenheit, einer solchen Razzia beizuwoh nen. In den Stadtteilen am Stadtrande war der Umzugs- detrieb am größten. Fast an jeder Straßenecke fanden wir «inen Wagen. „Arbeitsamt! Kontrolle! Darf ich Ihre Arbeitspapiere mal sehen?" Ein Stapel Hefte wird überreicht. Sechs Mann arbeiten am Wagen. Drei grüne dicke Steuerheste kür unständig Beschäftigte werden mit einem Stempel verseyen. Und drei dünne blaue Arbeitshefte. Ueberall ist eingetragen: „Arbeitsbeginn 2. 10. sechs Uhr morgens". Daneben der Name der Firma. „Alles in Ordnung, ich danke Ihnen, hier ist eine Karte für den Fall, daß Sie noch einmal angehalten werden heute!" Wird das überall so gehen? Nein, schon der zweite Fall sieht anders aus: „Die Papiere? Die haben wir auf dem Büro." „Steuerbücher oder Arbeitsbücher?" „Steuerbücher!" Steuerbücher dürfen tatsächlich beim Arbeitgeber hinter legt werden. Eine Stichprobe im Kontor nachher aber ergab, daß nicht alle Beschäftigten Steuerbücher hatten. Zwei hatten das blaue Arbeitsbuch. Und zwar war nichts eingetragen. Die Entschuldigung des Arbeitgebers, er mache das abends b«im Auszahlen in Ordnung, verfing nicht. Das gab eine Anzeige an die Polizei. Die Ge schichte kostet dem Arbeitgeber pro Buch und den Arbeit nehmern pro Kops zehn Reichsmark Strafe. Zwischen diesen beiden Extremen, der Firma, bei der alle» in Ordnung ist, und jener, die sich da „immer mit der Ruhe " gleichgültig über die mit guten Gründen er lassenen Vorschriften hinwegsetzt, finden wir dann im Laufe des ivkorgens noch die verschiedensten Uebergangsformen. Wir entdecken auch einen jungen Arbeiter, der sich ver haspelt und dabei bekennt, daß er ein Steuerbuch und ein Arbeitsbuch hat, und einen anderen, der gar zwei Arbeitsbücher besitzt (das alte hatte er „verloren"). Hin und wieder kümmert die Razzia sich auch um anderer Behörden und Organisationen Interessen. Sie teilt zum Beispiel der Gewerbepolizei mit, daß der Mann, der einen Gewerbeschein für Eierhandel hat, Möbeltransport be treibt. Sie berichtet der Arbeitsfront, wenn ein Spediteur seinen Leuten unter Tarif bezahlt. In dem Augenblicks in dem er das Thema anschlägt, wird der Mann der Razzia überhaupt schnell beliebt am Wagen. Da kommt es zum Beispiel wiederholt vor, daß den Leuten an Vortagen für eine Stunde Arbeit oder zwei pro Stunde eine Reichsmark bezahlt wurde. Nun bestimmt der Tarif aber, daß auch bei nur halbstündiger Arbeit ein halber Tag mit 4.40 RM bezahlt werden muß. „Wollen Sie den Leuten das nachbezahlen oder soll ich Sie beim Treuhänder der Arbeit anzeigen?" „Aha, also Sie zahlen das nach!" Die Leute sind begeistert, der Unternehmer beißt mit lachender Miene in den sauren Apfel: „Wi hebbt so nix und hebbt so niz, denn lot se dat man kriegen!" Aus dem Gerichtssaal MWWe mn Wege. Das Gold liegt zweifellos auf der Straße, aber man darf es nicht immer ausheben. Autos, die am Wege stehen, Fahrräder, die an einen Baum gelehnt find, gehören nicht der Allgemeinheit, wohl aber sind sie der Allgemeinheit anvertraut: sie sind Vertrauens- aber keine ..Fund"sachen, und auch der leidenschaftlichste Langfinger sollte die Kraft ausbringen, ihnen zu widerstehen. Am 6> September nachts gegen zwei Uhr ging ein Frisör über den Winterhuderweg und sah in einer Tiirnisch« zwei Menschen stehen: einen Jungen von neunzehn und ein Mädchen, das zu diesem Zwecke von außerhalb zugefahren war. Das momentan entbehrliche Damenrad stand einige Meter entfernt an einem Baum. Dieses Fahrrad beun ruhigt« einen Mann in blauer Bluse und Manchester anzug, der leisetretend einige Meter davon am Kantstein stand und sich mit merkwürdiger Vorsicht daraufzub«wegt«. Der Frisör sah das alles und macht« sich als Kopfarbeiter sein« Gedanken darüber, und der Mann in der Blus« seinerseits sah. daß der Frisör ihn gesehen hatte und stellte darauf zunächst sein Verfahren ein. Das bemerkte nun wiederum der Frisör, und indem er an seinen Nacht autobus dachte, ging er weiter dem Hofweg zu. Da war er aber noch nicht angelangt, als, hast du nicht gesehen, das Damenrad an ihm vorbeisauste, darauf, hoch zu Sattel, nicht die zugefahrene Dam« von auswärts, sondern de» Mann in der blauen Bluse. Nun nahm der Frisör die Verfolgung auf. sandte sein« schnellen Augen auf Kund schaft und sah, wie der Dieb mit dem Fahrrad in die Oster- beckstraße einbog und hier in der Hitze der Flucht über «inen Grandhaufen stolperte und hinfiel. Fast im gleichen Augenblick sauste beim Langen Zug eine Droschke mit In halt in Richtung Alster. kehrte aber gleich wieder um und wurde nun von dem hinzueilenden Frisör über di» wahre Fluchtrichtung des Damenrades ins Bild gesetzt! im Auto faß nämlich das Paar aus dem Hauseingana, sein« philosophisch-beschaulich« Tätigkeit sehr schnell das entschlossen mit kriminalistischer abgelöst hatte, als es eben noch den Dieb mit dem Damenrad davonsausen sah. Trotz der Ausgrabungen gelang es nun im weiteren, den Dieb abzufassen. Abwärts Bei der vermögensrechtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit seinen Brüdern erhielt Herr X im Zahre 1924 rund 2W000 Eoldmark ausgezahlt. Heute besitzt er g.g, ist Mor phinist. und steht als Urkundensälscher. Betrüger und Dieb vor dem Schnellgericht. Daß es soweit kam. ist nicht ohne Tragik. T lauste sich aus 5er Fülle seines Bankkontos ein Motorrad, zog sein Dasein sportlich auf und fuhr wie der Teufel. Da brach eines Tages die Gabel, es gab einen großen Sturz, bei dem auch an X allerhand zerbrach und er ein Bein verlor. Innere Quetschungen verursachten Schmerzen, gegen Schmerzen aibt es linderndes Morphium und außerdem gibt es Apotheken, in denen man es kaufen kann. Morphium wäre gut. wenn es nicht so anhänglich wäre. Aber wer sich mit ihm einläßt, wird es genau so schwer los wie «in« lästig« Geliebte. Auch T wurde das süße Gift nicht mehr los: zuerst verschrieb der Arzt die Rezepte, und als der nicht mehr wollte, verschrieb T es sich selbst. Das heißt, er stahl bei dem Arzt vier klein« Rezeptformular« und füllte den mystischen Text selbst aus, indem er zur Erleichterung seines eigenen, nicht mehr leistungsfähigen Portemonnaies das kleine Wort ..Kriegs fürsorgeamt" hinzusetzte, wodurch bewirkt werden sollte, daß die Lieferung auf Kosten des Reiches ging. Das Fräulein in der Apotheke roch aber den Braten, telepho- nierte den betreffenden Arzt an. und so kam die Sache heraus und Herr T wegen verschiedener unangenehmer Tatbestände vor den Richter. In Anbetracht der Zusam menhänge machte der es milde und erkannte auf insgesamt zehn Tag« Gefängnis. Herr T aber wird, auf Kosten seiner Brüder, in «in Sanatorium gehen und „ver suchen". die Gewöhnung an die hohle Nadel loszuwerden. Dr. Sch. Urlisten siir Schössen und Geschworene Wie der „Amtliche Anzeiger" vom 3. Oktober bekannt gibt, liegen die aufgestellten Urlisten der für das Schöffen- und Geschworenenamt wählbaren Personen vom S. bis onntaas von 10 bis 12 Uhr aus Richtigkeit oder Vollständigkeit der Urlisten müssen inner halb der Auslegungsfrist werden. Einsprüche gegen die lrlisten müssen inner- riftlich zu Protokoll erhoben k. Der Kreis V der Nationalsozialistischen Kriegsopfer versorgung lädt zu heute abend 20 Uhr in eine Versamm lung im Palast-Theater, Hamburgerstraße 7, «in. Eine Parallelversammlung findet zur gleichen Zeit im Neuen Schützenhof, Bramfelderstraße 164, statt. Auf beiden Versammlungen wird Regierungspräsident Pg. Böhm- t»r, Eutin, sprechen. * Der VDA Eroh-Hainbarg hält morgen, Donnerstag, 17 Uhr, im großen Saal der Kunsthalle, Eingang Glocken gießerwall, seine zweite Ortsbezirksversaminlung ab, auf der Prof. Wendland, Arch. BDA., Berlin, über „Kunst und Nation" sprechen wird. * Ordination. In der St. Pauli-Kirche wurde am Erntedankfest Kandidat Melchior durch Oberkirchenrat Drechsler zum Hilssprediger fürKirchwärder ordiniert. ' Di« Vereinigung blinder Künstler Hamburg» und Schleswig-Holstein» veranstaltet am Donnerstag, dem 4. Oktober, 20 Uhr, im Tonventgarten «in großes Konzert. in, ckseAsckttttt Es ist noch früh am Morgen. Ich komme gerade von unserem Kameradschastsabend und bin aus dem Wege nach Hause. Wir haben Urlaub bekommen. Sinnend steh ich noch einen Augenblick vor dem Hause, noch ganz erfüllt von dem wunderbaren Erlebnis des Abends und schaue die leeren Straßen entlang. Geht dort drüben nicht ein Arbeitsdienstwilliger? Es wird wohl ein Kamerad sein, der ebenfalls heim will. Ja. er hat mich schon erblickt und kommt herüber! Aber nein, das ist doch kein Freundes- gesicht! Er trägt auch eine andere Nummer am Arm. Seine Gesichtszüge verraten den Süddeutschen. ..Heil Hitler. Kamerad!" „Heil Hitler!" „Nun, wo soll es denn hin- So entwickelt sich ein munteres Fragen- und Antwort spiel nach woher und wohin, nach Heimat. Berus und Leben im Lager. Lange Zeit unterhalten wir uns so. zwei ganz fremde Menschen. Nie haben wir uns vorher gesehen, wissen gar nichts voneinander. Und doch ist gleich ein inniger Kontakt da. Da gibt es kein förmliches Vorstellen. Gleich steht das herzliche „Du" zwischen uns. Fühlt doch jeder die Verbundenheit, die äußerlich gekennzeichnet durch die gleiche Uniform, uns umgibt. Sind wir nicht alle, di» wir das erdbraune Kleid tragen, beseelt von gleichem Wollen und Streben? Wir alle haben gelobt, unsere ganz» Kraft einzusetzen für den Aufbau unseres Vaterlandes, gemeinsam wollen wir das Ziel erreichen. Und so oer bindet uns eine unzertrennliche Kameradschaft mitein ander. die nicht nur ein Lager, eine Gruppe, nein, die gesamte deutsch« Jugend umfaßt. Wo immer zwei vom Arbeitsdienst zusammentreffeil. sie wissen sofort, das ist ein Kamerad, ein Mensch wie du, ihm kannst du vertrauen, da gibt es keinen Standes-, keinen Rangunterschied. Nur eins gibt es, das Wort: „Kamerad!" Das wurde uns hier zum Erlebnis! Nachdenklich ging ich ins Haus, wissend, was mir diese kleine Begegnung gegeben hatte: Den Glauben an die heilige Kameradichast im Arbeitsdienst. Arbeitsmann Erich, Abteilung 2/72. ZW EeiMen SindenSurgs Gestern, am Tage des 87. Geburtstages Hindenburgs, war die große St. Michaeliskirche Stätte eines feierlichen Gedenkgottesdienstes, zu dem der Reichs verband Deutscher Offiziere, Landesverband Hamburg, und der National soziali st ische Deut sche Frontkämpferbund lStahlhelm), Gau Ham burg, gerusen hatten. Eine einzige große dichtgedrängte Masse, so standen sie in dem Schiff und auf den Emporen, als um die sechste Abendstunde die Fahnen unter den Klängen des Niederländischen Dankgebets in die Kirche einzogen und im Altarraum Ausstellung nahmen. Hauptpastor I). Dr. Schöffe! hielt die Gedächtnis- Predigt. ' Der Kreis Hammerbrook der NS-Bolkswohlfahrt veranstaltet am Freitag, dem 12. Oktober, 20 Uhr, im großen Saal der Germanenhalle (srüher Gewerkschasts- haus> einen großen, volkstümlichen Abend unter Mit wirkung bekannter Hamburger Künstler. Die Bastion Neptun Um 1W0 herum steckten unsere Stabtväter sorgenvoll bie Köpfe zusammen. Es roch wieder einmal nach Krieg und die alten Wälle mit ihren wenigen Rondellen boten keinen kin- icichenben Schutz mehr. Man beriet darum mit dem hollän dischen Hauptmann Johann von Valkenburgh, der schon Bremen und Braunschweig zu guten Festungen gemackt halte. Und man verfuhr nach seinen Plänen. In zehnjähriger Bauzeit entstand ein Ring wehrhafter, „neuzeitlicher" Bastionen und Wälle um Hamburg, daß selbst Wallenstein davor Respekt bekam und (so schwer es ihm auch wurde) den fetten Happen Hamburg ungeschoren ließ. Nicht nur die Stadt selbst, auch der Hasen log im Schutze der neuen Befestigungen. Heute noch erinnern uns die Bismarckhöhe ^Bastion Casparus), der Stintfang (Bastion Al bertus) und das Iohonnisbollwerk (Bastion Johannes) an jene, sür damalige Begrisse uneinnehmbare Blockhäuser und palli- sabengespickten Wälle. Ein besonders vorgeschobener Posten aber war die Bastion Neptun, nur 4M Fuß von der Spitze des Brooks am Kehrwieder entfernt. Ihr oblag unmittelbar der Hasenschutz. Sie war bei der Verteidigung zu Wasser der wichtigste Stützpunkt und hatte darüber hinaus noch die Aus gabe, die Wallbastionen Albertus und Johannes, mit denen sie durch Dämme verbunden war, in der Beherrschung des äußeren Hasens zu unterstützen. Die Blockhäuser sahen ursprünglich recht kriegerisch aus. Ka nonenrohre und Pallisaden stachen hervor, Sazildwachen schritten aus der obersten Brüstung, ein immer ausgerüstetes Wachisckiss lag nahebei und die logenannte „Paterne" im Schutz der Wälle war das unterirdische Schlupfloch sür die Soldaten in der Stunde höchster Gefahr. Die Bastion Neptun sreilich blieb stets wegen ihrer Wasferlage besonders erponicrt und gefährdet, weil ihr ja der Wallschutz völlig fehlte. Trotzdem hat sie sich bei den Kämpfen mit den Dänen gut bewährt. Unser Bild allerdings stammt aus einer späteren Zeit, wo es hier sriedlich und malerisch aussah und ringsum die Kaussahrteischisse vertäut waren. Masten, Masten, Segel und dazwischen das alte be mooste Blockhaus mit seinem Turm und seiner Auslug- Galerie... Als 1852 die neuen Hafenbecken in Angriff genommen wur den, hatte auch sür die idyllische Bastion Neptun die Stunde geschlagen. Ihre Ausgabe war lange schon durch die Entwicklung unseres Häsens überyolt. Nun mußte sie, wi« die meisten der alten Befestigungen den Platz räumen. Alan schleiste sie und baute Speicher. So walzte auch hier ein Jahrhundert über das andre hinweg, und wer weiß, was nach uns kommt. Lampe ». Oktober Aambnrger Anzeiger N». «SI Albeitzbischalwg durch SallzWalldletzung Die Kreditkasse für Hausinstandsetzung, ein gemeinnütziges Unternehmen das mit Staatsgeldern arbeitet, gibt zum Zwecke der Arbeitsbeschaffung zu äuherst günstigen Bedingungen Kredite für Anstandsetzungs<ribelt«n an Häusern. In Frage kommen dabei sämtliche Verschöne- rungs» und ^inftandsetzungsarbeiten in und an Wohngebäu den und Geschäftshäusern sowie für die Teilung von Woh' nungen usw. Die Kredite werden nur an Haus- und Grundbesitzer des Hamburger Staatsgebietes gewährt, die in der Lage sind, ihre Kreditwürdigkeit durch Beibringung oon aus reichenden Sicherheiten nachzuweisen. Die Kreditanträge sind entweder einzureichen bei der Kreditkasse für Haus- " ^ .....
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https://github.com/lengbing95/yun-ui-pc/blob/master/examples/demo-styles/drawer.scss
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,022 |
yun-ui-pc
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lengbing95
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SCSS
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Code
| 72 | 236 |
.demo-drawer {
&__content {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
height: 100%;
form {
flex: 1;
}
}
&__footer {
display: flex;
button {
flex: 1;
}
}
.title-operation {
display: inline-flex;
align-items: center;
i {
margin-right: 16px;
cursor: pointer;
&:last-child {
margin: 0;
}
}
}
.footer-tip {
color: #768893;
font-size: 14px;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
i {
font-size: 16px;
margin-right: 4px;
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// .y-drawer__body {
// padding: 20px;
// }
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https://github.com/Kardzhaliyski/Java-Advanced/blob/master/6.DefiningClassesExercise/src/catlady/StreetExtraordinaire.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
Java-Advanced
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Kardzhaliyski
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Java
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Code
| 18 | 48 |
package catlady;
public class StreetExtraordinaire extends Cat {
public StreetExtraordinaire(String name, Double specialParameter) {
super(name, specialParameter);
}
}
| 20,577 |
2015/62014FB0030/62014FB0030_NL.txt_1
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CC-By
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None
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None
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Dutch
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Spoken
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C_2015081NL.01003002.xml
9.3.2015
NL
Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie
C 81/30
Beschikking van het Gerecht voor ambtenarenzaken van 15 januari 2015 Speyart/Europese Commissie
(Zaak F-30/14) (1)
(2015/C 081/39)
Procestaal: Frans
De president van de Eerste kamer heeft de doorhaling van de zaak gelast.
(1) PB C 175 van 10.6.2014, blz. 56.
| 42,993 |
https://openalex.org/W4364377619
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OpenAlex
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Do Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect the Actual Course of Low Back Pain? A Longitudinal Cohort Study
|
Casper Glissmann Nim
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English
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Spoken
| 10,670 | 18,848 |
Download date: 24. Oct. 2024 University of Southern Denmark Citation for pulished version (APA):
Nim, C. G., Vach, W., Downie, A., & Kongsted, A. (2023). Do Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect the Actual Course
of Low Back Pain? A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Journal of Pain, 24(8), 1506-1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2023.04.004 Citation for pulished version (APA):
Nim, C. G., Vach, W., Downie, A., & Kongsted, A. (2023). Do Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect the Actual Course
of Low Back Pain? A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Journal of Pain, 24(8), 1506-1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2023.04.004 Go to publication entry in University of Southern Denmark's Research Portal The Journal of Pain, Vol 24, No. 8 (August), 2023: pp 1506–1521
Available online at www.jpain.org and www.sciencedirect.com Received August 2, 2022; Received in revised form March 31, 2023; Accepted April 7, 2023
This analysis was funded by the Danish Foundation for Chiropractic Research and Post-graduate Education (Grant no. A3461). Data collection and
management of the database were funded by the Danish Foundation for Chiropractic Research and Post-graduate Education (Grant no. N5550). The
conduct of the study was financed by a grant from the Danish Foundation for Chiropractic Research and Post-graduate Education.
A.K.’s position at the University of Southern Denmark has been financially supported by the Danish Chiropractic Fund for Research and Post Graduate
Research. W.V.’s work at the Basel Academy has been financed by the Chiropractic Knowledge Hub. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.
Supplementary data accompanying this article are available online at www.jpain.org and www.sciencedirect.com.
Address reprint requests to Casper Glissmann Nim, PhD, Spine Center of Southern Denmark, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Oestre Hougvej
55, 5500 Middelfart, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]
1526-5900/$36.00
Please provide copyright line in metadata.xml https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2023.04.004 Do Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect the Actual Course of
Low Back Pain? A Longitudinal Cohort Study Casper Glissmann Nim,⁎,†,‡ Werner Vach,§ Aron Downie,¶ and Alice Kongsted‡,‖
⁎Medical Research Unit, Spine Center of Southern Denmark, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Middelfart, Denmark,
†Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, ‡Department of Sport Science
and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, §Basel Academy for Quality and Research in
Medicine, Basel, Switzerland, ¶Department of Chiropractic, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie
University, Sydney, Australia, ‖Chiropractic Knowledge Hub, Odense, Denmark Abstract: Different trajectories of low back pain (LBP) have been identified prospectively using re
peated measures. For these trajectories to inform clinical practice, they must be available in the clinical
consultation. Therefore, identified LBP trajectories have been translated into visual pain trajectories
(VPTs) that allow people with LBP, at the time of consult, to reflect upon their pain experience and
identify the VPT that best categorizes their pain course. We have limited knowledge regarding the extent
to which a chosen VPT reflects the prospectively experienced trajectory. Thus, we explored the dis
tribution of pain intensity and pain pattern characteristics (from prospective pain trajectory data) within
the retrospectively chosen VPT classes. We enrolled patients with LBP from Danish chiropractic practice. Using SMS, participants (n = 719) scored their pain weekly on an 11-point numerical rating scale for 52
weeks. At week 52, participants identified 1 of 8 VPTs that reflected their perceived back pain trajectory
during the preceding year. We found that the chosen VPTs reflected pain intensity, but that pain patterns
(episodic, fluctuating, and persistent) were not systematically recognized, and the experienced course
varied substantially amongst participants within the same VPT. The VPTs are related to some aspects of
the experienced LBP course but are not a proxy for the SMS-measured trajectories. Reasons for apparent
mismatches between the experienced course of LBP and VPT recall warrant further investigation. l Perspective: Self-reported back pain trajectories reflected pain intensities obtained through
weekly SMS tracking over a year, but participants’ recall did not reflect the pain patterns (episodes
and fluctuations) discovered prospectively. Clinicians can use self-reported pain trajectories to fa
cilitate a dialog about pain experience, but not as a proxy for prospective measures. Please provide copyright line in metadata.xml Terms of use Terms of use
This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. If no other license is stated, these terms apply: This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. If no other license is stated these terms apply: • You may download this work for personal use only. y
p
y
• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial
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• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-makin at this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. enquiries to [email protected] If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] If you believe that this document breaches copyright ple
Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] Download date: 24. Oct. 2024 Methods There is limited knowledge surrounding whether, and
to what extent, VPTs chosen by people with LBP retro
spectively reflect their prospective course. One study
assessed the agreement between retrospective VPT
classes and the prospective LBP course.14 Here, VPT
classes were assessed using the Visual Trajectories
Questionnaire for Pain (VTQ-Pain), which asked people
with LBP to visually identify 1 of 8 trajectories that best
represented their pain experience over the prior 12
months. The prospective courses were identified using
latent class analysis based on trichotomized numeric 0
to 10 pain scores, measured monthly for 6 months. There was general agreement between the choice of
VPT and the latent-class derived trajectory subgroups
that participants were assigned to (eg, ∼80% of those
selecting “A single episode” or “No back pain” had a
prospective trajectory labeled as “No or occasional mild
pain”). Similar findings emerged for those reporting
“Severe back pain most of the time.” However, there
was also some disagreement (eg, those selecting the
“Episodic pain” or the “Gradually improved” visual
trajectory were primarily classified in the “Mild persis
tent” prospective trajectory subgroup). These results
suggest that monthly intensity estimates may miss var
iations (fluctuation and episodic) in LBP within a given
month, including episodes with no pain, which are part
of the pattern reported by people with LBP.15 Further
more, when considering the wide variation observed in
LBP, the number of participants limited the study (eg, 4
out of the 8 visual trajectories had less than 15 partici
pants). Key Words: Low back pain, pain trajectory, pain perception, pain pattern, primary care Key Words: Low back pain, pain trajectory, pain perception, pain pattern, primary care L L
ow back pain (LBP) is often a long-lasting or re
current condition.1 Distinct pain trajectories have
been described based on repeated measures, re
flecting different LBP types across multiple pain characteristics, including pain-related distress, activity
limitation, and work participation.2–10 Trajectories from repeated measures are well-described,
but their usefulness in clinical practice is unexplored. Evidence suggests that people with LBP tend to stay in 1506 The Journal of Pain
1507 Nim et al similar trajectories over time,5,11 and trajectories are po
tentially beneficial in predicting outcomes for people with
neck pain.12 Thus, trajectories may reflect subgroups that
inform prognosis and potentially guide clinical decisions. will have experienced greater pain intensity and less
pain-free periods or relapses? Alternatively, is there
large variability in pain experiences across VPT classes,
meaning that they do not tell what would have been
measured prospectively? Consequently, we will examine
the distribution of characteristics of the LBP courses
within and across VPT classes. Characteristics related to
1) intensity and frequency, 2) fluctuations, and 3) epi
sodes will be considered. will have experienced greater pain intensity and less
pain-free periods or relapses? Alternatively, is there
large variability in pain experiences across VPT classes,
meaning that they do not tell what would have been
measured prospectively? Consequently, we will examine
the distribution of characteristics of the LBP courses
within and across VPT classes. Characteristics related to
1) intensity and frequency, 2) fluctuations, and 3) epi
sodes will be considered. Typically, trajectories are recorded prospectively, yet
there are limited benefits in knowing the prospective
pain trajectory when patients, healthcare providers, and
insurance companies desire a prognosis at the time of
consultation.13 To address this, the most commonly re
ported pain trajectories have been translated into self-
reported visual pain trajectories (VPTs), allowing people
with LBP to identify their patterns retrospectively using
pre-defined classes.11,12,14,15 Design and Setting We conducted an exploratory analysis using long
itudinal data from the Danish Chiropractic Low Back
Pain Cohort (ChiCo). ChiCo is a prospective, 1-year, ob
servational cohort of patients from 10 primary chir
opractic practices in the Central Administrative Region
of Denmark. The cohort included a total of 2848 parti
cipants.16 The study was reported according to the
STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies
in Epidemiology statement.17 Participants in the cohorts provided consent for data to
be used for research, and all data achieved were anon
ymized. The data collection obtained authorization from
the Danish Data Protection Agency (DPA) as part of the
University of Southern Denmark’s institutional authoriza
tion (DPA no. 2015-57-0008, University of Southern
Denmark no. 17/30591 and 16/47215). No approval was
needed from the Regional Scientific Committee to extract
and store the data or conduct the analyses.16,18 The ana
lysis plan was not preregistered. Baseline Characteristics At baseline, participants reported age, sex (identified
through social security number), typical back and leg pain
intensity the previous week (Numeric Rating Scale [NRS]
0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain imaginable),20 disability
using
the
23-item
Roland-Morris
Disability
Ques
tionnaire (0% = no disability to 100% = completely im
mobile),21 pain duration (< 4 weeks, 4–52 weeks, and > 52
weeks), and workability (0 = low workability to 10 = high
workability).22 They also completed the STarT Back
Screening Tool (low, moderate, or high risk for developing
long-term disability),23 and the Back Beliefs Questionnaire
(9 = negative beliefs to 45 = positive beliefs).24 Individual Trajectory Data Within Their VPT To gain a first impression of the data, we observed
weekly pain scores from a random sample of up to 30
individuals from each VPT class. This allowed a visual
inspection of the data used in the subsequent analyses. All available trajectories in an anonymized form can be
accessed through an online repository (Shiny, R-
studio)26 (https://caspernim.shinyapps.io/lbptrajectory/). Study Participants ChiCo enrolled participants who consulted a chir
opractor to initiate care for LBP with or without leg pain. Almost half of the participants experienced acute pain
with a current episode duration of less than 1 week, and
only a minority had pain for more than 3 months. However, approximately 83% had previously experienced
LBP.16 To be eligible for participation in the cohort, the
patient had to be 18 years or older, complete electronic
questionnaires in Danish, and have a cellular phone. In this study, we extend past work by recruiting a
large sample of people with LBP to investigate what
information retrospectively chosen VPTs provide about
prospective pain experiences. Other than the sample
size, there are 2 important differences to past work. First, we collected prospective pain data weekly to
overcome the potential limitations related to monthly
sampling. Second, while the study by Dunn et al ex
plored agreement between VPT classes and classes
constructed from the prospective trajectories,14 we in
vestigated whether VPT class membership allows
making conclusions about certain features of the pro
spective trajectories. Our approach helps inform to
what extent a clinician gets specific information about
the characteristics of a patient’s pain course from VPTs. For instance, if a person chooses a Severe versus an
Episodic VPT class, can we be certain that the former q
p
Of the 2848 participants, 1623 were invited to be
contacted by short message service (SMS). The popula
tion of this study is hence defined by those 1378 parti
cipants who accepted the invitation. This has been
previously described.19 Relative to the entire cohort,
those followed by SMS had slightly higher education
levels, lighter workloads, and a much shorter duration
of pain. There were no baseline differences for any
demographic or clinical parameters. Additionally, a
comparison was conducted between those who were
followed with weekly SMS questions about their pain
and another subsample of the cohort who was not
followed. In summary, the results indicated that “self-
monitoring” of their pain status was not associated with
the clinical course.19 1508
The Journal of Pain Analytical Strategy All questionnaires were completed electronically via
REDCap (administered by Open Patient data Explorative
Network) by the patients at the clinic upon inclusion and
later at home. Participant characteristics were collected at
enrollment (baseline) and VPT classes were collected at 1
year (follow-up) along with numerous other variables not
considered here. Pain intensity and frequency were col
lected weekly by automated SMS questions.16 Data cleaning, visualization, and analyses were com
pleted using R for Linux Zorin OS 16, Dublin, Ireland (v. 4.1 with R-studio v. 1.4) applying the Tidyverse lan
guage.25 Participants’ baseline characteristics were described
stratified by VPT class using means and the 10th to 90th
percentile range for continuous variables and absolute
counts and relative frequency for categorical ones. Prospective LBP Course For the purpose of this study, “responders” were
defined as participants who had data for more than 32
weekly SMS questions and who provided VPT ratings at
the 1-year follow-up. The participants were tracked with SMS each week
for 52 weeks. The SMS consisted of 2 items concerning
the pain frequency and intensity: Baseline characteristics associated with non-response
were investigated in univariable logistic regression
presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. In addition, the distribution of the VPT classes at follow-
up was compared between responders and the subset
of non-responders who did have available VPT data but
who did not have ≥32 weeks of SMS data. 1. “How many days have you had back pain (or back-
related leg pain) within the last 7 days? (please an
swer with one number from 0 to 7)” 2. “How severe was the pain typically on a scale from 0
to 10?” If the pain frequency was answered with a 0, the
second SMS automatically scored 0. Non-numerical re
sponses (eg, 3 days) were transformed manually to a
numerical value (eg, 3). It was recorded as missing if the
answer was nonsensical.16 This analysis will focus on the
weekly pain intensity scores. Retrospective Self-Reported VPTs At the 1-year follow-up, participants chose 1 of the 8
VPT classes that best characterized their LBP experience
over the last 12 months. A description and an illustra
tion of the trajectory patterns were presented to the
participants (Table 1). An overview of the data for each VPT was presented
by 1) graphing the distribution of pain intensity scores
(VPT class averages and 10–90% percentiles) for each of
the 52 weeks and 2) describing the distribution of the
pain intensity score across all 52 weeks (VPT class
averages and 10–90% percentiles). The VPT is described by intensity: Mild (Single epi
sode/Recovered, Episodic, Fluctuating minor, Stable
minor), Moderate (Fluctuating intermediate), and
Severe (Fluctuating severe, Persistent severe) and by
pattern: Episodic (Single episode/Recovered, Episodic),
Fluctuating (Fluctuating minor, Fluctuating inter
mediate, Fluctuating severe), and Stable/persistent
(Stable minor, Persistent severe).11 Data Preparation For the remaining analyses, we restricted the data to
include weeks 11 to 52. This eliminated the initial weeks
when most individuals’ pain intensity decreases sub
stantially. This reflects the expectation that retrospectively
assessed pain trajectories reflect the course during the year
instead of the initial decrease following care-seeking.16 Data Collection
1508
The Journal of Pain Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Visualizing the Relationships of VPT Classes
With LBP Courses A participant’s LBP course was described by character
istics related to pain intensity, frequency, episodes, and
fluctuations. Each characteristic is defined below in the
context of this study. In these definitions, “average” refers
to taking the average over all weeks within individuals
(excluding those with missing data). Comparing the dis
tributions of these single characteristics across the VPT
classes was not based on formal statistical methods but on
data visualizations. In continuous distributions, violin plots Table 1. Retrospective Self-Reported Visual Pain Trajectories
Nim et al
The Journal of Pain
1509 The Journal of Pain
1509 The Journal of Pain
1509 Nim et al Table 1. Retrospective Self-Reported Visual Pain Trajectories
BELOW ARE SHOWN SOME EXAMPLES OF HOW LOW BACK PAIN COURSE
MAY BE: TICK THE BOX NEXT TO THE DESCRIPTION THAT BEST SUITS YOUR
COURSE OVER THE PAST YEAR
LABE
STUD
No prior LBP, or a single episode of LBP
Single
Recov
Episodic LBP, with at least 1 mo of no pain in between
Episo
Mild LBP most of the time
Stable
Severe LBP most of the time
Persis
Mild fluctuating LBP
Fluctu
Severe fluctuating LBP
Fluctu
Fluctuating LBP of varying intensity shifting between mild and severe
Fluctu
Interm
I cannot recognize any specific pattern
Unrec Table 1. Retrospective Self-Reported Visual Pain Trajectories Fluctuations with embedded box plots were used, with whiskers illus
trating the 10th to 90th percentile range. The latter pro
vided information about the range of each characteristic
for 80% of participants selecting a VPT. When referring to
the average value of a characteristic across participants,
we use the label “mean.” In the case of discrete dis
tributions, histograms were used. The final interpretation
of the group differences was based on a description of the
visual impression. with embedded box plots were used, with whiskers illus
trating the 10th to 90th percentile range. The latter pro
vided information about the range of each characteristic
for 80% of participants selecting a VPT. When referring to
the average value of a characteristic across participants,
we use the label “mean.” In the case of discrete dis
tributions, histograms were used. The final interpretation
of the group differences was based on a description of the
visual impression. Variation on top of a general trend. The
variation on top of a possible general trend was
quantified by fitting a linear regression line for each
participant’s
SMS
responses
over
time
and
calculating the Root-mean-square error (RMSE) (ie,
the standard deviation of the deviations from the
line). A comparison of the RMSE with the average
pain revealed that the RMSE is highly correlated to
the average pain in participants with a limited
number of pain weeks but provides independent
information in participants with many pain weeks
(Supplementary
File
1). Consequently,
only
participants with at least 20 weeks of pain were
included in the analysis. Variable Definitions Pain intensity and frequency. This aspect was
investigated using three characteristics: 1) the relative
frequency of weeks with pain (NRS > 0), 2) average pain
intensity in all weeks, and 3) average pain intensity in
weeks with pain. Flare-up. We explored fluctuations further by
considering the number of pain flare-ups. A flare-
up was defined as higher pain scores than the
maximum pain score in the preceding weeks. Flare-ups have been previously considered in the
literature,31
although there is
no consensus
regarding
the
appropriate
duration
of
a
comparison time window (how many weeks to
“look back”) or the relevant magnitude of pain
intensity increase to consider. Therefore, as an initial
step, we explored all combinations of looking 2 to 8
weeks back in time and increased pain scores from 1
to 10. We present results for using a pain increase of
3 or more (out of 10) relative to average pain
intensity levels the 4 weeks prior. All combinations
can be accessed through the online repository
(https://caspernim.shinyapps.io/painflareups/). Table 1 (Continued)
BELOW ARE SHOWN SOME EXAMPLES OF HOW LOW BACK PAIN COURSE
MAY BE: TICK THE BOX NEXT TO THE DESCRIPTION THAT BEST SUITS YOUR
COURSE OVER THE PAST YEAR
LABEL USED IN THIS
STUDY
1510
The Journal of Pain
Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Table 1 (Continued)
1510
The Journal of Pain BELOW ARE SHOWN SOME EXAMPLES OF HOW LOW BACK PAIN COURSE
MAY BE: TICK THE BOX NEXT TO THE DESCRIPTION THAT BEST SUITS YOUR
COURSE OVER THE PAST YEAR
LABEL USED IN THIS
STUDY The text and figures presented to participants and labels used in this study. Episodes Pain-free periods. Pain-free periods, defined as a
minimum of 4 consecutive weeks with NRS 0 to
1,27,28 were used to indicate episodic LBP patterns. A
pain-free period was preceded and followed by a
week with pain or the start/end of the observation
period. Pain-free periods were allowed to include a
single week with a missing report but not
consecutive weeks with missing reports. In all
cases, at least 4 weeks with a reported NRS of 0 to
1 was required. The number of pain-free periods
and the average length of the pain-free periods
were considered characteristics. Relapse. We examined the number of relapses
to further capture the characteristics of episodic
patterns. We defined relapse as an increase in pain
intensity after a pain-free period (see Pain-free
periods). We used 2 definitions: 1) An increase in
pain intensity to at least 3 out of 10, indicating an
increase beyond mild pain29
(definition A;
consistent with Stanton et al consensus-based
Delphi Study30). 2) An increase in pain intensity
to a level greater than or equal to the participant’s
average pain intensity (definition B; individually
tailored). No prior LBP, or a single episode of LBP No prior LBP, or a single episode of LBP Single episode/
Recovered Episodic LBP, with at least 1 mo of no pain in between Stable minor Stable minor Persistent severe Mild fluctuating LBP Fluctuating LBP of varying intensity shifting between mild and severe Fluctuating LBP of varying intensity shifting between mild and severe I cannot recognize any specific pattern Unrecognized Results A total of 1269 participants (92%) had usable SMS
data. We removed 293 participants (21%) who had < 32
weeks of data and 257 additional participants (19%)
who were missing VPT data at week 52. Providing a
final sample of 719 participants (Fig 1). The most common VPT selected was Single episode/
Recovered (33%), and only 7 (1%) chose the VPT
Persistent severe. We observed slightly higher propor
tions of males in the “severe” VPTs. All other baseline
characteristics generally reflected the different degrees
of severity indicated by the VPT labeling with increasing
intensity or consequences from the Single episode/
Recovered VPT toward the more severe VPTs (Table 2). Sensitivity Analysis The potential impact of recall bias. Recall bias may
have
influenced
the
individual
decisions
of
the
participants. To address this issue, the analysis was
repeated using only data from the most recent weeks
(ie, from weeks 40–52). Results were presented stratified
by each VPT class as 1) overview of the weekly data for
each VPT class, 2) pain intensity and frequency, and 3)
variation on top of a trend (ie, the RMSE). There were Fig. 1. Flowchart of patient attrition. Percentages are all based on N = 1378. Abbreviations: ChiCo, Chiropractic Low Back
Pain Cohort; VPT, visual pain trajectory. Nim et al
The Journal of Pain
1511 The Journal of Pain
1511 Nim et al Fig. 1. Flowchart of patient attrition. Percentages are all based on N = 1378. Abbreviations: ChiCo, Chiropractic Low Back
Pain Cohort; VPT, visual pain trajectory. 1) proportion of weeks with pain (frequency),
2) average pain intensity in all weeks (intensity), insufficient data available to compare the episode
characteristics over recent weeks. g
p
y
y
3) average pain intensity in weeks with pain (intensity) 4) the variation on top of a trend (fluctuations), The potential impact of using reported pain frequency
instead of reported pain intensity. Participants received
2 SMSs. The first SMS queried pain frequency (number of
days per week pain was experienced) and the second SMS
asked about pain intensity. In our analysis, it is implicitly
assumed that reported pain intensity was the essential
aspect. However, it cannot be excluded that the number
of days with pain in a week was the essential aspect. To
explore this possibility, the correlation (Spearman’s rank)
was calculated between the 2 measures using averaged data
for each participant for each measure. Following this, we
repeated the analysis, replacing the reported pain intensity
with the reported pain frequency (number of days of pain
within a week). Results were presented for 1) the weekly
overview, 2) the average number of days with pain across all
weeks, 3) the average number of days with pain in a pain
week, and 4) the variation on top of a trend (ie, the RMSE). 5) proportion reporting at least 2 pain-free periods
(episodes), 6) average length of pain-free periods (episodes), 7) proportion reporting at least 2 relapses (according to
definition A) (episodes). We also present the clinical aspects independent of
selecting any VPT, allowing comparisons to any given
participant not selecting any VPT. Synthesis of the Results from a Clinical
Perspective Whereas the analyses described above compared the
distribution of the different pain characteristics across
the VPT classes, clinicians are faced with making a
conclusion about the LBP course for a single patient
who presents with a specific VPT class. To facilitate
comparison between VPTs, we present the following
characteristics derived from the prospective data col
lection for each VPT class reported by mean and 10 to
90% percentiles or proportions: Non-Responder Analysis Non-responders were more likely to have a higher
disability, higher risk of long-term disability (STarT Back 1512
The Journal of Pain Table 2. Distribution of Self-Reported Visual Pain Trajectories in Danish Chiropractic Patients and Baseline Characteristics
BASELINE
CHARACTERISTICS
UNRECOGNIZED,
N = 78
SINGLE EPISODE/
RECOVERED,
N = 240
EPISODIC,
N = 87
FLUCTUATING
MINOR, N = 119
STABLE
MINOR,
N = 44
FLUCTUATING
INTERMEDIATE,
N = 112
FLUCTUATING
SEVERE, N = 32
PERSISTENT
SEVERE, N = 7
Sex (% male)
45 (58%)
153 (64%)
57 (66%)
73 (61%)
22 (50%)
48 (43%)
20 (62%)
5 (71%)
Age (y)
46 (28, 61)
49 (30, 65)
43 (31, 61)
46 (32, 62)
49 (32, 67)
45 (27, 61)
51 (31, 67)
50 (36, 65)
Back pain (0–10)
6.76 (4.00, 9.00)
6.45 (3.00, 9.00)
6.66
(4.00, 9.00)
6.36 (4.00, 9.00)
6.44
(3.00, 9.00)
6.96 (5.00, 9.00)
8.00 (6.10, 9.90)
8.43 (7.00, 9.40)
Leg pain (0–10)
2.74 (.00, 8.00)
2.19 (.00, 6.80)
2.90
(.00, 7.00)
2.98 (.00, 7.00)
3.19
(.00, 7.00)
3.47 (.00, 8.00)
4.81 (.00, 8.00)
6.29 (3.20, 9.00)
Disability (0–100)
58 (22, 83)
52 (17, 83)
58 (22, 87)
53 (17, 83)
59 (35, 87)
59 (27, 78)
64 (40, 87)
71 (50, 87)
The STarT Back
Screening Tool
Low risk
38 (49%)
130 (54%)
44 (51%)
55 (47%)
18 (42%)
36 (32%)
1 (3.1%)
0 (0%)
Moderate risk
27 (35%)
74 (31%)
27 (31%)
42 (36%)
15 (35%)
49 (44%)
20 (62%)
4 (57%)
High risk
12 (16%)
35 (15%)
16 (18%)
20 (17%)
10 (23%)
27 (24%)
11 (34%)
3 (43%)
Current episode duration
< 4 wk
66 (87%)
197 (83%)
72 (83%)
76 (64%)
29 (67%)
65 (59%)
15 (47%)
5 (71%)
4 to 52 wk
2 (2.6%)
26 (11%)
6 (6.9%)
17 (14%)
7 (16%)
16 (14%)
3 (9.4%)
0 (0%)
> 52 wk
8 (11%)
15 (6.3%)
9 (10%)
26 (22%)
7 (16%)
30 (27%)
14 (44%)
2 (29%)
Work ability index (0–10) 7.52 (5.00, 10.00)
7.31 (3.00, 10.00)
7.49
(5.00, 10.00)
7.42 (5.00, 9.50)
6.92
(4.50, 9.00)
7.00 (3.00, 10.00)
6.86 (4.00, 10.00)
3.67 (2.20, 5.40)
Back beliefs
questionnaire (9–45)
35.1 (29.0, 42.3)
33.7 (26.0, 41.0)
32.5
(26.0, 38.4)
33.1 (26.0, 39.0)
32.5
(27.0, 39.0)
31.3 (23.1, 38.9)
30.6 (23.2, 37.0)
27.9 (19.6, 35.4)
Baseline characteristics were described using mean (10th–90th percentile range) for continuous variables and absolute counts (relative frequency) for categorical ones. Individual Trajectory Data There was a clear trend for pain intensity and fre
quency across VPTs: the minor and episodic VPT classes
had the lowest pain intensity, increasing toward the
moderate and severe VPTs. Those choosing the
Fluctuating minor VPT generally reported higher pain
intensity than those choosing Stable minor, especially
for weeks in pain (Fig 3). Overall, the LBP courses reflected more weeks in pain
and higher pain intensity in VPT classes with labels in
dicating more severe LBP than those labeled as mild or
recovered. However, we also observed wide variations
within each VPT class, with multiple deviations from the
pattern indicated by the labeling (eg, some who re
ported a single episode had multiple episodes according
to our definition, and some who reported persistent
pain had multiple pain-free periods). Furthermore,
some participants reported a severe VPT while scoring
relatively low pain scores throughout the 52 weeks. In
contrast, some selecting the VPT Intense fluctuating
displayed consistently high pain scores (Fig 2). Despite apparent VPT differences, the variation
within VPT observed in Fig 2 can also be observed when
summarizing the data (Fig 3). Non-Responder Analysis Pain
Visual Pain Trajector Fig. 2. A random sample of up to 30 participants’ prospective low back pain course over 52 weeks stratified by their self-reported
visual pain trajectory at week 52. A complete overview of all the prospective trajectory data can be found at https://caspernim. shinyapps.io/lbptrajectory/. Nim et al
The Journal of Pain
1513 The Journal of Pain
1513 Nim et al Fig. 2. A random sample of up to 30 participants’ prospective low back pain course over 52 weeks stratified by their self-reported
visual pain trajectory at week 52. A complete overview of all the prospective trajectory data can be found at https://caspernim. shinyapps.io/lbptrajectory/. Screening Tool), more negative back beliefs, and longer
pain durations. Small differences were noted for those
with and without complete SMS data. Those without
complete SMS data more commonly selected minor
VPTs, and none selected a severe VPT (Supplementary
File 2). construct analyses. The mean pain intensities presented at
the top of Fig 2 followed the severity of the VPT labeling. In contrast, there were no differences in weekly pain in
tensity within VPT classes labeled with the same intensity
but different patterns (eg, persistent and fluctuating se
vere) (Supplementary File 3). 1514
The Journal of Pain 1514
The Journal of Pain Fig. 3. The distribution of pain intensity and frequency stratified by their self-reported visual pain trajectory at week 52. g. 3. The distribution of pain intensity and frequency stratified by their self-reported visual pain trajector Relapse Independent of the definition, relapses were not
common in this cohort, with the majority not experi
encing relapses. As expected, more relapses were re
ported for reaching pain levels of at least 3 (definition
A, Fig 5A) than for reaching at least 3 and at least the
mean pain intensity (definition B, Fig 5B). The partici
pants selecting Unrecognized, Episodic, and mild VPTs
had the most relapses, but relapses were found across
all VPTs. Differences did exist in the Episodic VPT be
tween the 2 definitions. When using definition A, the
majority of participants experienced a relapse (58%),
whereas, for definition B, only 32% experienced a re
lapse, which was consistent with the remaining VPTs. Fluctuations
Variations on Top of a Trend defined episodic, some participants reported no pain-
free periods. For the minor VPT classes, around half of
the participants reported pain-free periods. In the
moderate and severe VPT classes, most participants re
ported no pain-free periods (Fig 4A). Less than 20 weeks of pain was most frequently re
ported in the mild VPT classes, whereas participants in
the moderate and severe intensity classes primarily re
ported more than 20 weeks of pain and were hence
included in the analysis of variation on top of the pain
course trend (Supplementary File 1). Participants selecting either Unrecognized or Episodic
(single or multiple) VPT classes had a relatively large
chance of experiencing long pain-free period(s) com
pared with the other VPT classes. However, substantial
variation in the average length of the pain-free period
was observed for all VPT classes (Fig 4B). Differences between VPT classes were not pro
nounced among those with more than 20 weeks of
pain. The Episodic VPT had the highest median standard
deviation of the deviations from the line, and with a
considerable range of variation. Single episode/
Recovered, Stable minor, and Unrecognized VPT classes
had the lowest median standard deviation of the de
viations from the line, with less range of variation. Notably, there were no distinct differences in the stan
dard deviation of the deviations from the line between
participants selecting minor fluctuating/stable or severe
fluctuating/persistent (Fig 6). Episodes
Pain-Free Periods There was a rapid decline in pain intensity within the
initial weeks of data collection across all VPTs. This justifies
our decision to omit the initial 10 weeks for the subsequent In the episodic VPT classes, the majority reported at
least 2 pain-free periods, but in contrast to how we had Fig. 3. The distribution of pain intensity and frequency stratified by their self-reported visual pain trajectory at week 52. 1514
The Journal of Pain
Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain 1514
The Journal of Pain
Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Sensitivity Analysis The potential impact of recall bias. The results using
only the data of weeks 40 to 52 were very similar to
those obtained in the main analysis. Only the Single
episode/Recovered VPT class had slightly lower pain
scores at the end of the follow-up (Supplementary
File 5). Flare-up We visually inspected periods looking back (from 2 to
8 weeks) and a range of increases in pain (1–10) (https://
caspernim.shinyapps.io/painflareups/). Approximately
half of the participants experienced flare-ups, which Fig. 4. The distribution of the number (A) and average length (B) of pain-free periods stratified by their self-reported visual pain
trajectory at week 52. One hundred ninety-two participants did not have a pain-free period and were omitted from (B). Nim et al
The Journal of Pain
1515 The Journal of Pain
1515 The Journal of Pain
1515 Fig. 4. The distribution of the number (A) and average length (B) of pain-free periods stratified by their self-reported visual pain
trajectory at week 52. One hundred ninety-two participants did not have a pain-free period and were omitted from (B). Fig. 5. The distribution of the number of relapses stratified by their self-reported visual pain trajectory at week 52. Relapse = A
sequence of 4 consecutive weeks followed by a week with pain levels ≥3 (definition A) and ≥participant overall average (defini
tion B). Fig. 5. The distribution of the number of relapses stratified by their self-reported visual pain trajectory at week 52. Relapse = A
sequence of 4 consecutive weeks followed by a week with pain levels ≥3 (definition A) and ≥participant overall average (defini
tion B). 1516
The Journal of Pain Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Fig. 6. The joint distribution of the variation on top of an intensity trend for each participant stratified by their self-reported visual
pain trajectory at week 52. 1516
The Journal of Pain
Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain Fig. 6. The joint distribution of the variation on top of an intensity trend for each participant stratified by their self-reported visual
pain trajectory at week 52. were more common in episodic and persistent severe
VPTs. However, it was uncommon for participants to
experience numerous flare-ups. No combination of time
periods and pain increases resulted in the presence of
flare-ups being distinctly different between VPTs
(Supplementary File 4). Secondly, when switching from average pain intensity to
average days with pain, Persistent severe and Fluctuating
severe changed their position in the ranking of the VPT
classes, whereas otherwise, the ranking was similar. Regardless, the results concerning the variation on top of
a trend (fluctuations) were consistent across the analysis
approaches (Supplementary File 6). Discussion This study investigated the degree to which conclu
sions about the individual LBP course (assessed by
weekly SMS data) can be drawn based on people with
LBP retrospectively characterizing their trajectory via
choosing a VPT class. The investigation was based on
studying the distribution of certain characteristics of the
LBP course within and across the VPT classes. Systematic differences between the classes were ob
served concerning pain intensity and frequency. However, there was substantial variation within each
VPT class. Distinct differences in characteristics related
to episodes or fluctuation could not be observed. Therefore, from a clinical perspective, we conclude that
VPT classes cannot be used as a proxy for the LBP course
and—that VPTs provide only limited direct information
on LBP courses. While not directly explored, our results suggest that
people with LBP do not recognize established LBP pat
terns used in the VPT classes (episodic, fluctuating, and
persistent). This was most visible in the inspection of the
raw data, which indicated a frequent mismatch be
tween patterns observable in the SMS data and the VPT
class chosen. In this cohort, participants rarely reported
that they did not recognize their pattern among the
presented VPT, implying that they could match their
experienced courses to these VPT classes. Further, we
previously demonstrated that specific transitions be
tween VPT classes over time were associated with
changes in pain and disability.11 Taken together, this
suggests that VPTs should be interpreted as meaningful
information on the subjective experience of the LBP
course, which can differ from observable LBP courses. It has previously been demonstrated that pro
spectively identified LBP trajectories relate to many pain
characteristics, with low-intense patterns being milder
in all aspects than high-intensity patterns and episodic
LBP being milder than fluctuating and persistent pat
terns.32 Thus, the presence of pain-free periods in
dicates a less severe condition. However, the results of
this study suggest that many people with LBP recalling
their pain as episodic did not have pain-free periods
(defined as 4 weeks with NRS < 2). This implies that they
either did not consider or understand the difference
between episodic and fluctuating patterns, or they
perhaps recalled periods with low pain inference but
pain intensity above 1 as pain-free when describing
their perceived course. Synthesis of the Results from a Clinical
Perspective Table 3 describes the pain characteristics expected
during the prior 52 weeks of a participant selecting each
VPT class. In general, there was a substantial variation in
the pain characteristics of the 52-week LBP course
within a VPT class, and the difference in the distribution
between a VPT class and the whole population was
often not very pronounced. This means that knowing
the VPT did not provide distinct information about the
prospectively reported course, although, for some VPTs
valuable information was obtainable concerning pain
frequency and intensity. For example, in participants
choosing Single episode/Recovered, the 80% range of
the relative frequency of weeks with pain ranged only
from 0 to 31%. In contrast, in the whole population, it
ranged from 0 to 100%, and in participants choosing
Persistent severe, the 80% range of the average pain
intensity in weeks with pain ranged from 4.9 to 6.8 in
contrast to 2.0 to 5.7 in the whole population. The potential impact of using reported pain
frequency instead of reported pain intensity. When
using the data from all weeks and all participants, a
strong (ρ = .94) correlation between the reported pain
frequency and the reported pain intensity could be
observed. However, the strength of the correlation
diminished substantially when including the weeks with
pain only (ρ = .30) (Supplementary File 6). There were minor differences when comparing the re
sults based on the reported pain frequency with those
from the main analysis based on the reported pain in
tensity. First, the drop in the initial weeks was less pro
nounced for the weekly overview, and more variation
could be observed in moderate and severe VPT classes. le 3. Synthesis of the Results from a Clinical
Perspective A Synthesis of the Characteristics of SMS Trajectories Within Self-Reported Visual Pain Trajectories
N CHARACTERISTICS
UNRECOGNIZED SINGLE EPISODE/
RECOVERED
EPISODIC
FLUCTUATING
MINOR
STABLE
MINOR
FLUCTUATING
INTERMEDIATE
FLUCTUATING
SEVERE
PERSISTENT
SEVERE
TOTAL
SAMPLE
mber of participants (%)
78 (11%)
240 (33%)
87 (12%)
119 (17%)
44 (6%)
112 (16%)
32 (4%)
7 (1%)
719 (100%)
quency of weeks
h pain
17 (0–77)
12 (0–32)
28 (2–76)
62 (14–100)
44 (3–100)
78 (27–100)
86 (56–100)
83 (51–100)
39 (0–100)
rage pain intensity
oss all weeks
.5 (.0–1.8)
.4 (.0–1.0)
1.0 (.1–2.4)
1.9 (.4–3.5)
1.4 (.1–3.5)
3.5 (.9–5.6)
4.6 (2.4–7.1)
5.0 (2.5–6.7)
1.5 (.0–4.2)
rage pain intensity in
eks with pain
3.3 (1.6–6.0)
3.4 (1.5–5.6)
3.5 (1.8–5.1) 3.1 (2.0–4.2)
3.4
(1.5–5.1)
4.4 (2.9–6.0)
5.3 (3.9–7.2)
5.9 (4.9–6.8)
3.7
(2.0–5.7)
ation on top of a trend
1.2 (.8–1.9)
1.3 (.7–2.0)
1.7 (.7–2.2)
1.2 (.7–1.8)
1.1 (.6–1.8)
1.5 (.8–2.4)
1.4 (.6–2.3)
1.7 (1.2–2.4)
1.1 (.0–2.0)
Pain-free periods, n (%)
26 (33%)
128 (53%)
56 (64%)
44 (37%)
19 (43%)
24 (21%)
5 (16%)
1 (14%)
303 (42%)
rage length of pain-free
ods
29 (10–42)
26 (9–42)
17 (6–38)
12 (5–25)
19 (7–37)
10 (5–16)
9 (4–16)
10 (7–14)
21 (6–42)
Relapses, n (%)
8 (10%)
34 (14%)
25 (29%)
23 (19%)
10 (23%)
16 (14%)
3 (9%)
1 (14%)
120 (17%)
tuations were calculated as the standard deviation of the deviations from the line for the total visual pain trajectory class independent of weeks of pain; relapses were defined using definition A. Nim et al Clinical and Research Perspectives People with LBP choices of VPT cannot be used as a
proxy for the actual course but appear related to as
pects of the experienced pain intensity and pain fre
quency during the previous year. Although not
capturing the nuanced details of the experienced LBP
course, VPT classes may provide important information
about patients’ perceptions of their LBP condition. This
implies that clinicians can still use VPT to inform a dialog
about
patients’
perceptions
of
their
condition. However, researchers should try to understand why
patients recall or perceive similar prospectively regis
tered trajectories differently. Future research should
involve consumers (eg, people with LBP) to clarify
whether the VPT reflects another “reality” or whether
VPT classes require updating to better reflect the lived
experience. On the other side, researchers should try to
understand why people with LBP recall or perceive si
milar prospectively registered trajectories differently. Future research should involve consumers (eg, people
with LBP) to clarify whether the VPT reflects another
“reality” or whether they have to be updated to reflect
the lived experience better. Moreover, questions re
main: what may differ between those selecting dif
ferent VPTs having experienced similar pain patterns? What role may VPT classes play in patient communica
tion, treatment, and prognosis of LBP in a reliable,
evidence-based manner? The apparent discrepancies between VPTs and weekly
measures of pain were not explained by recall bias. Instead, the “mismatches” may indicate that choice of
VPT classes captures features that extend beyond tra
ditional pain intensity and pain offset captured by the
weekly pain measures. Hence, the VPT classes reported
may have a value on their own, which merits in
vestigation in further research. In this cohort, ongoing LBP was almost always fluc
tuating rather than persistent at a stable level. This is
similar to prior findings that “ongoing and fluctuating
subgroups might be collectively considered ongoing LBP
with or without fluctuations.”32 However, given our
low participant numbers for the Severe VPT class, such a
finding requires confirmation in samples that include a
higher number of severely affected people. A direct comparison is not possible between our results
and those by Dunn et al who evaluated the agreement
between the VTQ-Pain and latent class analysis-derived
patterns in general practice.14 We found a poorer match
between the VPT and the actual course. Methodological Limitations One limitation of our study relates to the re
presentativeness of our sample. Only 52% of our sample
had sufficient SMS and VPT class data to be included in
the analysis. The non-responder analysis revealed that
those not included had a higher risk profile, lower back
beliefs, and longer pain duration at baseline. It cannot
be excluded that this selection influences the observed
associations.36 However, we have no reason to believe
that participants with a better agreement between the
VPTs and the SMS tracking were less willing to answer
SMS’s or participate in the study. The drop-out profile
does imply that participants likely to select the more
severe classes were lost more frequently, making the
results related to severe persistent pain more uncertain. We allowed participants to select an Unrecognized
VPT not included in the VTQ-Pain, but around 90% of
the participants recognized a specific VPT. The images
used to illustrate the VPT classes differed between our
study and past work by Dunn et al, particularly for the
persistent VPT classes. Specifically, persistent pain was
illustrated by a straight line, whereas the VTQ-Pain
displayed a slightly fluctuating line. This likely provided
little distinction for participants as this class was se
lected by the minority in both studies. Differences may
have occurred between our studies for Fluctuating ca
tegories based on these graphic differences but also
potentially due to differences in wording. The VTQ-Pain
explicitly asks participants to recall fluctuating LBP
(“back pain can change over time, with pictures to show
how their pain might go up or down … pick the one
option that you think comes closest to how your pain
has been over the last year”). In comparison, the VPT we
used had neutral language without much direction
(“choose the option that best describes how your back
has been over the last year”). Therefore, participants
completing the VTQ-Pain may better recognize fluc
tuations given these differences. Finally, differences in
our 2 studies’ findings may also reflect differing Our study is based mainly on acute chiropractic pa
tients, which is not representative of all people with LBP
that seek care. It cannot be excluded that people with
LBP experiencing the same pain patterns over a more
extended period tend to align VPTs to the prospective
trajectories to a higher degree. Discussion This would align with a Delphi-
derived definition of LBP episodes, suggesting that an
episode is not present until the pain intensity exceeds
NRS = 2.30 It may also be that they recalled shorter pain-
free periods as lasting 4 weeks. To make the con
sequences of our chosen definitions transparent, we
have made all individual SMS-captured data points
available (https://caspernim.shinyapps.io/lbptrajectory/). Further, an observed “mismatch” between VPT and
SMS measured patterns was that recall did not reflect
measured fluctuations. This may be surprising, con
sidering that persistent and fluctuating pain could re
present very different pain experiences. This may Visual Pain Trajectories Reflect Low Back Pain 518
The Journal of Pain 1518 The Journal of Pain participant populations (general practice vs chiropractic
practice35). It is unknown how population differences
may have impacted the findings of the different tools. indicate that people with LBP do not recognize their
experience of fluctuating pain in the VPTs, or the
weekly measures may pick up fluctuations that are
merely noise and not important to the experiences. This
supports prior qualitative work, which similarly shows
that people with LBP did not describe weekly variations
in pain intensity as fluctuating pain.33 Clinical and Research Perspectives However, this can
be partially due to our stricter criteria for a “match,” as
individual patterns within the latent classes will show
some variation, and previously considered matches do not
require that the VTQ-Pain reflects specific course char
acteristics.34 Subtle differences existed between the VPT
we used and the VTQ-Pain.14 In summary, VPTs seem, to
some degree, to reflect groups with distinct and differing
LBP courses, but do not reflect the detailed LBP courses
we attempted to capture here. Acknowledgments We want to acknowledge all the patients and clin
icians who helped make these cohorts a reality. Thanks
to research assistant Gitte Jakobsen for day-to-day
contact with the clinics and to OPEN patient data
Exploratory Network for access to REDCap and technical
support. We would also like to express our gratitude to
the reviewers and the Editor for their valuable feedback
throughout the peer-review process. Author Contributions CGN: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding
Acquisition, Investigation, and Writing – original draft
preparation. WV: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis,
Investigation, Supervision, and Writing – review &
editing. AD: Conceptualization, Investigation, and
Writing – review & editing. AK: Conceptualization,
Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, and
Writing – review & editing. Despite multiple attempts to capture fluctuations in this
longitudinal data, we could not capture differences be
tween VPT classes representing persistent/stable or fluc
tuating pain. It cannot be excluded that other measures of
fluctuation may better detect a difference (if present) or
that we simply cannot measure this aspect using a single
parameter. Alternatively, it may reflect that the fluctua
tions captured by weekly measures are “noise” and un
important to most people with LBP.33 Similarly, it might
be necessary to consider combinations of pain intensity
and frequency or to allow varying time windows from
person to person to explain the choice. While the relia
bility of an 11-point numerical rating scale is good when
tested 4 weeks apart in chronic pain and LBP popula
tions,39,40 we do not know what the measurement error is
when applying SMS pain-tracking. It might be that some
fluctuating SMS trajectories actually represent persistent
pain that appears to fluctuate as even the same person
may rank the same pain intensity differently from week to
week. Further, the definitions chosen to categorize data
are also important, as we saw substantially fewer relapses
when tailoring our definition to the individual’s average
pain level (definition B) as opposed to how relapses are
typically defined.30 Future research into VPT classes should
consider these aspects of outcome measurement and data
collection timing. However, even if we can explain the
choice of VPT by more complex mechanisms, it remains
valid that simple conclusions about the prospective tra
jectory cannot be drawn from knowledge of the retro
spective VPT. Finally, our analysis was exploratory and
data-driven, which involved multiple analyses. Given the Methodological Limitations Such sample character
istics may have also partly contributed to differing re
sults from past work (Dunn et al) given the latter’s
recruitment of participants from general practice.14 It is possible that limitations in pain recall underlying
poor matching of the chosen VPT and the actual course
of pain during a year. Past work has shown that pain The Journal of Pain
1519 Nim et al recall may be more influenced by recent events.37,38
Thus, recently experiencing an increase in pain as part
of a fluctuating process, a relapse, or a flare-up just
prior to VPT class selection may incline patients to select
a VPT that reflects the recent pain increase rather than
the entire pain course (over 12 months). Further, recent
changes may be more memorable based on the mag
nitude and/or duration of pain increase as well as the
risk profile of the patient. However, we obtained very
similar results when restricting our analysis to only data
from the final 13 weeks, suggesting that recency-biased
recall was unlikely to underlie our results. Similarly,
while it cannot be excluded that patients’ decisions
were influenced by the number of days with pain in
stead of the pain intensity, our sensitivity analyses
evaluating pain frequency found very similar results to
that of pain intensity. exploratory nature of our study, we did not preregister
the analysis plan. If future studies aim to test specific hy
potheses, preregistering the analysis plan would be a
feasible approach. exploratory nature of our study, we did not preregister
the analysis plan. If future studies aim to test specific hy
potheses, preregistering the analysis plan would be a
feasible approach. Data Statement Application forms to use the described data for re
search projects are available from the Chiropractic
knowledge hub (contact Orla Lund Nielsen [o.nielsen@
kiroviden.sdu.dk]). The coding used for the analysis is
available upon request to the corresponding author. Conclusions The VPTs chosen by people with LBP to illustrate their
1-year course of LBP reflected the experienced pain in
tensity. However, the pain patterns (episodic, fluctu
ating,
and
persistent)
were
not
systematically
recognized, and the experienced course varied among
participants within the same VPT. This implies that the
VPTs are related to some aspects of the experienced LBP
course but are not a proxy for the SMS-measured tra
jectories. Apparent mismatches between the experi
enced course of LBP and the choice of VPT class warrant
further investigation. Another consideration is that participants rated their
VPTs at follow-up. While this is sufficient to answer our
research question and refers to a situation where
people with LBP look back 52 weeks, clinicians would
typically be informed about the trajectory from the
VPTs at the point of consultation. We do not know if
VPTs would be interpreted differently if presented
during an initial visit for a flare-up or following recovery
from a flare-up. l References
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the Board on Geographic Names provide that the vowels shall have the sounds that are com- mon to the vowels in the languages of southern Europe. It follows, therefore, that u has the sound of 00 in hoot and that Manchuria is therefore preferred to Manchooria, Chefu to Chefoo, Amur to Amoor. It has been ruled that ai has the sound of i in ice; au the sound of ow in how (ao — a very frequent combina- tion in the East, heard in names like Min- dadao and Nanao — is slightly different from the preceding); ei, as in Beirut, has the sound of the two Italian vowels, but is fre- quently slurred, when it is scarcely distin- guishable from ey in the English word they. In accordance with the rules, c is always *8oft,' having the sound of «. 'Hard' c is represented by k, and it therefore follows that Korea is the accepted form, and not Gorea. Other rules are that ch is always ' soft,' as in church; / is sounded as in English and ph should not be used to represent this sound; g is always ' hard,' as in get ; h is always pro- nounced; ; and h have the English sound; kh has the sound of the oriental guttural; gh is another guttural; ng represents in dif- ferent words different sounds — ^two sounds, as in finger, and one, as in singer ; q should never be employed for the sound of qu, which is rep- resented by kw, as in Kwantung; y is always a consonant, as in yard. The Boston Society of Natural History has undertaken to publish a series of lists of New England animals to form a volume of its Oc- casional Papers. These lists will be issued at irregular intervals, and are considered a necessary preliminary to more exhaustive monographs on New England animals, the publication of which the society hopes at some future time to undertake. To facilitate the preparation of these catalogues, the coopera- tion of persons interested in the fauna of New England is invited. Any New England speci- mens for the society's museum should be sent to Mr. Charles W. Johnson, curator, and all notes, records, etc., to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, editor of *New England Fauna,' in care of the society, Boston. The first two parts of the projected volume, containing lists of the Reptilia and Amphibia, are now in press. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS. SiE William McDonald will give $100,000 to McQill University to establish a students' union hall. The Chicago Board of Education proposes to build, at a cost of $500,000, a commercial high school on the lake front. Our consul at Bahia writes that the state of Bahia is about to organize a school of mines and wishes to arrange for a competent professor of mining. The state will make a contract for three years to pay the equivalent of from $3,000 to $4,000 a year as salary, with free transportation. It will be necessary that the applicant be a graduate of some recog- nized American school of mines and that he have both a practical and theoretical knowl- edge of mining. A speaking knowledge of Portuguese or Spanish is preferred, but lack of such will be no bar to a good man. Appli- cations should be addressed to Dr. Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida, Secretario da Agri- cultura, Industria, etc., Bahia, Brazil, or may be sent to the consulate for delivery. The report of the members of Mr. Moseley's education commission to the United States will be published on April 9. It will contain about 600 pages and will be published at the nominal price of one shilling. Examinations for the Cecil Rhodes scholar- ship at Oxford will be held in the various states on April 13. Mr. Alexander Smith has been made pro- fessor of chemistry and director of general and physical chemistry at the University of Chicago. Dr. Max Mason, of the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology, has been appointed instructor of mathematics in Yale University. Dr. Karl Wernicke, professor of psychiatry at Breslau, has been called to Halle to fill the chair vacant by the removal of Professor Th. Ziehen to Berlin. Dr. K. S. S em STROM, professor of physics at the University of Helsingfors, has retired from active service. SCIENCE A WBBKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OP SCIENCE, PUBLISHING THE OPPICIAL NOTICES AND PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION POR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. Friday, April 8, 1904. The Training of Technical Chemists: J. B. F. Hebreshoff, with Discussion by T. J. Pabeeb, M. G. Whitakeb, Db. William McMuBTBiE, Pbofessor Edward Habt, Pbofessob W. a. Notes, Pbofessob C. F. Chandler, Pbofessob A. A. Notes, Pbo- fessob H. P. Talbot, Db. Wm. Jay Sohieffelin, Db. Hugo Schweitzeb, Maxi- milian TocH and Pbofessob M. T. Bogebt 561 Bcientific Books: — Kapteyn on Skeio Frequency Curves in Biol- ogy and Statistics: Pbofessob G. G. Eng- bebo; Rhoads*s Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey: Wilfbed H. Osgood 676 Boientifio Journals and Articles 578 Societies and Academies: — The New York Academy of Sciences, Sec- tion of Anthropology and Psychology: Pbo- fessob James £. Lough. Section of Geol- ogy and Mineralogy: Db. Edmund Otis HovEY. Section of Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry: Db. Ghables G. Xiow- BBIDOE. The Chemical Society of Wash- ington: A. Seidell. Onondaga Academy of Science: J. E. Kibkwood. The Section of Biology of the Academy of Science and Art of Pittsburg: Fbedebic S. Websteb. Geological Journal Cluh of the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology: G. F. LouGHLiN. Clem son College Science Club: F. S. Shhteb. The Academy of Science of St. Louis. The Elisha Mitchell • Scientific Society of the University of North Caro- lina: A. S. Wheeleb 578 Discussion and Correspondence: — Dr. Castle and the Dzierzon Theory: Pbo- fessob William Morton Wheeler. Veg- etable Balls: Pbofessob W. F. Ganong.. 587 Special Articles: — Right -eycdness and Left-eyedness : Db. Geoboe M. Gould 591 Students at German Universities: Db. John Fbanklin Cbowell ^9 i Resolutions of the Chemical Society of Wash- ington in Memory of E. E. Eirell and E. A. de Schweinitz 595 Department of International Research in Ter- restrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institu- tion: Db. L. a. Baueb 596 Soientifio Notes and News 597 University and Educational News 599 MSS. intanded lor puoiiCttCiou and buuHkp vu;.. imeiiuea for reTlew alioiiia be leni to tue Editor of Science, ivh • lon-on-Hndioii. N. Y — ■ _l L ■ ■■ ■ T ■ - _. THE TRAINING OF TECHNICAL CHEMISTS,* The world's growth in manufacturing industries has increased enonnously duriiig the last century. This marked progress has resulted from a greater and more widely diffused knowledge of the sciences and their application. In this great ad- vance the United States, aided by her won- derful and vast natural resources, has taken a very important part. In 1850 the value of manufactured products in the United States was $1,000,000,000. This has increased to the astonishing figure of $13,000,000,000 in 1900, while the value of unmanufactured agricultural products was estimated at $4,000,000,000. In bringing about this increase, chem- istry, assisted by engineering, has played a most important part. Our iron and steel industries, our whole field of metallurgy and, indeed, the majority of the great in- dustries, would have remained in a crude, dormant state had it not been for the im- portant work of the chemist and his more practical brother, the technical chemist. When we realize that the value -of our manufactured products is three times as • Paper read at the meeting of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society, Feb- ruary 5, 1904. 562 SCIENCE. [N.S. Vol. XIX. No. 484. great as our. agricultural products, it is plain to see the vast importance of the work of the chemist, .and especially the technical chemist, in the successful oper- ating, maintenance and improvement of our manufacturing industries. It will be inferred from this statement that the number of chemists engaged in active work in this country has greatly in- creased. It is a fact that in the last thirty years they have increased in a proportion far beyond that of the increase in the value of manufactured products. It is interest- ing to note also that their importance is more and more recognized. Twenty years ago there were many establishments turn- ing out manufactured products where no chemists were employed; these firms have since engaged chemists, with the residt that a marked saving in the costs and improve- ment in the quality of the goods produced has been effected. We are still very backward in this coun- try in the employment of chemists when we compare our position with that of Ger- many, especially in the chemical industry itself. It is not uncommon in Germany for one concern (as in the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik) to employ over 400 chemists. We find in Germany that the highly educated technical chemists have done remarkable work in improving the chemical industrial condition of that coun- try, placing it far ahead of all nations in many branches, such as the great coal tar color industry. In the industrial strife which has been waging for some time between Germany and England, the former has gained on account of the fact that technical education is more widely diffused in Germany than in England. As an instance of this I quote an extract from the Spectator of December 5, 1903, being a reprint of a speech by Mr. Haldane before the Liberal League, where- in he explains that the industries of Eng- land have declined, not because the goods manufactured are kept out of foreign mar- kets by protective duties, but because the goods themselves are inferior, to those pro- duced in foreign countries : **The German manufacturers make a finer quality of cellulose than the English manufacturers. We have not yet suc- ceeded in making it so white as they do, and for many of the rises to which cellu- loid is now put, whiteness is an essential quality. How did the German manufac- turers set about obtaining this whiteness? 'Twelve of them,' says Mr. Haldane, 'com- bined together and put down £100,000, pro- viding besides £12,000 a year, and in one of the suburbs of Berlin, near the great university, founded an institution which we have nothing like in this country. They had the most distinguished professor of chemistry they could get from the Univer- sity of Berlin at the head of it ; they gave him a large salary; they employed under him the best highly technically trained as- sistants that the university and the tech- nical schools of Berlin could produce. • • • Whenever they had a problem, whenever they found that the British manufacturer was making his celluloid a little whiter, they said to their experts, *Will you show us how to make ours whiter still? * The investigators were set to work and we were beaten nearly out of the field.'' In this country there are numerous ex- amples where the technical chemists have immensely improved manufacturing condi- tions either by lowering costs or by pro- ducing a higher quality of product. There is still much room for improvement, and I venture to say there is hardly a plant in the country turning out products requiring chemical skill where marked improvements could not be made by the very best work of technical chemists, in effecting changes that would reduce the cost of labor and Apbil 8, 1904.] SCIENCE. 553 fuel, in recoveries from waste products or by producing better material. Before deciding on the best methods of training our technical chemists, we must see that they are sufficiently educated in the proper lines to enable them readily to become technical chemists of great value. During my long experience in connection with chemical manufacturing and metal- lurgical work I have been forced to the full realization that the majority of chemists who are employed as analysts, technical chemists and as works or. department man- agers, have perfected themselves in chem- istry alone and seem to have neglected the importance of physics and engineering. If one wishes to achieve the greatest success in such work he should not undertake the problem at all unless he has made up his mind to perfect his mathematics and be- come thoroughly familiar with physics as well as mechanical engineering. It seems a great mistake that the term technical chemist has been used in connec- tion with chemists who are obliged to apply chemistry in manufacturing processes. It would have been better had they been called chemical engineers, for this might have induced the study of chemical en- gineering in the colleges many years ago. I feel certain that, had this been done, our industrial situation would have been much further advanced than at present, and the standing of practical chemists would have been higher and their value more highly esteemed than is the case. We do not speak of a metallurgist as a technical metallur- gist, a miner as a technical miner, or an electrician as a technical electrician. The metallurgist is, properly speaking, a metal- lurgical engineer, the miner a mining en- gineer and an electrician who applies elec- tricity, an electrical engineer. In all of these positions it is impossible to succeed without a full knowledge of mechanical engineering. The same is true in the ap- plication of chemistry. It would appear that when young men aspired to become chemists they looked upon the great chem- ists as supreme beings. They also consid- ered mechanical engineering, with its ma- chinery, machine shop, foundry, etc., as beneath the dignity of the chemist; they left college knowing nothing of mechanical engineering, and of course were totally un- fit to take positions as works managers or wherever it became necessary to apply chemistry in a large way. I have known cases where young men, who were exceed- ingly clever as chemists, but totally ig- norant of engineering and as unpractical as one could imagine, were placed at once in positions of practical responsibility in small chemical works. No more cruel act could possibly be done to the chemist. The business managers were not practical and had studied neither engineering nor chem- istry. Of course many of the chemists who were placed in such positions proved utter failures, and for this reason many of the practical business men twenty-five years ago doubted the value of chemists in con- nection with manufacturing. Had these young chemists been chemical engineers and had the business managers received a moderate education in mechanical engi- neering and chemistry, the combination would have resulted in a marked success instead of failure. When we notice the enormous field in manufacturing in this country one can not help feeling that the study of mechanical engineering should be very much more gen- eral than at present. I have known chem- ists who had not studied engineering, who, when placed on practical work, realized their deficiencies and took a course in me- chanical engineering at night schools in order to enable them to properly apply their chemical knowledge. After men have gone through a regular course in chemical engineering they should be 564 SCIENCE. [N.S. Vol. XIX. No. 484. trained, as far as possible, before leaving college in a thoroughly practical manner in the application of chemistry as well as in examples of engineering problems. The greater the application of chemistry, the more important becomes the combining of mechanical training with chemical train- ing. Our colleges should consider this matter more seriously than ever, and do their best to make the course in chemical engineering as complete and perfect in every way as possible. This is a duty they owe to our young men who desire to make a success in the great field of chemical en- gineering; it is a duty they owe to the manufacturers of this country who are doing their best to rival successfully the highest European competition and obtain our full share of the markets of the world for our manufactured products. Many of our manufacturers would receive the highly educated chemical engineer with open arms, and as a proof of their earnest be- lief in the importance of this matter they would gladly make necessary endowments to assist the colleges in carrying out this important work. The colleges should court their assistance by receiving all the practical suggestions that would enable them to readily turn out men so well edu- cated and trained that they would very easily become valuable chemical engineers. Chemical engineering necessitates a greater variety of engineering than all the other branches of engineering combined. In designing the apparatus that is em- ployed in conducting the endless variety of chemical and metallurgical processes, every known metal and alloy is used in every conceivable variety or form. All kinds of brick are used, acid, basic, neutral and vitreous, glass, all sorts of pottery- ware, porcelain, stone, rubber, coke, as- phalt, wood, cements, etc., and these in every combination and form which the best chemical engineering skill can devise to improve old methods and properly con- duct new processes. In order to select the best material with which to carry on diflB- cult problems, the chemical engineer must have a wide knowledge of the action of acids, alkalies and chemicals under all con- ditions of solution and heat, upon all known substances which could be employed to carry on the processes. Qenerally in new problems, carefully conducted investiga- tions have to be made on a small scale, to show conclusively the best substances to be used. In the designing and construction of plants and apparatus the chemical engi- neer has not only to select the most suit- able material, but he must so carefully study the function of every detail of the apparatus to be used, that each part will successfully meet the full requirements. Each and every part must be pioportioned to what it has to do; everything must be proportionately strong and large enough for the purpose, always avoiding unneces- sary extremes in order to curtail the first cost of the plant. The desired end must be met in the simplest possible manner and the devices so arranged that while opera- ting they will be so nearly automatic that good residts will be achieved with the least possible labor. The plants must be so designed that .the greatest yields will be obtained and the finest products turned out. But after all this is done the chemical engineer will not be thoroughly skilful and up to date unless he designs every part of the apparatus so that it will last the longest possible time. Everything must be ar- ranged so that when repairs are required they can be conducted with the least ex- pense. For the successful operating, maintain- ing and improving the condition of plants where chemical skill is employed, the man- ager or superintendent and his assistants April 8, 1904.] SCIENCE. 565 must be trained not merely in chemistry, bnt in mechanical engineering as well. Training in business and departmental management is also highly desirable. However perfectly a plant and its ap- paratus may be designed and erected, it will not necessarily give successful results unless every machine, furnace, still, con- denser, tower, etc., is operated under the management of a man who is fully con- versant with the function of every detail of the apparatus. In order to obtain in every way the best possible resillts, the superintendent is greatly handicapped if he has not received a full education and practical training in chemical engineering. Without the proper scientific knowledge that governs all the operations, he never fully understands the true reason for all the things that are done under his control. The inevitable outcome of such unintel- ligent management results in the contin- uance of a low standard of skill in all the working force under him. The apparatus is not run to the best advantage, thus lowering, the quality and raising the cost of the goods produced. On the contrary, if the superintendent is properly educated in chemical engineering and has had a proper training as an assistant superin- tendent or practical investigator, and es- pecially if he has a natural fondness for machinery and mechanics, then success will crown all his work. Whenever there is a diflBculty— something breaks down and bad results follow— then he will at once clearly define the reason for the trouble and take the proper steps in completely correcting the evil. He gives true reasons for every- thing that is done in the various depart- ments of the plant. He sees much going on that is unreasonable, and step by step he brings the unsatisfactory work up to a higher and higher standard. His assist- ants are chemical engineers, and he inspires great confidence and interest in them by a course of training that causes them to think and reason from every standpoint, so that before taking action, everything having an important bearing on the chemical, phys- ical, engineering, business and labor sides of the problem in hand is most carefully considered. By such a course of training the young men learn to think systematically and, guided by a master of the art, they rapidly learn to make the best use of their edu- cation in applying it to important practical work. It is quite natural for the impulsive youth to put into practice the first thought that comes to his mind. In the practical training that he should receive I must im- press upon you the importance of making him consider every problem most carefully and from aU sides, before taking action. In this manner he will acquire a habit of not acting quickly or without deep considera- tion. You will find that men who have thus been made to think and reason broadly and in a i^stematic manner, wiU put into practice what may be considered good sound judgment. Such men are bound to make a success in the practical application of their chemical engineering. In a large chemical or metallurgical works, or any other establishment where the processes are controlled by chemical analysis and where the raw and finished products are bought and sold for values governed by analysis, it is necessary to have a well-appointed chemical laboratory. In large plants where many chemists are employed, an able chemist should be at the head of the analytical^ as well as the re- search laboratory; the chemists in the analytical laboratory are not always col- . lege graduates, as most of the work is of a routine nature, requiring great skill in manipulation but not necessarily an exten- sive knowledge of chemistry. These men^ when confined to this work, have no op- portunity to employ engineering skill ex- 066 SCIENCE. [N.S. Vol. XIX. No. 484. eept in perfecting the apparatus uaed in making chemical analyses. It is of the utmost importance that their analyses are .accurate and quickly performed. On very important work, such as analyses made for settlements on raw material and finished products, analyses are run in duplicate and settlements made on a split between l^e buyer's and seller's results. This com- petition encourages very accurate work on the parts of the analysts, and they become very skilful. It is the custom in all well-managed in- dustrial laboratories to investigate fre- quently the analytical methods used, in or- der to determine their accuracy, reliability, ease and quickness of performance. Old methods of analysis are thus improved, new methods invented and the new methods of others compared and adopted, if found the most suitable. For this reason it is not uncommon to find the most desirable ana- lytical methods used in the laboratories of our important industrial establishments. The colleges would do well to look into these methods as far as possible, and thus keep abreast with the best practice to aid them in teaching analytical methods. There is no reason why the training of analysts in large laboratories should not be of the highest order. It is a great mis- take to allow the standing of the work done in these laboratories to run down. It is a grave error to economize too much in the laboratory by employing too few analysts and thus prevent the practical managers from receiving all the information required to control intelligently the various pro- cesses in the factory. After men have been a few years in an industrial laboratory they, as a rule, desire positions in the works. It is the exception when we find a chemist from college who has studied mechanical engineering; for this reason only very few chemists become good candidates, qualified for giving proper attention to large factory processes where the many complicated devices require en- gineering as well as chemical skill. I have known many of the men in a laboratory to study mechanical engineering either at night schools or with correspondence schools. It would have appeared the part of wisdom for such men to have taken a course at college in mechanical engineering as well as in chemistry, thus fitting them for a wider field of work in their chosen vocation, and affording an opportunity to make greater advancements. The future success of any well-estab- lished industrial institution of a chemical nature is in grave peril if it does not have an investigation or research department. The manager of this department must be by education a chemical engineer. He should have had much experience as a practical business manager of plants, and a direct acquaintance in the designing, re- construction and repairs of the same. This department must have a properly equipped research laboratory. The head of this research laboratory must be pos- sessed of very high attainments as a chemist and physicist, ¥dth a fair knowl- edge of mechanical engineering. His work through life will be stamped with the great- est success if he has been trained at college in methodical methods of thinking, as ap- plied to original work, and to many ex- amples of practical investigation and ex- perimentation. The chemists under him should have received the same education and training at college. It is desirable that this department should have the capac- ity to investigate new processes that are presented, and if they look promising, a small working plant should be constructed and operated by them to prove fully the value of the method and to give the neces- sary practical data to be used in the designs of a large and fully equipped plant. This department will keep in touch with every- AmL S, 1904.] ^SCIENCE. 56' thing that is published, in either technical journals or patent reports, having a bear- ing on the work under consideration. All the processes in the company's works will be carefully investigated by them, to locate and devise means for preventing losses in gases, liquid and solid waste material, and thus increase the yield of the useful prod- ucts. They work up methods for making useful products from waste material. Much of their time is occupied in working up means for improving the quality of the various fhushed products. They are also busily engaged in working up new pro- cesses, putting the same into practice, and thus entirely supplanting the old methods. It will be se^i from these remarks that to become a skilful or trained investigator in a research chemical laboratory requires : 1. A proper education at college as a chemical engineer, especially full in chem- istry. 2. Training at college in original thought as applied to practical investigation, and to working up and improving processes. Some of you feel that it is a mistake to divide the work of one man between chem- istry and mechanical engineering; that the chemist must be solely a chemist and the engineer an engineer alone. I admit that a very small proportion of the chemists have to devote all their time to pure chem- istry, and in certain lines of theoretical and research work. The great majority of chemists in this country, however, are engaged in practical work where they need engineering assistance, and in such cases the chemist who is not an engineer would have to consult the engineer for practical advice, and the engineer seeks chemical as- sistance from the chemist and without a knowledge of chemistry obtains but little satisfaction. My experience forces me to feel that a comptete understanding of the various problems must come from a brain that can think in both chemistry and engineering. The dignity and fame of chemistry will not be injured by joining in close union with engineering. Indeed, the real value and glory of chemistry come from its ap* plication to useful products that add com- fort and happiness to the hmnan race. These applications can not be carried on without the aid of engineering. Applied chemistry would be greatly benefited in this country if the colleges would come in closer touch with the laanu- f acturer. The professors of chemistry and mechanical engineering would do well to study more carefully the educational re- quirements BB found in some of our large works, where the advantages of a well- directed knowledge of chemical engineering are clearly shown. I am sure the broad- minded manufacturers would gladly co- operate in this important work, seeing plainly that it must result in a general advantage to our industries, and to the industry and prosperity of our whole country. The best way to carry on this work would be to employ a plan that has been in successful practice at Brown Uni- versity for the last few years. They care- fully select from their alumni a separate committee for each department of study. These committees visit the college once or more a year; they consult and exchange views with the heads of the departments they represent. Each member reports his recommendations to the chairman of his committee, who incorporates the same in his report to the president of the college. I am a member of the committee appointed to assist the chemical department of Brown University. I recommended to them to have a course in chemical engineering, and, indeed, outlined a four-year and a five- year course, giving the number of hours per week for each study. The more perfectly and completely chemistry is applied by engineering assist- 568 SCIENCE. [N.S. Vol. XIX. No. 484. ance, the greater will be the volume of manufactured products and the larger will be the field for chemistry. May Americans stand foremost among the nations of the world in turning out chem- ical engineers having such great abil- ity that they can easily lead our manu- facturers to an unapproachable pinnacle of greatness and perfection. May the chem- ists of the American Chemical Society ever be leaders in this great work, and may their name and fame remain to the end of time a living monument to industry, prog- ress and prosperity. J. B. F. Hebreshoff. DISCUSSION. Mr. T. J. Parker. It seems to me the kejrnote of the dis- cussion was struck by one sentence in the address, which was to the effect that the marvelous development of industrial chem- istry in this country is due to the work of the chemical engineer. I do not see from my standpoint how the dual existence of the engineer and the chemist is necessary for the higher development of the chem- istry and mechanics of the industry com- mitted to the charge of the competent tech- nical chemist. The important question arises, therefore, What shall we do to prop- erly equip the young men who are annually turned out from our technical schools and colleges? From the experience of many here pres- ent they could no doubt tell you of men who have been brought up in mechanical pursuits, not as chemists, and whose prac- tical knowledge of chemistry was acquired after they had left college, who have made very successful men, because they had me- chanical ability to apply the investigations and discoveries of the scientific chemist to the requirements of the manufactures or arts under their charge. If the applica- tion of chemistry to manufacturing proc- esses is desired, it is certainly necessary for these young men to have a knowledge of mechanics or engineering as well as chem- istry, in order to apply it efSciently in our factories. The opening for the industrial chemist in the next five or ten years is simply phe- nomenal^ judging from what we have heard here to-night. Mr. M. C. Whitaker. On the technical staff of a manufacturing establishment you will find a civil engineer who lays out the grounds and devises new construction, and you will find a mechan- ical engineer who plans his boilers and his new engines; both of these men, in the opinion of the superintendent, are very important individuals. The electrical en- gineer sets up his dynamos and places his motors. He devises new and ingenious electrical apparatus, and he, in the mind of the superintendent, is also a very important individual. Now, when the processes con- nected with these manufacturing industries are referred to the chemist for improve- ment, he repairs to his laboratory, and we all know that he goes through some very seri- ous, painstaking work. This work is not ap- preciated by the superintendent because he is not a chemist. What the superintendent asks for is actual merchantable results. The chemist is generally not a man who is capable of transmitting from a laboratory to a factory the ideas which he has devel- oped. He is not educated in the engineer- ing branches which have been so much emphasized here this evening. He should have a knowledge of electrical engineering and bring it to bear in the proper solution of problems coming before him. He should have such a knowledge of mechanical en- gineering as to bring to bear the best me- chanical devices. Furthermore, and in my mind the most important of all, he should have that knowledge of getting along with April 8, 1904.] SCIENCE. 569 people so developed that, after he has pre- pared his plans and laid them out, he can get the help to bring about the results which he desires. This is a very important step, but the point I have tried to make is that the man must not only have the knowl- edge to develop new ideas, but he must have the knowledge to put them into prac- tise. Now, we see that those men who have by themselves obtained this engineering knowledge, either before or after studying chemistry, are the men who make a fair success. Therefore, it seems to me very important that we should do all we can to help to produce the kind of a chemist that I have named— a chemical engineer. A man who has such a knowledge of chem- istry, of electrical and mechanical engineer- ing, of metallurgy and of the handling of men as will enable him to go into a labora- tory and develop a process, and then put it into operation and deliver to his concern a merchantable result, will have that recog- nition on the payroll which he deserves. In other words, I think that these men, instead of being assistants in our manu- facturing industries, will be leaders. Dr. WujjIam McMurtbie. Those of us who have had experience in the applications of chemistry in a large way have long recognized the truth that to be successful in the chemical industries in this country one must be at the same time a chemist and an engineer. One must know thoroughly not only the reactions in- volved in a particular industry and the laws of chemistry which govern them, but must have intimate acquaintance with the mechanical means whereby the reactions may be carried out in a large way. I know full well that teachers in the educational institutions object that the time allotted for the training of young men for the chemical industries is too short to cover both the branches of work indicated, and most or all of u^ are prepared to admit that this objection is valid. Part of the difficulty is due to the fact that those charged with this training have to do with raw material in the student which is far too raw; that students present themselves not properly prepared for the work before them. I, therefore, believe that the train- ing of the technical chemist, as well as that of every technical and professional man, should begin much earlier than the en- trance to the technical school. It should begin even in the earlier grades of the pri- mary school. Here the idea should be abandoned that the young minds are too immature for serious study and systematic work ; that the children need to be amused rather than seriously educated; that they must be trained by kindergarten methods in lines which must later be traversed again in the serious struggle for education. And thus precious time is lost at the age when the mind is most pliable and receptive. It would be far better to return to the old- fashioned methods of careful study of the three R's. The children should be taught first of all to read understandingly ; to write clearly; to comprehend readily the great truths of literature and science, whether expressed orally or in print. Then they should have continued training in mathematics, the successful study of which involves careful and systematic thought and work. The result sought in any cal- culation in mathematics is always most definite, and the attainment of an accurate result involves careful attention to every detail. For this reason the study provides splendid preparation for successful work in any profession or in business, in the re- search laboratories or in the wider fields of the applications of science— the great manufacturing and engineering works. So then let the children begin serious and systematic work early; let them be so trained that work once done need not be repeated; let them come to the technical 570 SCIENCE. [N.S. Vol. XIX. No. 484. school with thorough and careful training first, in general culture, in language and literature, then in mathematics, and finally give them the advantage of the splendid courses provided in our technical schools in chemistry and engineering, and they will be prepared to meet effectively and success- fully the great problems the chemical in- dustries of the immediate future will have ready for them. That what is needed can be fully accomplished in a course of four years I doubt, but it may be helped by the preparation I have outlined. That the technical chemist of the future must know thoroughly the great laws of chemistry and at the same time be well grounded in the principles of engineering I do not doubt. And I am satisfied that justice to the young men, as well as to those who must employ them, demands that time for all the train- ing I have outlined should be provided. Professob Edward Hart. It seems to me that we must in the first place reconcile ourselves to the idea of do- ing the best we can in four years. I am one of those who do not believe very much in post-graduate courses for chemical stu- dents. There are many who must have a post-graduate course, of course, but if you take the ordinary man and follow the his- tory of such ordinary man, the man who passes through college and makes after- wards a success, you will find that very many of them were poor boys. They haven 't the money to take more than a four years' course. If we are to turn out such men we must educate them, as far as we can, in four years. How are we going to do it! We must limit the number of our subjects. We must attempt and to a large extent succeed in teaching those things that we attempt to teach well and not attempt to teach too many things, and that involves a very careful selection of one part of the equipment to which I am sure too little attention is often paid, and that is those who take part in the work of teaching. I have had considerable experience in teaching. I have had very few assistants who did their work faithfully, very few. It is a very tiresome, thankless business to teach a lot of beginners, and it very seldom happens that before the end of two yeai^s of such work the man doesn't lose a part of his enthusiasm and do his work less well than it should be done. This work must be done well if we are to succeed in turn- ing out the dass of men that we want» and it is this work which determines very largely the quality of our product, for there is no truer thing in the world than that the student is largely the product of the self-sacrifice of his teacher. We must first teach the science of chemistry, so far as it is possible, and we must teach it thor- oughly and well, because we can't go too far, and then we must teach engineering, because the chemical manufacturer is an artisan. He must be an artisan to a cer- tain extent. I do not believe, however, that in the four years' course it will be possible to get into such a man more than the elements of engineering, but if these things are done well I am quite sure that the product will be quite different from the product that is turned out at the present time. Professor W. A. Notes. The discussion thus far has dwelt almost exclusively upon the necessity that the chemist should know many things besides chemistry and especially that he should know mechanical engineering, and with all that phase of the discussion I most heartily agree. With regard to the chemical side of the work we are in as great difficulty, almost, for lack of time as with regard to the ac- cessory side of it. Chemical science has expanded enormously in the last twenty- April 8, 1904.] SCIENCE. 571 five or fifty years. It is as impossible to- day to know all chemical science, even in a general way, as it was fifty years ago to know all the sciences. Chemistry has so wonderfully developed in so many different directions that it is impossible for any one to cover the whole field. It is necessary, therefore, for the colleges to choose, in this large field, what shall be taught. Now, the basis of the training for the technical chemist and for the chemist of all kinds, must be a thorough training in analytical chemistry. I believe that the training in this particular field has become in- ferior to what it was a few years ago. Re- sults that have come to my knowledge, and no doubt to the knowledge of others of you, during recent years, of the way in which chemists fail in comparatively simple ana- lytical problems, show that the training of the chemist is not always what it should be. Another important question which comes before the teacher in the college is. How much training in industrial chemistry can be given to the student. It seems to me that comparatively little in that par- ticular direction can be done, especially in a four years' course. It is important that the student shall have a thorough training in the fundamentals of the science and a thorough training in analysis. If that training is given, it is impossible to crowd into the four years' course any very con- siderable training in industrial questions.
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Comentari del signor Biagio di Monluc marescial di Francia tradottj dal franzese e dedicati al serenissimo principe Lorenzo di Toscana dal signor Vincenzio del sr. Buonaccorso Pitti nobil fiorentino con la tauola delle cose notabili
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Camillo fece una grande cavalcata, e n'etò discusso attirando l'attenzione della campagna intera, quando io fui a Roma al tempo di Papa Marcellino, io mi faceva portare i luoghi, prendendo il piacere di vedere dove tanti belli combattimenti erano fatti, e mi pareva di vedere con gli occhi quello, ch'io avevo sentito narrare, o leggere: ne però vividi come in un sogno, che sembrava fiorente, o raffinata litografia. Il giorno dopo di quella costata, le parole per tutte le terre vicine fece che un gran numero di sbandati vennero nel campo. po dì Camillo : e vedendosi forte a bastanza si n'andò verosse Roma occupata da un gran numero di Galli, i quali egli ruppe, e fatto vna giornata grandissima di danari, che quei, che ritirati in Campidoglio avevano pattuito di dare, e dall'ora innanzi fu nominato il secondo Gondatordi Roma. Gli Storici meglio di me daranno conto di questa storia, perchè forse io erro conosco. A di trent'anni, eh' io non ho letto libro, ne meno possa leggente orgoglio unendomi poco meno, che tolta la vedità, la mia incertezza il ferito in Spagna due Seizoni, cioè Publio il vecchio, e il suo fratello Cornelio, trovandosi novanta miglia discosta l'uno dall'altro, furono da Asdrubale rotti, rifatti confitti. Salvando solo del tutto campo dell'altro qualcuno, e solo distrutto tutti al resto leccati, dono e meritato amato. E quando furono qui, trattarono, che tutti i lor Colonetti erano morti. E furono corretti a eleggere uno, il quale essi chiamarono il nipote Capitano. Asdrubale sapendo, che quel nuovo Capitano amava riuniti insieme i fittusi Romani, che si erano dalle due rotte, andò subito ad affrontarli; ma fu virilmente respinto, e con fretta a ritirarsi in non so che luogo, dove quel valoroso Capitano lo venne a combattere di notte, e ruppe non solo l'esercito, che egli aveva, ma un'altro ancora, che tra in un luogo lui preso. Di maniera, che per lo suo valore egli non solo fece quei pochi Romani, che erano scampati dalle due battaglie perse, ma fece anche le Spagne al popolo Romano. Il Senato fissò lungo tempo l'aurora degli Scipioni, o delle loro celebrazioni, poiuppe la perdita, ebbe due Scipioni avendo fatto, è dilette le vittorie del Capitano nominato. Non mi ricordo, come egli fu nominato e prima, che si fosse creato, e chiamato il nominato Capitano. E quando si Senato di ogni cosa fu ragguagliato, mandò Scipione si giovane per comandare (credo che egli fu se figlio del primo Scipione, ch'era stato vincitore) e trastullo al nuovo Capitano, che veniva a Roma: dove giunto in vece di rimproverarlo lo fece chiamare in giudizio, imputandolo d'aver preso del denaro, e il giudice lo sottrasse da' falsi, e non dal Senato. E credo lo fece affermare morire: per lo meno io non ho visto, che in tutto il tempo più fisso parli di lui. O quanti altri grandi Capitani sono dati pagati al tempo de' Romani di limiti ricompensi. Tutte rifioriscono ne sono piene. E poi, oh la giustizia di Francia con le leggi dei Romani si regge, e così esterna, egli è ben dovere dei Re di Francia, di governarsi secondo i co-fatti dei fiumi di quelli. Di piacere a Dio, se il Re voleva fare dire per l'uso di se la lasciarà memoria della prudenza sua, se farebbe in eterno lodata. Cioè, che fatto abbruciare tanti libri di legge, secondo le quali la sua giustizia si regge, e ordinare una giustizia più breve (per così dire). E be', non ti è monumento nella Cronaca, be', di quale leggi si vada, eccetto chi Re di Francia. Tutti gli altri hanno leggi fatte da loro, per abbreviare tutte le liti, così facendo in Bordeaux e in Lione, che ne sono angoli del regno, esempio non potrebbero durare più di due anni. Se il Re farà che? COMENTARIO DI MONLUC Se avessi quei libri, potrei vantarmene di un mondo di soldati, poi ognuno si darebbe allarme, non attendendo, che fare al palazzo; perciò, levata quella occupazione, a che volete? Te lo chiedo, caro nobile e generoso impiego, se non alle armi. Che altro grande accresce la potenza, e il dominio del gran Turco? Niente, se non da Turkish quelle. E che altro là non si pensa, che alle armi. Quanti bravi Capitani verrebbero da quel regno? Credo che li due terzi del tempo si condivideranno in quei palagi, e in quelle liti. A questo mentre, quantunque per natura abbiano grande autorità, col tempo si impoltriscono. Quello regno farebbe formidabile agli avversari. Quanto farebbe egli copioso, e ricevere per questo. Perché tutta la rovina, della nobiltà da altro non viene, che da' malvagi consigli, gli avvocati danno alle parti. Ali ricordo aver letto in un fine estratto da un palazzo a Tolosa questo motto: che un vuoto abitato dei più famosi di corte chiamato Domenico, l'aveva fatto mettere, e diceva con. Inferrìamo da sé - La porta è stata fatta chiudere. Poiché loro medesimi gli mettono in scritto, io gli posso bene ricordare: Ben siamo pazzi a imputare loro l'oro per averci derubato. La rovina cade altrettanto bene a chi vince, quanto a chi perde; perciò, essi sono tiranni, non si mettono in gran sforzo, ma quando colui che ha vinto, contro i danari, ce l'ha messo, trascina dall'altro mezzi più avanzati, oltre al tempo che è stato perduto. Se il Re facesse così, potrebbe essere, e sarebbe più giusto di questo vince e perdere, di avervi trascorso e corte Pietà, che si danno, si perdono come le leggi a tutti i buoni servigi dono del Re, al oro non penzano, eh' a fedelmente servire lo stesso apprezza alle loro Spezzate, sarebbe meno impiegato in loro servizio. Poi, eh io dico così compagnia a tanti gran personaggi del tempo passato, e di quelli, che io conosciuto a mio tempo, io mi sono ritirato alla propria casa, ringraziando di essere stato compagno di grandissimi buomini, e rendendomi da due cose sicuro, l'uno della lealtà, la quale non mi può essere tolta in alcuna maniera, l'altra, che io ho da fare con un buon Re, che conoscerà col tempo il mio freno, ch'io ho fatto a lui, e alla sua corona. Se io mi sono ritirato a capo, ciò non è mi duole, anzi questo è quello, che già pezzo fa io desideravo, purché seguisca con la buonagrazia del Re, e della Regina, la quale già per l'arrivo non mi si può togliere. Quel giorno io ringrazio Iddio, il quale in tutte le mie cariche tanto ha aiutato me e non ho dato loro occazione di privarmene. Sono più felici, e conosciuto di quelli, che sono qui. LIBRO sesto: A loro hanno fatto: perché io mi rido del travaglio, nel quale ero immerso a guardare solo da un altro, e di corteggiarli a quel modo. Credo che le anime del purgatorio tanta pena non abbiano: e io sono qui in riposo con la mia famiglia, miei parenti, e amici prendendomi piacere a fare servire quel che dobbiamo di me visto. Potrei dire, se non fosse quella grande architrave buffa che mi traforma con il piffero, e la quale mi costringe a tenere aperta, d'estate contenta, e beata: perciò perché nella perdita dei miei figlioli io mi vado consolando, che sono tutti morti da perfino d'onore con la spada in mano per servire il mio Re. E quanto al resto io farei un uomo senziente, o intelletto, non giudico che quelli siano tratti, che si fanno nel mondo, ed in summa insieme, che è una gran buona cosa per me, il non avere occasione di fare male a persona. Del che a grande pena era possibile essere presente, continuandole una carica con grande, come quella, ch'io avevo. Lafciero, che io proposto, che mi ha messo in collera per tornare a dire quello, che fu di me dopo aver detto a Dio a tutti quei Signori, e Capitani, che andavano in Francia. Riparli in Perigueux, e diedi commissione al fine scale di Perigord, per far sentire a tutti quelli, che di là facevano moto. E quando fui ad Agen, mandai una patente al Signore di Beaugarde a settecole per comandare in mia assenza al pastore di Comminge, e di Bigorre, e per infine alle frontiere del Belluniso: Un'altra al Signore di Negrepelisse, per comandare alle truppe di Verduno, e un'altra al Signore di Cornufont il vecchio, per comandare in Rouergue. Poi la scialisi ancora quattordici, o quindici ingegni di fanti, tenendone una parte in Quercy, per far sentire a Vicoconto, che non spazza mai la testa, e tutto di trasbustavano qualche cosa, ed il nipote, te ne vedi bene. E in capo a non so che tempo, mi scrivesti il Re, ch'io andassi ad assistere la Rocchetta, e che mi mandava commissione per ricuperare danari, per farli sperare di qualche guerra. Primieramente, secondo quei di Tolosa mi diedero sette mila ordine per ducati di danari, che provenivano dai canali di mobili degli Ugonotti per sottrarre al pagamento dei fanti, e che per le spese della artiglieria io prendevo cinque rotoli. mila ducati J'opr' alcune gabelle, cbe il Re bà in Santongia,fe bene S. M non n è caua piu cbe tremila . E cbe fermerebbe al governa- tore ài Nantes , cbe m inni alfe quattro cannoni , e qualche colu • brina . Ecco i mie adeguamenti molto ficuri , e molto il cafo per vn negozio tale . Pareua piu tofìo , cbe quefla fuffe vna burla , e vna commedia , cbe altro : e cbe mi voleffer mandare a pormi fotta la ‘RocceSa per farmi capitar male, o per riceverne forno . Con - LI tuttocio • *00 COMENTARI DT MÒNLVC tuttocPo volli tentare quel , ebe riufcir ne potere . E incontanente A feti fapere al parlamento , e à Capitolini quello , eòe il Re fcriueua. Mi riservo, che lungo tempo era, che quei pochi mobili, che s'erano trovati dei Vignotti nella loro città, erano stati venduti, e spiegò il ritratto in varie occorrenze. Ed attendo io l'interesse a quella risposta me n'andai a Borghese per vedere l'io poteva usare la corte di parlamento, i Giurati ad aiutarmi di qualche danaro per questa impresa, e non seppi mai tanto fare con essi, perché mi volevano solamente contribuire un solo, dicendo essi, che volevano sbarcare il loro, per impiegarlo in difesa della propria città, e non per la Roccella, che non era della loro giurisdizione. Lo spedii a loro Maestà, e si è, mostrando queste risposte, e che con tutto ciò io non mi riservavo di scongiurarmi in Sanlongia, applicandole di mano a darmi altri assentimenti più certi, che altrimenti io non potevo andare a impegnarmi là davanti alla bocca occidentale senza perdere la loro reputazione, e la mia, e forse tutto l'esercito, perché sostenendo una piazza di tale importanza, senza che i soldati fussero pagati, in cambio di tenerli a oggetti alle trincee, sarebbono affrettati d'andare a predare, e intanto l'artiglieria mi rimarrebbe senza guardia. E ch'io sapete bene quel, che valeva la canna d'una pistola tale. Scrisse ancora a S.M. che comandasse allungo il governatore di Napoli, che io l'avessi messa di mandarmi l'artiglieria, e la facesse condurre a Bologna, per chiedergli di metterla in azione, perch'io speravo d'aver guadagnato ben tosto a tale scopo. E come io ebbi mandato a loro Maestà quel passaggio, me ne tornai in Agen, per far marciare dodici, o tredici bandiera, ch'io avevo qui, e ambedue per menarne meco la nobiltà del passaggio. E sfondo io a S. Maccario vi trovai il Signore di Luzano, e i Conti, che facevano la bandiera della sua compagnia. Pregai il detto Signore, che subito fatta la bandiera facesse mettere il Signore di Madagliano suo Aiutante alla volta di Sente, e diedi al detto Madagliano una cornetta e un argoletto, ch'era del Signore di Verduzano simile al calco del Tazadeje, mio parente. E dissi a quelle compagnie di Marubruno, de Iodia, della Motba Mongozi. Egli ordinai, che ponessero estrema solvibilità senza fermarsi finché non fosse a Sente; e che se Marennes erano a S. Severino, subito che sfuggì con gusto i fiori col cibo, gli andò a tastare, e ebbe sauna nan la vittoria, mostrò ben le mani, perché nobiltà non vera, ma solo plebe. E dopo, quando gli altri intendeva fermarsi la sconfitta dei suoi compagni entrerebbero in tanta paura, che mai più non sarebbero stati a guardare: e n’andrebbe infine alla Roccella la voce: onde bisognava fare grande strage per dare terrore. Scriviamo, Signore, di Ponte tutto l'impresa, e ci ti mandiamo forza a Sentez, acciò che tutti ad un A tratto andò a scontro a Agenzano esecuzione. Io attutai di giù commissioni agli altri, che facevano festival d'essere severi, ed alla nobiltà ti pareva essere ente. Il detto Siniscalco del Basaddo prese la carica di nostro capo il Marchese di campo. Io non ho atti d'uomini da altri, che la compagnia di quelli di Luzano, la mia, e quella di Mon di Meroglia grande Siniscalco in Guerra. Di quella del Signore di Giaranac, ch'io Re ancora comandato, che faceva disegno con me, non se ne trovò il quarto, perciò gli altri erano col principe di Condé: e fermatomi tre giorni solo ad Agenzano, me tornai alla volta del Bordelese con quel poco di gente, ch'io avevo potuto adunare. E diedi la carica di comandare alla fanteria al mio nipote Signore di Liberon. E quando io fui due giornate lontano da Agenzano, ebbi lettere dal Madagliano, per le quali mi avevo informato, come avessero fatto tale diligenza, che la terza notte dopo ch'io gli avevo lasciato, erano arrivati a Sentez, e che a S. Severino erano tre ingegneri di fanti, piantati lì, e fortificatisi ben qui, l'avevano affrontati, e tolto loro tre tendini di arco, cinque, o sei giorni poi a Marene, dove trovai il Signore di Ponte, a cui S. M. aveva scritto, e ancora al Signore di Giaranac, che furono meco all'assedio della Roccella. Poco dopo ricevetti una lettera dall'governatore di Sentez, per la quale mi diceva, che non bisognava far capitale nessuno della sua artiglieria, perche non aveva altro, che un cannone su le ruote vecchie, e che l'intero della sua artiglieria era tutto male andata da non potersi accomodare in uno stesso. Il l'ultimo ch'io vi mandai fu Dragone, che l'era ritirato appresso il Signore di Poni. E in tanto, il Signore di Lude s'accordo con S. Gou anni, e di figurammo inferni in villa di un gentiluomo. Io ti mandai le lettere, col quale leggi aveva scritte, per le quali gli comandavo, che usi e all'importza della Roccella meco, e mi diceva che era per venire a dirmi ciò volentieri, come alla propria persona. Del Re, per essere io il più vecchio Capitano di Francia, e che mi condurrebbe si, o strette in difesa di fanti, e trecento, o quattrocento cavalieri. Dunque da me non ci sono, né da Signori ai quali il Re aveva comandato, che siano con me, né ci sono da mancamento di fanti, né di cavalieri, che l'affidio della Roccella non riesca, ma per non aver modo da condurre l'artiglieria, e un po' di danari stranieri. In quel tempo mezzo il Signore di Pon aveva ridotto l'isola di Olerone, ed Albert perciò le truppe furono, ev'era il Capitano Gombodiera dentro, avendoli da propria, e comandava così in Albert, come in Olerone. Tanto re salvò l'isola detta del Be, dove avevano fatto i nemici un forte presidio una chiesa, e più al tri gli sbarchi. Feci eleggere cinquecento archibuti di tutte le nostre truppe, e tutti i Capitani, Alfieri, e Luogotenenti, eccetto la metà della compagnia di Mongozi il vecchio, che rimase a terra per comandare il resto, e feci imbarcare Leberone mio nipote con la suddetta truppa al porto di Brouagio. Guiglietto ricevitore per il Re in quelle bandi si prese gran briga di vettovaglie, e mettesti in punto i navili. La Regna di Navarra lo fece poi morire in quelle ultime turiblenze, e non è mai potuto intendere perché l'acqua sempre conosciuta buona al vino del Re. E credo, che la diligenza, che in quel imbarco e messa a disposizione necessaria, più che giova e forse sufficiente la causa della sua morte, perché la Regina di Navarra non aveva voluto là quelle genti. La tempesta ritenne un dì, e una notte il detto mio nipote; che non poté fare lo sbarco. Oltre ai nemici impedivano di sbarcare dai forti, che avevano fatto. Finalmente parve di mandare di notte tutti i navi, che avevano condotto senza carichi di faldati, a fare sbarco tra i mufi e tra le balze, dove l'inimico non metteva cura. E quando ne fu in terra una parte, l'inimico se ne accorse, e corse la, e combatté: mai no Uri rimase padroni. Il detto mio nipote, che era alla zuffa, mandò ai Capitani e faldati, che erano rimasti a terra per fargli venire, si come prontamente fecero. E quando tutti furono in terra, marciarono alla volta del forte grande della città, che v'era da cinque miglia vicino, e assaltarono da due, o tre bande, di forte, che lo preferirono, ed uccisero quanti v'erano dentro; perciò quelli, che guardavano i sbarchi entravano in navi, e fuggivano nella Rocca, il Signore di Pont, ed io, che eravamo sul lito del mare, e vedevamo i battimenti, che fuggivano verso la Rocca, giudicammo, che suffissero genti dell'isola, erano stati fatti affermare, e avevano i nostri subito preso la vittoria. E due giorni dopo il detto mio nipote mi fece sapere, come erano passati il tutto: e non poteva prima, perche il vento era così contrario, che era impossibile venire a Marsala dove il detto Signore, ed io ci trovavamo; poi lasciati nell'isola due compagnie di fanti facemmo tornare il detto mio nipote. Lasciai il Signore di Pons a Marsala, e me ne andai a S. Giovanni, dove il Signore di Giarranac comparve attendendo io a provvedere ciò che poteva far per l'affetto. Feci far grande promessa provvidenza. Il generale degli alloggiamenti, del passato e per l'affetto ignorava di Barrea mi fu di grande aiuto, per che egli era di quelle parti alla Rocca vi. Ora io aspettavo ogni giorno nuove dal Re, ma non ebbi mai né fu mai alcun mio mandato tornava. E invero erano pericolo fino. palli: perche i nimici tenevano tutte le sponde maestre, per le quali si tornava in Santorina. Il primo, benché arduo fu "Dragone, che portò nuove, che sera quasi conchiuso pace", e che preferì il "Remo" fermarsi a quel punto a proseguire. Credo, che avendo visto il giovane Principe, e l'Ammiraglio con le forze loro sulle porte di Parigi, per dare qualche battaglia e poi passare la Fronda, più a quello sventolante, che a lealmente guadagnarsi la fiducia di Luigi. Tali furono il successo del mio viaggio in Santorina. E perché taluno, come io sento, ha avuto da dire al Re, che tre anni sono già, che io non ho fatto cosa che valga, io lo assolverei molto cara, che quelli, che propongono al Re l'impresa su cui si propongono cosi pronti a far conto di quello, che ci vuole per condurle, come sono a dare assegnamenti inutili, e provvidenze vane, come quelle, che mi sono state mandate: e si potrebbe fare qualche cosa di buono. Ma nella maniera, che se si potesse far miracoli - Oh la buona sorte, che hanno con forza, che fanno intorno alla persona del Re, lontani dalle battaglie: e altrui tagliano le legna addosso, e a buon mercato, a fine che il Re gli effetti saputi, accorsi. Non hanno paura di dire al Re: che se il Montecatini, o altri non vi vuole andare a quel pregio, si offrono anche di andarvi. Ma mi fanno bene, ch'aver detto ciò, balla. E forse è tale, che cos'ha parlato, che ar e' ebbe caro, che altri non abbia definito in nulla. E non sono per lo più le parole di cos'è fatti, altro che imitazioni, finzioni, inganni: cioè in buon Francescante tradire il padrone. Io mi rendo irto alla pronta voglia, ch'io vedevo in quei Signori, che meco erano, e allo spavento, in che cominciava a entrare in quel popolo, che si mi fece uso ero fatto dati i convenienti mezzi, io mi farei prova di vincere quella città, che poi te fatto fortificata. E se la fila, con fiore punto più pigliar piede, egli è da temere, che dalla sua importanza non si potranno tenere. Io fui dunque a mal provisto, della Rocca e del Re così mal ferito, che io non potei far altro. Qualche giorno di poi il Re mandò l'editto della pace, perchè io lo facessi pubblicare a Bordeaux, e mi scrisse, ch'io rimandassi a giudizio i fanti. Con seci: mandando l'editto alla corte di parlement, del Signor a Giurati, per farlo bandire. Io non mi vi volli trovare se fosse Monlu e gendarmi troppo bene, che quest'era vano passo per pigliar fiato, aspettare il ritardo, comodità par provvederci di cosa necessaria alla guerra. Commentari di Monaco perché sia durabili. Perché non tra credibili, eh' il Re fitto colto Sprouvisto si passa con di leggero il tratto, tentatogli con Carlo no tro Ancoraché giouamento si trova tra egli Principe di gran no torturato cuore, e a quel conteso con tare da quel che la si trottarono da gioco. Non poter offrire una audacia così grande a Carlo, al cuore generoso, e degno veramente di un Re, mettendoli alla testa delle truppe Svizzere per l'inverno in Parigi. E vi penso voi me si ferisce eh' a tutela condotto quelle truppe, che ei dimentichi quelle ingiurie l'Aga genesi volontariamente la prova ferita Vi da vostro pane, guardate quel che vi offre, da vostro strumento. Lo non ho mai visto, ne letto che si sia fissato così ferma il che mi fa un aspetto pensare, e se era per ricentrare il Principe, e l'ammiraglio fecero in questa pace un colpo veramente da maestro, preludendo il vantaggio del gioco, e credo che avrebbero preferito Saarbrei, e quelli che maneggiarono la pace, estraendo al Re, e alla Francia non si ferì gioco. Alla fine di quel giorno, io feci nelle seconde rivoluzioni. Già mi pareva utile far poco in servigio del desiderio a mandargli in soccorso mille cento, o mille duecento cavalli, trenta ingenue di fanti, confezzargli la città, acquistargli le terre, e non re di Dar mentito non va per tentare la Rocchetta, e mandargli quanti danari si levarono in quelle bande. Alla gioia, io potrei ben fare meraviglie: quelli, che solo appartengono a S.M. ogni giorno me ne danno occasione di farne uno, e credo, che se il Re gli vuole ascoltare ancora oggi, la gente carica di un'affettata io mi trovo, non mancherà torto da dire. Perciò non bisogna già con le fanze della torta diabeti, che fanno udire e calunniare quelli, che hanno voglia di fare bene. Se io fussi alla presa di saprete ben rispondergli: macché troppo da stupire a Parigi, oltre di quello ho perduto i miei figlioli; e in vecchio definirò, v'è poco riferimento. la Piccola Pace di Quel Secolo si fece con il terzo tumulto, che si fece a Stigghi, durò solo sette giorni. La Pace si riprese il 1 luglio. All'inizio del mese di maggio vennero a Bordo per vedere come passavano le cose alla Corte quelli che ne erano partiti, conosciuta ben distrettamente che questa Pace non era per durare troppo. Perché alcune volte diceva che il Principe di Condé e l'Ammiraglio si trovavano contenti a casa loro: ma più spesso raffermava il contrario: e similmente che il Re non aveva fatto comandamento a nessuno, che si prendesse le armi, come fece nella pietra delle prime istruzioni: e che quelli della nuova religione andavano e venivano da un luogo all'altro, e spesso tenne conciliali fioriti. Diventasi, che la Roccella non si rendeva altrimenti utili. A Mantova, alla Cia di Fiore, al Milito, e altre piazze: un assegno senza fondi e pari equivalente a più toffo, una tregua, una pace. Dall’altra parte, io tra entrate in diffidenza del Capitano di Blya, nominato Dei Roys. Lo andai a Blya, e menai il procuratore generale del parlamento nominato Lacheto, con me. Cominciò il detto Dei Roys a farmi lungo discorso della corte del parlamento, e dei Giurati di Bologna, dicendo, che l'avevo elette per persona sospetta, che non era nemmeno d'andare a Bologna. Gli oppose, che ciò non veniva dal parlamento, né da' Giurati principalmente, ma che egli stesso era causa di farli tenere a sospetto, perciò tutti quelli della guardia di quella piazza erano zoppi, i quali egli sospettava nella atti, fuori della città, nelle cui porte avevo in presenza rivoluzionata una cassa, ma cosa se voleva, che nessuno aveva sospetto né parla di lui, metteva per la maggior parte alla detta guardia Cattolici. Mi oppose, e ce ne erano buoni in numero. Tutta via spiegava bene, il contrario: egli feci un avvertimento, come amico ad amico, e cosa ricordarsi di quale padre era nato: che per il buon servizio, cosa quelle fatte a Re Francesco, e Arrigo, erano cadute la carica di tale piazza, e di poi continuata in italiano; e più altre cose gli diceva e mi parevano appropriate per ilgersagli ogni rimprovero eccetto, se si diguagliasse, caduto nella mente. Per il papato, io l'avevo portato, parlando di continuare con consimili lutto molto appassionato al servizio del Re, come mi si rappresentava e avevo scritto a S.M. che se lo dovevo entrare in curia di persona, entree re per lui. Vedete con un tale spesso si inganna a giudicare le persone al parlare, e si ma quando tornato fui di Bologna, ed ebbi visto certi andamenti, e che non mi andavano troppo, io non ne ebbi più opinione, ch'io non aveva avuto, e ne scrivetti all'Alatila, ma ciò fu settimana, otto giorni dopo, e che di qui mi fui partito. Trattato dei commentari di Monluc su Lanfac e favore del Dea Roy. Al principio, a Principe. Descrizione di Monluc sopra il disegno del Particolare di Consiglio. È stato piaciuto, si è così mutato il presidio. Per lamia lettera, supplica umilmente S. A. a voler credere al consiglio, ch'iole mandava, altrimenti farebbe il primo a pentirsene. Dei Loyi non si era visto a vedere, molarti il giorno medesimo, che era una lunedi, ch'io aveva dato il suddetto avviso al Re, e secondo che mi fu detto, se ce capo al Signore di Lanfac, e credo bene, che non resistesse difaresco le sue doglie contro di me, per dargli ad intendere, che tutto quel mio sopettrare di lui, d'altro non procedeva, se non ch'io avevo assunto voglia di far dare carica di quella piazza a qualche gentiluomo, che fosse a mia divozione. E era anche vero, che per la vicinanza, ch'egli aveva con il detto Signore di Lanfac, e per la fama, e buono nome del padre del detto Des Roys, il detto Signore di Lanfac lo portava, e ne parlava al Re, e fu egli il primo a rimanere ingannato, e poi pentirne fastidio. Sono volontieri e visto con una certa mestiere, si può credere male, che non ha mai errato, ma più tosto si fa portato bene, come erano quegli. Gli uomini non conoscono a uso, come i falsi tesori. Dio sola nel cuore loro può leggere. Se ne tornò egli molto contento dal Re, ed anche per ciò che egli avesse continuamente più affezione al suo servizio, gli fece donare mille feudi. S. M. non considerò, che egli era di un pelo del quale pochi si accorgono, buoni. Vi vedete come un Principe debba aver cura, ed offrirà le particolarità di quel trattare con gli Ugonotti, e in quel dubbio più chiaro più tosto un partito, che un altro. Manca il modo da contenerne colui, di cui la dubitanza porlo in operazione, o correre pericolo, lasciandogli la piazza in mano, come si fece, a Des Roys, e una piazza importante, che poi agli Ugonotti fu di molto rilievo. Quando una donna ascolta, il negozio è spedito: cosi dopo che un governatore di una provincia parla così in segreto, qualche cosa ci è sotto. Contiene, che il Re, e il Principe fa gelo senza più né meno d'un marito, che sa che la sua moglie porge l'orecchio nel modo stesso colui, che si trova a quei fatti favorevoli, non avrà titolo sotto mano il parere, o il Luogotenente del Re, ancora vi è del pericolo, ed è malagevole cosa guardarli da un traditore. Prima, che parta da Bordeaux, la mattina io mi misi insieme il Procuratore generale, il Generale di Gourgues, e il Capitano Verri, e vi tra ancora il Signore di Liberon mio nipote: e volevo dissimulare con essi quello, che io avevo pensato fra me sopra le nuove, che giornalmente venivano dalla corte, della diffidenza, e mala sodisfazione, nella quale si trovava il Principe di Condé, e quello, che io avevo fatto, ritrovandomi nei loro piedi. Ricordandosi, che io dicevo loro, che credevamo fosse, che se il detto Principe potestà, prendesse... . O 7 JJtf r ir RODI 8 fi'IS'T O D3 f&f a re, Je ne farebbe venuto in Santongia, avendo là Rocca Ba, equamente tutto il passaggio divisione; eccel'sole ben torto si farebbono ribellate, cam elie vedeetro forze nella Santongia, e nella Roccella, e il Signore della occasione appresso di loro; che risolutamente il detto Principe, gli Ugonotti erano per volgere tutti i lor dintorni su le bande di qua; perciò in Francia non avevano più Roano per loro, ne a divisione loro porto alcuno di mare; e avevano non sarebbe mica si farebbe ciocchi di ricominciare una terza guerra senza avere in loro potere un porto di mare. In Francia ne potevano desiderare uno migliore per loro, di quello della Roccella, dal quale dipende quel di Brouage, che è il più bel porto di mare di Francia. Perché è indetto nel quale, avrebbero bisogno di un porto di mare di Francia. Perché è situato lì, avrebbero bisogno di una via da Alamagna, di Fiandra, di Inghilterra, di Scozia, di Bretagna, di Normandia, tutti paesi a Brouage il pieno della loro religione, e in verità, un luogo da parte di un Re aver dato loro è leale. Poi, per la zona di un luogo per piantare su il regno di Francia, non sarebbe più saputo eleggere uno più comodo, e vantaggio per loro, di quello. Trovarono molto probabile il mio discorso, il quale io avrò fatto meco la medesima notte, non entrando fantasia nel prossimo affari, perché quello è stato il mio stato lenimento. Quello mi produrrà quasi alti mali, quanto i fogni, che io avrò fatto del Re Arrigo, e del Re Carlo. Avendogli così trattenuti gli sforzi, che bisognava trovare dei rimedi, prima che il male si aggravasse. E che io bene pensavo, che dando quest' aiuto alle loro sfortune, se non si proponeva loro i modi da rompere i loro disegni, non mi darebbero fede, e disprezzerebbero il mio avvertimento. Cominciammo a discorrere, che per tagliare la via a tutti quelli infortunati, che si ne minacciavano, non ci era altro da fare se non forte sul mare, e impadronirsi prontamente dei porti; e con. quattro navi, e quattro calipe, che a fin di tenere a baco. In Brest, alla rada. Palissa, e allo sbocco di Brouage farebbe a valanga. E che si porti una volta sofferta da noi, in Inghilterra, in chiunque si soffra, che fosse a favore del nemico, non potrebbe farlo, sapendo che gli bisognerebbe approdare in luoghi, ove da un'ora ad un'altra e tratta degli scogli della marea: che gente di mare non partono mai per venire in un luogo, se non hanno porto da approdare: e oltre a ciò, che aggiornando i nostri navici d intorno al Pifole, gli abitanti non farebbero mai arditi di ribellarsi: si che i nostri legni sarebbero la Rocca come affiatata: di maniera che farebbero ben presto quelli a mettersi alla disposizione del Re; odi contenerli fermi armati. Feci loro tutto quello di scorgere e risemmo, ch'io ne davo effettivamente pieno aggio al fine di ordinare l'armata. Con quanta numerosità ne sarebbero bisognati per i vasci e per pagare le genti; e facemmo conto, che con poco più di trenta balestra ne avremmo messi in mare, e con due mesi di provviste di grano, che io darei del mio per far sapere del biscotto. Il Generale di Guerra, che non avrebbe fatto venire dal paese alto, e del bestiame filarne destinate alle terre, che gli farebbe credere tutto sua fidanza, che noi avremmo, e ben con il tempo S. M ci rimborserrebbe. Il Procuratore generale si riconobbe infine col detto Signore di Gurget di volgere tutto i suoi Giurati, e ben ci aiuteremmo tutti quei Signori ogni modo di qualche cosa, e ben di più si prenderebbe il dazio, ch'ei maggior di Zecca, ch'era allora, tra l'aggio affatto nel privato con "utilità del Re". Cosa ben non era ancora sufficiente in esecuzione, perche il computo di Bordeto sarebbe oposto, dicendo, che ciò doveva esser comprato nel suo provengo; e per dispetto il maggiore di Zecca, non aveva voluto fare eseguire il partito, e diì disse anno, cioè quando la Giuria vedrebbe, che da questa cosa n'era per ricavare gran bene, non solo al Re, ma alla città di Bordeto; ben ognuno vi contribuirebbe, e che con questo, e il resto antico, ciò io dicevo di sopra non conferirebbe più nulla al Re. Il procuratore generale, e il detto Signore di Gurget con il Capitano Verri ne fecero il calcolo in mia presenza; e risolvemmo che il Signore di Leberone andrebbe a rappresentare tutto ciò alla Roma, e che S.M. era per comprendere meglio questo negozio, che alcuno del suo consiglio. E co' scopo lo spedì il detto Signore di Leberone in potestà alla corte. Al momento di trovare un concetto, detto mio nipote l'esposizione. Re per imprese di difelo, che ne voleva parlare in consiglio, e tre giorni dopo gli offrì la figlia, al consiglio del Re non era parso buono. E credo, Roccella. (Se questo fu più per ciò che mi ferì colpo al campo, che io proporrei quella cosa più per interesse che per ragione, che io avrei dovuto ricordare, che io impongo al detto mio nipote, dicevo alla Regina, che io ero tanto fortunato nelle cose, che gli davo, che ella mai non aveva voluto prestare fede, con tutto, che ella vedeva sé, che si trovava sempre pronta a sospettare di volermi credere in tutto il tempo della mia vita una volta sola mente: e che ella non lo faceva, era per pentirsi di non averlo fatto: e che quando il male sarebbe venuto, non si farebbe a tempo a porre rimedio a me. Ma tutte quelle dimostrazioni azioni a nulla fruttarono: e mi rimando il detto mio nipote, senza altra riposta, se non che al consiglio non era parso buono. Il che ha causato un grande danno: perchè io penso, che gli affari degli Avvenimenti, non sarebbero oggi con vantaggio loro, come sono. Ma Iddio fa come gli piace: domani al bene, che quando ogni giorno io facevo miracoli, non però si credeva tribù alla. Io mi sono perso nella cortina di parole, chiedo scusa, ma ma che dite? Che sono diventato un santo, miracolosamente da parte vostra, che sono appreso del Re. Perché parrebbe loro Urano, che le cose loro perfino e davvero si trovino altri che loro in tutto il regno di Francia, si facciano vigili, e attenti a tutti gli affari del regno, ne' che si possa con cognizione, io ho sempre sentito dire, che quelli che di loro si presumano tanto sono il più delle volte da meno, che gli altri. Quanto un Re sa, e è prudente di avere l'occhio vigile per questa conflagrazione di truffe, io ero troppo distratto per far loro toccare con mano. Il vero anno, le lettere non fanno replicare. Oltre a ciò, mi confaglio del Re un nemico può altrui più nuocere, che trenta amici. GiòBartolomeo, giubilante per l'avanzamento degli effetti: e intanto va ogni cosa a rovina senza questa posa. Sperare, correggimelo, saprà pur dire, io posso bene qui contare la favola di Marco da: Bretagna. Era quel tipo un Italiano che aveva fatto certi frutti alla Signoria di Venezia, aveva poi procurato e sollecitato la ricompensa, ma altro non aveva attuato, e beveva vento. Occorse, che il Doge more: si che avendolo così fin dall'inizio faceva alla Signoria una sollecitazione, per la quale supplicava, che lo volevano eleggere Doge in premio dei suoi servigi. Ultimamente la Signoria restò forte meravigliata dalla bontà della fortuna di costui. Esponenti diputati alcuni per intendere il bene, per perdonarmene gli difetti, perdonatemi voi avere considerato tante sciocchezze, come io ne ho pensato, e così farete ancora queste, ma basta, sono contento. Con possiamo noi dire a quelli che si fidano di governare ogni cosa, che non occorre meravigliarsi di quello che fanno, né intrappolano che facciano meglio. Al proposito mio. Al limite ritornai versò dal lato Agenzia. Arrivato in Agenzia, mi presentai con una gamba rotta e ebbi da scartare nel letto tre mesi. E inoltre, quando il Signore si ritornerà a Genova, penso che sarà fatto di salire, infatti so che preferisce scambiare con la gamba rotta. I medici dicevano, "ho io tra morto". Come ho ripreso un po' di forza, mi sono venuto a Cavalcaigne, per cambiare aria, che fu circa alla fine di Luglio. Mi fu fatto intendere dalle parti di Bagni a, che la Regina di Navarra si era partita dal Pau, per andare a Senes in Pois, per fare adunare i suoi stati. Subito poi ebbi avviso, che la Regina era fermata a Fico in Bigorre, e in continuo poi fu fatto avvertire, con un mercoledì da sera tra venuto a trottarla un gentiluomo del Signore della Rocca fuoco, ecco, tra flato più di quattro ore a ragionare fuoco in suo gabinetto. Se bene pare una cosa, che noi possiamo imparare da lui, io lo sapevo continuamente con un orecchio siffocato e aveva genia per posare, per costruire un ponte da scartare in Bagni a. Pentiusapeus. poca importanza. Ebbene, auziendo, ch'egli giovedì ella si era partita in articolo della grafetta, e prendeva la via di Notre Dame come fu vero: perché v'arriva - Reina di Navo la domenica mattina. La sua venuta diede a pensare a molti di molte cose, e che il luogo non durerebbe troppo. Lo mandai la mattina successiva il mio nipote Leberont a visitarla, applicando la vigilanza, che la sua venuta ci avrebbe portato qualche profitto o conferma della pace, a guardandola per il mio onore, che dalla banda mia mi prenderei tal pensiero, che la guerra non comincierebbe da' Cattolici. Mi mandai a dire, che non era venuto a Narbona per altro, e per reprimere l'entusiasmo, che alcuno della sua religione potesse avere, sapendo bene, che dell'una religione, e di L'autrav erano di quelle, che altro no di differente dal nostro e la guerra: "poi, ch'io era di quella volontà di far mantenere la pace, io lo so anche adesso, che la volontà, e intenzione di lei non era puramente diversa da quello, che io l'avevo pure di età, che intendeva perché ella darebbe ordine a tutto quello, che dipidesse da quelli della sua religione. Due cose mi comandavano, che io le credevo fosse, se bene al fine avevano voluto riprendere. La prima, che mai il Re non gli avesse data occasione di scontrarsi contro di lui: entrambe souvenant che il Relativo difese, e favoreita appresso il Pontefice, in nuovo.
| 12,639 |
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filem%20Funny%20Face
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Filem Funny Face
|
https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filem Funny Face&action=history
|
Malay
|
Spoken
| 41 | 90 |
Filem Funny Face merupakan sebuah filem Warna yang dikeluarkan di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1957. Ia diarah oleh Stanley Donen dan merupakan filem dalam genre Musical-Tarian.
Filem Funny Face mempunyai tempoh tayangan sepanjang 103 minit.
Pautan luar
Funny Face
Funny Face
| 12,548 |
https://github.com/openshift/openshift-tools/blob/master/openshift/installer/vendored/openshift-ansible-3.10.0-0.29.0/roles/openshift_health_checker/test/action_plugin_test.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer
| 2,022 |
openshift-tools
|
openshift
|
Python
|
Code
| 894 | 4,001 |
import pytest
from ansible.playbook.play_context import PlayContext
from openshift_health_check import ActionModule, resolve_checks
from openshift_health_check import copy_remote_file_to_dir, write_result_to_output_dir, write_to_output_file
from openshift_checks import OpenShiftCheckException, FileToSave
def fake_check(name='fake_check', tags=None, is_active=True, run_return=None, run_exception=None,
run_logs=None, run_files=None, changed=False, get_var_return=None):
"""Returns a new class that is compatible with OpenShiftCheck for testing."""
_name, _tags = name, tags
class FakeCheck(object):
name = _name
tags = _tags or []
def __init__(self, **_):
self.changed = False
self.failures = []
self.logs = run_logs or []
self.files_to_save = run_files or []
def is_active(self):
if isinstance(is_active, Exception):
raise is_active
return is_active
def run(self):
self.changed = changed
if run_exception is not None:
raise run_exception
return run_return
def get_var(*args, **_):
return get_var_return
def register_failure(self, exc):
self.failures.append(OpenShiftCheckException(str(exc)))
return
return FakeCheck
# Fixtures
@pytest.fixture
def plugin():
task = FakeTask('openshift_health_check', {'checks': ['fake_check']})
plugin = ActionModule(task, None, PlayContext(), None, None, None)
return plugin
class FakeTask(object):
def __init__(self, action, args):
self.action = action
self.args = args
self.async = 0
@pytest.fixture
def task_vars():
return dict(openshift=dict(), ansible_host='unit-test-host')
# Assertion helpers
def failed(result, msg_has=None):
if msg_has is not None:
assert 'msg' in result
for term in msg_has:
assert term.lower() in result['msg'].lower()
return result.get('failed', False)
def changed(result):
return result.get('changed', False)
# tests whether task is skipped, not individual checks
def skipped(result):
return result.get('skipped', False)
# Tests
@pytest.mark.parametrize('task_vars', [
None,
{},
])
def test_action_plugin_missing_openshift_facts(plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {})
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_health_check.resolve_checks', lambda *args: ['fake_check'])
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert failed(result, msg_has=['openshift_facts'])
def test_action_plugin_cannot_load_checks_with_the_same_name(plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
FakeCheck1 = fake_check('duplicate_name')
FakeCheck2 = fake_check('duplicate_name')
checks = [FakeCheck1, FakeCheck2]
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_checks.OpenShiftCheck.subclasses', classmethod(lambda cls: checks))
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert failed(result, msg_has=['duplicate', 'duplicate_name', 'FakeCheck'])
@pytest.mark.parametrize('is_active, skipped_reason', [
(False, "Not active for this host"),
(Exception("borked"), "exception"),
])
def test_action_plugin_skip_non_active_checks(is_active, skipped_reason, plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
checks = [fake_check(is_active=is_active)]
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_checks.OpenShiftCheck.subclasses', classmethod(lambda cls: checks))
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert result['checks']['fake_check'].get('skipped')
assert skipped_reason in result['checks']['fake_check'].get('skipped_reason')
assert not failed(result)
assert not changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('to_disable', [
'fake_check',
['fake_check', 'spam'],
'*,spam,eggs',
])
def test_action_plugin_skip_disabled_checks(to_disable, plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
checks = [fake_check('fake_check', is_active=True)]
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_checks.OpenShiftCheck.subclasses', classmethod(lambda cls: checks))
task_vars['openshift_disable_check'] = to_disable
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert result['checks']['fake_check'] == dict(skipped=True, skipped_reason="Disabled by user request")
assert not failed(result)
assert not changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
def test_action_plugin_run_list_checks(monkeypatch):
task = FakeTask('openshift_health_check', {'checks': []})
plugin = ActionModule(task, None, PlayContext(), None, None, None)
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {})
result = plugin.run()
assert failed(result, msg_has="Available checks")
assert not changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
def test_action_plugin_run_check_ok(plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
check_return_value = {'ok': 'test'}
check_class = fake_check(run_return=check_return_value, run_files=[None])
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {'fake_check': check_class()})
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_health_check.resolve_checks', lambda *args: ['fake_check'])
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert result['checks']['fake_check'] == check_return_value
assert not failed(result)
assert not changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
def test_action_plugin_run_check_changed(plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
check_return_value = {'ok': 'test'}
check_class = fake_check(run_return=check_return_value, changed=True)
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {'fake_check': check_class()})
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_health_check.resolve_checks', lambda *args: ['fake_check'])
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert result['checks']['fake_check'] == check_return_value
assert changed(result['checks']['fake_check'])
assert not failed(result)
assert changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
def test_action_plugin_run_check_fail(plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
check_return_value = {'failed': True, 'msg': 'this is a failure'}
check_class = fake_check(run_return=check_return_value)
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {'fake_check': check_class()})
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_health_check.resolve_checks', lambda *args: ['fake_check'])
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert result['checks']['fake_check'] == check_return_value
assert failed(result, msg_has=['failed'])
assert not changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('exc_class, expect_traceback', [
(OpenShiftCheckException, False),
(Exception, True),
])
def test_action_plugin_run_check_exception(plugin, task_vars, exc_class, expect_traceback, monkeypatch):
exception_msg = 'fake check has an exception'
run_exception = exc_class(exception_msg)
check_class = fake_check(run_exception=run_exception, changed=True)
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {'fake_check': check_class()})
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_health_check.resolve_checks', lambda *args: ['fake_check'])
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert failed(result['checks']['fake_check'], msg_has=exception_msg)
assert expect_traceback == ("Traceback" in result['checks']['fake_check']['msg'])
assert failed(result, msg_has=['failed'])
assert changed(result['checks']['fake_check'])
assert changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
def test_action_plugin_run_check_output_dir(plugin, task_vars, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
check_class = fake_check(
run_return={},
run_logs=[('thing', 'note')],
run_files=[
FileToSave('save.file', 'contents', None),
FileToSave('save.file', 'duplicate', None),
FileToSave('copy.file', None, 'foo'), # note: copy runs execute_module => exception
],
)
task_vars['openshift_checks_output_dir'] = str(tmpdir)
check_class.get_var = lambda self, name, **_: task_vars.get(name)
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {'fake_check': check_class()})
monkeypatch.setattr('openshift_health_check.resolve_checks', lambda *args: ['fake_check'])
plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert any(path.basename == task_vars['ansible_host'] for path in tmpdir.listdir())
assert any(path.basename == 'fake_check.log.json' for path in tmpdir.visit())
assert any(path.basename == 'save.file' for path in tmpdir.visit())
assert any(path.basename == 'save.file.2' for path in tmpdir.visit())
def test_action_plugin_resolve_checks_exception(plugin, task_vars, monkeypatch):
monkeypatch.setattr(plugin, 'load_known_checks', lambda *_: {})
result = plugin.run(tmp=None, task_vars=task_vars)
assert failed(result, msg_has=['unknown', 'name'])
assert not changed(result)
assert not skipped(result)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('names,all_checks,expected', [
([], [], set()),
(
['a', 'b'],
[
fake_check('a'),
fake_check('b'),
],
set(['a', 'b']),
),
(
['a', 'b', '@group'],
[
fake_check('from_group_1', ['group', 'another_group']),
fake_check('not_in_group', ['another_group']),
fake_check('from_group_2', ['preflight', 'group']),
fake_check('a'),
fake_check('b'),
],
set(['a', 'b', 'from_group_1', 'from_group_2']),
),
])
def test_resolve_checks_ok(names, all_checks, expected):
assert resolve_checks(names, all_checks) == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize('names,all_checks,words_in_exception', [
(
['testA', 'testB'],
[],
['check', 'name', 'testA', 'testB'],
),
(
['@group'],
[],
['tag', 'name', 'group'],
),
(
['testA', 'testB', '@group'],
[],
['check', 'name', 'testA', 'testB', 'tag', 'group'],
),
(
['testA', 'testB', '@group'],
[
fake_check('from_group_1', ['group', 'another_group']),
fake_check('not_in_group', ['another_group']),
fake_check('from_group_2', ['preflight', 'group']),
],
['check', 'name', 'testA', 'testB'],
),
])
def test_resolve_checks_failure(names, all_checks, words_in_exception):
with pytest.raises(Exception) as excinfo:
resolve_checks(names, all_checks)
for word in words_in_exception:
assert word in str(excinfo.value)
@pytest.mark.parametrize('give_output_dir, result, expect_file', [
(False, None, False),
(True, dict(content="c3BhbQo=", encoding="base64"), True),
(True, dict(content="encoding error", encoding="base64"), False),
(True, dict(content="spam", no_encoding=None), True),
(True, dict(failed=True, msg="could not slurp"), False),
])
def test_copy_remote_file_to_dir(give_output_dir, result, expect_file, tmpdir):
check = fake_check()()
check.execute_module = lambda *args, **_: result
copy_remote_file_to_dir(check, "remote_file", str(tmpdir) if give_output_dir else "", "local_file")
assert expect_file == any(path.basename == "local_file" for path in tmpdir.listdir())
def test_write_to_output_exceptions(tmpdir, monkeypatch, capsys):
class Spam(object):
def __str__(self):
raise Exception("break str")
test = {1: object(), 2: Spam()}
test[3] = test
write_result_to_output_dir(str(tmpdir), test)
assert "Error writing" in test["output_files"]
output_dir = tmpdir.join("eggs")
output_dir.write("spam") # so now it's not a dir
write_to_output_file(str(output_dir), "somefile", "somedata")
assert "Could not write" in capsys.readouterr()[1]
monkeypatch.setattr("openshift_health_check.prepare_output_dir", lambda *_: False)
write_result_to_output_dir(str(tmpdir), test)
assert "Error creating" in test["output_files"]
| 39,402 |
75677_2000_1
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,613 | 10,127 |
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
GENERAL
PCA is the sixth largest producer of containerboard and corrugated products in the United States, based on production capacity as reported in the Pulp & Paper 2000 North American Fact Book. With 2000 net sales of $1.9 billion, PCA produced about 2.2 million tons of containerboard, about 80% of which was consumed in our corrugated products manufacturing plants, and shipped about 26.5 billion square feet of corrugated products.
In 2000, we produced over 1.3 million tons of kraft linerboard at our mills located in Counce, Tennessee and Valdosta, Georgia. We also produced more than 800,000 tons of semi-chemical corrugating medium at our mills located in Tomahawk, Wisconsin and Filer City, Michigan. We currently lease the cutting rights to approximately 140,000 acres of timberland located near our Counce and Valdosta mills. We also have supply agreements on about 600,000 of the 800,000 acres of timberland we sold during 1999 and 2000.
Our converting operations produce a wide variety of corrugated packaging products, including conventional shipping containers used to protect and transport manufactured goods. We also produce multi-color boxes and displays with strong visual appeal that help to merchandise the packaged product in retail locations. Finally, we are a large producer of meat boxes and wax-coated boxes for the agricultural industry.
CORPORATE DEVELOPMENTS
On April 12, 1999, Pactiv Corporation, formerly known as Tenneco Packaging Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Tenneco Inc., sold its containerboard and corrugated products business to PCA, an entity formed by Madison Dearborn Partners, LLC, a private equity investment firm, in January 1999, for $2.2 billion, consisting of $246.5 million in cash, the assumption of $1.76 billion of debt incurred by Pactiv immediately prior to the contribution, and a 45% common equity interest in PCA valued at $193.5 million. PCA Holdings LLC, an entity organized and controlled by Madison Dearborn, acquired the remaining 55% common equity interest in PCA for $236.5 million in cash, which was used to finance in part the transactions.
The financing of the transactions consisted of (1) borrowings under a new $1,469.0 million senior credit facility for which J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. and BT Alex. Brown Incorporated (the predecessor to Deutsche Banc Alex. Brown) were co-lead arrangers, (2) the offering of $550.0 million of 9 5/8% senior subordinated notes due 2009, and $100.0 million of 12 3/8% senior exchangeable preferred stock due 2010, (3) a cash equity investment of $236.5 million by PCA Holdings and (4) an equity investment by Pactiv valued at $193.5 million. As required by their terms, the $550.0 million of senior subordinated notes and $100.0 million of senior exchangeable preferred stock issued in the April 12, 1999 transactions were exchanged for publicly registered securities in the same amounts in a registered exchange offer completed in October 1999.
The senior credit facility was entered into to finance in part the transactions and to pay related fees and expenses and to provide future borrowings to PCA for general corporate purposes, including working capital. The senior credit facility initially consisted of three term loan facilities in an original aggregate principal amount of $1,219.0 million and a revolving credit facility with up to $250.0 million in availability. Effective December 14, 1999, PCA elected to reduce its availability under the revolving credit facility from $250.0 million to $150.0 million.
On January 28, 2000, PCA became a publicly-traded company with the initial public offering of its common stock. In the offering, Pactiv sold 35,000,000 shares and PCA sold 11,250,000 new shares of
common stock, both at an offering price of $12.00 per share. PCA used its net proceeds to redeem all of the outstanding senior exchangeable preferred stock on March 3, 2000.
PCA completed the refinancing of its $735.0 million senior secured debt and $150.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility on June 29, 2000. Completion of the refinancing eliminated Term Loan C, and reduced PCA's average effective interest rate on its senior secured term debt by approximately 100 basis points. PCA's total borrowings under the senior credit facility as of December 31, 2000 consisted of $177.0 million of term loans. No amounts were outstanding under the senior revolving credit facility as of that date.
On November 29, 2000, PCA entered into a three-year $150.0 million revolving credit facility, of which $142.0 million was initially drawn, in connection with the securitization of its trade receivables. The facility is secured by PCA's receivables and bears interest at a floating rate based on commercial paper plus an allowed margin under the agreement.
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
According to the Fibre Box Association, the value of industry shipments of corrugated products was over $24 billion in 2000.
The primary end-use markets for corrugated products are shown below:
Corrugated products are generally delivered by truck. Compared to many other products, the amount of corrugated products that can fit into a truckload weighs much less. This, coupled with the relatively low price per ton of corrugated products, make shipping costs account for a relatively high portion of total costs. As a result, converting plants tend to be located in close proximity to customers to minimize freight costs. The corrugated products industry consists of an estimated 683 companies in the United States.
Containerboard, which includes both linerboard and corrugating medium, is the principal raw material used to manufacture corrugated products. Linerboard is used as the inner and outer facings, or liners, of corrugated products. Corrugating medium is fluted and laminated to linerboard in corrugator plants to produce corrugated sheets. The sheets are subsequently printed, cut, folded and glued in corrugator plants or sheet plants to produce corrugated products.
Containerboard may be manufactured from both softwood and hardwood fibers, as well as from recycled fibers from used corrugated and waste from converting operations. Kraft linerboard is made predominantly from softwoods like pine. Semi-chemical corrugating medium is made from hardwoods such as oak. Wood may be brought to the mill as logs to be chipped, or as already-chipped wood. The chips are chemically treated and cooked to form virgin fiber, also known as wood pulp. This pulp can be processed alone or blended with some percentage of recycled fiber on paper machines. The pulp is mixed with water and flows onto a moving wire screen, which allows the water to drain and concentrates the fibers. What remains is a paper mat that is compressed by a series of presses and then dried. The paper is wound into large rolls, which are slit to size as required by converters, and shipped to them.
Linerboard is made in a range of grades or basis weights. The most common basis weight for linerboard is 42 lb., although linerboard is produced in weights that vary from under 26 lb. to over 90 lb. Basis weight represents the weight in pounds per thousand square feet of linerboard. Producers
also market linerboard by performance characteristics, appearance and color. The following table describes different product weight, performance and color characteristics:
Historically, pricing for containerboard has reflected changes in containerboard supply that resulted from major capacity additions, as well as changes in demand.
PCA OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTS
Our two linerboard mills can manufacture a broad range of linerboard grades ranging from 26 lb. to 96 lb. Our two semi-chemical corrugating medium mills can manufacture grades ranging in weight from 21 lb. to 47 lb. All four of our mills have completed an extensive independent review process to become ISO 9002 certified. ISO 9002 is an international quality certification that verifies a facility maintains and follows stringent procedures for manufacturing, sales and customer service.
COUNCE. Our Counce, Tennessee mill is one of the largest linerboard mills in the United States. Its production capacity is approximately 1,003,000 tons per year. In 2000, we produced approximately 930,000 tons of kraft linerboard on two paper machines at Counce. We produced a broad range of basis weights from 31 lb. to 96 lb. The mill also produces a variety of performance and specialty grades of linerboard including high-ring crush and wet strength.
VALDOSTA. Our Valdosta, Georgia mill is a kraft linerboard mill that has a production capacity of approximately 457,000 tons per year. In 2000, our single paper machine at Valdosta produced approximately 414,800 tons of linerboard. Valdosta primarily produces light- to middleweight linerboard ranging from 35 lb. to 56 lb., and heavyweight/super heavyweight linerboard ranging from 61 lb. to 96 lb.
TOMAHAWK. Our Tomahawk, Wisconsin mill is the second largest corrugating medium mill in the United States with production capacity of 548,000 tons per year. In 2000, we produced approximately 535,100 tons of semi-chemical corrugating medium at Tomahawk using three paper machines, one of which is among the largest corrugating medium machines in the world. These machines produce a broad range of basis weights from 23 lb. to 47 lb. Our Tomahawk mill also produces a variety of performance and specialty grades of corrugating medium. This includes high ring crush, wet strength, tare weight and super heavyweight.
FILER CITY. Our Filer City, Michigan mill is a semi-chemical corrugating medium mill. In 2000, we produced approximately 285,100 tons of corrugating medium on two paper machines at Filer City. In July 1998, we shut down one machine at Filer City. Mill production capacity at Filer City is
367,000 tons a year if we run all three paper machines. Filer City produces a range of corrugating medium grades in basis weights from 21 lb. to 40 lb.
We operate 65 corrugated products plants, a supply services group, a technical and development center and five graphic design centers. Of the 65 corrugated products plants, 38 have a corrugator on site and manufacture both combined sheets and finished products. The remaining 27 corrugated products plants purchase combined sheets and create finished products. Two other small specialty facilities include a collating and distribution packaging center, as well as a machine rebuild facility. The five graphic design centers are located in Westmont, Illinois; Cincinnati, Ohio; Dallas, Texas; North Brunswick, New Jersey; and Southgate, California.
These graphic design centers were established in response to customers' increasing need for sophisticated, high impact graphics on their corrugated products. Customers are increasingly using special in-store corrugated displays to market their products and are requiring more intricate packaging designs. Our graphic design centers offer state-of-the-art computers and equipment that are capable of 24-hour design turnaround and reduced product delivery times.
Our converting operations are spread throughout the United States. Each corrugator plant serves a market radius that typically averages 150 miles. Our sheet plants are generally located in close proximity to our larger corrugator plants which enables us to offer additional services and converting capabilities such as small volume and quick turnaround items.
We produce a wide variety of products ranging from basic corrugated shipping containers to specialized packaging such as wax-coated boxes for the agriculture industry. We also have multi-color printing capabilities to make high-impact graphics boxes and displays that offer customers more attractive packaging.
TIMBERLAND
We currently lease the cutting rights to approximately 140,000 acres of timberland located near our Counce and Valdosta mills. All of the acres under cutting rights agreements are located within 100 miles of our mills, which results in lower wood transportation costs and provides a secure source of wood fiber. Virtually all of these leased cutting rights agreements have terms with over 20 years remaining.
During 1999 and 2000, PCA sold about 800,000 acres of timberland. As part of the timberland sale agreements, we entered into supply arrangements covering about 600,000 acres of the total acres sold. We also retained a one-third equity ownership interest in 385,000 acres sold to Southern Timber Venture, LLC. in November 2000.
In addition to the timberland we manage ourselves, our Forest Management Assistance Program provides professional forestry assistance to private timberland owners to improve harvest yields and to optimize their harvest schedule. We have managed the regeneration of approximately 100,000 acres by supplying pine seedlings. In exchange for our expertise, we are given the right of first refusal over timber sales from those lands. These private lands include over 200,000 acres of timberland. We expect to harvest over 150,000 cords of wood from these forests annually.
PCA also participates in the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, which is organized by the American Forest and Paper Association. This initiative is aimed at ensuring the long-term health and conservation of America's forestry resources. Activities include limiting tree harvest sizes, replanting harvest acreage, participating in flora and fauna research and protecting water streams.
SOLID WOOD AND RECYCLING FACILITIES
We own three sawmills located in Ackerman and Fulton, Mississippi and Selmer, Tennessee. During 2000, these three sawmills sold approximately 150.0 million board feet of lumber used to make furniture and building products. We also have an air-dry yard operation in Burnsville, Mississippi that holds newly cut lumber while it dries. Finally, we have a 50% interest in a wood chipping joint venture in Fulton, Mississippi.
We also operate three paper recycling centers, one in Jackson, Tennessee and two in Nashville, Tennessee. These recycling centers collect old corrugated containers, newspapers and other paper that provide a source of recycled fiber to our nearby Counce mill.
SALES AND MARKETING
Our corrugated products are sold through a direct sales and marketing organization. Sales representatives and a sales manager at each converting operations facility serve local and regional accounts. Corporate account managers serve large national accounts at multiple customer locations. Additionally, our graphic design centers maintain an on-site dedicated graphics sales force. General marketing support is located at our corporate headquarters.
Our containerboard sales group is responsible for the sale of linerboard and corrugating medium to our own corrugator plants, to other domestic customers and to the export market. This group handles order processing for all shipments of containerboard from our own mills to our own corrugator plants. These personnel also coordinate and execute all containerboard trade agreements with other containerboard manufacturers.
In addition to direct sales and marketing personnel, we utilize support personnel that are new product development engineers and product graphics and design specialists. These individuals are located at both the corrugator plants as well as the graphic design centers.
DISTRIBUTION
Our corrugated products are usually delivered by truck due to our large number of customers and their demand for timely service. Shipping costs represent a relatively high percentage of our total costs due to the high bulk of corrugated products. As a result, our converting operations typically service customers within a 150 miles radius.
Containerboard produced in our mills is shipped by rail or truck. Our individual mills do not own or maintain outside warehousing facilities. We do use some third-party warehouses for short-term storage.
CUSTOMERS
About 75% of our corrugated products customers are regional and local accounts, which are broadly diversified across industries and geographic locations. The remaining 25% of our customer base consists primarily of national accounts, or those customers with a national presence. These customers typically purchase corrugated products from several of our box plants throughout the United States.
Our 65 corrugated products plants consume approximately 80% of our mills' containerboard production. Of the remaining 20% of our containerboard production that we do not consume at our own converting operations, about 14% is sold to domestic customers, and about 6% is sold to export customers.
MAJOR RAW MATERIALS USED
FIBER SUPPLY. Fiber is the single largest cost in the manufacture of containerboard. To reduce our fiber costs we have invested in processes and equipment to ensure a high degree of fiber flexibility. Our mills have the capability to shift a portion of their fiber consumption between softwood, hardwood and recycled sources. With the exception of our Valdosta mill, our other mills can utilize some recycled fiber in their containerboard production. Our ability to use various types of virgin and recycled fiber helps mitigate the impact of changes in the prices of various fibers.
ENERGY SUPPLY. Energy at the mills is obtained through purchased electricity or through various fuels which are then converted to steam or electricity on-site. Fuel sources include coal, natural gas, oil, bark and by-products of the containerboard manufacturing and pulping process. These fuels are burned in boilers to produce steam. Steam turbine generators are used to produce electricity.
Our two kraft linerboard mills at Counce and Valdosta generate approximately 65% to 70% of their energy requirements from their own by-products. Presently, an average of 50% of our electricity consumption for the four mills is generated on-site.
COMPETITION
Corrugated products are produced by nearly 700 U.S. companies operating approximately 1,500 plants. Most corrugated products are custom manufactured to the customer's specifications. Corrugated producers generally sell within a 150-mile radius of their plants and compete with other corrugated producers in their local market. In fact, the Fibre Box Association tracks industry data by 47 distinct market regions.
The larger, multi-plant integrated companies may also solicit larger, multi-plant customers who purchase for all of their facilities on a consolidated basis. These customers are often referred to as national or corporate accounts.
Corrugated products businesses seek to differentiate themselves through pricing, quality, service, design and product innovation. We compete for both local and national account business and we compete against producers of other types of packaging products. On a national level, our competitors include Four M Corporation, Gaylord Container Corporation, Georgia-Pacific Corporation, International Paper Company, Smurfit-Stone Container Corporation, Temple-Inland Inc., Weyerhaeuser Company and Willamette Industries, Inc. However, with our strategic focus on local and regional accounts, we believe we compete as much with the smaller, independent converters as with the larger, integrated producers.
The competition relative to PCA's containerboard produced but not consumed at our own corrugated products plants are a number of large, diversified paper companies, including Georgia-Pacific Corporation, International Paper Company, Smurfit-Stone Container Corporation, Temple-Inland Inc., Weyerhaeuser Company and Willamette Industries, Inc., as well as other regional manufacturers. Containerboard is generally considered a commodity-type product and can be purchased from numerous suppliers.
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 2000, we had approximately 7,900 employees. Approximately 2,100 of these employees were salaried and approximately 5,800 were hourly. Approximately 75% of our hourly employees are represented by unions. Our unionized employees are represented primarily by the Paper, Allied Industrial, Chemical, Energy Workers International Union, the Graphic Communications International Union and the United Steel Workers of America.
Contracts for our unionized mill employees expire between May 2001 and October 2005. Contracts for unionized converting plant employees expire between June 2001 and November 2006. We are currently in negotiations to renew or extend any union contracts expiring in the near future.
There have been no instances of significant work stoppages in the past 15 years. We believe we have satisfactory relations with our employees.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
Compliance with environmental requirements is a significant factor in our business operations. We commit substantial resources to maintaining environmental compliance and managing environmental risk. We are subject to, and must comply with, a variety of federal, state and local environmental laws, particularly those relating to air and water quality, waste disposal and the cleanup of contaminated soil and groundwater. We believe that we are currently in material compliance with all applicable environmental rules and regulations. Because environmental regulations are constantly evolving, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, costs to maintain compliance with those laws. We work diligently to anticipate and budget for the impact of applicable environmental regulations and do not currently expect that future environmental compliance obligations will materially affect our business or financial condition.
In April 1998, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a new Clean Air and Water Act commonly referred to as the Cluster Rules, which govern all pulp and paper mill operations, including those at our mills. Over the next several years, the Cluster Rules will affect our allowable discharges of air and water pollutants. As a result, PCA and its competitors are required to incur costs to ensure compliance with these new rules. From 1997 through 2000, we spent approximately $28.2 million on Cluster Rule compliance to meet 2001 Clean Air Act requirements. Total capital costs for environmental matters, including Cluster Rule compliance, were $24.0 million for 2000 and we currently estimate that they will be $8.1 million for 2001 of which $2.1 million is for 2002 to 2005 Cluster Rule requirements. Our current spending projections to complete Cluster Rule compliance implementation at our four mills is about $25.7 million from 2001 to 2005.
As is the case with any industrial operation, we have in the past incurred costs associated with the remediation of soil or groundwater contamination. From January 1994 through December 2000, remediation costs at our mills and converting plants totaled about $2.6 million. We do not believe that any on-going remedial projects are material in nature. As of December 31, 2000, we maintained a reserve of $0.3 million for environmental remediation liability as well as a general overall environmental reserve of $2.6 million, which includes funds relating to onsite landfill and surface impoundments as well as on-going and anticipated remedial projects. We believe these reserves are adequate.
We could also incur environmental liabilities as a result of claims by third parties for civil damages, including liability for personal injury or property damage, arising from releases of hazardous substances or contamination. We are not aware of any material claims of this type currently pending against us.
In the transactions, Pactiv agreed to retain all liability for all former facilities and all sites associated with pre-closing offsite waste disposal. Pactiv also retained environmental liability for a closed landfill located near the Filer City mill.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The table below provides a summary of our containerboard mills, the principal products produced and each mill's capacity.
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* We have operated only two of our three paper machines at Filer City since July 1998, reducing the total productive capacity by 70,000 tons to 297,000 tons.
Each of the mills is currently subject to a mortgage held by Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York on behalf of the lenders under the senior credit facility.
In addition to our mills, we own 43 corrugated products plants. We also own three sawmills, an air-drying yard, one recycling facility, one warehouse and miscellaneous other property, which includes sales offices and woodlands forest management offices. These sales offices and woodlands forest management offices generally have one to four employees and serve as administrative offices. We lease 22 corrugated products plants, five regional design centers, two recycling facilities and numerous other distribution centers, warehouses and facilities. PCA has no owned or leased properties outside of the continental United States. All of our owned real property is subject to a first priority mortgage held by Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York on behalf of the lenders under the senior credit facility.
We lease the cutting rights to approximately 140,000 acres of timberland located near our Counce and Valdosta mills. Virtually all of these cutting rights agreements have terms with over 20 years remaining.
We currently lease our executive and administrative offices in Lake Forest, Illinois from Pactiv under a lease expiring in January 2003. We currently believe that our facilities and properties are sufficient to meet our operating requirements for the foreseeable future.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On May 14, 1999, we were named as a defendant in a Consolidated Class Action Complaint which alleged a civil violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act. The suit, captioned WINOFF INDUSTRIES, INC. V. STONE CONTAINER CORPORATION, MDL No. 1261 (E.D. Pa.), names us as a defendant based solely on the allegation that we are a successor to the interests of Tenneco Packaging Inc. and Tenneco Inc., both of which were also named as defendants in the suit, along with nine other linerboard manufacturers. The complaint alleges that the defendants, during the period October 1, 1993 through November 30, 1995, conspired to limit the supply of linerboard, and that the purpose and effect of the alleged conspiracy was artificially to increase prices of corrugated containers. The plaintiffs have moved to certify a class of all persons in the United States who purchased corrugated containers directly from any defendant during the above period, and seek treble damages and attorneys' fees on behalf of the purported class. The Court has yet to rule on the plaintiffs' motion for class certification, and the case is currently set for trial in June, 2002. We believe that the plaintiffs' allegations have no merit and intend to defend against the suit vigorously. We do not believe that the outcome of this litigation should have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flow.
We are also party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business. These legal actions cover a broad variety of claims spanning our entire business. We believe that the resolution of these legal actions will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders in the fourth quarter of 2000.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON STOCK AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
MARKET FOR COMMON STOCK; DIVIDENDS
As a result of PCA's initial public offering on January 28, 2000, PCA's common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "PKG". The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices as reported by the New York Stock Exchange during the last year.
As of March 16, 2001, there were 124 holders of record of PCA's common stock.
PCA has never paid dividends on the common stock. PCA currently has no plans to pay dividends on the common stock. The payment of any future dividends will be determined by PCA's Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including PCA's earnings, financial condition and capital requirements, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors. Under the terms of the agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness, we are restricted in the amount of dividends we can pay on our common stock. In addition, under Delaware law, we are prohibited from paying any dividends unless we have "capital surplus" or "net profits" available for this purpose, as these terms are defined under Delaware law.
No equity securities of PCA were sold by PCA during fiscal year 2000 which were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table sets forth the selected historical financial and other data of PCA and the containerboard and corrugated products business of Pactiv Corporation (the "Group"). The selected historical financial and other data as of and for the years ended December 31, 1996, 1997 and 1998, and for the period from January 1, 1999 to April 11, 1999, was derived from the audited combined financial statements of the Group and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. The historical financial data as of December 31, 1999 and for the period from April 12, 1999 to December 31, 1999 and for the year ended December 31, 2000 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of PCA included elsewhere in this report. The information contained in the following table also should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," the historical combined financial statements of the Group including the notes thereto and the historical consolidated financial statements of PCA including the notes thereto, contained elsewhere in this report.
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1) There was no activity for PCA from January 25, 1999, its date of inception, through April 11, 1999.
2) Net sales amounts have been restated in accordance with EITF 00-10. See Note 2 "Summary of Accounting Policies" in the 2000 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.
3) Earnings per share through April 11, 1999 has been calculated using the historical earnings of the Group and the number of common shares resulting from the closing of the acquisition on April 12, 1999 (94,600,000 common shares after giving effect to the 220-for-one stock split). For the PCA historical period from April 12, 1999 to December 31, 1999, earnings available to common stockholders includes a reduction for $9,296 of preferred stock dividends. For the year ended December 31, 2000, earnings available to common stockholders includes reductions of $2,371 of preferred stock dividends and $16,266 for the redemption of PCA's 12 3/8% preferred stock. PCA did not declare any dividends on its common shares in 1999 or 2000.
For all periods presented through April 11, 1999, basic and diluted earnings per share are the same because there are no potentially dilutive other securities. For the PCA historical period from April 12, 1999 to December 31, 1999, and for the year ended December 31, 2000, diluted earnings per share includes the dilutive effect of the portion of the 6,576,460 options granted in June 1999 that remained unexercised, and the dilutive effect of the 1,099,700 options granted in 2000. This dilutive effect is calculated using the treasury stock method.
4) Total long-term obligations include long-term debt, the current maturities of long-term debt and redeemable preferred stock. The amount excludes amounts due to Pactiv or other Tenneco affiliates as part of the Group's interdivision account or other financing arrangement.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements about us within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our future financial condition and business strategy. Statements that contain words such as "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "prospects," "estimates," "should," "may" or similar expressions are forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. While we believe these expectations and projections are reasonable, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us.
The following discussion of historical results of operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto which appear elsewhere in this report.
OVERVIEW
In connection with the transactions, PCA acquired The Containerboard Group of Pactiv Corporation, formerly known as Tenneco Packaging Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Tenneco Inc., which consisted of its containerboard and corrugated products business and which we refer to in this report as the Group. From its formation in January 1999 and through the closing of the acquisition on April 12, 1999, PCA did not have any significant operations. Accordingly, the historical financial results for periods prior to April 12, 1999 described below are those of the Group.
The Group operated prior to April 12, 1999 as a division of Pactiv, and not as a separate, stand-alone entity. As a result, the historical financial information included in this report does not necessarily reflect what the Group's financial position and results of operations would have been had the Group been operated as a separate, stand-alone entity during the periods prior to April 12, 1999.
The acquisition was accounted for using historical values for the contributed assets. Purchase accounting was not applied because, under the applicable accounting guidance, a change of control was deemed not to have occurred as a result of the participating veto rights held by Pactiv after the closing of the transactions under the terms of the stockholders agreement entered into in connection with the transactions.
GENERAL
Historically, prices for containerboard have reflected changes in containerboard supply that result from capacity additions and reductions, as well as changes in demand. Containerboard demand is dependent upon both domestic demand for corrugated products and linerboard export activity.
According to Pulp & Paper Week, after giving effect to price increases in 2000, average prices in December 2000 for linerboard and corrugating medium were 12% and 11% higher, respectively, than December 1999 prices.
Pulp & Paper Week, in its January 22, 2001 publication, reported that prices for linerboard and corrugating medium decreased $15 per ton, or 3%, and $20 per ton, or 4%, respectively, compared to December 2000 levels. The March 19, 2001 Pulp & Paper Week publication reported that prices remained unchanged from January 2001 levels.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The historical results of operations of the Group and PCA are set forth below:
Note: Net sales amounts have been restated in accordance with EITF 00-10. See Note 2 "Summary of Accounting Policies" in the 2000 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000 COMPARED TO PRO FORMA YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
NET SALES
Net sales increased by $151.3 million, or 8.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999. The increase was primarily the result of increased sales prices of corrugated products and containerboard to third parties.
Corrugated products volume was essentially flat in 2000 compared to record volume in 1999 of 26.6 billion square feet. Containerboard volume to external domestic and export customers increased
2.6% to 586,000 tons for the year ended December 31, 2000 from 572,000 tons in the comparable period of 1999.
According to Pulp & Paper Week, average industry linerboard and semi-chemical medium prices for 42 lb. Liner-East and 26 lb. Medium-East, which are representative benchmark grades, were $468 and $446, respectively, per ton in 2000. This compares to $401 and $361, respectively, per ton in 1999. Acccording to the Fibre Box Association, average industry sale prices for corrugated products increased by 13.7% in 2000 from 1999.
INCOME BEFORE INTEREST EXPENSE AND INCOME TAXES (OPERATING INCOME)
Operating income increased by $138.4 million, or 67.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to pro forma 1999. The increase was the result of increased sales prices of corrugated products and containerboard to third parties and reduced corporate overhead expenses. Operating income results for both years exclude fourth quarter gains on timberland sales of $60.4 million and $12.2 million for 2000 and 1999, respectively.
Gross profit increased $140.1 million, or 39.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999. Gross profit as a percentage of sales improved from 20.3% of sales in 1999 to 26.0% of sales in the current year primarily due to the sales price increases described above.
Corporate overhead for the year ended December 31, 2000, decreased by $2.5 million, or 5.8%, from the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999. The reduction primarily reflects the difference in cost between the overhead charged to the Group by Tenneco and Pactiv and overhead expenses incurred by PCA as a stand-alone entity. Corporate overhead for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 included three and one-half months of corporate overhead, through April 11, 1999, charged by Tenneco and Pactiv and eight and one-half months of corporate overhead expenses incurred by PCA as a stand-alone entity.
Selling and administrative expenses increased $4.6 million, or 4.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from the comparable period in 1999. The increase was primarily the result of increased salary and other general selling related expenses.
INTEREST EXPENSE AND INCOME TAXES
Interest expense decreased by $34.0 million, or 22.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from the comparable pro forma period in 1999, primarily due to voluntary prepayments PCA made on its term loans under the senior credit facility.
PCA's effective tax rate was 39.8% for the year ended December 31, 2000 and 45.5% for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999. The tax rate is higher than the federal statutory rate of 35.0% due to state income taxes.
PRO FORMA YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
NET SALES
Net sales increased by $126.7 million, or 7.7%, for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 from the comparable period in 1998. The increase was the result of increased sales volume of both corrugated products and containerboard and the increased sales prices of corrugated products and outside sales of containerboard.
Corrugated products volume increased by 6.4% to 26.6 billion square feet in 1999, from 25.0 billion square feet in 1998. Containerboard volume to external domestic and export customers increased 8.5% to 572,000 tons in 1999 from 527,000 tons in 1998.
According to Pulp & Paper Week, average linerboard and semi-chemical medium prices for 42 lb. Liner-East and 26 lb. Medium-East, which are representative benchmark grades, were $401 and $361, respectively, per ton in 1999. This compares to $373 and $315, respectively, per ton in 1998. Acccording
to the Fibre Box Association, average sale prices for corrugated products increased by 5.0% in 1999 from 1998.
INCOME BEFORE INTEREST EXPENSE AND INCOME TAXES (OPERATING INCOME)
Operating income increased by $87.1 million or 73.2% for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 compared to 1998. This increase excludes a $12.2 million gain on a 1999 fourth quarter timberlands sale and for the comparable period in 1998 a $16.9 million gain on the sale of non-strategic woodlands, a $15.1 million gain on the sale of a 20% interest in a recycled paperboard joint venture, a $14.4 million restructuring charge, and a $14.8 million charge for factored receivables financing. The increase was the result of increased sales volume of both corrugated products and containerboard, the increased sales prices of corrugated products and containerboard to third parties and reduced corporate overhead expenses.
Gross profit increased $78.0 million, or 27.7% for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 from the comparable period in 1998. Gross profit as a percentage of sales improved from 17.1% of sales in 1998 to 20.3% of sales in 1999 primarily due to the sales price and volume increases described above.
Corporate overhead for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999, decreased by $20.5 million, or 32.4% from the comparable period in 1998. The reduction primarily reflects the difference in cost between the overhead charged to the Group by Tenneco and Pactiv and overhead expenses incurred by PCA as a stand-alone entity. Corporate overhead for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 included three and one-half months of corporate overhead, through April 11, 1999, charged by Tenneco and Pactiv and eight and one-half months of corporate overhead expenses incurred by PCA as a stand-alone entity. Corporate overhead for the comparable period in 1998 consisted exclusively of corporate overhead charged by Tenneco and Pactiv.
Selling and administrative expenses increased $0.9 million, or 0.8% for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 from the comparable period in 1998. The increase was primarily the result of Year 2000 remediation expenses (Y2K).
INTEREST EXPENSE AND INCOME TAXES
Interest expense increased by $148.9 million, or 5,353.3%, for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 from the comparable period in 1998, primarily due to borrowings under the senior credit facility and the issuance of $550.0 million of the senior subordinated notes. This indebtedness was incurred to finance the transactions.
PCA's effective tax rate was 45.5% for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 and 40.0% for the comparable period in 1998. The tax rate is higher than the federal statutory rate of 35.0% due to state income taxes.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
PRIOR TO THE TRANSACTIONS
As a division of Pactiv, the Group did not maintain separate cash accounts other than for petty cash. The Group's disbursements for payroll, capital projects, operating supplies and expenses were processed and funded by Pactiv through centrally managed accounts. In addition, cash receipts from the collection of accounts receivable and the sales of assets were remitted directly to bank accounts controlled by Pactiv.
Because of Pactiv's centrally managed cash system, in which the cash receipts and disbursements of Pactiv's various divisions were commingled, it was not feasible to segregate cash received from Pactiv, such as financing for the business, from cash transmitted to Pactiv, such as a distribution. Accordingly, the net effect of these cash transactions with Pactiv is represented as a single line item within the financing section of the statement of cash flows. Similarly, the activity of the interdivision account presents the net transfer of funds and charges between Pactiv and the Group as a single line item.
Since April 12, 1999, PCA has maintained its own cash accounts.
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Cash flow provided by operating activities increased $127.8 million, or 60.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from the comparable pro forma period in 1999. The increase was primarily due to an increase in net income.
Cash flow provided by operating activities increased by $15.8 million, or 8.1%, from 1998 to 1999. The increase was primarily due to the replacement of leased assets with owned, depreciable assets in connection with the April 12, 1999 transactions.
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Cash used for investing activities increased by $31.5 million, or 20.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999. The increase was primarily attributable to increased capital expenditures and a reduction in proceeds from timberland sales.
Net cash used for investing activities decreased $328.1 million, or 184.6%, for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 from the comparable period in 1998, primarily attributable to a prepaid lease payment made in December 1998 to acquire timberland as part of a lease buy-out and timberlands sale proceeds received in the fourth quarter of 1999.
As of December 31, 2000, PCA had commitments for capital expenditures of $37.9 million. PCA believes operating cash flow from continuing operations will be sufficient to fund these commitments.
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Cash used for financing activities increased by $29.4 million, or 6.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999, primarily reflecting increased voluntary prepayments made by PCA on its term loans under the senior credit facility.
Cash used for financing activities increased $413.3 million, or 2,339.0%, for the pro forma year ended December 31, 1999 from the comparable period in 1998. The increase was primarily attributable to the voluntary prepayments PCA has made on its term loans under the senior credit facility.
AFTER THE TRANSACTIONS
Following the transactions, PCA's primary sources of liquidity are cash flow from operations and borrowings under PCA's new revolving credit facility. PCA's primary uses of cash are for debt service and capital expenditures. PCA expects to be able to fund its debt service and capital expenditures from these sources.
PCA incurred substantial indebtedness in connection with the transactions. On April 12, 1999, PCA had approximately $1,769.0 million of indebtedness outstanding which included $1,219.0 million of senior secured bank debt, $550.0 million of 9 5/8% subordinated notes and $100.0 million of 12 3/8% preferred stock.
Concurrently with the transactions, PCA issued the notes and preferred stock and entered into the senior credit facility. The senior credit facility initially provided for three term loans in an aggregate amount of $1,219.0 million and a revolving credit facility with up to $250.0 million in availability. Upon the closing of the acquisition, PCA borrowed the full amount available under the term loans and $9.0 million under the senior revolving credit facility, the latter of which was repaid immediately thereafter.
In October and November 1999, PCA completed the sales of approximately 405,000 acres of timberland. Total proceeds received from the sales were $263.3 million, resulting in a pre-tax gain of $12.2 million.
Effective December 14, 1999, PCA elected to reduce its availability under the revolving credit facility from $250.0 million to $150.0 million. On June 29, 2000, PCA completed the refinancing of its $885.0 million senior credit facility.
On January 28, 2000, PCA became a publicly traded company with an initial public offering of its common stock. On March 3, 2000, PCA used the net proceeds from the offering to redeem all of its outstanding shares of 12 3/8% senior exchangeable preferred stock due 2010.
On November 16, 2000, PCA completed the sale of approximately 385,000 acres of timberland to Southern Timber Venture, LLC. The Company received $247.9 million in cash and a 33 1/3% equity ownership interest in Southern Timber Venture, LLC. PCA recorded a pre-tax gain of $60.4 million, and a portion of the gain was not recognized as a result of PCA's continuing ownership interest.
The following table provides the weighted average interest rate as of December 31, 2000 for each of the term loans and the revolving credit facility:
The borrowings under the senior revolving credit facility are available to fund PCA's working capital requirements, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. The Term Loan A must be repaid in quarterly installments from December 2002 through 2006. The Term Loan B must be repaid in quarterly installments from December 2002 through 2007. The senior revolving credit facility will terminate in 2006. The three-year revolving credit facility will terminate in 2003.
In 1999 and 2000, PCA made voluntary prepayments totaling approximately $440.0 million and $460.0 million, respectively, using free cash flow from operations of $389.0 million and proceeds from the sales of timberland of $511.0 million to permanently reduce its borrowings under the term loans.
The instruments governing PCA's indebtedness and the preferred stock contain financial and other covenants that restrict, among other things, the ability of PCA and its subsidiaries to:
- incur additional indebtedness,
- pay dividends or make certain other restricted payments,
- consummate certain asset sales,
- incur liens,
- enter into certain transactions with affiliates, or
- merge or consolidate with any other person or sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets of PCA.
These limitations could limit corporate and operating activities.
| 43,537 |
https://github.com/sadnub/tacticalrmm/blob/master/api/tacticalrmm/core/migrations/0020_merge_20210415_0132.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,023 |
tacticalrmm
|
sadnub
|
Python
|
Code
| 26 | 87 |
# Generated by Django 3.1.7 on 2021-04-15 01:32
from django.db import migrations
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('core', '0019_codesigntoken'),
('core', '0019_globalkvstore'),
]
operations = [
]
| 21,339 |
https://github.com/omkarugale7/cpp/blob/master/arrays/2D arrays/01_2d_array_input_output.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
cpp
|
omkarugale7
|
C++
|
Code
| 75 | 164 |
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n, m;
cin >> n >> m;
int num[n][m];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < m; j++)
{
cin >> num[i][j];
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < m; j++)
{
cout << num[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
| 15,587 |
US-201514939192-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,769 | 6,853 |
After locking receptacles (clips) 118 are installed, an MRI operator takes a flat pack of liners 200 out of its sterile packaging and contours (flex or bend) the pack to a shape generally corresponding to the interior dimensions of the MRI bore 104 (FIG. 4A). As depicted in FIG. 4A, the pack 200 is contoured such that backing layer 204 with its attached pegs 240 face outward toward bore wall 104 and liner sheets 202 (not shown in FIG. 4A) face inward toward a patient (not shown) upon insertion of the pack inside MRI bore 102. However, prior to inserting pack 200 inside the MRI bore, flaps 216 a, 216 b are folded (bent) outwardly, as depicted by directional arrows A shown in FIG. 4B, to a position that is generally parallel to front face 120 of the exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 5.
Thereafter, as depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6, the pack 200 is aligned in the MRI bore such that edges of pack sides 210, 212 are in alignment with sides 114, 116 of horizontal planar surface 106. Once aligned, contoured pack 200 is slid inside the MRI bore (FIG. 5), T-shaped cross-section keys 242 of locking pegs 240 on backing layer 204 are passed into keyways 122 of clips 118 attached to the MRI bore wall 104 and slidably moved therealong to guide the locking lug 244 between inner surfaces of top and bottom portions 118 a, 118 b to lock the conjoined components together in assembly.
After these components are locked together, flaps 216 a, 216 b are flexed slightly to permit T-shaped cross-section key 242 of locking pegs 240 on the top surface of the flaps (see FIG. 2B) to pass into keyway 122 of locking receptacles 118 on front face 120 of the MRI machine and to slidably move therealong to guide locking lug 244 between inner surfaces of top and bottom portions 118 a, 118 b to lock the conjoined components together in assembly. As mentioned previously, connecting the locking pegs 240 on flaps 216 a, 216 b to the receptacles 118 on front face 120 of the MRI machine, as depicted in FIG. 6, serves to immobilize the pack of liner sheets and allow for a simple release so pack 200 can be easily removed once all liner sheets are used.
Following each patient procedure (e.g., scan), the lowermost sheet in the pack 200 is pulled from the open front end 108 of the MRI bore 102 by an MRI operator (see exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 8). As depicted by directional arrow B shown in FIG. 8, the MRI operator merely has to grasp pull tabs 222 a, 222 b (not shown in FIG. 8 for purposes of clarity) or flaps 216 a, 216 b and pull simultaneously laterally and outwardly to quickly and easily disconnect the lowermost sheet from the subsequent sheet in the pack, thereby leaving the subsequent sheet in place to face the next patient.
Another embodiment of the invention, derived from the first embodiment (FIG. 2A), is depicted in FIG. 9. In this embodiment, the pack of liner sheets 200 has been modified in the following manner. First, instead of having locking pegs 240 secured to pack backing layer 204 adjacent the pack leading end 206, inner edge 220, and trailing edge 218, locking pegs 240 (not shown) are only secured to the pack backing layer adjacent the trailing edge 218 of flaps 216 a, 216 b. As described in the previous embodiment, locking pegs 240 cooperate with locking receptacles or clips 118 secured to the front face of an MRI machine on each side the bore (e.g., clips 118 secured to the front face 120 of the exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 7) to immobilize the pack of liner sheets 200 and allow for a simple release so the pack 200 can be easily removed once all liner sheets are used. Second, a portion 250, 252 of the opposing sides of pack backing layer 204, generally referenced 210, 212 in FIG. 9, is extended laterally outward beyond the liner sheets 202. As shown in FIGS. 10A-12, the laterally extending side portions 250, 252 have longitudinally extending outer edges that are co-extensive with the pack and cooperate with elongated guide rails 300, 302 adapted to be affixed inside an MRI bore to facilitate installation of the pack of liner sheets 200 inside the bore.
As depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B, each guide rail 300, 302, which may be formed of suitable non-metallic material, e.g., a polymer material, has defined therein a groove 304 that preferably extends the entire length of the guide rail. The grooves 304 have a configuration to slidably receive the longitudinally extending edges of the laterally extending portions 250, 252 to securely maintain the pack of liner sheets 200 in its contoured (curved) configuration inside the MRI bore and substantially flush against the non-linear wall portion 104 of the MRI bore 102. It is preferred, however, that the guide rails 300, 302 be formed of a resilient non-metallic material, such as a resilient plastic or rubber material, so that the guide rail grooves 304, when the longitudinal edges of the side portions 250, 252 are slidably received in the grooves, will expand slightly to conform to the shape of the edges, thereby providing a sight interference fit to further insure that the conjoined parts remain locked together by friction when assembled. Just the same, however, any other suitable material known in the art may be employed to form the guide rails 300, 302.
Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, the guide rails are shown affixed inside MRI bore 102 of exemplary MRI machine 100 at the junction of opposing sides 114, 116 of planar horizontal surface 106 and the non-linear bore wall surface (arcuate or curved surface) 104 of the MRI bore 102 (see exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 11). The guide rails 300, 302 may be affixed to surfaces 104 and 106 by suitable adhesives or mechanical fasteners (e.g., epoxy or screws). However, any other suitable mounting means known in the art may be employed. The guide rails preferably extend from the open front end 108 to the open rear end 110 of the MRI bore 102 to help guide the pack of liner sheets 200 to fit in place and hold the pack of liner sheets in its contoured (curved) configuration substantially flush against the non-linear wall portion 104 of the exemplary MRI machine 100 as depicted in FIG. 12.
Turning now to FIG. 13, there is shown another embodiment of the present invention derived from the second embodiment (FIG. 9). In this embodiment, the pack of liner sheets 200 is of similar construction to the pack of liner sheets depicted in FIG. 9, thus like parts are identified with like reference numbers. However, the pack of liner sheets 200 differs from the pack of liner sheets depicted in FIG. 9 in that an insert 260 having a contoured shape is attached to an edge of the laterally extending side portions 250, 252 of pack backing layer 204. The inserts 260 may be formed from molded polymeric MRI transparent material, such as plastic, e.g., polyethylene, and attached to the side portions 250, 252 by an adhesive. Alternatively, the inserts 260 may simply be a section of the laterally extending side portions 250, 252 folded about a score line set back from the longitudinal edges of the side portions 250, 252. Each score line extends the length of the side portions and functions in a manner similar to a living hinge. The score lines may be formed in the laterally extending side portions 250, 252 of backing layer 204 using techniques well know to one skilled in the art.
The inserts 260 cooperate with elongated guide rails 310, 312 adapted to be affixed inside an MRI bore in a similar manner as guide rails 300, 302 to facilitate installation of the pack of liner sheets 200 inside the bore (see FIGS. 14A-16). As depicted in FIGS. 14A, 14B, each guide rail 310, 312 has a contour-shaped groove 314 that preferably extends the entire length of the guide rail. The contour-shaped inserts 260 and the contour-shaped grooves 314 have complementary configurations. The grooves 314 slidably receive the inserts 260 to securely maintain the pack of liner sheets 200 in its curved configuration inside the MRI bore and substantially flush against the non-linear wall portion 104 of the MRI bore 102. Moreover, the complementary configurations of the contour-shaped inserts 260 and contour-shaped grooves 314 help to securely maintain the pack of liner sheets 200 locked within the grooves to prevent inadvertent disengagement of the conjoined parts when assembled.
Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, guide rails 310, 312 are shown affixed inside MRI bore 102 of exemplary MRI machine 100 at the junction of opposing sides 114, 116 of planar horizontal surface 106 and the non-linear bore wall surface (arcuate or curved surface) 104 of the MRI bore 102 (see exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 15). Similar to guide rails 300, 302 depicted in FIG. 11, guide rails 310, 312 may be affixed to surfaces 104 and 106 by suitable adhesives or mechanical fasteners (e.g., epoxy or screws). However, any other suitable mounting means known in the art may be employed. The guide rails preferably extend from the open front end 108 to the open rear end 110 of the MRI bore 102 to help guide the pack of liner sheets 200 to fit in place and hold the pack of liner sheets in its contoured (curved) configuration substantially flush against the non-linear wall portion 104 of the exemplary MRI machine 100 as depicted in FIG. 16.
The manner of securing the modified packs of liner sheets 200 depicted in FIGS. 9 and 13 will now be described in detail. First, an MRI operator (or other personnel) positions the guide rails 300, 302 (FIG. 9) or the guide rails 310, 312 (FIG. 10) inside the MRI bore at the junction of opposing sides 114, 116 of planar horizontal surface 106 and the non-linear bore wall surface (arcuate or curved surface) 104 of the MRI bore 102 (see exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIGS. 11 and 15). Thereafter, guide rails 300, 302 or 310, 312 (depending on which pack design is selected) are affixed to surfaces 104, 106 by suitable adhesives or mechanical fasteners (e.g., epoxy or screws).
Next, an MRI operator (or other personnel) determines if locking receptacles (clips) 118 (shown, for example, in FIG. 7) have been previously installed on the front face 120 of the MRI machine. If not, locking clips 118 appropriately designed for locking pegs 240 on flaps 216 a, 216 b of modified packs 200 are secured to front face 120 of the MRI machine (FIG. 7). Since each brand of MRI scanner typically has a different design, startup packs of liners 200 will have templates to assist with the installation of locking receptacles (clips) 118 at the appropriate locations on the front face of an MRI scanner (e.g., the exemplary MRI scanner 100 shown in FIG. 7).
After locking receptacles (clips) 118 are installed, an MRI operator (or other personnel) takes a modified flat pack of liners 200 out of its sterile packing, and contours (flexes or bends) the pack to a shape generally corresponding to the interior dimensions of the MRI bore 104. See, for example, the contouring of pack 200 in FIG. 4A. As depicted for the pack shown in FIG. 4A, the modified pack 200 of either FIG. 9 or FIG. 13 is contoured such that backing layer 204 faces outward toward bore wall 104 and the stack of liner sheets 202 faces inward toward a patient (not shown) upon insertion of the pack inside MRI bore 102. However, prior to inserting modified pack 200 inside the MRI bore, flaps 216 a, 216 b are folded (bent) outwardly (as depicted by directional arrows A shown in FIG. 4B for non-modified pack 200) to a position that will be generally parallel to front face 120 of the exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 5.
Next, the selected modified pack 200 is aligned with the front open end 108 of the MRI bore such that edges of the laterally extending portions 250, 252 or the contoured inserts 260 are slidably received in grooves 304 or 314 of the guide rails. Once the edges or inserts are received in the grooves, modified pack 200 is slid toward the open rear end 110 of the MRI bore until the entire exposed bore wall surface 104 is covered by the pack of liners.
After these components are conjoined, flaps 216 a, 216 b are flexed slightly to permit T-shaped cross-section key 242 of locking pegs 240 (shown in FIG. 2B) to pass into keyway 122 of locking receptacle 118 on front face 120 of the MRI machine and to slidably move therealong to guide the locking lug 244 between inner surfaces of top and bottom portions 118 a, 118 b to lock these components together in assembly. As previously stated, locking pegs 240 on flaps 216 a, 216 b to receptacles 118 on the front face 120 of the MRI machine, as depicted in FIG. 6, serves to immobilize the liner sheets and allow for a simple release so modified pack 200 can be easily removed once all liner sheets are used.
Following each patient procedure (scan), the lowermost sheet in the modified pack 200 is pulled from the open front end 108 of the MRI bore 102 by an MRI operator (see exemplary MRI machine 100 shown in FIG. 8). As depicted by directional arrow B shown in FIG. 8, the MRI operator merely has to grasp pull tabs 222 a, 222 b (not shown in FIG. 8 for purposes of clarity) or flaps 216 a, 216 b and pull simultaneously outwardly and laterally to quickly and easily disconnect the lowermost sheet from the subsequent sheet in the pack, thereby leaving the subsequent sheet in place to face the next patient.
With infection control being a standard in medical institutions, this invention permits a healthcare institution to maintain a sanitary MRI machine environment with one quick and easy step. Unlike current standards of cleaning MRI bores with harsh chemicals which take time to air out between patients, or lining the MRI bore with a sterile plastic sheet in the form of a cylindrical sleeve after each patient procedure (scan) which takes time to install, this invention takes mere seconds with no lingering harsh chemical fumes to irritate patients eyes and respiratory tract and no extensive MRI machine down time while replacement plastic sheets are installed.
While it is known to use a sterile plastic drape in the form of a cylindrical sleeve to provide a sterile environment in the bore of a scan machine such as an MRI scanner during a scan procedure, as shown in U.S. Patent Application Publication Pub. Nos. 2003/0181810 (Murphy et al.), 2006/0079748 (Murphy et al.), 2008/0216844 (Olfert et al.), and 2013/0092177 (Chua et al.), each sterile drape in the Murphy et al., Olfert et al. and Chua et al. systems is separately packaged, and considerable time is involved in unpacking each new drape and then installing it in the scanner for each surgical procedure. There is no suggestion in Murphy et al., Olfert et al. or Chua et al. of providing a dispenser for plural liner sheets, particularly in the form of a pack of serially connected liner sheets as provided by the present invention.
The present invention is designed to protect successive scan patients from contaminants by enabling the tearing away of contaminated liner sheets from a pack of such sheets and exposing a fresh clean liner sheet for each successive patient. This invention as described is a pack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets suited for covering the interior bore wall of MRI scanners or any other medical scanner having a long, hard to clean, tunnel. The invention is comprised of a dispenser pack of multiple tear-away liner sheets used to maintain a clean and sanitary environment between each patient scan. Each individual sheet creates a new clean physical barrier between a patient and the scanner interior wall to guard against a patient's physical contact with the MRI scanner as well as guarding against airborne particles from coughing or sneezing patients that can collect on the MRI interior bore wall.
While only specific combinations of the various features and components of the present invention have been discussed herein, it will be apparent to those of skilled in the art that desired subsets of the disclosed features and components and/or alternative combinations of these features and components can be utilized, as desired. For example, (1) variations in pack designs may be provided to compensate for items such as vent openings, lighting strips, and user interfaces (keypads), etc.; (2) liner sheets may be utilized that not only line the entire bore of scanner, but extend out of the front opening of the scanner bore to help smoothly guide patients inside the bore without tearing or damaging multiple liners in the pack; (3) the keyway of the locking receptacles (clips) attached at the rear of the scanner bore may be slightly inclined to pull the pack of liner sheets upward to assure the pack sits flush with the bore wall; and (4) relaxing themes may be printed on the liner sheets to help alleviate anxieties of claustrophobia in patients.
Additionally, refills may be attached to the MRI bore wall with hook and loop type fasteners (such as Velcro®) placed at strategic anchoring points throughout the bore. Every scanner may have a setup template included with the initial startup pack of liners displaying the strategic anchoring points for the hook and loop fasteners. Should Velcro® fasteners be used, the pack of liner sheets may be designed so that the last sheet in the pack will tear the pack away from the Velcro® fasteners affixed to the bore wall of the scanner so that a refill pack of liners may be quickly attached thereto.
Having described preferred embodiments of a new and improved pack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets suitable for covering the interior bore wall of medical scanners having a long, hard to clean, bore or tunnel, particularly MRI scanners, and improved apparatus and methods for covering the interior bore wall of medical scanners, particularly MRI scanners, to establish and maintain a sterile filed around a patient during a medical procedure or scan, it is believed that other modifications, variations, and changes will be suggested to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings set forth herein. It is therefore to be understood that all such variations, modifications, and changes are believed to fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.
What is claimed is:
1. A liner pack for mounting on a medical device having a bore with a curved bore wall surface and an open front end, the liner pack comprising: a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side; a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side of the backing layer; and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface, wherein the stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets comprises a series of end-to-end connected sheets which are configured to conform to and cover the curved bore wall surface substantially in its entirety, and wherein each sheet of the series of end-to-end connected liner sheets is removably attached at a leading end to a leading end of respective succeeding and preceding liner sheets in the stack by a straight line of perforations and at a trailing end to a trailing end of respective succeeding and preceding liner sheets in the stack by an adhesive.
2. The liner pack of claim 1, wherein the mounting means comprises attachment devices on the top side of the backing layer configured to cooperate with locking receptacles strategically secured to the curved bore wall surface to support the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration.
3. The liner pack of claim 2, wherein the liner pack has a leading end and a trailing end; and wherein the attachment devices are positioned on the top side of the backing layer adjacent the leading end and the trailing end of the liner pack.
4. The liner pack of claim 2, wherein the backing layer has a leading end and a trailing end, wherein the trailing end has a notch-shaped indentation extending inwardly from a trailing end outer edge to a trailing end inner edge, and wherein the attachment devices are positioned on the top side of the backing layer adjacent an edge of the leading end and adjacent the outer and inner edges of the trailing end.
5. The liner pack of claim 1, wherein the backing layer has a trailing end which includes a notch-shaped indentation extending inwardly from a trailing end outer edge to a trailing end inner edge, and wherein segments of the trailing end on opposite sides of the indentation define a pair of opposing flaps extending from the inner edge to the outer edge and configured to engage a front face of the medical device adjacent the open front end of the bore.
6. The liner pack of claim 5, wherein the mounting means comprises an attachment device secured to a top side of each flap adjacent its outer edge and configured to cooperate with a locking receptacle strategically attached to a front face of the medical device adjacent the open front end of the bore.
7. The liner pack of claim 1, wherein the backing layer comprises a trailing end and a pair of opposing flaps extending outwardly from the trailing end, and wherein the mounting means comprises a locking device attached to a top surface of each backing layer flap to engage a front face of the medical device adjacent the open front end of the bore to immobilize the pack of liner sheets.
8. A liner pack for mounting on a medical device having a bore with a curved bore wall surface and an open front end, the liner pack comprising: a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side; a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side of the backing layer; and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface, wherein the mounting means comprises attachment devices on the top side of the backing layer configured to cooperate with locking receptacles strategically secured to the curved bore wall surface to support the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration, wherein the attachment devices comprise locking pegs having a T-shaped cross-section key extending upwardly from a base portion; and wherein the locking receptacles comprise a body having a T-shaped cross-section keyway disposed inwardly through a front portion of body, the T-shaped cross-section keyway having a shape complementary to the T-shaped cross-section key to slidably receive the key such that the locking pegs and the locking receptacles remain locked together in assembly.
9. The liner pack of claim 8, wherein the T-shaped cross-section key of the attachment devices includes a horizontally extending locking lug portion and the body of the locking receptacles includes top and bottom portions having inner surfaces; and wherein the locking lug portion is slidably received between the inner surfaces of the top and bottom portions to provide an interference fit locking the attachment devices and the locking receptacles together by friction when assembled.
10. The liner pack of claim 8, wherein the stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets comprises a series of end-to-end connected sheets which are configured to conform to and cover the curved bore wall surface substantially in its entirety.
11. The liner pack of claim 10, wherein each sheet of the series of end-to-end connected liner sheets is removably attached at a leading end and a trailing end to a leading end and a trailing end of respective succeeding and preceding liner sheets in the stack by an adhesive.
12. The liner pack of claim 11, wherein the adhesive is a low-tack releasable pressure sensitive adhesive positioned on a portion of an upper or lower surface of each sheet adjacent an edge of the leading end and the trailing end.
13. The liner pack of claim 10, wherein each sheet of the series of end-to-end connected liner sheets is removably attached at a leading end to a leading end of respective succeeding and preceding liner sheets in the stack by a straight line of perforations and at a trailing end to a trailing end of respective succeeding and preceding liner sheets in the stack by an adhesive.
14. The liner pack of claim 8, wherein the stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets comprises a series of end-to-end connected sheets folded onto one another which are configured to conform to and substantially cover the curved bore wall surface in its entirety.
15. The liner pack of claim 14, wherein each liner sheet has a leading end including an edge and a trailing end including an edge, and wherein each liner sheet is removably attached at its leading end edge and its trailing end edge to a leading end edge and a trailing end edge of respective succeeding and preceding sheets in the stack by transversely extending linear perforations.
16. A liner pack for mounting on a medical device having a bore with a curved bore wall surface and an open front end, the liner pack comprising: a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side; a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side of the backing layer; and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface, wherein each liner sheet in the stack has a trailing end and a pair of opposing flaps extending outwardly from the trailing end, the opposing flaps having an outer edge, and wherein the flaps include a pull tab extending outwardly from the outer edge of the flaps to permit an individual liner sheet to be separated from an underlying sheet in the stack of liner sheets.
17. The liner pack of claim 16, wherein the pull tabs extend outwardly from every other flap in an alternating sequence.
18. The liner pack of claim 1, wherein the multi-layered liner sheets each comprise a substrate selected from the group consisting of a layer of liquid absorbing material backed with a layer of liquid impervious material and a layer of liquid impervious material sandwiched between two layers of liquid absorbing material.
19. A liner pack for mounting on a medical device having a bore with a curved bore wall surface and an open front end, the liner pack comprising: a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side; a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side of the backing layer; and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface, wherein the backing layer further includes opposing side portions laterally extending outward beyond the liner sheets, and wherein the mounting means comprises longitudinally extending outer edges of the side portions that are co-extensive with the pack and cooperate with grooves defined in elongated guide rails adapted to be affixed inside the bore to support the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration.
20. A liner pack for mounting on a medical device having a bore with a curved bore wall surface and an open front end, the liner pack comprising: a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side; a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side of the backing layer; and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface, wherein the backing layer further includes opposing side portions laterally extending outward beyond the liner sheets, each side portion having a longitudinally extending outer edge substantially co-extensive with the pack, and wherein the mounting means comprises a contour-shaped insert attached at the longitudinally extending outer edge that cooperates with complementary contour-shaped grooves defined in elongated guide rails adapted to be affixed inside the bore to support the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration.
21. A method of covering a curved bore wall surface of a medical device having a bore defined therein which extends from a front face to a rear face of the device to maintain a sterile environment, the method comprising: providing a sterile liner pack including a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side, a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side, and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface; securing locking receptacles adapted to cooperate with the mounting means to the curved bore wall surface at strategic locations to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration; contouring the liner pack prior to insertion inside the bore to a shape generally corresponding to the curved bore wall surface; and inserting the contoured liner pack inside the bore toward the rear face of the device such that the mounting means engage the locking receptacles secured to the curved bore wall surface to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration, wherein the mounting means comprises a plurality of locking pegs on the top side of the pack backing layer, each having a T-shaped cross-section key, and the locking receptacles secured to the bore wall surface each comprises a body having a complementary T-shaped section-section keyway, and wherein inserting the contoured pack toward the rear face of the device further comprises slidably receiving the T-shaped cross-section keys in the T-shaped cross section keyways to lock the locking pegs and the locking receptacles together in assembly to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the liner pack has opposed flaps substantially co-extensive with the backing layer extending outwardly from a trailing end of the pack, the front face of the medical device has locking receptacles secured adjacent the bore, and the mounting means further comprises a locking peg on a top side of each flap, and wherein inserting the contoured pack toward the rear face of the device further comprises: folding the flaps outwardly to a position generally parallel to the front face, and slidably receiving the locking pegs within the locking receptacles to immobilize the liner sheets and allow for release of the pack once all liner sheets are used.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein bore of the medical device has an open front end and the stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side of the backing layer comprises a series of end-to-end connected sheets having a leading end, each sheet of the series being removably attached at a leading end to a leading end of respective succeeding and preceding liner sheets in the stack by a straight line of perforations, and wherein the method further comprises: disconnecting a lowermost liner sheet from a subsequent sheet in the stack by tearing away the lowermost sheet from the stack via said line of perforations, and pulling the lowermost sheet outwardly through the open front end of the bore.
24. A method of covering a curved bore wall surface of a medical device having a bore defined therein which extends from a front face to a rear face of the device to maintain a sterile environment, the method comprising: providing a sterile liner pack including a backing layer having a top side and a bottom side, a stack of disposable multi-layered liner sheets secured to the bottom side, and mounting means for supporting the liner pack within the bore in a generally curved configuration to substantially cover the bore wall surface; securing locking receptacles adapted to cooperate with the mounting means to the curved bore wall surface at strategic locations to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration; contouring the liner pack prior to insertion inside the bore to a shape generally corresponding to the curved bore wall surface; and inserting the contoured liner pack inside the bore toward the rear face of the device such that the mounting means engage the locking receptacles secured to the curved bore wall surface to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration, wherein the pack backing layer has opposed sides, the mounting means comprises a portion of the opposed sides extending laterally outward beyond the liner sheets, and the locking receptacles comprise elongated guide rails having a groove configured to receive longitudinally extending edges of the opposed laterally extending portions, and wherein inserting the contoured pack toward the rear face of the device further comprises slidably receiving the longitudinally extending edges in the grooves of the elongated guide rails to securely retain the edges within the grooves to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein a contoured insert is attached to the longitudinal edge of the portions extending laterally outward beyond the liner sheets, and the elongated guide rails have a groove with a contoured configuration complementary to the insert, and wherein inserting the contoured pack toward the rear face of the device further comprises slidably receiving the contoured insert in the contoured grooves of the elongated guide rails to securely retain the inserts within the grooves to hold the liner pack substantially flush against the bore wall surface in its generally curved configuration..
| 14,285 |
bim_eighteenth-century_miscellanies-in-verse-an_1748_2
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,748 |
Miscellanies in verse and prose, by Mr. Pope; found amongst his papers after his death, and now first publish'd by Mr. Warburton. 1748
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,950 | 12,042 |
” — a - 2 2 * — = — — — —— — - 1 ITE — 4 rs 2 5 — 2 * Ex ob . * — = . 1 3 — hd 2% 7 apt mY 3 2 «ALY — — pts onto outils 2 A v 7 Nm — 5 * 1 7 ——_— Taal hs — T * 2 "a „ 1 1 — U— — . a — — * — — — * 8 2 ef I * 88 I A 4 2 1 * — - WY 2161 or — „ bo 7 — 5 * 2 RS TY * rr — 2 — © 2 % — —— a {I - ” 2 hay < - - — > 2 * — —— — edt — — — - - _ - ry — — = — — - - 2 _ — I'll burn my Quiver,- break my Bow, | For Love can ne'er be Virtue's Foe. Ill 'The Nymph conſented,--in he went, | Cor And to this Moment finds Content; To When e'er his Mother looks awry, | Wi To this fair Cottage doth he fly; 1 Or Hid in the Down of Nancy's Breaſt, | | At] Of more, and greater Joys poſſeſt, ITE Pl Than were he in the gilded Train, | No Or Monarch o'er the World to reign ;. noe SPY. Gra | 12 l Sweat And | Occaſional Po x ws. Sweet Nancy's Eyes are now his Darts, With them alone he conquers Hearts, * The W 10. Nor fill'd with Jealouſy, nor Love; Nor care I what attends the Great, Qr do I wiſh for Pomp, or State. And Wealth to me's an idle Toy, What every Blockhead may enjoy. All I defire's an humble Cell, Where Peace and Truth, unenvy'd dwell ; * Retir'd from Crowds of buſy Fools, That break my Reſt, or ſpoil my Rules, And like their ancient Sire, the Devil, Are till projecting ſome new Evil. With this ſame Cottage, bounteous Heav'n! Let ſome ſmall Competence be given, Juſt to ſubſiſt, - and nothing more, But as they ſay,--Kzep Wolf from Door. And if the Sum of all you'd ſend, Some kind Companion, faithful Friend, - | , With whom alone to ſpend my Days, To whom alone to tune my Lays ; Then if a Grief enſlav'd my Mind, The careful Friend a Cure ſhou'd find ;, Or if a Joy o'erflow'd my Breaſt, , Partook by both, *twau'd be increas'd. But fince ſo hard it is to find, | A Spark of Truth in human kind, I'll hope not that,--but gladly be Content with ſweet Philoſophy ; To that I'll ſing, to that Ill talk, | With that I'Il ſleep, with that I 11 walk ; Or if in Doubts I wander o'er A thouſand Paths untrod before, I'll aſk of Seneca my Way, Nor, if he guides me, fear to ſtray. Grant me but this, ye Powers divine, And all that you can give, were mine. n—_ WW diſturb'd,--perplex'd L rore; 34. Occaſional PoE MS. os being def ud 19 dferib the- bappy State of twe- "8 OVERS > M INERV4, gentle Goddefs, aid my Pen, 1 Inſpire my Thoughts with Energy divine, 80 like thy own, that in each Line may flow, Beauty, and Wit, ſoft Eloquence, and Love; For ſure ſuch Merit as I wou'd deſcribe, Cou'd ne'er be known to any Fair but the. If Verſe, that pleaſing Sound, yields moſt Delight, O, teach me, how in Verſe to charm the Soul, Till that dear Pair, of whom I'd ever fing, Liſtens,--approves,--and ſmiling, ſeems to ſay J hav'n't done em Wrong. WES he Methinks,. I hear the Goddeſs thus reply, Incens'd reply,--Vain, filly Girl, forbear : Nor thus preſumptuouſly thy Hand prepare To write their Praiſe. 85 As ſome bad Painter, whoſe unſkilful Art, Nor can attract the Eyes, or glad the Heart; Tho' once that Beauty which he meant to draw, | Perhaps had kept the Reman World in Awe ; -. Now form'd by him,--theſe fallow Cheeks, that Eye, Is undiſtinguiſh'd, paſt regardleſs by : So wou'd thy feeble Muſe their Worth rehearſe, And by thy Want of Skill, make merit leſs, Cou'dſt thou deſcribe the blisful State above, The Angel's Meekneſs,--and the Maker's Love: The Sun's bright Truth,---the conftant Streams that flow., | From rocky Summits to the Vales below; The tender Friendſhips of thoſe Guardian guides, Who o'er the Ways of pious Men preſides ; The ſweeteſt Peace that virtuous Minds poſſeſs, Nor ſhock'd by Time, --nor made by Envy leſs :: Cou'dſt thou do this, as ſure no Mortal can, Then might you ſhew this Nymph, and happy Man. C 2 2 4 wy 2 — a a, _ — 4 * ** 1 x 22 , "> * "Ie — * 2 5 5 4 Mts Sod — 22.4» ahi G 2 CELL a R — 2 = — = - — — >x Þ Ws 2 wg 9 — 2 — oo bg _—_—_ — r py 2 — Md "—*_— 4 *- 2 # eee Fans. DE 0 _ po — 0 . —— . — — vmes ac — — 6 — pne” . . — 1 - OT men,. . * UU— — — — TO > Cn wt. = - *. i 4 3 77 N 0 ” * 7 * N I» 4 A =, = * 1 3 1 1 * 1 1 0 * 751 7 1 „ 'Þ 8. © © =. > 1! T4 1. 1 1 14 = = - * 2 — — - * — S _ 43 . F - Fa * wx, — — — > >” * <A „ 4 —— — — . — » 4 — ?. —— > — * — Occaſional Pox ws. 25 4 On a Country Lach. 5 f. \ Blcure from City Toils, and courtly Pride, A +4 Near Sylvan Scenes, where bubl'ng Waters glide, Where ſmall Birds ſing, and tender Lambkins play, Where Innocence and ure paſſes Time away = There, free from Cares, fave only love · ſick Smart, Reigns charming Mo/ly, Queen of every Heart; The fair One ne er in ſhining Courts have been, Nor the polite enſnaring World has ſeen, Vet ſhe has Virtue, Wit, and Beauty ſtore, And what can Courts, or Cities boaſt of more. On the Death of a young Lay. Cruel Death! How fatal was thy Dart, To plunge ſo deep in ſuch a tender Heart; Sure Cloe's Beauty might have charm'd thy Breaſt, To've let her live to make her Lovers bleſt ; Or did it charm indeed, and thou haſt meant, To keep unto thyſelf that lovely Saint - - Or did thy Envy curs'd the fair One ſee, So fear'd her Eyes ſhou'd conquer more than thee. The R ESO TL E. S from my Breaſt, the other Day, My Strephon's Name I drew, Who cou'd my Heart, ſaid I, ſurvey, The ſame might plainly view. I took my Pen,--thus boldly ſpoke, | I'll here eraſe the Name, 3 Then read my Heart, and found the Stroke ; Had blotted there the ſame. | , 1. On te Sifters.. 14? LLY is pretty, 2 And Betty is witty,, * © * — =. * | -T 2 1 * : | : Ws. * . g 4045 Molly is aukward, . And Berty's gentee t. 14 Too feign'd a Reſervedneſs deceives you in Molly. 44 But Berry without Affectation is gay. | AJ Molly can ſmile, TOS ann Kg, v1 BOK And an Artift beguile, ' | NY For her Heart and her Tongue but ſeldom agree, & El But Betty's Behaviour in every kind Action, 8 —— Declares that her innocent Heart is as free. 1 1 Melly's fair Looks ſhe but lends with her Favours, N ot Whilſt Betty with Freedom beſtows *em on all, D 1 Melly too greatly efteems her ſmall Beauty, T 17 And prizes thoſe Eyes that were made for her Fall. 5 #104 *Tis true, ſhe has Charms enough for a Lover, 80 4 Who wiſhes his Miſtreſs in Bed may be kind, 8 11 Yet had ſhe as many as Art can diſcover, 1 My Choice ſhou'd be Betty, --her Shape, and her me True Love. | ] 105 H E N abſent from Collin, 1 N | No Joy can I find; . Dejected in Perſon, | 81 } 10 Uneaſy in Mind; g H 10 Nor Mirth, Shew, nor Palace, N 4 Can render me Eaſe, 7 E 0 But whilſt with my Collin, T "WIA A Dungeon can pleaſe. E N On being aſt' d, why I prais'd a Perſon whom I knew ; ; j h | | L Faults: Rl 4k I LV IA has Crimes,--her buſy Foes rehearſe, 04 That ſhe has Crimes, we know, - nay, muſtconfeſs.. þ k And ſhew me now that Fair can boaſt of leſs. 4 1 9 Silvia, has Merits too, deſerving Praiſe, K 10 And Merits, that the Crimes by far out-weighs; 0 A 5 The too, too partial World, is blind to theſeQ. = 14 Cou'd ſhe commit what Thought can ne'er-deviſe, - 7 The Faults I'd blame,--yet, ſtill, the Merits prize. : . INCOMN yes Porn. INCONSTANCE. Wonder not that like a Swan, 1 Great Joe deſcended from nö 3 For had the God appear d a Man, Perhaps the Nymph had ſcorn'd his Love. So much to change is Woman prone, + The neweſt Face ſecures her Heart; Nor could ſhe long admire her own, Did Nature not give Place to Art. To-day in Strephon' s Arms is ſeen, _ She who to-morrow flies the Swain z - So fince the World begun they've been, So till it ends, will they remain. ORF UNI, ELIEVE me, Fortune is a Cheat, And whom ſhe favours moſt to-day, Tho" counted wiſe; nay, good and great, To-morrew is each Blockhead's Prey: Such Ups and Downs attends her Reign, Her largeſt Gifts oft Ruin brings; Nor does ſhe leave the humble Swain Exempt from Cares, or ſpares ſhe Kings. Then none but Ideots wou'd attend, Her fickle Courts, where Harlots dwell ; Give me, ye Gods! a faithful Fund, 1. And I'll A in a Cell. The Happy Cobler.. A Fable. " Cobler who in Town had been, f And many Ups and Downs had ſeen z ( Knew what was ſaid, and what was done, 2 And who had Wit, and who had none ; Grown wiſer ſtill, at length he ſpies, That one Man's Fall's the other's Riſe z. 37 * _ \ "1 38 _- Occafional Pon u. That foul Ambition Faction brings, 1 To rear up Knaves, and pull down A Pleas'd with his Fate, he hugs himſelf, - From Envy free, whilſt free from Pelf. f T He dreads no Robbers in the Night, W T No Loſs of Wealth his Dreams _—_ 3 A Ambition ne' er enſlaves his Breaſt, ; A The loweſt Seat's the ſafeſt «1 | v He climbs no higher than h | v The greater Height, the ek Fall; E * No States are levell'd at Bis Crown, | T = o Plots are laid to 8 8 25 ; F For why,—ſays he, —I, ha an, LS Can tt lower than I 1 ; 5 Ye And greater than a King is he, 1-2 MW 'That thus can live, and think like me. Foy Ti | A Fritten extempore ts a Bunch of Shamarecks ( ahi W wiſe call, Three Faces under a Hood) ox St. th. trick's Day. 5 Ehold the Saint, by juſt Dorres of Fate, 8 From little Cauſes, wond*rous Truths relate; Zee this, he cries, - hence know, Hibernia's kind, Has ſeveral Faces to one Body join'd. Or the proſent Troubles. HO” meagre Envy with a rancour'd Soul, Shall view my Britons Arms with Conquet crown'd, Tho' Rome ſhall mourn the Force ſhe can't controul, And wiſh her ſtately Structures level — 3 Still ſhall her juſter Cauſe, ſupremely Fell Bigot's Hopes, and Frenchmen' 8 ale defeat AS 4 „ 8 Collin bd Delia one Moon ſhiny Night, Brie over che Meadows trip d 8 + | | Occaſional Poris. 39 The Goddeſs befriended the Boy with her Light, And the Nightingale favour d he Nymph with a Song. "4 The ſoft playing Zephyrs breath'd Odours more ſweet, | Than the Vales of Arabia had ever poſleſt ; And the lillywhite Dazies ſprung under her Feet, As ambitious to vye with the Snow on her Breaſt. Withdraw, fickle Miſtreſs, thy pale borrow'd Light, We lack but thy Aid when my Delia's away In plain native Beauty ſhe ſparkles more bright, Than thy ſelf, or thy Brother, proud God of the Day? Away, filly Nightingale, filence thy Throat, You heard not my Delia, how ſweetly ſhe ſung ; What Lark, Thruſh, or Blackbird, can equal her Note, To the ſoft killing Muſick that dwells on her Tongue? A Fig for thy Whiteneſs, thou vain little Flower, We gaze not on Trifles when Delia is here, Thy poor fading Beauties are gone in an Hour, But thoſe of my Delia's are freſh all the Year. And thou buſy Zephyrus, thou too may'ſt retire, We want not thy Odours our Joys to compleat; One Kiſs from my Delia more Raptures inſpire, Than thee, or thy Woodbines, tho? never ſo ſwectt. E AR me ſome Power, to Wind/or's ſhady The Scene of Monarchs, Gods, and Shepherd's Loves:. Perhaps the Swain who. has my Heart betray'd, Is there careſſing ſome more happy Maid. Happy indeed? the favour'd Nymph may be, Fairer, nay richer too, than wretched me; Tho' gilded Charms unwary Youths purſue, Gay Windſor ne er cou'd boaſt a Nymph ſo true; My conſtant Heart can jealous Fears remove, | And what I want in Wealth,-I'll pay in Love. 3 But if thoſe Shades denies a Maid Relief, he And my Love's Abſence, ſtill augments my Grief -- 44 — » 3 pl. 1 \ $1 = "| iP vþ Wl £0 1 3 5. 5 * 70 1 * x6 1 * 4 1 3 81 | FT: is 71 i 1 11 1 ut 4- o - " 1 | 't % 1 af af A #1, ** NX I = =_ 5 2 3 * * 9 * - = — = - r | 22 me mn 4 — gs — p. — PEPE __ a - h E * wan; ap. 2 4 "lb -». 5 ISS 2 — * — —ůů — — —-— a hs 3» 4a. Fr ran Op Yet OY * 2 A y * - _ bony m—4 — 8 22 rr 2. > —_ — — >. a — — —— 8 2 — —. {4 ——_— ww — —̃ ̃ ö + 1. "Wa — r — — = i — 3 C N ＋ > » 7 —_— SEL n A 5 — — -. — - =_ - 235 = - — 8 — - SCE... - — 3 2 = 7 y 7 - , — — — = — — 5 * : - "SIRE. _F" 1 ro GS SIR * — * — 2 o - Saw 9 — 2 > a 2 2 7 7 7 La - ag * ». - y Fa - = 2. * PI _ 2 2* — - , —— 2 2 4 7 — 8 - . es 3 — — * . K K am — s * - G — g > as A = * — * Hi Aw * q : N a * — 2 > > — — 3 n Thoul't ne er gain ought--except. 40 Occaſional Por uus. | | With my laſt Breath I'll there repeat his Name, Then, like Lodona, weep me to a Stream, And Tribute pay with her to flowing Thame. | To @ Friend, after a Quarrel. 6 2 5 ; YN vain you ftrive to act a cruel Part, 1 6 I Your gentle Looks betray your tender Heart; hoſe harmleſs Frowns, can ne er thy Soul diſguiſe, 'The kind Forgineneh (rnck't in your Eyes; Oh; matchleſs Goodneſs! ſo allied to Heav'n, - Vigrus and Fon rung. 4 Fable. 2 ne, met one Day, - - And Virtue thus began the Fray; Thou blind miſguided Monſter, why Am I forſaken, fore d to fly . - To lonely Shades to hide my Head, ' Whilſt Knaves and Fools in Pomp are fed? Fortune reply'd, — Ceaſe, Virtne, ceaſe, 'Thy Tongue's ſo blunt, it cannot pleaſe, Thy Words and Acts, are both ſo "_ == On. the Thaw of the late Great Froſt in 1740. | N3 W. ike thyſelf, ſweet Thames glide boldly on, The dreadful Foe who ftop'd thy Courle is gone; Gone to ſome diſtant Clime to reign ſecure, _ Where neither Sele, nor Springs Inſults are ſure : © - Now, uncontroul'd, ſafe o'er thy Boſom ſend + The —_ ſtores, on which our Hopes depend ; 5 Thy long afflicted Charom now relieve, And with thy wonted Smiles, their Smiles retrieve: So may*> thou ever roll, ſweet filver Thames“ Thee, and thy Briton, both exempt from Chains. | LENDSHIP, » - Occafional Poz'ms, Frioppone,. ec "> * Riendli — of Nothing but the Names Thou ing Good, that do all Ills contain; By Knaves — to make their Plottings ſure, Who boaſt of Friendſhip ,---Friendſhip,--ſtill allure. | Great Int'reſt bears — the ſabtle Sway, * In Sight of that · true Friendſhip flies away: If golden Friendſhips can encreaſe their Los; 5 Oh! how they'll friend it? — till you friend no more: How ſeldom Friendſhips reach the friendleſs — * Would'ſt thou be happy, learn thee to be wiſe, Truſt not in Friendfhip, all her Arts deſpiſe,, 7 The World's betray'd thro? Friendſhip's fair Dig With me reſolve,.and never want a Friend, In none confide, — and do on none depend ; I find none falſe, - for L. in none believ'd, And never truſting, ne er can be decent d. Similey i. @ Friend. 41 5h #4 A «pleaſant River's Side, ty los hk One Night I ckanc'd to rove : | To ſee the Cryſtial Waters slide. * . A? L And meditate on Love. 6 5 ue little Fim in ; harmleſs Play ET a FHP I on, The glaſſy Surface ſkim ; „„ | Nor envy Kings, leſs Great chan they, ne 3 Whilſt wantonly they ſwim, * | "Twas then I ſigh'd, and thought on ther. Unhappy, lovely Fair, Cou'dſt thou thy own-Reſemblance ſee, N You'd Juſtly know it there. | - Thus you, regardleſs of your Fate, | The. tempting Way purſue ; 1 At length you'll meet the treachrous Bait, 42 Occalional Porn. Elieve me, Strepbon, when I ſay, Mira is witty, young, and gay, And Mira ſings, — Mira plays. Yet Mira is a Woman ſtill, J long have found, and ſo will vou, | That, let the Sex ſay what they mw But few, alas, were ever true. Then, what's a Face, a Shape, or Air * Beauty in Animals we ſee ; If Mica 's Soul is not fincere, Her Form's $a worthleſs Lump---to me. 3 4 dane. YE, Strepbon, 95 too filly " RIES Are all theſe 'Tears for Mira ſhed ? Do'ft thus in fruitleſs Griefs complain, And pale thy Cheeks cauſe hers are red? Haſt thou not oft been heard to ſay, \ You knew the Sex, and none were true ? Then why ſhou'dſt thus thy ſelf diſmay, Tho' Colin is prefer'd to you t ” Beſides, Revenge will ſoon o'ertake The Youth who now enjoys her Charms ; For ſhe'll To-morrow him forſake, And yield her to Amintor's Arms. The Happy Life.. ITH thee, contented, cou'd en Fix d to ſome Cottage, or ſome lonely Cel. That lonely Cell, wou'd dearer be to me, Than gilded Palaces, depriv'd of thee. - I'd envy not the Courtier's ſſothful Eaſe, My chief Delight ſhou'd _P be to pleaſe 'F To « Gentleman, who wrote in Praiſe of bi eaten Twere vain to write of Mira's Praiſe, 8 22 — Occaſional Pozars. 43 Happy at Night, if you approv'd m Tolls: + And doubly rewarded by a Smile, 1 29 Cou'd thoſe above, on Earth ſuch Bliſs we Inhabit there, who wou'd, Tad live below. To rhe Came. -IGHT I with thee, my fatare Moments fend, Thou charmingLover,—thoui improving; Friend o With thee, my Reſidue of Life run o'er, And lag in melancholy Paths no more. In thoſe ſweet Shades, in thy dear Arms I'd lie, Contented live, —nor diſcontented die ; Thy lively Wit ſhou'd every Senſe improve, And make my Joys extenſive as my. Love. 3 Theſe Shades alone, my pleaſing Bounds ſhou'd be, For all things elſe, ſhou'd be compriz d in thee; With thee each Scene, more lovely ſtill wou'd grow, And R———4 Hill look green, midſt Winter's Snow. Pleaſures of Sleep. 725 N vain-wou'd Fate endeavour to divide | A Heart from yours, which Heaven to 2 * tied; Nor cruel Abſence can ap my Foe, For ſtill I'm with thee, whereſoe'er you go. My conſtant Soul at Evening to thee flies, Regardleſs how its helplefs Priſon lies; 2 Views all thy Beauties, wanders o'er thy Charms, And reaps a thouſand Hliſſes in thy Arms. Guards all thy Slumbers with aſſiduous Care, And boaſts itſelf thy better Angel there; F Clings round thy Neck,—to thy-ſoft Boſom lies, And on-thy * diſfolves in melting Sighs. To Delia:. HEN firſt 1 ſought to know my Delia's Minds. 1.thought her witty, 33 and kind; D 2 Sincere, A Foe to Pride, and good as thoſe above, _ Endearing to her Friends, true to her Truſt, Too ſoon deceiv'd, I thought you ſo, The Sex was all in one. a. 4 Os. „ 433K — t r 44 Occaſſonal Pors: | Sincere, and plain, from Affectation fre. [N. Her Words and Thoughts, both ſway' d by Modeſty... Sp Void of Reſtraint, yet nice in all her Ways, To Cenſure flow, but laviſh in her Praiſe ;, - Strict in her Honour, ſteady in her no more, That ſhe was falſe,--which Hundreds knew before. Ta the Same. OW often Delia, have I ſaid, A Woman once was true; And whilſt I others Crimes diſplay'd, Fix'd all their Good on you. 5 Nay, thought you ſo alone ; Till prov'd Experience let me know, For thou can'ſt ſmile,-- deceitful Smile !. When moſt you wou'd betray ;_ Can fawn, can flatter, can beguile, Can love, about a Day. | Can barter Friendſhip for a Toy, And each new Face adore; 9 —_ Can charm, - like Syrens, to. deſtroy,, And what can all do more. 70 Strephon. S does the Sun, yon ſhine alike on all, Nor one peculiar Influence lets fall; The Witty, Fair, the Homely, Proud, and Vain, Your languid Smiles, with equal Share obtain. Then, who wou'd wiſh to live ou that kind Breaſt, - Where every Fool by turns may be carefs't? © 15. * 1 BE as. Occaſional Pops: 46. f No, let me rather thus diſtinguiſh'd be, „ . Spare once thy Smiles, caſt a Froum on mo. Fe AFanitmas., 7 om = } Long Fare wel. ——fince we muſt part. Accept this laſt Adieu; | Yet, be aſſur' d, the faithful Heart Shall ſtill remain with you. True as the Soul of Conſtaney, g And juſt, as e er was Friend = Who wou'dn't fawn thro' Fallacy ; 7 | a Or flatter for an End. Tho' Time and Abſence, can employ: 45 49 The never wearied Eye, Y Still in my Mind, will I enjoy A Form that ne'er can die. Thy dear Idea,—beſt belov d, Is there for ever plac'd ; Which ne'er ſhall be by Time remov'd, - Or Objects new defac Cc. | To a young Lady, who had no good Quality herſelf, yet £22 frequently found Faults in her Acquaintance. HEN pretty Nancy views within her Glaſs, The borrow'd Charms, which new adorn her Face; 3 | | Full of her ſelf, and prompt by vain Deſire, - Reſolves to go, and ſet the World on Fire. 3 Fatal Reſolve ! unhappy Swain beware, 5 For Nancy ſwears, ſhe Il not one Mortal ſpare, No not the P- n, at his pious Prayer: And ſure the Nymph can never fail Succeſs, Whoſe artful Hand can with ſuch Niceneſs Ureſs ; Whoſe Soul diſdains what homely Nature gave, And ſcorns to be to Honour's Rules a Slave; No virtuous Thoughts incumber Nancy's Breaſt, „ And plain Sincerity's a vulgar Jeſt; _ — Her CY * ; x * 4 a+ 4 "P % i + to] l F * 14.5 If 3 n 1 eb Ee: 10. ff 1 V ity IF! +; I i N. 1 15} 4 ® 3; "18 WW | 1 4 e 4 1 + N. & f 1 4 4 „ 1 * 1 4 1 5 1 EE 2 x GX 38 1 * * AS" 4 F : 2 4 ik 45 dil bv 5 y = J 234 4%; * 19 "1 TRE + if F t s. I 1 11 4. r 25 «*. 83% Wo 4-41 £4 1. 1 1 # $3837 1 4 T1823 5; + Ly * N bY F' + J 4 1 £ 4 7 — N 4 "+ 1, 5 y Me i 4 8 7 q 1. 3 * i 1 bt bl 5 ˖ I y 47 uz "3 1 q 1 $$. A K 5 18 14 5 4 * 4% 1 11 3 31 "i 5 147 e x {> 7 We | 7 11 , C. * = 78 1 2 Py 1 "iS : * * * z 1 , i v / : * 1 * \ 1 iT * : W319 11} "7 1 FF 19 * ; {Wy [i ' l ; 4 74 1 11 13 5 1 Tx 11 1 * x : BE W 1719 tt? T g | Pt; - & +8 os £5" = * 13 111 1 ny : * „ * 'y 1 j . by Þ - - S # 4 C - 6 , - 10 5 1 2 1 © | Occaſional Pon s. Her noble Mind abhors the Name of Friend, Vet ſhe can flatter, for a private End; And whilſt her Words with- 3 Kindneſs liabe; Can cenſure thoſe who moſt deſerves her Praiſe. O happy Genius ! which ſo well can prove In one affected Air, Deceit and Love; , Enchanting Tongue thou Engine of her Wit, Which ne'er-lay ſtill, and ne'er was tired yet: The Prude to thee may all her Craft reſign,. And the Coquet may. own her Talent thine. Eet other Maids in native Beauties ſhine, Perfect as Venus, —or as Heav'n divine; Nancy's refiniſh'd Form, from nicer Art, Imprints an Image on each Ploughman's Heart. Go on, bright Fair; nor let pale Envy ſay, You ruled. the Chariot, only for a-Day ;. Fire every Heart with your attractive Charms, And boldly take each Shepherd to your Arms; Then all ſhall own (who &er repeats your Name) The Nymph. had Kindneſs, equal to their Flame. ritten on St, Valentine's Day, for a Gentleman to ſend ; his —_—_ 7 .- 8 does the Ray Of chearful Day All other Rays oppoſe, So pretty Bi, Does all outvye, Where e er the Fair-one goes. Midſt the Reſort Of S—4 Court, I ſolemnly declare, There's not one Lak, Can her ſurpaſs, Nor yet with her compare.. The blooming Roſe Its Sweets diſcloſe,. Both on her Lips and Breaſt;; The happy Few WS Who ſips that Dew, Pans Muſt certainly be bleſt.. Occaſional' Por ls. ar The Virgin: Zone: _. Of her alone, E 9 5 Whom mighty Mars embrac'd; Was ne'er ſo neat, | Or ſo compleat, As is her ſlender Waiſt. To ſee her walk, Of each admiring Youth ;; | Oh, how their Praiſe: | i My Wonder raiſe, |. Tho' well I know tis Truths. 7 One vows ſhe's fair, Another dare | Bat faintly wiſh her his R A third admires,, ' A fourth expires, | In ſad Platonick Bliſs. And why ſhou' d B. My Charmer, die, | Nor dare to tell my Pain; Since bounteous Heaven Your Worth has given, But to repay. your Swain. Then prithee Miſs, Remember this, "Twas for your Sake dene. J early roles Put on-my Cloaths,, | And writ this. Hand.unknowns; To-let you. know, "Tis even ſo, My Heart I muſt And that Dll be Sincere to thee, My pretty Valentine, * s 4 1 Subs, 1 . % | 3 . "Ot Ai k 8 © 5 x a 4 . - 4 ; " — 9 * , F * 1 „ — „ — 3 — W * _ — Amma — 9 a — — 4 - 3 4 - * — * 5 . " * ie.. IE - EF ADVICE to W oM EN. Y "I. F 4.34 — 8. 2 1 ' « Fancy tis a fix'd Maxim amongſt our modern Writers, that to ſay; well, and live ill, are the great and only Buſineſs of our Lives, and all we need to do, to gain us Fame and Happineſs; to make us mighty in the Eye of Man, and in the Soul of Pleaſure: Otherwiſe, ſo many. ingenious Perſons wou'd never take the Pains they do in preſcribing Rules for others, which not in; the leaſt *enter'd into their Heads to have practis'd themſelves, only to ſet a Gloſs over their own Actions, and cover Vice under the: Cloak of Virtue. I could excuſe. thoſe, who; for Want of Learning have run into Errors. which- otherwiſe might have been avoided ; but, in my Opinion, Hy- pocriſy is a Crime unpardonable: However (as Times go) it is a faſhionable one, and we labour not now to be good, but to be thought ſo. As for my Part, I have but lately diſcern'd the Difference between Wiſ⸗ dom and Folly, and have more Reſpect for the World, than to be intirely out of the Faſhion; ſo that it is im- poſſible I ſhould be without a Share of the latter; when it is born in the Mind, Pains muſt be taken, e' er we can utterly deſtroy, and root it. out; and tho? our Re- ſolutions ſtrive againſt it, it oſten unawares ſteals in up- on us, and breaks into our Converſations without our Leave or Knowledge, as tho' it boldly elaim'd its na- tive Empire. The Guardian, Judgment, firſt perceives it, grows angry at the Inſult, and calls Reaſon to her Aid, who once more baniſhes the Foe; till tir d, by being often thus oppos'd, at. length, perhaps, it. flies us. I have here undertaken to draw in Miniature, a few of the Follies I have remark'd during my ſhort Re- ſidence in this Life, but not with the above-mention'd View. Nor would I, on any Account, endeavour to perſuade my Sex, that I am ſuch an intire Enemy 3 ——_— a l / u { n I e 8 1 A ti A * F tl 9 in ta © [49] :- all their pretty Failings, as to aboliſh the long efta- bliſh'd Name of Woman, by a too ſurly, and obſtinate, Adherence to Truth and Wiſdom ; no, I ſcorn ſuch unprecedented Proceedings; and, poſſibly, from my- ſelf I may draw a lively Reſemblance of others. Bleſs me! then ſays the Lady, who perceives the plaineſt Likeneſs, to be ſure, Malice only muſt excite you to expoſe your own Failings rather than hide other People's, Say fo ſtill, ſay 1; for I am certain the Good and Wiſe will believe me, when I aſſure em, I had no other Motive than to deter thoſe whoſe Years and Converſa- tions has not, as yet, introduc'd the riper Follies of the Age, from falling into Snares, eſpecially thoſe laid by Women, who, to my certain Knowledge, are greater Foes to Virtue, and contribute more to the Ruin of their own Sex. than does all the Wiles and Seducements generally laid to the Charge of Mankind. A very ſmall Time, but a large Quantity of Experience, has taught me that Wiſdom Folly are two very oppe- ſite Enemies, and that Folly, thro* a natural Defire of aggravating her Antagoniſt, is always ſollicitous in in- creaſing the Number of her Followers and Admirerg ; - a good Foundation for that old, but juſt Saying, that Evil Communications corrupt good Manners. I am ſorry Ican ſay ſhe but too well ſucceeds ; far I believe, at preſent, poor Wiſdom and Virtue have but very few left to defend "em, and theſe too, chiefly conſiſt of Fugi- tives from Folly, who tir'd with the toilſome Pleaſures of her Reign, find more ſweet Content in a Cottage with Virtue, than in the noiſy Crowd, attended by Broils, Diſeaſes, and even the worſt of Tormentors, their own Conſcience. in; no deluding Lights, which lead to guilty Pleaſures, rewarded with eternal Puniſhments; Puniſhments in- Aided by a Judge who won't be brib'd; or delay the Execution balf a Day, for all that worthleſs Drofs we pay our Adoration to. In the Purſuit of this Treaſure,, we drudge not on in continual Slavery, for Pleaſures which we gain and loſe, both in a Moment, or continue under the Directions of a Maſter ungrateful, deceitful, and ambitious, whoſe Yoke is galling, and whoſe Wages is —_— Death. The King there ſerv'd is juſt, is powerful, his Burdens are light, his Service ſubſtantial Bliſs, and his Rewards Crowns of eternal Glory. What a Difference is here ; Reflection on this might make a Hermit of a Libertine. Wou'd we conſult but Reaſon, we might quickly diſcern all this; for ſhe is a juſt. Guide, and won't lead us wrong; but we baniſh her as we do our true Friends, and imagine her unfaithful becauſe ſhe won't flatter, I know her Worth; for ſhe. has often reſolv'd my Doubts, and never fail'd her ut- moſt Endeavours to aſſure me of the Certainty of that happy Dwelling; for I muſt confeſs I have ſometimes, er! d it, perceiving ſeveral of the Rules taught by olatrous Bigots to be intirely ſuperſtitious, and incon- ſiſtent with Truth and Reaſon.— If there is an Almight 4 Being, ſaid I, who is the Author of. Goodneſs, he mut conſequently himſelf be both good and juſt ; then why is he repreſented by theſe mock religious Blockheads to be the contrary ? for I proteft, I have heard ſome, of em talk ſuch Things of him, as can never be thought by me to be eitlier good or juſt, Divers are the trifling Abſurdities they tell ye he is the Author of; one in particular (and not the leaft) I cannot omit. mentioning, by Reaſon I know of no Calamity, which has driven my own Sex into greater Errors, than this falſe Opinion has done. I have known a Hundred Women fit down contented with their own ill Conduct, and fancy d their Crimes unblameable, becauſe, for- > ſooth, 2 . / / A ˙ ˙Ä%ð ꝗq½ ] ]½¾]ę -ceo.ocoww vc at ec es. ̃ͤãꝛ¹mᷓ» i. bee at [ 57) 8 ſooth, they cou'd not help committing them: Pre. deſtination, I mean; *tis ſomewhat ſtrange to me that the Almighty ſhou'd ordain whatever Good or Evil we commit, yet puniſh, or reward us, according to our' Deeds, ſhall he order us to do Evil, yet puniſh us for obeying his Commands; or ſhall he reward us for the Good we could not help doing? No; this is neither Wiſdom, nor Juſtice ; and yet he muſt be wiſe and juſt. They'll tell ye withal, that that Power grives at the Death of a Sinner: They may as well ſay, that a Father commands his Son to go into the Fire, and weeps afterwards that he is burnt. Good lackaday! ſays one, how hard is my Deſtiny ; what have I ever” done, that the Lord ſhould ordain me ſuch cruel For- tune ? They are much in the right on't. What indeed! They may well murmur againſt the Lord, if they be- lieve he deals ſo unjuſtly by them. If every good or evil Fortune, that we meet thro' Scenes of Life, muſt be ordain'd, and not to be avoided, why ſhou'd the. Almighty take a particular Spight to the one, or Liking to the other, to order the one Good, and t'other Evil, before he has form'd 'em, to know whether or not they may deſerve either; or if his All-ſeeing Judg- ment intends to make them deſerving, or undeſerving, yet it is unjuſt to ſhew ſo great a Difference between Children who are all of the ſame Parent. They'll an- ſwer you to this, that he ordains us Puniſhments in this Life, to make our Rewards the greater in the other; and Benefits, to ſee how we will diſpoſe 'em. Here they contradict themſelves ; for if we act (as they ſay we do) intirely according to his Ordination, we muſt diſpoſe our Wealth, or bear our Afflictions, as he makes us; and I don't think our Merit a Bit the greater for doing what we can't help : Neither is his Power or Goodneſs increas'd, by beſtowing Rewards or Puniſh- * ments, for Good or Evil, which. we act by Force. This is a blaſphemous Opinion, and defames his Dig- © nity, Honour, Goodneſs, and Juſtice ; enough to make Atheiſts of all the World, as, indeed, there are already too many ; and why ? Becauſe their Underſtanding won't E 2 — permit 'em to believe theſe and ſeveral other ſcandalous > — I — — * > 2 Wn — 2 2— — 4, n * 2 — — —— ow * N 8 — ee > 0-0. - — pay 12 „ - "PP" . 5 3 * — Www Me, > <>. r 1 . — > * -. — > <4, 8 2D OY — 7 — 2 — — - — — — yp » .- — — — BY - 2 - 22 7 — 7 i. 2 4 - - 7 AP 2x * — 4 - og - - 4 : 2 cows — — WY < — — — r ä * * 2. \ 7. Lodo wv ew $a b «a. = — — ws — *4 * 0 * = 4 = _ * 2 F 4 — LH > & SES 4 * ä A 2 = — —. — —— Wi —— — — — ck. y — t ——. 1 — — —. — — p "2 my 1 - * — 2 3 — 2 Sc — * * >a — 1 _ 4 = - — — — echo. — — a — Don — op — m ak wy — 1 pt a _ * 2 * — ee FR — — uu Par en i — 2 ” * - * -_ ; EF Errors introduc'd by ſo many different Preachers of Religion ; ſo many different Ways they make to lead to Heaven, yet tell ye there is but one true one, that no Wonder they believe there is none at all. This is for Want of conſulting Reaſon ; for ſhe cou'd teach them to deſpiſe theſe ſuperſtitious Follies, and ſhew 'em that Man's wicked Inventions brought them forth, for private Intereſt, Grudge, or ſome ambitious End ; and that neither the Heavens, or any thing therein, ever ordain'd, that ſuch Wretches ſhou'd breed Diſ- cord amongſt Mankind. I fancy they will find at Length, (notwithſtanding their thriving Deceit) that the Almighty Judge is truly good, and juſt, and will impartially judge, and condemn them, for acting ac- cording to their own accurſed Inclinations, and not by any Force of his. Some there are, no doubt, who are both good and wiſe; and, methinks, tis Pity they can- not ſuppreſs theſe Traders in Religion, to hinder the * ſacred Theme from being ſo fooliſhly and publickly handled, by falſe Teachers, and deceitful Ideots, who ſets ſuch plain Examples of the taking Liberties with divine Affairs, that the very Rabble muſt imitate them, and in their moſt obſcene Converſations conteſt 'about Holy Matters: You ſhall ſcarce read an inſignificant Letter, but you ſhall find a Dozen or two of G- ds in it; the very Farthing Ballads are no leſs ftor'd with Deities, and/-inftead of Ballads, it is common to hear the Pſalms we fing in Churches, hallow'd by Slaves about the Streets, for Half-pence. Nor is that Name, which we ſhou'd.. tremble but to hear, treated with more Reſpe& —— treat the Name of an in- ferior Officer. I am ſurpriz'd, that Folly, and Wicked - neſs, has overcome the 8 ſo that an Awe does not ſeize them, e er they make Mention of ſuch mighty and divine Affairs, at leaſt, without that due and holy Reverence we ought to pay before our heavenly Bene- factor. RG We ſuppoſe an earthly King to be above a mean Ac- by tion, then why do they talk of ſo many mean Things, are which they ſay are acted, or ordered to be acted by _ the King of Kings? No, no, 'tis none of his Direc- the tions; he is great, and above Meanneſs ; nothing that kly Thought can form, mean, unjuſt, or inſignificant, pro- vho ceeds from him ; no ſuperſtitious Rules, or Puppet-ſhow * Worſhips, will bring you a Step the nearer to his em, Gates; for theſe are below his Dignity : His Porters 80 take no Bribes, or is his Servants admitted to deliver and our fooliſh, and unworthy Petitions. His Judgment's «bs penetrating, and he knows our Worth, ſo will reward ich it: When we deviate from that, himſelf condemns us, ng as his Greatneſs ſhall ſee proper. He delights not in * Torture, or Mortifications ; for he is good, and tender- me, hearted: If the Faithful, in Diſtreſs, ſue to him with * Reverence, and Sincerity (but not for ambitious Trifles) n he will hear them, and grant their Requeſts; for he is VE compaſſionate, and, tho' great, void of Pride. This 3 I am certain of; for I have prov'd it true. How hap- zhty py wou d it be for ſome who want not Means to ſerve holy him as they ought, to think as I do: In order to per- * ſuade em to it, I write theſe Obſervations. Could * my Abilities come near the Greatneſs of my Theme, roy- or Sincerity of my intentions, they might indeed prove 3; fs worthy the Peruſal. However, they are full of Truth; and if the Readers have a Mind to be ſo too, let em ſhun, as near as poſſible, all the Follies I deſcribe, and gain, 5 e a E 3 converſe _ TT: _ | converſe with the Wiſe ; for Folly is the very Soul of | Vice, and is always ſo delighted with itſelf, that no- | thing but what bears its own Likeneſs, can, poſſibly, | be agreeable. This is verified in the firſt I treat of, : _ Which is that of being always pleas'd at Nonſenſe. _ Haw often have I heard a ſimple conceited Woman | - Praiſe the Niceneſs of her Judgment, and condemn falſe Opinions; when her whole Soul has been one Lump of Folly, which the very next Scene of Non- ſenſe has diflolv'd into a moſt immoderate Fit of Laughter, perhaps, the Appearance of ſome wiſe Phi- loſopher had had a different Effect upon the Lady's Underſtanding, and introduced the Spleen, the Va- pours, or {ome other faſhionable Diſtemper, often in- cident to Ladies of Wit and Pleaſure. What a ridi- culous Sight it is, and how near a Reſemblance it has of Bedlam, to fee a Parcel of Women running to and tro in a Chamber, ſeveral Minutes without ceaſing, laughing to ſo violent a Degree, that' you'd ſwear *twere the Expiration of their Days, at no other Occa- ſion than the Sight of a Vizard, the awry Set of a Peruke, or ſomething full as trifling ; nay, ſome there are. who without any at all, are often moved by the Spirit of Folly to expreſs themſelves true Subjects of that Power. - Yet we ſhall ſtile them Criticks, and La- dies of Underſtanding, for being capable of telling who makes moſt Blunders at Table; and, without conſider- ing chemſelves, ridiculouſly jeſting on the very ſame Indifcretions, which are the chief Practice of their own Lives and Behaviour.--I happened to be once in Com- pany with a Gentleman and his Spouſe, the Lady had met with ſome Diſappointment, and ſeem'd melancholy ; the Gentleman diſturb'd at ſeeing his Conſort ſo dull, addreſſed himſelf to me, Prithee Miſs, ſaid he, talk a little of your Nonſenſe to divert my Wife. I own I {mil'd at the Oddity of the Requeſt, thought it a ftrange Way of diverting, and the only Thing would make me "ſad. However I reflected on my ſelf, and imagined, that tho* I might not be ſenſible of my own Failings, I 1 certainly mult have been heard to talk Nonſenſe, or the Man had never made that Speech, or fancy'd I ſhould — 2 r * - za; — — _ 2 * 2. - NN] ERTIES: — — pe ĩ % IEOSTT: m>ord>.c - \ 8 — > 28 2 bs - - SEES - 4. _—_ — 8 _ nl 4 _. * . - — — —— * C * ET So. 33 * — *. » bi 2 i | - Tn - 1 bs, 1 1 p 4 „ +56 1 | ſhould then begin. If every Perſon were to criticize on the Sayings of other-People, only as thus, and to examine themſelves by them, how profitable an Ad- vantage might be made of every Word we hear, and every Action we fee, but we put our Gift of Under- ſtanding to a wrong Uſe, and inſtead of improving it, we make it the Inſtrument of Evil to both ourſelves and our Companions. If you aſk theſe pretty Apes why they play their witty Tricks, mimick their Friends, and make themſelves Buffoons, the Scorn of riper Judg- ment, they'll aſſure you, they know tis very filly, but they do it to appear agreeable, and comply with the Taſte of their Company. — A ſad Excuſe for Folly, if we have Wiſdom let us ſhew it ; if the Company ap- proves and learns, it were a glorious Recompence, for what can be a greater Pleaſure than to inſtruct Wiſ- dom? If they ſeem difpleas'd, and diſapprove, they are not worth converſing with, and ought to be ſhun'd, Becauſe I ſee and know a Parcel of People to be deye- nerate and baſe, ſhall I endeavour to imitate them ? No, rather let me, by contemning them, diſplay my own Virtues, or to ſave Controverſy, keep Silence.
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https://github.com/Jieli-Tech/fw-AC63_BT_SDK/blob/master/include_lib/media/media_develop/media/cpu/br25/asm/dac.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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fw-AC63_BT_SDK
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Jieli-Tech
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C
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Code
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#ifndef __CPU_DAC_H__
#define __CPU_DAC_H__
#include "generic/typedef.h"
#include "generic/atomic.h"
#include "os/os_api.h"
#include "media/audio_stream.h"
#include "media/audio_cfifo.h"
#define DAC_44_1KHZ 0
#define DAC_48KHZ 1
#define DAC_32KHZ 2
#define DAC_22_05KHZ 3
#define DAC_24KHZ 4
#define DAC_16KHZ 5
#define DAC_11_025KHZ 6
#define DAC_12KHZ 7
#define DAC_8KHZ 8
#define DAC_ISEL_FULL_PWR 4
#define DAC_ISEL_HALF_PWR 2
#define DAC_ISEL_THREE_PWR 1
#define DACVDD_LDO_2_40V 0
#define DACVDD_LDO_2_50V 1
#define DACVDD_LDO_2_60V 2
#define DACVDD_LDO_2_70V 3
#define DACVDD_LDO_2_80V 4
#define DACVDD_LDO_2_90V 5
#define DACVDD_LDO_3_00V 6
#define DACVDD_LDO_3_10V 7
#define DAC_OUTPUT_MONO_L 0 //左声道
#define DAC_OUTPUT_MONO_R 1 //右声道
#define DAC_OUTPUT_LR 2 //立体声
#define DAC_OUTPUT_MONO_LR_DIFF 3 //单声道差分输出
#define DAC_OUTPUT_DUAL_LR_DIFF 6 //双声道差分
#define DAC_OUTPUT_FRONT_LR_REAR_L 7 //三声道单端输出 前L+前R+后L (不可设置vcmo公共端)
#define DAC_OUTPUT_FRONT_LR_REAR_R 8 //三声道单端输出 前L+前R+后R (可设置vcmo公共端)
#define DAC_OUTPUT_FRONT_LR_REAR_LR 9 //四声道单端输出
#define AUDIO_DAC_SYNC_IDLE 0
#define AUDIO_DAC_SYNC_PROBE 1
#define AUDIO_DAC_SYNC_START 2
#define AUDIO_DAC_SYNC_NO_DATA 3
#define AUDIO_DAC_SYNC_ALIGN_COMPLETE 4
#define DAC_DSM_DEFAULT 0
#define DAC_DSM_6MHz 1
#define DAC_DSM_12MHz 2
#define FADE_OUT_IN 1
#define PCM_PHASE_BIT 8
#define DA_LEFT 0
#define DA_RIGHT 1
#define DA_ALL_CH 2
#define DA_SOUND_NORMAL 0x0
#define DA_SOUND_RESET 0x1
#define DA_SOUND_WAIT_RESUME 0x2
#define AUDIO_DAC_MULTI_CHANNEL_ENABLE 1
enum {
DAC_EVENT_START,
DAC_EVENT_SAMPLE_BEGIN,
DAC_EVENT_SAMPLE_STOP,
DAC_EVENT_SAMPLE_MISS_DATA,
DAC_EVENT_CLOSE,
};
struct dac_platform_data {
void (*analog_open_cb)(struct audio_dac_hdl *);
void (*analog_close_cb)(struct audio_dac_hdl *);
u32 output : 4; //DAC输出模式
u32 ldo_volt : 4; //DACVDD_LDO电压档选择
u32 ldo_isel : 4; //LDO偏置电流选择档位, 0:5u, 1:10u, 2:15u, 3:20u, 4:25u, 5:30u, 6:35u, 7:40u
u32 lpf_isel : 4; //LPF bias电流选择, 0:无, 1:0.3125u, 2:0.625u, 3:0.9375, 4:1.25u, 5:1.5625, 6:1.875u, 7:2.1875u, 8:2.5u, 9:2.8125u, 10:3.125u, 11:3.4375u, 12:3.75u, 13:4.0625u, 14:4.375u, 15:4.6875u
u32 ldo_fb_isel : 2; //LDO负载电流选择, 0:15u, 1:48u, 2:81u, 3:114u
u32 vcmo_en : 1; //VCMO直推使能
u32 keep_vcmo : 1;
u32 dither_type : 1; //0:
u32 dsm_clk : 1; //0:dsm 6M dither 187.5KHz 1:dsm 12M dither 375KHz
u32 vcm_risetime : 1; //VCM上电快慢选择
u32 zero_cross_detect : 1; //模拟增益过零检测配置
u32 vdd_setting_enable : 1; //通过接口设置DACVDD电压的使能
};
struct analog_module {
/*模拟相关的变量*/
u8 inited;
u8 vdd_volt;
u16 dac_test_volt;
};
struct audio_dac_trim {
s16 left;
s16 right;
s16 rear_left;
s16 rear_right;
};
struct audio_dac_hdl {
struct analog_module analog;
// const
struct dac_platform_data *pd; /*DAC 板级配置*/
OS_SEM sem;
struct audio_dac_trim trim; /*DAC trim值*/
volatile u8 mute;
volatile u8 state; /*DAC运行状态*/
u8 gain_l;
u8 gain_r;
u8 vol_l;
u8 vol_r;
u8 channel; /*DAC声道数*/
u8 protect_time_dis; /*关闭DAC延时保护*/
u16 max_d_volume; /*DAC数字最大音量*/
u16 d_volume[2]; /*DAC数字音量*/
u32 sample_rate; /*DAC采样率*/
u16 start_ms; /*起始延时(保留待删除)*/
u16 delay_ms; /*最大延时(保留待删除)*/
u16 start_points; /*起始样点数(保留待删除*/
u16 delay_points; /*最大延时样点数(保留待删除)*/
u16 unread_samples; /*未读样点个数*/
u16 irq_points; /*DAC普通中断样点个数*/
s16 *output_buf; /*DAC缓冲地址*/
u16 output_buf_len; /*DAC缓冲长度*/
u8 protect_fadein; /*延时保护淡入*/
u16 irq_timeout; /*非模块硬件的超时*/
s16 read_offset; /*DAC读设置偏移*/
u16 protect_pns; /*DAC延时保护最小样点*/
s16 fade_vol; /*淡入淡出音量*/
//struct audio_stream_entry entry;
struct audio_cfifo fifo; /*DAC cfifo结构管理*/
struct list_head ch_head; /*DAC 子设备表头*/
OS_MUTEX ch_mutex; /*DAC 子设备锁*/
};
struct audio_dac_channel_attr {
u8 write_mode; /*DAC写入模式*/
u16 delay_time; /*DAC通道延时*/
u16 protect_time; /*DAC延时保护时间*/
};
struct audio_dac_channel {
u8 state; /*DAC状态*/
u8 pause;
u8 samp_sync_step; /*数据流驱动的采样同步步骤*/
u8 wait_resume; /*数据流激活wait设置*/
struct audio_dac_channel_attr attr; /*DAC通道属性*/
struct audio_sample_sync *samp_sync; /*样点同步句柄*/
struct audio_dac_hdl *dac; /*DAC设备*/
struct audio_cfifo_channel fifo; /*DAC cfifo通道管理*/
struct list_head ch_entry; /*DAC设备entry*/
struct audio_stream_entry entry; /*DAC数据流节点*/
};
/*************************************************************************
* 创建一个新的DAC
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄, ch - 新的DAC通道
* OUTPUT : 0 - 创建成功，非0 - 创建失败.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_new_channel(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, struct audio_dac_channel *ch);
/*************************************************************************
* 释放一个DAC
* INPUT : ch - DAC通道
* OUTPUT : 无.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
void audio_dac_free_channel(struct audio_dac_channel *ch);
/*************************************************************************
* 获取DAC的属性配置
* INPUT : ch - DAC通道，attr - DAC通道属性
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 用于设置属性前的初始化配置.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_channel_get_attr(struct audio_dac_channel *ch, struct audio_dac_channel_attr *attr);
/*************************************************************************
* 设置DAC的属性配置
* INPUT : ch - DAC通道，attr - DAC通道属性
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_channel_set_attr(struct audio_dac_channel *ch, struct audio_dac_channel_attr *attr);
/*************************************************************************
* 暂停DAC的数据流输出
* INPUT : ch - DAC通道，pause - 暂停/非暂停
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Zhuodengliang.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_channel_set_pause(struct audio_dac_channel *ch, u8 pause);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC播放同步使能
* INPUT : ch - DAC通道，samp_sync - 采样同步句柄
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_channel_sync_enable(struct audio_dac_channel *ch, struct audio_sample_sync *samp_sync);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC播放同步使能关闭
* INPUT : ch - DAC通道，samp_sync - 采样同步句柄
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_channel_sync_disable(struct audio_dac_channel *ch, struct audio_sample_sync *samp_sync);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC驱动模块初始化
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，pd - DAC配置数据
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 1、初始化必须放在DAC设备使用之前；2、仅初始化一次不可重复操作.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_init(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, const struct dac_platform_data *pd);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC省电容DTB设置
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，dacr32 - DTB值
* OUTPUT : 无.
* WARNINGS : 无需理解，由省电容开发人员设置.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
void audio_dac_set_capless_DTB(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, s16 dacr32);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC模块输出偏置电压校准
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，dac_trim - DAC trim校准值参数,
* fast_trim - 加速模式，部分芯片不支持加速, 不建议使用，
* 详情请咨询开发人员.
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 1、如非必要，trim在第一次上电/或者保存值丢失情况下调用；
* 2、该函数有时间开销，trim值应保留在存储单元重复使用，可避免上电trim.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_do_trim(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, struct audio_dac_trim *dac_trim, u8 fast_trim);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC模块trim值设置
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，dac_trim - DAC trim校准值参数
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 用于trim后或者读取存储值后设置给DAC模块，不可随意配置.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_set_trim_value(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, struct audio_dac_trim *dac_trim);
int audio_dac_set_delay_time(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, int start_ms, int max_ms);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC中断处理函数
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄
* OUTPUT : 无.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
void audio_dac_irq_handler(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC缓冲区内存设置
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，buf - 缓冲区地址, len - 缓冲区长度(byte)
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 接口设计为DAC初始化的配置，不建议任意位置使用.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_set_buff(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, s16 *buf, int len);
int audio_dac_write(struct audio_dac_channel *ch, void *buf, int len);
s16 *audio_dac_get_write_ptr(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, int *len);
int audio_dac_update_write_ptr(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, int len);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC驱动模块初始化
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，pd - DAC配置数据
* OUTPUT : 0 - 成功, 非0 - 出错.
* WARNINGS : 1、初始化必须放在DAC设备使用之前；2、仅初始化一次不可重复操作.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_set_sample_rate(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, int sample_rate);
int audio_dac_get_sample_rate(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_get_channel(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_set_channel(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 channel);
int audio_dac_get_pd_output(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_set_pd_output(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 output);
int audio_dac_set_digital_vol(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u16 vol);
int audio_dac_set_analog_vol(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u16 vol);
int audio_dac_mix_ch_get_datasize(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_start(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_channel_stop(struct audio_dac_channel *ch);
int audio_dac_stop(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_idle(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
void audio_dac_mute(struct audio_dac_hdl *hdl, u8 mute);
int audio_dac_open(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_close(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_mute_left(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_mute_right(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_set_volume(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 gain_l, u8 gain_r);
int audio_dac_set_L_digital_vol(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u16 vol);
int audio_dac_set_R_digital_vol(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u16 vol);
void audio_dac_set_fade_handler(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, void *priv, void (*fade_handler)(u8, u8, u8, u8));
int audio_dac_power_off(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
u8 audio_dac_init_status(void);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC采样率匹配
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，sample_rate - 采样率
* OUTPUT : true - 匹配到, false - 匹配不到.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
bool audio_dac_sample_rate_match(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u32 sample_rate);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC采样率选择
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，sample_rate - 预期采样率，
* hign - 如果DAC不支持预期的采样率选择临近一档高于预期的采样率
* OUTPUT : 最终选择到的采样率.
* WARNINGS : 无.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_sample_rate_select(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u32 sample_rate, u8 high);
int audio_dac_sound_reset(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u32 msecs);
u8 audio_dac_is_working(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
void audio_dac_set_irq_time(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, int time_ms);
int audio_dac_data_time(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_get_status(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_get_max_channel(void);
int audio_dac_ch_analog_gain_set(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 ch, u8 again);
int audio_dac_ch_analog_gain_get(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 ch);
int audio_dac_ch_digital_gain_set(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 ch, u32 dgain);
int audio_dac_ch_digital_gain_get(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 ch);
void audio_dac_ch_mute(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 ch, u8 mute);
void audio_dac_zero_detect_onoff(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 onoff);
int audio_dac_set_RL_digital_vol(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u16 vol);
int audio_dac_set_RR_digital_vol(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u16 vol);
/*************************************************************************;
* DAC采样率选择
*
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄, volt - DACVDD 电压值(宏定义)
*
* OUTPUT : 无.
*
* WARNINGS : 根据struct dac_platform_data的vdd_setting_enable变量控制，
* 该开关为0，则函数无法真正设置电压到dac电源.
*
* HISTORY : 2021/2/18 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
void audio_dac_set_vdd_volt(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, u8 volt);
/*************************************************************************
* DAC模块电源关闭
* INPUT : 无.
* OUTPUT : 无.
* WARNINGS : 若DAC电源关闭后，低功耗或其他应用不应再设置DAC电源等.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
void dac_power_off(void);
/*关闭audio相关模块使能*/
void audio_disable_all(void);
/*******************************************************************
* Audio DACVDD上电接口
* params : struct audio_dac_hdl结构指针
*
* return : 无
*
* warnings : 仅用作Audio初始化上电，不可在任意位置使用
*
* example : audio_dac_vdd_power_on(&dac_hdl);
*=================================================================*/
void audio_dac_vdd_power_on(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
/*******************************************************************
* Audio DACVDD断电接口
* params : struct audio_dac_hdl结构指针
*
* return : 无
*
* warnings : 仅用作Audio DACVDD断电，不可在任意位置使用
*
* example : audio_dac_vdd_power_off(&dac_hdl);
*=================================================================*/
void audio_dac_vdd_power_off(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac);
int audio_dac_fifo_set_read(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, int offset);
/*************************************************************************
* INPUT : dac - DAC设备句柄，data - 地址，len - 长度，
* channel - 声道(DA_LEFT/DA_RIGHT/DA_ALL_CH).
* OUTPUT : 读取长度.
* WARNINGS : DAC未开启读不到任何数据.
* HISTORY : 2020/12/28 by Lichao.
*=======================================================================*/
int audio_dac_fifo_read(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, void *data, int len, u8 channel);
/*
*********************************************************************
* Audio Dac Reset Buf
* Description: 重新设置dacbuf
* Arguments : *dac dac句柄
* *buf 缓存地址
* *len 缓存长度
* *protect_time_en DAC延时保护使能
* Return : None.
* Note(s) : 该函数会先停止dac，所以建议在不使用dac或者静音的时候调用
*********************************************************************
*/
void audio_dac_reset_buf(struct audio_dac_hdl *dac, s16 *buf, int len, u8 protect_time_en);
#endif
| 39,420 |
https://github.com/BlakeGarner/encoders-for-etc-eos/blob/master/Hardware/Encoders&Buttons.sch
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
encoders-for-etc-eos
|
BlakeGarner
|
Eagle
|
Code
| 20,000 | 45,031 |
EESchema Schematic File Version 4 EELAYER 30 0 EELAYER END $Descr A4 11693 8268 encoding utf-8 Sheet 2 3 Title "Encoder Board" Date "2020-06-02" Rev "B" Comp "Blake Garner" Comment1 "" Comment2 "" Comment3 "" Comment4 "" $EndDescr $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D0037F5 P 2850 1200 AR Path="/5D0037F5" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D0037F5" Ref="SW1" Part="1" F 0 "SW1" H 2850 1450 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 2850 1650 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 2700 1360 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 2850 1460 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 2850 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 2850 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2850 1200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D0037FB P 1900 900 AR Path="/5D0037FB" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D0037FB" Ref="R27" Part="1" F 0 "R27" V 1693 900 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 900 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 900 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D003801 P 1900 1300 AR Path="/5D003801" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D003801" Ref="R29" Part="1" F 0 "R29" V 1693 1300 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 1300 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 1300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 1300 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 1300 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 1300 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 1300 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D003807 P 2300 900 AR Path="/5D003807" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D003807" Ref="R22" Part="1" F 0 "R22" H 2250 950 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 2250 850 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2230 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2300 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2300 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2300 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2300 900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D00380D P 2450 900 AR Path="/5D00380D" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D00380D" Ref="R23" Part="1" F 0 "R23" H 2520 946 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 2520 855 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2380 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2450 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2450 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2450 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2450 900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D00381D P 2500 1350 AR Path="/5D00381D" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D00381D" Ref="#PWR0151" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0151" H 2500 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 2505 1177 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 2500 1350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2500 1350 50 0001 C CNN 1 2500 1350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D003825 P 3250 1350 AR Path="/5D003825" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D003825" Ref="#PWR0152" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0152" H 3250 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3255 1177 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 1350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 1350 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 1350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 1350 3250 1300 Wire Wire Line 3250 1300 3150 1300 $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D00382D P 1750 1600 AR Path="/5D00382D" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D00382D" Ref="C13" Part="1" F 0 "C13" H 1865 1646 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1865 1555 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1788 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1750 1600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1750 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1750 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1750 1600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 850 900 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC0_A Text GLabel 850 1300 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC0_B $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D003835 P 1500 1600 AR Path="/5D003835" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D003835" Ref="C12" Part="1" F 0 "C12" H 1400 1650 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1400 1550 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1538 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1500 1600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1500 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1500 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1500 1600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 1750 1500 1750 1300 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D003840 P 1750 1700 AR Path="/5D003840" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D003840" Ref="#PWR0153" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0153" H 1750 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1755 1527 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1750 1700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1750 1700 50 0001 C CNN 1 1750 1700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D003846 P 1500 1700 AR Path="/5D003846" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D003846" Ref="#PWR0154" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0154" H 1500 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1505 1527 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1500 1700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1500 1700 50 0001 C CNN 1 1500 1700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR0155 U 1 1 5D0061EF P 2300 750 F 0 "#PWR0155" H 2300 600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2315 923 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 2300 750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2300 750 50 0001 C CNN 1 2300 750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR0156 U 1 1 5D006DF6 P 2450 750 F 0 "#PWR0156" H 2450 600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2465 923 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 2450 750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2450 750 50 0001 C CNN 1 2450 750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4150 1100 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC0_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D023821 P 2850 2450 AR Path="/5D023821" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D023821" Ref="SW2" Part="1" F 0 "SW2" H 2850 2817 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 2850 2726 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 2700 2610 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 2850 2710 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 2850 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 2850 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2850 2450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4150 2350 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC1_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D02E4B0 P 2850 3700 AR Path="/5D02E4B0" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D02E4B0" Ref="SW3" Part="1" F 0 "SW3" H 2850 4067 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 2850 3976 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 2700 3860 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 2850 3960 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 2850 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 2850 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2850 3700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4150 3600 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC2_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D03752C P 2850 4900 AR Path="/5D03752C" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D03752C" Ref="SW4" Part="1" F 0 "SW4" H 2850 5267 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 2850 5176 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 2700 5060 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 2850 5160 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 2850 4900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 2850 4900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2850 4900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4150 4800 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC3_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D042B2C P 2850 6000 AR Path="/5D042B2C" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D042B2C" Ref="SW5" Part="1" F 0 "SW5" H 2850 6367 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 2850 6276 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 2700 6160 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 2850 6260 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 2850 6000 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 2850 6000 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2850 6000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4150 5900 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC4_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D06A5DF P 6600 1200 AR Path="/5D06A5DF" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D06A5DF" Ref="SW6" Part="1" F 0 "SW6" H 6600 1567 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 6600 1476 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 6450 1360 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 6600 1460 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 6600 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 6600 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6600 1200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4600 900 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC5_A Text GLabel 4600 1300 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC5_B Text GLabel 7900 1100 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC5_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D074D4F P 6600 2450 AR Path="/5D074D4F" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D074D4F" Ref="SW7" Part="1" F 0 "SW7" H 6600 2817 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 6600 2726 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 6450 2610 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 6600 2710 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 6600 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 6600 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6600 2450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4600 2150 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC6_A Text GLabel 4600 2550 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC6_B Text GLabel 7900 2350 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC6_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D080EA1 P 6600 3700 AR Path="/5D080EA1" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D080EA1" Ref="SW8" Part="1" F 0 "SW8" H 6600 4067 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 6600 3976 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 6450 3860 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 6600 3960 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 6600 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 6600 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6600 3700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4600 3400 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC7_A Text GLabel 4600 3800 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC7_B Text GLabel 7900 3600 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC7_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:Rotary_Encoder_Switch SW? U 1 1 5D08ED28 P 6600 4950 AR Path="/5D08ED28" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D08ED28" Ref="SW9" Part="1" F 0 "SW9" H 6600 5317 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "Rotary_Encoder_Switch" H 6600 5226 50 0001 C CNN F 2 "Encoder_BG:RotaryEncoder_Bourns_PEC12R-4x20k-Sxxxx-Switch_Vertical_H20mm" H 6450 5110 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.bourns.com/docs/Product-Datasheets/PEC12R.pdf" H 6600 5210 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Bourns Inc." H 6600 4950 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "PEC12R-4025F-S0024" H 6600 4950 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6600 4950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 4600 4650 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC8_A Text GLabel 4600 5050 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC8_B Text GLabel 7900 4850 2 50 Input ~ 0 ENC8_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:SW_Push_LED SW? U 1 1 5D0B0E37 P 8850 3800 AR Path="/5D0B0E37" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D0B0E37" Ref="SW12" Part="1" F 0 "SW12" H 8850 4185 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "SW_Push_LED_Red" H 8850 4094 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Button_Switch_BG:E-Switch_SPST_Red_LED_SquareCap_TL3240F160R" H 8850 4100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://sten-eswitch-13110800-production.s3.amazonaws.com/system/asset/product_line/data_sheet/155/TL3240.pdf" H 8850 4100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "E-Switch" H 8850 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "TL3240F160R;TL3240S1CAPIVR" H 8850 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8850 3800 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 10650 1500 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON0_SW Text GLabel 10650 2750 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON1_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:SW_Push_LED SW? U 1 1 5D0FBD90 P 8850 4500 AR Path="/5D0FBD90" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D0FBD90" Ref="SW13" Part="1" F 0 "SW13" H 8850 4885 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "SW_Push_LED_Yellow" H 8850 4794 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Button_Switch_BG:E-Switch_SPST_LED_SquareCap_TL3240F160x" H 8850 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://sten-eswitch-13110800-production.s3.amazonaws.com/system/asset/product_line/data_sheet/155/TL3240.pdf" H 8850 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "E-Switch" H 8850 4500 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "TL3240F160Y;TL3240S1CAPIVR" H 8850 4500 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8850 4500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 10650 4400 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON3_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:SW_Push_LED SW? U 1 1 5D107F09 P 8850 5450 AR Path="/5D107F09" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D107F09" Ref="SW14" Part="1" F 0 "SW14" H 8850 5835 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "SW_Push_LED_Green" H 8850 5744 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Button_Switch_BG:E-Switch_SPST_LED_SquareCap_TL3240F160x" H 8850 5750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://sten-eswitch-13110800-production.s3.amazonaws.com/system/asset/product_line/data_sheet/155/TL3240.pdf" H 8850 5750 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "E-Switch" H 8850 5450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "TL3240F160G;TL3240S1CAPIVR" H 8850 5450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8850 5450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 10650 5350 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON4_SW $Comp L Switch_BG:SW_Push_LED SW? U 1 1 5D107F18 P 8850 6150 AR Path="/5D107F18" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D107F18" Ref="SW15" Part="1" F 0 "SW15" H 8850 6535 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "SW_Push_LED_Blue" H 8850 6444 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Button_Switch_BG:E-Switch_SPST_LED_SquareCap_TL3240F160x" H 8850 6450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://sten-eswitch-13110800-production.s3.amazonaws.com/system/asset/product_line/data_sheet/155/TL3240.pdf" H 8850 6450 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "E-Switch" H 8850 6150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "TL3240F160B;TL3240S1CAPIVR" H 8850 6150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8850 6150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 10650 6050 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON5_SW Text GLabel 9200 3900 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON2_LED Text GLabel 9200 4600 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON3_LED Text GLabel 9200 5550 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON4_LED Text GLabel 9200 6250 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON5_LED $Comp L Device:R R38 U 1 1 5D1650B7 P 8350 3900 F 0 "R38" V 8143 3900 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "150" V 8234 3900 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 8280 3900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 8350 3900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 8350 3900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-07150RL" H 8350 3900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8350 3900 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R41 U 1 1 5D166F0F P 8350 4600 F 0 "R41" V 8143 4600 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "120" V 8234 4600 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 8280 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 8350 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 8350 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-07120RL" H 8350 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8350 4600 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R48 U 1 1 5D1674C3 P 8350 5550 F 0 "R48" V 8143 5550 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "120" V 8234 5550 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 8280 5550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 8350 5550 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 8350 5550 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-07120RL" H 8350 5550 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8350 5550 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R51 U 1 1 5D16792D P 8350 6250 F 0 "R51" V 8143 6250 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "33" V 8234 6250 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 8280 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 8350 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 8350 6250 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0733RL" H 8350 6250 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8350 6250 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D18B614 P 8050 6250 AR Path="/5D18B614" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D18B614" Ref="#PWR0205" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0205" H 8050 6000 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 8055 6077 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 8050 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 8050 6250 50 0001 C CNN 1 8050 6250 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D18BDE9 P 8050 5600 AR Path="/5D18BDE9" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D18BDE9" Ref="#PWR0206" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0206" H 8050 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 8055 5427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 8050 5600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 8050 5600 50 0001 C CNN 1 8050 5600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D18C2BA P 8050 4600 AR Path="/5D18C2BA" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D18C2BA" Ref="#PWR0207" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0207" H 8050 4350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 8055 4427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 8050 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 8050 4600 50 0001 C CNN 1 8050 4600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D18C6F6 P 8050 3900 AR Path="/5D18C6F6" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D18C6F6" Ref="#PWR0208" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0208" H 8050 3650 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 8055 3727 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 8050 3900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 8050 3900 50 0001 C CNN 1 8050 3900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D18CFA1 P 8050 2950 AR Path="/5D18CFA1" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D18CFA1" Ref="#PWR0209" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0209" H 8050 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 8055 2777 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 8050 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 8050 2950 50 0001 C CNN 1 8050 2950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D18D87A P 8050 1700 AR Path="/5D18D87A" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D18D87A" Ref="#PWR0210" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR0210" H 8050 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 8055 1527 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 8050 1700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 8050 1700 50 0001 C CNN 1 8050 1700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 8650 2750 8050 2750 $Comp L Switch_BG:SW_Push_LED SW? U 1 1 5CF7287A P 8850 2850 AR Path="/5CF7287A" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5CF7287A" Ref="SW11" Part="1" F 0 "SW11" H 8850 3235 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "SW_Push_LED_Blue" H 8850 3144 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Button_Switch_BG:E-Switch_SPST_LED_RoundCap_TL3240F160x" H 8850 3150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://sten-eswitch-13110800-production.s3.amazonaws.com/system/asset/product_line/data_sheet/155/TL3240.pdf" H 8850 3150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "E-Switch" H 8850 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "TL3240F160B;TL3240R1CAPBLU" H 8850 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8850 2850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Switch_BG:SW_Push_LED SW? U 1 1 5CF7337F P 8850 1600 AR Path="/5CF7337F" Ref="SW?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5CF7337F" Ref="SW10" Part="1" F 0 "SW10" H 8850 1985 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "SW_Push_LED_Red" H 8850 1894 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Button_Switch_BG:E-Switch_SPST_Red_LED_RoundCap_TL3240F160R" H 8850 1900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://sten-eswitch-13110800-production.s3.amazonaws.com/system/asset/product_line/data_sheet/155/TL3240.pdf" H 8850 1900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "E-Switch" H 8850 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "TL3240F160R;TL3240R1CAPBLK" H 8850 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8850 1600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Text GLabel 9200 2950 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON1_LED Text GLabel 9200 1700 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON0_LED $Comp L Device:R R31 U 1 1 5CF9FE26 P 8350 2950 F 0 "R31" V 8143 2950 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "33" V 8234 2950 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 8280 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 8350 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 8350 2950 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0733RL" H 8350 2950 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8350 2950 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R26 U 1 1 5CFA080E P 8350 1700 F 0 "R26" V 8143 1700 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "150" V 8234 1700 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 8280 1700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 8350 1700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 8350 1700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-07150RL" H 8350 1700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 8350 1700 0 1 1 0 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 8650 5550 8500 5550 Wire Wire Line 8200 5550 8050 5550 Wire Wire Line 8050 5550 8050 5600 Connection ~ 8050 5550 Wire Wire Line 8050 5350 8050 5550 Wire Wire Line 8050 3700 8050 3900 Wire Wire Line 8050 4400 8050 4600 Wire Wire Line 8650 4600 8500 4600 Wire Wire Line 8200 4600 8050 4600 Connection ~ 8050 4600 Wire Wire Line 8200 3900 8050 3900 Connection ~ 8050 3900 Wire Wire Line 8650 3900 8500 3900 Wire Wire Line 8200 1700 8050 1700 Wire Wire Line 8050 1500 8050 1700 Connection ~ 8050 1700 Wire Wire Line 8500 1700 8650 1700 Wire Wire Line 8650 2950 8500 2950 Wire Wire Line 8200 2950 8050 2950 Wire Wire Line 8050 2750 8050 2950 Connection ~ 8050 2950 Wire Wire Line 9200 1700 9050 1700 Wire Wire Line 8050 6050 8050 6250 Wire Wire Line 8200 6250 8050 6250 Connection ~ 8050 6250 Wire Wire Line 8500 6250 8650 6250 Wire Wire Line 9050 6250 9200 6250 Wire Wire Line 9200 2950 9050 2950 Wire Wire Line 9200 3900 9050 3900 Wire Wire Line 9200 5550 9050 5550 Wire Wire Line 9200 4600 9050 4600 Wire Wire Line 8050 1500 8650 1500 Wire Wire Line 8050 3700 8650 3700 Wire Wire Line 8050 4400 8650 4400 Wire Wire Line 8050 5350 8650 5350 Wire Wire Line 8050 6050 8650 6050 NoConn ~ 9050 6150 NoConn ~ 8650 6150 NoConn ~ 8650 5450 NoConn ~ 9050 5450 NoConn ~ 9050 4500 NoConn ~ 8650 4500 NoConn ~ 8650 3800 NoConn ~ 9050 3800 NoConn ~ 9050 2850 NoConn ~ 8650 2850 NoConn ~ 8650 1600 NoConn ~ 9050 1600 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D28780A P 3250 950 AR Path="/5D28780A" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D28780A" Ref="R30" Part="1" F 0 "R30" H 3200 1000 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 3200 900 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3180 950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3250 950 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3250 950 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3250 950 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3250 950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR07 U 1 1 5D287810 P 3250 800 F 0 "#PWR07" H 3250 650 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 3265 973 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 800 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 800 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D43D737 P 3400 1100 AR Path="/5D43D737" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D43D737" Ref="R33" Part="1" F 0 "R33" V 3193 1100 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 3284 1100 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3330 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3400 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3400 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3400 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3400 1100 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D43DBD4 P 3550 1200 AR Path="/5D43DBD4" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D43DBD4" Ref="C14" Part="1" F 0 "C14" H 3600 1150 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 3600 1050 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 3588 1050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 3550 1200 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 3550 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 3550 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3550 1200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D43E1C0 P 3550 1350 AR Path="/5D43E1C0" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D43E1C0" Ref="#PWR09" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR09" H 3550 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3555 1177 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3550 1350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3550 1350 50 0001 C CNN 1 3550 1350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D541A1F P 9700 1500 AR Path="/5D541A1F" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D541A1F" Ref="R36" Part="1" F 0 "R36" V 9493 1500 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 9584 1500 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 9630 1500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 9700 1500 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 9700 1500 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 9700 1500 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9700 1500 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D541A25 P 9850 1600 AR Path="/5D541A25" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D541A25" Ref="C18" Part="1" F 0 "C18" H 9965 1646 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 9965 1555 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 9888 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 9850 1600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 9850 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 9850 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9850 1600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D541A2B P 9850 1750 AR Path="/5D541A2B" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D541A2B" Ref="#PWR015" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR015" H 9850 1500 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 9855 1577 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 9850 1750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 9850 1750 50 0001 C CNN 1 9850 1750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 9850 1750 9850 1700 Wire Wire Line 9850 1500 10050 1500 Connection ~ 9850 1500 Wire Wire Line 9050 1500 9550 1500 Text GLabel 10650 3700 2 50 Input ~ 0 BUTTON2_SW $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D57E958 P 9700 2750 AR Path="/5D57E958" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D57E958" Ref="R53" Part="1" F 0 "R53" V 9493 2750 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 9584 2750 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 9630 2750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 9700 2750 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 9700 2750 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 9700 2750 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9700 2750 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D57E95E P 9850 2850 AR Path="/5D57E95E" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D57E95E" Ref="C25" Part="1" F 0 "C25" H 9965 2896 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 9965 2805 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 9888 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 9850 2850 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 9850 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 9850 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9850 2850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D57E964 P 9850 3000 AR Path="/5D57E964" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D57E964" Ref="#PWR032" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR032" H 9850 2750 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 9855 2827 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 9850 3000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 9850 3000 50 0001 C CNN 1 9850 3000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 9850 3000 9850 2950 Wire Wire Line 9850 2750 10050 2750 Connection ~ 9850 2750 Wire Wire Line 9050 2750 9550 2750 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D58CEC7 P 9700 3700 AR Path="/5D58CEC7" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D58CEC7" Ref="R64" Part="1" F 0 "R64" V 9493 3700 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 9584 3700 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 9630 3700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 9700 3700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 9700 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 9700 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9700 3700 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D58CECD P 9850 3800 AR Path="/5D58CECD" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D58CECD" Ref="C28" Part="1" F 0 "C28" H 9965 3846 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 9965 3755 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 9888 3650 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 9850 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 9850 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 9850 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9850 3800 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D58CED3 P 9850 3950 AR Path="/5D58CED3" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D58CED3" Ref="#PWR045" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR045" H 9850 3700 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 9855 3777 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 9850 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 9850 3950 50 0001 C CNN 1 9850 3950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 9850 3950 9850 3900 Wire Wire Line 9850 3700 10050 3700 Connection ~ 9850 3700 Wire Wire Line 9050 3700 9550 3700 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D59B6BD P 9700 4400 AR Path="/5D59B6BD" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D59B6BD" Ref="R67" Part="1" F 0 "R67" V 9493 4400 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 9584 4400 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 9630 4400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 9700 4400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 9700 4400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 9700 4400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9700 4400 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D59B6C3 P 9850 4500 AR Path="/5D59B6C3" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D59B6C3" Ref="C45" Part="1" F 0 "C45" H 9965 4546 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 9965 4455 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 9888 4350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 9850 4500 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 9850 4500 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 9850 4500 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9850 4500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D59B6C9 P 9850 4650 AR Path="/5D59B6C9" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D59B6C9" Ref="#PWR056" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR056" H 9850 4400 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 9855 4477 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 9850 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 9850 4650 50 0001 C CNN 1 9850 4650 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 9850 4650 9850 4600 Wire Wire Line 9850 4400 10050 4400 Connection ~ 9850 4400 Wire Wire Line 9050 4400 9550 4400 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D5AA24B P 9700 5350 AR Path="/5D5AA24B" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D5AA24B" Ref="R80" Part="1" F 0 "R80" V 9493 5350 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 9584 5350 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 9630 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 9700 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 9700 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 9700 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9700 5350 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D5AA251 P 9850 5450 AR Path="/5D5AA251" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D5AA251" Ref="C52" Part="1" F 0 "C52" H 9965 5496 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 9965 5405 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 9888 5300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 9850 5450 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 9850 5450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 9850 5450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9850 5450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D5AA257 P 9850 5600 AR Path="/5D5AA257" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D5AA257" Ref="#PWR068" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR068" H 9850 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 9855 5427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 9850 5600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 9850 5600 50 0001 C CNN 1 9850 5600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 9850 5600 9850 5550 Wire Wire Line 9850 5350 10050 5350 Connection ~ 9850 5350 Wire Wire Line 9050 5350 9550 5350 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D5B94DA P 9700 6050 AR Path="/5D5B94DA" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D5B94DA" Ref="R86" Part="1" F 0 "R86" V 9493 6050 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 9584 6050 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 9630 6050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 9700 6050 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 9700 6050 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 9700 6050 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9700 6050 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D5B94E0 P 9850 6150 AR Path="/5D5B94E0" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D5B94E0" Ref="C54" Part="1" F 0 "C54" H 9965 6196 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 9965 6105 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 9888 6000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 9850 6150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 9850 6150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 9850 6150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 9850 6150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D5B94E6 P 9850 6300 AR Path="/5D5B94E6" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D5B94E6" Ref="#PWR072" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR072" H 9850 6050 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 9855 6127 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 9850 6300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 9850 6300 50 0001 C CNN 1 9850 6300 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 9850 6300 9850 6250 Wire Wire Line 9850 6050 10050 6050 Connection ~ 9850 6050 Wire Wire Line 9050 6050 9550 6050 $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U18 U 1 1 5D5C8846 P 3850 2350 F 0 "U18" H 3950 2600 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 3950 2500 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 3850 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 3850 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 3850 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 3850 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3850 2350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U18 U 2 1 5D5CC13B P 1150 2550 F 0 "U18" H 1250 2300 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 2400 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 2550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 2550 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 2550 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 2550 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 2 1150 2550 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U18 U 3 1 5D5CDA7B P 1150 2150 F 0 "U18" H 1250 1900 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 2000 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 3 1150 2150 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U19 U 4 1 5D5CF300 P 1150 3800 F 0 "U19" H 1250 3550 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 3650 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 4 1150 3800 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U19 U 5 1 5D5D09FB P 1150 3400 F 0 "U19" H 1250 3150 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 3250 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 5 1150 3400 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U19 U 6 1 5D5D2340 P 3850 3600 F 0 "U19" H 3950 3850 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 3950 3750 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 3850 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 3850 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 3850 3600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 3850 3600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 6 3850 3600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U20 U 7 1 5D5D3A68 P 3950 7100 F 0 "U20" H 4250 7150 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 4250 7050 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 3950 7100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 3950 7100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 3950 7100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 3950 7100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 7 3950 7100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 2500 1350 2500 1200 Wire Wire Line 2500 1200 2550 1200 Wire Wire Line 2450 1050 2450 1300 Wire Wire Line 2450 1300 2550 1300 Wire Wire Line 2050 1100 2050 900 Connection ~ 1750 1300 Wire Wire Line 2050 1300 2450 1300 Connection ~ 2450 1300 Wire Wire Line 1450 1300 1750 1300 Wire Wire Line 1450 900 1500 900 Wire Wire Line 1500 1500 1500 900 Connection ~ 1500 900 Wire Wire Line 1500 900 1750 900 Wire Wire Line 2050 1100 2300 1100 Wire Wire Line 2300 1050 2300 1100 Connection ~ 2300 1100 Wire Wire Line 2300 1100 2550 1100 Wire Wire Line 3250 1100 3150 1100 Connection ~ 3250 1100 Wire Wire Line 3550 1350 3550 1300 Connection ~ 3550 1100 Text GLabel 850 2550 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC1_B Text GLabel 850 2150 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC1_A Text GLabel 850 6100 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC4_B Text GLabel 850 5700 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC4_A Text GLabel 850 5000 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC3_B Text GLabel 850 4600 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC3_A Text GLabel 850 3800 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC2_B Text GLabel 850 3400 0 50 Input ~ 0 ENC2_A $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D874B09 P 1900 2150 AR Path="/5D874B09" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B09" Ref="R37" Part="1" F 0 "R37" V 1693 2150 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 2150 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 2150 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D874B0F P 1900 2550 AR Path="/5D874B0F" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B0F" Ref="R50" Part="1" F 0 "R50" V 1693 2550 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 2550 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 2550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 2550 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 2550 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 2550 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 2550 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D874B15 P 2300 2150 AR Path="/5D874B15" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B15" Ref="R39" Part="1" F 0 "R39" H 2250 2200 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 2250 2100 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2230 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2300 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2300 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2300 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2300 2150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D874B1B P 2450 2150 AR Path="/5D874B1B" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B1B" Ref="R40" Part="1" F 0 "R40" H 2520 2196 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 2520 2105 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2380 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2450 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2450 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2450 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2450 2150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D874B21 P 2500 2600 AR Path="/5D874B21" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B21" Ref="#PWR022" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR022" H 2500 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 2505 2427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 2500 2600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2500 2600 50 0001 C CNN 1 2500 2600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D874B27 P 1750 2850 AR Path="/5D874B27" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B27" Ref="C22" Part="1" F 0 "C22" H 1865 2896 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1865 2805 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1788 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1750 2850 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1750 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1750 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1750 2850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D874B2D P 1500 2850 AR Path="/5D874B2D" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B2D" Ref="C21" Part="1" F 0 "C21" H 1400 2900 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1400 2800 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1538 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1500 2850 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1500 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1500 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1500 2850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 1750 2750 1750 2550 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D874B34 P 1750 2950 AR Path="/5D874B34" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B34" Ref="#PWR029" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR029" H 1750 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1755 2777 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1750 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1750 2950 50 0001 C CNN 1 1750 2950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D874B3A P 1500 2950 AR Path="/5D874B3A" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D874B3A" Ref="#PWR028" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR028" H 1500 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1505 2777 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1500 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1500 2950 50 0001 C CNN 1 1500 2950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR016 U 1 1 5D874B40 P 2300 2000 F 0 "#PWR016" H 2300 1850 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2315 2173 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 2300 2000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2300 2000 50 0001 C CNN 1 2300 2000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR017 U 1 1 5D874B46 P 2450 2000 F 0 "#PWR017" H 2450 1850 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2465 2173 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 2450 2000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2450 2000 50 0001 C CNN 1 2450 2000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 2500 2600 2500 2450 Wire Wire Line 2500 2450 2550 2450 Wire Wire Line 2450 2300 2450 2550 Wire Wire Line 2450 2550 2550 2550 Wire Wire Line 2050 2350 2050 2150 Connection ~ 1750 2550 Wire Wire Line 2050 2550 2450 2550 Connection ~ 2450 2550 Wire Wire Line 1450 2550 1750 2550 Wire Wire Line 1450 2150 1500 2150 Wire Wire Line 1500 2750 1500 2150 Connection ~ 1500 2150 Wire Wire Line 1500 2150 1750 2150 Wire Wire Line 2050 2350 2300 2350 Wire Wire Line 2300 2300 2300 2350 Connection ~ 2300 2350 Wire Wire Line 2300 2350 2550 2350 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894A7A P 1900 3400 AR Path="/5D894A7A" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A7A" Ref="R54" Part="1" F 0 "R54" V 1693 3400 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 3400 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 3400 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894A80 P 1900 3800 AR Path="/5D894A80" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A80" Ref="R65" Part="1" F 0 "R65" V 1693 3800 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 3800 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 3800 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894A86 P 2300 3400 AR Path="/5D894A86" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A86" Ref="R55" Part="1" F 0 "R55" H 2250 3450 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 2250 3350 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2230 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2300 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2300 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2300 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2300 3400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894A8C P 2450 3400 AR Path="/5D894A8C" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A8C" Ref="R56" Part="1" F 0 "R56" H 2520 3446 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 2520 3355 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2380 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2450 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2450 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2450 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2450 3400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D894A92 P 2500 3850 AR Path="/5D894A92" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A92" Ref="#PWR039" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR039" H 2500 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 2505 3677 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 2500 3850 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2500 3850 50 0001 C CNN 1 2500 3850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D894A98 P 1750 4100 AR Path="/5D894A98" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A98" Ref="C42" Part="1" F 0 "C42" H 1865 4146 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1865 4055 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1788 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1750 4100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1750 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1750 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1750 4100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D894A9E P 1500 4100 AR Path="/5D894A9E" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894A9E" Ref="C29" Part="1" F 0 "C29" H 1400 4150 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1400 4050 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1538 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1500 4100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1500 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1500 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1500 4100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 1750 4000 1750 3800 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D894AA5 P 1750 4200 AR Path="/5D894AA5" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AA5" Ref="#PWR047" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR047" H 1750 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1755 4027 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1750 4200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1750 4200 50 0001 C CNN 1 1750 4200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D894AAB P 1500 4200 AR Path="/5D894AAB" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AAB" Ref="#PWR046" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR046" H 1500 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1505 4027 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1500 4200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1500 4200 50 0001 C CNN 1 1500 4200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR033 U 1 1 5D894AB1 P 2300 3250 F 0 "#PWR033" H 2300 3100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2315 3423 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 2300 3250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2300 3250 50 0001 C CNN 1 2300 3250 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR034 U 1 1 5D894AB7 P 2450 3250 F 0 "#PWR034" H 2450 3100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2465 3423 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 2450 3250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2450 3250 50 0001 C CNN 1 2450 3250 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U21 U 1 1 5D894ABD P 7600 3600 F 0 "U21" H 7700 3850 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 7700 3750 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 7600 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 7600 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 7600 3600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 7600 3600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7600 3600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U21 U 2 1 5D894AC3 P 4900 3800 F 0 "U21" H 5000 3550 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 5000 3650 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 4900 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 4900 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 4900 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 4900 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 2 4900 3800 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U22 U 4 1 5D894AC9 P 4900 5050 F 0 "U22" H 5000 4800 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 5000 4900 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 4900 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 4900 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 4900 5050 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 4900 5050 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 4 4900 5050 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U21 U 5 1 5D894ACF P 4900 2150 F 0 "U21" H 5000 1900 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 5000 2000 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 4900 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 4900 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 4900 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 4900 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 5 4900 2150 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 2500 3850 2500 3700 Wire Wire Line 2500 3700 2550 3700 Wire Wire Line 2450 3550 2450 3800 Wire Wire Line 2450 3800 2550 3800 Wire Wire Line 2050 3600 2050 3400 Connection ~ 1750 3800 Wire Wire Line 2050 3800 2450 3800 Connection ~ 2450 3800 Wire Wire Line 1450 3800 1750 3800 Wire Wire Line 1450 3400 1500 3400 Wire Wire Line 1500 4000 1500 3400 Connection ~ 1500 3400 Wire Wire Line 1500 3400 1750 3400 Wire Wire Line 2050 3600 2300 3600 Wire Wire Line 2300 3550 2300 3600 Connection ~ 2300 3600 Wire Wire Line 2300 3600 2550 3600 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894AE6 P 1900 4600 AR Path="/5D894AE6" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AE6" Ref="R68" Part="1" F 0 "R68" V 1693 4600 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 4600 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 4600 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894AEC P 1900 5000 AR Path="/5D894AEC" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AEC" Ref="R78" Part="1" F 0 "R78" V 1693 5000 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 5000 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 5000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 5000 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 5000 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 5000 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 5000 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894AF2 P 2300 4600 AR Path="/5D894AF2" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AF2" Ref="R69" Part="1" F 0 "R69" H 2250 4650 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 2250 4550 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2230 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2300 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2300 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2300 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2300 4600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D894AF8 P 2450 4600 AR Path="/5D894AF8" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AF8" Ref="R70" Part="1" F 0 "R70" H 2520 4646 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 2520 4555 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2380 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2450 4600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2450 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2450 4600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2450 4600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D894AFE P 2500 5050 AR Path="/5D894AFE" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894AFE" Ref="#PWR057" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR057" H 2500 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 2505 4877 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 2500 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2500 5050 50 0001 C CNN 1 2500 5050 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D894B04 P 1750 5300 AR Path="/5D894B04" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894B04" Ref="C49" Part="1" F 0 "C49" H 1865 5346 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1865 5255 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1788 5150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1750 5300 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1750 5300 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1750 5300 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1750 5300 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D894B0A P 1500 5300 AR Path="/5D894B0A" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D894B0A" Ref="C48" Part="1" F 0 "C48" H 1400 5350 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1400 5250 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1538 5150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1500 5300 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1500 5300 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1500 5300 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1500 5300 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 1750 5200 1750 5000 $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR050 U 1 1 5D894B11 P 2300 4450 F 0 "#PWR050" H 2300 4300 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2315 4623 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 2300 4450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2300 4450 50 0001 C CNN 1 2300 4450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR051 U 1 1 5D894B17 P 2450 4450 F 0 "#PWR051" H 2450 4300 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2465 4623 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 2450 4450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2450 4450 50 0001 C CNN 1 2450 4450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 2500 5050 2500 4900 Wire Wire Line 2500 4900 2550 4900 Wire Wire Line 2450 4750 2450 5000 Wire Wire Line 2450 5000 2550 5000 Wire Wire Line 2050 4800 2050 4600 Connection ~ 1750 5000 Wire Wire Line 2050 5000 2450 5000 Connection ~ 2450 5000 Wire Wire Line 1450 5000 1750 5000 Wire Wire Line 1450 4600 1500 4600 Wire Wire Line 1500 5200 1500 4600 Connection ~ 1500 4600 Wire Wire Line 1500 4600 1750 4600 Wire Wire Line 2050 4800 2300 4800 Wire Wire Line 2300 4750 2300 4800 Connection ~ 2300 4800 Wire Wire Line 2300 4800 2550 4800 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B81D2 P 1900 5700 AR Path="/5D8B81D2" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81D2" Ref="R81" Part="1" F 0 "R81" V 1693 5700 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 5700 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 5700 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B81D8 P 1900 6100 AR Path="/5D8B81D8" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81D8" Ref="R87" Part="1" F 0 "R87" V 1693 6100 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 1784 6100 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 1830 6100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 1900 6100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 1900 6100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 1900 6100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 1900 6100 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B81DE P 2300 5700 AR Path="/5D8B81DE" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81DE" Ref="R82" Part="1" F 0 "R82" H 2250 5750 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 2250 5650 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2230 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2300 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2300 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2300 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2300 5700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B81E4 P 2450 5700 AR Path="/5D8B81E4" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81E4" Ref="R83" Part="1" F 0 "R83" H 2520 5746 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 2520 5655 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 2380 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 2450 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 2450 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 2450 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 2450 5700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D8B81EA P 2500 6150 AR Path="/5D8B81EA" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81EA" Ref="#PWR069" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR069" H 2500 5900 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 2505 5977 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 2500 6150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2500 6150 50 0001 C CNN 1 2500 6150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D8B81F0 P 1750 6400 AR Path="/5D8B81F0" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81F0" Ref="C56" Part="1" F 0 "C56" H 1865 6446 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1865 6355 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1788 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1750 6400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1750 6400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1750 6400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1750 6400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D8B81F6 P 1500 6400 AR Path="/5D8B81F6" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81F6" Ref="C55" Part="1" F 0 "C55" H 1400 6450 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 1400 6350 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 1538 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 1500 6400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 1500 6400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 1500 6400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 1500 6400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 1750 6300 1750 6100 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D8B81FD P 1750 6500 AR Path="/5D8B81FD" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B81FD" Ref="#PWR074" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR074" H 1750 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1755 6327 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1750 6500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1750 6500 50 0001 C CNN 1 1750 6500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D8B8203 P 1500 6500 AR Path="/5D8B8203" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B8203" Ref="#PWR073" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR073" H 1500 6250 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 1505 6327 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 1500 6500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 1500 6500 50 0001 C CNN 1 1500 6500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR065 U 1 1 5D8B8209 P 2300 5550 F 0 "#PWR065" H 2300 5400 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2315 5723 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 2300 5550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2300 5550 50 0001 C CNN 1 2300 5550 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR066 U 1 1 5D8B820F P 2450 5550 F 0 "#PWR066" H 2450 5400 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 2465 5723 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 2450 5550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 2450 5550 50 0001 C CNN 1 2450 5550 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U23 U 1 1 5D8B8215 P 10350 3700 F 0 "U23" H 10450 3950 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 10450 3850 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 10350 3700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 10350 3700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 10350 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 10350 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 10350 3700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U23 U 2 1 5D8B821B P 10350 4400 F 0 "U23" H 10500 4650 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 10500 4550 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 10350 4400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 10350 4400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 10350 4400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 10350 4400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 2 10350 4400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U18 U 4 1 5D8B8221 P 1150 1300 F 0 "U18" H 1250 1050 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 1150 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 1300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 1300 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 1300 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 1300 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 4 1150 1300 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U18 U 5 1 5D8B8227 P 1150 900 F 0 "U18" H 1250 650 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 750 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 5 1150 900 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 2500 6150 2500 6000 Wire Wire Line 2500 6000 2550 6000 Wire Wire Line 2450 5850 2450 6100 Wire Wire Line 2450 6100 2550 6100 Wire Wire Line 2050 5900 2050 5700 Connection ~ 1750 6100 Wire Wire Line 2050 6100 2450 6100 Connection ~ 2450 6100 Wire Wire Line 1450 6100 1750 6100 Wire Wire Line 1450 5700 1500 5700 Wire Wire Line 1500 6300 1500 5700 Connection ~ 1500 5700 Wire Wire Line 1500 5700 1750 5700 Wire Wire Line 2050 5900 2300 5900 Wire Wire Line 2300 5850 2300 5900 Connection ~ 2300 5900 Wire Wire Line 2300 5900 2550 5900 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B823E P 5650 900 AR Path="/5D8B823E" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B823E" Ref="R24" Part="1" F 0 "R24" V 5443 900 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 900 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 900 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B8244 P 5650 1300 AR Path="/5D8B8244" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B8244" Ref="R35" Part="1" F 0 "R35" V 5443 1300 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 1300 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 1300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 1300 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 1300 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 1300 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 1300 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B824A P 6050 900 AR Path="/5D8B824A" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B824A" Ref="R25" Part="1" F 0 "R25" H 6000 950 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 6000 850 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5980 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6050 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6050 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6050 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6050 900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D8B8250 P 6200 900 AR Path="/5D8B8250" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B8250" Ref="R28" Part="1" F 0 "R28" H 6270 946 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 6270 855 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 6130 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6200 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6200 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6200 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6200 900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D8B8256 P 6250 1350 AR Path="/5D8B8256" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B8256" Ref="#PWR010" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR010" H 6250 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 6255 1177 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 6250 1350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6250 1350 50 0001 C CNN 1 6250 1350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D8B825C P 5500 1600 AR Path="/5D8B825C" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B825C" Ref="C17" Part="1" F 0 "C17" H 5615 1646 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5615 1555 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5538 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5500 1600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5500 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5500 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5500 1600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D8B8262 P 5250 1600 AR Path="/5D8B8262" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D8B8262" Ref="C16" Part="1" F 0 "C16" H 5150 1650 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5150 1550 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5288 1450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5250 1600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5250 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5250 1600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5250 1600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 5500 1500 5500 1300 $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR05 U 1 1 5D8B8269 P 6050 750 F 0 "#PWR05" H 6050 600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6065 923 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 6050 750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6050 750 50 0001 C CNN 1 6050 750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR06 U 1 1 5D8B826F P 6200 750 F 0 "#PWR06" H 6200 600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6215 923 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 6200 750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6200 750 50 0001 C CNN 1 6200 750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 6250 1350 6250 1200 Wire Wire Line 6250 1200 6300 1200 Wire Wire Line 6200 1050 6200 1300 Wire Wire Line 6200 1300 6300 1300 Wire Wire Line 5800 1100 5800 900 Connection ~ 5500 1300 Wire Wire Line 5800 1300 6200 1300 Connection ~ 6200 1300 Wire Wire Line 5200 1300 5500 1300 Wire Wire Line 5200 900 5250 900 Wire Wire Line 5250 1500 5250 900 Connection ~ 5250 900 Wire Wire Line 5250 900 5500 900 Wire Wire Line 5800 1100 6050 1100 Wire Wire Line 6050 1050 6050 1100 Connection ~ 6050 1100 Wire Wire Line 6050 1100 6300 1100 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9193DC P 3250 2600 AR Path="/5D9193DC" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9193DC" Ref="#PWR023" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR023" H 3250 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3255 2427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 2600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 2600 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 2600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 2600 3250 2550 Wire Wire Line 3250 2550 3150 2550 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9193E4 P 3250 2200 AR Path="/5D9193E4" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9193E4" Ref="R45" Part="1" F 0 "R45" H 3200 2250 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 3200 2150 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3180 2200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3250 2200 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3250 2200 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3250 2200 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3250 2200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR020 U 1 1 5D9193EA P 3250 2050 F 0 "#PWR020" H 3250 1900 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 3265 2223 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 2050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 2050 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 2050 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9193F0 P 3400 2350 AR Path="/5D9193F0" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9193F0" Ref="R47" Part="1" F 0 "R47" V 3193 2350 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 3284 2350 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3330 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3400 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3400 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3400 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3400 2350 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9193F6 P 3550 2450 AR Path="/5D9193F6" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9193F6" Ref="C19" Part="1" F 0 "C19" H 3600 2400 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 3600 2300 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 3588 2300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 3550 2450 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 3550 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 3550 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3550 2450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9193FC P 3550 2600 AR Path="/5D9193FC" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9193FC" Ref="#PWR024" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR024" H 3550 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3555 2427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3550 2600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3550 2600 50 0001 C CNN 1 3550 2600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 2350 3150 2350 Connection ~ 3250 2350 Wire Wire Line 3550 2600 3550 2550 Connection ~ 3550 2350 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D956A75 P 3250 3850 AR Path="/5D956A75" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956A75" Ref="#PWR040" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR040" H 3250 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3255 3677 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 3850 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 3850 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 3850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 3850 3250 3800 Wire Wire Line 3250 3800 3150 3800 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D956A7D P 3250 3450 AR Path="/5D956A7D" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956A7D" Ref="R60" Part="1" F 0 "R60" H 3200 3500 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 3200 3400 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3180 3450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3250 3450 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3250 3450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3250 3450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3250 3450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR037 U 1 1 5D956A83 P 3250 3300 F 0 "#PWR037" H 3250 3150 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 3265 3473 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 3300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 3300 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 3300 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D956A89 P 3400 3600 AR Path="/5D956A89" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956A89" Ref="R62" Part="1" F 0 "R62" V 3193 3600 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 3284 3600 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3330 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3400 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3400 3600 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3400 3600 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3400 3600 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D956A8F P 3550 3700 AR Path="/5D956A8F" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956A8F" Ref="C26" Part="1" F 0 "C26" H 3600 3650 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 3600 3550 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 3588 3550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 3550 3700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 3550 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 3550 3700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3550 3700 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D956A95 P 3550 3850 AR Path="/5D956A95" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956A95" Ref="#PWR041" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR041" H 3550 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3555 3677 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3550 3850 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3550 3850 50 0001 C CNN 1 3550 3850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U20 U 3 1 5D956A9B P 4900 900 F 0 "U20" H 5050 650 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 5050 750 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 4900 900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 4900 900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 4900 900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 4900 900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 3 4900 900 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U21 U 6 1 5D956AA1 P 7600 2350 F 0 "U21" H 7700 2600 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 7700 2500 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 7600 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 7600 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 7600 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 7600 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 6 7600 2350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 3600 3150 3600 Connection ~ 3250 3600 Wire Wire Line 3550 3850 3550 3800 Connection ~ 3550 3600 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D956AAB P 3250 5050 AR Path="/5D956AAB" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956AAB" Ref="#PWR058" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR058" H 3250 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3255 4877 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 5050 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 5050 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 5050 3250 5000 Wire Wire Line 3250 5000 3150 5000 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D956AB3 P 3250 4650 AR Path="/5D956AB3" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956AB3" Ref="R71" Part="1" F 0 "R71" H 3200 4700 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 3200 4600 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3180 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3250 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3250 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3250 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3250 4650 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR052 U 1 1 5D956AB9 P 3250 4500 F 0 "#PWR052" H 3250 4350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 3265 4673 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 4500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 4500 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 4500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D956ABF P 3400 4800 AR Path="/5D956ABF" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956ABF" Ref="R76" Part="1" F 0 "R76" V 3193 4800 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 3284 4800 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3330 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3400 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3400 4800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3400 4800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3400 4800 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D956AC5 P 3550 4900 AR Path="/5D956AC5" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956AC5" Ref="C46" Part="1" F 0 "C46" H 3600 4850 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 3600 4750 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 3588 4750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 3550 4900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 3550 4900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 3550 4900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3550 4900 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D956ACB P 3550 5050 AR Path="/5D956ACB" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D956ACB" Ref="#PWR059" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR059" H 3550 4800 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3555 4877 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3550 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3550 5050 50 0001 C CNN 1 3550 5050 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 4800 3150 4800 Connection ~ 3250 4800 Wire Wire Line 3550 5050 3550 5000 Connection ~ 3550 4800 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D96E884 P 3250 6150 AR Path="/5D96E884" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E884" Ref="#PWR070" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR070" H 3250 5900 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3255 5977 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 6150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 6150 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 6150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 6150 3250 6100 Wire Wire Line 3250 6100 3150 6100 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D96E88C P 3250 5750 AR Path="/5D96E88C" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E88C" Ref="R84" Part="1" F 0 "R84" H 3200 5800 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 3200 5700 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3180 5750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3250 5750 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3250 5750 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3250 5750 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3250 5750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR067 U 1 1 5D96E892 P 3250 5600 F 0 "#PWR067" H 3250 5450 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 3265 5773 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3250 5600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3250 5600 50 0001 C CNN 1 3250 5600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D96E898 P 3400 5900 AR Path="/5D96E898" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E898" Ref="R85" Part="1" F 0 "R85" V 3193 5900 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 3284 5900 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 3330 5900 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 3400 5900 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 3400 5900 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 3400 5900 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3400 5900 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D96E89E P 3550 6000 AR Path="/5D96E89E" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E89E" Ref="C53" Part="1" F 0 "C53" H 3600 5950 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 3600 5850 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 3588 5850 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 3550 6000 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 3550 6000 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 3550 6000 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 3550 6000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D96E8A4 P 3550 6150 AR Path="/5D96E8A4" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E8A4" Ref="#PWR071" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR071" H 3550 5900 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 3555 5977 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 3550 6150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 3550 6150 50 0001 C CNN 1 3550 6150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U23 U 3 1 5D96E8AA P 10350 5350 F 0 "U23" H 10350 5667 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 10350 5576 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 10350 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 10350 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 10350 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 10350 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 3 10350 5350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U18 U 6 1 5D96E8B0 P 3850 1100 F 0 "U18" H 3950 1350 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 3950 1250 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 3850 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 3850 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 3850 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 3850 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 6 3850 1100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 3250 5900 3150 5900 Connection ~ 3250 5900 Wire Wire Line 3550 6150 3550 6100 Connection ~ 3550 5900 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D96E8BA P 7000 1350 AR Path="/5D96E8BA" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E8BA" Ref="#PWR011" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR011" H 7000 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 7005 1177 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 7000 1350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 7000 1350 50 0001 C CNN 1 7000 1350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 7000 1350 7000 1300 Wire Wire Line 7000 1300 6900 1300 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D96E8C2 P 7000 950 AR Path="/5D96E8C2" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E8C2" Ref="R32" Part="1" F 0 "R32" H 6950 1000 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 6950 900 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 6930 950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 7000 950 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 7000 950 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 7000 950 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7000 950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR08 U 1 1 5D96E8C8 P 7000 800 F 0 "#PWR08" H 7000 650 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 7015 973 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 7000 800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 7000 800 50 0001 C CNN 1 7000 800 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D96E8CE P 7150 1100 AR Path="/5D96E8CE" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E8CE" Ref="R34" Part="1" F 0 "R34" V 6943 1100 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 7034 1100 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 7080 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 7150 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 7150 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 7150 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7150 1100 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D96E8D4 P 7300 1200 AR Path="/5D96E8D4" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E8D4" Ref="C15" Part="1" F 0 "C15" H 7350 1150 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 7350 1050 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 7338 1050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 7300 1200 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 7300 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 7300 1200 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7300 1200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D96E8DA P 7300 1350 AR Path="/5D96E8DA" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D96E8DA" Ref="#PWR012" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR012" H 7300 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 7305 1177 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 7300 1350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 7300 1350 50 0001 C CNN 1 7300 1350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 7000 1100 6900 1100 Connection ~ 7000 1100 Wire Wire Line 7300 1350 7300 1300 Connection ~ 7300 1100 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3DF4 P 5650 2150 AR Path="/5D9C3DF4" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3DF4" Ref="R42" Part="1" F 0 "R42" V 5443 2150 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 2150 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 2150 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3DFA P 5650 2550 AR Path="/5D9C3DFA" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3DFA" Ref="R52" Part="1" F 0 "R52" V 5443 2550 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 2550 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 2550 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 2550 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 2550 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 2550 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 2550 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3E00 P 6050 2150 AR Path="/5D9C3E00" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E00" Ref="R43" Part="1" F 0 "R43" H 6000 2200 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 6000 2100 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5980 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6050 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6050 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6050 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6050 2150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3E06 P 6200 2150 AR Path="/5D9C3E06" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E06" Ref="R44" Part="1" F 0 "R44" H 6270 2196 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 6270 2105 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 6130 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6200 2150 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6200 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6200 2150 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6200 2150 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9C3E0C P 6250 2600 AR Path="/5D9C3E0C" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E0C" Ref="#PWR025" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR025" H 6250 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 6255 2427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 6250 2600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6250 2600 50 0001 C CNN 1 6250 2600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9C3E12 P 5500 2850 AR Path="/5D9C3E12" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E12" Ref="C24" Part="1" F 0 "C24" H 5615 2896 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5615 2805 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5538 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5500 2850 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5500 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5500 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5500 2850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9C3E18 P 5250 2850 AR Path="/5D9C3E18" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E18" Ref="C23" Part="1" F 0 "C23" H 5150 2900 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5150 2800 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5288 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5250 2850 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5250 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5250 2850 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5250 2850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 5500 2750 5500 2550 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9C3E1F P 5500 2950 AR Path="/5D9C3E1F" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E1F" Ref="#PWR031" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR031" H 5500 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 5505 2777 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 5500 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 5500 2950 50 0001 C CNN 1 5500 2950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9C3E25 P 5250 2950 AR Path="/5D9C3E25" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E25" Ref="#PWR030" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR030" H 5250 2700 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 5255 2777 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 5250 2950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 5250 2950 50 0001 C CNN 1 5250 2950 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR018 U 1 1 5D9C3E2B P 6050 2000 F 0 "#PWR018" H 6050 1850 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6065 2173 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 6050 2000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6050 2000 50 0001 C CNN 1 6050 2000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR019 U 1 1 5D9C3E31 P 6200 2000 F 0 "#PWR019" H 6200 1850 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6215 2173 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 6200 2000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6200 2000 50 0001 C CNN 1 6200 2000 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U20 U 1 1 5D9C3E37 P 7600 1100 F 0 "U20" H 7750 1350 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 7750 1250 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 7600 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 7600 1100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 7600 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 7600 1100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7600 1100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U19 U 2 1 5D9C3E3D P 1150 5000 F 0 "U19" H 1250 4750 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 4850 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 5000 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 5000 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 5000 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 5000 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 2 1150 5000 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U20 U 4 1 5D9C3E43 P 1150 6100 F 0 "U20" H 1250 5850 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 5950 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 6100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 6100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 6100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 6100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 4 1150 6100 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U20 U 5 1 5D9C3E49 P 1150 5700 F 0 "U20" H 1250 5450 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 1250 5550 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 1150 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 1150 5700 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 1150 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 1150 5700 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 5 1150 5700 -1 0 0 1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 6250 2600 6250 2450 Wire Wire Line 6250 2450 6300 2450 Wire Wire Line 6200 2300 6200 2550 Wire Wire Line 6200 2550 6300 2550 Wire Wire Line 5800 2350 5800 2150 Connection ~ 5500 2550 Wire Wire Line 5800 2550 6200 2550 Connection ~ 6200 2550 Wire Wire Line 5200 2550 5500 2550 Wire Wire Line 5200 2150 5250 2150 Wire Wire Line 5250 2750 5250 2150 Connection ~ 5250 2150 Wire Wire Line 5250 2150 5500 2150 Wire Wire Line 5800 2350 6050 2350 Wire Wire Line 6050 2300 6050 2350 Connection ~ 6050 2350 Wire Wire Line 6050 2350 6300 2350 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3E60 P 5650 3400 AR Path="/5D9C3E60" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E60" Ref="R57" Part="1" F 0 "R57" V 5443 3400 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 3400 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 3400 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3E66 P 5650 3800 AR Path="/5D9C3E66" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E66" Ref="R66" Part="1" F 0 "R66" V 5443 3800 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 3800 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 3800 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 3800 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 3800 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3E6C P 6050 3400 AR Path="/5D9C3E6C" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E6C" Ref="R58" Part="1" F 0 "R58" H 6000 3450 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 6000 3350 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5980 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6050 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6050 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6050 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6050 3400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9C3E72 P 6200 3400 AR Path="/5D9C3E72" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E72" Ref="R59" Part="1" F 0 "R59" H 6270 3446 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 6270 3355 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 6130 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6200 3400 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6200 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6200 3400 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6200 3400 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9C3E78 P 6250 3850 AR Path="/5D9C3E78" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E78" Ref="#PWR042" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR042" H 6250 3600 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 6255 3677 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 6250 3850 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6250 3850 50 0001 C CNN 1 6250 3850 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9C3E7E P 5500 4100 AR Path="/5D9C3E7E" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E7E" Ref="C44" Part="1" F 0 "C44" H 5615 4146 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5615 4055 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5538 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5500 4100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5500 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5500 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5500 4100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9C3E84 P 5250 4100 AR Path="/5D9C3E84" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E84" Ref="C43" Part="1" F 0 "C43" H 5150 4150 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5150 4050 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5288 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5250 4100 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5250 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5250 4100 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5250 4100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 5500 4000 5500 3800 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9C3E8B P 5500 4200 AR Path="/5D9C3E8B" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E8B" Ref="#PWR049" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR049" H 5500 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 5505 4027 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 5500 4200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 5500 4200 50 0001 C CNN 1 5500 4200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9C3E91 P 5250 4200 AR Path="/5D9C3E91" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9C3E91" Ref="#PWR048" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR048" H 5250 3950 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 5255 4027 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 5250 4200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 5250 4200 50 0001 C CNN 1 5250 4200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR035 U 1 1 5D9C3E97 P 6050 3250 F 0 "#PWR035" H 6050 3100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6065 3423 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 6050 3250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6050 3250 50 0001 C CNN 1 6050 3250 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR036 U 1 1 5D9C3E9D P 6200 3250 F 0 "#PWR036" H 6200 3100 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6215 3423 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 6200 3250 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6200 3250 50 0001 C CNN 1 6200 3250 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 6250 3850 6250 3700 Wire Wire Line 6250 3700 6300 3700 Wire Wire Line 6200 3550 6200 3800 Wire Wire Line 6200 3800 6300 3800 Wire Wire Line 5800 3600 5800 3400 Connection ~ 5500 3800 Wire Wire Line 5800 3800 6200 3800 Connection ~ 6200 3800 Wire Wire Line 5200 3800 5500 3800 Wire Wire Line 5200 3400 5250 3400 Wire Wire Line 5250 4000 5250 3400 Connection ~ 5250 3400 Wire Wire Line 5250 3400 5500 3400 Wire Wire Line 5800 3600 6050 3600 Wire Wire Line 6050 3550 6050 3600 Connection ~ 6050 3600 Wire Wire Line 6050 3600 6300 3600 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9DB602 P 5650 4650 AR Path="/5D9DB602" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB602" Ref="R72" Part="1" F 0 "R72" V 5443 4650 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 4650 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 4650 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9DB608 P 5650 5050 AR Path="/5D9DB608" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB608" Ref="R79" Part="1" F 0 "R79" V 5443 5050 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 5534 5050 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5580 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 5650 5050 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 5650 5050 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 5650 5050 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 5650 5050 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9DB60E P 6050 4650 AR Path="/5D9DB60E" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB60E" Ref="R73" Part="1" F 0 "R73" H 6000 4700 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 6000 4600 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 5980 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6050 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6050 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6050 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6050 4650 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5D9DB614 P 6200 4650 AR Path="/5D9DB614" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB614" Ref="R74" Part="1" F 0 "R74" H 6270 4696 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10k" H 6270 4605 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 6130 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 6200 4650 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 6200 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 6200 4650 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 6200 4650 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9DB61A P 6250 5100 AR Path="/5D9DB61A" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB61A" Ref="#PWR060" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR060" H 6250 4850 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 6255 4927 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 6250 5100 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6250 5100 50 0001 C CNN 1 6250 5100 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9DB620 P 5500 5350 AR Path="/5D9DB620" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB620" Ref="C51" Part="1" F 0 "C51" H 5615 5396 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5615 5305 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5538 5200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5500 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5500 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5500 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5500 5350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5D9DB626 P 5250 5350 AR Path="/5D9DB626" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB626" Ref="C50" Part="1" F 0 "C50" H 5150 5400 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10nF" H 5150 5300 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 5288 5200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 5250 5350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "CL21B103KCANNNC" H 5250 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" F 5 "Samsung" H 5250 5350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" 1 5250 5350 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 5500 5250 5500 5050 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9DB62D P 5500 5450 AR Path="/5D9DB62D" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB62D" Ref="#PWR064" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR064" H 5500 5200 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 5505 5277 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 5500 5450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 5500 5450 50 0001 C CNN 1 5500 5450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5D9DB633 P 5250 5450 AR Path="/5D9DB633" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5D9DB633" Ref="#PWR063" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR063" H 5250 5200 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 5255 5277 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 5250 5450 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 5250 5450 50 0001 C CNN 1 5250 5450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR053 U 1 1 5D9DB639 P 6050 4500 F 0 "#PWR053" H 6050 4350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6065 4673 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "" H 6050 4500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6050 4500 50 0001 C CNN 1 6050 4500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR054 U 1 1 5D9DB63F P 6200 4500 F 0 "#PWR054" H 6200 4350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 6215 4673 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "" H 6200 4500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 6200 4500 50 0001 C CNN 1 6200 4500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U22 U 1 1 5D9DB645 P 10350 1500 F 0 "U22" H 10450 1750 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 10450 1650 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 10350 1500 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 10350 1500 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 10350 1500 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 10350 1500 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 10350 1500 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L 74xx:74LV14 U22 U 2 1 5D9DB64B P 10350 2750 F 0 "U22" H 10450 3000 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "74LVC14" H 10450 2900 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "SOIC_BG:SOIC-14_3.9x8.7mm_P1.27mm" H 10350 2750 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/sn74LV14" H 10350 2750 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Texas Instruments" H 10350 2750 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "SN74LVC14ADR" H 10350 2750 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 2 10350 2750 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 6250 5100 6250 4950 Wire Wire Line 6250 4950 6300 4950 Wire Wire Line 6200 4800 6200 5050 Wire Wire Line 6200 5050 6300 5050 Wire Wire Line 5800 4850 5800 4650 Connection ~ 5500 5050 Wire Wire Line 5800 5050 6200 5050 Connection ~ 6200 5050 Wire Wire Line 5200 5050 5500 5050 Wire Wire Line 5200 4650 5250 4650 Wire Wire Line 5250 5250 5250 4650 Connection ~ 5250 4650 Wire Wire Line 5250 4650 5500 4650 Wire Wire Line 5800 4850 6050 4850 Wire Wire Line 6050 4800 6050 4850 Connection ~ 6050 4850 Wire Wire Line 6050 4850 6300 4850 $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5DA3D3DF P 7000 2600 AR Path="/5DA3D3DF" Ref="#PWR?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5DA3D3DF" Ref="#PWR026" Part="1" F 0 "#PWR026" H 7000 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "GND" H 7005 2427 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 7000 2600 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 7000 2600 50 0001 C CNN 1 7000 2600 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp Wire Wire Line 7000 2600 7000 2550 Wire Wire Line 7000 2550 6900 2550 $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5DA3D3E7 P 7000 2200 AR Path="/5DA3D3E7" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5DA3D3E7" Ref="R46" Part="1" F 0 "R46" H 6950 2250 50 0000 R CNN F 1 "10k" H 6950 2150 50 0000 R CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 6930 2200 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 7000 2200 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 7000 2200 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 7000 2200 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7000 2200 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:+3V3 #PWR021 U 1 1 5DA3D3ED P 7000 2050 F 0 "#PWR021" H 7000 1900 50 0001 C CNN F 1 "+3V3" H 7015 2223 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "" H 7000 2050 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "" H 7000 2050 50 0001 C CNN 1 7000 2050 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L Device:R R? U 1 1 5DA3D3F3 P 7150 2350 AR Path="/5DA3D3F3" Ref="R?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5DA3D3F3" Ref="R49" Part="1" F 0 "R49" V 6943 2350 50 0000 C CNN F 1 "10k" V 7034 2350 50 0000 C CNN F 2 "Resistor_BG:R_0805_2012Metric" V 7080 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://www.yageo.com/upload/media/product/productsearch/datasheet/rchip/PYu-RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_10.pdf" H 7150 2350 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Yageo" H 7150 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "RC0805FR-0710KL" H 7150 2350 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7150 2350 0 1 1 0 $EndComp $Comp L Device:C_Small C? U 1 1 5DA3D3F9 P 7300 2450 AR Path="/5DA3D3F9" Ref="C?" Part="1" AR Path="/5CFF3BEB/5DA3D3F9" Ref="C20" Part="1" F 0 "C20" H 7350 2400 50 0000 L CNN F 1 "100nF" H 7350 2300 50 0000 L CNN F 2 "Capacitor_BG:C_0805_2012Metric" H 7338 2300 50 0001 C CNN F 3 "https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Samsung%20PDFs/CL_Series_MLCC_ds.pdf" H 7300 2450 50 0001 C CNN F 4 "Samsung" H 7300 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MFR" F 5 "CL21B104KBCNFNC" H 7300 2450 50 0001 C CNN "MPN" 1 7300 2450 1 0 0 -1 $EndComp $Comp L power:GND #PWR? U 1 1 5DA3D3FF P 7300 2600 AR Path="/5DA3D3FF" Ref="#PWR?" 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| 42,662 |
sn86072160_1921-02-03_1_6_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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English
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PAGE SIX $500,000 HEART! BO ASKED OF! Kiooyow Helped Her to Get Divorce, Mrs. Richard Blum Declares in Suit Filed Against Wealthy New Yorker (By Associated Press) NEW YORK, Feb. 3. — Existence of a $500,000 suit in which Kingdon Gould, youngest son of George Jay Gould, is charged with breach of promise to marry Mrs. Richard Blum of Arkville, N. Y., was disclosed here In a report of supplementary proceedings begun Tuesday in the supreme court here. Mr. Gould appeared in court yesterday and denied statements made by Mrs. Blum who asserted he employed detectives to gather evidence on which she obtained a divorce in June, 1917. They proved that she had agreed, she said, to marry when she was free and were on friendly terms until his marriage to Miss Annunziata Lucci in July, 1917. She further charged that he offered $10,000 to settle the case after the suit was filed several months ago, and that she refused. The court directed both sides to submit all papers in the case next Saturday. WITHDRAWAL OF LIQUOR IS STOPPED (By Associated Press) WASHINGTON, D. C., Feb. 3.- Withdrawal of liquor from warehouses in every state in the union and in Porto Rico and Hawaii is prohibited under orders issued today from federal prohibition headquarters. The order is on extension of the instructions sent out last week placing a ban on withdrawals in seven states. In the order the exception of withdrawal All of the industrial alcohol, a reasonable amount of sacramental wines and five cases of whisky for retail dealers is made. WPIESfOIFIM MAI ARE MADE AVAILABLE The Wyoming Map and Blue Print company has just purchased a very valuable map from Washington and will soon be ready to supply copies of this sheet to its customers. This map is the old war department map of what was then termed the Military Map of the North Platte and it is the map that was used in the early days of this territory when the soldier was a needed safeguard of the citizens to protect them from the Indians. The map shows the Lander Indian reservation as the Snake reservation and it depicts all the mountain ranges and the old trails. It was brought up to date as late as the year 1874 by the engineering corps of the United States army and it was made about two feet by three feet so as to be handy for field use. The Union Pacific railroad is shown but none other. THE HOME LUNCH CAFE Now Under New Management Special service given Merchants’, Lunch. Our pastries and coffee cannot be excelled in Casper. Try us if you are particular about your meals. BASKETT BROTHERS. 114 West Second. Phone 5 NOTICE TO CREDITORS. Estate of George Ed Chadwick, Deceased. Notice is hereby given that letters of Administration with the Will annexed were on the 2nd day of February, A. D. 1921. granted to the undersigned in the above estate, and all persons having claims against the said estate are hereby required to exhibit them, with the necessary vouchers for allowance, to the undersigned C. H. Townsend, Administrator with the Will Annexed of said Estate, at his office in Mall. Your SQ KODAK FINISHING Quick Service Box 1076 Casper, Wyo. “If you want your tires to stay, Get them done the Western way.” Western Tire Exchange Vulcanizing and Repairing 510 West Yellowstone L. H. Holmes, Prop. SALES DEPARTMENT 11. E. Grade, Distributor 108 S. Center St. Phone 381 Z SERVICE STATION 118 S. Conwell St. Phone 1491 The City of Casper, County of Natrona, State of Wyoming, within six months after the date of said letters, or they may be precluded from any benefit from such estate, and if such claims be not exhibited within one year from the date of said letters, they will be forever barred. Dated February 3, A. D. 1921. C. H. TOWNSEND, Administrator with the Will Annexed of the Estate of George Ed Chadwick, Deceased. Publish Feb. 3, 10, 17, 24, 1921. BIDS WANTED. Notice is hereby given by the Board of Directors of School District No. 2, in the County of Natrona and State of Wyoming, that the Board will receive until 1 o’clock p.m. on February 5, 1921, at the office of the undersigned, Townsend Building, Casper, Wyoming, bids for the furnishing and installing of the electric fixtures for the Elk Street School, Casper, Wyoming, in accordance with the plans and specifications of Dubois & Goodrich, architects. The contract will be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder. Bidders, the Board reserving the right to reject any and all bids. By order of the Board of Directors, February 2, 1921. WILLIAM O. WILSON, Clerk. (W.0.W.) Publish Feb. 3, 1921. ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE. State of Wyoming, County of Natrona, In the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District. In the matter of the Estate of Albert G. Cheney, Deceased. The above entitled estate coming on for hearing on the petition of Sarah M. Cheney, Executrix under the last will and testament of the above named Albert G. Cheney, deceased, and it appearing to the Court and the Court that it is necessary and for the advantage of the said estate to raise money upon a certain note to the Wyoming National Bank of Casper, Wyoming, in the sum of $16,000, due six months after its date, with interest at the rate of 8% per annum, secured by mortgage on the real estate hereafter described, to pay debts, taxes, note and expenses of administration of said estate. It is therefore ordered that all persons interested in said estate, be and they hereby are required to appear before the said court or judge thereof at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, on February 21, 1921, at the courthouse in the City of Casper, Natrona County, State of Wyoming, then and there to show cause why the following described real estate, to-wit: NWKSEU; SEUSEU and SWKSEU of Section 31, Township 31 North, Range 79 West of the 6th P. M. SE14NEU SWV4NEU; NW.i SEU; NEUSW,4 and SWKSWK of Section 32, Township 31 North, Range 80 West of the 6th P. M. SE14NEU of Section 11, and the of Section 14, Township 30 North, Range 80 West of the 6th P. M. SE14NEU of Section 11, and the of Section 14, Township 30 North, Range 80 West of the 6th P. M. SE%SE4 and SWUSEU of Section 4, Township 30 North, Range 79 West of the 6th P. M. NW¼NE¼ and NW¼NW¼ of Section 21, Township 31 North, Range 80 West of 6th P. M. Or some part thereof, should not be mortgaged for the amount mentioned in said petition, to-wit; said $16,000, or such lesser amount as to the court or judge shall seem meet, and said Sarah M. Cheney, as Executrix under the last will and testament of the said Albert G. Cheney, deceased, Casper Auto Top Shop. Experienced workmanship guaranteed in all trimming and upholstering work. Cushions for different makes of cars on hand. Phone 749-J. 7th & Center Sts. DUPLEX GARAGE. Railroad and Walnut, west of Northwestern roundhouse. First-class auto repairing. Reasonable rates. All Work Guaranteed. Phone GlB-J. Hyland GEORGE COAL Baggage Moving Vans Phone 949-J & DELIVERY J. L. BIEDERMANN, Prop. IS IT YOUR MOVE? We are the expert movers of Casper. Furniture, Grand and Upright Piano Moving a specialty. Baggage, Light and Heavy Hauling. Promptness is our specialty and promptness is our boast. All Work Guaranteed. SEE BEN TRANSFER CO. Stanley Overbaugh, Prop. Phone 74J. be authorized, empowered and directed to execute and deliver the said note, and to execute, acknowledge and deliver the said mortgage; reference being made to the said petition filed this day and now on file in the above entitled estate for further particulars, and that this order be published for four successive weeks in The Casper. Per Daily Tribune, a newspaper of general circulation published in said National County, Wyoming. Done in open court this 18th day of January, A. D. 1921. C. O. BROWN, Judge. Publish Jan. 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10, 1921. NOTICE OF PUBLICATION. State of Wyoming) County of National In the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District in and for National County, Wyoming. PEARL CHENEY, Plaintiff, vs. ARTHUR CHENEY, Defendant. To Arthur Cheney, the above named defendant, whose place of residence is unknown: You will take notice that Pearl Cheney, plaintiff, has filed a petition against you in the above named court, the object and prayer of which is for an absolute divorce and custody of one minor child, upon the grounds that for a period of more than one year preceding the filing of said petition you have neglected to provide the common necessities of life to plaintiff. And you are further notified that you are required to answer said petition of plaintiff on or before the 12th day of February, 1921, or the allegations therein contained shall be taken as true and judgment rendered accordingly. Witness my hand and seal of said Court this 10th day of January, 1921. (Seal) HAZEL CONWELL, Clerk of the District Court. Publish Jan. 13, 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10, 1921. NOTICE OF SALE OF ESTRAY. The following animal to-wit: One iron gray mare, weight 1,000 pounds, age 7 years, unbroken, branded on left hip, was on January 17, taken up as an stray by L. E. Walden of Casper, State of Wyoming, under and by virtue of the provisions of Chapter 125, Session Laws, 1913. Unless claimed by legal owner, said animal will be sold at public sale on the 21st day of February, 1921, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, at the ranch of L. E. Walden. BOARD OF LIVE STOCK COMMISSIONERS Cheyenne, Wyoming. SIGNERS OF WYOMING, By M. E. Pickett, Secretary. Publish Jan. 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10, 1921 NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION OF TIME APPOINTED FOR APPOINTMENT OF EXECUTOR. State of Wyoming County of Natrona In District Court, Sixth Judicial District. In the Matter of the Estate of Hiram Lewis, Deceased. To all persons interested in said Estate: Notice is hereby given, that Frozen Sweets VICTORY Six-hole range with warming RANGE oven—good baker $67.50 Elaborate nickel six-hole O. V. B. range with warming oven— INGOT a range worth $145 —at only $110 SANICO Guaranteed for 25 years; easily kept clean, a good baker, ENAMELED and at our price a good RANGE buy $150 GLENWOOD For coal, wood or gas—a fuel COMBINATION saver and one of the best RANGES made, at $165 at $43.50 $69.50 105 S. Centennial Telephone Opp. Henning Lumber Co. 233 East Second Street Fish for Your Friday Dinner Halibut, the pound 35c Salmon, the pound 35c Bullheads, the pound 35c Catfish, the pound 35c Pickerel, the pound 35c Pike, the pound 35c Oysters, pint 50c Codfish, Mackeral, Finan Haddie, Kip-pered Salmon. Home-made Mince Meat, pint $0.40 We Buy the Best—Do You? Stop and Shop The Casper Dailer Cri&uiie Monday, the 21st day of February, 1921, at 10 o’clock a.m. of said day, at the court room of said court in the County of Natrona, Wyoming, has been appointed as the time and place for hearing the application of Irving Honnold, for the issuance to him of letters Testamentary, as Executor under, the last will and testament of said Hiram Lewis, deceased, when and where any person interested may appear, and contest the same, Cynthia Lewis, the original Executrix under said last will and testament having died. Dated this 18th day of January, 1921. HAZEL CONWELL, Clerk. Publish Jan. 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10, 1923. NOTICE OF FINAL SETTLEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF ESTATE. State of Wyoming County of Natrona In the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District. In the Matter of the Estate of Nettie Haupt, deceased. Notice is hereby given to all creditors and others interested in the above entitled estate that the undersigned Administrator of the estate of Nettie Haupt, deceased, has filed his final account and petition for distribution of said estate, and the establishment of heirship therein, with the Clerk of the District Court of Natrona County, State of Wyoming, where any one interested may examine said account and petition, and file objections thereto, at any time within thirty (30) days after the last publication of this notice, said last date of publication being the 24th day of February, A. D. 1921, and if no objections are filed, he will make final settlement of said estate at 9 o'clock in the forenoon on the 28th day of March, A. D. 1921, or as soon thereafter as the matter may be heard. Dated this 27th day of January, A. D. 1921. RUFUS TROUT, Administrator. GEO. W. FERGUSON, Attorney for Estate- Publish Jan. 27, Feb. 3, 10, 17, 21, 1921. NOTICE FOR PUBLICATION. In the District Court, Sixth Judicial District. State of Wyoming County of Natrona The Nicolaysten Lumber Company, a Wyoming corporation, Plaintiff, vs. Nicholas De Vito, Stanley Monti and Philip Monti, partners doing business under the firm name. COAL N. & A. Coal Co. Phone 1400 Style and description of De Vito. Monti Bros. & Co., Defendants. To the above named defendants. Nicholas De Vito, Stanley Monti, and Philip Monti, partners doing business under the firm name, style and description of De Vito, Monti Bros. & Co., whose last known place of residence and address was 303-305 Stevens Building, Detroit, Michigan, and whose present address and residence are unknown: You are hereby notified that you have been sued in the above named court by the above named plaintiff, The Nicolaysen Lumber Company, and that your property situated in this county has been attached to secure the satisfaction of the judgment to be obtained in said action, and that the object and prayer of the petition in said action is to obtain a judgment against you for the recovery of money only in the sum of $307.12 with interest at 895 per annum from December 14, 1919, until paid; together with costs of suit on an account for goods, wares and merchandise, lumber and other building materials furnished, sold and delivered, and money advanced for freight by the said plaintiff to the said defendants, at the special instance and request of the said defendants, the first item of which was so furnished on September 22, 1919, and the last item of which was so furnished on November 13, 1919, and that the further object and prayer of the said petition in said action is to obtain a further judgment against you in the sum of $1,444.90, principal, together with interest thereon at the rate of 8% per annum, from August 31, 1920, until paid, together with costs of suit on an account for balance due on salary for Labor and services performed by Frank G. Pierce for said defendants at the special instance and re- ATTENTION GAS CONSUMERS All Gas Bills are due and payable on the First of Each Month and must be paid on or before the 10th. Office open until 8:00 PM. Please bring your Gas Card with you. Gas Department 114 South Wolcott Phone 1501 New York Oil Co. ANYTHING WORTH WHILE REQUIRES AN EFFORT. Your widow and children will collect only those policies you had in force at death. Capitol Life McGrew Phone 153 Spring Time Will Soon Be Here and Now It’s Paint Time Have that car painted now, all ready for Spring and Summer use. How About a New Top? It certainly does add to the life and looks of your car. COLISEUM MOTOR CO. Fifth and Wolcott Phone 724 DODGE BROTHERS MOTOR CARS quest of the defendants, and also for moneys advanced by said Frank G. Pierce, for labor and automobile hire and provisions, for said defendants, all at the special instance and request of the defendant, which said account due said Frank G. Pierce, together with the whole amount due thereon from said defendants, is now due and owing to said plaintiff, by virtue of an assignment thereof from said Frank G. Pierce to said plaintiff, and you are each hereby notified that you are each required to answer said petition on or before the 26th day of March, A. D. 1921, or said petition will be taken as true and judgment rendered accordingly. HAZEL CONWELL. Clerk of the District Court. WILLIAM O. WILSON, Attorney for Plaintiff. Publish Jan. 27, Feb. 3, 10, 17, 21, March 3, 10. TION FOR ADMISSION OF FOREIGN PROBATE PROCEEDINGS. State of Wyoming ) County of Natrona ) In District Court, Sixth Judicial District. In the matter of the Estate of John Cosgrove, Deceased. Notice is hereby given that P. J. O’Connor of the City of Casper, in the County of Natrona, State of Wyoming, has this day filed a petition under oath, showing the facts in the case, in the above entitled court, praying that the probate proceedings in the County Court of Douglas County, State of Nebraska, on the said estate of John Cosgrove, deceased, be admitted in this state as a probate of said estate, and that it is the intention of said petitioner to have said probate proceedings so admitted, and that a hearing on said petition by virtue of an order entered herein the date hereof will be had on the 21st day of February, A. D. 1921, at 10 a. m. at the courthouse in the City of Casper, Natrona County, State of Wyoming, at which time any creditor or other person interested in said estate, may appear and object to said proceedings and show that the said decedent is indebted to him, his claim not having been presented in the original state of Nebraska, and if no such objection is made the Judge shall make an order admitting the certified copies of said proceedings in said estate on file in the above entitled district Court to record in this court, and they shall be considered and treated from that time as original proceedings in this court, and shall be conclusive evidence of the facts therein shown. Dated this 18th day of January, A. D. 1921. C. O. BROWN, Judge. Publish Jan. 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10, 1321. (WOW), Business and Professional Directory ACCOUNTANTS J. A. Public Accountant and Auditor All kinds of Books opened and closed and kept. Authority on Income Tax matters. All business coming through my office kept strictly confidential. I*s W. SECOND. PHONE 1268. GUARANTEE REGISTRY CORPORATION Auditors and Accountants Stock Registrar and Transfer Agents. Phone 660 208-11 Oil Exchange Bldg. AUDITORS REIMERTH & VAN DENBERG Public Accountants Income Tax Service 4th Floor O-S Bldg. Tel 767 J. SPEARS & CHAPMAN Auditors and Accountants INCOME TAX AUTHORITY 818^19 Oil Exchange Bldg. ARCHITECTS DUBOIS A GOODRICH Architects Rooms 24-25 Townsend Block Casper, Wyo. Phone 440. GARBUTT, WEIDNER & SWEENEY Architects 415 Oil Exchange Bldg. Phone 1162 BAGGAGE and TRANSFER SEARLES TRANSFER AND STORAGE Office—Tait’s Billiard Hall Phones: Res. 87-W, Office 104 MOVING A SPECIALTY BEAUTY SHOPS IDEAL BEAUTY SHOP Balcony Smith-Turner Drug Store. Satisfaction Guaranteed. CEMENT BRICK FREE BRICK AND TILE CO. Mantle Brick, 510 to $45 per M. Common Brick, $23 per M. Delivered Phone 968-W CHIROPODISTS PEARL WALKER Scientific Chiropodist Balcony Smith-Turner Drug Store Office Hours —9 to 12 a. m., 1 to 6 p. m. PHONE 1550. CHIROPODISTS DR. J. H. JEFFREY DR. AN NA GRAHAM JEFFREY Chiropractors Lyric Theater Bldg., Center St. Office Phone 706, Res. 92. DR. B. G. HAHN DR. EDNA HAHN Chiropractors Suite 2, Townsend Block Phones: Office 423, Res. 1235. DR. M. HARNED Chiropractor 162 N. Kimball St. Phone 1457 EV AH M. HOC SER P. S. C. Graduate Will make house calls or call at 214 E. Fifth. Phone 1528 J. CLEANERS and PRESSERS THE SERVICE CLEANERS Horsch & Nygaard Cleaning, Pressing, Remodeling “THE POINT” Center, Fifth and Railroad Sts. “Service” Our Motto. Phone 56. CONSULTING ENGINEER “SPIRAL MUSHROOM SYSTEM” (Patented) Reinforced Concrete Designs and Reinforcing Steel WALTER H. WHEELER Met. Life Bldg. Minneapolis Minn. DENTISTS DR. E. L. NEWELL AND ER Dentist 112 East Second Street Suite No. 4. Phone 1195 R. Over White’s Grocery DR. J. J. DONOVAN New Location Over White’s Grocery Suite 5 112 E. Second. Phone 66. TAXIDERMISTS PICNEER ROBE & TANNING CO. We can all kinds of Skins; manufacture Fur Coats, Robes and Ladies' Tailored in all its branches. Our work is Paper Makers, Beaver Skins tanned and plucked when lawfully tagged. Write for prices. Phone 787 W. 333 S. ELM ST. CASPER, WYO. THURSDAY, FEB. 3, 1921 CLARK MAKES BIG GIFT WASHINGTON, Feb. 3.—A gift of $100,000 to the Corcoran Art Gallery by Former Senator William A. Clark of Montana, was announced today by the board of trustees. Through the income derived from it, the gift will perpetuate the “William A. Clark prices” hereafter given by him. Try Tribune want ads for results. CLASSIFIED FOR RENT—MISCELLANEOUS FOR RENT—Storage room, 522 Park Ave., phone 760 R. 2-3-lt* FOR SALE OR TRADE FOR TRADE—160 acres Alberta wheat land for Casper property, S. S. Piper, general delivery, Casper, Wyoming. 2-l-4t* DOCTORS DR. F. S. LUCKEY Physician and Surgeon Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. Office: Smith & Turner Drug Store Building. Phones: Office 595, Residence 333 R. DR. L. C. SMITH Over Golden Rule Store Special Attention Given to Surgery, Diseases of Women and Children and Obstetrics. Phones: Res. 1551 J, Office 21W. DR. J. C. KAMP Physician and Surgeon Office: Suite 4, Smith Bldg. Phones: Office 130. Res. 85. DR. MYERS Physician and Surgeon Special Attention Given to Diseases of Women and Children. Suite 200, 201, O.-S. Bldg. Phones: Office 699, Res. 764. DR. T. J. RIACH Physician and Surgeon Office: Room 4, Wood Bldg. Phones: Office 743, Res. 1222. MARSHALL C. KEITH, M. D. Physician and Surgeon Special Attention Given to Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. Blackmore Bldg. Phones: Office 30. Reg. 164. HAT CLEANERS NEW YORK HAT CLEANING WORKS We clean and reblock all kinds of Hats, Panamas, Soft, Felt and Stiff Hats for Ladies and Gentlemen. New trimmings; all work guaranteed. We call for and deliver. Shoe shining parlor in connection. Phone 1319-W 123 S. Center. Casper, Wyo. Lawyers GEORGE A. WEEDELL Attorney-at-Law Associated with Durham & Lowey, Attorneys-at-Law Phone 794 301-2 Oil Exchange Casper, Wyo. WILLIAM O. WILSON Attorney-at-Law Suites 14-15-16, Townsend Block - Casper, Wyo. MICHAEL W. PURCELL Attorney-at-Law Suite 316 Oil Exchange Bldg. - lon _ e 86 Casper, Wyo. HAGENS & MURANE Lawyers 206-207 Oil Exchange Bldg. Casper, Wyo. NICHOLS & STIRRETT Lawyers 309-10-11 Oil Exchange Bldg. GEORGE W. FERGUSON Rooms 22-23, Townsend Bldg. Attorney-at-Law Phone 196-J Casper, Wyo. MUSICIANS PROF. K. AVERILL Instruction In Violin Hours: 1 P. M. to 4 P. M. MORRERY APTS. NO. WAITZ BL'CHER (Organist, Hl. Mark's! INSTRUCTION IN PIANO, ORGAN. THEORY OF MCBIO Phone 4'IW o r up RADIATOR REPAIRING CASPER AUTO RADIATOR WORKS Repairing and Recoring Expert Workmen Estimates Cheerfully Given. . *34 W. Yellowstone SHOE SHINING PARLORS IV E^ls, A. N ® H,N,N G PARLOR Wo Solicit Your Shoe Shining Patronage Brother-in-Law Shoe Polish (Whittemore s) used. We do not launder your shoes for XIBBY O-S ni'ILDING STENOGRAPHERS Beatrice L. Jones ~ n Public Stenographer Mimeograph Work a Specialty Stenographers furnished by the day, NEW TRIBUNE BLILTING— ACROSS FROM p, o. Phone 1204 tailors O. H. WHALEY Ladies' and Gent's Tailoring Cleaning, Pressing, Repairing and Alterations. Our tailor-made suits as cheap as ready-made. 116 E. Midwest Ave.—Phone 482-J.
| 50,519 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20Spirit
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Tiger Spirit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger Spirit&action=history
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English
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Spoken
| 213 | 290 |
Tiger Spirit is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Min Sook Lee and released in 2008. Inspired in part by Lee's efforts to learn more about her own family background after it was fractured by the division of Korea, the film explores the complicated prospects for Korean reunification through various angles, including North Korea's 2000s lottery system that allowed some South Korean residents to visit North Korean relatives, and the efforts of South Korean journalist Lim Sun Nam to find proof of his beliefs that the Siberian tiger is not actually extinct in Korea, and that the Korean people will be healed and reunited after he finds one.
The film premiered at the 2008 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. It was screened at various documentary film festivals in 2008, and was commercially distributed as a television broadcast, airing January 26, 2009 on History.
The film won the Donald Brittain Award for Best Social or Political Documentary at the 24th Gemini Awards in 2009.
References
External links
2008 films
2008 documentary films
Canadian documentary films
Documentary films about North Korea
Documentary films about South Korea
Donald Brittain Award winning shows
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
Films directed by Min Sook Lee
Asian-Canadian cinema
English-language Canadian films
| 35,979 |
https://github.com/a-pollo/dbt-hive/blob/master/dbt/adapters/hive/__init__.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
dbt-hive
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a-pollo
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Python
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Code
| 26 | 114 |
from dbt.adapters.hive.connections import HiveConnectionManager
from dbt.adapters.hive.connections import HiveCredentials
from dbt.adapters.hive.impl import HiveAdapter
from dbt.adapters.base import AdapterPlugin
from dbt.include import hive
Plugin = AdapterPlugin(
adapter=HiveAdapter,
credentials=HiveCredentials,
include_path=hive.PACKAGE_PATH)
| 40,208 |
cu31924077101735_13
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,881 |
History of Crawford County and Ohio : containing a history of the State of Ohio, from its earliest settlement to the present time ... a history of Crawford County ...
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,024 | 9,388 |
SETTLEMENTS increased so rapidly in that part of the Northwest Territory included in Ohio, during the decade from 1788 to 1798, despite the Indian war, that the demand for an election of a Territorial Assembly could not be ignored by Gov. St. Clair, who, having ascertained that 5,000 free males resided within the limits of the Territory, issued his proclamation October 29, 1798, directing the electors to elect representatives to a General Assembly. He ordered the election his home with them. He was most active in the war of 1812 against the Americans, and from the time he began his worlc to unite the tribes, his history is so closely identified therewith that the reader is referred to the history of that war in succeeding pages. It may notbe amiss to say that all stories regarding the manner of his death are considered erroneous. He was undoubtedly killed in the outset of the battle of the Thames in Canada in 1814, and his body secretly buried by the Indians. to be held on the third Monday in December, and directed the representatives to meet in Cincinnati January 22, 1799. On the day designated, the representatives * assembled at Cincinnati, nominated ten persons, whose names were sent to the President, who selected five to constitute the Legislative Council, ♦Those elected were: from Washington County, Return Jona- than Meigs and Paul Fearing; from Hamilton County, William Goforth, William McMillan, John Smith, John Ludlow, Robert Benham, Aaron Caldwell and Isaac Martin; from St. Clair County (Illinois), Shadrach Bond; from Knox County (Indiana), John Small; from Randolph County (Illinois), John Edgar; from Wayne Clounty, Solomon Sibley, Jacob Visgar and Charles F. ( habert de Joncaire; from Adam's County, Joseph Darlington and Nathaniel Massie; fromJefferson Co'.nty, James Pritclianl; from Uoss County, Thomas Worthington, Elias Langhain, Samuel Findley and Edward TiSQn. The five gentlemen, except Vanderburgh, chosen as the Upper House were all from counties afterward included in Ohio. 1>L 132 HISTOEY OF OHIO. or Upper House. These five were Jacob Burnet, James Findley, Henry Vanderburgh, Kobert Oliver and David Vance. On the 3d of March, the Senate confirmed their nomination, and the Territorial Government of Ohio* — or, more prop- erly, the Northwest — was complete. As this comprised the essential business of this body, it was prorogued by the Governor, and the Assembly directed to meet at the same place September 16, 1799, and proceed to the enactment of laws for the Territory. That day, the Territorial Legislature met again at Cincinnati, but, for want of a quorum, did not organize until the 24th. The House consisted of nineteen members, seven of whom were from Ham- ilton County, four from Ross, three from Wayne, two from Adams, one from Jefferson, one from Washington and one from Knox. Assembling both branches of the Legislature, Gov. St. Clair addressed them, recommending such measures to their consideration as, in his judgment, were suited to the condition of the country. The Council then organized, electing Henry Vanderburgh, Presi- dent; William C. Schenck, Secretary; George Howard, Doorkeeper, and Abraham Carey, Ser- geant-at-aims. The House also organized, electing Edward Tif- fin, Speaker ; John Reilly, Clerk ; Joshua Row- land, Doorkeeper, and Abraham Carey, Sergean1> at-arms. This was the first legislature elected in the old Northwestern Territory. During its first session, it passed thirty bills, of which the Governor vetoed eleven. They also elected William Henry Harri- son, then Secretary of the Territory, delegate to Congress. The Legislature continued in session till December 1 9, having much to do in forming new laws, when they were prorogued by the Gov- ernor, until the first Monday in November, 1800. The second session was held in Chillicothe, which had been designated as the seat of government by Congress, until a permanent capital should be selected. May 7, 1800, Congress passed an act establish- ing Indiana Territory, including all the country west of the Great Miami River to the Mississippi, and appointed William Henry Harrison its Gov- ernor. At the autumn session of the Legislature * Ohio never existed as a Territory proper. It was known, both before and after the division of the Northwest Territory, as the "Territory northwest of the Ohio River." Still, as the country comprised in its limits was the principal theater of action, the short rfsume given here is made necessary in the logical course of events. Ohio, as Ohio, never existed until the creation of the State in March, 1803. of the eastern, or old part of the Territory, Will- iam McMillan was elected to the vacancy caused by this act. By the organization of this Territory, the counties of Knox, St. Clair and Randolph, were taken out of the jurisdiction of the old Ter- ritory, and with them the representatives, Henry Vandenburgh, Shadrach Bond, John Small and John Edgar. Before the time for the next Assembly came, a new election had occurred, and a few changes were the result. Robert Oliver, of Marietta, was cho- sen Speaker in the place of Henry Vanderburgh. There was considerable business at this session ; several new counties were to be erected ; the coun- try was rapidly filling with people, and where the scruples of the Governor could be overcome, some organization was made. He was very tenacious of his power, and arbitrary in his rulings, affirming that he, alone, had the power to create new coun- ties. This dogmatic exercise of his veto power, his rights as ruler, and his defeat by the Indians, all tended against him, resulting in his displace- ment by the President. This was done, however, just at the time the Territory came from the second grade of government, and the State was created. The third session of the Territorial Legislature continued from November 24, 1801, to January 23, 1802, when it adjourned to meet in Cincin- nati, the fourth Monday in November, but owing to reasons made obvious by subsequent events, was never held, and the third session marks the decline of the Territorial government. April 30, 1802, Congress passed an act "to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of such States into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, and for other purposes." In pursuance of this act, an election had been held in this part of the Territory, and members of a constitutional convention cho- sen, who were to meet at Chillicothe, November 1, to perform the duty assigned them. The people throughout the country contemplat- ed in the new State were anxious for the adoption of a State government. The arbitrary acts of the Territorial Governor had heightened this feeling ; the census of the Territory gave it the lawful number of inhabitants, and nothing stood in its way. The convention met the day designated and proceeded at once to its duties. When the time arrived for the opening of the Fourth Territorial rf t^ HISTORY OF OHIO. 133 Legislature, the convention was in session and had evidently about completed its labors. The mem- bers of the Legislature (eight of whom were mem- bers of the convention) seeing that a speedy termination of the Territorial government was inev- itable, wisely concluded it was inexpedient and unnecessary to hold the proposed session. The convention concluded its labors the 29th of November. The Constitution adopted at that time, though rather crude in some of its details, was an excellent organic instrument, and remained almost entire until 1851, when the present one was adopted. Either is too long for insertion here, but either will well pay a perusal. The one adopted by the convention in 1802 was never submitted to the people, owing to the circumstances of the times ; but it was submitted to Congress February 19, 1803, and by that body accepted, and an act passed admitting Ohio to the Union. The Territorial government ended March 3, 1803, by the organization, that day, of the State government, which organization defined the pres- ent limits of the State. " We, the people of the Eastern Division of the Ter- ritory 01 the United States, Northwest of the River Ohio, having the right of admission into the General Government as a member of the Union, consistent with the Constitution of the United States, the Ordinance of Congress of one thousand seven hundred and eighty- seven, and of the law of Congress, entitled ' An act to enable the people of the Eastern Division of the Terri- tory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio, to form a Constitution and a State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States, and for other purpo- ses ;' in order to establish justice, promote the well- fare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish the follow- ing Constitution or form of government; and do mu- tually agree with each other to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the name of the State of Ohio."* — Preamble, Constitution of 180S. When the convention forming the Constitution, completed its labors and presented the results to Congress, and that body passed the act forming * The name of the State is derived from the river forming its southern boundai-y. Its origin is somewhat obscure, I'ut is cona- monly ascribed to the Indians. On this point, Col. Johnston says: "The Sliawanoese called the Ohio River 'ifi«-fce-;)i-^, Sf^f, i. e., 'E<igle Biver.^ The Wyantiots were in the country generations before the Shawanoesp, and, consequently, their name of the river is the prim- itive one and should stand in preference to all others. Ohio may be called an improvement on the expression, *0-ftc-3«ft,' and was, no doubt, adopted by the early French voyagers in their boat-songs, and is substantially the same wort as used by the Wyandots : the meaning applied by the French, fair and beautiful ^ Iti belle rivery being the same precisely as that meant by the Indians — 'great, grand and fair to look upon.* " — Howe^s CoUectione. Webster's Dictionary gives the word as of Indian origin, and ita meaning to be, " Beautiful." the State, the territory included therein was di- vided into nine counties, whose names and dates of erection were as follows: Washington, July 27, 1788; Hamilton, Janu- ary 2, 1790; (owing to the Indian war no other counties were erected till peace was restored); Ad- ams, July 10, 1797; JefiFerson, July 29, 1797; Koss, August 20, 1798; Clermont, Fairfield and Trumbull, December 9, 1800; Belmont, Septem- ber 7, 1801. These counties were the thickest- settled part of the State, yet many other localities needed organization and were clamoring for it, but owing to St. Clair's views, he refused to grant their requests. One of the first acts on the as- sembling of the State Legislature, March 1, 1803, was the creation of seven new counties, viz., Gal- Ua, Scioto, Geauga, Butler, Warren, Greene and Montgomery. Section Sixth of the "Schedule" of the Consti- tution required an election for the various officers and Representatives necessary under the new gov- ernment, to be held the second Tuesday of Janu- ary, 1803, these officers to take their seats and as- sume their duties March 3. The Second Article provided for the regular elections, to be held on the second Tuesday of October, in each year. The Governor elected at first was to hold his office until the first regular election could be held, and thereafter to continue in office two years. The January elections placed Edward Tiffin in the Governor's office, sent Jeremiah Morrow to Congress, and chose an Assembly, who met on the day designated, at Chillicothe. Michael Baldwin was chosen Speaker of the House, and Nathaniel Massie, of the Senate. The Assembly appointed William Creighton, Jr., Secretary of State ; Col. Thomas Gibson, Auditor ; William McFarland, Treasurer; Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Hun- tington and William Sprigg, Judges of the Su- preme Court; Francis Dunlevy, Wyllys Silliman and Calvin Pease, President Judges of the First, Second and Third Districts, and Thomas Worth- ington and John Smith, United States Senators. Charles Willing Byrd was made the United States District Judge. The act of Congress forming the State, con- tained certain requisitions regarding public schools, the " salt springs," public lands, taxation of Gov- ernment lands, Symmes' purchase, etc., which the constitutional convention agreed to with a few minor considerations. These Congress accepted, and passed the act in accordance thereto. The First General Assembly found abundance of work ) V 134 HISTOKY OF OHIO. to do regarding these various items, and, at once, set themselves to the task. Laws were passed re- garding all these ; new counties created ; officers appointed for the same, until they could he elected, and courts and machinery of government put in motion. President Judges and lawyers traveled their circuits holding courts, often in the open air or in a log shanty ; a constable doing duty as guard over a jury, probably seated on a log under a tree, or in the bushes. The President Judge in- structed the officers of new counties in their duties, and though the whole keeping of matters accorded with the times, an honest feeling generally pre- vailed, inducing each one to perform his part as effectually as his knowledge permitted. The State continually filled with people. New towns arose all over the country. Excepting the occasional sicknesses caused by the new climate and fresh soil, the general health of the people im- proved as time went on. They were fully in ac- cord with the President, Jefferson, and carefully nurtured those principles of personal liberty en- grafted in the fundamental law of 1Y87, and later, in the Constitution of the State. Little if any change occurred in the natural course of events, following the change of govern- ment until Burr's expedition and plan of secession in 1805 and 1806 appeared. What his plans were, have never been definitely ascertained. His action related more to the General Government, yet Ohio was called upon to aid in putting down his insurrection — for such it was thought to be — and defeated his purposes, whatever they were. His plans ended only in ignominious defeat ; the breaking-up of one of the finest homes in the Western country, and the expulsion of himself and all those who were actively engaged in his scheme, whatever its imports were. Again, for a period of four or five years, no exciting events occurred. Settlements continued ; mills and factories increased ; towns and cities grew ; counties were created ; trade enlarged, and naught save the common course of events trans- pired to mark the course of time. Other States were made from the old Northwest Territory, all parts of which were rapidly being occupied by settlers. The danger from Indian hostilities was little, and the adventurous whites were rapidly occupying their country. One thing, however, was yet a continual source of annoyance to the Americans, viz., the British interference with the Indians. Their traders did not scruple, nor fail on every opportunity, to aid these sons of the forest with arms and ammunition as occasion offered, endeavoring to stir them up against the Americans, until events here and on the high seas culminated in a declaration of hostilities, and the war of 1812 was the result. The deluded red men found then, as they found in 1795, that they were made tools by a stronger power, and dropped when the time came that they were no longer needed. Before the opening of hostilities occurred, how- ever, a series of acts passed the General Assembly, causing considerable excitement. These were the famous " Sweeping Resolutions," passed in 1810. For a few years prior to their passage, considera^ ble discontent prevailed among many of the legis- lators regarding the rulings of the courts, and by many of these embryo law-makers, the legislative power was considered omnipotent. They could change existing laws and contracts did they desire to, thought many of them, even if such acts con- flicted with the State and National Constitutions. The " Sweeping Resolutions " were brought about mainly by the action of the judges in declaring that justices of the peace could, in the collection of debts, hold jurisdiction in amounts not exceed- ing fifty dollars without the aid of a jury. The Constitution of the United States gave the jury control in all such cases where the amount did not exceed twenty dollars. There was a direct con- tradiction against the organic law of the land — ^to which every other law and act is subversive, and when the judges declared the legislative act uncon- stitutional and hence null and void, the Legisla^ ture became suddenly inflamed at their independ- ence, and proceeded at once to punish the admin- istrators of justice. The legislature was one of the worst that ever controlled the State, and was composed of many men who were not only igno- rant of common law, the necessities of a State, and the dignity and true import of their office, but were demagogues in every respect. Having the power to impeach officers, that body at once did so, having enough to carry a two-thirds majority, and removed several judges. Further maturing their plans, the " Sweepers," as they were known, construed the law appointing certain judges and civil officers for seven years, to mean seven years from the organization of the State, whether they had been officers that length of time or not. All officers, whether of new or old counties, were con- strued as included in the axit, and, utterly ignoring the Constitution, an act was passed in January, 1810, removing every civil officer in the State. ^^ .i '-^ HISTORY OF OHIO. 125 February 10, they proceeded to fill all these va- cant offices, from State officers down to the lowest county office, either by appointment or by ordering an election in the manner prescribed by law. The Constitution provided that the office of judges should continue for seven years, evidently seven years from the time they were elected, and not from the date of the admission of the State, which latter construction this headlong Legisla- ture had construed as the meaning. Many of the counties had been organized but a year or two, others three or four years ; hence an indescribable confusion arose as soon as the new set of officers were appointed or elected. The new order of things could not be made to work, and finally, so utterly impossible did the injustice of the proceed- ings become, that it was dropped. The decisions of the courts were upheld, and the invidious doc- trine of supremacy in State legislation received such a check that it is not likely ever to be repeated. Another act of the Assembly, during this pe- riod, shows its construction. Congress had granted a township of land for the use of a university, and located the township in Symmes' purchase. This Assembly located the university on land outside of this purchase, ignoring the act of Congress, as they had done before, showing not only ignorance of the true scope of law, but a lack of respect un- becoming such bodies. The seat of government was also moved from Chillicothe to Zanesville, which vainly hoped to be made the permanent State capital, but the next session it was again taken to Chillicothe, and com- missioners appointed to locate a permanent capital site. These commissioners were James Findley, Jo- seph Darlington, Wyllys Silliman, Reason Beall, and William McFarland. It is stated that they reported at first in favor of Dublin, a small town on the Scioto about fourteen miles above Colum- bus. At the session of 1812-13, the Assembly accepted the proposals of Col. James Johnston, Alexander McLaughlin, John Kerr, and Lyne Starling, who owned the site of Columbus. The Assembly also decreed that the temporary seat of government should remain at Chillicothe until the buildings necessary for the State officers should be erected, when it would be taken there, forever to remain. This was done in 1816, in December of that year the first meeting of the Assembly being held there. The site selected for the capital was on the east bank of the Scioto, about a mile below its junction with the Olentangy. Wide streets were laid out, and preparations for a city made. The expecta- tions of the founders have been, in this respect, re- alized. The town was laid out in the spring of 1812, under the direction of Moses Wright. A short time after, the contract for making it the capital was signed. June 18, the same day war was declared against Great Britain, the sale of lots took place. Among the early settlers were George McCor- mick, George B. Harvey, John Shields, Michael Patton, Alexander Patton, William Altman, John CoUett, William McElvain, Daniel Kooser, Peter Putnam, Jacob Hare, Christian Heyl, Jarvis, George and Benjamin Pike, William Long, and Dr. John M. Edminson. In 1814, a house of worship was built, a school opened, a newspaper — The Western Intelligencer and Columbus Gazette, now the Ohio State Journal — ^was started, and the old State House erected. In 1816, the "Borough of Columbus" was incorporated, and a mail route once a week between Chillicothe and Columbus started. In 1819, the old United States Court House was erected, and the seat of justice removed from Franklinton to Columbus. Until 1826, times were exceedingly " slow " in the new capital, and but lit- tle growth experienced. The improvement period revived the capital, and enlivened its trade and growth so that in 1834, a city charter was granted. The city is now about third in size in the State, and contains many of the most prominent public institutions. The present capitol building, one of the best in the West, is patterned somewhat after the national Capitol at Washington City. From the close of the agitation of the " Sweeping Eesolutions," until the opening of the war of 1812, but a short time elapsed. In fact, scarcely had one subsided, ere the other was upon the country. Though the war was national, its theater of opera- tions was partly in Ohio, that State taking an act- ive part in its operations. Indeed, its Uberty depended on the war. «^ a 126 HISTOBY OF OHIO. LIST OP TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNORS, From the organisation of the first civil government in the Northwest Territory (1788 to \%0T), of which the State of Ohio was apart, until the year 1880. (a) Arthur St. Clair *Cliarles Willing Byrd (b\ Edward Tiffin (c) fThomas Kirker Samuel Huntington (rf) Return Jonathan Meigs.. fOtliniel Looker Thomas 'Worthington (e) Ethan Allen Brown fAUen Trimble Jeremiah Morrow Allen Trimble Duncan McArthur Robert Lucas Joseph Vance Wilson Shannon Thomas Corwin (/) Wilson Shannon JThomas W. Bartley Mordecai Bartley William Bebb ig) Seabury Ford (A) Reuben Wood (y)1[ William Medill Salmon P. Chase William Dennison David Tod (k) John Brough JCharles Anderson Jacob D. Cox Rutherford B. Hayes Edward F. Noyes William Allen H) Rutherford B. Hayes (m) Thomas L. Young Richard M. Bishop Charles Foster COUNTY. Term Commenced. Hamilton...., Ross Adams Trumbull...., Washington. Hamilton Ross Hamilton Highland Warren Highland Pike Champaign. Belmont Warren Belmont Richland.... Richland.... Butler Cuyahoga Fairfield Hamilton Franklin Mahoning Cuyahoga Montgomery.. Trumbull Hamilton Hamilton Ross Sandusky Hamilton Hamilton Sandusky July Nov. 14, 7, 28, 19, 18, 7, ]3, 13, 16, 14, 18, 3, 12, 22, 12, 15, 14, 9, 13, 12, 30, 9, 13, 8, 12, 14, 2, 14, 14, 1788 Nov. 1802 1802 March 3, 1803 March 4, 1807 Dec. 12, 1808 Dec. 8, 1810 March 25, 1814 Dec. 8, 1814 1803 1807 1808 1810 1814 1814 1818 1822 1822 1826 1830 1832 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1844 1846 1849 1850 1853 1856 Jan. 1860 1862 1874 1876 1877 1878 1880 Term Ended. 14, 1818 4, 1822 28, 1822 19, 1826 18, 1830 7, 1832 13, 1836 13, 1838 16, 1840 14, 1842 18, 1844 3, 1844 12, 1846 22, 1849 12, 1850 15, 1853 14, 1856 9, 1860 18, 1862 12,1864 29, 1865 9, 1866 13, 1868 8, 1872 12, 1874 14, 1876 March 2, 1877 Jan. 14, 1878 Jan. 14, 1880 Dec. Jan. Deo. Dec. Dec. Deo. Deo. Dec. Dec. Dec. April Dec. Dec. Jan. Dec. July Jan. Jan. Jan. 1864 Aug. 1866 Jan. 1866 Jan. 1868 Jan. 1872 Jan. Jan. (a) Arthur St. Clair.of Pennsylvania, was Governor of the North- west Territory, of which Ohio was apart.from July 13, 1788, when the first civil government was established in the Territory, until about the close of the year 1802, when he was removed by the President. *Secretary of the Territory, and was acting Governor of the Territory after the removal of Gov. St. Clair. (6) Resigned March 3, 1807, to accept the office of V. S. Senator. (o) Return Jonathan Meigs was elected Governor on the second Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel Maesie, who contested the election of Meigs, on the ground that "he had not been a resident of this State for four years next preceding the election, as required by the Constitution," and the General Assembly, in joint convention declared that he was not eligible. The office was not given to Massie, nor does it appear, from the records that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirlcer, acting Governor, continued to discharge the duties Sf thooffice until December 12, 1808, when Samuel Huntington was inaugurated, he having been elected on the second Tuesday of October in that year (d) Resigned March 25, 1814, to accept the office of Postmaster- General of the United States. (c) Resigned January 4, 1822. to accept the office of United States Senator, (.f ) Resigned April 13, 1844, to accept the office of Minister to Mexico. {gi The result of the election in 1848 was not finally determined in joint convention of the two houses of the General Assembly until January 19, 1849, and the inauguration did not talie place until the 22d of that month. (A) Resigned July 15, 1853 to accept the office of Consul to Tal- ' paraiso. 0) Elected in October, 1853, for the regular term, to commence on the second Monday of January, 1854. Oc) Died August 29, 1865. f Acting Governor. % Acting Governor, vice Wilson Shannon, resigned. f Acting Governor, vice Reuben Wood, resigned. ^ Acting Governor, vice John Brough, deceased. (T) Resigned March 2, 1877, to accept the office of President of the United States. (m) Vice Rutherfonl B. Hayes, resigned. IV :^ HISTOEY OP OHIO. 127 CHAPTER XL THE WAR OF 1812— GROWTH OF THE STATE— CANAL, RAILROADS AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS —DEVELOPMENT OF STATE RESOURCES. IN June, 1812, war was declared against Great Britain. Before this, an act was passed by Con- gress, authorizing the increase of the regular army to thirty-five thousand troops, and a large force of volunteers, to serve twelve months. Under this act, Return J. Meigs, then Governor of Ohio, in April and May, 1812, raised three regiments of troops to serve twelve months. They rendez- voused at Dayton, elected their officers, and pre- pared for the campaign. These regiments were numbered First, Second and Third. Duncan Mc- Arthur was Colonel of the First ; James Findlay, of the Second, and Lewis Cass, of the Third. Early in June these troops marched to Urbana, where they were joined by Boyd's Fourth Regiment of regular troops, under command of Col. Miller, who had been in the battle of Tippecanoe. Near the middle of June, this little army of about twenty-five hundred men, under command of Gov. William Hull, of Michigan, who had been author- ized by Congress to raise the troops, started on its northern march. By the end of June, the army had reached the Maumee, after a very severe march, erecting, on the way. Forts Mc Arthur, Ne- cessity and Findlay. By some carelessness on the part of the American Government, no official word had been sent to the frontiers regarding the war, while the British had taken an early precaution to prepare for the crisis. Gov. Hull was very care- ful in military etiquette, and refused to march, or do any offensive acts, unless commanded by his superior officers at Washington. While at the Maumee, by a careless move, all his personal efi'ects, including all his plans, number and strength of his army, etc., fell into the hands of the enemy. His campaign ended only in ignominious defeat, and well-nigh paralyzed fixture efi'orts. All Mich- igan fell into the hands of the British. The com- mander, though a good man, lacked bravery and promptness. Had Gen. Harrison been in com- mand no such results would have been the case, and the war would have probably ended at the outset. Before Hull had surrendered, Charles Scott, Governor of Kentucky, invited Gen. Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory, to visit Frankfort, to consult on the subject of defending the North- west. Gov. Harrison had visited Gov. Scott, and in August, 1812, accepted the appointment of Major General in the Kentucky militia, and, by hasty traveling, on the receipt of the news of the surrender of Detroit, reached Cincinnati on the morning of the 27th of that month. On the 30th he lefb Cincinnati, and the next day overtook the army he was to coinmand, on its way to Dayton. After leaving Dayton, he was overtaken by an ex- press, informing him of his appointment by the Government as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Indiana and Illinois Territories. The army reached Piqua, September 3. From this place Harrison sent a body of troops to aid in the de- fense of Fort Wayne, threatened by the enemy. On the 6th he ordered all the troops forward, and while on the march, on September 17, he was informed of his appointment as commander of the entire Northwestern troops. He found the army poorly clothed for a winter campaign, now ap- proaching, and at once issued a stirring address to the people, asking for food and comfortable cloth- ing. The address was not in vain. Afler his appointment. Gen. Harrison pushed on to Au- glaize, where, leaving the army under command of Gen. Winchester, he returned to the interior of the State, and establishing his headquarters at Frank- linton, began active measures for the campaign. Early in March, 1812, Col. John Miller raised, under orders, a regiment of infantry in Ohio, and in July assembled his enlisted men at Chillicothe, where, placing them — only one hundred and forty in number — under command of Captain Angus Lewis, he sent them on to the frontier. They erect- ed a block-house at Piqua and then went on to Defiance, to the main body of the army. In July, 1812, Gen. Edward W. Tupper, of Gallia County, raised one thousand men for six months' duty. Under orders from Gen. Winches- ter, they marched through Chillicothe and Urbana, on to the Maumee, where, near the lower end of the rapids, they made an inefiectual attempt to drive off the enemy. Failing in this, the enemy A® '-^ 128 HISTORY OF OHIO. attacked Tapper and his troops, who, though worn down with the march and not a little disorganized through the jealousies of the officers, withstood the attack, and repulsed the British and their red allies, who returned to Detroit, and the Americans to Fort McArthur. In the fall of 1812, Gen. Harrison ordered a detachment of six hundred men, mostly mounted, to destroy the Indian towns on the Missisineway River, one of the head-waters of the Wabash. The winter set in early and with unusual severity. At the same time this expedition was carried on, Bonaparte was retreating from Moscow. The expe- dition accomplished its design, though the troops suffered greatly from the cold, no less than two hundred men being more or less frost bitten. Gen. Harrison determined at once to retake Michigan and establish a line of defense along the southern shores of the lakes. Winchester was sent to occupy Forts Wa3rne and Defiance; Perkins' brigade to Lower Sandusky, to fortify an old stockade, and some Pennsylvania troops and artil- lery sent there at the same time. As soon as Gen. Harrison heard the results of the Missis- ineway expedition, he went to Chillicothe to con- sult with Gov. Meigs about further movements, and the best methods to keep the way between the Upper Miami and the Maumee continually open. He also sent Gen. Winchester word to move for- ward to the rapids of the Maumee and prepare for winter quarters. This Winchester (fid by the middle of January, 1813, establishing himself on the northern bank of the river, just above Wayne's old battle-ground. He was well fixed here, and was enabled to give his troops good bread, made from corn gathered in Indian corn-fields in this vicinity. While here, the inhabitants of Frenchtown, on the Raisin River, about twenty miles from Detroit, sent Winchester word claiming protection from the threatened British and Indian invasion, avowing themselves in sympathy with the Americans. A council of war decided in favor of their request, and Col. Lewis, with 550 men, sent to their relief Soon after. Col. Allen was sent with more troops, and the enemy easily driven away from about Frenchtown. Word was sent to Gen. Winchester, who determined to march with all the men he could spare to aid in holding the post gained. He left, the 19th of January, with 250 men, and ar- rived on the evening of the 20th. Failing to take the necessary precaution, from some unex- plained reason, the enemy came up in the night, established his batteries, and, the next day, sur- prised and defeated the American Army with a terrible loss. Gen. Winchester was made a pris- oner, and, finally, those who were intrenched in the town surrendered, under promise of Proctor, the British commander, of protection from the Indians. This promise was grossly violated the next day. The savages were allowed to enter the town and enact a massacre as cruel and bloody as any in the annals of the war, to the everlasting ignominy of the British General and his troops. Those of the American Army that escaped, ar- rived at the rapids on the evening of the 22d of January, and soon the sorrowful news spread throughout the army and nation. Gen. Harrison set about retrieving the disaster at once. Delay could do no good. A fort was built at the rapids, named Fort Meigs, and troops from the south and west hurriedly advanced to the scene of action. The investment and capture of Detroit was aban- doned, that winter, owing to the defeat at French- town, and expiration of the terms of service of many of the troops. Others took their places, all parts of Ohio and bordering States sending men. The erection of Fort Meigs was an obstacle in the path of the British they determined to remove, and, on the 28th of February, 1813, a large band of British and Indians, under command of Proc- tor, Tecumseh, Walk-in-the-water, and other In- dian chiefs, appeared in the Maumee in boats, and prepared for the attack. Without entering into details regarding the investment of the fort, it is only necessary to add, that after a prolonged siege, lasting to the early part of May, the British were obliged to abandon the fort, having been severely defeated, and sailed for the Canadian shores. Next followed the attacks on Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, and other predatory excur- sions, by the British. All of these failed of their design; the defense of Maj. Croghan and his men constituting one of the most brilliant actions of the war. For the gallant defense of Fort Stephenson by Maj. Croghan, then a young man, the army merited the highest honors. The ladies of Chillicothe voted the heroic Major a fine sword, while the whole land rejoiced at the exploits of him and his band. The decisive efforts of the army, the great num- bers of men offered — ^many of whom Gen. Harrison was obliged to send home, much to their disgust — Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September 10, 1813 — all presaged the triumph of the American arms, soon to ensue. As soon as the battle on the lake was over, the British at Maiden burned , > HISTORY OF OHIO. 129 their stores, and fled, -wMle the Americans, under their gallant commander, followed them in Perry's vessel to the Canada shore, overtaking them on the Kiver Thames, October 5. In the battle that ensued, Teoumseh was slain, and the British Army routed. The war was now practically closed in the West. Ohio troops had done nobly in defending their northern frontier, and in regaining the Northwest- ern country. Gen. Harrison was soon after elected to Congress by the Cincinnati district, and Gen. Duncan McArthur was appointed a Brigadier General in the regular army, and assigned to the command in his place. Gen. McArthur made an expedition into Upper Canada in the spring of 1814, destroying considerable property, and driv- ing the British farther into their own dominions. Peace was declared early in 1815, and that spring, the troops were mustered out of service at Chilli- cothe, and peace with England reigned supreme. The results of the war in Ohio were, for awhile, similar to the Indian war of 1Y95. It brought many people into the State, and opened new por- tions, before unknown. Many of the soldiers im- mediately invested their money in lands, and became citizens. The war drove many people from the Atlantic Coast west, and as a result much money, for awhile, circulated. Labor and provisions rose, which enabled both workmen and tradesmen to enter tracts of land, and aided emigration. At the conclusion of Wayne's war in 1795, probably not more than five thousand people dwelt in the limits of the State ; at the close of the war of 1812, that number was largely increased, even with the odds of war against them. After the last war, the emigration was constant and gradual, building up the State in a manner that betokened a healthful life. As soon as the effects of the war had worn off, a period of depression set in, as a result of too free speculation indulged in at its close. Gradu- ally a stagnation of business ensued, and many who found themselves unable to meet contracts made in "flush" times, found no alternative but to fail. To relieve the pressure in all parts of the West, Congress, about 1815, reduced the price of public lands from |2 to $1.25 per acre. This measure worked no little hardship on those who owned large tracts of lands, for portions of which they had not fully paid, and as a consequence, these lands, as well as all others of this class, reverted to the Government. The general market was in New Orleans, whither goods were transported in flat- boats buUt especially for this pupose. This com- merce, though small and poorly repaid, was the main avenue of trade, and did much for the slow prosperity prevalent. The few banks in the State found their bills at a discount abroad, and gradu- ally becoming drained of their specie, either closed business or failed, the major part of them adopt- ing the latter course. The steamboat began to be an important factor in the river navigation of the West about this period. The first boat to descend the Ohio was the Orleans, built at Pittsburg in 1812, and in December of that year, while the fortunes of war hung over the land, she made her first trip from the Iron City to New Orleans, being just twelve days on the way. The second, built by Samuel Smith, was called the Comet, and made a trip as far south as Louisville, in the summer of 1813. The third, the V&suvius, was buUt by Fulton, and went to New Orleans in 1814. The fourth, built by Daniel French at Brownsville, Penn., made two trips to Louisville in the summer of 1814. The next vessel, the iEtna, was built by Fulton & Company in 1815. So fast did the business increase, that, four years after, more than forty steamers floated on the Western waters. Improvements in machinery kept pace with the building, until, in 1838, a competent writer stated there were no less than four hundred steamers in the West. Since then, the erection of railways has greatly retarded ship-building, and it is alto- gether probable the number has increased but little. The question of canals began to agitate the Western country during the decade succeeding the war. They had been and were being constructed in older countries, and presaged good and prosper- ous times. If only the waters of the lakes and the Ohio River could be united by a canal run- ning through the midst of the State, thought the people, prosperous cities and towns would arise on its banks, and commerce flow through the land. One of the firmest fiiends of such improvements was De Witt Clinton, who had been the chief man in forwarding the " Clinton Canal," in New York. He was among the first to advocate the feasibility of a canal connecting Lake Erie and the Ohio River, and, by the success of the New York canals, did much to bring it about. Popular writers of the day all urged the scheme, so that when the Assem- bly met, early in December, 1821, the resolution, offered by Micajah T. Williams, of Cincinnati, r^ ^1 130 HISTORY OF OHIO. for the appointment of a committee of five mem- bers to take into consideration so much of the Governor's message as related to canals, and see if some feasible plan could not be adopted whereby a beginning could be made, was quickly adopted.
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Category:Views of Maceió category combines topics Maceió
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Les Annales coloniales : organe de la "France coloniale moderne"
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L'itinéraire du rctonr peut être différent dfc ccnui emprunté a l'aller et les voyageurs ont a bicu'te de s'arrêter à deux gares du parcours, l'une ù l'aller, l'autre au retour, uioycnMint un léger supplément. , L'Agence oflicielle «les chemins de fer d'Alsace et de Lorraine, téléphone : La horde 7(M>3 délivre toutes les catégories de billets et se tient à li disposition des voyageurs pour leur fournir verbalement des rcnseignemnts détaillés sur les régions desservies par le réseau. L'Agence assure la location des places ordinaires et de luxe dans les trains au départ de Paris ainsi que des places dans les confortables uulo-car.s assurant tes excursions organisées par le Beseau. en Alsace, en Lorraine et dans le Grand Ducliejlc Luxembourg. On peut se procurer gnituiteilient. à l'Agence, le programme des services automobiles de tourisme et. au prix de 3 francs, le guide officiel illustré d.n réseau (envoi franco pour la rranec 3 Ir. KI), Armée coloniale » e « Sont promus Généraux, les Colonels Hlassiet, en service dans la Cavalerie du Levant, Jaconiet, en Tunisie. Sont affectes : à la 3® briMde des troupes du groupe de l'A.O.K. à Connkry, le Général de brigade Braive ; au commandement de la 3« brigade coloniale indoehinoise il Ageu, le Général d.* brigade Mailler. , l'.st promu médecin général et nommé directeur du Service de santé a Mtidugascur, le médecin colonel Lelonturicr. CQfflPTOIR lUTIOniL D'ESCOMPTE DE PARIS Société anonytnn ̃w Mfiiai M III mimai**, imiimwim imM Siège Social : 14, rut lerlère, Paris luMttrtali 8 l, PIft l'Htrt, PftrM AQBNOIS B'OUTM*MBN I i.lesbourne, lydney. Bombay. Majunga. ramiava, tenanargve. Mananjary, Tunia M<M, | a. v. Mina N* M<H* | BANQUE D'ÉTAT DU MAKOC Oatjpitatl 30.800000 fis entièrement hb<Âre<M Siège social à TANGER Siège administratif à PARIS 33, Rue La Boétie AGENCES à CASABLANCA, FKZ, KENITRA MAIU1AKËC11, MAZAGAN, MKKNES, MOUADon, OUDJDA UABAT, SA FI, lli l OUAN ALCAZAHQLJIVIR, ARCILA. LAHAUIK, VILLA-SANJUHJO J t Établissements DE DION-BOUTON I, I LA DOYENNE DES MARQUES FRANÇAISES I I Construit depuis la première heure des véhicules adaptés aux set vices en pays coloniaux I I 36, Quai National, PUTEAUX (Seine) , I I LES NOUVEAUX MODÈLES DE DION-BOUTON ALLIENT * Il 1 LA TECHNIQUE. NOUVELLE ET L'EXPÉRIENCE DE 30 ANNÉES DE FABRICATION I 1 MOTEURS A HAUT RENDEMENT CHASSIS ENTRETOISÉS RIGIDES ILS SOKT MANIABLES EN TOUS 1 1 TERRAINS SURS ÉCONOMIQUES ET CONVIENNENT PARTICULIÈREMENT AUX PAYS COLONIAUX I VÉHICULES INDUSTRIELS VÉHICULES ikolsthiki.!*, L'INCOMPARABLE 1II I VÉHICULES INDUSTRIELS ,, r“ CV. type L. D., charge totale; 2.200 kjf. Moteur à culbuteurs L lil VUmIi I ̃ .Lt^auptqnc o ET FORTS TtnUM M* freins AV. Convenant spécialenrieni pour tous terrains II H ai NAGES MRiRftTifLnRIiFtiL i DE 15 CV. ♦yp'î L. N., charffe totale: 5.000 kg. Moteur è culbuteurs, 12 H. P. I I B M Mn~ânup~~ J uk châssis pour tous transports, puissant et économique. N I VOIRIE DRAISINES 15 CV. type L.O. charge utile : 3 500 kg. Moteur à culbuteurs, freins AV, châssis long à grand emplacement de carrosserie. Spécial lunp sur e 1 e w e ̃ I AUTOMOTRICES pour autocars et autobus, 14 à 35 places, faible rayonne virage, Kralldc malllaluhlA 1 1 1 1 I ♦♦ 22 M' type K L. 28 CV. type K.M. Charge totale: 6.000 kg. pour les COlOIllCS I I AMUSEUSES AMQSEUSES-BAUIEUSES-UVEUSES SVIC 01 U. iniMM1 IICIIn CIIIII'IICIIIII I H ORAISIIES AIITOmiRKES S MRS alon la ClItMltlM II IISPMIKI M lHWrifl CMtral Il 11 Min de comm I II Agence» aux Colonies t I 1 Alf/èrit:: Société Automobtlia, 35, rue Sadi-Carnot, Alger, Société Antomobilia, 13, Bd. Charlcmagiie Oraa, Tunisie: Ete Edmond I H FELLOtiS, 21. Avenue de Carthage à Tunia. Maroc: Louis BAUDRAND, Prétideat da la Chambre de Commerçai Ville-Nouvelle, Fet. I I Sthit^al-Sondan : Compagnie SOUDANAISE, Bamako, 5, rue du Cardinal-Mercier, Paria. Cote d'ivoire: Charles PERINAUD, Abidjan I I (Cote d'Ivoire); 65, rue Lafayett.. Parie. Madagascar: Société des Produite Aromatique* de rOeétahdiea, Tananarive, Tamatave. I I Comores: Société Coloniale de BAMBAO. Moroni, 51, Av. Victor-Emanuel III, Parie. Réunion: MAS Automobile*, Saint-Denie I I (Réunion). Indochine : (sauf Tonkin) Jean COMTE, Société luduatrielle de Cochincbine, 34, Boulevard Norodom, Saigon. I I Tonkin: OMNIUM INDOCHINOIS, Hanoi. Guadeloupe: Pierre LANGLOIS, 31. Rue d'Arbaul, Pointer-Pitre. I I I âUTOmOTWWS LIVREES: MWISTtlIE BEI COLORIES. 1125: 5 iraltlSOS. suml-ume. Porlo-Novo e. Port-Oentil CONSEIL D'ADRIMISTRATIOtt : Prcsidoiit : A. DUCIIENE. U. O.. Piési'lciil hunorairt* : P. BOYElt, O# Vicc-Prcsidcot : L. MAUUtL, # Administrateurs: li. îSCIIWCHJ D'HEHICOUKT, Ci. (J. # ; IMi. LMSLMAS, U. *: J. LE (ifc-SNK, C. * ; Il. IUCHAHD, O. « ; J. l'ION. C. * ; L. tUUMNEAU, C. *; G. HJlJHN, C. *; J. DELKAU. * AdiiiiinsiiutcurflJiircleurtjeuérnl Il. NOUVIUN, U. * Commissairo du Gouvernement ; M.GUlillBEIL. C. * BMWIE CQUOtEHCULE tfmcuit SOCIETE ANOiW ME Ce pital : 40.000.000 de fJPi c » Siège Sociul : 5SJ, rue LuHUle, PARIS Agente de liordemix, 27, rue lisprit-iles-Lol» Adresse léli-gruphique : COMA FI UC Paris (W II. C. Seine 215.757 B. J Agences eu Alnque Dakar, Hullsque. Knoliick, Zigulllt'hor (iSi'niô^îaI); Hatnako (Soudun): OranU-ltassuiti, Abidjan (Côle-d'lvoire) ; L01116 (ToKo): Cotouoii, l'orto-Novo (l)alioincy); iMiiiilu (Cameruun); Libreville et Port(icniil (;nhnll): t:J'lIuuville et Pointe-Noire (Moyen COII:.!II); Ballglli (Ollhllllgni.c:hlll'I). Loi res|HMi(iants sur les autres places de I AFRKUE OCCIDENTALE BL MUâMMALE Toutes opéralioos dt barqae Escompte et Encaissements d'effets de commerce. Transfert de fond. Lettres de crédit. Crédits documentaires. Avances sur Titres. Dépôts de fonds à vue et ft échéance. Comptes oourants. Ol,(or'llionR de Guinée. Ordres de Bourse, etc. C'£ venture-weirJ ; tel. Com.aeine'M.CM j I leg. Gom. Seine «16.964 I I Service mensuel accéléré I 1 par navires à moteurs 11 pour la GAto Occidentale d'Alrique I I DEPART D'AOUT 1930 I I Le M. V. BOLAFlUO, de 5.000 lonnes I I partira (S. I.) de r -Il Anvers, le 21 août I Dunkerque, le 24 août I Le Havre, le 26 août 1 Bordeaux, le 31 août I pour : I Dakar, Conakry, Freetown, Grand-Balsam, Takol-adi. lell oetita ports de la 0014 I Coast et Accre, ka-mé, Cotonou (GrandPopo), Lagos (Apapa), Port-Harcourt, Duala. I La clôture du chargement dans les ports I .cspecUfa a lieu 24 heures avant la date I OxÚe pour le départ. I Le départ de septembre W30 sera cn?«.tué I par le navire à îiioteuis DUNAFRIC. I rour tret et renseignements, s'adreeser fc : I Cie Veuture Weir (S. A.), 47, bou.evard I Haussmann, PARIS (90). I Télégrammes : VliNTURWEIR. I Téléphone : Louvre ')1.04. 51 .<>̃%. tnterspeciai j M et aux agents el pour consignataires dans les porb. Port : Anvers; agenta : Orisar et Mmuy; adresse : 2. ,.uai Tavernicr; télégrammes : On sar; téléphoner : 504.06, 524.76, 539.53; poste d'utiitiarqueiiient : poste des Bassins. Port : DWlkerque: agents : RalOn et fils; adresse : 16, rue Carnot; télégrammes : Araonidna; téléphone : 448; poste d'euiharqumuent : bassin Frcycinet. Port : Havre; agents : Corblet et Cie; adresse : 20, place de l'HôteUle-Ville; télégrammes. : Corblet; téléphone : 21.61, 21.90, 46.(18; poste d'omobarqueuieut : Bassin Bellot, Ilangar. L. Port : Cordeaux: agents : Sté de Consignation Maritime franco-britannique; adresse : 41. quat des (Umtrom; télégrammes : Glyoonic; téléphones : 77. 29 (2 lignes); poete d'embarquement : quai de Bourgogne. Et A Londres aux agentB du fret, MM. O: T. SymoiLs et C* LUI, 4, Lloyds Avenue, E.C. 3. T)o --~ C'était un exploit, ». Citait un exploit, l A*. après des années de I leçons coiiteusel, de réussir à pirier passa.C~~ L K blement l'anglais. ~~BN~ Ce n'est plus qu'un I <'~ WÊm passe-temps avec I 66 IL9AMCiILAnS SANS PEINE en moins tic six mois, et pour trente francs L'ANliLArS SANS rEINE (154 leçons quotidiennes d'un qtiart d'heure avec la prononciation et le rmuçais phrase par phrase et 22 PAGES DE DESSINS IIUMOIRISNOUES) est en vente aux « Annales Coloniales w au prix de 30 Ir. Envoi recommandé 32 Ir. 50. Etr. 35 Ir. -.. -=::~:-=-- ..-----:::=::=--- L'Aft ique dit NorJ est It pays idéal pour passer "hl",.,. Lr climoi .v -il délicieux. Une fanjonnée à "Ottt" n, P'.1y& merveilleux de l'Isiom laisse a chacun un sout,enir ;noub!¡.,,,te. Au Paya de Ilslan, et S iSSir des Ruines antiques m F St~ S'Sr ALGÉRIE • TUNISIE MAROC. LE DÎSERT te billet forfaitaire de la Mmlfia 1 m Société des Voyages et filliF 1 S IB HMetat Nord-Africains Service T ourietique d. la 1 fl!%i li » H c" G'm TRA!VSA XTtQ ̃ ra|u 1k Br 9I T~t vont délivre de tout soucia et de tous aléas parce H, W|l N yl qu'il ert celui d'une otRaniaation CENTRALISANT Vu ̃ !̃ nuvnitn munim yV| ptr paquebot* confortables et lutucut rn c*6nes de guioriti. '|i||S i 0 Rk ̃ wÊ u* ruaicai R» nnncsnKRii I HMh en .utomobtlu de lute avec •iègec PuUmann OU torpedM et lirmusines paniculiiies. "S~ Jï W~B ~~B L£8 ttt«n'~<t ~A)w<t LE..0 MoiripiLa ; S BU WB ••TII*N«ATI.AIITItl)C" f!,"nrtaquemenl ait un et parfaitement installe* avec tout le cOft'nrt niodeine. T «i i«|l< i«,m le dépen. lu MOIIJM iitmrmm ,,,' f mBÊ t"1'**. MO* cninpiM»» émnm U bilt« am t~ om boom ou i ; @mm t" aft V»emelwmbw", 1 *. te» AeWt. Peiie -. eee«w«* en O* pw-fflom iHHNMi M. M ém Cmfmûmm mt O* taWaiWaaal» r "'i' 4 s. LES AFFICHES ILLUSTHEES DES CHEMINS DE FER DE L'ETAT Poursuivant leur effort pour le développeineut du louristne, dans !es udnurables régions qu'ils desservent, les Chennns de 1er de l'Etat viennent de faire éditer une nouvelle série de cinq ufliches uitistiques, dont la -désignution suit : Hrest (Cours il'Ajot). Croisière en llretague, Alunche-Océan, Pyrénées, Côte d'Emeraude. Paris, Londres. Exécutées pur des artistes de valeur, ces atllches seront appréciées par tous les amateurs d art et les collectionneurs. Elles seront mises en vente au prix de 5 lianes l'exemplaire au Bureau des Henseignements de la Gare de Paris Saint-Lazare et dans les bureaux de Tourisme des gares de Paris (St-Lazare et Montparnasse) En outre, le Service de la Publicité, 13, rue d'Amsterdam, à Paris (8) envoie gratuitement à toute personne qui en fait la demande la liste détaillée des affiches pouvant être vendues et qui seront adressées à domicile, contre l'envoi préalable * en mandat.poste, de leur valeur augmentée du _prix du colis-postal. {Toutefois ces affiches sont expédiées franco de port pourtoutes IfI.8 gares lIu Reseau de l'Etal). Le Secrétaire-Général ; ho Touta. imp, qnh. la mmm UI. le r, hm Les Cigarettes JOB Më Ici «des garanties Uripfel avec le PAPU JO" COMPAGNIE ALGÉRIENNE I SoeMté àooayas 'oDdH ao 4877 anui: m dm aiafïaiiiiiri ̃iiiiiiM wna II livra: UMSiiliB et,àdre soelftl : Pau.. 50, rue d'Ailra P AGENCES aN FRANCS : l PARI8. fiO, rue d'Anjou, Aix-en-Provence, Antibea. II Aubagne, Bésiers, BORD%»Ug, CAIKlqta, Cassis (*), Cette, La Ciota., Prijus, G ras s* 11 Laiobeno («|, MARSEILLE, Mauiraio (*i, Maatoa, Monte-Carlo, MONTPKLLIBR, RICK. Peyrollea (*i, Roquevaire (*, Haio&-Cyr-eur-.lr i*), 8alon, Vichy, et dans touten Isa Villes Principales Localités de l'Algérie, de la Tantale et da Iftroa Correspondante dans le monde entier Toutes opérations de Banque, de Bourse et de Change de HApdta à vue et a préaria l)*pôts ft Ëcbeance Enooiupie et Encaissement de toa. effets Crédits de Campagne Prêta Sur Marchandises Envois de Fonds Opérations de Titres Gard* <ie Titres Souscriptions Paiement de Coupons Location de compartin e its de ColnalKorts Emission de Chèques si le Lettre» d» Crédit s'tr tous pays. je) Dweaux forains ouverts les tours de marché. BANQUE DE L'ALGÉRIE Crée par la la loi du 4 Août 1851 Société Anonyme Capital : 26 Millions R. C. Paris 99H09 Siège Soolai A Parla 117 Baoievard StScrmaia SUCCURSALES : Algor. 8, Bout. Carnot et 6. Boul. de a République Bone, Bougie, Cvnstantine, Most.ganem, Oran l'hilipi>«ville, Hidi-Bel-Abbès> Tlemcen et Tunis Bureaux Auxiliaires 1 Alîreville, Ain-Ttnouchont, Blida Boufarik, Guelma Mascara. Orl^ausviil , Sarda, Setif, S fax Souk-Ahras, Soultee, Tiaret, Tisi-Ouxnu Bureaux d'Inoaissement : Alu-Il><ida, Autnale, Beja, Bizerte, Bordi-Bou-Arreridj, Bouira. Cherchell, DlidjelU Maison-Carrée, ReUaane, SaintDenis-du-Sig BANQUE FRANÇAISE DE L'AFRIQUE Sooisté Ansnyms au Capital de 50.000.000 d. Siège Social à Paris : ta, rue Taibout PARIS Agences en Francs : 37, Allées de Tourny, Bardeaux 33, rue da la Darse, Marseille rue Bdeuard-Larue, Le Navre Agences en Afrique : Dakar Rutoque Kaolaok St-Leuls Bamako Kayss Oenakry QrandBassam • Abidjian Lomé Oeteneu « Douala Yaeunde Libreville Pert-Qsntll Brazzaville Bangul Rsglstrs da Osmmsros de la tslns N* ttUt. Toutes opérations de banque : escompte et recouvrement d'effets de commeree. Arasces sur titres et marcbandlses. Ouvertures de comptes courants. Dépôts de fonds à vue et à échéance. Emplois de fonds en reports. Délivrance de chèques et transferts de fonds. Lettres de crédit. Achat et vente de monnaie* étrangères. Garde de titres. Paiement de coupons. Ordres de Bourse, etc. r BANQUE 1 DE L'INDOCHINE PRIVILKQIM Siège seolal 1 98, Boulevard Haussmann, PARIS Capital : Il millions de franes Succursales et agences : Pondlctiéry Saigon Pnom-Penb liai phong Hanoi Hué Tourane Quinnon Cantho Fort-Bayard Mong Tzt Nnm-Dlnb Vinh Bangkok Battambang Hong..Kong Shanghai Canton Han-Kéou Tunnanfou Singa pore Nouméa Patenta (Tahiti) Tien-Tsin Pékin Dllkeutl. (Lessuccursales sont en gras) 1 credll Foncier rmiirit M de innisls M Société Anonyme foudée en 1880 Capital 150.000.000 deinmot iBicatrinlitiea "1 iegiitt 4a Ceminerte d'ilter, ne 171 Siège sOOial : ALtiER. 8 boulevard de la Mpubliqie lige administratif : PARIS, 43, flus Cambos il Art. Succursales et Agences : France: Bordeaux, 60, Cours denntendtae" ; Lyon, 55, rue de l'Hôtel-de-VIlle; Marseille, 20-22 Rue Cannebière; RaDtes, 11, Rue Lafayette. Algérie Alger, Blida, B6nf, Conatantine, Oran, Setif, Sidl-oel-Abbès, et 67 agences rataehées Tunisie : Tunis et 17 agences rataehées. Maroo : Casablanca, Taapr, et 12 agences rataehées. ÉtrangerLondres, Malte, Gibraltar, Beyrouth. rOVTES OPÉRATIONS DE BANQUE BANQUE FRIICO-CHIJOISE POUR LE COMMERCE.. L'INDUSTRIE Capital 1 Fr. 10,000.000 F–ds do WSISSUBI «Usàla dispssKiaa 'ds la SasIUI HT la B. 1. C. 1 Fr. 80.000,000 ̃̃Hlas-Plsiiss 1 Pr. 10.SW.0M SttfmcialiParis, 74, rat St-Lamt ▲gsnoss ; Franje Perle, Lyon, Mareellle. Chine. Pékin, Hongkong, Shengkal Tlenteln. lradocAirae. Betjpa. Halphong, M.,. Pnom-Peau, Teurene, VI. Sons-ageaces t Hué, Quinhon, Tkahn-Bm LIMÉIILDTA A IMMI.
| 3,107 |
https://github.com/cereallarceny/federated-learning/blob/master/test/serialization_test.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
federated-learning
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cereallarceny
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TypeScript
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Code
| 328 | 1,007 |
/**
* * @license
* Copyright 2018 Google LLC. All Rights Reserved.
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* =============================================================================
*/
import * as tf from '@tensorflow/tfjs';
import {test_util} from '@tensorflow/tfjs-core';
// tslint:disable-next-line:max-line-length
import {deserializeVar, serializeVar, stackSerialized} from 'federated-learning-client';
describe('serialization', () => {
it('converts back and forth to SerializedVar', async () => {
const floatTensor =
tf.tensor3d([[[1.1, 2.2], [3.3, 4.4]], [[5.5, 6.6], [7.7, 8.8]]]);
const boolTensor = tf.tensor1d([true, false], 'bool');
const intTensor = tf.tensor2d([[1, 2], [3, 4]], [2, 2], 'int32');
const floatSerial = await serializeVar(floatTensor);
const boolSerial = await serializeVar(boolTensor);
const intSerial = await serializeVar(intTensor);
const floatTensor2 = deserializeVar(floatSerial);
const boolTensor2 = deserializeVar(boolSerial);
const intTensor2 = deserializeVar(intSerial);
test_util.expectArraysClose(floatTensor, floatTensor2);
test_util.expectArraysClose(boolTensor, boolTensor2);
test_util.expectArraysClose(intTensor, intTensor2);
});
it('can stack lists of serialized variables', async () => {
const floatTensor1 = tf.tensor3d([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]);
const floatTensor2 = tf.tensor3d([[[0, 3], [0, 3]], [[0, 3], [0, 3]]]);
const floatTensor3 =
tf.tensor3d([[[-1, -2], [-3, -4]], [[-5, -6], [-7, -8]]]);
const intTensor1 = tf.tensor2d([[1, 2], [3, 4]], [2, 2], 'int32');
const intTensor2 = tf.tensor2d([[5, 4], [3, 2]], [2, 2], 'int32');
const intTensor3 = tf.tensor2d([[0, 0], [0, 0]], [2, 2], 'int32');
const vars = [
[await serializeVar(floatTensor1), await serializeVar(intTensor1)],
[await serializeVar(floatTensor2), await serializeVar(intTensor2)],
[await serializeVar(floatTensor3), await serializeVar(intTensor3)]
];
const stack = stackSerialized(vars);
const floatStack = deserializeVar(stack[0]);
const intStack = deserializeVar(stack[1]);
expect(floatStack.dtype).toBe('float32');
expect(intStack.dtype).toBe('int32');
test_util.expectArraysClose(floatStack.shape, [3, 2, 2, 2]);
test_util.expectArraysClose(intStack.shape, [3, 2, 2]);
test_util.expectArraysClose(
floatStack.mean(0), tf.tensor3d([[[0, 1], [0, 1]], [[0, 1], [0, 1]]]));
test_util.expectArraysClose(
intStack.mean(0), tf.tensor2d([[2, 2], [2, 2]]));
});
});
| 40,315 |
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/299888
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
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AccidentalFourierTransform, S.S., https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/117297, https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/59281, https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/84967, octonion
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English
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Spoken
| 293 | 954 |
How to prove that Weyl spinors equations are Lorentz invariant?
The Dirac equation is given by:
$[iγ^μ ∂_μ − m] ψ(x) = 0$ .
We can prove that it's Lorentz invariant when:
$ψ(x) \to S^{-1} \psi'(x')$ and $\partial_\mu \to \Lambda^\nu_\mu \partial'_\nu$, where
$S(\Lambda) = 1 -\frac{i}{4} \sigma_{\mu\nu}\epsilon^{\mu\nu}$
which applying that for Dirac equation covariance that $\Lambda^\nu_\mu S \gamma^\mu S^{-1}=\gamma^\nu$
Now the Weyl spinors equations are given by:
$i \bar{\sigma}.\partial\psi_L=0,~~~~~~~(1)$
$i \sigma.\partial\psi_R=0, ~~~~~~~~~~(2)$
where $\sigma^\mu\equiv (1,\underline{\sigma})$ and $\bar{\sigma}^\mu\equiv (1,-\underline{\sigma})$
Look for instance Peskin's book "An Introduction To Quantum Field Theory"
where the Lorentz transformation of $\psi_L$ and $\psi_R$ are given by:
$\psi_L \to (1-i\theta.\frac{\sigma}{2}- \beta.\frac{\sigma}{2}) \psi_L$,
$\psi_R \to (1-i\theta.\frac{\sigma}{2}+ \beta.\frac{\sigma}{2}) \psi_R$,
How one can show that (1) and (2) are Lorentz invariant ?
Possible duplicate of Regarding the Weyl spinor and its transformation properties
The key thing is you are contracting $\partial_\mu$ into either $\sigma^\mu,\bar{\sigma}^\mu$. Consider contracting a general vector $p^\mu$
$$\sigma^\mu p_\mu = \left(\begin{array}{cc}
p^0-p^3& -p^1+ip^2\\
-p^1-ip^2 &p^0+p^3
\end{array}\right)$$
Note that the determinant is just the norm of the vector: $(p^0)^2-(p^1)^2-(p^2)^2-(p^3)^2$.
If you sandwich this matrix between some $U$ and $U^{-1}$ the determinant is unchanged
$$\det\left(U\sigma^\mu p_\mu U^{-1}\right)=\det\left(\sigma^\mu p_\mu \right)$$
so it corresponds to some Lorentz transformation.
So we can write
$$\sigma^\mu (\Lambda^{\mu'}_\mu p_{\mu'})=U(\Lambda)\sigma^\mu p_\mu U(\Lambda)^{-1}$$
for some 2 by 2 matrix $U(\Lambda)$.
It turns out that $U(\Lambda)$ is the very same matrix you are using to transform your right spinor, so that is why the Weyl equations are invariant.
For instance as an exercise, take a finite rotation about the z-axis: $$I-i\frac{\theta}{2}\sigma^3+\dots=\exp(-i\frac{\theta}{2}\sigma^3)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}
\exp(-i\frac{\theta}{2})& 0\\
0 &\exp(+i\frac{\theta}{2})
\end{array}\right)$$
You can show that
$$\exp(-i\frac{\theta}{2}\sigma^3)\,\sigma^\mu p_\mu\,\exp(+i\frac{\theta}{2}\sigma^3)$$
does transform the $p^1,p^2$ components as a rotation by angle $\theta$.
Glad it helped you even if the mods don't think it should :)
Many thoughts certainly help :)
| 45,388 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21355438
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Scymnus shoitii
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
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Scymnus shoitii
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Scymnus shoitii takson nadrzędny Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii nazwa skrócona
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii là một đơn vị phân loại
Scymnus shoitii tên phân loại Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii tên phân loại Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii cấp bậc phân loại loài
Scymnus shoitii đơn vị phân loại mẹ Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii tên ngắn
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii instancë e takson
Scymnus shoitii emri shkencor Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii emri shkencor Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii emër i shkurtër
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Scymnus shoitii tieteellinen nimi Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii tieteellinen nimi Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii taksonitaso laji
Scymnus shoitii osa taksonia Pikkupirkot
Scymnus shoitii lyhyt nimi
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii instància de tàxon
Scymnus shoitii nom científic Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii nom científic Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii categoria taxonòmica espècie
Scymnus shoitii tàxon superior immediat Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii nom curt
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii honako hau da taxon
Scymnus shoitii izen zientifikoa Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii izen zientifikoa Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii maila taxonomikoa espezie
Scymnus shoitii goiko maila taxonomikoa Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii izen laburra
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii estas taksono
Scymnus shoitii taksonomia nomo Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii taksonomia nomo Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii taksonomia rango specio
Scymnus shoitii supera taksono Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii mallonga nomo
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii instantia de taxon
Scymnus shoitii nomine del taxon Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii nomine del taxon Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii rango taxonomic specie
Scymnus shoitii taxon superior immediate Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii nem brefik
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii instancia de Taxón
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii instância de táxon
Scymnus shoitii nome taxológico Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii nome taxológico Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii categoria taxonômica espécie
Scymnus shoitii táxon imediatamente superior Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii nome curto
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii kurta nomo
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii instancia de taxon
Scymnus shoitii nome do taxon Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii nome do taxon Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii categoría taxonómica especie
Scymnus shoitii taxon superior inmediato Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii nome curto
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii natura de l'element taxon
Scymnus shoitii nom scientific Scymnus shoitii
Scymnus shoitii nom scientific Scymnus syoitii
Scymnus shoitii reng taxonomic espècia
Scymnus shoitii taxon superior Scymnus
Scymnus shoitii nom cort
| 27,881 |
https://github.com/randydom/blog/blob/master/api/provider/repo/article_test.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
blog
|
randydom
|
Go
|
Code
| 194 | 882 |
package repo
import (
"testing"
"app/provider/model"
"app/testutil"
"github.com/goapt/dbunit"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
func TestArticle_GetUserPost(t *testing.T) {
dbunit.New(t, func(d *dbunit.DBUnit) {
db := d.NewDatabase(testutil.Schema(), testutil.Fixtures("posts", "users", "cates")...)
commRepo := NewComment(db)
repo := NewArticle(db, commRepo)
ret, err := repo.GetUserPost(4, "")
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, ret)
assert.NotNil(t, ret.User)
assert.NotNil(t, ret.Cate)
assert.Equal(t, ret.CateId, 1)
assert.Equal(t, ret.UserId, 1)
})
}
func TestArticle_PostPrev(t *testing.T) {
dbunit.New(t, func(d *dbunit.DBUnit) {
db := d.NewDatabase(testutil.Schema(), testutil.Fixtures("posts")...)
commRepo := NewComment(db)
repo := NewArticle(db, commRepo)
ret, err := repo.PostPrev(7)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, ret)
assert.Equal(t, ret.Id, 4)
})
}
func TestArticle_PostNext(t *testing.T) {
dbunit.New(t, func(d *dbunit.DBUnit) {
db := d.NewDatabase(testutil.Schema(), testutil.Fixtures("posts")...)
commRepo := NewComment(db)
repo := NewArticle(db, commRepo)
ret, err := repo.PostNext(4)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, ret)
assert.Equal(t, ret.Id, 8)
})
}
func TestArticle_PostArchive(t *testing.T) {
dbunit.New(t, func(d *dbunit.DBUnit) {
db := d.NewDatabase(testutil.Schema(), testutil.Fixtures("posts")...)
commRepo := NewComment(db)
repo := NewArticle(db, commRepo)
ret, err := repo.PostArchive()
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, ret)
assert.True(t, len(ret) > 0)
})
}
func TestArticle_PostGetList(t *testing.T) {
dbunit.New(t, func(d *dbunit.DBUnit) {
db := d.NewDatabase(testutil.Schema(), testutil.Fixtures("posts", "users", "cates")...)
commRepo := NewComment(db)
repo := NewArticle(db, commRepo)
p := &model.Posts{
CateId: 1,
}
ret, err := repo.PostGetList(p, 1, 1, "", "")
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.NotNil(t, ret)
assert.True(t, len(ret) > 0)
})
}
| 15,437 |
sn84022060_1884-06-04_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,884 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,149 | 3,179 |
THE SILVER STATE. In the Republican Convention, June 4, 1884. The Republican Convention convened at Chicago yesterday. A special dispatch to The Silver State says that the Convention was called to order at 10 o'clock by Senator Sabin of Minnesota, Chairman of the Republican National Committee, and the proceedings commenced with a prayer; after which the call for the convention was read by the Secretary. Chairman Sabin addressed the convention and nominated Powell Clayton of Arkansas for temporary Chairman. The battle of the contestants then commenced, when Dodge of Massachusetts nominated Lynch of Mississippi, and demanded a call of the roll. Morrow of California spoke against the nomination, and also George William Curtis of New York, who urged avoiding a fight on the question. Great excitement and a heated discussion followed on the temporary Chairman question. The Blaine and Logan delegates supported Clayton, while the Arthur and Edmunds favored Lynch. When the vote of the states was called, the vote was, Lynch, 432; Clayton, 387—the Nevada delegation voting for Clayton. A Committee on Permanent Organization was appointed, and the convention took a recess. The result thus far shows that the Arthur and Edmunds delegates are ahead in the contest. REVOLUTIONARY CLAIMS. A relief hill of historic interest, now before Congress, proposes to pay $150,000 to Josephine Suffezynski Jaroski and Casimir Suffezynski, as sole heirs, representatives, and descendants of Gen. Count Casimir Pulaski. It is nearly 105 years since Pulaski was mortally wounded at Savannah, and memorials of various sorts have expressed national appreciation of his service in our Revolutionary struggle. It seems strange that the people of several generations ago did not take care of any pecuniary claims concerning him and his relatives. To pay to the two persons now indicated, at this late day, the sum of $75,000 each, on the ground that they are Pulaski's descendants, would be making a somewhat tardy, but a remarkably liberal award. Another bill recites as its preamble that an unsettled pay certificate to be issued is now mentioned on the Treasury books as outstanding, and it proposes that the fact shall be published for two weeks in two Washington weekly papers; and that if after three months nobody presents the certificate for payment, then its amount, with interest, shall be paid to the heirs of Lieut. Ware. As this interest is to be paid from Jan 1, 1791, it would amount to a goodly sum. It is remarkable how carefully the claims of the last century continue to be raked over to see what they will yield. The New York Herald people state positively that their first cable will be completed and in good working order by the middle of July, and they just as positively assert that they will give the public a universal rate of three times per word on all messages, notwithstanding threats of a cable pool to cut below a living rate. Preferences will be given to full-rate messages in the order of their filing; outside press messages, that is, press messages, other than those addressed to the Herald, will come next and probably be earned at the same reduction from full rates. In his speech at the Arthur-boom meeting in New York, Henry Ward Beecher is reported to have said: “Who is Chester A. Arthur? He has proved himself the best President this country has ever had.” The Sacramento Pec adds: “If we were to ask the question, ‘Who is Henry Ward Beecher?’ the alleys and the streams, would belch from the tasseled pines of Maine to the clam-lull reach of Marysville: ‘He is the biggest liar in America.'’ Since the remonetization of silver, February 28, 1876, we have received from abroad $187,000,000 more gold than we exported. In the same time we exported $10,000,000 more silver than we imported. The little steamer Cold Bust was rundown over to the Casseras of the Columbia river on the 11th ult., and made her way out of six miles in eleven days. minutes, without damage, TELEGRAPHIC 1ST EDITION. A dispatch from London of the 1st says: “Regarding the recent flurry in New York, a leading banker says: “I fear that exposure will create fresh distrust in American securities. When a representative man like Grant is accused of such conduct, what are we to expect of others? What we fear now is not so much fresh failures as new frauds." An eminent merchant said: “It would be wrong to condemn Grant on the dispatch as yet receiver of being particeps criminis. Out even his friends cannot exculpate him from participating in profits which were founded on fraud. Every partner in the firm is bound to know the nature of the business in which he embarks, and Grant alone can escape the charge of fraud by accepting the excuse of imbecility." A telegram from London says: The persons most alarmed in London and the most relieved at the comparative failure of the outrages are the Irish inhabitants, whose lives and property are made insecure by these attempts. The disastrous political effect of these events is intensified by the fact that a general election is apparently very near, and an election taking place soon after one of these outrages would bring probably an anti-slavery party of such immense proportions as to make even the Farnellite party of seventy-five men as powerless as Farnell’s present followers were made for a period after the Phoenix Park murders. The position of the Government is more critical than at any previous time, even in the present disastrous session. A dispatch from Pittsburgh, Penn., of May 31st, says: A Conference Committee of iron manufacturers and the Amalgamated Association this morning signed last year’s wages scale, with the addition of the 100 percent advance on steel rails and sheets demanded by the employees. This averts a strike and insures steady work to 100,000 employees in the iron mills of the country for one year. The iron workers are jubilant. Col. Nellis Borden, who was shot recently in a quarrel with State Representative Henry Lueback, of South Carolina, over the possession of a mine near Plum Creek in that State, served all through the war on Rosecrans staff. He was an expert miner, and had had considerable experience among the mines of California and other States. He leaves a wife and two children. A shooting scrape occurred in South Vallejo at an early hour Monday morning, in the saloon of John Lycargos, between two Greek fishermen. Both were severely wounded, but it is thought not fatally. The proprietor also received a bullet in the groin while endeavoring to stop the fight. Gambling and whisky was the cause of the affair. The Manchester (England) Guardian says that crime of the use of dynamite sort, openly advocated and openly paid for in the United States, can never wholly be exterminated while the Government and people of the United States allow this propaganda against a friendly and kindred nation to be continued among them. A bill was passed in the House Saturday restoring the law of 1867 in the matter of appeals from the Circuit Courts to the United States Supreme Court in habeas corpus cases. This law was repealed a few years ago, while the Mexican case from Mississippi was pending before the Supreme Court. There was a run on the National Savings Bank in Washington, Monday morning. The bank is paying promptly and the officers say there is no intention of taking advantage of the thirty-day clause. Nine-tenths of the people drawing out are colored. J. O. Mills, a cousin of D. O. Mills, died in New York Sunday from apoplexy. He was a well-known Wall Street broker and worth over $100,000,000. A cloudburst of waterspout fell on the bald hills about 70 miles southeast of Visalia, Cal., on Monday, and a family of five persons, named Stewart, were drowned. Brevet-Major General Henry W. Benham, formerly of the Corps of Engineers of the United States army, died Monday at his late residence, 114 East Thirty-sixth Street, New York city. General Manfield Lovell, ex-Confederate soldier, and formerly a prominent citizen of New York, died Sunday afternoon in New York city. The hero of the hour at Berlin at present is Dr. Koch, the President of the German Cholera Commission, who has just returned from India, where he has discovered the cholera germ. He studied medicine at Gottingen, and afterward pursued his microscopical studies of bacteria at Breslau under Prof. Cohn. Dr. Koch has been known to the scientific world for some time as a conscientious and accurate observer, but to the non-scientitic world his name was unknown until his discovery of the cholera germ. Nevada, through N. Levy & Co., sells Buck eye Mowers, Bain & Co. as well as Barb Wire cheaper than California. Send in your order to N. Levy & Co. The Seltzer Wagon is the boss. E. Kinhart & Co. always have a full assortment of hand. The Palace. A fresh supply of those “Sublime Cigars” just received. Call at the Palace, and try one. NEW TODAY. H - = H - = I N I A H A D I good horbed-wire fence, no toiia of Huy, one Buckeye Mower, one Tiger Hay Rake, and a sufficient nutriment of Juniper Fence Posts to fence all of the Ranch and build corral; a lot of Timber; also an extensive Stock Range south of Winnemucca. For sale at a bargain. For terms of sale, apply to A. F. ABEL. Winnemucca, May 25, 1844. FOR SALE! A HAY RANCH, situated on Willow Creek, on the old Hill Beach by Stage Road, and about one mile below the River Wave mill. There is a good frame house with three rooms, also a large corral on the place. About eighty acres of the land is in timothy and alfalfa. This is a desirable place for a party with some means to open a way side house and store. For further particulars, address ANONY KANAOAR, Villow Creek P. O., May 22, 1844. JUST ARRIVED! AT F. C. ROSS' CELEBRATED CASH STORE, “ELEPHANT PLUMBING” AT 50 CENTS A POUND. A NO. 1 CHEW. CIGARS! RANGING IN PRICE FROM $5 to $10 per box. COTTON AND MANILLA Sizes: 1, 2 and one inch, in any quantity of sizes desired. BOOTS — AND— SHOES! Kip and I air Knots, from $1.50 to $2.50 shoes, Kit. Kisser Hand-Handed shoes, $1.50 to $2.50 to $2.50 F. C. ROBINS. Cash More. M. HOFMAN An, Bridge Street, Winnemucca, N.C., Has just received his new stock FRESH Spring Goods! A Selection of Elegant and Desirable DRY GOODS! CLOTHING! A Choice and Splendid Assortment of DOLLS' OOTHING! The Latest styles of BOOTS AND SHOES: NEW AND CHOICE GOODS For the spring trade, and a very large selection of goods for the wants of his customers. He now offers to his friends an excellent assortment of Gent's Furnishing Goods. Bunt and Halls. At priie* that hr irunrantd-* shall l» witis.'n tor) to all who pur 'has* of him. He ha* iaide i»r*'r addition* to the former shirk of hi* Fane) Good*’ Depart meat ! And he ha* now on hand a superior assortment of all kiml* of Fancy and Choice Groceries. All article* In every departin'at of my busi ness will he offered to my customer* At ibr ler* lutmt 1‘rlre* J n. HontAN. Winuemncca, May 1, IHsl. tf C. 0 it e M • W i; t ii. WIJfNKMOCC'A, NKVAliA. CASH STORK *1 IJOITOM PltlCKS Nows Dopot. dialir in ItnoLs, siiiilourry, Yew* Waller, Llltbl Literature, Hlanb Kook*. Legal Hlanb*. of all Mail*. IMelnre* anti Wa»le, SCHOOL H I* LIBS. l®Toy», Novelties an Fancy Notions, M CITLKKY A\ H JKHKLHY, FURNISHING GOODS anu TOILK1 ARTICLES. family gkoiekieh Fresh Fan nod Goods, Tobacco, Cigar*, Fip«*, Hut*, Candies, Urem and Dried Fruits, and Car,leu ana tirusa weed*. _ E. Rkiniiart, } N. PiLBAtcn 108 San some St., Winneraucia. \ San F ranuaco. ) j ''E. Heinhart&Co., FORWARDERS —AND— Commission Mercians, -DEALERS IN_ Q JE N K R A L. Merchandise, —ANU— HIDES. AGENTS K O It SMI I TTLER WAGONS, Buckeye Mowers lietor Mowers,] Hollingsworth Hakes, Aeme Hay Loader* and Rakes, SINGER MACHINES, ■IARISEII WIRE II.I.NT* (or tlir 4.uion ultd K*-d Wu STKAMSH1P LINKS, Aii‘l will uMi;e PASSENGER TICKETS to tU rein Europe to uuj nil**} kUutn iu Amcrin, E. REINHART & CO. WlnovBiuci, Mev.. April1MS4. V 217 Bunn Ktbiit, • 2M fck/uw*f Ham fMAMCuco. f | Nh TomR TNT. LEV If ob OO, WbolesaJe and Retail Dealers u General Mercbaodise! Wool, Hides, FLOi:It and GRAIN. 4 i'OBWABDING AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS. I ok rill, i »:i.» BKA i»:i>n % heel skein Bain Wagons! Buckeye Mowers and Harvesters I — I O IV A RARR HIKE! SINGER SEWING MACHINES! VAL BLATZ MILWAUKEE BEER! Of K NOW VERY, OLD Jl IM.K,AS» AAA OLD VALLEY Per hiskiidsii SI.LI.EYY a ( «.. I Winiii IBU c*.pie**<* m.
| 589 |
sn89052040_1916-12-28_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,916 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,366 | 6,115 |
LATEST NEWS EPITOMIZED FROM TELEGRAPHIC REPORT THAT COVER THE WEEKLY EVENTS. OF MOST INTEREST KEEPING THE READER POSTED ON MOST IMPORTANT CURRENT TOPICS. Wmm Newspaper fiction New Service ABOUT THE WAR. Petrograd admits the retirement of Russian forces in the Dobrudja region A spirited engagement has been fought in Galicia and Berlin reports the breaking of the Russian line. Berlin records attacks favorable to Turks and Bulgarians in the Siam region of the Macedonian front. Berlin announces the capture of 900 Russians in that section and declares the Teuton advance is continuing. K1 Arisb, an Egyptian town on the frontier of Palestine, has been captured by the British after a siege of two years. Hundreds of Bulgarians were drowned when a Russian regiment drove a detachment of the enemy into Lake Ibolata. British troops penetrated advanced German positions north of Arras. Sub sequenlly they were ejected by a German counter attack. Several attacks by Russian troops on the German lines along the front in Volhynia and further north were repulsed, the war office announced at Berlin. Increased artillery activity is reported along the Homme and on the east bank of the Meuse in the Verdun region, the scene of the latest French advance. Gen. Joffre handed over the command of the French armies of the north and northeast to Gen. Robert George Neville, recently appointed commander in chief. French forces have taken a total of 11,387 German prisoners on the Ver During the front since Dec. 13, according to the announcement made by the French war office, Villa and his forces attacked Torreon and the battle was a violent and bloody one. WESTERN The federal reserve bank of Chicago declared a dividend of 6 percent. Charles E. Hughes carried Oregon by a plurality of 7,314 over President Wilson. Fifteen Kansas convicts at Lansing were free to go to their homes Friday to spend the holidays. President Wilson's plurality in Texas at the November election was 220,960, according to the official count. John Soudas, proprietor of a cigar store, accused of the murder of Mrs. Illanche Coleman in a hole June 16, was convicted at Seattle, Wash. Christmas bonuses amounting to $3,500,000 were announced in Chicago by the Western Electric Company, the Crane Company, and Andrews & Co. Three engineers were injured and one may die as the result of a wreck of two freight trains at the Burlington-Union Pacific crossing near Yutan, Neb. At Chicago, notwithstanding almost panicky selling and 7 cents break in wheat prices Thursday, the market made a greater rebound and closed strong, with substantial net gains. By order of Mayor MacVicar, the police at Des Moines, Iowa, seized a carload of coal in the yards of the Chicago St Northwestern railroad. The mayor announced that the coal was to be delivered to the poor. WASHINGTON. Brig. Gen. George A. Woodward, U.S.A., retired, died aged 81. The President and Mrs. Wilson members of the cabinet and nearly all of the Latin-American diplomatic representatives attended a Pan-American ball at the Pan-American Union building by the Southern Society of Washington. Announcement was made at the State Department that Great Britain had furnished complete information showing that the British horse ship Marina was sunk without warning by a German submarine with the loss of six Americans, was not at the time and had not been before in British public service, either by charter or requisition. France, as well as Great Britain, has instructed her naval commanders to give unhindered passage through the blockade lines to Count Tarnowakl, the newly appointed ambassador to the United States, from Austria-Hungary. The first 190 national banks of the country in the, formerly congested in a few financial centers, but now scattered among thirty-three cities in twenty-two states, increased their reserve between the bank calls of Sept 11 and Nov. 11 by $610,000,000 as against 9 a year ago. FOREIGN. The small Russian steamer Skiftet has been sunk by striking a mine near Abo, Finland. The new Almanac de Gotha's list of nobility fell in the war includes 258 counts, 567 barons and 1,465 lesser nobility. Announcement of the new board of agriculture's intention to guarantee a fixed price for wheat was made in the House of Commons in London. Death of Prince Guido Hetickel von Donnersmark, the second richest man in Germany, at the age of 86, was announced by the official press bureau at Berlin. American schooner William Mason, bound from Perth Amboy for Yarmouth, N.S., has been lost with all hands, according to a. Report received at Halifax, N.S. Premier Brland's proposal to suppress the manufacture and sale of spirits in France, which is generally approved by the public, is being fought by the powerful liquor trade interests. The House of Commons at London passed a resolution presented by the government "that an additional number of land forces not exceeding 1,000,000,000, shall be maintained at home and abroad." Three German army officers, a captain and two lieutenants who escaped from a Siberian prison ramp have been killed in Mongolia by Russian soldiers, according to the Chinese foreign office at Peking. The Argentine steamer Ourumalan, which sailed from Cardiff, Wales, on Sept. 21, with a cargo of coal, has not arrived at Buenos Aires, and it is feared she has been sunk. She carried a crew of twenty-nine. The report from Berlin that the Kaiser may soon invite the ambassador, James W. Gerard, to headquarters for a discussion of possible mediation by the United States, aroused much comment in diplomatic circles at The Hague. SPORT. Ad Wolgast announced that he had booked four fights for next month, beginning with a fifteen round round match in Kansas City, Mo., New Year's day with Otto Wallace. The St. Louis Cardinals were almost sold once again by Russell H. Gardner, millionaire manufacturer of St. Louis, offered Mrs. Helen Britton, owner of the club, $1250,000. That Joe Tinker, deposed manager of the Cubs, will purchase the Columbus, Ohio, American Association Club soon was the confident belief of his closest friends at Chicago. The Colorado trotter, A.R.O., brought $1,700, the top price, in the sale of trotters and pacers at the Union stockyards in Chicago. Brown of Denver bought A. It G, after spirited bidding. Billy Anderson, a cowboy who weighs 204 pounds and puts every ounce of it into his business arm when he takes a pok at anybody, is Jack Kanner's pick for the heavyweight honors in the D.A.C. tourney in Denver. GENERAL. The standard Oil Company announced an advance of 1c in refined oil in cases for export. Marion Harland (Mrs. Edward Payson Terhune) celebrated her eighty-fifth birthday anniversary at her home in New York by working. She is the author of more than forty books. Oregon's prohibition law was given a blow at Portland when Circuit Judge Henry B. McGinn ruled that the state had no authority to limit or prohibit citizens from manufacturing or importing liquor for personal use. The sale at foreclosure of the Missouri Pacific and of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroads was ordered by Judge Hook in the United States District Court at St. Louis. The minimum price for the Missouri Pacific was fixed at $116,150,000 and for the iron Mountain at $23,000,000. Gen. P. Elias Calles announced at Douglas, Ariz., that he had petitioned Vincenzo Carranza, first chief of the constitutionalist party, to decree the establishment of a free zone twelve miles wide along the entire northern border of Mexico, to facilitate commerce between the border sections of Mexico and the United States. The will of Mrs. Clara L. Klccardt, formerly Clara de Riquet, princess de Chimay, formerly Clara L. Ward, and a petition for letters testamentary were filed in the Probate Court in Chicago by John W. Gary. The petition cites that the estate is worth approximately $11,124,935.96 in personal property and 150,000 in real estate, practically all of which is left to Louise R. Kecardt, who is in Italy. Marie de Chimay, a daughter, and Joseph de Chimay, a son, who resides in Paris. Mrs. Clara L. Hakeslee of Chicago, a cousin, is given a bequest of $16,000. At Wichita, Kan., five bodies were taken from the ruins, and three persons are in a critical condition as a result of an early morning fire which destroyed the Kansas Masonic Home, atalling a money loss estimated at $1250,000. Charles H. Sherrill, former minister to Argentina and organizer of the great preparedness parade in New York, has refused to accept $100,000 bequeathed to him by his mother-in-law, Mrs. Sarah Barker Gibbs, who died last May and left an estate worth $6,000,000. THE RAYMER ENTERPRISE. COLORADO STATE NEWS Western Newspaper Union News Service. RATES FOR CONGRESS EVENTS. Jan. 1-8—Poultry Show at Denver. Jan. 8-11—Annual Poultry Show at Brush. Jan. 11-12—Poultry Show at Carson City. Jan 20.—Athletic Club boxing contests at Denver. Jan 20.—Annual Western Stock Show at Denver. Feb. 2-4 V M C. A. Annual Convention at Colorado Springs. Frederick is to have a new mill and elevator. During the past year, Colorado bank deposits have increased $14,227,023. The total tax levy for the city and county of Denver in 1917 will be 17 mills. The business men of Otis have raised sufficient funds for the equipment of a brass band. Building permits issued in the city of Denver during the last year amounted to over $4,000,000. Sugar-beet growers, in Longmont, are signing 1917 contracts. An increase in price of $1 a ton is provided. The ninth annual poultry show of the Northeastern Colorado Poultry Association will be held at Brush, Jan. 8. The Burlington railroad has renewed its 1916 subscription of $5,000 to the Denver tourist and publicity bureau. With nearly 300 more fires to fight in 1910 than during 1915, the Denver fire department reduced the fire loss $67,055.68. Railroad officials report the biggest Christmas holiday travel for several years on the reduced round trip rates in Colorado. Two miles of the 18 foot concrete pavement on the South Golden road have been completed and thrown open for public use. Christmas cheer in the form of cash was given to the employees of various corporations and business institutions in Denver. J. F. Hay, 45 years old, a farmer and hotel keeper of Dennett, threw himself in front of a Rock Island train at Byers and was instantly killed. The Oklahoma Normal basketball team defeated the Colorado Agricultural College quintet at Fort Collins, Colo., by a score of 38 to 22. Idledale, on Hear creek, has been purchased by the Denver Motor Club from M. L. Baldwin for $20,000, according to Charles F. Roehrig, secretary of the club. The Rev. Irving P. Johnson, who becomes bishop of the diocese of Colorado in the Protestant Episcopal church on New Year. Day, spent Christmas in Manitou. Houtt county bituminous coal reached the highest price in the history of the state when it was advanced to $7 a ton, an increase in the former price of 50 cents. Marked Improvement in the condition of United States Senator John F. Shafroth, who has been seriously ill at Washington, was indicated in a telegram received in Denver. There were thirty-five fewer deaths in Denver during November, 1910 than in the corresponding month in 1915, according to the monthly report of the Denver Bureau of Health. The Denver district shipped 173 cars of ore per month on the average during the year ending December 1. The net average monthly return on the shipments are estimated at $152,600. Monsignor P. A. Phillips was officially named vicar general of the Catholic diocese of Denver by Bishop N. C. Mall. He succeeds Monsignor Brady, who recently resigned from the post. Chicago's Mining World, quoting its New York correspondent, says the demand for tungsten has been very active, with sellers reporting a considerable business done for delivery over all of 1917 at prices ranging from $117.50 per unit for ordinary grades to $118 per unit for high grades. The life of a guardsman on the Mexican border hasn't nearly so disagreeable as some would have it seem, according to Sgt. Frank Stark of Denver, who is home on furlough. "The climate is healthful and bracing all along the border," he said. "and one cannot fail to benefit by the military life and discipline." The annual report of the United Gold Mines Company of Cripple Creek, which covers the work accomplished during the year, was sent to stockholders with their dividend checks. It shows that in the first eight months of 1916, 10,783 tons of ore of a gross value of $1219,215.75 were taken out by the lessees with a net return of $1124,850.04. The royalties in that period amounted to $130,853.41. George Parker, 43, who underwent a blood transfusion at the county hospital in Denver, in his fight against pernicious gnomic, was reported to be recovering. Nearly a pint of blood was transfused from the veins of Ernest Murphy, a relative, in order to save the older man's life. Because but one family could be found to testify that Dr. Henry Diskette practiced medicine under the name of Dr. Moore, the case against him of having practiced under an assumed name was dismissed at Boulder. BANK OF NIWOT ROBBED TWO MEMBERS OF GANG ARRESTED AT LAFAYETTE. Took $350 and Jewelry, Which Was Recovered After Hour Chase Through the Snow. Western Newspaper Union News Service. Boulder, Colo—Fifty dollars, supposed to have been taken from the Niwot bank was recovered when George W. Ryan, 25 years old, and George Wilson, 40, were arrested in an unoccupied house at Lafayette. The rear door of the bank building was broken in by the robbers, and the lock on the vault was drilled and then blown with an explosive. A large safe was not disturbed, being, as Ryan stated, of manganese steel and strong enough to resist any implements they had. That something was wrong at the bank was discovered at about 5 o'clock when two boys, who light fires in the schoolhouse, saw that the rear door was open. They called up the cashier Guy Dodd, who investigated, and sent word to Sheriff Sanford Buster at Boulder, Chief of Police Lawrence Bass of the same town and Marshal Phil Cowley of Longmont. The officers hurried to Niwot and found a widely blazed trail for them following. The robbers had taken a handcar from a small shed on the Colorado & Southern road, and pushed and worked the machine for about a mile on the railway leading to Lafayette. There they abandoned the car and set off on foot. The tracks were followed by the officers to a house on the outskirts of Lafayette which has been unoccupied for a long time. Sheriff Buster entered the house, alone and unarmed, and found Ryan and Wilson cooking breakfast. He arrested them, and removed two large revolvers from each. George W. Ryan and George Wilson, the two yeggmen who blew the safe in the Niwot bank and were captured by Sheriff Buster and deputies at Louisville, have admitted to post office inspectors that they burned the 14,000 stamps they took out of the safe. The value of the stamps, according to the report of Cordla Clifford, postmistress, was $292. She deposited them in the bank safe the night of the robbery. Merrill Separate Maintenace Suit. Pueblo.—Sensational charges were brought out in the opening session of a separate maintenance suit that is arousing keen interest among the social circles of Pueblo. The suit is that of Mrs. Coda B. Merrill, prominent society matron, against George W. Merrill, chief train dispatcher of the Ihieb division of the Santa Fe railroad. Twenty-seven love letters, declared to have been written to Merrill by two women co-respondents, were introduced in evidence. Merrill, under cross-examination by the plaintiff’s counsel, admitted that the letters had been written to him by Mrs. Anna Chittenden, formerly of Denver, and now of Cheyenne, Wyo., and Mrs. Molle Jefferson, wife of a prominent Omaha physician. Confessed Deserter Surrenders. Greeley.—Declaring that he was fired of being hunted and dodging every peace officer he saw, a man giving the name of James A. Carr, who claimed to be a deserter from troop L, Twelfth cavalry, stationed at Huacida, N.M., gave himself up to Officer Marlin and wanted to be taken back for military trial. He enlisted in Pennsylvania and was serving his second term. The officers telegraphed the commander of troop L at Huacida asking what to do with him. Many Gifts Sent to Soldiers. Colorado Springs —A big consignment of Christmas cheer was sent to members of Battery C, the Colorado Springs unit of the National guard now on the border. The shipment included 100 comfort bags filled with small necessities in every soldier's life, a supply of cigars, candy, and smoking tobacco for each man and a generous supply of Christmas decorations. La Salle to Build Water Plant. La Salle —A special election will be held Jan. 9, for a vote on the question of issuing bonds in the sum of $25,000 for the erection of a complete waterworks system to be owned by the city. and operated by the municipality. Provisions have already been made for the sale of the bonds at a premium should the proposition carry. Fire Damages Isabella Mine. Cripple Creek —Fire was discovered in the new shaft house of the Isabella Mines Company. It originated in the roof of the boiler house. A high wind was blowing, but the miners got the fire under control. The loss is about $1,000. Mesa Bank Pays Dividend. Grand Junction—The Mesa County National bank, of which Senator J. J. Tobin of Montrose is receiver, will pay another 5 percent dividend repayment to the stockholders, who with this payment will have recovered 45 percent of the money they had invested in the bank, which failed Nov. 27, 1913. Orson Adams, convicted of wrecking the bank's finances, is serving a six-year sentence in the penitentiary. The dividend will amount to $24,109. SWITZERLAND BACKS WILSON FIRST OF NEUTRALS TO LINE UP TO FORCE ROWERS TO CONSIDER PEACE PROPOSALS. WAR TO TURN TO PEACE WASHINGTON RECEIVES WORD THAT OTHER NEUTRALS WILL TAKE SIMILAR COURSE. Western Newspaper Union News Service. Washington.—War on earth, with all its bitterness, will turn to peace and goodwill before another Christmas, government heads here believe. Their hope for and belief in such an outcome within the new year was strengthened by Switzerland's note, approving President Wilson's peace move and offering the mountain republic's "hit" toward halting the world struggle and seeing that peace is permanent. Atop of this encouraging news came word that other neutrals would take a similar course, while it Is known that all, privately, at least, are behind the American position. Moreover, the administration had reason to feel that the warriors themselves will take kindly to the peace propositions before long. Hence, on Christmast Day, American officials felt that there was real cause for rejoicing, despite the fact that the big nations still are doing their slaughter abroad. Switzerland, in a note to all of the warring powers, announced its support of President Wilson's appeal for a discussion of peace terms, saying it "would consider itself happy if it could act in any way, no matter how modest, for the appropriation of the peoples now engaged in the struggle, and for a lasting peace." The note was sent to the belligerents by the Swiss Federal Council, and Dr. Paul Ritter, minister of Switzerland here, sent a copy of it to the White House. Secretary Lansing made it public. A large number of cablegrams came to the White House from Holland, Sweden, and Norway. These were transmitted by organizations and individuals. All praise the President for his position, proffer whatever assistance can be rendered and intimate that their own governments will take similar steps. All the neutral diplomats in this city expressed utmost interest in the advanced step taken by Switzerland. So much enthusiasm was aroused that many prophecies were made that many of the South American republics would join the procession and send peace telegrams. These nations are all far removed from the scene of war but all of them do a large overseas business with each of the belligerents. Mackensen Advancing in Dobrudja. Berlin—Field Marshal von Mackensen's Dobrudja army, after capturing Isaktrha, on the Danube, has begun an attack on the bridgehead of Matchin, in the northwestern corner of Dobrudja, in the northwestern corner of Dobrudja. Brudja province, to which the Itusso-Rumanian forces have retreated, army headquarters announced on Christmas Day. Cafion City.—More than 100 turkeys together with celery and other "trimmings" all raised upon the prison farm, were served at a Christmas dinner to about 500 inmates of the Colorado penitentiary here on Christmas day. VILLA TAKES CARRANZA HOME. Big Estates at San Pedro de las Colonias Fall Into Bandits' Hand. El Paso, Tex. Villa celebrated Christmas by capturing San Pedro de las Colonias, the home of his arch enemy, Gen. Venustiano Carranza. This was stated in advices from foreign sources in northeastern Mexico. San Pedro de las Colonias is north-east of Torreon, captured on Friday, on the railroad line leading toward Monterey, which is Villa’s present object. It is a rich agricultural community and it is believed to be Villa's purpose to raid the farming section to replenish his stores of supplies. Carranza's estates are among the largest in the vicinity of San Pedro, which also has the distinction of having been the birthplace of President Francisco I. Madero. Mexicans on the border took it for granted the Carranza and Madero estates would be devastated, inasmuch as the Madero properties are being administered by the de facto government. One Killed in Second Snowslide. Ouray.—A snow slide in Governor Basin took its toll of one miner, being the second fatal avalanche in two days here. Elmer Anderson, while on his way to this city to spend Christmas, was in a party of seven miners that were carried down into Governor Basin and buried under mountains of snow. The others worked their way out of the canyon into which they were buried. Anderson was buried deeper than the others and apparently smothered under the weight of the avalanche. The dangerous cold is the neglected cold. Get a box of— cascara Quinine. The old family remedy—in tablet form—safe, sure to take. No opiates—no unpleasant after effects. Cures cold in 34 hours—Grip in 3 days. Money back if it fails. Get the genuine box with Red Top and Mr. Hill's picture on it—25 cents. At Any Drug Store. Thankless Job. “So you are in the motion picture business?" “Yes,” replied the man with a bandaged arm. “What is your specialty?" “I'll explain. Sometimes one of those ly-fingered Broadway actors that all the women are crazy about appears in a photoplay that requires the hero to wrestle with a lion, leap off a cliff, dangle out of a top-floor window of a 20-Story building or do something else of that sort." “Well?" “And I'm the stepchild of fortune who takes his place in that particular scene so he won't spoil his pretty face.” HEAL YOUR SKIN TROUBLES With Cuticura, the Quick, Sure and Easy Way. Trial Free Bathe with Cuticura Soap, dry and apply the Ointment. They stop itching instantly, clear away pimples, blackheads, redness and roughness, remove dandruff and scalp irritation, heal red, rough and sore hands as well as most baby skin troubles. Free sample each by mail with Book. Address postcard, Cuticura, Dept. h, Boston. Sold everywhere.—Adr. Sea of Pumice. A steamship which recently made the port of San Francisco reports having sailed in a sea of pumice, near Sydney, X. S. W. Apparently the material had been cast up by a submarine volcanic outbreak, and chunks ranging in size from that of a marble to a plug hat were thrown on deck by the waves. The vessel was several hours in passing through the affected region. Red Cross Bag Blue, much better, goes farther than liquid blue. Get from any grocer Adv. A Quick Decider. Clerk—The firemen turned the hose on our basement, sir, und drenched two piles of that silk dress goods. Merchant—Advertise a big sale of watered silk right away. Some people are so eccentric that they even say something when they talk. There was a little lawyer man who said that he had been dead for his dear dead husband a will to test and think of his coming fee. He said to her quite tenderly "You have a wife's fat legacy. Next morning as he lay in bed with plasters on his broken head and wandered what the drove had said The only tape left in the poor old people is a poor instance with a tendency to nervous indigestion, or dyspepsia and that close complexion of the disorder called consumption. For more than half a century a ready ready medicine has been found. Little Mounds of households in every dim Green's August Flower has been successfully used for the relief of stomach and liver troubles all over the civilized world. All druggists or dealers everywhere have it in 25c and 75c sizes. Try it and see for yourself. Dl If LOSSES SOIQT PKYDfTH DIJU*A?.!!S*“XT JfMatgai® (T tt-dMMkansddsgplSgtrN W II So4«e *z. MsaSJtS FUs. S4.M ' II Van any Iniector, but CuttoVa (implant nndatrnngoß. II Tho superiority ol Cuttot products in dun to ovtr IS || poor* oiapcctoUiiag in vaccins* and tuuvm || omit. Insist on Cvttess. II nnohs^Mtd» || ardor direct. mm*.Cnmn < f Wirrirci i»>k •up »• bbnd COLD raanTS 'ffurfriaT o EC hair*balslm ff|SS93j| AtollM prwwloo •( urlt. Mm W H.lp. to .ndbwta daadnC. BHtt. s■_ For R-torire Odor wd ENH r-~9| Boot? ta Gray or F«M Hair, PATENTS ■ B ■ BI ■ w C. Adrien and book*lre*. Sales reasonable. Highest references Benton rrloon. Denver Directory^ MACHINERY Monramf tfnorf BUY, BELL or TRADE —Send for list Thu Morse Bras. M. AS. Co. 1732 Warn St Dearer, Cot* W. H.NEVEU Auto Mediators, Fender*, Hoods, Lam poind Tanks MA D ■ and ImmßM R»PAIRID. Beet equipment and quickest foaran teedservicelnCoUn redo. rlasohablh thumb. ■w ISSI Broadway PWoHolodm Dims. OOLOb - ■ \ W. N. u„ DENVER, NO. 53-1911.
| 20,318 |
https://github.com/lsubel/jmutops/blob/master/testsrc/mutationoperators/methodlevel/CRO_Test_MultipleFiles.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
jmutops
|
lsubel
|
Java
|
Code
| 585 | 2,216 |
package mutationoperators.methodlevel;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import java.util.HashMap;
import mutationoperators.MethodTest;
import mutationoperators.MutationOperator;
import mutationoperators.methodlevel.aco.ACO;
import mutationoperators.methodlevel.cro.CRO;
import mutationoperators.methodlevel.pnc.PNC;
import org.junit.Test;
public class CRO_Test_MultipleFiles extends MethodTest {
MutationOperator mutop_cro;
MutationOperator mutop_pnc;
MutationOperator mutop_aco;
@Override
protected void initializeMutationOperatorsToTest() {
this.mutop_cro = new CRO();
this.addMutationOperatorToTest(mutop_cro);
this.mutop_pnc = new PNC();
this.addMutationOperatorToTest(mutop_pnc);
this.mutop_aco = new ACO();
this.addMutationOperatorToTest(mutop_aco);
}
@Override
protected String getOtherClassContent() {
return "String owner = \"Me\"; " +
"Building firstBuilding; " +
"Building secondBuilding; ";
}
@Override
protected void initializeContextFiles() {
String fileContentBuilding =
"String name; " +
"String location; " +
"int priceInDollar; " +
"int age; " +
"public Building(){age = 0;}" +
"public Building(int price, int years){age = years; priceInDollar = price;}";
addContextSourceFile("Building", surroundWithClass("Building", fileContentBuilding));
String fileContentGarage =
"int slotsForCars; " +
"boolean containsWorkbench; " +
"public Garage(){slotsForCars = 1; containsWorkbench = false; }" +
"public Garage(int slots){slotsForCars = slots;}";
addContextSourceFile("Garage", surroundWithClass("Garage", "Building", "", fileContentGarage));
String fileContentHome =
"int numberOfBedrooms; " +
"int numberOfBathrooms; " +
"public Home(){numberOfBedrooms = 1;}" +
"public Home(int bed){numberOfBedrooms = bed;}" +
"public Home(int bed, int bath){numberOfBedrooms = bed; numberOfBathrooms = bath;}";
addContextSourceFile("Home", surroundWithClass("Home", "Building", "", fileContentHome));
String fileContentHolidayHome =
"boolean rented; " +
"public HolidayHome(){rented = false;}";
addContextSourceFile("HolidayHome", surroundWithClass("HolidayHome", "Home", "", fileContentHolidayHome));
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod1() {
String pre = "Building b = new Building();";
String post = "Building b = new Garage();";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod2() {
String pre = "Home b = new Home();";
String post = "Home b = new HolidayHome();";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod3() {
String pre = "Building b = new Building();";
String post = "Building b = new HolidayHome();";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod4() {
String pre = "Home h = new Home();";
String post = "Home h = new HolidayHome();";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod5() {
String pre = "Home b = new HolidayHome(2);";
String post = "Home b = new Home(2);";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod6() {
String pre = "Building b = new Building(50000, 50000);";
String post = "Building b = new Home(2, 2);";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_SameConstructorMethod7() {
String pre = "Building b = new Building(4, 4);";
String post = "Building b = new Home(4, 4);";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_DifferentParameterNumber1() {
String pre = "Building b = new Building();";
String post = "Building b = new Building(2, 5);";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_DifferentParameterNumber2() {
String pre = "Building b = new Building(50000, 1);";
String post = "Building b = new Garage(2);";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
@Test
public void testCRO_DifferentParameterNumber3() {
String pre = "Home h = new HolidayHome();";
String post = "Home h = new Home(2);";
HashMap<String, Integer> resultMap = compareMatches(pre, post);
assertEquals(1, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_cro));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_pnc));
assertEquals(0, getApplicationValue(resultMap, mutop_aco));
checkOtherMutationOperators(resultMap);
}
}
| 7,082 |
https://github.com/YusukeOno/FuelPHPStudy/blob/master/fuelphp/fuel/app/tests/mock_mail.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
FuelPHPStudy
|
YusukeOno
|
PHP
|
Code
| 36 | 141 |
<?php
// PHPのmail()関数をオーバーライド
namespace Email;
function mail($to, $subject, $message, $additional_headers, $additional_parameters)
{
$data = array(
'to' => $to,
'subject' => $subject,
'message' => $message,
'additional_headers' => $additional_headers,
'additional_parameters' => $additional_parameters
);
\Config::set('_tests.mail.data', $data);
return true;
}
| 1,221 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125748165
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
climat de la Normandie
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 16 | 23 |
climat de la Normandie
climat de la Normandie nature de l’élément climat dans une région géographique
| 26,308 |
https://github.com/firebase/firebase-ios-sdk/blob/master/FirebaseAuth/Sources/MultiFactor/FIRMultiFactorSession.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license
| 2,023 |
firebase-ios-sdk
|
firebase
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 166 | 438 |
/*
* Copyright 2019 Google
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#import <TargetConditionals.h>
#if TARGET_OS_IOS
#import "FirebaseAuth/Sources/Public/FirebaseAuth/FIRAuth.h"
#import "FirebaseAuth/Sources/Public/FirebaseAuth/FIRMultiFactorSession.h"
#import "FirebaseAuth/Sources/MultiFactor/FIRMultiFactorSession+Internal.h"
#import "FirebaseAuth/Sources/User/FIRUser_Internal.h"
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
@implementation FIRMultiFactorSession
#pragma mark - Private
- (instancetype)initWithIDToken:(NSString *)IDToken {
self = [super init];
if (self) {
_IDToken = IDToken;
}
return self;
}
#pragma mark - Internal
+ (FIRMultiFactorSession *)sessionForCurrentUser {
FIRUser *currentUser = [[FIRAuth auth] currentUser];
NSString *IDToken = currentUser.rawAccessToken;
FIRMultiFactorSession *session = [[FIRMultiFactorSession alloc] initWithIDToken:IDToken];
session.currentUser = currentUser;
return session;
}
@end
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
#endif
| 44,954 |
denkwrdigerundn02unkngoog_10
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,859 |
Denkwürdiger und nützlicher rheinischer Antiquarius: Welcher die wichtigsten ...
|
Christian von Stramburg, Anton Joseph Weeidenbach
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,229 | 12,867 |
Lignières Expedition führt in genauer Verbindung mit dem legenden Strauß, welchen das Triestische Domkapitel mit seinem unruhigen Kurfürsten Philipp Christoph zu befriedigen gehabt, und it demnach teilweise Abth. I Bd. 1 S. 445—454 bearbeitet. Indem aber die folder Begründung zum Grunde liegende Relation durch die wesentlichsten Drucksfehler entstellt, sehe ich mich genötigt, sie hier vollständiger und fehlerfrei wiederzugeben. „Als nun infolgend die Französische Volker aus dem Elsaß über den Zaberer Steeg und Pfaltzburg marschiert, und der Herr General von Roßen vernommen, daß Herr Oberst von den Lothringischen vor etlichen Tagen sich des Schlosses S. Laurentz, an der Saar im Westfalen gelegen, bemächtigt, und noch benachbarten liege, bat er am 8./18. September die Seinen dahin vorzurücken, und bestimmt die besagten Taffen:: dass dann, nach etwa fünf oder sechs und zwanzig bescheidenen Canonenschüssen gedachter Oberst Rand sobaldens zu kapitulieren begehrt, so ihm auch auf nachfolgende Capitulation vergönnt geworden, Dieweilend sich aber nach dem Auszug gefunden, und von allen umbliegenden armen Leuten, so das Ihrige in dieses Schloss geflüchtet gehabt, insgesamt geklagt worden, daß ihnen all das Ihrige mitgenommen, als habe wohlgedachte Herr General von Roßen drei ertheilt, ermeldten Kommandanten und alle dessen Bedingungen anzubehalten, gefasst sie dann alle als Kriegsgefangene angenommen worden, bei von sich ein Kapitän mit 60 Mann gutwillig untergeführt, und die meisten in Srangöfische Dienste getreten ; den Herrn Obersten Rand aber, samt einem Oberst-Lieutenant, einem Kapitän und etlichen anderen Offizieren, hat man gefangen von dar mit hinweggeführt, vorhabend folche entweder zu Deuz oder -Diedenhofen in Bewachung zu lassen. Das Schloss aber ist demjenigen vom Adel, welchem es gehört, wiederumb unbesetzt gelassen worden. „Die Artikeln, welche mehrere Herr Oberstleutnant im Schloss zu St. Vloren durch Abkommen erhalten, bestehen in diesem wenigen: 1) Dass der Herr Oberstleutnant Rand, samt seiner Frau, zwei Kapitänen, allen Offizieren und Soldaten, Pferden, Gewehren, Bagage, Kugeln im Mund, brennenden Zünder und Munition, morgen den 10./20. September ausziehen, und nach Bitisch weiter verwiesen folgend. 2) Sollen ihnen zwei Karren, jeder mit zwei Pferden bespannt, mitgegeben, und der Proviant, alle Brod und sechs Bierdosen Mehl, ihm Herrn Obersten zugehörig, gleichergültig nach Bitisch begleitet werden. Dieses Abkommen verspricht der Herr General-Lieutenant von Rothen derart zu halten, dass der Herr Oberstleutnant Rand morgen den 10./20. dieses, Vormittag um 8 Uhr ausziehen, und nichts anders oder mehr als die hineingebracht. Lorengen, den 9./19. Sept. Anno 1649. Neinhold von Rothen. Diesen Berichtung dessen haben sich die Bölder nach dem Erzstift Trier erhoben: wie sie dann wenige Tage hernach ohne Gefahr mit 500 Reutern, 400 Musketieren und drei Stücken Geschistes zu St. Wendel ankommen, daselbst dann sie sich in einem Dorf verfangen, in etwas still gelegen, und aus Nanzig, Metz und Diedenhofen etliche mehr französische Regimenter zu sich erwartet. Darauf sind sie bei Mosel passiert, in Lügenburg eingefallen, die Schange Waßerbillig, Echternach und andere Kleinstädte mehr einbezogen, und Leyenburg, dem Herrn Oberst von Kapelle zufällig, belagert, auch ein Regiment Lothringischer. Völker ruiniert, weil sie allenthalben wenig Widerstand gefunden und auch nach Belieben haufen können. Diesen zu begegnen, ist im Monat Dezember, und zwar um die Hälfte desselben, des Herrn Herzog Ulrichs von Württemberg Fürstliche Gnaden mit ungefähr 3000 Mann aus Flandern zu Türgenburg anzufommen, um zu verhindern, dass diese Säfte das Land nicht weiter verwüsten möchten, als um welchen Willen der meiste Adel vom Land in die Stadt Lattich und Lützenburg geflohen war. Wie nun die Rosen, eine Zeit lang im Lüttichener Land herumgewandert, fand sie Freitags den 26. Dez. (5. Nov.) unterhalb Metz wieder über die Mosel passiert, und den 31. Dez. (10. Nov.) bad Quartier zu Remich. Den 14. Nov., beigesetzt sich etliche Spanische Truppen genau gegen die Franzosen zu Duartier über, von denen die Rosen etliche gefangen Gefangene, welche ausfragten, dass es Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg und vier von Hauert mit 2000 Mann wären, und sie von dannen wegzutreiben füschen wollten; weil aber Herr General Lieutenant von Roßn mit einigen Stücken Feuer auf sie geben Ließ, als hätten sie sich bins wiederum zurückgezogen. Am nächsten Tag fielen sie mit 16 Esquadronen zu Pferd und einer Brigade zu Fuß zwischen Grevenmachern und Waffenschleifen, vorhabend die Mosel zu passieren, aber der von Roßn verhinderte folglich auf das Befestigungswehr mit Stücken und Musketen tapferen Widerstand tun lagen, welches dann über eine Stunde gedauert, als ob die Spanischen nichts richten könnten, sondern unverrichteter Dinge auf Echternach zurück passieren mussten. Kurz vor Eingang des Ehrenmonats hat viel gehördeter Herr General-Lieutenant von Rösen einen Streif in die Eifel getan, das Stäbtlein Tundorff, wie auch dem Grafen von Kayl sein Residentenschloss Kayl, und das darin gelegene adelige Haus Binsfeld weggenommen, bargen er großem Borath an Früchten gefunden, und selbst befand gelassen: zu welcher Zeit Herr Oberst Oehm, mit der Reiterei und Fußvolkern, in 12 Regimenter zu Pferd und 11 zu Fuß stark, auf 2, 3 und A Stunden von Metz gestanden und Order erwartet, wo die Winterquartier zu nehmen, welche sie, habendem Bericht nad, in Lothringen gesetzt, deren Hauptquartier zu Epinal, Darunter aus 4 Regimenter 4 Kompanien gemacht worden. „Unter währenden diefen Hänbeln ift des Heren Herkoge von Lothringen Hochfürſtliche Durchleucht. mit dero unterhabenden Armee, in 10,000 fard, fampt etlihen Stüden Gefchüges, im Stifft Lattih ankommen, und fi beybderfeits der Mans in bie Binterquartier gelegt; weiln aber die Bauren ihme den Paß diſputiren wollen, bat er mit Gewalt in fie fegen müflen,, in Haßbay und Franchimont derfelben in 400 niedergemadt, bey 4000, fo ihr Gewehr von ſich geworffen, gefangen, deren jeder ſich mit einer Piftolett rantzioniren müſſen, und demnad fein Hauptquartier nach Kagarden (7) gelegt, er felbften aber iſt nad Brüffel verreift, und das Commando dem Pringen von Salm überlaffen. Es hat zwar bie Stadt Lüttich gewiffe Deputirte zu hochgedachter J. Durchl. abgesrdnet, und 3000 Piftolettien zu bes Stiffts Verſchonung anbieten laflen, die man aber nicht hören, noch ſolches Dfferte annehmen wollen, fondern feynd fofort bie Duartier augsgefchrieben und etliche Bölder diffeits ber Maas geihidt worden. Bon gedachten Bauren fehreibet man, daß fie Aufange der Lothringifchen Meifter gewefen, und derfelben hin und her in den Wäldern wol bey 300 erlegt; nachdem fie aber ſtolz werden, und ſich ins flache Feld begeben, habe fie der Herr Graff von Salm mit 3000 Pferden umringt, und ihnen eine ſolche Schlappen, wie oben erwähnt, verfegen laſſen. „Bor beichehener Abreife nach Brüſſel haben des Herrn Herbogs Hochfürftl. Durchleuchtigkeit Anftelung gemacht, daß zu imburg ein Magazin aufgericht werden folle, welches fo viel Rachdendens verurfacht, dag Ihre Ehurfürftliche Durchleuchtigfeit zu Cöfn, wie aud der Staatifhe Gubernator zu Maaftricht, deßwegen zu gebachtem Herkog nach Brüſſel abgefhidt, ins gleichem auch Ihre Fürſtl. Durchl. von Neuburg dero Untere tbanen, das Gewehr zu ergreiffen, Befehl ertheilt, alfo daß es darauf geſtanden, dafern bey vielhochgedachter Ihrer Fürſtl. Durchl. von Lothringen die Abführung dero Armee in der Güte nicht zu erhalten, daß sich alsdann die Kur-Kölnische Völker mit denen Lütticher Bauern vereinigen, und gedachte Armee gefesselter Hand forttreiben sollen, gefaltet dann hochfürselige Ihre Kurfürstl. Durchl. zu Köln, so ebenerhalt mit dero Landflächen und Tumbkapitel dahin sich verfernen, daß die Frau Landgräfin zu Kassel, neben der Lippstadt auch die zwei nächste bayrischen gelegene Költnische Aemtern in Ablass erhalten drei hundert tausend Reichsthaler behalten, Neuss einzusichten, doch aber für ihre Bölder noch zwei Monat Contribution und Quartier genießen sollen, um die selben auf den Notfall gegen befugte Lothringische, dass sich aufwärts kommen und dieser Orten Winterquartier nehmen wollten, zu gebrauchen: zu welchem Ende auch allen Untertanen auf dem Lande angefagt worden, sich mit Rohren zu verwehren, um erwartete Armee in Zeiten zu begegnen. „Es ist aber bei Jes alles, durch des Herrn Generals von Lamboy Erzherzog Bemittelung, bei der Herrn Herzog von Lothringen Hochfürstl. Durchl. dahin gebracht worden, dass auf Erlegung 4500 Pistolen vor Ihrer Durchl. und 1400 für die Offizier, deren Armee das Stift Lüttich quittiert, und zu Stephensworth über die Maas in den Reich Aachen ging, um darinnen und auf den Grenzen sich einzulagern. Als nun nach mal die im Lande zu Ravensberg gelegene Bölder, acht Regimenter stark, vernommen, dass der Herr Graf mit 50 Kompanien zu Pferd und tausend Mann zu Fuß Ständischen Böldern Geistlich sei bevorab Furger Tagen in die vierundvierzig Karren, so mit allerhand Kaufmanns Waaren beladen, von Hergogenbusch nach Mastricht gewollt, vier Stunden ungefähr von dannen überfallen und geplündert, den Zurücklegenden zwar, auf deren starke Bitten, die Pferde wiedergeben, und also einen Beruhigung auf drei bis vier tausend Reichsthaler gefordert, veranschlagt hatten, wider sie im Anzug, haben sie sich über die Maas retiriert, und das Städtlein samt der Abtei Cornelimünster ausgeplündert. Dieser Bölder halben ist im gangen untern Stift Coeln, fondiert aber im Hergogthum Jülich und deren Gegend, ein abfondlich. größer Schreden gewesen; wie denn die Hausleute mit dem ihrigen in größerer Menge geflüstert, weil wegen der Herzog Karl IV von Lothringen. 209 Beihringischen kontinuirlichen Streifungen sein Mensch sicher gewesen. Rund vor Ausgang des Januarii haben sie ihre Divisionen, so seit umher Düren gehabt, verändert, und solche mehr abwärts um Heinsberg, Geilenkirchen, Brüggen und daselbst herumgenommen. Indem aber der Jülichische Marschall von Brüssel wieder zurückkommen und mit des Herren Herzogs von Lothringen Hochfürstl. Durchl. wegen derer Völker Abzug einen Accord getroffen, dass nämlich das Land 500 Malter Korn zugeführt, als haben sie solche Provingen hinwieder gang gemacht und sich gegen Aachen gezogen. Den 13./23. Februar 1650 fand 24 Lothringische Regimentswinter zu Fuß und zu Ross, in allem auf 8000 Mann gefesselt, unter dem Commando des Herrn Generalwachtmeisters de Fague, zu uns Daum, im Erzstift Trier, angelangt, die haben ebenso schlecht, wie man ihrer Gegend her gefesselt, Haus gehalten und 4 Stück Geschütze mit sich geführt, wonach Ihrer Berichtung Recht nicht viel besonderes zu tun, dann sie fast nichts getan, als von einem Drt zum anderen vagiert und Geld gemacht. Ihrer heiligen hundert zu Fuß und zu Ross haben auf dem Hunderd her umgeführt, und aus unterfänglichen Flecken die Beamten in Wege geführt, von welchen sie Geld zur Ration und für Brandschutz wollen. Gleichfalls haben sie vom Stift Trier 2,000 Reichsthaler begehrt, mit Vorwenden, dass sie von einem Hochwürdigen Thumkapitul zu Hilfe berufen, auch erschienen, weil sie die Rossische Währung der Orte versehrt, sie daher billig dafür zu befriedigen; gefällt denn auch ermitteltes Thumkapitul ein heilige Deputierte zu denselben geschickt und mit ihnen verhandeln lassen. Weiters hat man Nachricht, dass um die Hälfte des März die Lothringische Kavallerie, unter dem Baron Glineau, zwischen Toul und Bernkastel über die Mosel gezogen und das Schloss Löffingen, wo 30 Dragoner von der Reichsarmee gelegen, durch Übereinstimmung erobert, dahin viel Früchte, so man zu Hammerstein dem Herzog von Lothringen ein Magazin anzufertigen und viel Früchte zusammenzubringen lassen, ausgeladen, geführt worden; und sollen eben dieselben Börder des Herrn Pfalzgraf von Birkenfeld besetzt halten, so bei diesem Hammerstein. Gantze Krieg sich erhalten, rein ausgeplündert und in die 500 Stück allerhand Viehs hinweggetrieben haben: da im Mittelst mehr hochgedachtes Herrn Herzogs von Lothringen Fürstl. Durchl. hin und wieder stark werben, viel Gelder auszahlen und im März dem geweihten Käferlichen Herrn Obersten Feldbergern allein, nunmehr aber Lothringischen General-Wachtmeistern, um ein Regiment zu Pferd und eins zu Fuß zu werben, Patenten und 32,000 Kronen, auch den Sammelplatz am Rhein-Strom um obbelegtes Hammerfleisch anweisen lassen. Im Monat April haben sie die Lothringischen Bürger in der Stadt Trier ein und wieder einzquartiert, denen eilende Befehle zuföhnlen, aus dem Stift Trier fehlende auf und zus fammenzuziehen, dergleichen die Spanier auch getan, welche ihre Bürger aus den Garnisonen nach Brabant geführt, um im fünften Monat Mai ins Feld zu kommen. Es feynd auf gedachte Lothringische Volcker mit den Spaniern (allein nur mit dem halben Teil, unter dem Commando des Herrn. Generals Wachtmeister des Faß) aus dem Kurrheinischen (allda bedeutende vestigia hinterlassen) sobald auf und nach der Maas und in Flandern gezogen, die Hälfte aber ist noch immer alda in der Gegend befindlich, dann man mit dem Herrn Herzog zu Brüssel auch gefasst, daß er, nach Überlaffung 5000 Mann, in Spanischen Diensten dieses Sommer über sein, hingegen Seine Hochfürstl. Durchl. ein gewisses Stück Landes über lassen wollen, weil sie die Geldmittel für dieses Mal so weit nicht erfordern wollen. Auf bescheidenen Abzug der Lothringischen nach Ypern seind die übrige, etwas noch 2500 starke, unterm Commando des Herrn Grafen Lignières, an der Saar ankommen, haben gleich anfangs die Commenture Bedingungen, worinnen Monsieur de Brisacier mit 20 Mann gelegen, berichtet und ihn mit gutem Accord abziehen Taffen: darauf das Schloss Sierpurg , Ihrer Kurpfürstin. Gn. von Trier Betrachtung einem gehörigen , so ein Paß an der Saar und Nied ist, einheimische Waldarbeiter attackiert, in deren jedem 40 Mann gelegen, welche alsobald accordiert und nah Sir konvoyiert, wiewohl Sir von den Lothringischen Herzog Karl IV. von Lothringen. 311 Nah nicht weniger haben sie sich unsterben, den Mepern die Ernte zu verderben, zu welchem Ende dann sie sich etliche Schlösser in selbiger Gegend zu bemächtigen getanget; haben Sonntag den 3. Juli (23. Juni) einen 500 Pferde stark, unterm Commando des Herrn Oberst Er, in den Metzischen Dörfern über 100 Pferde und mehr als 1000 Stück Rinder Vieh hinweggenommen: und ob man ihnen zwar nachgeschickt, um solche gegen etwas Geld wieder auszuwieisen, haben sie doch die besten behalten und die schlechten teuer genug folgend lassen. Und sie sind am 11. Juni vor St. Johann bei Saarbrücken gerichtet, und haben aus Homburg etliche. Städte Geschautz darvor bringen laufen, um den Ort mit aller Bart anzugreifen, weil dessen Commandant sich auf das äuferndste Wehren entschlossen hatte. Und als wir eben dieses schreiben, fällt die gewisse Zeitung ein, dass, als im Monat August über Grandjörsche Bürger-Major Rußwurm mit denen in Bitche Straßburg eine Zeit herum und wieder umher irrende Truppen mit Ros und Fuß durch Lothringen in Frankreich marschieren wollen, sie den 8. dieses von vielen gedachten Lothringischen unter dem Commando vorgedachten Herrn Grafen von Ligneville, durch dessen Oberleutnant Herr Dietrich Stauden, gebürtig von Straßburg am Main, angegriffen, geschlagen, niedergerichtet und der Überrest, samt befandener Herr Generalmajor Rußwurm selbst, gefangen angenommen worden. Soo viel von den Lothringischen. „Belangend bei Roßische," war selbstiger General-Lieutenant Herr Reinhold von Nosten bei dem Franköfischen Hof sehr ge- ihmt, weil er an der Mosel mit wenigem Boden in geringer Zeit so viel getan und die Eroberung Frankreichs Feinde zurücks stehen hätte. Um die Hälfte des Ehrenmonats gingen die Roßischen abermals in das Tügendorfer Land bis an selbstige Stadt Pforten, und brachten viel Vieh und Pferd, wie auch etliche Gefangene von dahin weg. Weil nun die Österreichische Armee in mittelst ihre Winterquartier in Lothringen genommen, als hat Herr Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg den Roßischen das Schloss Ivoy im Lützburgerischen wieder abgenommen und Den 18., den 28. Dezember 1649 fielen in Smet der Kommandant aufhängen lassen. Den 18., den 28. Dezember 1649 führten Hr. General Mafor Dubalt mit seinem unabhängigen Erlachischen Regiment, wie auch Obrister Balthasar mit seinem zu Pferd, denen auf doppelt empfangene Königliche Order das Ruswurm- und Erlachische Regiment, samt den Dragonern, in wenigen Tagen folgen sollen. Weit nun hat Hr. Generalslieutenant von Rosen sich verlauten lassen, wie er befehligt wäre, dem Hrn. Kurzöfürsten zu Trier auf Bitten an die Hand zu gehen und ins Stift sich einzulegen. Als haben die um Ehrenbreitstein angekommenen Armee in 5 Kavallerie-Regimenter gleichfalls Order erhalten, auf sofortigen Fall dem Trierischen Thumb-Capitul Beystand zu leisten, besonders, weil die zu Trier anwesende, sich interponierende Herren Gesandten über allen angewendeten grossen Fleiß zwischen höchsted. Ihrer Churfürstlichen Gnaden und erwähntem-Capitul ihren Vergleich treffen, noch den Hrn. Churfürsten von seiner gefassten Meinung abschreiben können. „Den 7./17. Februar 1650 passierte der von Rothen bei Wasserturm die Saar, ging in das Stift Trier, um einige in das Stift Lützburg gehörende Dörfer zu besuchen, machte sich danach an Bernkastel, besaß es mit 8 Stücken, und war es an dem, dass folgendes sich ihm ergeben sollten. Nachdem aber die Rothringischen Völker den 15. Februar in der Abtei Prüm logiert und auch den Rossen entgegenzugehen auf dem Weg gemäßgehen, hat eingeschulites Bureaucratien nach Hr. General von Rothen seinen Aufbruch befördert und sich gegen den Stumpfen Thurn gewendet, gleichwohl 1 Regiment zu Ross und 1 zu Fuß zurüdersassen, um die gemachten Beuten und diejenige Früchte, so der Amtmann von Cochem für seine Entledigung verurteilt, hernach zu führen. Indem nun die Rössischen Völker bereits bei Metz vorüber gegen Stenay marschiert, und die Lothringische (als oben erwähnt) am 23. Februar in 24 Reg. zu Ross und Fuß zu Trier angekommen: der Hr. von Senneterre aber und Hr. General von Rothen haben sich von Stenay nach Bauberouge zurückziehen müssen, weil sie zu schwach und Hr, Feldmarschall von Turenne mit dem Hrn. Herrn von Württemberg in 6000 stark sich aldort befunden. Richtiger Minister haben die Lothringischen Kriegsverwalter „im Elsaß, auch von Zeit zu Zeit am Rhein und an der Mosel große Furcht und allerhand Ungelegenheiten verursacht, so gar, dass auch zu Frankfurt deswegen gar ein Defensions-Weesen angeordnet werden müßten, sonderlich aber darum, weil die Spanischen und Lothringischen Garnisonen in Strasbourg, Homburg, Landstuhl und Kaltenstein (welche Dörfer zu der Zeit stark besetzt, auch das letztere von neuem befestigt und mit 17 Kompanien Lothringischen belegt ward) durch ständiges Ausstreifen viel Schaden getan und das Land weit herum unter Contribution gesetzt. Eine von diesen Lothringischen Parteien hatte im Christmonat des jüngsten vichenden 1650. Jahres etliche Bürger aus Colmar geplündert und verschiedene andere Personen gefangen und niedergelegt, daher die Bürger ausgefallen und 14 Lothringische gefangen genommen. So vermochten auch die Franzosen zu Breisach, den Lothringischen in St. Blas einen Streich beizubringen, welcher aber nicht angangen war, weit bei Lothringischen desatzung auf sie ausgefallen und sie gezwungen hatten, dass sie sich mit Hinterlassenschaft von 2 Stücken zurückbegeben mussten. Nachdem aber in gleich folgendem Monat Februar die Lothringischen St. Blas verlassen und nach Lothringen gegangen waren, haben besagte Breisacher die Pforten samt dem Schloss zu St. Blas angezündet und unbrauchbar gemacht. "In ermeltem Monat Januar, und zwar den 5./15. desselben, brachte der Obrist-Lieutenant Barthel Deiter, unter dem Lothringischen General-Wachtmeister Grotten, den Franzosen einen guten Streich bei, indem derselbe nicht weit von Epinal 15 Kompanien zu Fuß überfallen, so in 2 Höfen, als in einem 8, in dem anderen 7, gefegt, davon diejenigen, die nicht nieder gemacht worden, mit aller ihrer Baggage in den Häusern verbrennen, da doch obgedachter Obrist-Lieutenant mehr nicht als 60 Reiter und 30 zu Fuß stehen gewesen. Nicht weniger, als eifgedachter Lothringischer General-Wachtmeister Grott Nachricht fing, dass 2 Kompanien zu Pferd vom Schützischen Sommerstein 4. zusammengezogen wurden." Regiment sich zu St. Avold einquartiert, hat er alsobald 200 Herd und 100 Mann zu Fuß von Waldeck dahin kommandiert, welche erhaltetes Städtlein bei nächster Weil über, gestiegen, was sich zur Wehr gestellt, niedergemacht, die übrigen aber, nebenbei gute Beulen und in 200 Pferde samt 1 Standarte, gefänglich hinweggeführt, nach welcher Aktion berüchtigter General- Wachtmeister mit 10 Regimentern und 2 Städten Geschütz gegen den Moselstrom herausgegangen und den 14./24. Februar bei Liefer über die Mosel gefällt. Entgegen waren eben damals 300 Frauen aus Philippsburg vor das Städtchen Bruchsal, in das Stift Speyer gehörig, gerudert, welches sie auch unerachtet bewaffnetener stärder Gegenwehr im Sturm überfliegen, 5 Bürger tottgeschossen, einige beschädigt und darauf das Städtchen gesplündert. Im Land von Gültig hatte Pfalz Neuburg dem Herzog von Lothringen das Winterquartier abgeschlagen, im Stift Lüttich aber haben die Lothringische Volker ohne des Bischofs Wissen mit Gewalt genommen und sich zwischen Namur und Huy verteilt, weswegen Ihre Kurfürstliche Durchlaucht, von Köln den Grafen von Fürstenberg an den Herzog abgeschrieben und um Beruhigung des Landes Aufnahme zu tun lassen. Es ist schwerlich zu glauben, was die Lothringischen Böcken hin und wieder in den Provinzen, und besonders im Bistum Lüttich, für Muthwillen und Grausamkeit gegen den armen Landmann verübt, deren etliche sie bei den Friesen in die Schornsteine oder Kamine aufgehenkt und sie selbst ersticken lassen: Anderen feinen Hände und Füße zusammengebunden und von den höchsten Bergen in die Täler heruntergeworfen worden, welches allenthalben einen grausamen Schrecken verbreitet, so dass Ihre Kurfürstliche Durchlaucht von Köln als Sie der Lothringischen Marsch vernommen, allen Ihrer Untertanen Befehl zu tun lassen, das Gewehr gegen sie zu ergreifen, so auch geschehen, und dadurch den Lothringischen unter dem Commando des Grafen von Merode und Freiherrn von Berlingen, Gouverneur zu Huy, einen Abbruch getan, und von den Bauern selbst ihnen mehrmals wiederauf die Haut gelegen worden; daher sie auf die Grenze von Lüttich, zur Sicherung nach Brabant, mit Rauben und Plündern grossen Schaden getan, auch sehr viel Bauern aus Bitterkeit übermacht. So haben sie auch das Ländlein von Ravenstein eingerichtet. Der nicht quittierte, allein sie 5000 Gulden würden erhoffen, davon ihre Parteien für Colln gefreist und unterschiedliche Brabantische Uhren geplündert: dergleichen auch von den Krögern aus Diedenhofen geschehen, welche mit einer Karr, 12 Pferde stark, bei Hülsrath, 12 Meilen von Edel, viele Brabantische Karren mit allerhand Ware zu Colln geladen, neben etlichen Kaufleuten angegriffen, einen Fuhrmann erschossen und die anderen alle gefangen hinweggeführt. Nachdem sie sich auch mit ihnen wegen der Räumung verglichen und die Gefangenen einen nahen Colln gefunden, die Gelder abzuholen, und mittlerweile sie mit der Partie zu Metternich, 2 Meilen von Colln, warten müssen, sind die Kaufleute derselben einfallen, zwei niedergeschossen und den Führer samt drei gefangen genommen, die übrigen sind zwar in der Flucht durchgegangen, haben jedoch alle Beutel im Stich gelassen und die Karren (so die Tat verrichtet) sowohl die vier Gefangenen, als auch die erledigten Personen und Kaufleute, in Bonn liefern müssen. Donnerstag den 15./25. Mai wurde dem Französischen Oberst, so die Partie geführt und Peter von Aden genannt, das Haupt öffentlich abgeschlagen, welches den Kommandanten zu Diedenhofen dermaßen verdroffen, dass er sich allenfalls gegen die Kurfürstliche feindlich erzeigt und eines Tages über 60 Personen, so von Colln und anderen Orten des Erzstifts nach Trier wallfahrend waren, durch eine Kompanie Reiter einholen lassen und hinwegnehmen wollte; wäre auch selbsten, dass diese guten Leute von den Soldaten aus Trier, die verleitet ihnen nachgelaufen, nicht erlöst worden: aber überdies etliche Soldaten tot geblieben. Fass zu gleicher Zeit des Jahres ist der Französische Marschall de la Tour (nachdem er die Belagerung vor Epinal mit verdächtlichen Berichten der Seinigen aufheben müssen, Waldgefänge aber wieder einbezogen, ruiniert und geplündert) mit seiner Armee, so mit Beutel wohl beladen, durch das Bistum Metz. Yafflet, und hat die Schlösser Sierßberg, Beckingen, Dillingen und andere geringe Orte mehr, so die Lothringerinnen gehabt, eingenommen. Zu Havelingen, 3 Meilen von Lüttich, hatten die Bauern mit den Lothringerinnen ein heftiges Gefecht, trugen jedoch tapferer Stöß davon, als dass darauf die Niederwerfung des Castells Bellefontaine und vieler Dörfer unfern Dinant, welche von den Lothringerinnen ausgeplündert und angezündet worden, erfolget, bei welcher Aktion dem Grafen von Merode, so die Bauern angefahre hatten, sein Pferd unterm Leibe tod gekichst worden. Im Juni und August hatte vorberührter Marschall de la Feuillade la Senneterre Neufchâtel an der Mosel etliche Tage lang besetzt; weil aber die Lothringerinnen Besagung solche Gegenwehr getan, dass er in kurzer Zeit 400 Mann verloren hat, hat er noch mehr Stücke und Munition von Nancy zu sich bringen lassen, welches verursacht, dass sich die Belagerten den 2. September... durch Accord ergeben, woraus die Lothringischen 500 Mann stark, unter Marschall de Beaufort, gezogen, durch das Vogeßland passiert, und ihren Weg nach Lügenburg genommen, nachdem sie fisu mit großem Ruhm über 40 Tage gehalten. Daselbst sind der Marschall 200 Mann unter dem Marquis de Maillé in Garnison. Don Esteban de Gamboa war mit einem kleinen Korps, ungefähr 3000 Mann stark, ein Meil unter Diebenhofen angelangt, wohin er den 9./19. Aug. 500 Pferde unter dem Lothringischen Baron de Clinchamp abkommandiert, welche um Meg viel Pferde und Vieh entführt, worüber zu Miesen alle Einwohner ausgangen, und den Feind 1 Meile von dort, im Dorf May angetroffen, da es dann einen Scharmützel abgeben, in welchem die Metzer 12 in 15 Personen, namentlich aber der Monsieur du Vivier, einen vornehmen Bürger, eingebüßt. Die Lothringischen aber haben noch einmal so viel verloren. Gedachteter Don Esteban setzte sich anschließend den Grafen de Grandpré in Beaumont (so ein geringer Platz bei Mouson) zu belagern, gestaltet er den Dritten mit 2 Stücken, von 24 und das andere von 12 Pfund, besichert, auch 2 mal Sturm angesetzt. Da aber der Graf de Grandpré sich so wohl gewehrt, dass den spanischen Lothringischen nicht in 500 Mann, so tobt als gequält, darauf-gangen, als hatte Don de Gamboa das Lager aufheben und sich wieder nach Mouson begeben müssen, zumal da Kundschaft eingeschossen, dass den Belagerten mit Unterstützung entgegengetreten werden sollte. „Kurs hernach giengen die Lothringischen Völker zu Anders nach dem Weissen Thurm über Rhein, mit denen sie die 12 Regimenter, so jüngst aus Lothringen gekommen waren, ebenmäßig konjungiert, so daß sie dieses Mal auf 7000 Mann standen befanden. Sie fuhren in der Epstel etwas still Türen, bis bei jene aus der Stadt Lützenburg zugegebene große Stube bei ihnen angelangt fiesen würden: da dann der Fortzug entweder gegen das Elsaß, oder in Frankreich gehen folgte. Unterdessen wurde in Abwesenheit des Herrn General de Faugde dem Generals Vachtmeister Selpberger das Kommando aufgetragen, und wartete Ahnen das Landvolk, so sich in etliche 1000 stark zufammenrottet hatte, munter auf den Dienstag, um sie von ihrem Vorhaben abzuhalten: wie dann auch im Bischof Straßburg die Unteroffiziere mit Gewehr verteidigen worden, um den Lothringischen Bördern, so ihren Marsch dahin zu nehmen Vorhabens waren, zu begegnen. Ob nun wohl das Erzstift Trier denen lothringischen Truppen den Pass über die Mosel lange nicht gestatten wollen, so ist es jedoch dem Aussehen endlich zu lange und dem Land unerträglich gefallen, sie Länger darüber zu gedulden. Haben ihnen also den Pass zu Kiefel geben müssen, allwo den 2./12. des Ehrenmonats der Generalmajor Feldberger angefangen, mit 20 Regimentern überzuziehen, die später den 9./19. hujus noch zu Mongelsfeld, Rongenamp, Morbach und deren Gegend geblieben, erwartend den General de Faugde, so damals noch mit 11 Regimentern jenstens der Mosel um Biedburg waren. Wiewohl nun die Völker vorgaben, dass sie allein durchs Land ziehen und mehren gehe wollten, so standen gleichwohl die konjungierten Fürsten und Stände selber Endes zu Wildenburg und Scherfelstein, in Mützung, jene, wie vor einem Jahr, einzuhalten, dass sie nicht weiter auf den Hundsrücken einbrechen, zwischen Mosel und Rhein sich austheilen, und selbstiger Revier den Garaus machen möchten. Weit auch bei der Fürstl. Kantzelei zu Elsaß-Zabern Schreiben einnehmen, dass die Rothringischen Völker, welche bei Liefer über die Diofel gangen, geraden Wegs nach dem Elsaß zu marschieren, so wurde das Landvolk gewarnt, und der Bürgerchaft zu Elsaß-Zabern, sich mit allerhand Notwendigkeit zu verteidigen, angemacht. Nicht weniger war um Babel das ganze Land in Waffen: welche benachbarte Stände, worunter auch die angrenzenden Länder, mit einander verbunden, im Fall der Not 6000 Mann aufzubringen, um sich für den Lothringischen Boden genugsau zu verteidigen. In dem kurzen Krieg zwischen Kurbrandenburg und Pfalz-Neuburg, 1651, nahm der Herzog von Lothringen für Neuburg, Partei, nachdem ihm eine schwere Geldsumme zugefällt, auch zu deren Sicherheit einige Jülich-Bergische Ämter zu beiden Seiten des Rheins verpfändet worden, Als bald fielen seine Truppen sich in Marsch, worauf denn am 10. Aug. n. 8. die Neuburger Truppen zugesammengezogen, und in der Nähe von Düffelshofen von dem Pfalzgraf gemalt wurden. „Sie befanden in 18 (andere wollen nur 8) Brigaden zu Fuß, neben sich eine feine Kavallerie, hatten 3 halbe Karteunen neben etlichen Feldstücken bei sich. Darauf setzten sie den nächsten Tag vor das versteckt Haus Hoff geritzt, folglich den anderen Morgen besichigt, und nach geringem Widerstand auf Gnad und Ungnad erobert, die Begeisterung aber, st 74 Dann bestehende, gefänglich angekommen. Eines Tages fielen sie die Neuburger mit ungefähr 2000 zu Ross und Fuß vor dem Ehur-Brandenburgischen Lager zu Hattingen feuer: welche der General Spanker mit 1500 zu Pferd und einigen Feuersäulen, bei er zu einem Hinterhalt nach sich verborgen gelassen, entgegen gangen, seine Kavallerie in 3 Truppen, unter dem Grafen von Styrum, Oberst Epaan und Oberst Arnim, in offenem Held teilen. Da es dann zum Treffen kommen, woüber auf Neuburger Seite 1 Oberst-Beilution, 1 Rittmeister, 1 Cornett und 16 Reiter geblieben und 18 gefangen, auf Kur-Brandenburgische aber etliche so tot und gequält und sechs gefangen worden. Herzog Karl IV von Lothringen. Bon Ehren-Brandenburg sowohl als Pfolg-Neuburg waren Deputierte zu Wien angelangt: welche nachdem sie bei Ihrer Kaiserin, Majestät vorgestellt, ist bald nach Eingang des Brachmonats ein Gourrier mit Kaiserlich. Vermittlungsbrief, folgende Attentate bis auf Fünftigen Reichstag zu hinterziehen, abgefertigt worden. Nachdem man aber hierauf wenig Folge veripürt, ist zu Wien, sub dato 24. Juli, ein Kaiserlich Mandatum avocatorium ausgegangen, worinnen allen Generälen, General-Lieutenants, Oberst-lieutenants, auch insgemein allen Soldaten zu Roß und Fuß, so sich in Ihrer Churfürstlichen zu Brandenburg Diensten, gegen die Zürsenthämerisch und Berg begeben, sich zu entschuligen und abzuthun, allergnädigst gewarnt und ermahnt, auch ihnen solche, bei höchster Ihrer Kaiserin, Majestät erwähntem Avocatorium einverleibter Strafe, gänglich zu quittieren, ernstlich anbefohlen worden. Was Ihre Churfürstlichen Durchlaucht zu Brandenburg damals für Bölder im Feld gehabt habe, das weiß nachfolgende Vergehen: Zu Roß: unter dem Oberst Catrin 8 Comp., Ohr 8, Spann 8, Eller 8, Arnin 4, beider Styram 12, zusammen 43 Comp. Zu Fuß: unter dem Oberst Biland 8 Comp., Eller 12, Gyaan 8, Görtzke 8, Tot 10, Clodh 8, Witgenstein 8, Pol Jaufen 8, Dolfchwein. 8, Sparr B, zusammen 86 Comp. Zu diesen wurden ferner geworben, zu Roß: unter dem Grafen vor Witgenstein 8 Comp., Stodau 8, Often 4; zu Fuß: unter dem Oberst Biffurt 8, Hanau 8, Millart 8 Comp. Ihre Hochfürstlichen Durchlaucht. Hingegen Pfalz-Neuburg hatten bei sich Ihren Leibregiment, den Feldmarschall Reußenberg, den General-Lieutenant de Forge, Prinzen von Sultzbach, Ihre Fürstlichen Herrn Landgraf Ernst von Hessen, Grafen von Fürstenberg, Grafen von Rochefort, Herrn. Neerssen, Generaln über das Geschützwerk, die Oberst Breitscheid, Oberst Spielberg und andere mehr in ihren Regimentern, so, dass Ihre Durchlaucht Ihre Armee auf 15,000 Mann zu verstellen, Gelegenheit genugfam an Handschüsse. Die Nahbereiche hatten Eile, ein Feuer zu ersticken. Welches unübersehbares Unglück über das nur eben aufatmende Reich verhängen wollte, des Kurfürsten von Brandenburg verspäteter und patriotischer Sinn kam ihren Bemühungen zu Hilfe, wurde zu Kleve, 12. Dez. 1651, Friedensschluss gefangen, und finden die Rheinischen und Lothringer „aus einigen im Land von der Mark gelegenen Plätzchen, worinnen sie sehr übel gehaut, gewichen: wie sie denn auch das Städtchen Bodum und den Flotten Lütten-Dortmund um geringere Ursachen willen bei dem Aufbruch ausgeplündert und in Brand gesteckt.“ Die nicht weiter am Niederrhein befassenden Lothringer zogen bis auf einige Regimenter, so im Reich von Aachen zusamMenblieben und dort schlechte Wirtshaft führten, ins Oberland, dem Elsaß zu, „da aber, selbstbigkeit zu begegnen, und solches zu verwehren, sich fast das ganze Land zur Wehr gegen. Als der Königliche Reichsgraf General Lieutenant von Rothen von des Feindes Fürhaben fährre Nachricht erlangt, unbewilligt gewußt, wodurch der selbe den bequemsten Weg würde nehmen müssen, hatte er sich mit den Reichsgrafenschen Truppen an den Pass, den man früher die Landwehr zu nennen pflegte, begeben, denselben bessern, reparieren, nach Möglichkeit, und so weit sich die Mannschaft erstrecken wollen, befegen, 10 sechs- und dreypfündige Stände dahin pflanzen, und als die Rheinischen den 14./24., 15./25. und 16./26. Januar darvor anfangen, tapfer Feuer geben und mit ihnen brav geschossen lassen, so daß der Feind dies Orte durchzudringen, sich nicht trauen durften, weil er bereits zum dritten Mal vergeblich angegriffen hatte. Beneben diesem hat obgedachter Herr General Lieutenant von Rothen an jedem Ort und herumliegenden Städtchen geschrieben, selbigen auch mündlich anzudeuten befohlen, sich zu wehren und dem Feind nichts zu Willen zu geben: welches dann niemand besser, als die Schlesier beobachtet, an die der Feind zwar große Anforderung getan, aber nichts erhalten konnte. Und ob man ihnen wohl der Stadt Straßburg Willfährigkeit vorgeworfen, haben sie sich doch dadurch nicht bewegen lassen, sondern auf ihre Courage getraut, und dadurch über zehntausend Pfund Brot, neben vielen anderen Sachen, so man Ihnen abgefordert, erhalten. Herzog Karl IV von Lothringen, 224 „Als den 16./26. der Feind fast den ganzen Tag vor der Landwehr gestanden, hat er sich Nachmittag auf einen hübschen hohen Berg bei Bergheim, gegen Abend aber hinter dem Wein berg wieder herab gegen Rappolsweiler gezogen, sich darauf gefallen, und ist des anderen Tags schon wieder die Reste gegen ihn in Schlachtordnung gestanden, und mit den Stücken unaufhörlich geschossen hineingelaufen worden. Ob nun zwar auch der Herr Graf von Rappolsweiler dem Herrn General-Lieutenant höchst tener verpflichtet gehabt, so lange er bei Bergheim fliehen werde, dem Feind nicht das Geringste aus seiner Stadt zu geben, noch viel weniger ihn hinein zu lassen, so hat er es doch nicht gehalten, sonderner ihm, wie gedacht, zu größtem Gefallen und Belang des Landes Nachteil, die Stadt Rappolsweiler den 17./27. ein geräumt. Als dieser mehrfach erwähnter Herr General-Lieutenant gefeucht und darüber sich sehr ungeduldig gezeigt, ist er noch 2 Tage in Bergheim und Gemar geflüchtet geblieben, in währrender folgender Zeit viel Gefangene einbringen lassen, den 19./29. aber auf Colmar marschiert, und nächstfolgenden Tagen mit allen Völtern wieder zu Ensisheim angelangt, da er dann alsobald bei seiner Ankunft die Quarternierungen zu Thann, Senheim, Bollweiler und Ensisheim derart verflüstigt, daß man sich bei dieser Dreikämpfer, des Feindes halben (den man nicht über 4000 Mann schätzt), wenig zu verteidigen hatte. Unterbefehl war durch die Landwehr zu Bergheim und Gemar Feind Mensch kommen; daß man aber den Feind auf und am Gebirg zu passieren, verhindern Fönnen, war unmöglich: weil die Franzosen gar zu wach gewesen, und sich auf der Städte Ausschuss (welcher nicht allein sehr gering, sondern auch mehrteilig, ehe sie des Feindes aufsichtig worden, durchgangen) nicht zu vertreiben hatte. Dieweil dann die Lothringischen, angehörter Massen, endlich hinter einem Berg, etwa eine Stunde vom Landgraben, durch einen engen Weg gelegt, daß sie bei Kinsheim heraus und zu Rappolsweiler ankommen, haben sie dieses Orte einige Tage über das Hauptquartier gehabt, Türdeheim, Ammersweiler und Rays Ferroberg mehrteilig ausgeplündert, vor Bergheim aber vergeblich angelaufen und mit Hinterlassenschaft einiger Tote zurückgelassen. Zu Colmar hatten die Lothringischen aus, und ein Feldb�gelige Stadt ließen Herr General-Lieutenant Baron de Faugue durch einen Kommissar begehren, weil die Armee nichts mehr zu leben hätte, die da hineingeflüsterte Früchte und anders hinausführen zu Tafeln, wie auch eine Discretion, samt 10,000 Pfund Brot. Die beiden erbetenen wurden ihm abgelehnt, aber 5000 Pfund Brot bewilligt. „Nachdem nun die Rothenberger Armee (welche bei Zeit 3344 zu Pferd, zu Fuß aber 1163 Mann stark war) in die sen umb Colmar liegenden Städtlein und Feldern alles geplündert und verzehret, fieng man an, den Höchsten bis auf den Geringsten: zu ausplünder, indem von einem Bürgermeister zu 100, von einem Ratsherrn zu 40 auch 80, von einem gemeinen Bürger zu 10, 12, auch 0 Dukaten gefordert wurden. Es war ein Elend zu sehen und zu hören, wie die guten Leute mit ihrem Soldaten herumfuhren und Geld leihen wollten, der mehrer Teil aber wusste nichts aufzubringen, und warb hierinnen weder der Hafen, Münze, noch Eßlöffel verfehnten. „An den Königlichen Lieutenant und Gouverneur zu Breisach, Herrn de Charlevois, hatte obbestimmter General-Lieutenant, Baron de Fague, durch einen Trompeten ein Memorial gefunden, worin er ihm zu versichern gab, wie er Fürsicht wäre, mit seiner untergebenen Armee durch das Elsaß zu ziehen, und bei Drtten sich in etwas zu erfrischen: dass es nun dem Hrn. Gouverneur belieben möchte, mit ihm, und seinen, so unter seinem Commando, in gutem Verständnis zu leben, wollte er ihm deswegen eine Person von Dualität zufriedenstellen, hierüber weiteres zu verhandeln. Dem eingesandten Mons. de Charlevois ge antwortet: Weil er von seinem gütigen König und Herrn seinen Befehl hätte, mit der Cron Frankreich Feinden sich in einige Neutralität einzustellen, oder mit den selben einen Stillstand der Waffen aufzurichten: so stehe es folder Gestalt in seiner Macht richt, mit dem Herrn General-Lieutenant und seinen Truppen in Herzog Carl IV von Sachsen, 293 eine Verständigung zu treten, könne ihm deswegen im Elsaß durchaus Feine Quartier oder Erfrischung gestatten, und hätte er darum nicht nötig, ihm jemand zu schicken und desswegen weiter bandeln zu lassen. Dabey er es auch verbleiben, Taffen mäßen. „Die ganze Lothringische Garde bestand damals aus 29 Regimentern, nämlich 17 zu Fuß und 12 zu Ross, deren Namen und Stärke waren, als folgt. Zu Fuß: 160 Pferde, Balentin 186, Gelsay 160, Botzler 93, Schmied 180, La Fanette 126, Bassompierre 100, Fournier 246, Le Sourmanier 148, Harcourt 120, Peaulvoy 175, La Porte 10, Des Maret 63, Prince Palatin 132, Harsborff 200, Gallean 180, Zeldaburger 58, zusammen 2344 Pferde. Zu Fuß: Verduison 130 Mann, Despiller 100, Sille 84, Baudricourt 140, Despauvier 200, Ramecourt 85, Beaufort 42, Laillier 71, Valtrin 36, Champagne 60, Feldberg 105, de Suimier 120, zusammen 1163 Mann. Dann, wie aber die Lothringische Garde im oberten Elsaß gebraustet, und was für ein schönes Lob ihres Verhaltens in den Quartieren sie nach sich gebracht, mit solcher Gerechtigkeit will ich den Leser verschonen. Dieweil denn die im Elsaß grausam drängende Lothringische Völker an verschiedenen umbliegenden Orten über voriges noch mehr Kommiss begehrt, sie sich aber, wider Versprechen und Versprechen, nicht gemüttet, sondern ihre Quartier noch länger und mehr erweitert, das Land hin und her penetrirt, mit ihrer Veranschaulichung und Dreandschatzung fortgesetzt, und sowohl zu Kinsheim als Ammersweier die Tore und Mauern ruiniert, auch das Städtchen und Kloster Munster, wie nicht weniger den Bischöflichen Flecken Erstein, samt vielen eingeflüchteten Sachen und Lebensmitteln geplündert: als haben biefenige Deserteur, welche sich verteidigen können, den Lothringischen Bördern das begehrte Kommiss vor den Aufbruch verweigert. Und weil eine Lothringische Partie denen von Colmar etliche Stück Vieh, und denen von Schlettstadt etliche Pferd abgenommen: als haben sie hier zur Restitution einen Major und 20 Reuter in ihrer Stadt arrestiert, auch diese 9 Reuter, welche sich allzu nahe an ihrer Stadt begeben, erschossen, wobei dann die Rossische, welche sich näher than, Weckenthal, Bollweiler, Altfisch, Ensisheim, Senheim und Jetzheim zu raschen auseinandergelassen, täglich Gefangene ein, auch spielte Überläufer an sich gebracht. „Das Dorf Bollweiler ließ der General-Tireutenant Baron de Fauge bis auf 3 Häuser abbrännen; das befreumte Stäblein Mutzig aber machte solchen Widerstand, dass die Lothringische Völker, mit Verlust eines Oberst-Lieutenants und in 40 Mann, hierüber geblieben, abziehen mussten. Als sie nun nach der Hand ober- und unterhalb Ensisheim die Flusspartie, und gegen Thann gingen, haben sie von dannen ihren Weg auf Ludwigsberg genommen, sieBIGES Städtlein mit Gewalt erobert, etliche Bannerwölker niedergemacht und einige übel gehaust, weil man sich befürchtet, dass sie im Bistum Basel dergleichen tun möchten, als wurden etliche tausend Mann zusammengeführt, um gemeldetem Bistum alle verstandigen Assistenz zu leisten, zu welchem Ende dann unter etlichen guten und anständigen Hauptleuten eine gute Anzahl Völker gemustert worden. Um Basel wurden von diesen Rothringischen Truppen untergebrachte Eßstätten und Dörfer ausgeplündert; deren Hauptquartier war zu Damerstadt, davon etliche Haufen gegen Belfort marschiert, als dass sie von Mömpelgard bis an Altkirch gelegen, denen der Bischof von Basel etliche 1000 Kogtonen geben müßten. Ingelegentlich forderten die Lothringischen von den vier Aemtern Pfirt, Thann, Altkirch, Belfort 400 Malter Früchte, woraus ein schleuniger Fortzug vermuthet wurde, Entgegen hatte die Besatzung zu Breisach gedachten vier Aemtern und der Ritterchaft zugezogen, dass sie dem General-Lieutenant Rosin für seine Völker weder Geld, noch Quartier geben, sondern baselbige nach Breisach zu fliehen, sollen, so aber nicht erwartet werden wollten. Gleichfalls kam der von den Ständen des Unterschafts zu Straßburg am 28. März 1652 gefasste Beschluss für die Beihilfe des Landes viel zu spät. „Es haben sich die Lothringischen Bölder unter General Baron de Fage, welcher sich eine Zeit lang für Königlich Französisch ausgegeben, für Feinde des Königs öffentlich erklärt, gefunden, nachdem im oberen Elsaß alles aufgezehrt worden, gegen das untere wieder zum Rükkehr gewandt, daher jene Orte von neuem ein großes Flehen und Schreien entstanden. Auf Suhl haben die Lothringischen 3 Stürme, fonnten aber nichts ausrichten, sondern wurden mit Befall eines Majors, 7 anderer Toten, und viele Verwundeten und Hinterlassenen 17 Kerls abgetrieben. Im Mittelkreis streiften die Parteien um Gebweiler, Suhl und Aufach heftig, wie sie dann auch vorgedachtem letzteren Ort einiges Beilhe hinweggenommen, so aber durch die Russisch- und Brandenburgischen ihnen wieder abgejagt worden. Als nun die Lothringischen Truppen eine gute Zeit bei dem Elsaß hin und her vagierten, alles aufgezehrt, und manchen armen Teutschen gemacht, fanden sie endlich von dannen aufgebrochen, und zu Laigaan nicht zu ermitteln, eine halbe Stunde von Ludensdorf, über die Brücke (den Ougnon) gepassiert, bis sie sich endlich auf die Reise nach Strasbourg begeben: gefällt dann (empfangenem Bericht nach) der General de Fage mit denen unterhabenden Truppen zwischen Bar-le-Duc und Vitry zu des Herzogs von Lothringen Armee gefolgt. Entgegen haben 15 Lothringische Regimenter zu Ross und Fuß das Städtchen Cornelimünster mit Gewalt eingenommen, sind in dem Reich von Aachen, item in der Eifel und anderen Gülichischen Aemtern einquartiert. Die Stadt Aachen hatte zwar über 3000 Bauern auf das Land gelegt, allen Einfall zu verhüten, die sind aber von den Lothringischen aberrumpelt, und in 300 Bauern tot gefechtet worden. Was diese Bölder im Lande für Schaden getan, das wollen wir lieber mit Stillschweigen übergehen, als davon viel Wort machen, weil bei den Lothringischen Proceduren ohne das mehr als genugsfam am Tag sei. "Unterdefenz werben die von den Städten und Ständen im oberen und unteren Elsass wider die Lothringische Invasion angefangene Werbungen zu Aufrichtung eines Defensionswerks (welches auch die Breisachische Regierung und die Herren Eidgenosse abfördern begriffen) mit gutem Fortgang fortgesetzt, um ein Korps von etwa 1000 Mann zu Recht und Fuß zusammenzubringen, wider die Lothringischen Einquartierungen, welche im Lauf von Aachen, an der Mosel, in der Eifel und in den Rheinlanden viel Schreden und Schabern verursacht hatten. Lüttich und Stablo fanden sich mit einem Stück Geldes ab; aber Cornelimünster musste hart lassen. Der Graf von Harcourt wurde zu der Zeit vom König in Strasbourg zum Statthalter über Breisach und Philippsburg bestätigt. Dieser zog mit 800 neugeworbenen Soldaten und dem Ausfluss in Personen vor Breisach, Tieffen noch mehr Städte darvor bringen, verhaftete sich im Capuciner-Kloster und begoss die Stadt stark: demelben der Graf de la Suse, gleichzeitig Gouverneur des Ortes, wider erstanden, weil er ohngezwungen hoffte, er würde vom Prinzen de Condé einen Rückhalt befunden, wiewohl es nach der Hand zwischen ihnen beisammen zum Vergleich ausgefchlagen, und der Streit beigesetzt worden. Unterdessen näherten sich die Lothringischen Truppen der Meyerey Hergogenbusch, welches verursacht, dass die Herren Generalstaaten dem Herrn von Brederode und Statthalter zu Maasricht Order zugeführt, sich mit 6000 gegen folgende Partien gefasst, und die Felder aus ihrem Gebiet zu halten. Dieweil aber alles folches nichts bewirken wollte, wurden im Dorf Ubach 2 Regimenter aufgefaltet, der Oberste Elo, so mit dem dritten Regiment im Dorf Deurel lag, überfallen, er selbst gefangen, und neben 140 Pferden, samt einer Standarte, und andere Beutestücke bar von und nach Hergogenbusch gebracht, wie dann auch denselben Oberste-Richter-Leutnant tot gefahren worden." Als nun dieses der Herr von Brederode dem Herzog von Lothringen Führer war, Tiefe, war die Antwort dies: Dieweil seine Leute ohne seine und der Generalen Order dahin quartiert hätten, sey ihnen nicht allerdings unrecht geschehen: Er wolle den Offizieren Elode desswegen gebührend straffen, unterdessen aber verhoffen, es würden ihm der gefangenen Reiter Pferde und Bagage restituiert werden. So aber zu spät, weil die Herren Staaten solche schon bereits für gute Beute erlaubt hatten, Nach der Hand führte die Lothringischen abermals in erwähntes Dorf Ubach, aber viel flärrener, und plünderten am 21. Gebr. Kapitän Gömer's Haus, 1 Stunde von Maastricht, deren Herzog Karl IV. von Lothringen. | 097 viel zu Navalia (unerhört) über die Maas gangen, und im Dorf Eysden, Baldungischen Gebiets, Quartier genommen, brandfägigen und rangionierten einen Ort nach dem anderen. Die Bauern im Städtchen Ciney, 2 Stunden von Dinant, fuhlen zwar vier Stürme ab, mussten sich aber endlich mit Accord ergeben, dass man sie mit fliegenden Fahnen lassen ausziehen, was man ihnen nun wohl ein solches versprochen, wurde es doch nicht gehalten, sondern sie im freien Feld niedergerissen, oder ein großes Geld zur Rancon gefegt, weil wohl in 200 Mann auf das Säulen gangen waren. Zu Helfst war ein großer Tumult: die Bürger ergriffen die Waffen und fuhlen 2 Kapitaine, unter des Königs in Dänemark natürlichem Sohn, tot, weil sie es mit Gewalt forderten; entgegen baten die Soldaten um Gnade, die man ihnen auch widerfahren ließ. Bei Lothringischen Regimenter tat sich zusammen, überwältigten das Städtchen Kerpen, zwischen Düren und Jülich, und plünderten dasselbe.
| 5,533 |
https://pt.stackoverflow.com/questions/185496
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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Jéf Bueno, VitorLuizC, https://pt.stackoverflow.com/users/14217, https://pt.stackoverflow.com/users/18246
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Portuguese
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Spoken
| 161 | 267 |
Visual Studio Team Services (project) + SASS
Olá, gostaria de saber se é possível "compilar" o SASS em um projeto no Visual Studio 2015 sem ter que instalar nada.
Motivo: Estou precisando de algo que eu de um GET no projeto usando o Visual Studio Team Services, rodar ele e funcionar tudo, sem necessitar de nenhum tipo de instalação prévia para rodar.
(Get projeto -> Rodar -> 100% funcionando com SASS)
Até agora só encontrei o Koala e pelo prompt instalando o Ruby; o que no meu caso não podem ser usados pois eles são instaláveis.
Links ou qualquer coisa que ajude a encontrar uma solução é bem vindo, pois estou a dias procurando uma solução.
O arquivos SASS precisa ser processado pra virar CSS. Se você não pode instalar nada, não vai conseguir fazer isso.
Pode usar uma solução pelo terminal ou alguma solução Node.js? Pode usar um bundle dentro do código? Porque no NuGet tem alguns compiladores de SASS/Scss...
| 49,257 |
US-202217714058-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 6,815 | 7,968 |
Drink container and leak proof plug lid for use therewith
ABSTRACT
A drink container and three position plug lid for use therewith. The lid includes a tubular seal with a flexible perimeter seal wall attached between upper and lower seal carriers, a lifter member attached to the lower seal carrier and a cam member to control movement of the lower seal carrier relative to the upper seal carrier and thereby laterally flex and axially move the perimeter seal wall and move the lid between closed and opened positions where the lid is retained within the drink container against removal, and a removal position permitting removal of the lid for washing the lid and drink container.
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to drink containers and removable lids for use therewith, and more precisely to plug lids.
BACKGROUND
Drink containers or drinking vessels with lids having sealing mechanisms are known in the art. Many require the lid to be threadably attached to a drink container body. One disadvantage of threadably attached lids is the time, effort and motion required to attach or remove the lid from the drink container body, and also the difficulty of doing so in some situations. Known plug lids overcome some of these issues, but generally do not permit drinking from the drinking container unless the plug lid is fully removed from the drinking container. A sealing problem exists with some plug lid designs when used with drink container bodies having variations in the interior diameter of the bodies, thus requiring a lid with a wide size tolerance to insure a good fluid-tight seal with the interior wall of the container body.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a drink container with a plug lid in a first operational position.
FIG. 1A is a top plan view of the drink container of FIG. 1.
FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 1 taken substantially along the line 1B-1B of FIG. 1A.
FIG. 1C is a partial enlargement of FIG. 1B.
FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of the drink container of FIG. 1 with the plug lid in a second operational position.
FIG. 2A is a top plan view of the drink container of FIG. 2.
FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 2 taken substantially along the line 2B-2B of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2C is a partial enlargement of FIG. 2B.
FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of the drink container lid of FIG. 1 with the plug lid in a third operational position.
FIG. 3A is a top plan view of the drink container lid of FIG. 3.
FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the drink container lid of FIG. 3 taken substantially along the line 3B-3B of FIG. 3A.
FIG. 3C is a partial enlargement of FIG. 3B.
FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of the drink container of FIG. 1 with the plug lid in the third operational position shown in FIG. 3 and removed from a body of the drinking container.
FIG. 5 is a left side elevational view of the drink container of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a top perspective exploded view of the drink container of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a rear elevational exploded view of the drink container of FIG. 1.
FIG. 8 is a left side elevational exploded view of the drinking container of FIG. 1.
FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of a drink container with a second embodiment of the plug lid in a closed operational position.
FIG. 10 is a top plan view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the closed operational position.
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the closed operational position taken substantially along the line A-A of FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the closed operational position taken substantially along the line B-B of FIG. 10.
FIG. 13 is a top perspective view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in an intermediate operational position.
FIG. 14 is a top plan view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the intermediate operational position.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the intermediate operational position taken substantially along the line C-C of FIG. 10.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the intermediate operational position taken substantially along the line D-D of FIG. 10.
FIG. 17 is a top perspective view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in a closed operational position.
FIG. 18 is a top plan view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the closed operational position.
FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the closed operational position taken substantially along the line E-E of FIG. 10.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the drink container of FIG. 9 with the plug lid in the closed operational position taken substantially along the line F-F of FIG. 10.
FIG. 21 is a partial cross-sectional, elevational exploded view of the drinking container of FIG. 9 taken substantially along the line A-A of FIG. 10.
FIG. 22 is a partial cross-sectional, elevational exploded view of the drinking container of FIG. 9 taken substantially along the line B-B of FIG. 10.
FIG. 23 is a top perspective exploded view of the drink container of FIG. 9.
FIG. 24 is a bottom perspective exploded view of an upper member of a seal assembly of the drink container of FIG. 9.
FIG. 25 is a bottom perspective exploded view of a lower member of the seal assembly of the drink container of FIG. 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A drinking vessel or drink container 10 in accordance with the present embodiment is shown in FIGS. 1-8. The drink container 10 includes a substantially cylindrical body 12 and a lid 14. The illustrated body 12 has a double wall construction for improved thermal insulation, using an inner body 16 positioned and secured within an outer body 18. In other embodiments not shown, a single wall construction may be used.
The inner body 16 has a lower inner body portion 20 and an upper inner body portion 22 forming a hollow interior chamber 19. The outer body 18 has a lower outer body portion 24 and an upper outer body portion 26. A drinkable liquid (not shown) may be stored in the lower inner body portion 20 when the drink container 10 is in an upright position. The upper inner body portion 22 defines an interior fluid passageway 28 having a longitudinal axis 29, and an upper end opening 30 at an upper end of the body 12 through which the liquid stored in lower inner body portion 20 may flow for drinking or pouring when the drink container 10 is sufficiently tilted. An upper end portion 32 of the upper inner body portion 22 and an upper end portion 34 of the upper outer body portion 26 are joined at their upper ends to define a drinking lip 36 at the upper end of the body 12 which the lips of a user may be placed for drinking the liquid stored in lower inner body portion 20 when the drink container 10 is sufficiently tilted. A handle 37 is attached to the body 12 by a ring portion 37A which extends about the upper outer body portion 26 to facilitate the user holding the drink container 10.
The upper inner body portion 22 has an interior, circumferentially extending body inward protrusion or body ridge 38 projecting inward within the fluid passageway 28. The body ridge 38 extends continuously about the circumference of the upper inner body portion 22. The body ridge 38 has a circumferentially extending upper wall portion 38A which slopes downward in the inward direction, and a circumferentially extending lower wall portion 38B which slopes upward in the inward direction. As will be described, the body ridge 38 serves as a stop to support the lid 14 when within the fluid passageway 28 and limit its downward movement within the fluid passageway. In alternative embodiments not illustrated, the body ridge 38 may not be continuous.
The lid 14 is a plug-type closure which is insertable by the user into the fluid passageway 28 through the upper end opening 30 for use of the drink container 10 for storing, transporting and drinking a liquid, and removable therefrom when desired by the user for washing the lid and/or body 12 of the drink container. The lid 14 may be operated to move between three states, a closed and securely retained state as shown in FIGS. 1, 1A, 1B and 1C, an opened but retained state as shown in FIGS. 2, 2A, 2B and 2C, and an opened and removable state as shown in FIGS. 3, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4 and 5. In the closed and securely retained state shown in FIGS. 1, 1A, 1B and 1C, the fluid passageway 28 is closed so no liquid can be drunk from the drink container 10 and the lid 14 cannot be removed from the body 12 (or inserted into the fluid passageway). In the opened but retained state shown in FIGS. 2, 2A, 2B and 2C, the lid 14 is opened for drinking but retained within the fluid passageway 28 against unintended removal. In the opened and removable state shown in FIGS. 3, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4 and 5, the lid 14 is opened but not retained within the fluid passageway 28 so as to be removable by the user for filling the lower inner body portion 20 with a liquid or for washing the lid and/or the body 12. The individual component parts of the drink container 10 are separately illustrated in the exploded views of FIGS. 6, 7 and 8.
The lid 14 includes an upper seal carrier 40, a lower seal carrier 42 and a flexible tubular seal 44. The upper seal carrier 40 has an upper portion 40A and a smaller diameter lower portion 40B. The upper portion 40A of the upper seal carrier 40 is sized to engage and be supported by the body ridge 38 when the lid 14 is inserted by the user into the fluid passageway 28 through the upper end opening 30, while the lower seal carrier 42 is smaller and sized to pass by the body ridge 38 and reside within the fluid passageway below the body ridge. When the lid 14 is positioned within the fluid passageway 28, the upper seal carrier 40, the lower seal carrier 42 and tubular seal 44 are coaxially arranged within the fluid passageway 28. The upper seal carrier 40 and the lower seal carrier 42 are axially spaced apart and each extend transverse to the longitudinal axis 29. As will be described in greater detail below, the lower seal carrier 42 is axially movable relative to the upper seal carrier 40 within the fluid passageway 28.
The tubular seal 44 has the shape of a bellows with a single convolution and may be made of a soft silicon material. The tubular seal 44 has a circumferential upper end portion 46 sealingly attached to the upper seal carrier 40 and a circumferential lower end portion 48 sealingly attached to the lower seal carrier 42. The tubular seal 44 has a thin perimeter sidewall 44A and a hollow interior space 44B located within the perimeter sidewall and extending the full length of the tubular seal upper and lower end portions 46 and 48. The interior space 44B spans a substantial portion of the interior cross-sectional area of the fluid passageway 28, in the illustrated embodiment when in the opened and removable state shown in FIGS. 3, 3A, 3B, 4 and 5, the interior space spans approximately 93% of the interior cross-sectional area of the fluid passageway, and preferably spans at least 50% of the interior cross-sectional area of the fluid passageway. While the tubular seal 44 is illustrated as having a generally tubular shaped flexible perimeter sidewall 44A and the hollow interior space 44B as extending fully between its upper and lower end portions 46 and 48, the sidewall and interior space may have other shapes and configurations.
When the lid 14 is positioned within the within the fluid passageway 28, the upper portion 40A of the upper seal carrier 40 is positioned above and in engagement with an upper portion of the body ridge 38 of the upper inner body portion 22 of the body 12, which supports the upper seal carrier and prevents further downward movement of the lid within the fluid passageway. When the lid 14 is so positioned, a perimeter sidewall 50 of the upper portion 40A of the upper seal carrier 40 is positioned adjacent to an upper interior wall surface portion 52 of the upper inner body portion 22, except for a drink dispensing aperture 54 formed by an inwardly recessed region at the perimeter of the upper portion of the upper seal carrier through which liquid may pass for drinking when the drink container 10 is sufficiently tilted and the lid is in the opened but retained state as shown in FIGS. 2, 2A, 2B and 2C, or the opened and removable state as shown in FIGS. 3, 3A, 3B and 3C (although when in the opened and removable state the lid is not securely retained within the fluid passageway).
When the lid 14 is positioned within the fluid passageway 28 with the upper portion 40A of the upper seal carrier 40 positioned above and engagement with the body ridge 38, a perimeter sidewall 56 of the lower seal carrier 42 is positioned inward away from a lower interior wall surface portion 58 of the upper inner body portion 22. This forms a circumferentially extending, perimeter fluid flow pathway 60 between the perimeter sidewall 56 and the lower interior wall surface 58 through which liquid may pass for drinking when the drink container 10 is sufficiently tilted.
The lower portion 40B of the upper seal carrier 40 has a perimeter sidewall 62 and is positioned within an upper edge portion 64 of the upper end portion 46 of the tubular seal 44. The perimeter sidewall 62 of the lower portion 40B of the upper seal carrier 40 has a circumferential extending outward facing protrusion 66 over which the upper edge portion 64 of the tubular seal 44 extends to position the protrusion 66 in a circumferentially extending inward facing groove 68 of the upper edge portion to sealingly secure the upper edge portion to the upper seal carrier 40.
The perimeter sidewall 50 of the upper portion 40A of the upper seal carrier 40 has a circumferentially extending outward facing groove 70 in which a circumferentially extending seal 72 is positioned to provide a fluid-tight seal between the upper seal carrier 40 and the upper interior wall surface portion 52 of the upper inner body portion 22 when the lid 14 is positioned within the within the fluid passageway 28, except at the drink dispensing aperture 54.
The lower seal carrier 42 is positioned at least partially within a lower edge portion 74 of the lower end portion 48 of the tubular seal 44. The perimeter sidewall 56 of the lower seal carrier 42 includes a circumferentially extending outward facing slot 76 in which an end portion 75 of the lower edge portion 74 is positioned and secured to sealingly secure the lower edge portion 74 to the lower seal carrier 42.
A midportion 77 of the tubular seal 44 has a circumferentially, outwardly projecting extending bulge which is mostly positioned below the upper seal carrier 40 and the body ridge 38. The midportion 77 has a circumferentially extending upper wall portion 77A and a circumferentially extending lower wall portion 77B. When the midportion 77 is compress by moving the lower seal carrier 42 upward to be closer to the upper seal carrier 40, as will be described in greater detail below, the upper and lower wall portions 77A and 77B move closer together, and the upper wall portion 77A moves closer to the body ridge 38. In the closed and securely retained state shown in FIGS. 1, 1A, 1B and 1C, the upper wall portion 77A is pressed against the body ridge 38 to provide a fluid-tight seal therebetween and close the fluid passageway 28, thus preventing fluid stored in the lower inner body portion 20 from flowing upward through the fluid pathway 60 to the drink dispensing aperture 54 even when the drinking container is tilted. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper wall portion 77A presses against the lower wall portion 38B of the body ridge 38.
A connector member 78 has an exteriorly threaded base portion 79 which is threadably received in an interiorly threaded central opening 80 of the lower seal carrier 42 for axial movement of the connector member with axial movement of the lower seal carrier. The connector member 78 has a lifter member 82 located inward of the perimeter sidewall 44A of the tubular seal and within the interior space 44B, and which projects axially upward from the lower seal carrier 42 and through a central aperture 84 in the upper seal carrier 40. An upper end portion 86 of the lifter member 82 extends above the upper seal carrier 40 and has a transverse lifter member bore 88.
A cam member 90 is positioned about the upper seal carrier 40 and has a pair of spaced apart cam portions 92 and 94 located at a lower end thereof. The upper end portion 86 of the lifter member 82 is positioned between the cam portions 92 and 94. The cam portions 92 and 94 each have a transverse cam portion bore 96 which axially aligns with the lifter member bore 88. A pivot pin 98 extends through the cam portion bores 96 and the lifter member bore 88 to rotatably attach the cam member 90 to the upper end portion 86 of the lifter member 82 to permit rotation of the cam member 90 about a transverse axis of rotation 100.
The cam member 90 has a handle portion 102 to which the cam portions 92 and 94 of the cam member are rigidly attached for rotation with the handle portion. Each of the cam portions 92 and 94 has a first cam 104 and a second cam 106 extending in opposite directions away from the handle portion 102 transverse to the pivot pin 98, with both of the first cams 104 extending to one side of the handle portion and both of the second cams 106 extending to an opposite side of the handle portion. The first cam 104 is longer than the second cam 106 to provide a greater amount of lift than the second cam. The handle portion 102 is rotatable about the pivot pin 98 between a first rotational/operational position shown in FIGS. 1, 1A, 1B and 1C, a second rotational/operational position shown in FIGS. 2, 2A, 2B and 2C, and a third rotational/operational position shown in FIGS. 3, 3A, 3B and 3C. The third rotational/operational position of the handle portion 102 is located between the first and second rotational/operational positions of the handle portion. Rotation of the handle portion 102 directly produces rotation of the first and second cams 104 and 106. The handle portion 102 projects away from the cam portions 92 and 94 and provides a grip for grasping by a user for rotation of the cam member 90 about the pivot pin 98 and rotation of the handle portion 102 between its first, second and third rotational/operational positions. The handle portion 102 has a central aperture 108 sized to allow at least one finger of the user to fit therethrough to facilitate grasping of the handle portion for rotation of the cam member 90 or for removal of the lid 14 from the fluid passageway 28 and insertion of the lid into the fluid passageway.
When the handle portion 102 is in the third operational position, as best illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3C, with the handle portion 102 extending straight upward, the first and second cams 104 and 106 extend laterally outward in opposite directions and transverse to the longitudinal axis 29 and are oriented generally parallel to an upper surface 110 of the upper seal carrier 40. In this position, the lower seal carrier 42 is at a maximum distance positioned below the upper seal carrier 40 such that the flexible tubular seal 44 is axially stretched out with the midportion 77 having a width which permits it to be easily moved past the body ridge 38 of the upper inner body portion 22 of the body 12, both when removing the lid 14 from the fluid passageway 28 and when inserting the lid 14 into the fluid passageway. In this position, the lid 14 is opened but not retained within the fluid passageway 28 so as to be removable by the user for filling the lower inner body portion 20 with a liquid or for washing the lid and/or the body 12.
When the handle portion 102 is rotated from the third operational position to the first operational position, with the handle portion 102 rotated to extend to the left (as viewed in FIG. 1B), as best illustrated in FIG. 1B the longer first cams 104 have been rotated counter-clockwise to engage the upper surface 110 of the upper seal carrier 40 (which rests atop the body ridge 38) and apply an upward axial force on the lifter member 82 which transmits that upward lifting force to the lower seal carrier 42 and moves the lower seal carrier closer to the upper seal carrier 40. During this movement the shorter second cams 106 are out of contact with the upper surface 110. This results in flexing of the tubular seal 44 radially outward (transverse to the longitudinal body axis 29), thus increasing the lateral width of the outward bulge of the midportion 77 of the tubular seal sufficiently and moving the midportion into fluid-tight sealingly engagement with a lower portion of the body ridge 38 of the upper inner body portion 22 of the body 12, creating a fluid-tight compression seal therewith. In this position, the lower seal carrier 42 is at a minimum distance positioned below the upper seal carrier 40 such that the flexible tubular seal 44 is compressed. As a result, the lid 14 is closed and securely retained within the fluid passageway 28 so no liquid can pass fully through the fluid passageway 28 and be drunk from the drink container 10, and the lid 14 cannot be removed from the body 12. If the handle portion 102 was moved to the first operational position with the lid 14 removed from the fluid passageway 28, the expanded midportion 77 of the tubular seal 44 would prevent it from being reinserted into the fluid passageway.
When the handle portion 102 is rotated from third operational position to the second operational position, with the handle portion 102 rotated to extend to the right (as viewed in FIG. 2B), as best illustrated in FIG. 2B the shorter second cams 106 have been rotated clockwise to engage the upper surface 110 of the upper seal carrier 40 (which rests atop the body ridge 38) and apply an upward axial force on the lifter member 82 which transmits that upward lifting force to the lower seal carrier 42 and moves the lower seal carrier closer to the upper seal carrier 40. During this movement the longer first cams 104 are out of contact with the upper surface 110. This results in flexing of the tubular seal 44 radially outward (transverse to the longitudinal body axis 29), thus increasing the lateral width of the outward bulge of the midportion 77 of the tubular seal, but not sufficiently that it sealingly engages the lower portion of the body ridge 38 of the upper inner body portion 22 of the body 12 and thus does not close off the flow of liquid through the fluid passageway 28. In this position, the lower seal carrier 42 is at a middle distance positioned below the upper seal carrier 40, which is greater than the minimum distance resulting when the handle portion 102 is in the first operational position, but less than the maximum distance resulting when the handle portion is in the third operational position. As a result, the flexible tubular seal 44 is only partially compressed compared to when the handle portion 102 is in the first operational position. The partial compression of the tubular seal 44 causes the midportion 77 to move outward sufficiently that it will engage the lower portion of the body ridge 38 to inhibit removal of the lid 14 from within the fluid passageway 28 and prevent unintended removal should the lid experience an axial force moving tending to move it toward the upper end opening 30 of the upper inner body portion 22, while still permitting drinking liquid from the drink contain 10. The three position lid 14 allows the user to drink from the drinking container 10 while at the same time keeping the lid securely and safely retained within the fluid passageway 28 against unintended lid removal, and to both open the fluid passageway for drinking and close the fluid passageway for transport without having to remove the lid from or reinsert the lid into the fluid passageway. These operations and features are accomplished simply by rotating the handle portion between its three operational positions without removal and reinsertion of the lid 14.
An alternative embodiment of a drinking vessel or drink container 200 in accordance with the present embodiment is shown in FIGS. 9-25. The drink container is shown in a closed state in FIGS. 9-12. The drink container 200 includes a substantially cylindrical body 212 and a lid 214. As discussed above for the body 12, the body 212 may have a double wall construction for improved thermal insulation, using an inner body positioned and secured within an outer body. In this illustrated alternative embodiment, the body 212 has a single wall construction, which in a double wall construction drink container would serve as the inner body.
The body 212 has a lower body portion 220 and an upper body portion 222 defining a hollow interior chamber 218. A drinkable liquid (not shown) may be stored in the lower body portion 220 when the drink container 200 is in an upright position. As illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12, the upper body portion 222 has an interior fluid passageway 228 with a longitudinal axis 229 and an upper end opening 230 at the upper end of the upper body portion 222 through which the liquid stored in lower body portion 220 may flow for drinking or pouring when the drink container 200 is sufficiently tilted. An upper end portion 232 of the upper body portion 222 defines a drinking lip at the upper end of the body 212 on which the lips of a user may be positioned for drinking the liquid stored in lower body portion 220 when the drink container 200 is sufficiently tilted. The body 212 may include a handle 216 to facilitate the user holding the drink container 200.
The upper body portion 222 has an interior, circumferentially extending inward protrusion or body ridge 238 projecting inward within the fluid passageway 228. The body ridge 238 extends continuously about the circumference of the upper body portion 222. The body ridge 238 has a circumferentially extending upper wall portion 238A which slopes downward in the inward direction, a circumferentially extending lower wall portion 238B which slopes upward in the inward direction, and a circumferentially extending vertical middle wall portion 238C positioned between the upper and lower wall portions. As will be described, the body ridge 238 serves as a stop to support the lid 214 when within the fluid passageway 228 and limit downward movement of the lid within the fluid passageway, and also as an engagement surface the lid grips when within the fluid passageway to inhibit its unintentional upward movement within the fluid passageway. In alternative embodiments not illustrated, the body ridge 238 may not be continuous.
The upper body portion 222 further has an interior, inwardly opening, circumferentially extending upper body recess 240 within the fluid passageway 228, at a location above the body ridge 238 and below the upper end opening 230, which extends continuously about the internal circumference of the upper body portion and serves as a seal seat, as will be described in greater detail below. An upper edge wall 242 of the recess 240 protrudes inwardly into the fluid passageway 228.
The lid 214 is a plug-type closure which is insertable by the user into the fluid passageway 228 through the upper end opening 230 for use of the drink container 200 for storing, transporting and drinking a liquid, and is removable therefrom when desired by the user for washing the lid and/or body 212 of the drink container. The lid 214 may be operated to move between two states, i.e., a closed and securely retained first state as shown in FIGS. 9-12, and an opened and retained, but easily removable second state as shown in FIGS. 17-20. FIGS. 13-16 show the lid 214 in an intermediate position through which the lid moves when transitioning between the first (closed) state and the second (opened) state, as will be described in more detail below.
In the first (closed) state the lid 214 is closed and securely retained within the fluid passageway 228 so no liquid can be drunk or spilled from the drink container 200 and the lid cannot be removed from the body 212 (or inserted into the fluid passageway). In the second (opened) state the lid 214 is opened for drinking and retained within the fluid passageway 228 against unintended removal, but with sufficient upward force applied by the user, the lid is removable for filling the lower body portion 220 with a liquid or for washing the lid and/or the body 212. The individual component parts of the drink container 200 are separately illustrated in the exploded views of FIGS. 21-23 and the component views of FIGS. 24 and 25.
The lid 214 includes a seal assembly 244 having an upper member 246, a lower member 248 and a stretchable and a resilient ring seal 250. In the illustrated embodiment the ring seal 250 is an 0-ring but other shapes of ring-type seals may be used. The upper member 246 has a circumferentially extending, perimeter upper member portion 246A, a smaller diameter circumferentially extending, perimeter lower member portion 246B and a circumferentially extending, perimeter middle member portion 246C positioned between the upper and lower member portions. A drink dispensing aperture 247 formed by an inwardly recessed region of the perimeter upper member portion 246A is provided for liquid to pass for drinking when the drink container 200 is sufficiently tilted and the lid is in its second (opened) state. The perimeter lower member portion 246B has a circumferentially extending vertical, outward facing perimeter wall 252, and the perimeter middle member portion 246C has a circumferentially extending, outward facing perimeter smooth ramp wall 254 which slopes upward in the outward direction with the shape of a conical wall section.
The perimeter lower member portion 246B of the upper member 246 has a smaller diameter than the perimeter upper member portion 246A and is sized to pass by the upper edge wall 242 of the recess 240 to position the wall 254 of the perimeter middle member portion 246C inward of the recess. The ring seal 250 is shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 with the lid 214 in the second (opened) position mounted on and extending about the wall 252 of the perimeter lower member portion 246B of the upper member 246 at a vertical position directly opposite the recess 240 and inward of the recess. In this position the ring seal 250 is in an initial perimeter position and has an initial interior diameter/perimeter the same size as the exterior diameter/perimeter of the wall 252 and an initial exterior diameter/perimeter. As will be described below, the upper member 246 is movable upward and downward by the user relative to the lower member 248, and during that movement the ring seal 250 is movable upward and downward relative to the upper member 246 between the wall 252 of the perimeter lower member portion 246B and positions on the ramp wall 254 of the perimeter middle member portion 246C.
The lower member 248 of the lid 214 has a circumferentially extending, perimeter upper member portion 248A, and a smaller diameter circumferentially extending, perimeter lower member portion 248B. The perimeter upper member portion 248A of the lower member 248 is sized to engage and be supported by the upper wall portion 238A of the body ridge 238 when the lid 214 is inserted by the user into the fluid passageway 228 through the upper end opening 230 to support the lower member 248 when within the fluid passageway and limit its downward movement. In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter upper member portion 248A has four circumferentially extending, spaced-apart perimeter wall sections 248A-1, 248A-2, 248A-3 and 248A-4, each sized and positioned to engage and be supported by the upper wall portion 238A of the body ridge 238 when the lid 214 is inserted by the user into the fluid passageway 228, as best shown in FIGS. 12, 16 and 20.
The perimeter lower member portion 248B has a smaller diameter than the perimeter upper member portion 248A and is sized to pass by the upper wall portion 238A of the body ridge 238 and reside within the fluid passageway 228 opposite the middle wall portion 238C of the body ridge. In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter lower member portion 248B has four circumferentially extending, spaced-apart perimeter wall sections 248B-1, 248B-2, 248B-3 and 248B-4, each having a circumferentially extending groove 256, within which is positioned a friction member 258 sized to frictionally engage the middle wall portion 238C with sufficient frictional force to resist upward movement of the lower member 248 as the lid 214 is operated to move between its first (closed) and second (opened) states, and when the drink container 200 is tilted for drinking. However, the frictional force is not so great as to prevent the user from manually moving the lower member 248 and the entire lid 214 upward for removal of the lid from the body 212 for filling the lower body portion 220 with a liquid or for washing the lid and/or the body. The spaced-apart perimeter wall sections 248B-1, 248B-2, 248B-3 and 248B-4 of the perimeter lower member 248B are positioned immediately below and coextensive with the spaced-apart perimeter wall sections 248A-1, 248A-2, 248A-3 and 248A-4 of the perimeter upper member portion 248A.
Inward of the perimeter upper member portion 248A, the lower member 248 has four circumferentially distributed apertures 260, each sized to slidably received one of four correspondingly positioned vertically oriented, elongated guide members 262 of the upper member 246 when the upper and lower members 246 and 248 are assembled. The slidable positioning of the guide members 262 in the apertures 260 prevents rotation of the upper member 246 relative to the lower member 248 as the upper member is moved upward and downward by the user relative to the lower member to move the lid 214 between its first (closed) and second (opened) states.
To provide for upward and downward movement of the upper member 246 relative to the lower member 248, the upper member has a central collar portion 264 with an axially oriented opening 266 having a smooth interior sidewall 268. The lower member 248 of the lid 214 also has a central collar portion 270 with an axially oriented opening 272, in axial alignment with the opening 266 of the upper member 246. The opening 272 has an interior wall with a screw thread 274.
The lid 214 further includes an axially oriented, manually operable actuator member 276 with a manually gripable handle 278 at an upper end thereof and with a lower end portion 280 exteriorly threaded with an exterior screw thread 282 matching the threading of the interior screw thread 274 of the opening 272 of the lower member 248. When the lid 214 is assembled, the actuator member 276 extends through the smooth sidewall opening 266 of the upper member 246 and the threaded opening 272 of the lower member 248 which threadably receives the threaded lower end portion 280 of the actuator member. An upper portion of the actuator member 276, below the handle 278 and above the threaded lower end portion 280, has a first circumferentially extending groove 284 sized to receive a ring seal 286. When the lid 214 is assembled, the seal 286 is located within the opening 266 of the upper member 246 and in fluid-tight sealing engagement with the smooth interior sidewall 268.
A second circumferentially extending groove 288 is provided in the lower end portion 280 of the actuator member 276, below the first groove 284 and above the screw thread 282 of the lower end portion, and sized to receive a first C-clip 290. When the lid 214 is assembled, the first C-clip 290 is located below the collar portion 264 of the upper member 246 to allow rotational movement of the actuator member relative to the upper member 246 and to carry the upper member upward with the actuator member when the actuator member moves upward relative to the lower member 248. The handle 278 of the actuator member 276 has a circumferentially extending lower end wall 292 positioned above the first groove 284 and in sliding engagement with an upper end 266A of the collar portion 264 of the upper member 246 when the lid 214 is assembled to allow rotational movement of the actuator member relative to the upper member 246 and to trap the collar portion 264 between the end wall and the first C-clip 290. In such manner the actuator member 276 and the upper member 246 travel upward and downward together, but the actuator member is rotatable relative to the upper member to control the position of the upper member along the longitudinal axis 229 relative to the lower member 248.
A third circumferentially extending groove 294 is provided in the lower end portion 280 of the actuator member 276 below the screw thread 282 of the lower end portion, and sized to receive a second C-clip 296. When the lid 214 is assembled, the second C-clip 296 is located below the collar portion 270 of the lower member 246 to allow rotational movement of the actuator member 276 relative to the lower member 248 while limiting the upward movement of the actuator member within the collar portion 270 resulting from rotation of the actuator member.
The first C-clip 290 and the second C-clip 296 are axially spaced apart to allow sufficient axial movement of the actuator member 276, and hence the upper member 246 which moves with the upper member, relative to the lower member 248 to move the lid 214 fully between its first (closed) and second (opened) states resulting from rotation of the actuator member 276 relative to the lower member 248. When the actuator member 276 is rotated in a first rotational direction (counter-clockwise when viewed from above in the illustrated embodiment), the threaded engagement of the actuator member screw thread 282 with the interior screw thread 274 of the lower member moves the upper member 246 upward relative to the lower member 248 and hence moves the lid 214 toward the its second (opened) state shown in FIGS. 17-20, and when the actuator member is rotated in an opposite second rotational direction (clockwise), the threaded engagement of the actuator member screw thread with the interior screw thread of the lower member moves the upper member downward relative to the lower member and hence moves the lid 214 toward the its first (closed) state shown in FIGS. 9-12. The total axial movement of the upper member 246 relative to the lower member 248 being no greater than the axial spacing between the first and second C-clips 290 and 296.
| 45,370 |
https://github.com/Samsung/LPVS/blob/master/src/main/java/com/lpvs/entity/LPVSPullRequest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-free-unknown, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,023 |
LPVS
|
Samsung
|
Java
|
Code
| 170 | 503 |
/**
* Copyright (c) 2023, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a MIT license that can be
* found in the LICENSE file.
*/
package com.lpvs.entity;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Objects;
@Entity
@Table(name = "pull_requests", schema = "lpvs")
@Getter @Setter @AllArgsConstructor @NoArgsConstructor
public class LPVSPullRequest implements Serializable {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
@Column(name = "id")
private Long id;
@Column(name = "scan_date")
private Date date;
@Column(name = "user")
private String user;
@Column(name = "repository_name")
private String repositoryName;
@Column(name = "url", columnDefinition = "LONGTEXT")
private String pullRequestUrl;
@Column(name = "diff_url", columnDefinition = "LONGTEXT")
private String pullRequestFilesUrl;
@Column(name = "status")
private String status;
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
LPVSPullRequest that = (LPVSPullRequest) o;
return date.equals(that.date) &&
repositoryName.equals(that.repositoryName) &&
pullRequestUrl.equals(that.pullRequestUrl) &&
pullRequestFilesUrl.equals(that.pullRequestFilesUrl);
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return Objects.hash(date, repositoryName, pullRequestUrl, pullRequestFilesUrl);
}
}
| 34,094 |
https://github.com/ctalpaert/php_mysql_samples/blob/master/doctrine/src/Customer.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| null |
php_mysql_samples
|
ctalpaert
|
PHP
|
Code
| 56 | 194 |
<?php
use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
/**
* @Entity(repositoryClass="CustomerRepository")
* @Table(name="customers")
*/
class Customer
{
/**
* @Id @Column(type="integer")
* @GeneratedValue
* @var int
*/
protected $id;
/**
* @Column(type="string")
* @var string
*/
protected $firstname;
public function getId()
{
return $this->id;
}
public function getFirstname()
{
return $this->firstname;
}
public function setFirstname($firstname)
{
$this->firstname = $firstname;
}
}
| 45,413 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202665
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 180 | 496 |
Simple Tower Property Question When Conditioning on Subvectors
I have a simple question that I believe to know the answer to but want to be sure that I can apply the tower property without loss.
Let $X=(X_{j})_{j=1}^{n}$ be a vector valued random variable distributed according to the distribution $P$ and let $f$ be some function of $X$. Then my question is if $X^{1}=(X_{j})_{j=1}^{k}$ and $X^{2}=(X_{j})_{j=1}^{k'}$ where $k'<k<n$ (i.e. $X^{1}$ is a subvector of $X$ and $X^{2}$ is a subvector of $X^{1}$), then does the following equality (that looks like the tower property) hold;
$$
\mathbb{E}_{P}[\mathbb{E}_{P}[f(X)\;|\;X^{1}=x^{1}]\;|\;X^{2}=x^{2}]=\mathbb{E}_{P}[f(X)\;|\;X^{2}=x^{2}]
$$
whenever $x^{2}=(x^{1}_{j})_{j=1}^{k'}$. Namely, $x^{2}$ is the subvector of $x^{1}$ consisting of the first $k'$ terms.
This looks familiar to the tower property for martingales, and I want to know if it is true even when the R.V.'s are not necessarily independent.
My attempt to prove it would be to say let $X^{1}$ be the degenerate random variable equal to $x^{1}$ and let $X^{2}=(x^{1}_{j})_{j=1}^{k'}$ be a projection of $X^{1}$. Then $X^{2}$ is a function of $X^{1}$ and therefore
$$
\mathbb{E}[\mathbb{E}[f(X)|X^{1}]|X^{2}]=\mathbb{E}[f(X)|X^{2}]
$$
Does this make sense?
| 42,957 |
|
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoin%20%28cearta%20dl%C3%ADthi%C3%BAla%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Maoin (cearta dlíthiúla)
|
https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maoin (cearta dlíthiúla)&action=history
|
Irish
|
Spoken
| 229 | 529 |
Is córas cearta é maoin a thugann smacht dlíthiúil do dhaoine ar rudaí luachmhara, agus tagraíonn sé freisin do na rudaí luachmhara iad féin. Ag brath ar nádúr na maoine, féadfaidh sé go mbeidh sé de cheart ag úinéir maoine úinéir maoine í a úsáid, a athrú, a roinnt, a athshainiú,, a ligean ar cíos, ar morgáiste, a chuir ngeall, a dhíol, a mhalartú, a aistriú, a thabhairt chun bealaigh nó a dhíothú, a thabhairt uaidh nó daoine eile a eisiamh ó na nithe sin a dhéanamh, chomh maith le b'fhéidir é a thréigean ; ach beag beann ar chineál na maoine, tá an ceart ag a úinéir í a úsáid i gceart faoi na cearta maoine a deonaíodh .
San eacnamaíocht agus eacnamaíocht pholaitiúil, ar an mórgóir tá trí chineál maoine ann: maoin phríobháideach, maoin phoiblí, agus maoin chomhchoiteann (ar a dtugtar maoin chomhair freisin). Féadfar maoin, a bhaineann le níos mó ná páirtí amháin i gcomhpháirt, a shealbhú nó a rialú, ar an gcaoi sin ar bhealaí atá an-chosúil nó an-difriúil, go simplí nó go casta, cibé acu go cothrom nó go míchothrom. Mar sin féin, táthar ag súil go mbeidh toil gach páirtí (in ionad a rogha) maidir leis an maoin, sainmhínithe go soiléir agus neamhchoinníollach, chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh idir úinéireacht agus éasúint agus cíos.
Tagairtí
Antraipeolaíocht eacnamaíoch
Neamhionannas sóisialta
Coincheapa na heolaíochta sóisialta comhshaoil
| 9,811 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22611304
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 89 | 111 |
How to Understand Existing System
I have to work on a existing ERP which has more then 3000 tables and 400+ ASP pages and 56+ ASPX pages .
This ERP is working perfect and i have to do some customization as per management requirement.
Now i am facing issue to start the study of the system.
Would like to know from where to start whether from DB/UI or how to map the database table
with UI OR what should be the way to study this type of big application.
| 48,673 |
|
https://github.com/goharbor/harbor/blob/master/src/lib/convert_types.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
harbor
|
goharbor
|
Go
|
Code
| 246 | 437 |
// Copyright Project Harbor Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package lib
import (
"strconv"
)
// BoolValue returns the value of the bool pointer or false if the pointer is nil
func BoolValue(v *bool) bool {
if v != nil {
return *v
}
return false
}
// Int64Value returns the value of the int64 pointer or 0 if the pointer is nil
func Int64Value(v *int64) int64 {
if v != nil {
return *v
}
return 0
}
// StringValue returns the value of the string pointer or "" if the pointer is nil
func StringValue(v *string) string {
if v != nil {
return *v
}
return ""
}
// ToBool convert interface to bool
func ToBool(v interface{}) bool {
switch b := v.(type) {
case bool:
return b
case nil:
return false
case int:
return v.(int) != 0
case int64:
return v.(int64) != 0
case string:
r, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v.(string))
return r
default:
return false
}
}
| 35,601 |
in2p3-01412256-art_10.1140_epjp_i2016-16371-4.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,016 |
Nuclear data activities at the n_TOF facility at CERN. The European Physical Journal Plus, 2016, 131 (10), pp.371 - 371. ⟨10.1140/epjp/i2016-16371-4⟩. ⟨in2p3-01412256⟩
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 7,569 | 12,907 |
Nuclear data activities at the n_TOF facility at CERN
F. Gunsing, O. Aberle, J. Andrzejewski, L. Audouin, V. Bécares, M. Bacak, J.
Balibrea-Correa, M. Barbagallo, S. Barros, F. Bečvář, et al.
To cite this version:
F. Gunsing, O. Aberle, J. Andrzejewski, L. Audouin, V. Bécares, et al.. Nuclear data activities at
the n_TOF facility at CERN. The European Physical Journal Plus, 2016, 131 (10), pp.371 - 371.
�10.1140/epjp/i2016-16371-4�. �in2p3-01412256�
HAL Id: in2p3-01412256
https://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-01412256
Submitted on 8 Dec 2016
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2016-16371-4
THE EUROPEAN
PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS
Review
Nuclear data activities at the n TOF facility at CERN
The n TOF Collaboration
F. Gunsing1,2,a , O. Aberle2 , J. Andrzejewski3 , L. Audouin4 , V. Bécares5 , M. Bacak6 , J. Balibrea-Correa5 ,
M. Barbagallo7 , S. Barros8 , F. Bečvář9 , C. Beinrucker10 , F. Belloni1 , E. Berthoumieux1 , J. Billowes11 , D. Bosnar12 ,
M. Brugger2 , M. Caamaño13 , F. Calviño14 , M. Calviani2 , D. Cano-Ott5 , R. Cardella2 , A. Casanovas14 ,
D.M. Castelluccio15,16 , F. Cerutti2 , Y.H. Chen4 , E. Chiaveri2 , N. Colonna7 , M.A. Cortés-Giraldo17 , G. Cortés14 ,
L. Cosentino18 , L.A. Damone7,19 , K. Deo20 , M. Diakaki1,21 , C. Domingo-Pardo22 , R. Dressler23 , E. Dupont1 ,
I. Durán13 , B. Fernández-Domı́nguez13 , A. Ferrari2 , P. Ferreira8 , P. Finocchiaro18 , R.J.W. Frost11 , V. Furman24 ,
S. Ganesan20 , A.R. Garcı́a5 , A. Gawlik3 , I. Gheorghe25 , T. Glodariu25 , I.F. Gonçalves8 , E. González5 ,
A. Goverdovski26 , E. Griesmayer6 , C. Guerrero17 , K. Göbel10 , H. Harada27 , T. Heftrich10 , S. Heinitz23 ,
A. Hernández-Prieto2,14 , J. Heyse28 , D.G. Jenkins29 , E. Jericha6 , F. Käppeler30 , Y. Kadi2 , T. Katabuchi31 ,
P. Kavrigin6 , V. Ketlerov26 , V. Khryachkov26 , A. Kimura27 , N. Kivel23 , M. Kokkoris21 , M. Krtička9 ,
E. Leal-Cidoncha13 , C. Lederer32,10 , H. Leeb6 , J. Lerendegui17 , M. Licata16,33 , S. Lo Meo15,16 , S.J. Lonsdale32 ,
R. Losito2 , D. Macina2 , J. Marganiec3 , T. Martı́nez5 , A. Masi2 , C. Massimi16,33 , P. Mastinu34 , M. Mastromarco7 ,
F. Matteucci35,36 , E.A. Maugeri23 , A. Mazzone7,37 , E. Mendoza5 , A. Mengoni15 , P.M. Milazzo35 , F. Mingrone16 ,
M. Mirea25 , S. Montesano2 , A. Musumarra18,38 , R. Nolte39 , A. Oprea25 , F.R. Palomo-Pinto17 , C. Paradela13 ,
N. Patronis40 , A. Pavlik41 , J. Perkowski3 , I. Porras2,42 , J. Praena17,42 , J.M. Quesada17 , K. Rajeev20 , T. Rauscher43,44 ,
R. Reifarth10 , A. Riego-Perez14 , M. Robles13 , P. Rout20 , D. Radeck39 , C. Rubbia2 , J.A. Ryan11 , M. Sabaté-Gilarte2,17 ,
A. Saxena20 , P. Schillebeeckx28 , S. Schmidt10 , D. Schumann23 , P. Sedyshev24 , A.G. Smith11 , A. Stamatopoulos21 ,
S.V. Suryanarayana20 , G. Tagliente7 , J.L. Tain22 , A. Tarifeño-Saldivia22 , D. Tarrı́o13 , L. Tassan-Got4 , A. Tsinganis21 ,
S. Valenta9 , G. Vannini16,33 , V. Variale7 , P. Vaz8 , A. Ventura16 , V. Vlachoudis2 , R. Vlastou21 , A. Wallner45 ,
S. Warren11 , M. Weigand10 , C. Weiss2,6 , C. Wolf10 , P.J. Woods32 , T. Wright11 , and P. Žugec2,12
1
CEA Saclay, Irfu, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
3
University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
4
Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
5
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
6
Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
7
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
8
Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
9
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
10
Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
11
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
12
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
13
University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
14
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
15
Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie (ENEA), Bologna, Italy
16
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
17
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
18
INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
19
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
20
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
21
National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
22
Instituto de Fı́sica Corpuscular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
23
Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villingen, Switzerland
24
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
25
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
26
Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE), Obninsk, Russia
27
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai-mura, Japan
28
European Commission JRC, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
29
University of York, York, UK
2
Page 2 of 13
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
30
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
32
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
33
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
34
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
35
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
36
Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
37
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
38
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
39
Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
40
University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
41
Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
42
University of Granada, Granada, Spain
43
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
44
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
45
Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
31
Received: 2 June 2016 / Revised: 4 August 2016
Published online: 21 October 2016
c CERN for the benefit of the n TOF Collaboration 2016. This article is published with open access at
Springerlink.com
Abstract. Nuclear data in general, and neutron-induced reaction cross sections in particular, are important
for a wide variety of research fields. They play a key role in the safety and criticality assessment of nuclear
technology, not only for existing power reactors but also for radiation dosimetry, medical applications,
the transmutation of nuclear waste, accelerator-driven systems, fuel cycle investigations and future reactor
systems as in Generation IV. Applications of nuclear data are also related to research fields as the study
of nuclear level densities and stellar nucleosynthesis. Simulations and calculations of nuclear technology
applications largely rely on evaluated nuclear data libraries. The evaluations in these libraries are based
both on experimental data and theoretical models. Experimental nuclear reaction data are compiled on a
worldwide basis by the international network of Nuclear Reaction Data Centres (NRDC) in the EXFOR
database. The EXFOR database forms an important link between nuclear data measurements and the
evaluated data libraries. CERN’s neutron time-of-flight facility n TOF has produced a considerable amount
of experimental data since it has become fully operational with the start of the scientific measurement
programme in 2001. 1 Introduction
The generic notion “nuclear data” comprises the physical properties related to nuclear structure and nuclear reactions.
Evaluated nuclear reaction data play an essential role in calculations and simulations for the design and operational
studies of nuclear technology systems. For this purpose they have to contain all reactions and all energy regions, even
where experimental data are missing, insufficient or inconsistent.
A nuclear data evaluation is the result of a complicated process involving a careful analysis of available existing,
sometimes inconsistent experimental data sets combined with optimum theoretical models describing experimental
data and providing data for gaps in experimental information. The outcome of this process is a single recommended
and purposefully complete dataset, the evaluation. Both theoretical models and experimental data are the fundamental
ingredients in evaluated data [1, 2].
Nuclear data in general, and neutron-induced reactions in particular, are important for a number of research fields.
In nuclear astrophysics, an intriguing topic is the understanding of the formation of the nuclei present in the universe
and the origin of the chemical elements. Hydrogen and smaller amounts of He and Li were created in the early universe
by primordial nucleosynthesis. Nuclear reactions in stars are at the origin of nearly all other nuclei. Most nuclei heavier
than iron are produced by neutron capture in stellar nucleosynthesis [3–6]. Neutron-induced reaction cross sections
also reveal the nuclear level structure in the vicinity of the neutron binding energy of nuclei [7, 8]. The properties
Contribution to the Focus Point on “Nuclear data for energy” edited by S. Leray.
www.cern.ch/ntof
a
e-mail: [email protected]
Page 3 of 13
4
10
2
10
0
total
10
-2
fission
10
capture
-4
10
-6
10
(n,xn)
-8
10
-5
-3
-2
0
2
3
5
6
7
8
1
4
-4
-1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
fusion10
neutron energy (eV)
neutron energy
distribution (n/eV)
cross
section
cross
section(barn)
(b)
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
water
moderated
DD DT
stellar
spectra
fission
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
neutron energy (eV)
Fig. 1. Neutron-induced reaction cross sections for a typical heavy nucleus as a function of the neutron kinetic energy (upper
panel), together with characteristic neutron energy distributions present in stellar environments and in technological applications
like fission and fusion (lower panel). All distributions have been normalized to their maximum value.
of these levels are a crucial input to nuclear level density models. Finally, neutron-induced reaction cross sections
are a key ingredient for the safety and criticality assessment of nuclear technology, including research on medical
applications [9], radiation dosimetry, the transmutation of nuclear waste, accelerator-driven systems, future reactor
systems as in Generation IV, and nuclear fuel cycle investigations [10–12].
Nuclear reaction data needed for such calculations are usually based on evaluated nuclear data libraries. Examples
of such libraries are JEFF [13], ENDF [14], JENDL [15], CENDL, BROND and several others. While these libraries
have started historically with a focus on nuclear technology applications, nowadays they are general-purpose libraries
intended to be universal. For nearly any nuclear data application and simulation code, the content of an evaluated
nuclear data library is not directly useable but needs to be processed to extract the needed information in a suitable
format. For example neutron-induced reaction cross sections for resolved resonances are stored as R-matrix [16]
resonance parameters, which is the most concise and fundamental way to represent this type of cross sections. From
these parameters a reaction cross section can be calculated with the appropriate thermal broadening needed for
an application. This Doppler-broadened cross section can then be merged with the energy range of smooth cross
sections, and stored as interpolation tables, in order to obtain the reaction cross section over a wide energy range for
a given temperature. Several special-purpose libraries with derived quantities exist as well. For example the database
KADoNiS [17] is dedicated to Maxwellian averaged capture cross sections relevant for stellar nucleosynthesis. It
contains data both calculated from evaluated nuclear data libraries and from experiments. The EXFOR data base [18]
is the international storage and retrieval system for experimental results. It contains data that are often not available
numerically in publications and laboratory reports. The observables including detailed experimental conditions have
nowadays become the standard quality for submission.
Contributions to nuclear data come from a variety of experimental facilities including the pulsed white spallation
neutron source n TOF at CERN, which has been recently upgraded with its second beam line. Other neutron timeof-flight facilities comprise electron linac-based machines, like GELINA [19, 20], IREN [21], KURRI [22], nELBE [23],
ORELA (until recently) [24] and PNF [25], RPI [26], and proton-induced spallation targets similar to n TOF, like MLF
at J-PARC [27] and LANSCE [28]. All these facilities have their own unique and often complementary characteristics.
2 Nuclear reactions induced by neutrons
One of the most striking features of neutron-nucleus interactions is the resonance structure observed in the reaction
cross sections at low incident neutron energies. Since the electrically neutral neutron has no Coulomb barrier to
overcome, and has a negligible interaction with the electrons in matter, it can directly penetrate and interact with
the atomic nucleus, even at very low kinetic energies of the order of electronvolts. At lower energies the De Broglie
wavelength of the neutron becomes comparable to the size of interatomic distance of the target material and solid-state
effects become important. The nuclear reaction cross sections can show variations of several orders of magnitude on
Page 4 of 13
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
an energy scale of only a few eV. The origin of the resonances is related to the excitation of nuclear states in the
compound nuclear system formed by the neutron and the target nucleus, at excitation energies lying above the neutron
binding energy of typically several MeV. In fig. 1 the main reaction cross sections for a typical heavy nucleus are shown
as a function of the energy. The reactions showing resolved resonances, typically elastic scattering, neutron capture,
and for some nuclei fission, are clearly visible over a wide energy range. The position and extent of the resonance
structure depend on the nucleus. Threshold reaction channels like (n, xn) or charged particle emission usually open up
at higher energies. Also shown on the same energy scale in fig. 1 are several neutron energy spectra relevant for typical
applications, normalized to give the same height. These spectra correspond to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of
the neutron velocities. On the low-energy side the neutron flux of a theoretical spectrum of fully moderated neutrons
is shown. For an infinite water moderator at a temperature of about 293.6 K, the neutron density of this thermal
spectrum shows a maximum at a speed of 2200 m/s corresponding to an energy of 25.3 meV. On the high-energy side
the idealised neutron distribution of thermal-neutron induced prompt fission neutrons from 235 U is shown. Similar
energy distributions are found for neutrons in certain stars where the synthesis of the nuclei heavier than about A = 60
takes place by neutron capture. Neutrons from fusion reactions, either from magnetic-confinement fusion with future applications of energy production or from inertial-confinement fusion have to be taken into account for issues related to shielding and activation.
Reactions employed in most fusion developments are based on D + T → 4 He + n (14.1 MeV) reactions (DT), as well as
D + D → 3 He + n (2.5 MeV) reactions (DD), which have quasi-mono-energetic energy spectra. Typical thermal fusion
neutron spectra [29, 30] at T = 10 keV are also shown in fig. 1.
3 The neutron time-of-flight facility n TOF at CERN
The neutron time-of-flight facility n TOF was constructed after an idea proposed by Rubbia et al. [31] and has become
fully operational with the start of the scientific measurement programme in 2001 [32]. The facility is based on the 6 ns
wide, 20 GeV pulsed proton beam from CERN’s Proton Synchrotron (PS) with typically 7 × 1012 protons per pulse,
impinging on a lead spallation target, yielding about 300 neutrons per incident proton. A layer of water around the
spallation target moderates the initially fast neutrons down to a white spectrum of neutrons covering the full range
of energies between meV and GeV.
The neutron bunches are spaced by multiples of 1.2 s, a characteristic of the operation cycle of the PS. This allows
measurements to be made over long times of flight, and therefore low energies, without any overlap into the next
neutron cycle. In this way it is possible to measure neutron energies as low as about 10 meV, and where the highenergy part of the neutron spectrum is free from slow neutrons from previous cycles. The large energy range that can
be measured at once is one of the key characteristics of the facility.
Another important feature of n TOF is the very high number of neutrons per proton burst, also called instantaneous
neutron flux. In the case of radioactive samples in the neutron beam, this results in a very favourable ratio between
the number of signals due to neutron-induced reactions and those due to radioactive decay events, which contribute
to the background.
The neutron energy is determined by the time of flight technique. The neutrons, created at a time t0 , are guided
through vacuum beam pipes to the experimental area at a distance L where they initiate reactions which are detected
at time t0 +t. The measured time of flight t of the neutron with mass m, together with the flight distance L, determines
the neutron kinetic energy En using the energy-momentum relation with the neutron velocicy v = L/t and momentum
p = γmv as
(1)
En = Etot − mc2 = mc2 (γ − 1),
with γ = (1 − v 2 /c2 )−1/2 and where c is the speed of light. In reality, neutrons with a true energy En will be detected
with a distribution in the measured velocities v = L/t (the speed in the z-direction), determined by the measured time
of flight t and flight path length L. Both t and L have distributions for a given energy En , related to the different effects
of the time-of-flight method. By taking the derivative of eq. (1), the energy resolution ΔE is in first approximation
related to the velocity resolution Δv as
Δv
ΔE
=
(γ + 1)γ.
(2)
E
v
This approximation is sufficient if the resolution components have a Gaussian distribution, each characterized for a
given energy En by a single parameter ΔL and Δt, and hence Δv. The most important contributions to the resolution
come from the time distribution of the impact of the proton pulse, the neutron transport in the target-moderator
assembly and in the sample and detector, and the time resolution of the detector and electronics. In particular the
resolution due to the target-moderator assembly is non-Gaussian and in addition highly asymmetric. Therefore the
full probability density function of the velocity distribution, which is the spectrometer’s response function, also known
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
Page 5 of 13
Fig. 2. Impression of the n TOF facility with its two neutron beam lines (drawn in blue) ending in the experimental areas
EAR1 and EAR2. The neutron source, on the left lower part of the drawing, is a lead spallation target surrounded by cooling
water (the water is not shown on the insets). The incident proton beam with a nominal energy of 20 GeV, drawn in green,
makes an angle of 10◦ in the horizontal plane. In the direction of EAR1 a separate neutron moderator is located. The two types
of targets that have been used up to now are shown in the top inset. The horizontal neutron beam line has in reality a small
angle of approximately 0.68◦ upwards. The picture where the placement of the beam elements are on scale, only shows the part
of the long EAR1 beam line. On the inset below the main figure the full scale is shown.
as the resolution function (RF), needs to be used for a precise time-to-energy conversion. The RF not only broadens
the resonances, but the asymmetry also shifts the peak positions in the reconstructed energy spectrum.
The RF is obtained in the entire energy range by simulations, and verified by measurements of well known narrow
resonances. The full resolution function RE (E) of the reconstructed neutron kinetic energy E for a true energy En is
by conservation of probability related to the distributions of time of flight Rt or equivalent distance RL as
RE (E)dE = Rt (t)dt = RL (L)dL,
(3)
where the distributions R are also dependent on the true neutron energy En . Usually components are converted
into a single distribution depending on the use. While time-of-flight analyses require the resolution as Rt , the slow
energy dependence of RL makes it more useful for visualisations and interpolation. For the
time-to-energy conversion
of smooth cross section spectra it is sufficient to use the expectation value E{L}En = LRL dL, assuming that all
resolution components are lumped into the normalized probability density RL . This expectation value is also dependent
on En.
For resolved resonances, this approximation is usually not sufficient and the full distribution needs to be convolved
with the intrinsic shape of the resonances. The intrinsic resonance shape has in approximation a Breit-Wigner form
depending on the reaction channel widths. The shape is altered by two broadening effects. First there is the Doppler
broadening, related to the thermal motion of the target nuclei. This effect is well known. In good approximation, for
metallic samples and many other cases this movement can be conveniently described by Gaussian broadening based
on the free-gas model [33, 34]. Cross sections are usually represented as Doppler broadened at a given temperature.
Two different target-moderator assemblies have been used up to now in the operation of n TOF. During phase-I
a first spallation target was used from 2001 up to 2004. The water coolant of the target also served as a neutron
moderator. The spallation target was a block of lead of dimensions 80 × 80 × 60 cm3 . During phase-II, after the
installation in 2008 of an upgraded cylindrical lead spallation target 40 cm in length and 60 cm in diameter, the target
was enclosed with a separate cooling circuit resulting in a 1 cm water layer in the beam direction, followed by an
exchangeable moderator with a thickness of 4 cm. Demineralized water has been used as a moderator, as well as water
with a saturated 10 B-solution in order to reduce the number of 2.223 MeV gamma rays from hydrogen capture, which
otherwise forms an important contribution to the background due to in-beam gamma rays. The 10 B-loaded moderator,
strongly suppressing thermal neutrons, affects the energy distribution of the neutron flux only noticeably below 1 eV.
Two beam lines are in operation today. In fig. 2 a sketch of the two beam lines is shown, together with two insets
showing the two spallation targets used up to now. The corresponding neutron fluxes, per unit of lethargy, are shown
in fig. 3. The strong suppression of the thermal neutron peak in EAR1 due to the 10 B-loaded moderator is clearly
visible. The first neutron beam, collimated and guided through a nearly horizontal vacuum tube over a distance of
Page 6 of 13
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
107
EAR1 neutron flux
dn/dlnE (neutrons/pulse)
EAR2 neutron flux
106
105
104
10 2 10 1
1
3
5
6
10 102 10 104 10 10
neutron energy (eV)
8
107 10
9
10
Fig. 3. The number of neutrons per equidistant logarithmic energy bin, i.e. per unit of lethargy, (dn/d ln E) per 7 × 1012
protons on target, referred to as “flux”, integrated over the full Gaussian beam profile with a nominal FWHM of 18 mm in
EAR1 and 21 mm in EAR2, as seen at the sample position at nominal distances of 185 m (EAR1) and 20 m (EAR2) for the
small collimator. The shown fluxes are the preliminary results of several measurements and simulations [35, 36]. The strong
reduction of the thermal peak in EAR1 is due to the 10 B-loaded moderator.
approximately 185 m, has been in use since the start of the facility in 2000. The beam line makes a small angle with
the horizontal of approximately 0.68◦ upwards. It leads to an experimental area (EAR1) where samples and detectors
can be mounted and neutron-induced reactions are measured. A more detailed description of the neutron source and
EAR1 can be found in ref. [37] and references therein. Two pictures showing configurations of the experimental areas
EAR1 and EAR2 are shown in fig. 4.
The second neutron beam line and experimental area (EAR2), has been constructed and has been operational
since 2014. This flight path is vertical and about 20 m long, viewing the top part of the spallation target. In this case
the cooling water circuit acts as a moderator. The vertical beam situation in the experimental area EAR2 necessitates
adapated mechanical equipment to accommodate samples and detectors.
While the long flight path of EAR1 results in a very high kinetic-energy resolution, the short flight path of EAR2
has a neutron flux, which is higher than that of EAR1 by a factor of about 25. The energy distributions of the total
number of neutrons at the sample plane, in this context called flux, are shown in fig. 3 for EAR1 and EAR2. The
flux has a Gaussian beam-profile with a nominal full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 18 mm in EAR1 and 21 mm
in EAR2 for the small collimator usually used for capture measurements. The higher flux opens the possibility for
measurements on targets of low mass or for reactions with low cross section within a reasonable time. The shorter
flight distance of about a factor 10 also has the consequence that the entire neutron energy region is measured in a 10
times shorter interval. For measurements of neutron-induced cross sections on radioactive nuclei this means 10 times
less acquired detector signals due to radioactivity. Therefore the combination of the higher flux and the shorter time
interval results in an increase of the signal-to-noise ratio of a factor 250 for radioactive samples, at cost of lower energy
resolution. More details on EAR2 can be found in refs. [38, 39].
The n TOF facility is also used for detector and electronic tests with a neutron beam, see for example ref. [40].
This type of tests is usually performed in the neutron beam dump in EAR1, without interfering with the physics
programme.
3.1 Nuclear data measurements during phase-I (2001–2004)
A data acquisition system [41] based on Acqiris flash ADCs with 8 bit amplitude resolution and down to 1 ns sampling
interval with 8 Mbytes of memory was developed and used during phase-I and phase-II. For each detector the full
output signal from the start time given by the incident protons was recorded during the time window only limited by
the internal memory. For the scintillator detectors, the digitizers were typically operated at 500 Msamples/s allowing
the detector signal to be stored during a 16 ms long time-of-flight interval, corresponding to a minimum neutron energy
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
Page 7 of 13
Fig. 4. Picture of the horizontal neutron beam line in EAR1 (left panel) showing the TAC in open position, and the vertical
neutron beam line in the newly constructed EAR2 (right panel), showing a neutron capture setup with C6 D6 detectors above
the chamber containing the silicon neutron beam monitors (SiMon2).
of 0.7 eV. In order to reduce the amount of data, a zero-suppression technique was applied, after which the data was
transferred to CERN’s data storage facility CASTOR for off-line analysis with dedicated pulse shape analysis routines
for each detector.
During the first phase from 2001 to 2004, data have been taken for a number of nuclides in capture and fission
experiments. A list of measured nuclides and reactions together with the final or most relevant publication is given in
table 1. Neutron capture measurements with C6 D6 liquid scintillator gamma-ray detectors, which have a low sensitivity
to scattered neutrons, were performed on the nuclei 24,25,26 Mg, 56 Fe, 90,91,92,94,96 Zr, 139 La, 151 Sm, 186,187,188 Os, 197 Au,
204,206,207,208
Pb and 209 Bi, and a first test measurement on 93 Zr. Gamma-ray cascades following neutron capture are
for most nuclei extremely complex. In order to make the detection efficiency of a capture event independent of the
cascade, the total-energy method using the so-called pulsed height weighting technique (PHWT) [42, 43] is usually
applied. Including the gamma-ray multiplicity of a typical cascade, the total detection efficiency for a capture event
for the C6 D6 detector setup is about 20%. In addition to slightly modified commercially available C6 D6 detectors,
two in-house developed deuterated benzene detectors were developed and used, containing a low-mass carbon fiber
housing [44]. The capture samples were put in position by a remotely controlled carbon fiber sample changer [45].
A 4π total absorption calorimeter (TAC) consisting of 40 BaF2 crystals was developed [82] and has been used
for neutron capture measurements of 197 Au, 233 U, 234 U, 237 Np, 240 Pu, and 243 Am. The detection efficiency for this
detector array approaches 100% and the gamma-ray energy resolution is much better than for C6 D6 detectors, allowing
a detection selectivity based on the total energy released in the capture cascade.
The relative neutron flux as a function of neutron energy is needed over the full energy range under investigation in order to obtain the unnormalized reaction yield. In addition to Monte Carlo simulations [83], in a dedicated
measurement the neutron flux was measured with a 235 U loaded parallel plate fission ionization chamber from the
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig [32]. Furthermore, during the capture measurements the relative neutron flux was measured with the neutron monitor detector SiMon [84], consisting of an in-beam 6 Li deposit
on a mylar foil and 4 off-beam silicon detectors for the detection of the 6 Li(n, 3 H)α reaction products. Up to 1 keV
both methods are in good agreement, but at higher energies the flux obtained with the 6 Li(n, α) reaction depends on
the applied corrections for the angular distribution of the α and triton particles.
Page 8 of 13
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
Table 1. The measurements performed at n TOF during phase-I from 2001–2004.
Nucleus
Reaction
Detector
24
Mg
(n, γ)
C6 D6
26
Mg
(n, γ)
C6 D6
90
91
92
94
96
Zr
Zr
Zr
Zr
Zr
129
151
La
Sm
186
187
188
Os
Os
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
C6 D6
ref.
Nucleus
Reaction
Detector
ref.
Bi
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[65]
Bi
(n, f)
PPAC
[64]
Th
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[66, 67]
U
(n, γ)
TAC
U
(n, f)
FIC
U
(n, γ)
TAC
U
(n, f)
FIC
[70]
U
(n, f)
PPAC
[71, 72]
U
(n, f)
FIC
[73]
U
(n, f)
FIC/PPAC
[74, 75]
Np
(n, γ)
TAC
[76]
Np
(n, f)
FIC
[77]
[71]
[46]
209
[46]
209
[47]
232
[48]
233
[49]
233
[50]
234
[51]
234
[52]
234
[53–55]
236
[56, 57]
238
[56, 57]
237
[68, 69]
Os
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[56, 57]
237
197
Au
(n, γ)
C6 D6 /TAC
[58, 59]
237
Np
(n, f)
PPAC
204
Pb
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[60]
240
Pu
(n, γ)
TAC
[61, 62]
241
Am
(n, f)
FIC
[78]
[63]
243
Am
(n, γ)
TAC
[79]
C6 D6
243
Am
(n, f)
FIC
[80]
PPAC
245
Cm
(n, f)
FIC
[81]
206
207
208
nat
Pb
Pb
Pb
Pb
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, γ)
(n, f)
C6 D6
C6 D6
[64]
For capture experiments, the number of incident neutrons, measured with the flux detector over a surface larger
than the beam spot, still has to be adjusted to the fraction of neutrons that are incident on the capture sample, referred
to as the beam interception factor. The spatial neutron beam profile has been measured with a MicroMegas-based
detector (MGAS) [85] and confirmed by simulations, allowing the energy-dependent beam-interception factor to be
calculated.
The absolute normalization for capture measurements can be obtained if the measured cross section is known
well enough in a particular energy region for the investigated nucleus or from a reference sample with a well-known
cross section in the same measurement conditions. A related technique can be used with a sample thick enough to
have a large total cross section (nσT 1) in the peak of a resonance. This results in a so-called saturated resonance
where in the vicinity of the resonance peak the capture yield is not proportional to the capture cross section nσγ but
to the ratio σγ /σT , independent of the sample thickness n. An example is the 4.9 eV resonance in 197 Au, which is
saturated for a sample thickness of 0.1 mm. The particular shape of the capture yield near the saturated resonance
allows the determination of the normalization with an R-matrix fitting code as explained in more detail for example
in refs. [43, 86].
Fission cross section measurements usually use a stack of deposits among which are the nuclei 235 U or 238 U, which
serve as cross section standards. Then a fission yield ratio is usually measured for an isotope rather than a fission
yield. Fission ionisation chambers (FIC) were used to measure the fission cross sections. The chamber FIC-0 was used
for the actinides 232 Th, 234 U, 236 U, and 237 Np relative to 235 U and 238 U. A similar detector, FIC-1, which was in
addition suited for very radioactive samples (ISO-2919 compliant), was used to measure neutron-induced fission cross
sections of the actinides 233 U, 241 Am, 243 Am, and 245 Cm, also relative to 235 U, 238 U. The third FIC chamber (FIC-2)
was used for test measurements with 235 U and 238 U.
Fission detectors based on Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPACs) were developed in addition. These fast
detectors are used to identify fission by the simultaneous detection of both fission fragments, which allows to discard
alpha and high-energy reactions. In this way they are capable of performing measurements up to 1 GeV. Furthermore,
the position of each fission fragment is also measured, so the angle of the fragments with respect to the beam direction
can be determined, allowing the study of the fission anisotropy. A stack of 10 PPACs interleaved with 9 targets was
used in measurements of the fission cross sections of nat Pb, 209 Bi, 232 Th, 237 Np, 233 U, 234 U, relative to 235 U and 238 U.
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
Page 9 of 13
Table 2. The measurements performed at n TOF during phase-II from 2009–2012.
Nucleus
Reaction
Detector
ref.
12
C
(n, p) activation
C6 D6
[90, 91]
232
Mg
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[92, 93]
234
33
S
(n, α)
MGAS
[94]
235
54
Fe
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[95]
56
Fe
(n, γ)
C6 D6
Fe
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[95]
58
Ni
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[96]
59
Ni
(n, α)
CVD
[97]
25
57
62
Ni
(n, γ)
C6 D6
Ni
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[99]
87
Sr
(n, γ) spin
TAC
[100]
Zr
(n, γ)
C6 D6
93
Zr
(n, γ)
C6 D6
Reaction
Detector
ref.
(n, f) FFAD
PPAC
[89, 102]
U
(n, f) FFAD
PPAC
[72]
U
(n, f) FFAD
PPAC
[103]
235
U
(n, γ)/(n, f)
TAC/MGAS
[87]
235
U
(n, f)
PPAC
[104]
236
U
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[105]
238
U
(n, f) FFAD
PPAC
[103]
238
U
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[106]
238
U
(n, γ)
TAC
[107]
Th
[98]
63
92
Nucleus
[101]
242
Pu
(n, f)
MGAS
[108]
241
Am
(n, γ)
C6 D6
[109]
241
Am
(n, γ)
TAC
[110]
3.2 Nuclear data measurements during phase-II (2009–2012)
During phase-II from 2009–2012 the experimental area EAR1 has been upgraded to become a class A work zone,
allowing to use unsealed radioactive samples. Several capture measurements were performed with the C6 D6 scintillator
gamma-ray detectors. The (n, γ) reaction on the light nucleus 25 Mg was investigated, as well as on enriched isotopes
of iron (54 Fe, 56 Fe, 57 Fe), and of nickel (58 Ni, 62 Ni, 63 Ni), on the stable isotope 92 Zr, the radioactive 93 Zr, and on
the nucleus 236 U. Capture reaction measurements on the actinides 238 U and 241 Am were performed with the two
available capture detector systems: the C6 D6 scintillators using the PHWT, and the TAC, the BaF2 scintillator array
using the total absortion method [82]. The TAC was also used in combination with a MicroMegas detector in a first
attempt to measure the 235 U(n, γ) reaction using a veto on the 235 U(n, f) reaction [87]. An improved version of the
MicroMegas neutron beam profile detector was used for the beam interception factor for the capture measurements [88].
An upgraded version of the PPAC assembly, with detectors tilted by 45 degrees in order to better control the efficiency
of the system, was used to measure the angular distributions of 233 Th and 234 U fission fragments (FFAD) [89].
In addition to these measurements several other techniques have been tested at this facility. An experiment aiming
at resonance spin assignments was performed on a 87 Sr sample. A first test measurement with a MicroMegas detector
was done to perform fission cross section measurements on 240 Pu and 242 Pu. The results for the 240 Pu(n, f) experiment
were not conclusive due to the high radiaoctivity of this nucleus, degrading the detector over time. This measurement
was repeated in 2014 in the new EAR2, where the flux is much higher, allowing enough statistics to be collected in
only a few weeks of measurement time.
A first test dedicated to an (n, α) measurement was investigated for the 33 S(n, α) reaction with a MicroMegas
detector. Also this measurement was repeated later in EAR2 in 2015 to take advantage of the higher flux. A CVD
diamond detector was used to measure the 59 Ni(n, α) cross section [97]. Finally the flux-integrated 12 C(n, p)12 B cross
section, obtained by in-beam activation [90] was extracted. A list of the phase-II measurements and their references
are given in table 2.
3.3 Nuclear data measurements during phase-III (from 2014)
During the planned long shutdown of CERN’s accelerator complex from the end of 2012 to mid 2014, the construction
of n TOF’s new second beam line and experimental area EAR2 [111] was performed and delivered by July 2014.
The design was based on extensive Monte Carlo simulations with FLUKA [39] in order to optimize the beam line
and collimation for a high neutron flux together with a minimized background. Additional simulations have been
performed for data analysis purposes [112, 113]. In order to remove charged particles from the beam, a permanent
0.25 T magnet had to be installed since, unlike in the beamline for EAR1, there was no room for an electromagnet.
Since then, the facility has been taking data in both the experimental area EAR1 (185 m horizontal flight path), and
Page 10 of 13
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
Table 3. The nuclear data measurements performed at n TOF during phase-III in 2014 and 2015 for both EAR1 and EAR2.
Nucleus
Reaction
Detector
EAR
ref.
Be
(n, α)
SILI
EAR2
[115, 129]
33
S
(n, α)
MGAS
EAR2
70
Ge
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1
73
Ge
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1
74
Ge
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1
76
Ge
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1
7
147
Pm
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR2
171
Tm
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1, EAR2
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1
204
Tl
235
U
(n, f)FF
STEFF
EAR2
237
Np
(n, f)
PPAC
EAR1
240
Pu
(n, f)
MGAS
EAR2
[116]
242
Pu
(n, γ)
C6 D6
EAR1
[117]
in the new EAR2 (20 m vertical flight path), using the neutron beams simultaneously produced by the same cylindrical
lead spallation target as used in Phase-II. The experimental area EAR2 was designed as a class A work zone, allowing
unsealed radioactive samples to be used, for which the n TOF facility has particularly suited beam properties.
For the operation of phase-III, a new data acquisition system was developed, based on 175 MSample digitizers
with a sampling frequency of up to 2 GHz and and amplitude resolution of 12, and recently also 14 bits. In addition to
the higher-amplitude resolution, which was 8 bits with the previously used digitizers, the larger on-board memory has
significantly increased the exploitable time-of-flight range which is now expanded down to thermal neutron energies.
A set of new in-house designed C6 D6 -based gamma-ray detectors entirely enveloped by a carbon fibre housing, as
well as newly designed neutron flux detectors based on silicon detectors (SILI) [114] and MicroMegas detectors [88],
were used for in-beam monitoring of the neutron flux and its energy dependency. In addition an XY-MicroMegas
detector with 1 mm strips in both orthogonal directions together with dedicated electronics was developed to measure
the neutron beam profile.
The measurement programme in EAR2 started with a first part of commissioning by measuring quantities such as
flux and background and focusing on the feasibility of fission measurements. The energy dependence of the number
of neutrons incident on the sample, referred to as the neutron flux, was measured both with an in-beam neutron-tocharged-particle converter foil, monitored by off-beam silicon detectors, and foils combined with in-beam MicroMegas
detectors. The neutron converters consisted of nuclides with well-known cross sections as 6 Li(n, α), 10 B(n, α) and
235
U(n, f) in order to cover the energy dependence over a broad energy range. In fig. 3 the measured neutron fluxes in
EAR1 and EAR2 are shown, based on an combined analysis of the available measurements [35, 36].
After the first part of commissioning, the very first physics measurement in EAR2 concerned the 240 Pu(n, f)
reaction with MicroMegas detectors [116]. In 2015, the commissioning of EAR2 continued, exploring the possibilities
of (n, γ) measurements, for applications in nuclear astrophysics [118] and nuclear technology, as well as neutron-induced
charged particle reactions like the 7 Be(n, α) and an upcoming 7 Be(n, p) experiment. The complex multi-detector system
STEFF [119] was installed in EAR2 for commissioning and a measurement of fission fragments spectroscopy on 235 U.
A list of measurements during 2014 and 2015 and their references are given in table 3.
3.4 Further use of n TOF measurements
The majority of the measurements at the n TOF facility are related to cross sections: capture and fission experiments
since phase-I and also (n, α) and (n, p) measurements in phase-II and phase-III. Once an experiment has been fully
analysed and the results published, it is important to make the data available for further use. The basic measured data
for a typical measurement are a set of detector count spectra as a function of neutron time of flight. Usually these spectra
are then processed in order to obtain a reaction yield or cross section ratio. This is the quantity that is intended to be
stored in the EXFOR database, which then subsequently can serve as a basis for nuclear data evaluations, which can
Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2016) 131: 371
Page 11 of 13
be adopted in new releases of evaluated nuclear data libraries. Applications for nuclear technology do not rely directly
on measurements as collected in EXFOR, but nearly always on evaluated libraries. As an example of evaluations of
neutron-induced reactions on 232 Th we mention ref. [120] for the resolved, and ref. [121] for the unresolved resonance
region. The time path between a measurement and the inclusion in an evaluation for an evaluated nuclear data library
is in general rather capricious. A list of requests for measurements is organized by the OECD-NEA High Priority
Request List (HPRL) [122]. Evaluation efforts are performed in national projects or on an international scale like the
CIELO project [123] for the nuclei 1 H, 16 O, 56 Fe, 235,238 U, and 239 Pu.
In the field of nuclear data much effort is nowadays put on reducing uncertainties. One strategy is to perform the
same measurement at different facilities world-wide. Recognising and documenting measured data, uncertainties and
covariances is an additional exertion in this respect. The process of reducing the several independent uncorrelated
counting spectra to a single reaction yield or ratio as a function of time of flight (or neutron energy) introduces offdiagonal covariance elements. While the full covariance matrix of a yield consisting of several thousands of data points
becomes too large to report directly in EXFOR, it is sometimes more convenient to use a vectorized covariance matrix
reflecting the full data reduction process [124]. For smaller datasets on the contrary it is very instructive to access
the full covariance matrix of a measured spectrum as for example nicely illustrated in refs. [125, 126]. Nevertheless,
when the correlations introduced by the data reduction are small compared to certain common uncertainties, for
example related to sample mass or normalization, it may be sufficient to report these uncertainties separately as
“systematic” uncertainties. In any case, in order to make the data in EXFOR useful for evaluations, the description
of the experimental details should be as complete as possible [127]. Data submission of n TOF measurements to
EXFOR, which is crucial for its consideration in evaluations, is an ongoing process. A comprehensive list of n TOF
data dissemination is maintained on [128].
| 22,072 |
https://github.com/je4/zmedia/blob/master/pkg/mediaserver/ffProbe.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
zmedia
|
je4
|
Go
|
Code
| 262 | 806 |
package mediaserver
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"encoding/json"
"github.com/goph/emperror"
ffmpeg_models "github.com/je4/goffmpeg/models"
"os/exec"
"strconv"
"time"
)
type FFProbe struct {
ffprobe string
mh *MediaHandler
}
var metadata ffmpeg_models.Metadata
func NewFFProbe(mh *MediaHandler, command string) (*FFProbe, error) {
ffp := &FFProbe{
ffprobe: command, mh: mh,
}
return ffp, nil
}
func (fp *FFProbe) SetMediaHandler(mh *MediaHandler) {
fp.mh = mh
}
func (fp *FFProbe) GetMetadata(filename string, timeout time.Duration) (width, height, duration int64, mimetype, sub string, metadata interface{}, err error) {
var ffmeta ffmpeg_models.Metadata
fs, bucket, path, err := fp.mh.GetFS(filename)
if err != nil {
err = emperror.Wrapf(err, "cannot get filesystem for %s", filename)
return
}
url, err := fs.GETUrl(bucket, path, timeout)
if err != nil {
err = emperror.Wrapf(err, "cannot get url for %s", filename)
return
}
var fname string
if fs.IsLocal() {
fname = url.Path
} else {
fname = url.String()
}
cmdparam := []string{
"-i", fname,
"-v", "quiet",
"-print_format", "json",
"-show_format",
"-show_streams",
"-show_error",
}
cmdfile := fp.ffprobe
var out, errb bytes.Buffer
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), timeout)
defer cancel()
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, cmdfile, cmdparam...)
cmd.Stdout = &out
cmd.Stderr = &errb
err = cmd.Run()
if err != nil {
err = emperror.Wrapf(err, "error executing (%s %s): %v %v", cmdfile, cmdparam, out.String(), errb.String())
return
}
if err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(out.String()), &ffmeta); err != nil {
err = emperror.Wrapf(err, "cannot unmarshall metadata: %s", out.String())
return
}
// calculate duration and dimension
d, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(ffmeta.Format.Duration, 64)
duration = int64(time.Second * time.Duration(d))
for _, stream := range ffmeta.Streams {
if stream.Width > 0 || stream.Height > 0 {
width = int64(stream.Width)
height = int64(stream.Height)
}
}
metadata = ffmeta
return
}
| 18,860 |
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
شوماري كابومبي
|
https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=شوماري كابومبي&action=history
|
Arabic
|
Spoken
| 108 | 314 |
شوماري كابومبي (28 يناير 1992 بموروغورو في تنزانيا - ) هو لاعب كرة قدم تنزاني في مركز الدفاع. شارك مع منتخب تنزانيا لكرة القدم. أما مع النوادي، فقد لعب مع نادي سيمبا ونادي كان.
روابط خارجية
مراجع
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو منتخب تنزانيا لكرة القدم للرجال للمحليين
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من إقليم موروغورو
رياضيون تنزانيون مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو الدوري التنزاني الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم إفريقيا للمحليين 2020
لاعبو عزام يونايتد
لاعبو كان
لاعبو كرة قدم تنزانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم تنزانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو منتخب تنزانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي سيمبا
مواليد 1992
| 18,091 |
2021/52021XC0716(01)/52021XC0716(01)_PL.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 5,698 | 14,143 |
C_2021284PL.01000401.xml
16.7.2021
PL
Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej
C 284/4
Zawiadomienie o wszczęciu przeglądu wygaśnięcia środków antydumpingowych stosowanych względem przywozu cyklaminianu sodu pochodzącego z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej i Indonezji
(2021/C 284/04)
W następstwie opublikowania zawiadomienia o zbliżającym się wygaśnięciu (1) środków antydumpingowych obowiązujących w odniesieniu do przywozu cyklaminianu sodu pochodzącego z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (ChRL) i Indonezji („państwa, których dotyczy postępowanie”) Komisja Europejska („Komisja”) otrzymała wniosek o dokonanie przeglądu zgodnie z art. 11 ust. 2 rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/1036 z dnia 8 czerwca 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony przed przywozem produktów po cenach dumpingowych z krajów niebędących członkami Unii Europejskiej (2) („rozporządzenie podstawowe”).
1. Wniosek o dokonanie przeglądu
Wniosek został złożony w dniu 14 kwietnia 2021 r. przez Productos Aditivos S.A. („wnioskodawca”), jedynego producenta cyklaminianu sodu w Unii, reprezentującego 100 % łącznej unijnej produkcji.
Jawna wersja wniosku i analiza, w jakim stopniu producenci unijni popierają wniosek, są dołączone do akt do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron. Sekcja 5.6 niniejszego zawiadomienia zawiera informacje o dostępie do akt dla zainteresowanych stron.
2. Produkt objęty przeglądem
Produktem objętym przeglądem jest cyklaminian sodu („produkt objęty przeglądem”), obecnie objęty kodem CN ex 2929 90 00 (kod TARIC 2929900010). Powyższe kody CN i kody TARIC podano jedynie w celach informacyjnych.
3. Obowiązujące środki
Obecnie obowiązującym środkiem jest ostateczne cło antydumpingowe na przywóz cyklaminianu sodu pochodzącego z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej i Indonezji w następstwie przeglądu wygaśnięcia nałożone rozporządzeniem wykonawczym Komisji (UE) 2016/1160 (3) oraz ostateczne cło antydumpingowe na przywóz cyklaminianu sodu pochodzącego z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej produkowanego przez Fang Da Food Additive (Shen Zhen) Limited i Fang Da Food Additive (Yang Quan) Limited nałożone rozporządzeniem wykonawczym Komisji (UE) 2016/1159 (4).
4. Podstawy dokonania przeglądu
W uzasadnieniu wniosku podano, że w związku z wygaśnięciem środków istnieje prawdopodobieństwo kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu oraz kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia szkody dla przemysłu Unii.
4.1.
Zarzut dotyczący prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji i ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu
Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że przywóz z ChRL jest nadal wprowadzany do UE w znacznych ilościach, wnioskodawca przedstawił dowody na kontynuację dumpingu.
Wnioskodawca twierdził, że niewłaściwe jest stosowanie cen i kosztów krajowych w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej z uwagi na istnienie znaczących zakłóceń w rozumieniu art. 2 ust. 6a lit. b) rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Aby uzasadnić zarzuty dotyczące znaczących zakłóceń, wnioskodawca odniósł się do dokumentu roboczego służb Komisji w sprawie znaczących zakłóceń w gospodarce ChRL z dnia 20 grudnia 2017 r. („sprawozdanie Komisji”), a w szczególności do rozdziału 16 na temat sektora chemicznego oraz rozdziałów na temat ogólnych zakłóceń dotyczących energii, gruntów i pracy.
Sprawozdanie krajowe dostępne jest w aktach do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron i na stronie DG ds. Handlu (5)
W świetle dostępnych informacji Komisja uważa, że istnieją wystarczające dowody zgodnie z art. 5 ust. 9 rozporządzenia podstawowego wskazujące na to, że z powodu znaczących zakłóceń wpływających na ceny i koszty stosowanie krajowych cen i kosztów w ChRL jest niewłaściwe, a tym samym uzasadniające wszczęcie dochodzenia na podstawie art. 2 ust. 6a rozporządzenia podstawowego.
W konsekwencji, w świetle art. 2 ust. 6a lit. a) rozporządzenia podstawowego, zarzut dotyczący prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji dumpingu opiera się na porównaniu wartości normalnej – konstruowanej na podstawie kosztów produkcji i kosztów sprzedaży odzwierciedlających niezakłócone ceny lub wartości odniesienia w odpowiednim kraju reprezentatywnym – z ceną eksportową (na poziomie ex-works) produktu objętego przeglądem sprzedawanego na wywóz do Unii z ChRL. Obliczony na tej podstawie margines dumpingu jest znaczny w odniesieniu do ChRL.
W przypadku przywozu z Indonezji, biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że przywóz ten w wyniku zastosowania obowiązujących środków nie jest już wprowadzany do UE w znacznych ilościach, wnioskodawca przedstawił dowody na prawdopodobieństwo ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu.
Wobec braku wiarygodnych danych na temat cen krajowych w Indonezji zarzut dotyczący prawdopodobieństwa ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu jest oparty na porównaniu konstruowanej wartości normalnej (koszty produkcji, koszty sprzedaży, koszty ogólne i administracyjne (SG&A) oraz zysk) w Indonezji z ceną eksportową (na poziomie ex-works) produktu objętego przeglądem sprzedawanego na wywóz na wszystkie rynki eksportowe państw trzecich. Na tej podstawie ustalono, że ceny eksportowe stosowane na głównych rynkach państw trzecich były niższe od wartości normalnej.
Z tych powodów istnieją wystarczające dowody wskazujące na kontynuację lub ponowne wystąpienie dumpingu w odniesieniu do przywozu z ChRL i Indonezji.
4.2.
Zarzut dotyczący prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia szkody
Wnioskodawca utrzymuje, że istnieje prawdopodobieństwo kontynuacji szkody w wyniku przywozu z ChRL. W tym względzie wnioskodawca przedstawił dowody wskazujące, że przywóz produktu objętego przeglądem z ChRL do Unii jest nadal wprowadzany na rynek Unii w znacznych ilościach w ujęciu bezwzględnym i pod kątem jego udziału w rynku. Dowody przedstawione przez wnioskodawcę wskazują również, że ilość i ceny przywożonego produktu z ChRL mają, oprócz innych skutków, negatywny wpływ na ilości sprzedawane przez przemysł unijny, jego udział w rynku oraz jego poziom cen, co wywiera niekorzystny wpływ na ogólne wyniki przemysłu Unii. Ponadto wnioskodawca twierdzi, że obecny poziom przywozu produktu objętego przeglądem z ChRL do Unii prawdopodobnie wzrośnie ze względu na istnienie niewykorzystanych mocy produkcyjnych w Chinach i atrakcyjność rynku unijnego. Zostało to potwierdzone w dalszej analizie przeprowadzonej przez Komisję. Ponadto wnioskodawca wskazuje również, że jakikolwiek dalszy znaczny wzrost przywozu po cenach dumpingowych z ChRL mógłby spowodować dalszą szkodę dla przemysłu unijnego w przypadku wygaśnięcia środków.
Wnioskodawca twierdzi, że istnieje prawdopodobieństwo ponownego wystąpienia szkody ze strony Indonezji. W tym względzie dowody przedstawione przez wnioskodawcę, uzupełnione informacjami, którymi dysponuje Komisja, wskazują, że w przypadku wygaśnięcia środków obecny poziom przywozu produktu objętego przeglądem z Indonezji do Unii prawdopodobnie wzrośnie po cenach na szkodliwym poziomie ze względu na istnienie niewykorzystanych mocy produkcyjnych w Indonezji i atrakcyjność rynku unijnego, a także biorąc pod uwagę obecny poziom cen eksportowych produktu objętego przeglądem z Indonezji na rynki innych państw trzecich.
5. Procedura
Po konsultacji z Komitetem Doradczym ustanowionym na mocy art. 15 ust. 1 rozporządzenia podstawowego i ustaleniu, że istnieją dowody na prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia dumpingu i szkody wystarczające do wszczęcia przeglądu wygaśnięcia, Komisja niniejszym wszczyna przegląd zgodnie z art. 11 ust. 2 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Podczas przeglądu wygaśnięcia zostanie ustalone, czy wygaśnięcie środków prawdopodobnie doprowadziłoby do kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu produktu objętego przeglądem pochodzącego z państw, których dotyczy postępowanie, oraz do kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia szkody dla przemysłu Unii.
Komisja zwraca również uwagę stron na fakt, że w związku z wybuchem pandemii COVID-19 opublikowano zawiadomienie (6) w sprawie skutków, jakie pojawienie się COVID-19 ma na dochodzenia antydumpingowe i antysubsydyjne, które to zawiadomienie może mieć zastosowanie do niniejszego postępowania.
5.1.
Okres objęty dochodzeniem przeglądowym i okres badany
Dochodzenie dotyczące kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu obejmie okres od dnia 1 lipca 2020 r. do dnia 30 czerwca 2021 r. („okres objęty dochodzeniem przeglądowym”). Badanie tendencji mających znaczenie dla oceny prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia szkody obejmie okres od dnia 1 stycznia 2018 r. do końca okresu objętego dochodzeniem przeglądowym („okres badany”).
5.2.
Uwagi na temat wniosku i wszczęcia dochodzenia
Wszystkie zainteresowane strony wzywa się do przedstawienia opinii na temat materiałów i kodów systemu zharmonizowanego (HS) podanych we wniosku (7) w terminie 15 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia w Dzienniku Urzędowym
Unii Europejskiej (8).
Wszystkie zainteresowane strony chcące przekazać swoje uwagi dotyczące wniosku (w tym dotyczące kwestii związanych ze szkodą i związkiem przyczynowym) lub wszelkich innych aspektów wszczęcia dochodzenia (w tym w jakim stopniu popierają wniosek) mogą to uczynić w terminie 37 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia.
Wszelkie wnioski o posiedzenie wyjaśniające w sprawie wszczęcia dochodzenia muszą wpłynąć w terminie 15 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia.
5.3.
Procedura dotycząca ustalenia prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu
Podczas przeglądu wygaśnięcia Komisja bada wywóz do Unii w okresie objętym dochodzeniem przeglądowym i, niezależnie od wywozu do Unii, rozważa, czy sytuacja przedsiębiorstw zajmujących się produkcją i sprzedażą produktu objętego przeglądem w państwach, których dotyczy postępowanie, wskazuje, że kontynuacja lub ponowne wystąpienie wywozu po cenach dumpingowych do Unii byłyby prawdopodobne w przypadku wygaśnięcia środków.
W związku z tym wzywa się do wzięcia udziału w dochodzeniu Komisji wszystkich producentów (9) produktu objętego przeglądem z państw, których dotyczy postępowanie, niezależnie od tego, czy prowadzili oni wywóz produktu objętego przeglądem do Unii w okresie objętym dochodzeniem przeglądowym, w tym tych, którzy nie współpracowali w dochodzeniu zakończonym wprowadzeniem obowiązujących środków.
5.3.1. Badanie producentów z państw, których dotyczy postępowanie
Ze względu na potencjalnie dużą liczbę uczestniczących w przeglądzie wygaśnięcia producentów eksportujących z ChRL i Indonezji oraz w celu zakończenia dochodzenia w terminie przewidzianym przepisami prawa Komisja może też objąć dochodzeniem tylko rozsądnie ograniczoną liczbę producentów, wybierając próbę (proces ten zwany jest także „kontrolą wyrywkową”). Kontrola wyrywkowa zostanie przeprowadzona zgodnie z art. 17 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Aby umożliwić Komisji podjęcie decyzji co do konieczności przeprowadzenia kontroli wyrywkowej i – w razie stwierdzenia takiej konieczności – aby umożliwić dobór próby, wszyscy producenci lub przedstawiciele działający w ich imieniu – w tym ci, którzy nie współpracowali w dochodzeniu zakończonym wprowadzeniem obowiązujących środków objętych niniejszym przeglądem – są niniejszym proszeni o przekazanie Komisji informacji na temat swoich przedsiębiorstw w terminie 7 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia. Informacje te należy przekazać za pośrednictwem TRON.tdi na następujący adres: https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/tron/tdi/form/R741_SAMPLING_FORM_FOR_EXPORTING_PRODUCER Informacje dotyczące dostępu do platformy Tron można znaleźć w sekcjach 5.6 i 5.9 poniżej.
W celu uzyskania informacji uznanych za niezbędne do doboru próby producentów w państwach, których dotyczy postępowanie, Komisja skontaktuje się też z władzami ChRL i Indonezji, a ponadto może skontaktować się z wszystkimi znanymi jej zrzeszeniami producentów.
W przypadku konieczności przeprowadzenia kontroli wyrywkowej dobór próby producentów może opierać się na kryterium największej reprezentatywnej wielkości produkcji, sprzedaży lub wywozu, którą można właściwie zbadać w dostępnym czasie. Komisja powiadomi o przedsiębiorstwach wybranych do próby wszystkich znanych producentów w państwach, których dotyczy postępowanie, władze państw, których dotyczy postępowanie, oraz zrzeszenia producentów tych państw, w stosownych przypadkach za pośrednictwem władz państw, których dotyczy postępowanie.
Komisja, po otrzymaniu informacji niezbędnych do dokonania doboru próby producentów, poinformuje zainteresowane strony o decyzji, czy zostały objęte próbą. Producenci wybrani do próby będą musieli przedłożyć wypełniony kwestionariusz w terminie 30 dni od daty powiadomienia o decyzji, czy zostali objęci próbą, o ile nie wskazano inaczej.
Komisja doda notatkę o doborze próby do akt do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron. Wszelkie uwagi na temat doboru próby muszą wpłynąć w terminie trzech dni od daty powiadomienia o decyzji o doborze próby.
Kopia kwestionariusza dla producentów w państwach, których dotyczy postępowanie, dostępna jest w aktach do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron i na stronie DG ds. Handlu: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/case_details.cfm?id=2533
Kwestionariusz zostanie także udostępniony wszystkim znanym zrzeszeniom producentów oraz władzom państw, których dotyczy postępowanie.
Bez uszczerbku dla możliwego zastosowania art. 18 rozporządzenia podstawowego przedsiębiorstwa, które zgodziły się na ewentualne włączenie ich do próby, lecz nie zostały do niej wybrane, zostaną uznane za współpracujące („nieobjęci próbą współpracujący producenci”).
5.3.2. Dodatkowa procedura dotycząca ChRL, podlegającej znaczącym zakłóceniom
Z zastrzeżeniem uregulowań zawartych w niniejszym zawiadomieniu wszystkie zainteresowane strony wzywa się niniejszym do przedstawienia swoich opinii i informacji oraz do dostarczenia dowodów dotyczących stosowania art. 2 ust. 6a rozporządzenia podstawowego. O ile nie wskazano inaczej, informacje te i dowody je potwierdzające muszą wpłynąć do Komisji w terminie 37 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia.
Zgodnie z art. 2 ust. 6a lit. e) rozporządzenia podstawowego Komisja wkrótce po wszczęciu postępowania przedstawi stronom dochodzenia, za pośrednictwem notatki dołączonej do akt do wglądu zainteresowanych stron, informacje o odpowiednich źródłach, które zamierza wykorzystać do określenia wartości normalnej w ChRL na podstawie art. 2 ust. 6a rozporządzenia podstawowego. Informacje te będą obejmowały wszystkie źródła, w tym wybór odpowiedniego reprezentatywnego państwa trzeciego w stosownych przypadkach. Na przesłanie swoich uwag strony uczestniczące w dochodzeniu mają 10 dni od daty dołączenia notatki do akt.
Zgodnie z informacjami, którymi dysponuje Komisja, możliwym reprezentatywnym państwem trzecim dla państwa, którego dotyczy postępowanie, jest w tym przypadku Tajlandia. W celu dokonania ostatecznego wyboru odpowiedniego reprezentatywnego państwa trzeciego Komisja zbada, czy istnieją państwa charakteryzujące się podobnym poziomem rozwoju gospodarczego jak państwo, którego dotyczy postępowanie, w których prowadzi się produkcję i sprzedaż produktu objętego dochodzeniem i w których odnośne dane są łatwo dostępne. W przypadku gdy jest więcej takich państw, pierwszeństwo zostanie przyznane, w stosownych przypadkach, państwom z odpowiednim poziomem ochrony socjalnej i ochrony środowiska.
W odniesieniu do właściwych źródeł Komisja zwraca się do wszystkich producentów w ChRL o dostarczanie informacji na temat materiałów (surowców i materiałów przetworzonych) oraz energii wykorzystywanych w produkcji produktu objętego przeglądem w terminie 15 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia. Informacje te należy przekazać za pośrednictwem TRON.tdi na następujący adres: https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/tron/tdi/form/R741_INFO_ON_INPUTS_FOR_EXPORTING_PRODUCER_FORM Informacje dotyczące dostępu do platformy Tron można znaleźć w sekcjach 5.6 i 5.9 poniżej.
Ponadto informacje faktyczne na potrzeby ustalenia kosztów i cen zgodnie z art. 2 ust. 6a lit. a) rozporządzenia podstawowego należy przedłożyć w terminie 65 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia. Takie informacje powinny pochodzić wyłącznie z publicznie dostępnych źródeł.
Komisja udostępni również rządowi ChRL kwestionariusz w celu uzyskania informacji uznanych za niezbędne do jej dochodzenia w odniesieniu do rzekomych znaczących zakłóceń w rozumieniu art. 2 ust. 6a lit. b) rozporządzenia podstawowego.
5.3.3. Dochodzenie dotyczące importerów niepowiązanych (10) (11)
Do udziału w niniejszym dochodzeniu wzywa się niepowiązanych importerów produktu objętego przeglądem z ChRL oraz z Indonezji do Unii, w tym tych, którzy nie współpracowali w dochodzeniu(-ach) zakończonym(-ch) wprowadzeniem obowiązujących środków.
Ze względu na potencjalnie dużą liczbę importerów niepowiązanych uczestniczących w przeglądzie wygaśnięcia oraz w celu zakończenia dochodzenia w terminie określonym prawem Komisja może objąć dochodzeniem tylko rozsądnie ograniczoną liczbę importerów niepowiązanych, wybierając próbę (proces ten zwany jest także „kontrolą wyrywkową”). Kontrola wyrywkowa zostanie przeprowadzona zgodnie z art. 17 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Aby umożliwić Komisji podjęcie decyzji co do konieczności przeprowadzenia kontroli wyrywkowej i, jeżeli konieczność taka zostanie stwierdzona, aby umożliwić dobór próby, wszyscy importerzy niepowiązani lub przedstawiciele działający w ich imieniu, w tym ci, którzy nie współpracowali w dochodzeniu zakończonym wprowadzeniem obowiązujących środków objętych niniejszym przeglądem, są niniejszym proszeni o zgłoszenie się do Komisji. Strony te mają siedem dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia, aby zgłosić się i dostarczyć Komisji informacje na temat swoich przedsiębiorstw, określone w załączniku do niniejszego zawiadomienia.
W celu uzyskania informacji uznanych za niezbędne dla doboru próby importerów niepowiązanych Komisja może ponadto skontaktować się z wszystkimi znanymi zrzeszeniami importerów.
W przypadku konieczności przeprowadzenia kontroli wyrywkowej dobór próby importerów może opierać się na kryterium największej reprezentatywnej wielkości sprzedaży w Unii produktu objętego przeglądem z państw, których dotyczy postępowanie, którą to sprzedaż można właściwie zbadać w dostępnym czasie. Komisja powiadomi o przedsiębiorstwach wybranych do próby wszystkich znanych importerów niepowiązanych i zrzeszenia importerów.
Komisja doda również notatkę o doborze próby do akt do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron. Wszelkie uwagi na temat doboru próby muszą wpłynąć w terminie trzech dni od daty powiadomienia o decyzji o doborze próby.
W celu uzyskania informacji uznanych za niezbędne do dochodzenia Komisja udostępni kwestionariusze importerom niepowiązanym włączonym do próby. Strony muszą przedłożyć wypełniony kwestionariusz w terminie 30 dni od daty zawiadomienia o doborze próby, o ile nie wskazano inaczej.
Kopia kwestionariusza dla importerów niepowiązanych dostępna jest w aktach do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron i na stronie DG ds. Handlu: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/case_details.cfm?id=2533
5.4.
Procedura dotycząca ustalenia prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia szkody
W celu ustalenia, czy istnieje prawdopodobieństwo kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia szkody dla przemysłu Unii, wzywa się producentów unijnych produktu objętego przeglądem do udziału w dochodzeniu Komisji.
5.4.1. Dochodzenie dotyczące producentów unijnych
W celu uzyskania informacji uznanych za niezbędne do dochodzenia w odniesieniu do producentów unijnych Komisja udostępni kwestionariusze znanemu producentowi unijnemu, a mianowicie: Productos Aditivos S.A.
Wspomniany producent unijny musi przedłożyć wypełniony kwestionariusz w terminie 37 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia, o ile nie wskazano inaczej.
Niewymienionych powyżej producentów unijnych i reprezentujące ich zrzeszenia wzywa się do nawiązania kontaktu z Komisją, najlepiej za pośrednictwem poczty elektronicznej, w celu zgłoszenia się oraz zwrócenia się z prośbą o przesłanie kwestionariusza, w jak najkrótszym terminie, lecz nie później niż 7 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia, o ile nie wskazano inaczej.
Kopia kwestionariusza dla unijnych producentów dostępna jest w aktach do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron i na stronie DG ds. Handlu: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/case_details.cfm?id=2533
5.5.
Procedura oceny interesu Unii
W przypadku potwierdzenia prawdopodobieństwa kontynuacji lub ponownego wystąpienia dumpingu i ponownego wystąpienia szkody, na podstawie art. 21 rozporządzenia podstawowego zostanie podjęta decyzja o tym, czy utrzymanie środków antydumpingowych nie byłoby sprzeczne z interesem Unii.
Producenci unijni, importerzy i reprezentujące ich zrzeszenia, użytkownicy i reprezentujące ich zrzeszenia, związki zawodowe oraz reprezentatywne organizacje konsumenckie są proszeni o przekazanie Komisji informacji dotyczących interesu Unii.
Informacje dotyczące oceny interesu Unii należy przekazać w terminie 37 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia, o ile nie wskazano inaczej. Informacje mogą być dostarczane w dowolnym formacie lub poprzez wypełnienie opracowanego przez Komisję kwestionariusza.
Kopia kwestionariuszy, w tym również kwestionariusza dla użytkowników produktu objętego przeglądem, dostępna jest w aktach do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron i na stronie DG ds. Handlu: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/case_details.cfm?id=2533 W każdym przypadku informacje przedstawione zgodnie z art. 21 zostaną uwzględnione wyłącznie wtedy, gdy w momencie ich przedstawienia będą poparte udokumentowanymi dowodami potwierdzającymi ich prawdziwość.
5.6.
Zainteresowane strony
Aby wziąć udział w dochodzeniu, zainteresowane strony, takie jak producenci w państwach, których dotyczy postępowanie, unijni producenci, importerzy i reprezentujące ich zrzeszenia, użytkownicy i reprezentujące ich zrzeszenia, związki zawodowe oraz reprezentatywne organizacje konsumenckie muszą w pierwszej kolejności udowodnić istnienie obiektywnego związku między swoją działalnością a produktem objętym przeglądem.
Producenci w państwach, których dotyczy postępowanie, producenci unijni, importerzy i reprezentujące ich zrzeszenia, którzy udostępnili informacje zgodnie z procedurami opisanymi w sekcjach 5.2, 5.3 i 5.4, zostaną uznani za zainteresowane strony, pod warunkiem że istnieje obiektywny związek między ich działalnością a produktem objętym przeglądem.
Pozostałe strony będą mogły uczestniczyć w dochodzeniu jako zainteresowane strony tylko od momentu zgłoszenia się i pod warunkiem, że istnieje obiektywny związek między ich działalnością a produktem objętym przeglądem. Okoliczność bycia uznanym za zainteresowaną stronę pozostaje bez uszczerbku dla zastosowania art. 18 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Dostęp do akt do wglądu dla zainteresowanych stron odbywa się za pośrednictwem TRON.tdi na stronie: https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/tron/TDI By uzyskać dostęp, należy postępować zgodnie z poleceniami na podanej stronie (12).
5.7.
Inne oświadczenia pisemne
Z zastrzeżeniem uregulowań zawartych w niniejszym zawiadomieniu wszystkie zainteresowane strony wzywa się niniejszym do przedstawienia swoich opinii i informacji oraz do dostarczenia dowodów potwierdzających zgłaszane fakty. O ile nie wskazano inaczej, informacje te i dowody je potwierdzające muszą wpłynąć do Komisji w terminie 37 dni od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia.
5.8.
Możliwość złożenia wniosku o posiedzenie wyjaśniające do służb Komisji prowadzących dochodzenie
Wszystkie zainteresowane strony mogą wystąpić o posiedzenie wyjaśniające do służb Komisji prowadzących dochodzenie. Wszelkie wnioski o posiedzenie wyjaśniające należy sporządzać na piśmie, podając uzasadnienie oraz zestawienie kwestii, które zainteresowana strona pragnie omówić w trakcie posiedzenia wyjaśniającego. Posiedzenie wyjaśniające będzie ograniczać się do kwestii wskazanych uprzednio na piśmie przez zainteresowane strony.
Zasadniczo posiedzenia wyjaśniające nie będą służyć do przedstawiania informacji faktycznych, których nie umieszczono jeszcze w aktach. Niemniej jednak w interesie dobrej administracji i aby umożliwić służbom Komisji postępy w dochodzeniu, zainteresowane strony mogą zostać poproszone o przekazanie nowych informacji faktycznych po posiedzeniu wyjaśniającym.
5.9.
Instrukcje dotyczące składania oświadczeń pisemnych i przesyłania wypełnionych kwestionariuszy oraz korespondencji
Informacje przekazywane Komisji dla celów dochodzeń w sprawie ochrony handlu muszą być wolne od praw autorskich. Przed przekazaniem Komisji informacji lub danych, które są objęte prawami autorskimi osób trzecich, zainteresowane strony muszą zwrócić się do właściciela praw autorskich o udzielenie specjalnego zezwolenia wyraźnie umożliwiającego: a) wykorzystanie przez Komisję tych informacji i danych dla celów niniejszego postępowania dotyczącego ochrony handlu oraz b) udostępnienie tych informacji i danych zainteresowanym stronom niniejszego dochodzenia w formie umożliwiającej im wykonywanie ich prawa do obrony.
Wszystkie pisemne zgłoszenia, łącznie z informacjami wymaganymi w niniejszym zawiadomieniu, wypełnione kwestionariusze i korespondencję dostarczone przez zainteresowane strony, w odniesieniu do których wnioskuje się o ich traktowanie na zasadzie poufności, należy oznakować „Sensitive” (13). Strony przesyłające informacje w toku niniejszego dochodzenia są proszone o uzasadnienie wniosku o traktowanie na zasadzie poufności.
Zgodnie z art. 19 ust. 2 rozporządzenia podstawowego zainteresowane strony przekazujące informacje oznakowane „Sensitive” powinny przedłożyć ich streszczenia bez klauzuli poufności, oznakowane „For inspection by interested parties”. Streszczenia muszą być wystarczająco szczegółowe, żeby umożliwić prawidłowe zrozumienie istoty informacji przekazanych z klauzulą poufności. Jeżeli strona przekazująca poufne informacje nie wskaże odpowiedniego powodu wniosku o traktowanie na zasadzie poufności lub nie dostarczy streszczenia informacji bez klauzuli poufności w wymaganym formacie i o wymaganej jakości, Komisja może nie uwzględnić takich informacji, chyba że można wykazać w sposób zadowalający z właściwych źródeł, że informacje te są poprawne.
Zainteresowane strony proszone są o przesłanie wszystkich oświadczeń i wniosków, w tym zeskanowanych pełnomocnictw i poświadczeń, za pośrednictwem platformy TRON.tdi (https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/tron/TDI). Komunikując się za pośrednictwem platformy TRON.tdi lub poczty elektronicznej, zainteresowane strony wyrażają zgodę na zastosowanie zasad dotyczących oświadczeń w formie elektronicznej, które zostały zawarte w dokumencie zatytułowanym „CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IN TRADE DEFENCE CASES” („Korespondencja z Komisją Europejską w sprawach dotyczących ochrony handlu”), opublikowanym na stronie internetowej Dyrekcji Generalnej ds. Handlu pod adresem: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/june/tradoc_148003.pdf Zainteresowane strony muszą podać swoją nazwę, adres, numer telefonu i aktualny adres poczty elektronicznej, a także upewnić się, że podany adres poczty elektronicznej funkcjonuje jako oficjalny adres przedsiębiorstwa, a pocztę elektroniczną sprawdza się codziennie. Po otrzymaniu danych kontaktowych Komisja będzie kontaktowała się z zainteresowanymi stronami wyłącznie za pośrednictwem platformy TRON.tdi lub poczty elektronicznej, chyba że strony te wyraźne zwrócą się o przesyłanie im przez Komisję wszystkich dokumentów za pomocą innego środka komunikacji, a także z wyjątkiem sytuacji, w której charakter przesyłanego dokumentu wymagać będzie zastosowania listu poleconego. Dodatkowe zasady i informacje dotyczące korespondencji z Komisją, w tym zasady składania oświadczeń za pośrednictwem platformy TRON.tdi lub poczty elektronicznej, zawarto w wyżej wspomnianych instrukcjach dotyczących komunikacji z zainteresowanymi stronami.
Adres Komisji do celów korespondencji:
European Commission
Directorate-General for Trade
Directorate G
Office: CHAR 04/039
1049 Brussel
BELGIA
TRON.tdi: https://tron.trade.ec.europa.eu/tron/tdi
E-mail:
Kwestie związane z dumpingiem:
[email protected] (dla Indonezji)
[email protected] (dla ChRL)
Kwestie związane ze szkodą:
[email protected]
6. Harmonogram dochodzenia
Dochodzenie z reguły kończy się w terminie 12 miesięcy, a w każdym razie nie później niż w terminie 15 miesięcy od daty opublikowania niniejszego zawiadomienia, zgodnie z art. 11 ust. 5 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
7. Przekazywanie informacji
Co do zasady zainteresowane strony mogą przekazywać informacje wyłącznie w terminach określonych w sekcji 5 niniejszego zawiadomienia.
Aby zakończyć dochodzenie w obowiązkowych terminach, Komisja nie będzie przyjmować uwag od zainteresowanych stron po terminie zgłaszania uwag na temat ostatecznego ujawnienia lub, w stosownych przypadkach, po terminie zgłaszania uwag na temat dodatkowego ostatecznego ujawnienia.
8. Możliwość zgłaszania uwag do informacji przekazywanych przez inne strony
Aby zagwarantować prawo do obrony, zainteresowane strony powinny mieć możliwość zgłaszania uwag do informacji przekazanych przez inne zainteresowane strony. W takiej sytuacji zainteresowane strony mogą odnieść się wyłącznie do kwestii podniesionych przez inne zainteresowane strony w przekazanych przez nie informacjach i nie mogą poruszać nowych kwestii.
Uwagi do informacji przekazanych przez inne zainteresowane strony w reakcji na ujawnienie ostatecznych ustaleń należy zgłaszać w ciągu pięciu dni od terminu zgłaszania uwag do ostatecznych ustaleń, o ile nie wskazano inaczej. W przypadku dodatkowego ostatecznego ujawnienia uwagi przekazywane przez inne zainteresowane strony w reakcji na takie dodatkowe ujawnienie należy zgłaszać w ciągu 1 dnia od terminu zgłaszania uwag do dodatkowych ostatecznych ustaleń, o ile nie wskazano inaczej.
Podane terminy pozostają bez uszczerbku dla prawa Komisji do zwrócenia się do zainteresowanych stron o przekazanie dodatkowych informacji w należycie uzasadnionych przypadkach.
9. Przedłużenie terminów określonych w niniejszym zawiadomieniu
Przedłużenie terminów przewidzianych w niniejszym zawiadomieniu może zostać przyznane na uzasadniony wniosek zainteresowanych stron.
O przedłużenie terminów przewidzianych w niniejszym zawiadomieniu można zwracać się wyłącznie w wyjątkowych okolicznościach, a terminy te mogą zostać przedłużone tylko w należycie uzasadnionych przypadkach. Każde przedłużenie terminu udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania zawarte w kwestionariuszu będzie zazwyczaj ograniczone do 3 dni i z reguły nie będzie przekraczać 7 dni. Odnośnie do terminów przekazania innych informacji określonych w zawiadomieniu o wszczęciu, będą one przedłużane o nie więcej niż trzy dni, chyba że wskazane zostaną wyjątkowe okoliczności.
10. Brak współpracy
W przypadkach, w których zainteresowana strona odmawia dostępu do niezbędnych informacji, nie dostarcza ich w określonych terminach albo znacznie utrudnia dochodzenie, istnieje możliwość dokonania potwierdzających lub zaprzeczających ustaleń na podstawie dostępnych faktów, zgodnie z art. 18 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
W przypadku ustalenia, że zainteresowana strona dostarczyła nieprawdziwe lub wprowadzające w błąd informacje, informacje te mogą zostać pominięte, a ustalenia mogą być dokonywane na podstawie dostępnych faktów.
Jeżeli zainteresowana strona nie współpracuje lub współpracuje jedynie częściowo i z tego względu ustalenia opierają się na dostępnych faktach zgodnie z art. 18 rozporządzenia podstawowego, wynik może być mniej korzystny dla wymienionej strony niż w przypadku, gdyby strona ta współpracowała.
Niedostarczenie informacji w formie skomputeryzowanej nie jest traktowane jako odmowa współpracy, pod warunkiem że zainteresowana strona wykaże, że przedstawienie informacji w wymaganej formie wiązałoby się dla niej z nieuzasadnionymi wysokimi kosztami lub byłoby dla niej zbyt dużym obciążeniem. Strona ta powinna niezwłocznie skontaktować się z Komisją.
11. Rzecznik praw stron
Zainteresowane strony mogą wystąpić o interwencję rzecznika praw stron w postępowaniach w sprawie handlu. Rzecznik praw stron rozpatruje wnioski o dostęp do akt, spory dotyczące poufności dokumentów, wnioski o przedłużenie terminów i wszelkie inne wnioski dotyczące prawa do obrony zainteresowanych stron i osób trzecich, jakie mogą się pojawić w toku postępowania.
Rzecznik praw stron może zorganizować postępowania wyjaśniające i podjąć się mediacji między zainteresowanymi stronami i służbami Komisji, aby zapewnić pełne wykonanie prawa zainteresowanych stron do obrony. Wniosek o posiedzenie wyjaśniające z udziałem rzecznika praw stron należy sporządzić na piśmie, podając uzasadnienie. Rzecznik praw stron zapozna się z uzasadnieniem wniosków. Postępowania wyjaśniające powinny mieć miejsce wyłącznie wtedy, gdy w należytym czasie nie rozstrzygnięto przedmiotowych kwestii ze służbami Komisji.
Wszelkie wnioski należy przedkładać terminowo i szybko, tak aby nie zakłócać dobrze zorganizowanego przebiegu procedury. W tym celu zainteresowane strony powinny zwrócić się o interwencję rzecznika praw stron możliwie jak najwcześniej po wystąpieniu zdarzenia uzasadniającego taką interwencję. W przypadku wniosków o posiedzenie wyjaśniające przedłożonych po terminie rzecznik praw stron zapozna się z uzasadnieniem również takich wniosków, charakterem poruszonych w nich kwestii i wpływem tych kwestii na prawo do obrony, mając na uwadze interes dobrej administracji i terminowe zakończenie dochodzenia.
Dodatkowe informacje i dane kontaktowe zainteresowane strony mogą uzyskać na stronach internetowych DG ds. Handlu dotyczących rzecznika praw stron: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/trade-policy-and-you/contacts/hearing-officer/
12. Możliwość złożenia wniosku o dokonanie przeglądu na podstawie art. 11 ust. 3 rozporządzenia podstawowego
Ponieważ niniejszy przegląd wygaśnięcia jest wszczynany zgodnie z przepisami art. 11 ust. 2 rozporządzenia podstawowego, wynikające z niego ustalenia nie będą prowadzić do zmiany obowiązujących środków, lecz do podjęcia decyzji o uchyleniu lub utrzymaniu tych środków zgodnie z art. 11 ust. 6 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Jeżeli którakolwiek z zainteresowanych stron uzna, że uzasadniony jest przegląd środków w celu umożliwienia ich zmiany, strona ta może złożyć wniosek o dokonanie przeglądu zgodnie z art. 11 ust. 3 rozporządzenia podstawowego.
Strony, które zamierzają złożyć wniosek o dokonanie takiego przeglądu, przeprowadzanego niezależnie od przeglądu wygaśnięcia, o którym mowa w niniejszym zawiadomieniu, mogą skontaktować się z Komisją, korzystając z podanego powyżej adresu.
13. Przetwarzanie danych osobowych
Wszelkie dane osobowe zgromadzone podczas dochodzenia będą przetwarzane zgodnie z rozporządzeniem Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2018/1725 (14).
Nota na temat ochrony danych, za pośrednictwem której informuje się wszystkie osoby fizyczne o przetwarzaniu danych osobowych w ramach działań Komisji w zakresie ochrony handlu, jest dostępna na stronie internetowej DG ds. Handlu: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/accessing-markets/trade-defence/
(1) Dz.U. C 344 z 16.10.2020, s. 16.
(2) Dz.U. L 176 z 30.6.2016, s. 21.
(3) Rozporządzenie wykonawcze Komisji (UE) 2016/1160 dnia 15 lipca 2016 r. nakładające ostateczne cło antydumpingowe na przywóz cyklaminianu sodu pochodzącego z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej i Indonezji w następstwie przeglądu wygaśnięcia zgodnie z art. 11 ust. 2 rozporządzenia Rady (WE) nr 1225/2009 (Dz.U. L 192 z 16.7.2016, s. 49).
(4) Rozporządzenie wykonawcze Komisji (UE) 2016/1159 z dnia 15 lipca 2016 r. nakładające ostateczne cło antydumpingowe na przywóz cyklaminianu sodu pochodzącego z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej i produkowanego przez Fang Da Food Additive (Shen Zhen) Limited i Fang Da Food Additive (Yang Quan) Limited (Dz.U. L 192 z 16.7.2016, s. 23).
(5) Dokumenty przywołane w sprawozdaniu krajowym są również dostępne do wglądu pod warunkiem złożenia należycie uzasadnionego wniosku.
(6) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/PL/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XC0316%2802%29
(7) Informacje o kodach HS zostały także podane w streszczeniu wniosku o dokonanie przeglądu. Streszczenie jest dostępne na stronie internetowej DG ds. Handlu (http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tdi/?).
(8) O ile nie określono inaczej, wszystkie odniesienia do publikacji niniejszego zawiadomienia będą oznaczać odniesienia do publikacji niniejszego zawiadomienia w Dzi
enniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej.
(9) Producentem jest każde przedsiębiorstwo w państwie, którego dotyczy postępowanie, które to przedsiębiorstwo produkuje i wywozi produkt objęty przeglądem, w tym każde z powiązanych z nim przedsiębiorstw uczestniczących w produkcji, sprzedaży krajowej lub wywozie produktu objętego przeglądem.
(10) Do próby mogą zostać włączeni tylko importerzy niepowiązani z producentami w państwie, którego dotyczy postępowanie. Importerzy powiązani z producentami muszą wypełnić załącznik I do kwestionariusza dla tych producentów eksportujących. Zgodnie z art. 127 rozporządzenia wykonawczego Komisji (UE) 2015/2447 z dnia 24 listopada 2015 r. ustanawiającego szczegółowe zasady wykonania niektórych przepisów rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 952/2013 ustanawiającego unijny kodeks celny dwie osoby uważa się za powiązane, gdy: a) jedna jest urzędnikiem lub dyrektorem w firmie drugiej osoby; b) są one prawnie uznanymi wspólnikami w działalności gospodarczej; c) jedna jest pracodawcą, a druga pracownikiem; d) osoba trzecia bezpośrednio lub pośrednio dysponuje prawami głosu lub udziałem w kapitale zakładowym wynoszącym co najmniej 5 % wszystkich praw głosu lub co najmniej 5 % kapitału zakładowego obu osób; e) jedna z osób bezpośrednio lub pośrednio kontroluje drugą; f) obie znajdują się pod bezpośrednią lub pośrednią kontrolą trzeciej osoby; g) wspólnie kontrolują, bezpośrednio lub pośrednio, osobę trzecią; lub h) są członkami tej samej rodziny (Dz.U. L 343 z 29.12.2015, s. 558). Za członków rodziny uważa się wyłącznie osoby pozostające ze sobą w którymkolwiek z wymienionych poniżej stosunków: i) mąż i żona, (ii) rodzice i dzieci, (iii) bracia i siostry (rodzeni lub przyrodni), (iv) dziadkowie i wnuki, (v) wuj lub ciotka i bratanek lub siostrzeniec oraz bratanica lub siostrzenica, (vi) teściowie i zięć lub synowa, (vii) szwagier i szwagierka. Zgodnie z art. 5 pkt 4) rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 952/2013 ustanawiającego unijny kodeks celny „osoba” oznacza osobę fizyczną, osobę prawną lub jednostkę organizacyjną nieposiadającą osobowości prawnej, ale uznaną – na mocy prawa unijnego lub krajowego – za mającą zdolność do czynności prawnych (Dz.U. L 269 z 10.10.2013, s. 1).
(11) Dane przekazane przez importerów niepowiązanych mogą być wykorzystane także w związku z innymi aspektami niniejszego dochodzenia niż stwierdzenie dumpingu.
(12) W razie problemów technicznych prosimy o kontakt z działem pomocy DG ds. Handlu (e-mail: [email protected] lub Tel. +32 22979797).
(13) Dokument oznakowany „Sensitive” jest uważany za dokument poufny zgodnie z art. 19 rozporządzenia podstawowego i art. 6 Porozumienia WTO o stosowaniu artykułu VI Układu ogólnego w sprawie taryf celnych i handlu 1994 (porozumienie antydumpingowe). Jest on także dokumentem chronionym zgodnie z art. 4 rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1049/2001 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (Dz.U. L 145 z 31.5.2001, s. 43).
(14) Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2018/1725 z dnia 23 października 2018 r. w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych przez instytucje, organy i jednostki organizacyjne Unii i swobodnego przepływu takich danych oraz uchylenia rozporządzenia (WE) nr 45/2001 i decyzji nr 1247/2002/WE (Dz.U. L 295 z 21.11.2018, s. 39).
ZAŁĄCZNIK
☐
Wersja „Sensitive”
☐
Wersja „For inspection by interested parties”
(zaznaczyć właściwe pole)
POSTĘPOWANIE ANTYDUMPINGOWE DOTYCZĄCE PRZYWOZU CYKLAMINIANU SODU POCHODZĄCEGO Z CHIŃSKIEJ REPUBLIKI LUDOWEJ I INDONEZJI
INFORMACJE NA TEMAT DOBORU PRÓBY IMPORTERÓW NIEPOWIĄZANYCH
Niniejszy formularz ma pomóc importerom niepowiązanym w dostarczeniu informacji związanych z kontrolą wyrywkową, wymaganych w sekcji 5.3.3 zawiadomienia o wszczęciu.
Zarówno wersję „Sensitive”, jak i wersję „Open for inspection by interested parties” należy odesłać Komisji, jak określono w zawiadomieniu o wszczęciu.
1. DANE SŁUŻĄCE IDENTYFIKACJI I DANE KONTAKTOWE
Proszę podać następujące dane dotyczące przedsiębiorstwa:
Nazwa przedsiębiorstwa
Adres
Osoba wyznaczona do kontaktów
E-mail
Telefon
Strona internetowa
2. OBRÓT I WIELKOŚĆ SPRZEDAŻY
Proszę podać łączną wartość obrotu przedsiębiorstwa w euro (EUR), obrót i wagę przywozu do Unii oraz wielkość odsprzedaży na rynku unijnym po przywozie z ChRL i Indonezji w okresie objętym dochodzeniem przeglądowym dla cyklaminianu sodu określonego w zawiadomieniu o wszczęciu wraz z odpowiadającą mu wagą w tonach.
Tony
Wartość w euro (EUR)
Łączny obrót przedsiębiorstwa w euro (EUR)
Przywóz produktu objętego przeglądem do Unii
Odsprzedaż na rynku unijnym produktu objętego przeglądem po przywozie z ChRL
Odsprzedaż na rynku unijnym produktu objętego przeglądem po przywozie z Indonezji
3. DZIAŁALNOŚĆ PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWA I PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW POWIĄZANYCH (1)
Proszę dokładnie określić działalność przedsiębiorstwa i wszystkich przedsiębiorstw powiązanych (proszę je wymienić i podać charakter powiązania z Państwa przedsiębiorstwem) uczestniczących w produkcji lub sprzedaży (eksportowej lub krajowej) produktu objętego przeglądem. Działalność taka może obejmować, choć nie wyłącznie, zakup produktu objętego przeglądem, jego produkcję w ramach podwykonawstwa, przetwarzanie produktu objętego przeglądem lub handel nim.
Nazwa i lokalizacja przedsiębiorstwa
Działalność
Powiązanie
4. INNE INFORMACJE
Proszę podać wszelkie inne istotne informacje, które zdaniem przedsiębiorstwa mogłyby pomóc Komisji w doborze próby.
5. ZAŚWIADCZENIE
Poprzez przekazanie wyżej wspomnianych informacji przedsiębiorstwo wyraża zgodę na ewentualne włączenie go do próby. Jeżeli przedsiębiorstwo zostanie włączone do próby, będzie to dla niego oznaczać konieczność wypełnienia kwestionariusza oraz wyrażenia zgody na wizytę na jego terenie w celu weryfikacji udzielonych odpowiedzi. W przypadku gdy przedsiębiorstwo nie wyrazi zgody na ewentualne włączenie go do próby, zostanie uznane za podmiot niewspółpracujący w dochodzeniu. Ustalenia Komisji dotyczące niewspółpracujących importerów opierają się na dostępnych faktach, a ich wynik może być dla takiego przedsiębiorstwa mniej korzystny niż w przypadku, gdyby podjęło ono współpracę.
Podpis upoważnionego pracownika:
Imię i nazwisko oraz stanowisko upoważnionego pracownika:
Data:
(1) Zgodnie z art. 127 rozporządzenia wykonawczego Komisji (UE) 2015/2447 z dnia 24 listopada 2015 r. ustanawiającego szczegółowe zasady wykonania niektórych przepisów rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 952/2013 ustanawiającego unijny kodeks celny dwie osoby uważa się za powiązane, gdy: a) jedna jest urzędnikiem lub dyrektorem w firmie drugiej osoby; b) są one prawnie uznanymi wspólnikami w działalności gospodarczej; c) jedna jest pracodawcą, a druga pracownikiem; d) osoba trzecia bezpośrednio lub pośrednio dysponuje prawami głosu lub udziałem w kapitale zakładowym wynoszącym co najmniej 5 % wszystkich praw głosu lub co najmniej 5 % kapitału zakładowego obu osób; e) jedna z osób bezpośrednio lub pośrednio kontroluje drugą; f) obie znajdują się pod bezpośrednią lub pośrednią kontrolą trzeciej osoby; g) wspólnie kontrolują, bezpośrednio lub pośrednio, osobę trzecią; lub h) są członkami tej samej rodziny (Dz.U. L 343 z 29.12.2015, s. 558). Za członków rodziny uważa się wyłącznie osoby pozostające ze sobą w którymkolwiek z wymienionych poniżej stosunków: (i) mąż i żona, (ii) rodzice i dzieci, (iii) bracia i siostry (rodzeni lub przyrodni), (iv) dziadkowie i wnuki, (v) wuj lub ciotka i bratanek lub siostrzeniec oraz bratanica lub siostrzenica, (vi) teściowie i zięć lub synowa, (vii) szwagier i szwagierka. Zgodnie z art. 5 pkt 4) rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 952/2013 ustanawiającego unijny kodeks celny „osoba” oznacza osobę fizyczną, osobę prawną lub jednostkę organizacyjną nieposiadającą osobowości prawnej, ale uznaną – na mocy prawa unijnego lub krajowego – za mającą zdolność do czynności prawnych (Dz.U. L 269 z 10.10.2013, s. 1).
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ACCORD COLLECTIF RELATIF AU VERSEMENT
D’UNE PRIME EXCEPTIONNELLE
DE POUVOIR D’ACHAT
Entre
La société SAS LOGISTIQUE DE PRESTATIONS INDUSTRIELLES (L.P.I. SAS)
Dont le siège social est situé 35 Allée Lavoisier à VILLENEUVE D’ASCQ (59650)
Représentée par Monsieur Prénom NOM
En sa qualité de Président
D'une part,
Et
Les organisations syndicales représentatives dans l'entreprise :
SUD Solidaires représentée par Monsieur Prénom NOM
D'autre part,
PREAMBULE
Par le présent accord, les parties traduisent leur volonté d'utiliser la faculté offerte par l'article 7 de la loi de financement de la Sécurité sociale pour 2020 modifié par l’ordonnance n° 2020-385 du 1er avril 2020 pour améliorer le pouvoir d'achat des salariés en attribuant une prime exceptionnelle exonérée de cotisations et contributions sociales et non soumise à l'impôt sur le revenu dans les conditions prévues par la loi précitée et selon les modalités fixées ci-après.
Il est rappelé que l'entreprise dispose d'un accord d'intéressement conclu le 21 février 2020 et portant sur la période du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2020, et qu’un premier versement d’une prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat est intervenu en Février 2020, en application de l’accord collectif relatif à l’attribution d’une prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat conclu le 21 février 2020.
CHAMP D’APPLICATION
Le présent accord s’applique à tous les salariés quelle que soit la nature du contrat de travail, inscrits à l’effectif de la société L.P.I. SAS à la date de versement de la prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat et ayant perçu au cours de la période référence une rémunération inférieure à trois fois la valeur annuelle du SMIC.
La période de référence est définie comme la période des douze mois précédant la date de versement de la prime.
Pour les salariés qui ne sont pas employés à temps plein, le SMIC pris en compte est celui qui correspond à la durée de travail prévue au contrat au titre de la période.
Pour les salariés embauchés au cours de la période de référence, le SMIC pris en compte est calculé au regard de leur présence effective dans l’entreprise.
L’entreprise s’engage à informer les entreprises de travail temporaire, ayant mis à disposition du personnel, du versement de la prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat.
MONTANT DE LA PRIME
La prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat est modulée et décomposée comme il suit :
En fonction de la durée de présence au cours de la période de référence
Pour un montant supplémentaire brut de 1000 euros au maximum par salarié, correspondant à une durée de présence effective complète du salarié au cours de la période de référence.
Les salariés entrés en cours période de référence perçoivent ce montant supplémentaire au prorata de leur temps de présence au cours de la période.
Sont assimilées à une période de présence les périodes suivantes : congé de maternité, congé de paternité et d’accueil de l’enfant, congé d’adoption, congé d’éducation des enfants.
Le salarié, absent intégralement au cours de la période de référence et ne pouvant invoquer une période de présence assimilée conformément à l’alinéa précédent, n’est pas bénéficiaire du présent montant supplémentaire de 1000 euros.
En raison des conditions de travail liées à l’épidémie de coronavirus
Pour un montant brut de 50 euros par salarié tel que défini à l’article 1 « Champ d’application » du présent accord.
Et pour un montant supplémentaire brut de 15 euros par jour travaillé par le salarié au mois d’Avril 2020. Ce montant supplémentaire concerne ainsi les salariés dont le contrat de travail a été exécuté au mois d’Avril 2020 pendant l’état d’urgence sanitaire.
Et pour un montant supplémentaire brut de 80 euros pour avoir travaillé du 02 Mai au 11 Mai 2020. Ce montant supplémentaire concerne ainsi les salariés dont le contrat a été exécuté au mois de Mai 2020 pendant l’état d’urgence sanitaire
PRINCIPE DE NON-SUBSTITUTION
La prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat ne peut se substituer à aucun des éléments de rémunération, au sens de l’article L. 242-1 du Code de la sécurité sociale, versés par l’employeur ou qui deviennent obligatoires en vertu de règles légales, contractuelles ou d’usage.
Elle ne peut non plus se substituer à des augmentations de rémunération ni à des primes prévues par un accord salarial, le contrat de travail ou les usages en vigueur dans l’entreprise.
MODALITES DE VERSEMENT
La prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat sera versée suivant les modalités définies ci-dessus en un versement unique.
Le montant de la prime exceptionnelle de pouvoir d’achat est constaté sur le bulletin de paie du mois de versement sur le fiche de paie du mois de Mai 2020.
DUREE DE L’ACCORD
Le présent accord est conclu pour une durée déterminée, prenant fin le 31 août 2020 au plus tard. Il ne saurait créer un droit acquis au bénéfice des salariés, ni constituer un usage ou un engagement unilatéral.
PROCEDURE DE REGLEMENT DES DIFFERENDS
Les différends qui pourraient surgir dans l'application du présent accord ou de ses avenants se régleront si possible à l'amiable entre les parties signataires.
Pendant toute la durée du différend, l'application de l'accord se poursuit conformément aux règles qu'il a énoncées.
A défaut de règlement amiable, le litige pourra être porté par la partie la plus diligente devant les juridictions compétentes du lieu de signature de l'accord.
REVISION - DENONCIATION
Le présent accord pourra être révisé ou dénoncé pendant la période d'application, par voie d'avenant, signé par l'ensemble des signataires et dans les mêmes formes que l'accord initial, sauf en cas de mise en conformité de l'accord à la demande de l'administration du travail.
DEPOT ET PUBLICITE
Le présent accord sera déposé par voie électronique, via la plateforme TéléAccords (), à la Direction régionale des entreprises, de la concurrence, de la consommation, du travail et de l'emploi compétente.
Un exemplaire devra également être déposé au greffe du Conseil de prud'hommes de Béthune dans les 15 jours suivant sa date limite de conclusion.
Le présent accord est fait en nombre suffisant pour remise à chacune des parties.
Son existence figurera aux emplacements réservés à la communication du personnel.
Fait à Béthune, le 25 mai 2020,
Pour la société L.P.I. SAS
M.
En qualité de Président
Pour le syndicat SUD Solidaires
M.
| 4,618 |
FRCRR4ORS42XIXTXPZTWUKPZL4VFSBEA_2
|
German-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,847 |
None
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 1,582 | 3,170 |
— Daß die selben nicht altes, werthloscs Zeug, sondern nebst gediegenen Werken aus neuer und neuester Zeit, auch viele ältere, seltene und gesuchte Werke aus allen Fächern des Wissens enthalten, davon ha ben sich bereits alle die Handlungen überzeugt, welche solche einer genaueren Beachtung würdig ten und bei ihren Kunden in Circulation setzten. Ebenso, und besonders bei den letzten Katalogen No. 14—17, welche mehr als 12000 Werke (nicht blos Bände) enthielten, haben sic erfah ren, daß der Erfolg ihrer Verwendung ein loh nender war. Aus denselben Ursachen, wie ich in No. 98 Ziff. 8c>36 d. B.-Bl. v. I. bereits anzeigte und weil ich überhaupt nicht gerne Makulatur drucken lasse, noch Andern und mir unnütze Frachtkosten verursache, versandte ich den 18. Kat. nur an die Handlungen, welche so geneigt waren, sich für die früheren zu verwenden, unverlangt und in mäßiger Anzahl; die andern HH. Collegcn, welche etwa übersehen wurden, wollen gefl. ver langen, wenn sic sich Absatz versprechen. Für Norddeutschland hat Hr. Köhler in Leipzig einigen Vorrath zum Ausliefern. Bei auswärtigen Katalogen hat mich die Erfahrung gelehrt, daß, wenn ich dieselbe» bei meinen Kunden circuliren und in einigen Tagen zurückvcrlangen lasse, sich ein besseres Resultat für mich herausstcllt, als früher, da ich es bei bloßer Zusendung der Kataloge bewenden ließ. Es kann auf diese Art mit 3 Er. mehr ausgc- richtet werden, als sonst ffllit 12 Er- Dicß em pfehle ich besonders den HH. Collegcn zur gefl. Beachtung, welche von meinem 17. Kat. noch nachvcrlangtcn und ich nicht mehr genügend ent sprechen konnte. Schließlich mache ich noch darauf aufmerk sam, daß der angckündigte Kat. älterer, größten- rheils im Buchhandel vergriffener Werke, erst später ausgegeben werden kann, da eine weit größere Masse Stoff dazu vorhanden ist, als ich früher vermuthcte und sich schwerlich vor Beendi gung des Abrechnungsgeschäftes zur O--M. 1847 Zeit finden wird, denselben zu ordnen. Jndcß bitte ich bei Gesuchen von antiqu. Werken mich mit gefl. Aufträgen zu beehren, denen ich in vielen Fällen zu entsprechen im Stande sein dürfte. Zürich, im März 1847. Achtungsvoll und ergebenst F. Hanke. (1901.) Zur gef. Beachtung! Ich erbitte mir von Schriften, die Zcitfragen jeglicher Act berühren, 1 Erpl. pro nov., über haupt sind mir besonders interessante Nova in I Ex. stets willkommen und kann ich davon Ab satz erzielen. Robert Bamberg in Leipzig. f1902.) TT* Ein weit entfernter Kunde wünscht mit älteren und neueren illustrirten Plaka ten und Prospekten versehen zu werden. 260 20. 1847.^ Bitte UNI Einsendung von Kunst-' Catalogen. Ad. Liesching Li <Lo. in Stuttgart bit ten verehrt. Kunst- und Antiquar-Handlungen um künftige regelmäßige Einsendung von Künst elnd Antiqua r-Calalogcn in 6 bis 8 Er- sI904.s Ich bitte mir unverlangt keine Zusendungen von Novitäten zu machen. Königsberg. H. L. Voigt. sk90ü.) An die von Leipzig entfernter woh nenden Herren EoUegen. Vielfache, mir privatim zugekommenc, sowie auch im Börsenblatt« vcrbffcntlichte Wünsche baden mich zu einer Ucbercinkunft mit dem hies. Kbnigl. Sächs. Oberpostamte veranlaßt, zufolge welcher der bei mir erscheinende ,,Allgemeine Wahlzcltel für den deutschen Buchhandel" fortan auch durch alle in- und ausländischen Postanstal- tcn direct pr. Briefpost bezogen werden kann. — Das dies. Oberpvstamt liefert den „Allge meinen Wahlzelle!" mit einer Provisions berechnung von nur 10 N-t für das ganze Jahr an die auswärtigen Postanstaltcn, die, je nach der Entfernung des Ortes, einen größer» oder kleinern Aufschlag machen müssen; in jedem Falle wird der dirccte Bezug des Blattes nur eine sehr geringe jährliche Ausgabe verursachen. Die Bestellungen sind bei dem resp. Post ämtern selbst (nicht bei mir) , zu machen. Leipzig, d. 6. März 1847. Hochachtungsvoll C. W- B. Naumburg. s1906.s Von nachstehenden Artikeln Lüning, dies Buch gehört dem Volke. I- H. Das Westphälische Dampfboot. I. II. Volkhauscn, vier Predigten. — Predigten eines Emancipirlen. I. II. Stohlmann, ärztliche Stimmen, die » Eouro A. Hclmich' s Verlag versandt sind und jetzt von mir debitirt werden, kann ich Verhältnisse halber in bevorstehender Messe keine Disponcnda gestatten, was ich zu beachten bitte. Bielefeld, Febr. 1847. Aug. Helmich. si907.s Disponenda O. M. 1847. Ich ersuche Sie, mir dies Jahr Nichts zur Disposition zu stellen, mit Ausnahme von Catlin, Ritterorden. 1. Lief, und Buch der Ritterorden. 1. - Alles Uebrige nicht Abgesctzte erwarte ich jedenfalls zurück. Leipzig, 1. März 47. tLarl Muquardt's Verl.-Erpcd. «n ullu meine Lslclo - kke-lliiuten aus ki über» Kecbiiungen, vbne sie vorläufig »anibakt ru maobe». 1-eiprig, 1. klärr 1847. >8». ll». si909.) Empfehlung. Zur Vermittelung von An- und Verkäufen von Buch-, Musikalicn- und Kunst - Verlagö- odcr SvrtimcntshnnLlnugen, Leihbibliotheken, antiquarischen Geschäften, Buchdruckercicii, ferner einzelnen Vcrlagsartikcln rc. empfiehlt sich ganz ergebenst unter der Versicherung promp ter und diskreter Bedienung E. Wagner, Erdmannsstraße No. 4 in Leipzig. s1910.s Theodor Thomas in Leipzig empfiehlt Zahlungsliste f. 1847, in Umschl. geh. 8 NA. Dieselbe mit Fließpapier durchschossen. 10NA. Abschlußformulare, das Buch a 8 NA. dergl. auf Postpapier 12^ NA. Abschlußbücher, 600 Eonti 22^ NA — 700 25 NA — 800 1 -/I — 1000 1 ^ 5 NA- sI911.s Im Aufträge habe ich eine vollständige, systematisch geordnete und in schönen Exemplaren bestehende Co nch y li en - S a m m l un g zu ver kaufen. Ebenso wird eine Sammlung schöner, älte rer n a t urh i st o ri schc r W c rk c, größlentheils werchvoller Kupfersachcn, zum Verkauf gestellt. Liebhabern stehen auf Verlangen Catalogc zu Dienste und werden weitere Offerten und Unter handlungen entgegengenommen durch R. Frantz. Halberstadt, März 1847. Uebersicht des Inhalts. Bekanntm. der König!. Sächs. Kreisdirection zu Leipzig — Neuigk. des deutschen Buch!). — Neuigk. des deutschen Musikaliend. — Entwurf zu einer Uebereinkunft über vkeuigkeitssendungen. Dlsponenden und die Haft pflicht für beide unter Buchhändlern. Von Fr. I. Fromm ann — Fügen die Exporteure dem Sort.-Buchhandel gro ßen Schaden zu? Von A. Wein Holz. — Die Berliner Abrechnung. — Wunsch. — Berichtigung. — Freisprechung des Bucht). E- S. Mittler in Berlin. — Todesfall (G. F. He per). — Anzeigeblatt No. 1787—I9II Ambergor UM. Arnold ische B. IM. Bädeker in R 1841. Bamberg in L. 1901. Bauer in Ch. 1848. Beiher s Verl. 1807. Beck'sche B. in N. 1887. Benrath IE. Benziaer 1808. Bielefeld 188«. Boersken 1889. Borniräger'sche S.-B. 1876. Brettkopf L Härtel 1802. Brockhaus 1850. Brockhaus>b Av. 1809. Calve'sche Verlagsb. 1881. Didot Fri'res 1800. 1828. Dirnböck in W. 187Z. Einhorn's VerlagSexv. 1898. Eisenach 1883. Ferber 1801. Fleischer, Fr. 1840. Focke I79S. Franck in P. 1870. Franckh'sche Verlagsh. 1847. Frantz in H. I0II. Jriebländer in B. 1898. fritzsche, Herm. 1881. 1887. Fues, L. Fr. 1829. öiarcke 1827. Eierhard in L. 1844. Hanke in Z. 1900. Helmich in B. 1906. Herold L W. >828. Heß 1881 Hirschfeld in L. 1843. Hoffmann in Sir. >889.1886. Hoffmann'sche Vrlgsb. 1837. Jackowitz 1838. 1908. Jasper 1898. Kaatzer's Verl. 1812. Köhler'sche Verlagsb. 1830. Kollmann in L. 1887. Kürschner sche B. 1811. Leske >799. Leuckarl 1888. L-Vit 1878. Levysohn in M. 1879. Liebcskind 1824. Liesching L Co. 1884. I9V3. Linsen 1878. Macken Sohn 1838. Macklot 1808. Mai 1793. Marcus >81«. Man. in B. 1848. Meline 1797. Mever 4, Zeller 1814. Müller's B. in Ulm 1820. Muquardt 1907. Naumburg 1908. Oehler >88«. 1872. Ollweiler 1881. Orgelbrand 1890. Otto in Erf. 1838. Pichler s Wwe. 1817. Pralorius L Seyde 1883. Reclam ju». 1821. Reichardl 4, Co. 1816. Rieß, A. >818. Ritter in L. >804. 1842. Scberer'sche B 1883. Schlesinger'sche B. 1822. Schlosser'sche B. 1834. Schmidllche B. in A. 1832. Schmidt in S. 1880. 1886. Schott s Söhne 1800. Schreck ,884. v Schröter in B. 1892. Schuberth L Co. 1833. Naffe'sche Buchh. 1874. Schnitze, Herm. 1834. Schwann 1819 Schweighauser'sche B. >801. Sievers 1868. Svrinqer 1882. Slalling 1894' Skechert 1871. Sleinkoxf 1882 1902. Stillerstche Hofb. 1818. Tendier L Co. >866. 1868. Thiesen >888. Thomas 1910. Varrenlrarv's Verl. 1828. Voigt in K. 1904. Voß in L. 1798. 1877. Wagner, E. 1792.1793.1899. 1909. Wagner in N. 1823. Weigel, T. O. 1897. Weller, E. O. 1787, 1813. Williams 4, Norgatc 1889. Wincer. K. 1882. Wolff in B. 1849. Wöller 1848 Anonvm 1788. 1789. 1790. 1791. 1794. 1898. I.öipriger öörsv sm 8. Narr 1847. 6- L-tt-n. >4>b, >40fü — 102^ — - 100 - »>7b - S97s S8"/.« ,51^ 150 k — 6. 21 — 80 — 79 h 79h - 1°2H - 6H «h 6 — rh 02 - 93 h 97 - 00 - 90 h 04 - 97st, 99 s, 917» - I087tz — 94ftz - — 176 >23^ — 80 1027» — 83 s, 81 K — 200 Our«« im 14 Vüaler -küsse. li. 8. 2 Nit. k. 8. 2 Nlt. li. 8.! 2 Nlt. »i. 8. 2 Nit. k. 8. 2 Nl t. k. 8. 2 Nlt. li. 8. 2 Nlt. 2 Nlt. 3 Nlt. k. 8. 2 Nlt. 3 Nlt. li. 8. 2 Nlt. 3 Nlt.! ^ugustd'or ä 5 ä i/„ Nlli. ür. u. ä 21 K. 8 0, auf 100 kr. friedricI»sd'or ä 5 idem auk 100 2leud. ausländ. Louisd or ä 5 nacl» Amsterdam pr. 250 Ot. ü. Augsburg pr. 150 Ot. 0. Lerlin pr. 100 kr. Ort. Lremen pr. 100 Osdr. ä 6 kreslau pr. 100 kr. Ort. brrmIilurts/Nl.pr.IOO kl.in8.VV. üamburg pr. 300 Nlli. vco. Oondou pr. I kf. 8t. kari« pr. 300 krcs. VVivn pr. 150 ü. Oonv. 20 tir. üolliuld. üue. ä 3 »F ->°. XrUnerl. d«. d° <>°. ktresl. 8». ä 66^/2 .-X«. <>°. k2«8ir d°. 8°. 8 88 .4. 6°. 6onv.- 8pLC. u. 6uld »dum 10 u. 20 Kr .. ck°. ä 30/g im l v,»n 1000 und 500 »^. 14»^ k üss - kleinere Künigl. 8äel»s. Kandrenteubriefe ä 3'/j o/y im ^ von 1000 uad 500»^. ä 30/0 im ^ von 1000 und 500.
| 12,162 |
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salacgr%C4%ABva
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Salacgrīva
|
https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salacgrīva&action=history
|
Catalan
|
Spoken
| 101 | 215 |
El municipi de Salacgrīva (en letó: Salacgrīvass novads) és un dels 110 municipis de Letònia, que es troba localitzat al nord del país bàltic, i que té com a capital la localitat de Salacgrīva. El municipi va ser creat l'any 2009 després de la reorganització territorial.
Ciutats i zones rurals
Ainaži (ciutat i zona rural)
Liepupes pagasts (zona rural)
Salacgrīva (ciutat i zona rural)
Població i territori
La seva població està composta per un total de 9.581 persones (2009). La superfície del municipi té uns 637,6 kilòmetres quadrats, i la densitat poblacional és de 15,03 habitants per kilòmetre quadrat.
Referències
Salacgriva
| 42,251 |
US-3652936D-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,969 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 374 | 465 |
12. The combination of aself contained proportional watt-hour meter for application to terminalfacilities of the circuit to be metered comprising a meter elementincluding a voltage coil and a current coil and having secured at itsrear side a current transformer including a core of magnetic materialforming a closed circuit, a secondary winding on the core and havingleads connecting it to the current coil of the meter element, and a pairof heavy U-shaped conductors partially overlapping one another withtheir respective pairs of ends on opposite sides of the meter and eachheavy conductor having one of its legs extending through the core of thetransformer to serve as a primary winding thereof, the ends of eachheavy conductor being terminals exposed at one side and to the rear ofthe meter for connection to separate terminal block conductors adaptedfor connection to supply and load conductors, respectively, and aterminal block means comprising two pairs of heavy terminal conductorsspaced for receiving the meter terminals having connectors for clampingheavy service conductor and each pair having portions exposed inproximity for application of a bypass to them, the terminals beingaccessible outwardly from the meter and being clamped together by screwmeans.
13. The method of manufacturing an accurate watt-hour metercomprising constructing a combined meter and current transformer unitfor application of the combined unit to terminal facilities of thecircuit to be metered comprising a meter element including a voltage anda current coil and having secured at its rear side a current transformerincluding a core of magnetic material forming a closed circuit, asecondary winding on the core and having leads connecting it to thecurrent coil of the meter element, and a heavy conductor forming a fixedpart of the unit and extending through the core to form the primarywinding of the current transformer, both ends of the heavy conductorbeing terminals exposed at the rear of the meter for making contact withseparate terminal block conductors; calibrating said combined unit bysteps including a test run of the combined unit with a test amperageflowing through said conductor, and thereafter retaining the combinedunit intact for installation.
14. The method according to claim 13 inwhich the voltage coil is connected to test voltage while temporarilydisconnected from across the circuit of said heavy conductor, and inwhich a lower-voltage phantom load is connected through the heavyconductor..
| 5,899 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengenfeld%20unterm%20Stein
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Lengenfeld unterm Stein
|
https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lengenfeld unterm Stein&action=history
|
Romanian
|
Spoken
| 13 | 28 |
Lengenfeld unterm Stein este o comună din landul Turingia, Germania.
Comune din Turingia
| 44,219 |
https://github.com/endink/Schubert/blob/master/src/Framework/Schubert.Framework/Logging/FileLoggerOptions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Schubert
|
endink
|
C#
|
Code
| 58 | 199 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Schubert.Framework.Logging
{
/// <summary>
/// 文件日志选项。
/// </summary>
public class FileLoggerOptions
{
/// <summary>
/// 获取或设置日志文件的保存目录（默认为当前目录下的 logs 目录）。
/// </summary>
public String Folder { get; set; } = "logs";
/// <summary>
/// 设置日志在内存中挤压的大小（单位 ：KB），默认为 20 M。
/// </summary>
public int BacklogSizeKB { get; set; } = 20 * 1024;
}
}
| 33,435 |
reportofselectme1851manc_1
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,851 |
Report of the selectmen of the Town of Manchester
|
Manchester (N.H.)
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,081 | 11,358 |
THE FIFTH ANJNUAL REPORT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE CITY OF MANCHESTER, FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDING JAN. 31, 1851, TOGETHER WITH OTHER REPORTS, AND PAPERS RELATING TO THE AFFAIRS OF THE CITY. MANCHESTER: FROM J. H. GOODALE'S POWER PRESS — 2 UNION BUILDING. 1851. m HMPSHJW STATE "n° THE FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE CITY OF MANCHESTER, FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDING JAN. 31, 1851 TOGETHER WITH OTHER REPORTS, AND PAPERS RELATING TO THE AFFAIRS OF THE CITY. MANCHESTER : JfROM J. H. GOODALE'S POWER PRESS — 2 UNION BUILDING. 1851. N 35^.07 M2C6 65) I ITY OF MAffCffiGSTEB i..\ Combsob Coi \< ii. -i \n'v ~M. [85 An Order Relating to Printing: City Report-. Ordered, if the Board of Aldermen eoncur, That the Committa : [nance be Instructed to procure the Printing of fourteen hut I copies of the Fifth Annual Report ofthi K ■■ itures of the City of Manchesterj and Buch other B may beincor- bed therewith,, and cause the same to be distributed to the citizens In Common Couneil, Jan. "ii. 1851. Passed. B. I". AY I'll. Clerk In Board of Aldermen, Jan^ 21, 1861. Bead and passed in concurrence. FBJEDESICK SMYTH, Gitj Clerk ACCOUNT OF JAMES M. BERRY, CITY TREASURER, FROM FEBRUARY 1, 1850, TO FEB. 1, 185L TREASURER'S A.0001 NT. Dr. City of Manchester in Account with James M. !'>■ To Principal paid on City Debt $19360 00 " Interest paid on Promissory Notes 3,146 -r> 1 " " paid on City Stock, 2,5$2 < 8 " Paitl for support of < kranty Paupers 1,375 01 " " for support of Paupers off the Farm ~>1 1 II " " for City Farm Expenses, 1,678 70 " " for Hall repairs and expenses, 1,698 96 " " for Fire Department, 2,728 5 1 '< « for City Police, 2,063 18 " " for City Officers, 2,223 1 1 " « for Printing and Stationery, 382 23 " " for Incidental Expenses 7S9 44 " " for Abatement of Taxes, 244 10 " " for Improvement of Commons 210 72 " " for Improvement of " Valley,*' 194 14 " " for Common Sewers, 614 59 " " for Militia, 414 60 " " for Schools in Hist. No. 1, 67 75 " " for do. in Hist. No. 2, 7,511 1 1 " " for do. in Hist. No. 3, 148 79 " " for do. in Hist. No. 4, 72 00 " " for do. in Hist. No. 5, 149 25 " " for do. in Hist. No. 6, 48 75 " " for do. in Hist, No. 7, 191 2^ " " for do. in Hist. No. 8, 61 50 " » for do. in Dist. No. 9, 5^ Jill " " for School-house lots and repairs 1,715 00 " " for Highways and Bridges in \)\<t. No. 1, .. 265 48 " " for do. inDi-t. No. 2, .. 2,363 IS " " for do. in Dist. No. 3, .. 303 89 " for do. in Dist. No. I. .. 196 93 " " for do. in Dist. No. •">. .. 2: " " for do. in Dist. No. 6, .. 243 01 " « for do. in Dist. No. 7. .. 172 46 " for do. in Dist. No. 8, .. 237 35 '• " for do. in Dist. No. 9, .. 264 51 " " for New Highways M312 03 Outstanding bills, Feb. L, I860 2,501 162,927 33 City Stock on hand Feb. 1, 1850, 24,000 00 Cash in Treasurj ;*.17<> ;i $90,098 (H treasurer's account. City Treasurer; from Feb. 1, 1850 to Feb. 1, 1851, Cr. By City Stock on hand Feb. 1, 1850, $40,500.00 Cash, balance in Treasury Feb. 1, 1850, 6,512.76 Received of N. Hunt on loan, 600.00 Received of do. for Taxes, 1848, 369.15 Received of do. for Taxes, 1849, 5,19156 Received of do. for Rent of City Hall and Stores, 2,287.50 Received for rent of City Hall and Stores, 2,287.50 Received for rent of County School Fund, 829.74 Received for rent of County School Fund, of W. L. Lane, Police Court, 1821 for Rent of Engine House, 41 25 from Committee on Valley, 215 05 of J. G. Cilley, 72 70 of J. S. Kidder & Co. for license, 163 89 for Circus licenses, 120 00 of State for Literary Fund, 279 92 of State for Railroad Tax, 2,032 69 for Grass on Commons, 54 00 of John S. Elliot, 67 00 for State from City Hall, 33 88 for Sale of Iron kettle, 2 00 Outstanding bills remaining unpaid Feb. 1, 1851, 483 46 Feb. 1, 1851, By City Stock unsold, $90,098 04 Feb. 1, 1851, By City Stock unsold, $ 24,000 00 Balance, Cash in Treasury, 3,170 71 JAMES M. BERRY, Treasurer. Manchester, February 1, 1851. City of Manchester, Feb'y 1st. 1851. The undersigned, Committee on Finance for the City of Manchester for the year 1850-51, in pursuance of the 12th, 13th, and 14th sections of Ordinance No. 2 of the City of Manchester, certify that we have examined and audited the foregoing account of JAMES M. Berry, City Treasurer, and find the same correct, and all payments and expenditures therein named sustained by proper vouchers. We find that there has been received into the Treasury by James M. Berry, City Treasurer, from Feb'y 1st, 1850, to Feb'y 1st, 1851, (exclusive of twenty-four thousand dollars) City Stock now remaining unsold, the sum of sixty-five thousand six hundred fourteen dollars and fifty-eight cents ($65,614 58), including the sum of six thousand five hundred twelve dollars and seventy-six cents ($86,512 76) balance in the Treasury Feb'y 1st, 1850, and that there has been actually paid from the Treasury the sum of sixty-two thousand four hundred forty-three dollars eighty-seven cents ($862,443 87), leaving in the Treasury Feb'y 1st, 1851, a balance of three thousand one hundred seventy dollars and seventy-one cents ($83,170 71). We also find bills amounting to four hundred eighty-three dollars and forty-six cents ($483 46) outstanding, which have been ordered to be paid, which if paid would leave in the Treasury the sum of two thousand six hundred and eighty-seven dollars and twenty-five cents ($2,687 25). JOHN II. COODALK, MOSES KELBOWS. I. C. FLANDERS, on II. D. MOOKS, Finance, D. C. BATCHELDER. In Common Council, February 18, 1851. Read and accepted. Sent up. B. F. AYER, Clerk Common Council. In Board of Aldermen, February 18, 1851. Read and accepted in concurrence. FREDERICK SMYTH, City Clerk. SYNOPSIS OF Council: In conformity with the requirements of City Ordinance No. 2, the Joint-Standing Committee on Finance have the honor to submit to the City Council the Fifth Annual Report of the Receipts and Expenditures of the City of Manchester, for the financial year ending February 1st, 1851, with the details under the separate heads. Annexed are also Schedules of the City Property, a statement of the City Debt, and the Debts due the City, together with other papers relating to the affairs of the City. EXPENDITURES. The Net Expenditures of the year, including the payments of the City Debt, have been as follows, chargeable to the respective Appropriations in the following proportions, viz: PAYMENT OF CITY DEBT, % 19,860 00 PAYMENT OF INTEREST, on City Debt, 5,678 62 SCHOOLS,— District No. 1,.... 67 75 2, 7,51 i 77 3,.. 148 79 4, 72 00 5, 149 25 6,.... 48 75 7,... 191 28 8,. 61 50 9, 58 60 Amount carried forward, $33,848 3 1 8 FINANCE COMMITTEE'S REPORT. Amount brought forward, $33,848.31 REPAIRS OF SHOOL HOUSES, and School-House Lots, District No. 2, 1,715.00 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES, District No. 1, 205.00 2,363.48 3,303.89 4,196.93 5,274.50 6,243.07 7,472.46 8,237.35 9,264.51 NEW HIGHWAYS 4,812.03 COMMONS, 210.72 "VALLEY" CEMETERY, 1,141.14 COMMON SEWERS, 614.50 COUNT Y PAUPERS, off the Farm 1,375.01 PAUPERS OFF THE FARM, belonging to City and other towns 51.44 CITY FARM and PAUPERS on the Farm, 1,678.70 CITY HALL, and Repairs, 1,698.96 CITY POLICE, 2,063.18 CITY OFFICERS, 2,223.41 PRINTING AND STATIONERY 382.23 FIRE DEPARTMENT, 2,728.54 INCIDENTAL EXPENSES, 789.44 MILITIA, 414.50 OLD DRAFTS. Being amounts drawn for, and charged last year, and previous years, but not called for till this year, 2,501 36 Deduct, amounts not yet called for, 13,1 Total NET PAYMENTS through the Treasury $62,143 37 "INANCE COMMITTEE'S REPORT." The NET REVENUE of the year has been derived from the following sources, viz: From R. Means for Taxes assessed in 1848, $369.15 R. Means for Taxes assessed in 1849, 5,191.56 J. M. Rowell for Taxes assessed in 1850, 28,031.65 Loans on Promissory Note as per account of City Debt, 600.00 Loan on City Stock as per account of City Debt, 16,500.00 State Treasurer— Literary Fund, 279.92 State Treasurer— Railroad Tax 1850, 2,032.69 County for support of paupers, 1,714.00 Town of Amherst for support of paupers, Litchfield Hanover C Corinth, Auburn Littleton Whitefield Antrim Strafford P Plymouth June & Co. for License, Circus Spaulding & Rodgers for License, Circus J. S. Kidder & Co. for License, W. L. Lane for Kettle, sold Moses Fellows for damage to Lobby by prisoner, Samuel Gamble, expense H. Gamble case, John C. Young for State from City Hall, John S. Elliot for cash overpaid him on County Pauper account last year, J. G. Cilley for cash in his hands last year, Committee on Commons for Grass sold, Committee on "Valley," Lots sold, W. L. Lane for costs and fines from the Police Court, Amount carried forward, $55,810.83. 1,714.89.89.89.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88.88 Amount brought forward, $55,810.83 From F. Smyth for Licenses to sundry persons, to enter Drains into Sewers, $12.50 D. Rundlett for produce sold from City Farm, $820.74 Sundry persons for rent of City Hall, $787.00 Church & Clough for rent of Engine House on Merrimack St, $35.00 S. H. Price for rent of Engine House, $6.25 Total Revenue, $59,101.83 Balance on hand at the commencement of the year, Feb. 1, 1850, $6,512.76 Total Means, $65,614.58 Deduct, Total Payments through Treasury, $62,413.81 Balance as per Treasurer's account, $3,170.75 The City Sail having been occupied by Courts, and closed for repairs, about $8,000.00 of the year, the receipts are consequently less than usual. FINANCE COMMITTEE'S REPORT. In addition to the foregoing, the Collector of Taxes for This year has collected of the Taxes assessed 07,819 73, the amount of the City's proportion of the State and County Tax, and paid the same to the State and County Treasurers, which sum has not been through the City Treasury, — as the Laws of the State and the Collector's Warrant make it his duty to pay the same directly to said Treasurers. State Tax, 02,857 20 County Tax, 4,962 53 JOHN H. GOODALE, MOSES FELLOWS, Committee ISAAC C. FLANDERS, In Common Council, Feb. 18, 1851, Read and accepted. Sent up for concurrence. B. B. AYER, C. C. C, In Board of Aldermen, Feb. 18, 1851. Read and accepted in concurrence. FREDERICK SMYTH, City Clerk. APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES. The Appropriations made by the City Council for differ- ent purposes for the Financial year ending February 1st, 1851, with the unexpended Balances of the previous year, the transfers from one Appropriation to another, together with the Expenditures in detail under each Appropriation, and the unexpended Balances. The amount of City Debt, Debts due the City, Schedules Real Estate and Personal Property, &c. SCHOOLS. School District No. 1. Balance undrawn February 1st, 1850,... $9 63 Appropriated for Schools, including pro- portion of State Literary Fund 150 00 159 63 EXPENDITURES. Paid for INSTRUCTION— To Mary Jane Boynton, 59 50 Paid for WOOD and SAWING. To William Campbell. 2 3- 1 Cords 8 25 $67 75 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $91 88 SCHOOLS. 10 School District No. 2. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, $2,487 88 Appropriated for Schools for 1850, including proportion of State Literary Fund, 7,200 00 $9687 88 EXPENDITURES. Paid for INSTRUCTION and care of School Rooms— To Amos Hadley, 613 01 Moses T. Brown, 413 65 A. M. Caverly, 412 95 C. C. Johnson, 264 75 B. B. Shepard, 176 50 E.C. Brooks, 116 00 S. W. Bodwell, 18100 A. W. Brown, 182 00 S. Stevens, 181 00 S. E. Underwood, 101 00 M. E. Nichols, 180 00 C. A. Caverly, 132 00 Marshall G. Kimball, 109 12 A. C. Eastman, 135 50 L. A. Brown, 181 00 E. P. Straw, 127 25 M.J. Mead, 116 25 J.A. Hall, 182 00 C.J. Straw, 132 00 M.T. Woods, 91 00 H.J. Bliss, 176 182 A. A. Manahan, 205 25 H. W. Patterson, 130 00 M. J. Allison, 176 82 H. G. Lane, 181 00 C. S. Bartlett, 182 00 Caroline Eaton, 144 94 S.J. Tuck, 182 00 Sarah A. Plumer, 20 00 E. B. Stark, 49 00 E. W. Jackson, 49 00 Sarah Shepherd, 32 75 A. W. Buntin, 87 00 Amount carried forward, $5,644.56 14 3CIIOOLS. Amount brought forward, $5,644.56 To S. G. Gregg, 90.50 L. G. Fuller, 91.00 Julia Knovvton, 60.50 H. M. Chase, 92.00 S. A. Parker, 45.50 S. P. Brooks, 45.50 E.H. Allison, 49.50 M. Stanton, 90.28 Paid for WOOD and SAWING— To Geo. W. Morrison, for 80 Cords Wood, 300.00 Valentine Thompson, Sawing Wood, 28.22 W. S. Dearborn, do.... 12.80 Levi Caswell, do.... 28.40 D. P. Perkins, Piling Wood,. 3.50 $6,209.34 Paid for BROOMS, BRUSHES and Furniture— To Fisher & Fogg, for Broom and Brush, 58 Cram & Fisher for Brooms and Brushes, 2.42 Ayer & Fogg for Hooks and Tacks, 3.61 Hill, Berry & Co. For Brooms, Pails and Chalk, 12 33 Porter & Searle for Brooms and Pails, 11 96 Berry & Co. for Brooms, Brushes and Pails, 6 37 M. J. & D. F. Straw for Brooms and Furniture, 9 99 R. D. Tebbett for Chair & Table, 2 67 Josiah Crosby for Chairs, 73 00 J. S. Kidder Brooms, Mug and Window Shades, 4 01 Amounts carried forward, 127 00 $6,6052 86 SCHOOLS. 1& Amounts brought forward, $127 00 06,602 86 Paid for FURNITURE— To J. L. Kenniston for Clock, 10 00 Concord Railroad, freight of Chairs, 1 25 F. Wallace for painting Black Board, 5 00 N. K. Russ, for Library Case, 10 00 Hartshorn & Darling, for Stoves and repairing, 8 05 G. A. Brown for Stoves & repairing, 40 70 Paid for REPAIRS— To J. W. Saunders, 138 21 John Huse, 4 51 S. Fellows, 27 05 S. M. Baker, 100 John Twombly, 39 75 John N. Brown, 14 53 Amos Hadley, 4 15 Walter Neal, 12 02 Potter & Weeks, 145 D. H. Tufts, 3 50 J. L. Bradford, 287 05 J. C. Davis, 2 50 — — 535 Paid for KEYS and Repairing Locks— To W. C. Hale, 4 66 D. P. Hadley, 4 98 Gilman B. Fogg, 37 Paid for WASHING and Cleaning Houses— To S. Brown, 475 C. E. Potter, for Cleaning and Repairs, 3 08 Benj. Griffin. Amount brought forward $7,360. PAID— To Treat Potter, for building fires 2.00 Potter & Tompkins, for building fires, 2.00 Hibbard Stevens, for Teaming Sand, 1.50 Bennett & Harvey, do do, 1.50 Henry Kimball, for School Register, 10.00 $10.00 Paid for BOOKS, for Children of Indigent Parents— To W. H. Fisk $8.26 J. B. Johnson, $7.56 PAID— To D. P. Perkins (now in his hands,) by order of S. Committee, $9121 S. Bunton, (now in his hands) by order of S. Committee, $19.45 Balance undrawn Feb. 1st, 1851, 2,176 11. Aid George A. Crosby for INSTRUCTION, $71.50 Elizabeth B. Stark, do.... $60.00 Amount carried forward $131.50 Amount brought forward $131.50 Paid A. C. Wallace for Door and hanging, $3.96 W. W. Baker for Repairs, $2.00 Wood-sawing, $8.79 Robert Baker for Building Fires and Sweeping, $2.00 S. Bunton (now in his hands,) $54.00 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $110.20 School District No. 4. Balance undrawn for Schools Feb. 1, 1850, $181.03 Appropriated for SCHOOLS for 1850, including proportion of State Library Fund, $175.00 $181.03 EXPENDITURES. Paid Sarah Ann Plummer for INSTRUCTION, $72.00 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $1.00 109.03 School District No. -», Salance undrawn for SCHOOLS Feb. Appropriated for SCHOOLS for 1850, including proportion of State Literary Fund, $165.00 EXPENDITURES. Paid Joseph C. Dyer for INSTRUCTION, $86.25 Elizabeth Gresjer, do $63.00 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $104.50 School District No. 6 Balance undrawn for School Houses Feb. 1, 1850, $44.44 Appropriated for Schools for 1850, including proportion of State Literary Fund, $165.00 EXPENDITURES. K. W. Jackson for INSTRUCTION, S. M. Baker for Repairs, $1.50 A. J. and E. Webster for Washing, $1.00 J. M. Webster for Wood, $7.75 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $124.60 $173.00 School District No. 7 Balance undrawn for SCHOOLS, Feb. 1, 1850, $119.49 Appropriated for SCHOOLS for 1850, including proportion of State Literary Fund, $190.00 EXPENDITURES. Paid J. Y.M'Question for INSTRUCTION, 110 50 Martha D. Gregg, do., 68 00 Ayer & Fogg for Broom, 28 Isaac Husefor 3 1-8 Cords Wood, 12 50 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $118 21 School District No. § Balance undrawn for SCHOOLS Feb. 1, 1850, 1 65 Appropriated for SCHOOLS for 1850, including proportion of State Literary Fund, 135 00 EXPENDITURES. Paid Mary G. Grant for INSTRUCTION, 52 50 Mary G. Grant for Cleaning School-Room, 1 00 John H. Proctor for Wood and Sawing, 8 00 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $75 15 $309 49 191 28 $136 65 $61 50 20 SCHOOLS. School District No. 9. Balance undrawn for SCHOOLS Feb. 1, 1850, 1 76 Appropriated for SCHOOLS for 1850, including proportion of State Literary Fund, 145 00 EXPENDITURES. Paid M. E. Ordway for INSTRUC- TION, 49 00 John G. Webster for 2 3-4 Cords Wood, 9 60 $•146 16 $58 6C Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $88 16 New School Houses, Repairs of School Houses, and. School House Lots in District No. 2. Balance undrawn of the Appropriation for School Houses, Feb. Ist,'l850.. 9-2 66 Balance undrawn of the Approprirtion for School House Lots, Feb. 1st 1850 4 50 Appropriated and assessed by vote of District for New School Houses, Re- pairs of School Houses, and Lots for 1850, 5,000 00 $5,09"} re EXPENDITURES— Paid by order of Committee chosen by District to expend said Appropriation/ To S. P. Greeley, 400 00 Brown, Ames &, Caverly, rent of land on Park St., 1 5 00 Isaac C. Flanders, 1300 00 #1.715 00 Balance undrawn I Vb. 1. I !,:>Sv> 16. •This Committee vu subsequently Instructed by vote ..i District not to imildan? New Houses tin- \ .-.ir. NOTE. — The bills of expenditure of the nmonnt drawn by tiiiH Committee &r* in tbeir IiuuiIh . wo uru iherulbru unable to give tlio item-*. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. District No. 1. Balance undrawn, Feb. 1, 1850, $19 79 Appropriated for 1850, 250 00 $269 79 EXPENDITURES. Paid for labor - To Peter Kimball, Surveyor, $133.37 George W. Gate, 2.50 John Stark, 5.75 Reuben Kimball, 9.00 O. B. Emerson, 2.50 Amos Kimball, 10.12 D. B. Emerson, 9.50 James Stevens, 50 Moses Stevens, 4.50 J. C. Young, 1.50 J. E. Kimball, 5.62 Wm. Campbell, 4.25 T. Choat, 1.50 E. Curtis, 1.50 Frederick Kimball, 4.00 Nehemiah Preston, 11.25 Amos F. Morse, 4.50 John Campbell, 1.00 J. M. Rowell, 1.00 Robert Hall, 3.00 Samuel Hall, 2.00 George Gambell, 1.50 Samuel Simpson, 50 B. F. Stark, 3.50 Charles Johnson, 1.00 Thomas Hazzard, 75 Peter Kimball, for Tools and repairing, 2.50 George Clark, for Stone, 13.00 $265.48 Balance undrawn February 1, 1851, $4.31. 22 HIGHWAYS AND BRICK. District No. 2. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, $373.15 Appropriated for 1850, 2,000.00 $2,373.15 EXPENDITURES. Paid for labor - To W. L. Lane, Surveyor, $195.13 E. Knowlton, 63.04 Wm. Eastman, 9.25 Lemuel Perkins, 126.50 Asa Crosby, 2.00 H. Dow, Jr., 2.00 Andrew Bunton, 16.12 Samuel Dame, 30.50 Warren Green, 4.00 T. L. Southwick, 3.50 Harvey Ward, 14.75 Thomas Stecl, 8.00 N. Green, 3.00 George Jenkins, 3.25 John Merrill, 2.00 P. Baxter, 4.00 J. E. Bennett, 1.00 Folsom & Hoyt, 22.50 O. F. Stant, 34.00 Uriah H. Foss, 31.90 J. Ward, 53.25 E. H. Smith, 15.50 H. Dorr, 61.25 Daniel Ward, 1.50 Levi Wright, 14.75 J. Wells, 16.25 L. Caswell, 26.75 O. Jackson, 7.25 Job Poor, 3.00 E. W. Bartlett, 4.60 N. Corning, 66.00 S. P. Ring, 66.25 David Norton, 60 Asa Place, 367.25 Amount carried forward $1,280.54 vent brought for $1,280.54 To Ira Drew $4.00 P. White, $2.00 J. F. Ayer, $2.00 Noah Clark, $11.00 Bennett & Harvey, $21.75 P. Osgood, $2.00 John Morrison, $6.00 J. Norton, $3.00 J. Stevens, $4.75 Nathan Parker, $6.00 Berry & Co $52.75 J. A. & H. Stearns, $30.00 S. D. Sherburne, $12.50 George Hunt, $85.50 J. W. Ward, $60.75 J. Regan, $2.50 Gilbert & Shepherd, $15.50 James & Coffin, $9.00 O. P. Morgan $5.00 William Boutin, $6.50 Lewis Bartlett, $2.00 James Richards, $2.50 D. Randlet, $12.00 N. Baker, $5.00 O.W. Wilson, $84 N. Chase, $17.00 Chas. Ball, $1.00 B. Morgan, $3.00 Wm. Mills, $3.00 Wm. G. Hoit, $12.00 David Durgin, $9.75 Wan-en Vincent, $1.00 Folsom & James, $22.75 W. L. Lane for Cash paid For Labor, 92 10 Paid for LUMBER AND CARPENTER WORK— To S. W. Parsons, 50 43 S. Fellows, 13 31 J. D. Emerson 37 40 W. P. Riddle, for Lumber, 53 93 Bunton & Dunlap, for Posts, 8 75 G. F. Judkins, for Plank, 27 07 Amount carried forward, $2,003 87 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Amount brought forward, 82,003 87 Paid for BLACKSMITH WORK AND BRON— Paid for J. 13. McCrillis, 21 29 W. Adams 6 83 Robb. District No. 3. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, 30 36 Appropriated for 1850, 275 00 $305 36 EXPENDITURES Paid for LABOR- TO Nathaniel Baker, Surveyor, 37 37 Oliver Gould, 9 85 Peter Mitchell, 36 60 Lddison Dale, 14 67 -I. M. Batohelder 11 75 A'. W. Baker 35 25 J. Baseltine B 60 .. Brown, 31 50 ). S. Haywood 11 00 B. 1'. Mitchell 11 17 I ami's Smith, 2 50 A mount carried forward $213,06 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. 25 Amount brought forward, $213 06 Paid for LABOR— To K. Haseltine 18 92 Benj. Mitchell, 8 75 Alden, 8 25 E. C. Howlet, 7 00 James F. Smith, 5 00 Robert Baker, 8 75 JohnG. Eveleth, 5 42 Paid Benjamin Mitchell for GRAVEL LAND,. 26 50 W. W. Baker for POWDER and FUSE,. 87 N. Baker for Sharpening Tools, 1 37 -$303 89 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $1 47 District No. 4. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, 57 Appropriated for 1850, 225 00 $225 57 EXPENDITURES. Paid for labor- To John Crosby Surveyor, 43 12 Ira W. Moor, 13 50 R. P. Whittemore, 16 35 J. Whittemore, 10 25 Nathaniel Moore, 26 37 Alpheus Bodwell, 1 00 John Calef, . . . • • 5 00 David Webster, 15 25 E. S. Emerson, 10 37 James Emerson, 3 25 F. Webster, 5 50 Jacob Brown, 16 00 E. Colley, 1 00 John P. Moor, 10 87 Israel Mullen, 2 00 Thomas Cheney, 1 00 Paid John P. Moor for 1460 feet TIMBER and PLANK, 14 60 Nathaniel Moor for TIMBER, 1 50 $196 93 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $28 64 26 HIGHWAY AM» 1UUI District i\o. 5. Balance undraw a Feb. 1, 1850, 57 65 Appropriated for 1850, 275 00 1332 65 EXPENDITURES. Paid for LABOR A N I > M ATEB! AL— To John Dickey 2d, Surveyor, for LABOR 28 25 David Dickey, for Labor, Stone and Powder, 34 53 Amos Weston, 8 87 H. Weston, 20 25 James Emerson, 30 13 J. Merrill, 30 13 J. Merrill, 30 13 R. Nutt, 15 80 James 75 J. P. Webster, 8 50 N. Johnson, 9 50 H. Corning, 5 67 Oliver Hunt, 24 00 Kimball Hall, 1 00 Thomas Mead, 2 00 Josiah Perry, 4 00 J. Corning, 7 50 J. M. Webster, 6 50 D. Dickey, Jr., 17 50 A. C. Webster, 5 50 Moses Griffin, 3 00 L. Morse, 3 50 Samuel Gamble, 1 00 Israel Webster, 8 25 E. Webster, 4 00 William Brown, 5 00 S. M. Baker for STONE and LUMBER, 2 40 $243 07 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $10 44 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. District No. 7. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, 4 42 Appropriated for 1850, 475 00 479 42 EXPENDITURES. Paid for LABOR and MATERIAL— To James Hall, 2d, Surveyor, for LABOR, 79 88 Robert Stevens, u 53 58 James Hall, and Stone 26 82 J. B. Pierce, 24 50 R. Young, M 30 00 A.J. Hall, 16 00 Wm. Young, 8 00 Peter Woodman, 17 00 Wm. Barnes, 12 00 C. A. Hall, 51 06 J. P. Young, 33 50 A. Gamble, 33 50 P. Farmer, M U 3 50 H. Quimby, 11 50 John Leavitt, David Young, Benjamin Lane, Charles Young, Silas Russell, Cheney & Wilson and Stone Caleb Gage for Sharpening Pick Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $6.96 Tighways and Bridges. District No. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, 65 44 Appropriated for 1850, 200 00 -$265 44 EXPENDITURES, Paid for LABOR and MATERIAL— To John H. Proctor, Surveyor, for LABOR, 47 00 Wm. Reed, 8 50 George Young, 6 50 John P. Adriance, 8 50 PICK and HANDLE, 1 35 O. H. Young, 8 50 John Proctor, 8 50 D. D. Daniels, 7 50 David Dickey, 7 50 N. Johnson, 9 00 O. M'Cade, Wm. Bailey, P. Haselton, " " LABOR AND MATERIA, (C ... 113 23 N. Corning, u i. 5 17 0. Haseltine, (( u ... 12 00 (( 2 00 Johnson Morse, u K ... 23 62 W. Corning, ft (( 3 40 James M'Question, (( (( ... EXPENDITURES. Paid for LAND DAMAGES for Lowell Street— To Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.,.... $10.00 S. P. Greeley, 1.00 Wm. Boyd, 500.00 Samuel Andrews,...., 61.75 Parsons & Piper, 202.68 Heirs of John Hall, 1.00 Boyd and others, 101.29 Warren Pettengill, 51.84 Heirs of Elliott Seavey, 68.76 School District No. 2, 150.23 D. H. Pinkerton, 1.00 Joshua M. House, 347.00 W. S. Palmer, 5.00 Alfred Wallace,...., 33.33 Wilson and Weston, 1.00 Mary Eastman,.. 15.00 George Porter and others, 73.95 Paid for LABOR on Lowell Street— To William Boyd, 2.25 T. L. Southwick, 2.00 Amount carried forward,.... $1,620,08 NEW Highways. Amount brought forward, $1,690.08 Paid for LABOR, Building Bald Hill Road— To F. H. Watson, Stephen Watson and Isaac Langley, as per contract, 2,428.45 Noyes Farmer, as per contract, 390.45 Isaac C. Flanders for Surveying, 6.00 Amherst Kimball, do., 3.00 W. L. Lane for services as Agent, 100.00 2,927.90 Paid for LABOR, on Walnut, Amherst and Bridge Sts. — To Levi Caswell, 7.00 Samuel Dame, 1.00 W. Vincent, 1.75 H. Dorr, 4.00 N. Corning, 9.12 L. Perkins, 5.50 U. H. Foss, 7.00 Asa Place, 23.00 Thomas Kain by W. L. Lane, 7.50 W. L. Lane, 16.00 J. Ward, 8.00 J. D. Emerson for Carpenter Work, Posts and Lumber for Amherst Street, 17.78 E. Knowlton. For Labor, 2 51 110 lt> Paid for LABOR and MATERIAL for Pine Street— To Patrick McLaughlin for Grading, 35 00 Amherst Kimball for Labor, 2 00 Samuel P. Jackson for Lumber, 76 02 113 02 Paid J. F. James for Surveying New Highways, 36 12 S. D. Sherburne for Labor, 1 25 Amherst Kimball for Witness Fees and Serving Notices — Amoskeag Bridge Case, 3 50 40 87 $ 4ft 12 03 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $1,208 39 The building of Pine Street, contracted for, but not yet completed. The expense will be about $2,000. COMMON SEWERS. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, $2,222.18 Deduct amounts transferred to the following named Appropriations of previous years to balance amounts then overdrawn, as follows — viz: Printing and Stationery Feb. 1, 1849, $5.11 Printing and Stationery " " 1850, 76.30 City Barn " " 911.48 City Hall " " 1849, 20.76 Granite Bridge " " 96.46 Engine Houses and W'd. Rooms " " " 67.05 Commons " " 1850, 75.40 Fire Dept. " " 1848, 113.71 Militia " " 1850, 39.88 — 1,406.15 816.03 Appropriated 1850, 500.00 $1,316.03 34 COMMON SEWERS. EXPENDITURES. Paid for LABOR — To Charles Clough, amount due Jesse Anderson 1347; Suit, Clough vs. Anderson, City Trustee. $207 7<v Warren L. Lane for Repairing Severs; 20 00 Jona. Ward, " 3 00 Geo. Hunt, " 3 00 N. Corning, " 3 00 U. H. Foss, " 6 50 L. Perkins, " 5 50 A. Place, " 9 00 A. L. Hutchinson & Co., for Stone and Labor on Merrimac St., 4 40 Webster and Kimball, amount due Jesse Anderson, 1847; Suit, — Webster & Kimball vs. J. Anderson, City Trustee, 30. Paid for SEWER on Laurel Street— To W. L. Lane for Superintending, 20 00 do. Cash paid for Ex-cavating, 45 00 Sewerage, John Twombly for Brick, Cement, Stone and Labor, 26 25 Hutchinson & Co. for Stone and Labor, 18 50 S. W. Parsons for Lumber and Labor, 121 50 J. Abbott & Co. for Cement, 6 00 N. Chase for Grating, 9 20 J. F. James for Surveying, 1 00 N. Chase, for rating for Cess Pool, Manchester St. H. Dorr, for labor on do do do Balance undrawn. Feb. 1, 1851, $701.44. COMMONS. Appropriated $1350, $400.00 Amount received for Grass sold $54.00 $454.00 EXPENDITURES. Paid Bills for Trees, Labor, Grading and Materials, as per orders of Committee on Commons. (See their Report.) -210.72 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $243.26 VALLEY CEMETERY. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, $344.51 Appropriated for Houses and Repairs 1850, $500.00 Received of sundry persons for Lots, $215.05 — $1,059.56 EXPENDITURES. Paid Orders and Bills of Committee on the "Valley" for Hearse, Repairs and Improvements. (See their Report,) 494.14 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $565.42. CITY HALL AND REPAIRS Appropriated April, 1850, $1,500.00 Transferred from Incidental Expenses, as per Resolution of City Council, 200.00 $1,700.00 EXPENDITURES. Paid for REPAIRS— To J. D. Emerson, for Carpenter Work, $35.30 Stilhnan Fellows, 587 S. B. Merrill, 587 John II. Maynard, 1032 J. O. Wadleigh, for Glazing, 3 66 John N. Brown, for Painting and Glazing, 238.80 Hall & Horr, for Blinds, painting and hanging, 130.50 Hilas Dickey, for Whitewashing, 105.00 for Mason Work, J. M. Stanton, for Iron Work on Bell, 14.24 Temple M'Question, Whitewashing Stoves, 12.00 Geo. A. Brown, for Tinning Roofing, Repairing Stoves and Pipe, and Materials, 111. J. B. McCrills, for Iron Work, 5 05 Stark Mills, for Bell Tongue and Repairing Clod 1, 0 ba S. Crosby, for Tarring Bell-Deck 1, 0 John Baker for difference in Exchange of Molls and Rigging 2, 0 Temple M'Question, the Whitewashing Entry 1, 0 George Hunt, for Tracking Bell 3, 0 C. Railroad, for Freight on Bell, 4 75 Amount carried forward, $1,003 01 Paid for REPAIRS— To W. C. Hale, for Repairs, Locks and Keys, $1,49-50, $9 73 D. P. Hadley, for Cleaning and Repairing Clock, $1,49-50, $16 50 J. L. Kenniston, for Cleaning and Repairing Clock, $1,49-50, $16 50 G. B. Fogg, for Repairing Lamps, $1848, $1 00 F. Smyth, for Cash paid for $1,00 Cleaning Back Yard, 2 17 $1,036 41 Paid Charles Offutt for Lamp Shades, Globes and Glasses, 4 75 Mooers & Tibbets, for Clock and Table, 10 00 W. A. Putney, Merino for Curtain to Desk, 3 00 S. L. Wilson for Binding for Tables, 60 Ruudlett & Co., for Carpet, 37 80 J. M. Barnes, Lamp Shades, Glasses and Wicks — last year, 11 56 Ayer & Fogg, Lead and Hardware, 10 62 Cram & Fisher, for Broom— 1850, 25 Shovel— 1850, 92 Fisher & Fogg, for Brush, 50 Eastman & Goodin, for Water, 9 00 Dow & Hill, for Moving Sawdust for Oct. Term of Court, 3 80 H. Foster, for Insurance, 75 00 David Hill, 75 00 Geo. J. S. Smyth, for 14 yds. Covering for Tables and Covering same, 5 30 662 55 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $1 04 MILITIA. Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1850, 25 50 Appropriated 1850, 400 00 EXPENDITURES. Paid Stark Guards, for Rent of Armory, 50.00 City Guards, 125.00 Sailors, on Duty at Muster 40.50 City Guards, for 59 Soldiers returned according to Law, 177.00 Sailors returned according to Law — Field and Staff Officers 15.00 P. Smyth, for Horse, carriage and Expenses 1. Amherst, to pay Soldiers at Muster, 4.00 Balance undrawn Feb. 1, 1851, $11.00 125.50 CITY POLICE. Appropriated for 1850, $2,500.00 EXPENDITURES. Paid night watch- To Nathaniel Baker 2d, 306.00 Ebenezer Ross, 306.00 Simon Aldrich, 366.00 Geo W. Wilson, 67.50 Micajah Ingham, 84.00 Paid for COMPLAINTS, WARRANTS, Witness fees, attending Trials and committing prisoners, and services as police: To Geo P. Prescott, 143.95 Amherst Kimball, 104.23 Amherst Kimball, 104.23 Paid for J. M. Rowell, 29 25 E. Ross, S 96 Henry G. Lowell, 25 48 I. E. Herrick, 1 00 Robt. Means, 18 00 330 87 Paid J. M. Rowell for 1 years' salary City Marshall, 62 50 R. Means, do 34 72 Simon Aldrich, for services at Wentworth's Trial, 10 00 Nathaniel Baker 2d, do do 12 00 Amherst Kimball, for cash paid out for expenses and journey to Nashua, with boy, 2 00 D. M. Robinson, for assistance rendered Police, 6 00 W.W. Baker, do 3 00 Amount carried forward, $130 22 $1,460 75 Amount brought forward $1.30, $1.46 David P. Perkins, for services in the Police Court, 67.25 V. L. Lane, do do 44.00 B. F. Ayer, as Counsel, 10.00 Hartshorn & Darling, for Watering Put and Match Safe, for Marshall's office, 54.00 N. P. Merrill, for stationery, 7.64 Charles Cheney, for wood, 10.81 F. Smyth, do do 9.76 P. Baxter, for sawing wood, 4.00 Folsom & Hoit, for Fluid and Lamp, 12.82 Cram & Fisher, for Oil, 25.00 Dow & Hill, for filling beds for Lobby, 1.63 Hartshorn & Darling, for stove, 5.08 J. D. Emerson for repairs on Police Court Room, 3.00 Isaac Riddle, for rent City Marshall's office, 75.00 Paid for REPAIRS ON LOBBY— To J. D. Emerson, for carpenter work, 22.00 Ayer & Fogg, for Hard Ware, 3.57 J. B. McCrillis, for Iron work, 3.35 J. M. Stanton, do do 96.19 A. L. Hutchinson & Co., for Stone Work, 95.32 $2,063.18 Balance undrawn February 1st, 1851, $436.82 CITY OFFICERS. Appropriated for 1850, $2,500.00 EXPENDITURES. Paid W. L. Lane, Mayor, salary from Jan. 9 to March 20, $77.78 Moses Fellows, do 3 qrs. salary, 450.00 F. Smyth City Clerk, 1 year's salary, 250.00 F. Smyth, for preparing Finance Committee's Report last year, 40.00 B. F. Ayer, Clerk of Common Council, 1 year's salary, 100.00 W. C. Clarke, City Solicitor, do 100.00 John S. Elliot, City Physician, 8 months' salary, 67.00 Z. Colburn, do 6 months salary, 100.00 J. M. Berry, City Treasurer, 1 year's salary, 50.00 J. M. Berry, City Treasurer, 1 year's salary, 50.00 S. D. Sherburne, do do 20.00 John P. Webster, do do 25.00 S. D. Sherburne, do do 80.63 Amasa Waterman, do do 35.00 205.63 Isaac C. Flanders, Assessor 1 year, $74.00 James Hall, do do $68.00 A. Waterman, do do $88.00 Daniel Balch, do do $22.00 E. W. Bartlett, do do $51.00 J. E. Bennett, for 32 days service, Clerk for Assessors, $64.00 Amount carried forward, $1,807.41 Paid Josiah Crosby, School Committee 1 year, $35.00 S. Buntin, do do $35.00 J. S. Fillot, do do $35.00 D. F. Perkins do do $35.00 A. W. Chapin, do do $35.00 J. Y. McQuestion, do do $35.00 Thomas Wheet, Health office 1 year, $25.00 Robert Means, do do $35.00 Thomas Wheet, Health do 25 00 WARD OFFICERS. Paid Edson Hill, Moderator 4 50 W, G. Means, do 3 00 James O. Adams, do 3 00 Isaac Riddle, do 4 00 John Jones, do 3 00 Ebenezer Marsh, do 6 00 W. W. Baker, do 3 00 Thomas Wheet, Clerk, 5 00 J. Y. McQuestion, do 5 00 Henry Kimball, do 5 00 S. C. S. Burnham. do 5 00 C. B. Gleason, do 5 00 Wm. Reynolds, do 5 50 William Boyd, Selectman, 5 00 Thos. Carlton, do 4 00 Stephen Tilton, do 5 00 Moses Curbs, do 5 00 Charles Brown, do 5 00 Leonard Sanbom do 5 00 Abram Brigham do 5 00 Samuel Hall, do 5 00 S. W. Parsons, do 5 00 -lames Hall, do 5 00 Samuel Dame do 5 00 Harrison Weston, do 5 00 S. B. Paige, do 5 00 William Kiehardsnn, 5 0(1 Gilman II. Kimball, 5 00 75 00 26 50 30 50 ;i mi $2,223 11 Balance undrawn Feb. 1st 1651, 276 59. PRINTING AND STATIONERY. Appropriated for 1850, $500 00 EXPENDITURES.
| 17,126 |
https://github.com/bagel-man/bagel-man.github.io/blob/master/eaglercraftx-1.8-main/gateway/EaglercraftXBungee/src/main/java/net/lax1dude/eaglercraft/v1_8/plugin/gateway_bungeecord/server/HttpWebSocketHandler.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license
| 2,023 |
bagel-man.github.io
|
bagel-man
|
Java
|
Code
| 2,951 | 14,190 |
package net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.server;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketAddress;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
import com.google.gson.JsonParser;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.BinaryWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.CloseWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.PingWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.PongWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.TextWebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketFrame;
import io.netty.handler.timeout.ReadTimeoutHandler;
import io.netty.handler.timeout.WriteTimeoutHandler;
import io.netty.util.concurrent.Future;
import io.netty.util.concurrent.GenericFutureListener;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.EaglerXBungee;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.api.event.EaglercraftHandleAuthPasswordEvent;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.api.event.EaglercraftIsAuthRequiredEvent;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.api.event.EaglercraftIsAuthRequiredEvent.AuthMethod;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.api.event.EaglercraftIsAuthRequiredEvent.AuthResponse;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.api.event.EaglercraftMOTDEvent;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.api.event.EaglercraftRegisterSkinEvent;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.auth.DefaultAuthSystem;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.command.CommandConfirmCode;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.config.EaglerAuthConfig;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.config.EaglerBungeeConfig;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.config.EaglerListenerConfig;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.config.EaglerRateLimiter;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.config.RateLimitStatus;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.server.bungeeprotocol.EaglerBungeeProtocol;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.server.query.MOTDQueryHandler;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.server.query.QueryManager;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.skins.SkinPackets;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.plugin.gateway_bungeecord.skins.SkinService;
import net.md_5.bungee.BungeeCord;
import net.md_5.bungee.UserConnection;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.AbstractReconnectHandler;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.Callback;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.chat.BaseComponent;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.connection.ProxiedPlayer;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.event.LoginEvent;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.event.PostLoginEvent;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.event.PreLoginEvent;
import net.md_5.bungee.chat.ComponentSerializer;
import net.md_5.bungee.connection.LoginResult;
import net.md_5.bungee.connection.UpstreamBridge;
import net.md_5.bungee.netty.ChannelWrapper;
import net.md_5.bungee.netty.HandlerBoss;
import net.md_5.bungee.protocol.Property;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.chat.TextComponent;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.config.ServerInfo;
import net.md_5.bungee.api.event.ServerConnectEvent;
/**
* Copyright (c) 2022 LAX1DUDE. All Rights Reserved.
*
* WITH THE EXCEPTION OF PATCH FILES, MINIFIED JAVASCRIPT, AND ALL FILES
* NORMALLY FOUND IN AN UNMODIFIED MINECRAFT RESOURCE PACK, YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED
* TO SHARE, DISTRIBUTE, OR REPURPOSE ANY FILE USED BY OR PRODUCED BY THE
* SOFTWARE IN THIS REPOSITORY WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM THE PROJECT AUTHOR.
*
* NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR MALICIOUS USE
*
* (please read the 'LICENSE' file this repo's root directory for more info)
*
*/
public class HttpWebSocketHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
private final EaglerListenerConfig conf;
private int clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_OPENED;
private int clientProtocolVersion = -1;
private int gameProtocolVersion = -1;
private CharSequence clientBrandString;
private CharSequence clientVersionString;
private CharSequence clientUsername;
private UUID clientUUID;
private CharSequence clientRequestedServer;
private boolean clientAuth;
private byte[] clientAuthUsername;
private byte[] clientAuthPassword;
private EaglercraftIsAuthRequiredEvent authRequireEvent;
private final Map<String, byte[]> profileData = new HashMap();
private boolean hasFirstPacket = false;
private boolean hasBinaryConnection = false;
private boolean connectionClosed = false;
private InetAddress remoteAddress;
private String localAddrString;
private Property texturesOverrideProperty;
private boolean overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins;
public HttpWebSocketHandler(EaglerListenerConfig conf) {
this.conf = conf;
}
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
if(msg instanceof WebSocketFrame) {
if(msg instanceof BinaryWebSocketFrame) {
handleBinary(ctx, ((BinaryWebSocketFrame)msg).content());
}else if(msg instanceof TextWebSocketFrame) {
handleText(ctx, ((TextWebSocketFrame)msg).text());
}else if(msg instanceof PingWebSocketFrame) {
ctx.writeAndFlush(new PongWebSocketFrame());
}else if(msg instanceof CloseWebSocketFrame) {
ctx.close();
}
}else {
EaglerXBungee.logger().severe("Unexpected Packet: " + msg.getClass().getSimpleName());
}
}
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
if (ctx.channel().isActive()) {
EaglerXBungee.logger().warning("[" + ctx.channel().remoteAddress() + "]: Exception Caught: " + cause.toString());
}
}
private void handleBinary(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf buffer) {
if(connectionClosed) {
return;
}
if(!hasFirstPacket) {
if(buffer.readableBytes() >= 2) {
if(buffer.getByte(0) == (byte)2 && buffer.getByte(1) == (byte)69) {
handleLegacyClient(ctx, buffer);
return;
}
}
hasFirstPacket = true;
hasBinaryConnection = true;
SocketAddress localSocketAddr = ctx.channel().remoteAddress();
InetAddress addr = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.REAL_ADDRESS).get();
String limiterAddress = null;
RateLimitStatus loginRateLimit = RateLimitStatus.OK;
if(addr != null) {
remoteAddress = addr;
limiterAddress = addr.getHostAddress();
}else {
if(localSocketAddr instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
remoteAddress = ((InetSocketAddress)localSocketAddr).getAddress();
limiterAddress = remoteAddress.getHostAddress();
}else {
remoteAddress = InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress();
}
}
EaglerRateLimiter limiter = conf.getRatelimitLogin();
if(limiterAddress != null && limiter != null) {
loginRateLimit = limiter.rateLimit(limiterAddress);
}
if(loginRateLimit == RateLimitStatus.LOCKED_OUT) {
ctx.close();
connectionClosed = true;
return;
}
if (loginRateLimit != RateLimitStatus.OK) {
sendErrorCode(ctx,
loginRateLimit == RateLimitStatus.LIMITED_NOW_LOCKED_OUT
? HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_RATELIMIT_LOCKED
: HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_RATELIMIT_BLOCKED,
"Too many logins!").addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
connectionClosed = true;
return;
}
localAddrString = localSocketAddr.toString();
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + localAddrString + "]: Connected via websocket");
if(addr != null) {
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + localAddrString + "]: Real address is " + addr.getHostAddress());
}
String origin = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.ORIGIN).get();
if(origin != null) {
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + localAddrString + "]: Origin header is " + origin);
}else {
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + localAddrString + "]: No origin header is present!");
}
}else if(!hasBinaryConnection) {
connectionClosed = true;
ctx.close();
return;
}
int op = -1;
try {
op = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
switch(op) {
case HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_CLIENT_VERSION: {
if(clientLoginState == HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_OPENED) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_STALLING;
EaglerXBungee eaglerXBungee = EaglerXBungee.getEagler();
EaglerAuthConfig authConfig = eaglerXBungee.getConfig().getAuthConfig();
final int minecraftProtocolVersion = 47;
int eaglerLegacyProtocolVersion = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
if(eaglerLegacyProtocolVersion == 1) {
if(authConfig.isEnableAuthentication()) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "Please update your client to register on this server!")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}else if(buffer.readUnsignedByte() != minecraftProtocolVersion) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_VERSION_MISMATCH);
buf.writeByte(1);
buf.writeByte(1);
buf.writeByte(eaglerLegacyProtocolVersion);
String str = "Outdated Client";
buf.writeByte(str.length());
buf.writeCharSequence(str, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf)).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
}else if(eaglerLegacyProtocolVersion == 2) {
int minProtVers = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
int maxProtVers = -1;
boolean hasV2InList = false;
int minGameVers = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
int maxGameVers = -1;
boolean has47InList = false;
int cnt = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
for(int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
int j = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
if(j == 2) {
hasV2InList = true;
}
if(j > maxProtVers) {
maxProtVers = j;
}
if(j < minProtVers) {
minProtVers = j;
}
}
cnt = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
for(int i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
int j = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
if(j == minecraftProtocolVersion) {
has47InList = true;
}
if(j > maxGameVers) {
maxGameVers = j;
}
if(j < minGameVers) {
minGameVers = j;
}
}
if(minProtVers == Integer.MAX_VALUE || minGameVers == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
throw new IOException();
}
boolean versMisMatch = false;
boolean isServerProbablyOutdated = false;
boolean isClientProbablyOutdated = false;
if(!hasV2InList) {
versMisMatch = true;
isServerProbablyOutdated = minProtVers > 2 && maxProtVers > 2; //make sure to update VersionQueryHandler too
isClientProbablyOutdated = minProtVers < 2 && maxProtVers < 2;
}else if(!has47InList) {
versMisMatch = true;
isServerProbablyOutdated = minGameVers > minecraftProtocolVersion && maxGameVers > minecraftProtocolVersion;
isClientProbablyOutdated = minGameVers < minecraftProtocolVersion && maxGameVers < minecraftProtocolVersion;
}
if(versMisMatch) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_VERSION_MISMATCH);
buf.writeShort(1);
buf.writeShort(2); // want version 2
buf.writeShort(1);
buf.writeShort(minecraftProtocolVersion); // want game version 47
String str = isClientProbablyOutdated ? "Outdated Client" : (isServerProbablyOutdated ? "Outdated Server" : "Unsupported Client Version");
buf.writeByte(str.length());
buf.writeCharSequence(str, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf)).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
}else {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "Legacy protocol version should always be '2' on post-snapshot clients")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
int strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
CharSequence eaglerBrand = buffer.readCharSequence(strlen, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
CharSequence eaglerVersionString = buffer.readCharSequence(strlen, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
if(eaglerLegacyProtocolVersion >= 2) {
clientAuth = buffer.readBoolean();
strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
clientAuthUsername = new byte[strlen];
buffer.readBytes(clientAuthUsername);
}
if(buffer.isReadable()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Packet too long");
}
boolean useSnapshotFallbackProtocol = false;
if(eaglerLegacyProtocolVersion == 1 && !authConfig.isEnableAuthentication()) {
useSnapshotFallbackProtocol = true;
clientAuth = false;
clientAuthUsername = null;
}
InetAddress addr = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.REAL_ADDRESS).get();
if(addr == null) {
SocketAddress remoteSocketAddr = ctx.channel().remoteAddress();
if(remoteSocketAddr instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
addr = ((InetSocketAddress)remoteSocketAddr).getAddress();
}else {
addr = InetAddress.getLoopbackAddress();
}
}
final int final_eaglerProtocolVersion = 2;
final boolean final_useSnapshotFallbackProtocol = useSnapshotFallbackProtocol;
Runnable continueThread = () -> {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_VERSION;
clientProtocolVersion = final_eaglerProtocolVersion;
gameProtocolVersion = 47;
clientBrandString = eaglerBrand;
clientVersionString = eaglerVersionString;
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_SERVER_VERSION);
if(final_useSnapshotFallbackProtocol) {
buf.writeByte(1);
}else {
buf.writeShort(final_eaglerProtocolVersion);
buf.writeShort(minecraftProtocolVersion);
}
String brandStr = eaglerXBungee.getDescription().getName();
buf.writeByte(brandStr.length());
buf.writeCharSequence(brandStr, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
String versStr = eaglerXBungee.getDescription().getVersion();
buf.writeByte(versStr.length());
buf.writeCharSequence(versStr, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
if(!authConfig.isEnableAuthentication() || !clientAuth) {
buf.writeByte(0);
buf.writeShort(0);
}else {
int meth = getAuthMethodId(authRequireEvent.getUseAuthType());
if(meth == -1) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "Unsupported authentication method resolved")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
EaglerXBungee.logger().severe("[" + localAddrString + "]: Disconnecting, unsupported AuthMethod: " + authRequireEvent.getUseAuthType());
return;
}
buf.writeByte(meth);
byte[] saltingData = authRequireEvent.getSaltingData();
if(saltingData != null) {
buf.writeShort(saltingData.length);
buf.writeBytes(saltingData);
}else {
buf.writeShort(0);
}
}
ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf));
};
authRequireEvent = null;
if(authConfig.isEnableAuthentication()) {
String origin = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.ORIGIN).get();
try {
authRequireEvent = new EaglercraftIsAuthRequiredEvent(conf, remoteAddress, origin,
clientAuth, clientAuthUsername, (reqAuthEvent) -> {
if(authRequireEvent.shouldKickUser()) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, authRequireEvent.getKickMessage())
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
AuthResponse resp = authRequireEvent.getAuthRequired();
if(resp == null) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "IsAuthRequiredEvent was not handled")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
EaglerXBungee.logger().severe("[" + localAddrString + "]: Disconnecting, no installed authentication system handled: " + authRequireEvent.toString());
return;
}
if(resp == AuthResponse.DENY) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, authRequireEvent.getKickMessage())
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
AuthMethod type = authRequireEvent.getUseAuthType();
if(type == null) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "IsAuthRequiredEvent was not fully handled")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
EaglerXBungee.logger().severe("[" + localAddrString + "]: Disconnecting, no authentication method provided by handler");
return;
}
int typeId = getAuthMethodId(type);
if(typeId == -1) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "Unsupported authentication method resolved")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
EaglerXBungee.logger().severe("[" + localAddrString + "]: Disconnecting, unsupported AuthMethod: " + type);
return;
}
if(!clientAuth && resp == AuthResponse.REQUIRE) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED,
HandshakePacketTypes.AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED + " [" + typeId + "] " + authRequireEvent.getAuthMessage())
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + localAddrString + "]: Displaying authentication screen");
return;
}else {
if(authRequireEvent.getUseAuthType() == null) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE, "IsAuthRequiredEvent was not fully handled")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
EaglerXBungee.logger().severe("[" + localAddrString + "]: Disconnecting, no authentication method provided by handler");
return;
}
}
continueThread.run();
});
if(authConfig.isUseBuiltInAuthentication()) {
DefaultAuthSystem authSystem = eaglerXBungee.getAuthService();
if(authSystem != null) {
authSystem.handleIsAuthRequiredEvent(authRequireEvent);
}
}else {
eaglerXBungee.getProxy().getPluginManager().callEvent(authRequireEvent);
}
if(!authRequireEvent.isAsyncContinue()) {
authRequireEvent.doDirectContinue();
}
}catch(Throwable t) {
throw new EventException(t);
}
}else {
continueThread.run();
}
}else {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
sendErrorWrong(ctx, op, "STATE_OPENED").addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
}
break;
case HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_CLIENT_REQUEST_LOGIN: {
if(clientLoginState == HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_VERSION) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_STALLING;
int strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
clientUsername = buffer.readCharSequence(strlen, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
String usrs = clientUsername.toString();
if(!usrs.equals(usrs.replaceAll("[^A-Za-z0-9_]", "_").trim())) {
sendLoginDenied(ctx, "Invalid characters in username")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
if(clientUsername.length() < 3) {
sendLoginDenied(ctx, "Username must be at least 3 characters")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
if(clientUsername.length() > 16) {
sendLoginDenied(ctx, "Username must be under 16 characters")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
if(clientAuthUsername == null) {
clientAuthUsername = new byte[strlen];
for(int i = 0; i < strlen; ++i) {
clientAuthUsername[i] = (byte)clientUsername.charAt(i);
}
}
String offlinePlayerStr = "OfflinePlayer:";
byte[] uuidHashGenerator = new byte[offlinePlayerStr.length() + clientAuthUsername.length];
System.arraycopy(offlinePlayerStr.getBytes(StandardCharsets.US_ASCII), 0, uuidHashGenerator, 0, offlinePlayerStr.length());
System.arraycopy(clientAuthUsername, 0, uuidHashGenerator, offlinePlayerStr.length(), clientAuthUsername.length);
clientUUID = UUID.nameUUIDFromBytes(uuidHashGenerator);
strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
clientRequestedServer = buffer.readCharSequence(strlen, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
clientAuthPassword = new byte[strlen];
buffer.readBytes(clientAuthPassword);
if(buffer.isReadable()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Packet too long");
}
Runnable continueThread = () -> {
final BungeeCord bungee = BungeeCord.getInstance();
String usernameStr = clientUsername.toString();
final ProxiedPlayer oldName = bungee.getPlayer(usernameStr);
if (oldName != null) {
sendLoginDenied(ctx, bungee.getTranslation("already_connected_proxy", new Object[0]))
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_LOGIN;
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_SERVER_ALLOW_LOGIN);
buf.writeByte(clientUsername.length());
buf.writeCharSequence(clientUsername, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
buf.writeLong(clientUUID.getMostSignificantBits());
buf.writeLong(clientUUID.getLeastSignificantBits());
ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf));
};
EaglerXBungee eaglerXBungee = EaglerXBungee.getEagler();
EaglerAuthConfig authConfig = eaglerXBungee.getConfig().getAuthConfig();
if(authConfig.isEnableAuthentication() && clientAuth) {
if(clientAuthPassword.length == 0) {
sendLoginDenied(ctx, "Client provided no authentication code")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}else {
try {
EaglercraftHandleAuthPasswordEvent handleEvent = new EaglercraftHandleAuthPasswordEvent(
conf, remoteAddress, authRequireEvent.getOriginHeader(), clientAuthUsername,
authRequireEvent.getSaltingData(), clientUsername, clientUUID, clientAuthPassword,
authRequireEvent.getUseAuthType(), authRequireEvent.getAuthMessage(),
(Object) authRequireEvent.getAuthAttachment(), clientRequestedServer.toString(),
(handleAuthEvent) -> {
if(handleAuthEvent.getLoginAllowed() != EaglercraftHandleAuthPasswordEvent.AuthResponse.ALLOW) {
sendLoginDenied(ctx, handleAuthEvent.getLoginDeniedMessage()).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
clientUsername = handleAuthEvent.getProfileUsername();
clientUUID = handleAuthEvent.getProfileUUID();
String texPropOverrideValue = handleAuthEvent.getApplyTexturesPropertyValue();
if(texPropOverrideValue != null) {
String texPropOverrideSig = handleAuthEvent.getApplyTexturesPropertySignature();
texturesOverrideProperty = new Property("textures", texPropOverrideValue, texPropOverrideSig);
}
overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins = handleAuthEvent.isOverrideEaglerToVanillaSkins();
continueThread.run();
});
if(authConfig.isUseBuiltInAuthentication()) {
DefaultAuthSystem authSystem = eaglerXBungee.getAuthService();
if(authSystem != null) {
authSystem.handleAuthPasswordEvent(handleEvent);
}
}else {
eaglerXBungee.getProxy().getPluginManager().callEvent(handleEvent);
}
if(!handleEvent.isAsyncContinue()) {
handleEvent.doDirectContinue();
}
}catch(Throwable t) {
throw new EventException(t);
}
}
}else {
continueThread.run();
}
}else {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
sendErrorWrong(ctx, op, "STATE_CLIENT_VERSION")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
}
break;
case HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_CLIENT_PROFILE_DATA: {
if(clientLoginState == HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_LOGIN) {
if(profileData.size() > 12) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_EXCESSIVE_PROFILE_DATA, "Too many profile data packets recieved")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
int strlen = buffer.readUnsignedByte();
String dataType = buffer.readCharSequence(strlen, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII).toString();
strlen = buffer.readUnsignedShort();
byte[] readData = new byte[strlen];
buffer.readBytes(readData);
if(buffer.isReadable()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Packet too long");
}
if(!profileData.containsKey(dataType)) {
profileData.put(dataType, readData);
}else {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_DUPLICATE_PROFILE_DATA, "Multiple profile data packets of the same type recieved")
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
}else {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
sendErrorWrong(ctx, op, "STATE_CLIENT_LOGIN").addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
}
break;
case HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_CLIENT_FINISH_LOGIN: {
if(clientLoginState == HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_LOGIN) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_STALLING;
if(buffer.isReadable()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Packet too long");
}
finish(ctx);
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
}else {
sendErrorWrong(ctx, op, "STATE_CLIENT_LOGIN").addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
}
break;
default:
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_UNKNOWN_PACKET, "Unknown Packet #" + op)
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
break;
}
}catch(Throwable ex) {
if(ex instanceof EventException) {
EaglerXBungee.logger().log(Level.SEVERE, "[" + localAddrString + "]: Hanshake packet " + op + " caught an exception", ex.getCause());
}
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_INVALID_PACKET, op == -1 ?
"Invalid Packet" : "Invalid Packet #" + op)
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
}
private void finish(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
final BungeeCord bungee = BungeeCord.getInstance();
final String usernameStr = clientUsername.toString();
final ProxiedPlayer oldName = bungee.getPlayer(usernameStr);
if (oldName != null) {
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE,
bungee.getTranslation("already_connected_proxy", new Object[0]))
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
final ChannelWrapper ch = new EaglerChannelWrapper(ctx);
InetSocketAddress baseAddress = (InetSocketAddress)ctx.channel().remoteAddress();
InetAddress addr = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.REAL_ADDRESS).get();
if(addr != null) {
baseAddress = new InetSocketAddress(addr, baseAddress.getPort());
ch.setRemoteAddress(baseAddress);
}
final EaglerInitialHandler initialHandler = new EaglerInitialHandler(bungee, conf, ch, gameProtocolVersion,
usernameStr, clientUUID, baseAddress, ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.HOST).get());
final Callback<LoginEvent> complete = (Callback<LoginEvent>) new Callback<LoginEvent>() {
public void done(final LoginEvent result, final Throwable error) {
if (result.isCancelled()) {
final BaseComponent[] reason = result.getCancelReasonComponents();
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE,
ComponentSerializer.toString(reason != null ? reason
: TextComponent.fromLegacyText(bungee.getTranslation("kick_message", new Object[0]))))
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
return;
}
if (!ctx.channel().isActive()) {
return;
}
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_SERVER_FINISH_LOGIN);
ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf)).addListener(new GenericFutureListener<Future<Void>>() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(Future<Void> var1) throws Exception {
EaglerConnectionInstance eaglerCon = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.CONNECTION_INSTANCE).get();
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + ctx.channel().remoteAddress() + "]: Logged in as '" + usernameStr + "'");
final UserConnection userCon = eaglerCon.userConnection = new UserConnection(bungee, ch, usernameStr, initialHandler);
userCon.setCompressionThreshold(-1);
userCon.init();
ChannelPipeline pp = ctx.channel().pipeline();
HandlerBoss handler = new HandlerBoss() {
public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
super.channelInactive(ctx);
EaglerPipeline.closeChannel(ctx.channel());
}
};
handler.setHandler(new UpstreamBridge(bungee, userCon));
try {
handler.channelActive(ctx);
} catch (Exception e) {
}
pp.replace(HttpWebSocketHandler.this, "HandlerBoss", handler);
pp.addBefore("HandlerBoss", "ReadTimeoutHandler", new ReadTimeoutHandler((BungeeCord.getInstance()).config.getTimeout(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
pp.addBefore("HandlerBoss", "EaglerMinecraftDecoder", new EaglerMinecraftDecoder(
EaglerBungeeProtocol.GAME, false, gameProtocolVersion));
pp.addBefore("HandlerBoss", "EaglerMinecraftByteBufEncoder", new EaglerMinecraftByteBufEncoder());
pp.addBefore("HandlerBoss", "EaglerMinecraftWrappedEncoder", new EaglerMinecraftWrappedEncoder());
pp.addBefore("HandlerBoss", "EaglerMinecraftEncoder", new EaglerMinecraftEncoder(
EaglerBungeeProtocol.GAME, true, gameProtocolVersion));
boolean doRegisterSkins = true;
EaglercraftRegisterSkinEvent registerSkinEvent = new EaglercraftRegisterSkinEvent(usernameStr, clientUUID);
bungee.getPluginManager().callEvent(registerSkinEvent);
Property prop = registerSkinEvent.getForceUseMojangProfileProperty();
boolean useExistingProp = registerSkinEvent.getForceUseLoginResultObjectTextures();
if(prop != null) {
texturesOverrideProperty = prop;
overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins = true;
}else {
if(useExistingProp) {
overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins = true;
}else {
byte[] custom = registerSkinEvent.getForceSetUseCustomPacket();
if(custom != null) {
profileData.put("skin_v1", custom);
overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins = false;
}else {
String customUrl = registerSkinEvent.getForceSetUseURL();
if(customUrl != null) {
EaglerXBungee.getEagler().getSkinService().registerTextureToPlayerAssociation(customUrl, initialHandler.getUniqueId());
doRegisterSkins = false;
overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins = false;
}
}
}
}
EaglerBungeeConfig eaglerConf = EaglerXBungee.getEagler().getConfig();
if(texturesOverrideProperty != null) {
LoginResult oldProfile = initialHandler.getLoginProfile();
if(oldProfile == null) {
oldProfile = new LoginResult(initialHandler.getUniqueId().toString(), initialHandler.getName(), null);
initialHandler.setLoginProfile(oldProfile);
}
oldProfile.setProperties(new Property[] { texturesOverrideProperty, EaglerBungeeConfig.isEaglerProperty });
}else {
if(!useExistingProp) {
String vanillaSkin = eaglerConf.getEaglerPlayersVanillaSkin();
if(vanillaSkin != null) {
LoginResult oldProfile = initialHandler.getLoginProfile();
if(oldProfile == null) {
oldProfile = new LoginResult(initialHandler.getUniqueId().toString(), initialHandler.getName(), null);
initialHandler.setLoginProfile(oldProfile);
}
oldProfile.setProperties(eaglerConf.getEaglerPlayersVanillaSkinProperties());
}
}
}
if(overrideEaglerToVanillaSkins) {
LoginResult res = initialHandler.getLoginProfile();
if(res != null) {
Property[] props = res.getProperties();
if(props != null) {
for(int i = 0; i < props.length; ++i) {
if("textures".equals(props[i].getName())) {
try {
String jsonStr = SkinPackets.bytesToAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(props[i].getValue()));
JsonObject json = (new JsonParser()).parse(jsonStr).getAsJsonObject();
JsonObject skinObj = json.getAsJsonObject("SKIN");
if(skinObj != null) {
JsonElement url = json.get("url");
if(url != null) {
String urlStr = SkinService.sanitizeTextureURL(url.getAsString());
EaglerXBungee.getEagler().getSkinService().registerTextureToPlayerAssociation(urlStr, initialHandler.getUniqueId());
}
}
doRegisterSkins = false;
}catch(Throwable t) {
}
break;
}
}
}
}
}
if(doRegisterSkins) {
if(profileData.containsKey("skin_v1")) {
try {
SkinPackets.registerEaglerPlayer(clientUUID, profileData.get("skin_v1"),
EaglerXBungee.getEagler().getSkinService());
} catch (Throwable ex) {
SkinPackets.registerEaglerPlayerFallback(clientUUID, EaglerXBungee.getEagler().getSkinService());
EaglerXBungee.logger().info("[" + ctx.channel().remoteAddress() + "]: Invalid skin packet: " + ex.toString());
}
}else {
SkinPackets.registerEaglerPlayerFallback(clientUUID, EaglerXBungee.getEagler().getSkinService());
}
}
bungee.getPluginManager().callEvent(new PostLoginEvent(userCon));
ServerInfo server;
if (bungee.getReconnectHandler() != null) {
server = bungee.getReconnectHandler().getServer((ProxiedPlayer) userCon);
} else {
server = AbstractReconnectHandler.getForcedHost(initialHandler);
}
if (server == null) {
server = bungee.getServerInfo(conf.getDefaultServer());
}
eaglerCon.hasBeenForwarded = true;
userCon.connect(server, null, true, ServerConnectEvent.Reason.JOIN_PROXY);
}
});
}
};
final Callback<PreLoginEvent> completePre = new Callback<PreLoginEvent>() {
public void done(PreLoginEvent var1, Throwable var2) {
if (var1.isCancelled()) {
final BaseComponent[] reason = var1.getCancelReasonComponents();
sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_CUSTOM_MESSAGE,
ComponentSerializer.toString(reason != null ? reason
: TextComponent.fromLegacyText(bungee.getTranslation("kick_message", new Object[0]))))
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}else {
bungee.getPluginManager().callEvent(new LoginEvent(initialHandler, complete));
}
}
};
bungee.getPluginManager().callEvent(new PreLoginEvent(initialHandler, completePre));
}
private static class EventException extends RuntimeException {
public EventException(Throwable t) {
super(t.toString(), t);
}
}
private void handleText(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String str) {
if(connectionClosed) {
return;
}
if(!hasFirstPacket && (conf.isAllowMOTD() || conf.isAllowQuery()) && (str = str.toLowerCase()).startsWith("accept:")) {
str = str.substring(7).trim();
hasFirstPacket = true;
hasBinaryConnection = false;
if(CommandConfirmCode.confirmHash != null && str.equalsIgnoreCase(CommandConfirmCode.confirmHash)) {
ctx.writeAndFlush(new TextWebSocketFrame("OK")).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
CommandConfirmCode.confirmHash = null;
connectionClosed = true;
return;
}
boolean isMOTD = str.startsWith("motd");
SocketAddress localSocketAddr = ctx.channel().remoteAddress();
InetAddress addr = ctx.channel().attr(EaglerPipeline.REAL_ADDRESS).get();
String limiterAddress = null;
RateLimitStatus queryRateLimit = RateLimitStatus.OK;
if(addr != null) {
limiterAddress = addr.getHostAddress();
}else {
if(localSocketAddr instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
limiterAddress = ((InetSocketAddress)localSocketAddr).getAddress().getHostAddress();
}
}
EaglerRateLimiter limiter = isMOTD ? conf.getRatelimitMOTD() : conf.getRatelimitQuery();
if(limiterAddress != null && limiter != null) {
queryRateLimit = limiter.rateLimit(limiterAddress);
}
if(queryRateLimit == RateLimitStatus.LOCKED_OUT) {
ctx.close();
connectionClosed = true;
return;
}
if(queryRateLimit != RateLimitStatus.OK) {
final RateLimitStatus rateLimitTypeFinal = queryRateLimit;
ctx.writeAndFlush(new TextWebSocketFrame(
rateLimitTypeFinal == RateLimitStatus.LIMITED_NOW_LOCKED_OUT ? "{\"type\":\"locked\"}" : "{\"type\":\"blocked\"}"))
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
connectionClosed = true;
return;
}
HttpServerQueryHandler handler = null;
if(isMOTD) {
if(conf.isAllowMOTD()) {
handler = new MOTDQueryHandler();
}
}else if(conf.isAllowQuery()) {
handler = QueryManager.createQueryHandler(str);
}
if(handler != null) {
ctx.pipeline().replace(HttpWebSocketHandler.this, "HttpServerQueryHandler", handler);
ctx.pipeline().addBefore("HttpServerQueryHandler", "WriteTimeoutHandler", new WriteTimeoutHandler(5l, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
handler.beginHandleQuery(conf, ctx, str);
if(handler instanceof MOTDQueryHandler) {
EaglercraftMOTDEvent evt = new EaglercraftMOTDEvent((MOTDQueryHandler)handler);
BungeeCord.getInstance().getPluginManager().callEvent(evt);
if(!handler.isClosed()) {
((MOTDQueryHandler)handler).sendToUser();
}
}
if(!handler.isClosed() && !handler.shouldKeepAlive()) {
connectionClosed = true;
handler.close();
}
}else {
connectionClosed = true;
ctx.close();
}
}else {
connectionClosed = true;
ctx.close();
return;
}
}
private int getAuthMethodId(AuthMethod meth) {
switch(meth) {
case PLAINTEXT:
return 255; // plaintext authentication
case EAGLER_SHA256:
return 1; // eagler_sha256 authentication
case AUTHME_SHA256:
return 2; // authme_sha256 authentication
default:
return -1;
}
}
private ChannelFuture sendLoginDenied(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String reason) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
connectionClosed = true;
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_SERVER_DENY_LOGIN);
byte[] msg = reason.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
buf.writeByte(msg.length);
buf.writeBytes(msg);
return ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf));
}
private ChannelFuture sendErrorWrong(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int op, String state) {
return sendErrorCode(ctx, HandshakePacketTypes.SERVER_ERROR_WRONG_PACKET, "Wrong Packet #" + op + " in state '" + state + "'");
}
private ChannelFuture sendErrorCode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int code, String str) {
clientLoginState = HandshakePacketTypes.STATE_CLIENT_COMPLETE;
connectionClosed = true;
ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer();
buf.writeByte(HandshakePacketTypes.PROTOCOL_SERVER_ERROR);
buf.writeByte(code);
byte[] msg = str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
buf.writeByte(msg.length);
buf.writeBytes(msg);
return ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(buf));
}
public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
connectionClosed = true;
EaglerPipeline.closeChannel(ctx.channel());
}
private void handleLegacyClient(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf buffer) {
connectionClosed = true;
ByteBuf kickMsg = ctx.alloc().buffer();
final String redir = conf.redirectLegacyClientsTo();
if(redir != null) {
writeLegacyRedirect(kickMsg, redir);
}else {
writeLegacyKick(kickMsg, "This is an EaglercraftX 1.8 server, it is not compatible with 1.5.2!");
}
ctx.writeAndFlush(new BinaryWebSocketFrame(kickMsg)).addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture var1) throws Exception {
ctx.channel().eventLoop().schedule(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ctx.close();
}
}, redir != null ? 100l : 500l, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
}
});
}
public static void writeLegacyKick(ByteBuf buffer, String message) {
buffer.writeByte(0xFF);
buffer.writeShort(message.length());
for(int i = 0, l = message.length(), j; i < l; ++i) {
j = message.charAt(i);
buffer.writeByte((j >> 8) & 0xFF);
buffer.writeByte(j & 0xFF);
}
}
public static void writeLegacyRedirect(ByteBuf buffer, String redirect) {
buffer.writeBytes(legacyRedirectHeader);
byte[] redirect_ = redirect.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
buffer.writeByte((redirect_.length >> 8) & 0xFF);
buffer.writeByte(redirect_.length & 0xFF);
buffer.writeBytes(redirect_);
}
private static final byte[] legacyRedirectHeader;
static {
ByteArrayOutputStream bao = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(bao);
try {
// Packet1Login
dos.writeByte(0x01);
dos.writeInt(0);
dos.writeShort(0);
dos.writeByte(0);
dos.writeByte(0);
dos.writeByte(0xFF);
dos.writeByte(0);
dos.writeByte(0);
// Packet250CustomPayload
dos.writeByte(0xFA);
String channel = "EAG|Reconnect";
int cl = channel.length();
dos.writeShort(cl);
for(int i = 0; i < cl; ++i) {
dos.writeChar(channel.charAt(i));
}
}catch(IOException ex) {
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
legacyRedirectHeader = bao.toByteArray();
}
}
| 44,483 |
https://github.com/oalvarez0593/Curso_Sass/blob/master/Scss/base/_buttons.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Curso_Sass
|
oalvarez0593
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 40 | 143 |
/*---------------------------*\
$Buttons
/*---------------------------*/
.btn {
display: inline-block;
color: $buttoncolor;
background-color: $buttonbackgroundcolor;
line-height: 2.5;
border-radius: $border-radius;
font-size: $buttonfontsize;
}
//Elementos dentro de un boton.
.btn__icon {
font-size: .6em;
}
//Propiedades que cambian para ese mismo boton
.btn--info {
background-color: $color-info;
}
| 44,393 |
https://github.com/sgomezsaez/SCARF-UtilityModule/blob/master/Kereta/src/de/mackfn/kereta/objects/Function.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
SCARF-UtilityModule
|
sgomezsaez
|
Java
|
Code
| 663 | 2,285 |
package de.mackfn.kereta.objects;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext;
import javax.xml.bind.Marshaller;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlRootElement;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlType;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMResult;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import de.mackfn.kereta.tools.Connector;
@XmlRootElement(name = "function")
@XmlType(propOrder={"id", "alias", "formula", "description", "functionType", "author", "create"})
public class Function {
private String id;
private String formula;
private String description;
private String functionType;
private String author;
private String alias;
private Date create;
public Function()
{
this.id = "";
this.formula = "";
this.description = "";
this.functionType = "";
this.author = "";
this.create = null;
this.alias = "";
}
private static Function parseResultSet(ResultSet set)
{
Function result = null;
if (set != null) {
try {
result = new Function();
result.setId(set.getString("id"));
result.setFormula(set.getString("function"));
result.setDescription(set.getString("description"));
result.setFunctionType(set.getString("function_type"));
result.setAuthor(set.getString("author"));
result.setCreate(set.getTimestamp("create"));
result.setAlias(set.getString("alias"));
} catch (Exception e) {
result = null;
}
}
return result;
}
public static Function createFunction(Connector con) throws Exception
{
java.util.UUID uuid = java.util.UUID.randomUUID();
String sql = "INSERT INTO kereta_function (id) VALUES (?)";
PreparedStatement prep;
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prep.setString(1, uuid.toString());
prep.execute();
return Function.getFunction(con, uuid.toString());
}
public boolean deleteFunction(Connector con) throws Exception
{
String sql = "DELETE FROM kereta_function WHERE id=?";
PreparedStatement prep;
try
{
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prep.setString(1, this.getId());
prep.execute();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
public static Function createFunction(Connector con, String function, String description, String function_type, String author, String alias) throws Exception
{
java.util.UUID uuid = java.util.UUID.randomUUID();
String sql = "INSERT INTO kereta_function (id, function, description, function_type, author, alias) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
PreparedStatement prep;
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prep.setString(1, uuid.toString());
prep.setString(2, function);
prep.setString(3, description);
prep.setString(4, function_type);
prep.setString(5, author);
prep.setString(6, alias);
prep.execute();
return Function.getFunction(con, uuid.toString());
}
public boolean updateFunction(Connector con) throws Exception
{
String sql = "UPDATE kereta_function SET function=?, description=?, function_type=?, author=?, alias=? WHERE id=?";
PreparedStatement prep;
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prep.setString(1, this.getFormula());
prep.setString(2, this.getDescription());
prep.setString(3, this.getFunctionType());
prep.setString(4, this.getAuthor());
prep.setString(5, this.getAlias());
prep.setString(6, this.getId());
prep.execute();
return true;
}
public static Function getFunction(Connector con, String id)
{
Function result = null;
String sql= "SELECT * FROM kereta_function WHERE id=? OR alias=?";
//if (id.length() == 36) sql = "SELECT * FROM kereta_function WHERE id=?";
//else sql = "SELECT * FROM kereta_function WHERE alias=?";
PreparedStatement prep;
try {
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prep.setString(1, id);
prep.setString(2, id);
ResultSet set = prep.executeQuery();
if (set.next()) {
result = parseResultSet(set);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
}
return result;
}
public static List<String> getFunctionIDs(Connector con, String type)
{
List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
String sql;
if (type.equals("")) sql = "SELECT id FROM kereta_function";
else sql = "SELECT id FROM kereta_function WHERE function_type=?";
PreparedStatement prep;
try {
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
if (!type.equals("")) prep.setString(1, type);
ResultSet set = prep.executeQuery();
while (set.next()) {
result.add(set.getString("id"));
}
} catch (Exception e) {
}
return result;
}
public static List<String> getUtilityFunctionFunctionIDs(Connector con, String utilityFunctionId, String functionType) throws Exception
{
List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
String sql;
if (functionType.equals("")) sql = "SELECT fct.id FROM (kereta_function AS fct INNER JOIN kereta_subfunction AS sf ON fct.id=sf.function_id) WHERE sf.utility_function_id=?";
else sql = "SELECT fct.id FROM (kereta_function AS fct INNER JOIN kereta_subfunction AS sf ON fct.id=sf.function_id) WHERE sf.utility_function_id=? and fct.function_type=?";
PreparedStatement prep;
prep = con.getConnection().prepareStatement(sql);
prep.setString(1, utilityFunctionId);
if (!functionType.equals("")) prep.setString(2, functionType);
ResultSet set = prep.executeQuery();
while (set.next()) {
result.add(set.getString("id"));
}
return result;
}
public Document toDOM() throws Exception
{
Marshaller marshaller = JAXBContext.newInstance(Function.class).createMarshaller();
DOMResult res = new DOMResult();
marshaller.marshal(this, res);
return (Document)res.getNode();
}
public final String getId() {
return id;
}
public final void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
public final String getFormula() {
return formula;
}
public final void setFormula(String formula) {
this.formula = formula;
}
public final String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public final void setDescription(String description) {
this.description = description;
}
public final String getFunctionType() {
return functionType;
}
public final void setFunctionType(String functionType) {
this.functionType = functionType;
}
public final String getAuthor() {
return author;
}
public final void setAuthor(String author) {
this.author = author;
}
public final String getAlias() {
return alias;
}
public final void setAlias(String alias) {
this.alias = alias;
}
public final Date getCreate() {
return create;
}
public final void setCreate(Date create) {
this.create = create;
}
}
| 19,678 |
bsb00079397_3
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,897 |
Balázsy, Ferencz: Heves vármegye története. 1
|
None
|
Hungarian
|
Spoken
| 7,466 | 17,921 |
István egész megyéket nem foglalhatott el a várak részére; mivel azok a megyék vagy azoknak jelentékenyebb részei már ki voltak fakta főre exhibitionibus trium litterarum inquisitionalium unius Budensis, alterius verő dicti agriensis capitulorum ecclesiarum et térci comitis vel vicecomitis et indicum nobilium dicti comitatus Hewesiensis sub uno sensu et forma verborum loquentium in diversis terminis emanatarum, dicto domino nostro regi ad nostram literariam amicabilem petitionem rescriptarum comprobando eidem actori ex parte memoratorum in causam attractorum per nos in premissis iuris equitatem postulavit impertiri, quo audito Ladislaus, Sándor de Rede pro prefatis Nicolao Dósa de Rede ac Johanne et altero Nicolao in causam attractis cum procuratoriis litteris dicti capituli ecclesiae Agriensis in nostram exurgendo presentiam respondit ex adverso, quomodo üdém in causam attracti in totali premissa actione et acqui- sitione dicti actoris innocentes essent penitus et immunes, et quia procurator partium prescriptarum eorum allegata nullo ampliori documento comprobabat sed eisdem iuxta preexhibitarum trium litterarum inquisitionalium vigores per nos in premissis iuris equitatem preberi postulabant; pro eo nos hiis perceptis iudicantes commisimus modo, ut antefati Nicolaus Dósa de Rede ac Johannes et Nicolaus Alii eiusdem centesimo quinquagesimo se nobilibus, quilibet videlicet eorum quinquagesimo se ita videlicet, ut annotatus Dósa de Rede vigesimo octavo, dictusque Johannes de eadem Rede vigesimo nono prescriptus autem alter Nicolaus de Rede tricesimo diebus festi beati Martini episcopi et confessoris nunc venturi, terminis scilicet post se se immediate affuturis semper coram dicto capitulo ecclesiae Agriensis super eo, quod ipsi in totali premissa actione et acquisizione dicti actoris innocentes sint et existant penitus et immunes sacramenta prestare, et tandem ipsarum iuramentalium depositionura series, ut fuerit expediens partes in litteris memorati capituli ecclesiae Agriensis ad octavas festi epiphaniarum domini similiter nunc venturas legitimé perdurando dicto domino nostro regi reportare teneantur. Dátum Budapest sexagesimo die octavarum festi beati Jacobi apostoli predictarum anno domini millesimo quadringentesimo sexagesimo sexto. Különleges: Super iuramentis. Pro Nicolao Dosa de Rede ac Johanne et Nicolao filiis eiusdem de eadem contra Johannem de Zentliersebeth per eosdem Nicolaum Dosa ac Johannem et Nicolaum filios eiusdem centesimo quingaquesti se nobilibus quemlibet. videlicet eorum quinquagesimo se ita 75 Desercisi Incze a Takson vezér alatt bejött izmaelitáktól szármatatja a jászokat. Őt követi Jerney János, ki a jászoknak ezen származását hosszasabban vitatja. Katona István úgy vélekedik, hogy a sz. László király által legyőzött kunok nem a mai Jászságba, hanem a Duna és Tisza vidékére, a mai Kis- és Nagy-Kunságba telepítettek. Gyárfás István, ki a jászok és kunok történetét tüzetesen tanulmányozta, igyára ide vonatkozólag: „A Kopulch és Akussali csatában - elfogott kunokat, miután ezek a keresztény vallást elfogadták, László király Horváth Péter szerint a mai Jászságban telepítette le; de ez mind csak gyanítás és valamint az is, hogy Katona szerint ezek a Tiszán innen és túl nyertek volna szállást... miután a mai jászoknak hazánkba beköltözését semmi történelmi adat nem igazolja; a mai magyarországi jászok eredetét nem lehetne-e a Kopulch seregében talán harczolt s László király által elfogott besenyő-jászoknál keresni?" Találkoztak oly írók is, kik kellően nem ismerve a jászok nemzetiségét és nyelvét, az ide vonatkozó kérdésben nagyon megtévesztettek, őket nem magyar, hanem egészen más nemzetbélieknek írván, így P. Ranzi Péter olasz püspök, Ferdinánd nápolyi királynak I. Mátyás magyar királynál volt követe, ki e minőségben sokat időtvén a magyar királyi udvarnál, ott a királyi levéltárban talált valami régibb kézirat nyomán rövid kivonatban megírta Magyarország történelmét s e munkájában a jászokról azt írta, hogy ők németek és elrontott néven nevezik magukat jászoknak. Wernher György szintén nem tartja őket magyaroknak, mert azt írta róluk, hogy ők saját ősi különös s a magyarokétól különbszó füvek megtartották. Íme elősoroltuk az eltérő véleményeket és kételyeket, melyek a följebb említett történetíróink előadásával ellenkeznek s a kevésbé avatottak előtt a jászok eredetét s itteni megtelepítésük idejét kétessé tehetik; de ezek minket nem igen hoznak zavarba, ha bővebben megvizsgáljuk: hogy mit és mennyit nyomnak azok a komolyabb írások latján. Hogy csak röviden s emlékezetük maradt fenn. A jászok ellenben, vagyis azok a kunok, kiktől a jászok származtak, már eredetüknél fogva a magyar fajhoz tartoztak, történetünkben saját nevük alatt szerepeltek és szerencsésen fennmaradtak egészen mostanáig, és habár megvoltak is törvényeik és kiváltságaik által a többi magyaroktól különböztetve, de azoktól egészen egy nemzetet vagy nemzetséget képeztek. Tovább az izmaelitákat úgy említik és tüntetik fel régi törvényeink s íróink, mint kereskedőket, kincstári haszonbérlőket és tisztviselőket, kik hivatalukkal visszaélve, a népet csalták és zsarolták s azért a nép előtt gyűlöletesek voltak. A jászok ellenben soha sem űztek kereskedést, hanem csak marha tenyésztők és földmívők voltak, ők nemcsak nem űztek kereskedést, hanem attól egészen idegenkedtek, még későbbi időben sem igen vállalkoztak kereskedésre, hanem leginkább csak beszármazott idegenek folytatták azt közöttük. És itt különös figyelmet érdemel e népnek ősi foglalkozása és jellemvonása, mely egészen elüt az izmaelitákétól és világosan megcáfolja Jerney véleményét. Jerney Jász-Berény nevét is Bila nevű imám vezértől származtatja; azonban az imám Birinnek vértanúnak szentnek a neve tükrözi vissza, mely nevén neveztetett az az előkelő jász, aki keresztény hitre térvén, a keresztségben Birin vértanú nevét vette föl, aki e helynek első birtokosa volt vagy alapítója. Így szintén a Misra puszta nevét is hasonnevű nádortól származtatja, aki e méltóságot IV. László király alatt viselte, aki szerint azelőtt szintén imám vallású jász volt; holott a név eredetileg szintén kereszt név volt, mely Misra vértanú nevéből alakult. Lajos nevű pusztát is Lajosnak, Mizse testvérének nevéből akarja származtatni, mintha nem könnyebb volna azt Lajos keresztnévtől származtatni, aki e helynek első birtokosa volt. S ilyen vélekedését sem fogadhatni el. Katona István véleményére sem igen lehet hivatkozni annak vitatásában, hogy sz. László király a fogságban esett kunokat nem a mai Jászságba, hanem a Tisza körüli vidékre telepítette, ahol később Kis- és Nagy-Kunság alakult; mivel ő ezt határozottan nem állította, hanem csak véleményképen említette, így írván ide vonatkozólag: "Úgy látszik, hogy sz. László király az elfogott kunokat a Tisza vidékére telepítette." A mit itt Katona csak véleményképen említett fel, azt mások, akik az ő véleményét elfogadták, végrehajtották, ma is fennmaradt Gyöngyös-Oroszi név alatt, így tehát ez a bejegyzés nemcsak Sárosra, hanem megyére is vonatkozik. c) A 40. bejegyzés szerint Nogud, a debrői monostor jobbágya (ezen név Nognette szentnek nevéből látszik alakulni) Véd és Yácy nevű egri jobbágyok ellen elkövetett valami tényért Bank bíró ítélete folytán, Pál bírói végrehajtó jelenlétében hordozván a vasat, megigazult. 40. Nogud iobagio monasterii Debrén portato ferro pro facto contra iobagiones Agrienses scilicet Véd et Yácy, iudice Bank, pristaldo Paulo, iustificatus est. A 78-ik számú bejegyzés szerint Peth bagyai lakos pörbe fogta Pózsát, a szegényi lakost lopásért, Pál hevesi udvari bíró előtt, és Pét és Bulsu is szintén hevesi bilocusok előtt, bírói végrehajtó lévén Szenka császári lakos, a nevezett tolvaj Váradon hordozván a vasat, meg lett égetve, portato ferro combustus est. Itt e bejegyzésben említetik Bagya és Szegény vagy Segény nevű falu, de ilyen helységek most nincsenek megyénkben. Pesty Frigyes a Szegényt Vezekény-re alakítja; de ezt igen merész és erőszakos alakításnak vagy magyarázásnak találjuk. Említetik továbbá a villa Chazii, és ott volt Heves mellett egykor C és á és z nevű helység, mely ma puszta. Említve van itt még két hevesi bilochus, akik az itt leírt bíráskodásban részt vettek, és akik jegyzőkönyvünkben többször előjönnek. Az tehát a kérdés: hogy mik voltak ezek a bilocusok? Ezt többen többféleképpen magyarázzák. Nézetünk szerint ezek olyan régi csendőr-féle alsóbb rendű tisztviselők voltak, akik a tolvajokat üldözték és büntették, és azért a tolvajság címén indított keresete- és pörökben szerepeltek és azért mondja II. Endre király az 1222-iki rendeletében: fures et latrones bilochi regales discutiant ad pedes tamen ipsius comitis. A 80-ik bejegyzés szerint Egyed pásztói apát és Miklós az ő udvari bírája pörbe fogták Dezmert vagy Szemerét és társait, alattyáni (de villa Uogoluptiuan) lakosokat, állítván, hogy ők a pásztói egyháznak csak lovászai, ezek pedig az ő bíráik előtt, u. m. Bankó comes és a nevezett apát előtt, kimutatták, hogy ők nem lovászai, hanem vitézlő vagy katonáskodó jobbágyai a nevezett egyháznak (se esse ioubagiones bellatores predicte ecclesie) és Dezmer mint magáért mind társaiért hordozván Váradon a vasat, megigazult (iustificatus est). Ugyanezen bejegyzés folytatása szerint A székes-fejérvári káptalan 1329-ben bizonyítja, hogy Demeter, az Aba nemzetiségéből Sándornak fia, tárnokmester és trencsényi főispán Jobbágy és Fajzat heves megyei birtokának tulajdon jogát királyi beleegyezés mellett átíratta nejére Garay Katalinra örökösön úgy, hogy azzal szabadon rendelkezhessék. A káptalan bizonyítványa így kezdődik: "Capitulum ecclesiae albensis omnibus Christi fidelibus tam presentibus, quam futuris, presentem paginam inscepturis salutem in salutis largitore. Ad universorum noticiam harum serie volumus pervenire, quod magister Benedictus prothornotarius magnifici viri Demetrii magistri Thavernicorum domini regis, vice et nomine eiusdem domini sui ac nobilis domine nomine Katherine consortis ipsius magistri Demetrii, ad nostram accedens presenciam exhibuit nobis quoddam privilégium dicti magistri Demetrii super collacione quarundam possessionum infrascriptarum predicte nobili domine facta confectum, petens nos, ut quia dictum priviligium ingruente necessitate de loco in locum portari tutum minimé sortét, tenorem eiusdem transcribi et nostris litteris ad rem insere faceremus, avus priviligii tenor talis est." Itt következik Demeter adomány levele, melyet Nagy Imre kiadásában1) s azért nem szükséges azt újra közölni, elegendőnek tartjuk annak csak tartalmát itt röviden megemlíteni. Jobbágy nevű helység, melyet Demeter tárnokmester nejének Garay Katalinnak adományozott, a mag nélkül kihalt Szászi Miklós birtoka volt, kinek halálával az az ország törvénye szerint a koronára szállott s a király azt 1328-ban Demeter tárnokmesternek adományozta hű szolgálataiért, különösen azon örvendetes híradásért, melylyel sietett Demeter Károly királynak Lajos fia születését jelenteni. De e királyi adományozást némileg megelőzte bírói ítélet is, miszerint Szászi Miklós Demeternek patai birtokán elkövetett erőszakoskodásáért elmarasztaltatott és kártérítésül ez a birtok Demeternek ítélte és abban azután királyi adományozás által is meghagyatott. Fajzat pedig Jákó birtoka volt, de az ő unokái által u. m. István, Miklós, Nobis expectatus, prescriptas litteras et litteralia instrumenta exhibiturus nostram in presentiam non venerat neque miserat, sed se mediante aliorum litteris nostris iudicialibus exinde confectis in iudicio aggravari permiserat, postulans prefatus procurator dicti actoris in persona eiusdem ex parte memorati in causam attracti per nos in premissis iuris equitatem impertiri, et quia prefatus Albertus de Bathor in causam attractus ad premissa evocari debuerat, pro eo vestram amicitiam presentibus petieramus diligenter, quatenus yestrummitteretis hominem pro testimonio fidedignum, quo presente homo noster infra declarandus memoratum Albertum de Bathor, prescriptas litteras et litteralia instrumenta exhibiturum ac de iudicio trium marcarum nobis et parti adverse satisfacturum contra Johannem de Rede ad octavas festi beati Jacobi apostoli tunc venturas nostram evocet in presentiam, et post hec huiusmodi evocationis seriem cum nomine evocati octavas ad easdem nobis amicabiliter rescriberetis, a quibus-quidem octavis dicti festi beati Jacobi apostoli, exhibito instrumentali prenotata, partes inter easdem seriebus litterarum nostrarum prorogatoriarum ventilando ad presentes octavas festi epiphaniarum domini modus similiter dilutive devenisset et attigisset, eisdem denique octavis festi epiphaniarum domini instantibus prefatus Johannes Bérezel legittimus procurator annotati Johannis de Rede nostram veniendo in presentiam, litteras vestras super premissa evocatione relatorias, rescriptas nobis presentavit, in quibus per Bartolomeo de Rede nostrum, et diseretum Augustum de Zegedino chori dicte ecclesiae nostra presbiterum vestrum, homines, feria quinta proxima ante festum visitationis beate Mariae virginis, ad possessionem Zwrdokpyspeki vocatam accesserat, prefatum Albertum de Bathor, prescriptas litteras et litteralia sua instrumenta, si quas et que in facto dicte possessionis Zwrdokpyspeky haberet confectas et emanata, exhibiturum, ac de iudiciis trium marcarum nobis et parti adverse satisfacturus contra annotatum Johannem de Rede ad dictas octavas festi epiphaniarum domini nostram in presentiam evocatum extitisse comperimus serie, ad quasquidem octavas festi epiphaniarum domini prefatus Albertus de Bathor per prefatum Johannem Bérezel de Apcz, legitimium procuratorem annotati Johannis de Rede in persona eiusdem congruis diebus ipsarum octavarum coram nobis expectatus prescriptas litteras et litteralia sua instrumenta exhibiturus ac de iudiciis trium marcarum nobis et parti adverse satisfacturus nostram in presentiam non venit neque misit, se mediante aliorum litteris nostris. Nos igitur petitionibus dicti comitis Stephani de Bathor aquiescentes ut tenemur, una cum prenominato Ladislao de Wech vestro homine, nostrum hominem videlicet honorabilem dominum Petrum socium et canonicum nostrum ad predicta fideliter peragenda nosti pro testimonio duximus destinandum. Qui dum uneinde ad nos ipso visi, nobis concorditer retulerunt isto modo: Quod ipsi octavo die festi omnium sanctorum proxime preteriti ad faciem dictae possessionis Redes sequenterque portionis possessionariae predictorum Sandini et Mathie in eadem habitae, vicinis et commetaneis eiusdem universis in ibi legittime convocatis puta Dosa et Petro filiis condam Jacobi filii Mykocza, Johanne et Ladislao similiter Mykocha de eadem, Johanne filio Jacobi de alia Rede, Thomas villico de Thaas et hisque iuratis et populis de eadem necnon ceteris nobilibus commetaneis ipsorum presentibus accedendo eandem reambulassent ac novas viduas. 40 detektálható, a XI., XII. században és a XIII. század első felében, okleveleinkben, különösen a Váradi Regestrum bejegyzésében a terminológia szabatosan megtartatott. Itt különös figyelmet érdemel az, hogy a Váradi Regestrum, amint azt Botka Tivadar is megjegyezte, hiteles helynek hivatalosan szerkesztett jegyzőkönyve lévén, abban a stílus curialis szabályosan meg volt tartva. De különben is a jegyzőkönyv éppen arról a korról szólva, melyben a megyéktől megkülönböztetett várispánságok még életben voltak és rendeltetésükhöz képest szerepeltek, igen illetékes és hiteles kútforrásul szolgál e két intézmény akkori elnevezésének ismertetésére és felvilágosítására, és így arra, mint hitelt érdemlő kútfőre, a terminológia kérdésében biztosan hivatkozhatni. Kútforrásaink hitelének ezen rövid érintése után nyomozzuk a megyék és várispánságok régi elnevezéseit, mint megannyi műsza vakat, melyeken azok egykor neveztettek, s melyek által egymástól megkülönböztettek: és pedig először azokat, a mik a megyékre vonatkoznak vagy megyeiséget jelentenek, másodszor azokat, a mik várispánságot feltételeznek. 7. A mik megyét vagy megyeiséget jelentenek, a) Provincia. Ez egy nagyobb kiterjedésű nemesi vagy polgári megyét jelentett. A Yáradi Regestrum bejegyzéseiben többször jön elő provincia, provinciales, comprovinciales elnevezés, a mi mindenkori megyét, megyei birtokosokat vagy lakosokat jelentett ellentétéül vagy megkülöbböztetéséül a jobbágyoknak vagy várnépségnek, mely alatt mindenkor várjobbágyokat vagy várnépséget kell értenünk. De több más okleveleinkben is említetnek a megyék província nevezet alatt a Comitatusok-tól vagy várispánságoktól való megkülönböztetés végett. Így p. o. Miklós királyi főtárnokmester 1254-ben több somogyi, zalai és veszprémi birtokok iránt támadt pörös kérdések elintézésére lévén kiküldve, ezen eljárásáról kelt jelentésében Somogyot és Zalát província-nak, Veszprémet pedig parochia-nak nevezi, világos jeléül annak, hogy a kereséses birtokok nem várispáni, hanem megyei birtokok voltak. A karakói várispánság, mely Yas megyében feküdt, port indított birtokokat. Nos igitur preceptis vestre excellentia obedire volentes, ut tene-mur, eundem Bodon unum ex nobis, qua iudicibus, transmisimus pro testimonio ad praesentia mandata vestra exequenda. Qui postmodum ad nos rediens nobis retulit eo modo, quod ipse una cum eodem Jacobo filio Deseu post praesita nostra congregatio prohibitionem super faciem predictae particula terre comparendo fecerent modo supradicto, sed dicti populi de Patlia prohiberi nolentes post ipsam prohibitionem ipsam terram potentia-iter perarassent, et ususfructus et utilitates eiusdem percepissent et percipere non cessarent. Datum in Compolth feria quarta proxima ante festum beatae Margarethe virginis anno supradicto. Küljet: Domino regi pro Jacobo filio Deseu de Rede contra populos seu homines de Pathtia inquisitoria. Rédei levéltárból. Ezt Bodon-nak vagy Bodou = Bodo-nak is lehet olvasni; de melyik olvasás helyesebb, nehéz meghatározni. 12. §. Petőczi nemzetség és Jobbágy és Súrdok- Püspöki helységek. Budapest, 1352. február 19-ikén, István, szepesi és sárosi herceg, Lajos király testvére, átíratja Lajos királynak 1344-ben kelt levelét, melyben a király az Aba nemzetségből származott Pető (Petheucli) fia, Miklós erdélyi vajdának, Jobbágy és Surd ok-Püspöki nevű birtokaiban pallosjogot adományoz. Hogy a Pető nemzetség egy ágát képezte a Rédeyeknek, azt már fentebb megjegyeztük. Ezen adománylevél közölve van Nagy Imre kiadásában, Anjou-kori Okmánytár V. köt. 548. 1. s azért nem tartjuk szükségesnek azt itt újra közölni, elég a olvasóinkat arra csak utalni. Nyomozzunk tehát tovább, mivel itt ez is figyelmet érdemel és becses adalékul szolgál e vidék régi földrajzának és történetének bővebb felvilágosításához. A patai főesperesség neve és elnevezésének történelmi jelentősége. Ha ez itt egykor várispánság állt és ezen várispánság okleveleinkben újvári-nak neveztetett: ezen névnél az a kérdés vagy nehézség merül fel, hogy miért nem neveztetett az itt alakult főesperesség is ezen várispánság okleveles nevén, miután a főesperesi kerületek, mint följebb is említettem, rendszerint azoknak a megyéknek vagy várispánságoknak a neveiről neveztettek, melyeknek területein feküdtek és miért lett ez a főesperesség, a várispánság okleveles nevétől eltérőleg, patai-nak nevezve? De erre könnyű a felelet. Ugyanis ezen nevezet eltérésének az az oka: hogy az egri püspökség előbb alakult, mint az újvári várispánság; mivel az egri püspökséget sz. István király mindjárt uralkodása kezdetén alapította, a várispánságot pedig későbben Aba Sámuel állította, és mikor a püspökség alakult, akkor a Mátra vidékét Pata vára képviselte vagy jelezte, mint nevezetesebb hely, hol a följebb említett kun vezér unokájának vára állt: igen természetesnek és indokoltnak találom, hogy arról lett elnevezve az itt alakult főesperesi kerület is. Midőn pedig későbben itt várispánság alakult, akkor már el volt fogadva és megalapítva a főesperesség neve; az egyház pedig konservativ természeténél fogva az egyszer elfogadott és megalapított nevekhez ragaszkodva, nem akarta ezen főesperességnek már elfogadott nevét újvárra változtatni, nem akarta pedig azért is, mivel az egri püspökségnek volt már ezen néven egy másik főesperessége, t. i. az abauji, mely okleveleinkben szintén újvári főesperességnek (Archidiaconatus de Novo Castro) Dátum in crastino festi beate Margarete virginis et martiris anno domini M° CCC° vigesimo nono, magistro Endre preposito, Johanne custode, Petro cantore et Petro decano ecclesiae nostra existentibus. Másolat a Nemzeti Múzeumban lévő Rédey-levéltárból. De ezek az oklevelek csak általánosságban szólnak az Aba-nemzetségről a nélkül, hogy névszerint megneveznék annak egyes ágait, melyekhez az említett személyek tartoztak. Lássuk tehát azokat az okleveleket, melyek e nemzetség egyes megnevezett ágaira vonatkoznak. *) Anjoukori Okmánytár. II. 277 1. 182 Ezek az abaúji és sárosi ágak is, mind az Aba-nemzetségbeli nemeseknek — nobiles de genere Aba — tartották magukat ők is abból a nemzetségből származtak, melyből Pata, az Aba őse, vette eredetét. Ugyanis Névtelen Jegyzőnk elbeszélése szerint Árpád, Ede és Edömér kun vezéreknek nemcsak a Mátrában, hanem a Sajótól Sóvárig meghódított s elfoglalt részekben különböző helyeken nagy kiterjedésű földeket adott s az ott megtelepedett vezérek maradékai szintén az Aba-nemzetség tagjainak tartották magukat, mivel Ede és Edömér vezértől s ezért Abával egy nemzetségből származtak, így keletkeztek Abanj- és Sárosban e nemzetségnek következő ágai: u. m. Báthory, Berthoty, Budaméry, Csirke, Fricsi, Hedry, Keczer, Kőszegi, Laczkfy, Lapispataky, Nécsi, Sirokay, Somos, Ugray, Vendég, Vitéz és Zsegnyei s ezeknek több más mellékágai. Ezen ágak egyikéből való vala Omade, Dávid comesnek a fia, ki 1307-ben az ország nádora, és Szepes megye főispánja volt, kit némely íróink összetévesztenek a más nemzetségből származott Amadéval. De ezeknek az itt elősorolt ágaknak, a Keczereket és Vendéghyeket kivéve, mindnyájuknak magvuk szakadt, s azért nem is szándékozunk azokkal itt tovább foglalkozni, különben sem tartoznak munkánk keretébe, csupán csak történelmi visszaemlékezés vagy tájékozás végett említők itt fel azokat, a mennyiben megyénk nevezett nemzetségeivel származásuknál fogva összeköttetésbe vagy vonatkozásba hozathatnak. Térjünk tehát vissza megyénkbe s annak említett nemzetségei ismeretére. 85 több és több szabadalmakat nyertek, mig végre megyénk területéből kiválván a többi kunokkal együtt különálló kerületet alkottak. Mikor vált ki a jász kerület megyénk területéből és nyert helyhatósági önállóságot, arra nincs biztos adatunk. Úgy látszik, hogy a XII. század közepe felé kezdett a jászok szabadságának hajnala derengni II. István király alatt, ki a jászok őseinek a kunoknak nagyon kedvezett. De mégis bizonyosabb, hogy I. Béla király alatt nyertek a jászok is nagyobb szabadalmakat, mikor a többi kunok Kutlien (Kötény?) királyokkal az országba befogadtattak és teljes szabadsággal megajándékoztattak. 1263-ban és a következő években kelt oklevelekben IV. István ifjabb király, mint vezér, már a kunok urának (Dominus Cumanorum) neveztetik, ami azt mutatja, hogy akkor már a kunok s igy a jászok is, mint önálló népek, szervezve voltak, s a nevezett ifjabb királynak, mint vezérnek, hatósága alatt álltak. A jász kerületnek megyénkből való kiválása maga után vonta Mátra-Újvárnak Hevessel való egyesülését; mert midőn e kerület Újvártól külön vált, ez által e megye területileg jelentékeny rövidséget szenvedett s e vesztesség pótlására Hevessel egyesült, s igy e területi változás befolyással volt megyénk újabb alakulására. Ezzel búcsút veszünk a jászoktól, kik kiválván megyénkből, ezután annak csak szomszédai lettek. Meg kell itt a jászokat említenünk; mivel az a terület, hova ők települtek, egykor szintén megyénkhez tartozott, ebből lett kiválva s alakítva kerületük s így ez is némi vonatkozásba hozható megyénk alakulásával. De midőn megyénk alakulását tárgyaljuk, ennek folytán meg kell itt azt is említenünk: hogyan volt az ország felosztva Árpádok alatt és ama felosztás szerint hova tartozott megyénk? mivel ez igen fontos történelmi és régi közjogi kérdés, melyet itt fel kell hoznunk, hogy több megyénkre vonatkozó történelmi kérdésben kellek legyünk. honorabili Magistro Stephano de Zoltano canonico dicte ecclesiae Agriensis ac Georgio Henkel de Bartva provisore curie castri similiter agriensis in prefati domini Gabrielis cardinalis, item honorabili Magistro Nicolao decano et similiter canonico eiusdem ecclesiae agriensis in dicti capituli ecclesiae eiusdem nec non prefatis Blasio filio Demetrii, Paulo Chehy, Martino Zeky et Petro Sándor consimilibus in ipsorum ac dictorum aliorum nobilium de prefata Bartva nominibus et in personis inibi legitimé et cum sufficientibus literis procuratoriis adherentibus presentibus accedendo primo portiones possessorias dictorum domini Gabrielis cardinalis et nobilium de Bartva in ipsa possessione Bartva habitas pro ipso domino cardinali et eisdem nobilibus metis et signis metalibus ac earundem cursibus perpetuo duraturis inter ipsos dominum cardinalem ac ecclesiam suam et dictos nobiles iuxta contenta literarum condam magnifici domini comitis Nicolai de Zech alias similiter indicis curie regia adjudicatoriarum pariter et metalium per prefatos procuratores eiusdem domini cardinalis mihi exhibitarum hoc ordine sequestrassent et separassent. Quod primo incepissent a plaga occidentali circa quendam rivulum, ubi esset quidem fons scaturiens, quem fontem pro meta reliquissent, deinde transeundo ad eandem plagam in medio viliarum una metam Iapideam erexissent, ab hinc procedendo ad eandem plagam occidentalem in fine vilarum una metam similiter Iapideam elevassent, deinde procedendo in eadem plaga pervenissent ad locum, ubi prefati procuratores partium predictarum iuxta contenta prescriptarum literarum prefati domini comitis Nicolai tres arbores promotorum fuisse dixissent, quae quidem non apparuissent, sed tamen iuxta contenta eiusdem privilegii ibidem duas metas terreas erexissent, quarum una scilicet a parte meridionali predicto domino cardinali et ecclesiae sue, alia vero a plaga septemtrionali dictis nobilibus separarent. Deinde girando ad plagam meridionale per modicum spatium quasi ad quantitatem unius iugeris in quibusdam terris pro seminario canapis aptis, ubi prefati procuratores partium predictarum iuxta declarationem prefati metalis privilegii alias quandam viam fuisse dixissent, quae ibidem minimé visa fuisset, quare ibidem similiter duas metas erexissent, ab hinc procedendo in eadem plaga per modicum spatium consimiliter duas metas cumulassent, deinde ad plagam occidentalem antedictam divertendo, in fine cuiusdam loci Mark Gymewlche vocati cumulassent duas metas, abinde ascendendo ad eandem plagam occidentalem in vertice cuiusdam montis duas metas preparassent. Megyénknek az Árpádházi királyok alatt, mint már felleltettük, nem voltak külön főispánjai, hanem azokat némely kivételes és a törvény által meghatározott esetekben az újvári várispánok pótolták. Az Anjouházi királyok alatt, midőn megyénk külön vált Abaui- és Sárostól, az újvári várispánokat és udvarbírákat megyénkben megyei ispánok váltották fel; de úgy látszik, hogy megyénknek az említett királyok alatt nem voltak főispánjai, hanem csak alispánjai; csak a XV. század közepe felé lettek az egri püspökök megyénk főispánjává. Ugyanis, hogy voltak-e a XVI. század közepéig megyénknek főispánjai és kik voltak azok, nehéz kinyomozni; mivel királyaink és nádoraink megyéhez intézett rendeletei és levelei csak egyszerűen Hevesmegye fő- és ispánjainak szólnak (comiti et vicecomiti Comitatus Hevesiensis), de saját nevükön nem nevezik őket, vagy ha megnevezik is, csak keresztnévükön említik, a miből nem igen lehet az ő nemzetségi vagy családi származásukat kitudni. Ide járul, hogy azok, akik megyénk élén álltak, több oklevelekben csak egyszerűen ispánoknak (comites) neveztettek és nincsenek megkülönböztetve a főispánok az alispánoktól s így nehéz meghatározni, hogy az ispán alatt fő- vagy alispánt kell-e érteni. Mi azonban azon nézetben vagyunk, hogy ott, ahol az ispánok szolgabírákkal együtt említetnek, ott az ispán nevezet alatt mindenkor kizárólag alispánt kell értenünk; mivel az alispánok a szolgabírákkal együtt szoktak volt hivataloskodni s egy sorban említetni: különben is az alispánok a szolgabírákkal, kik a megye nemesei által választattak, együtt képviselték a megyét. De így is nagy hézag mutatkozik megyénk alispánjainak névsorában, mit a megkívántó oklevelek vagy más történelmi kútforrások hiányában nem lehet pótolni. Ugyanazért csak a rendelkezésünkre álló adatokat hozzuk fel a kérdés bővebb felvilágosítására s előbb nyilvánított nézetünk indokolására és csak azokat az okleveleket vagy azoknak ide vonatkozó pontjait idézzük, melyekben a kérdéses ispánok a szolgabírákkal együtt említetnek. a) Az a kirótt összeg, mit a lelkészek ezen csinén évenként kétszorra befizettek, a mi számításunk szerint nem ment ugyan nagyon sokra; de akkor más volt a pénz értéke, mint most. De ezekből a befizetésekből lehet következtetni a helységek akkori nagyobb vagy kisebb népességére és a lelkészi jövedelmek ezzel járó különbözségeire; mivel bizonyos kulcs szerint vetették ki ezen befizetendő összeget. c) De az akkori kultúra vagy miveltség tekintetéből érdekes tudni, hogy mely helységek virágoztak 1333-ban és alkottak egyházközségeket. d) Nem kell azonban azt gondolni, hogy csak ezeknek az itt elsorolt helységeknek lakosaiból állt megyénk népessége; mivel megyénknek ezeken kivül még több kisebb helysége, szállása és majorja is volt, melyek az említettekhez, mint fiókegyházak, tartoztak. Több ilyen kisebb helység és birtok van okleveleinkben említve, melyek nem jöttek a nagyobb helységek számába, különösen a nagyobb nemesek birtokai a helységektől el voltak különítve és külön prediumokat képeztek. e) Úgy látszik, hogy a patai főesperesi kerület vagyis a Mátra vidéke jobban be volt népesítve, mint a Tisza melléke és Kenyérmező része. A felsorolt helységeket itt bővebben nem ismertetjük, úgyis előjönnek azok a nemzetségeknél, melyeknek adományoztattak, és a melyeknek birtokai voltak az ezekre vonatkozó oklevelekben, azokat tehát a nemzetségekkel együtt fogjuk megemlíteni a közlendő oklevelek szerint. *) Péterffy Sacra Concilia Regni Hung. II. 270. Palugyay Imre felhozván Kovács Márton és Horváth Mihály állításait, azok cáfolatába bocsátva, és azok ellenébe így okoskodik: ha a nemességnek saját birtokai, melyek egyik királyi várhoz sem tartoztak, külön nemesi megyét s azzal járó külön hatóságot képeztek volna: akkor a szintén oly független egyházi birtokok tekintetéből e kettős minemüségü vármegyén kívül még egy harmad rendű egyházi megyét kellene alkotniuk. Úgy látszik, hogy itt Írónk az egyház birtokait megkülönbözteti a nemesi birtokoktól, pedig törvényeink értelme szerint azok is a nemesi birtokok kategóriájába tartoztak, hiszen a H. T. I. 2-ik címe világosan mondja, hogy az egyházi személyek, habár hivatalukra nézve különböznek is a világiaktól, de nemességükre és jószágaikra nézve velük egészen egyenlők. Eszerint a nemesi birtokok alatt értette, s azok sorába tartoztak az egyházi birtokok is, tévedt tehát Írónk, mikor a nemesség és az egyház birtokai között ilyen elválasztó kategóriát akart felállítani. Továbbá Horváth Mihálynak azon állítását, hogy a megyék határai sokáig nem egyeztek a vármegyék (várispánságok) határaival, azzal akarja cáfolni, hogy több oklevelet hoz fel, melyek szerint a királyi várakhoz tartozó jószágok nem csupán s egyedül azon vármegyében feküdtek, melyben a királyi vár állt, hanem több és más megyékben voltak elszórva. Hiszen ő ezzel épen Horváth Mihály állítását igazolja, ki a megyék kétféleségét a többiek között épen azzal indokolja, hogy több várispánságnak más megyékben is lévén birtokai, azoknak határai ellenkeztek a megyék határaival. Végre, a régi várispánságok és a későbbi megyék szerkezetét, a várispánok és a későbbi főispánok hivatalát egymással azonosítja, s abból vitatja a vármegyék egyféleségét. De, mint följebb is megjegyeztük, más volt a régi várispánság és más a későbbi vármegye, és más volt a régi várispán és más a későbbi főispán hivatala és ezeket meg kell egymástól különböztetni. Még csak azt jegyezzük meg, hogy írónk állításának indokolására Botka Tivadar azon nézetére hivatkozik, melyet ő későbben visszavont vagy módosított. 176 314 dehin de vertice montis eiusdem descendendo modicum ad plagam meridionalem in latere cuiusdam montis videlicet in valle Dolna vocata duas metas erexissent, abinde ipsam vallem Dolna pertranse- undo pervenissent ad locum Cheregulg (a másik oklevélben Kerek völgy) vocatum, ubi a plaga occidentali sub arbore ilicis unam metam erexissent, deinde transcurrente in eandem plaga per bonum spacium sub vertice cuiusdam montis penes unam arborem Ilicis unam metem cumulassent, inde ascendendo in eadem plaga ad verti- cem cuiusdam montis Dolnabercze vocati, ubi duas metas aggregassent, ab hinc descendendo ad eandem plagam in latere eiusdem, montis unam metem fecissent, deinde in eadem plaga descendendo ad vallem Nagazson (Nagy-asszón) appellatam in medio eiusdem vallis duas metas congregassent. Ex hinc ascendendo in eadem plaga ad montem Ivechehafarinyka (Kecskehatár-inyka ?) denominatum unam metam terream erexissent, deinde procedendo in eodem monte et per- veniendo ad verticem montis videlicet Kecskemétbercs vocati, ibi simi- liter duas metas semper de terra erectas a meridionali dicto domino Gabrieli cardinali. a septemtrionali vero partibus prefati nobilibus de dieta Batthori limitantes elevassent et sic metas seu cursus metales inter ipsos Dominum cardinalem et nobiles de dicta Batthori sequestrantes terminando metas inter inra possessionaria prefatorum nobilium de Bathory in eadem possessione Bathory habitant, nec non dictam possessionem Aranyos appellatam prefati capituli ecclesiae Agriensis distinguentes rambulassent et erexissent sub hac forma: Quod primo incepissent in pratis dictarum possessionum Bathory et Aranyos juxta quemdam rivulum Bathorypathaka vocatum, ubi duas metas unam seilieet a septemtrionali dictae possessionis Aranyos et aliam a meridionali plagis prescriptae possessionis Bathory distinguentes cumulassent. Abinde versus plagam occidentalem transeundo pervenisse- nt ad quasdam terras arabiles possessionum eorundem ubi similiter duas metas elevassent, dehinc ulterius ad eandem plaga servata transeundo incidissent in quamdam viam de sylvis ibidem adjacentem descendendo ibique viam circa eandem consimiliter duas metas aggregassent deinde per eandem viam non omissa dicta occidentali plaga pergendes supra vineas dictae possessionis Bathory duas metas erexissent, ab hinc ad eandem per viam et plagam easdem progrediendo similiter duas metas, unam sub arbore ilicea pro parte dictae possessionis Aranyos et aliam in simplici terra ad partem dictae possessionis Bathory sequestrantes congregassent, a quibus adhuc ad occidentem Kis-Heves 15. 16. 19. Kócs 18. Keveegyháza 18. 21. Kis-Szolnok 22. 25. 161. Keve 27. 59. Kollár 55. Kaprinay 74. Kovacich György 59. Kács 97. Kis-Tálya 113. Kilit 118. Kanizsay János 28. 123. 127. Kercselich 128. Keresztély 129. Késmárk 129. Korvin János 145. Kassa 146. Kolozsvár 155. Kerecsend 172. 186. 304. Kürt, 186. Kürü 273. Kökényszeg 106. Kömlő 3. 308. L. Lelesz 3. Lengyelország 114. 126. 129. 130. Lampert 21. 117. 296. 298. Ludányi Tamás 126. 128. 130. 133. 136. Lak 186. 274. Lenpatak 187. Lovászháta 273. Lovasütő 305. M. Mátra-Ujvár 2. 8. 14. 9. 30. 63. 67. 70. 91. Makiár 3. 113. 303. Mikófalva 3. Madaras 14. Makár 42. Mátra 72. 73. 97. 180. Mizse 3. 78. 84. Mátás király 82. 146. Mándy István 98. Mező-Tárkány 3. Magyar-Tálya 113. Makray Benedek 124. Mátyás király 141. 240. Magyar Balázs 146. Mohács 148. Martinuzi 155. Márkus Mikocza-Telek 192. 199. Mérges völgy 192. Mikocza Miklós 240. Mikótelek Tamás 257. Ménesi tó 305. Nagy-Heves 2. 19. Nagy-Tálya 3. Nagy-Kürtü 6. 2. 83. Nagy út 4. 8. 17. 229. Nádasd 8. 176. Nógrád 10. 49. 59. 87. Nagy-kun 15. 75. Nagy-Iván 17. 185. Nagyegyháza 21. Nyitva 59. 87. 154. Nagy-Bárkány 68. Nagy-Füged 72. Nógrád 10. 188. Nána 114. 177. 185. 305 Nápolyi László 123. 125. Német-üjhely 145. Nagy-Albert 165. Nagy-Réde 184. Nagy-Imre 196. 270. Nádasdy András 223. Nemes György 258. X nek ez által nyert jelentősége. 5. §. Aba Samu. 6. §. Franezia telepek az egri völgyben. 7. §. Szent László király. 8. § II. István király betegsége és halála Egerben. 9. §. IV. Béla király. Kemence feloszlása, s Egernek a tatárok általi pusztitása. 10. §. V. István mint vezér és király. Hajóhalom és Heves. 11. §. IV. László királynak az egri püspökkel támadt viszálya és az egri völgynek ezt követő válsága. 12. §. Ludányi Tamás egri püspök és Debrőy István hevesmegyei előkelő úr szereplése Zsigmond király alatt. 13. §. Ludányi Tamás további magatartása és Lengyelországba vonulása. 14. §. Ludányi Tamás további viszontagsága és későbbi püspöksége. 15. §. Bozsgózi Péter, az egervári kis prépostság alapítása. 16 §. A csehek egri támadása vagy merénylete Ulászló uralkodása alatt 1442-ben. 17. §. Hédervári László egri püspök és az egri várőrségnek 1443-ban dicséretes magaviselete. 18. §. Pata vára, annak ostroma és Mátyás király által eszközölt bevétele. 19. §. Mátyás királynak többszöri megjelenése Egerben. 20. §. Dóczy Orbán egri püspöksége és nagy befolyása valamint az ország, úgy megyénk ügyeire is. 21. §. Megyénk válságai vagy viszontagságai II. Ulászló király uralkodása alatt. 22. §. Az egri püspöki székek Hypolit halálával történt megürülése és a püspöki javak könnyelmű pazarlása. 96—149 lap. ÖTÖDIK FEJEZET. Megyénk régi közigazgatása és igazságszolgáltatása. 1. §. Megyénknek a régi várispánságok és megyék rendszere szerinti felosztása. 2. §. Az egri püspökök hevesmegyei főispánsága. 3. §. Régi bűnvádi eljárás és igazságszolgáltatás, mely egyszer megyénkben is dívott. 4. §. A váradi Regestrumnak vagy Jegyzőkönyvnek megyénkre vonatkozó pontjai. 5. §. Megyénk régi területének és joghatóságának átalakulása. 6. §. Megyénknek a nádorok által tartott gyűlései és itélőszékei. 7. §. Megyénk régi fő- és alispánjai. 149-166 lap. MÁSODIK RÉSZ. ELSŐ FEJEZET. Megyénk régi nemzetségei és helységei és azokra vonatkozó okleveleink. 1. §. Régi helységeink a pápai tized rovata szerint. 2. §. Aba nemzetsége és annak ágai. 3. §. Patha nemzetsége. 4. §. Rhédey vagy Rédey nemzetség. 5. Kompolthy nemzetség. 6. §. Csobánka nemzetsége 7. §. Solmosy nemzetség. 8. §. Bodonyi nemzetség. Az Aba nemzetség ágait és birtokait említő oklevél. 9. § Az egri káptalannak határjárásról szóló bizonyítványa. 10. § Az Abaúj-mezősi Demeter adománya neje részére. A Rédeyekre vonatkozó oklevelek. 11. §. Rédey Jakab, D. zső fia panaszt emelt Károly király előtt a patai lakosok ellen. 12. §. Petőcs nemzetség és Jobbágy és Szurdok-PüBpöri helységek. 13. §. Rédeyek panaszt tesznek Zsigmond király előtt Kudlarner szondái várnagy ellen. 14. §. Rédey János, Miklós fia panasza Zsigmond királyhoz, 15. §. Verpeléti Kantor Bálint Hevesmegye alispánjának és Apáczai Mihály szolgabírnak jelentése a Rédeyek között folyó pörben a választott bírák által eszközölt békülésről. 16. §. Bátory István országbíró bizonyítványa. 17. §. Palóci László országbíró előtt Rédey Mátyás, Demeter fia panasztétele. 18. §. Az egri káptalan jelentése Mátyás királynak. 19. §. Rédey Dózsa és fiai István és János panaszukat adják elő Mátyás királynak. 20. §. Az egri káptalan bizonyítványa. 21. §. Palóci László országbíró jelentése. 22. §. Mátyás király Rédey Dózsa és az ő fiainak, János, Sándor és Miklósnak esedezése és panasza. 23. §. Mátyás király Rédey Bertalan- és Miklósnak, János fiainak, hű szolgálataik megjutalmazása. 24. §. Azok az adatok vagy bizonyítékok, melyek alább következnek, későbbi időkről szólanak ugyan, de azért a jogfolytonosság elve szerint az egri püspököknek előbb tárgyalt jogára vagy jogcímeire vonatkoznak. Ugyanis az egri püspökök későbben is nemcsak Hevesnek, hanem egyúttal két Szolnoknak voltak főispánjai, vagy legalábbis címeikben és hivatalos irataikban mindkét Szolnok megye főispánjainak nevezték és neveztették magukat. Így pl. Pyber János egri püspök, ki 1633-ban halt meg, az ő tiszteletére a sz. Miklósról címzett nagy-szombati templomban emelt sírkövön mindkét Szolnok megye főispánjának (supremus comes Comitatum Heves et utriusque Szolnok) van címezve. — Lósy Imre egri püspök 1635-ben kelt levelében, melyben főpásztori hatóságánál fogva megengedi a sz. Ferenc rendű szerzeteseknek, hogy Szendrőn templomot építhessenek, magát mindkét Szolnok főispánjának nevezi, igy kezdődve ezen engedélylevél: Nos Emericus Lósi episcopus agriensis Comitatum Heves et utriusque Szolnok supremus et perpetuus comes etc. — Jakussich György egri püspök, ki 1647-ben halt meg, Pruszkán, Trencsén megyében, az általa alapított kolostorban, az ő tiszteletére emelt sírkövön szintén mindkét Szolnok főispánjának van nevezve. — Kisdi Benedek egri püspök azon alapítólevelben, mely által 1657-ben a kassai akadémiát megalapította magát mindkét Szolnok megye főispánjának nevezte, igy kezdődve az alapító levél: Nos Benedictus Kisdi, Dei et apostolicae sedis gratia episcopus agriensis, Comitatum Heves et utriusque Szolnok supremus ac perpetuus comes etc. — Szörényi Sándor jezsuita Fenesy György egri püspök felett mondott gyászbeszédében őt mindkét Szolnok megye főispánjának nevezte. — Ezek folytán Szerdahelyi Gábor is az nevezi e helyet Thuróczy és a Budai Krónika is. A Dubiczai Krónika pedig így: Aba verő rex denictus fugit nersus Tysciam, et in villa quadam in Scoobe veteri ab hungaris . . . crudeliter jugulatus. Bonfin: Vico Scoobe nőmén erat. Nadányi in Floro Hungarico : . . . ipse Rex fuga tentata apud villam Shoebae sat. Már most nyomozzuk ezeket a többféle elnevezéseket, s az Aba gyilkosságának ezek által jelentett helyét. Némelyek a Scobe vagy Szobé-t Csabá-ra magyarázzák, különösen így ír Pettő Gergely ide vonatkozólag: Aba Csabai (csabai) majorban megöletik. Őt Íróink többen követik, követi még Horváth Mihály is, ki szintén így ír Abáról, hogy ó' honi krónikáink szerint Csabán a magyar urak által elfogatván lefejeztetett. Csaba néven ugyan több helységünk van, de ezek mind távol esnek attól a vidéktől, hol Abát az ő szomorú sorsa után érte, és semmi nyoma annak, hogy Füzes-Abony térségén ilyen nevű helység lett volna. Közelebb látszanak járni a valósághoz, kik a Scoobe névben a Szó hőbe vagy Szohoda nevet vélik rejteni, kiknek vélekedése szerint a Szohobe névből alakult némi változtatással a Szohoda név, mely néven az abonyi határnak egy része, sőt magának Abony-nak is egy utca Szohoda-utczának neveztetik, eszerint Abony közelében állott egykor Szohobe vagy Szohoda nevű falucska vagy szállás, hol Aba megöletett. De úgy hisszük, hogy még jobban megközelítjük a történelmi valóságot a Seroh s latin névnek megfejtésével. Ugyanis Kézai, Thuróczy és a Budai Krónika egyhangúlag in Seroh be veteri néven említik azt a helyet, hol Aba megöletett, a Scrobs latin név, pedig magyarul Árkot jelent. Íme ott van Abony szomszédságában a Csörsz-árka nevű vonal, mely a abonyi határ mellett nyúlik el. Ezt az árkot krónikáink réginek mondják — in serobe veteri — mivel az a hagyomány szerint a hunok vagy avarok műve volt s azokról maradt fenn. Ezen árkot vagy helyesebben ezen árok mellett vagy szélén állott a krónikáink által említett villa vagy kis falu vagy major, hol Aba megöletett s az ide közel eső abonyi egyház volt az, hova az ő teste temettetett. Itt a földirati kérdés bővebb felvilágosítására még felhozhatjuk Szabó Károlynak ide vonatkozó vélekedését, mely szintén Abony mellett, mint Aba végzetes halálának helye mellett, szól. Ugyanis nevezett tudósunk az ő szomorú sorsát illetőleg így ír: Innen mota, quasdam litteras vestras pro parte ipsius exponentis confectas non acceptaset (igy) setl eundem exponentem ad verba dumtaxat dicti Nicolai adversarii sui in facto calumnie condempnasset in praedictum iuris eiusdem exponentis et dampnum manifestum; supplicatumque extitit pro parte eiusdem exponentis, ei de circa praedicta per noatram maiestatem opportune provideri, et quia nos prefatum exponentem sic improvisé in suis iustis iuribus oppressi nolumus, idcirco fidelitati vestre hamar serie firmiter precipiendo mandamus, quatenus receptis presentibus, causam praedictam, partes inter praedictas vestri in praesentia motam, in qua; ut dicitur ipsum exponentem in facto calumnie condempnassetis, de novo et ex novo in vestri presentia recipere et assumpere, auditisque novis propositis ac responsis, partium praedictarum, visis etiam universis litteris vestris, quas dictus exponens pro sua defensione confectas habere asserit causa in praedicta inter partes praedictas novum judicium fieri debetis, et si idem exponens de huiusmodi novo judicio vestro contentari noluerit, tum vos eandem causam simul cum tota serie ipsius vestri novum judicii absque omni gravamine dicti exponentis et sive difficultate aliquali in citationem vestram, regiam nostram scilicet personalem in presentiam transmittere teneamini discusiendam et terminandam, partibus praedictis coram ipsa nostra personali presentia comparendo, terminum vestris in litteris prefigendum congruentem, secus non facturi, praesentibus perlectis exhibenti restitutis. Dátum Buda in solstice sancte trinitatis, anno domini millesimo quadringentesimo octogesimo. Nos itaque mandatis eiusdem vestre serenitatis in omnibus obedire cupientes ut tenemur causam praesentam partes interpellatas nostris in praesentia motam, in qua ipsum exponentem honore acquisitionis calumniam adiudicaveramus denovo et ex novo in nostris praesentia recepimus et assumpsimus; auditisque novis propositis et responsis partium predictarum, partes interpellatas novum judicium faciendo nos etiam iudicantes universos nobiles extra nobiscum in judicio consedentes ad id requisitos habuimus iterum, adiudicavimus modo, ut honore acquisitionis calumniam esset convictus et agravatus, dictus vero Bartholomeus de Rede, scilicet actor, quibus auditis, huiusmodi nostro judicio contentari recusavit ad discussionem et deliberationem vestre serenitatis transmitti postulavit, nos vero causam paitionum modo premisso per nos Feyerkew in Neugradiensi comitatus existentibus et habitis qualicumque iure pro se ipsis habere pretendissent seu haberent vel habere pretenderent, qualitercunque in futurum prorsus et per omnia abrenunctiando eadem universa et singula conunia iura in predictis castro, locis castrorum, opidis, villis, possessionibus, portionibus, et iuribus possessionariis, tributis et molendinis antedictis habita et ipsos quocunque iure concernente in magnificos dominum Michaelem Orzag de Gwth dicti regni nostri Hungarie Palatinum et Ladislaum filium eiusdem, quo ad unam partem directam et egregium Johannem filium Nicolai Kompolth de Nana quo ad aliam partem converendo et derivandendo eisdem domino Michaeli palatino, Ladislao filio eiusdem, et Johanni Kompolth de Nana ipsorumque heredibus et posteritatibus universis perpetuo iure ac in sempiternum irrevocabiliterque possidendas tenendas pariter et habendas dedisse, tradidisse, et in evum ascripsisse tradideruntque effectivem et in evum ascripserunt coram nobis, nullum ius nullamque iuris et dominii proprietatem in predictis castro, locis castrorum, opidis, possessionibus, villis, portionibus, et iuribus possessionariis, tributis etiam et molendinis antedictis prenominatus Ladislaus de Pazthoh et alii predicti nobiles de Pazthoh pro se ipsis reservassent, immo totum et omne ius eorum, omnemque iuris et dominii proprietatem quod et quam in predictis castro, locis castrorum, opidis, villis, possessionibus, portionibus, et iuribus possessionariis, tributis et molendinis predictatas habuisent vel haberent aut habere sperarent quoquomodo in futurum in antegressus dominum Michaelem palatinum, Ladislao filium eiusdem, et Johannem Kompolth de Nana commineque heredes et posteritas universos modo et ordine prenarratis transtulisse transtuleruntque nostris in praesentia perahmenti ac in sempiternum possidendas, universas etiam litteras et instrumenta, quas et que in facto predictorum castri, locorum castrorum, opidorum, villarum, possessionum, portionum, et iurium possessionariorum predictorum qualiteremque et sub quibuscunque formis verborum pro eorum parte haberent emanatas et confecta, vanas, cassas et frivola viribusque carituras et exhibitori earum et eorundem nocitura reliquisti et commississet. Szegény Wenceslaus, a magyarországi király, Strigoniensis és Colocensini székesegyházak és a domus nostri venerabilis atya, Andrea, a gráciai epeszkop, a királyság szolgálatában. Kis-Szolnok azok közé a megyék közé van sorozva, melyek az egri püspökség alatt álltak, és annak tizeddel tartoztak; a miből világos, hogy Kis-Szolnok, mely az egri püspökség főpásztornak hatósága alatt állt, nem lehetett egy Külső-Szolnok -nak, mely a váci püspökség alá tartozott és így e két megye nem lehet egymással azonosítani. Igaz ugyan, hogy a török malom alatt Külső-Szolnok Hevessel egyesült; de ezen egyesülés csak kizárólag a megyei közigazgatásra szorítkozott és az egyházi autonómia nem terjedt, és a váci püspöknek ide vonatkozó joghatósága ezen egyesülés után is sértetlenül fennmaradt és abból az egri püspökre semmi át nem szállt. De itt a legnagyobb nehézséget támasztja Pesty Frigyes fáradhatatlan szorgalmú írónk és történetnyomozónk. Ugyanis ő kifogással kiutatól Kis-Szolnok-nak itten tárgyalt megyeiségét és sőt elnevezését is, és tagadja, hogy ilyen nevű megye lett volna. És először is kétségbe vonja V. István király kiváltságlevelének és Fülöp nádor átiratának hitelét, azt hozván fel, hogy azokat Fejér György csak Ivaprinay és Katona István után közölte, kik közül egyik sem látta az eredeti okleveleket, hanem csak Battyáni kézirataiból közölte mindkettővel, a Battyányi-féle másolatok pedig nem készültek kellő paleográfiai hűséggel. Ez kemény kritika, mire itt röviden csak annyit jegyzőnk meg, hogy gróf Battyányi Ignác, Erdély nagy nevű püspöke egyike volt a múlt század második felében élt jelesebb tudósaink közül, kinek hazai történelmi tudományosságát és a kútfők használatában követett szigorú kritikáját igazolják az ő nagy szorgalommal összegyűjtött jeles művei: mint a Leges Ecclesiae Regni Hungaricum ezzel hímnű munka három kötetes gyűjteménye és sz. Gellért Szent. G. e randi Scripta et Acta czimű életrajza és nagy költségű felállított levéltára. S ezek folytán fel kell róla tennünk, hogy ő, ki a hazai történelemnek maga is fáradhatatlan művelője volt s aki ezen életában annyit áldozott, arról is kellőleg gondoskodott, hogy híven másoltassanak le azok az oklevelek és kéziratok, melyeket saját hasznára vagy levéltára részére leíratott, és ha netalán valami kis hiány vagy eltérés merült volna vagy merülne is föl azokban a másolatokban, azért ama kéziratok hitele ellen az invisis, csak látat- lanban, felhozott kemény kritikát vagy kifogást nem tartjuk kellőleg indokoltnak s elfogadhatónak, és ha másolók a régi ortográfia újabb helyesírással cserélték is föl, amit t. írónk nagyon kifogásol, lett leltenk saját egyházuk sírboltjába helyezék. Krónikáink megemlítik, hogy midőn testét a sírból kivették, szemfödelét és ruháit épeknek és sebhelyeit begyógyulva találták. Minthogy az ő teste Abonyból Sárra vitetett s az ottani monostor sírboltjába temettetett, ennek folytán későbben azon álhagyomány vagy monda kezdett a nép között terjesztetni, hogy Aha király tetemei Sáron a Baldácsy-féle pinczében, hol állítólag a monostor sírboltja volt, pihennek vagy porladoznak. S ezen álhagyomány terjesztésére, mely sokakat tévedésbe vitt, alkalmul szolgált az az ügyetlen és hazafiatlan felirat vagy sírvers, melyet báró Haller Samu tábornok 1773. táján, mint e pinczének akkori tulaj- donosa, vésetett márványba s állíttatott oda, melyet Gorove László a. Tudományos Gyűjtemény 1830. Y. füzetében közlött. De valami a felirat ügyetlen, hazafias fogalmazása nem dicséretére válik szerzőjének: úgy az a jelentéktelen, és mondhatni dísztelen pincsökhelyiség, hova az illesztve van, sem felel meg a holtak iránti kegyeletnek és a királyi sírboltot megillető tiszteletnek. Azért Szabó Károly megrója az illetőnek itt követett eljárását és kellően czáfolja a népnek e feliratra támaszkodó hagyományát vagy alaptalan híresztelését igy írván ide vonatkozólag: Ezen nagyon is újdon fölirat... a szakértő vizsgálót bizonyosan nem fogja arra a meggyőződésre bírni, hogy ezen dísztelen helyet Aba király sírhelyének elismerje. Valamint ugyanis az egész pincében, úgy annak tornácazban sem fedezhető fel valami faragványnak vagy diszítvénynek legkisebb nyoma sem, mely csak sejteni is engedné, hogy itt valaha magyar királyi mausoleum lehetett; pedig a sári benedek-rendű szerzetesekről föl sem lehet tenni, hogy egy magyar király tetemébe kiben monostoruk alapítóját és jótevőjét tisztelték, nem illő dísztelen helyen temették volna el. A helybeli nép ugyan most azt beszéli, hogy a sári monostor azon a szikla dombon állott, mely alatt a leírt pincze terül el, sőt némelyek ezen domb szűk, egyenetlen fületén az alapfalak romjait is vélik mutathatni. Azonban ezen hiedelmük bizonyosan csak az említett fölirat hitére támaszkodik. A valódi régi hagyomány szerint ugyanis a monostor a falutól északra egy negyed órára állott, hol a szőlők között egy ódon épület dőléző oldalfala néz a közel enyészet elébe.
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https://openalex.org/W2944200615
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Changes in Astigmatism Before and After Pterygium Surgery
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Rojeeta Parajuli
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Parajuli R et al Parajuli R et al Parajuli R et al ObjecƟve To measure the change in corneal asƟgmaƟsm aŌer pterygium
surgery and the relaƟonship of asƟgmaƟsm with respect to
size of pterygium. Methodology Hospital based prospecƟve, non-randomized study, comprising
61 eyes of 56 paƟents who underwent pterygium excision
and autologus conjucƟval graŌ during the period October
2009 to September 2010. A total of 56 parƟcipants were
enrolled and followed upto 3 months aŌer surgery. Corneal
topography was used to measure corneal asƟgmaƟsm
before and aŌer pterygium surgery. © Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first
publication with the work simultaneously licensed under
Creative Commons Attribution License CC - BY 4.0 that allows
others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the
work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. IntroducƟon Pterygium is a degeneraƟve condiƟon of the subconjucƟval
Ɵssue, which proliferates as vascularised granulaƟon Ɵssue
to invade the cornea resulƟng in destrucƟon of the superficial
layer of the corneal stroma and bowman's membrane. This
change in cornea leads to corneal opacity, visual impairment
and significant induced asƟgmaƟsm. The ensuing pathologic
changes consist of elastoid degeneraƟon of collagen and the
appearance of subepithelial fibrovascular Ɵssue Results ORA 97 The mean age of paƟent was 46.11 years, standard deviaƟon
was 18.86 Male: female raƟo: 0.8:1 PreexisƟng induced asƟgmaƟsm among study group
paƟents was 2.6D and mean asƟgmaƟsm aŌer pterygium
surgery was 0.8D. This finding was found to be staƟsƟcally
significant(P value <0.001). Over all change in mean asƟgmaƟsm
was 1D in our study. In grade I Mean asƟgmaƟsm before
surgery was 0.96D and Mean asƟgmaƟsm aŌer surgery was
0.46D, Changes in mean asƟgmaƟsm aŌer surgery was
0.50D. In grade II Mean asƟgmaƟsm before surgery was
1.99D and Mean asƟgmaƟsm aŌer surgery was 0.54D,
Changes in mean asƟgmaƟsm aŌer surgery was 1.45D. In
grade III Mean asƟgmaƟsm before surgery was 10.71D and
Mean asƟgmaƟsm aŌer surgery was 3.10D, Changes in mean
asƟgmaƟsm aŌer surgery was 7.61D. The change in mean
asƟgmaƟsm is greatest in paƟents with grade III pterygium. Citation Parajuli R, Bajracharya L. Knowledge and Awareness of Basic Life
Support among Medical Staffs of Birat Medical College and Teaching
Hospital. BJHS 2019;4(1)8: 596 - 601. CHANGES IN ASTIGMATISM BEFORE AND AFTER
PTERYGIUM SURGERY 1*
2
Parajuli R, Bajracharya L Conclusion AŌer pterygium surgery asƟgmaƟsm significantly reduces
and asƟgmaƟsm increases with the grade of pterygium. METHODOLOGY The cornea shows destrucƟon of Bowman's layer of
fibrovascular ingrowth, frequently with mild inflammatory
changes. The epithelium may be normal, thick or thin and
occassionaly shows feaures of dysplasia. The lesion appears
as a triangular encroachment of the conjucƟva upon the
cornea with numerous small opaciƟes lying deeply in the
neighbouring part of cornea in front of its blunt apex. PaƟent presenƟng to out paƟent department of Tilganga
InsƟtute of Ophthalmology with primary ptreygium
requiring surgical management from October 2009 to
September 2010 were included for the study purpose. Double pterygium, pterygium with corneal disease that can
affect the corneal asƟgmaƟsm(e.g. corneal scar),
pseudopterygium, recurrent pterygium were excluded. WriƩen consent were taken from all paƟents. A total of 56
parƟcipants (61 eyes) were enrolled. All paƟents underwent
pterygium excision with autologus conjucƟval graŌ from
superotemporal bulbar conjuncƟva and follow up schedule
was prepared as day 2, 1week, 1month and 3months aŌer
surgery. Data were collected with respect to demographics,
data entry and analysis was performed using computer
soŌware SPSS 11.5 version. StaƟsƟcal analysis was
measured using student t test and P value <0.05 was
considered significant. Pterygia are nearly always preceded and accompanied by
pinguecula and when single, is usually on nasal side, when
double the temporal lesion develops later. In the early stages
it is thick and vascular, becomes thin and pale when it ceases
to grow but never disappear. When it ceases to progress,
consolidaƟon occurs with formaƟon of dense fibrous Ɵssue
1
and the development of considerable corneal asƟgmaƟsm. Regular and irregular asƟgmaƟsm occurs in proporƟon to
2
pterygium size . Ordinarily the condiƟon is symptomless, but
vision becomes impaired if it progresses into the pupillary
1
area of the cornea Original Research Article
INTRODUCTION Original Research Article Parajuli R et al INTRODUCTION between the corneal apex and the elevated pterygium,
causing an apparent flaƩening of the normal corneal
4
curvature. Pterygium is a degeneraƟve condiƟon of the subconjucƟval
Ɵssue, which proliferates as vascularised granulaƟon Ɵssue
to invade the cornea, destroying the superficial layer of the
stroma and bowman's membrane, the whole being covered
by conjucƟval epithelium. More common surgical technique that is accepted world-
wide now is excision of the pterygium combined with
autologous conjuncƟval graŌing from same eye because
other surgical techniques are associated with either high
recurrence rate or more complicaƟons. The occurrence of pterygia is strongly correlated with
Ultraviolet-exposure, although dryness, inflammaƟon and
exposure to wind, dust or other irritants. Ultraviolet B is
mutagenic for the p53 tumor suppresor gene in limbal basal
stem cells. Over expression of cytokines such as transforming
growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and vascular endothelial growth
factor leads to collagenase up-regulaƟon, cellular migraƟon
and angiogenesis. 13
In 1980, Dr. José I. Barraquer reported the first use of a free
conjuncƟval autograŌ in pterygium surgery, a technique
14
later popularized by Kenyon and Tseng. Our study aim to study correlaƟon between size of
pterygium and induced asƟgmaƟsm and also difference in
preexisƟng induced asƟgmaƟsm to asƟgmaƟsm aŌer
surgery. The ensuing pathologic changes consist of elastoid degeneraƟon
of collagen and the apperance of subepithelial fibrovascular
Ɵssue. KEY WORDS Primary pterygium, asƟgmaƟsm, autologus conjucƟval
graŌ, grading of pterygium. 596 PreoperaƟve EvaluaƟon It is thought to be caused by the formaƟon of tear meniscus Original Research Article Parajuli R et al Table: 1: IndicaƟon of pterygium surgery
Here, commonest symptoms of pterygium is Foreign Body
sensaƟon, which was complained by 71.43%
Table 2: Comparison of preoperaƟve vision and
postoperaƟve vision aŌer 4wks
There was no change in visual acuity before and one month
aŌer surgery. Table 3: Comparison of preoperaƟve vision and
postoperaƟve vision aŌer 3 months
There was no change in visual acuity before and three month
aŌer surgery
Table 4: CorrelaƟon of AsƟgmaƟgm with Pterygium Size
(Before and AŌer Surgery)
PreoperaƟvely, when the grading of Pterygium increases
asƟgmaƟsm also gradually increases and postoperaƟvely
aŌer surgery asƟgmaƟsm has been reduced. Table 5: Comparison of mean asƟgmaƟsm before and aŌer
surgery
Table 6: Comparison of mean asƟgmaƟsm one months and
three months aŌer surgery Table: 1: IndicaƟon of pterygium surgery
Here commonest symptoms of pterygium is Foreign Body IndicaƟons for the need of surgery were noted as SymptomaƟc
pterygium: chronic eye irritaƟon in the affected eye on and
off at least for 3 Ɵmes a year or less, vision threatening
pterygium which was very close to the pupillary border and
for cosmeƟc purpose. AsƟgmaƟsm were measured by an
experienced optometrist by performing corneal topography
examinaƟon before and aŌer surgery (on four weeks and on
3months), by corneal topography machine. (Topcon) OperaƟve Procedure, Post OperaƟve Care and Follow Up OperaƟve Procedure, Post OperaƟve Care and Follow Up
Surgery was performed under retrobulbar block, All paƟents
received a drop of topical 4% Xylocaine (Astrazeneca
Pharma India limited, Banglore) & injecƟon of retrobulbar
block with 3ml – 2%Xylocaine/ Epinephrine 1:80000 + 1.5ml
- 0.5% Bupivacaine (Astrazeneca Pharma India limited,
Banglore) a total of 4.5ml anestheƟc agent using a 5cc
disposable syringe (Terumo CorporaƟon. Tokyo, Japan). AŌer retro bulbar block paƟents eye was pressure padded
for 3-5 minutes then transfered to the operaƟng table as
ocular anaesthesia was confirmed. Pterygium was excised
using a plain forceps & aŌer meƟculous excision of tenon,
conjuncƟval defects was closed using the autologous
conjuncƟva graŌ taken from the superior/superiotemporal
bulbar conjuncƟva. Minimal cautery was applied to the host
area. GraŌ was prepared using plain forceps, sutured using
Vicryl 8–0, then eye was padded with ointment & tapped. AŌer removal of the pad all paƟent received post operaƟve
medicaƟons i.e. topical drops combinaƟon of Chloramphenicol
(1%) and Dexamethasone 0.1% (Pyrimon) four Ɵmes a day
from next day of surgery with Chloramphenicol eye
ointment 0.3% at bed Ɵme for first one week of surgery and
gradually tapered over a period of month. Table 2: Comparison of preoperaƟve vision and
postoperaƟve vision aŌer 4wks There was no change in visual acuity before and one month
aŌer surgery. PaƟents were closely observed, day 2, 1 week, 1 month, 3
month aŌer surgery and intraoperaƟve complicaƟons were
documented as damage to the medial rectus, dog hole in the
graŌ, small graŌ and damage to adjacent ocular structures. On each follow up visual acuity, reƟnoscopic examinaƟon,
subjecƟve refracƟon was taken and corneal topographic
examinaƟon was done on 1 month and 3 months. PreoperaƟve EvaluaƟon A pigment iron line (Stocker's line) may be seen in advance of
2
a pterygium on the cornea. Diagnosis of pterygium was made based on presence of
triangular fibrovascular growth with apex encroaching
towards the cornea using a slit lamp bimicroscope. Demographic profiles of the paƟents were filled in detail,
ExaminaƟon included visual acquity assessment including
detail slit lamp examinaƟon including site, size of pterygia,
of pterygia (Horizontal), presence or absence of dellen. Dimensions were measured from the limbus using a caliber
in slit lamp in millimeters (mm). Apex of pterygium from the
limbus towards the Ɵp of pterygium and base of pterygium
covering the limbus were measured. During slit-lamp
examinaƟon slit beam was focused on the nasal limbus,
pterygium were graded depending on the extent of corneal
(
3, 15, 16, 17
involvement: Sejal Maheshwari, MS, 2007) : The removal of pterygium is indicated if there is large
pterygium that is about to cover the papillary area over the
cornea, causes intense discomfort, foreign body sensaƟon,
redness. A pterygium-induced refracƟve change oŌen leads to visual
impairment. These changes are localized and cannot be
measured accurately either by refracƟon or keratometry. During manifest refracƟon paƟent deals with two images,
one from the more spherical temporal cornea and one from
the flaƩer nasal cornea. The paƟent preferenƟally views the
more spherical image and therefore the corneal changes are
3, 15, 16, 17
incompletely reflected in the refracƟon. Keratometry measures only the central cornea and
peripheral cornea is ignored and hence the results can be
erroneous in eyes with pterygium. Grade I – between limbus and a point midway between
limbus and pupillary margin. Grade II- head of the pterygium present between a point
midway between limbus and pupillary margin and pupillary
margin (nasal pupillary margin in case of nasal pterygium
and temporal margin in case of temporal pterygium)
Grade III-crossing pupillary margin. Pterygium was seen to have a considerable effect on
topographic indices in the present series. FlaƩening was
seen in the horizontal meridian, which was associated with
asƟgmaƟsm. The exact mechanism of flaƩening is not clear. Table 7: Comparison of AsƟgmaƟsm before surgery and
aŌer 1 month mparison of AsƟgmaƟsm b
th
N
he Ɵme pterygium is symp
paired if it progress to the p
gular and irregular asƟg
2
o pterygium size Pterygium
effect on topographic ind
ning was seen in the horizon
ed with asƟgmaƟsm. The e
not clear. It is thought to
tear meniscus between th
pterygium, causing an ap
4
corneal curvature. Pteryg
5
e This study observed pte
of 31-40 years and in above
n in 31-40 years group may
nts are aestheƟcally more
mologist more frequently
use in these groups pteryg
y are more symptomaƟc an
ntly. 1 month
SSION
ty of the Ɵme pterygium i
es impaired if it progress to
1
a. Regular and irregular
2
Ɵon to pterygium size Pter
erable effect on topograph
FlaƩening was seen in the h
sociated with asƟgmaƟsm. ng is not clear. It is thou
Ɵon of tear meniscus betwe
vated pterygium, causing
4
rmal corneal curvature. 5
ing age This study observe
groups of 31-40 years and in
ak seen in 31-40 years grou
paƟents are aestheƟcally
phthalmologist more frequ
e because in these groups p
nd they are more symptom
requently. ean age of the paƟents we
6
yJuan Cano-Parra et al
study pterygium was m In our study the mean asƟgmaƟsm reduced from 2.8D to
0.80D, and the change in mean asƟgmaƟsm was 1.9D, P
value is 0.001. In the current study all the topographic parameters were
seen to improve significantly following pterygium excision. CONCLUSION In our study pterygium was more common in females
(53.6%) which is similar to study done by Shu Fang, Rong-
8
Kung Tsai et al. This may be due to the fact that most of the
female paƟents were from Kathmandu valley, who were
aestheƟcally more concerned and visited hospital for
treatment. However the similar study done by Seitz B et al
7
where the pterygium was more common in male. AsƟgmaƟsm increases with the grade of pterygium. AsƟgmaƟsm significantly reduces aŌer pterygium surgery. DISCUSSION 9
3
Lin and Stern G et al (1998), Sejal Maheshwari, ( 2007),
10
Errais K, Bouden J, Mili-Boussen I, Anane R, et al (2008),
11
Ashaye AO, Avisar R, Loya N et al ( 2000) shows asƟgmaƟsm
tends to increase with the increasing size of the lesion. Topographic asƟgmaƟsm tends to be improved by successful
removal of the pterygium. These findings suggest that early
surgical intervenƟon in the pterygium may be indicated when
the lesion shows that Grade II or larger pterygium was
associated with increase in asƟgmaƟsm, asymmetry and
irregularity. Hence, for paƟents with pterygium requiring
cataract surgery, decision of surgery should be taken
depending on the grade of pterygium; in cases with Grade I,
atrophic and non-progressive pterygium one can consider
cataract surgery directly. However, pterygium Grade II or
larger significantly affects the refracƟve component of
cornea which can lead to erroneous intraocular lens power
calculaƟon and post-cataract refracƟve surprise, pterygium
excision should be performed prior to cataract surgery,
cornea stabilize one month aŌer pterygium surgery. Hence,
cataract surgery or refracƟve surgery if considered should
12
be performed at least one month aŌer pterygium surgery. The peak seen in 31-40 years group may be because in these
group paƟents are aestheƟcally more concerned so they
visit ophthalmologist more frequently. The other reason
may be because in these groups pterygium is in aggressive
form and they are more symptomaƟc and they visit hospital
more frequently. The mean age of the paƟents were 56±5 years in a study
6
done byJuan Cano-Parra et al RESULTS The mean age of paƟent was 46.11 years, standard deviaƟon
was 18.86 Male: female raƟo: 0.8:1 87.5% paƟents were
from hilly region, 8.9% were from Tarai region, 3.6% were
from mountain region. PreoperaƟvely, when the grading of Pterygium increases
asƟgmaƟsm also gradually increases and postoperaƟvely
aŌer surgery asƟgmaƟsm has been reduced. Graph 1: Showing asƟgmaƟsm before surgery, aŌer one
and 3 months, asƟgmaƟsm had significantly reduced 3 Graph 1: Showing asƟgmaƟsm before surgery, aŌer one
and 3 months, asƟgmaƟsm had significantly reduced 3
months aŌer surgrey Table 5: Comparison of mean asƟgmaƟsm before and aŌer
surgery
Table 6: Comparison of mean asƟgmaƟsm one months and
three months aŌer surgery g
y
Table 6: Comparison of mean asƟgmaƟsm one months and
three months aŌer surgery
598
ISSN: 2542-2758 (Print) 2542-2804 (Online)
Birat Journal of Health Sciences
Vol.4/No.1/Issue 8/ Jan - April, 2019 Original Research Article Parajuli R et al 6(10.71%) aestheƟc concern and 4(7.14%) presented with
other complaints like redness, ocular discomfort. 6(10.71%) aestheƟc concern and 4(7.14%) presented with
other complaints like redness, ocular discomfort. RECOMMENDATIONS Proper adjustment of the glass will be needed aŌer paƟent
undergoes pterygium surgery and paƟent also needs
counseling about the change in his refracƟve error. So,
Pterygium Surgery is recommended when there is
significant asƟgmaƟsm ( usually grade II Pterygium) and also
it should be done before the cataract surgery because it
leads to proper intraocular lens calculaƟon. In geographical distribuƟon out of 56 paƟent, 49(87.5%)
were from Hilly region, 5(8.9%) from Terai region and
2(3.6%) were from mountain region. In this study most of
the paƟents enrolled were from Hilly region because of
feasibility to come for follow up. In our study all the pterygium were nasal. Since Nepal is an
agricultural country, there is exposure to sunlight which is a
leading cause of pterygium. When the eye is exposed to
sunlight the sunlight directly reflected from nasal bridge of
nose to the nasal part of the conjuncƟva, which leads to
formaƟon of nasal pterygium. A study done in Taiwan by Shu-Fang et al (2006) also shows
the high incidence of nasal Pterygium. And they concluded
that the high prevalence of pterygium (53.01%) among the
middle-aged and elderly populaƟon of the Tao tribe in
Orchid Island may be related to the laƟtude, ultraviolet
8
exposure and lifestyle. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None In this study 40(71.43%) of paƟents presented with foreign
body sensaƟon, 6(10.71%) with decreased vision and Original Research Article Parajuli R et al Picture 1 :
Picture 2:
Grade I Pterygium
Grade II Pterygium
Picture 3: Grade III Pterygium
Picture 4: Pterygium is excised from its site
Picture 5: Autologus conjucƟval graŌ is secured with 8.0
vicryl suture
Picture 6:
st
1 post-operaƟve day, graŌ in situ and
sutures are intact
Picture 7: 3 month post-operaƟve day
Picture 7: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 8: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3 months aŌer
pterygium surgery
Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 9:
Picture 10: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3months
aŌer pterygium surgery. RECOMMENDATIONS Picture 7: 3 month post-operaƟve day Picture 2: Grade II Pterygium Picture 1 :
Picture 2:
Grade I Pterygium
Grade II Pterygium Picture 7: 3 month post-operaƟve day
Picture 7: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 8: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3 months aŌer
pterygium surgery Picture 3: Grade III Pterygium Picture 7: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm Picture 7: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 8: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3 months aŌer
pterygium surgery
Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 9: Picture 3: Grade III Pterygium
Picture 4: Pterygium is excised from its site
Picture 5: Autologus conjucƟval graŌ is secured with 8.0
vicryl suture
Picture 6:
st
1 post-operaƟve day, graŌ in situ and
sutures are intact
Picture 7: Corneal topography showing pre
Picture 8: Corneal Topography of same p
pterygium surgery
Corneal topography showing pre
Picture 9:
Birat Journal of He
Picture 10: Corneal Topography of sam
aŌer pterygium surgery. Picture 3: Grade III Pterygium
Picture 4: Pterygium is excised from its site
Picture 5: Autologus conjucƟval graŌ is secured with 8.0
vicryl suture
Picture 6:
st
1 post-operaƟve day, graŌ in situ and
sutures are intact
ISSN: 2542-2758 (P Picture 3: Grade III Pterygium Picture 3: Grade III Pterygium Picture 4: Pterygium is excised from its site Picture 7: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm Picture 7: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm Picture 4: Pterygium is excised from its site Picture 4: Pterygium is excised from its site Picture 8: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3 months aŌer
pterygium surgery Picture 8: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3 months aŌer
pterygium surgery Picture 5: Autologus conjucƟval graŌ is secured with 8.0
vicryl suture pterygium surgery
Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 9: Picture 5: Autologus conjucƟval graŌ is secured with 8.0
vicryl suture Picture 5: Autologus conjucƟval graŌ is secured with 8.0
vicryl suture Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 9: Corneal topography showing preoperaƟve asƟgmaƟsm
Picture 9: Picture 6:
st
1 post-operaƟve day, graŌ in situ and
sutures are intact Picture 10: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3months
aŌer pterygium surgery. Picture 10: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3months
aŌer pterygium surgery. 600
2542-2804 (Online)
Birat Journal of Health Sciences
Vol.4/No.1/Issue 8/ Jan - April, 2019
Picture 10: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3months
aŌer pterygium surgery. REFERENCES 1. Ramanjit Sihota,Radikha Tandon.Parson’s Disease of the eye,
Elsevier, (2007) TwenƟeth ediƟon,: page no.175-176. 1. Ramanjit Sihota,Radikha Tandon.Parson’s Disease of the eye,
Elsevier, (2007) TwenƟeth ediƟon,: page no.175-176. 9. Lin A, Stern G, CorrelaƟon between pterygium size and induced
corneal asƟgmaƟsm, cornea 1998 Jan; 17(1): 28-30.PMID:9436877 2. John E.Sutphin, Jr.MD et al, Clinical approach to deposiƟons and
degeneraƟons of the conjuncƟva, Cornea and Sclera, American
Academy of Ophthalmology San Francisco, (2008-09) CA 941220-
7424, page no.366 10. Errais K, Bouden J, Mili-Boussen I, Anane R, Beltaif O, Meddeb
Ouertani, A. Effect of pterygium surgery on corneal topography, Eur J
Ophthalmol, 2008 Mar-Apr; 18(2): 177-8113;PMID:18320508 11. Avisar R, Loya N, Yassur Y, Weinberger D, pterygium-induced corneal
asƟgmaƟsm, Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 Jan;2(1):14-5.PMID:10892364 3. Sejal Maheshwari, MS, Pterygium-induced corneal refracƟve
changes, Indian J Ophthalmology 2007, 55:383-6 ; DOI: 10.4103/
0301-4738.33829 3. Sejal Maheshwari, MS, Pterygium-induced corneal refracƟve
changes, Indian J Ophthalmology 2007, 55:383-6 ; DOI: 10.4103/
0301-4738.33829 12. A Tomidokoro; K Miyata, Y Sakaguchi; T Samejima, at el on effects of
pterygium on corneal spherical power and asƟgmaƟsm. Ophthalmology
Volume: 107 2000 Aug;107:1568–7: PMID:10919910 4. Oldenburg JB, Garbus J, McDonnell JM et al conjuncƟval pterygia. Mechanism of corneal topographic changes,Cornea 1990; 9:200-4;
PMID: 2373014 . 4. Oldenburg JB, Garbus J, McDonnell JM et al conjuncƟval pterygia. Mechanism of corneal topographic changes,Cornea 1990; 9:200-4;
PMID: 2373014 . 13. Barraquer JI, Binder PS, Buxton JN, et al. EƟology and treatment of
the pterygium, In: Symposium on Medical and Surgical Diseases of
the Cornea, TransacƟons of the New Orleans Academy of
Ophthalmology, St Louis: CV Mosby; 1980:167-178. 5. Ashaye AO, RefracƟve asƟgmaƟsm and pterygium, Afr J Med,
MedSci.1990 Sep; 19(3): 225-8; PMID : 12518915 6. Juan Cano-Parra, Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno et al, AsƟgmaƟsm
variaƟons in pterygium surgery, Annals of Opthalmology J, volume
34, Number 1/March, 2002,23-25; hƩps://doi.org/10.1007/ s12009
-002-0053-1 6. Juan Cano-Parra, Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno et al, AsƟgmaƟsm
variaƟons in pterygium surgery, Annals of Opthalmology J, volume
34, Number 1/March, 2002,23-25; hƩps://doi.org/10.1007/ s12009
-002-0053-1 14. Kenyon KR, Tseng SCG, Limbal autograŌ transplantaƟon for ocular
surface disorders, Ophthalmology, 1989; 96:709-723. 14. Kenyon KR, Tseng SCG, Limbal autograŌ transplantaƟon for ocular
surface disorders, Ophthalmology, 1989; 96:709-723. 15. Maheshwari S. Effect of pterygium excision on pterygium-induced
asƟgmaƟsm. Indian J Ophthalmol 2003;51:187-8. 15. Maheshwari S. Effect of pterygium excision on pterygium-induced
asƟgmaƟsm. Indian J Ophthalmol 2003;51:187-8. 7. Original Research Article Original Research Article RECOMMENDATIONS 600
2542-2804 (Online)
Birat Journal of Health Sciences
Vol.4/No.1/Issue 8/ Jan - April, 2019
Picture 10: Corneal Topography of same paƟent 3months
aŌer pterygium surgery. Picture 6:
st
1 post-operaƟve day, graŌ in situ and
sutures are intact Parajuli R et al REFERENCES Seitz B, Gutay A, Kuchle M, Kus MM, Langenbucher A at el Impact of
pterygium size on corneal topography and visual acuity - a prospecƟve
clinical cross-secƟonal study, Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2001, 218:
609-15; DOI:10.1055/s-2001-17639 7. Seitz B, Gutay A, Kuchle M, Kus MM, Langenbucher A at el Impact of
pterygium size on corneal topography and visual acuity - a prospecƟve
clinical cross-secƟonal study, Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2001, 218:
609-15; DOI:10.1055/s-2001-17639 16. Yagmar M, Altan A, Ozcan MD, Sari S, Ersoz RT. Visual acuity and
corneal topographic changes related with pterygium surgery. J
Refract Surg 2005;21:166-70 17. Cinal A, Yasar T, Demirok A, Topuz H. The effect of pterygium surgery
on corneal topography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2001;32:35-40. 17. Cinal A, Yasar T, Demirok A, Topuz H. The effect of pterygium surgery
on corneal topography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2001;32:35-40. 8. Shu-Fang, Rong-Kung,Tsai, I-Cheng. Epidemiology of pterygium
among middle aged and elderly aborigines of the Tao tribe of Orchid
Island, Taiwan.Tzu Chi Med J 2006,18 No. 4; 18:283-286 601
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French Open Data
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L'AMICALE DE PÉTANQUE D'ESPIRA DE L'AGLY.
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تصنيف:أمريكيون من أصل كوبي-يهودي
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Volatilidade classificatória e a (in)consistência da desigualdade racial
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Jerônimo Oliveira Muniz
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Classificatory volatility and (in)consistency of
racial inequality Volatilidade classificatória e a (in)consistência da
desigualdade racial Volatilidad clasificatoria y la (in)consistencia de
la desigualdad racial Jerônimo Oliveira Muniz 1
João Luiz Bastos 2 Jerônimo Oliveira Muniz 1
João Luiz Bastos 2 doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00082816 Correspondence
J. L. Bastos
Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina. Campus Universitário João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis,
SC 88040-970, Brasil. [email protected] 1 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
2 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Social Inequity; Race or Ethnic Group Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors Correspondence
J. L. Bastos
Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina.
Campus Universitário João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis,
SC 88040-970, Brasil.
[email protected] This article is published in Open Access under the Creative Commons
Attribution license, which allows use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, without restrictions, as long as the original work is correctly
cited. Abstract Correspondence
J. L. Bastos
Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina. Campus Universitário João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis,
SC 88040-970, Brasil. [email protected] Problematizing the depictions of Brazil’s racial inequality Racial inequalities in Brazil are notorious. Whatever the measure of inequality – Gini, Theil, index of
dissimilarity, ratio, or difference – or outcome of interest – life expectancy, fertility, schooling, access
to higher education, homicide rate, occupational prestige, or per capita income – whites consistently
possess more resources and occupy hierarchically better positions than blacks (pretos and pardos)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Whites’ advantages in relation to blacks also persist over time, although recent evidence
suggests a trend towards reduction in this difference in Brazil 8,9. Until the 2000s, the per capita
household income of white was, on average, 2.4 times higher than that of pardos (literally “browns”)
and pretos (literally “blacks”) (hereinafter referred to jointly as blacks, unless specified otherwise). In
2008, this ratio had decreased to 2.1. If this reduction were to maintain its pace, racial equality in
income would not be achieved in Brazil until 2029 8. Does this reduction in inequality result from greater economic approximation between whites
and blacks? Is the situation of blacks improving, or at least approaching that of whites? Is stability in
racial self-classification a condition for inferring that inequality has decreased? The uncertainties of
racial classification, widely noted in the sociological literature, corroborate the imprecision of socially
constructed and “politically oriented” racial data 10,11. However, such imprecisions only become
problematic in light of their consequences and uses. The race/color variable in itself is not a static
category, nor is it useless for the perception of realities that are statistically constructed and used in
the allocation of compensatory benefits. The fluidity and multidimensionality of race, perceived as
inconsistencies, indicate the construct’s dynamism, but are of little assistance in understanding their
causes and consequences 12. Race, in addition to having become a criterion in public policies, is also
responsible for defining our perceptions of stratification and social injustice. After all, the notion of
racial inequality is dependent upon the unequal distribution of resources among groups of color,
which are statistically variable. If racial groups are unstable, that is, if those previously classified as whites are reclassified as
blacks (and vice-versa), racial inequality would change based on the reclassification of persons among
the categorized racial groups rather than by redistribution of income between whites and blacks,
assumed to be racially stable. Correspondence Monitoring racial inequalities, whether socioeconomic or health-related, as-
sumes stability in racial classification. Otherwise, the dynamics of these in-
equalities could result from racial reclassification rather than from processes
related to socioeconomic and health inequalities per se. The study proposes a
typology of uncertainty in racial classification (contextual – temporal, geo-
graphic, procedural – and sampling) and draws on the literature and nation-
ally representative secondary data to discuss the magnitude of racial vari-
ability in Brazil according to these five dimensions. The results show that at
least two of these uncertainties – geographic and procedural – are substantial,
but have little influence on the racial gap in income. We address the impacts
of these results on the existence and extent of racial inequalities in health and
conclude that the structure of inequalities between whites and blacks is consis-
tent, although skin color classification is volatile. 1 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. 2 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Muniz JO, Bastos JL
2 Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Problematizing the depictions of Brazil’s racial inequality For example, racial inequality in income would increase if pardos (who
form a large racial category that traditionally expresses a high degree of classificatory ambiguity) and
especially poor pardos began reclassifying themselves as pretos or if wealthy pardos began classifying
themselves as whites 13,14. In other words, such a classificatory dynamic would lead to an increase in
racial inequality without any reallocation of resources among the respective categories. The resources
would not be redistributed, but skin color would be. In the presence of racial reclassification, the
understanding of inequalities thus depends not only on the differential distribution of resources
among racial groups, but also on their classificatory stability. Is this the case in Brazil? How inconsistent are the measures of inequality as a result of racial
reclassification? How stable is the classification of racial groups? The answer to these questions
depends partly on the dimension according to which one examines the fluidity of skin color. The cur-
rent article addresses five dimensions: contextual, temporal, geographic, procedural, and sampling. These dimensions are not mutually exclusive and are observed simultaneously, but they provide a
theoretical framework for systematizing the factors linked to a population’s racial variations. Such
a typology aims to orient the agenda for future research on the impacts of race classification uncer-
tainty on measures of racial inequality. The proposed conceptual structure launches the question in
the public health field; by emphasizing the macro-structural components of racial reclassification
and their impact on inequality, it transcends the multidimensional approach to race as experienced
individually, as recently examined by social sciences scholars 12. Although the typology highlights
uncertainty in racial classification, we argue that it could be equally useful in the study of other types
of social classification, including those based on religion, ethnicity, political orientation, social class,
etc. Figure 1 summarizes the interrelationship between the five dimensions of race classification
uncertainty proposed here and their impact on racial inequalities. First, we will define the dimensions linked to the uncertainty of racial boundaries, reviewing
recent evidence on skin color reclassification in specific contexts (e.g., universities) and at the tempo-
ral, regional, procedural, and sampling levels. Next, we will show that although racial uncertainty or Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 RACIAL VOLATILITY IN BRAZIL
3 Figure 1 Dimensions of racial uncertainty. ambiguity may be quantified, it is not necessarily relevant for determining the magnitude of inequali-
ties. Problematizing the depictions of Brazil’s racial inequality Importantly, the expressions “race”, “color”, and “skin color” are used interchangeably throughout
the article, since they represent emic categories and constitute analytical categories for the current
discussion. In addition, we adopted the term “blacks” to include both pardos and pretos, in keeping with
the references consulted during the literature review. Although the latter procedure may occasionally
prove problematic and questionable 15,16, it is frequently backed by similarities between pretos and
pardos in terms of income and schooling, attempts at increasing statistical power in quantitative analy-
ses, and by the fact that public policies in Brazil currently treat the two population segments jointly. Racial uncertainty: contextual The first dimension, contextual, refers to situations in which there is racial reclassification as a func-
tion of people’s macro-social context. Context refers to the influence of institutional, socioeconomic,
interactional, and cultural factors that affect the process of racial identification (consciously or not). This macro-social dimension encompasses and influences the others and is shown as the gray area
in Figure 1. For example, racial variations in time and space are subject to specific institutional influ-
ences that operate to some extent regardless of individual preferences. Institutional influence is
manifested diffusely through the consolidation of power structures that reproduce and leave legacies
of superiority of one race over the other, thus contributing to racial reclassification of those discrimi-
nated against or who lack preferential access to the benefits generated by the state and organizations
17,18. Interaction between the interviewee and interviewer, permeated by their respective attributes, is
also part of the contextual dimension. Name, intonation, accent, verbal skill, ancestry, social class, and
mutual phenotypical perception also influence skin color self-classification and interviewer-classifi-
cation 12,15. The macro-social context is broad and encompasses all the influences that go beyond the
individual sphere, but which permeate it at the same time. The macro-social context is thus the whole
that transcends the parts, and whose effect is perceived across both time and space. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Muniz JO, Bastos JL
4 According to Telles 19, in the 1990s, whites and pretos increased their relative share of the Brazil-
ian population as a whole: while pardos decreased their share from 42.1% to 38.9% between the 1991
and 2000 population censuses, whites and pretos increased from 52.1% to 53.4% and from 5% to 6.1%
during the same period, respectively. However, the relative share of pardos began to increase again in
the 2000s, resembling a process referred to as empardecimento (“browning”) observed from the 1940s
to the 1990s, which has also been accompanied by a slight increase in the share of pretos in recent
years 20. Telles interprets the Brazilian population’s increasing tendency to self-classify as pardos as
the result of this group’s recent social valorization in Brazil. Racial uncertainty: contextual According to him, these individuals may
have classified themselves as whites in the past in an attempt to avoid identifying with a stigmatized
racial category; currently, they would not hesitate to self-classify as blacks in response to certain social
incentives, including affirmative action policies launched in the 2000s. Along this same line, studies at the Brasília University (UnB) show that the adoption of racial
quotas beginning in 2004 had a significant effect on applicants’ self-classified race 21,22. Based on
prospective data, the authors of these studies observed that after the university reserved 20% of vacan-
cies for self-classified black applicants, the tendency to identify with the darker skin color categories
increased significantly, thus evidencing the inductive effect of affirmative action on constructing
racial boundaries 23. There was also evidence of a similar process at the Minas Gerais Federal Univer-
sity (UFMG). A policy of bonus points was adopted in 2009, according to which applicants that had
graduated from public secondary schools and self-classified as blacks received an extra 15% on their
admissions scores; the policy appeared to have had a similar effect on racial classification. From 2008
to 2009, the total number of applicants registered in the admissions exams remained virtually stable,
but the racial composition changed. There was a percentage decrease in self-classified whites and an
increase in self-classified blacks. According to one study, this “may have resulted from induction in racial
self-classification generated by the possibility of obtaining bonus points on the admissions exams at UFMG” 24
(p. 323). However, an absolute increase in applications by blacks and a simultaneous reduction in
whites is also a hypothesis that is unlikely, but would have to be tested. Also from a contextual perspective, but limited to the sphere of interpersonal relations as condi-
tioning factors of racial classification, a study in the South of Brazil showed that men tended to self-
classify more as pardos than as pretos when interviewed by black women interviewers compared to
white women interviewers 15. The racial categories that are selected can be as diverse as the number
of observers and the contexts in which they are observed. Although race is typically recorded once,
one can imagine that it is specific to each moment, to each observational process 12. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Muniz JO, Bastos JL
4 Muniz JO, Bastos JL
4 Racial uncertainty: spatial The geographic or regional dimension of racial uncertainty refers to the differential propensity
towards reclassification of persons living in different regions of the country, even assuming that all
other conditions in the classification process remain stable. This dimension includes the influence of
the local racial composition on the classification process. Areas with a high proportion of whites are
expected to have individuals with greater potential to change their racial classification (for example,
“brown” children born to interracial couples), tending to classify themselves as whites. Meanwhile, in
areas with a high proportion of pretos, there might be a greater tendency for pardos to classify them-
selves as black. This type of uncertainty appears when examining the tendencies towards racial reclassification
in different areas of Brazil. If different regions of the country show different probabilities of racial
reclassification, this would suggest that race is affected by spatial uncertainty. To test this hypothesis,
we followed the ideas presented by Vitor Miranda in his doctoral thesis 20 and matched the data from
the PME of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) over time 30. The rotating-panel
design potentially allowed for the same individual to be interviewed at two different points in time: at
the first interview and nine months later. These data allow estimating the propensity (and proportion)
of individuals that changed their skin color classification between the two interviews and in different
places in Brazil. Figure 2 illustrates this process, showing the likelihood that individuals self-classified as browns
(pardos) in the first interview later reclassified themselves as whites (brancos) or blacks (pretos) in the
second interview in each of the six metropolitan areas covered by the PME. In general, the propor-
tion of pardos that whitened from one interview to the next tended to be higher in metropolitan areas
with a higher proportion of whites. The exception to this tendency was Rio de Janeiro, where the
proportion of pardos that reclassified was less than 5%, although Rio has the third highest proportion
of whites and the second highest proportion of pretos among metropolitan areas studied. Meanwhile, Porto Alegre was the metropolitan area where pardos were more prone to change
their race to white (about 40%) or preto (about 15%) between the two interviews. Porto Alegre is the
metropolitan area with the highest proportion of whites (90%), but also the lowest proportion of pretos
(5%). Racial uncertainty: spatial The higher reclassification of pardos in Porto Alegre may reflect more rigid racial boundaries
and thus lower adherence to the category of pardos. Therefore, racial boundaries in Brazil thus appear
more permeable and prone to influence by the local racial composition in some regions than in others. The impact of this spatial dimension on the magnitude of racial inequalities will be addressed later
in this paper. Racial uncertainty: temporal The temporal dimension of racial uncertainty includes, within a single context, the classificatory
variations observed over time that extend beyond the respective groups’ reproductive dynamics. Fluctuations due to reclassification appear here as a function of prevailing contextual conditions
(politics, the economy, culture, media influence etc.). Empirically, the temporal dimension involves racial classification of the same individuals at dif-
ferent points in time. Thus, this implies drawing on longitudinal studies that follow participants for
a minimum period and that are capable of subjecting study participants to two or more instances of
racial classification. The study by Penner & Saperstein 25 in the United States is a good example, since
it was based on racial classification conducted at regular one- or two-year intervals among 12,686
individuals, from 1979 to 2002. The authors observed that overall, 6% of the interviewees had their
racial classification changed from one wave of data collection to another, for example changing from
white to black as a function of a series of markers of social status, such as unemployment, incarcera-
tion, and impoverishment. This percentage was considerably higher than that for other characteris-
tics of the participants; for example, only 0.3% (or 20 times fewer) changed their sexual classification
during the same follow-up period. In the Brazilian case, according to the Monthly Employment Survey (PME), 23% of the population
in metropolitan areas changed their self-reported skin color over the course of nine months 20. Lon-
gitudinal (cohort) studies in Brazil 20,26 thus offer researchers an interesting opportunity to explore Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 RACIAL VOLATILITY IN BRAZIL
5 the temporal dimension of racial uncertainty in the country. Unlike studies elsewhere 27,28,29, until
we can determine the trends in interracial transition in Brazil, it will be hard to determine the impact
of reclassification over time on inequality indicators, life expectancy, or any other socioeconomic or
health outcome. the temporal dimension of racial uncertainty in the country. Unlike studies elsewhere 27,28,29, until
we can determine the trends in interracial transition in Brazil, it will be hard to determine the impact
of reclassification over time on inequality indicators, life expectancy, or any other socioeconomic or
health outcome. Figure 2 Predicted probabilities of pardos reclassifying as whites or pretos in major metropolitan areas of Brazil. Predicted probabilities of pardos reclassifying as whites or pretos in major metropolitan areas of Brazil. Predicted probabilities of pardos reclassifying as whites or pretos in major metropolitan areas of Brazil. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. Predicted probabilities of pardos reclassifying as whites or pretos in major metropolitan areas of Brazil. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. interviewee’s racial self-classification using the IBGE categories; (2) based on photographs, where
interviewees had to select the photo they most identified with; (3) assessed by the interviewer; and
(4) based on the skin color of the individual’s darkest direct ancestor. According to the results, “half
(27+19+3) of the interviewees classified themselves or were classified consistently, that is, independently of the
data collection methodology used or the construction of the race/color variable” 31 (p. 261). Meanwhile, the
other half consisted of individuals whose race varied according to the methodology used to measure it. Data from a population-based study in a municipality in southernmost Brazil 13,15 – Pelotas, Rio
Grande do Sul State – also illustrate this type of uncertainty. In 2005, a probabilistic sample of 3,136
adults 20 years or older living in the municipality’s urban area were interviewed at home in the con-
text of a large-scale epidemiological survey conducted periodically in the municipality. Interviewers
were asked to classify the study participants according to the five official census categories for skin
color (branca, parda, preta, amarela, and indígena, or white, brown, black, yellow, and indigenous,
respectively) during face-a-face interviews using standardized, pre-coded questionnaires. Partici-
pants were also asked to classify their own color according to the same census categories. The sam-
ple’s color distribution according to the interviewer was: 84% whites, 4.5% pardos, 11.3% pretos, and
0.2% indigenous 13. Meanwhile, self-classification showed 81.6% whites, 6.6% pardos, 10.8% pretos,
0.4% amarelos, and 0.6% indigenous 13. Such differences between the interviewer’s and interviewee’s
classification are attributable to procedural variability or uncertainty. Racial uncertainty: procedural The fourth dimension of racial uncertainty refers to the way information on skin color is collected. Different data collection methods, such as open, semi-structured, or categorical questions, or with
self-classification versus interviewer-classification, lead to different racial compositions. We refer
to this type of racial uncertainty as procedural uncertainty, resulting from the measurement system
used. How do people change their skin color classification, and how would the country’s racial compo-
sition change if information on race/color were produced in different ways? How consistent are the
racial groups when race is measured with different questions from those used by the IBGE? Muniz 31,
Bailey et al. 32, and Loveman et al. 33 addressed these questions using data from the Brazilian Social
Survey (PESB) of 2002, in which racial information was collected four different ways: (1) based on the Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Muniz JO, Bastos JL 6 Racial volatility and the construction of inequalities In this section, we demonstrate that the uncertainties involved in two of the five proposed dimensions
are not sufficient to affect the magnitude of racial inequality. We will address procedural uncertainty
and its effect first, and then geographic uncertainty. Procedural uncertainty has little effect on the size of racial inequalities, whether for consumption,
income 34, or health outcomes 35. When individuals whose race changes according to the data col-
lection methodology (photo, interview, interviewer, or ancestry) are excluded from the calculation of
interracial inequality in consumption, the latter increases by only seven percentage points, showing
that inequality between whites and non-whites is not influenced to a large extent by the data collec-
tion method. Interracial inequality in consumption as a percentage of total inequality increases from
11% to 18% when we exclude from the sample all the individuals whose race, as collected, was not the
same according to all four methodologies used by the PESB survey in 2002. The same is true for inter-
racial inequality in income, increasing from 13% to 19% of total inequality. However, these increases
are not statistically significant. This result corroborates evidence from previous studies 32,33. How-
ever, the irrelevance of procedural uncertainty for measures of inequality is not sufficiently robust to
be a consensus. The importance of the mode of classification for measures of inequality appears to
depend not only on the methodological choices, but also on the time period, place, and target vari-
able. In the United States, young people perceived as blacks have higher odds of being arrested when
compared to those perceived as non-blacks 36. The racial gap in income was also reported as higher
when race was classified by interviewers when compared to self-classified, both in the United States 37
and in Brazil 13,38. For specific health-related racial inequalities, the data from Pelotas 13,15 are also useful for dem-
onstrating that procedural uncertainty is important, but has a small effect on the gap between whites
and blacks. As mentioned, in addition to being classified by the interviewers, participants themselves
were asked to choose one of the five race/color categories used in the Brazilian census. This created
a unique opportunity to compare the distribution of health conditions and behaviors according to
racial self-classification and interviewer-classification of the same interviewee. Racial uncertainty: sampling The fifth and last dimension, sampling variability, is purely statistical. Some variability in racial com-
position is due to the use of different samples. Even if time and place do not change, the population
outcomes inferred from random samples change. The idea is simple and refers to one of the basic Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 RACIAL VOLATILITY IN BRAZIL
7 principles of frequentist statistics: different samples lead to different results. This requires measuring
the uncertainty associated with this process in order to have some confidence in the results. Traditionally, the most widely used statistical method for measuring this type of uncertainty
is estimation of confidence intervals for the target values calculated from the samples. Confidence
intervals are a range of values within which the population parameter is expected to be represented
with some degree of certainty. When the researchers find the proportion of self-classified pretos in
Pelotas in 2005 13 to be 10.8% with a 95% confidence interval from 8.7% to 12.8%, they are saying the
following: in the study sample, the proportion of pretos was 10.8%, while there was a 95% likelihood
that the true population proportion was between 8.7% and 12.8%. Furthermore, if it were possible to
select numerous samples from the same population of Pelotas in 2005, we should expect each of them
to produce a slightly different proportion of pretos, but that 95% of the time the confidence intervals
generated by the samples would include the population parameter. This same reasoning applies not
only to a direct measure such as this – the proportion of pretos in Pelotas –, but also to estimates of
inequalities from comparisons between groups. Therefore, the principal function of sampling uncer-
tainty is to have the researcher acknowledge that the measures of racial inequality vary as a function
of the samples from which they were calculated. Although such sampling fluctuation exists, it is
understood to be random in probabilistic samples and can be quantified using confidence intervals. Racial volatility and the construction of inequalities For example, in 2005
the smoking rate was 25.9% in whites and 31.2% in blacks when color was classified by the interview-
er. Based on self-classification, the smoking rate was 25.8% in whites and 31% in blacks. Prevalence of
tooth pain showed similar results, with 16.5% and 16.2% for interviewer-classified and self-classified
whites, and 24% and 24.1% for interviewer-classified and self-classified blacks, respectively. In short,
the change in racial classification procedures (self-classification versus interviewer-classification)
did not affect the size of racial inequality in health conditions or behaviors, contrary to findings in
another setting 39. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Muniz JO, Bastos JL
8 Meanwhile, the role of geographic uncertainty in racial inequalities can be measured with the
following question: How would interracial income equality vary if Brazilians were classified accord-
ing to standard racial perceptions in the South versus North of the country? To answer this question,
we used a specific technique 40 to simulate how income distribution would change if Brazilians were
racially classified according to the standards from the South versus North of the country. Figure 3
shows the results of this simulation. The left-hand column in Figure 3 shows that 88.6% of total inequality can be attributed to income
differences between individuals belonging to the same racial group. The other component (11.4%)
shows the percentage of inequality attributable to the mean income difference between whites and
blacks. The other columns represent statistical simulations in which the mean individual attributes
are kept constant, and only the target characteristics or coefficients (in this case, region of the coun-
try) vary. If self-classified race were only a function of the target attributes (parents’ skin color, for
example), the interracial component of inequality would increase from 11.4% to 16.4%. These per-
centages are the equivalent of mean per capita incomes that are 2.2 and 2.5 times higher for whites
than for blacks. If race were treated as a latent variable, i.e., only as a function of the country’s and
the individual’s socio-demographic and economic attributes, interracial inequality would be slightly
higher than actually observed in 2010. Simulations performed with the specified models show that if individuals were classified accord-
ing to racial classification standards in the South of Brazil, the weight of the interracial component
in total inequality would be slightly lower (15.7%) than if the racial classification standard from the
North were used (18%). Conclusion Since the race variable is socially constructed, it is permeated by five uncertainties: four linked to the
context and one to the samples chosen to measure the skin color. Contextual uncertainty includes
time, space, data collection methods, and all the other institutional and interpersonal factors linked
to skin color reclassification. Meanwhile, sampling uncertainty refers to random fluctuations that are
intrinsic to the sampling process. In addition to suggesting a theoretical framework for the dimensions involved in racial variation,
the results provide answers to the following questions: How variable is an individual’s race or color? What are the consequences of this racial variation for the interpretation of inequality? If these varia-
tions did not exist, or if the racially inconsistent individuals were excluded from estimates of inequali-
ties, would the latter change substantially? Between 1940 and 2010, the combined share of pretos and pardos in the Brazilian population
increased from 35% to 50%. However, the dynamic of the composition of these groups is not due
solely to their reproductive differentials, but also to the process of racial reclassification. For example,
between 1990 and 2010 the population of pretos increased by more than 30% due to processes linked
to skin color reclassification 19,41. Evidence thus illustrates the contextual and temporal uncertainty
associated with race. Based on data from the PME, individuals initially self-classified as pardos are more prone to
reclassify as whites in areas with a higher proportion of whites. Over a nine-month period, the likeli-
hood of pardos reclassifying as whites in Porto Alegre was at least four times greater than in Salvador
(Bahia State) or Recife (Pernambuco State). The variation in inter-regional classificatory tendencies
shows the size of geographic racial uncertainties. With regard to procedural racial uncertainty, evidence from the PESB 2002 shows that about half
of the individuals had their self-classified skin color changed when the method for capturing the race
variable changed. For example, only 3% of the total population consisted of pretos (“blacks”) if one
simultaneously considers the IBGE census method, interviewer’s assessment, photographs, and direct
ancestry. Meanwhile, consistent race classification according to all four methods as a proportion of
the total population was 27% for whites and 19% for pardos 31. Of the types of racial uncertainty examined here – contextual (temporal, geographic, procedural)
and sampling – we evaluated the impact of two types on inequalities. Racial volatility and the construction of inequalities These percentages lead to mean per capita incomes 2.5 and 2.6 times higher,
respectively, for whites than for non-whites. In short, the simulations show that if racial classification
in Brazil followed the classification standards from the North of the country, racial inequality would
be slightly higher than that actually observed. Meanwhile, if the race classification standard from the
South of the country were adopted, racial inequality would tend to be slightly lower than expected. However, although the differences shown by the simulation indicate that racial inequality is also a
function of the classification standard in a given region of the country, they do not substantially alter
the persistent income gap between whites and blacks. Figure 3 Intra- and interracial components of per capita income inequality. Brazil, 2010. Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 RACIAL VOLATILITY IN BRAZIL
9 9 Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Conclusion The results suggest that neither
geographic uncertainty nor procedural uncertainty (involved in the classification method) substan-
tially affects the magnitude of racial inequalities in income, schooling, or consumption. However,
further investigation is needed on the impact of contextual uncertainties (specifically those linked to
the temporal dimension) on the dynamic of racial inequalities. The study’s key message was to have shown that racial uncertainties exist in different dimensions
and with different magnitudes. The existence of these uncertainties is what qualifies race as a socially
constructed variable, i.e., as the product of ideals and interactions rather than a permanent and immu-
table characteristic 15. However, the racial uncertainties do not appear to be sufficient to change the
understanding of another socially constructed reality, namely inequalities by race or color. In two
of the five dimensions of racial uncertainty examined here, we found no changes worthy of note in
inequalities in income, schooling, consumption, or health. Since race is a contextual putative characteristic, it may not be “a reliable marker for assigning benefits
and identifying differences” 42 (p. 278). However, the current study showed that although race is perme-
ated with uncertainties that vary according to context, time, space, the sample, and the method, such
variations appear not to compromise the overall picture of racial inequality. Given that the racial
inequalities examined here are linked to socioeconomic and consumption dimensions, it is reasonable
to assume that such disparities are maintained when analyzing health conditions and behaviors. Since
economic, educational, and consumption disadvantages are at the basis of social inequalities in health,
there is no reason to suppose that the privileges of whites are not also reproduced consistently in health. The article addressed a demonstration of this, showing the negligible impact of procedural uncertainty
on disparities between whites and blacks in relation to smoking, alcohol abuse, and tooth pain. It is still necessary to investigate the effect of the other classificatory uncertainties, especially those
that occur over time, on racial inequalities in health. It should also be mentioned that there is some Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Muniz JO, Bastos JL
10 overlapping of the dimensions proposed in this typology, which probably hinders the empirical and
isolated examination of the effects of each on racial inequalities. No less important is that the results
presented in the article may not be readily generalizable to contexts other than Brazil. Conclusion At any rate, the
study showed that racial inequalities prevail and are perceived in Brazil, not so much as a function of
racial uncertainties and methodological oscillations, but as the result of pernicious mechanisms in the
maintenance of differences whose existence and effects we would like to mitigate. References J. O. Muniz proposed the theoretical framework,
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prepared the databank, critically revised the text,
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12 Inequidad Social; Distribución por Raza o Etnia;
Factores Socioeconómicos Submitted on 15/May/2016
Final version resubmitted on 21/Nov/2016
Approved on 09/Jan/2017 Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816 Iniquidade Social; Distribuição por Raça ou
Etnia; Fatores Socioeconômicos Resumen El monitoreo de desigualdades raciales, sea en un
plano socioeconómico o en términos de desenlaces
de salud, presupone que la declaración de raza
presenta estabilidad. En caso contrario, la diná-
mica de estas desigualdades podría resultar de una
reclasificación racial, y no de procesos vinculados
a inequidades socioeconómicas y de la salud. Este
estudio propone una tipología de la incertidumbre
racial clasificatoria (contextual –temporal, geo-
gráfica, procedimental– y muestral) y discute, a
partir de la literatura y de datos secundarios na-
cionalmente representativos, la magnitud de la
variabilidad racial, según estas cinco dimensiones. Los resultados demuestran que, por lo menos, dos
de esas incertezas –geográfica y procedimental–
son sustanciales, pero tienen poca influencia sobre
el hiato racial de renta. Se abordan los impactos de
esos resultados sobre la existencia y la extensión de
las inequidades raciales en salud y se concluye que
la estructura de las desigualdades entre blancos
y negros es consistente, aunque el color de la piel
sea volátil. O monitoramento de desigualdades raciais, seja
num plano socioeconômico ou em termos de des-
fechos de saúde, pressupõe que a declaração da
raça apresente estabilidade. Caso contrário, a di-
nâmica dessas desigualdades poderia resultar da
reclassificação racial, e não de processos vincula-
dos a iniquidades socioeconômicas e de saúde. Este
estudo propõe uma tipologia da incerteza racial
classificatória (contextual – temporal, geográfica,
procedimental – e amostral) e discute, com base na
literatura e dados secundários nacionalmente re-
presentativos, a magnitude da variabilidade racial
segundo essas cinco dimensões. Os resultados de-
monstram que, pelo menos, duas dessas incertezas
– geográfica e procedimental – são substanciais,
mas têm pouca influência sobre o hiato racial de
renda. Abordam-se os impactos desses resultados
sobre a existência e a extensão das iniquidades
raciais em saúde e conclui-se que a estrutura das
desigualdades entre brancos e negros é consistente,
ainda que a cor da pele seja volátil. Iniquidade Social; Distribuição por Raça ou
Etnia; Fatores Socioeconômicos Iniquidade Social; Distribuição por Raça ou
Etnia; Fatores Socioeconômicos Inequidad Social; Distribución por Raza o Etnia;
Factores Socioeconómicos Cad. Saúde Pública 2017; 33 Sup 1:e00082816
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// Copyright (C) 2018-2021 Intel Corporation
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
//
#include "openvino/runtime/remote_tensor.hpp"
namespace ov {
namespace runtime {
ie::ParamMap RemoteTensor::get_params() const {
OPENVINO_ASSERT(_impl != nullptr, "Remote tensor was not initialized.");
auto remote_impl = InferenceEngine::as<InferenceEngine::RemoteBlob>(_impl);
OPENVINO_ASSERT(remote_impl != nullptr, "Remote tensor was not initialized using remote implementation");
try {
return remote_impl->getParams();
} catch (const std::exception& ex) {
throw ov::Exception(ex.what());
} catch (...) {
OPENVINO_ASSERT(false, "Unexpected exception");
}
}
std::string RemoteTensor::get_device_name() const {
OPENVINO_ASSERT(_impl != nullptr, "Remote tensor was not initialized.");
auto remote_impl = InferenceEngine::as<InferenceEngine::RemoteBlob>(_impl);
OPENVINO_ASSERT(remote_impl != nullptr, "Remote tensor was not initialized using remote implementation");
try {
return remote_impl->getDeviceName();
} catch (const std::exception& ex) {
throw ov::Exception(ex.what());
} catch (...) {
OPENVINO_ASSERT(false, "Unexpected exception");
}
}
} // namespace runtime
} // namespace ov
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https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karangan%2C%20Kepohbaru%2C%20Bajanegara
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Karangan, Kepohbaru, Bajanegara
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https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karangan, Kepohbaru, Bajanegara&action=history
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Javanese
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Spoken
| 26 | 95 |
Karangan iku désa ing kacamatan Kepohbaru, Kabupatèn Kabupatèn Bojanegara, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Rujukan
Uga delengen
Kepohbaru, Bojanegara
Kabupatèn Bojanegara
Pranala njaba
Situs resmi Kabupatèn Bajanegara
| 36,801 |
survayoflondonco00stowuoft_12
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,102 | 9,530 |
The upper or east part of this ward, and also a part of Lime Street Ward, hath been, as I said, a market place, especially for corn, and since for all kind of victuals, as is partly showed in Lime Street Ward ; yet it appeareth of record, that in the year 1522, the rippers of Rye and other places sold their fresh fish in Leadenhall Market upon Cornhill, but foreign butchers were not admitted there to sell flesh till the year 1533; and it was enacted, that butchers should 198 A SURVEY OF LONDON. sell their beef not above a halfpenny the pound, and mutton a half- penny half-farthing. Which act being devised for the great commodity of the realm, as it was then thought, hath since proved far otherwise ; for before that time a fat ox was sold in London for six-and-twenty shillings and eightpence at the most, a fat wether for three shillings and fourpence, a fat calf the like price, a fat lamb for twelve pence, pieces of beef weighing two pounds and a half at the least, yea three pounds or better, for a penny, on every butcher's stall in this city, and of those pieces of beef thirteen or fourteen for twelve pence, fat mutton for eightpence the quarter, and one hundredweight of beef for four shillings and eightpence, at the dearest. What the price is now I need not to set down. Many men thought the same act to rise in price, by means that graziers knew or supposed what weight every their beasts contained, and so raising their price thereafter, the butcher could be no gainer, but by likewise raising his price. The number of butchers then in the city and suburbs was accounted six score, of which every one killed six oxen apiece weekly, which is in forty-six weeks thirty-three thousand one hundred and twenty oxen, or seven hundred and twenty oxen weekly. The foreign butchers for a long time stood in the high street of Lime Street Ward on the north side, twice every week, namely, Wednesday and Saturday, and were some gain to the tenants before whose doors they stood, and into whose houses they set their blocks and stalls ; but that advantage being espied, they were taken into Leadenhall, there to pay for their standing to the chamber of London. Thus much for the market upon Cornhill. The chief ornaments in Cornhill Ward are these : first, at the east end thereof, in the middle of the high street, and at the parting of four ways, have ye a water standard, placed in the year 1582, in manner following. A certain German, named Peter Morris, having made an artificial forcier for that purpose, conveyed Thames water in pipes of lead over the steeple of St. Magnus Church, at the north end of London Bridge, and from thence into divers men's houses in Thames Street, New Fish Street, and Grass Street, up to the north- west corner of Leadenhall, the highest ground of all the city, where the waste of the main pipe rising into this standard, provided at the charges of the city, with four spouts did at every tide run, according to covenant, four ways, plentifully serving to the commodity of the inhabitants near adjoining in their houses, and also cleansed the chanijels of the street towards Bishopsgate, Aldgate, the Bridge, an< the Stocks Market. But now no such matter, through whose defaul I know not. Then have ye a fair conduit of sweet water castellated in tl midst of that ward and street. This conduit was first built of stonJ - CORNHILL WARD. 199 in the year 1282, by Henry Walles, mayor of London, to be a prison for night-walkers and other suspicious persons, and was called the Tun upon Cornhill, because the same was built somewhat in fashion of a tun standing on the one end. To this prison the night watches of this city committed not only night-walkers, but also other persons, as well spiritual as temporal, whom they suspected of incontinence, and punished them according to the customs of this city ; but complaint thereof being made about the year of Christ 1297, King Edward I. writeth to his citizens thus : — "Edward, by the grace of God, &c. Whereas Richard Gravesend, Bishop of London, hath showed unto us, that by the Great Charter of England, the Church hath a privilege, that no clerk should be imprisoned by a layman without our commandment and breach of peace, wljich notwithstanding, some citizens of London, upon mere spite, do enter in their watches into clerks' chambers, and like felons carry them to the Tun, which Henry le Walleys, sometime mayor, built for night-walkers ; wherefore we will that this our commandment be pro- claimed in full hustings, and that no watch hereafter enter into any clerk's chamber, under the forfeit of twenty pounds. Dated at Carlisle the i8th of March, the 25th of our reign." More, I read that about the year of Christ 1299, the 27th of Edward L, certain principal citizens of London, to wit, T. Romane, Richard Gloucester, Nicholas Faringdon, Adam Helingburie, T. Saly, John Dunstable, Richard Ashwy, John Wade, and William Stortford, brake up this prison called the Tun, and took out certain prisoners, for which they were sharply punished by long imprison- ment and great fines. It cost the citizens, as some have written, more than twenty thousand marks, which they were amerced in, before William le March, treasurer of the king^s exchequer, to pur- chase the king's favour and confirmation of their liberties. Also, that in the year 1383, the 7th of Richard IL, the citizens of London, taking upon them the rights that belonged to their bishops, first imprisoned such women as were taken in fornication or adultery in the said Tun, and after bringing them forth to the sight of the world, they caused their heads to be shaven, after the manner of thieves, whom they named appellators, and so to be led about the city, in sight of all the inhabitants, with trumpets and pipes sounding before them, that their persons might be the more largely known. Neither did they spare such kind of men a whit the more, but used them as hardly, saying, they abhorred not only the negligence of their prelates, but also detested their avarice, that studying for money, omitted the punishment limited by law, and permitted those that were found guilty to live favourably in their sin. Wherefore, they would themselves, they said, purge their city from such filthiness, lest, through God's vengeance, either the pestilence or sword should happen to them, or that the earth should swallow them. 200 A SURVEY OF LONDON. Last of all to be noted, I read in the charge of the wardmote inquest in every ward of the city, these words : — " If there be any priest in service within the ward, which before time hath been set in the Tun in Cornhill for his dishonesty, and hath forsworn the city, all such shall be presented." Thus much for the Tun in Cornhill have I read. Now for the punishment of priests in my youth : one note and no more. John Atwod, draper, dwelling in the parish of St. Michael upon Cornhill, directly against the church, having a proper woman to his wife, such an one as seemed the holiest among a thousand, had also a lusty chantry priest, of the said parish church, repairing to his house ; with the which priest the said Atwod would sometimes after supper play a game at tables for a pint of ale. It chanced on a time, having haste of work, and his game proving long, he left his wife to play it out, and went down to his shop, but returning to fetch a pressing- iron, he found such play to his misliking, that he forced the priest to leap out at a window over the penthouse into the street, and so to run to his lodging in the churchyard. Atwod and his wife were soon reconciled, so that he would not suffer her to be called in question ; but the priest being apprehended and committed, I saw his punishment to be thus : — He was on three market days conveyed through the high street and markets of the city with a paper on his head, wherein was written his trespass. The first day he rode in a carry, the second on a horse, his face to the horse tail, the third led betwixt twain, and every day rung with basons, and proclamations made of his fact at every turning of the street, as also before John Atwod's stall, and the church door of his service, where he lost his chantry of twenty nobles the year, and was banished the city for ever. By the west side of the foresaid prison, then called the Tun, was a fair well of spring water, curbed round with hard stone ; but in the year 1401, the said prison house, called the Tun, was made a cistern for sweet water, conveyed by pipes of lead from Tybourne, and was from thenceforth called the conduit upon Cornhill. Then was the well planked over, and a strong prison made of timber called a cage, with a pair of stocks therein set upon it, and this was for night- walkers. On the top of which cage was placed a pillory, for the puni-shment of bakers offending in the assize of bread, for millers stealing of corn at the mill, for bawds, scolds, and other offenders. As in the year 1468, the 7th of Edward IV., divers persons beingJ common jurors, such as at assizes were forsworn for rewards or] favour of parties, were judged to ride from Newgate to the pillory ii Cornhill, with mitres of paper on their heads, there to stand, anc CORN HILL WARD. 201 from thence again to Newgate, and this judgment was given by the mayor of London. In the year 1509, the ist of Henry VIII., Darby, Smith, and Simson, ringleaders of false inquests in London, rode about the city with their faces to the horse tails, and papers on their heads, and were set on the pillory in Cornhill, and after brought again to Newgate, where they died for very shame, saith Robert Fabian. A ringleader of inquests, as I take it, is he that making a gainful occupation thereof, will appear on Nisi-priuses, or he be warned, or procure himself to be warned, to come on by a tales.* He will also procure himself to be foreman when he can, and take upon him to overrule the rest to his opinion ; such an one shall be laboured by plaintiffs and defendants, not without promise of rewards, and therefore to be suspected of a bad conscience. I would wish a more careful choice of jurors to be had ; for I have known a man carted, rung with basons, and banished out of Bishopsgate Ward, and after- ward in Aldgate Ward admitted to be a constable, a grand juryman, and foreman of the wardmote inquest. What I know of the like, or worse men, preferred to the like offices, I forbear to write, but wish to be reformed. The foresaid conduit upon Cornhill was in the year 1475 enlarged by Robert Drope, draper, mayor, that then dwelt in that ward. He increased the cistern of this conduit with an east end of stone, and castellated in comely manner. In the year 1546, Sir Martin Bowes, mayor, dweUing in Lombard Street, and having his back gate opening into Cornhill against the said conduit, minded to have enlarged the cistern thereof with a west end, like as Robert Drope before had done towards the east. View and measure of the plot was taken for this work ; but the pillory and cage being removed, they found the ground planked, and the well aforesaid worn out of memory, which well they revived and restored to use. It is since made a pump. They set the pillory somewhat west from the well ; and so this work ceased. On the north side of the street, from the east unto the west, have ye divers fair houses for merchants and other, amongst the which one large house is called the Weigh house, where merchandises brought from beyond the seas are to be weighed at the king's beam. This house hath a master, and under him four master porters, with porters under them : they have a strong cart, and four great horses, to draw and carry the wares from the merchants' houses to the beam and back again. Sir Thomas Lovell, knight, built this house, with a fair front of tenements towards the street ; all which he gave * By a tales. By being called from among those standing around to supply the place of an absent juryman. Named from the first word in the provision made for such a case, " Tales de circumstantibus." 202 A SURVEY OF LONDON. to the Grocers of London, himself being free of the city, and a brother of that company. Then have ye the said Finke's Lane, the south end of which lane on both sides is in Cornhill Ward. Then next is the Royal Exchange, erected in the year 1566, after this order, namely, certain houses upon Cornhill, and the like upon the back thereof, in the ward of Broad Street, with three alleys, the first called Swan Alley, opening into Cornhill, the second New Alley, passing throughout of Cornhill into Broad Street Ward, over against St. Bartholomew Lane, the third St. Christopher's Alley, opening into Broad Street Ward, and into St. Christopher's parish, containing in all fourscore households, were first purchased by the citizens of London for more than three thousand five hundred and thirty-two pounds, and were sold for four hundred and seventy- eight pounds to such persons as should take them down and carry them thence ; also the ground or plot was made plain at the charges of the city ; and then possession thereof was by certain aldermen, in name of the whole citizens, given to Sir Thomas Gresham, knight, agent to the queen's highness, thereupon to build a bourse, or place for merchants to assemble, at his own proper charges. And he, on the 7th of June, laying the first stone of the foundation, being brick, accompanied with some aldermen, every of them laid a piece of gold, which the workmen took up, and forthwith followed upon the same with such diligence, that by the month of November, in the year 1567, the same was covered with slate, and shortly after fully finished. In the year 1570, on the 23rd of January, the queen's majesty, attended with her nobility, came from her house at the Strand, called Somerset House, and entered the city by Temple Bar, through Fleet Street, Cheap, and so by the north side of the bourse, through Threadneedle Street, to Sir Thomas Gresham's in Bishopsgate Street, where she dined. After dinner her majesty returning through Corn- hill, entered the bourse on the south side; and after that she had viewed every part thereof above the ground, especially the pawn,"^ which was richly furnished with all sorts of the finest wares in the city, she caused the same bourse by an herald and trumpet to be proclaimed the Royal Exchange, and so to be called from thence- forth, and not otherwise. Next adjoining to this Royal Exchange remaineth one part of a large stone house, and is now called the Castle of such a sign ; at * The pawn, "You must to the pawn to buy lawn" [Westward Ho, 1607). Our modern word pawn, to pledge, is of the same origin, pannus, a cloth, because clothes are convenient for pledging. Their convenience to thieves caused the words " rob " and " reave " to arise from " robe " and the First English " reif," clothing. ! CORNHILL WARD. 203 a tavern door there is a passage through out of Cornhill into Thread- needle Street ; the other part of the said stone house was taken down for enlarging the Royal Exchange. This stone house was said of some to have been a church, whereof it had no proportion, of others a Jew's house, as though none but Jews had dwelt in stone houses ; but that opinion is without warrant, for besides the strong building of stone houses against the invasion of thieves in the night, when no watches were kept, in the ist year of Richard I., to pre- vent the casualties of fire, which often had happened in the 'city, when the houses were built of timber, and covered with reed or straw, Henry Fitz Alewine being mayor, it was decreed, that from henceforth no man should build within the city but of stone, until a certain height, and to cover the same building with slate or burnt tile ; and this was the very cause of such stone buildings, whereof many have remained till our time, that for winning of ground they have been taken down, and in place of some one of them being low, as but two storeys above the ground, many houses of four or five storeys high are placed. From this stone house down to the Stocks are divers large houses, especially for height, for merchants and artificers. On the south side of this high street is the parish church of St. Peter upon Cornhill, which seemeth to be of an ancient building, but not so ancient as fame reporteth, for it hath been lately repaired, if not all new built, except the steeple, which is ancient. The roof of this church and glazing were finished in the reign of Edward IV., as appeareth by arms of noblemen and aldermen of London then living. There remaineth in this church a table whereon it is written, I know not by what authority, but of a late hand, that King Lucius founded the same church to be an archbishop's see metropolitan, and chief church of his kingdom, and that it so endured the space of four hundred years, unto the coming of Augustin the monk. Joceline of Furness writeth, that Thean, the first Archbishop of London, in the reign of Lucius, built the said church by the aid of Ciran, chief butler to King Lucius ; and also that Eluanus, the second archbishop, built a library to the same adjoining, and converted many of the Druids, learned men in the Pagan law, to Christianity. True it is, that a library there was pertaining to this parish church of old time, built of stone, and of late repaired with brick by the executors of Sir John Crosby, alderman, as his arms on the south end doth witness. This library hath been of late time, to wit, within these fifty years, well furnished of books; John Leland viewed and com- mended them ; but now those books be gone, and the place is 204 A SURVEY OF LONDON, occupied by a schoolmaster and his usher, over a number of scholars learning their grammar rules, &c. Notwithstanding, before that time a grammar school had been kept in this parish, as appeareth in the year 1425, I read, that John Whitby was rector, and John Steward schoolmaster there; and in the 25th of Henry VI., it was enacted by parliament, that four grammar schools in London should be maintained, namely, in the parishes of Allhallows, in Thames Street, St. Andrew in Oldbourne, St. Peter's upon Corn- hill, and St. Thomas of Acars. Monuments of the dead in this church defaced : I read, that Hugh Waltham, Nicholas Pricot, mercer, alderman, Richard Manhall, 1503; William Kingston, fishmonger, gave his tenements called the Horsemill in Grass Street to this church, and was there buried about the year 1298; John Unisbrugh, poulterer, 1410 ; John Law. Also Peter Mason, tailor, gave to this church seven pounds sterling yearly for ever, out of his tenements in Colechurch parish, and deceased about the year 14 16. John Foxton founded a chantry there. A brotherhood of St. Peter was in this church established by Henry IV., the 4th of his reign. William Brampton and William Askham, fishmongers and aldermen, were chief pro- curers thereof, for the fishmongers of late buried there ; Sir William Bowyer, mayor 1543; Sir Henry Huberthorn, mayor 1546; Sir Christopher Morice, master-gunner of England to King Henry VIII. ; Edward Elrington, esquire, chief butler to Edward VI. ; Thomas Gardener, grocer ; and Justice Smith, and other. Then have ye the parish church of St. Michael the Archangel ; for the antiquity whereof I find that Alnothus the priest gave it to the abbot and convent of Covesham, Reynold abbot, and the convent there did grant the same to Sperling the priest, in all measures as he and his predecessors before had held it ; to the which Sperling also they granted all their lands which they there had, except certain lands which Orgar le Prowde had held of them, and paid two shillings yearly ; for the which grant the said Sperling should yearly pay one mark of rent to the said abbot of Covesham, and find him and his lodging, salt, water, and fire, when he came to London. This was granted 1133, about the 34th of Henry I. Thus much for antiquity. Of later time I find that Elizabeth Peak, widow, gave the patronage or gift of this benefice to the Drapers in London. She lieth buried in the belfry, 15 18: her monument yet remaineth. This hath been a fair and beautiful church, but of late years, since the surrender of their lands to Edward VI., greatly blemishedj by the building of lower tenements on the north side thereof towards the high street, in place of a green churchyard, whereby the churcl CORN HILL WARD. 205 is darkened, and other ways annoyed. The fair new steeple, or bell tower of this church, was begun to be built in the year 1421, which being finished, and a fair ring of five bells therein placed, a sixth bell * was added, and given by John Whitwell, Isabel his wife, and William Rus, alderman, and goldsmith, about the year 1430, which bell, named " Rus," nightly at eight of the clock, and otherwise for knells, and in peals, rung by one man, for the space of one hundred and sixty years, of late overhauled by four or five at once, hath been thrice broken, and new cast within the space of ten years, to the charges of that parish more than one hundred marks. And here a note of this steeple : as I have oft heard my father report, upon St. James' night, certain men in the loft next under the bells, ringing of a peal, a tempest of lightning and thunder did arise, an ugly shapen sight appeared to them, coming in at the south window, and lighted on the north, for fear whereof they all fell down, and lay as dead for the time, letting the bells ring and cease of their own accord. When the ringers came to themselves, they found certain stones of the north window t to be razed and scratched, as if they had been so much butter, printed with a lion's claw. The same stones were fastened there again, and so remain till this day. I have seen them oft, and have put a feather or small stick into the holes where the claws had entered three or four inches deep. At the same time certain main timber posts at Queen Hithe were scratched and cleft from the top to the bottom ; and the pulpit cross in Paul's Churchyard was likewise scratched, cleft, and over- turned. One of the ringers lived in my youth, whom I have oft heard to verify the same to be true. But to return. William Rus was a special benefactor to this church ; his arms yet remain in the windows. William Comerton, Symon Smith, Walter Belingham, were buried there, and founded chantries there; John Grace, 1439; Robert Drope, mayor, buried on the north side of the choir, under a fair tomb of grey marble, 1485, he gave to poor maids' marriages of that parish twenty pounds, to poor of that ward ten pounds, shirts and smocks three hundred, and gowns of broad cloth one hundred, &c. Jane his wife, matching with Edward Gray, Viscount Lisle, was buried by her first husband, 1500. She gave ninety pounds in money to the beautifying of that church, and her great messuage, with the appurtenance, which was by her executors, W. Caple and other, 15 17, the 9th of Henry VIII., assured to John Wardroper, parson, T. Clearke, W. Dixson, and * "This was accounted the best ring of six bells, to be rung by six men, that was in England, for harmony, sweetness of sound, and tune." — Stow. t Struck by the hghtning. 2o6 A SURVEY OF LONDON. John Murdon, wardens of the said church, and their successors for ever, they to keep yearly for her an obite, or anniversary, to be spent on the poor, and otherwise, in all three pounds, the rest of the profits to be employed in reparation of the church. In the 34th year of Henry VIII., Edward Stephan, parson, T. Spencer, P. Guntar, and G. Grouch, churchwardens, granted to T. Lodge a lease for sixty years of the said great messuage, with the appurte- nance, which were called the Lady Lisle's lands, for the rent of eight pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence the year. The parishioners since gave it up as chantry land, and wronged themselves. Also the said Robert Drope, and Lady Lisle, notwithstanding their liberality to that church and parish, their tomb is pulled down, no monument remaineth of them. Peter Hawton, late alderman, is laid in their vault, 1596. Robert Fabian, alderman, that wrote and published a Chronicle of England and of France, was buried there 151 1, with this epitaph : — " Like as the day his course doth consume, And the new morrow springeth againe as fast, So man and woman, by Nature's custume. This life to pass, at last in earth are cast. In joy and sorrow which here their time do wast, Never in one state, but in course transitory. So full of change is of this world the glory." His monument is gone. Richard Garnam, 1527, buried there ; Edmond Trindle and Robert Smith, my godfathers ; William Dickson and Margaret his wife, my godmother, buried in the cloister under a fair tomb now defaced ; Thomas Stow, my grand- father, about the year 1526, and Thomas Stow, my father, 1559 ; John Tolus, alderman, 1548. He gave to John Willowby, parson of that church, to Thomas Lodge, G. Hind, P. Bolde, church- wardens, and to their successors, towards the reparation of that church and relief of the poor for ever, his tenement with the appurtenances in the parish of St. Michael, which he had lately purchased of Alvery Randalph, of Badlesmeere in Kent ; but the parish never had the gift, nor heard thereof by the space of forty years after, such was the conscience of G. Barne and other the executors to conceal it to themselves ; and such is the negligence of the parishioners, that being informed thereof, make no claim thereunto. Philip Gonter, that was alderman for a time, and gave four hundred pounds to be discharged thereof, was buried in the. cloister about the year 1582, and Anne his wife, &c. Thomas Houghton, father to the said Peter Houghton, Francis Beneson, and_ William Towersan. This parish church hath on the south side thereof a proper cIoist< CORN HILL WARD. 207 and a fair churchyard, witli a pulpit cross, not much unlike to that in Paul's Churchyard. Sir John Rudstone, mayor, caused the same pulpit cross in his lifetime to be built, the churchyard to be enlarged by ground purchased of the next parish, and also proper houses to be raised for lodging of choir men, such as at that time were assistants to divine service, then daily sung by note in that church. The said John Rudstone deceased 1531, and was buried in a vault under the pulpit cross. He appointed sermons to be preached there, not now performed. His tomb before the pulpit cross is taken thence, with the tomb of Richard Yaxley, Doctor of Physic to King Henry VIII. and other. The choir of that church dissolved, the lodgings of choir men were by the grave fathers of that time charitably appointed for receipt of ancient decayed parishioners, namely widows, such as were not able to bear the charge of greater rents abroad, which blessed work of harbouring the harbourless is promised to be rewarded in the kingdom of heaven. Then have ye Birchover Lane, so called of Birchover, the first builder and owner thereof, now corruptly called Birchin Lane, the north half whereof is of the said Cornhill Ward ; the other part is of Langborne Ward. This lane, and the high street near adjoining, hath been inhabited for the most part with wealthy drapers. From Birchover's Lane, on that side the streets down to the Stocks, in the reign of Henry VI., had ye for the most part dwelling Fripperers or Upholders, that sold old apparel and household stuff. I have read of a countryman, that then having lost his hood in Westminster Hall, found the same in Cornhill hanged out to be sold, which he challenged,, but was forced to buy, or go without it, for their stall, they said, was their market. At that time also the wine drawer of the Pope's Head tavern, standing without the door in the high street, took the same man by the sleeve, and said, " Sir, will you drink a pint of wine ? " whereunto he answered, " A penny spend I may ; " and so drank his pint, for bread nothing did he pay, fot that was allowed free.* This Pope's Head tavern, with other houses adjoining, strongly built of stone, hath of old time been all in one, pertaining to some great estate, or rather to the king of this realm, as may be supposed both by the largeness thereof, and by the arms, to wit, three leopards passant, gardant, which were the whole arms of England before the reign of Edward III., that quartered them with the arms of France, three fleur-de-lis. These arms of England, supported between two angels, are fair and largely graven in stone on the forefront towards the high street, * Recollections of Lydgate's " London Lickpenny." 2o8 A SURVEY OF LONDON. over the door or stall of one great house, lately for many years pos- sessed by Mr. Philip Gunter. The Pope's Head tavern is on the back part thereof towards the south, as also one other house called the Stone House in Lombard Street. Some say this was King John's house, which might so be ; for I find in a written copy of Matthew Paris' History, that in the year 1232, Henry HI. sent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, to Cornhill in London, there to answer all matters objected against him, where he wisely acquitted himself. The Pope's Head tavern hath a footway through from Cornhill into Lombard Street. And down lower on the high street of Cornhill is there one other way through by the Cardinal's Hat tavern into Lombard Street. And so let this suffice for Cornhill Ward. In which be governors — an alderman, his deputy, common councillors four or six, constables four, scavengers four, wardmote inquest sixteen, and a beadle. It is charged to the fifteen * at sixteen pounds. ILangbarne OTarti antJ iFennie ^bout. Langborne Ward, so called of a long bourne of sweet water, which of old time breaking out into Fenchurch Street, ran down the same street and Lombard Street to the west end of St. Mary Woolnoth's Church, where turning south, and breaking into small shares, rills, or streams, it left the name of Shareborne Lane, or Southborne Lane, as I have read, because it ran south to the river of Thames. This ward beginneth at the west end of Aldgate Ward in Fenchurch Street, by the Ironmongers' Hall, which is on the north side of that street, at a place called Culver Alley, where sometime was a lane, through the which men went into Lime Street, but that being long since stopped up for suspicion of thieves that lurked there by night, as is shown in Lime Street Ward, there is now this said alley, a tennis-court, &c. Fenchurch Street took that name of a fenny or moorish ground, so made by means of this bourne which passed through it, and there- fore until this day in the Guildhall of this city that ward is called by the name of Langborne and Fennie About, and not otherwise ; yet others be of opinion that it took that name of Fcenuvt, that is, hay sold there, as Grass Street took the name of grass, or herbs, there sold. In the midst of this street standeth a small parish church called St. Gabriel Fen Church, corruptly Fan Church. * Charged to the fifteen. The tax of a fifteenth of all movables was first granted i to Henry III. in February 1225 by the archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, earls, i barons, knights, freeholders, and all persons of the realm, on condition of a con- firmation of Charters. The fifteenth had become under Elizabeth a recognised standard of taxation for the service of the country. LANGBOURNE WARD. 209 Helming Legget, esquire, by license of Edward III., in the 49th of his reign, gave one tenement, with a curtelage thereto belonging, and a garden, with an entry thereto leading, unto Sir John Hariot, parson of Fenchurch, and to his successors for ever ; the house to be a parsonage-house, the garden to be a churchyard or burying-place for the parish. Then have ye Lombard Street, so called of the Longobards and other merchants, strangers of divers nations assembhng there twice every day, of what original or continuance I have not read of record, more than that Edward II., in the 12th of his reign, confirmed a messuage, sometime belonging to Robert Turke, abutting on Lombard Street toward the south, and toward Cornhill on the north, for the merchants of Florence, which proveth that street to have had the name of Lombard Street before the reign of Edward II. The meeting of which merchants and others there continued until the 22nd of December, in the year 1568 ; on the which day the said merchants began to make their meetings at the bourse, a place then new built for that purpose in the ward of Cornhill, and was since by her majesty Queen Elizabeth named the Royal Exchange. On the north side of this ward is Lime Street, one half whereof on both the sides is of this Langborne Ward, and therein on the west side is the Pewterers' Hall, which company were admitted to be a brotherhood in the 13th of Edward IV. At the south-west corner of Lime Street standeth a fair parish church of St. Dionys called Backe Church, lately new built in the reign of Henry VI. John Budge, esquire, was a great benefactor to that work, as appeareth by his arms, three water budgets,* and his crest, a Morian's head, graven in the stone work of the choir, the upper end on the north side, where he was buried. Also John Darby, alderman, added thereunto a fair aisle, or chapel, on the south side, and was there buried about the year 1466. He gave, besides sundry ornaments, his dwelling-house and others unto the said church. The Lady Wich, widow to Hugh Wich, sometime mayor of London, was there buried, and gave lands for sermons, &c. John Master, gentleman, was by his children buried there 1444 ; Thomas Britaine ; Henry Travers, of Maidstone, in Kent, merchant, 1501 ; John Bond, about 1504 ; Robert Paget, merchant tailor, one of the sheriffs 1536 ; Sir Thomas Curteis, pewterer, then fishmonger, mayor 1557 ; Sir James Harvey, ironmonger, mayor 1581 ; William Paterson, esquire ; William Sherrington ; Sir Edward Osborne, clothworker, mayor, &c. Then by the four corners, so called of Fenchurch Street in the * Water budgets, small casks, originally water skins or bags. Bouge was commonly used in French as meaning a leather bag until the beginning of the ^(^venteenth century. O 210 A SURVEY OF LONDON. east, Bridge Street on the south, Grass Street on the north, and Lombard Street on the west, in Lombard Street is one fair parish church called Allhallows Grass Church, in Lombard Street ; I do so read it in the evidences of record, for that the grass market went down that way, when that street was far broader than now it is, being straitened by encroachments. This church was lately new built. John Warner, armourer, and then grocer, sheriff 1494, built the south aisle ; his son, Robert Warner, esquire, finished it in the year 15 16. The pewterers were benefactors towards the north , aisle, &c. The steeple or bell tower thereof was finished in the year 1544, about the 36th of Henry VIIL The fair stone porch of this church was brought from the late dissolved priory of St. John of Jerusalem by Smithfield, so was the frame for their bells, but the bells being bought, were never brought thither, by reason that one old Warner, draper of that parish, deceasing, his son Mark Warner would not perform what his father had begun and appointed, so that fair steeple hath but one bell, as friars were wont to use. The monuments of this church be these : The said Warners, and John Walden, draper. Next is a common hostelry for travellers, called the George, of such a sign. This is said to have pertained to the Earl Ferrers, > and was his London lodging in Lombard Street, and that in the year 11 75, a brother of the said earl, being there privily slain in the night, was there thrown down into the dirty street, as I have afore shown in the chapter of night watches. Next to this is the parish church of St. Edmund, the king an< martyr, in Lombard Street, by the south corner of Birchover LaneJ This church is also called St. Edmund Grass Church, because th< said grass market came down so low. The monuments in this church are these : Sir John Milborne, draper, mayor, deceased, 1535, buried there by Dame Joan and Dame Margaret, his wives,' under a tomb of touch ; Humphrey Heyford, goldsmith, mayor 1477 Sir William Chester, draper, mayor 1560, with his wives, amongst! his predecessors; Sir George Barne, mayor 1586; Matilde at Vim founded a chantry there, &c. From this church down Lombard Street, by Birchover's Lane, th(| one half of which lane is of this ward, and so down, be divers fai^ houses, namely, one with a very fair forefront towards the street built by Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith, since mayor of London, an< then one other, sometime belonging to William de la Pole, knigl banneret, and yet the king's merchant, in the 14th of Edward HLJ and after him to Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, in the 14th Richard H., and was his merchant's house, and so down towar^j the Stocks Market, lacking but some three houses thereof. LANGBOURNE WARD. 211 The south side of this ward beginneth in the east, at the chain to be drawn athwart Mart Lane up into Fenchurch Street, and so west by the north end of Minchin Lane to St. Margaret Patten's Street, or Rood Lane, and down that street to the midway towards St. Margaret's Church ; then by Philpot Lane, so called of Sir John Philpot that dwelt there, and was owner thereof, and down that lane some six or eight houses on each side, is all of this ward. Then by Grass Church corner into Lombard Street to St Clement's Lane, and down the same to St. Clement's Church ; then down St. Nicholas Lane, and down the same to St. Nicholas Church, and the same church is of this ward. Then to Abchurch Church Lane, and down some small portion thereof; then down Sherborne Lane, a part thereof, and a part of Bearebinder Lane, be of this ward ; and then down Lombard Street to the sign of the Angel, almost to the corner over against the Stocks Market. On the south side of this ward, somewhat within Mart Lane, have you the parish church of AUhallows, commonly called Stane Church, as may be supposed, for a difference from other churches of that name in this city, which of old time were built of timber, and since were built of stone. In this church have been divers fair monuments of the dead, namely, of John Costin, girdler, a great benefactor : he deceased 1244. His name remaineth painted in the church roof : if it had been set in brass, it would have been fetched down. He gave out of certain tenements to the poor of that parish a hundred quarters of charcoals yearly for ever. Sir Robert Test, knight of the holy sepulchre, and Dame Joan his wife, about i486 ; Robert Stone ; Sir John Steward, and Dame Alice his wife ; John Bostocke, esquire ; Christopher Holt ; Sir Richard Tate, knight, ambassador to King Henry VHL, buried there 1554. His monu- ment remaineth yet ; the rest being all pulled down and swept out of the church, the churchwardens were forced to make a large account, 12s. that year for brooms, besides the carriage away of stone and brass of their own charge. And here I am to note, that being informed of the Whthsleys to be buried there, I have since found them and other to be buried at St. Giles without Cripplegate, where I mind to leave them. By this church sometime passed a Jane, called Cradock's Lane, from Mart Lane, winding by the north side of the said church into Fenchurch Street, the which lane being straitened by encroachments, is now called Church Alley.
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武安市
武安市 国家 中华人民共和国
武安市 地理坐标
武安市 中华人民共和国行政区划代码 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政领土实体 邯郸市, 始于 1993
武安市 所在行政领土实体 汪精卫国民政府, 始于 1940, 终于 1945
武安市 所在行政领土实体 中华民国临时政府, 始于 1937, 终于 1940
武安市 所在行政领土实体 河南省, 始于 1913, 终于 1937
武安市 所在行政领土实体 彰德府, 始于 1645, 终于 1913
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 武安镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 康二城镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 午汲镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 磁山镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 伯延镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 淑村镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 大同镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 邑城镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 矿山镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 贺进镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 阳邑镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 徘徊镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 冶陶镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 上团城镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 北安庄乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 北安乐乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 西土山镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 西寺庄乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 活水乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 石洞乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 管陶乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 马家庄乡
武安市 隶属于 县级市
武安市 Freebase标识符 /m/027v7vv
武安市 GeoNames编号 1791358
武安市 官方名称 , 始于 1988
武安市 官方名称 , 终于 1988
武安市 邮政编码 056300
武安市 时区 UTC+08:00
武安市 新浪微博用户账号 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 时间点 2010
武安市 电话区号 310
武安市 行政中心 武安镇
武安市 牌照代码 冀D
武安市 定位图图片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方网站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 图片 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享资源分类 Wuan
武安市 面积
武安市 百度贴吧名 武安, 作品数量 , 时间点 2023
武安市 OSM关系标识符 4437716
武安市 GNS独特地形编号 -1930637
武安市
武安市 國家 中華人民共和國
武安市 地理座標
武安市 中華人民共和國行政區劃代碼 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政領土實體 邯鄲市, 始於 1993
武安市 所在行政領土實體 汪精衛國民政府, 始於 1940, 終於 1945
武安市 所在行政領土實體 中華民國臨時政府, 始於 1937, 終於 1940
武安市 所在行政領土實體 河南省, 始於 1913, 終於 1937
武安市 包含行政領土實體 上團城鎮
武安市 包含行政領土實體 西土山鎮
武安市 隸屬於 縣級市
武安市 Freebase識別碼 /m/027v7vv
武安市 GeoNames編號 1791358
武安市 官方名稱 , 始於 1988
武安市 官方名稱 , 終於 1988
武安市 郵遞區號 056300
武安市 時區 UTC+08:00
武安市 新浪微博使用者賬號 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 時間點 2010
武安市 電話區號 310
武安市 牌照代碼 冀D
武安市 定位圖圖片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方網站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 圖片 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享資源分類 Wuan
武安市 Who's on First編號 1276783941
武安市 面積
武安市 百度貼吧名 武安, 作品數量 , 時間點 2023
武安市 開放街圖關係編號 4437716
武安市 GNS獨特地形編號 -1930637
武安市
武安市 國家 中華人民共和國
武安市 地理座標
武安市 中華人民共和國行政區劃代碼 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政領土實體 邯鄲市, 始於 1993
武安市 所在行政領土實體 汪精衛國民政府, 始於 1940, 終於 1945
武安市 所在行政領土實體 中華民國臨時政府, 始於 1937, 終於 1940
武安市 所在行政領土實體 河南省, 始於 1913, 終於 1937
武安市 隸屬於 縣級市
武安市 Freebase識別碼 /m/027v7vv
武安市 GeoNames編號 1791358
武安市 官方名稱 , 始於 1988
武安市 官方名稱 , 終於 1988
武安市 郵區編號 056300
武安市 時區 UTC+08:00
武安市 新浪微博用戶賬號 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 時間點 2010
武安市 電話區號 310
武安市 車牌代碼 冀D
武安市 定位圖圖片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方網站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 圖片 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享資源分類 Wuan
武安市 面積
武安市 百度貼吧名 武安, 作品數量 , 時間點 2023
武安市 OSM關係識別碼 4437716
Wu’an
kreisfreie Stadt in Handan, China
Wu’an Staat Volksrepublik China
Wu’an geographische Koordinaten
Wu’an chinesischer Code für Verwaltungseinheiten 13 04 81
Wu’an liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Handan, Startzeitpunkt 1993
Wu’an liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Neuorganisierte Regierung der Republik China, Startzeitpunkt 1940, Endzeitpunkt 1945
Wu’an liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Provisorische Regierung der Republik China, Startzeitpunkt 1937, Endzeitpunkt 1940
Wu’an liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Henan, Startzeitpunkt 1913, Endzeitpunkt 1937
Wu’an Untereinheit (administrative Einheit) Cishan
Wu’an ist ein(e) Kreisfreie Stadt in China
Wu’an Freebase-Kennung /m/027v7vv
Wu’an GeoNames-Kennung 1791358
Wu’an offizieller Name , Startzeitpunkt 1988
Wu’an offizieller Name , Endzeitpunkt 1988
Wu’an Postleitzahl 056300
Wu’an Zeitzone UTC+8
Wu’an Sina-Weibo-Benutzerkennung wuanguanfang
Wu’an Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2010
Wu’an Ortsvorwahl 310
Wu’an Kfz-Kennzeichen 冀D
Wu’an Lagekarte ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu’an offizielle Website http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu’an Bild Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu’an Commons-Kategorie Wuan
Wu’an Who’s-on-First-Kennung 1276783941
Wu’an Fläche
Wu’an Baidu-Tieba-Kennung 武安, Anzahl der Werke , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2023
Wu’an OpenStreetMap-Relationskennung 4437716
Wu’an GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -1930637
武安市
武安市 国 中華人民共和国
武安市 位置座標
武安市 中国行政区画コード 13 04 81
武安市 位置する行政区画 邯鄲市, 開始日 1993
武安市 位置する行政区画 華北人民政府, 開始日 1948, 終了日 1949
武安市 位置する行政区画 晋冀魯豫辺区, 開始日 1945, 終了日 1948
武安市 位置する行政区画 汪兆銘政権, 開始日 1940, 終了日 1945
武安市 位置する行政区画 中華民国臨時政府, 開始日 1937, 終了日 1940
武安市 位置する行政区画 河南省, 開始日 1913, 終了日 1937
武安市 位置する行政区画 彰徳府, 開始日 1645, 終了日 1913
武安市 直下の行政区画 武安鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 康二城鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 午汲鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 磁山鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 伯延鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 淑村鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 大同鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 邑城鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 鉱山鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 賀進鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 陽邑鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 徘徊鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 冶陶鎮
武安市 直下の行政区画 北安楽郷
武安市 直下の行政区画 西土山郷
武安市 直下の行政区画 活水郷
武安市 直下の行政区画 石洞郷
武安市 直下の行政区画 管陶郷
武安市 分類 県級市
武安市 Freebase識別子 /m/027v7vv
武安市 GeoNames識別子 1791358
武安市 正式名称 , 開始日 1988
武安市 正式名称 , 終了日 1988
武安市 郵便番号 056300
武安市 標準時間帯 UTC+8
武安市 新浪微博のユーザーID wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 時点 2010
武安市 市外局番 310
武安市 行政中心地 武安鎮
武安市 ナンバープレート・コード 冀D
武安市 位置地図画像 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 公式ウェブサイト http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 画像 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 コモンズのカテゴリ Wuan
武安市 Who's on First識別子 1276783941
武安市 面積
武安市 百度貼吧名 武安, 作品数 , 時点 2023
武安市 OpenStreetMapのリレーションID 4437716
武安市 GNS一意特徴識別子 -1930637
Wu'an
Vũ An
Vũ An quốc gia Trung Quốc
Vũ An tọa độ
Vũ An mã phân cấp hành chính Trung Quốc 13 04 81
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Hàm Đan, ngày bắt đầu 1993
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Hàm Đan, ngày bắt đầu 1949, ngày kết thúc 1993
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Chính phủ nhân dân Hoa Bắc, ngày bắt đầu 1948, ngày kết thúc 1949
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Tấn Ký Lỗ Dự, ngày bắt đầu 1945, ngày kết thúc 1948
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Chính quyền Uông Tinh Vệ, ngày bắt đầu 1940, ngày kết thúc 1945
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Chính phủ lâm thời Trung Hoa Dân quốc (1937–1940), ngày bắt đầu 1937, ngày kết thúc 1940
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Hà Nam, ngày bắt đầu 1913, ngày kết thúc 1937
Vũ An nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính phủ Chương Đức, ngày bắt đầu 1645, ngày kết thúc 1913
Vũ An là một thành phố cấp huyện
Vũ An định danh Freebase /m/027v7vv
Vũ An định danh GeoNames 1791358
Vũ An tên chính thức , ngày bắt đầu 1988
Vũ An tên chính thức , ngày kết thúc 1988
Vũ An mã bưu chính 056300
Vũ An nằm trong múi giờ UTC+8
Vũ An ID người dùng Weibo wuanguanfang
Vũ An dân số , thời điểm 2010
Vũ An số vùng điện thoại 310
Vũ An bảng số xe 冀D
Vũ An hình bản đồ định vị ChinaHandanWuan.png
Vũ An trang chủ chính thức http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Vũ An hình ảnh Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Vũ An thể loại ở Commons Wuan
Vũ An diện tích
Vũ An Tên Baidu Tieba 武安, số lượng tác phẩm , thời điểm 2023
Vũ An số quan hệ OpenStreetMap 4437716
Vũ An định danh đối tượng duy nhất GNS -1930637
우안시
우안시 다음 나라의 것임 중화인민공화국
우안시 좌표 위치
우안시 중국 지역 관리 코드 13 04 81
우안시 다음 행정구역에 위치함 한단시, 시작된 날 1993
우안시 다음 행정구역에 위치함 왕징웨이 정권, 시작된 날 1940, 종료된 날 1945
우안시 다음 행정구역에 위치함 중화민국 임시정부, 시작된 날 1937, 종료된 날 1940
우안시 다음 행정구역에 위치함 허난성, 시작된 날 1913, 종료된 날 1937
우안시 다음 종류에 속함 현급시
우안시 Freebase 식별자 /m/027v7vv
우안시 지오네임즈(GeoNames) ID 1791358
우안시 공식 이름 , 시작된 날 1988
우안시 공식 이름 , 종료된 날 1988
우안시 우편번호 056300
우안시 시간대 UTC+08
우안시 시나 웨이보 ID wuanguanfang
우안시 인구수 , 날짜 2010
우안시 지역번호 310
우안시 차량번호판 지역식별부호 冀D
우안시 이 주제의 위치를 나타낸 지도 ChinaHandanWuan.png
우안시 공식 웹사이트 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
우안시 그림 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
우안시 이 주제를 다루는 공용 분류 Wuan
우안시 면적
우안시 바이두톄바 게시판명 武安, 작품 수 , 날짜 2023
우안시 오픈스트리트맵 관계 ID 4437716
Wu'an
ville-district chinoise
Wu'an pays république populaire de Chine
Wu'an coordonnées géographiques
Wu'an code de division administrative de la Chine 13 04 81
Wu'an localisation administrative Handan, date de début 1993
Wu'an localisation administrative Gouvernement national réorganisé de la République de Chine, date de début 1940, date de fin 1945
Wu'an localisation administrative Gouvernement provisoire de la république de Chine, date de début 1937, date de fin 1940
Wu'an localisation administrative Henan, date de début 1913, date de fin 1937
Wu'an nature de l’élément ville-district
Wu'an identifiant Freebase /m/027v7vv
Wu'an identifiant GeoNames 1791358
Wu'an nom officiel , date de début 1988
Wu'an nom officiel , date de fin 1988
Wu'an code postal 056300
Wu'an fuseau horaire UTC+08:00
Wu'an identifiant Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Wu'an population , date 2010
Wu'an indicatif téléphonique local 310
Wu'an plaque d'immatriculation 冀D
Wu'an carte de localisation ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an site officiel http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an image Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an catégorie Commons Wuan
Wu'an identifiant Who's on First 1276783941
Wu'an superficie
Wu'an identifiant Baidu Tieba 武安, nombre d'œuvres , date 2023
Wu'an identifiant d'une relation OpenStreetMap 4437716
Wu'an identifiant GNS Unique Feature -1930637
Wu'an
county-level city
Wu'an country People's Republic of China
Wu'an coordinate location
Wu'an China administrative division code 13 04 81
Wu'an located in the administrative territorial entity Handan, start time 1993
Wu'an located in the administrative territorial entity Wang Jingwei regime, start time 1940, end time 1945
Wu'an located in the administrative territorial entity Provisional Government of the Republic of China, start time 1937, end time 1940
Wu'an located in the administrative territorial entity Honan, start time 1913, end time 1937
Wu'an located in the administrative territorial entity Zhangde Fu, start time 1645, end time 1913
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Wu'an Town, Wu'an
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Kang'ercheng Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Wuji
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Cishan Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Boyan Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Datong Town, Wu'an
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Yicheng Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Kuangshan Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Hejin Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Yangyi
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Paihuai
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Yetao Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Shangtuancheng Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Bei'anzhuang Township
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Beianle Township
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Xitushan Town
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Xisizhuang Township
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Huoshui Township, Wu'an
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Shidong Township
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Guantao Township
Wu'an contains the administrative territorial entity Majiazhuang Township
Wu'an instance of county-level city
Wu'an Freebase ID /m/027v7vv
Wu'an GeoNames ID 1791358
Wu'an official name , start time 1988
Wu'an official name , end time 1988
Wu'an postal code 056300
Wu'an located in time zone UTC+08:00
Wu'an Weibo user ID wuanguanfang
Wu'an population , point in time 2010
Wu'an local dialing code 310
Wu'an capital Wu'an Town, Wu'an
Wu'an licence plate code 冀D
Wu'an topic's main category Category:Wuan
Wu'an locator map image ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an official website http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an image Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commons category Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First ID 1276783941
Wu'an area
Wu'an Baidu Tieba name 武安, number of works , point in time 2023
Wu'an OpenStreetMap relation ID 4437716
Wu'an GNS Unique Feature ID -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an land Kina
Wu'an geografiska koordinater
Wu'an kod för Kinas administrativa indelning 13 04 81
Wu'an inom det administrativa området Handan, startdatum 1993
Wu'an inom det administrativa området Republiken Kina, startdatum 1940, slutdatum 1945
Wu'an instans av Kinas stadsdistrikt
Wu'an Freebase-ID /m/027v7vv
Wu'an Geonames-ID 1791358
Wu'an officiellt namn , startdatum 1988
Wu'an officiellt namn , slutdatum 1988
Wu'an postnummer 056300
Wu'an tidszon UTC+8
Wu'an Sina Weibo-konto wuanguanfang
Wu'an folkmängd , tidpunkt 2010
Wu'an riktnummer 310
Wu'an registreringskod för fordon 冀D
Wu'an översiktskarta ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an officiell webbplats http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an bild Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commons-kategori Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First-identitet 1276783941
Wu'an area
Wu'an Baidu Tieba-ämne 武安, antal verk , tidpunkt 2023
Wu'an OpenStreetMap relations-ID 4437716
Wu'an GNS-ID -1930637
Wu'an
stadsarrondissement in Handan, China
Wu'an land Volksrepubliek China
Wu'an geografische locatie
Wu'an Chinees bestuurlijk gebied-identificatiecode 13 04 81
Wu'an gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Handan, begindatum 1993
Wu'an gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Japans-China, begindatum 1940, einddatum 1945
Wu'an gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Voorlopige Regering van de Republiek China, begindatum 1937, einddatum 1940
Wu'an gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Henan, begindatum 1913, einddatum 1937
Wu'an is een stadsarrondissement van China
Wu'an Freebase-identificatiecode /m/027v7vv
Wu'an GeoNames-identificatiecode 1791358
Wu'an officiële naam , begindatum 1988
Wu'an officiële naam , einddatum 1988
Wu'an postcode 056300
Wu'an tijdzone UTC+8
Wu'an Sina Weibo-identificatiecode wuanguanfang
Wu'an inwonertal , tijdstip 2010
Wu'an netnummer 310
Wu'an kentekenplaatcode 冀D
Wu'an liggingskaart ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an officiële website http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an afbeelding Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commonscategorie Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First-identificatiecode 1276783941
Wu'an oppervlakte
Wu'an Baidu Tieba-identificatiecode voor onderwerp 武安, aantal werken , tijdstip 2023
Wu'an OpenStreetMap-identificatiecode voor relatie 4437716
Wu'an GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -1930637
武安市
武安市 国家 中华人民共和国
武安市 地理坐标
武安市 中华人民共和国行政区划代码 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政领土实体 邯郸市, 始于 1993
武安市 所在行政领土实体 汪精卫国民政府, 始于 1940, 终于 1945
武安市 所在行政领土实体 河南省, 始于 1913, 终于 1937
武安市 包含行政领土实体 武安镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 康二城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 午汲镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 磁山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 伯延镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 淑村镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 大同镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 邑城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 矿山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 贺进镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 阳邑镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 徘徊镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 冶陶镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 上团城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 北安庄乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 北安乐乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 西土山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 西寺庄乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 活水乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 石洞乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 管陶乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 马家庄乡
武安市 隶属于 县级市
武安市 Freebase标识符 /m/027v7vv
武安市 GeoNames编号 1791358
武安市 官方名称 , 始于 1988
武安市 官方名称 , 终于 1988
武安市 邮政编码 056300
武安市 时区 东八区
武安市 新浪微博用户账号 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 时间点 2010
武安市 电话区号 310
武安市 行政中心 武安镇
武安市 定位图图片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方网站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 图像 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享资源分类 Wuan
武安市 面积
武安市 百度贴吧名 武安, 作品数量 , 时间点 2023
武安市 OSM关系标识符 4437716
Wu'an
Wu'an land Kina
Wu'an geokoordinater
Wu'an kode for administrativt område (Kina) 13 04 81
Wu'an ligger i administrativ enhet Handan, startdato 1993
Wu'an ligger i administrativ enhet Wang Jingweis regime, startdato 1940, sluttdato 1945
Wu'an ligger i administrativ enhet Kinas provisoriske regjering, startdato 1937, sluttdato 1940
Wu'an ligger i administrativ enhet Henan, startdato 1913, sluttdato 1937
Wu'an forekomst av by på fylkesnivå
Wu'an Freebase-ID /m/027v7vv
Wu'an GeoNames-identifikator 1791358
Wu'an offisielt navn , startdato 1988
Wu'an offisielt navn , sluttdato 1988
Wu'an postnummer 056300
Wu'an tidssone UTC+08:00
Wu'an Sina Weibo bruker-ID wuanguanfang
Wu'an folketall , tidspunkt 2010
Wu'an retningsnummer 310
Wu'an kjennemerke 冀D
Wu'an oversiktskart ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an offisielt nettsted http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an bilde Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commons-kategori Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First ID 1276783941
Wu'an areal
Wu'an OpenStreetMap relasjon ID 4437716
Wu'an GNS-ID -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an bangsa Maldang Republika ning Tsina
Wu'an lokasyung koordinatu
Wu'an opisyal a lagyu
Wu'an opisyal a lagyu
Wu'an populasyun
Wu'an larawan Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Kategoriya ning Commons Wuan
武安市
河北省邯郸市的县级市
武安市 国家 中华人民共和国
武安市 地理坐标
武安市 中华人民共和国行政区划代码 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政领土实体 邯郸市, 始於 1993
武安市 所在行政领土实体 邯郸专区, 始於 1949, 終於 1993
武安市 所在行政领土实体 华北人民政府, 始於 1948, 終於 1949
武安市 所在行政领土实体 晋冀鲁豫边区, 始於 1945, 終於 1948
武安市 所在行政领土实体 汪精卫国民政府, 始於 1940, 終於 1945
武安市 所在行政领土实体 中華民國臨時政府, 始於 1937, 終於 1940
武安市 所在行政领土实体 河南省, 始於 1913, 終於 1937
武安市 所在行政领土实体 彰德府, 始於 1645, 終於 1913
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 武安镇 (武安市)
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 康二城镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 午汲镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 磁山镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 伯延镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 淑村镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 大同镇 (武安市)
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 邑城镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 矿山镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 贺进镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 阳邑镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 徘徊镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 冶陶镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 上团城镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 北安庄乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 北安乐乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 西土山镇
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 西寺庄乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 活水乡 (武安市)
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 石洞乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 管陶乡
武安市 下辖行政领土实体 马家庄乡
武安市 隶属于 县级市
武安市 Freebase標識符 /m/027v7vv
武安市 GeoNames編號 1791358
武安市 官方名稱 , 始於 1988
武安市 官方名稱 , 終於 1988
武安市 郵政編碼 056300
武安市 时区 東八區
武安市 新浪微博用户账号 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 时间点 2010
武安市 电话区号 310
武安市 行政中心 武安镇 (武安市)
武安市 车牌代码 冀D
武安市 话题主分类 Category:武安市
武安市 定位图图片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方网站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 图像 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享资源分类 Wuan
武安市 Who's on First编号 1276783941
武安市 面积
武安市 百度贴吧名 武安, 作品数量 , 时间点 2023
武安市 OSM关系标识符 4437716
武安市 GNS獨特地形編號 -1930637
Уань
Уань государство Китай
Уань географические координаты
Уань код административного деления Китая 13 04 81
Уань административно-территориальная единица Ханьдань, дата начала 1993
Уань административно-территориальная единица Специальный район Ханьдань, дата начала 1949, дата окончания 1993
Уань административно-территориальная единица Северокитайское народное правительство, дата начала 1948, дата окончания 1949
Уань административно-территориальная единица Шаньси-Хэбэй-Шаньдун-Хэнаньский советский район, дата начала 1945, дата окончания 1948
Уань административно-территориальная единица Режим Ван Цзинвэя, дата начала 1940, дата окончания 1945
Уань административно-территориальная единица Временное правительство Китайской Республики, дата начала 1937, дата окончания 1940
Уань административно-территориальная единица Хэнань, дата начала 1913, дата окончания 1937
Уань административно-территориальная единица Чжандэская управа, дата начала 1645, дата окончания 1913
Уань это частный случай понятия городской уезд в Китае
Уань код Freebase /m/027v7vv
Уань код GeoNames 1791358
Уань официальное название , дата начала 1988
Уань официальное название , дата окончания 1988
Уань почтовый индекс 056300
Уань часовой пояс UTC+8:00
Уань код в Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Уань численность населения , момент времени 2010
Уань местный телефонный код 310
Уань код автомобильного номера 冀D
Уань карта местонахождения ChinaHandanWuan.png
Уань официальный сайт http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Уань изображение Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Уань категория на Викискладе Wuan
Уань код Who's on First 1276783941
Уань площадь
Уань тема Baidu Tieba 武安, число работ , момент времени 2023
Уань ID отношения в OpenStreetMap 4437716
Уань код GNS -1930637
Wu'an
ووان
ووان البلد الصين
ووان الإحداثيات
ووان رمز تقسيم إداري صيني 13 04 81
ووان تقع في التقسيم الإداري هاندان, تاريخ البدء 1993
ووان تقع في التقسيم الإداري نظام وانغ جين وي, تاريخ البدء 1940, تاريخ الانتهاء 1945
ووان تقع في التقسيم الإداري الحكومة المؤقتة لجمهورية الصين (1937-1940), تاريخ البدء 1937, تاريخ الانتهاء 1940
ووان نموذج من مدينة على مستوى مقاطعة
ووان مُعرِّف قاعدة البيانات الحُرَّة (Freebase) /m/027v7vv
ووان مُعرِّف الأسماء الأرضية (GeoNames) 1791358
ووان الاسم الرسمي , تاريخ البدء 1988
ووان الاسم الرسمي , تاريخ الانتهاء 1988
ووان الرمز البريدي 056300
ووان المنطقة الزمنية ت ع م+08:00
ووان معرف سينا ويبو wuanguanfang
ووان عدد السكان , بتاريخ 2010
ووان رمز الاتصال الهاتفي المحلي 310
ووان لوحة تسجيل المركبات 冀D
ووان خريطة عامة للموقع ChinaHandanWuan.png
ووان الموقع الرسمي http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
ووان الصورة Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
ووان تصنيف كومنز Wuan
ووان مُعرِّف الروَّاد (WOFID) 1276783941
ووان المساحة
ووان اسم في بايدو تايبا 武安, عدد الأعمال , بتاريخ 2023
ووان مُعرِّف علاقة على خريطة الشَّارع المَفتُوحة (OSM) 4437716
ووان معرف ميزة GNS -1930637
वुआन
वुआन देश चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य
वुआन स्थान का समन्वय
वुआन प्रशासनिक इकाई में है हनदान, आरंभ समय 1993
वुआन Freebase पहचानकर्ता /m/027v7vv
वुआन आधिकारिक नाम , आरंभ समय 1988
वुआन आधिकारिक नाम , समाप्ति तिथि 1988
वुआन डाक कोड 056300
वुआन जनसंख्या , समय 2010
वुआन मानचित्र छवि ChinaHandanWuan.png
वुआन आधिकारिक वेबसाइट http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
वुआन चित्र Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
वुआन कॉमन्स श्रेणी Wuan
वुआन क्षेत्र
वुआन OpenStreetMap आईडी 4437716
Wu'an
Wu'an Paese Cina
Wu'an coordinate geografiche
Wu'an codice divisione amministrativa cinese 13 04 81
Wu'an unità amministrativa in cui è situato Handan, data di inizio 1993
Wu'an unità amministrativa in cui è situato Repubblica di Nanchino, data di inizio 1940, data di fine 1945
Wu'an unità amministrativa in cui è situato Governo Provvisorio della Cina, data di inizio 1937, data di fine 1940
Wu'an unità amministrativa in cui è situato Henan, data di inizio 1913, data di fine 1937
Wu'an istanza di città-contea della Cina
Wu'an identificativo Freebase /m/027v7vv
Wu'an identificativo GeoNames 1791358
Wu'an nome ufficiale , data di inizio 1988
Wu'an nome ufficiale , data di fine 1988
Wu'an codice postale 056300
Wu'an fuso orario UTC+8
Wu'an identificativo Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Wu'an popolazione , data 2010
Wu'an prefisso telefonico locale 310
Wu'an codice immatricolazione 冀D
Wu'an mappa di localizzazione ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an sito web ufficiale http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an immagine Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an categoria su Commons Wuan
Wu'an identificativo Who's on First 1276783941
Wu'an superficie
Wu'an identificativo relazione OpenStreetMap 4437716
Wu'an identificativo univoco GNS -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an land Kina
Wu'an geografiske koordinater
Wu'an kinesiske administrativ opdelingskode 13 04 81
Wu'an beliggende i det administrative område Handan, starttidspunkt 1993
Wu'an beliggende i det administrative område Republikken Kinas reformerede regering, starttidspunkt 1940, sluttidspunkt 1945
Wu'an tilfælde af by på amtsniveau
Wu'an Freebase-ID /m/027v7vv
Wu'an GeoNames-ID 1791358
Wu'an officielt navn , starttidspunkt 1988
Wu'an officielt navn , sluttidspunkt 1988
Wu'an postnummer 056300
Wu'an tidszone UTC+8
Wu'an indbyggertal , tidspunkt 2010
Wu'an telefonområdenummer 310
Wu'an bilkendingsbogstaver 冀D
Wu'an oversigtskort ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an officiel hjemmeside http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an billede Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commons-kategori Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First-ID 1276783941
Wu'an areal
Wu'an OpenStreetMap relation-ID 4437716
Wu'an GNS-ID -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an valtio Kiinan kansantasavalta
Wu'an koordinaatit
Wu'an Kiinan hallinnollisen osa-alueen koodi 13 04 81
Wu'an sijaitsee hallinnollisessa alueyksikössä Handan, alkamisajankohta 1993
Wu'an sijaitsee hallinnollisessa alueyksikössä Wang Jingwein hallitus, alkamisajankohta 1940, päättymisajankohta 1945
Wu'an esiintymä kohteesta piirikuntatason kaupunki
Wu'an Freebase-tunniste /m/027v7vv
Wu'an GeoNames-tunniste 1791358
Wu'an virallinen nimi , alkamisajankohta 1988
Wu'an virallinen nimi , päättymisajankohta 1988
Wu'an postinumero 056300
Wu'an aikavyöhyke UTC+8
Wu'an Sina Weibo -tunniste wuanguanfang
Wu'an asukasluku , ajankohta 2010
Wu'an suuntanumero 310
Wu'an rekisterikilven koodi 冀D
Wu'an kuva sijaintikartasta ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an viralliset kotisivut http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an kuva Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commons-luokka Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First -tunniste 1276783941
Wu'an pinta-ala
Wu'an OpenStreetMap-relaatiotunniste 4437716
Wu'an GNS-tunniste -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an państwo Chińska Republika Ludowa
Wu'an współrzędne geograficzne
Wu'an kod podziału administracyjnego Chin 13 04 81
Wu'an znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Handan, od 1993
Wu'an jest to miasto na poziomie powiatu
Wu'an identyfikator Freebase /m/027v7vv
Wu'an identyfikator GeoNames 1791358
Wu'an nazwa oficjalna , od 1988
Wu'an nazwa oficjalna , do 1988
Wu'an kod pocztowy 056300
Wu'an strefa czasowa UTC+08:00
Wu'an identyfikator użytkownika w Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Wu'an liczba ludności , data 2010
Wu'an lokalny numer kierunkowy 310
Wu'an oznaczenie tablic rejestracyjnych 冀D
Wu'an położenie na mapie ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an oficjalna strona internetowa http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an ilustracja Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an kategoria Commons Wuan
Wu'an identyfikator Who's on First 1276783941
Wu'an powierzchnia
Wu'an nazwa Baidu Tieba 武安, liczba prac , data 2023
Wu'an identyfikator relacji OpenStreetMap 4437716
Wu'an identyfikator GNS -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an ülkesi Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti
Wu'an konum koordinatları
Wu'an Çin'de kullanılan idari birim kodu 13 04 81
Wu'an içinde bulunduğu idari birim Handan, başlangıç zamanı 1993
Wu'an içinde bulunduğu idari birim Çin Cumhuriyeti Yeniden Düzenlenmiş Ulusal Hükûmeti, başlangıç zamanı 1940, bitiş zamanı 1945
Wu'an nedir bölge düzeyinde şehir
Wu'an Freebase kimliği /m/027v7vv
Wu'an GeoNames kimliği 1791358
Wu'an resmî adı , başlangıç zamanı 1988
Wu'an resmî adı , bitiş zamanı 1988
Wu'an posta kodu 056300
Wu'an zaman dilimi UTC+08.00
Wu'an Sina Weibo kullanıcı kimliği wuanguanfang
Wu'an nüfus , tarihi 2010
Wu'an yerel alan kodu 310
Wu'an plaka kodu 冀D
Wu'an haritadaki yeri ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an resmî sitesi http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an görsel Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an Commons kategorisi Wuan
Wu'an Who's on First kimliği 1276783941
Wu'an alanı
Wu'an OpenStreetMap ilişki tanımlayıcı 4437716
Wu'an GNS Benzersiz Özellik kimliği -1930637
Wu'an
Wu'an negara Republik Rakyat China
Wu'an koordinat lokasi
Wu'an kod bahagian pentadbiran China 13 04 81
Wu'an terletak di entiti wilayah pentadbiran Handan, tarikh mula 1993
Wu'an terletak di entiti wilayah pentadbiran Rejim Wang Jingwei, tarikh mula 1940, tarikh tamat 1945
Wu'an ID Freebase /m/027v7vv
Wu'an ID GeoNames 1791358
Wu'an nama rasmi , tarikh mula 1988
Wu'an nama rasmi , tarikh tamat 1988
Wu'an poskod 056300
Wu'an terletak dalam zon waktu UTC+08:00
Wu'an ID pengguna Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Wu'an jumlah penduduk , pada 2010
Wu'an kod panggilan tempatan 310
Wu'an kod plat nombor 冀D
Wu'an imej peta lokasi ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an tapak web rasmi http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an gambar Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an kategori Commons Wuan
Wu'an ID Who's on First 1276783941
Wu'an keluasan
Wu'an pengenal pasti hubungan OSM 4437716
Wu'an ID Ciri Unik GNS -1930637
Wu'an
kota di Tiongkok
Wu'an negara Republik Rakyat Tiongkok
Wu'an koordinat tempat
Wu'an kode pembagian administratif Tiongkok 13 04 81
Wu'an terletak di daerah administratif Handan, bermula sejak 1993
Wu'an terletak di daerah administratif Republik Tiongkok-Nanjing, bermula sejak 1940, berakhir pada 1945
Wu'an terletak di daerah administratif Pemerintahan Sementara Republik Tiongkok, bermula sejak 1937, berakhir pada 1940
Wu'an adalah kota setingkat county
Wu'an penanda Freebase /m/027v7vv
Wu'an penanda GeoNames 1791358
Wu'an nama resmi , bermula sejak 1988
Wu'an nama resmi , berakhir pada 1988
Wu'an kode pos 056300
Wu'an zona waktu UTC+8
Wu'an Penanda Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Wu'an jumlah penduduk , pada waktu 2010
Wu'an kode telepon lokal 310
Wu'an kode plat kendaraan 冀D
Wu'an gambar peta lokasi ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an laman resmi http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an gambar Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an kategori di Commons Wuan
Wu'an ID Who's on First 1276783941
Wu'an luas wilayah
Wu'an relasi di OpenStreetMap 4437716
Wu'an GNS Unique Feature Identifier -1930637
อู่ อัน
อู่ อัน ประเทศ ประเทศจีน
อู่ อัน ตำแหน่งพิกัด
อู่ อัน อยู่ในเขตการปกครองของ หานตาน, เวลาเริ่ม 1993
อู่ อัน อยู่ในเขตการปกครองของ ระบอบวาง จิงเว่ย์, เวลาเริ่ม 1940, เวลาสิ้นสุด 1945
อู่ อัน เป็น นครระดับอำเภอ
อู่ อัน ตัวระบุ Freebase /m/027v7vv
อู่ อัน รหัสระบุ GeoNames 1791358
อู่ อัน ชื่อทางการ , เวลาเริ่ม 1988
อู่ อัน ชื่อทางการ , เวลาสิ้นสุด 1988
อู่ อัน รหัสไปรษณีย์ 056300
อู่ อัน เขตเวลา UTC+08:00
อู่ อัน รหัสระบุซินล่างเวย์ปั๋ว wuanguanfang
อู่ อัน ประชากร , ณ เวลา 2010
อู่ อัน เว็บไซต์ทางการ http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
อู่ อัน ภาพ Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
อู่ อัน หมวดหมู่คอมมอนส์ Wuan
อู่ อัน ขนาดพื้นที่
வு 'அன்
வு 'அன் நாடு சீன மக்கள் குடியரசு
வு 'அன் ஆயமுறை இடங்குறிப்பு
வு 'அன் நிருவாகம் ஹண்டன், தொடக்கக் காலம் 1993
வு 'அன் Freebase அடையாளம் காட்டி /m/027v7vv
வு 'அன் ஜியோநேம்ஸ் புவியடையாளக் குறியீடு 1791358
வு 'அன் அலுவல் முறைப் பெயர் , தொடக்கக் காலம் 1988
வு 'அன் அலுவல் முறைப் பெயர் , முடிவு நேரம் 1988
வு 'அன் அஞ்சல் குறியீடு 056300
வு 'அன் நேரவலயம் ஒசநே+8
வு 'அன் மக்கள் தொகை , கால கட்டம் 2010
வு 'அன் உள்ளூர் அழைப்பு குறியீடு 310
வு 'அன் அமைவிட வரைபடத்தின் படம் ChinaHandanWuan.png
வு 'அன் அதிகாரபூர்வ இணையம் http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
வு 'அன் படிமம் Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
வு 'அன் பொதுவகப் பகுப்பு Wuan
வு 'அன் பரப்பளவு
வு 'அன் மாநில நெடுஞ்சாலை 68 (தமிழ் நாடு) 4437716
वूआन
वूआन देश चीन
वूआन भौगोलिक गुणक
वूआन या राजकीय व प्रशासकीय सीमांतर्गत असणारे स्थान हांडण, आरंभ वेळ 1993
वूआन फ्रीबेस ओळखण /m/027v7vv
वूआन अधिकृत नाव , आरंभ वेळ 1988
वूआन अधिकृत नाव , शेवट 1988
वूआन डाक संकेतांक 056300
वूआन प्रमाणवेळ यूटीसी+०८:००
वूआन लोकसंख्या , तारीख 2010
वूआन स्थानिक दूरध्वनी कोड 310
वूआन परवाना पाटी संकेत (नंबरप्लेट) 冀D
वूआन स्थानदर्शक नकाशा ChinaHandanWuan.png
वूआन अधिकृत संकेतस्थळ http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
वूआन चित्र Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
वूआन कॉमन्स वर्ग Wuan
वूआन क्षेत्र
వుఅన్
వుఅన్ దేశం చైనా
వుఅన్ అక్షాంశ రేఖాంశాలు
వుఅన్ వున్న పరిపాలనా ప్రాంతం హాండన్, ప్రారంభ సమయం 1993
వుఅన్ ఫ్రీబేస్ గుర్తింపు /m/027v7vv
వుఅన్ జియోనేమ్స్ ఐడీ 1791358
వుఅన్ అధికారిక నామం , ప్రారంభ సమయం 1988
వుఅన్ అధికారిక నామం , ముగింపు తేదీ 1988
వుఅన్ తపాలా సంకేతం 056300
వుఅన్ జనాభా , ఈ సమయాన 2010
వుఅన్ స్థానిక డయలింగ్ సంకేతం 310
వుఅన్ ప్రాంతాన్ని సూచించే పటం ChinaHandanWuan.png
వుఅన్ అధికారిక వెబ్ సైటు http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
వుఅన్ బొమ్మ Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
వుఅన్ కామన్స్ లోని వర్గం Wuan
వుఅన్ వైశాల్యం
వుఅన్ ఓపెన్స్ట్రీట్మాప్ సంబంధపు గుర్తింపు సంఖ్య 4437716
উআন
উত্তর-পূর্ব চীনের হপেই প্রদেশের উপজেলা-স্তরের নগরী
উআন দেশ চীন
উআন অবস্থানের স্থানাঙ্ক
উআন চীনের প্রশাসনিক বিভাগের কোড 13 04 81
উআন যে প্রশাসনিক অঞ্চলে অবস্থিত হানতান, শুরুর সময় 1993
উআন ফ্রিবেইস আইডি /m/027v7vv
উআন জিওনেমস আইডি 1791358
উআন দাপ্তরিক নাম , শুরুর সময় 1988
উআন দাপ্তরিক নাম , শেষের সময় 1988
উআন পোস্টাল কোড 056300
উআন যে সময় অঞ্চলে অবস্থিত ইউটিসি+০৮:০০
উআন সিনা ওয়েইবো আইডি wuanguanfang
উআন জনসংখ্যা , সময় 2010
উআন স্থানীয় ডায়ালিং কোড 310
উআন লাইসেন্স প্লেট কোড 冀D
উআন অবস্থান চিহ্নিত মানচিত্র ChinaHandanWuan.png
উআন দাপ্তরিক ওয়েবসাইট http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
উআন ছবি Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
উআন কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী Wuan
উআন আয়তন
উআন ওপেনস্ট্রিটম্যাপ সম্পর্ক চিহ্নিতকারী 4437716
وہ ’ این
وہ ’ این ملک عوامی جمہوریہ چین
وہ ’ این متناسقاتی مقام
وہ ’ این انتظامی تقسیم میں مقام ہاندان, آغاز وقت 1993
وہ ’ این انتظامی تقسیم میں مقام وانگ جینگوئی حکومت, آغاز وقت 1940, اختتام وقت 1945
وہ ’ این انتظامی تقسیم میں مقام جمہوریہ چین کی عارضی حکومت (1937ء–1940ء), آغاز وقت 1937, اختتام وقت 1940
وہ ’ این قسم کاؤنٹی سطح شہر
وہ ’ این فری بیس آئی ڈی /m/027v7vv
وہ ’ این جیونیمز شناخت 1791358
وہ ’ این باضابطہ نام , آغاز وقت 1988
وہ ’ این باضابطہ نام , اختتام وقت 1988
وہ ’ این ڈاک رمز 056300
وہ ’ این منطقہ وقت متناسق عالمی وقت+08:00
وہ ’ این آبادی , وقت و سال 2010
وہ ’ این مقامی ڈائلنگ کوڈ 310
وہ ’ این گاڑی نمبر پلیٹ 冀D
وہ ’ این تصویر نقشہ کا مقام شناس ChinaHandanWuan.png
وہ ’ این باضابطہ ویب سائٹ http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
وہ ’ این تصویر Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
وہ ’ این ذخائر کا زمرہ Wuan
وہ ’ این رقبہ
Γούαν
Γούαν χώρα Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας
Γούαν γεωγραφικές συντεταγμένες
Γούαν κωδικός διοικητικής διαίρεσης της Κίνας 13 04 81
Γούαν βρίσκεται στη διοικητική μονάδα Χαντάν, ημερομηνία έναρξης 1993
Γούαν είναι πόλη επιπέδου κομητείας
Γούαν κωδικός αναφοράς Freebase /m/027v7vv
Γούαν κωδικός αναφοράς GeoNames 1791358
Γούαν επίσημη ονομασία , ημερομηνία έναρξης 1988
Γούαν επίσημη ονομασία , ημερομηνία τερματισμού 1988
Γούαν ταχυδρομικός κώδικας 056300
Γούαν ζώνη ώρας UTC+8
Γούαν πληθυσμός , σημείο στο χρόνο 2010
Γούαν τηλεφωνικός κωδικός περιοχής 310
Γούαν κώδικας πινακίδων κυκλοφορίας 冀D
Γούαν εικόνα χάρτη τοποθεσίας ChinaHandanWuan.png
Γούαν επίσημος ιστότοπος http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Γούαν εικόνα Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Γούαν κατηγορία στα Commons Wuan
Γούαν Αναγνωριστικό Who's on First 1276783941
Γούαν επιφάνεια
Γούαν αριθμός σχέσης OSM 4437716
Γούαν Geonames ID -1930637
වුආන්
වුආන් රට චීනය
වුආන් ඛණ්ඩාංක පිහිටුම
වුආන් එය පිහිටා ඇති පරිපාලන ඒකකය හන්ඩන්, ආරම්භ වූ දිනය 1993
වුආන් ෆ්රීබේස් හැඳිනුම /m/027v7vv
වුආන් නිල නාමය , ආරම්භ වූ දිනය 1988
වුආන් නිල නාමය
වුආන් තැපැල් කේතය 056300
වුආන් නිල වෙබ්අඩවිය http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
වුආන් රූපය Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
වුආන් කොමන්ස්හි ප්රවර්ගය Wuan
વુઆન
વુઆન દેશ ચીન
વુઆન સ્થળના અક્ષાંસ રેખાંશ
વુઆન ચીન સાશન ક્ષેત્ર 13 04 81
વુઆન પ્રશાસન વિભાગમાં આવેલ છે હેન્ડન, શરૂઆતની તારીખ 1993
વુઆન ફ્રીબેઝ આઈડી /m/027v7vv
વુઆન સત્તાવાર નામ , શરૂઆતની તારીખ 1988
વુઆન સત્તાવાર નામ , અંત સમય 1988
વુઆન પોસ્ટલ કોડ 056300
વુઆન વસ્તી / જનસંખ્યા , સમય બિંદુ 2010
વુઆન સ્થાનિક ડાયલિંગ કોડ 310
વુઆન લાયસેન્સ પ્લેટ કોડ 冀D
વુઆન સ્થાન દર્શક નક્શો ChinaHandanWuan.png
વુઆન અધિકૃત વેબસાઇટ http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
વુઆન છબી Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
વુઆન કોમન્સ શ્રેણી Wuan
વુઆન ક્ષેત્રફળ
ವೂನ್
ವೂನ್ ದೇಶ ಚೀನಿ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ
ವೂನ್ ಸ್ಥಳದ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಾಂಕಗಳ
ವೂನ್ ಈ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಹ್ಯಾಂಡನ್, ಆರಂಭದ ಸಮಯ 1993
ವೂನ್ Freebase ಐಡಿ /m/027v7vv
ವೂನ್ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಹೆಸರು , ಆರಂಭದ ಸಮಯ 1988
ವೂನ್ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಹೆಸರು , ಅಂತ್ಯದ ಸಮಯ 1988
ವೂನ್ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ
ವೂನ್ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಜಾಲತಾಣ http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
ವೂನ್ ಚಿತ್ರ Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
ವೂನ್ ಕಾಮನ್ಸ್ ವರ್ಗ Wuan
ವೂನ್ ಒಪನ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಟ್ ಮ್ಯಾಪ್ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಸೂಚಕ 4437716
Vuanas
Vuanas valstybė Kinijos Liaudies Respublika
Vuanas koordinatės
Vuanas yra savivaldybės teritorijoje Handanas, pradžios laikas 1993
Vuanas Freebase kodas /m/027v7vv
Vuanas oficialus pavadinimas , pradžios laikas 1988
Vuanas oficialus pavadinimas , pabaigos laikas 1988
Vuanas pašto kodas 056300
Vuanas laiko juosta UTC+8
Vuanas gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2010
Vuanas vietinis telefono kodas 310
Vuanas vieta žemėlapyje ChinaHandanWuan.png
Vuanas oficiali svetainė http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Vuanas nuotrauka Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Vuanas Vikitekos kategorija Wuan
Vuanas plotas
Уань
Уань країна Китайська Народна Республіка
Уань географічні координати
Уань код адміністративного поділу КНР 13 04 81
Уань адміністративна одиниця Ханьдань, час/дата початку 1993
Уань адміністративна одиниця Режим Ван Цзінвея, час/дата початку 1940, час/дата закінчення 1945
Уань адміністративна одиниця Тимчасовий уряд Китайської Республіки, час/дата початку 1937, час/дата закінчення 1940
Уань є одним із міський повіт
Уань ідентифікатор Freebase /m/027v7vv
Уань код GeoNames 1791358
Уань офіційна назва , час/дата початку 1988
Уань офіційна назва , час/дата закінчення 1988
Уань поштовий індекс 056300
Уань часовий пояс UTC+8
Уань ідентифікатор Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Уань кількість населення , дата й час 2010
Уань місцевий телефонний код 310
Уань код на номерних знаках 冀D
Уань мапа розташування ChinaHandanWuan.png
Уань офіційний сайт http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Уань зображення Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Уань категорія Вікісховища Wuan
Уань Who's on First 1276783941
Уань площа
Уань тема Baidu Tieba 武安, кількість робіт , дата й час 2023
Уань OpenStreetMap зв'язок 4437716
Уань ідентифікатор GNS -1930637
Vuana
Vuana valsts Ķīna
Vuana ģeogrāfiskās koordinātas
Vuana Ķīnas administratīvā iedalījuma kods 13 04 81
Vuana atrodas administratīvajā vienībā Handana, datums no 1993
Vuana Freebase identifikators /m/027v7vv
Vuana GeoNames identifikators 1791358
Vuana oficiālais nosaukums , datums no 1988
Vuana oficiālais nosaukums , datums līdz 1988
Vuana pasta indekss 056300
Vuana laika josla UTC+8
Vuana iedzīvotāju skaits , laika brīdis 2010
Vuana vietējais telefona kods 310
Vuana transportlīdzekļa numura zīmes kods 冀D
Vuana atrašanās vietas karte ChinaHandanWuan.png
Vuana oficiālā tīmekļa vietne http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Vuana attēls Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Vuana Commons kategorija Wuan
Vuana Who's on First ID 1276783941
Vuana platība
Vuana Open Street Map sasaistes ID 4437716
Vuana GNS kods -1930637
Bú-an-chhī
Bú-an-chhī kok-ka Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok
Bú-an-chhī Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok Hêng-chèng-khu-ōe Tāi-bé 13 04 81
Bú-an-chhī Só͘-chāi ê hêng-chèng léng-thó͘ si̍t-thé Hân-tan-chhī
Bú-an-chhī Só͘-chāi ê hêng-chèng léng-thó͘ si̍t-thé Ong Cheng-oē Chèng-khoân
Bú-an-chhī sī chi̍t ê koān-kip-chhī
Bú-an-chhī tô͘ Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市
武安市 国家 中华人民共和国
武安市 地理坐标
武安市 中华人民共和国行政区划代码 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政领土实体 邯郸市, 始于 1993
武安市 包含行政领土实体 武安镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 康二城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 午汲镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 磁山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 伯延镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 淑村镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 大同镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 邑城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 矿山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 贺进镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 阳邑镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 徘徊镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 冶陶镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 上团城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 北安庄乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 北安乐乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 西土山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 西寺庄乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 活水乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 石洞乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 管陶乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 马家庄乡
武安市 隶属于 县级市
武安市 GeoNames编号 1791358
武安市 官方名称 , 始于 1988
武安市 官方名称 , 终于 1988
武安市 邮递区号 056300
武安市 时区 UTC+08:00
武安市 新浪微博用户账号 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 时间点 2010
武安市 定位图图片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方网站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 图像 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享资源分类 Wuan
武安市 面积
武安市 OSM关系标识符 4437716
武安市
武安市 国家 中华人民共和国
武安市 地理坐标
武安市 中华人民共和国行政区划代码 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政领土实体 邯郸市, 始于 1993
武安市 包含行政领土实体 武安镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 康二城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 午汲镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 磁山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 伯延镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 淑村镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 大同镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 邑城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 矿山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 贺进镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 阳邑镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 徘徊镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 冶陶镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 上团城镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 北安庄乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 北安乐乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 西土山镇
武安市 包含行政领土实体 西寺庄乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 活水乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 石洞乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 管陶乡
武安市 包含行政领土实体 马家庄乡
武安市 隶属于 县级市
武安市 GeoNames编号 1791358
武安市 官方名称 , 始于 1988
武安市 官方名称 , 终于 1988
武安市 邮递区号 056300
武安市 新浪微博用户账号 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 时间点 2010
武安市 定位图图片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方网站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 图像 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享资源分类 Wuan
武安市 面积
武安市 OSM关系标识符 4437716
武安市
武安市
武安市
武安市 中華人民共和國行政區劃代碼 13 04 81
武安市 圖片 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an
Wu'an gwladwriaeth Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina
Wu'an cyfesurynnau'r lleoliad
Wu'an Cod gweinyddol rhanbarthau Tsieina 13 04 81
Wu'an lleolir yn yr ardal weinyddol Handan, dyddiad neu amser cychwyn 1993
Wu'an yn cynnwys yr ardal weinyddol Cishan
Wu'an enghraifft o'r canlynol dinas lefel sir
Wu'an dynodwr Freebase /m/027v7vv
Wu'an dynodwr GeoNames 1791358
Wu'an enw swyddogol , dyddiad neu amser cychwyn 1988
Wu'an enw swyddogol , dyddiad gorffen neu derfyn 1988
Wu'an cod post 056300
Wu'an lleolir yn y cylchfa amser UTC+08:00
Wu'an dynodwr Sina Weibo wuanguanfang
Wu'an poblogaeth , pwynt mewn amser 2010
Wu'an cod deialu lleol 310
Wu'an cod plat rhif 冀D
Wu'an delwedd map er lleoli ChinaHandanWuan.png
Wu'an gwefan swyddogol http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
Wu'an delwedd Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
Wu'an categori Comin Wuan
Wu'an dynodwr Who's on First 1276783941
Wu'an arwynebedd
Wu'an dynodwr OpenStreetMap (perthynas) 4437716
Wu'an
Bajarekî Çînê
Wu'an dewlet Çîn
Wu'an li beşa îdarî ya Handan, dema destpêkirinê 1993
Wu'an nifûs
Wu'an koda telefonê 310
Wu'an koda plakayê 冀D
Wu'an kategoriya Commonsê Wuan
Wu'an qada rûerdê
武安市
武安市 國家 中華人民共和國
武安市 地理座標
武安市 中華人民共和國行政區劃代碼 13 04 81
武安市 所在行政領土實體 邯鄲市, 始於 1993
武安市 所在行政領土實體 河南省, 始於 1913, 終於 1937
武安市 隸屬於 縣級市
武安市 Freebase識別碼 /m/027v7vv
武安市 地理名字庫編號 1791358
武安市 官方名稱 , 始於 1988
武安市 官方名稱 , 終於 1988
武安市 郵遞區號 056300
武安市 時區 東八區
武安市 新浪微博使用者帳號 wuanguanfang
武安市 人口 , 時間點 2010
武安市 電話區碼 310
武安市 牌照代碼 冀D
武安市 定位圖圖片 ChinaHandanWuan.png
武安市 官方網站 http://www.wuan.gov.cn/
武安市 圖片 Wuanshitiyuzhongxin.jpg
武安市 共享資源分類 Wuan
武安市 面積
武安市 百度貼吧名稱 武安, 作品數量 , 時間點 2023
武安市 開放街圖關係編號 4437716
武安市 GNS獨特地形編號 -1930637
| 50,548 |
US-202129784614-F_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 198 | 272 |
Tire
FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of a tire showing my new design, it being understood that the tread pattern is repeated throughout the circumference of the tire, the opposite side being the same as that shown;
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of the tire;
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the left side of the tire;
FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the right side of the tire;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 6 is a first transversal section view of the tire taken along line 6-6 of FIG. 9 ;
FIG. 7 is a second transversal section view of the tire taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 9 ;
FIG. 8 is a third transversal section view of the tire taken along line 8-8 of FIG. 9 ; and,
FIG. 9 is an enlarged fragmentary view of FIG. 2 with section lines related to views 6-6, 7-7, and 8-8.
The broken lines defining the sidewall and inner bead depict environmental subject matter that forms no part of the claimed design.
CLAIM The ornamental design for a tire, as shown and described..
| 2,291 |
https://github.com/amergey/cxf-fediz/blob/master/systests/idp/src/test/java/org/apache/cxf/fediz/systests/idp/IdpTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
cxf-fediz
|
amergey
|
Java
|
Code
| 3,983 | 16,894 |
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cxf.fediz.systests.idp;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.util.Base64;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.CookieManager;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.FailingHttpStatusCodeException;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.UnexpectedPage;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.WebClient;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.WebResponse;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.DomElement;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.DomNodeList;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.HtmlForm;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.HtmlPage;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.html.HtmlSubmitInput;
import com.gargoylesoftware.htmlunit.xml.XmlPage;
import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException;
import org.apache.catalina.LifecycleState;
import org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector;
import org.apache.catalina.startup.Tomcat;
import org.apache.cxf.fediz.core.FederationConstants;
import org.apache.cxf.fediz.core.util.DOMUtils;
import org.apache.http.auth.AuthScope;
import org.apache.http.auth.UsernamePasswordCredentials;
import org.apache.wss4j.dom.engine.WSSConfig;
import org.apache.xml.security.keys.KeyInfo;
import org.apache.xml.security.signature.XMLSignature;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
/**
* Some tests invoking directly on the IdP
*/
public class IdpTest {
static String idpHttpsPort;
static String rpHttpsPort;
private static Tomcat idpServer;
@BeforeClass
public static void init() throws Exception {
idpHttpsPort = System.getProperty("idp.https.port");
Assert.assertNotNull("Property 'idp.https.port' null", idpHttpsPort);
rpHttpsPort = System.getProperty("rp.https.port");
Assert.assertNotNull("Property 'rp.https.port' null", rpHttpsPort);
idpServer = startServer(true, idpHttpsPort);
WSSConfig.init();
}
private static Tomcat startServer(boolean idp, String port)
throws ServletException, LifecycleException, IOException {
Tomcat server = new Tomcat();
server.setPort(0);
String currentDir = new File(".").getCanonicalPath();
String baseDir = currentDir + File.separator + "target";
server.setBaseDir(baseDir);
server.getHost().setAppBase("tomcat/idp/webapps");
server.getHost().setAutoDeploy(true);
server.getHost().setDeployOnStartup(true);
Connector httpsConnector = new Connector();
httpsConnector.setPort(Integer.parseInt(port));
httpsConnector.setSecure(true);
httpsConnector.setScheme("https");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("keyAlias", "mytomidpkey");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("keystorePass", "tompass");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("keystoreFile", "test-classes/server.jks");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("truststorePass", "tompass");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("truststoreFile", "test-classes/server.jks");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("clientAuth", "want");
// httpsConnector.setAttribute("clientAuth", "false");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("sslProtocol", "TLS");
httpsConnector.setAttribute("SSLEnabled", true);
server.getService().addConnector(httpsConnector);
File stsWebapp = new File(baseDir + File.separator + server.getHost().getAppBase(), "fediz-idp-sts");
server.addWebapp("/fediz-idp-sts", stsWebapp.getAbsolutePath());
File idpWebapp = new File(baseDir + File.separator + server.getHost().getAppBase(), "fediz-idp");
server.addWebapp("/fediz-idp", idpWebapp.getAbsolutePath());
server.start();
return server;
}
@AfterClass
public static void cleanup() {
shutdownServer(idpServer);
}
private static void shutdownServer(Tomcat server) {
try {
if (server != null && server.getServer() != null
&& server.getServer().getState() != LifecycleState.DESTROYED) {
if (server.getServer().getState() != LifecycleState.STOPPED) {
server.stop();
}
server.destroy();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public String getIdpHttpsPort() {
return idpHttpsPort;
}
public String getRpHttpsPort() {
return rpHttpsPort;
}
public String getServletContextName() {
return "fedizhelloworld";
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testSuccessfulInvokeOnIdP() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
final HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
// Parse the form to get the token (wresult)
DomNodeList<DomElement> results = idpPage.getElementsByTagName("input");
String wresult = null;
for (DomElement result : results) {
if ("wresult".equals(result.getAttributeNS(null, "name"))) {
wresult = result.getAttributeNS(null, "value");
break;
}
}
Assert.assertNotNull(wresult);
webClient.close();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testSuccessfulSSOInvokeOnIdP() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.addRequestHeader("Authorization", "Basic "
+ Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString((user + ":" + password).getBytes()));
//
// First invocation
//
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
// Parse the form to get the token (wresult)
DomNodeList<DomElement> results = idpPage.getElementsByTagName("input");
String wresult = null;
for (DomElement result : results) {
if ("wresult".equals(result.getAttributeNS(null, "name"))) {
wresult = result.getAttributeNS(null, "value");
break;
}
}
Assert.assertNotNull(wresult);
//
// Second invocation - change the credentials to make sure the session is set up correctly
//
webClient.removeRequestHeader("Authorization");
webClient.addRequestHeader("Authorization", "Basic "
+ Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(("mallory" + ":" + password).getBytes()));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
// Parse the form to get the token (wresult)
results = idpPage.getElementsByTagName("input");
wresult = null;
for (DomElement result : results) {
if ("wresult".equals(result.getAttributeNS(null, "name"))) {
wresult = result.getAttributeNS(null, "value");
break;
}
}
Assert.assertNotNull(wresult);
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPMetadata() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort()
+ "/fediz-idp/FederationMetadata/2007-06/FederationMetadata.xml";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setSSLClientCertificate(
this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("client.jks"), "storepass", "jks");
final XmlPage rpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
final String xmlContent = rpPage.asXml();
Assert.assertTrue(xmlContent.startsWith("<md:EntityDescriptor"));
// Now validate the Signature
Document doc = rpPage.getXmlDocument();
doc.getDocumentElement().setIdAttributeNS(null, "ID", true);
Node signatureNode =
DOMUtils.getChild(doc.getDocumentElement(), "Signature");
Assert.assertNotNull(signatureNode);
XMLSignature signature = new XMLSignature((Element)signatureNode, "");
KeyInfo ki = signature.getKeyInfo();
Assert.assertNotNull(ki);
Assert.assertNotNull(ki.getX509Certificate());
Assert.assertTrue(signature.checkSignatureValue(ki.getX509Certificate()));
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPMetadataDefault() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort()
+ "/fediz-idp/metadata";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setSSLClientCertificate(
this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("client.jks"), "storepass", "jks");
final XmlPage rpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
final String xmlContent = rpPage.asXml();
Assert.assertTrue(xmlContent.startsWith("<md:EntityDescriptor"));
// Now validate the Signature
Document doc = rpPage.getXmlDocument();
doc.getDocumentElement().setIdAttributeNS(null, "ID", true);
Node signatureNode =
DOMUtils.getChild(doc.getDocumentElement(), "Signature");
Assert.assertNotNull(signatureNode);
XMLSignature signature = new XMLSignature((Element)signatureNode, "");
KeyInfo ki = signature.getKeyInfo();
Assert.assertNotNull(ki);
Assert.assertNotNull(ki.getX509Certificate());
Assert.assertTrue(signature.checkSignatureValue(ki.getX509Certificate()));
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPServiceMetadata() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort()
+ "/fediz-idp/metadata/urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-B";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setSSLClientCertificate(
this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("client.jks"), "storepass", "jks");
final XmlPage rpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
final String xmlContent = rpPage.asXml();
Assert.assertTrue(xmlContent.startsWith("<md:EntityDescriptor"));
// Now validate the Signature
Document doc = rpPage.getXmlDocument();
doc.getDocumentElement().setIdAttributeNS(null, "ID", true);
Node signatureNode =
DOMUtils.getChild(doc.getDocumentElement(), "Signature");
Assert.assertNotNull(signatureNode);
XMLSignature signature = new XMLSignature((Element)signatureNode, "");
KeyInfo ki = signature.getKeyInfo();
Assert.assertNotNull(ki);
Assert.assertNotNull(ki.getX509Certificate());
Assert.assertTrue(signature.checkSignatureValue(ki.getX509Certificate()));
webClient.close();
}
// Send an unknown wreq value
@org.junit.Test
public void testBadWReq() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String testWReq =
"<RequestSecurityToken xmlns=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512\">"
+ "<TokenType>http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV3.0</TokenType>"
+ "</RequestSecurityToken>";
url += "&wreq=" + URLEncoder.encode(testWReq, "UTF-8");
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreq value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an entity expansion attack for the wreq value
@org.junit.Test
public void testEntityExpansionWReq() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String currentDir = new File(".").getCanonicalPath();
File f = new File(currentDir + "/src/test/resources/entity_wreq.xml");
String entity = new String(Files.readAllBytes(f.toPath()), "UTF-8");
String validWreq =
"<RequestSecurityToken xmlns=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512\">"
+ "<TokenType>&m;http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV2.0</TokenType>"
+ "</RequestSecurityToken>";
url += "&wreq=" + URLEncoder.encode(entity + validWreq, "UTF-8");
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreq value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an entity expansion attack for the wreq value
@org.junit.Test
public void testEntityExpansionWReq2() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String currentDir = new File(".").getCanonicalPath();
File f = new File(currentDir + "/src/test/resources/entity_wreq2.xml");
String entity = new String(Files.readAllBytes(f.toPath()), "UTF-8");
String validWreq =
"<RequestSecurityToken xmlns=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512\">"
+ "<TokenType>&m;http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV2.0</TokenType>"
+ "</RequestSecurityToken>";
url += "&wreq=" + URLEncoder.encode(entity + validWreq, "UTF-8");
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreq value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an malformed wreq value
@org.junit.Test
public void testMalformedWReq() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String testWReq =
"<RequestSecurityToken xmlns=\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-trust/200512\">"
+ "<TokenTypehttp://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV2.0</TokenType>"
+ "</RequestSecurityToken>";
url += "&wreq=" + URLEncoder.encode(testWReq, "UTF-8");
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreq value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an unknown wa value
@org.junit.Test
public void testBadWa() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin2.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wa value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an unknown whr value
@org.junit.Test
public void testBadWHR() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A-xyz";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad whr value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 500);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an unknown wtrealm value
@org.junit.Test
public void testBadWtRealm() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld-xyz";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wtrealm value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send an malformed wreply value
@org.junit.Test
public void testMalformedWReply() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "/localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send a bad wreply value
@org.junit.Test
public void testBadWReply() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://www.apache.org:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/"
+ getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testValidWReplyWrongApplication() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld2";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testWReplyExactMatchingSuccess() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld3";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.close();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testWReplyExactMatchingFailure() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld3";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName()
+ "/secure/fedservlet/blah";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testNoEndpointAddressOrConstraint() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld4";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
// This is an error in the IdP
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send a bad wreply value. This will pass the reg ex validation but fail the commons-validator
// validation
@org.junit.Test
public void testWReplyWithDoubleSlashes() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName()
+ "/secure//fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send a query parameter that's too big
@org.junit.Test
public void testLargeQueryParameterRejected() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/"
+ getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
sb.append("aaaaaaaaaa");
}
url += "&wreply=" + sb.toString();
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
try {
webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
// Send a query parameter that's bigger than the accepted default, but is allowed by configuration
@org.junit.Test
public void testLargeQueryParameterAccepted() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort()
+ "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet");
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
sb.append("aaaaaaaaaa");
}
url += "&wreply=" + sb.toString();
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogout() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT;
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignOut Confirmation Response Page", idpPage.getTitleText());
HtmlForm form = idpPage.getFormByName("signoutconfirmationresponseform");
HtmlSubmitInput button = form.getInputByName("_eventId_submit");
button.click();
webClient.close();
// 3. now we try to access the idp without authentication but with the existing cookies
// to see if we are really logged out
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.assertEquals(401, idpPage.getWebResponse().getStatusCode());
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutCleanup() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT_CLEANUP;
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignOut Response Page", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 3. now we try to access the idp without authentication but with the existing cookies
// to see if we are really logged out
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.assertEquals(401, idpPage.getWebResponse().getStatusCode());
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutCleanupWithBadWReply() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP using a bad wreply
String badWReply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName()
+ "/secure//fedservlet";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT_CLEANUP;
idpLogoutUrl += "&wreply=" + badWReply;
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
try {
webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a bad wreply value");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
// 3. now we try to access the idp without authentication but with the existing cookies
// to see if we are really logged out. Even though an error was thrown on a bad wreply, we should still
// be logged out
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.assertEquals(401, idpPage.getWebResponse().getStatusCode());
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutWithWreplyConstraint() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String logoutWReply = "https://localhost:12345";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT + "&wreply=" + logoutWReply
+ "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignOut Confirmation Response Page", idpPage.getTitleText());
HtmlForm form = idpPage.getFormByName("signoutconfirmationresponseform");
HtmlSubmitInput button = form.getInputByName("_eventId_submit");
button.click();
webClient.close();
// 3. now we try to access the idp without authentication but with the existing cookies
// to see if we are really logged out
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.assertEquals(401, idpPage.getWebResponse().getStatusCode());
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutWithWreplyBadAddress() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String logoutWReply = "https://localhost:12345/badlogout";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT + "&wreply=" + logoutWReply
+ "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
try {
webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a non-matching wreply address");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutWithNoRealm() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String logoutWReply = "https://localhost:12345";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT + "&wreply=" + logoutWReply;
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
try {
webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a non-matching wreply address");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutWithWreplyAddress() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld3";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String logoutWReply = "https://localhost:12345";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT + "&wreply=" + logoutWReply
+ "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld3";
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignOut Confirmation Response Page", idpPage.getTitleText());
HtmlForm form = idpPage.getFormByName("signoutconfirmationresponseform");
HtmlSubmitInput button = form.getInputByName("_eventId_submit");
button.click();
webClient.close();
// 3. now we try to access the idp without authentication but with the existing cookies
// to see if we are really logged out
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getOptions().setThrowExceptionOnFailingStatusCode(false);
idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
Assert.assertEquals(401, idpPage.getWebResponse().getStatusCode());
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutWithBadAddress() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld3";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String logoutWReply = "https://localhost:12345/badlogout";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT + "&wreply=" + logoutWReply
+ "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld3";
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
try {
webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a non-matching wreply address");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@Test
public void testIdPLogoutWithNoConfiguredConstraint() throws Exception {
// 1. First let's login to the IdP
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?";
url += "wa=wsignin1.0";
url += "&whr=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:idp:realm-A";
url += "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld2";
String wreply = "https://localhost:" + getRpHttpsPort() + "/" + getServletContextName() + "/secure2/fedservlet";
url += "&wreply=" + wreply;
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
CookieManager cookieManager = new CookieManager();
WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(false);
HtmlPage idpPage = webClient.getPage(url);
webClient.getOptions().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
Assert.assertEquals("IDP SignIn Response Form", idpPage.getTitleText());
webClient.close();
// 2. now we logout from IdP
String logoutWReply = "https://localhost:12345";
String idpLogoutUrl = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/federation?wa="
+ FederationConstants.ACTION_SIGNOUT + "&wreply=" + logoutWReply
+ "&wtrealm=urn:org:apache:cxf:fediz:fedizhelloworld2";
webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.setCookieManager(cookieManager);
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
try {
webClient.getPage(idpLogoutUrl);
Assert.fail("Failure expected on a non-matching wreply address");
} catch (FailingHttpStatusCodeException ex) {
Assert.assertEquals(ex.getStatusCode(), 400);
}
webClient.close();
}
@org.junit.Test
public void testSwagger() throws Exception {
String url = "https://localhost:" + getIdpHttpsPort() + "/fediz-idp/services/rs/swagger.json";
String user = "alice";
String password = "ecila";
final WebClient webClient = new WebClient();
webClient.getOptions().setUseInsecureSSL(true);
webClient.getCredentialsProvider().setCredentials(
new AuthScope("localhost", Integer.parseInt(getIdpHttpsPort())),
new UsernamePasswordCredentials(user, password));
final UnexpectedPage swaggerPage = webClient.getPage(url);
WebResponse response = swaggerPage.getWebResponse();
Assert.assertEquals("application/json", response.getContentType());
String json = response.getContentAsString();
Assert.assertTrue(json.contains("Claims"));
webClient.close();
}
}
| 30,674 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000118627468 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000118627468 http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000001.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000002.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000003.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000004.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000005.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000006.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000007.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-4/image/SUBHH/Börsen-Halle/1830/06/10/00000008.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000118627468_1
|
Europeana
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,830 |
Börsen-Halle
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,744 | 13,858 |
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Wien .... 118* 99 t 1 t: 102 * nem 635 102 * 102 * llen. 99* 640 29}* 99* ge- 99* 99* 100 * 99* k.S dass 513 517 2 Mt. II cru- leich 427* 430 Genua.. Livorno Mailand 50* 250* 252 56* Gbld-Coursb. Friedrichsd’or Ducuten, neue alte 250* 252* 59* a ii- ns* 113* 83* 84* 120 be- 84* 85 Triest 99* imen nach Ver- vor- innte veile d - äug- II 250 251* 99* 99 Stockholm » den 4. Juny. 12 16 ft p £ 12 " 14 « 129 ftlP v^H. Beo. II H p Franken. Staatspapiere. Preussen , Staatsschuldsch Oesterreich, Metalliq., 5pCt. do. 4 ii do. 2* ii do. 1 " Bankactien Part.Obl. 250FI. Rußland,h\$cr. Hamb. Cert. Anl.b.v.Rothschild in Holland beiHope Polen , neue Pfandbr., 4 pCt. Part. Obi. k 300 Fl. Norwegen , bei Hambro 6pCt. Neapel, Falconuet... .5 *< v. Rothschild.5 » Dänemark, Th. WilsonS » in Banco..4 " Spanien, perp. Rente. .5 » do. do. Holl. 5 ii Guebhard...5 •> Oricchcnl., Engl. 1825.5 » Mexico, Goldschmidt. .5 n 97* 97* 98* 100 * 100 * London, 75 Tage.. ii 90 Tage . Hamburg, 67 Tage •I 90 Tage iio in 104* 99} 99* II 99* 99 99* 98* 98* 99* 63 99* 128* 99 27* 27 Paris. 90 Ta ff e " 60 Tage Amsterdam, 70 Tage . 121.120*» Holl.C. Petersburg, 30Tage 26* n -jp Hub. B. A. Stralsund, 67Tage. Copenhagen, 8Tage Lübeck, 67Tage .. 98* 99* 22 926 23 t ' 5 » 1905 Fr. — C. 141 den 108 110 } 111 * ver sehet chte, — » Tp " Pom. C. 64 ii f> Rbthlr. 105 ii ?pJ«*^Lüb.C. 105* Vreslau» den 5. Juny. 98 64* 65 Brief«. Geld. Jf^BCHSBL-CoVRSB. Vremeu» den 7. u. 8. Juny. Hamburg, ip 300^ Beo., k.S. 133* 2 Mt. 132*.* Amsterdam, -jp 250 Fl., .k 8. — 2 Mt. 62* 82* 150* Vista 2 Mt. 3 Mt. 2Mt. Vista 2 Mt. 2Mt. Vista 2 Mt. Vista 2 Mt. lank- 97* 149* II 75* 91 Poln- 125 6.26* London Paris Leipzig in W. Z Augsburg .... Wien in 20 Xr Berlin 124* II 71* London, |p 100 £ Paris, p 1 Fr., . l'raukfurta. M... Berlin Augsburg Leipziff Breslau.... 610 103} 68 * 17* 102 •) { 86 102 38 39 100 } 99} 31* nett« niid is 98» » 100 } Warschau 99} H ti'iiei kurz Vost-Bericht. Angekommen: Schwed. vom 4. Juny (über Ystad) Engl, v 4. Juny Preuss. v. 8. Juny .... Reichs Franz. t. 4. Juny Mamburg » den 9. Juny 1830. D A die 53*t« Hamburgische Gross« Lotterie am 29-n-n d. M. gezog wird, so werden die Interessenten ersucht, am Donnerstag, <1 24«*«« d. M. , Mittags um 12 Uhr, auf dem Eimbeckschen Hause, in dem bekannten Lotterie-Saale, zur Wahl der Deputirten, welche bei Misch- und Ziehung dieser Lotterie assistiren, sich einzufinden. Mamburg» den 10. Juny. «n eil mit i sehei ihre Dan« kohlt ihr > Haar über! paten namh rischi Schäl des I nehm Ausgabe der Briefe 11. März d. J. ist nachstehender Plan zu der ü vom Staate garantirten 53^* Hamburgischen grossen Lotterie unter Authorität publicirt, und die Ziehung auf den nächstbevor stehenden 29. Juny festgesetzt worden: V l L N zur Drei und Funfzigsten Hamburgischen Grossen Stadt - Lotterie, von Drei Millionen und Siebenmal Hundert und Zwanzig Tausend Mark, itt Einer Classe» das Loos zu 140 ^ Banco oder 13 Friedrichsd’or, laut Art. 7 des Avertissements. AcHiSe tu LaVung. IN ach Veracruz hat bereits drei Viertheile der Ladung angenommen, und wird be stimmt am 15. July, bei schnellerem Eintreffen der Güter aber noch früher, absegeln: APT. J. D. Saeuberlich, führend den kupferfesten und kupfer- bodenen, als schnellsegelnd bekannten Hamburger Schooner Derselbe hat schöne und bequeme Gelegenheit für c Wettrenner. Passagiere. Nähere Nachricht ertheilt der Makler Hamburg, den 10. Juny 1830. « Joh. Dan. Schirmer. D Dampf - Schiffahrt zwischen Lübeck und St. Petersburg. D ER unterzeichnete Agent der General Steam Navigation Compagnie in London erlaubt sich dem Publicum die Anzeige zu machen, dass das bekannte schöne Dampf - Packet the Superb, Capt. H. Wliittingham, vom 24. Juny an, regelmässig alle 14 Tage am Donnerstag von Lübeck nach St. Petersburg abgehen wird, nämlich: von St. Petersburg: den 1., 15. und 19. July ii 12. und 16. August ii 9., 23. und 30. Sept. etc. Charles E. Delaval. ersten so wi scliassl Gcsicl beit e, bis in Sämmtliche Hauptgewinne stehen von Anbeginn der Ziehung zur Entscheidung. a 300,000 * - 60,000 « • 40,000 * . 25,000 .. * 20,000 . 10,000 .. » 1,000 » • 3441 // 300,000? 60,000 » 40,000« 25.000. 100 , 000 . 100 , 000 . 75.000. 1,722,500. 1,2 9 3,7 5 0 ' 3,7 5 0 ' 1 St 1 Stech« 1 n 1 von Lübeck: den 24 Juny, 9. und 22. July 5. und 19. August 2 , 16. und 30. Sept. etc. Hamburg, den 8. Juny 1830. Reiz ki bisher 5 u 10 ULY die Ad 75 5000 6 9 00 Dienstgesuche. E IN junger Mann, Deutscher von 1 in Schweden als Buchhalter co 1 8 7 h » ■ 150 * 12000 Gewinne und 19 Extra-Gewinne betragen 3,720,000? Balance. auf d< liebt, Hambu bei Lu Geburt, der gegenwärtig noch conditionirt, wünscht seine Stelle zu verändern und ein Engagement hier oder in einer andern Ge gend zu finden, am liebsten am Comtoir, nöthigenfalls auch als Reisender. Er ist im Französischen nicht unerfahren, versteht die Schwedische Sprache aus dem Grunde, um darin, wie in der Deutschen, Correspondenz führen zu können. Auf ihn Reflectirende belieben sich an die Expedition der Hamburgischen Abend-Zeitung zu wenden. 25 Es Ausgabe. Einnahme. 12000Loose betragen. 3,720,000^ 12000 Gewinne u. 19 Extra- I Gewinne betragen. 3,720,000? Avertissement. 1. Der Haupt-Debit der Loose dieser, von der Hamburgi schen Stadt-Cämmcrei garantirten Lotterie, ist einzig und allein den Gebrüdern Heine hieselbst übertragen, bei welchen die Loose ausschliesslich in Collection zu haben, überdem aber auch einzeln von ihnen zu erhalten sind. unter ( Engl Anzeigen. HE G LE AN Eil for to-morrow, June 11, 1830, will contain :— 1. Frogc'rc the Actor and the Einpcror Paul. — II. The Real Jeanie Deans.- — III. Island of Ceylon. — IV. Heut [m List of New Hooks. % Quarlcrly Subocription (meluding the Hamburg Reporter) 2 ,f. T schaftei de« Hai Ilistory of lndia .— V. und V e «der G und Kii (Man sehe den Verfolg in JWI 5198 d. Bl.) 'OLFF MENDELSON in Altona hat die Ehre, dem verehrten Publicum hiedurch die Anzeige zu machen, dass seit dem 15. Mai d. J. seine Firma: IColff Mendelson Ss Comp. ist. Pr« A u f so r d e r u ii g. D IE unbekannten Herren Ladungs-Interessenten des von Rochefort |Den He auliero bestimmten Schilfes la belle Franfaise, Capt. A. Goueji welches, den eingegangenen Nachrichten zufolge, in See ohne Ms»»' ■^l’n, ] schaft treibend gesunden und bei Helgoland eingebracht seyn soll* ■befehlen werden ersucht ihre Namen baldigst im Comtoir der Notare» ■'Summe Hübbe Ss Zange Bohnenstrasse ,AJ 6 aufzugeben und der am Freitagt ■'oii R u | den 1 l teJI d. M., Nachmittags um 3 Uhr, auf dem Börsensaal zu lion 8r. haltenden Versammlung beizuwohnen. ■•»ose Mei IR bringen hiemit zur allgemeinen Kenntnis«, dass dem Herrn Johann Ulrich Fchr, gegenwärtig in Hamburg, Amelungs- strnfsc .Alf 2, wohnhaft, die Besorgung unserer Geschäfte nicht mehr übertragen und daher die ihm vor wenigen Monaten ertheilte Vollmacht völlig annuliirt ist. w Per procura Melchior Esslinger <$' Söhne in Zürich. Jacob Bartholome Fehr. vo zu seyn IE grosse Berühmtheit von Rigge’s Parfümeriecn ist i» S allZ Deutschland zu gut bekannt, um von Neuem der Erwähnung zu bedürfen. Indem nun J. & T. Rigge undurch öffentlich für u as ausgebreitete Vertrauen und die Gunst danken, die ein hochzuver- ehrendes Publicum ao viele Jahre hindurch ihren Artikeln hat ang«' «leihen lassen, nehmen sie sich zugleich die Freiheit, die Einwohner von Hamburg und dessen Umgegend zu benachrichtigen, dass n* e selben Rigge’s Parfümeriecn aus allen namhafteren Städten des ton D htz zug von st APT. Black R. N,, führend das Dampfschilf George IV., findet sich mit Leidwesen veranlasst, die Anzeige zu machen, dass er in Auftrag seiner Rheder, der Herren Jollijfe Ss Ranks in London, genöthigt ist, seine angekündigten und im Laufe dieses Jahres beab sichtigten Reisen von und nach St. Petersburg einzustellen, weil das Dampfschiff George IV. an die Englische Regierung verkauft V -1 Cap Kies tät H ‘ en Jal. lo 'vlan«| worden. In Hamburg haben J. L T. Rigge vor dessen gute Würkungen aus Erfahrung kannte, und darin verharrte, es fortwährend zu gebrauchen. In weniger denn zwei Monaten begann ihm das Haar auf den kahlen Stellen zu wachsen und ist jetzt beträchtlich stark. Der Capitain ist darüber höchlich erfreut und rühmt das genannte Haar-Oel gegen alle Welt. — Den Herren Rowland fis Sohne. Meine Herren! Nachdem ich seit mehreren Jahren alle meine Haare verloren hatte, wurde ich endlich, durch wiederholte Empfeh lungen der achtbarsten Männer, veranlasst, zur Abstellung di Uebelstandes, mich Ihres Macassar-Oel’s zu bedienen. Ich verharrte ihre in dem täglichen Gebrauch desselben, und hatte nach Verlauf eines Monats das Vergnügen, zu bemerken, wie mein Haar nach und nach aufs neue erschien und banden ist. Ich mache derer an meinem Uebel Leidender hiemit öffentlich bekannt, unterzeichne als Ewr. Wohlgeboren London, 8. Jan. 1828. Bryamston-Square. Herrn M’Bride, Agenten für die Herren Ilowland Söhne zu Glasgow. Mein Herr! Andurch ersuche ich Sie, mir von Neuem eine Parthei von Rowland’s Macassar-Oel zu senden. Ich finde, dass dasselbe ein höchst würksames Mittel zur Herstellung des Haar* Wuchses ist. Auch habe ich damit den Schorf von den Köpfen meh rerer Kinder gänzlich vertilgt und an Stellen, die jahrelang kahl ge wesen, die Haare wieder wachsen machen. Schicken Sie das Oel direct an Ihren Diener Mearne, den 15. September 1825. Obenangeführte Schreiben, so wie eine grosse Anzahl ander weitiger Zeugnisse sind, im Original, bei den Eigenthümern einzusehen. Das ächte Macassar-Oel ist in Hamburg einzig bei Hrn. Gotthelf Voss , Bohnenstrasse, .V? 144; in Amsterdam bei Hrn. J. Headworth: in Prag bei Hrn. Batka, in Brüssel bei Hrn. Lathy etc. etc. zu haben. Auktionen. ONTAG, den 14. Juny, Vormittags um 9\ Uhr, soll in Altona, in der Grossen Elbstrasse, im Speicher »HF 120, eine kleine Parthei Cafl'e in Säcken, tinents beziehen können, kurzem erst Hrn. Gotlhclf .Voss, Bohnenstrasse, 144, mit einem vollständigen Assortiment ihrer sämmtlichen Artikel ver sehen, worunter dieselben vor allen empfehlen zu dürfen glauben: ihre vorzüglichen Zahn- und Haar - Bürsten, bekannt wegen ihrer Dauerhaftigkeit und Sauberkeit; ihr berühmtes Zahnpulver von Holz kohle, dessen Gebrauch die Zähne bis zum höchsten Alter erhält; ihr wohlbekanntes Honigwasscr zur Erfrischung und Erhaltung des Haares; ihre Persische Mixtur (Persian Compound'), eine noch un übertroffene und schöne Seife zum Waschen der Hände; patentirte Mandel- Windsor - Seife; und viele andere Artikel, die namhaft zu machen, zu weitläuftig seyn würde. ü«n eil 130, che len. I’ ieses rom erie ror- völlig wieder, wie früher, ver zinn Nutzen und Frommen an- und gegenwärtig ' dieses Beispiel ergebener J. M. IV —- sen Rowland’s Kalidor, ein Mittel zur Verschönerung der flaut und der Gesichtsfarbe. ASSELBE ist bei seinen wunderbar bessernden und schmeidigen- den Eigenschaften durchaus unschädlich. Die Aerzte vom ersten Rufe empfehleu dies Mittel, welches alle Hautkrankheiten, so wie Leberflecke, Finnen, Sommersprossen etc. heilt und weg schafft, dem Halse, den Händen und Armen eine reine Weifse, der Gesichtsfarbe eine jugendliche Frische giebt, die welkende Schön heit erneuert, die mangelnde ersetzt und sie in ihrem ersten Glanze bis ins späteste Alter erhält. Sclbststillendcn Müttern ist es sehr heilsam, indem es dem Stechen und der Entzündung der Säugewarzen abhilft. Die Herren können damit, nach dem Busiren, die schmerzende Reizbarkeit des Gesichts vertreiben und so diese Verrichtung, die bisher eine unangenehme gewesen, zu einer angenehmen umwandeln. Um nicht betrogen zu werden, fordre man „ROWLAND’S lvALYDOR.- 1 und bemerke, dass jede ächte Flasche den Namen und die Addresse: td D Alex. Bleu'. ■ sur f lOOp WO. lOO» H)0« HW * W. HW- M |i >oo* A. Rowt.and & Son, Hatton Gardkn, .A?20, auf den Gouvernementsstempel gestochen und der Flasche aufge klebt, enthält. Es ist zu haben bei Gotthelf Voss, Bohnenstrasse »A? 144. zu Hamburg; bei Batka zu Prag; bei J. Headworth zu Amsterdam; bei Lathy zu Brüssel etc. 50 * welche mit dem Schiffe Mary Biby, Capt. Whitborne, von Rio Janeiro beschädigt geliefert worden, für Rechnung auswärtiger Herren Assecuradeurs, öffentlich verkauft werden, durch den Makler Govcrts In Hamburg giebt der Makler Berghauer Auskunft. 50 ' E 1 D ONNERSTAG, den 17. Juny, Vormittags um 10 Uhr, soll für Herren Assecuradeurs Rechnung, eine bedeutende Parthei Mule- und Water-Twiste, Rowland’s Macassar-Oel, unser dem Patronat Sr. Majestät und der Königl. Familie von England, der meisten gekrönten Häujitcr Europa's, so wie der' berühmtesten Facultäts-Mitglieder. IESES erste und (wenn original und ächt) vegetabilische Product der gegenwärtigen Zeit, wunderbar heilsame Eigen schaften zur Beseitigung jeglicher Krankheiten und Unordnungen des Haars besitzend , ist allen andern Präparaten für Vermehrung und Verschönerung desselben vorzuziehen, indem es sein Ausfallen "der Grauwerden verhütet etc. und dem Haare der Frauen, Männer U| >d Kinder das bezauberndste und reizendste Ansehen giebt, l’reis 3« 6r/; 7s; 10s 6d; und 21s pr. Flasche. ij! aus dem auf der Humber gestrandeten Schiffe Caro Grove, Capt. Hainmond, öffentlich verkauft werden, durch die Makler • A. C. Pan Isen und G. P. hauffmann', l! burgi- allcin Loose »inzelu D I ferner, für Rechnung wen es angeht, 1 Ballen •V'JIOO a 160 gesunde Mule-Twiste. Der Verkaufsort soll nächstens angezeigt werden. Wanveis-Verletzte. den 4. Juny. Heute war der Stand nachbenannterStaatspapicre, wie folgt: »chefort ■Den Herren Rowland tf Söhne. St. Petersburg, 1814. Goueft ■ Meine Herren ! In Folge der guten Würkungen Ihres Macassar- ! Ms»"' Wel's, haben Se. Kaiser!. Maj., der Kaiser aller Reussen, mir zu yu so* 1 ’ ■[^fehlen geruhet, Ihnen anzuzeigen, dass Sie unverzüglich für die Sotaren Immune von zehn Guineen von genanntem Haar-Ode an den Kaiser Freitag- Russland nach St. Petersburg senden sollen, und die Zahlung saal * u i'on Sr. Hoheit, dem Fürsten v. Liewen, Sr. Maj. Gesandten am °le von Großbritannien, zu gewärtigen haben. Ich habe die Ehre, se y», Ewr. Wohlgeboren ergebener Jumcs fVylie. ng aus einem Schreiben, das ein angesehener Mann in London ‘°n seinem Freund in Neapel erhalten, datirt vom 6. Mai 1823. T - Noch muss ich Sie auf Folgendes aufmerksam machen: Capt. Kraushaar, vom 4*« ,, ‘ Linien - Regiments, im Dienste Sr. Htt *1*1 Kaisers von Oesterreich, 44 Jahr alt, war seit seinem en Jnl.r kahlköpfig. Es wurde ihm dieserhalb die Anwendung von °"l;uid’s Macassar-Oel von einem Herrn anempfohlen, der bereits pr. baar. pr. Ende dieses Monats. Höch ster. Höch ster. Niedrig ster. Niedrig ater. Brater. Leiter. Brater. Leiter. 80.— 79.15 104 80 104.30 80.— 104.80 79.90 79.50 104.10 79.60 104.10 79.20 104 35 79.90 104.60 104.60 3 pCta. 5pCta pr. Ende nächsten Monats. Mit50c.PrüniU. pr. Ende dieses Monats. zu in ga»r fähnuiiR für J®* hzuver- it ang e ' iwohnef lass >1 le ies Co«‘ fu*r Mit 1fr.Prämie. Mil 1fr.Prämie. MitLOc.Prämie. 8pCu... 80.65 a 79.90 81.80 a 81.55 81.30 a 81.40 Neapel. Rente, pr. baar 85.10; pr. Ende d. M. 84.70. Königl. Span, immerwährende Rente 69l. Königl. Span. Anleihe 86. 81 90 (F. Niebour Redacteur.) fei Volttisthe Mstyrichterr. ■cntation des Landes cingeschlichen, abzustellen; oder zu einer wirksameren und radicalen Reform der Repräsentation des Volkes im Hause der Gemeinen. — Lord John Russell hielt eine lange Rede dawider, an deren Schlüsse er bemerkte: Er be finde sich in einer Stellung, wo er ein Ziel der Angriffe der Redner auf beiden Seiten in dieser Sache werde, derer nämlich, welche die Reform bis an die äusserste Gränze treiben, und derer, welche gar keine wollten. Er wünsche die Grundlagen der bestehenden Verfassung zu erhalten und zugleich das Haus in Einklang mit dein Volke zu bringen. Er glaube, dass seine Vorschläge geeignet seyen, dieses zu bewürben , und welches Loos sie auch in diesem Hause treffen, welche Begegnung ihnen von den Anti-Reformern in diesen Mauern , oder den Reformern ausser denselben werden möge, fühle er doch, dass er seine Pflicht nicht erfüllen würde, wenn er sie nicht förmlich zur Erwägung des Hauses brächte, sobald über den Antrag des geehrten und gelehrten Mitgliedes für Cläre bestimmt seyn werde; auf andere Weise sehe er nicht ein, mit sich selbst in Uebereinstimmung bleiben zu können. Obschon er in der Hauptsache mit dem geehrten und gelehrten Mitgliede für Cläre übereinkomme, weiche er doch in einem wichtigen Puncte von ihm ab. Derselbe wolle dreierlei: drei jährliche Parlamente; allgemeines Stimmrecht; und Wahlen durch Ballotirung. Dem ersten pflichte er bei; es sey das frühere Landesgesetz gewesen, nur aus einer vorübergehenden, nicht mehr bestehenden Ursache geändert worden, und würde den Einfluss des Volks im Hause vergrößern. Wider die andern beiden Puncte und mithin wider den Antrag im Allgemeinen erklärte er sich sehr bestimmt. — Hr. Hobhouse hingegen, als Radicai-Reformer, unterstützte denselben; und Sir R. Peel natür lich als Anti-Reformer bestritt ihn. — Hr. Jirougham erklärte, dass er dem Antrage nicht beistimmen könne (Beifall); und schloss mit den Worten: er sey kein vorschnell und in Bausch und Bogen verfahrender Neuerer und wolle nur einer solchen gemässigten Reform zustimmen, die nicht die Integrität der Ver fassung gefährden würde (Beifall). — Die Times sagen: ,,Hrn. O'Connell’s Vorschlag, an sich selbst ungereimt, wurde durch Gründe, des Subjectes würdig, unterstützt; sein Argument für das Stimmen durch Ballotirung wurde durch Hrn. Brougham in einer Rede von ausserordentlichem Glanze und Gewicht za i Uondon » den 4. Jany. Lezten Freitag war Cabinetsrath im auswärtigen Amte von 24 bis 4 Uhr; so wie Montag von 3 bis 5 Uhr; und gestern i von 3 bis 44 Uhr. i Lezten Sonnabend hatte der Herzog v. Wellington etwa eine Stunde lang Audienz bei 8e. Maj. Auch machte Ihnen der, aus Florenz angekommene Lord Burghersh seine Aufwartung und kehrte dann mit dem Herzoge nach London zurück. — Sonnabend hatte Sir R. Peel eine lange Audienz beim Könige. Auch war der Kaiserl. Russ. Botschafter wohl eine Stunde bei Sr. Maj., der selbigen Tages hier im auswärtigen Amte nebst dem K. Französischen eine lange Conferenz mit dem Grafen v. Aber deen hatte (mit welchem auch Hr. Zea Bermudez Geschäfte hatte). — Mittwoch kamen die Lords Wellington, Aberdeen und Farnborough zu Sr. Maj., welche Ihren Befehl zur Stempelung einer sehr grossen Anzahl Staatsschriften mit Ihrem Namsn er theilten , die Lord Farnborough (auch in Beiseyn des Sir W. Keppel und Sir A. Barnard) verrichtete. Se. Maj. fühlten dabei keine Unbequemlichkeit, obgleich das Ganze über zwei Stunden hinnahm. Der Courier wiederholt, dass der König seines lebensgefährlichen Zustandes völlig gewiss sey und zwar mit aller Ergebung, und der Ueberzeugung, dass im Politischen I I n n v ui v. v< ci ei Lord Althorp sagte: L< wi ha w< tei füi alles gutgehen werde. Eh Es ist ungegründet, dass der Bischof von Lincoln zum Leh rer der Prinzessin Victoria ernannt sey. Montag gab Lord Farnborough einigen der Minister eine Mahlzeit auf seinem Gute Bromley in Kcnt. Dienstag hatten Fürst Liewen und der Herzog v. Laval eine lange Conferenz mit dem Grafen von Aberdeen im auswärtigen Amte; so wie gestern aufs neue. Am 28-rte« v. M. im Oberhause bemerkte Lord Holland , dass die vorgelegten Papiere wegen Griechenlands alle, bis auf das Titelblatt, gedruckt seyen; er halte es für höchst ungebräuchlich, gedruckte Schriften auf die Tafel zu legen. Graf v. Aberdeen erwiederte: Nach seiner kurzen Erfahrung zu Schliessen, wären die auf K. Befehl vorgelegten Papiere immer gedruckt. Lord Holland wiederholte, das sey ihm nie vorgekommen und auch Graf Grey wollte wissen, dass sie stets geschrieben vorgelegt worden. Graf v. Aberdeen sagte, er habe vielmehr, weil er cs für gebräuchlich ansehe, viele Mühe gehabt, sie gedruckt zu bekommen. Lord Holland gab zu, gedruckt sey es bequemer, allein es sey ungebräuchlich. Graf v. Aberdeen : Wenn es die geringste Einwendung finde, wolle er sie zurücknehmen und geschrieben vorlegen, oder der edle Lord könne auch für sich Die Grafen v. Harrowby und v. Ralhurst bezeugten, dass es stets gebräuchlich gewesen, solche Schriften gedruckt vorzulegen. (Die Times bekräftigen es und versichern: „Wir sprechen aus Erinnerung und mit völliger Gewissheit über diesen Punct.“) I«n Unterhause äusserte Hr. O’Connell auf Anlass einer Pe- wü koi un< Loi kut Frc Anl Ban ihn «ich gen hört nach näm Ban! würi versj brief Grunde gerichtet, die auch so völlig das gesunde Gefühl und Urtheil des Hauses mit ^ch fortriss, dass bei der Abstimmung nur 13 für Hrn. O'Connell und 3ID wider ihn sich fanden. Die verständige und gemässigte Resolution des Lords J. Russell fand 117 für sich, und er braucht, obschon 213 wider ihn stimmten, den Muth nicht zu verlieren. Die Gerechtigkeit des Grund sion F reu satzes muss am Ende siegen. Ara 29 sten brachte der Kanzler der Schalskammer eine Bill ein zur Herabsetzung der Prämien für die Ergreifung ( seizure ) von Sclaven, welche die erste Lesung erhielt. — Der Sprecher las nach seiner Rückkehr vom Oberhause die Titel derjenigen Bills (eine beispiellos grosse Anzahl von 106) ab, welche die K. Zustimmung erhalten; worunter die wegen des K. Namens stempels. Gestern im Oberhause wünschte Marq. v. Londonderry ?u wissen, ob der edle 8ecretair des Auswärtigen etwas dagegen haben würde, dem Hause die Depeschen unseres Botschafters m Constantinopel über die Gründe vorzulegen, welche die Russen vermocht hätten, eine Forderung von einer Million Ducatcn «n die Türken nachzulassen, um die lezteren zur Zustimmung €1 eine Abschrift bekommen. Se. J «amki einer So w Eia fö titiou : Die blosse Erwähnung, dass eine Gleichstellung der Abgaben in Irland mit Grossbritannien bezweckt werde, gebe eine starke Vermuthung (in Irland meynte er wahrscheinlich) dass die Mitglieder der K. Regierung im Wahnsinne seyen. Lord Milton kündigte zum 15. Juny einen Antrag auf eine Reihe von Resolutionen in Betreff des Kornprcises an. Hr. O’Connell machte seinen Antrag auf Erlaubniß zur Ein bringung einer Bill, um die Mißbräuche, die sich in die Reprä- n i Bircct jetzt i 44 die er Behufi leztert ui T auf die Zahlung der Nichteinwilligenden in die Reduction der 4 pCts. vorzubereiten. Das Publicum sollte sich sehr zu diesem Verhältnisse freuen, wäre es auch nur, weil es die allmäblige Aufhebung des alten Bündnisses zwischen Bank und Regierung zeigt, aus welchem früher so viel und offenbares Unheil ent standen. Es ist eine, genau zu beachtende Sache, die ohne Zweifel von Tag zu Tage neue interessante Züge enthüllen wird. Einige vermuthen, die Stocks-Ankäufe der Bank, die dem Gerüchte nach bis zw'ei Millionen £ gehen sollen, seyen ganz oder beinahe der Theil des Bank-Capitals, der früher zum Dis- contiren gebraucht worden, und der fast gänzliche Verlust die ses Geschäftszweiges für die Bank habe die Directoren bewogen, diesen Theil auf die erste beste Weise, welche der Geldmarkt an die Hand geben welle, zu verwenden. die Anordnungen der Verbündeten zu bewegen? Auch, ob er Ihren Herrl. eine Abschrift von dem mittheilen werde, was sich in den Conferenzen zu Poros zugetragen? — Graf v. Aberdeen sagte, das leztere Papier sey dem, schon auf der Tafel liegen den Protokolle einverleibt; was die andern Actenstücke betreffe, werde er keine Antwort geben, ehe er nicht wisse, in wie weit die Vorlegung vielleicht das Interesse andrer, bei der Discussion Betheiligten beeinträchtigen konnte. — Marq. v. Londonderry möchte nur gern auf den Punct kommen, ob nicht er es ne e- I er :h, 'l nd en sagte, er Russland einen so grossen Theil der Contribution der Türkei nachgelassen habe, um diese zur Zustimmung zu den Anord nungen der Verbündeten zu bewegen? Lord Holland wollte wis- ob der edle Secretair völlige Abschriften der Conferenzen Poros vorlegen werde und ob jemand angewendet werde, darüber speciell an die K. Regierung zu berichten? — Graf v. Aberdeen wiederholte, dass die Conferenzen bereits in den US ne , li ies en sen, von !NI ijl c< ino Pariser Briefe schreiben den Rentefall in grossem Maasse der Liquidation und den vorherigen bedeutenden Speculationen aufsteigen, begleitet von theilweisem Geldmangel, zu; es ist aber auch einleuchtend genug, dass der Französiche Credit einigermaafsen durch den Stand der öffentlichen Meynung über den jüngsten Ministerwechsel, und auch über die ungeheuern Kosten, welche die Expedition wider Algier wahrscheinlich machen wird, leidet. Einige Berechnungen schlagen diese Kosten zu 10 Millionen Sterling an, was aber, wenn man bedenkt, auf welche ausschweifende Weise Französische Lieferungs - Contracte gewöhnlich gemacht werden, vermuthlich noch nicht aus reicht. (Times.) Die Times scheinen sich der Ueberzeugung nicht länger er wehren zu können, dass die nördliche Gränze Griechenlands vou den Verbündeten ganz unzweckmässig bestimmt worden. „General Church,“ sagen sie, „und Graf Capodistrias stimmen in diesem Puncte überein, und wir unsrerseits wünschen, die Sache würde noch einmal überlegt. Schwierigkeiten dabei, dieses der Türkischen Regierung hinterher vorzustellen. Sie wissen nicht, wie sie verwerflich genug vom der Schwäche und dem Widerspruche in dem Benehmen des Prinzen Leopold sprechen sollen; und noch schärfer rügen sie die Falschheit und Hinterlist, womit Graf Capodistrias ihn am Leitseil geführt habe, der seinen, mit ihm wörtlich gleich sprechenden Senat vorschieben wolle, welcher doch nur aus seinen bezahlten Creaturen bestehe. um sur les vorgelegten Papieren mit einbegriffen seyen. Niemand sey spe ciell abgeordnet gewesen, einen Bericht von den Verhandlungen einzusenden, aber doch sey ein vollständiger eingegangen. — Lord Holland sagte: Was er von dem edlen Lord zu erfahren wünsche, sey, welcher Grund die verbündeten Mächte bewogen habe, die Gränzen Griechenlands, wie sie am 22. März bestimmt worden, zu ändern? — Graf Aberdeen antwortete nichts wei ter. — Die Morning-Chronicle behauptet: „Der Graf hätte hier für die Verbündeten antworten können, denn ihm allein ist die Ehre von dieser seltsamen Aenderung zuzuschreiben. Russland wünschte sie natürlich nicht und der Franz. Bevollmächtigte konnte sie nicht wünschen. Allein Oesterreich wünscht sie, und was Oesterreich wünscht, ist natürlich in den Augen des Lords Aberdeen heilig. Inzwischen wird sich diese Sache in kurzem aufklären. Im Unterhause erinnerte Hr. Huskisson seinen hochgeehrten Freund (den Kanzler der Schatzkammer) an seine eigne frühere Ankündigung eines Antrages auf einen Ausschuss in Betreff des Banksystems in England. Er habe nicht Gelegenheit gehabt, ihn zu machen, allein der Gegenstand sey so wichtig, dass er sich verpflichtet fühlen würde, ihn in dieser Session vorzubrin gen, es wäre denn, dass er von seinem hochgeehrten Freunde höre, dass * derselbe keinen Schritt zwischen dieser und der nächsten Session, der die Sache präjudicircn könnte, thun wolle, nämlich keinen Schritt in Beziehung auf die Erneuerung des Bank - Freibriefes, der das Publicum an die Bank binden würde. — Der Kanzler der Schatzkammer konnte nichts weiter versprechen, als dass er keine Maasregel in Betreff des Frei briefes „in dieser Session“ vorschlagen wolle; worauf Hr. Hus kisson erklärte, eine Motion darüber vor dem Schlüsse der Ses sion machen zu wollen, und dass er hoffe, sein hochgeehrter Freund werde ihm recht bald Raum dazu lassen. Dr. Phillimore machte seinen Antrag auf eine Adresse an Se. Maj. wegen zu verordnender Untersuchung über die Rath- »amkeit einer Aenderung der Ehescheidung^ -Gesetze; der nach einer Debatte mit 102 gegen 45 Stimmen verworfen ward. — So wie der des Hrn. Sadler auf eine Resolution in Betreff der Einführung von Armen-Gesetzen in Irland, ohne Abstimmung. !va 10 i te: teil iem rei- rch iere icht den ern i inen ab tür- << irte. Unterdessen finden sie unauflösliche und c< lisch chen y«r- Hrn. urch ment ■ hau» t za ' i Aber die Verbündeten wissen es, dass alle die Scenen von patriotischem Wahnsinne, die von Capodistrias und der bunten Parteienmischung von ser vilen Nachzüglern, die er seine Senatoren nennt, aufgestutzt worden, wie ein Traum schwinden würden, co wie nur ein Souverain auf den Küsten Griechenlands landete, unterstützt durch die grossen Mächte Europa’s mit Truppen, Geld und einer männlich kräftigen Entschlossenheit. Dies ist wohl bekannt, und es wird von den Verbündeten ämsig darnach zu Werke ge gangen. Wir haben von schon beschlossenen Maasregeln nnd eröffneten erfreulichen Aussichten gehört, allein für diesmal sey es genug gesagt. Die Regierungen Englands, Frankreichs und Russlands sind einig in Erfüllung der hohen Pflicht, die sie für jenes fähige Volk und berühmte Land übernommen haben, und werden in ihrem aufrichtigen Zusammenwürken nicht nachlassen, che sie nicht beide zu dem Range wieder erhoben, von welchem rohe Tyrannei und ein klägliches Geschick sie herabgezogen. In Amsterdam scheint man, ausser andern Schwierigkeiten, die sich bei dem verbreiteten Gerüchte von der Bestimmung des Prinzen Friedrich zum Throne Griechenlands zeigen, ganz überzeugt zu seyn, dass dieser Prinz selbst keine Neigung daz« >1 und nung Die fand inten, ■und- Bill i ztire) cchcr nig c0 die lO nen«' Im Börsenberichte vom 28«t«n ▼. M. heisst cs: Die Bank- Bircctorcn und die Commissarien des sinkenden Fonds scheinen jetzt das umgekehrte Verfahren gegen einander zu spielen, da die ersteren Stocks zur Anlegung, oder zu sonst irgend einem Behufe, der noch nicht genau bekannt ist, ***« lezteren stark für Rechnung der Sparbanken verkaufen, um sich ry zu gegen ers >u tussen en ® n ii u in »6 I habe. Andre dort zur Lösung der Frage angenommene Fälle scheinen der Erwähnung nicht werth zu seyn. Der Courier spricht mit grosser Heimtücke von einer neuen Opposition, die sich bei uns zu bilden scheine. „Es wird er wartet,“ sagt er, „dass die Elemente derselben diesen Abend in Lausdowne-house (was doch ziemlich respectable klingt) zusammen kommen werden; sie bestehen aus den Uitra’s aller Parteien. Die firnes sagen: „Wir nahmen jüngst aus einem Sonntags blatte einen Bericht auf von einer Zusammenkunft Irischer Parlamentsglieder und andrer, mit Irland in Verbindung stehen der Herren, die in der Thatched<-house-Tavern gehalten worden ; unter dem Vorsitze von Sir J. Newport. Es findet sich , dass dieser, so entlehnte Bericht in einigen wichtigen Stücken un richtig gewesen. Wie es gekommen, dass Hr. O’Gonnell als die thätigste und hervorstechendste Person bei solcher Zusammen kunft geschildert worden, wollen wir nicht wissen; aus guter Quelle aber wird uns als Thatsache versichert, dass das Ganze der Resolutionen, welche das Geschäft der Versammlung be trafen und in Verfolgung der Zwecke derselben angenommen wurden, von Hrn. Spring Rice vorgeschlagen und von Hrn. Brown- low unterstützt worden. Erst nachdem diese Resolusionen passirt waren, trat Hr. O’Connell hüt dem Antrage auf, dass alle an wesenden Irischen Mitglieder sich zur Opposition wider die Regierung des Herzogs v. Wellington, bis dieser eingewilligt haben werde, seinen Plan der Erhöhung der Steuern in Irland aufzugeben, vereinigen möchten. Diese Motion w ard sogleich verworfen, und billig fürwahr, als ein Verfahren, das einen factionistischen Schein auf das Ganze durch Verallgemeinerung einer Opposition hatte werfen können, die bloss zum Widerstande wider specielle Steuer-Maasregeln bestimmt und dadurch gerecht fertigt war. Die Versammlung suchte ausdrücklich allen Geist der Feindseligkeit wider die K. Regierung zu verläugnen; be hauptete aber zugleich eine starke Meynung dafür, dass die vor geschlagenen Steuern zur Verminderung, anstatt zur Erhöhung des Staats-Einkommens führen würden. Die Resolutionen wur den unterzeichnet von 83 Irischen Mitgliedern und adlichen Be sitzern Irischer Güter, die in England wohnen, worunter die Lords Milton, Ebrington und Cliston. Der verstorbene Sir R. Peel hat dem Minister und Erben seinesTitels eine jährliche Einnahme von 15,000 .£ und 400,000 ;£ haar, jedem seiner andern Söhne 330,000, und jeder seiner Töchter 52,000 JE hinterlassen. Die BombaiiGasettc vom 6. Januar berichtet von kriegeri schen Bewegungen unter den cingebornen unabhängigen Häupt lingen in Ober-Indien. Eine Armee von 40,000 Mann war im Marsch gegen die Fanatiker unter dem berühmten Scindee Seid, welcher den grossen Häuptling von Peshawar, Yar Mahomed- Khan, erschlagen hatte und im Begriff war, jene Stadt zu be lagern; seine Macht bestand, ausser gleisen Massen Reuterei, aus mehreren Bataillonen regulairer Infanterie, welche von Europäischen Officieren commandirt wurden. Aus Cnlcufta wird unterm 26. Januar gemeldet, dass der Accord zwischen Palmer & Comp, und deren Gläubigern zu Staude gekommen sey; es seyen ihnen acht Jahre zugestanden, um ihre Schulden zu voll abzutragen. Die Eiugebornen in Calcutta hatten eine allgemeine Ver sammlung gehalten und eine Petition an Lord Bentink um Sus- pensiou seines Verbote« der Witwen - Verbrennungen beschlossen. Die Antwort ,des Oberstatthalters war, das Gesetz könne nicht eingestellt werden, und sie hätten sich an den König in des sen Rathe zu wenden. Hierauf beschlossen sie, bei den Behör den in England einzukommen, und hatten schon 11,260 Rupien zu diesem Zwecke unterzeichnet. Sie sehen das Verbot als einen unmittelbaren Angriff auf die Hindu-Religion an. Nach der Madras Gazette vom 13. Februar war ein neuer Streitstoff zwischen den Behörden in Canton und den Englischen Supercargo’s entstanden, indem zwei Officiere von den Schiffen der Compagnie durch die Chinesen, als sie befehlswidrig nach Canton hinauffuhren, gefangengenommen worden. Die Menschen, welche sie festnahmen, erpressten einige 100 $ von ihnen, welche die Officiere durch eine Tratte auf ein Handlungshaus in Canton bezahlten. Der Bezogene machte dem Vicekönig An zeige, und dieser liess den Ueberbringer der Tratte sogleich in Ketten legen, aber die beiden Officiere waren nicht frei gelassen, sondern blieben in einem der Forts am Einlaufe des Flusses eingesperrt. Mit dem Dampfschiffe Hugh Lindsay aus Alexandrien er hielten wir am 31 sten v. M. Zeitungen und Briefe aus Bombai bis zum 20. März, die auf dem Wege des Rothen Meeres ange kommen waren. Es befindet sich dabei die, schon früher er wähnte Bekanntmachung des Ausschusses der obgedachten Su- percargo's in China, die wie folgt lautet: „Es wird biemit an gezeigt, dass wir, der Präsident und der erlesene Ausschuss der Supercargo’s, gehörig autorisirt durch Acten der Gesetzgebung zur Oberaufsicht über alle Angelegenheiten der Englischen Na tion in China, hiemit den Verkehr zwischen Kauffahrteischiffen unter Brittischer Flagge und allen Häfen von Canton unter sagen, und allen solchen Schiffen verbieten, in dem Canal gegen die Boca Tigris jenseits der Insel Lin tin hinaufzufahren. Wir verwarnen zugleich hiemit, dass eine Uebertretung dieser Ver fügung die Strafen nach sich ziehen werde, welche durch Par laments-Acten auf Ungehorsam gegen die Befehle der Reprä sentanten der Ostindischen Compagnie in China in allen, mit dem Handel nach dem Hafen Canton in Verbindung stehenden Dingen, gelegt worden. IV. //. C. Plowden. IVm. Haines. Chs. Millitt. J. Bannerman .“ Privatbriefe aus Bombai mel den, dass der Präsident des Ausschusses Hr. Plowden mit dem Bridgwater nach England komme. Die Schiffe waren alle von Lin-tin nach Manila gesegelt, um zu überwintern und die Be fehle der Ostindischen Direction abzuwarten; die Supetcargo’s gingen mit den Schiffen nach Manila ab. Die Proclamation ist unterm 24. Januar erlassen und kam mit dem Schiffe Dom Manoet do Portugal nach Bombai. s I I k V I H d a 1 li w u sa sc w: hi mi Ni sc! D< sei me hal sei ec ans me für neu Stü der wo; hab Rei M Clü< nat< hiti| ner Bild Vers bin •teil in d im mchi Unsre Zeitungen theilen Folgendes aus dem Canton -Register Der König von Laos und dessen Familie, welche kürz- mit: lieh von den Siamesen zu Gefangenen gemacht. worden, wurden etwa 14 Tage lang dem Pöbel in Bangkok in einem grossen Eisenhauer zur Schau gestellt, nebst den verschiedenen Marter werkzeugen, womit sie zu Tode gebracht werden sollten und nahe dabei wurden Lustspiele zur Ergötzlichkeit der Zuschauer aufgeführt. Es war ein grosser eiserner Kessel da, um Oel zu kochen, das dem Könige auf den Leib gegossen werden sollte, nachdem er mit Messern zerfetzt worden; ein Galgen mit Kette und Haken, an welchem er mit dem Kinn aufgehängt werden >> Heb* io * nach Strec Gen. mer-1 v. Mi GraR. 8t. Petersburg Fürsten r. Holienlohe-Kirchberg, den Friedrichs- Orden verliehen. Der Churfürst von Hessen hat dem geh. Hofrath Dr. Buch holz, anstatt des bisher getragenen Ritterkreuzes, das Comman deurkreuz des goldenen Löweu-Ordcns verliehen. sollte; spitzige Pfühle für den König, seine beiden Weiber, seine kühne und Enkel an der Zahl 14, um sie darauf zu spiefsen. Der alte Mann war traurig, aber stille; er starb am Herzens kummer und so entging er seinen Peinigern, wurde nach dem Gerichtsplatze geschleppt und geköpft, der Rumpf an einen Galgen, an der Flussscite, ein wenig unterhalb der Stadt, gehängt, dein Blicke jedes ankommenden Fremden ausgesetzt und zur Beute für die Geier. Hr. Tomlin sah eines Tages das Eisenbauer und neun der darin befindlichen Unglück lichen , alle mit Ketten um Hals und Beine geschlossen. Zwei waren blosse Kinder, und sassen wie die unschuldigen Lämmer, unbewufsUeiner Schuld und, wie es schien, auch nicht wissend, welche Schlächterei ihrer warte. Seine Leiche LNien, den 2. Juny. Mit Vergnügen kann man melden, daQs die, bekanntlich beim Bundestage bereits in Berathung gekommene Frage wegen Sicherstellung des Deutschen Buchhandels gegen den Nachdruck, mittelst einer zu treffenden gemeinschaftlichen Uebereinkunft, hoffentlich bald auf eine, dem Interesse der Schriftsteller und der rechtmässigen Verleger entsprechende Weise gelöset werden wird. Zugleich ist Einleitung getroffen worden, dass vorläufig und bis zur definitiven Erledigung besagter Frage in den Oesterr. Staaten keine Bewilligung zum Nachdrucke ausländischer Ver lags-Artikel ertheilt werden soll. Der Tod des Ritters v. Staudenheimer entriss der Monarchie einen ihrer erfahrensten Aerzte. Bekanntlich wurde er im Jahre 1826, bei der schweren Erkrankung unseres geliebten Landesvaters, in den Rath der Aerzte gezogen und seine Mit wirkung als so entscheidend betrachtet, dass ihm der Kaiser, nebst andern Belohnungen, den Leopolds-Orden, der Kaiser von Brasilien den vom südlichen Kreuze gab. << LNürzburg» den 3. Juny. Bei dem allgemeinen Interesse, welches man an dem Schick sale unseres gelehrten Landsmannes, des K. Niederl. Naturfor schers und Arztes Dr. Ph. Fr. v. Siebold, genommen hat, sind wir sehr erfreut, nachstehendes, von ihm an seinen Oheim, den hiesigen Domcapitular Dr. Fr. Jos. Lotz, gerichtetes Schreiben mittheilen zu können: ,,Rhede von Nangasaki, am 3. Dec. 1829. Nach einem noch sehr günstigen Ablaufe der, für mich so schrecklichen Ereignisse auf Japan habe ich gestern Abend Decima verlassen und mich am Bord des Schiffes Java einge schifft. Ich führe alle meine Sammlungen mit, die ich während meines Aufenthaltes dahier auf eigne Kosten zusammengebracht habe. Sie sind von grossem Werthe. Die meisten naturhistori schen Sammlungen sind bereits, wie ich schon im vorigen Jahre geschrieben habe, früher abgegangen und glücklich in Batavia angekommen. Man war allgemein mit dieser reichen Ausbeute meiner Forschungen auf Japan zufrieden und trug alle Sorgfalt für die weitere Beförderung nach den Niederlanden. Von mei nen ausgebreiteten literarischen Arbeiten sind alle belangreichen Stücke glücklich am Bord angekommen, und so ist denn auch der Grundstein zu meinen Werken über diesen Archipel gelegt, wozu ich sieben Jahre mit unverdrossenem Fleifse hingearbeitet habe. Ich befinde mich gegenwärtig sehr wohl und hoffe, die Reise nach Batavia am Bord der Java mit meinen Freunden Berlin» den 9. Juny. Die Kaiserin von Russland und unser Kronprinz sind am 4 te * d. Abends in Breslau angekommen. Se. Maj. waren ihnen bis Sibyllenort entgegengefahren. Se. Maj. haben den Lehrer der Anatomie bei der Akademie der Künste Dr. d'Alton, so wie auch den Geschichtsmahler Karl Kolbe, zu Professoren bei gedachter Akademie ernannt. Der Minister des Innern hat Ermächtigung zur Errichtung eines Denkmals für den verstorbenen Staatsrath Thacr, durch die Verehrer desselben, ertheilt. Der wirkliche geh. Rath v. Kamptz ist aus Stettin und der K. Hannöv. Gesandte am Kaiserl. Oesterr. Hofe, geh. Cabincts- rath v. Falke, aus Dresden hier angekommen. Lissabon, den 15. Mai. Die Bedingungen der freigelassenen Einfuhr von fremdem Waizen nach Lissabon, laut dem, am IS*“ 1 d. ergangenen Decrete sind: 1) dass die Einfuhr einem jeden erlaubt ist; 2) bis 1000 Moyos harten Waizen (aus den Ländern am Mittelincere) und 2000 Moyos weichen Waizen gehen darf; 3) sogleich an fängt, und aufhört, wenn das gedachte Quantum eingeführt seyn wird; 4) kommt das eingeführte auf den Markt, sobald der Waizen im Schiffe gehörig besichtigt worden, bei welcher Be sichtigung der Administrator des Getraidemarktes und die Jury gegenwärtig seyn müssen. 5) ist der eingeführte Waizen dem Zolle und Abgaben nach den Verordnungen vom 15. Oct. 1824 Jpcatlftfurt, den 5. Juny. und 31. März 1827 unterworfen. 6) Am Kornmarkte kommen Am 23***" d. sind die regierende Grossherzogin von Toscana gleich grosse Quantitäten fremden und Portugiesischen Walzens »ebst ihren drei Töchtern und die verwitwete Grossherzogin, zum Verkaufe. 7) Den Verkaufpreis im Detail am Markte kann •o wie die Prinzessin Maria Anna von Sachsen, von Florenz der Verkäufer nach Gutfinden bestimmen. nach Dresden abgereiset. Der Grossherzog begleitete sie eine Nach diesem Decrete nun beträgt der Einfuhrzoll von frem- '^trecke weit von der Stadt. dem harten Waizen 240 und von weichem 200 rs. von der Der König von Würtemberg hat dem Oberst-Kammerherrn Alqueire. Es wird angenommen, dass der Verrath von Waizen cn. Lieutenant v. Spitzembcrg, dem Staatssecretair Hof-Kam- am 1«*«! d. etwa 1700 Moyos gewesen; der Verbrauch seitdem •ner-Präsidenten v.-Vellnagcl, dem Oberststallmeister Gen. Major dürfte etwa 1870 gewesen und von den Provinzen, so wie zur V ' Münchingen, dem Gen. Major und Gesandten in Karlsruhe See dürsten etwa 1870 angekommen seyn, so dass der Vorrath •°>'fen v. Bismark, und dem Gen. Major und Gesandten zu in diesem Augenblicke sich auf 1130 anschlagen lässt. Man glücklich und wohlbehalten zurückzulegen und höchstens im Mo nate July 1830 in Europa anzukommen. Diese, in grösster Eil« hingeworfenen Zeilen mögen Ihnen bloss die Nachricht von raei- 1 ner Abreise von Japan bringen, um die vielleicht traurigen Bilder, welche seither vor Ihren Augen geschwebt haben, zu verscheuchen. Gott erhalte Sie und mich! Nachschrift. Ich bin glücklich am 23. Januar in Batavia angekommen. Höch ens in sechs Wochen kehre ich nach Europa zurück. So viel in diesem Augenblick! Mündlich, will’s Gott, wo nicht schon im bevorstehenden Sommer, doch sicher im Spätjahre, ein •nehreres, und zwar viel, recht viel Interessantes. IC k. nimmt an, das« Lissabon jeden Monat 4000 bi« 4500 Moyos ▼erbraucht. Das Erzeugnis« der Erndte, die übrigens einen sehr guten Ausfall verspricht, fängt an, nachdem das Wetter mehr oder weniger günstig ist, Ende Juny oder Anfangs July einzutreffen, doch nicht in solchem Belaufe, dass es Ueberfluss verspricht. Wahrscheinlich wird jenes Decret die Inhaber der kleinen Waizenvorräthe im Innern bewegen, solche eilig hieher zu bringen. Der nominelle Preis für kleine Parteien am Korn markte ist 800; jedoch, da der Mangel gross ist, hat man unter der Hand höher, selbst zu 880 verkauft. Die grössten Zufuhren von weichem Waizen aus dem nördlichen Europa von vorzüg licher Qualität werden wahrscheinlich in Uebereinstimmung mit dem Decrete am Kornmarkte im Detail zu 840 rs. verkauft wer den, wovon 200 rs. Zoll ausser den Löschungskosten abgeben. An Bord wird ein verhältnismässiger Preis angenommen werden können, der den Speculanten einigen Vortheil lässt. Nach un serm Dafürhalten sind diese Maasregeln ziemlich spät getroffen, so dass Ladungen, die nicht schon unterweges sind, leicht erst, wann der Mangel hier vorbei ist, eintreffen können. Die Aus sichten auf eine gute Erndte, der Ueberfluss von Mais und Gerste, der Geldmangel und der Zustand des Landes im Allge meinen machen überdem jedes Unternehmen von einem entfernten Hafen aus um so gefährlicher, als das kleine Quantum, dem der Zugang eröffnet ist, leicht durch früher# Zufuhren völlig ge worden seyn dürfte. Das Commissariat leidet grossen Mangel an Waizen, allein seine Mittel, so wie die aller andern hiesigen Departemente, sind sehr erschöpft. Gerste fortwährend äusserst flau. (Dän. Handelszeitung.) VaciS, den 4. Juny. Vorgestern Abend empfing der Dauphin mehrere Generale in St. Cloud. Gestern empfing der König daselbst den Erz bischof von Paris, den Grasen v. Matuscewic, den Pair Herzog v. Fitzjames und den Kaiserl. Russischen Gesandten in Madrid Hrn. v. Oubril. Um 14 Uhr fuhren Se. Maj. und die K. Familie zum Besuch bei II. Sic. MM, nach dem Elysde-Bourbon. Die Gazette meldet auch, dass Se. Maj. gestern den Grafen Gustaf v. Löwenhjelm, Bruder des K. Schwed. Gesandten hie- selbst, empfangen habe, der zum Oberstatthalter von Stockholm ernannt sey und morgen nach Schweden abreise. Zu Vernai bei Bayeux in der Normandie hat es aufs neue zwei Feuersbrünste gegeben. Die Gazette sagt, die Ernennung der Wahl-Präsidenten sey noch nicht vollendet. am < t Par Bor Bremen, den 9. Juny. Da der Hafenbau zu Bremerhasen im Lause des gegenwär tigen Sommers vollendet werden wird, und der Theil des Hafen- Districts, welcher vorläufig zur Anweisung von Bauplätzen be stimmt worden, sich bereits geebnet, auch durch Bezeichnung der Strasscnlinien und Bauplätze zu solcher Anweisung geeignet befindet; so sind diejenigen, welche sich zu Bremerhafen anzu bauen und niederzulassen beabsichtigen, öffentlich aufgefordert worden, sich mit ihren desfall&igcn Anträgen zu melden und an das Amt Bremerhasen zu wenden, um über die Bedingungen solcher Anbauung und Ansiedelung nähere Auskunft zu erhalten. Pet Lon Mail Cad Bilb Liss Port Gen Livo Aiiisi Antv i Augs Knau Wien Tries Bresli Copej Leipz Mamburg» den 10. Juny. Die Schwedische Staatszeitung vom 3 tu> d. meldet amtlich« dass der Kronprinz mit Erlaubnis« Sr. Maj. Ende dieses Monats eine Reise nach St. Petersburg vornehmen werde. Es sey Be fehl gegeben, dass sogleich eine Fregatte von Karlskrona nach Stockholm abgehen solle, um Se. K. H. direct von dort hin zubringen. Prof. Hansteen und Lieutenant Due waren am 1**“* d. aus St. Petersburg in Stockholm angekommen. — 44 Uhr. Fonds angenehm. Ocsterr. Met. —; 4 pCts. 96; Silb. Rub. 103b Part. —; Bankactien 1332. Engl. Russ. 1064. Dän. 7li. Poln. pr. 30. Juny 127. fingt. Neap. 93. Falc. 8ü4. } Mad ri< Cadix Lissabi Porto Paris, I •t ] Bordea Hambu h London (J. D. Runge Redacteur.) Berichtigungen. In u. gestr. BI. 8. 3, 8p. 1, Z. 2 un 1 v. u. I. in. auf dem Lande und in den Städten. 8. 7, Sp- 2, Z. 9 an Land st. an Bord. 8. 9, 8p. 1 unter Paris Z 4 v. u. Osten st. Westen. Dies« Zeitung erscheint jeden Abend am 7 Uhr, Sonntage ausgenommen, and wird den hiesigen LAbl. Postämtern quartaliter au 2 «0 Cour. erlassen. Aut ord. Druckpapier ist sie, »nah 8 Uhr, für 1 /J in der Expedition au haben. — Inserate werden hier, in der Expedition, London, No. 8 Weatmorland Building«, Alderegate, entgegengenommen. Verlegt von Gerhard von Hosstrup. Gedruckt ia der Börsen-Halle. isbi.
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renaissanceprote00hulm_1_40
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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The Renaissance, the protestant revolution and the Catholic reformation in continental Europe
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Hulme, Edward Maslin, 1871-1951
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Viterbo, heresy at, 325. : Vivero, Beatriz de, Spanish Lutheran, 338. , ; Vives, Luis, Spanish humanist, 209, 335+ t Waldenses, religious sect, 65, 158-59, 241-42, al 346. | Ba Wat Tyler, English social revolutionist, 30, 243 Watches, invention of, 141. Watt, Joachim von, see Vadianus. Welf, House of, 2s. Welsers, German capitalistic association, 246. Wenceslaus (of Luxemburg), Emperor, 22-23, 26. Werner (Guernieri) ‘‘ Duke,” condottiere in Italy, 42. Wesel, John of, Biblical reformer, 160. Westeras, Swedish Diet at, 309. Weyden, Roger van der, Flemish painter, German “| 390s White, Andrew D., on the results of the Protestant Revolution to science, HAS OZs : Wiclif, John, his followers (the Lol- lards), 13, 65, 242; his teachings and his work, 159; his influence , upon John Hus, 243. Wilna, University of, 515. Wimpheling, Jacob, German humanist, FANG ooh Ur Witchcraft, belief in, 409; epidemic of Persecution, ALO—T Ll. Wittenberg, University of, 211, 224, 234- ag 2 459.3093 397; 507. Wolflin, Heinrich, Swiss humanist, 271, 275. Worms, Diets of, (1521), 232-33, 2533 (1540), 295. Edict of, its issuance, 233; Luther’s defiance of, 234; its enforcement urged by Pope Adrian VI, 2373 conditional promise of its enforce: ment, 253-54; why it could not be enforced, 258-59; determination of Charles V to enforce it, 260. Wiirtenburg, House of, 25. Ulrich, Duke of, 239, 264-65. Xavier, Francis, Jesuit missionary, 418, 425-26. Ximenes, Francisco, Cardinal-Archbishop of Toledo, as a humanist, 208; as a reformer, 332-33, 434-35, 464. Hapoiaw | Outiens uz. Ziska, John, Bohemian social revolution- ist, 244. Zoology, revival of research in, 134. Zug, Swiss canton. of, its admission to the Confederation, 269; its part in the first Swiss religious war, 273-. 74. Ziirich, Swiss canton of, its admission to the Confederation, 269; its _char- acter, 270; ecclesiastical revolution in, 271-73; its part in the Swiss religious wars, 273-75, its part in the government of St. Gall, 278; its modification of Calvinism, 344. Zurita, Geronimo, Spanish historian, 539. Zutphen, sack of, 481; its capture by the Spanish, 485; its recapture by the Dutch, 486. Zwickau, the ‘‘ prophets”? of, 234-35. Zwingli, Ulrich, his statement of his creeds at the Diet of Augsburg, 262; his revolt from Rome, 270- 73; his death, 275; his religious and social views, 279-82; his intol- erance, 363; his belief in astrology, 407. Nh mn ey (hee uM is 5 . + hee Hike HR te an ear 7m)! Ld iw) = ne \ be Ma. an Net's D) 1 ; “4 Vd D i i 3 i ani i bh iva ey Te a i Bak Difew vit “oe | -_ Arey a § ts rb " mu) y ict . , ue i EN Amie bay WY CUM SLaPeT ty ol.
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitegga%20%28bungtod%20sa%20Noruwega%2C%20Hordaland%20Fylke%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Kvitegga (bungtod sa Noruwega, Hordaland Fylke)
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https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvitegga (bungtod sa Noruwega, Hordaland Fylke)&action=history
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Cebuano
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Spoken
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Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Kvitegga.
Bungtod ang Kvitegga sa Noruwega. Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa Kvinnherad ug lalawigan sa Hordaland Fylke, sa habagatan-kasadpang bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Oslo ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Kvitegga, o ka metros sa ibabaw sa naglibot nga tereyn. Mga ka kilometro ang gilapdon sa tiilan niini.
Ang yuta palibot sa Kvitegga lain-lain. Ang usa ka luok sa amihang-kasadpan, dagat ang pinakaduol sa Kvitegga. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Kvannto, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa habagatan sa Kvitegga. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Kvitegga may gamay nga populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Rosendal, km sa amihanan sa Kvitegga. Hapit nalukop sa [[kalibonan ang palibot sa Kvitegga. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Kvitegga, mga lawis, ug mga bungtod talagsaon komon.
Ang klima klima sa kontinente. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Pebrero, sa °C.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga bungtod sa Hordaland Fylke
Kabukiran sa Noruwega nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel
sv:Kvitegga (kulle i Norge, Hordaland fylke)
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ironcladsinacti00wilsgoog_7
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Ironclads in action; a sketch of naval warfare from 1855 to 1895
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Wilson, Herbert Wrigley, 1866-1940
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English
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Spoken
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i863j THE ACTIONS OFF CHARLESTON. 97 the assailant, which may not always be the case. And it may be questioned whether the enormous range of modern rifled ordnance will not be found delusive, if such a bombardment b ever attempted. Accurate as our heavy guns are at short distances, how many shells from a 68-ton gun would fall within the space of an acre at six or seven miles ? Against large towns or dockyards such tactics might be successful, but it IS very doubtful whether forts could be thus silenced ; and, in any case, the waste of ammunition would be immense. The counterpart of this theory is found as far back as 1863, when wc see Ericsson urging repeated night attacks upon Fort Sumter. The monitors lay low in the water and offered a very small target, whilst the fort was large and conspicuous. The forts could not have returned the fire of the fleet with any accuracy, and, in the words of General Beauregard, the Southern commander, " this plan of attack could have been repeated every night until the walls of the fort should have crumbled under the enormous missiles which made holes two and a half feet deep in the walls, and shattered the latter in an alarming manner. I could not then have repaired during the day the damages of the night, and I am confident now, as I was then, that F^ort Sumter if thus attacked, must have been disabled." But the Northern fleet retired from the contest, and was content to maintain the blockade. It was the minrs and obstructions which influenced Dupont in this course of action, and he did well to refuse to risk his ships amongst them. His successor tried every expedient, but obtained no more success. Shortly after this failure the news reached Washington that a new and formidable ironclad of the Merrimac type was being constructed at Savannah. Hearing this, Dupont despatched the two monitors, Weehawken and Nahanty to look after her. The ship of which they were in search was building in Ossabaw Sound, a little to the south of Savannah. This new vessel, called the Atlanta, was a reconstructed English ship which had gone by the name of the Fingal. H 98 IRONCLADS IN ACTION. [i 86 1-3 She had only been lately launched on the Clyde, and was a fine fast steamer of about fourteen knots, when the Confede- rate Commissioners in England purchased her. The Fingal left England in safety in the autumn of 1861, ostensibly upon the errand of blockade running. After a brief delay at Bermuda she reached Savannah, and was prepared for com- mission as a Confederate commerce-destroyer.* But the Con- federates had great need of battleships, whilst they had no foundries capable of constructing engines or machinery ; hence it was decided to convert her into an ironclad. Her upper works were removed to the water-line. Upon the iron hull thus left was fastened timber to the height of 27 inches, and this great structure of logs was carried out 6 feet from her sides, tapering down to the level of her lower deck, 8 feet below the water-line, where it ceased. Upon this massive platform, which protected her against the ram, was constructed a casemate amidships, with sides inclined at an angle of twenty-nine degrees. First came a row of pine logs placed horizontally, and then a second vertical layer, the thickness of the two being 15 inches. On this again were fastened 3 inches of oak, and over all two layers of iron plating, each 2 inches thick and 7 wide, the inner horizontal and the outer vertical. The plates were fastened down with I J inch bolts, having washers and nuts inside the vessel. The armour was carried down to a depth of 3 feet, outside the timber overhang, and the angle the inclined side made with the deck was filled in with timber till the total thickness of the side, on the level of the gun-deck, was nearly 7 feet. The length of the ship was 204 feet, and her beam 41. Her pilot house rose 3 feet above the casemate, and was formed by the prolongation of the sides. Forward she had a sharp prow, and she was fitted with a spar torpedo. Her battery comprised two rifled 7-inch guns, mounted on pivots for^\^ard and aft, and firing ahead and astern, or on either broadside, • In January, 1862, the entrances to the port of Savannah were closed by sinking hulks laden with stone, and thus the Fingal was caught in a trap. 1863] THE ACTIONS OFF CHARLESTON. 99 with two loo-pounder rifles, one on either broadside. She was pierced with eight gun-ports, each covered by two j-inch plates rivetted together, and hung upon a pivot at the top corner. When the guns were to be fired the port- lids were raised by a chain which was attached to their bottom corner, and on the guns being run in, fell back covering the port, by their ow n weight. The speed of the ship in battle trim was about eight knots, or two knots faster than the monitors. A second vessel after her pattern was under construction, and great things were expected of the two by the Southerners. With a hundred and sixty-five officers and men on board, and with provisions for an extended cruise, the Atlanta set out from Savannah on June 17th. She was accompanied by a large number of Southerners on steamers, anxious all of them to see the Yankees soundly beaten. They had not the .slightest doubt that their trusted ironclad would be a match and more than a match for the monitors. The Weehawken and Sahant, seeing her coming, at once slipped their cables and stood out to sea. The Atlanta followed them, only too anxious to trj' her mettle. She had not long to wait. A few minutes later the monitors, having secured ample sea room for their manctuvres, turned and headed towards her. At a dis- tance of a mile and a half she fired a 7-inch shot, but missed. The Weehawken closed with her, and fired her 15-inch gun at a range of 300 yards. The projectile struck the casemate and was not deflected; it shattered the brittle, badly-rolled armour, and drove a huge hole through the side, carrj'ing btfore it splinters of iron and wood, which wrought dreadful havoc among the gunners. Sixteen were wounded by that single shot. The Atlanta fired most ineffectively, not one of her shots hitting the target. This is hardly to be wondered at when it is remembered that she was manned almost entirely by landsmen, who could be expected to do little against the .seasoned crews of the Federal ships. She next varied the situation by running hard aground, and was unable to get off H 2 loo IRONCLADS IN ACTION, [1863 before the Weehawken had struck her pilot-house with a second 15-inch shot, which wounded four men and wrecked the structure. A third struck the starboard amidships port- lid and shattered it, starting the wall of the casemate from the deck. After a short engagement lasting only fifteen minutes, the Atlanta^ s commander, recognising that his enterprise was hopeless and that his ship was entirely at the mercy of her opponents, hauled down his flag. He had fired only eight shot and his antagonist five. Nothing is more surprising than the ease with which such a ship, manned it is to be presumed by determined men, was reduced to submission.* The moral of the story is that an untrained crew who are bound to each other by no ties of discipline or friendship — a chance con- glomeration of individuals — cannot fight trained men. Had the Atlanta's 7-inch rifle-shot struck the Weehawken they might have perforated her laminated plating, and the ships would have been on equal terms. But even then there was the Nahant to be reckoned with, which had, through no fault of her own, remained a spectator through the action. The Atlanta^ after the fight, was refitted and served as a Northern guardship in Hampton Roads. Admiral Dupont's failure to achieve the impossible, and his plain statement of the damage inflicted upon the monitors in an hour's fighting, had not endeared him to the Navy Depart- ment. Though his want of success against Sumter had been in some measure redeemed by this success of his subordi- nates, he was removed from his command and superseded by Rear-Admiral Dahlgren, a great artillerist, who had less dislike for the " tin-kettle " which the progress of naval science had provided in the monitor. He arrived on July 4th, and resolved at once to attack the place a second time. • In justice to the Confederates we must give their version of the story, which is, that the Atlanta ran fast aground whilst attempting to use her torpedo against the Weeharoken ; that she then careened over, and was unable to bring a single gun to bear. But Lieutenant Webb, the Confederate commander on board, makes the significant admission that her men were at once demoralised. — Scharf, 644-5. iS63] THE ACTIONS OFF CHARLESTON. loi Again the impossible was attempted. The first of his series of unsuccessful assaults was made six days after his arrival, when, with his flag on board the Catskill^ he led four monitors to the attack at four in the morning. He was supported by thf Union land batteries, and his assault was delivered, in the first instance, not upon the works at the entrance to the harbour but upon the defences which protected Lighthouse Inlet, to the south of Morris Island. Here he was successful, and when these were silenced, he advanced to the attack of Fort Wagner, approaching it about 9.30. Though it only mounted a small number of guns, the action was protracted for nine hours before the monitors retired. Their crews had suflfered terribly from the extreme heat, which led to a brief withdrawal about midday. The injuries to the ships were by no means severe. Sixty shots had struck the Catskill, but, as Admiral Dahlgren reported, •' she came out of action in good working order." The other monitors were only struck in all eight times. The fort was little the worse for the bom- bardment. On August 17th another attack was made. On this occasion the Wcehawken carried Dahlgren 's flag, and led the way soon afttT six. Fort Wagner was silenced, but the Northerners lo.st an officer of great promise in Commander Rodgers,* who was killed in the CatskilVs pilot-house, whilst directing her in the action. A shot struck the top of the pilot-house, breaking the outer plate, and tearing a huge fragm(»nt off the inner plate. Bolts and fragments were driven in with great violence, and by these Captain Rodgers and his paymaster were killed instantly, whilst the pilot and the master were wounded. The action lasted about six hours, and in it the New Ironsides was struck thirty-one times, eleven times upon her defenceless rnds. None of the ships were seriously damaged. On August 23rd a night attack was made upon Sumter. The fort was hidden from the ships by fog for some of the time, but the fire • G. W. Rodn^cn. J. Rodgers wa* in command oC the Wetkmmkrn. I02 IRONCLADS IN ACTION, [1863-4 was still maintained, as the bearings had been taken by the stars. Again, on September ist, Sumter was assailed by night, and on this occasion the fort was nearly silenced, though the ships were hit seventy-one times. The worst injury' was sustained by the Weehawken, A shot struck the base of her turret, and, by driving in fragments, wounded her captain. There was no other ironclad engagement of any importance before Charleston. The South was little behind the North in ingenuity and inventiveness. Having no hope of overcoming the monitors by open force, the Southerners determined to try stealth, and turned their attention to torpedo warfare. A torpedo section for the protection of the coast had been formed at the com- mencement of the war, but at first it offered a merely passive defence by the use of fixed mines and submarine batteries. It now launched forth upon more active measures, amongst the first of which was the construction of boats, either wholly submerged or capable of being sunk till they were flush with the water. Not that there was anything new in submarine craft. During our great war with France a vessel of this description had been brought under the notice of the English Admiralty, who refused to have anything to do with it, not, apparently, because they doubted its capacity to do harm, but because its universal adoption might have imperilled our maritime supremacy. In the war of 18 12 it was taken by its inventor, Fulton, to the United States, and, running under the hull of H.M.S. RamillieSy as she lay off New London, its crew nearly succeeded in boring through her bottom before want of air brought them to the surface. Early in 1863 a gunboat at Charleston was cut down, and converted into a half-submerged torpedo-boat. It appears, however, to have been abandoned, though it may have been the vessel which, on the night of April 19th, 1864, approached the Wabash. The Northern vessel was at anchor when something was seen near her in the water, and challenged. She slipped her cable and went ahead, opening a heavy fire upon the strange craft, 1863-4] THE ACTIONS OFF CHARLESTON. 103 after which it disappeared, whether as the result of a shot or not, is uncertain. A more determined and dangerous attack was made upon the Ironsides on October 5th. The boat used was built by Theodore Stoney, at Charleston, and was named the David ^ a term which was subsequently applied to all submarine craft. She was 54 feet long, cigar-shaped, and at her widest 6 feet in diameter. She was propelled by a screw, which was driven by steam-power. When in fighting trim she lay almost flush with the water, her funnel and steering-chamber alone pro- jecting above the surface. A spar torpedo was fitted to her : it was folded alongside when not in use, and was only run out for the actual attack. With a crew of volunteers. Lieutenant Glassell took her out, and, a little after nine in the even- ing, the Ironsides' watch saw her approaching. She looked to them like a plank, since all that could be seen was the coaming of her hatchway. Several officers were on deck, and the David was at once hailed. Her only answer was a volley of musketr)', which mortally wounded one F'ederal officer. An instant later, the ironclad received a violent blow from the explosion of a torpedo, which threw up a great column of water, .shook the ship severely, and brokt* one man's leg on board her. After the smoke and spray had cleared away, the Ironsides was found to be uninjured, but the boat had disappeared. Her crew jumped overboard at the moment of firing the torpedo, and Glassell, as he swam about, hailed a Northern coal schooner, on board which he was taken, whilst a second man escaped to the Ironsides. The engineer of the David, however, after the explosion, swam back to the boat, to which he found the pilot clinging for dear life, as he was unable to swim. Helping him on board, he discovered that the David could yet float, though the explosion had put out the fires, and together the two took her back to Charleston. A much more .successful attempt was made on the Ilousa- tonic by a submerged boat, February 17th, 1864. This boat 104 IRONCLADS IN ACTION. [1863-4 was built at Mobile, and brought overland to Charleston. She had lateral fins by which she could be raised or submerged, and ballast tanks to lighten her and enable her to rise to the surface, though these uniformly refused to act. She carried no reserve of air, and hence she proved a peripatetic coffin. On her trial she drowned eight men ; she was raised only to go down once more through the inrush of water into an open manhole, caused by the wash of a steamer. Lieutenant Payne, her commander, alone escaped by leaping out of her as she went down. Raised again, she sank again, and again Lieu- tenant Payne escaped, this time with two companions. A third time she was raised, and a fourth time sank, having caught her nose in the bottom, and on this occasion all on board were drowned. Once more she was recovered only to foul the cable of a schooner at anchor in the harbour, and to sink for the fifth time. She was recovered yet again, and Lieutenant Dixon, with Captain Carlson, both officers of the Confederate army, volunteered with five others to take her out against the Northern fleet. Their heroism was rewarded, and they exploded their torpedo under the Housatonic, which sank rapidly, drowning ^vt, men. All on board the submarine-boat perished. A year or two after the war she was found by divers on the bottom, a hundred feet from her opponent; and the men on board her were still at their posts. Certainly the South did not want brave men. A word may here be given to the Southern torpedo depart- ment. From first to last torpedoes accounted for thirty-two ships of which four were monitors and three armoured gun- boats. Most of these losses were due to fixed or floating torpedoes, and very few to boat attacks. Attempts were made upon the Memphis in Edisto River in March 1864, ^^^ upon the Minnesota whilst at anchor in Hampton Roads in April of the same year.* Neither of these was successful. There were other explosions which may have been caused by • Table XXV. 1862-4] THE ACTIONS OFF CHARLESTON. 105 torpedoes, though we cannot be certain, since the Confederates employed a particularly deadly engine, which was called a Coal Torpedo. It looked like a lump of coal, but was really a block of cast iron containing lolbs. of powder, and would when placed in the fires of a boiler at once explode, bursting the boiler. Such a torpedo might be planted with effect in stores of coal at a coaling station in case it was certain that they would fall into the enemy's hands. Clockwork torpedoes were also employed, and one of these was used at City Point, James River, on August 9th, 1864. It was placed on board a barge, which was loading with ordnance stores for the Federal Army, by two Confederates disguised as workmen, with the rrmark that the captain had ordered it to be put there. It exploded and destroyed a large number of barges and vessels. CHAPTER V. The Exploits and Destruction of the Albemarle, April to October, 1864. Albemarle Sound is a deep inlet in the coast of North Carolina, running back some sixty miles from the sea. As on many parts of the Southern coast, we find here an inner sea inclosed by islands and sandy spits, and from this Albemarle Sound branches off. The narrow passage between the northern and southern portion of this inner sea, just south of Albemarle Sound is commanded by Roanoke Island which had been captured by a Federal Expedition, supported by the fleet, early in 1862. The Confederates saw with alarm the presence of the Northerners in these waters which gave access to the heart of North Carolina, and, indeed, threatened the rear of their army before Richmond. They made two ineffectual attempts to expel their enemies from Pamlico Sound which lies to the south of Albemarle Sound, but on each occasion their attempts were foiled, mainly by the naval forces of the North. It became evident to them that their only road to success was through the naval control of the inland sea, and to secure this they needed ironclads. The work of constructing an armoured vessel of Merrimac type was intrusted to Captain Cooke, a Southern naval officer of great ability. The vessel was laid down some miles up the Roanoke, at Edward's Ferry, in an open cornfield, early in 1863. As usual there was the greatest difficulty in procuring iron for her armour and bolts. Captain Cooke scoured the country far and wide for the precious metal, carrying off old i863j DESTRUCTION OF THE ALBEMARLE. 107 rails, bars, and bolts, till he became known as the ** Iron- monger Captain." The design was prepared by Constructor Porter who had planned the Merrimac, but as the vessel was sunk early in her career, we lack precise particulars. She was built in great haste of unseasoned wood ; her length was 122 feet, her breadth 45 feet ; whilst the draught was only 8 feet. The casemate, placed amidships, was protected by some 2 feet of pine with two layers of 2-inch iron plate over it. To forge bolts, and work up on the spot the iron that was obtained, her constructor had no large engineering shops, but only an open blacksmith's forge. The engines procured from the Tredegar Works, at Richmond, were two, each driving one screw, and had a nominal horse-power of 100 apiece. The armour was rolled at the same works. The armament of tlu- Albemarle^ as she was called, was not particularly formidable. She carried two loo-pounder rifles, one forward and the otlurr aft. Both pivoted, and could be used for end-on or broadside fire. The Northern commanders were fullv aware of the con- slruction of the Albemarle, but whilst the naval officers who would have to meet her. were filled with apprehension, they in vain urged the general* commanding the land forces to join them in an expedition whose object should be her destruction. The general either could not or would not see that she was any menace to him. She was nearing completion on April 1 8th, 1864, when, with unusually high water she descended the river. All that morning and afternoon the workmen were busy putting the last touches, whilst her crew were drilling at her two guns. Ten portable forges were on board, and Captain Cookt*. standing on the pilot-house, gave his orders : ** Drive in spike No. 10." alternated with "Load with cartridge"; ••(Jn nut. and screw up hard," with "Load with shell — prime." At five in the afternoon her forges were landed, her flecks eleared. and the ship made ready for action. At three • (iviier.il F«»NtiT. io8 IRONCLADS IN ACTION, [1864 o'clock in the early morning of April 19th, the high water enabled her to pass the obstructions which the Northerners had placed across the river to prevent her descent. On her way down she was fired upon by a Federal battery at Warren's Neck, whilst picket boats also gave the alarm. In the river was Lieutenant Flusser, of the United States Navy^ having with him the gunboats Miami and Southfield. He had fastened them together by spars and chains, intend- ing to catch the ram of his opponent between them, and then board her. Captain Cooke, however, was one too many for the Northerners. Whilst the gunboats waited for him in mid-stream, he took the southern side of the channel, under a sharp fire from them, which did his armour not the smallest harm. Then, as he approached the two Federal vessels, he charged the Southfield^ which was nearest to him, turning across the river at full speed. His ram went ten feet into her ; the two ships were entangled, and instantly the Southfield began to sink, carrying down with her the Confederate iron- clad. The Albemarle^s bows were right under water, and a flood was pouring in through her forward ports, when the Southfield rolled off her ram, and allowed her to right herself. The Southfield went to the bottom with most of her crew. Whilst the Albemarle was thus held fast by the Federal gun- boat, Flusser, on board the Miamiy had aimed, at very close quarters, a 9-inch shell at her side. It struck nearly at right angles, was shattered, and the fragments flew back on him, instantly killing him. Seeing that nothing could be done, the Miami steamed down the river, thus leaving the Con- federates in possession of the upper waters of Albemarle Sound. Admiral Lee, who was the Federal commander, at once despatched a considerable flotilla of wooden ships, under Captain Melancton Smith, to watch the Albemarle. Amongst these were the Sassacus, Mattabesett, Wyalusing and Miami — all light-draught paddle-steamers. The Miami was fitted with a spar-torpedo, and with nets to foul the Albemarle s I864J DESTRUCTIOX OF THE ALBEMARLE. 109 propeller. The instructions to the Northerners were to fire on the ports of the Confederate ship, to j^^et dose alongside, to hold her till she could be torpedoed, and to use the ram. On May 5th, the Albemarle came down to battle, accom- panied by two smaller vessels. Her crew were all landsmen, and she had no trained gunners, so that the disparity of strength was not so great as it appeared. At 4.40 she opened fire on the Federal ships, and a few minutes later two heavy shells from her struck the Mattabcsctt, wounding six men. The Albemarle followed up her broadside, and strove to ram, but the Mattabesett, with a great superiority in speed, was easily abh* to elude her. The two ships passed close, and a tremendous tire was con- centrated up>on the Albemarle by the gunboats, which wertr steaming up, delivering their broadsides, then turning above the ram and repeating their fire. On the Albemarle thr funnel was riddled, and the outer layer of j)lates much cracked ; the boats were torn away, and one gun was injured. At ten minutes to six the first and last attempt to ram was made by the Federals. The Sassacus, 400 yards from the ironclad, backed to g«-t full room to strike her blow: then with a full head of steam, using oil and cotton waste in her furnaces, bounded on the Albemarle. She struck her with a speed of eight or ten knots, on the starboard quarter, depressing the Albemarle s stern and twisting her own bows badlv in the collision. The il//i7w/ should have been al hand to plant her torpedo under the Confederate, but she was handled unskilfullv and failed t<» hit her. Meanwhile the current swung thr Sassacus round so that the ram's guns could be brought to bear upon her. Two loolb. shelI^ were fired into her ; the first j)assing right through her, the second piercing a boiler and filling the ship with steam. The crew suffered terribly : thirteen men wen* scalded, some fatally, whilst the utmost confusion pre- vailed. At th<' height of the turmoil the cry of **boaiders'* was raised, but the efforts of the C'onfederates to carrv her in this way were n»pelled by the small-arms men, who fire<l no IRONCLADS IN ACTION, [1864 vigorously into the grating on the top of the casemate. For thirteen minutes the two combatants were entangled, hidden in a dense cloud of steam, whilst the other Federal ships looked on aghast, and made no attempt to support the gallant Sassacus.* Her crew had already returned to their guns, and through the steam fired steadily. But it became necessary to draw the fires of her remaining boilers as there was danger of their explosion. Into the scalding stokehold Engineer Hobby led his men and accomplished his dangerous task. The Sassacus was left helpless, though she had by now got clear of the ram. The stream carried her away from the Albemarle to the other ships, and both sides retired. It was evident that the wooden ships could not destroy the ironclad. No monitors could be spared, so only one expedient remained, the use of torpedoes. The Albemarle lay some miles up the Roanoke River. On the night of May 25th, Coal- heaver Baldwin, with four volunteers, having two torpedoes in a boat, set off up a branch of the Roanoke. They landed and carried their implements Across a narrow stretch of swamp, which separated the branch from the main stream in which the Albemarle lay. Two of them had then to swim the Roanoke ; after which the two torpedoes were connected by a line and guided down stream by Baldwin, who wished to place them across the Albemarle* s bows and explode them. The plan miscarried as the torpedoes fouled a schooner; Baldwin was discovered by a sentinel, but effected his escape. He with two others took refuge in a swamp, and returned to the ships, after an absence of thirty-eight hours. The remain- ing two did not get back till two days later still, after under- going many hardships in the swamps, and only just escaping the Confederates who were searching for them. On this failure it was decided to attempt the destruction of the ram by a boat attack. Two steam launchest — the pre- • This inaction may have been due to the fact that the Wyalusing signalled she was sinking. t 45 to 47 feet long, and 9 feet 6 inches in beam. nESTRUCTION OF THE ALBEMARLE. lit K>rs of the modern torpedo-boat — were built at New York ; tliey were decked in at the bows, and the engines were made 10 work so smoothly that, when running slowly, there was scarcely any sound. Each carried a 12-pounder howitzer and a long spar which could be run out and fitted with a torpedo. On the way to Albemarle Sound one of them was lost; the second arrived safely, and was placed in charge of Lieutenant Cufthing. This officer was only twenty-one years old, but he Kzd repeatedly distinguished himself by his daring exploits, and had shown that he possessed all the qualities requisite in a torpedo-boat officer. On the night of October 36th he made his first attempt with a picked crew. Unfortunately the boat ran aground and could not get afloat again till day was at hand. The next night was dark and stormy, well suited for his purpose. He started at midnight having in tow a small cutter. The Albemarle was known to be lying off Plymouth \ a mile below that place was the wreck of ihe Federal gunboat Southfield, which was used as a picket station by the Confederates, and guarded by twenty- five men stationed in a schooner. They had with them one gun and rockets, to give the alarm in the event of a torpedo attack being attempted. Ciishing intended to surprise the men on picket duly with the cutter, and having mastered the outpost, to proceed to the real business of the expedition — the capture of the Albemarle. He intended to land near the town, make a rush for the ironclad, board her, and carry her off down stream before the alarm could be given. It was known that she fiad only a small crew on board. As the last resource, if she could not be cut out in this way, he had his torpedo with which to destroy her. All went well. Light showers at intervals helped to hide the outlineii of the audacious boat, which was slowly stealing op stream, keeping as close as possible to the bank, in order to be hidden by the shadow of the Irers. At half-past two she wac abreast of the Southfield, whose wreck stood up from the water plainly visible to the launch. The Confederates were 112 IRONCLADS IN ACTION, [1864 not on their guard, and did not see her. Without troubling the picket Gushing went on, and as he rounded the bend of the river, saw that the fires, which the Confederates usually kept burning at this point to light the approach to the town and prevent surprise, had burnt low. He was proceeding, drawing near to the shore to land, when a dog suddenly gave the alarm. The boat was instantly challenged and fired upon ; rattles' and bells aroused the careless watchers, and the fires were fed with fuel. The glare betrayed him ; surprise was hopeless ; but the ironclad was near at hand, and the torpedo might still be used with effect. The launch went full speed at her, but discovered that she was surrounded by logs. Gushing retreated about a hundred yards and ran at her the second time, hoping that his little vessel would jump the logs, and so enable him to explode his torpedo under the Albemarle's hull. The bullets were flying about him when he made his rush. As he approached he shouted, '* Leave the ram; we're going to blow you up," and fired his howitzer. The launch jumped the logs in accordance with his expectations; the torpedo was lowered, and touched the ironclad's hull. When he felt it strike, he pulled the string ; the torpedo exploded with a dull roar ; a column of water rose ; and the Albemarle heeled visibly, whilst the water rushed into her. He was not a moment too soon ; a port- hole had opened, and the party found themselves looking down the muzzle of a loaded loo-pounder, crammed with canister, and not thirty feet from them. It was fired as the explosion lifted the ship, and its charge in consequence missed the boat. As it was, Cushing's clothes were riddled with bullets, but he himself escaped without a scratch. The rush of water and the jar of the explosion had, however, disabled the torpedo-boat. The Confederates were calling upon the men in her to surrender, and several of them complied with the demand. Gushing was not disposed to follow their example. Casting off all his incumbrances he leapt into the river, and swam off down stream. Half a mile had been i864] DESTRUCTION OF THE ALBEMARLE. 113 covered when he met one of his crew, already exhausted, and strove to support him. His own streng^th failing him, and the man being past help, he was forced to abandon him and make for the bank, where he got ashore with great difficulty, and hid himself in a swamp. A negro brought him food, and the news that the Albemarle had received her death-wound. The next night he found a boat, and rejoined the squadron. Only two men were drowned in this brilliant and dashing exploit, but nineteen were taken prisoners, Gushing alone escaping. The gain was, however, well worth the loss. The Federals were rid of a most dangerous opponent, and were hencefonvard left in undisputed possession of the Sounds. To Gushing, and the Gonfederate '* Davids " before Gharleston, is due the modern torpedo-boat, which no longer uses the spar but the automatic Whitehead. We may note that the Gon federates, from shorthandedness, maintained a very insufficient watch ; probably the dog alone saved the Albemarle from capture. There also appears to have been some friction between the captain of the ironclad and the commander of the land forces. The cordon of logs proved illusor}' ; its modern equivalent is the boom, to which we shall not trust too much if we are wise. The coolness and dex- t«Tity with which Gushing managed his awkward torpedo are remarkable. He had four various strings, fastened to his hands or feet, and if any one of these had been pulled at the wrong time, the attack must have miscarried. Gushing rec«*ived the thanks of Gongress, and was pro- moted. After the war the Albemarle was raised and sold at Norfolk. Between this date and the end of the war there was some desultor)' fighting in the Sounds, in the course of which the Federals lost the Otsego and Bazley^ sunk by torpedoes. CHAPTER VI. Farragut at Mobile Bay. August 5th, 1864. The town of Mobile lies in southern Alabama, distant thirty miles from the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico, at the head of the bay to which it gives its name. The bay is a wide and shallow sheet of water, having two entrances, neither of which is of any great width : the one leads into it from Mississippi Sound, a long island-enclosed inlet, which runs as far as the mouth of that great river, thus affording com- munication with it, without the necessity of entering the Gulf. The other channel is the Main Ship one, and is parted from Grant*s Pass,* by which name the entrance from Mississippi Sound is known, by Dauphin Island, a low sandbank. Anticipating a Federal attempt to enter the bay, the Southerners early took precautions to defend the approaches. In the centre of Grant's Pass stands Fort Powell, to which a line of obstructions was carried out from the shore on either side, till only a narrow passage for ships was left. The Main Ship Channel was similarly closed by a line of piles, though the deep-water entrance, less than a mile wide, was not thus obstructed. It was, however, commanded by the guns of Fort Morgan, which stands at the seaward extremity of a narrow sandy spit. Fort Morgan had a formidable armament, the details of which are as follows, though, as constant changes H'ere made in it, it is not certain whether all these guns were • This channel was not practicable for Farragut's heavy ships. iS64] FARRAGUT AT MOBILE BAY, 115 in position when the Northern fleet made its attack.* There were seven lo-inch and three 8-inch columbiads, or large smooth-bore shell guns, besides eleven 32-pounders. Of rifled muzzlc-loadins: guns there were two of 8-inch calibre, two of 7-inch, seven of 6.i-inch, and three 5*8-inch. The fort itself was a pentagonal, bastioned, brick building, of old-fashioned <lesign, carrying its guns in three tiers. It was greatly >trengthened by the addition of traverses inside and by colossal piles of sandbags outside, whilst an exterior earth- work, known as the Water Battery, had been thrown up con- taining twenty-nine guns, amongst which were four lo-inch >moolh-bores, one 8-inch rifle, and two rifled 32-pounders. On the other side of this entnince, but distant two miles trom the deep-water channel, stood P'ort Gaines, which was armed with three lo-inch and twenty smaller smooth-bores, besides four 32-pounder rifles. Across the deep-water * hannel the Confederates placed 180 torpedoes in a double line, but a narrow passage 300 feet wide was left just under the guns of F^ort Morgan, for ihv ingress and egress of blockade-runners. The termination of the line of mines was marked bv a red buov. Of the mines the most effective were those made of lager-beer kegs, coated with pitch, which were lorty->ix in number. They were fitted with a number of sensi- tive- primers, generally ^\q or seven, which would be explodird by contact with a ship's hull. The other 134 were tin or iron \ ones with the apex downward. They contained an air t hamber in the upper part, and a powder charge in the lower, and they were anchored in position with old iron grate bars. IMat ed at a depth of 7 feet they carried on their upper surface a trigger, which, when jarred, exploded the charge. These toq)e<l(M*s corroded in the water, and quickly became harmless, but the lager-beer kegs were more satisfactory. In addition there were three submarine mortars in the main channel, which could be exploded by electricity from P'ort Morgan. • Krp«jrt iif f.S. Ordn.incr Offi(*cr : M.ih.m, Gulf, p. 253; St'harf, p. 552. 1 2 ii6 IRONCLADS IN ACTION. [1864 The submarine defences of Mobile Bay were thus well adapted to cause hostile ships v^ry serious injury, and, had all been in perfect working order, Farragut's fleet might have met its fate in the channel. At Mobile, as at Charleston, the Southerners were not con- tent with a wholly passive defence. Early in 1863 five small gunboats were commenced at Selma, some distance up the Alabama River, where the Confederates had improvised a shipbuilding yard. Later in the same year they set to work on a far more formidable vessel, the Tennessee^ which was the most powerful ironclad built in the South. Her hull was of oak and yellow pine. She was 209 feet long ; her beam was 48 feet ; and in fighting trim she drew 14 to 15 feet of water. Her general design was similar to that of the Merrimac^ and like the prototype of the Southern ironclad vessels she carried her battery in a casemate placed amidships. It rose 8* feet above the deck, and sloped at an angle of forty-five degrees. It measured 78 feet by 29, and was protected, first by 2 J inches of oak, then by beams of yellow pine 13 inches thick running vertically, over which again were 5^ inches of pine and 4 of oak. Facing this mass of timber was iron plating in two j-inch courses, over which again was one extra layer of I -inch thickness on the sides and stern of the casemate, whilst forward this course was 2 inches thick. The total thickness of armour thus varied between 5 and 6 inches ; it was well rolled, tough, and greatly superior to the general run of Con- federate plating. It was manufactured at the Atlanta Rolling Mills. A pilot-house projected 2 feet above the roof of the casemate at the fore end. The casemate was covered with a grating of 2-inch iron bars, whilst the deck was protected by 2 inches of armour. The hull was defended against attacks of the ram by a solid knuckle, which was formed by prolong- ing the slope of the casemate 2 feet below the water-line, and then inclining it inwards to meet the hull. Upon this timber projection 4 inches of iron were superimposed. There were ten gun-ports, three on each side, two forward, and two i864] FARRAGUT AT MOBILE BAY. 117 aft, but they gave very little room for training the gun. They were closed by, sliding shutters of iron plate 5 inches thick.
| 13,200 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20273162
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Tarahumara, Las Choapas
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 171 | 501 |
Tarahumara, Las Choapas
Tarahumara, Las Choapas GeoNames oznaka 8944779
Tarahumara, Las Choapas koordinate lokacije
Tarahumara, Las Choapas zemlja Meksiko
Tarahumara, Las Choapas nadmorska visina
Tarahumara, Las Choapas je(su) naselje
Tarahumara, Las Choapas je u administrativnoj jedinici Opština Las Choapas
Tarahumara, Las Choapas
nederzetting in Mexico
Tarahumara, Las Choapas GeoNames-identificatiecode 8944779
Tarahumara, Las Choapas geografische locatie
Tarahumara, Las Choapas land Mexico
Tarahumara, Las Choapas hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Tarahumara, Las Choapas is een woonplaats
Tarahumara, Las Choapas Mexicaanse plaats of gemeente-identificatiecode 300610363
Tarahumara, Las Choapas Who's on First-identificatiecode 1259743051
Tarahumara, Las Choapas gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Las Choapas
Тарахумара
Тарахумара Геонејмс 8944779
Тарахумара географске координате
Тарахумара држава Мексико
Тарахумара надморска висина
Тарахумара је насеље
Тарахумара INEGI ID места 300610363
Тарахумара WoF ID 1259743051
Тарахумара управно-територијална јединица Општина Лас Чоапас
Tarahumara
Tarahumara identificador GeoNames 8944779
Tarahumara coordenadas
Tarahumara país México
Tarahumara elevación sobre el nivel del mar
Tarahumara instancia de asentamiento
Tarahumara código de localidades del INEGI 300610363
Tarahumara identificador Who's on First 1259743051
Tarahumara situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Las Choapas
| 49,084 |
https://github.com/ikurochkin/pdk/blob/master/spec/acceptance/convert_spec.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
pdk
|
ikurochkin
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 395 | 1,346 |
require 'spec_helper_acceptance'
# Force the modules generated in these specs to use the public template repo to
# avoid unnecessary changes in the metadata.json during convert (template-url
# key).
template_repo = 'https://github.com/puppetlabs/pdk-templates'
pdk_convert_base = "pdk convert --template-url=#{template_repo}"
describe 'pdk convert', module_command: true do
let(:no_output) { %r{\A\Z} }
context 'with a fresh module' do
include_context 'in a new module', 'clean_module', template: template_repo
describe command("#{pdk_convert_base} --force") do
its(:exit_status) { is_expected.to eq(0) }
its(:stderr) { is_expected.to match(no_output) }
its(:stdout) { is_expected.to match(%r{no changes required}i) }
end
describe file('convert_report.txt') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
end
context 'when run with --noop' do
include_context 'in a new module', 'noop_with_changes', template: template_repo
before(:all) do
FileUtils.rm_f 'metadata.json'
File.open('.sync.yml', 'w') do |f|
f.puts <<-EOS
---
.project:
unmanaged: true
EOS
end
end
describe command("#{pdk_convert_base} --noop --skip-interview") do
its(:exit_status) { is_expected.to eq(0) }
its(:stderr) { is_expected.to match(no_output) }
its(:stdout) { is_expected.to match(%r{-+files to be added-+\nmetadata\.json}mi) }
end
describe file('convert_report.txt') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
describe file('metadata.json') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
end
context 'when metadata.json file is missing' do
include_context 'in a new module', 'missing_file', template: template_repo
before(:all) do
FileUtils.rm_f 'metadata.json'
File.open('.sync.yml', 'w') do |f|
f.puts <<-EOS
---
.project:
unmanaged: true
EOS
end
end
describe command("#{pdk_convert_base} --force --skip-interview") do
its(:exit_status) { is_expected.to eq(0) }
its(:stderr) { is_expected.to match(no_output) }
its(:stdout) { is_expected.to match(%r{-+files to be added-+\nmetadata\.json}mi) }
end
describe file('convert_report.txt') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
describe file('metadata.json') do
it { is_expected.to be_file }
its(:content_as_json) { is_expected.to include('license' => anything) }
end
end
context 'when unmanaging a file' do
include_context 'in a new module', 'unmanaged_file', template: template_repo
before(:all) do
File.open('.sync.yml', 'w') do |f|
f.puts <<-EOS
---
.gitignore:
unmanaged: true
EOS
end
File.open('.gitignore', 'w') do |f|
f.puts 'not supposed to be here'
end
end
describe command("#{pdk_convert_base} --force --skip-interview") do
its(:exit_status) { is_expected.to eq(0) }
its(:stderr) { is_expected.to match(no_output) }
its(:stdout) { is_expected.to match(%r{No changes required}i) }
end
describe file('convert_report.txt') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
end
context 'when deleting a file' do
include_context 'in a new module', 'deleted_file', template: template_repo
before(:all) do
File.open('.sync.yml', 'w') do |f|
f.puts <<-EOS
---
.travis.yml:
delete: true
EOS
end
end
describe command("#{pdk_convert_base} --force --skip-interview") do
its(:exit_status) { is_expected.to eq(0) }
its(:stderr) { is_expected.to match(no_output) }
its(:stdout) { is_expected.to match(%r{-+files to be removed-+\n\.travis.yml}mi) }
end
describe file('.travis.yml') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
describe file('convert_report.txt') do
it { is_expected.not_to be_file }
end
end
end
| 11,945 |
bub_gb_QycGAAAAQAAJ_19
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,854 |
Cabinet historique; revue mensuelle contenant, avec un texte et des pièces inédites, intéressantes ou peu connues, le catalogue général des manuscrits que renferment les bibliothèques publiques de Paris et des départements, touchant l'histoire de l'ancienne France et de ses diverses localités
|
Paris, Louis, 1802-1887 | Robert, Ulysse, 1845-1903
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,854 | 12,476 |
Mélanges d'histoire ecclésiastique, politique et administrative. 1067. Voyage en Ardennes, Liège et Pays-Bas, en 1624, 1 vol. in fol. pap. (S. F. 1581.) 1068. Extrait de la relation d'un voyage de Champagne, ou description d'une ardoisière située proche de la Meuse. (Font. t. 129.) 1069. Notice archéologique sur le département des Ardennes, par Jean Hubert, bibliothécaire de Charleville (Cab. hist.) 1070. Mémoire sur le projet de réunion de la Seine à la Meuse par le canal des Ardennes, par Deschamps. (Sup. fr. 2005.) 1071. Mémoire historique sur les châteaux, citadelles et villes de Mézières, Charleville et Mont-Olympe, avec l'histoire des comtes de Relhel, — et un facsimile contenant les établissements de Charleville. (Digitized by Google) Le vilayet, les preuves de la souveraineté d'Arches, et la description sommaire de la principauté de Charleville. (Fontaine, 32.) Mémoire historique sur Mézières, Charleville et le Mont-Olympe 1751. (Col. de Ch. 20.) Notes historiques sur Mézières, Castrices, Donchery, Sedan, Raucourt, Sainte-Meneul, et autres châteaux forts du pays d'Ardenne. (Col. de Ch. 20.) Charter of Maizières sur Meuse, containing privileges, freedoms, and franchises for the Burgers and inhabitants of the said city. — La charte de Maizières sur Meuse, from the 12th century. (Cagni 91-104.) Gens d'armes et de pied qui servirent à Maizières sur Meuse et ses parties de territoires sous le gouvernement de Gautier, duc d'Athènes, lieutenant du Roi de 1339 à 1340. (S. fr. 2341.) Titres du fief du doyenné de Mézières. (Arch. de R.) Histoire et description de l'église collégiale de Mézières. Dessins, plans et vues. (Top. de la Fr.) Collégiale de Mézières de 1423 à 1785, 2 vol., 2 cart. et 10 pièces. (Arch. des Ard.) Registres capitulaires de la collégiale de Saint-Pierre de Mézières, 9 vol. in-folio. (Bibl. de Ch.) Notes historiques sur la maison des dames annonciades célestes, des frères des écoles chrétiennes, des filles de l'Enfant Jésus de Mézières, etc. (F. div.) Titres du couvent des Annonciades à Mézières, de 1592 à 1788. 2 cart. 4 pièces. (Arch. des Ard.) 1082. Siège et défense de Mézières, de 1521. — Lettres du sire d'Orval, de la maison d'Albret, gouverneur de Champagne, et des principaux officiers de l'armée de François Ier, datées de Mézières des mois de juin, au mois de septembre 1521. (Fontan. 1. 171 à 180.) 1083. Notes biographiques sur les hommes célèbres du pays des Ardennes. (F. div.) 1084. Lettres, discours, motions, dénonciations, clubs et comités révolutionnaires. — Terrorisme et réaction. — Pièces pour servir à l'histoire de la révolution dans les Ardennes. (Arch. imp.) 1085. Vues et plans de Mézières, en 1675 et 1680. — Plan de la ville et citadelle de Mézières, dessin de A. G. Sandrier 1695. — Mézières, DIGITALLY EMBROIDERED BY GOOGLE I CHAMPAGNE. 1675 Charleville et le Mont-Olympe, dessinés par M. Antoine Inselin, pour lors âgé de huit ans. (Top. de la Fr.) 1086. Seigneuries diverses (29 fonds) de 1292 à 1788. 6 plans, 9 liasses et 5 litres. (Arch. des Ard.) 1087. Familles diverses des Ardennes au nombre de 121; de 1461 à 1789. 18 cart., 11 pièces. (Arch. des Ard.) 1088. Mémoires historiques sur l'abbaye de Belval, ordre de Prémontrés. (Col. de Champ. — Cab. hist.) 1089. Notice sur les églises de Warcq, de Belval, Sury, Neuville les This, Tagnon, Warnicourt, Evigny, Mohon, Semeuse, Villers, Lumes, Viviers, Tumicourt, Issancourt, Geruelle, Cons-la-Grandville et autres lieux circonvoisins. (F. div.) 1090. Prieuré de Saint-Sulpice à Prix, dépendant de l'abbaye de Saint Hubert en Ardenne, de 1536 à 1789, 1 t. 1 cart. 2 pièces. (Arch. des Ard.) 1091. Le blason colorié des familles nobles, des communautés reli gieuses et des communautés laïques (arts et métiers) des pays de Mezières et de Charleville.(Arm. de Fr.) 1092. Le songe de Vieil Pèlerin, par Philippe de Manières. (Sorb. 323.) 1093. La vie de Tobie, ou parabole sur la bonne semence, en vers, par Guillaume, prieur de SleMariede -Kencellevroch en Ardenne. (S. G. 1856.) % Histoire de Charleville et environs. | 4 1094. Divers plans et prospects de Charleville, 1695, dessinés an lavis et coloriés. — Vues et plans du Mont-Olympe. — Charleville et le Mont-Olympe. — Dessins du sieur Lapointe et autres ; au lavis, en noir et coloriés. (Top. de la Fr.) 1095. Féodalité. Principauté souveraine d'Arches et de Charleville, de 1584 à 1748. 1 vol. 1 cart. 1 charte. (Arch. des Ard.) 1096. Mémoire concernant le droit à la souveraineté que le duc de Lorraine prétend avoir sur Arches et Charleville, comme plus pro che successeur et immédiat du chef de l'impératrice Eléonore de Digitized by Google 168 LE CABINET HISTORIQUE. Gonzague, petite fille de Charles Ier, duc de Mantoue, sa grand mère; avec les représentations faites au Roy par ledit duc, depuis 1708. (Col. de Lor. t. 70.) 1097. Succession du duc de Mantoue. Comptes de CbarleTiUe. 2 vol. In-folio. Papier. XVème siècle. (Supplément français 4073.) 1098. Notes historiques sur les maisons du Calvaire, des Capucins, — des Récollets, — des religieuses du Saint Sépulcre de Jérusalem, — des Carmélites, — de la Providence, — des frères des écoles chrétiennes. (F. div.) 1099. Pièces diverses sur le couvent des Cordeliers, à Arles, de 1576 à 1681. 1 carton. (Arch. des Ardennes) 1100. Bulletins pour les Carmélites de Charleville de 1597. Donations de 1632, 34 et 35. — Entrées en religion, 1652. — Registres de vêtements et de sépultures de 1756 à 1789. — Déclarations de biens de 1763. 4 vol. et 3 cartons. (Ib.) 1101. Histoire et titres du couvent des Prémontrés du mont Calvaire, à Charleville, de 1627 à 1784. 1 carton. (Ib.) 1102. Couvent de la Providence, à Charleville, de 1571 à 1589. 2 cartons. 5 ch. — Interrogatoire des dames. 1790. (Ib.) 1103. Pièces relatives à la maison des Sépulcrines, à Charleville. — Livre de vêture, donations, inventaires, etc., de 1519 à 1788. 6 vol., 2 cart., 9 ch. [ib.] 1104. Titres relatifs au couvent des Capucins de Charleville — Livre de vêture : Procédés qui ont amené le départ des capucins. — Catalogue de leur bibliothèque. 1736 à 1777. 1 vol. et 1 cart. [ib.] 1105. Notice et pièces sur le couvent des Récollets de Bethléem, à Charleville, 1684. 1 cart. [ib.] 1106. Papiers du couvent des Hiéronymites, à Charleville, de 1571 à 1674. 1 cart., 2 chartes. (76.) 1107. Instruction publique. — Collège royal de Charleville, comptes et titres, de 1740 à 1785. 1 vol., 2 cart. (76.) 1108. Notice sur J. Mémie Mogue, homme de loi à Charleville, dit le Propagateur des droits de l'homme. — Ses lettres et ses dénonciations : son procès et sa mort. (Cab. hist.) 1109. Discours, motions et missions : état de services de Dubois Crancé (Edmond-Louis-Alexis), né le 24 oct. 1747, à St-Remi de Champagne. 1 vol. (Arch. imp.) 1110. Style délagunes ouvrières de Charleville. 1616. S.Germ. 1380). 1111. Procès-verbal de la tournée faite par de la Porte dans les départements de Soissons, Charleville, Châlons et Langres, en 1701. écrit, du 18e siècle in-folio pap. (Maz. 1562.) 1112. Procès-verbal des tournées faites par de Villiers, fermier général dans les directions de Châlons-sur-Marne, Charleville et de Langres, pendant les années 1743 et 1744. Ms du XVIIIe siècle, in-folio pap. (Maz. 1563.) 1113. Mémoires sur divers objets adressés à M le maréchal de Broglie, par M. Collet, subdélégué à Charleville. Un portefeuille in-folio. (C. fr. 3411.) 1114. Album du jeune Ardennais, ou études historiques et archéologiques sur les environs de Charleville, par H. Colin, de Neufmanil. Cab. hist. 1115. Chartes et pièces diverses sur Mont-Hermé, chef-lieu de canton de l'arrondissement de Mézières. Extr. de divers cartulaires. 1116. Histoire et description de l'église collégiale de Braux. — Titres de la collégiale de Braux, de 1241 à 1782. 1 vol., 3 plans, 2 cart., 27 pièces. (Arch. des Ard.) 1117. Mémoires pour la seigneurie de Châtel-Regnauld, avec un grand nombre de pièces sur le même sujet. 1 vol. in-fol pap. (S. Germ. 951.342) 1118. Maison de Guise — Table et caractère des terres souveraines de Châtel-Regnauld. 9 feuillets à 28 lignes à la page, écriture du XVIe siècle. (S. fr. 2725.) 1119. Droits souverains du seigneur de Châtel-Regnauld. (Sér. 210.) 1120. Charte de fondation de Châtel-Regnauld, par Hugues, comte de Réchel. 1227. — Lettre de confirmation à roi Louis, par laquelle il approuve la cession faite à Hughes, comte de Blois, de la seigneurie de Châtel-Regnauld, de la forest de Blemars et du château de Romorantin. 1235. — Charles VII affranchit les habitants de Châtel-Regnauld de toutes aveydes et impositions sur les marchandises. 1399. — Aveu des fiefs de la chatellenie de Châtel-Regnauld, un fief d'Hercault, possédé par Guil. Prunelé 1315. (C. de Ch. 1. 13.) 1121. Compte de recettes et de dépenses de Châtel-Regnauld, an. 1335. (Suppl. fr. 1418). 1122. Principauté souveraine de Châtel-Regnauld, de 1518 à 1646. 2 plans, 6 cartes, 6 chants. (Arch. des Ardennes.) 1123. Advenu à dénombrement de la terre et seigneurie de Château Regnauld en 1558 et 1724 (Col. de Ch. 1. 13.) 1124. Registres et titres de la maîtrise de Château-Regnauld de 1568 à 1621. 1 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1125. Vente de Château Regnauld au Roy, par la princesse de Conty. 1,629. (Dup. 96) 1126. Carte du gouvernement de Linchamp, près Château-Regnauld. — Plan du château de Linchamp. — Linchamp à vol d'oiseau : 6 dessins. À la plume ou au crayon, inédit (Top. de la Fr.). Note historique sur Linchamp, ancien château des environs et de la dépendance de Château-Regnauld. (Cab. hist.) Vente faite au Roy par la princesse de Conty, de Château-Regnauld, Linchamp, Mohan, Latour-Aglaire, outre et deçà la rivière Meuse, en 1629, et l'inventaire des titres. (Dup. 52.) Notice historique sur l'abbaye de Sept-Fontaines, ordre de Prémontré en Tierarchie, près de Mezières. (Cab. hist.) Titres, chartes et pièces concernant l'abbaye de Sept-Fontaines, de 1159 à 1787. 9 plans, 2 cart., 16 ch. (Arch. des Ard.) Notice sur l'abbaye de Laval-Dieu, chartes et titres, de 1141 à 1780. 1 vol., 8 plans, 2 cart., et 19 pièces. — Figure du bois du Fays, dépendant de la Vallée de Voy. (76.) Titres du comté d'Agimont, de 1555 à 1627. 1 cart. (Arch.) Visites de Mgr Charles-Maurice Lelellier, dans les églises de Bogny, Broux, Damouzy, Domery, Faillonay, Gesponsart, Harcy, Launois, Lony, Neuville, Pray, S. Marcel, Thilloy, Thin, Tourne. (Cab. hist.) Précis historique sur l'abbaye d'Eslan. Lettres de D. Pierquin, prieur d'Eslan, 1743, à M. Lévêque la Ravallière, avec un mémoire sur les abbés commandataires de l'abbaye d'Eslan. (76.) Titres de l'abbaye d'Eslan. — Charles du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, au nombre de 44, et que l'auteur du classement des archives de l'abbaye déclare illisibles. Plans des propriétés d'Eslan. — Plan de la rivière d'Aisne, 1753 — Compte rendu de 1791. (Arch. des Ard.) Rentes en grains, dues par l'abbaye d'Eslan et déléguées sur le vicomte de Reims. 1280. (Cart. de R.) — Aubry, chevalier, sire de Baalons, et Marguerite, sa femme, donnent pour le repos de l'âme de leurs ancêtres, à l'église d'Eslan, de l'ordre des Claustraux, 10 septiers de froment à la mesure d'Omont 1280. — Renaud de Ruffi, chevalier, se faisant savoir que comme nobles hommes, ses sires et ses pères Clarenbaux, chevaliers, jadis sires de Ruffi eurent donné à l'église d'Eslan un muid de froment à prendre chacun an aux assises de Montmirin, à la mesure de Attigny et vu muids de vin qu'il laissa aux maiîtres de l'Eslan, il le lo, grèce et autre. (Cab. hist.) 1138. Pensées sur la religion. 1 vol. in-fol. de 610 feuil., écrit, du XVIe siècle. (Supplément fr. 2730 et Harl. 385.) C'est le trop célèbre ouvrage de Meslier, curé d'Étrépigny, dont Voltaire a publié un prétendu extrait. La première de ces copies vient du président Bouhier. Le Bon Sens du curé Meslier, publié par d'Holbach, n'est point tiré des Pensées sur la Religion, et le Testament est d'être textuel. 1139. Déclaration des biens composant le corps de ferme sis au terroir d'Hamogue, appartenant ci-devant aux RR. PP. Augustins de Reims. 1792. (Arch. de la M.) 1140. Titres du prieuré de Saint-Rigobert, à Omont, dépendant de l'abbaye de Saint-Vincent-de-Laon, 1786. 1 cart. (Ar. des Ard.) 1141. Vue de Belhoul, couvent près Maizières. — Les Environs sur la rivière de Meuse. Dessin d'après Chastillon. (Top.) 1142. Notes historiques sur la Cassine, et sur les cordeliers de la Cassine et de Bethléem.— Le château de la Cassine, dessin d'après Chastillon, in-18. (Cab. hist.) 1143 Patronage de l'archevêque de Reims, à Mazerny et Hagnicourt. Lettre du curé de Vaumainreuil, au sujet du curé Meslier. 1784. 1144. Notice sur Renwez et les communes qui en dépendent. Archives du prieuré de Notre-Dame-de-Consolation, aux Marques, dépendant de l'abbaye de Cîteaux, de 1256 à 1771. 3 plans, 1 liasse. (Arch. des Ardennes) Droits seigneuriaux de l'abbaye de Saint-Remy de Reims sur les villages de Raillicourt. (Cart. de R.) Précis et recherches historiques sur l'abbaye de Signy. -Chartes et titres de l'abbaye de Signy, de 1195 à 1783. 4 vol., 10 plans, 6 cartons, 12 ch. (Ib.) Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Signy, de l'ordre de Cîteaux. Ecrit, des XIIe et XIVe siècles. (Bibl. de Charl.) Extraits du cartulaire de Signy. Écrit, du XVIIIe siècle. (F. Bouh.) Titres de la maîtrise de Reims, gruerie de Signy, de 1788 à 1789. (Arch. des Ardennes) La remarquable et riche abbaye de Signy, dessin d'après Chastillon. (Top. de la Fr.) Plans du château de Rocroy. — Plan de la ville de Rocroy-en-Hainaut, ainsi qu'il est fortifié. — Rocroy en 1662, 1675, 1680 et 1691. -Carte et plans des environs de Rocroy. (Top.) Dessins inédits de diverse grandeurs, en noir et coloriés. L'un d'eux du sieur de La Pointe. 1652. Notice sur Rocroy et son église. — Mémoire pour les maires, syndics et habitants de la ville de Rocroy, tendant à être déchargés d'impôts en raison des périls qu'ils ont subis durant les guerres, et de la pauvreté du pays. (Col. de Ch et Cab. hist.) 1153. Marché fait avec un entrepreneur pour la fortification de Rocroy, en avril 1556. (Belh. 9118.) 1154. Correspondance militaire durant et à propos de la guerre dite de trente ans (1612 à 1646) — Récit de la bataille de Rocroy gagnée sur les Espagnols par le duc d'Enghien, le 19 mars 1643. — Lettres et pièces diverses sur la bataille de Rocroy. — Role des officiers et soldats faits prisonniers à la bataille de Rocroy, envoyés à Niort. — Autres pour être gardés à Moulins, avec leurs noms, qualités, naissance et les habillements qui leur sont absolument nécessaires. — État des officiers et soldats espagnols faits prisonniers à la bataille de Rocroy étant de présent en la ville de Reims pour être conduits à Faterne, avec le certificat de déliverance signé : Bourgogne. (Min. de la guerre, correspond milit. vol. 98. 1155. Instruction au sieur marquis de Gesvres du 27 mai 1643, après la bataille de Rocroy. — Autre instruction du Roi à M. de Gesvres pour attaquer l'ennemi, afin de tirer tout l'avantage de la bataille de Rocroy. — Lettre de M. le duc d'Angoulême à M. Le Tellier, portant qu'il a tellement pourvu à la sûreté de Rocroy que les ennemis ne pourront former aucun dessein de l'attaquer dans cette campagne. De 17 juillet. (Ib. t. 89 et 98.) 1156. Discours d'un vieux gentilhomme de Brabant à la noblesse des Pays-Bas après la bataille de Rocroy, en 1643, pour l'exhorter à secouer le joug des officiers espagnols et à recouvrer leurs anciennes libertés et privilèges. (Dup. 587.) 1157. Projet de lettres patentes portant confirmation des privilèges généraux accordés à la ville de Rocroy. 1681. (C. de ch. 38.) 1158. Notes historiques sur la maison des sœurs de l'Enfant Jésus de Rocroy, et autres fondations. (F. div.) 1159. Domaines du chapitre de Reims à Châlons. — Droits et cens seigneuriaux. — Droits de cens, rentes, feu et bourgeoisie. — Réparations de l'église. Bornement (de Châlons) de 1550 à 1788. (Cart. de R.) 1160. Bornement d'Élalle avec les villages voisins. — Titres et droits seigneuriaux de 1456 à 1788. (16.) 1161. Titres de la seigneurie du chapitre de Reims sur Laval-Morancy. — Rentrée du chapitre en la possession de la seigneurie. 1564. — Les cantons de Langue-Dorée, du Holle, de la Poteuse et de la Saulx dépendent de la seigneurie de Laval-Morancy. 1563. — Droits seigneuriaux. — Titres concernant l'Église : le Moulin. — Bornement de Laval-Morancy avec Le Tremblois et le Châtelet. 1788. {Ib.) 1162. Titres primordiaux de droits et héritages pour le chapitre de Reims à Maubert-Fontaine. 1204. — Traité avec les habitants. — Rétablissement de la commune en 1208. — Mairie et échevinage. Digitized by Google LE CABINET HISTORIQUE. exercice de la justice par le bailli et le procureur fiscal de la terre de Potets. 1740. — Entreprise sur les vassaux du chapitre à Maubert Fontaine. 1364. — Halle, moulin, église. Plaids généraux pour le bailli de la terre du Potets. 177 j. (Cart. de R.) 4163. Notice sur le château et les gouverneurs de Maubert-Fontaine. — Vues et plans de la forteresse de Maubert-Fontaine, dessin au lavis. (Top.) 1164. Notice sur Fumay. — Titres et pièces pour les religieuses Carmélites de Fumay. (Cab. hist.) 1165. Titres et pièces concernant le couvent des Carmélites de Fumay, de 1707 à 1757. 1 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1166. Titres et pièces concernant le couvent des Jérémonites de Divers-Monts à Fumay, de 1409 à 1782. 1 cart., 1 ch. (76.) 1167. Papiers de l'intendance de Hainaut, seule délégation de Fumay, Givet, Virlemont et Philippeville, de 1685 à 1789. 1 vol. et 12 liasses. (Ib.) 1168. Recueil de chartes pour Epinac, Fumay et Revin. 1 vol. gr. in-8. pap. de 107 feuil. 30 actes, de 722 à 1725, écrit en 1769. — Diplômes, édits, lettres patentes depuis la princesse Berthe jusqu'à Louis XV. (76.) Ce recueil, en bon état, fut produit à l'occasion d'une demande formée en 1130 par les habitants de ces trois villes pour réclamer leurs privilèges. 1160. Titres et pièces concernant le couvent des Dominicains à Revin, de 1656 à 1763. 2 cart. (76.) 1117. Titres du collège de Revin, de 1772 à 1778. 1 vol. 1 cart. (76) 1171. Notice sur la ville de Givet et les villages qui en dépendent. — Plans, vues des environs de Givet. — Vue de Charlemont et Givet, à vol d'oiseau. — Dessins inédits. (Top.) 1172. Titres et papiers du couvent des Récollets à Givet. 1683. 1 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1173. Papiers de la généralité de Valenciennes. — Élection de Givet, de 1739 à 1789. 1 cart. (76) 1174. Titres de l'abbaye de Felixpré-les-Dames, près Charlemont, de 1515 à 1789. 3 vol., 2 cart. (16.) 1175. Titres de la baronie de Hierges, près Givet, de 1576 à 1623. 1 cart. — Vue des ruines d'Hierges, d'après Chastillon. (76. et top.) 1176. Carte de partie du cours de la Meuse, vis-à-vis des villages d'Hermelon et Blaimont. ... Au lavis, chemin de Civet à Dinant. 1177. Titres de la duché-pairie de Guise, baronie de Rumigny, de 1549 à 1786. 8 vol., 1 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1178. Domaines, maison, droits seigneuriaux et héritages du chapitre de Reims à Aubigny. — Sauvegarde du château. — Étalonnage des mesures. — Cueillerets et plaids généraux. — Réparations de l'église du château et du moulin d'Aubigny. — Greffe de la justice. Office du maire royal. — Bornement du terroir, etc. (Cart. de R). 1179. Notice sur Blombay. — Déclaration d'héritages appartenant au chapitre de Reims. Baux du revenu de la terre. Réparations de l'église. — Bornement de Blombay, de 1550 à 1788. (Ib.) 1180. Notice sur l’Échelle. — Seigneurie du chapitre de N.-D. de Reims. 1217 — Dimes, cure, église. 1223. — Permission pour bâtir un moulin à vent. 1545. — Rentes seigneuriales pour divers objets d'usages, rouages, affouages, stellage, etc. 1551. — Foires, marchés, plaids généraux. 1580. — Hommages, aveux et dénombrement au seigneur de Rumigny à cause de la seigneurie de l'Échelle. 1581. — Hommages et dénombrement de la terre d'Hautvillers-lès-Forges, relevant de la seigneurie de l'Échelle. 1672. — Domaine, château, terres, moulins et bois. 1731. (Ib.) 1181. Domaines et droits seigneuriaux du chapitre de Reims sur Flaignes. — Baux. — Moulin, église. — Bornement. — Cens seigneurial. 1231 à 1788. (/©.) 1482. Précis historique de l'abbaye Bonnefontaine. Plan et figure du bois de Coin, situé en Tierarche, dépendant de la manse particulière et conventuelle de l'abbaye de N.-D. de Bonnefontaine. — Titres de l'abbaye de Bonnefontaine, de 1191 à 1782. 2 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1183. Notice sur Liart. — Figure d'une partie du bois de Liart. Dess. 1184. Titres du chapitre de Reims sur la seigneurie de Logny-Bogny. — Traité avec Bonnefontaine sur des droits et héritages entre le chapitre, les abbés et les religieux. 1217. — Moulin cédé aux religieux de Bonnefontaine. 1543. — Bornage des terroirs de Logny, Havy et Bogny. — Érection de Murlin en cure, et union de l'église de Rimogne à celle de Bogny, comme succursale. 1687. (Cart. de R.) LE CABINET HISTORIQUE 1185. Droit de bourgeoisie en grains, ou de feu, dû par les habitants de Marby. 1580. — Egalement de la mesure pour la perception du droit de feu 1677. — Déclaration d'héritages. — Droits seigneuriaux. — Bornement, de 1550 à 1788. (Cart. de R.) 1186. Fief des rentes seigneuriales sur les habitants de Maubert-Fontaine et Marle, créé en faveur des seigneurs de Rumigny. 1215 (76.) 1187. Bornement et plan du terroir de Marle. — Entreprise du seigneur de Rumigny sur les vassaux du chapitre à Marle. 1237. Mairie pour la justice. 1034, etc. (Cart.) 1188. Titres du prieuré de Notre-Dame des Prés à Louvergny, de 1309 à 1643. 1 cart., 10 pièces (Arch. des Ardennes) 1189. Droits seigneuriaux à Prez. — Rente passive due par le chapitre aux maire et échevins de Prez. 1620. — Note sur le village de Prez. (Cart. de R.) 1190. Notice sur la vie et les travaux de l'abbé de la Caille, astronomer, né à Rumigny, près Rocroi. (Cab. hist.) 1191. Notes statistiques sur la paroisse de Cernay. — Seigneurie du chapitre de Reims. — Bois de Sevigny, droit de chasse. — Presbytère, église. — Plaids généraux. (Cart. de R.) 1192. Note sur Sevigny. — Droits de chasse dans la forêt de Sevigny. 1389. — Droits seigneuriaux. — Presbytère, cure de Sevigny et succursale. (76.) 1193. Domaine et justice à Vilaine-Justine. — Baux. — Droits seigneuriaux. — Visite du fort et du moulin de Vilaine. 1635. — Bornement. 1789. (76.) Arrondissement de Retel. Notice sur les Archives de Rethel. — La ville de Rethel, ni plus que les villes de Rocroi et de Vouziers, n'a point de Bibliothèque. Ce pays de Antennes si riche en souvenirs historiques est, à l'exception de la Bibliothèque de Charleville dont nous avons parlé, complètement dénué d'établissements littéraires. Nous devons cet hommage à M. Pauffin, maire de Reims, qui du moins a su tirer de la poussière et disposer en bon ordre les archives communales où sont déposés tant de titre précieux pour l'histoire du pays. On sait le rôle important que les comtes de Reims ont joué dans nos annales. M. Emile Jolibois, à qui l'on doit une Histoire de Reims et tant d'autres travaux recommandables, a été chargé de mettre de l'ordre dans cette série de documents, et nous savons qu'il s'en est acquitté à merveille, bien qu'il ne nous ait pas été donné d'avoir communication de son inventaire. 1194. Vues et plans de la ville de Reims. Dessins que l'on avait fait pour fortifier la ville et le château de Reims. — Dessins en noir et au lavis de la Pointe et autres. (Top. de la Fr.) 1193. Recueil historique concernant le Rethellois, par Ant. Colart. (S. f. 1054.) 1193. S'ensuit le recueil de mémoires de plusieurs choses de Retel, et premièrement touchant Baudouin de Bourg, jadis roi de Jérusalem et fils aîné de Hugues, comte de Retel, extrait et recueilli de l'histoire de la guerre sainte. — 2° Sur l'appellation de la ville de Retel, extrait d'un vieil livre trouvé à Reims en une bibliothèque par M. Nicolas Chesneau, doyen de S. Simphorien de Reims. — 3° En l'abbaye d'Elan se voit un tableau de marbre noir sans figure aucune ni enrichissement sinon les armoiries, et autres pièces. (Gaig. 2888 2.) 1197. Le grand manuscrit de M. Pierre Camart, procureur général du duché de Retel, sur l'antiquité de la ville et du comté de Rethel. (Cab. de M. Ch. Pauffin.) 1198. Recherches pour l'histoire de la ville de Rethel et pays environnans, par M. Le Besgue, de Reims. (Cab. de l'aut.) 1199. Les Ardennes illustrées, par M. Ch. Pauffin : ms. in-folio, avec cartes, plans, portraits gravés et dessinés (Cab. de l'aut.) Sous ce titre, l'auteur travaille depuis près de vingt années à élever à la ville de Rethel, sa patrie, le plus splendide monument que ville de province ait jamais inspiré. Il n'en a encore été publié que des extraits. Digitized by Google 178 LE CABINET HISTORIQUE. 1200. Livre d'hommages et advens rendus à Henry de Foix, seigneur de Laon et comte de Rethel, par les seigneurs ses vassaux en 1533. — Item pour le vicomté de S. Florentin en Champagne, in-4. ms., miniatures, XV siècle. (Lanc. 9481.) 1201. Recueil de pièces concernant le Rethelais, etc. (S. G., 338.) — Pairie au comté de Rethel. 1347, 1573, 1681. (Dup., 640.) 1202. Terrier de la comté de Rethel collationné en 1470. 1 vol. in-folio. pap. — Divers titres et arrêts pour le comté de Rethel. (Dup., 746.) 1203. Comptes de la comté de Rethel, faits par Jehan Belart, receveur de ce lieu, depuis le jour S. J. Baptiste. 1391. Ms. du XIVe siècle. (S. f., 98.) 1204. Titres de la duché-pairie de Rethel-Mazarin, de 1373 à 1774. 1 cart., 1 liasse. (Arch. des Ardennes) 1205. Echange de Hainaumont pour Ste-Menehould, entre le comte de Rethel et le comte de Champagne en 1200. — Hommage de Manassés, comte de Rethel, au comte de Champagne, pour sa terre de Charbogne. 1218. — Autre de Hugues, son fils aîné, pour la part qu'il prétendait au comté de Rethel. 11 s'oblige de payer à l'abbé de S. Remy, de Reims, 200 septiers de blé. 1224. — Lettres du même, touchant la vente qu'il a faite du bois de Beaufort. 1224. — Hugues de Rethel prie le comte de Champagne de recevoir l'hommage de sa femme pour Partes et Tanion. 1226. — Il s'oblige de le dédommager de 500 livres, dont il l'avait cautionné. 1232. Il partage la succession de ses parents avec son frère. — Il donne à son fils Partes et Tanion. 1236. — Hommage de Manassés, son frère, audit comte de Champagne, pour sa part du comté de Rethel. 1236. — Jean, comte de Rethel, et le comte de Louvain remettent leurs différends à la décision du comte de Champagne. 1245. — Jugement des mêmes par ledit comte. 1246. — Hommage dudit Jean pour sa comté. — Consentement du même en faveur de ses sujets pour la protection du comte de Champagne. 1246. — Il fait confirmer par le comte de Champagne le don qu'il a fait à la prairie de Longue-Jeanne de certaine quantité de grains. 1246. — Jean, comte de Rethel, assigne au sieur Milon une rente de deux mois de froment. 1251. — Acte du même concernant l'hôtel rendu par son frère pour la comté de Nevers. 1254. — Lettres de créance de Gauthier, comte de Rethel, pour ses chevaliers qu'il a envoyés au comte de Champagne. 1261. — Manassès, comte de Rethel, s'oblige de dommage et intérêt ledit comte de Champagne de deux mille livres dont il l'avait cautionné. 1267. — Hugues, comte de Rethel, vend à la comtesse de Rosnay la terre de Beaufort. 1270. — Quittance de paiement de ladite terre. 1270. (Lib. princip. t. II.) 1206. Concession par le roi Louis XI à son cousin Jean, comte de Nevers, des droits d'épaves, auabenages, etc. de la ville de Rethel. (Datée de Tours, 20 décembre 1464. Vol. 844, 1/3.) — Lettres qui renouvellent l'érection de Nevers en pairie, faite par Charles, comte de Nevers, en faveur de Jean, son frère et son héritier, de même que le comté de Rethel et la baronie de Rosoy. — Donné à Mauny le penultème jour de juillet 1464. (Très, des ch.) 1207. Chartes diverses en faveur de l'église de N.-D. de Rethel, dite plus tard de S. Nicolas, de 1094 à 1788. (Cart, de S. Rem.) 1208. Histoire du prieuré de Rethel. — Divers états du prieuré de puis sa donation en 1118. — Église de Rethel. — Procès avec le curé. — Domaines et droits en général. 1094. — En particulier. 1106. — Dîmes et surcens. 1198-1539. — Droits seigneuriaux du prieuré à Bourgeron et Novion, 1147 : à Gerson et Juillivet, 1258 : à Seuil, 1204 : à Corny-Laville, 1377 : à Bertoncourt, 1502 : à Novion, 1514 : à Bourgeron, 1561 : à Givry, 1579 : à Novy-les-Moines, 1600, etc. (Arch. de R.) 1289. Censé donnée au chapitre de N.-D. de Reims en l'année 1493 par M. Jean Le Roy, trésorier, pour son obit. 1615. (Jo.) 1210. Pièces touchant le duché de Vendôme, le Rethelois et un grand nombre de pièces historiques. 1 vol. in-fol. (S. G., 592.) 1211. Généalogie de la famille des comtes de Rethel, par dom Billet. (S. f.,1526.) 1212. Généalogie de la maison de Clèves, des comtes de Marck et d'Alençon, des comtes de Nivernois et de Rethelois, de la maison de Clèves, des comtes et ducs de Gueldres, de la maison de Juliers, de la maison de Mons et des ducs de Limbourg. (S. Magl. 119.) 1213. Acte concernant les cérémonies des obsèques de Mme Marie d'Albion, duchesse de Nivernois, comtesse de Rethelois, Dreux, etc., décédée à Paris, le 27 octobre 1549, et inhumée dans l'église des Cordeliers de Nevers, ensemble celle du transport fait en même temps à ladite église du corps du comte d'Arc-en-Woëvre. (Dup. 591.) 1214. Recueil de pièces et titres, dont la première est : lettre d'exemption d'aides accordée aux habitants du duché de Rethelois. (Cang., 54.) 1215. Règlement de la justice fait par Mgr Gindaccio de Gonzague, l'an 1504, pour son duché-pairie de Rethelois, en 222 art. (Cab.) de M. Ch. Panffin 1216. Relation de la bataille de Marfée, livrée le samedi 6 juillet 1641 au maréchal de Castillon qui commandait l'armée du roi, par le comte de Soissons qui la gagna et y fut tué. (Dup. 590.) 1217. Extrait d'une lettre écrite de Rethel par le comte de Rohan, où il attribue la perte de la bataille à la lâcheté de la cavalerie. (Ib.) — Autre relation de la même bataille (la Marfée), par M. Fabert, capitaine au régiment des gardes. (76.) 1218. Lettres datées de Rethel, du 28 juillet 1641. (Ars. rec. Conv.) Pièces curieuses pour l'Histoire du pays. 1219. Lettre de M. le duc de Chaulnes, annonçant le départ du duc d'Angoulême avec ses troupes pour Rethel, dans le dessein d'observer la marche des ennemis. 1er août 1643. (B. du min. de la guerre, vol. 98.) 1220. Diverses chartes lat. et franç. sur le prieuré de Rethel. — Règlements faits entre les religieux du prieuré de Rethel et le curé de la paroisse, par Mgr l'archevêque de Reims, le 24 juillet 1679. — Mémoire louchant le prieuré de Reims. — Réflexions sur l'expulsion des religieux de la congrégation de S. Maur du prieuré de Rethel. — Rethelensis cella B. Mariae. (Col. de ch.) 1221. Histoire des sièges de Rethel depuis 1410 jusqu'à 1652, par MM. Talé de Chasteau-Porcien, et Lanier. (C. de M. Ch. Pauffin.) 1222. Assemblée provinciale de Champagne, bureau intermédiaire de Rethel, de 1784 à 1789. 1 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1223. Généralité de Chalons, élections de Reims, Rethel et Ste-Menehould, de 1704 à 1789. 2 reg., 48 plans, 6 cart. (76.) 1224. Généralité de Chalons, élections de Reims, Rethel et Ste Menehould, de 1704 à 1789. 2 vol., 2 plans et 5 cart. (76.) Digitized by Google CHAMPAGNE. 181 1225. Collège de Rethel, de 1787 à 1790. 1 vol, 1 cart. (Ar. des Ard.) 1226. Fouquier-Tainville, accusateur public, aux citoyens composant le comité révolutionnaire de Rethel. — Mandat d'amener avec ordre de perquisitions chez l'accusé; mention du départ pour Paris de l'accusé, et autres pièces de la révolution. 1227. Le blason colorié des familles nobles, des communautés religieuses et laïques de la ville de Rethel et environs. (Arm. de Fr.) 1228. Notes historiques sur la maison des Minimes, des P.P. capucins, de la congrégation de Noire-Dame et des Frères des écoles chrétiennes de Rethel (Bauny.) 1229. Couvent de la congrégation de Noire-Dame de Rethel, de 1507 à 1780. 4 plans, 5 cart., 4 chartes. (Arch. des Ardennes) 1230. Couvent des Minimes à Rethel, de 1488 à 1771. 6 vol., 1 plan, 4 cart., 3 ch. (Ib.) 1231. Titres de la confrairie de Saint-Sébastien de Rethel, de 1703 à 1772. 1 vol. (Ib.) 1232. Portion de dixmes dues par les habitants d'Amagne aux religieux de S. Remi de Reims. (Cart. de R.) 1233. Titres de l'abbaye S. Remi de Reims sur les villages de Barby, Gerson, Bertoncourt, Bourgeron et Sorbon. (Ib.) 1234. Oeuvres de Gerson. — Sermons (S. Vict., 218, 556.) — Sermon sur les morts. (S. Vict., 515.) — La science de bien mourir. (Ib., 198.) — L'ABC des gens simples. (Ib. 198.) — Les sept dons du S. Esprit. (S. fr., 8189.) — Le secret parlement de l'homme contemplatif de son âme et de l'âme à l'homme, ou le livre dit le Truant (S. fr., 6860.) — La Passion de N. S. J.-C. (Ib. 7036.) — De la consolation sur la mort de ses amis. — (S. Vict., 515.) — Proposition faite en 1408 au sujet de la paix. (Ib. 678.) — Prière à N.-D., en vers. (S. fr. 198.) — Science de bien vivre. (S. Vict., 589.) — Le Miroir de l'âme. (S. fr. 7269.) — Songe de 1402. (Ib. 7848.)— Traité de la mendicité spirituelle (S. fr., 7308.) — Le livre de la montagne de contemplation. (Ib.) — La cause écrite en français aux gens simples de la matière de contemplation. (Sorb. 1412.)— Ouvrage tripartite. (S. fr., 1255.)— Différents traités et sermons, dont un contient le roman de la Rose. (S. Vict., 617.) — Avertissements chrétiens envoyés par un docteur. (182) LE CABINET HISTORIQUE. (S. fr., 8188, 2.)— Les douze périls de l'enfer. (S. fr., 7036.) — L'examen de conscience pour se mettre de l'état de péché en l'état de grâce. (S. fr., 6766, A.)— Contre le blasphème. (S. Vict., 515.) — Traité du péché mortel. (S. fr., 7846.) — Ouvrage tripartite ou brèves manières de confession pour gens simples. (S. fr., 1255.) 1235. Lettre de la mère de Gerson à deux de ses fils, datée du village de Gerson. (S. fr., 7308.) Cette lettre, si elle est véritablement de la mère de Gerson, ce qui n'est guère douteux, prouve, malgré l'épitaphe connue qui fait d'elle une jardinière, qu'elle joignait à un esprit élevé une éducation cultivée. 1236. Féodalité, marquisat d'Acy — Romance, de 1414 à 1789. 2 plans, 6 portefeuilles. (Arch. des Ard.) 1237. Prieuré de Notre-Dame-de-Noviy, dépendant de l'abbaye de Sauve-Masure, de 1097 à 1788. 2 vol., 2 plans, 5 cart., 51 ch. (Ib.) 1238. Cartulaire du prieuré de Noviy (Sancla Maria de Noveio). In-8. parc. de 89 feuil. dont 2 de table, de 1205 à 1264. — Contenant, 71 actes, écrit, du XIIe siècle. — Chartes concernant la seigneurie de Novy, données pour la plupart par les comtes de Rethel et de Champagne et par les archevêques de Reims. Ms. en bon état. (/&.) 1239. Justice seigneuriale de Novy, de 1635 à 1758. 1 L. (/&.) 1240. La voie de Paradis, ouvrage extr. de la Sainte-Écriture et des sermons de Robert de Sorbonne. (8. Vict., 886.) 1241. Le château de Tugny situé au duché de Rethel avec le passage prochain : dess. d'après Châtelier. 1242. Déclaration devant la municipalité, des terres, prés et chaumes appartenant aux frères des écoles chrétiennes de Reims, au pays de Wassigny, district de Rethel, le 27 février 1793. 1243. Coridon et Tircis, idyle à M. de Tugny, pièce satirique. (Cab. de M. Ch. Pauffin. ) Histoire des environs de Rethel. 1244. Principauté de Porcien.— Plans du château de Porcien, à vol d'oiseau.— Vue du château de Porcien, dess. au lavis de La Pointe. 1245. Notice historique sur la ville de Château-Porcien, chronologie des comtes de Château-Porcien. — Notice historique sur le Comté et principauté. (Ch. 1. 13.) 1246. Récit des événements arrivés en ce pays et lieux circonvoisins, par messire Jean Jourlan de Châtelau-Porcien. (Cab. de M. Ch. Pauffin.) 1247. Fondation du prieuré de Saint-Thiébaut, à Château-Porcien, 1087. —Donation aux abbayes de S. Bertold et de Château-en-Porcien et prieuré de St-Thibault à Château, par Roger, comte de Porcien. 1087. — Theobaldus comis tradit Henrico comiti Grandis Prali, Castrum Portuense, cum fornaceia et proventibus et pertinientiis ejusdem. 1215. — De Agneti, domina Castri-Porcienis et ejus liberis. 1221. — La chastellenie de Château-Porcien, acquise par le comte de Champagne, cédée à Guy de Chastillon et érigée en comté. 1268-1320. — Extrait de la prise de Rosoy et de Châtel en Porcien. 1280. — Lettres de l'acquisition faite par M. le duc d'Orléans de la comté de Porcien et de ses appartenances 1400 — Foi et hommages rendus par M. le duc d'Orléans au roi de la comté de Porcien 1400. — Lettre de l'octroi des aides de la comté de Porcien, accordées par le roi Charles au duc d'Orléans. 1400. — Don du comté de Porcien, fait à Mgr le bâtard d'Orléans par M. Charles, duc d'Orléans. 1427. (C. Champ.) — Contrat de mariage de Antoine de Crouy, prince de Porcien, avec Catherine de Cleves, du mois d'oct. 1560 — Note sur l'érection de Château-Porcien en principauté. 1661. (Col. de Ch.) 1248. Titres de la principauté de Porcien, de 1533 à 1768, 4 plans, 1 cart. (Arch. des Ard.) 1249. Intendance de Champagne, subdélégation de Château-Porcien. Mezières, Reims, Rethel, Rocroy et Sainte-Menehould, de 1712 à 1789, avec 6 plans, 59 cartons. Notice sur Avançon. — Titres primordiaux de la seigneurie du chapitre de Reims. — Domaines, dimes, cens et sur cens, plaids généraux, terres de la mairie. — Censé de la commercerie, censé du vidange, etc., de 1200 à 1788. (Cart. de R.) Titres de l'abbaye de Saint-Remy de Reims, sur les villages et seigneuries d'Avançon. Notes historiques sur les maisons des sœurs de l'Enfant-Jésus, le cabinet historique du prieuré de Saint-Hubert de Château-Porcien, et sur l'abbaye de Saint-Estienne-les-Dames. (Bauny.) Titres concernant la baronie des Polets. — Domaines, dimes, patronages et reçus. 1217. — Haute justice, greffe du baillage. — Jouissance prétendue par le gouverneur de Maubeuge des revenus de la terre des Polets. 1643. Dégâts faits dans la terre des Polets, lors du siège de Rocroy, en 1643. — Contributions à l'ennemi pour conserver la terre des Polets. 1053. (Cart. de R.) Gruerie de la terre des Polets. — Partage de bois entre le chapitre et les dix-sept villages et communautés qui composent la terre des Polets, 1684. — Usages, aménagements et bornages, 1620. Titres et papiers de la baronie des Polets, 1770. 1 vol. (Arch. des Ard.) Mémoire historique sur l'abbaye de Chaumont-la-Piscine, en Porcien. (Col. de ch.) Titres, chartes et papiers de l'abbaye de Chaumont la Piscine, de 1097 à 1789. 1 plan, 5 cartons, 73 pièces. (Arch. des Ard.) Charter Roger de Porcien, comte, pour les canons saint Bertrand de Châlons. 1087 — Charter Samson de Reims, archevêque, en confirmation des privilèges de Saint Bertrand de Châlons. 1047. — Donation de la cense de Pargny, proche de Château-Porcien, aux chanoines de Chaumont. 1184. — Bulla Gregorii noni, an. 1236. Bulla Eugenii III, confirmation instituti Praemonstratensi in Calvomonte an 1147. — Bulla Cessarii IX confirmanlis bonamonas clerii Calvomontanus, an. 1227. — R. de Rosoy, sieur de Chaumont, prétend le comte de Champagne d'agréer la cession qu'il a faite pour quatre ans de tous ses biens au comte de Blois; il met Chaumont au fief du comte de Champagne; il lui quitte une rente de 600 liv. pour 500 liv. 1231. — Charter Thomae regis Navarrae amoenissantis, bona omnia Calvomonti ecclesiae, an. 1269. — Charter Philippi, Francorum regis approbanlis aliquas donationes factas monasterio Calvimonti, an. 1292 (Col. de ch. t. 14). 1259. Titres et papiers de la baronie de Chaumont-Porcien de la maison d'Ayvelles. 1738. 1 port. (Ar. des Ard.) 1260. Plan figuré du chemin de Chaumont à Rémaucourt, et de la route de Flandres en Allemagne. (Cab. hist.) Digitized by Google CHAMPAGNE. 185 1261. Seigneurie du chapitre de Reims à Fraillicourt. 1181. Hommage au chapitre dû par le seigneur de Rozoy de ce qui lui appartenait à Fraillicourt. — Baux des droits du domaine. 1454. — Plaids généraux. 1518. — Papiers terriers. 1533. — Droits de bourgeoisie, redevances en avoine, chapons et argent. 1548 — Appel des héritages du chapitre. — Mairie et échevins, présentation, nomination, serment. 1664, etc. (Cart. de R.) 1262. Tour antique de Juniville, sur la rivière de Vesle, vue en perspective, dessin d'après Chastillon. 1263 Notice sur Juniville. — Seigneurie des religieux de St-Remy de Reims. 1221. — Moulin, petite manse abbatiale. — Dimes, cure, église, rentes seigneuriales des fours, bourgeoisies. 1260, etc.
| 37,592 |
https://github.com/sebastian-konicz/PNA-scrapper/blob/master/src/discarted/PNA_01_scrapper_2.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
PNA-scrapper
|
sebastian-konicz
|
Python
|
Code
| 94 | 390 |
from pathlib import Path
import pandas as pd
import time
import tabula
import pdfplumber
from IPython.display import Image, display
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None)
pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)
def main():
# start time of function
start_time = time.time()
# project directory
project_dir = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1])
file = r'C:\Users\sebas\OneDrive\Pulpit\ZIP\PNA.pdf'
# official link to the document
# link = r'https://www.poczta-polska.pl/hermes/uploads/2013/11/spispna.pdf'
with pdfplumber.open(file) as pdf:
first_page = pdf.pages[3]
table = first_page.extract_table()
print(table)
im = first_page.to_image()
im1 = im.draw_rects(first_page.extract_words())
im2 = im.debug_tablefinder()
im2.save(r'C:\Users\sebas\OneDrive\Pulpit\PNA-scrapper\data\interim\image.jpg')
display(Image(im))
end_time = time.time()
execution_time = int(end_time - start_time)
print('\n', 'exectution time = ', execution_time, 'sec')
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| 13,878 |
https://github.com/RockLib/RockLib.Encryption/blob/master/RockLib.Encryption/Symmetric/SymmetricCrypto.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
RockLib.Encryption
|
RockLib
|
C#
|
Code
| 745 | 1,749 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace RockLib.Encryption.Symmetric;
/// <summary>
/// An implementation of <see cref="ICrypto"/> that uses the symmetric encryption
/// algorithms that are in the .NET base class library.
/// </summary>
public class SymmetricCrypto : ICrypto
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SymmetricCrypto"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentials">
/// A collection of credentials that will be available for encryption or decryption
/// operations.
/// </param>
/// <param name="encoding">
/// The <see cref="System.Text.Encoding"/> to be used for string/binary conversions.
/// </param>
public SymmetricCrypto(IEnumerable<Credential> credentials, Encoding? encoding = null)
: this(new InMemoryCredentialRepository(credentials ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(credentials))), encoding)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SymmetricCrypto"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentialRepository">
/// The credential repository that determines which credentials will be available for
/// encryption or decryption operations.
/// </param>
/// <param name="encoding">
/// The <see cref="System.Text.Encoding"/> to be used for string/binary conversions.
/// </param>
public SymmetricCrypto(ICredentialRepository credentialRepository, Encoding? encoding = null)
{
CredentialRepository = credentialRepository ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(credentialRepository));
Encoding = encoding ?? Encoding.UTF8;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the credential repository that determines which credentials will be available for
/// encryption or decryption operations.
/// </summary>
public ICredentialRepository CredentialRepository { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets the <see cref="System.Text.Encoding"/> to be used for string/binary conversions.
/// </summary>
public Encoding Encoding { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Encrypts the specified plain text.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="plainText">The plain text.</param>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The name of the credential to use for this encryption operation,
/// or null to use the default credential.
/// </param>
/// <returns>The encrypted value as a string.</returns>
public string Encrypt(string plainText, string? credentialName)
{
using var encryptor = GetEncryptor(credentialName);
return encryptor.Encrypt(plainText);
}
/// <summary>
/// Decrypts the specified cipher text.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="cipherText">The cipher text.</param>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The name of the credential to use for this encryption operation,
/// or null to use the default credential.
/// </param>
/// <returns>The decrypted value as a string.</returns>
public string Decrypt(string cipherText, string? credentialName)
{
using var decryptor = GetDecryptor(credentialName);
return decryptor.Decrypt(cipherText);
}
/// <summary>
/// Encrypts the specified plain text.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="plainText">The plain text.</param>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The name of the credential to use for this encryption operation,
/// or null to use the default credential.
/// </param>
/// <returns>The encrypted value as a byte array.</returns>
public byte[] Encrypt(byte[] plainText, string? credentialName)
{
using var encryptor = GetEncryptor(credentialName);
return encryptor.Encrypt(plainText);
}
/// <summary>
/// Decrypts the specified cipher text.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="cipherText">The cipher text.</param>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The name of the credential to use for this encryption operation,
/// or null to use the default credential.
/// </param>
/// <returns>The decrypted value as a byte array.</returns>
public byte[] Decrypt(byte[] cipherText, string? credentialName)
{
using var decryptor = GetDecryptor(credentialName);
return decryptor.Decrypt(cipherText);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets an instance of <see cref="IEncryptor"/> for the provided credential name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The name of the credential to use for this encryption operation,
/// or null to use the default credential.
/// </param>
/// <returns>An object that can be used for encryption operations.</returns>
public IEncryptor GetEncryptor(string? credentialName) =>
new SymmetricEncryptor(CredentialRepository.GetCredential(credentialName), Encoding);
/// <summary>
/// Gets an instance of <see cref="IDecryptor"/> for the provided credential name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The name of the credential to use for this encryption operation,
/// or null to use the default credential.
/// </param>
/// <returns>An object that can be used for decryption operations.</returns>
public IDecryptor GetDecryptor(string? credentialName) =>
new SymmetricDecryptor(CredentialRepository.GetCredential(credentialName), Encoding);
/// <summary>
/// Returns a value indicating whether this instance of <see cref="ICrypto"/>
/// is able to handle the provided credential name for an encrypt operation.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The credential name to check, or null to check if the default credential exists.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// True, if this instance can handle the credential name for an encrypt operation.
/// Otherwise, false.
/// </returns>
public bool CanEncrypt(string? credentialName) =>
CredentialRepository.ContainsCredential(credentialName);
/// <summary>
/// Returns a value indicating whether this instance of <see cref="ICrypto"/>
/// is able to handle the provided credential name for an decrypt operation.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="credentialName">
/// The credential name to check, or null to check if the default credential exists.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// True, if this instance can handle the credential name for an encrypt operation.
/// Otherwise, false.
/// </returns>
public bool CanDecrypt(string? credentialName) =>
CredentialRepository.ContainsCredential(credentialName);
}
| 20,248 |
geschichtedesco00blgoog_15
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,845 |
Geschichte des Consulats und des Kaiserthums
|
Thiers, Adolphe, 1797-1877
|
German
|
Spoken
| 6,852 | 12,664 |
Während man ſich auf Diefe Art in Europa gegen Napoleon rührte, ſchwelgte Diefer, vom ganzen Gepränge des italienifchen Königthbums umgeben, in denen feinen Widerfachern ganz entge- gengefeßten Ideen, und zwar felbft ihren gemäßigtften. Der Anblick von Italien, des Schauplabed feiner erften Siege, Ger genftand feiner ganzen Vorliebe, erfüllte ihn mit neuen Ent- würfen für die Größe feined Reiches und die Verforgung feiner Familie. Weit entfernt, daffelbe mit Iemand theilen zu wol« len, dachte er im Gegentheil daran, es ganz in Beſitz zu neh» men und Dafelbft einige jener Wafallenkönigreiche zu errichten, welche das neue abendländifche Reich befeftigen follten. Die Mitglieder der italieniſchen Conſulta, welche bei ber Ceremonie der Errichtung des Königreichs Italien anwefend geweſen, was ren in Begleitung des Vicepräfidenten Melzi und des Minifters Marescalchi vorausgegangen, um feinen Empfang in Mailand vorzubereiten. Dbgleich die Italiener flolz waren, ihn zum Kö⸗ nige zu befigen, und feine Regierung fie mehr ficherte als eine andere, hatte doch die verlorene oder mindeftens verfchobene Hoffnung eines rein italienifchen Königthums, die Furcht vor einem Kriege mit Defterreich in Folge diefer Aenderung, felbft die Allgemeinheit bes Titels eines Königs von Italien, geeignet wol, ihnen zu gefallen, aber auch Europa zu beunrubigen, fie fehr beſorgt gemacht. Die HH. Melzi und Marescalchi hatten Dritte Eoalition. 293 fie bavegter und noch weniger bereitwillig gefunden, als vor Arri 1808. ihrer Abreiſe. Die überfpannte liberale Partei zog fich alle Tage mehr zurüd und die Ariftofratie näherte fich nicht. Nur Napo- Leon konnte diefen Stand der Sachen ändern. Cardinal Eaprara war angefommen und hatte verfucht , der Geiftlichkeit feine Ge⸗ fühle der Hingebung für den Kaifer einzuflößen. Hr. v. Segur, der Hrn. Marescaldhi begleitete, hatte Damen und Beamte des Palaſtes aus den erften italienifchen Familien gewählt. Cinige hatten fi) anfänglich entſchuldigt. Hrn. Narescalchi's Thaͤtig⸗ feit und die einiger Mitglieder der Eonfulta, die allgemeine Wir: fung der in der Zurüftung begriffenen Feſte hatten endlich die Widerftrebenden herumgebracht, und die Ankunft Napoleon’s hatte zuletzt alle Welt beftimmt. Schon ald General hatte feine Gegenwart bie Italiener Iebhaft angeregt; feine Anweſen⸗ heit als Kaifer und König mußte fie noch mehr überrafchen, denn dieſes Glückswunder, das fie gern betrachteten, war noch größer geworden. Auf den Schlachtfeldern von Marengo und Gaftiglione zufammengegogene prächtige Truppen rüfteten fid) zur Ausführung großer Feldübungen und Darftellung unfterb- liher Schlachten. Alle fremden Minifter waren in Mailand zu: fammenberufen. Der Zufluß Neugieriger, welche nach Paris gelommen waren, bie Krönung zu fehen, wandte fich zurüd nach der Lombardei. Der Anftoß war gegeben, und die italie⸗ nifchen Gemüther waren wieder von Liebe und Bewunderung für den Mann ergriffen, der fie feit neun Jahren fo viel bewegt hatte. Dan hatte nad) dem Beiſpiele der franzoͤſiſchen Städte aud dem jüngern Theile der vornehmen Yamilien Ehrengarden errichtet, um ihn zu empfangen. In Turin angelangt, war er Pius VII. begegnet und hatte feßte und rührende Abſchiedsworte mit ihm ausgetaufcht. Seine neuen Untertbanen hatte er fodann mit einem unfäglichen Wohl: wollen aufgmommen und ſich mit ihren von denen des übrigen franzöfifchen Reiches noch abgefonderten Intereſſen mit jener einfichtigen Sorgfalt befchäftigt, die er auf feinen Reifen mit- brachte. Er hatte Fehler oder Uingerechtigfeiten der Verwaltung gut gemacht, eine Menge von Bitten gewährt, und alles An⸗ 294 Einundbzwanzigftes Bud. 5 Mei 180% ziehende der höchften Gewalt aufgeboten, um das Wolf zu ge Lone in raten. winnen. Mehre Tage hatte er fodann angewendet, den feſten Platz zu .befuchen, der fein großes Werk und die Baſis feiner Plagergreifung in Italien war, nämlich Aleſſandria. Tau⸗ fende von Arbeitern waren zu biefer Zeit daſelbſt verfammelt. Am 5. Mai hatte ee von der Höhe eines mitten in berfelben Ebene von Marengo aufgerichteten Thrones, wo er vor drei Jahren die ſouveraine Gewalt eroberte, fhönen, die Schlacht vorftellenden Dtanövern beigewohnt. Lannes, Murat, Beſ⸗ fiered commanbdirten diefelben. Rur Defair fehlte Dabei! Napo⸗ (don hatte den Grundſtein zu einem Denkmale gelegt, das dem Andenken der auf diefem Schlachtfelde gefallenen Zapfern ge⸗ widmet war. Won Aleſſandria hatte er ſich nach Pavia bege- ben, wohin ihm die Behörden von Mailand die Huldigungen feiner neuen Refidenz entgegenbrachten, und war in Mailand felbft am 8. Mai unter Kanonendonner und Glodengeläute, und dem Jubel eines von feiner Gegenwart enthufiagmirten Volkes eingezogen. Won den italienifchen Behörden und der Seiftlichkeit umgeben, war er bingegangen, um in jener alten lombardifchen Kathedrale nieberzufnien, die von Europa bewun» dert, durch ihn Die legte Hand an ihre Vollendung gelegt fehen follte. Die im höchften Grade empfänglichen Italtener gerathen mitunter, wie alle Völker, von der Gewalt großartiger Schau- fpiele verführt, für Souveraine i in Bewegung, bie fie nicht gern haben. Wie folten fie es nicht in Gegenwart dieſes Mannes, deſſen Größe vor ihren Augen angefangen hatte, für dieſes Ge⸗ ſtirn, das fie fi rühmen Eonnten, zuerſt wahrgenommen zu ha⸗ ben am europäifchen Horizont? Mitten in diefem Raufche der Größe war ed, wo der An⸗ trag an Rapoleon gelangte, Hrn. u. Rowofilgoff nach Paris kommen zu laffen. Er war in der beflen Stimmung, den ruffi- fhen Miniſter zu empfangen, gu hören, mit ihm zu verhandeln, gleihviel in welcher Form, officiell oder nicht, vorausgefebt, daß es ernſtlich gemeint fei und daß, indem man auf ihn zu wir- ten fuche, Feine parteiifche Wilfährigkeit gegen England gezeigt werde. Die Bedingungen anlangend, fo hatte er ſich mit den Dritte Goalitien. 295 Ruſſen fehr verreihnet. Er kannte jedoch ihre Unerbietungen Mei 1006. nicht; er hatte nur den Schritt vor Augen, der in angemefienen Worten gefhah, und hütete ſich wohl, das Unrecht zu begehen, ihn zurüdzumweifen. Ex antwortete, daß ee Hrn. v. Nowofiltzoff egelkon dewit. im Juli in Paris empfangen wolle. Geine Entwürfe zur Ger, Yin: desmn. mit denen er nicht aufhörte, fih ungeachtet feheinbarer Zer Heftmm’den Sat Breuung zu befchäftigen, fellten ihn erft um biefe Seit nach " Sing Frankreich zurüdführen. Dann nahm er ſich vor, Hrn. v. No⸗ wofilgoff zu fehen, zu urtheilen, ob es der Mühe verlohne, ihn anzuhören, und gleichzeitig wollte er fi) fortwährend bereit hal⸗ ten, diefe diplomatifche Unterbandlung abzubrechen, um nad) London zu geben und den gordiſchen Knoten aller Coalitionen zu zerhauen. Obgleich er nicht um das Gcheimniß derjenigen Goalition wußte, die ſich eben organifirt hatte, und weit entfernt. war, fie fo weit ausgebildet zu glauben, wie es der Fall war, er- wog er bach den Charakter des Kaiſers Alexander, bie unüber- tegten Sinreifungen, welche ihn raſch zur englifchen Politik hin⸗ führten, und als er Die Paſſe für Hrn. v. Nowofiltzoff au Preußen überfchidite, ließ er Diefem Hofe Folgendes bemerken: « Der Roifer,» fagte der Minifter der answaͤrtigen Ungele- genheiten zu Hrn. v. Laforeſt, « hat nach Durchleſung Ihrer De: « peſche gefunden, daß fie yöllig die Befürchtungen rechtfertigt, « welche er in feinem Scheiben an den König von Preußen kund a gegeben bat, und Miles, was Er. Moieftät über die von den «britifhen Miniftern geführte Sprache zukommt, ift geeignet, « dDiefelbe in dieſem Zuſtande von Mistrauen zu erhalten. Der « Kaifer Alexander wird wider Willen fortgeriſſen; er hat nicht «erfannt, Daß der Pam bes englifchen Cabinets, indem es ihm « Die Holle eines Wermistierd anbietet, dahin ging, die Interef» « fen von England und son Rußland zu verfuapfen ımd dieſes dahin zu bringen, eined Zages die Waffen zur Unterſtützung «einer Sache zu ergreifen, die zur feinigen geworden fein wird.. x Bon Dem Augenblide, wo ber Kaiſer Napolton durch die « geruachten Erfahrungen beſtimmte Keuntuiß hinfichtlich des a Charakters des Kaiſers Alexander erlangt hatte, fühlte er 296 Einundzwanzigſtes Bud. Juni 1805. a auch, Daß diefer Fürft eines oder anderen Zages in das Inter» aefle Englands werde gezogen werben, weiches fo viel Mittel cbefigt, um einen " — Hof wie den petersburger zu «gewinnen. a Soviel Babefeinticheit diefe Ausficht für den Kaifer «Rapoldon befaß, betrachtete er fie doch Faltblütig und fegte «fich, foweit das von ihm abhängen Tonnte, in Bereitfchaft. «Abgeſehen von der Eonfeription dieſes Jahres hat er.die Re⸗ a ferve vom Sabre XI’ und XII aufgerufen und die Aushebung «von der Confcription des Jahres XIIE um 15,000 Mann ver- « mehrt. «Bei dem Heinften Worte, das Hr. v. Nowoſiltzoff von «Drohung, Beleidigung oder voraudgefeßten Verträgen nit «England würde fallen laffen, hätte fein Gehör ein Ende. «Wenn Rußland und eine andere Macht des Feſtlandes bei ben «augenblicklich obfchwebenden Angelegenheiten Dagvifchentreten «und gleichmäßig auf Frankreich wie auf England wirken will, «fo wird das der Kaifer nicht übel nehmen und mit Vergnügen «Dpfer bringen. England muß ſeinerſeits Gleiches thun. Wenn «man aber im Gegentheil Opfer von Frankreich allein ver- «laugte,, dann würde, was für eine Vereinigung von Mächten «auch beftehe, der Kaifer in vollem Umfange von feinem gutem «Rechte, feinen Genie und feinen Heeren Gebrauch machen. » (Mailand, 15. Prairial XIII — 4. Juni 1805.) ‚Kulm Rare: Am 26. Dat wurde Napoleon im Dome u Mailand mit von, Ztalten in ebenfo vielem Glanze, wie es ſechs Monat vorher in Paris ge- ſchehen war, in Begenwart der Minifter Europas und der Ab⸗ geordneten von ganz Italien gekrönt. Die eiferne Krone, welche für Die ehemalige Krone der Iombardifchen Könige gilt, war von Monza herbeigebracht worden, wo fie forgfältigft verwahrt wird. Nachdem der Cardinal Caprara, Erzbiſchof von Mailand, diefelbe eingefegnet hatte und unter Beobachtung der ehedem bei den Krönungen der Deutfchen Kaifer ald Könige von Italien ge⸗ bräuchlichen Sormen, fegte fieRapoieon fich felber auf, wie.er es mit der des Kaiferd der Franzoſen gethan, indem er auf italie- niſch die Krönungsformel fprad): «Gott hat mir fie gegeben; Dritte Coalition. 2397 « hüte fi) Jeder, daran zu rühren.» Er machte dabei die An⸗ wefenden durch die bedeutfame Energie der Betonung erbeben. Diefes von italienifchen Händen, namentlich von dem berühm- ten Maler Appiani vorbereitete Gepränge überbot Alles, was man bisher Schönftes in Italien gefehen hatte. Nach diefer Feier machte Napoleon das organifche Statut befannt, durch welches er in Italien eine Monarchie nad) dem Borbilde der franzöftfchen errichtete, und ernannte Eugen v. Beauharnais zum Vicefönige Sodann ftellte er Diefen jungen Prinzen der italienifchen Nation in einer koͤniglichen Sigung des gefeßgebenden Körperd vor. Den ganzen Monat Juni wandte er dazu an, den Vorfig im Staatsrathe zu führen und der Verwaltung Italiend den Trieb zu geben, welchen er der von Frankreich ertheilt hafte, indem er ſich Tag für Tag mit dem Einzelnen der Gefchäfte befaßte. Die Italiener, welche zu ihrer Befriedigung nichts bedurf: ten, als eine unter ihnen anmwefende Regierung, hatten jegt eine vor Augen, die mit ihrem wahren Werthe einen wunderbaren Zauber der Formen verknüpfte. Auch-waren fie bereits ihrer Un⸗ zufriedenheit, ihrer Abneigung gegen Die Fremden ledig, und Groß und Gering um den neuen König gefohart. Die Gegen- wart Napoldon’s, unterftüßt von jenen furchtbaren Heeren, die er für alle Falle organifirte und vervollftändigte, hatte die Furcht vor Krieg verfiheucht. Die Italiener fingen an zu glauben, daß fie ihn nicht wieder auf ihrem Gebiete zu fehen befommen wür- den, wenn er audbrechen follte, und daß fie den Lärm beffelben nur von den Ufern der Donau und felbft von den Thoren Wiens ber vernehmen würden. Napoleon hielt in Mailand alle Sonn- tage große Heerſchau, begab ſich dann in feinen Palaft und em⸗ pfing in öffentlicher Audienz die Geſandten aller Höfe von Europa, Fremde von Auszeichnung und vorzüglich die Vertreter der gro- Ben Italienifchen Familien und der Geiftlichkeit. Es war bei ei: nem folchen Empfange, wo er die Abzeichen der Chrenlegion mit Denen der älteften und berühmteften Orden in Europa aus: wechfelte. Der preußifhe Minifter kam zuerit, um ihm Den ſchwarzen und den rothen Adlerorden zu überreichen. Dann trat Juni 1808. Aufenthalt Rapo- leon's in Mailand. ° 298 Einundzwanzigftes Bud. Juni 1805. der fpanifche Befandte herbei, Der das goldene Vließ brachte, end⸗ lich die Minifter von Baiern und Portugal, welche ihm die Gt. Hubertus» und Chriftusorden übergaben. Napoleon gab ihren das große Band der Ehrenlegion Dagegen und bewilligte eine der von ihm empfangenen Decorationen gleiche Anzahl. Diefe aus⸗ wärtigen Drden vertheilte er ſodann unter Die Hauptperfonen des Kaiferthums. Binnen einigen Monaten war fein Hof auf dem Fuße aller Höfe von Europa; er trug diefelben Orden mit reihen, zum kriegeriſchen Kleide binneigenden Coſtumen. In⸗ mitten dieſes Glanzes war Napoldon für feine Perſon einfach geblieben; als einzige Auszeichnung trug er einen Stern ber Ehrenlegion auf der Bruft, ging in der Uniform ber Barbejäger ohne alle Soldfliderei, mit ſchwarzem Hute, an bem nur die dreifarbige Gocarde prangte, uud wollte ſehr bemerkt wiflen, Daß der ihn umgebende Luxus nicht für ihn da fei. Sein edles und fehönes Antlig, von der Einbildungskraft der Menfihen mit fo vielen Ruhmestrophäen umgeben, war Alles, mas er der eifri⸗ gen Aufmerkfamkeit der MWölfer zeigen wollte. Seine Perfon war jeboch die einzige, welche man fuchte und in dieſer golb- glänzenden und mit allen Barben Europas verbrämten Umge⸗ bung zu fehen trachtete. Die verfchiedenen Staͤdte Italiens fandten Deputationen an ihn, um die Gunſt zu erlangen, ihn bei fich innerhalb ihrer Mauern zu fehben. Es war nicht bles eine Ehre, fonbern rin Vortheil, nach dem fie firebten; denn allenthalben entdeckte fein durchdringender Blid etwas Gutes, Dad zu thum war, und feine mädytige Hand fand Die Mittel, es zu vollbringen. Da ex den Frühling und die Hälfte bed Sommers am Italien zu wen den entfchloffen war, um die Aufmerkſamkeit Der Engländer noch mehr von Boulogne abzulenken, fo verfpradh er Mantua, Ber: gamo, Verona, Ferrara, Bologun, Modena, Piacenza zu be fuchen. Diefe Nachricht brashte Die Freude ber Italiener auf den Gipfel und ließ alle hoffen, an den Wohlthaten der neuen Re⸗ gierung Autheil zu erhalten. ’ Tudtd Sratims Bein Aufenthalt in Diefem ſchoͤnen Bande brachte bei ihm DR RE hald jene furchtbaren Leidenſchaftlichkeiten hervor, Die wegen ber Dritte Eoalition. 298 Erhaltung des allgemeinen Friedens fo fehr zu fürchten waren. Iumi 1006. Er fing an, ausnehmend aufgebracht gegen den Hof von Rea- pel zu werben, der den Engländern und Ruffen gänzlich erge- ben, von letztern bei allen Unterhandlungen öffentlich geſchützt, nicht aufhörte, die feindfeligften Sefinnungen gegen Frankreich zu zeigen. Die unbefonnene Königin, welche die Regierung ihres Gemahls durch gehäffige Grauſamkeiten bloßgeftelt hatte, that eben noch einen fehr unglüdlichen Schritt. Sie hatte einen der unbebolfenften Unterhänbler, einen gewiſſen Zürften Cardito, nach Mailand gefchidt, um gegen den Zitel König von Italien zu protefliren, den Napoleon angenommen hatte und den Viele mit der Infchrift auf der eifernen Krone: Rex totius Italiae über- ſetzten. Der neapolitanifche Botfchafter Marquis de Gallo, ein verfländiger und am Faiferlichen Hofe ziemlich gern gefchener Mann, hatte diefen gefährlichen Schritt zu verhindern gefucht, ohne es dahin zu bringen. Napoldon williigte ein, den Zürften v. Cardito vorzulafien, jedoch an einem Zage, wo diplomati⸗ ſcher Empfang war. Er nahm an diefem Zage zuaft Hrn. de Gallo aufs gnädigfte auf und richtete dann auf Italieniſch die niederfchmettandfte Rebe an den Fürften v. Eardito, dem er in eben fo ſtarker wie für feine Königin vrrächtlicher Sprache er⸗ Härte, daß er fie aus Italien fortjagen und ihr kaum eine Zu⸗ flucht auf Sicilien geflatten werde. Faſt ohnmächtig wurde ber Fürſt weggebracht. Diefer Auftritt erregte großes Aufſehen unb war bald der Inhalt der Depefchen von ganz Europa. Rapo- Idon faßte von diefem Augenblicke den Gedanken, aus dem Kö nigreiche Reapel ein Familienfönigreich und eines der Lehne fei- ned großen Kaiferthums zu machen. Nach und nad) fing der Gedanke an bei iym Eingang zu finden, die Bourbon von allen Zhronen in Europa zu verfagen. Der zufällige Eifer indeß, welchen die fpanifchen im Kriege gegen England bezeigten, wen- dete für fie die Ausführung dieſes drohenden Gedankens ab. Allein Rapoldon,, der erwartete, daß er bald Europa wieder um⸗ zugeflalten haben werde, fei ed nun, daß er nach Ueberſchreitung der Meerenge von Calais allmächtig werde, oder, vom Seekriege Durch den Eontinentalfrieg abgezogen, Die Defterreicher vollends uni 1808. Entwurf, Genua mit Frankreich zu vereinigen. 300 Einundzwanzigſtes Bud. aus Italien vertriebe, Napoleon fagte bei fi), daß er die vene⸗ tianifchen Gebiete mit feinem Iombardifchen Königreiche verei« nen und dann die Eroberung von Neapel für einen feiner Brü- der bewirken werde. Aber alle dieſe feine Entwürfe waren für den Augenblick verfchoben. Ausfchließlich mit der Landung be⸗ fhäftigt, wollte er wirklich Feinen Continentalfrieg veranlaffen. Eines aber erfchien ihm an der Zeit und ungefährlich, nämlich die Beendigung der betrübten Xage der Republik Genua. Zwi⸗ ſchen das von England beherrfchte Meer und das mit Frankreich vereinte Piemont gebracht, war dieſe Republik wie eingezwängt zwifchen zwei große Mächte und fah ihren alten Wohlſtand un» tergehen; denn fie empfand alle Nachtheile der Vereinigung mit Frankreich, ohne die Vortheile zu genießen. Die Engländer hat: ten fie wirklich nicht anerfennen wollen, weil fie Diefelbe ald ein Zubehörd e8 franzöfifchen Kaiſerthums betrachteten, und verfolg: ten ihre Flagge. Die Barbaresken felbft plünderten fie und be» leidigten fie ohne irgend eine Rüdficht. Frankreich behandelte diefelbe ald fremdes Gebiet und Hatte fie von Piemont und Nizza durch Zollfinien und ausfchließende Abgaben getrennt. Genua erfticte Daher zwifchen Land und Meer, die ihm beide verfchloffen waren. Won Frankreich genoß es nicht mehr Vor⸗ theife, ald es ihm gewährte. Die Apenninen, die Genua von Piemont fchieden, bildeten eine durch Räuber unficher gemachte Grenze. Es bedurfte der zahlreichften und bravſten Gendarme- rie, um daſelbſt Die Sicherheit der Straßen aufrecht zu erhalten. Im Betreff der Marine ficherte der kürzlich zu Stande gebrachte Vertrag nur auf fehr unvolfländige Art die Dienfte, welche Genua uns feiften konnte. Dieſes Leihen eines fremden Hafens, um dafelbft eine Marineftation zu errichten, war ein Verſuch, der mehr nad) fih 309. Durch Vereinigung des Hafens von. Genua und der Bevölkerung der beiden Rivieren mit dem fran⸗ zöfifchen Reiche verfchaffte fich Napoldon vom Zerel bis in den Hauptbufen des Mittelmeeres eine Küftenlänge und eine Menge von Seeleuten, weiche mit Hülfe vieler Zeit und Beharrlichkeit bafjelbe, wenn nicht gleich mit England auf dem Meere ftellen, doch zu feinem refpectablen Nebenbuhler machen fonnten. Dritte Goalition. 301 Napoleon widerſtand diefen Betrachtungen zuſammengenom⸗ Junl 100. men nicht. Wie er glaubte, könne England allein bei dieſer Gründe, die Na— Brage ein wahres Intereffe haben. Ueber das Schidfal des Her: ni zogthums Parma und Piacenza würde er nicht zu entfcheiden gewagt haben, theild des Papſtes wegen, für den daffelbe ein Grund zu Hoffnungen war, theild wegen Spanien, welches zur Bergrößerung von Efrurien danach verlangte, oder endlich fo- gar Rußlands halber, das. an der Entſchädigung des ehemali- gen Königs von Piemont nicht.verzweifelte, folange in Italien ein erledigted Gebiet übrig war. Genua aber ſchien ihm von wenigem Belange für Defterreich, das zu weit Davon entfernt war, von feinem Betracht für den Papft und für Rußland, war es in feinen Augen nur für England wichtig. Und da er dieſes kei⸗ neswegs zu ſchonen hatte, daſſelbe auch nicht fo feft mit Ruß⸗ land verbunden glaubte, wie es der Fall war, fo befchloß ex, die ligurifche Republif mit dem franzöfifchen Reiche zu vereinigen. poldon zur Verci⸗ Genua ° Das war ein Fehler, denn bei der Stimmung von Defter- reich hieß eine neue Einverleibung ausfprechen, daflelbe in Die Arme der Coalision werfen. Es ließ allen unferen Feinden, die Europa mit perfiden Gerüchten anfüllten, einen neuen begrün- deten Vorwand liefern, um über den Ehrgeiz Frankreichs zu ſchreien, und namentlicy über Die Verlegung feiner Verſprechun⸗ gen, da Napoleon felbft bei Errichtung des Königreichs Italien dem Senate verfprochen hatte, Feine einzige Provinz weiter zu feinem Reiche zu fchlagen. Allein Napoleon kannte die ſchlim⸗ men Abfichten des Feſtlandes binreihend, um fi) von Rückſich⸗ ten entbunden zu glauben, nicht genug indefjen, un die Gefahr einer neuen Herausforderung richtig zu würdigen, fehmeichelte fich übrigens, bald in London alle europäifchen Fragen zu löfen, zauderte keineswegs, und wollte Genua der franzöfifchen Marine zutheilen. Sein Landsmann Salicetti befand ſich als Miniſter bei die⸗ ſer Republik, und ihm trug er auf, die Gemüther zu ſondiren und vorzubereiten. Die Sendung war nicht ſchwierig, denn die Gemuͤther waren in Ligurien ſehr gut geſtimmt. Die ariſtokra⸗ tiſche und englifch -öfterreichifche Partei konnte nicht feindſeliger 302 Ginundzwanzigftes Bud. Zuni 1806. fein, ald fie war. Das dermalige Protectorat, unter welches Der — * Genua v Genua geſtellt war, erſchien ihm fo verhaßt, wie die Vereini⸗ gung mit Frankreich. Die Volkspartei anlangend, fo ſah fie in diefer Vereinigung die Freiheit ihres Handeld mit dem In: nern ded Reiches, die Gewißheit einer großen Zufunft, die Bürgfchaft gegen jeden Rüdfall unter das oligarchifche Joch und endlich den Vortheil, zum größten Staate Europas zu ge⸗ hören. Die der Revolution günflige Minderzahl des Adels fah allein mit einigem Kummer auf die Vernichtung der genueftfchen Nationalität; die großen Eaiferlichen Hofämter waren jedoch ein genügender Reiz, um die vornehmften Perfonen diefer Claſſe zu entfchädigen. Der mit einigen Senatoren vorbereitete und durch fie dem die Bestes genuefifchen Senate übergebene Antrag wurbe von ihm mit 20 mit Stan —— — Fe unter 22 befchließenden Stimmen angenommen. Er wurde fo- dann von einer Art in der in Frankreich feit dem Conſulate an« gewendeten Form ertheilten Volksbeſchluſſe beflätigt. Es wur: den Liften audgelegt, in die jeder feine Abſtimmung eintragen fonnte. Die Bewohner von Genua beeilten fich, wie ed die von Frankreich gefhan hatten, ihre faft ſaͤmmtlich günftigen Stim⸗ men abzugeben. Der Senat und der Doge gingen auf den Rath Salicetti's nah Mailand, um dort Napoleon ihren Wunſch vorzufragen. Sie wurden bei ihm mit einem Gepränge einge führt, das an die Zeiten erinnerte, wo die befiegten Völker ka⸗ men, um bie Ehre zu bitten, zum römifchen Reiche zu gehören. Napoleon empfing fie am 4. Juni auf feinem Throne, erffärte, daß er ihren Wunfch erhöre, und verſprach ihnen, bei ber Ab⸗ reife aus Italien Genua zu befuchen. Zu diefer Einverleibung gefellte ſich eine andere wenig wich⸗ tige, die aber dem Waflertropfen glich, welcher das Gefäß über- fliegen macht. Die Republik Lucca war ohne Regierung und ward ohne Aufhören zwifchen dem fpanifch gewordenen Etrurien und dem franzöfifch gewordenen Piemont bin» und bergeftoßen, wie ein Schiff, allerdings ein Heines Schiff, das fein Steuer verloren Hat, auf einem Meinen Meere. Diefelben Eingebungen beftimmten es, fich Kranfreich anzutragen, und feine Behörden Dritte Coalition. 308 tamen nach dem Beifpiele der Genuefer, um in Mailand die Juni 1806. Wohlthat einer Conſtitution und einer Regierung zu erbitten. Napoléon gewährte auch ihren Wunſch; allein da fie ihm zu weit ablagen, um fie dem Reiche zu vereinigen, machte er aus ihrem Gebiete die Apanage feiner ältern Schweſter, der Prin- zeffin Elifa, einer Frau von Kopf, der Schöngeifterei ergeben, aber mit den Eigenfchaften einer regierenden Königin begabt, Die ihre Gewalt in jenem Heinen Lande, das fie weife verwaltete, beliebt zu machen verftand, was ihr ben von Hrn. v. Talleyrand geiſtreich erfundenen Zitel der Semiramis von Lucca einbrachte. Napoleon hatte ihr fhon Has Herzogthum Piombino verliehen; diesmal gab er ihr und ihrem Gemahl, dem Fürſten Bacciocchi, Zucca in Form eines erblichen Fürſtenthums, das vom franzö- fifchen Reihe abhing und beim Erlöfchen der männlichen Linie an die Krone zurüdfallen folle, folglich unter allen Bedingun⸗ gen der ehemaligen Lehne des deutfchen Reiches. Diefe Schwe- ſter Hatte Fünftig den Titel Fürſtin von Piombino und Lucca zu führen. Hr. v. Salleyrand wurbe beauftragt, an Preußen und De ae betestente ſterreich zu fipreiben, um dieſe Handlungen zu erflären, welche ug ba — Rapollon als gleichgültig für die Politik dieſer Mächte oder doch als unfähig betrachtete, den wiener Hof aus feiner Traͤg⸗ beit zu reißen. Allein wie verborgen die Öfterreichifchen Rüſtun⸗ gen waren, fo hatte doch etwas bavon ſich gezeigt und war dem erfahrenen Blide Napoldon’s aufgefallen. Truppen waren nad) Zyrol und den ehemaligen venetianifchen Provinzen in Bewe⸗ gung. Der Marfch derfeiben konnte nicht verneint werden und Deſterreich verneinte ihn auch nicht. Allein es hatte ſich zu er- Anbsfeiebigenbe Mären beeilt, daß die großen Zufammenziehungen franzöfifcher miener Gabiners, Truppen bei Marengo und Gaftiglione ihm zu anfehnlich für bloße militairiſche Feſtlichkeiten dorkamen, und es daher aus bloßer Vorſicht einige Verſammlungen angeordnet babe, die außerdem genugſam das in Spanien und Toscana, zumal in Avorno herrſchende gelbe Fieber rechtfertige. Dieſe Entſchuldi⸗ gung war bis zu einem gewiſſen Punkte glaublich. Allein es galt nur, zu wiſſen, ob man fich auf eine theilmeife Veränderung 304 Einundzwanzigſtes Bud. Zunt 1808. der Stellung von Truppen befchränfe oder wirklich die Armee refrutire, Die Regimenter vollzählig mache und die Reiterei be- titten. Mehr ald eine geheime Anzeige von Frankreich ergebe: ner Polen fing an, dergleichen wahrfcheinlich zu machen. Napo⸗ * —— leon ſchickte auf der Stelle verkleidete Offiziere nach Tyrol, — —3 Friaul und Kärnten, um nach eignem Augenſcheine über die "gen abgefäidt. Art der dort im Gange befindlihen Rüftungen zu urtheilen, und verlangte gleichzeitig beſtimmte Erklärungen von Defterreich. Noch ein Anderes fiel ihm ein, um Die Stimmung dieſes Ho⸗ feö zu ergründen. Er hatte die Shrenlegion gegen die Drden ber befreundeten Höfe ausgetaufcht, das aber noch nicht gegen Die öfterreichifehen Orden gethan und wünfchte mit diefer Macht fich auf denfelben Fuß zu feßen, wie mit allen anderen. Er kam alfo auf den Gedanken, deshalb einen unmittelbaren Vorfchlag an Defterreich zu machen und fich auf diefe Art von dem eigent- lichen Gefinnungen deffelben zu vergewiflern. Er glaubte, wenn dafjelbe wirklich zu einem nahen Kriege entfchloffen fei, werde ed nicht Angefihts von Europa und feiner Verbündeten ein Zei: hen von Vertraulichkeit zu geben wagen, das nach. dem Ge- brauche der Höfe das bezeichnendfte war, was gegeben werben tonnte, zumal einer fo neuen Macht, wie das franzöfifche Kat: ferreih. In Wien war Hr. dela Rochefoucauld an Hrn. v.Cham- pagny's Stelle getreten, welcher Minifter des Innern gewor⸗ den. Ihm ward vorgefchrieben, Defterreich fich über feine Rü⸗ flungen erflären zu lafjen und ihm den Austaufch feiner Orden gegen den der Ehrenlegion vorzuſchlagen. Napoleon fuhr im fernen Italien fort, die Engländer in der Taͤuſchung zu erhalten, daß die fo oft angefündigte, fo oft ver- fhobene Landung nur eine Vorfpiegelung fei; er befchäftigte fich unabläfjig damit, die Ausführung derfelben zum Sommer zu fihern. Niemals bat eine Unternehmung die Abfendung fo vie⸗ ler Depeſchen und Eouriere veranlaßt wie die, mit der er da⸗ mals fich frug. Conſularagenten und Marineoffiziere, welche in die fpanifchen und franzöfifchen Häfen, nach Carthagena, Cadiz, Ferrol, Bayonne, die Mündung der Gironde, Roche fort, die Loiremündung, Lorient, Breft, Eherbourg vertheilt ne ap len D Dritte Coalition. 305 waren und Couriere zur Verfügung hatten, meldeten bie ge⸗ Zuni 1808. ringften Nachrichten vom Meere, die fie erhielten, und übermit: telten fie nach Italien. In den englifchen Häfen unterhaltene zahlreiche geheime Agenten fandten ihre Berichte, welche fofort an Rapoldon gefihidt wurden. Der eine große Kenntniß engli- cher Verhaͤltniſſe befigende Hr. v. Marbois hatte den beſonde⸗ ren Auftrag, felbft alle in England erfcheinende Zeitungen zu Iefen und die geringften, auf Unternehmungen zue See fich be vr ziehenden Nachrichten zu überfegen. Es tft der Mühe werth, zu bemerken, daß vorzüglich durch diefe Zeitungen Rapoldon, wel cher mit volllommener Genauigkeit allen Combinationen der englifchen Admiralitaät zu begegnen wußte, am beften unterrich⸗ tet wutde. Obgleich fie am häufigften Falſches berichteten, lie⸗ ferten fie am Ende doch feinem wunderbaren Scharffinne bie Mittel, das Wahre zu errathen. Es war aber etwas noch Selt- neres Dabei. Indem fie Napoleon die außerordentlichften, mit- unter albernften Plane zufchrieben, hatten mehre derfelben un- bewußt feinen wahren Plan entdeckt und gefagt, daß er feine Flotten weit wegfchiefe, um fie plöglich im Kanale zu vereini- gen. Die Abmiralität hatte Feine Notiz von dieſer Voraus- fegung genommen, die gleichwol Die richtige war. Ihre Gom- binationen wenigftend Laffen annehmen, daß fie nicht daran glaubte. Einen Umfland ausgenommen, der ihn lebhaft verbroß und eine legte Abänderung feines großen Planes bedingte, hatte Na⸗ poldon allen Grund, mit dem Gange feiner Unternehmungen zufrieden zu fein. Admiral Miffieffiy war im Januar, wie wir gefehen haben, nach den Antillen gefegelt. Won den Einzeln heiten feiner Erpedition wußte man noch nicht#, allein die Eng⸗ länder, erfuhr man, waren wegen ihrer Colonien fehr beforgt; eine Derfelben, Dominico, war genommen worden und fie ſchick⸗ ten Verflärfungen nach den amerifanifchen Gewöflern, was eine in den europäifchen Meeren uns vollftändig zu Gute fommende Diverfion war. Der am 30. März von Zoulon ausgelaufene Admiral Billeneuve war nach einer nicht genauer befannten Fahrt vor Cadiz erfchienen, hatte den Admiral Gravina mit einer fpa- V. 20 Rapoleon’s Be: nupung * lon⸗ ni um nungen, Ontwürfe a f alle Ad: — erra⸗ ——— 306 Einund;wanzigftes Bud. Zuni 1805. nifchen Divifion von fechd Linienfchiffen und mehren Zregatten und das franzöfifche Linienfchiff Wigle an fich gezogen und Die Richtung nad) Martinique genommen. Seitdem waren feine Nachrichten von ihm eingegangen; allein man wußte, daß ihn Nelfon, der das. Mittelmeer zu bewachen hatte, weder bei Dem Auslaufen von. Zoulon, noch bei dem Verlaffen der Straße von Gibraltar erreichen konnte. Die fpanifhen Seeleute thaten ihr Mögliches bei dem Zuftande von Entblößung, in dem fie von einer unwiſſenden, trägen und verberbten Regierung gelaflen wurden. Admiral Safcedo hatte in Sarthagena eine Flotte von fieben Linienfchiffen beifammen, Admiral Gravina, wie wir eben gefehen, eine von ſechs zu Cadiz, Admiral Grandellana eine dritte von acht zu Ferrol, welche mit der in dieſem Hafen fie- genden franzöfifchen Divifion wirken follte. Es fehlte aber an Matrofen, in Folge der Epidemie ſowol als des ſchlechten Zu⸗ ftandes des fpanifchen Handels, und man nahm Kifcher, Arbeiter aus den Städten, um die Schiffsbemannungen zu bilden. Dazu hatte eine Hungersnoth, im Vereine mit der Zinanznofh und der Epidemie, die Hülfsquellen Spaniens der Art erfchöpft, Daß man den für jeded Geſchwader erforderlichen Schiffezwiebad auf ſechs Monate ſich nicht verfchaffen konnte. Admiral Gravina hatte kaum für drei Monate, ald er zu Villeneuve ftieß, und Admiral Grandellana in Ferrol faum für vierzehn Tage. Zum Glück war Hr. Duvrard, den wir mit den Angelegenheiten Frank⸗ reich und, Spaniens fich Haben befaffen fehen, in Mabrid an- gekommen, hatte durch die verführerifcheften Projecte einen in Schulden fledenden Hof bezaubert, deffen Vertrauen erlangt, einen Vertrag mit ihm gefchloffen, den wir fpäfer mittheilen ‚werden, und mittelft verfchiedener Gombinationen die Schred« niffe des Mangeld aufhören gemacht. Zu gleicher Zeit verforgte er die fpanifche Flotte mit einer Duantität Zwieback. So gingen denn die Sachen in den Häfen der Halbinfel ganz fo gut, wie es die Zerrüttung der fpanifchen Verwaltung zu hoffen geftattete. Waͤhrend aber Admiral Miffieffy Schrecken auf den englifchen Antillen verbreitete und die Admirale Villeneuve und Gravina ohne. Anfall zufammen nach Martinique fchifften, hatte Gan⸗ Dritte Coalition. 307 teaume, der zu ihnen ftoßen follte, Durdy die merfwürdige Ges Zunt 1808. ſtaltung der Jahreszeit auch nicht einen Tag finden fönnen, um von Breft auszulaufen. Es war feit Menſchengedenken niemals da gewefen, daß die Zag- und Nachtgleiche nicht einen Wind⸗ ftoß mit ſich gebracht hätte. Die Monate März, April, Mai (1805) waren jedoch verftrichen, ohne daß die englifche Flotte nur einmal genöthigt gewefen wäre, die Gewäfler von Breft zu verlaffen. Admiral Ganteaume wußte, bei welchem großen Unternehmen er mitzuwirken berufen fei, und wartete mit folcher Ungeduld auf den zum Auslaufen günftigen Augenblick, daß er zulegt vor Verdruß Fran? *) geworden war. Faſt beftändig war *) Ich führe bie zwei folgenden Briefe an, welche den Gemuͤthszu⸗ ftand biejes Admirals und den Ernft des großen Serunternehmens dar thun werden, welches einige Perfonen, die ſtets Borfpiegelungen ſehen wollen, wo Feine find, blos für eine Demonftration gehalten haben. Diefe Briefe find nicht die einzigen biefer Art. Ich wähle jedoch zum Behufe der Mittheilung biefe aus.. Ganteaume an den Kaifer. Am Bord des Imperial, 11. Floréal XII (1. Mai 1805). Sire! Das außerorbentlihe Wetter, welches feit der Beit herrfcht, wo wir fegelfertig find, ift zum Verzweifeln. Unmöglich würde es mir fein, - Ihnen die peinlihen Empfindungen zu fchildern, bie ih erleide, indem ih mid im Hafen zurüdgehalten fehe, während die anderen Geſchwader mit vollen Segeln ihret Beftimmung entgegengehen und unferes zurüd» bleibt, unfere Behinderungen aber fie ſchmerzlich benachtheiligen konnen. Die legtere betrübende Vorftellung läßt mir keinen Augenblid Ruhe, und wenn ich bi8 zu dieſem Tage der Ungebulb und den Qualen, bie mid verzehren, widerftanden habe, fo kommt es daher, daß ich, wenn wir auszulaufen wagten, Beine Ausfiht zu unferen Sunften wahrgenommen babe, während alle für ben Feind find. Ein ungünftiges Gefecht war und ift noch unvermeidlich, fo lange der Feind in feiner Stellung bleibt, und dann würde unfere Erpebition ohne Rettung fehlfchlagen, unfere Streitfräfte würden für lange gelähmt fein. In dem Augenblicke jedvoh, wo ich die Depelhe Ew. Majeftät vom 3. Blordal empfing, nahm ich mir vor, ein Unterfegelgehen zu wagen; ale Schiffe lagen nur noch vor einem Anker. Ein Weftwind, der feit zwölf Stunden mit ein wenig mehr Stärke wehte, hatte mich hoffen 20 * 308 Einundswanzigftes Bud. Zuni 1800. ruhiges und heiteres Wetter; zuweilen hatte ein Weſtwind, be- gleitet von Sturmgewölk, einen Sturm hoffen laſſen, allein — — —— laſſen, daß der Feind in hoher See ſein könne, während ſeine leichten Schiffe von unſerem Ankerplatze geſehen und die ſchweren auf der Höhe von Dueffant fignalifirt wurden; die Unzuverläffigfeit und Schwäche des Windes haben mich abgehalten, meinen Vorſatz auszuführen. Ueberzeugt, auf der Rhede von Bertheaume anzuhalten genöthigt zu werden und dort die Aufmerffamkeit des Feindes zu firiren, verzichtete ich auf jede Bewe⸗ gung und wünfche denfelben glauben zu machen, daß wir nie and Aus» laufen gedacht haben. Ich erlaube mir hierbei, die Verfiherung Ew. Majeftät zu a die ich bereits über die Verfaffung und den Zuftand ertheilt habe, in denen ich ſaͤmmtliche Schiffe halte. Den Bemannungen ift verboten, ans Land zu gehen; Verbindungen mit demfelben finden nur uncrfäßfidher Dienftangelegenheiten wegen ftatt und zu jeber Stunde des Tages ifl jedes Schiff bereit, die Signale zu vollziehen, Die demfelben ertheitt werben Fönnten. Ditfe Anordnungen, welche und allein in den Stand zu feßen vermögen, den erften günftigen Yugenbli zu benugen, werden mit der größten Pünktlichkeit beibehalten werben. Santeaume an Decreb. Den 7. Floréal XII (237. April 1805). Ich ſete voraus, mein Freund, daß Du mitfühlft, was ich empfinde. Jeder vergebende, Tag iſt für mich ein Zag der Pein und ich zitiere ba» vor, am Ende genöthigt zu werden, irgend eine große Dummheit zu be» gehen. Der feit zwei Zagen aus Weiten zwar mit Megen und üblem Anfehen wehende, aber nicht eben ſtarke Wind ift geftern in feifchen R:R.:Dft übergegangen und ich war verfucht, ed darauf bin zu wagen, obgleich der Feind fortwährend in der Iroiſe fignalifirt wurde, feine vor⸗ geſchobenen Schiffe von der Rhede ſichtbar waren und das Wetter fehr hell war. Die Gewißheit aber eines unvortheilhaften Treffens, welche mir feine Stellung und feine Stärke geben, und die Veraͤnderlichkeit des Windes haben mich davon abgebalten und ich wünfdhe mir heute des⸗ halb Glück; darum befinde ich mich aber nicht minder in der qualvoliften Stimmung. Die Länge der Tage, die Schönheit der Jahretzeit machen mich heute an ber Erpebition faft verzweifeln, und wie ift ferner ber Gedanke zu er: tragen, unſere Breunde nuplo8 auf dem Sammelplage harren zu laflen und bioßzuftellen, indem fie nothwendig Verzögerungen und einer aus⸗ nehmend gefahrvollen Ruͤckkehr ausgeſezt werden? Diefe Borftellungen Dritte Coalition, 300 plöglich war der Himmel wieder heiter. Es gab feinen andern Juni 1805. Ausweg, ald einem Gefchwader ein unvortheilhaftes Treffen zu liefern, das jebt dem franzöfifchen an Zahl ungefähr gleichlam und an Befchaffenheit fehr überlegen war. DieEngländer hatten, ohne genau zu vermuthen, was ihnen drohe, allein betroffen- von der Anweſenheit einer Flotte in Ferrol und einer andern in Dreft, fowie von den aus Toulon und Cadiz abgefegelten beun⸗ rubigt, ihre Blokadegeſchwader verflärkt. Vor Breft hatten fie einundzwanzig Linienfchiffe unter Admiral Cornwallis und ficben oder acht vor Ferrol unter Admiral Calder. Admiral Ganteaume verließ unter diefen Umftänden die Rhede und kehrte dahin zu- ud, warf bei Bertheaume Anker oder begab ſich wieder auf den innern Anterplag und behielt feit zwei Monaten Alles, Seeleute und Zandtruppen, befländig an Bord. In feinem Verdruffe fragte er an, ob man wolle, daß er eine Schlacht liefere, um die hohe See zu gewinum, was man ihm ausbrüdtich verboten hatte. Napoleon erwog, daß ed nad) Herankommen der Mitte des rpte Mänderung Mai gefährlich würde, Villeneuve, Gravina und Miſſieſſy lün- Plan zut Bercnis ger in Martinique warten zu lafien, daß Die zu ihrer Verfolgung Kara EN fan berbeigeeilten engliſchen Geſchwader fie zuleßt erreichen wuͤrden, Kandle. und änderte noch einmal diefen Theil feines Plane. Er be- flimmte, wenn Banteaume bis zum 20. Mai nicht habe abfegeln laſſen mir keinen Augenblid Ruhe und ich glaube, daß fie Dich ebenfalls fehr quälen müffen. Allein, mein Freund, Du darfft gewiß überzeugt fein, daß es mir unmöglich war, es beſſer zu machen, wenn ich nicht die Wechſelfälle eines Treffens wagen wollte, das, abgefehen von den Aus: fihten, welche dem Feinde feine Ueberlegenheit gab, die Erpebition eben: falls hätte fehlichlagen machen. Wie ih Dir alfo gemeldet habe, iſt das Wetter beftändig fo geweſen, daß es uns unmöglich war, ungeſehen weg⸗ zukommen. Wenngleich Du mir mit Deinem Letzten empfohlen Haft, oft an den Kaifer zu fchreiben, wage ich doch nicht, ihm etwas zu fagen, weil ich ihm nichts Angenehmes berichten kann; ich ſchweige in Erwartung der Ereigniſſe, da ich ihn nicht mit Geringfügigem befäftigen mag, und be ſchränke mich auf den Wunfch, daB er und möge Gerechtigkeit widerfahren lafien. ..... 310 Einundzmwanzigftes Bud. Zuni 1805. Fönnen, folle ee nicht mehr abfegeln und in Breſt warten, big man Ihn befreie. Villeneuve erhielt alfo Befehl, mit Sravina nach Europa zurüdzufehren und zu fhun, was anfangs Gan- teaume anvertraut war, nämlich die Blokade von Ferrol aufzu⸗ heben, wo er fünf franzöfifche Kinienfchiffe und fieben fpanifche finden follte; fodann, wenn er könne, Rochefort zu berühren, um mit Miffieffy fich zu vereinigen, der vermuthlich dann von den Antillen zurüd war, und fehließlich vor Breft zu erfcheinen, um Ganteaume das Meer zu eröffnen, was feine gefammten Streit: fräfte auf 56 Linienfchiffe bringen würde. Mit dieſem Geſchwa⸗ der 7 dem größten, was je auf dem Deean ———— wäre, ſollte er in den Kanal gehen. Dieſer Plan war völlig ausführbar und hatte ſogar große Ausſichten auf Gelingen, wie die Ereigniſſe bald zeigen werden. Gleichwol war er minder zuverlaͤſſig als der vorige In der That, wenn Ganteaume im April hätte auslaufen und Ferrol fretmachen Fönnen, was ohne Gefecht möglich war, indem da- mals fünf oder ſechs Linienfchiffe dieſen Hafen blofirten, dann fih nach Martinique begeben hätte, fo würde die Vereinigung mit Villeneuve und Gravina ohne ein vorausfichtliches Treffen bewirkt worden fein; fie erfchienen in Europa wieder mit 50 Li- nienfchiffen und braudyten nirgends einzulaufen, che fie in den Kanal gingen. Es war Feine andere Gefahr dabei zu wagen, ald die der Begegnung in See, ein fo feltener Fall, daß man ihn außer Berechnung laſſen Fonnte. Dagegen hatte der neue Plan das Unangenehme, Villeneuve einem Treffen vor Ferrol und einem zweiten vor Breſt auszufegen, und wenngleich Die _ Ueberlegenheit feiner Streitkräfte an beiden Punkten groß war, befaß man doch nie die Gewißheit, daß die zwei Geſchwader, die er befreien follte, Zeit haben würden, ihm zu Hülfe zu kom⸗ men und am Gefechte Theil zu nehmen, Aus den Häfen von Ferrol und Breft gelangt man nur Durch enges Fahrwaſſer; Dort, wie anderwärts, ift der Wind, mit dem man einläuft, nicht der zum Auslaufen, und es war leicht möglich, dag am Eingange dieſer Hafen eine Schlacht geliefert und beendigt wurde, ehe die im Innern derfelben befindlichen Slotten daran Theil nehmen Dritte Koalition. sil fonnten. Ein nur ungewiffed Gefecht war im Stande, Befehls⸗ Juni 1605. baber zu enfmuthigen, deren Vertrauen zur See nicht groß war, wie tapfer fie auch für ihre Perſon waren. Der Admiral Ville neuve zumal, wenngleich unerfehrodener Soldat, hatte die fol« chen Wechſelfällen entfprechende Feſtigkeit nicht, und es war zu bedauern, daß das gute Wetter die erfie Combination verhin- Dert hatte. - Noch eine andere war vorbanben, bei der Napoleon einen Augenblid verweilte, Die weniger Streitkräfte lieferte, aber Wille» neuve auf gewiffen Wege in den Kanal brachte, Dienämlich, ihn weber vor Ferrol, noch Breft geben, fondern um Schottland herum in die Nordſee und vor Boulogne gehen zu laffen. Wahr ft, daß er nur mit 20 anſtatt mit 50 Linienfchiffen ankam ; allein Das genügte für Drei Zage und Die zureichend gedeckte Flo⸗ tille ging ficher über ben Kanal. Einen Yugenblidt beſchäftigte dieſe Idee den Geift Napoleon’s; er fchrieb fie nieder, wünfchte dann noch größere Sicherheit und, einer flärkeren Bereinigung von Streitkräften den Vorzug gebend vor der gewiffern Ankunft im Kanale, Tehrte er zu dem Plane zurüd, Yerrol und Breſt von Villeneuve freimachen zu lafſen. Das war die letzte Abänderung, welche fein Entwurf durch bie Umſtände erlitt. Inmitten einer Feſtlichkeit war ed, wie er felbft in der Nachſchrift zu einem Briefe fagt, wo er alle biefe Combinationen reiflich abwog und feinen Entfchluß faßte. Auf der Stelle ertheilte er die nöthigen Verhaltungsbefehle. In Rochefort waren zwei Linienfchiffe ausgerüftet, Die der Eontre- admiral Magon befehligte. Er ging fogleich unter Segel, um in Martinique die Veränderung in den Beflimmungen Rapo- léon's zu verfünden. In Lorient, Nantes und Rochefort ausge rüftete Fregatten waren ſegelfertig, ſobald man fiher wiſſen würde, daß Gantenume nicht mehr auslaufen durfte, und wa- ren beauftragt, Willeneuve Befehl zu foforkiger Rückkehr nach Europa zu bringen, um daſelbſt den neuen Plan auszuführen. Jede Fregatte follte von einer Brigg begleitet werben, welche Abfchriften jener Befehle an Bord Hatte. Wenn die Fregatte genommen werden follte, rettete fich Die Brigg und überbrachte Sumi 1806. ein megen b elin: = * Kira lan 5 e Vor⸗ 312 Einundzwanzigſtes Buch. die Abſchriften. Die Depeſchen waren in Bleibüchfen verſchloſ⸗ ſen und zuverläſſigen Capitainen übergeben, die ſie im Falle von Gefahr ins Meer werfen ſollten. Dieſe Vorſichtsmaßregel md die folgenden find zur Belehrung der Regierungen der Er⸗ wähnung werth. Es waren große Borfichtsmaßregeln getroffen. worden, da» mit die Flotten von Breſt und Ferrol denen Beiftand leiften fönnten, welche famen, um fie freigumachen. Ganteaume folite außerhalb der Rhede von Brefl, in der Bucht von Bertheaume, vor Anker geben, einem offenen Drte von zweifelhafter Sicher: beit. Um diefem Mangel abzubelfen, wurde ein Artilleriegeneral von Paris abgeſchickt und man ſtellte 150 Gefchüge in Batterien zur Deddung des Geſchwaders auf. Der in Ferrol den erkrankten Admiral Boudet erfegende Bourdon hatte Befehl, nad) Coruña zu gehen, das einen offenen Ankerplatz hat, und die franzoͤſiſche Divifion dahin gu führen. Dem Admiral Srandellana war vor« gefchrieben worden, mit den ſpaniſchen Schiffen daſſelbe zu thun.
| 43,677 |
https://github.com/Peshino/futsal-hlinsko/blob/master/resources/views/competitions/admin-show.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
futsal-hlinsko
|
Peshino
|
PHP
|
Code
| 211 | 933 |
@extends('layouts.admin')
@section('title')
{{ $competition->name ?? '' }} | @lang('messages.app_name')
@endsection
@section('content')
<div class="card mb-4">
<div class="card-header app-bg">
<div class="row">
<div class="col col-left">
{{ $competition->name ?? '' }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-body">
<div class="content">
<div class="content-block">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md mb-3 border-right border-dark">
<h4>
@lang('messages.rules')
</h4>
@if (count($competition->rules) > 0)
<table class="table table-striped table-dark table-hover">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">@lang('messages.name')</th>
<th scope="col">@lang('messages.system')</th>
<th scope="col" class="text-center">Počet kol</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@foreach ($competition->rules as $competitionRule)
<div class="container mt-3">
<tr class="clickable-row"
data-url="{{ route('rules.admin-show', [$competition->id, $competitionRule->id]) }}">
<td>
{{ $competitionRule->name ?? '' }}
</td>
<td>
@lang('messages.' . $competitionRule->system ?? '' . '')
</td>
<td class="text-center">
{{ $competitionRule->number_of_rounds }}
</td>
</tr>
</div>
@endforeach
</tbody>
</table>
@endif
<div class="mt-3 text-center">
<a href="{{ route('rules.create', $competition->id) }}" class="btn btn-primary">
@lang('messages.create_rules')
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md">
<h4>
@lang('messages.teams')
</h4>
@if (count($competition->teams) > 0)
<table class="table table-striped table-dark table-hover">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">@lang('messages.name')</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
@foreach ($competition->teams as $team)
<div class="container mt-3">
<tr class="clickable-row"
data-url="{{ route('teams.admin-show', [$competition->id, $team->id]) }}">
<td>
{{ $team->name ?? '' }}
</td>
</tr>
</div>
@endforeach
</tbody>
</table>
@endif
<div class="mt-3 text-center">
<a href="{{ route('teams.create', $competition->id) }}" class="btn btn-primary">
@lang('messages.create_team')
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@section('scripts')
<script>
$(() => {
$('.clickable-row').click(function () {
var url = $(this).data('url');
window.location.href = url;
});
});
</script>
@endsection
| 8,595 |
https://github.com/psu-libraries/etda_workflow/blob/master/spec/factories/format_review_files.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
etda_workflow
|
psu-libraries
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 34 | 133 |
# frozen_string_literal: true
FactoryBot.define do
factory :format_review_file, class: FormatReviewFile do |_f|
submission
asset { File.open(fixture('format_review_file_01.pdf')) }
trait :pdf do
asset { File.open(fixture('format_review_file_02.pdf')) }
end
trait :docx do
asset { File.open(fixture('format_review_file_03.docx')) }
end
end
end
| 49,463 |
sn85059591_1913-11-27_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,374 | 4,583 |
The Editor and Owner. Enlist at the Grafton, The Very, Editor and Owner. Subscription: $1.00 a year in advance. $1.50 if not paid till end of year. Advertising rates made known on application. Why Farmer Jones Took the Short Course Last winter when I decided to go up to Morgantown to take the two weeks course in agriculture, all my neighbors held up their hands in amazement. “Didn’t I know how to farm already?” “Hadn’t I grown the best corn and the fair test steers for years?” “What did I want to go up there to the College of Agriculture for?” I didn’t say much but I put in a lot of time thinking. Suppose I had grown pretty fair corn for several years—perhaps there was another variety which would produce more bushels without any additional labor or possibly! There was some point about cultivation, or fertilization, or selection or something of the kind that hadn’t leaked over into our valley yet and which might mean dollars to me if properly applied. Suppose my cattle did look sleek and fat—I was morally certain that it was costing me too much to keep them that way, and if there was a more economical system of feeding I wanted to know about it—why shouldn’t I know about it? Maybe I wasn’t even growing the crop best suited to my land, or following the general system of farming which would yield me the biggest returns. Clearly it was up to me to find out. I took the morning train and arrived at Morgantown that evening. Immediately I found dozens of men on the same mission and we had a right good time comparing notes and talking about things down stale. Next morning classes opened up full blast and many of experience and training started to tell us some of the underlying principles of agricultural practices. If you will believe it, I want to say those lectures just opened up a new world to me. I never knew before how the soil happened to be, made up just as it is, nor what was wrong with corn stalks that turned pale after a little while, nor why clover wouldn't grow in certain fields, nor why you have to put those little bacteria in the soil before alfalfa will grow. Honest now, could you, yourself, answer all those questions off hand? And then another instructor showed us how to go over a horse and pick out the good and bad points—showed how one horse at first glance might look almost as good as another and still be worth much less. It made me think of old Dobbin and Frank at home—I'm afraid. Dobbin's narrow shoulders and pigeon toes wouldn’t score very high. I paid a good price to. I didn't happen to be much interested in the pruning and spraying demonstrations given in the Horticultural Department so I put in as much time as I could around the dairy barns and creamery. It beats all how you can learn by just keeping your eyes open. I found out how to mix up a good dairy ration, how to care for milk to keep it from souring, and how to check up on old Bossy with the milk scales and Babcock tea to see whether she is paying a profit or whether she is inclined to loaf on the job. All those saving devices to help a man handle feed, water, and litter with the least expenditure of energy were a revelation to me and I found that I knew I was spending much time hanging around the barns, stock pens, and laboratories that I didn't have time to visit many of the big state meetings held the same week by the stock growers, the grain dealers, the fruit growers, the dairying men, and a lot of others. What, I am going up again this year? Well, I should say I am. I'm going to attend some of those other meetings, I've got to see that state corn show and then besides that I am just loaded up to overflowing with questions that I want to ask those professors and other farmers. Better meet me up at Morgantown and take the Short Course, Jan. 6 to 16. It won't be. The cost much and you’d never regret it. No Recess of Congress Washington, D.C., Nov. 21.— When the Senate assembles for its last meeting of the special session, it will meet at 11 o’clock, on the morning of December 1, and continue until noon, the hour the regular session begins. In that way there can be no recess not even constructively—and no fight over the much mooted question of mileage. This was agreed upon today by the leader as the solution of a problem that threatened to become a tangle. Active debate in the Senate on the Currency committee bill will begin Monday, when Chairman Owen of the Banking committee will make the opening speech in support of the administration bill. In the regular session the currency debate will be interrupted to allow the Senate to dispose of the bill giving San Francisco the right to take a water supply from the Letchley valley. A vote on that bill is expected December 6. Congress probably will take the usual holiday recess of two weeks December 20 to January 5, in view of the President’s announcement that he would rest during the holidays. The House leaders will stand by the Senate program. Coon P.M. in Bad Charleston, W.Va., Nov. 21.— “Guilty,” whispered Milton S. Malone, a colored cripple, former postmaster at Hill Top, as he was arraigned in the United States District Court this week on the charge of misappropriating postal funds. After hearing the prisoner’s plea for clemency through his counsel, Judge Ke The defendant, wishing to examine into a rather sad story told by the lawyer, and consider what punishment would answer the case. Malone was formerly editor of a colored Republican paper in Fayette county. He conducted a grocery at Hill-Top. He was appointed postmaster two years ago, and, according to the postal inspector, kept accurate records of his postal accounts, but permitted the postal funds to get mixed up with his store money. He lost money inside issues in his business, and had trouble with his wife, who finally ran away with several hundred dollars of the funds. Added to these misfortunes, Malone was a sufferer from tuberculosis, and was a cripple. The prisoner freely admitted his guilt, but said he did not juggle his accounts and had intended returning the postal money which he had taken, when detected by the inspector. Advantages of Press Drill. During the past two years, we have frequently called attention to the necessity of thoroughly compacting the ground for wheat—and, in fact, any crop, especially when the season promises to be dry. The last bulletin of the Iowa experiment station corroborates these statements. Adjoining plots were seeded to winter wheat, and given similar treatment, except that one was reeded with a common drill and the other with a press drill. Threshing returns showed that the plat seeded with a press drill yielded at the rate of 54% bushels per acre, while the common drilled plat yielded only 44 bushels. A similar test in 1891 gave a yield of 44 bushels for the press drill and for the common drill. The press drill comprises the soil over the seed, the moleturn is retained, and a more vigorous plant results. Soli Renovation. The cowpen is a wonderful renovator of soil, the value of which is not yet generally recognized, even in the south, where it has been most largely grown and experimented with. At the Louisiana station (bulletin 40) C. varieties have been tested. For vines and for green manuring, the best varieties are the Unknown, Black, Clay, and Red, while the strictly bunch varieties, Whippoorwill, Blue, Black, and Black, give larger results in peas. Shade of Importance The importance of shade for the fowls during the hot summer months is not to be overestimated. The best varieties are to plant fruit trees in the poultry yards, as this will furnish fruit as well as shucks. OPEN FOR BUSINESS THE PEOPLES BANK OF GRANT will desires to announce to the general public that the bank has opened its doors for business and for the service of the public, with charity to all and malice toward none, we take our place in the rank of Business houses of Calhoun county and solicit the business of the general public. Let us have your account, whether it be large or small. Careful attention and prompt service shall be our watchword. CAPITAL STOCK $30,000 Come in and see us. Our latch-string always hangs on the outside. THE PEOPLES BANK OF GRANT O, Ct. S. Smith, Pres. F. S. Wilson, Vice Pres. B. G. Stump, Cashier. FARMERS overstock their pasture lands Cattle Being Fattened on Forage From Which Farmers Will Derive High Prices. Through that thief of time, procrustination, carelessness, and a zeal to keep every hoof of live stock possible—ninety-nine out of every one hundred farmers overstock their pasture lands, and by the time the most trying portion of the season comes on, their stock are without sufficient pasture to keep them in even full shape, and while the detrimental effect of such management is most noticeable on dairy cows, it is practically the same with all other stock, since it stunts them in their growth by depriving them of proper nourishment for a most important part of the season. Another very discolored feature of CUC is a course, live stock that thus have been deprived of ample pasture during the summer season, will be in poor condition to meet the rigors of winter, for, once they fail in flesh at this season, there is not just to be any more luxuriant growth of grass spring up that year, with the result that the animals not only are unfit to start through the winter, but they will consume more light-priced grain and roughage, and not regain their flesh sustained by poor or insufficient pasture at the proper season. It is imperative, then, that the armor do one of two things: Dispose of his live stock till he has only what is pasturage will keep in prime through the entire season without taxing it to the limit, or continue to sow forage crops to supplement his pasture till the latter part of July. To those who think this too late to sow such crops, we would state that we have sown as into as August 5, and the crop not only made a good growth for pasturage, but reached a might that made it a most desirable winter remedy, such as crop might be utilized for light grazing early in the fall; then mown for roughage, but, of course, one must be governed in each case by conditions. One of the most commendable features of sowing crops for late summer and early fall pasturage, is that in many cases they can be grown there, some other crop has failed after the season, or the first crop has ripened, and has been removed from the field. Where wheat is any other small grain, it should be harvested just as soon as possible—either bound or down and stacked for winter. The field may then be sown any time if several crops, and will produce an abundance of excellent grazing in a short time. Spots which were not wet or too dry at regular planting may be utilized to good advantage in this manner, and may be used to cut a few rows of corn near the pasture-lot, toss it over the fence to the stock, and sow corn, as soon as a catch-crop is secured from the ground from which it was taken, then there is sure to be some parts of such pasturage left in the soil, and this will serve as a fertilizer to offset the double drain on the land. As to the different sorts of crops that may be sown for this late pasture, one must be partly governed by such agencies as weather conditions, conservative handling of the soil, rapidity of the crop's growth, etc. This will make a rapid growth and if the lateness of the month is to sow them in account of early frost, it should not be sown, as frost ruins them the first time it touches them at any great extent. Millet would, but it is not so pervious to the damaging effect of frost, and for this reason it is liable to prove quite satisfactory in the majority of cases. Cano and kattler corn are also excellent for pasturage, but should be sown or drilled very thick, so that the plants will grow up in a crowded condition, which causes them to be small, tender, and juicy for pasturage. Rape will make a quick growth, and is excellent as pasturage, especially for hogs, sheep, and cattle. Wheat or rye will also make good pasturage, but both are somewhat slow of growth in the earlier stage of their development, which is apt to throw them too late for this season's grazing. The cost of these seeds is also to be taken into consideration, as they are higher than most others. However, either of these plants will form the finest of pasturage early next spring. All of these forage crops will reach a stage of growth that will admit of their being used as a supplementary green feed during the shortage in pasture, and where this method is practiced, such spots or fields should be chosen as to be regular pasture lands as possible, so that the produce may be cut or pulled and thrown over the fence to the animals, without hauling it out. This will in many cases prove more satisfactory than any other plan, since one can feed practically the same amount every day, and by gauging this amount according to the number of live stock he is pasturing, the condition of the pasture growth, etc., this supplementary feed may be made to last much longer than if the animals were given free range of it. UNUSUAL SUCCESS IN RAISING PLANTS My A MCE MAY DOLLAR.) A friend who has unusual success in raising ferns and palms has given me her secret. She feeds them beef steak occasionally. About every six weeks she plants a bit of raw meat close to the roots and it is literally eaten up. Home of our potted ferns were dropping so I hastened to try the new plant food. A single dose of the steak brought them back to health and their growth since has been surprising. Then in pure curiosity I experimented with some outdoor ferns last summer, and after a few weeks I dug up the place to see how the meat and plant were getting on together. I found the decaying steak literally cluched by innumerable roots that had entwined themselves about it like so much wire. How hungry they seemed. It is said to be a common thing for people living along the gulf coast to feed oysters to their ferns and palms. This would be somewhat expensive for us poor inland people, but they frequently buy a load of shellfish as we buy coal, simply dumping them in a pile in the back yard and keeping them alive with salt water. Watering the plants with unsalted beef tea has also been successfully tried by my neighbor. Hearing these things, "How little we know of our house-mate, the fern family! Who! Who have dreamed that they, too, I have a curiosity of James?" Could they have caught it dwelling there? THE FRENCH announces that it has made arrangements for a Clubbing Combination that cannot be beaten. Here is our offer: The following six publications: The Chronicle Regular Price $1.00 per year. The Weekly Enquirer, Farm & Fireside semi-monthly, $0.50. Poultry Success monthly, $0.50. Woman’s World monthly, $0.50. Farm News monthly, $0.25. $3.75 will be sent one year to any one address upon receipt of $1.60. By ordering the above publications separately, the cost would be $3.75, but we offer to save you $2.15 and furnish The Six for One Sixty-cent, and do not know how long this offer will last; but it will be good until the first of November. Now is the time to send in your order out the coupon below and mail to the Chronicle with the Calhoun Chronicle, Grantsville, WV. Enclosed find $1.60 for which send to the address below for one year the Chronicle, the Weekly Enquirer, Farm & Fireside, Poultry. Success, Woman’s World, and Farm News. This offer is also extended to old subscribers who will pay an aged age up to date and extend their subscription a year. $100 Reward, $100 The readers of this paper will be pleased to learn that there is at least one dreaded disease that science has been able to cure in all its stages, and that is Catarrh. Hall's Catarrh Cure is the only positive cure now known to the medical fraternity. Catarrh being a constitutional disease, requires a constitutional treatment. Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken internally, acting directly upon the blood and mucous surfaces of the system, thereby destroying the foundation of the disease, and giving the patient strength by building up the constitution and assisting nature in doing its work. The proprietors have so much faith in its curative powers that they offer One Hundred Dollars for any case that it fails to cure. Send for list of testimonials. Address F., Cheney & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Price $75 per bottle. Sold by all Druggists. Take Hall's Family Pills for constipation. A Splendid Clubbing Bargain WE OFFER The Chronicle AND The Cincinnati Weekly Enquirer Both One Year Only $1.00 Subscription may be received or renewal What The Weekly Enquirer Is By the issue of every Thursday, subscription price $10 per year, and it is one of the best home metropolitan days in the city. It is today, it has all the facilities of the great DAILY BANK for obtaining the world's events, and for that reason can give you all the leading news, it carries a great amount of valuable information, including editorials and reliable news, up to date market reports. Its numerous departments make it a necessity to every home, farm, or business. This grand offer is published and we invite you to take advantage by subscribing for the above combine. For any itching skin trouble, pimples, or other skin conditions, try our remedy. For more information, please visit our website at www.druggists.com or contact us at the address below. Wall through, hives, itch, aches, herpes, scabies. Doan's Ointment is highly recommended, 50c a box Ac. AnYnnp Mn.llfiff n rketrh mnl dr^rripilop nmy flnlcitljr h* erlnln r.ur opinion fro*1 wlnither m) lM»oinl..n la prnhnblr poientni.lr < n mnnKiiv. i mm *i ripi lyponnoouiiiil. HANDBOOK •>« parmiu •««« f'.t*, li|.1o«t Iiunppy for (HM’iirfuM pnielita, r.iipiiia f«keu htIi Minin a o,, ronelru tp' utl notice, wli hoiit clmrup. In Ilia Scientific American. A handaomalY IHiinlrnliift wooklr. I nvr»t nr Cllulloii of nny ac.unnil' J/.iiriml. 'jVrnu fin f <>r I four niof.'ba.fl. KolJ bj ull tifin Honiara MUMg Cn.^<=">.-NswYork Hr »ncb DITIpp. Ctt V Pt., Ww'IiIul'Iou, 1>. C. Clean, Roomy Rod ' Rooms and Go >d J Hample Room, [ The Hays House ARNOLDSBWRG, W. VA. | George Hiyr. Jr., Prop. | Rates: \ One Dollar a Day C*oi/ rtftj S/y tree tony. <*«»cialt Court: VV. II. O’Brien, Kip ley. County Court: Granville Johnson, Preai Walnut; O. L. Lypcf,, Allj^j (i W Dye, Freed; CommiaaiOftSfi, SlicrifI: R. J. Knott*, UrnnUville I>ep. «*ty: George W. Ifoy« Jr., Annldsbur*. Prosecuting Attorney: J. A. 0. Roilth, (•rnntKville. , < lerk Circuit Court: C. C. Starcher < irantsvil ‘o. Clerk County Court: W. H. Jaclwon, Gruntnvillc. A^or: VV. J. Sturm, H,,r. Depgtjs,; A. M. Cmatead, Minion; C. Minn«(ia. Surveyor! D. VV. Shock, Dodrill Superintendent of School*: Wheeler Chen owejh, Kuclid, I’resident, Hoard of Health: Dr. W. T W Uye, OrantKville. TFKMS OF COURT. < ouniy Court First Mondays January, Jpril, July, and November. < irmit Court ——Third Tuesdays In Apr!.
| 43,906 |
5268767_1
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Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,964 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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MR. PRESIDING JUSTICE BURKE
delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff's amended complaint sought judgment for damages alleged to have been sustained when he fell from a scaffold in the performance of his employment as a riveter in the construction of a building being erected on premises owned by the defendant. He alleged that on September 8, 1958, the defendant was in charge of the construction of the building; that at the time of the occurrence he was bolting crane-girders to the columns of the building and that by reason of the willful violation of the Illinois Structural Work Act, Ill Rev Stats 1963, c 48, § 60-69, he was caused to fall from the scaffold and thereby suffered permanent injuries. Defendant's answer admitted that it owned the premises but denied that it had charge of the work. The answer said that it contracted with New City Iron Works, plaintiff's employer, to construct the building. Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment supported by the affidavit of John H. Byrnes, assistant to its president. Plaintiff did not file a counter affidavit. The court considered the pleadings, the affidavit and a discovery deposition of Byrnes.
Plaintiff states that an owner who supervises or retains the right to supervise the construction of a building on his premises is "in charge of" the construction within the meaning of the Scaffold Act and that under the facts disclosed in the affidavit and the discovery deposition there existed a genuine issue of material fact upon which he is entitled to a trial by jury. The defendant insists that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the court was right in giving judgment for it.
The record shows that the defendant is engaged in the manufacture of sheet metal machinery on the premises owned by it at 7400 South Loomis Boulevard in Chicago. In January or February 1958, the defendant began conversations with the New City Iron Works with respect to the erection of a new building adjacent to the building the defendant was then occupying. There were discussions almost every day for three months in connection with the preparation and plans for specifications. The plans and specifications were prepared by the contractor. Following these conversations an agreement was entered into whereby the contractor undertook to erect the structure, furnishing both labor and materials. The original construction was for a craneway consisting essentially of a steel structure. Before the job was started a second contract was entered into for installing a roof to cover it and before that was completed a third contract was made for enclosing it with windows and doors. The contractor made all the steel window frames and fabricated them in its own workshop.
John H. Byrnes, employed by the defendant as an assistant to its president and who had considerable experience in construction work, participated in the discussions leading up to the making of the contracts and he was in charge of seeing that the contracts were properly carried out. Since the defendant's employees and those of the contractor had to make use of the defendant's premises it was necessary that the use of the premises by the two groups of employees be co-ordinated. In this, Byrnes and the steward or foreman of the contractor co-operated. In his affidavit Byrnes stated that he was the only employee of defendant who had any connection with the new building in September 1958; that it was his job to inspect the structure to make certain that the materials used were according to specifications; that he did not tell the contractor what type of equipment to use or how the building should be erected; that the contractor had its own foreman and superintendent on the job; that defendant did not erect any scaffold, ladder or other equipment and did not furnish any to employees of the contractor; that affiant was not authorized to tell the contractor's superintendent and foreman how to do the work except to make certain that the work complied with the plans and specifications; that it was the responsibility of the superintendent and foreman to instruct as to the use of equipment on the job and that affiant did not know how the accident to plaintiff occurred.
In his deposition Byrnes said that his duties as assistant to the president were "supervising construction" and that this is the work he was doing on September 8, 1958, the day plaintiff was injured. Byrnes was at the site during the entire period of construction and spent four to six hours a day there to "supervise the construction." He testified that most of his dealings during the course of construction were with the steward of the contractor, whom he saw daily. He testified that there was no question that the steward had to take orders from him if he wanted things done in a certain way and that while he did not order any changes on the job, that it was because the job was running smoothly. He had full authority to order any changes that he may have wanted. He stated that the defendant had been engaged in a large construction program prior to the erection of the structure in question, including the erection of a new office building for its use adjacent to the building upon which plaintiff was injured and that all prior construction was under his supervision and direction. According to Byrnes, there was never any question as to who was to have charge of the construction project. That was decided upon in conversations in the presence of Byrnes between the president of defendant and the president of the contractor.
In Gannon v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. Ry. Co., 22 Ill2d 305, 175 NE2d 785, the Supreme Court departed from the reasoning in Kennerly v. Shell Oil Co., 13 Ill2d 431, 150 NE2d 134, and held that before civil liability may be imposed upon the defendant-owner under Sec 9 of the Act, it must appear that the owner had charge of the construction operations involving the violation. In the Gannon opinion the court held that under the circumstances presented by the record, "it was at most a disputed question of fact whether the owner could be deemed to be in charge of the construction within the meaning of the act, and it would be the province of the jury, under proper instructions, to make that determination."
The trial judge in the instant case determined that there was no genuine issue of fact as to whether the defendant was in charge of the construction of the building. The court was required to determine whether the defendant either individually or together with the contractor was in charge of the erection of the building. Byrnes is a licensed contractor. In his deposition he said that he supervised the construction. He also said that he was in charge of the work. Sec 57 of the Civil Practice Act says that the judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. In a summary judgment proceeding, the right of the moving party should be free from doubt, and toward this end the supporting affidavits are to be construed most strongly against the movant, and the whole record must be considered. If, upon examination of the pleadings, depositions and affidavits, it can be fairly said that a material dispute exists as to the facts, a motion for summary judgment should be denied. On the other hand, where the record shows that there is no triable issue of fact, a summary judgment will be granted. People ex rel. Sharp v. City of Chicago, 13 Ill2d 157, 148 NE2d 481; Tuohey v. Yellow Cab Co., 33 Ill App2d 180, 183, 180 NE2d 691. We think that the court erred in awarding summary judgment in this case.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views expressed.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded with directions.
FRIEND and BRYANT, JJ., concur..
| 43,182 |
US-24114908-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Conductive pattern formation ink, conductive pattern and wiring substrate
ABSTRACT
A conductive pattern formation ink which can be stably ejected from a liquid droplet ejection head, a conductive pattern having high reliability, and a wiring substrate provided with the conductive pattern and having high reliability are provided. The conductive pattern formation ink is used for forming a conductive pattern on a base member using a liquid droplet ejecting method and comprised of a dispersion solution. The dispersion solution includes a water-based dispersion medium, metal particles dispersed in the water-based dispersion medium, and a drying suppressant contained in the water-based dispersion medium, the drying suppressant being contained for preventing drying of the dispersion solution.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims a priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-260407 filed on Oct. 3, 2007 which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a conductive pattern formation ink, a conductive pattern and a wiring substrate, and more specially relates to a conductive pattern formation ink, a conductive pattern formed by the conductive pattern formation ink and a wiring substrate provided with the conductive pattern.
2. Related Art
A wiring for use in an electronic circuit or an integrated circuit is produced using a photolithography method or the like.
In this photolithography method, a photosensitive material, which is called a resist, is applied on a substrate pre-coated with a conductive film, light is irradiated on the resist at a pattern corresponding to a wiring to be formed, the resist irradiated is developed to form a resist pattern, and the conductive film is etched using the resist pattern to obtain the wiring on the substrate.
The photolithography method requires use of bulky equipments such as a vacuum apparatus and the like and a complex process. In the photolithography method, efficiency of using a material is as low as about several percentages, which means that there is no choice but to waste the material for the most part. This leads to an increase in production costs.
Meanwhile, there has been proposed a method of forming a conductive pattern (wiring), which makes use of what is called an ink jet method, i.e., a liquid droplet ejecting method by which a liquid material is ejected in the form of liquid droplets from a liquid droplet ejection head (see, e.g., JP-A-2007-84387).
With this method, a conductive pattern formation ink, which is composed of a dispersion medium and conductive fine particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, is directly applied on a substrate according to a desired pattern, and the ink thus applied is transformed into a conductive pattern by subsequently evaporating the dispersion medium from the conductive pattern formation ink and sintering the same. This method enjoys merits in that it requires no photolithography, bitterly simplifies a process and reduces a quantity of raw materials used.
However, in the case where a conventional conductive pattern formation ink is used, there is a problem in that conductive fine particles are deposited in the vicinity of liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head (ink jet head) due to evaporation of a dispersion medium from the conventional conductive pattern formation ink, when stopping an ejecting operation thereof or ejecting it continuously for a long period of time.
If the deposition of the conductive fine particles in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions occurs, an ejecting direction of each of ejected liquid droplets is changed, that is, flight deflection thereof occurs. This causes a problem in that each liquid droplet cannot land on a desired point.
Further, in the case where the conductive fine particles are deposited in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions, there is also a problem in that an amount of each ejected liquid droplet becomes unstable.
SUMMARY
It is an object of the present invention to provide a conductive pattern formation ink which can be stably ejected from a liquid droplet ejection head, a conductive pattern having high reliability, and a wiring substrate provided with the conductive pattern and having high reliability.
With this object in mind, a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a conductive pattern formation ink for forming a conductive pattern on a base member using a liquid droplet ejecting method, the conductive pattern formation ink comprised of a dispersion solution.
The dispersion solution comprises a water-based dispersion medium, metal particles dispersed in the water-based dispersion medium, and a drying suppressant contained in the water-based dispersion medium, the drying suppressant being contained for suppressing drying of the dispersion solution.
This makes it possible to suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of liquid droplet ejection portions of a liquid droplet ejection head. Therefore, it is possible to provide a conductive pattern formation ink which can be stably ejected from a liquid droplet ejection head.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that an amount of the drying suppressant contained in the dispersion solution is in the range of 3 to 25 wt %.
This makes it possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head, thereby enabling to form a conductive pattern having a desired shape with high accuracy.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the drying suppressant contains a polyalcohol as a major component thereof.
This makes it possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium (drying of the dispersion solution) due to interaction (e.g., formation of hydrogen bonds, van der Waals bonds or the like) between the polyalcohol and the water-based dispersion medium. As a result, it is possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
Further, it is possible to easily remove the polyalcohol from the conductive pattern, for example, by decomposition thereof when forming the conductive pattern. Furthermore, use of the polyalcohol makes it possible to appropriately adjust a viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink, thereby further improving film-forming capability.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the polyalcohol contains at least one kind of sugar alcohols.
This makes it possible to further effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head, and to more easily remove the at least one kind of sugar alcohols from the conductive pattern, for example, by decomposition thereof when forming the conductive pattern.
Further, when a patterned film formed using the conductive pattern formation ink, that is, a pre-pattern before being transformed (changed) into the conductive pattern is dried (namely, the water-based dispersion medium is removed from the pre-pattern), a concentration of the at least one of the sugar alcohols in the pre-pattern is increased due to the evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium therefrom.
This makes it possible to increase a viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink constituting the pre-pattern. Therefore, it is possible to more reliably prevent the conductive pattern formation ink from diffusing toward an undesired region on the base member. As a result, a conductive pattern having a desired shape can be formed on the base member with high accuracy.
In this regard, it is preferred that sugar alcohols, which are in the form of a solid within operating temperature limits of the conductive pattern formation ink, are used. This is because the viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink can be markedly increased depending on increase of the concentration of the at least one of the sugar alcohols contained therein.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the polyalcohol contains two or more kinds of the sugar alcohols.
This makes it possible to more reliably suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the at least one kind of the sugar alcohols is selected from the group comprising glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, inositol, maltitol and lactitol.
This makes it possible to more reliably suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that an amount of the at least one kind of the sugar alcohols contained in the drying suppressant is equal to or more than 15 wt %.
This makes it possible to more reliably suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the polyalcohol contains 1,3-propanediol.
This makes it possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head, and to appropriately adjust a viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink. Therefore, it becomes possible to more stably eject the conductive pattern formation ink from the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the base member is a sheet-like ceramic molded body made of a material containing ceramic particles and a binder.
The conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention is preferably used in the case where the conductive pattern is formed on such a ceramic molded body.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the water-based dispersion medium further contains a dispersant, the dispersant is adsorbed on surfaces of the metal particles to form metal colloid particles, and the dispersion solution becomes a colloid solution in which the metal colloid particles are dispersed in the water-based dispersion medium.
This makes it possible to prevent aggregation of the metal colloid particles in the colloid solution, that is, the conductive pattern formation ink. Therefore, it is possible to form a fine conductive pattern.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the dispersant is formed of a hydroxy acid or a salt thereof having three or more COOH and OH groups in a total number, the number of the COOH groups being equal to or greater than the number of the OH group(s).
This makes it possible to prevent aggregation of the metal colloid particles in the colloid solution, that is, the conductive pattern formation ink. Therefore, it is possible to form a fine conductive pattern.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that the dispersant is formed of a mercapto acid or a salt thereof having two or more COOH and SH groups in a total number.
This makes it possible to prevent aggregation of the metal colloid particles in the colloid solution, that is, the conductive pattern formation ink. Therefore, it is possible to form a fine conductive pattern.
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, it is preferred that pH of the colloid solution is adjusted to the range of 6 through 12.
This makes it possible to prevent aggregation of the metal colloid particles in the colloid solution, that is, the conductive pattern formation ink. Therefore, it is possible to form a fine conductive pattern.
A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a conductive pattern formed by the above conductive pattern formation ink.
This makes it possible to provide a conductive pattern having high reliability.
A third aspect of the present invention is directed to a wiring substrate provided with the above conductive pattern.
This makes it possible to provide a wiring substrate having high reliability.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section view showing one example of the wiring substrate according to the present invention, that is, a ceramic circuit substrate.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory view schematically illustrating the steps of a method of producing the wiring substrate shown in FIG. 1, that is, the ceramic circuit substrate.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are views for explaining a production process of the wiring substrate shown in FIG. 1, that is, the ceramic circuit substrate.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a schematic configuration of an ink jet apparatus.
FIG. 5 is a pattern diagram for explaining a schematic configuration of an ink jet head.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Conductive Pattern Formation Ink
The conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention is an ink for forming a conductive pattern on a base member and, more specifically, an ink for forming a conductive pattern on a base member using a liquid droplet ejecting method.
Hereinafter, description will be made on a preferred embodiment of a conductive pattern formation ink. In this embodiment, description will be representatively offered regarding a case that a colloid solution including silver colloid particles (metal colloid particles) dispersed therein is used as a dispersion solution in which metal particles are dispersed in a water-based dispersion medium.
The conductive pattern formation ink (hereinafter simply referred to as ink on occasion) of this embodiment is comprised of a colloid solution containing a water-based dispersion medium, silver colloid particles dispersed in the water-based dispersion medium and a drying suppressant for suppressing drying of the colloid solution (ink).
Water-Based Dispersion Medium
First, description will be made on the water-based dispersion medium. In this embodiment, the term “water-based dispersion medium” means a liquid constituted from water and/or a liquid having good compatibility with water (that is, a liquid having solubility of 30 g or higher with respect to water of 100 g at 25° C.).
As described above, the water-based dispersion medium is constituted from water and/or a liquid having good compatibility with water, but it is preferred that the water-based dispersion medium is mainly constituted from water. In this regard, an amount of the water contained in the water-based dispersion medium is preferably 70 wt % or more, and more preferably 90 wt % or more.
Examples of such a water-based dispersion medium include water; an alcohol-based solvent such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, propanol or isopropanol; an ether-based solvent such as 1,4-dioxane or tetrahydrofuran (THF); an aromatic heterocyclic compound-based solvent such as pyridine, pyrazine or pyrrole; an amide-based solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); a nitrile-based solvent such as acetonitrile; an aldehyde-based solvent such as acetaldehyde; and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
Silver Colloid Particles
Next, description will be made on the silver colloid particles. The term “silver colloid particles” means silver particles each adsorbing (or carrying) a dispersant on a surface thereof.
It is preferred that the dispersant is formed of a hydroxy acid or a salt thereof having three or more COOH and OH groups in a total number, wherein the number of the COOH groups is equal to or greater than the number of the OH group(s). The dispersant is adsorbed to surfaces of the silver particles to form the silver colloid particles.
The dispersant acts to stabilize the colloid solution by allowing the silver colloid particles to be uniformly dispersed in the water-based dispersion medium (colloid solution) under electrical repulsion forces of the COOH groups present in the dispersant.
If the total number of the COOH and OH groups contained in the dispersant is less than three, or if the number of the COOH groups is smaller than the number of the OH groups, there is a case that dispersibility of the silver colloid particles cannot be obtained sufficiently.
Examples of the dispersant include citric acid, malic acid, trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, trilithium citrate, triammonium citrate, disodium malate, tannic acid, Gallo tannic acid, Gallo tannin and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
Further, the dispersant formed of a mercapto acid or a salt thereof having two or more COOH and SH groups in a total number is preferably used. The dispersant is adsorbed to surfaces of the silver particles through mercapto groups thereof to form the silver colloid particles.
The dispersant also acts to stabilize the colloid solution by allowing the silver colloid particles to be uniformly dispersed in the water-based dispersion medium (colloid solution) under electrical repulsion forces of the COOH groups present in the dispersant.
If the total number of the COOH and SH groups contained in the dispersant is less than two, that is, one of the COOH and SH groups is contained in the dispersant, there is a case that dispersibility of the silver colloid particles cannot be obtained sufficiently.
Examples of the dispersant include mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, thiodipropionic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid, thioacetic acid, sodium mercaptoacetate, sodium mercaptopropionate, sodium thiodipropionate, disodium mercaptosuccinate, potassium mercaptoacate, potassium mercaptopropionate, potassium thiodipropionate, dipotassium mercaptosuccinate, and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
An amount of the silver colloid particles contained in the ink (colloid solution) is in the range of about 1 to 60 wt %, and more preferably in the range of about 10 to 50 wt %. If the amount of the silver colloid particles falls below the lower limit value noted above, an absolute amount of the silver contained in the ink becomes too small. As a result, there is a need to apply the ink several times when the conductive pattern is formed into a relatively thick film.
In contrast, if the amount of the silver colloid particles exceeds the upper limit value noted above, the amount of the silver colloid particles contained in the ink becomes too great unnecessarily, thus reducing dispersibility of the silver colloid particles. In order to avoid the dispersibility reduction, it is necessary to increase frequency of stirring the ink.
An average particle size of the silver colloid particles is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 nm. This makes it possible to obtain an ink which can be ejected more stably, and to form a conductive pattern having a fine pattern with ease.
When the silver colloid particles is heated up to 500° C. in a thermogravimetric analysis, a heat loss of the silver colloid particles is preferably in the range of about 1 to 25 wt %. As the silver colloid particles (solid contents) is heated up to 500° C., the dispersant and the residual reducing agent described below are oxidatively decomposed and are gasified and eliminated for their most parts.
Since a quantity of the residual reducing agent seems to be insignificant, it may be conceived that the loss of the silver colloid particles when heated up to 500° C. corresponds substantially to a quantity of the dispersant present in the silver colloid particles.
If the loss-on-heating is smaller than 1 wt %, the quantity of the dispersant relative to that of the silver particles becomes too small, thus reducing dispersibility of the silver particles (silver colloid particles). In contrast, if the loss-on-heating is greater than 25 wt %, the quantity of the residual dispersant relative to that of the silver particles becomes too great, consequently increasing specific resistance of the conductive pattern.
The specific resistance can be improved to a certain degree by heating and sintering the conductive pattern after formation thereof to decompose and eliminate organic components. Therefore, it is preferred that the ink of the present invention is used for forming the conductive pattern on a substrate which is sintered at a higher temperature, such as a ceramic substrate.
Further, an amount of the silver particles (which do not adsorb the dispersant) contained in the ink is in the range of 0.5 to 60 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 45 wt %. This makes it possible to more effectively prevent occurrence of disconnection of the conductive pattern. Therefore, it is possible to provide a conductive pattern having higher reliability.
In this regard, it is to be noted that a method of producing the silver colloid particles will be described below in detail.
Drying Suppressant
In the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention, the drying suppressant is contained for suppressing drying of the dispersion solution (conductive pattern formation ink)
Meanwhile, in the case where a conventional conductive pattern formation ink, which is composed of a dispersion medium and metal particles dispersed in the dispersion medium, is used, the dispersion medium is evaporated from the conventional conductive pattern formation ink, when stopping an ejecting operation thereof or ejecting it continuously for a long period of time.
As a result, there is a problem in that the metal particles are deposited in the vicinity of liquid droplet ejection portions of a liquid droplet ejection head (ink jet head) due to the evaporation of the dispersion medium from the conventional conductive pattern formation ink.
If the deposition of the metal particles in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions occurs, an ejecting direction of each of ejected liquid droplets is changed, that is, flight deflection thereof occurs. This causes a problem in that each liquid droplet cannot land on a desired point.
Further, in the case where the metal particles are deposited in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions, there is also a problem in that an amount of each ejected liquid droplet becomes unstable.
In contrast, since the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention contains the drying suppressant which can suppress the drying of the dispersion solution (conductive pattern formation ink), it is possible to suppress the water-based dispersion medium from evaporating in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head, even when the ejecting operation of the ink is stopped or the ink is ejected continuously for a long period of time.
This makes it possible to effectively prevent occurrence of the above problems, and to stably eject the conductive pattern formation ink of the present invention from the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head. As a result, a conductive pattern having a desired shape can be formed with high accuracy.
As the drying suppressant, a polyalcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups in a molecule thereof is preferably used. Use of such a polyalcohol makes it possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium (drying of the dispersion solution) due to interaction (e.g., formation of hydrogen bonds, van der Waals bonds or the like) between the polyalcohol and the water-based dispersion medium. As a result, it is possible to more effectively suppress the evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
Further, it is possible to easily remove the polyalcohol from the conductive pattern, for example, by decomposition thereof when forming the conductive pattern. Furthermore, use of the polyalcohol makes it possible to appropriately adjust a viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink, thereby further improving film-forming capability thereof.
Examples of the polyalcohol include ethylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, various kinds of sugar alcohols obtained by reducing aldehyde groups and/or ketone groups included in chemical structures of sugars to the hydroxyl groups, and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
Among them, it is preferred that the polyalcohol containing at least one kind of the sugar alcohols is used. Since each of the sugar alcohols has many hydroxyl groups per a molecular weight thereof, it has higher interaction to the water-based dispersion medium. This makes it possible to suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium (drying of the dispersion solution).
As a result, it is possible to more reliably suppress the evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
Further, since each of the sugar alcohols has many oxygen atoms per a molecular weight thereof, it burns easily. This makes it possible to more easily remove the at least one kind of the sugar alcohols from the conductive pattern by oxidatively decomposing it when forming the conductive pattern.
Further, when a patterned film formed using the conductive pattern formation ink, that is, a pre-pattern before being transformed (changed) into the conductive pattern is dried (namely, the water-based dispersion medium is removed from the pre-pattern), a concentration of the at least one of the sugar alcohols in the pre-pattern is increased due to the evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium therefrom.
This makes it possible to increase a viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink constituting the pre-pattern. Therefore, it is possible to more reliably prevent the conductive pattern formation ink from diffusing toward an undesired region on the base member. As a result, a conductive pattern having a desired shape can be formed on the base member with high accuracy.
In this regard, it is preferred that sugar alcohols, which are in the form of a solid within operating temperature limits of the conductive pattern formation ink, are used. This is because the viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink can be markedly increased depending on increase of the concentration of the at least one of the sugar alcohols contained therein.
Further, it is preferred that the polyalcohol containing two or more kinds of the sugar alcohols is used. This makes it possible to more reliably suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
Further, examples of the sugar alcohol include threitol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, arabitol, ribitol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, gulitol, talitol, galactitol, allitol, altritol, dolucitol, iditol, glycerin (glycerol), inositol, maltitol, isomaltitol, lactitol, turanitol and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
Among them, the polyalcohol preferably contains at least one kind of the sugar alcohols selected from the group comprising glycerin, xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, maltitol, mannitol, galactitol, inositol and lactitol, and more preferably contains two or more kinds of the sugar alcohols selected from the above group. This makes it possible to enhance the above effect obtained by using the sugar alcohol as the drying suppressant.
In the case where the at least one of the sugar alcohols is contained in the drying suppressant, an amount thereof is preferably equal to or more than 15 wt %, more preferably equal to or more than 30 wt %, and even more preferably in the range of 40 to 70 wt %. This makes it possible to more reliably suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
Further, it is preferred that the polyalcohol containing 1,3-propanediol is used. This makes it possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head, and to appropriately adjust a viscosity of the conductive pattern formation ink. Therefore, it becomes possible to more stably eject the conductive pattern formation ink from the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
In the case where the 1,3-propanediol is contained in the drying suppressant, an amount thereof contained in the drying suppressant is preferably in the range of 10 to 70 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 20 to 60 wt %. This makes it possible to more stably eject the conductive pattern formation ink from the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head.
An amount of the drying suppressant contained in the ink (colloid solution) is preferably in the range of 3 to 25 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 20 wt %. This makes it possible to more effectively suppress evaporation of the water-based dispersion medium in the vicinity of the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head, thereby enabling to form a conductive pattern having a desired shape with high accuracy.
In contrast, if the amount of the drying suppressant contained in the ink is lower than the lower limit value noted above, there is a case that a suppression effect for suppressing drying of the ink (colloid solution) cannot be obtained sufficiently.
On the other hand, if the amount of the drying suppressant contained in the ink exceeds the upper limit value noted above, the amount of the drying suppressant becomes excessively large as compared with that of the silver particles (silver colloid particles). Therefore, in the case where the pre-pattern is sintered to obtain a conductive pattern, the drying suppressant is apt to remain in the conductive pattern.
This causes increase of specific resistance of the conductive pattern. In this regard, the specific resistance of the conductive pattern can be improved to a certain degree, by controlling sintering conditions such as a sintering time and a sintering atmosphere.
Other Ingredients
The conductive pattern formation ink may contain an anti-cracking agent in addition to the above ingredients. The anti-cracking agent has a function of preventing generation of cracks in the patterned film (that is, the pre-pattern) formed using the conductive pattern formation ink when drying the patterned film (namely, when removing the water-based dispersion medium from the pre-pattern).
The anti-cracking agent can bind the silver colloid particles together and prevent them from being scattered, even if a base member (particularly, a ceramic green sheet which will be forth below) is expanded and contracted by a temperature change, the pre-pattern of the conductive pattern is shrunk when drying it, or the like. As a result, it becomes possible to prevent generation of cracks in the conductive pattern formed.
Examples of the anti-cracking agent include a polyglycerin compound having a polyglycerin chemical structure such as polyglycerin or polyglycerin ester, polyethylene glycol, and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
Examples of the polyglycerin ester include polyglycerin monostearate, polyglycerin tristearate, polyglycerin tetrastearate, polyglycerin monooleate, polyglycerin pentaoleate, polyglycerin monolaurate, polyglycerin monocaprylate, polyglycerin polycyanurate, polyglycerin sesquistearate, polyglycerin decaoleate, polyglycerin sesquioleate, and the like.
Use of such an anti-cracking agent ensures that polymer chains exist between the silver colloid particles. This makes it possible to maintain an adequate distance between the silver colloid particles and to prevent them from aggregating together, whereby the silver colloid particles can be stably dispersed at a high concentration in the ink (colloid solution).
In addition, since the ink containing the anti-cracking agent can have an appropriate viscosity, it can be stably ejected from the liquid droplet ejection portions of the liquid droplet ejection head. Further such an ink can exhibit increased film-forming capability.
Further, the anti-cracking agent has a relatively high boiling point or decomposition temperature. In a process of forming the conductive pattern with the conductive pattern formation ink, the anti-cracking agent can be evaporated or oxidatively decomposed after the water-based dispersion medium contained in the ink (colloid solution) has been evaporated.
Furthermore, before the anti-cracking agent is evaporated or oxidatively decomposed, it can maintain the adequate distance between the silver colloid particles and prevent them from aggregating together. Therefore, by using an anti-cracking agent having a specific boiling point or decomposition temperature, a sintering temperature of the pre-pattern of the conductive pattern can be adjusted.
In addition, the anti-cracking agent continues to exist around the silver colloid particles, thereby avoiding any rapid volumetric shrinkage of the pre-pattern of the conductive pattern and any grain growth of the silver particles when removing the water-based dispersion medium from the pre-pattern.
Among the compounds stated above, it is preferable to use the polyglycerin compound with the polyglycerin chemical structure, and more preferable to use the polyglycerin. This makes it possible to more reliably prevent generation of cracks and also to make more prominent the effects mentioned above. The polyglycerin compound is also preferred because it exhibits increased solubility to the water-based dispersion medium (water).
A weight average molecular weight of the polyglycerin compound used herein is preferably in the range of 300 to 3000, and more preferably in the range of 400 to 600. This makes it possible to more reliably prevent generation of cracks when drying the pre-pattern of the conductive pattern (that is, the pattered film formed of the conductive pattern formation ink).
If the weight average molecular weight of the polyglycerin compound falls below the lower limit value noted above, the compound tends to be decomposed during a course of drying, which in turn reduces the effect of preventing generation of cracks.
If the weight average molecular weight of the polyglycerin compound exceeds the upper limit value noted above, dispersibility of the silver colloid particles in the ink (colloid solution) is reduced by an excluded volume effect of the polyglycerin compound or the like.
Examples of the polyethylene glycol include polyethylene glycol #200 (having a weight average molecular weight of 200), polyethylene glycol #300 (having a weight average molecular weight of 300), polyethylene glycol #400 (having a weight average molecular weight of 400), polyethylene glycol #600 (having a weight average molecular weight of 600), polyethylene glycol #1000 (having a weight average molecular weight of 1000), polyethylene glycol #1500 (having a weight average molecular weight of 1500), polyethylene glycol #1540 (having a weight average molecular weight of 1540), polyethylene glycol #2000 (having a weight average molecular weight of 2000), and the like.
An amount of the anti-cracking agent (particularly, the polyglycerin compound) contained in the ink (colloid solution) is preferably in the range of 5 to 25 wt %, more preferably in the range of 6 to 22 wt %, and even more preferably in the range of 7 to 20 wt %. This makes it possible to more effectively prevent generation of cracks.
If the amount of the anti-cracking agent is smaller than the lower limit value noted above, the effect of preventing generation of cracks is reduced in the case where the weight average molecular weight thereof falls below the lower limit value noted above.
On the other hand, if the amount of the anti-cracking agent is greater than the upper limit value noted above, dispersibility of the silver colloid particles in the ink (colloid solution) is reduced in the case where the weight average molecular weight thereof exceeds the upper limit value noted above.
Further, the conductive pattern formation ink may contain an acetyleneglycol-based compound, in addition the above ingredients.
The acetyleneglycol-based compound has a function of adjusting a contact angle of the conductive pattern formation ink against the base member to a predetermined range. In other words, the acetyleneglycol-based compound is preferred because it can adjust the contact angle of the ink against the base member to the predetermined range with a small additive amount.
Furthermore, in the case where the ink contains such an acetyleneglycol-based compound, even if air bubbles are generated (contaminated) into ejected liquid droplets, they can be rapidly removed from the ejected liquid droplets. As described above, by adjusting the contact angle of the ink against the base member to the predetermined range, it is possible to form a finer conductive pattern.
Specifically, by using the acetyleneglycol-based compound, the contact angle of the ink against the base member is adjusted preferably to the range of 40 to 80°, and more preferably to the range of 50 to 80°. If the contact angle is very small, there is a fear that a conductive pattern having a fine line width cannot be formed.
On the other hand, if the contact angle is very large, there is a fear that a conductive pattern having an even line width cannot be formed depending on ejection conditions of the ink or the like. Further, when the liquid droplet is landed on the base member, a contact area therebetween becomes very small. As a result, there is a case that the landed liquid droplet slips from its landed point.
Examples of the acetyleneglycol-based compound include SURFYNOL 104 series (e.g., 104E, 104H, 104PG-50, 104PA), SURFYNOL 400 series (e.g., 420, 465, 485), OLFINE series (e.g., EXP4036, EXP4001, E1010) and the like, one or more of which may be used independently or in combination. Here, “SURFYNOL” and “OLFINE” are product names of Nissin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd..
It is preferred that the conductive pattern formation ink contains two or more kinds of the acetyleneglycol-based compounds each having a different HLB value. This makes it possible to easily adjust the contact angle of the conductive pattern formation ink against the base member to the predetermined range.
Especially, in the two or more kinds of the acetyleneglycol-based compounds, a HLB value difference between an acetyleneglycol-based compound having a highest HLB value and an acetyleneglycol-based compound having a lowest HLB value is preferably in the range of 4 to 12, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 10. This makes possible to adjust the contact angle of the conductive pattern formation ink against the base member to the predetermined range with a smaller aditive amounts of the acetyleneglycol-based compounds (that is, a surface tension adjuster).
In the case where the ink containing the two or more kinds of the acetyleneglycol-based compounds is used, a HLB value of the acetyleneglycol-based compound having a highest HLB value is preferably in the range of 8 to 16, and more preferably in the range of 9 to 14. On the other hand, in this case, a HLB value of the acetyleneglycol-based compound having a lowest HLB value is preferably in the range of 2 to 7, and more preferably in the range of 3 to 5.
An amount of the acetyleneglycol-based compound cantained in the ink (colloid solution) is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 1 wt %, and more preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 wt %. This makes it possible to more effectively adjust the contact angle of the conductive pattern formation ink against the base member to the predetermined range.
Constituent ingredients of the conductive pattern formation ink are not limited to the above ingredients, and may contain other ingredients than the above ingredients.
Although the silver colloid particles including the silver particles are dispersed in the ink (colloid solution) according to the description made above, the colloid particles may include other metal particles than the silver particles. Examples of a metal constituting the other metal particles include copper, palladium, platinum, gold, alloy thereof, and the like, and one or more of which may be used independently or in combination.
In the case of using metal particles composed of the alloy, the alloy may contain the above mentioned metal as its major component, and other metals. Further, it may also be possible to use alloy obtained by mixing the above mentioned metals with each other in an arbitrary ratio. Mixed particles (e.g., combination of silver particles, copper particles and palladium particles mixed in an arbitrary ratio) may be dispersed in the ink (colloid solution).
The above mentioned metals are low in resistivity and are stable such that they are not oxidized by a heat treatment. Therefore, use of these metals makes it possible to form a conductive pattern that exhibits low resistance and high stability.
Method of Producing Conductive Pattern Formation Ink
Next, one example of a method of producing the above conductive pattern formation ink will be described.
As described above, the ink is comprised of the colloid solution containing the silver colloid particles in which the dispersant is adsorbed on surfaces of the silver particles. In this embodiment, the colloid solution is obtained by preparing an aqueous solution in which the dispersant and a reducing agent are dissolved, and then dropping an aqueous silver salt solution into the aqueous solution.
When the aqueous silver salt solution is dropped into the aqueous solution, Ag⁺ ions derived from a silver salt contained in the aqueous silver salt solution are reduced by the reducing agent contained in the aqueous solution, so that the Ag⁺ ions are transformed into silver atoms to produce the silver particles in the aqueous solution. Therefore, in this embodiment, the silver salt is a starting material for producing the silver particules.
In the method of producing the ink of this embodiment, the aqueous solution is, first, prepared in which the above dispersant and reducing agent are dissolved.
The dispersant is blended preferably in such a blending quantity that a mole ratio of the dispersant to silver contained in the silver salt becomes equal to about 1:1 to 1:100. Examples of the silver salt, which is the starting material of the silver particles, include silver nitrate and the like.
If the mole ratio of the dispersant to the silver salt becomes greater, a particle size of the silver particles grows smaller and contact points between the silver particles are increased. This makes it possible to obtain a conductive pattern whose volume resistance value is low.
As described above, the reducing agent acts to generate the silver particles through a reduction of Ag⁺ ions contained in the silver salt (starting material) such as the silver nitrate (Ag⁺NO³⁻) or the like.
The reducing agent is not particularly limited to a specific type. Examples of the reducing agent include: an amine-based reducing agent such as hydrazine, dimethylaminoethanol, methyldiethanolamine or triethanolamine; a hydrogen compound-based reducing agent such as sodium boron hydroxide, a hydrogen gas or hydrogen iodide; an oxide-based reducing agent such as carbon monoxide, sulfurous acid or hypophosphorous acid; a low-valent metal salt-based reducing agent such as a Fe (II) compound or a Sn (II) compound; an organic compound-based reducing agent such as sugar (e.g., D-glucose) or formaldehyde; a hydroxy acid, cited above as the dispersant, such as citric acid, malic acid or tannic acid; a hydroxy acid salt, cited above as the dispersant, such as trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, trilithium citrate, triammonium citrate or disodium malate; and the like. Among them, the hydroxy acid (including the tannic acid) or the salt thereof serve as both the reducing agent and the dispersant.
Further, the mercapto acid or the salt thereof, cited above as the dispersant, is preferably used as the reducing agent. This is because the mercapto acid or the salt thereof can be bonded to surfaces of the silver particles (metal particles) stably.
Examples of the mercapto acid include mercaptoacetic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, thiodipropionic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid and thioacetic acid. On the other hand, examples of the mercapto acid salt include sodium mercaptoacetate, sodium mercaptopropionate, sodium thiodipropionate, disodium mercaptosuccinate, potassium mercaptoacate, potassium mercaptopropionate, potassium thiodipropionate and dipotassium mercaptosuccinate.
These reducing agents and dispersants may be used independently or in combination. When using these compounds, it may be possible to accelerate a reducing reaction by applying light or heat thereto.
The reducing agent is blended in such a blending quantity as to completely reduce the silver salt which is the starting material of the silver particles. If the blending quantity is excessive, the reducing agent remains in the colloid solution (aqueous silver colloid solution) as impurities, which may be a cause of adversely affecting conductivity of the formed conductive pattern.
This means that the blending quantity should preferably be a smallest possible quantity. More specifically, the blending quantity is such that a mole ration of the silver salt to the reducing agent becomes equal to about 1:1 to 1:3.
In this embodiment, it is preferred that, after the aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving the dispersant and the reducing agent in the solvent, pH of the aqueous solution is adjusted to 6 to 12.
The reason is as follows. For example, in the case of mixing the trisodium citrate as the dispersant and ferrous sulfate as the reducing agent, the pH of the aqueous solution becomes equal to about 4 to 5 depending on an overall concentration thereof, which falls below the pH 6 mentioned above.
At this time, equilibrium of a reaction represented by the following reaction equation (1) is shifted to the right side by hydrogen ions existing in the aqueous solution, thereby increasing a quantity of the COOH groups.
—COO⁻+H⁺→—COOH (1)
This reduces electrical repulsion forces of the surfaces of the silver particles obtained by subsequently dropping the aqueous silver salt solution, which leads to reduction in dispersibility of the silver particles (colloid particles).
For this reason, after the aqueous solution has been prepared by dissolving the dispersant and the reducing agent in the solvent, an alkaline compound is added to the aqueous solution to reduce a hydrogen ion concentration thereof.
The alkaline compound added at this time is not particularly limited to a specific type. Examples of the alkaline compound include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, ammonia water and the like. Among them, it is preferable to use the sodium hydroxide that can easily adjust the pH with a small amount.
In this regard, addition of the alkaline compound in a quantity great enough to increase the pH of the aqueous solution to more than 12 is undesirable, because the hydroxide of ions of a residual reducing agent (that is, residue of the reducing agent) such as iron ions or the like is apt to precipitate.
Next, in the method of producing the ink of this embodiment, the aqueous silver salt solution containing the silver salt is dropped into the aqueous solution in which the dispersant and the reducing agent are dissolved.
The silver salt is not particularly limited to a specific type. Examples of the silver salt include silver acetate, silver carbonate, silver oxide, silver sulfate, silver nitrite, silver chlorate, silver sulfide, silver chromate, silver nitrate, silver dichromate and the like. Among them, it is preferable to use the silver nitrate that exhibits high water-solubility.
A quantity of the silver salt is decided by taking into account a target amount of the silver colloid particles and a percentage of the silver salt reduced by the reducing agent. In the case of the silver nitrate, about 15 to 70 mass parts of the silver nitrate is used on the basis of 100 mass parts of the aqueous silver salt solution.
The aqueous silver salt solution is prepared by dissolving the silver salt in pure water and is gradually dropped into the aqueous solution in which the dispersant and the reducing agent are dissolved.
As described above, in this step, the Ag⁺ ions contained in the silver salt is reduced by the reducing agent so that the Ag⁺ ions are transformed into silver atoms to produce the silver particles in the aqueous solution. At this time, the dispersant is adsorbed to the surfaces of the silver particles to form silver colloid particles.
This produces an aqueous solution (aqueous dispersion solution) in which the silver colloid particles are dispersed in a colloidal form, that is, the colloid solution.
In addition to the silver colloid particles, the residual reducing agent and the dispersant are likely to exist in the thus obtained colloid solution as ions. Thus, an ion concentration of the colloid solution as a whole becomes high.
In the colloid solution of this state, the silver particles are aggregated to produce aggregates and the aggregates are easily precipitated. For this reason, it is preferred that cleaning is performed to remove superfluous ions of the residual reducing agent and dispersant present in the colloid solution and to reduce the ion concentration thereof.
Cleaning methods include: a method of repeating several times the steps of leaving the colloid solution containing the silver colloid particles at rest for a specified time, removing supernatant liquid thus created, adding pure water to the colloid solution, stirring the colloid solution, leaving the colloid solution at rest for a specified time and removing supernatant liquid thus created; a method of performing centrifugal separation in place of leaving the colloid solution at rest; a method of removing ions by ultrafiltration; and the like.
Further, the following method may be used. In this method, first, after the colloid solution is produced, the pH thereof is adjusted to an acidic area of 5 or lower so that the above reaction equation (1) is shifted to the right side, thereby positively aggregating the silver colloid particles (metal colloid particles) due to reduction of the electrical repulsion forces of the surfaces of the silver particles. Next, in this aggregated state of the silver colloid particles, salts and the solvent are removed from the colloid solution.
In this regard, in the case where a sulfur compound having a low molecular weight such as the mercapto acid is used as the dispersant, such a sulfur compound forms stable bonds to the surfaces of the silver particles (metal particles) to produce the silver colloid particles (metal colloid particles). Therefore, by adjusting the pH of the colloid solution to an alkaline area of 6 or higher once again, the aggregated silver colloid particles are re-dispersed therein with ease. In this way, it is possible to obtain a colloid solution having excellent dispersion stability.
In the method of producing the ink of this embodiment, it is preferred that, at the end of the above step, the pH of the colloid solution, in which the silver colloid particles are dispersed, is finally adjusted to 6 through 11 by adding, if necessary, an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution to the colloid solution.
Due to the cleaning performed after reduction, a concentration of sodium ions as electrolytic ions is sometimes decreased. With the colloid solution of this state, equilibrium of a reaction represented by the following reaction equation (2) is shifted to the right side.
| 35,573 |
https://github.com/j5ik2o/reactive-aws-clients/blob/master/reactive-aws-dynamodb/core/src/main/scala/com/github/j5ik2o/reactive/aws/dynamodb/model/ops/ProvisionedThroughputOps.scala
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
reactive-aws-clients
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j5ik2o
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Scala
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Code
| 89 | 478 |
// Auto-Generated
package com.github.j5ik2o.reactive.aws.dynamodb.model.ops
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.dynamodb.model._
final class ProvisionedThroughputBuilderOps(val self: ProvisionedThroughput.Builder) extends AnyVal {
@SuppressWarnings(Array("org.wartremover.warts.AsInstanceOf"))
final def readCapacityUnitsAsScala(value: Option[Long]): ProvisionedThroughput.Builder = {
value.fold(self) { v => self.readCapacityUnits(v) }
}
@SuppressWarnings(Array("org.wartremover.warts.AsInstanceOf"))
final def writeCapacityUnitsAsScala(value: Option[Long]): ProvisionedThroughput.Builder = {
value.fold(self) { v => self.writeCapacityUnits(v) }
}
}
final class ProvisionedThroughputOps(val self: ProvisionedThroughput) extends AnyVal {
@SuppressWarnings(Array("org.wartremover.warts.AsInstanceOf"))
final def readCapacityUnitsAsScala: Option[Long] = Option(self.readCapacityUnits)
@SuppressWarnings(Array("org.wartremover.warts.AsInstanceOf"))
final def writeCapacityUnitsAsScala: Option[Long] = Option(self.writeCapacityUnits)
}
@SuppressWarnings(Array("org.wartremover.warts.ImplicitConversion"))
trait ToProvisionedThroughputOps {
implicit def toProvisionedThroughputBuilderOps(v: ProvisionedThroughput.Builder): ProvisionedThroughputBuilderOps =
new ProvisionedThroughputBuilderOps(v)
implicit def toProvisionedThroughputOps(v: ProvisionedThroughput): ProvisionedThroughputOps =
new ProvisionedThroughputOps(v)
}
| 38,259 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dina%20%28Nemanice%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Lučina (Nemanice)
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https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lučina (Nemanice)&action=history
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German
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Spoken
| 995 | 1,928 |
Lučina (deutsch: Grafenried) ist eine Wüstung in der Gemeinde Nemanice im westböhmischen Okres Domažlice in Tschechien.
Geografie
Lučina befand sich nahe der deutschen Grenze westlich von Nemanice. Westlich von Lučina erhebt sich der 677 Meter hohe Křížový vrch, östlich der 720 Meter hohe Nad zámečkem und nördlich der 689 Meter hohe Skalka (deutsch Steinfels). Südlich von Lučina entspringt der Mühlbach, der nach Süden fließt, ab Untergrafenried Föhrenbach heißt und bei Bablsäge in die Schwarzach mündet. Vom deutschen Ort Untergrafenried führt ein Wanderweg direkt zu der nahe gelegenen Wüstung.
Geschichte
13. bis 16. Jahrhundert
Grafenried (auch: Grauenrieth, Grauenreith) wurde 1282 im Urbarium von Niederbayern erstmals erwähnt. Seine Gründung geht auf die Zeit um 950 zurück. Es gehörte zum Pflegamt Waldmünchen. Grafenried lag auf der Grenze zwischen Böhmen und Bayern und hatte seit seiner Gründung unter den Kämpfen um diese Grenze zu leiden. Es wurde mehrfach zerstört und wieder aufgebaut.
Aus dem Jahr 1567 gibt es einen Bericht des Grafenrieder Pflegers Hans von Lampach, der von 60 Herdstätten und großer Armut spricht.
17. Jahrhundert
Pfleger Wolf Pelkhofer berichtete 1631 über einen Georg Thomas von Schönlündt, der 1541 nach Grafenried kam, um eine Glashütte aufzubauen. Die Kinder dieses Georg Thomas von Schönlündt verkauften die Grafenrieder Glashütte 1580 an Georg Pelkhofer von Mooswang. Er vergrößerte den Besitz und übergab einen Teil davon 1613 seinem Sohn Wolf Eytl Pelkhofer für 5000 Gulden. Zwei Glashütten und mehrere Wiesen und Felder behielt er für sich.
Infolge der Gegenreformation musste der kalvinische Wolf Eytl Pelkhofer von Mooswang seinen Besitz verlassen. Als er 1634 mit den Schweden zurückkehrte, plünderten diese Grafenried total aus.
Nach seinem Tod im Jahr 1635 wurde seine Witwe Anna Margaretha Pelkhofer, geb. Stuißin von Görnitz Besitzerin von Grafenried. Diese verkaufte 1637 Grafenried an den Glashüttenmeister von St. Katharina in Böhmen Georg Gerl.
Georg Gerl siedelte 1656 Untertanen in Grafenried an und baute das Brauhaus wieder auf. Seine Tochter Maria und ihr Mann Georg Werner, Glashüttenmeister von Schönau, übernahmen 1667 den Besitz. Nach dem Tod ihres Mannes 1677 übergab Maria den Besitz 1680 ihrem dritten Sohn Hanuß Thomas Werner.
1688 gab es in Grafenried eine Kapelle. Für 400 Gulden kaufte Werner 1697 für sich und alle zukünftigen Besitzer von Grafenried die Landsassenfreiheit.
18. Jahrhundert
1708 kam Grafenried auf Grund einer veränderten Grenzziehung zu Böhmen. Da zu Grafenried sowohl Besitzungen in der Oberpfalz als auch in Böhmen gehörten, waren seine Besitzer sowohl königlich böhmische als auch kurfürstlich oberpfälzische Landsassen. Franz Xaver Werner, Sohn von Hanuß Thomas Werner, übernahm 1713 den Besitz von Grafenried. Kaiser Karl VI. verlieh 1718 der Familie Werner den Reichsfreiherrnstand.
Ab 1740 wurde in Grafenried auf Initiative der Familie Werner Schulunterricht erteilt. Ab 1750 bezahlte die Familie Werner einen Schlosskaplan, der ab 1753 an Sonn- und Feiertagen in der Grafenrieder Kirche die hl. Messe feiern durfte.
Franz Xaver Werner war mit Barbara Rebekka Voith von Voithenberg verheiratet. Deren Tochter Anna Katharina war mit Otto Heinrich Müller von Altammerthal und Fronhofen verheiratet. Sie verwaltete das Gut von 1764 bis zu ihrem Tod 1796. 1786 ließ Anna Katharina eine neue Kirche erbauen. In dieser Kirche befand sich das Bild der Schönen Maria von Grafenried.
1789 hatte Grafenried 24 Häuser.
19. Jahrhundert
Josef Freiherr Voith von Voithenberg auf Herzogau heiratete 1801 die älteste Tochter der Anna Katharina. Er übernahm Grafenried von Christof Freiherr von Wiedersperg, der das Gut als Vormund der Töchter der Anna Katharina zwischenzeitlich verwaltet hatte. 1808 wurde Grafenried Pfarrei.
1839 hatte Grafenried 31 Häuser und 305 Einwohner. Josef Reichsfreiherr Voith von Voithenberg, Sohn von Josef Freiherr Voith von Voithenberg, übernahm Grafenried 1842 und verkaufte es 1872 an den tschechischen Grafen Belcredi, Gutsbesitzer in Mcel, für 205,000 Gulden.
1874 gab es in Grafenried 78 Bauern und Häusler. Sie bildeten eine Genossenschaft. Diese Genossenschaft der Grafenrieder Bauern und Häusler kaufte 1874 Grafenried für 146000 Gulden.
Sie erwarben das Schloss, um es als Schule zu nutzen. In diese Schule gingen außer den Grafenrieder Kindern auch die Kinder von Anger, Dietlhof, Seeg und den umliegenden Einöden. 1876 teilten die Mitglieder der Genossenschaft das Gut unter sich auf.
Eine Gendarmeriestation gab es in Grafenried ab 1880. 1883 wurde die Grafenrieder Freiwillige Feuerwehr gegründet.
20. Jahrhundert
1913 hatte Grafenried 38 Häuser und 289 Einwohner. Die Freiwillige Feuerwehr hatte 84 Mitglieder, der Land- und Forstwirtschaftliche Verein 28 und dem Gesangsverein gehörten 25 Personen an.
Infolge des Zerfalls Österreich-Ungarns 1918 gehörte Grafenried zur neu gegründeten Tschechoslowakei.
1930 hatte Grafenried 41 Häuser. Seine Einwohner waren: 231 Deutsche, 14 Tschechen und 2 Ausländer. Es gab in Grafenried eine Kirche, ein Schloss, eine Brauerei und einen Friedhof.
Nach der Sudetenkrise wurde Grafenried 1938 dem Deutschen Reich angegliedert. 1939 hatte Grafenried zusammen mit Anger, Seeg und Haselberg 147 Häuser und 800 Einwohner.
Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges gehörte es zur Tschechoslowakei. 1946 wurde die deutschsprachige Bevölkerung vertrieben. Fortan lag Grafenried aufgrund seiner Grenznähe in der Sperrzone und wurde in den Bau von Grenzbefestigungsanlagen einbezogen, die Häuser wurden nach und nach abgerissen. Die Kirche zum Hl. Georg blieb zwar noch einige Zeit erhalten, wurde jedoch 1970 abgerissen, obwohl sie unter staatlichem Denkmalschutz stand. Die Orgel wurde später in einer Scheune gefunden.
21. Jahrhundert
Seit 2011 begannen interessierte tschechische und deutsche Heimatforscher und Hobby-Archäologen damit, Grafenried auszugraben und Informationstafeln aufzustellen. Diese Tätigkeit hält bis heute (2017) an. Inzwischen haben sich die Ausgrabungen von Grafenried zu einer Touristenattraktion entwickelt. Das Tourismusbüro von Waldmünchen bietet geführte Wanderungen durch das Ausgrabungsgelände an.
Siehe auch
Liste der Wüstungen im Okres Domažlice
Literatur
Franz Liebl u. a. (Hrsg.): Unser Heimatkreis Bischofteinitz mit den deutschen Siedlungen im Bezirk Taus. Furth im Wald 1967.
Zdeněk Procházka: Putování po zaniklých místech Českého lesa, Teil 1: Domažlicko = Kreis Taus. Übersetzt von Alena Vondrušová. Nakladatelství Českého lesa, Domažlice, 2017, ISBN 978-80-87316-73-3 („Auf den Spuren der verschwundenen Dörfer des Böhmischen Waldes – Tauser Teil“).
Weblinks
Panorama von Grafenried von 1939 in der Sammlung des Bayerischen Staatsarchivs München.
Postkarte "Gruß aus Grafenried im Böhmerwald. Totalansicht. Villa des Herrn Stein." vor 1930 in der Sammlung des Bayerischen Staatsarchivs München.
Einzelnachweise
Wüstung in Nemanice
Ersterwähnung 1282
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<urn:uuid:b6d1bb95-e987-4261-b517-5da4c11ab0d9>
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https://www.orientation-pour-tous.fr/actualites/Lorraine-les-42emes-Olympiades-des
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orientation-pour-tous.fr
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Lorraine : les 42èmes Olympiades des Métiers
jp.simonnet -svn Publié le 5 décembre 2011
Les inscriptions aux sélections régionales des 42èmes Olympiades des Métiers viennent d’être lancées !
Cette compétition internationale rassemble tous les 2 ans des jeunes du monde entier dans une quarantaine de métiers.
Un seule condition pour s’inscrire : avoir moins de 23 ans l’année du concours.
Les dossiers d’inscription sont à retourner avant le 31 décembre 2011.
Pour plus de renseignements : Site du Conseil régional Lorraine
| 20,130 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Bwalya%20Yaluma
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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Christopher Bwalya Yaluma
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Christopher Bwalya Yaluma (* 31. Mai 1952) ist ein sambischer Politiker der Patriotic Front (PF).
Leben
Yaluma absolvierte ein Studium der Elektrotechnik, das er mit einem Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. Electrical Engineering) abschloss, und war danach als Elektroingenieur tätig. Er wurde bei den Wahlen 2011 als Kandidat der Patriotic Front (PF) erstmals zum Mitglied der Nationalversammlung Sambias gewählt sowie bei der Wahl am 11. August 2016 wiedergewählt und vertritt den Wahlkreis Malole.
Im Juli 2012 wurde er von Präsident Michael Sata zum Minister für Transport, öffentliche Arbeiten, Versorgung und Kommunikation in dessen Kabinett berufen. Im Mai 2013 wurde er im Zuge einer Regierungsumbildung zum Minister für Bergbau, Energie und Wasserentwicklung ernannt. Nach dem Tode Satas am 28. Oktober 2014 behielt er dieses Ministeramt auch im Kabinett von dessen kommissarischen Nachfolger Guy Scott sowie im Kabinett von Edgar Lungu, der am 25. Januar 2015 das Amt des Präsidenten übernahm. Bei einer weiteren Kabinettsumbildung übernahm er das daraus hervorgegangene und umgestaltete Amt als Minister für Bergbau und mineralische Entwicklung, während der Posten als Energieminister ein eigenständiges Ressort wurde.
Weblinks
Eintrag auf der Homepage der Nationalversammlung Sambias
Bergbauminister (Sambia)
Energieminister (Sambia)
Minister (Sambia)
Mitglied der Nationalversammlung (Sambia)
Sambier
Geboren 1952
Mann
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THE PROGRESS. !IREVEPORT LA. MARCH 11), 1894. ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF TRAINS 1P',. r,,:,,r trains reach Shrev'l- I : "'. part as folhows: TrXAM AND V.,( 11'. No t5 West Bound leaveo... . .. :n 1 No 52 East-Bound leav 's.. p i No. 5.i West-Bound leaves...... .. . I r' 11 No. 54 East.Bound leaves......... . . . '.U a ui VIK(.iBURO,'RHREVEI'[a tN t It :l FAST )lf001. Q and C. leaves Shrvp T .. ... Q. and C, b ave,' visl i .rg. ..6 pl[ Q. and C. leave .,tlaIta ............ p..U t h Q. and C. IA ves Atlanta ......... . O..n I Q and C. arrive~ at Atlanta........ . p in 0. and C. leave \'Vickshntrg . .. :'.0' p Iu Q aIrd C. arrive' at;Shri lV( rtI ...... r00 p IIn (( ITT' liL'--:,1:T)iw buND. Leaves Shreveport........... .. t m Arrive at Le Icvil ..... :4 tn Lceaves [lew[stille ... ............... ] p Il Arrives Memphis ............. .... Leaves l.ewisville .............. Arrives 'lexarka.na.. . I· .) p 1 1O l'Tl I; .[." N I,. l.eaves M tm phi ........... . . . ....... :0 p Arrives l,ew i ........ .. ... ts n a n( Leaves Texrr k: ......... .. .. Arrives Shre'velov .. ... ..... ... .11.50s.n 51REVFJ'0ET A.1D IIOrTION. Train No. N.. 2 for llous)tlu Leaves Shr revelo; . .. . 'n l in Arrives at lloustn u. ......... . . :..o. p in Train No. 1 I es lou tn ...... ............ n t Arrives at S11hre 1o:1 .. . .t0 P i Malls will clos0e.; ;iilllis in lladvancu ,of railroad time. GEO, FORCHLER, BARBER. ',ln dou 1. _n ill tlhi nut),'- tthrhr t";h }o ) atnu g'e't out f(,,,liI, atd h I .,in_ w orst than lu i ' , 1 - ,in ' it). I' t (la, h 1 tb '1., wiLl have x 't har 0 x'11 y 11 and will 11)1ki' ,, 11 it 1w, i) ;)m n THE BEST EQUIPPED SHOP IN TOWN, ESTIMATES ON GAS FITTING - AND eectric Light Work Furnished en application. COKE AND TAR, SFOtR HAIE BY GAS COMPANY. LOCAL COLUMN. SPECIAL NOTICE. I will ratify any contract or agreement entored into by JMr. C. 1). Hicks in connection with any part of this paper. N. D. (-,oouwt's, January 6, 1894. Lessee. Our Agwont. Mr. J. J. Billingsley is TlIE P1'Ro GRESS' authrized agent in DeSoto parish. Mr. James M. Goslin is our duly authorized agent at Ruston, La. For rentl. The two-story dwelling on Crockett street, near Texas Avenue, now occu pied by Dr. C. C. McCloud. Has sewerage, bath room and other water we-ks connections. Possession given .March 1, 1894. Apply to C. D. Hicks, 205 Milan street. i'ersnmai. M&r. I. W.\ Pickens and J. H. Tubbs aid us a pleasant cnll Thursday. Judge A. J. Parnell entertained us pleasantly Thursday. We were highly pleased to meet Mr. F. Otto, ofthat sterling paper the New Orleans States, who paid us a very pleasant visit Thursday. It gives us pleasure to note that Miss Atta May Koch, niece of Mr. L L. Helpman, has obtained a posi tion as stenographer in the office of the International Pnblishing Co., at Chicago. Miss Koch, like the Ra jority of the Shreveport girls, is bright and accomplished and we bi4fe h'fears but that she will give lltatisfaction to her employers in every particular. Dragon, PROGRESS takes pleasure in welcoming Mrs. T. H. Thurmond, who is in Shreveport on a visit to her hometown. She is the guest of Mrs. George A. Turner, where her numerous friends will be pleased to enjoy her society. We were agreeably entertained by a brief visit from Dr. F.J. Herrin. That reassuring farmer Mr. Chas. Schaufels, paid us an enthusiastic welcome and E.J. Emmell, night for New Orleans to attend the meeting of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, which convenes here Tuesday night. The former lodge will be recently instituted at A. Simpson's in New Orleans. Another Big Fire. A Quarter of a Million Dollars Worth of Property Swept Away in a Few Hours. Saturday night about 7 o'clock our citizens were aroused and startled by a convulsive, heavy sound, which did not seem that some powerful influence was struggling with a heavy opposition. This was followed by several others which soon attracted a crowd to the spot, Lewis, Ibtilhe & Co's. drug store, where it was learned that a big explosion had taken place. So great was the force of the explosion that the entire end of the store, being of brick, was Brought into Commercial Alley in the rear, while the concussion threw the front doors open and sent a negro, who chanced to be passing, into the middle of the street, while Mr. S. Brawurig, who was in front, was hurled to the ground insensible, receiving severe hurts on the head and arm. The explosion was caused by fire igniting some chemicals which were stored in the rear of the store. Immediately on the heels of this explosion came the cry of murder: fire! fire! from the excited and awe-stricken citizens who gathered to the scene and wondered with agonizing hearts if the mass of bricks with the red tongues of flames hid some unfortunate human being, whose life depended on their assistance. All first the belief was current that this was so, and so certain was this conviction that Mr. Charles Dewing, brave and chivalrous always, almost lost his life by dashing in undercrambling walls after what he supposed was the helpless form of a man. It was not, however, and the daring gentleman now suffers greatly from external and internal injuries received in attempting this rescue. During this time, the firemen had responded promptly to the call of the alarm, and for the first time, this scribe had an opportunity of witnessing what our department could do. In the beginning, the boys, while working hard, showed the lack of something they were accustomed to, and did not display that proficiency they are capable of. But soon this was relieved, as the clear tones of a leader were now heard, and the bystanders realized that Chief Bresnahan was among his men. With his ringing voice assuring, commanding, animating the fire laddies, like Trogus, they fought the fiery elements; like Napoleon's legions they moved with systematic concert; like Stonewall's brigade they faced the red-hot, advancing foe. It was a sight worth seeing, the energy, determination, daring displayed by our fire-boys, and indeed they were called on to perform feats that only those who paid strict attention realized. We believe we know something of what it is to be a fireman, and our admiration was great when we saw this work on Saturday night. Thomas Bresnahan is a fine chief and knows how to handle his men. He said to this writer that the boys were not working well, but we knew he was not serious, for his commands were obeyed with alacrity, and his ready willingness to scale ladders and put into practical play his commands, but imbued his men with the temper and spirit to be quick at executing his orders and emulating or executing each act of his. In his work, Chief Bresnahan is well seconded by his able assistant. Mr. W. T. Byland, who with two or three volunteers, Capt. M. B. Lydon, Hon. HI. W. Ogden and W. C. King, did yeomen's service on the roofs of the Looney building, adjoining Lewis, Bailie & Co.'s, and on that of Mr. B. Wolf, adjoining that of Mr. Looney. Among those who rendered valuable assistance were, Mayor R. T. Wilson and Street Commissioner Kesney. These gentlemen worked with earnestness and zeal, unmindful of many and varied water, each handling the hose like men who thought only of performing a public service. Councilman R. andall also rolled up his pants and went to work, while Patience Dingbell did the service of a veteran; as indeed he is. "The patrolmen all did their duty well, in fact, the administration showed off the duty to lend a hand of the regular patrol." Among those who left a high stand at the service were several of our colored citizens who left a high stand at the service wire indeed worked vigorously and not only did, but later in the night, or in the early morning, the two stores all joining on the opposite side filled in with the same greedy intent, which led to the end. It gives us pleasure to say in conclusion that the work of the fire department has been greatly improved. In the department was favorably passed upon by two adjusters of insurance companies, men who are accustomed to seeing efficient departments work. This fire or these insurance companies, not only did not, if not quite, $25,000 worth of property. Another Homicide in New York. Again has the escutcheon of our city been stained with the crime of homicide, making two, and an unsuccessful attempt at another, in the short space of about 18 days. These occurrences have become so frequent that it would be well for the moral, law-abiding element of our people, to begin to ascertain the cause of these horrible affairs. To us, it is patent that there is some cogent reason for this sudden transformation from a peaceful and orderly city, to a place where murder seems to be the offspring of a sentiment which has its dwelling place here. In our opinion, he is a useless reasoner who attempts to prove that our recent homicides are due entirely to the uncontrollable passion in the breast of the individual who perpetrates the deed nor the careful planning of the same individual who seeks revenge by this net hold. To our mind, the cause is much leper rooted and owes its existence to the immoral influences which are the dominant factors in our community to say. Since the organization of our present city government, politics has dominated every department under its management or control. Most, notably is this so in the police department. The management of his is conducted in such a manner which shows conclusively that no master hand guides the police, no, watchful, public-spirited eye keeps its gaze on the proceedings thereof. Had this been so, Mr. Charles Wilson would not have been in his grave, his family bowed in sorrow, his dear, old mother suffering such anguish as only mothers can. This is the condition of affairs all over the town, the very air and atmosphere is... Tainted and weakened as only such communities are when political faith, factional allegiance, not public weal holds sway. The last of the three tragedies enacted in our city was the killing of Sub-patrolman Wilson. His end was sudden, tragic, terrible, and caused considerable excitement in town. It was the theme of conversation on the streets, in business houses, residences everywhere. Like a thunderbolt, it came the words of Chief Engineer F. M. Kelly to Justice C. D. Hicks, "Joe Robb has just killed Charley Wilson." The details of the killing (drowned from eye witnesses are as follows: Reuben, the slayer, had inflicted some injuries on Julia Walker - an excellent colored woman injuring her so badly that a telephone message was sent to Constable Blank Kelly at Justice Hicks' office to arrest him. Procuring a warrant this constable started out in the midst of the desperado. Before discovering him, however, other actors had retired on the scene, and a horrible tragedy indeed was the result. It seems that, after his cruel treatment, the city limits, set out from the scene, situated on Sprague Avenue near Cane Street, followed closely by his little boy. As he passed down Texas Avenue, Officer Wilson was seated in front of Mr. A. Levy's store. and the boy told Shim that Reuben had killed or early killed his mother. At this Mr. Wilson sprang to his feet and commanded the negro to halt and surrender. This the negro refused to Ido,, but threatened to kill the otlicer if he pursuled min, declaring that he was not the pqrper officer to make the ar rest. Mr. Wilson coatinued to ad vance, persistig in ahi& demnds 'for asurren r, when Rubebg..broke into a trot or.run .nd turned down GIrand Avenwte tpwards thecemetery. Find ing that hig commands.to :halt were of nboavailJ, r, \Vl'soa Jow his pie tol,' which he emptied at the rereat inog man who continued his course towards the grave yard, stopping netthe;cate asia io ascertaini 'Mtl Wihi would keep no <be gprisiui n ol 4 t ofthe hill the pu r stofi4Id,'r~charged his- wepoli and kept'np the ciiie of thI figitivre '9o now tunedia;kat thti:gate "no4 k~,t on through the grate yard wilh Xl.. Whhaoa Bd&wew~i7O6~"ir~ I~y* St. and r1 i into hisH 1o01150. still hotly pursue , the pursue r hollowitnl out as he saw ('hif Nelson, who was Iher1' ti) atltone a fluIral. "hlore ht is.(' " 1P tain1, Cl'.)u s (ln." \\'Wu irm ll ueh ri'eahetd the ga:llory IlMr. WVilsonl wIa' at ithe' Inte ah' .li 15 feet (isntant. I'th, (O1r" was l,)c.,d1, but this lBulIeon forced open aod -;t on t hie in,side' just as 'ilsoon rieachel'd thi galle'ry. And right here the statemltents con tert., t1uhoun º,avs that riot, only waIs he shot, t n the log by his pursuer, but, that, the oflioer shot at, him again as 1he opened thie door and pointed to a powder burnt spoI, on his shoulder to prove it and thinking "Mr. W ilson int.nded to kill mf. I t.riod to lpro tect myself." This is contradicted by Chief N~I1son, who Nsas Ilk: sl4rli .Joe in the lehg and it. was his pistol shot which made the powder burn (At the time he was shooting at .1o the chief was stanling about 15 or '10 foot away.) Iilt tbe that as it hllly, I directly :aftor ,oe openelidl the door lie struck Wilsoln vern the heal with his pistol, then grabbed liilti in the c,,llr1' and shi . hini tw , .thliree four tinsil , it is ditliciIlt to dot rmn in which, fromtii llI' l'tleets of which the dlie I i t ver i't'lW nOlOn ints. Mr. N ,Ison Lno, other witnesse,, say thit Wilson hati no wIii WOtln in his hald whlen lme altscended the st ps, pckt iand that all tIbo cllllI's oni tauin l o11l5,Id art'rirdge.s. Itoubl o'l wvas arrest14'dl by ( )lhicrl' I owing K dll I luifi dl'r totol h te ii l in 11. l1 so, ll thllre' ft' r c,,' vo'Yi i tollt the potri-'i jail by ('onst lll el, 1l-l)1llti. O!i this killing wO lillmake nl i1 t ll' iin til l; hIr ll.e' illn d in ii( so weI, :v 4l11' ,)e ) ( 1 tc o titih r uS.' 1i1-1 1' , i .ring all iht , tinlo. telling i talsehood std stolli fying olrsolv\'', 41-e i4 lithlii \l', will givre up jhll( nlin ie'for w Will l ei guilty of) ht ' 0, t , aiost lllln,1111i sly imllilgedl. But JIJel cannot. ieiin fromi exteiind ing to the deieased's ;.', ,i niithier, for sh' s ind1Oire1 i 1a god i' lu n)i1, it 1it1' Ihll i , her. -:' t, profIoiinl sy.i Lpathiy inll thiiis il ' aind day of her deep. p ailful sorroilw tio tho father. sisters anid hir, thl.'rs we like wiI ,,x pirss our oarin-l(. ,lndolicOe. T'lhn city Cm lul i' cont ratttd foI'r ,'OH) f eti of rillho0tr lose a li "il ohly nighit, which a a a iiiost l ie(t''slirV V l '?Vo. I dl e liuil to 1 4' lio 14VnV. 1 it' ll ,iilh'i ll' , j( ',l l l 11to 'lir 11I' ' I. I'at'ili,' I : Iw l \ \i t ill -1 ! iirst-.la li'k,', to 4' lttn. Ulhn s AI7',.l , tllln .illo and S 'iia Ir t l '[t o I II fi' . l' w I, º .at, of t$2: ti i tV i i: : l11 '1l trip Il i iekI '1o) d for si\i . , t; 1.1 1 ,111'n .1 11. U,1 " 4' 4 lfuii'ih i' I 1 i "'"4rlna i l ii tll ' i l F. 1. I) 4 lll .tl 1i1 0 1 '1 1 i' ' ll. aTl M ol'so 1;. .\, \\'4iIii' \V dIaiiiiy 1i 4 'h1., it' li.l-i.' i ;i, l fht h1 maia i gig ih i if th il, ds bibit - lil' s minllii- 'I ay t. :(r. 4h'. I I..t . .lli, li , 4f ltnl,1 i .I, d i s'.h . ' . 111 i- i ii lith f i.. all li Iths'+ Beenfl,s of vrds. and Thrhe was Need frl Further invenstgation in t heiSu wije. 'The, w.a s uo li e til, n, 1,, e t, an i kill wo:., th ri- thn . g o\ .lo t11. 045114 tlui'ked thathilni ar,., .i '.- all I,1stw kinl. I.t h rpclnhidy mthe u i hi' a ods in ii h it...il itn dwn ed waf th i t\' lb .i . the I f ro¶ tiht o 1'uld R'il th s holved s .l e ,nowinlg dwll. ow.v th1 hidea's nothou us.iltd by her sih.ae lht' lon .th e.',lstv : aimti ,'litbs. ,I. \k o. V\\hlt,. To Ih t ~8wld wgeI nf paiTl''shinigod - E ie, m tal/d, its eost Lhrdial wis'the. for ao happtOy atl .'tussfl jrotioiney t biolyh 1if". d tth idd with ,hose tao red l tas r'eps pvhir h ma'i( l lit, atilm ti ollei's rld fui isheis. It has Been Discovered, and There is no -,Need for Further i nvestigation of If 1,hite. \ . s ' )n rhin, m thain good (lh(' tiait,h sU waiTed the aiids ,roe ite thinikii pleI1 of tbi t iw.ii , Knowing well how t..o pleae theh BIG MUJDDY CVOAL -IS I:.tyCOUNIZJ'ED \ AS I II E TC ' ('.1 )I 5, ,; lP'i BU RNS FREE. LELVES NO CLINKER \,ill ItDliV r. ALL LUMP, NO SLACK. W. F. TAYLOR. "ERmYAN LOEB, COTTON BROKER, ALSo J)EA",I'F1{ idoes, 7ool, B esaX, Tallow, Fur, C. 700. 702, 704. 706 COMMERCE ST.. COR. CROCKETT ST. il Tn,. I &lic' 111(' ,ll) Oiml ,n'llt Yf COTTON & ALL GOODS IN MY LINE, MARKET ST, RESTAURANT, Lunch Counter And Vli1;L1, AT ALL ]HOIitS DAY AND NIGHT. LADES Lu I gnch )r Moa in comJrany wih lr r tlerc is no :ili niai (ntit k isr , . u i lnr t.1hi,1 is sup plieil %yith all th ºhelictasies f lt.h season. is\iitoir' froml tie l .,iiitr). will indii it ihl 2rant lalk(it to SIt1. ][.i{il . ."["JIL"i (!;! S. B. McCUTCHEN, D ./1 .l K ER ' T, L., STRINGFELLOW, CASHIER A C rS al'rll Ing ;kMilaimsi1'ss 'l'l'Stt;ee ts', (',ot:'.S'e tLIS soli('it (! and I 'r,oun l, I A1r-l11l". _\l;1411. Cor. Spring & Milam Streets, -:- Shreveport, La t EL THE NORTH LOUISIAN GCLOTHING HOUSE: JORDAN & BOOTH A Tll Iml ,EAIJEI,4 IN Ready-Made Clothing, ;FOR MEN AND BOYS. 11M.A\ KI,; A IlI; 'l.1 /I'Y 'l,' 1 1 ,,Iºil,.: 'I'll 1. INE ST .1 Afs ý 1l' Shiis, Hats ant Shoas in the lake. 218 Texas Street, Shreveport, ~i4 CROSS PURPOSES. I'I p ~v 04r , i , c , l- " .. i S c -- ,: . , -. , .. f, .. q.%l' oý e t. Rz.y;;":"%'i 4 4 1 *". pit lip f t/,0 ýl. ý 1ý t,,, s'i' ,,.. ý ýýy " ý.
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Matthew S. Goldstone. The Dangerous Duty of Rebuke: Leviticus 19:17 in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 185
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SCJR 15, no. 1 (2020): 1-3
Matthew S. Goldstone
The Dangerous Duty of Rebuke: Leviticus 19:17
in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation
Supplements to the Journal
for the Study of Judaism 185
(Leiden: Brill, 2018), hardcover, xv + 279 pp.
KENGO AKIYAMA
[email protected]
California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819
In his revised and expanded NYU dissertation, Matthew Goldstone traces the
ways in which the Levitical command to rebuke (Lev 19:17) was variously understood by Jews and Christians in antiquity. The monograph includes an introduction,
three main parts which are subdivided into eight chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography, and three indices.
Goldstone begins with an introduction to a few key elements involved in the
act of rebuke. He then prepares the reader for the wide range of interpretations of
the verse by drawing on William Empson’s and Robert Alter’s works that highlight
the values of literary ambiguity and tensions along with their concomitant hermeneutical challenges (pp. 2-3). Since ancient Jewish interpreters viewed Lev 19:17
as a scriptural mandate, they were compelled to try and work out just how they
should—if they could at all—rebuke one another in a way that at once fulfilled the
will of God and preserved goodwill among the community’s members. As Goldstone situates Lev 19:17 in its literary context, he details the ambiguity and tension
generated by the three clauses, namely, 19:17a (“You shall not hate your kinsfolk
in your heart”), 19:17b (“Reprove your kinsman”), and 19:17c (“but incur no guilt
because of him”). While the ambiguity might be artful, those who were concerned
with its application—real or imagined—found themselves in a quandary. The rest
of the book sets out to elucidate how subsequent interpreters grappled with Lev
19:17.
In part 1 (chapters 1-3) Goldstone surveys a number of Second Temple Jewish
sources. Using James Kugel’s famous distinction between moral and judicial dimensions of rebuke, Goldstone catalogs how diverging interpretations of Lev 19:17
often emerge depending on whether one read this verse in light of the following
Akiyama: Matthew S. Goldstone’s Dangerous Duty of Rebuke
2
verse (Lev 19:18) or the preceding verse (Lev 19:16). He examines the Dead Sea
Scrolls (1QS, 4Q477, and the Damascus Document) and the Gospels (Matt 5, Luke
6) in chapters 1 and 2 and shows how the authors of each differently conceptualize
the relationship between rebuke (Lev 19:17) and love (Lev 19:18). Whereas the
Scrolls posit love as the “proper motivation for rebuke,” the Gospels pit love and
rebuke against each other on the assumption that true love obviates the need for
reproof (p. 64).
He discusses Jewish wisdom traditions in chapter 3. These authors all read Lev
19:17 in tandem with the prohibition of malicious speech (Lev 19:16). The view in
Proverbs is that only the wise are worth rebuking. It also calls into question the
value of reproof because of the “danger of excess speech and particularly slander”
(pp. 68-69). Ben Sira exhibits a more positive attitude toward reproof and extends
the obligation to include the foolish, albeit with a caution against breaking the silence too quickly. The author of the Testament of Gad maintains that what
distinguishes rebuke from slander is not the kind of action but the person to whom
the act is directed. Truth-telling is proper rebuke only when the offended party directly addresses the offender; otherwise, it slides into the treacherous territory of
“misdirected reproof, a form of slander (p. 83).
He moves in part 2 (chapters 4-6) to tannaitic literature which evidences rabbinic anxieties about the adverse effects of rebuke. The principle conclusion here
is that by and large the early rabbis were not in favor of rebuke because of its potential for destabilizing interpersonal relationships. He first analyzes Sifra and Sifre
Devarim respectively in chapters 4-5. Instead of fleshing out the procedural details
of rebuke, rabbis in both texts question the possibility of enacting rebuke in the first
place. The anonymous / unattributed portion of Sifra insists on the importance of
rebuke but expends as much energy warning against its excess (i.e., reproof to the
point of embarrassing the rebuked, which would put the rebuker in the wrong). The
attributed portion further stresses the unrealizable duty of rebuke (pp. 103-06). In
the same vein Sifre Devarim marginalizes rebuke by dwelling on its interpersonal
ramifications and draws on the struggle of the master rebuker, Moses: if even Moses struggled to fulfill the demands of Lev 19:17, what hope is there for everyone
else (p. 135)?
In part 3 (chapters 6-8) Goldstone, considering how later Christians and Jews
responded to the command to rebuke, is interested in cautiously probing a “shared
cultural space” between Sassanian rabbis and Christian monks. He introduces
Christian monastic tradition in chapter 6, specifically the Egyptian desert fathers of
the fourth and fifth centuries. Some monks were wholly committed to the practice
of rebuke, except they shifted the object of rebuke from others to the self. Rather
than externalize their anger and publicly correct others, they preferred to chastise
themselves into silence, which was for them a mark of true humility (pp. 160-63).
In seeking self-perfection this way, these monks effectively sidelined the obligation
to rebuke others (p. 168).
He turns to the Babylonian Talmud in chapter 7 and to Tanḥuma Yelammedenu
literature (a midrashic text from the postclassical period) in chapter 8, which in this
case reworks an earlier talmudic passage. Unlike Sifra, which presents the view
3
Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations 15, no. 1 (2020)
that rebuke is important but unfeasible, rabbis in the Talmud assert that rebuke is
perfectly possible but undesirable because humble self-restraint trumps rebuke.
Goldstone suggests that this Jewish inward turn during this period—the juxtaposition of inward humility and outward reproof—is best understood against the
backdrop of early Christian monasticism. Conversely, Tanḥuma endorses the practice of rebuke by downplaying its dangers and re-positioning its crucial importance,
even highlighting the sin of refraining from rebuke (p. 215). Here, Goldstone culls
evidence from Qur’anic sources that seem to mirror Jewish practice (pp. 232-35).
In his conclusion he summarizes the main thrust of his thesis and considers
various social factors that affected attitudes toward rebuke. Then he revisits the
Greco-Roman idea of parrhesia (a form of truth-telling), which he registers in the
introduction, and maps his foregoing observations onto the wider developments in
the Greco-Roman world.
Overall, this is a solid scholarly work that showcases shifting attitudes toward
the duty of rebuke in Jewish and Christian antiquity. Goldstone brings together a
nice array of early traditions, and the broadly comparative perspective is welcome.
Further, the book is mostly free of technical language and remains highly readable
throughout.
One is struck, however, by some unevenness in the analysis. For instance,
while Goldstone names a few socio-historical factors that pushed for (or resulted
from) particular interpretations of Lev 19:17 in later chapters, hardly any attention
is paid to this dimension in Part 1. Moreover, the book points out fascinating instances of cross-fertilization, especially between early Islamic and rabbinic
traditions, but the broader historical implications are (understandably) scarcely
worked out. Lastly, although Goldstone pays careful attention to various manuscripts and attendant text-critical issues, it is not always clear why certain texts or
eras were chosen and others excluded (i.e., were these the only ones available or
the most representative?). None of these takes away from book’s insights, but they
do call for a pause in places.
Given the need for and the difficulty of truth-telling not just in antiquity but
also today, Goldstone takes the reader on a delightful tour of just how some ancients who took rebuke as a serious ethical duty navigated the space between its
promises and perils.
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A cet égard, nous deArons une-mention toute spéciale à la communication de M. Lagriffoul, professeur agrégé à la Faculté de médecine de Montpellier, sur « la vaccination antituberculeuse ». Depuis 1903, cet auteur poursuit des recherches méthodiques en vue de déterminer si le bacille tuberculeux homogène ne pourrait pas, employé dans des conditions convenables, être doué de propriétés vaccinantes vis-à-vis de l'infection tuberculeuse. Eu sa qualité de bacille tuberculeux qui a en grande partie perdu sa résistance à la. décoloration par ies acides, et de ce chef doit être beaucoup plus sensible que le bacille tuberculeux humain aux actions humorales ou phagocytaires, le bacille tuberculeux homogène a paru à M. Lagriffoul indiqué pour des essais de vaccination antitiiberculeuse. Doué de propriétés pathogènes spéciales, le bacille tuberculeux homogène paraît être, toutes proportions gardées, fort peu virulent. En effet, pour amener la mort des cobayes, dont on connaît la sensibilité à l'infection tuberculeuse, il "faut parfois des doses considérables de culture ; l'autopsie alors ne révèle aucun tubercule et montre comme seules lésions macroscopiques, soit une congestion plus ou moins intense des "divers organes, soit une transformation fibreuse plus ou moins acentuée de certains viscères, du foie notamment. Si la dose injectée est moindre, l'animal survit et continue à se développer sans présenter aucun accident. Ces constatations relevées, M. Lagriffoul a expérimenté sur des cobayes, en vue de leur vaccination, des cultures complètes et vivantes jeunes, des cultures anciennes datant de neufà dix mois et desséchées, des cultures chauffées et des cultures filtrées du bacille homogène, recherchant en particulier les effets d'une seule ou de plusieurs inoculations et l'influence de l'intervalle qu'on laisse s'écouler entre les inoculations vaccinantes, ainsi qu'entre ces inoculations et l'inoculation d'épreuve. LA SEMAINE VÉTÉRINAIRE 237 Ces recherches ont montré que les meilleurs résultats s'obtiennent quand l'on fait subir à l'animal deux inoculations préventives à doses assez faibles, la seconde à dose moindre que la première, assez espacées l'une de l'autre, avec inoculation d'épreuve au bout de quatre mois. PaijS les Variétés Mouvement littéraire Emile Dodfllon, l'aimable et lettré coïifrèïe de Provins, a fait paraître tout dernièrement dans un journal d'une haute tenue littéraire : Le Censeur, les vers suivants. La Semaine^ est heureuse dé les faire apprécier, ne serait-ce que pour mettre une note pimpante et gracieuse parmi les purs événements professionnels. D'ailleurs, de temps à autre, ici, nous déroberons de ces blùettes. aux bouquets que cueillent dans les champs du rêve et de la fantaisie quelques-uns des nôtres, prosateiirs oit poètes. J. B. OUUSSAWT ■ A mon ami Charles Le Gojfie. Du tertre que signale une petite croix, C'est à peiiie,'allongé dans l'herbe, si je crois Avoir quitté mes chers villages de la Briê : La moisson bat son plein ; pour un homme qui crie , Et flâne un peu, quarante, au milieu des épis, Graves, lents et muets, n'ont pas d'autres répits Qu'un court moment parfois pour détendre leur buste ; Calme et loyale épée à leur poignet robuste, La faulx promène au coeur des blés les plus épais Le beau combat sacré pour le pain et la paix ; La clarté du ciel bleu chante avec l'alouette, Et, par-dessus les toits du bourg, la silhouette Du clocher do Lambol, tout mangé de soleil, Me rappelle tous ceux, dans l'été tout pareil, Qui jalonnent chez nous l'immensité des plaines Vers Chenoise, Nangis, Saint-ITilliers ou Vulaines. Mais je n'ai qu'à monter plus liant sur le gazon Pour voir soudain la mer déborder l'horizon. Frange d'écume ourlant les sables, dans la baie Que le troupeau bronzé des moussaillons égaie, Poussière d'are-en-ciclaux brisants du. récif, Miroir de l'heure heureuse ou du rocher pensif, Sa vivante allégresse est partout si sereine Que l'on cherche du songe où suivre la sirène. Un bateau vient. Quittant leur écueil isolé, Des goélands, d'un trait, vers la terre ont volé. Apportent-ils, planant au-dessus des javelles Quand ils ont dépassé la côte, des nouvelles Aux filles qui sont là des gars qui sont partis ? ■ ■ Une jeune glaneuse, aux pas appesantis, Se redresse, et, jetant la gerbe qui la charge, . Semble boire un baiser dans le souffle du large... Et c'est ainsi, depuis ce bel après-midi, Que je revois toujours, dans le cadre attiédi De ses moissons qu'un vol d'oiseaux de mer évente, Enez-Heussa d'Armor, l'Ile de l'Epouvante. Emile DODILLON. Concours pour une place de vétérinaire délégué Département du Gard Nous recevons la lettre suivante : Monsieur et cher Confrère, Chargé par les membres do la Société vétérinaire du Gard de porter à la connaissance de nos confrères les modifications que va subir le service vétérinaire dans notre département, je vous serai fort obligé do vouloir bion insérer dans la Semaine Vétérinaire la décision suivante : « Un concours pour la nomination à l'emploi de vétérinaire délégué chef du service sanitaire du département, du Gard, sera ouvert à Nîmes dans une Salle de la Préfecture, le lundi 10 juin 1907, à 10 heures précises dii matin. >> Les candidets à ce concours devront être âgés de 25 ans au moins et de 40 ans au plus. » Traitement: 4.000 francs. ., ■-_ . • » Frais de déplacement : 1.200 francs, après justification. » Les demandes d'inscription seront reçues à la Préfecture (lre division) jusqu'au 25 niai 1907, dernier délai, » Il ne noiis a pas été possible d'avoir-plus tôt les renseignements qui précèdent et nous ne connaissons pas du tout les matières du concours. Il nous est donc impossible de préciser le programme. . . ;> Avec nos remerciements anticipés, agréez, Monsieur et cher confrère, mes respectueuses salutations.•-.;-■ MÔNTFAJGN. Conférences sûr l'inspection des viandes» ~, Dans notre dernier numéro, nous avons annoncé que M. Martel, chef du service d'inspection vétérinaire de Paris, avait fait, le samedi 4 mai, une conférence aux officiers du 102? régiment d'infanterie, sur l'appréciation des animaux de boucherie et l'inspection des viandes. Nous sommés heureux de pouvoir compléter et préciser notre information. Les projections de photographies originales ou reproduites de Y Inspection des abattoirs publics, (H. M?ïtel)et du Précis sur Vinspection des mandes (Pautet) ont vivement intéressé les assistants. La conférence a été suivie d'une démonstration pratique par M. Villain, vétérinaire délégué. M. Villain a donné aux officiers des indications .pratiques leur permettant d'apprécier l'état d'engraissement des animaux, de déterminer les catégories de viandes, l'espèce et le sexe des animaux, d'après les caractères fournis .par la viande. D'autre part, M. Gautier, vétérinaire sanitaire de la Seine, appelé pour faire une période d'instruction au 11e régiment de cuirassiers, à Saint-Germain, vient d'être chargé de faire une conférence pour commenter le texte de la circulaire de M. le sous-secrétaire d'Etat à la Guerre, M; Martel, chef du service d'inspection vétérinaire de Paris, a bien voulu mettre à la disposition de M. Gautier l'appareil et les vues qui permettront à notre confrère d'illustrer sa conférence de projections à la lumière oxhydrique* Nominations et Mutations. — Belgique : Par arrêtés ministériels en date du 17 et 23 avril, MM. Lonhienne et Courtens sont, nommés médecins vétérinaires agréés. La résidence du premier est fixée à Aubel, celle du deuxième à Poelcapelle. Changement de résidence : M. Victor Fagot a transféré sa résidence de Renlies à Ath. Pays-Bas : Ont été nommés : ' M. J. Flohil, d'Amsterdam, comme directeur adjoint à l'abattoir do Haarlem ; M. L. J. H. Bloemen, de Oosterhout, désigné pour remplir les fonctions de vétérinaire provincial à Eoermonde; M. W. C. Sehimmel, membre de la Commission d'hygiène. Le vétérinaire du gouvernement, F. W. Kempcn, est nommé pour le ressort Banjoemas, avec résidence à Pocrwokerto ; le vétérinaire de lre classe H. J. Tromp, de Haas, à Salatiga ; le vétérinaire de 2e classe Dr. J. A. van der Linde, à Kota lladja ; le vétérinaire du gouvernement J. A. Lenshoek pour le ressort Bantaui, avec résidence à Scrang ; le vétérinaire du gouvernement P. Ph. van der Pool pour le service de Preangerregentschappen, avec résidence à Bandoeng. Nécrologie.-— M. DOSSCIIE, médecin-vétérinaire à Somergem (Belgique), diplômé en 1905. Le vétérinaire BASTIEN Is. VERMANM, né le 20 décembre 1S25, diplômé de lrc classe du gouvernement des Pays-Bas en 1849. Projet d'Exposition de produits purs pour l'alimentation à Chicago. — Il s'est formé récemment une association qui a pour but d'organiser annuellement à Chicago une exposition de produits de l'alimentation non adultérés. Cette exposition sera intitulée The International pure fooâ exposition pour ce motif 238 LA SEMAINE • VÉTÉRINAIRE que des produits étrangers pourront y figurer. Elle doit .avoir lieu, cette année, en novembre prochain. En prévision de la riarticipation des industriels étrangers, à cette exposition, ses organisateurs ont eu l'idée de demander aux consuls de plusieurs nations de vouloir bien, faire partie d'une .commission qui aurait à.nommer un juge, Ce juge serait élu parmi les membres du comité de l'exposition des produits étrangers, ou tout au moins devrait ne faire partie d'aucun autre comité. Le juge ainsi élu serait adjoint, pour ce qui est des produits étrangers, à un jury de cinq membres déjà désigné (1).. • Constitution d'une Société anglo-roumaine pour l'exportation de la viande de boucherie.— En vertu d'une loi spéciale votée par les: chambres roumaines, au cours de ia session législative de l'année dernièrei le ministre de l'agriculture et des domaines a signé, il y a quelques mois déjà (4 août 1906), avec la Société -The Anglo-Boumaniaii Prodiioee Company limited, constituée au capital de 250.000 livres sterling, tin contrat relatif à l'exportation dé la viande fraîche de Roumanie en Angleterre et dans ses colonies. Aux termes dé cet accord, le ministère de l'agriculture et des domaines à donné à ferme à ladite Société 5.000 hectares de terrain/sur les terres de l'Etat, à Balcehsti et Poliani, dans le 'district de Jassy et Jigalia, dans celui de Jalomitza, pour line durée de vingt-cinq ans, au prix de 15 francs l'hectare. La Société devra cultiver exclusivement sur les terres affermées des plantes fourragères destinées à la nourriture du bétail qu'elle élèvera en nombre suffisant pour lui permettre de commencer au bout de cinq années l'exrjortation de : 15.000 boeufs, .-.-■■■■ 20.000 pores, 150.000 agneaux et moutons. A chaque période quinquennale, le nombre des animaux de boucherie exportés devra être augmenté de 1.700 boeufs, 7.000 porcs et 17.000 brebis, agneaux et moutons. En outre, la Société s'est engagée à n'exporter que des animaux nés et élevés en Roumanie et à acheter chaque année dans le royaume, pendant la première période quinquennale, le dixième des animaux qu'elle s'est obligée à exporter. A chaque nouvelle période quinquennale suivante, le nombre des animaux achetés par elle devra être augmenté dans la même proportion. Quant à la race des animaux de boucherie que la Société devra élever sur les terres qui lui sont affermées par l'Etat, elle sera déterminée selon une entente préalable entre la Société et le ministère royal qui désire travailler ainsi à l'amélioration générale des races de bétail en Roumanie. En effet, après un délai de deux ans, la Société doit fournir au ministère de l'agriculture, chaque année, 200 verrats, 300 agneaux et 60 taureaux, dont le nombre augmentera de 20 % tous les cinq ans. Il est certain que, par cette clause du contrat, l'Etat se réserve d'employer les "plus beaux types de ees animaux à la reproduction dans l'intérieur du pays. La Société anglaise ne se bornera pas à l'exportation de la viande fraîche ; elle se propose également d'exporter, de la viande conservée. Des installations frigorifiques seront établies par elle sur des terrains qui lui ont été concédés à cet effet à Turnu-Séverin, Constantza, Braïla et Jassy. Les travaux de construction de ces chambres frigorifiques doivent commencer incessamment ; il en est de même pour l'établissement des abattoirs dont la Société aura besoin et qu'elle construira dans le cas où elle n'arriverait pas à s'entendre avec les municipalités qui possèdent déjà de pareilles installations et pourraient en céder une partie moyennant un prix de location annuelle à débattre. '. Il nous a paru intérassant de signaler la constitution de cette Société pour l'exploitation de la viande fraîche et conservée qui peut avoir de très heureux résultats pour l'extension de l'élevage du bétail en Roumanie, l'amélioration des races cultivées et la création d'un débouché assuré pendant vingt-cinq ans aux bestiaux élevés dans le royaume (I). Commission d'organisation du premier Congrès international des industries frigorifiques qui sera tenu à Paris fin juin 1908. Président d'homieur : M. C. DE FKEYCINÉT, Membre dé l'Institut, Sénateur, ancien Ministre. (1) Communication du consulat. Président, général : M. ANDRÉ LES ON,' ancien Ministre'du : Commerce et ancien Ministre des Colonies. Section I. — LÉS BASSES TEMPÉRATURES ET LEURS EFFETS GÉNÉRAUX Président : M.. D'ARSONVAL, Membre de l'Institut,.. Professeur au Collège de France. Sbus-seetion A■:. Effets des basses températures au point-de vue physique, chimique et biologique.— M, GEORGES CLAUDE, Ingénieur civil, Lauréat de l'Institut. : Sous-section B; Hygiène générale. —M. le Docteur BORDAS, Professeur au Collège de France. SoUs.-seetion C: Hygiène alimentaire. —-M. le Docteur NAVARRE, Conseiller municipal de Paris,, Vice-Président du Conseil d'hygiène et de salubrité delà Seine. « Section-II. --MATÉRIEL, FRÏGORÏFIQUE Président / M. H. LÉAUTÉ, Membre de l'Institut, Professeur .. à l'Ecole Polytechnique. ■'....; Sous-Seçtion D : Machines et appareils frigorifiques-. —M. BARRIER, Ingénieur des Services administratifs de la Guerre. Sous-section ; E : Construction . d'entrepôts: et de matériel frigorifique. — M. le Docteur IMBEAUX. Ingénieur en chef de la ville de Nancy. Section III. — APPLICATION DU JÎ-ROID A L'ALIMENTATION Président : M. A. GAUTIER, Membre de l'Institut, ; Président de l'Aca demie de Médecine. Sous-section F : Conservation industrielle des denrées périssables.— M. le Docteur REGNABD, de l'Académie de Médecine, Directeur de l'Institut National agronomique. Sous-section G : Conservation des produits des colonies. — M. J. CHAILLEY, Député. Sous-seetion H : Industries alimentaires. — M. P. ROUVIER, Sénateur. Sous-section I : Ravitaillement des armées. —? M. G. CIIAPUIS, Député, Questeur à la Chambre des Députés. Section IV. — APPLICATION DU EROID AUX AUTRES INDUSTRIES Président : M. E. TISSERAND, de l'Institut, Directeur honoraire de l'Agriculture. Sous-séction J : Boissons fermentées. — M. A. FERNBACII, de l'Institut Pasteur. Sous-section K : Fabrication de la glace. — M. P. FABRT, Administrateur de la Compagnie de l'Est, Président de la Société des Glacières de Paris. Sous-section L: Minesj Métallurgie, Travaux publics et divers. — M. Ed. SALADIN, Ingénieur principal aux Etablissements Schneider. Section V. —. APPLICATION DU FROID AU COMMERCE ET AUX TRANSPORTS Président : M. LEVASSEUR, Membre de l'Institut, Administrateur du Collège de Franco. Sous-section M : Commerce des denrées périssables. — M. D. PEROUSE, Directeur honoraire des chemins de fer, Administrateur de la Compagnie des Chargeurs réunis. Sous-section N : Transports terrestres. — M. G. DE PELLERIN DE LATOUCHE, Administrateur de la Compagnie P.-L.-M. Sous-section O : Transports maritimes. — M. J. DAL PIAZ, Secrétaire général de la Compagnie Générale Transatlantique. Section VI. — LÉGISLATION Président : M. J. CRUPPI, Député, Vice-Président de la Chambre des Députés. Sous-section P : Lois et règlements à modifier.— M. J. LAURAINE, Député. • Sous-section Q : Mesures d'approvisionnement des grandes agglomérations. — M. SAINT-GERMAIN, Sénateur. Secrétaire général : M. J. DE LOVERDO, Ingénieur, Chargé de missions frigorifiques. Trésorier: M. A. TOUCHARD, Secrétaire général du Crédit foncier de France. Premier Congrès international des Industries Frigorifiques, Paris (fin juin 1908). Commission d'organisation: 10, rue Poisson, Paris (17°). REGLEMENT Article premier. — Le premier Congrès international des LA SEMAINE VÉTÉRINAIRE 239 industries frigorifiques sera tenu à Paris, fin juin 1908. Art. 2. — Le Congrès reçoit des subventions de la part des grandes Administrations, des Compagnies de transports, de Maisons de constructions mécaniques, de Sociétés et Collectivités diverses, s'intéressant aux progrès des industries du froid. Art. 3. —^ Les noms des souscripteurs et le montant de leurs subventions seront réunis dans une liste spéciale, placée à la tête des publications du Congrès. Art. 4. ^ Les subventions devront être adressées au Trésorier du Congrès, M. A. TOUCHÀRD, Secrétaire général du Crédit foncier do France, 19, rue des Capucines, à Paris. .Art. 5. -—Le Congrès comprend des Membres donateurs, des; Membres titulaires et des Membres associés. ; 1° MEMBRES DONATEURS! ■-=-■ Peut faire partie du Congrès au titre.de donateur toute personne qui aura versé la somme d'au moins 100 francs. . .' Les Membres donateurs prennent une part effective aux travauxdu Congrès, et en reçoivent les publications. Leur nom figurera àla tête de là liste des Membres du Congrès. 2° MEMBRES TITULAIRES . — Peuvent faire partie du Congrès au titre de membre titulaire toute personne et toute collectivité qui aura Versé la somme de 20 francs. -, Chacune des collectivités inscrites nominativement à cette catégorie ne pourra être représentée que par un seul délégué. Les Membres titulaires prennent une part effective aux travaux du Congrès et en reçoivent les publications. 3° MEMBRES ASSOCIÉS. -—Peuvent être associés, les personnes faisant partie de la famille d'un Membre titulaire (femme. . frères, soeurs, enfants) qui auront versé la somme de 10 frâncsi Les membres associés jouissent, au même titre que les Membres titulaires, de tous les avantages accordés parles Administrations publiques sur le prix de transport. Ils ne reçoivent pas les publications du Congrès, ne prennent part ni aux votes ni aux discussions et ne peuvent faire des communications. ■'-.,-'. Ils sont invités aux fêtes et aux. réceptions officielles ; ils assistent aux séances. Art. 6. — Les reçus réguliers émanant du Secrétaire général ot signés de lui assurent, seuls, l'inscription effective au Congrès, ainsi que la remise de la carte et des publications. Cette "carte sera nécessaire pour pouvoir assister aux séances et profiter des avantages faits aux Membres du Congrès. Les reçus provisoires délivrés par les-Comités régionaux ou étrangers ne peuvent en tenir lieu. ■'-... Art. 7. —' En faisant parvenir leur cotisation au Secrétairegénéral, 10, rue Poisson, PARIS (17e), les Membres du Congrès devront indiquer lisiblement leurs noms, prénoms, qualités et adresse et joindre leur carte de visite. Art. 8. — En dehors des autres avantages (particulièrement intéressants pour ce qui concerne le prix des transports) et outre le volume des rapports préliminaires et des résumés qui leur sera distribué bien avant l'ouverture du Congrès, les Membres donateurs et titulaires auront droit aux autres publications et aux comptes rendus du Congrès. Art. 9. — La Commission est chargée de l'organisation et du fonctionnement du Congrès. Elle divise le territoire français en un certain nombre de Comités régionaux et fait appel aux pays étrangers adhérents pour organiser leurs Comités nationaux. . .' Art. 10. — Les langues officielles du Congrès sont l'allemand, l'anglais, l'italien et le français. Art. 11.—Le Congrès comportera : 1° Une séance générale'd'ouverture; 2° Des sé?nces de sections pour la lecture et la discussion des rapports et communications ; 3° Des séances générales (deux au maximum) pour communications et discussions intéressant l'ensemble des sections ; 4° Une séance générale de clôture ; 5° Des conférences publiques ; ■ 6° Des excursions ; . ■ ■ ■ 7° Des fêtes et réceptions. Le programme définitif de l'emploi du temps sera publié ultérieurement. Le président de chaque séance a la police de l'assemblée ; il donne et retire la parole suivant les règles parlementaires. Art. 12. — Il ne sera pas accordé pour une lecture ou un discours, plus de quinze minutes, et les orateurs qui prendront part à la discussion ne pourront parler plus decinq minutés chacun. Les orateurs devront remettre le jour même, au secrétariat dé chaque section, le résumé manuscrit des observations, qu'ils auront formulées en séance. Art. 13. —-L'étude dés questions qui seront soumises aux délibérations du Congrès est répartie en six sections. Le bureau de chacune de ces sections sera nommé par la Commission d'organisation, mais il sera complété par les sections, afin d'adjoindre aux titulaires français des ' collègues étrangers. ; Chaque section résumera ses travaux sous forme de propositions ou de conclusions qui seront présentées par écrit aux séances plénières. Le droit d'amendement ne reste pas moins entier, mais les diseussions ne pourront s'ouvrir que sur des propositions écrites et transmises au bureau. ■ y: Art. 14. — Dans sa séance de clôture, le Congrès désignera le siège de sa. prochaine réunion. ; PROGRAMME ' . : ' -■--'-' PREMIÈRE SECTION Sous-section A. — 'Les basses températures et leurs actions ■ au iioint de vue chimique, physique et biologique. .; Sous-section B. — Avantages et inconvénients du froid artificiel appliqué aux locaux habités (ateliers, salles, de réunions et de spectacles, hôpitaux, maisons privées, etc.) 1 Sous-section Q, —■ Valeur alimentaire des produits réfrigérés et congelés. ■ .. ' ; DEUXIÈME SECTION Sous-section D. ■— 1° Comparaison de la production du froid entre la compression des gaz liquéfiables et les autres méthodes frigorifiques ; 2° Unification des mesures frigorifiques. Sous-section M. — 1° Données expérimentales sur la valeur des différents isolants ; 2° Agencement frigorifique des'locaux contenant des matières explosibles.. TROISIÈME SECTION Sous-section. P. — Causes et effets des modifications d&5 denrées périssables pendant leur séjour dans les chambress froides. ■ ' Sous-section G.). — Produits des Colonies susceptibles de bénéficier des applications du froid., .. Sous-section H. — L'intervention du froid artificiel dans la fabrication et la conservation du beurre. Sous-section I. — Ravitaillement des places assiégées et-.des troupes en campagne. QUATRIÈME SECTION Sous-section J. — De l'influence de la réfrigération sur la clarification des boissons fermentées et sur leur résistance aux variations de température. Sous-section IL. — 1° Moyen d'obtenir de la glace alimentaire pure et de l'empêcher de se contaminer. 2° Utilisation de la glace et services qu'elle peut rendre. Sous-section L. — 1° Dessiccation duVentdes hauts fourneaux; 2° Nouvelles applications du froid industriel. CINQUIÈME SECTIONSous-section SECTIONSous-section — 1° Les progrès du commerce dos denrées périssables depuis l'application des procédés frigorifiques ; 2° Statistiques générales. Sous-section N. — Organisation rationnelle des transports frigorifiques, en chemins de fer : Wagons, entrepôts et groupe-, ments, tarifs. Sous-section O. — 1° Organisation rationnelle des transports frigorifiques, maritimes et fluviaux ; 2° Installations frigorifiques à bord des chalutiers. SIXIÈME SECTION ■ "'" ... Sous-section P. — 1° Encouragements aeeordéspar les gouvernements des différents Etats en faveur de.l'industrie :frjgp-, rifique ; 2° Vente, pendant la clôture de la chasse et de la pêche, de giblier et poissons frigorifiés. Sous-secUon Q. — Services que les applications du froid peuvent rendre dans l'alimentation fies classes populaires. ' 240 LA SEMAINE VÉTÉRINAIRE Office *fct€r!i}airç Dans cette section, tiens, 'rallierons gratuitement, sons la responsabilité et la garantie de la si<ji atvie des intitcsû's, tcvteè les annonces relatives à cession de clientèles eu à ïenf-placcmcnts. A'c pas oublier le(timbré de réponse. ■Ctiêntèlçs à <c«?cf«*»». 36, — Dans la Seine-Inférieure, 3 heures do Paris, clientèle de 20 communes. Inspection, pharmacie. Rapport de G à 10.000 francs. Concurrent le plus proche 12 km. Conviendrait à jeune vétérinaire PjCtif, sang position. Le titulaire cédant sans comptante Conditions exceptionnelles. Donnerait à l'essai. Cause : Changement de situation. Pressé. .. S'adresser avec timbre à la Semaine, qui leva suivree. 35. --— Au centre de l'élevage du cheval percheron, bonne clientèle à céder d'un rapport, moyen de 7 à 8.000 francs, Pays agréable et payant bien. Lé cédant s'engage à rester le temps nécessaire pour présenter son.successeur à la clientèle. S'adresser à la Semaine Vétérinaire qui fera suivre. 34-.— Pour raisons de santé, à céder de suite et gratuitement une clientèle vétérinaire dans le département de l'Yonne. Riche pays de culture et d'élevage. Inspection des foires surdeux communes. S'adresser avec timbre à la Semaine Vétérinaire. 33. — A vendre immèdiatevient, bonne clientèle facile, dans jolie ville du' Midi, belle installation, rapport de 12,000 francs à. 15.000 francs, perspective de grande améuoration d'ici à trois mois, par suite de traitement fixe de 3.000 francs environ. S'adresser avec timbre à la Semaine Vétérinaire. 32. —■ Dans un centre d'élevage, pays riche et payant bien, clientèle vétérinaire susceptible d'augmentation, produisant actuellement 6;000 francs, dont 400 francs de fixe. A prendre pour 3.500 francs comptant. Affaire pressée. Adresser la correspondance avec timbre à la-Semaine vétérinaire qui fera suivre31. suivre31. 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CAILLAUD, ex-vétérinaire, à Niort (DeuxSèvres). Direction télégraphique : ÇAÏLLAUD-NIORI. Le Gérant ; V, EVEN. ««k — 110», P, BUIMUIli 1t, RU( «UUHt.
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Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules in Plants
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Y. Nakai
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九州大学学術情報リポジトリ
Kyushu University Institutional Repository 九州大学学術情報リポジトリ
Kyushu University Institutional Repository 出版情報：International journal of molecular sciences. 21 (10), pp.3470-, 2020-05-14. MDPI
バージョン：
権利関係：(c) 2020 by the authors. Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: Sulfur is an essential element required for plant growth. It can be found as a thiol
group of proteins or non-protein molecules, and as various sulfur-containing small biomolecules,
including iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters, molybdenum cofactor (Moco), and sulfur-modified nucleotides. Thiol-mediated redox regulation has been well investigated, whereas biosynthesis pathways of the
sulfur-containing small biomolecules have not yet been clearly described. In order to understand
overall sulfur transfer processes in plant cells, it is important to elucidate the relationships among
various sulfur delivery pathways as well as to investigate their interactions. In this review,
we summarize the information from recent studies on the biosynthesis pathways of several
sulfur-containing small biomolecules and the proteins participating in these processes. In addition,
we show characteristic features of gene expression in Arabidopsis at the early stage of sulfate depletion
from the medium, and we provide insights into sulfur transfer processes in plant cells. Keywords: sulfur-containing small biomolecules; cysteine desulfurase: sulfane sulfur; iron-sulfur
(Fe/S) cluster; molybdenum cofactor (Moco); rhodanese (RHD); sulfur modification of tRNA; persulfide Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Small
Biomolecules in Plants Nakai, Yumi
Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College Maruyama, Akiko
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Maruyama, Akiko
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University https://hdl.handle.net/2324/4377814 出版情報：International journal of molecular sciences. 21 (10), pp.3470-, 2020-05-14. MDPI
バージョン：
権利関係：(c) 2020 by the authors. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences International Journal of
Molecular Sciences International Journal of
Molecular Sciences www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Small
Biomolecules in Plants Yumi Nakai 1,*
and Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita 2
1
Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
2
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka,
Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; [email protected]
*
Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +81-72-684-6516 Yumi Nakai 1,*
and Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita 2 1
Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
2
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka,
Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; [email protected]
*
Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +81-72-684-6516 1
Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
2
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka,
Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; [email protected]
*
Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +81-72-684-6516 1. Introduction because the thiol group of free cysteine is highly reactive and can form undesirable substances or
by-products, and can even be cytotoxic under physiological conditions in which it is present in high
concentrations
[11,12]. On
the
contrary,
the
thiol
group
of
glutathione
(gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH), which is an abundant and essential intracellular
tripeptide thiol, has low cytotoxicity [12]. GSH plays versatile roles to maintain the intracellular
redox states and is synthesized from cysteine by two consecutive steps [3 13] Figure 1. Cysteine is the end product of the sulfur assimilation and is required for the synthesis of
various sulfur-containing small biomolecules such as iron-sulfur cluster (Fe/S), molybdenum
cofactor (Moco), and sulfur-modified tRNAs in plant cells. Figure 1. Cysteine is the end product of the sulfur assimilation and is required for the synthesis of
various sulfur-containing small biomolecules such as iron-sulfur cluster (Fe/S), molybdenum cofactor
(Moco), and sulfur-modified tRNAs in plant cells. Figure 1. Cysteine is the end product of the sulfur assimilation and is required for the synthesis of
various sulfur-containing small biomolecules such as iron-sulfur cluster (Fe/S), molybdenum
cofactor (Moco), and sulfur-modified tRNAs in plant cells. Figure 1. Cysteine is the end product of the sulfur assimilation and is required for the synthesis of
various sulfur-containing small biomolecules such as iron-sulfur cluster (Fe/S), molybdenum cofactor
(Moco), and sulfur-modified tRNAs in plant cells. Cysteine is also a major sulfur donor in biosynthetic processes of a variety of small
sulfur-containing small biomolecules, such as Fe/S clusters, molybdenum cofactor (Moco), and
sulfur-containing nucleosides of tRNAs (Figure 1) [14]. In plants, these sulfur-containing small
biomolecules are necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis, including respiration,
photosynthesis, and various primary and secondary metabolisms. In the biosynthetic processes of
sulfur-containing small biomolecules, sulfur from cysteine is sequentially transferred among various
sulfur-carrying proteins as sulfane sulfur in the form of persulfide groups of proteins [15,16]. However, many details underlying the control and regulation of the sulfur transfer processes of
sulfur-containing small biomolecules in plant cells are not fully understood. Elucidation of the
biosynthetic pathways of sulfur-containing small biomolecules and their interactions is a
prerequisite for the comprehensive understanding of intracellular sulfur transfer processes. In this
review, we focused on recent studies concerning the biosynthetic pathways of sulfur-containing
small biomolecules in plant cells, exemplified by Fe/S clusters, Moco, and sulfur-modified tRNAs,
and we analyzed their interconnections and associated intracellular sulfur transfer processes. 1. Introduction Versatile chemical reactivity of sulfur in nature is widely recognized to be biologically significant
for living organisms [1]. In plants, sulfur is an essential macronutrient required for growth, a significant
fraction of which is incorporated into proteins [2]. Sulfur contents in plants depend on the availability
of sulfur in the environments but, in some cases, reach 0.3% of their dry weight [3]. Plants take up
sulfate from roots through the function of several sulfate transporters (SULTRs) and use it as a starting
material for sulfur assimilation [2]. Sulfate is converted to 5’-adenylyl sulfate (APS) and reduced
to sulfite by APS reductase (APR). Sulfite is then reduced to a sulfide ion by sulfite reductase (SiR),
and the resultant sulfide reacts with O-acetyl-L-serine to form cysteine [2]. While the conversion from
sulfate to sulfide occurs in plastids, the subsequent cysteine biosynthesis requires coordinated functions
of plastids and mitochondria as well as the cytosol [3]; O-acetyl-L-serine which is predominantly
provided from mitochondria together with sulfide supplied from chloroplasts serve as substrates for
bulk cysteine biosynthesis in the cytosol [3]. The expression of several SULTRs genes in roots and the
APR1, APR2, and APR3 genes is enhanced in sulfur-limited growth conditions [4–9]. Cysteine is the final product of sulfur assimilation and a key molecule in intracellular sulfur transfer
processes (Figure 1) [10]. The cysteinyl thiol groups in proteins are important for the maintenance of their
tertiary structures through disulfide bond formation [11]. Cysteinyl thiols also play essential roles in
controlling the redox states of redox proteins, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs) and thioredoxin (Trxs) [11]. Furthermore, the thiol group in cysteine can be a ligand for metal ions or metal-containing cofactors. On the other hand, free cysteine does not act as a redox factor in cells because the thiol group of free Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470; doi:10.3390/ijms21103470 2 of 13
ions or Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470
and thioredoxin (Trxs) [1 cysteine is highly reactive and can form undesirable substances or by-products, and can even be cytotoxic
under physiological conditions in which it is present in high concentrations [11,12]. On the contrary,
the thiol group of glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH), which is an abundant and
essential intracellular tripeptide thiol, has low cytotoxicity [12]. GSH plays versatile roles to maintain the
intracellular redox states and is synthesized from cysteine by two consecutive steps [3,13]. 1. Introduction By
analyzing the early responses of gene expression in Arabidopsis plants exposed to sulfate-depleted
conditions, we report new insights into sulfur delivery to these biomolecules in plant cells. Cysteine is also a major sulfur donor in biosynthetic processes of a variety of small sulfur-containing
small biomolecules, such as Fe/S clusters, molybdenum cofactor (Moco), and sulfur-containing
nucleosides of tRNAs (Figure 1) [14]. In plants, these sulfur-containing small biomolecules are necessary
for maintaining cellular homeostasis, including respiration, photosynthesis, and various primary
and secondary metabolisms. In the biosynthetic processes of sulfur-containing small biomolecules,
sulfur from cysteine is sequentially transferred among various sulfur-carrying proteins as sulfane
sulfur in the form of persulfide groups of proteins [15,16]. However, many details underlying the
control and regulation of the sulfur transfer processes of sulfur-containing small biomolecules in
plant cells are not fully understood. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of sulfur-containing
small biomolecules and their interactions is a prerequisite for the comprehensive understanding of
intracellular sulfur transfer processes. In this review, we focused on recent studies concerning the
biosynthetic pathways of sulfur-containing small biomolecules in plant cells, exemplified by Fe/S
clusters, Moco, and sulfur-modified tRNAs, and we analyzed their interconnections and associated
intracellular sulfur transfer processes. By analyzing the early responses of gene expression in Arabidopsis
plants exposed to sulfate-depleted conditions, we report new insights into sulfur delivery to these
biomolecules in plant cells. 2 Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles
2. Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles e/
u e
io y
e i i
a
O ga e e
Fe/S clusters are prosthetic groups consisting of acid-labile sulfur and non-heme iron that are
incorporated into various apoproteins to form so-called “Fe/S proteins”. Mitochondria and plastids
have their own pathways for Fe/S cluster biosynthesis, both of which involve the organelle-specific
L-cysteine desulfurases NFS1 and SUFS, respectively (Figure 2). L-cysteine desulfurase (EC 2.8.1.7)
Fe/S clusters are prosthetic groups consisting of acid-labile sulfur and non-heme iron that are
incorporated into various apoproteins to form so-called “Fe/S proteins”. Mitochondria and plastids
have their own pathways for Fe/S cluster biosynthesis, both of which involve the organelle-specific
L-cysteine desulfurases NFS1 and SUFS, respectively (Figure 2). L-cysteine desulfurase (EC 2.8.1.7)
is a pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-containing protein that is ubiquitously found in all phyla. L-cysteine 3 of 13
3 of 12 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470
Int J Mol Sci 2020 21 x FOR desulfurase catalyzes the reaction that removes a sulfur atom from the L-cysteine substrate to produce
L-alanine. During this catalytic reaction, L-cysteine desulfurase transiently binds the sulfur derived
from the L-cysteine as a sulfane sulfur in the form of persulfide, after which the sulfur bound to
the enzyme is transferred to an Fe/S biosynthetic “scaffold protein” or its complex. Mitochondria
and plastids have their own scaffold proteins in which an unstable nascent Fe/S cluster is formed. The nascent unstable Fe/S clusters are then assembled and maturated with the assistance of additional
Fe/S carrier proteins and chaperones, and finally incorporated into the apo-form of the target proteins
(Figure 2). Both the mitochondrial nitrogen fixation protein for sulfur transfer (NFS) pathway and
the plastidial sulfur utilization factor (SUF) pathway are indispensable for these energy-producing
organelles because many Fe/S proteins play essential roles in the electron transfer systems of respiration
and photosynthesis [17–21]. is a pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-containing protein that is ubiquitously found in all phyla. L-cysteine
desulfurase catalyzes the reaction that removes a sulfur atom from the L-cysteine substrate to
produce L-alanine. During this catalytic reaction, L-cysteine desulfurase transiently binds the sulfur
derived from the L-cysteine as a sulfane sulfur in the form of persulfide, after which the sulfur
bound to the enzyme is transferred to an Fe/S biosynthetic “scaffold protein” or its complex. Mitochondria and plastids have their own scaffold proteins in which an unstable nascent Fe/S
cluster is formed. 2 Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles
2. Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles Sulfur from the L-cysteine
(Cys) substrate is assembled into a nascent Fe/S cluster of the scaffold proteins, and then the cluster is
transferred through carrier proteins before finally being incorporated into various Fe/S apo-proteins. As examples, the Fe/S proteins of the [2Fe-2S] type and of the [4Fe-4S] type (iron ions and sulfur atoms
are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) are shown. In mitochondria, NFS1 functions as a sulfur donor, and ISD11 is thought to stabilize NFS1 [21]. Sulfur that transiently binds to NFS1 is incorporated into the mitochondrial scaffold ISU proteins to
form an unstable Fe/S cluster [22,23]. Three ISU proteins have been identified in Arabidopsis
mitochondria, among which ISU1 seems to be a major scaffold protein because the expression levels
of other two ISU proteins (ISU2 and ISU3) are very low [21,22,24]. It has also been reported that ISA1
and ISCA4 contribute to the formation of mitochondrial Fe/S clusters, possibly as carrier proteins
[25]. Molecular chaperones HSCA1, HSCA2, and HSCB are also thought to assist mitochondrial Fe/S
cluster biosynthesis [26]. In addition, several other proteins are needed to form distinct types of Fe/S
clusters or Fe/S proteins; NFU5/NFU-I and NFU4/NFU-III are required to form [4Fe-4S]-type Fe/S
clusters [18,27]. A recent report showed that these NFU proteins are reduced by the Trx-mediated
redox system, rather than the Grx-mediated system [28]. IBA57 and INDH are proteins involved in
the maturation of the Fe/S cluster in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I [25,29]. It has also
been reported that mitochondrial monothiol glutathione oxidoreductase GRXS15, is required for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis [30]. While many protein factors required for mitochondrial Fe/S
biosynthesis have already been identified and characterized, their precise biochemical functions and
functional cooperation are not yet fully characterized. Moreover, the molecular machinery required
for the formation and incorporation of distinct types of Fe/S clusters into various apoproteins still
In mitochondria, NFS1 functions as a sulfur donor, and ISD11 is thought to stabilize NFS1 [21]. Sulfur that transiently binds to NFS1 is incorporated into the mitochondrial scaffold ISU proteins
to form an unstable Fe/S cluster [22,23]. Three ISU proteins have been identified in Arabidopsis
mitochondria, among which ISU1 seems to be a major scaffold protein because the expression levels of
other two ISU proteins (ISU2 and ISU3) are very low [21,22,24]. 2 Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles
2. Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles The nascent unstable Fe/S clusters are then assembled and maturated with the
assistance of additional Fe/S carrier proteins and chaperones, and finally incorporated into the
apo-form of the target proteins (Figure 2). Both the mitochondrial nitrogen fixation protein for sulfur
transfer (NFS) pathway and the plastidial sulfur utilization factor (SUF) pathway are indispensable
for these energy-producing organelles because many Fe/S proteins play essential roles in the electron
t
f
t
f
i
ti
d
h t
th
i [17 21] a
e
y e
o
e pi a io
a
p o o y
e i [
]
Figure 2. Two distinct Fe/S cluster biosynthetic pathways exist in mitochondria (mitochondrial NFS
pathway, left) and plastid (plastidial SUF pathway, right) in Arabidopsis. Sulfur from the L-cysteine
(Cys) substrate is assembled into a nascent Fe/S cluster of the scaffold proteins, and then the cluster is
transferred through carrier proteins before finally being incorporated into various Fe/S apo-proteins. As examples, the Fe/S proteins of the [2Fe-2S] type and of the [4Fe-4S] type (iron ions and sulfur
atoms are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) are shown. Figure 2. Two distinct Fe/S cluster biosynthetic pathways exist in mitochondria (mitochondrial NFS
pathway, left) and plastid (plastidial SUF pathway, right) in Arabidopsis. Sulfur from the L-cysteine
(Cys) substrate is assembled into a nascent Fe/S cluster of the scaffold proteins, and then the cluster is
transferred through carrier proteins before finally being incorporated into various Fe/S apo-proteins. As examples, the Fe/S proteins of the [2Fe-2S] type and of the [4Fe-4S] type (iron ions and sulfur atoms
are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) are shown. Figure 2. Two distinct Fe/S cluster biosynthetic pathways exist in mitochondria (mitochondrial NFS
pathway, left) and plastid (plastidial SUF pathway, right) in Arabidopsis. Sulfur from the L-cysteine
(Cys) substrate is assembled into a nascent Fe/S cluster of the scaffold proteins, and then the cluster is
transferred through carrier proteins before finally being incorporated into various Fe/S apo-proteins. As examples, the Fe/S proteins of the [2Fe-2S] type and of the [4Fe-4S] type (iron ions and sulfur
atoms are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) are shown. Figure 2. Two distinct Fe/S cluster biosynthetic pathways exist in mitochondria (mitochondrial NFS
pathway, left) and plastid (plastidial SUF pathway, right) in Arabidopsis. 3. Maturation of the Fe/S Cluster in the Cytosol and Related Proteins in Both Mitochondria
and the Cytosol In both mitochondria and plastids, biosynthesized Fe/S clusters can be incorporated into various
Fe/S proteins that function inside respective organelles. However, there are also many Fe/S proteins
that exist outside of these organelles that play important roles in various redox and metabolic processes. As is found in the yeast case [46,47], mitochondrial NFS1 is required for Fe/S protein synthesis outside of
mitochondria also in Arabidopsis [21]; however, the exact sulfur donor for the cytosolic Fe/S cluster has
not yet been elucidated. ATM1 is a highly conserved mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter
that is also involved in the cytosolic Fe/S cluster biosynthesis [25,48,49]. Arabidopsis possess three
ATM1-like proteins [50,51] and ATM3 is involved in the Fe/S cluster maturation in cytosol [52], however,
the exact mechanism that the Fe/S cluster or its constituents are transported from mitochondria to the
cytosol via ATM3 still remain to be elucidated yet. In addition to the organelle-located proteins we have discussed, the cytosolic Fe/S cluster assembly
pathway (CIA pathway) in plants contains another set of cytosolic proteins, similar to what has
been reported in yeast [47]. In Arabidopsis, the CIA pathway includes NBP35, but does not include
a homolog for the yeast Cfd1-like protein [53,54]. DRE2, which can interact with TAH18/CIAPIN,
is suggested to function as an electron donor for the assembly of the Fe/S cluster in the cytosol of
plant cells [55,56], and a recent report suggested that AtNEET, a NEET-like protein involved in iron
metabolism in plastids, can interact to the cytosolic DRE2 [57–59]. Cytosolic proteins such as NAR1,
CIA1, CIA2/AE7, and MET18 are also involved in the maturation of the Fe/S cluster in the cytosol [60]. Moreover, GRXS17, a unique Grx family protein characterized by its N-terminal Trx-like domain,
interacts with CIA components [61]. Interestingly, GRXS17 is involved in the auxin response during
plant development [62,63], as well as in redox regulation in response to iron-deficient conditions [64]. However, a direct interaction between GRXS17 and proteins related to the auxin or iron deficiency
response remains unknown [65]. 2 Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles
2. Fe/S Cluster Biosynthesis in Plant Organelles It has also been reported that ISA1
and ISCA4 contribute to the formation of mitochondrial Fe/S clusters, possibly as carrier proteins [25]. Molecular chaperones HSCA1, HSCA2, and HSCB are also thought to assist mitochondrial Fe/S
cluster biosynthesis [26]. In addition, several other proteins are needed to form distinct types of Fe/S
clusters or Fe/S proteins; NFU5/NFU-I and NFU4/NFU-III are required to form [4Fe-4S]-type Fe/S
clusters [18,27]. A recent report showed that these NFU proteins are reduced by the Trx-mediated
redox system, rather than the Grx-mediated system [28]. IBA57 and INDH are proteins involved in the
maturation of the Fe/S cluster in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I [25,29]. It has also been
reported that mitochondrial monothiol glutathione oxidoreductase GRXS15, is required for Fe/S cluster
biosynthesis [30]. While many protein factors required for mitochondrial Fe/S biosynthesis have already
been identified and characterized, their precise biochemical functions and functional cooperation
are not yet fully characterized. Moreover, the molecular machinery required for the formation and
incorporation of distinct types of Fe/S clusters into various apoproteins still remains unclear. for the formation and incorporation of distinct types of Fe/S clusters into various apoproteins still
remains unclear. As for Arabidopsis plastidial Fe/S cluster biosynthesis pathway, based on the analogy to the
known bacterial SUF system [31], it is hypothesized that SUFS provide sulfane sulfur to a scaffold
p
yp
p p
As for Arabidopsis plastidial Fe/S cluster biosynthesis pathway, based on the analogy to the known
bacterial SUF system [31], it is hypothesized that SUFS provide sulfane sulfur to a scaffold complex
that consists of SUFB, SUFC, and SUFD, and contributes to the initial biosynthetic reaction [32,33]. 4 of 13 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 SUFE1 cooperates with SUFS and is thought to be involved in sulfur mobilization from cysteine [34,35]. Two other SUFE-like proteins, SUFE2 and SUFE3, can also activate SUFS in vitro [36], but their in vivo
functions remain to be determined. In addition, many other proteins are also known to be involved in
the later steps of plastidial Fe/S cluster formation and/or delivery, including the ISCA-type protein
SUFA [37,38]; three nitrogen-fixation-subunit-U (NFU)-type proteins CNFU1/NFU1, CNFU2/NFU2,
and CNFU3/NFU3 [18,27,39–42]; P-loop nucleotide phosphatase HCF101 [43]; IBA57.2 [20,44]; and
monothiol Grx-like proteins such as GRXS14 [45]. 3. Maturation of the Fe/S Cluster in the Cytosol and Related Proteins in Both Mitochondria
and the Cytosol 4. Biosynthesis of Cytosolic Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules Other Than Fe/S Clusters Arabidopsis CNX5/STR13 is a unique sulfurtransferase consisting of a MoeB-like domain at the
amino terminal region and a RHD domain at its carboxyl terminal region [67,70,71]. From the
structural similarity and substrate specificity among eukaryotic and bacterial Moco biosynthesis
proteins [72–74], Arabidopsis CNX7 is thought to initially activated by binding to the MoeB-like
domain of CNX5 [67], while the sulfur binds to the RHD domain as a persulfide of CNX5. After that,
an intermolecular sulfur transfer between the persulfide-derived sulfur and CNX7 seems to occur on
Arabidopsis CNX5/STR13 is a unique sulfurtransferase consisting of a MoeB-like domain at the
amino terminal region and a RHD domain at its carboxyl terminal region [67,70,71]. From the structural
similarity and substrate specificity among eukaryotic and bacterial Moco biosynthesis proteins [72–74],
Arabidopsis CNX7 is thought to initially activated by binding to the MoeB-like domain of CNX5 [67],
while the sulfur binds to the RHD domain as a persulfide of CNX5. After that, an intermolecular sulfur
transfer between the persulfide-derived sulfur and CNX7 seems to occur on CNX5. an intermolecular sulfur transfer between the persulfide derived sulfur and CNX7 seems to occur on
CNX5. CNX5 plays a pivotal role also in sulfur modification of cytoplasmic tRNAs [67]. Sulfur
modification of tRNA is ubiquitously found at the first anticodon uridine (i.e., the wobbleU) of
tRNALysUUU, tRNAGluUUC, and tRNAGlnUUG [75], and many proteins participate in this modification
process [14,67]. Human MOCS3 and yeast Uba4, both of which are orthologous to the plant CNX5,
add sulfur to the C-terminal glycine residue of the ubiquitin-related modifier (URM) protein Urm1
to form a thiocarboxylate [76,77] in the process of the sulfur modification of tRNAs. Thus, also in
Arabidopsis, CNX5 can add sulfur to the plant URM proteins (URM11 and URM12) in a similar
manner to the human and yeast cases [67]. That is, CNX5 is a key protein for sulfur delivery in the
cytosol because it interacts with URM11 and URM12 in tRNA sulfur modification of the wobbleU, as
well as interacting with CNX7 in MPT formation during Moco biosynthesis. However, the exact
CNX5 plays a pivotal role also in sulfur modification of cytoplasmic tRNAs [67]. Sulfur
modification of tRNA is ubiquitously found at the first anticodon uridine (i.e., the wobbleU) of
tRNALysUUU, tRNAGluUUC, and tRNAGlnUUG [75], and many proteins participate in this modification
process [14,67]. 4. Biosynthesis of Cytosolic Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules Other Than Fe/S Clusters In addition to the Fe/S protein, the cytosol contains other sulfur-containing small biomolecules,
such as Moco and sulfur-modified tRNAs (Figure 1) [14]. In the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing
small biomolecules in the cytosol, it is necessary to ensure that sulfur is not damaged by cytosolic
oxidizing factors and is transported without being used in the cytosolic redox regulation system. As described below, a protein-bound persulfide group in rhodanese (RHD) domain-containing proteins
might be the most suitable system for carrying and transferring labile sulfur in the cytosol. Such sulfur
transfer systems are found in both the Moco biosynthesis pathway and sulfur-modification processes
of certain tRNAs. Moco is a prosthetic group in which molybdenum is chelated to sulfur atoms bound to
the pterin-based frame, molybdopterin (MPT) (Figure 3). In plants, nitrate reductase, xanthine
dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase belong to the Moco enzyme family [66]. The Moco biosynthetic
pathway is widely found in bacteria such as Escherichia coli as well as many eukaryotes like plants and
humans; however, it is not found in some fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and protozoa [67,68]. Early steps of eukaryotic Moco biosynthesis occur in mitochondria, where GTP is cyclized by
catalyzing the reaction between the mitochondrial Fe/S protein CNX2 and CNX3 in order to form cyclic 5 of 13 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) [66,69]. Subsequently, cPMP is exported to the cytosol from
mitochondria, at which point two sulfur atoms are incorporated into cytosolic cPMP to form MPT. In this step, sulfurtransferase CNX5/STR13 interacts with CNX7 with the aid of CNX6 (Figure 3). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW
5 of 12
to the cytosol from mitochondria, at which point two sulfur atoms are incorporated into cytosolic
cPMP to form MPT. In this step, sulfurtransferase CNX5/STR13 interacts with CNX7 with the aid of
CNX6 (Fi
3) (
g
)
Figure 3. Two different sulfur transfer processes found in Arabidopsis cytosol. One is the cytosolic
Fe/S cluster assembly pathway (CIA) pathway for the maturation of the Fe/S clusters (iron ions and
sulfur atoms are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) (left), and the other is the sulfur
transfer pathway mediated by the rhodanese (RDH) domain-containing sulfurtransferase CNX5,
which is required to the biosynthesis of molybdopterin (MPT) and sulfur-modified tRNAs (right). Figure 3. Two different sulfur transfer processes found in Arabidopsis cytosol. 4. Biosynthesis of Cytosolic Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules Other Than Fe/S Clusters One is the cytosolic
Fe/S cluster assembly pathway (CIA) pathway for the maturation of the Fe/S clusters (iron ions and
sulfur atoms are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) (left), and the other is the sulfur
transfer pathway mediated by the rhodanese (RDH) domain-containing sulfurtransferase CNX5, which
is required to the biosynthesis of molybdopterin (MPT) and sulfur-modified tRNAs (right). Figure 3. Two different sulfur transfer processes found in Arabidopsis cytosol. One is the cytosolic
Fe/S cluster assembly pathway (CIA) pathway for the maturation of the Fe/S clusters (iron ions and
sulfur atoms are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) (left), and the other is the sulfur
transfer pathway mediated by the rhodanese (RDH) domain-containing sulfurtransferase CNX5,
which is required to the biosynthesis of molybdopterin (MPT) and sulfur-modified tRNAs (right). Figure 3. Two different sulfur transfer processes found in Arabidopsis cytosol. One is the cytosolic
Fe/S cluster assembly pathway (CIA) pathway for the maturation of the Fe/S clusters (iron ions and
sulfur atoms are indicated as brown and yellow dots, respectively) (left), and the other is the sulfur
transfer pathway mediated by the rhodanese (RDH) domain-containing sulfurtransferase CNX5, which
is required to the biosynthesis of molybdopterin (MPT) and sulfur-modified tRNAs (right). Arabidopsis CNX5/STR13 is a unique sulfurtransferase consisting of a MoeB-like domain at the
amino terminal region and a RHD domain at its carboxyl terminal region [67,70,71]. From the
structural similarity and substrate specificity among eukaryotic and bacterial Moco biosynthesis
proteins [72–74], Arabidopsis CNX7 is thought to initially activated by binding to the MoeB-like
domain of CNX5 [67], while the sulfur binds to the RHD domain as a persulfide of CNX5. After that,
an intermolecular sulfur transfer between the persulfide-derived sulfur and CNX7 seems to occur on
Arabidopsis CNX5/STR13 is a unique sulfurtransferase consisting of a MoeB-like domain at the
amino terminal region and a RHD domain at its carboxyl terminal region [67,70,71]. From the structural
similarity and substrate specificity among eukaryotic and bacterial Moco biosynthesis proteins [72–74],
Arabidopsis CNX7 is thought to initially activated by binding to the MoeB-like domain of CNX5 [67],
while the sulfur binds to the RHD domain as a persulfide of CNX5. After that, an intermolecular sulfur
transfer between the persulfide-derived sulfur and CNX7 seems to occur on CNX5. 5. Gene Expression Dynamics of the Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules
in Sulfate-Deprived Roots Investigation of the initial response of plant root cells to sulfate depletion may help to identify
proteins that alter the transcript levels in response to the changes in intracellular sulfur flux. Therefore,
using previously reported microarray data of gene expressions in Arabidopsis roots transferred to
the sulfate-depleted medium [80], we re-analyzed the data and searched for the sulfur-depletion
responsive genes involved in the above-mentioned sulfur transfer pathways. Interestingly, we found that the both the gene expressions of the scaffold proteins ISU2 and ISU3
slowly increase 12 h after sulfate depletion (Figure 4). It is conceivable that different scaffold proteins with different affinities for various substrate
proteins would be needed to maintain Fe/S cluster biosynthesis in accordance with various sulfate
concentrations in the environment and thus, the genes encoding scaffold proteins may show distinct
expression responses. Considering that the expression of ISU2 and ISU3 is much lower than that of ISU1
in normal growth conditions [22,24], it is possible that ISU2 and ISU3 have higher affinity for sulfur or
specific client proteins than ISU1. If this is the case, both ISU2 and ISU3 might be more suitable scaffold
proteins for binding a nascent Fe/S cluster than ISU1 under the conditions where intracellular sulfur is
limited, even though their expression is normally repressed in sulfur-replete conditions. A nascent Fe/S
cluster preassembled on the scaffold might need to be immediately transferred to subsequent steps of
biosynthesis in order to form Fe/S proteins. Otherwise, labile and exposed Fe/S clusters on scaffold
proteins could easily react with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species, which can be cytotoxic. Under
normal conditions where the sulfane sulfur is sufficiently supplied, the highly expressed isoprotein
ISU1 may have lower affinity for sulfur and would be enough to deliver such transient and unstable
Fe/S clusters to the target apoproteins. In such a situation, scaffold proteins with high affinity to sulfur
may not be suitable for binding a nascent cluster because they presumably tend to cause excess or
prolonged retention of unstable Fe/S clusters on the scaffolds. It would, therefore, be interesting to
investigate whether the biochemical properties of Arabidopsis ISU isoproteins are actually differentiated
and if they are relevant for different physiological conditions in terms of sulfate availability. 4. Biosynthesis of Cytosolic Sulfur-Containing Small Biomolecules Other Than Fe/S Clusters Human MOCS3 and yeast Uba4, both of which are orthologous to the plant CNX5,
add sulfur to the C-terminal glycine residue of the ubiquitin-related modifier (URM) protein Urm1
to form a thiocarboxylate [76,77] in the process of the sulfur modification of tRNAs. Thus, also in
Arabidopsis, CNX5 can add sulfur to the plant URM proteins (URM11 and URM12) in a similar manner
to the human and yeast cases [67]. That is, CNX5 is a key protein for sulfur delivery in the cytosol
because it interacts with URM11 and URM12 in tRNA sulfur modification of the wobbleU, as well as
interacting with CNX7 in MPT formation during Moco biosynthesis. However, the exact sulfur donor
molecule or protein(s) to the cytosol CNX5 has not been elucidated at present (shown as X in Figure 3). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 6 of 13 ABA3 is another protein with a two-domain structure, one of which binds to a substrate protein
and the other RHD domain transiently binds sulfur. ABA3 is an enzyme required for the formation of
sulfur-modified Moco (S-Moco), a cofactor of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase. ABA3 binds
to Moco at the C-terminal domain and moves sulfur atoms from a persulfide temporarily formed
on the RHD-like domain to the bound Moco in order to form a S-Moco molecule [78,79]. Proteins,
which possess a substrate activation domain together with a RHD domain that binds sulfane sulfur in
the form of persulfide, may be advantageous for the delivery of sulfane sulfur in the construction of
cytosolic sulfur-containing small biomolecules. 5. Gene Expression Dynamics of the Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules
in Sulfate-Deprived Roots Gene expression levels for some Moco-enzymes
(two nitrate reductases NR1 and NR2, and three aldehyde oxidases AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), some
RHD-domain containing proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (MST1 and STR2/RDH2)
and a cytosolic glutaredoxin, GRXS6, are also indicated. Transcript levels of several SULTRs and ARPs
all of which are involved in the sulfur assimilation process are indicated as the highly responsive ones
to the sulfate depletion [80]. Transcript levels of both TOM40 and ACT2 are also indicated because they
are not related to the sulfur transfer systems mentioned here. All the microarray data used here are
described in the previous paper [80]. Transcript levels were analyzed in sulfur-repleted (red line) or in
sulfated-depleted (blue line) conditions. For each gene investigated here, gene name, and AGI code
numbers are indicated on the top of the column. Figure 4. Arabidopsis plants of 10-day-old grown on sulfate-containing medium were transferred to
the medium with (the same concentration of) or without sulfate, and time course values of the
transcripts were monitored for 24 h after sulfate repletion or depletion from the medium. Transcript
levels of the genes related to the mitochondrial NFS, plastidial SUF, and cytosolic CIA pathways for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and to some Fe/S proteins (aconitases and ferredoxins) are indicated. Gene
expression levels of the transcripts of the cytosolic sulfur transfer pathways for Moco biosynthesis
and sulfur modification of tRNAs also shown. Gene expression levels for some Moco-enzymes (two
nitrate reductases NR1 and NR2, and three aldehyde oxidases AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), some
RHD-domain containing proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (MST1 and
Figure 4. Arabidopsis plants of 10-day-old grown on sulfate-containing medium were transferred
to the medium with (the same concentration of) or without sulfate, and time course values of the
transcripts were monitored for 24 h after sulfate repletion or depletion from the medium. Transcript
levels of the genes related to the mitochondrial NFS, plastidial SUF, and cytosolic CIA pathways for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and to some Fe/S proteins (aconitases and ferredoxins) are indicated. Gene
expression levels of the transcripts of the cytosolic sulfur transfer pathways for Moco biosynthesis
and sulfur modification of tRNAs also shown. Gene expression levels for some Moco-enzymes
(two nitrate reductases NR1 and NR2, and three aldehyde oxidases AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), some
RHD-domain containing proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (MST1 and STR2/RDH2)
and a cytosolic glutaredoxin, GRXS6, are also indicated. 5. Gene Expression Dynamics of the Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules
in Sulfate-Deprived Roots The expression of the key enzymes for cysteine assimilation such as SULTRs (for example,
SULTR1;2 and SULTR2;1), and APR genes (APR1, APR2, and APR3), is significantly increased when
sulfate is depleted from growth medium (Figure 4, [80]). Conversely, gene expression of cytosolic
glutaredoxins (e.g., GRXS6) and other redox proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
(e.g., MST1 and STR2/RDH2) seems to be slightly suppressed in response to sulfate depletion. In contrast, gene expression of other cytosolic proteins involved in the biosynthesis of various
sulfur-containing small biomolecules does not seem to respond significantly in the early phase of sulfate
depletion (Figure 4). In addition, for most of the Fe/S proteins, including ferredoxins (FD1-FD4, FDC1,
and FDC2) and aconitases (ACO1, ACO2, and ACO3), or Moco enzymes (such as nitrate reductases,
NR1 and NR2, and aldehyde oxidases, AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), their gene expression also does not
seem to respond to sulfate depletion (Figure 4). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470
sulfur-depletion respons
Interestingly we fo 7 of 13
U2 and 7 of 13
U2 and y
p
(
g
)
Figure 4. Arabidopsis plants of 10-day-old grown on sulfate-containing medium were transferred to
the medium with (the same concentration of) or without sulfate, and time course values of the
transcripts were monitored for 24 h after sulfate repletion or depletion from the medium. Transcript
levels of the genes related to the mitochondrial NFS, plastidial SUF, and cytosolic CIA pathways for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and to some Fe/S proteins (aconitases and ferredoxins) are indicated. Gene
expression levels of the transcripts of the cytosolic sulfur transfer pathways for Moco biosynthesis
and sulfur modification of tRNAs also shown. Gene expression levels for some Moco-enzymes (two
nitrate reductases NR1 and NR2, and three aldehyde oxidases AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), some
RHD-domain containing proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (MST1 and
Figure 4. Arabidopsis plants of 10-day-old grown on sulfate-containing medium were transferred
to the medium with (the same concentration of) or without sulfate, and time course values of the
transcripts were monitored for 24 h after sulfate repletion or depletion from the medium. Transcript
levels of the genes related to the mitochondrial NFS, plastidial SUF, and cytosolic CIA pathways for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and to some Fe/S proteins (aconitases and ferredoxins) are indicated. Gene
expression levels of the transcripts of the cytosolic sulfur transfer pathways for Moco biosynthesis
and sulfur modification of tRNAs also shown. 5. Gene Expression Dynamics of the Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules
in Sulfate-Deprived Roots Transcript levels of both TOM40 and ACT2 are also indicated because they
are not related to the sulfur transfer systems mentioned here. All the microarray data used here are
described in the previous paper [80]. Transcript levels were analyzed in sulfur-repleted (red line) or in
sulfated-depleted (blue line) conditions. For each gene investigated here, gene name, and AGI code
numbers are indicated on the top of the column. 5. Gene Expression Dynamics of the Biosynthesis of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules
in Sulfate-Deprived Roots Transcript levels of several SULTRs and ARPs
all of which are involved in the sulfur assimilation process are indicated as the highly responsive ones
to the sulfate depletion [80]. Transcript levels of both TOM40 and ACT2 are also indicated because they
are not related to the sulfur transfer systems mentioned here. All the microarray data used here are
described in the previous paper [80]. Transcript levels were analyzed in sulfur-repleted (red line) or in
sulfated-depleted (blue line) conditions. For each gene investigated here, gene name, and AGI code
numbers are indicated on the top of the column. Figure 4. Arabidopsis plants of 10-day-old grown on sulfate-containing medium were transferred to
the medium with (the same concentration of) or without sulfate, and time course values of the
transcripts were monitored for 24 h after sulfate repletion or depletion from the medium. Transcript
levels of the genes related to the mitochondrial NFS, plastidial SUF, and cytosolic CIA pathways for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and to some Fe/S proteins (aconitases and ferredoxins) are indicated. Gene
expression levels of the transcripts of the cytosolic sulfur transfer pathways for Moco biosynthesis
and sulfur modification of tRNAs also shown. Gene expression levels for some Moco-enzymes (two
nitrate reductases NR1 and NR2, and three aldehyde oxidases AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), some
RHD-domain containing proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (MST1 and
Figure 4. Arabidopsis plants of 10-day-old grown on sulfate-containing medium were transferred
to the medium with (the same concentration of) or without sulfate, and time course values of the
transcripts were monitored for 24 h after sulfate repletion or depletion from the medium. Transcript
levels of the genes related to the mitochondrial NFS, plastidial SUF, and cytosolic CIA pathways for
Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and to some Fe/S proteins (aconitases and ferredoxins) are indicated. Gene
expression levels of the transcripts of the cytosolic sulfur transfer pathways for Moco biosynthesis
and sulfur modification of tRNAs also shown. Gene expression levels for some Moco-enzymes
(two nitrate reductases NR1 and NR2, and three aldehyde oxidases AAO1, AAO2, and AAO3), some
RHD-domain containing proteins such as mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferases (MST1 and STR2/RDH2)
and a cytosolic glutaredoxin, GRXS6, are also indicated. Transcript levels of several SULTRs and ARPs
all of which are involved in the sulfur assimilation process are indicated as the highly responsive ones
to the sulfate depletion [80]. 6. Perspectives Cysteine, the final product of sulfur assimilation in plants, is an important amino acid with a thiol
group, which is a unique constituent of proteins. In addition to other thiol-containing molecules like
glutathione and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites like glucosinolates, cysteine is an important
substrate for biosynthesis of sulfur-containing small biomolecules [9]. In plant cytosol, as described above, a unique sulfurtransferase CNX5 transfers sulfur to the
partner protein of two distinct biosynthetic pathways (Figure 3). The MoeB-like activation domain of
CNX5 binds to CNX7 or URM proteins (URM11 and URM12) at its active cysteine residue of CNX5,
while sulfur binds to another cysteine residue in the RHD domain of CNX5 as persulfide sulfane sulfur. 8 of 13 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 Binding and activation of the substrate requires an acyl-thio bond between the cysteine residue of the
enzyme and substrate protein. This protein–protein interaction through acyl-thio bond formation is
similar to that of the interaction between a ubiquitin-like protein and a ubiquitin activating enzyme-like
protein pairs (i.e., UBL-UBA pairs), which are widely found in eukaryotes [67,81–83]. Thus, a series
of intramolecular reactions of CNX5, involving the activation of a partner protein, the sulfane sulfur
binding via RHD persulfide, and the subsequent transfer of sulfur to the partner protein, is an excellent
system for the safe transport of sulfane sulfur in the cytosol. Many sulfurtransferases that contain one or
two RHD domain(s) are present in Arabidopsis [84]. Similar to Cnx5, another unknown sulfurtransferase
that can bind and activate the substrate and simultaneously form persulfide within the RHD domain
might be able to participate in the formation of another sulfur-containing small molecules in the
plant cytosol. p
y
In plant cells, two independent pathways for Fe/S cluster biosynthesis occurred in mitochondria
and plastids have similar ways of using and assembling sulfur into the Fe/S clusters. As nascent labile
Fe/S clusters on the scaffold proteins are highly reactive and may even cause cytotoxicity when reactive
oxygen species are formed, strictly regulated Fe/S clusters transfer to downstream target or carrier
proteins is needed. Moreover, a regulatory mechanism for sulfur supply may be required to maintain
restricted sulfur flow for the biosynthesis of nascent Fe/S clusters. Microarray data suggests that the
expression level of mitochondrial ISU2 and ISU3 is likely regulated in response to environmental
sulfate levels (Figure 4). 6. Perspectives For the plastidial Fe/S biosynthesis system, gene expression of SUFE2, which is
a known partner protein for plastidial cysteine desulfurase, is slightly and transiently increased upon
sulfate depletion, whereas those of other SUFE paralogs do not seem to be more significantly affected. However, it still remains unclear whether this is relevant for the regulatory response in plastidial Fe/S
cluster biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of the formation of nascent Fe/S clusters
in plant organelles, as well as on the function of cytosolic sulfurtransferase that contain a RHD-domain,
are necessary to clarify the intracellular regulation of sulfur transfer processes, including small
sulfur-containing biomolecules. Author Contributions: Writing, Y.N.; review and editing, Y.N. and A.M.-N. All authors have read and agreed to
the published version of the manuscript. ding: This research was funded in part by Grant in Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory) [17K19340]
flicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding: This research was funded in part by Grant in Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory) [17K19340]. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations Abbreviations
AGI
the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative
APS
5’-adenylyl sulfate
APR
APS reductase
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis thaliana
CIA
cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly
Fe/S
iron-sulfur
Grx
glutaredoxin
Moco
molybdenum cofactor
MPT
molybdopterin
NFS
nitrogen fixation protein for sulfur transfer
RHD
rhodanese
S-Moco
sulfur-bound Moco
SUF
sulfur utilization factor
SULTR
sulfate transporter
Trx
thioredoxin
URM
ubiquitin-related modifier
UBL
ubiquitin-like protein
UBA
ubiquitin-activating enzyme-like protein Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 9 of 13 References 1. Beinert, H. A tribute to sulfur. Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 657–664. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Long, S.; Kahn, M.; Seefeldt, L.; Tsay, Y.; Kopriva, S. Nitrogen and sulfur. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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Localization in Eukaryotic Cells. Biomolecules. 2017, 7, 17. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. Iciek, M.; Bilska-Wilkosz, A.; Górny, M. Sulfane sulfur—New findings on an old topic. Acta Biochim. 2019, 66, 533–544. [CrossRef] 16. Mueller, E.G. Trafficking in persulfides: Delivering sulfur in biosynthetic pathways. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2006, 2,
185–194. [CrossRef] 17. Subrahmanian, N.; Remacle, C.; Hamel, P.P. Plant mitochondrial Complex I composition and assembly:
A review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2016, 1857, 1001–1014. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 18. Müh, F.; Glöckner, C.; Hellmich, J.; Zouni, A. Light-induced quinone reduction in photosystem II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1817, 44–65. [CrossRef] 19. Yang, H.; Liu, J.; Wen, X.; Lu, C. Molecular mechanism of photosystem I assembly in oxygenic organisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2015, 1847, 838–848. [CrossRef] 20. Przybyla-Toscano, J.; Roland, M.; Gaymard, F.; Couturier, J.; Rouhier, N. Roles and maturation of iron–sulfur
proteins in plastids. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 23, 545–566. [CrossRef] 21. Balk, J.; Schaedler, T.A. Iron cofactor assembly in plants. Annu Rev. Plant. Biol. 2014, 65, 125–153. [Cr 22. Frazzon, A.P.; Ramirez, M.V.; Warek, U.; Balk, J.; Frazzon, J.; Dean, D.R.; Winkel, B.S. Functional analysis of
Arabidopsis genes involved in mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster assembly. Plant. Mol. Biol. 2007, 64, 225–240. [CrossRef] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 10 of 13 23. Turowski, V.R.; Busi, M.V.; Gomez-Casati, D.F. Structural and functional studies of the mitochondrial
cysteinedesulfurase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Plant. 2012, 5, 1001–1010. [CrossRef] 24. Léon, S.; Touraine, B.; Briat, J.F.; Lobréaux, S. Mitochondrial localization of Arabidopsis thaliana Isu Fe-S
scaffold proteins. FEBS Lett. 2005, 579, 1930–1934. [CrossRef] 25. Uzarska, M.A.; Przybyla-Toscano, J.; Spantgar, F.; Zannini, F.; Lill, R.; Mühlenhoff, U.; Rouhier, N. Conserved
functions of Arabidopsis mitochondrial late-acting maturation factors in the trafficking of iron-sulfur clusters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 2018, 1865, 1250–1259. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Xu, X.M.; Lin, H.; Latijnhouwers, M.; Møller, S.G. Dual localized AtHscB involved in iron sulfur protein
biogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e7662. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 27. References Léon, S.; Touraine, B.; Ribot, C.; Briat, J.F.; Lobréaux, S. Iron-sulphur cluster assembly in plants: Distinct NFU
proteins in mitochondria and plastids from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J. 2003, 371, 823–830. [CrossRef]
[PubMed] 28. Zannini, F.; Roret, T.; Przybyla-Toscano, J.; Dhalleine, T.; Rouhier, N.; Couturier, J. Mitochondrial Arabidopsis
thaliana TRXo Isoforms Bind an Iron-Sulfur Cluster and Reduce NFU Proteins In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel)
2018, 7, 142. [CrossRef] 29. Bych, K.; Kerscher, S.; Netz, D.J.; Pierik, A.J.; Zwicker, K.; Huynen, M.A.; Lill, R.; Brandt, U.; Balk, J. The iron-sulphur protein Ind1 is required for effective complex I assembly. EMBO J. 2008, 27, 1736–1746. [CrossRef] 30. Moseler, A.; Aller, I.; Wagner, S.; Nietzel, T.; Przybyla-Toscano, J.; Mühlenhoff, U.; Lill, R.; Berndt, C.;
Rouhier, N.; Schwarzländer, M.; et al. The mitochondrial monothiol glutaredoxin S15 is essential for
iron-sulfur protein maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 13735–13740. [CrossRef] 31. Takahashi, Y.; Tokumoto, U. A third bacterial system for the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters with homologs
in archaea and plastids. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 28380–28383. [CrossRef] 32. Chahal, H.K.; Dai, Y.; Saini, A.; Ayala-Castro, C.; Outten, F.W. The SufBCD Fe-S scaffold complex interacts
with SufA for Fe-S cluster transfer. Biochem. 2009, 48, 10644–10653. [CrossRef] 33. Hu, X.; Kato, Y.; Sumida, A.; Tanaka, A.; Tanaka, R. The SUFBC2 D complex is required for the biogenesis of
all major classes of plastid Fe-S proteins. Plant. J. 2017, 90, 235–248. [CrossRef] 34. Ye, H.; Abdel-Ghany, S.E.; Anderson, T.D.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.; Pilon, M. CpSufE activates the cysteine
desulfurase CpNifS for chloroplastic Fe-S cluster formation. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 8958–8969. [CrossRef]
[PubMed] 35. Xu, X.M.; Møller, S.G. AtSufE is an essential activator of plastidic and mitochondrial desulfurases in
Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 2006, 25, 900–909. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 36. Narayana Murthy, U.M.; Ollagnier-de-Choudens, S.; Sanakis, Y.; Abdel-Ghany, S.E.; Rousset, C.; Ye, H.;
Fontecave, M.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.; Pilon, M. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana SufE2 and SufE3: Functions
in chloroplast iron-sulfur cluster assembly and NAD synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 18254–18264. 37. Chahal, H.K.; Outten, F.W. Separate FeS scaffold and carrier functions for SufB2C2 and SufA during in vitro
maturation of [2Fe2S] Fdx. J. Inorg Biochem. 2012, 116, 126–134. [CrossRef] 38. Abdel-Ghany, S.E.; Ye, H.; Garifullina, G.F.; Zhang, L.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.; Pilon, M. Iron-sulfur cluster
biogenesis in chloroplasts. Involvement of the scaffold protein CpIscA. Plant. Physiol. 2005, 138, 161–172. [CrossRef] 39. Yabe, T.; Nakai, M. References Functional characterization of AtATM1,
AtATM2, and AtATM3, a subfamily of Arabidopsis half-molecule ATP-binding cassette transporters implicated
in iron homeostasis. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 21561–21571. [CrossRef] 51. Verrier, P.J.; Bird, D.; Burla, B.; Dassa, E.; Forestier, C.; Geisler, M.; Klein, M.; Kolukisaoglu, U.; Lee, Y.;
Martinoia, E.; et al. Plant ABC proteins–a unified nomenclature and updated inventory. Trends Plant. Sci. 2008, 13, 151–159. [CrossRef] 52. Bernard, D.G.; Netz, D.J.; Lagny, T.J.; Pierik, A.J.; Balk, J. Requirements of the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster
assembly pathway in Arabidopsis. Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2013, 368, 20120259. [CrossRef] y p
y
p
,
,
[
]
53. Bych, K.; Netz, D.J.; Vigani, G.; Bill, E.; Lill, R.; Pierik, A.J.; Balk, J. The essential cytosolic iron-sulfur protein
Nbp35 acts without Cfd1partner in the green lineage. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 35797–35804. [CrossRef]
54. Kohbushi, H.; Nakai, Y.; Kikuchi, S.; Yabe, T.; Hori, H.; Nakai, M. Arabidopsis cytosolic Nbp35 homodimer
can assemble both [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters in two distinct domains Biochem Biophys Res Commun 53. Bych, K.; Netz, D.J.; Vigani, G.; Bill, E.; Lill, R.; Pierik, A.J.; Balk, J. The essential cytosolic iron-sulfur protein
Nbp35 acts without Cfd1partner in the green lineage. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 35797–35804. [CrossRef] 54. Kohbushi, H.; Nakai, Y.; Kikuchi, S.; Yabe, T.; Hori, H.; Nakai, M. Arabidopsis cytosolic Nbp35 homodimer
can assemble both [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters in two distinct domains. Biochem Biophys Res. Commun. 2009, 378, 810–815. [CrossRef] 55. Varadarajan, J.; Guilleminot, J.; Saint-Jore-Dupas, C.; Piégu, B.; Chabouté, M.E.; Gomord, V.; Coolbaugh, R.C.;
Devic, M.; Delorme, V. ATR3 encodes a diflavin reductase essential for Arabidopsis embryo development. New Phytol. 2010, 187, 67–82. [CrossRef] 56. Bastow, E.L.; Bych, K.; Crack, J.C.; Le Brun, N.E.; Balk, J. NBP35 interacts with DRE2 in the maturation of
cytosolic iron-sulphur proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2017, 89, 590–600. [CrossRef] 57. Zandalinas, S.I.; Song, L.; Sengupta, S.; McInturf, S.A.; Grant, D.G.; Marjault, H.B.; Castro-Guerrero, N.A.;
Burks, D.; Azad, R.K.; Mendoza-Cozatl, D.G.; et al. Expression of a dominant-negative AtNEET-H89C
protein disrupts iron-sulfur metabolism and iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2020, 101, 1152–1169. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 58. Su, L.W.; Chang, S.H.; Li, M.Y.; Huang, H.Y.; Jane, W.N.; Yang, J.Y. Purification and biochemical
characterization of Arabidopsis At-NEET, an ancient iron-sulfur protein, reveals a conserved cleavage
motif for subcellular localization. Plant. Sci. 2013, 213, 46–54. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 59. References Arabidopsis AtIscA-I is affected by deficiency of Fe-S cluster biosynthetic scaffold AtCnfU-V. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 340, 1047–1052. [CrossRef] 40. Py, B.; Gerez, C.; Angelini, S.; Planel, R.; Vinella, D.; Loiseau, L.; Talla, E.; Brochier-Armanet, C.; Garcia
Serres, R.; Latour, J.M.; et al. Molecular organization, biochemical function, cellular role and evolution of
NfuA, an atypical Fe-S carrier. Mol. Microbiol. 2012, 86, 155–171. [CrossRef] 41. Gao, H.; Subramanian, S.; Couturier, J.; Naik, S.G.; Kim, S.K.; Leustek, T.; Knaff, D.B.; Wu, H.C.; Vignols, F.;
Huynh, B.H.; et al. Arabidopsis thaliana Nfu2 accommodates [2Fe-2S] or [4Fe-4S] clusters and is competent for
in vitro maturation of chloroplast [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] cluster-containing proteins. Biochemistry 2013, 52,
6633–6645. [CrossRef] 42. Nath, K.; O’Donnell, J.P.; Lu, Y. Chloroplastic iron-sulfur scaffold protein NFU3 is essential to overall plant
fitness. Plant. Signal. Behav. 2017, 12, e1282023. [CrossRef] 11 of 13 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 43. Schwenkert, S.; Netz, D.J.; Frazzon, J.; Pierik, A.J.; Bill, E.; Gross, J.; Lill, R.; Meurer, J. Chloroplast HCF101 is
a scaffold protein for [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly. Biochem. J. 2009, 425, 207–214. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 44. Waller, J.C.; Ellens, K.W.; Alvarez, S.; Loizeau, K.; Ravanel, S.; Hanson, A.D. Mitochondrial and plastidial
COG0354 proteins have folate-dependent functions in iron-sulphur cluster metabolism. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63,
403–411. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 45. Bandyopadhyay, S.; Gama, F.; Molina-Navarro, M.M.; Gualberto, J.M.; Claxton, R.; Naik, S.G.; Huynh, B.H.;
Herrero, E.; Jacquot, J.P.; Johnson, M.K.; et al. Chloroplast monothiol glutaredoxins as scaffold proteins for
the assembly and delivery of [2Fe-2S] clusters. EMBO J. 2008, 27, 1122–1133. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 46. Biederbick, A.; Stehling, O.; Rösser, R.; Niggemeyer, B.; Nakai, Y.; Elsässer, H.P.; Lill, R. Role of human
mitochondrial Nfs1 in cytosolic iron-sulfur protein biogenesis and iron regulation. Mol. Cell Biol. 2006, 26,
5675–5687. [CrossRef] 47. Lill, R. Function and biogenesis of iron-sulphur proteins. Nature 2009, 460, 831–838. [CrossRef] 48. Kispal, G.; Csere, P.; Prohl, C.; Lill, R. The mitochondrial proteins Atm1p and Nfs1p are essential for
biogenesis of cytosolic Fe/S proteins. EMBO J. 1999, 18, 3981–3989. [CrossRef] 49. Pondarré, C. , Antiochos, B.B.; Campagna, D.R.; Clarke, S.L.; Greer, E.L.; Deck, K.M.; McDonald, A.; Han, A.P.;
Medlock, A.; Kutok, J.L.; et al. The mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter Abcb7 is essential in
mice and participates in cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2006, 15, 953–964. 50. Chen, S.; Sánchez-Fernández, R.; Lyver, E.R.; Dancis, A.; Rea, P.A. References Nechushtai, R.; Conlan, A.R.; Harir, Y.; Song, L.; Yogev, O.; Eisenberg-Domovich, Y.; Livnah, O.; Michaeli, D.;
Rosen, R.; Ma, V.; et al. Characterization of Arabidopsis NEET reveals an ancient role for NEET proteins in
iron metabolism. Plant. Cell. 2012, 24, 2139–2154. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 60. Luo, D.; Bernard, D.G.; Balk, J.; Hai, H.; Cui, X. The DUF59 family gene AE7 acts in the cytosolic iron-sulfur
cluster assembly pathway to maintain nuclear genome integrity in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2012, 24, 4135–4148. [CrossRef] 61. Couturier, J.; Jacquot, J.P.; Rouhier, N. Evolution and diversity of glutaredoxins in photosynthetic organisms. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2009, 66, 2539–2557. [CrossRef] 62. Iñigo, S.; Durand, A.N.; Ritter, A.; Le Gall, S.; Termathe, M.; Klassen, R.; Tohge, T.; De Coninck, B.; Van Leene, J.;
De Clercq, R.; et al. Glutaredoxin GRXS17 Associates with the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly
Pathway. Plant. Physiol. 2016, 172, 858–873. 12 of 13 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 12 of 13 63. Cheng, N.H.; Liu, J.Z.; Liu, X.; Wu, Q.; Thompson, S.M.; Lin, J.; Chang, J.; Whitham, S.A.; Park, S.;
Cohen, J.D.; et al. Arabidopsis monothiol glutaredoxin, AtGRXS17, is critical for temperature-dependent
postembryonic growth and development via modulating auxin response. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 20398–20406. [PubMed] 64. Yu, H.; Yang, J.; Shi, Y.; Donelson, J.; Thompson, S.M.; Sprague, S.; Roshan, T.; Wang, D.L.; Liu, J.; Park, S.; et al. Arabidopsis Glutaredoxin S17 Contributes to Vegetative Growth, Mineral Accumulation, and Redox Balance
during Iron Deficiency. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1045. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 65. Rey, P.; Taupin-Broggini, M.; Couturier, J.; Vignols, F.; Rouhier, N. Is There a Role for Glutaredoxins and
BOLAs in the Perception of the Cellular Iron Status in Plants? Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 712. [CrossRef]
[PubMed] 66. Schwarz, G. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and deficiency. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2005, 62, 2792–2810. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 67. Nakai, Y.; Harada, A.; Hashiguchi, Y.; Nakai, M.; Hayashi, H. Arabidopsis molybdopterin biosynthesis protein
Cnx5 collaborateswith the ubiquitin-like protein Urm11 in the thio-modification of tRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 2012,
287, 30874–30884. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 68. Zhang, Y.; Gladyshev, V.N. Molybdoproteomes and evolution of molybdenum utilization. J. Mol. Biol. 2008,
379, 881–899. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 69. Mendel, R.R.; Bittner, F. Cell biology of molybdenum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2006, 1763, 621–635. [CrossRef]
[PubMed] 70. Bauer, M.; Papenbrock, J. Identification and characterization of single-domain thiosulfate sulfurtransferases
from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 2002, 532, 427–431. [CrossRef] 71. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 84.
Selles, B.; Moseler, A.; Rouhier, N.; Couturier, J. Rhodanese domain-containing sulfurtransferases:
Multifacetedproteins involved in sulfur trafficking in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2019, 70, 4139–4154. [CrossRef]
[PubMed] References Bartels, A.; Mock, H.P.; Papenbrock, J. Differential expression of Arabidopsis sulfurtransferases under various
growth conditions. Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 2007, 45, 178–187. [CrossRef] 72. Krepinsky, K.; Leimkühler, S. Site-directed mutagenesis of the active site loop of the rhodanese-likedomain
of the human molybdopterin synthase sulfurase MOCS3. Major differences in substrate specificity between
eukaryotic and bacterial homologs. FEBS J. 2007, 274, 2778–2787. [CrossRef] 73. Leimkühler, S.; Rajagopalan, K.V. A sulfurtransferase is required in the transfer of cysteine sulfur in the
in vitro synthesis of molybdopterin from precursor Z in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 22024–22031. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 74. Matthies, A.; Rajagopalan, K.V.; Mendel, R.R.; Leimkühler, S. Evidence for the physiological role of a
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Cofactor Biosynthesis Protein MOCS3 in tRNA Thiolation and Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis in
Humans. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 17297–17307. [CrossRef] 78. Wollers, S.; Heidenreich, T.; Zarepour, M.; Zachmann, D.; Kraft, C.; Zhao, Y.; Mendel, R.R.; Bittner, F. Binding
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insight into the mechanism of molybdenum cofactor sulfuration. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 9642–9650. [CrossRef] 79. Schwarz, G.; Mendel, R.R.; Ribbe, M.W. Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways. Nature 2009, 460,
839–847. [CrossRef] 80. Maruyama-Nakashita, A.; Nakamura, Y.; Watanabe-Takahashi, A.; Inoue, E.; Yamaya, T.; Takahashi, H. Identification of a novel cis-acting element conferring sulfur deficiency response in Arabidopsis roots. Plant J. 2005, 42, 305–314. [CrossRef] 81. Burroughs, A.M.; Iyer, L.M.; Aravind, L. Natural history of the E1-like superfamily: Implication for
adenylation, sulfur transfer, and ubiquitin conjugation. Proteins 2009, 75, 895–910. [CrossRef] 82. Xu, J.; Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Zhou, J.; Huang, H.; Wu, J.; Zhong, Y.; Shi, Y. Solution structure of Urm1 and its
implications for the origin of protein modifiers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 11625–11630. [CrossRef] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3470 13 of 13 83. Schulman, B.A.; Harper, J.W. 83.
Schulman, B.A.; Harper, J.W. Ubiquitin-like protein activation by E1 enzymes: The apex for downstream
signalling pathways. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10, 319–331. [CrossRef] [PubMed] References Ubiquitin-like protein activation by E1 enzymes: The apex for downstream
signalling pathways. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10, 319–331. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 83. Schulman, B.A.; Harper, J.W. Ubiquitin-like protein activation by E1 enzymes: The apex for downstream
signalling pathways. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10, 319–331. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
84. Selles, B.; Moseler, A.; Rouhier, N.; Couturier, J. Rhodanese domain-containing sulfurtransferases:
Multifacetedproteins involved in sulfur trafficking in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2019, 70, 4139–4154. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 84. Selles, B.; Moseler, A.; Rouhier, N.; Couturier, J. Rhodanese domain-containing sulfurtransferases:
Multifacetedproteins involved in sulfur trafficking in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2019, 70, 4139–4154. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
| 35,594 |
https://github.com/cleancoindev/example-dapp-high-priests/blob/master/stories/4-Background.stories.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
example-dapp-high-priests
|
cleancoindev
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 47 | 132 |
import React from "react"
import { action } from "@storybook/addon-actions"
import { withKnobs, text, boolean } from "@storybook/addon-knobs"
import styled from "styled-components"
import BackgroundSceneAnimated from "../src/components/BackgroundScene/BackgroundScene"
export default {
title: "Background",
parameters: {
componentSubtitle: "Subtitle",
},
decorators: [withKnobs],
}
export const BackgroundAnimated = () => <BackgroundSceneAnimated />
| 8,882 |
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz%20Kendall
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Liz Kendall
|
https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liz Kendall&action=history
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 146 | 292 |
Elizabeth Louise "Liz" Kendall (født 11. juni 1971 i Abbots Langley nær St Albans i Hertfordshire) er en britisk politiker, der i 2015 stillede op som kandidat til posten som leder af Labour.
Valget af Ed Milibands efterfølger
Posten som Labours leder blev ledig, da Ed Miliband gik af i maj 2015.
Urafstemningen om posten startede den 14. august. Den 12. september 2015 blev der offentliggjort, at Jeremy Corbyn havde fået 59,5 procent af stemmerne, og at han dermed var valgt som Labours leder.
De resterende stemmer fordelte sig med 19,0 procent til Andy Burnham, 17,0 procent til Yvette Cooper og 4,5 procent til Liz Kendall.
Medlem af Underhuset
Siden 2010 har Liz Kendall været medlem af Underhuset for Leicester West i Leicestershire.
Skyggeminister
Liz Kendall har været skyggeminister for omsorg og ældre siden oktober 2011.
Referencer
Eksterne henvisninger
Britiske politikere fra Labour
Medlemmer af Underhuset
| 17,047 |
https://github.com/PlexPt/Startup-Game/blob/master/coders/monkey.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Startup-Game
|
PlexPt
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 70 | 353 |
class Monkey < Coder
def initialize
@name = '堕落的猴子'
@salary = 8_000
end
def work(remain_difficulty)
workflow = rand 100
case workflow
when 0..20
forward = rand(1..5)
puts "#{name}边刷NGA边写代码, 项目推进#{forward}"
remain_difficulty + forward
when 21..80
forward = rand(200...500)
puts "#{name}努力奋斗，发扬不作死就不会死的精神，成功将项目推进#{forward}"
remain_difficulty - forward
when 81..100
puts "#{name}被催更的声音淹没, 疯狂扫漫中, 连续一周没有产出"
remain_difficulty
end
end
def pay(company_money)
puts "#{name}领取了#{salary}元薪水, 几天后#{name}收到了几百本漫画"
company_money - salary
end
def salary
Money.add_rate("USD", "CNY", 6.1969)
Money.us_dollar(@salary * 100).exchange_to("CNY").to_i
end
end
| 37,238 |
https://github.com/Varorbc/alipay-sdk-net-all/blob/master/AlipaySDKNet/Domain/AlipaySocialGiftVoucherUseModel.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
alipay-sdk-net-all
|
Varorbc
|
C#
|
Code
| 122 | 740 |
using System;
using System.Xml.Serialization;
namespace Aop.Api.Domain
{
/// <summary>
/// AlipaySocialGiftVoucherUseModel Data Structure.
/// </summary>
[Serializable]
public class AlipaySocialGiftVoucherUseModel : AopObject
{
/// <summary>
/// 商户通过该接口落卡包后，其支付宝卡包中对应实体（卡、券）的失效时间。该值可以选填。【注意：如果不填写，默认为生效时间后3年】。其时间规则可以在商户后台进行配置。
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("end_date")]
public string EndDate { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 商户再送礼平台的唯一ID，用于标识具体的调用业务方，需要先在送礼平台进行业务类型的分配之后才看使用。
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("mid")]
public string Mid { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 主订单id，核销对应的送礼平台主订单id
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("order_id")]
public string OrderId { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 当前用户剩余的金额，该金额会作为剩余金额显示到卡包中。注意，需要由商户自行保证该金额的正确性。平台不会存这个剩余金额，也不会做相关校验（除了必须不能小于零外）
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("price")]
public string Price { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 商户通过该接口落卡包后，其支付宝卡包中对应实体（卡、券）的生效时间。该值可以选填。默认生效时间为当前时间。其规则可以在商户后台进行配置。
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("start_date")]
public string StartDate { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 核销金额，即本次用户消费的金额。
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("use_price")]
public string UsePrice { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 卡码code，改id为商户上传到平台的id。
/// </summary>
[XmlElement("voucher_id")]
public string VoucherId { get; set; }
}
}
| 23,255 |
https://openalex.org/W2097505592
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
Public Domain
| 1,912 |
The Case for the Eight Company Battalion
|
Captain R. J. Kentish
|
English
|
Spoken
| 22,806 | 33,595 |
Royal United Services Institution. Journal ISSN: 0035-9289 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rusi ISSN: 0035-9289 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rusi19 Date: 07 June 2016, At: 01:45 THE JOURNAL
ROYAL UNITED SERYICE INSTITUTION.
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VOL. LVI.
JULY, 1912.
KO. 413.
[Authors alone arc responsible for the contents of their respective Papers.] aded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Captain R. J. Kentish & Lieut.-General Sir H. L. Smith-Dorrien In the chair
K.C.B., D.S.O., A.D.C. Captain R. J. Kentish & Lieut.-General Sir H. L. Smith-Dorrien In the chair
K.C.B., D.S.O., A.D.C. To cite this article: Captain R. J. Kentish & Lieut.-General Sir H. L. Smith-Dorrien In the chair
K.C.B., D.S.O., A.D.C. (1912) The Case for the Eight Company Battalion, Royal United Services
Institution. Journal, 56:413, 891-928, DOI: 10.1080/03071841209420032 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071841209420032 Published online: 11 Sep 2009. Submit your article to this journal
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http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rusi20 Download by: [University of Sussex Library] THE JOURNAL
ROYAL UNITED SERYICE INSTITUTION. -. --
-
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VOL. LVI. JULY, 1912. KO. 413. [Authors alone arc responsible for the contents of their respective Papers.]
THE GASE FOR THE EIGHT COhIPhNY
BATTALION. By CAPTAIN
R. J. KESTISII, Royal Irish Fusiliers. On Wednesday, 1st May, 1912. Lieut.-General Sir H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN,
K.C.B., D.S.O.,
-4.D.C., in the chair. THE GASE FOR THE EIGHT COhIPhNY
BATTALION. Lieut.-General Sir H. L. SMITH-DORRIEN,
K.C.B., D.S.O.,
-4.D.C., in the chair. ON the 19th December, 1911, General I;. I. Alasse read a
paper in this Institution on Battalion Organization. In this
paper he advocated the abolition of our eight company system,
and the substitution in its place of a four company system. This paper rather took those regimental officers, who do not
hold General hlaxse’s views, by surprise, and consequently
there were very few officers present prepared to speak in favour
of the eight company system. In the illontit~g Post of
the 20th December, the subject was given much prominence;
a leading article supported the views taken by General RIasse,
and with much earnestness and force the writer stated that h e
knew that the whole question of Battalion Organization would
shortly form the subject of a searching investigation, and this
article concluded with the following sentence :- g
‘I Should it then be decided that changes are desirable,
those changes will assuredly be carried out.” Now, gentlemen, let me assure you of the fact that an
ever-growing number of officers do not desire any radical
change in our organization ; it is felt that our present organiza-
tion is the best for peace and war, and I hope to be able to
prove that this is so by setting before you the many advantages
which the small company system has over the big company
system. It is worthy of note that none of the advantages are
to be found in General Maxse’s paper, and so I come here this
afternoon to speak on this subject, and the line I propose to take
is this:-I
intend to follow the principal points raised by
General Rlasse in his paper and wherever a point of importance THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COJIP.4NY BATTALION 892 either for or against the four company sqstem, or against the
eight company organization has been omltted, I shall refer to
that point of omission. p
And I desire to add this to my prefatory remarks: my
experience of I j years soldiering, during which period I have
served for brief periods on the Staff, enables me to speak with
knowledge of my subject. *Some Companies have three officers, others two only. THE GASE FOR THE EIGHT COhIPhNY
BATTALION. The first part of this paper refers
almost entirely to the tactical aspect of the case, and for this
reason I have assumed that the battalion, whether of four or
eight companies, is at war strength. The second part of my
paper deals with the administrative side, and other matters
affecting the question. THE TACTICAL ASPECT OF THE QUESTION. THE TACTICAL ASPECT OF THE QUESTION. In reading through General Alasse’s paper I was astonished
to read this statement :- ‘‘ O w quarrel is not only witk tlte eight contpany battaliort,
which we tltinl: ?niscltievotis; bzit also with the fact that a
tontpany Itas no scientific organization to enable it to fight
with advantage.” g
Gentlemen, is this so? What is our organization? A
company in an eight company battalion is composed as follows : war
(A)
3
I
4
5
109
Peace (B)
3*
I
3
5
79
Colour Section
Officers. Sergt. Sergts. Corps. Rank S. File. In both (A) and (B) the Organization is built up with the
squad as the sniailest tactical unit, then the section composed
of two squads, then the half company of two sections, and,
finally, the company of two half companies or of four sections. Each squad consists in mar of one corporal or lance-corporal
and eleven privates, reduced in peace to one corporal or lance-
corporal and eight privates. There are undoubtedly weak spots
in the system-there
are in every system-but
those of
us who have served continuously as regimental officers
for many years know that we have a scientific organi-
zation, that is entirely adaptable to our peculiar con-
ditions. This organization has been very materially bettered
since the South African War by the splitting up of the some-
what big sections into squads, and me regimental officers
appreciate to the full the value of
the change and
the scientific brain that prompted it. W e should, per-
haps, prefer to have more men available in our home
battalions, and a few more subaltern officers and section
sergeants to command these nien, but to condemn a system and
to assert that there is no science in its organization, because
the peculiar conditions of our home service have up to date 893 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION failed to supply that system with men to work it satisfactorily
is, I think, rather unfair criticism of our General Staff. ‘‘ The chain of consmnnd and responsibility should be
clearly defined aid habitztally #ractised by all ranks.” The Platitudinous Military Axioms, I turn to what General Rlaxse calls platitudinous military
axioms, and I only mention four of these, because the
remainder are applicable to either system. “ The object to be achieved through organization is to
facilitate by forethought i n peace, the dificult task of launching
a battalion of a thousand meit into battle and controlling them
throughout .” Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 But surely the organization of our companies is so arranged,
and with eight well commanded and well trained companies,
a battalion commander, if a well trained officer himself,
ought not under ordinary circumstances, to experience great diffi-
culties in launching his battalion into battle. But, .gentlemen,
the question of controlling them once launched is a totally
different question. In the initial stages, control by the battalion
commander will not be a very difficult matter, but once com-
panies come within the effective rifle fire of the enemy control
will be practically impossible, and then it will not be a question
of four, six, or eight companies, so far as the winning of the
battle is concerned; but the personality and ability of the squad
and section leaders, and of the company officers backed by a
body of well trained men strong in esprit-de-corps will assuredly
triumph. ‘‘ Co-operative fire tactics are the essence of good infantry
work and companies should be organized to facilitate fire
factics.” Why is this a plausible platitude in our company organization 3
Our system to-day gives ten or twelve men to a squad com-
mander; this is the greatest number of rifles that one man can
conveniently and advantageously control in action, and if the
squad commanders have been well grounded in their work and
the men are alert and responsive, fire tactics in companies
should be easy of accomplishment. But I regret to say that
neither our officers, non-commissioned officers or men display
a very great knowledge of fire tactics and fire discipline for
the simple reason that sufficient importance is not attached to
it, and consequently, although we are brought up on the theory
of co-operative fire tactics, we never receive that amount of
practice, which the authorities at the School of Musketry,
Hythe, lay down as indispensable to the efficient training of
our infantry. y
This fact, however, should not-be any excuse for saying
that our organization does not facilitate co-operative fire tactics. It is not the organization, but the human element which is at
fault. ‘‘ ‘‘ The chain of consmnnd and responsibility should be
clearly defined aid habitztally #ractised by all ranks.” 894
THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 894 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION Here is the chain of command in our company organiza-
tion :-
The Captain
The Colour Sergt. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 or Lee.- or Lce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
1
I
No. z Section
Commander
( I Sergeant)
I
I
I
No. 3
No. 4
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader
(I Corp. (I Corp. or Lce.- orLce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
No. 3 Section
Commander
(I Sergeant)
I
I
No. 5
No. 6
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader
( I Corp. (I Corp. or Lce.- or Lce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
KO. 4. Secticn
Commander
(I Lance-Sergeant)
1
1
I
N ~ . 7
NO. a-
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader. (I Corp
(I Corp
or Lee.- orLce.-
Corp.)
Corp.) Here is the chain of command in our company organiza-
tion :-
The Captain Here is the chain of command in our company organiza-
tion :-
The Captain Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 (The Sergeant-Major)
1
1
I
I
The Right -Half Coy. Commander
The Left Half Coy. Commander
N.c.O. of the Half Coy.)
(The Senior Subaltern)
(The Junior Subaltern or the Senior
I
I
I
i
I
I
No. I Section
Commander
(I Sergeant)
! NO. I
No, z
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader
( I Corp. ( I Corp. or Lee.- or Lce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
1
I
No. z Section
Commander
( I Sergeant)
I
I
I
No. 3
No. 4
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader
(I Corp. (I Corp. or Lce.- orLce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
No. 3 Section
Commander
(I Sergeant)
I
I
No. 5
No. 6
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader
( I Corp. (I Corp. or Lce.- or Lce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
KO. 4. Secticn
Commander
(I Lance-Sergeant)
1
1
I
N ~ . 7
NO. a-
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader. (I Corp
(I Corp
or Lee.- orLce.-
Corp.)
Corp.)
If the captain is away, the senior subaltern commands, and
so on; this is clear enough, and so is t1ie.question of responsi-
bility-the
captain is responsible to the commanding officer
for the conduct of his tompany; if the captain is rendered hors
de combat, the senior subaltern assumes control, and also any
responsibility attached to it. Whether in peace or in war
this chain of command and responsibility is being frequentIy
practised, and similarly the squad commanders are responsible
to their section commanders, and the section commanders to
their officers, and the lower ranks constantly assume the duties
and responsibility attaching to the duties of the higher ranks
with excellent results. And in view of the fact that on mobiliza-
tion some of our senior non-commissioned officers may be imme-
diately promoted to commissions and the junior corporals to
sergeants, there can be no better way of
instructing these
individuals in the duties they are to perform in war than by
giving them a preliminary canter over the course in peace. Here is the chain of command in our company organiza-
tion :-
The Captain
The Colour Sergt. (The Sergeant-Major)
1
1
I
I
The Right -Half Coy. Commander
The Left Half Coy. Commander
N.c.O. of the Half Coy.)
(The Senior Subaltern)
(The Junior Subaltern or the Senior
I
I
I
i
I
I
No. I Section
Commander
(I Sergeant)
! NO. I
No, z
Squad
Squad
Leader
Leader
( I Corp. ( I Corp. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 If the captain is away, the senior subaltern commands, and
so on; this is clear enough, and so is t1ie.question of responsi-
bility-the
captain is responsible to the commanding officer
for the conduct of his tompany; if the captain is rendered hors
de combat, the senior subaltern assumes control, and also any
responsibility attached to it. Whether in peace or in war
this chain of command and responsibility is being frequentIy
practised, and similarly the squad commanders are responsible
to their section commanders, and the section commanders to
their officers, and the lower ranks constantly assume the duties
and responsibility attaching to the duties of the higher ranks
with excellent results. And in view of the fact that on mobiliza-
tion some of our senior non-commissioned officers may be imme-
diately promoted to commissions and the junior corporals to
sergeants, there can be no better way of
instructing these
individuals in the duties they are to perform in war than by
giving them a preliminary canter over the course in peace. “The best way to train young oflicers is to give them the
.responsibility of ntartagiitg a definite coimiiaiid, as in the Navy,
the cavalry, nitd the artillery. Tlte contmand of a half conrpany
is not a definite coiitinaitd because the haZf coinpany is not a
lactica2 unit.” I candidly confess that this has caused me many sleepIess
nights; it had never occurred to me until I heard this statement
in this Institution, that a subaltern had no responsibility or
no definite command. If the captain is an earnest officer and
one who places the interests of his company on a high plane,
and if, moreover, he knows how to apportion the work, the
subaltern will find he has enough to do to last him from morning
till night on most days of the week. 895 THE CASE FOR T H E EIG€lT COBII’ANY B.ITTALION Both in peace. or war it is possible to give our subalterns
definite commands and plenty of responsibility. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Put them in
positions that will bring them into close contact with their men
both on and off parade, and that will enable them to gain an
insight into their characters; put them in charge of the musketry
training, of the bayonet fighting instruction, or of the athletics
generally, or of the messing of their men ; tell them to address
their non-commissioned officers on any professional subject
contained in our Infantry Training or other text books; tell
them to make themselves acquainted with the traditions of
their regiment, and to impart their knowledge to their men. Above all tell them to gain the goodwill of their men, perhaps
the most important of all their duties, and one that IS often
most difficult of accomplishment, simply through ignorance
of the best way to set about it. Give them these very definite
duties to perform in peace and judge of their ability by the
results obtained. In war the knowledge they have gained in
this way of the characteristics of their men will enable them
to accomplish much. Gentlemen, a subaltern, though he may
not have a definite command in the shape of a section or a
company, has a magnificent task before him in helping his
captain to train the men, and in assisting in the cultivation of
thc soldierly spirit; and if he is doing this to the best of his
ability, he is simultaneously helping to get his company fit
for war. What more definite task could we captains assign
to our subaltern officers? DQ not then let us hear his duties
again referred to as of no import. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 y
With this statement the great majority of company com-
manders with whom I have discussed the subject are in disagree-
ment. illy own experience in command of a company at war
strength in action proved, if anything, that the sections were
too big for one man’s command, and this defect was remedied
in the Infantry Training Manual of rgoj, which introduced the
squad system, giving ten or eleven men to each squad com-
mander-an
organization we retain to-day, and one we hope
to retain until arguments more conclusive than those already
put forward are deduced against it. The Battalion In War. General AIaxse referred to the new situation that had arisen
in Europe, and he stated that this situation did not esist, when
our Army was distributed in its foreign garrisons and made up
to war strength in them. I do not altogether understand the
allusion. I personally cannot see that the situation in Europe,
so far as it affects the organization of the British infantry,
has in the last IOO years undergone any real change. The
British nation is certainly on better terms with her closest and
nearest neighbour than she used to be, and on far worse terms
with one not quite so close; but whether we, as a nation, are
on good or bad terms with our neighbours or whether the
political state of Europe has changed in any marked degree for
better or for worse, I cannot see what that has to do with
our Battalion Organization. And then again he refers to the
fact of the naval authorities having seen fit to scrap obsolete
ships and concentrate, and he goes on to say “ May I suggest
that perhaps the Army may have to scrap some of its cherished
ideas in order to face the situation in its turn.”
To this I
say ‘that if it can be conclusively proved that any of our ideas
on any subject affecting any branch of our Army are impeding
progress, then let us by all means root them out tooth and nail. 896 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION But before we talte action let us be quite sure that the ideas we
propose to scrap are obsolete, and that a change is desired. Tactical Considerations. ‘‘ TVlietlter we jiglit alongside of and in close co-operation
witlt a &cropcan Army or zvhctlter we undertake a separate mis-
sion, as the Ally of a friendly Pomer, it is obvious tlzat our
expeditionary force m i s t be ready to take on twice or thrice
tintes its owit uimbers oit the field of battle.” The writer goes on to say that although our fire tactics are
as good as, or better than any in Europe, we fail to develop them
owing to the eight company system, which destroys the initia-
tive of subordinates without increasing the legitimate control
of superior commanders. In other words, the eight company
system is unsuitable to modern tactics. The Eight Company Battalion in the Attack. General hlaxse instanced an eight company battalion being
launched to the attack, and told of the difficulties of control
and co-operation when the battalion became hotly engaged. But what system will not be confronted with those difficulties
when close contact is established. Think for a moment of the
din and of the inevitable confusion, and then make up
your minds, or try to, whether a four, six, eight, ten,
or twelve company
system
is
going
to
carry
you
through triumphant, and bring you success in battle. Gentlemen, I have already stated that victory will not
depend on the number of the companies in any particular
battalion, but on the intelligence, personality, and popularity
of our company officers; and if they in turn are followed by
well trained non-commissioned officers and men, literally breath-
ing their regimental traditions, there will be no doubt as to
which side will win the day. To return to the launching of the eight company battalion
to the attack, the commanding officer has explained the situation
to his eight company commanders, and this information is trans-
mitted to the subalterns and section commanders, who in turn
transmit it to the men. There may, or may not be time for it to get
to the men before the order to move is given, but the opportunity
will come in the course of the advance, although not much THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY B.1TTALION 897 explanation will be required when the bullets are flying-
commonsense will tell most of the information that is necessary. But the objective of each company will be known, and then
the matter must be left to the commanders. TIIE RBLE OF THE S E N O R i\IAJOR. If the senior major is present with the firing line of four
companies his advice will be most welcome-he
will not hamper
the situation. To-day our senior majors are, we hope, efficient,
and advice from efficients is always welcome. y
General Alaxse has asked this question, “ Horn is the senior
major to exercise any useful or desirable control over four
independent companies hotly engaged with the enemy and
spread out along a frontage of nearly half a mile?”
The
answer is, that control is maintained in the attack not by any
senior majo:,
but by the lucidity of the commanding officer in
his orders to his company commanders, and the intelligence
shown by the latter-in
correctly interpreting those orders-and
in always having in view the objective of
the attack. This, in the initial stages of the advance, and the senior major’s
position would then be either in the centre of the line or on one
of the flanks. Once the companies become hotly engaged with
the enemy, control by any one man will be entirely out of the
question. There may be brief moments when taking advantdge
of the sheltering lee of a hill or an open ditch a consultation
may be possible, and if so, the presence of the senior major
will be most welconie. If no such consultation is possible, then
the attack must proceed, and reliance be placed on the intelli-
gence and personal courage of both officers and men to emerge
triumphant. THE ROLE OF TSIE SEXIOIC ;\hJOR. Now take the case of the two big companies in the firing
line and let us see whether General RIasse’s contention “ that
the senior ~itajor’s job would be to co-ordinate the general
ad-dance, and ruitlzotit interfering in details arrange with the two
contpan y contmanders for nizctzial assistance in moving forward
front fire position to fire position” is correct or not, and
whether it is any easier for the senior major to control two
big companies than four small ones. For this purpose I have
drawn two plans showing the formation in the field of two
companies and four companies in the firing line under the
senior major. j
Now whether v e have two big companies of 250 each or
four small companies of 125 men each in the firing line the
frontage occupied will be indentical. I wish you to pay par-
ticular attention to this point, because I think it hits been
overlooked in this argument. I first of all instance the case of
the firing line hotly engaged with the enemy having reached r i fW3 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALIOX nullah or some natural feature of the ground which gives ample
cover to all; from this piece of cover the senior major wishes
to reorganize his attack line and make preparations for a
fresh advance with a slightly altered objective. Let us take
the four company organization first. He sends for the two
company commanders and explains his orders. They in their
turn send for their seconds in command, explain to them the
orders, and they in their turn send-for
whom? Do they send
for the four subalterns, or how is it done? To my mind it is t
'
......................................................................... zm.*
___.-..----_.._...-----. ".- ................ - ...-.. ) t
'
......................................................................... zm.*
___.-..----_.._...-----. ".- ................ - ...-.. )
a small point, but so much stress has been laid on the facility
with which control can be esercised and co-operation assured
by the four company system that I am most anxious not to omit
any point, either for or against either system. Let us suppose
that the two seconds-in-command each assemble their four
subalterns, and then finally the subalterns impart the situation
to their sections. THE ROLE OF TSIE SEXIOIC ;\hJOR. There is another way, of course, and that is
for the senior major in the first instance to assemble the majors
and their seconds-in-command, but this does not appear to have
any advantage over the eight company system. In any case the
information for the fresh advance eventually reaches the men,
although the process in getting it there appears to me a laborious
one. Now what do we find in our present system? The
senior major assembles the four company commanders, gives
his orders and tells them to move. Two courses are open to
these company commanders : they can either explain the situa-
tion to the two half company commanders, and they in turn
give it to their half company or section commanders, or better oaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 a small point, but so much stress has been laid on the facility
with which control can be esercised and co-operation assured
by the four company system that I am most anxious not to omit
any point, either for or against either system. Let us suppose
that the two seconds-in-command each assemble their four
subalterns, and then finally the subalterns impart the situation
to their sections. There is another way, of course, and that is
for the senior major in the first instance to assemble the majors
and their seconds-in-command, but this does not appear to have
any advantage over the eight company system. In any case the
information for the fresh advance eventually reaches the men,
although the process in getting it there appears to me a laborious
one. Now what do we find in our present system? The
senior major assembles the four company commanders, gives
his orders and tells them to move. Two courses are open to
these company commanders : they can either explain the situa-
tion to the two half company commanders, and they in turn
give it to their half company or section commanders, or better THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 899 still, each company commander can assemble his half company
and section commanders and give them the information in this
way. I cannot see that the method of imparting information
in the four company system has any advantage over the eight
company system. THE ROLE OF TSIE SEXIOIC ;\hJOR. 1 must remind you that this scene has been
enacted the whole time under cover. Now turn to the case where the firing line is hotly engaged
with the enemy. General hlaxse speaks of the impossibility
of the senior major getting into touch with the outer companies
on the flanks of
his firing line in an eight company
system. He says that
he is a good man
masted,
because he has been given an impossible task. But
why should he be wasted? Casualitis would appear
to have been altogether overlooked in the argument. A senior
major’s advice to a company that had lost all its officers in the
advance surely would be of supreme importance, or the active
leadership of even two companies to an important point, at a
critical moment, surely might come within the scope of a senior
major’s duties. A senior major has no actual command in
peace, and so has none in war, but those of us who know what
influence a senior major has on the well-being of a battalion
from every point of view, if he applies himself to his job, mill
appreciate the value of having such a man with us in the firing
line at a critical moment. But as far as the control of the
general advance is concerned you may certainly make it simpler
in the four company battalion so far as the actual giving of
the orders in the first instance to the two company commanders
is concerned, but you mill most certainly not, so far as getting
the information from those two company commanders to the
two junior captains, the eight section commanders, the sisteen
squad commanders, and the 500 men is concerned. For
movement in the firing line is a most hazardous thing, and
intercommunication ever presents the very greatest of diffi-
culties, but these difficulties will never be overcome by changing
our organization. There I leave the battalion commander and
the senior major and their relations with the company com-
manders. Tkis R&E OF TIlE CAPTAIN. This again is a
matter of common sense, and I think a line frequently taken by
Divisional and Brigade Commanders who, having to detach a
brigade or a battalion on some special mission of importance,
will naturally send that brigade or that battalion which is, at
the moment, commanded by the man in whom they have the
greatest confidence. But we captains know that our subalterns
have a very definite command in war, and that is the command of
a half company of 50 men, and the chances are greatly in favoiir
of the subaltern having to command’ the whole company should
the casualties be at all severe, as they most assuredly will be. Therefore we say let us train them to get a thorough knowledge
into the working and the interior economy of the whole com-
pany, and we are training them to become most useful members
of the regiment, and they will be a great asset to their captains
in this first battle, being able from their knowledge of every
man in the company to take command, and to lead it in an
emergency well. A battalion with its company officers and
men trained on these lines, viz., the officers to accept responsi-
bility, to know their nien and to lead them well and the men
to follow because they know their officers, will win the battle,
gentlemen, not in spite of, but with the aid of its organization. War Experience of the Eight Company Battalion. I
ll th
th t I
h
d
thi
bj
t possibly the captain will not know one of his subalterns;
to this I say in the four company system possibly the
major would not know either his captain or his subal-
terns. And so with the section sergeants, the same applies
in both systems; but this is not a serious matter, because well
trained corporals should be and are always fit to command
sections in the same may that every well trained captain ought,
if suddenly promoted, to be able to command a battalion. But
I mention the point because it has been brought forward as a
weak spot in the captain’s command.in our system, whereas if
you like to call it a weak spot, I maintain that it exists in either
system. Tkis R&E OF TIlE CAPTAIN. We will now take the case of one of the captains, and
his command in this first battle. General hlaxse’s great
point with regard to the captain’s command is, I think, this:
the subalterns may be unknown to him, the section sergeants
may be mcn who have just been promoted, the men for the
greater part are reservists; perhaps 30 per cent. are serving
soldiers and 10 per cent. recruits. But why should the system
be condemned on this account ? To take the subaltern’s case first ;
it is said that he has no command, but he has, for he commands
so men in this mobilized company, ten more than he would
command under similar conditions under the four company
system. General hlasse says in the eight company system THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COXPXSY BAlTALIOS 900 possibly the captain will not know one of his subalterns;
to this I say in the four company system possibly the
major would not know either his captain or his subal-
terns. And so with the section sergeants, the same applies
in both systems; but this is not a serious matter, because well
trained corporals should be and are always fit to command
sections in the same may that every well trained captain ought,
if suddenly promoted, to be able to command a battalion. But
I mention the point because it has been brought forward as a
weak spot in the captain’s command.in our system, whereas if
you like to call it a weak spot, I maintain that it exists in either
system. And why there should be any difficulty in sending
one forward with the firing line, and keeping the other in
reserve is not evident. l‘his is described as a makeshift
arrangement, and it has been said that owing to a subaltern
having no definite command in peace his duties have to be
improvized in war. I do not think this is quite correct. I
think we may reasonably expect to find that the captain will,
on mobilization, know one of his two subalterns, and if he
does not know the other and there is an important duty to be
carried out by one of them, be will naturally send the one he
knows rather than the one he does not know. Tkis R&E OF TIlE CAPTAIN. And why there should be any difficulty in sending
one forward with the firing line, and keeping the other in
reserve is not evident. l‘his is described as a makeshift
arrangement, and it has been said that owing to a subaltern
having no definite command in peace his duties have to be
improvized in war. I do not think this is quite correct. I
think we may reasonably expect to find that the captain will,
on mobilization, know one of his two subalterns, and if he
does not know the other and there is an important duty to be
carried out by one of them, be will naturally send the one he
knows rather than the one he does not know. This again is a
matter of common sense, and I think a line frequently taken by
Divisional and Brigade Commanders who, having to detach a
brigade or a battalion on some special mission of importance,
will naturally send that brigade or that battalion which is, at
the moment, commanded by the man in whom they have the
greatest confidence. But we captains know that our subalterns
have a very definite command in war, and that is the command of
a half company of 50 men, and the chances are greatly in favoiir
of the subaltern having to command’ the whole company should
the casualties be at all severe, as they most assuredly will be. Therefore we say let us train them to get a thorough knowledge
into the working and the interior economy of the whole com-
pany, and we are training them to become most useful members
of the regiment, and they will be a great asset to their captains
in this first battle, being able from their knowledge of every
man in the company to take command, and to lead it in an
emergency well. A battalion with its company officers and
men trained on these lines, viz., the officers to accept responsi-
bility, to know their nien and to lead them well and the men
to follow because they know their officers, will win the battle,
gentlemen, not in spite of, but with the aid of its organization. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 y
g
,
And if we are agreed that our organization has successfully
withstood the exacting test of mar, then I say “ Let well alone
and leave us in peace to improve our present organization, but
don’t destroy it. ’ ’ War Experience of the Eight Company Battalion. War Experience of the Eight Company Battalion. p
g
p
y
In all the papers that I have read on this subject
I have not as yet heard any officer relate his experience
of how our present system has worked on active service. It
would be a matter of extreme interest if in the discussion that
will follow later some officers wouId tell us of their experi-
ences of the eight company organization in war. 3ly own TIIE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 90 earliest recollection carries me back to the 24th September,
1899, when in Alexandria I stood on parade as the right half
company commander of a company of my battalion about
to embark for South Africa; it mas a good enough com-
mand for any officer of my age, service, and experi-
ence, and I am sure that my captain had no fault to
find with his command, viz., two subaltern officers, four
section commanders, and four sections of 25 men each. ,
At Talana Hill,
four companies of
my battalion
were in the firing line advancing to the attack under the second-
in-command. I remember seeing this officer just after me
started ; we had been given our objective very hurriedly owing
to the fact that we had been taken by surprise, and
were under shell fire from the enemy’s position. After going two
or three hundred yards the second-in-command was wounded ;
still the companies maintained their direction and gained their
first objective, a waterless donga running at the foot of Talana
Hill. Here the lines were reorganized, and the advance pro-
gressed until the hill was captured. I have never heard it said
that our eight company organization failed the Dundee Brigade
in that action, nor have I heard it stated that it failed our Army
in any other of the’big actions at th,e commencement of the war. The Four Company Battalion In War. I do not propose to enter into details, because I have
already referred to the principal features of this system in
discussing our present organization. But one point occurs to
me which I have omitted, and I think it is a most important
one and that has to do with the handling of these big companies
both on the march and when debouching from roads or defiles on
to plains or to open country, especially when under fire; not a
heavy fire, but a nasty irritating fire with a man dropping here
and there. We have heard a great deal of the advantages of
the commanders being mounted, and . I am sure we are all
agreed as to those advantages in certain circumstances. But, gentlemen, we have heard very little of the dis-
advantages that must occur over and over again. For
instance, the occasion mill arise when the company commander
ivill be compelled to get off his horse owing to the enemy’s
fire, and to take his place in his company as a dismounted
officer, and then what does he see in front of him? He sees
a small battalion consisting of 250 men, whom he wishes to
open out rapidly; he is anxious to open fire with a section or
two sections on.his extreme left flank, and he happens to be
on the extreme right flank, perhaps 200 yards away; he may
be a small man with a weak voice, perhaps his captain is on the
extreme left flank, most probably he is; and all the time the THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 902 enemy are making headway, and their fire is growing in
intensity, and 120 of his men are reservists] whom he has prob-
ably never seen before1 quote General hlaxse’s own words-
20 of them are possibly recruits, one or two of his subalterns
are unknown to him, and his section sergeants have only just
been recently promoted. y p
Gentlemen, I ask you to think of the situation, because this
is the situation that will arise if you place 250 men in command
of one man. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 I have endeavoured up to this point to discuss the advan-
tages and disadvantages of both systems solely from a tactical
point of view with mobilized battalions at war strength. p
g
I now intend to discuss the present system as we know it
to-day in peace. I find in reading through the papers of those
officers who have written on the subject of our organization,
that the question from the point of view of the British battalion
in India and the Colonies is barely touchfd on, and that in their
endeavour to convince their readers of the defects of our present
organization they have quoted the state of affairs existing in
our home battalions in peace. This, gentlemen, is not putting
the case fairly and squarely before you. I think I have already
said that we must, in endeavouring to come to a decision on
this big question, consider every aspect of the case, and from
everybody’s point of view. The condition of things in our
home battalions is undoubtedly unsatisfactory in many ways,
but is this the case with our fine big battalions in India and the
Colonies? Let us see. Colonies? Let us see. Training and Administration in our Big Battalions Abroad. The chief cause of unrest to-day is the want of men for
training purposes, and the captain’s poor command. But do
me find this shortage abroad? At any rate, my
own experience as a company officer in a battalion abroad in
peace time does not bear out the argument of no men. Over and
over again I have been on battalion parades with the
companies
standing 70 to 80 strong,
and sometimes
stronger. There was no word or outcry about want
of
men in those days, and every officer to whom I
have
turned
for
information
respecting the
conditions
of soldiering in India and the Colonies has told me that there
are plenty of men to-day, and fine men too. The captain has
a big command and plenty of responsibility, the young officers
are not merely onlookers, but command men and share responsi-
bility. And I wish to impress on you that we have battalions
in India and the Colonies, representing a total force of 120,000
I think not. TIIE CASE FOR TIIE EIGIIT CO,\II'ANY BATTALIOS 903 men and it behoves us to think twice before breaking up the
organization of this magnificent body of men. THE WANT OF MEN. THE WANT OF MEN. Now we come ta, the burning problem of the whole subject. I agree with General Rkxse, with Captain G. J. Scovell, and
with Captain Hereward Wake, that the want of men in the ranks
to-day during the training season is a drawback to our Home
Army. I agree that there are, at the period of the year w e
select for our company training, and at the time of the day
when the majority of captains look for their men, few men for
them to train. I go further, and say that if the tenets and
principles of our manuals, and especially the AIanual of Infantry
Training-that
book which, to quote General 3Iasse's own
words " breathes the true spirit of British infantry "-were
adhered to as they should be, there would be fewer men still. Gentlemen, we only raise our companies to a strength of 50 or
60 men during the company training period by disregarding
every principle which the General Staff in our manuals tells us
must be rigidly observed if the preparation of our young soldiers
for mar is to be carried out on the progressive individual system. And this fact is, in my opinion, largely responsible for the
very unsatisfactory nature of the progressive training of the
recruit in our home battalions to-day. No attempt is made
to distinguish between progressive individual and progressive
collective training so far as concerns the men, who are in their
first twelve months' service and who are serving what must be
the most serious period in a soldier's peace training, viz., the
period of apprenticeship to soldiering. 1 I am unable, owing to want of spacc, to refer to these questions here :
but I shall be plcascd to send to any officer who is interested in this matter
a paper embracing the points which I have drawn up for consideration, ana
which in my opinion should, before any change of organization takes place,
be very fully considered.-R. J. I<. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 But you may say in answer to this that there would be
still fewer men for company training if w e did not place raw
recruits in the ranks for the purpose. And in reply I say this,
'' Yes, as long as we continue to train our companies at a time
of the year which is notoriously the most inconvenient of all
times, and as long as we retain this voluntary system of enlist-
ment so long will our home battalions continue to be in a more
or less unsatisfactory state compared with the armies of Foreign
Powers ." How can we remedy this condi'lion of things? Can we do
so if we change our organization from eight to four companies? I do not thinli so, for though we shall change the name of our
organization we shall still retain in the midst of it the ills to
which I have just referred. Then how shall we get a satisfac-
tory system of training in our home battalions? I cannot tell
you in detail, what I advocate in the place of what we have
to-day, simply because there is not time to do so, but I have VOL. LVI. 3 1 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COJIPANY BATTALION 9 4 drawn up a number of questions
which open up subjects
of the greatest importance, and which, if discussed fully at a
round table conference of regimental and staff officers, would,
I feel convinced, clear the atmosphere of much uncertainty with
regard to the system of training, and very materially improve the
existing order of things. The Training and Administration of the Four Company Battalion at Home
in Peace. But what of the four company system? Glance please at
the peace strength of a company in General hlaxse's scheme-
Major. Capt. Subalterns. Co1.-Sergt. Qh1.S. Sergts. Corps. Privates. I
I
4
I
I
4
I 7
'24 Now even if the major of the company would really have
this number of privates on parade I do not admit that he has
any more men than the senior company commander, to whom
is given another company to train with. But this major
commanding this so-called fine big company will have nothing
like 124 privates in his ranks. p
The fact has, I think, been overlooked that in spite
of the formation of a headquarter section to take all the
specialists, such as recruit instructors, signallers, mcchine-gun
sections, etc., there mill still be a considerable wastage, and I
enumerate here what the extent of that wastage is likely to be :- Downloaded by [University of Sussex Libr In each big Company. (a)
Recruits serving their apprenticeship
...... 22
mand, etc.,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
(b) Daily wastage, e.g., sick, absentees, leave com-
(c)
hlen in training for the purposes of filling
vacancies in the special departments, e.g.,
signallers,
machine-gun section, transport,
etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a
(a) Cooks
4
(e) Officers' servants (including major's groom) ... 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
Total
... 47 - This number deducted from 124 gives us a total of 77
privates, and I have only included in the above table, what
perhaps may be described as normal or chronic w a s t a g e 1
make no mention of wastage due to,:men being ordered to the
Mounted Infantry School, nor have"l referred to the wastage in
officers and non-commissioned officers, which we company THE CASE FOR TliE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 9% officers are constantly confronted with-and
I ask you to ex-
amine for a brief moment this organization, which some officers
would like to give us. The Training and Administration of the Four Company Battalion at Home
in Peace. In the first place the 77 privates will be commanded by a
major, mounted, and a captain-not
a very great command for
two officers whose combined service may total at the least 27
years, and possibly 35. Then again, each subaltern will com-
mand 19 men, assisted by a sergeant, and, finally, a full
corporal’s command will be no less than five men in three of
the squads and four men in the fourth ! Gentlemen, I submit to
you that although our eight company system, as at present
administered, provides no more men and has just the same dis-
advantages as those I have enumerated above, still the introduc-
tion of the four company battalion will leave us in peace just as
we are so far as concerns the want of men, and on this account
alone there can be no justification for the change. The Position of the Four Junior Captains. All will, I am sure, agree with me, when I submit that the
most prized possession a young infantry captain has
to-day is his company. To him it means everything,
and all
those
regimental
officers,
who as subalterx
have had to wait for ten or eleven years for their
companies will be at one with me, when I speak of the intense
feeling of satisfaction that comes to the senior lieutenant
on being promoted to the command of his company. In
a may a new phase of regimental life presents itself, and
with it an added interest in things generally. If this change
is brought about then your regimental officers who to-day serve
nine or ten years before attaining a position of responsibility,
will in future have to wait until they have 15 and 16 years’
service, and they will be middle-aged men before they are
given the smallest particle of responsibility. And here is a
most important point that must be reckoned with: as me
increase in years we increase in experience, and our characters
take living shape ; me form our own ideas on questions of profes-
sional import that daily arise, and we are consequently less
able to sink our own individuality. As our system stands
to-day we succeed, after ten years of subordination, to a position
which gives us independence of thought and action, so far
as the command of our companies is concerned. If you intro-
duce this four company system you are impcsing a further
period of five or six years of irresponsibility on the regimental
officer, and you are asking him to play second string to a man
with whom he may have little in common, and with whose
ideas on subjects of professional interest he may consequently
be at variance. Now I put this question to you, “ Is it
just to the young regimental officer of ten or eleven years’
service to say to him at the moment he is especting to get a
definite command, ‘ YOU must wait for another five years ?” 3 1 2 906 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION Personally, I think it an impolitic course to adopt. The Position of the Four Junior Captains. It
has been urged that the junior captain will have ample oppor-
tunities of exercising his powers of command and of assuming
responsibility, when his company commander is away on extra
regimental employment of a temporary nature. But this fact
only accentuates the extremely unsatisfactory position of the
junior captain. The Commanding Officer of a battalion must
fis the responsibility for the efficient or inefficient state of his
companies on some individual ; this individual can only be the
company commander. It makes no difference whether that
commander is continually present soldiering with his company
or away on temporary jobs-the
junior captain’s position is
identically the same, as far as the responsibility for the efficiency
or inefficiency of the company is concerned-he
must, if his
commander is present, play the Ale of the spectator, or if he
is absent carry on on the lines laid down by his commander,
whether he approves of those lines or not, and so I say cases of
a very unsatisfactory nature must arise if two officers of formed
opinions and ideas on matters of professional interest are
placed in command of one company. In no other army in the
world, except Russia, will you find such a state of affairs, and
why we should wish to introduce this system of dual control
is not clear to many of as. Some officers state that the
big company system has already been tried in certain of our
commands. They say that it has worked \veil, and that the
junior captains have not been heard to raise their voices against
it. First hand evidence is the most convincing
*of all evidence, and I can only say that the first hand evidence
that has come to me from officers in those battalions at present
organized as four company battalions, points to a preponder-
ance of opinion against that organization. But I also add this
to my statement: “Silence often espresses loyalty ”; and it
may be that the reason why no voice has been heard against the
four company organization in those battalions in which it is
being given a trial, is that the oficers mostly affected, viz., the
junior captains, are too loyal to esp,ress their true opinions
openly. But is this so? Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 g
g
And with this I leave this part of the discussion and turn
to what I term the psychology of the matter in debate. The Position of the Four Junior Captains. p
y
Then again, to those who state that the system has alreacy
worked satisfactorily and with no loss of prestige to the junior
captain, I say this-the
junior captain has been fully aware
of the fact that his loss of independence has been only of a
temporary nature ; that immediately the parade has terminated
his company is restored to him, and that the hvndred and one
questions that arise in connection with the command of his men
in barracks, are his and his alone. He knows this the whole
time, and he is consequently prepared to take a subordinate
position temporarily. But once destroy his interest, and you
will do so if you deprive him of a definite command, and you
aim at the same time yet another severe blow at the position and
prospects of the regimental officer, and I maintain that me
cannot, in these days, afford to adopt any measures likely to
depreciate his prospects. THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 90t THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION Before I leave this question I desire to clear up a point
concerning which there seems to be some misunderstanding. It has been said, when discussing the position of the junior
captain, that after all the officers exist for the Army and not
the Army for the officers, and that if the change is in the
interests of the Army, the officers ought not to allow their own
personal interests to influence them against it. p
g
I think perhaps that those who have given utterance to
these statements forget that we regimental officers live for the
Army, and that we are full of loyalty and patriotism, and all
we ask is that our views on matters that concern us vitally,
and concerning which \ve are able from a long study of the
conditions, to give an opinion, be taken into consideration when
deciding on an issue of this magnitude. The Psychological Side of the Question. The Psychological Side of the Question. How will this change affect the men and their. relations
with-their officers? What is, first of all, the state of affairs in
our present organization? I have already referred to the
intimacy of comradeship,- that must inevitably spring up in the
small company system, owing to the fact that a company com-
mander cm become intimately acquainted with every man in his
company. Earlier in this paper I have pointed out the im-
portance of this, and it is of such import to the well being
of the men in peace, that in the absence of this intimacy of
comradeship, which as a result of intercourse at \vOrli and play,
springs up between officers and men, I have no hesitation in
saying that not only in peace will the lot of the men be
considerably altered for the worse, but in war this failure on
the part of the officers to know their men intimately in peace
may lead to disastrous results. And I say this-if
you increase
the companies to-day to 250 of all ranks and place two officers
in command, not only will neither know their men intimately,
but what is of equal importance, the subalterns, each of whom
may suddenly in war be called upon to take command of the
company wiIl be in a like predicament, so far as knowledge of
the whole company is concerned. To-day we captains know
every man intimately-if
we do not then we ought to-and we
train up our subalterns on the same lines, and from this fact
alone emanates a magnificent esprit-de-company leading to that
esprit-de-corps which is the proud possession of the British
Army. y
I beg of you to pause before you introduce a system that
will totally destroy it. The Organization of the Infanfry of France and Germany. I only refer to the Infantry of these two nations because of
the interesting relationship esisting. In both cases the com-
pany is in the hands of one commander, viz., the captain, 908 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION and under liim are four lieutenants, one to each section with
the complete number of under-officers and non-commissioned
ofIicers that is considered necessary for the training of the men. The Psychological Side of the Question. y
g
There is no question of a dual control, and I mention
this point because those who advocate the same quote as one
of the principal reasons in its favour the organization in this
respect of the companies of the foreign armies. I have used the
argument that our organization has never failed us in war, and
in answer to this me are told that the four company system did
not fail the Germans in the IS;^ campaign. But then ours is
the better argument, because our Army has been quite recently
engaged in war under Iiiodern conditions and with modern
weapons; whereas neither the Germans or the French have put
their organization to the test of modern warfare; and moreover
it is no answer to the statement put forward that their organiza-
tion and training may be faulty to say that both withstood the
ordeal of a war fought over 40 years ago with obsolete weapons
between an -Army led by an highly organized staff on one side,
and an Army without a staff on the other. Then again it \\.as the introduction of universal service
in Prussia that led to the introduction of the big companies,
for when universal service came in the peace strength of bat-
talions was reduced to joo rank and file, leaving the ccmpanies
only 60 strong. And with the introduction of the big contpanies
came the redzcctiost of exactly one lialf of the oficers on .the
active Iist and the saving of the .pay of four captains a d eight
subdterrzs in each baftalion. I ask those who mould reform our
organization to give this point their most earnest consideration. Another point I must refer to : the battalions of the French
and German Armies are service units and nothing clse, whereas
our home battalions are both service units and training depBts
for the foreign battalions. And if you mill accept the cardinal
maxim that the same unit cannot be a service unit and a
training dep6t for troops at one and the same time you will
see the impossibility of attempting to draw any comparison
between our Army and the Armies of France and Germany. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Must we mould our organization on these lines ? The Psychological Side of the Question. y
y
Before I leave this question of the customs of the foreign
Powers I have to malie an appeal to you, and it is this:
Our
Army is small in numbers, but over and over again we arc told
that what there is of it could not be beat. W e are directed by an
able and sympathetic Imperial General Staff, we are officered by
a magnificent body of regimental officers, who in turn are looked
up to, respected and followed by a m,agnificent body of men. Must we be constantly turning to tlase of other nations for
advice? Cannot we, as General H. Wilson recently said in this
Institution, " Strike out our own line of thought in these matters
and stick to it."
I suggest, gentlemen, that this is not only
possible, but that it is our duty to do so. In any case before
we definitely decide to adopt the German organization let me
read you an extract from a report on the German Army THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALIOS 909 maneuvres of 1911 : this report was written by the military
correspondent of the Times, who only recently was referred to
by the present War Minister in the House of Lords, as one of the
greatest military authorities of the age. Speaking generally of
the Army he says, “ The German Army appears to the writer
to have trained itself sple. Year in, year out, the same cease-
less round of intensive training has reduced the whole Army
to a machine, by which individuality, initiative, and freshness
have been vigorously crushed out. The effort to create initia-
tive by regulation has not succeeded. The training of the year,
always the same, has become a form of somnambulism. Every-
body does the same thing every hour of
every day
every year, (2nd officers who ltaoe to wait 16 or 17. years for
their contpanies are spent and tired long before they rise to high
command. The majority of senior regimental officers do not
possess the physical qualifications necessary for effective service
during the arduous strain of the infantry fight, and until the
cadres are rejuvenated the conditions will remain unaltered.” The Cbangeeio the Cavalry in 1892 as compared with the Proposed
Changes in the Infantry Tozday. If my
command was no more than 50 odd men I should not be address-
ing you to-day, and asking you to retain our present
organization. Now let us glance at the training and the interior economy
of the cavalry troops in those days. First of all I instance
the case of the foreign squadrons. Germany, France, and all
the leading European Armies made their squadron the adminis-
trative as well as the tactical sub unit. But our cavalry system
in 1891 had two separ9te organizations, one for administrative
purposes and interior economy, and the other for tactical
purposes; to put it to you more clearly, the troop commander
had complete control of his troop of 48 men when inside the
barrack walls, but immediately the troop emerged for tactical
\vorli or field training, it was merged with another troop into
one squadron and placed under the senior troop commander of
the two. In other words the British Army combined the
squadron unit for tactical purposes with the troop sub unit for
administration, and in so doing violated the first canon of success-
ful leadership, &., that the officer who commands in quarters
should also command in the field. This arrangement must have
been a most unsatisfactory one, and I can fully appreciate the
necessity for the change. But in our infantry companies the
captain is paramount in quarters and in the field; the two
situations therefore again in no way resemble each other. Before leaving this subject I desire to mention the position of
the captain or the second in command in the squadron as it
exists to-day, and to compare the situation with the second in
command of the four company organization. In the first place
the responsibilities devolving on the shoulders of our squadron
officers are very much greater than those assigned to us in the
infantry; not only is there a man to be trained, but a
horse as well; in the case of the man he has to be taught
the use of two weapons, and in some cases three; he has also
to be taught equitation and all that appertains to it, and all this
in addition to the attainment of a very high standard in other
professional work. The Cbangeeio the Cavalry in 1892 as compared with the Proposed
Changes in the Infantry Tozday. I now wish to refer to the squadron system in the cavaIry
and to the arguments that have been used in regard to it in
part justification for this change. Sir John French stated in
this Institution a short time ago that although possibly the
changes in the cavalry organization in 1892 were not on all
fours with the proposals brought forward to-day, still he well
remembered the opposition that the proposals to substitute the
squadron system for the troop system met with. The Duke of
.Cambridge, himself an opponent of the squadron system, in
response to the request of several cavalry officers allowed the
experiment to be tried in the case of one or two regiments
some time before the change actually took place. This esperi-
ment failed for the following reasons :- (a) The Duke himself was opposed to it. (a) The Duke himself was opposed to it. ( )
pp
(b) The troop commanders paid large sums for their com-
missions, and it was thought impolitic and unjust
to lower the status of half of them. ( )
pp
(b) The troop commanders paid large sums for their com-
missions, and it was thought impolitic and unjust
to lower the status of half of them. A few years later the change was actually brought about
and met with little or no opposition, simply because the whole
Army wanted it, and it mas thought unwise to defer the
measure any longer. I now cqme to the interesting part of this
discussion-what was the system in those days ? First of all the
organization of the troop before the change, here it is :- N.C.O.’s
Privates. O.’s
Privates. Privates. N.C.O.’s Officers. N.C.O.’s
Privates. Cavalry troop, 1891
I major or captain
3 subalterns
4
48 Officers. Cavalry troop, 1891
I major or captain
3 subalterns 48 48 4 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 9x0 and now the organization of the Infantry company to-day z-
Officers. N.C.O.’s
Privates. Infantry Company 1912 I major or captain
I or 2 subalterns
8
79 Officers. N.C.O.’s
Privates. Infantry Company 1912 I major or captain
I or 2 subalterns
8
79 79 The troop leader’s-command was a ridiculous one, and I
can quite understand the ridiculousness of the position. The Cbangeeio the Cavalry in 1892 as compared with the Proposed
Changes in the Infantry Tozday. Then again, there are the remounts to be
trained and got fit for the ranks, and if me put the value of
each horse in a squadron at A40, we find that there is the re-
sponsibility of a sum of nearly L6,ooo in horse flesh alone rest-
ing on someone’s shoulders; and if to this we add the arms,
saddlery and equipment of each man the total value of Govern-
ment property at stake in a squadron does not fall far short of
ic;ro,ooo. And on whom is this responsibility to devolve? T€IE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALIOX 91 I Nominally on the squadron commander, but our organization
allows him a second in command to share this responsibility. Now for the responsibility and work of an infantry com-
mander in the four company system. He will be given 72
privates to train, and he will be given the responsibility of 124
sets of equipment, the pecuniary value of this responsibility
amounting to LI,OOO
at the very outside. And who will he
have to help him in this laborious task? A second in command
in the shape of an officer of perhaps 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14
years'
service. Gentlemen, what a glorious time these two hard-
worked officers will have ! And my last point in regard to this question is the compara-
tive ages and services of
the second-in-commands
of the
squadron and of the company in the four company system. Promotion is very quick
in the cavalry,
and 'officers
frequently gkt their promotion from lieutenant to captain
in five or sis years, and to major in
12 and 13 years;
whereas in the infantry lieutenants often liave to serve for 10,
11, and 12 years before promotion comes to them; and so
the age and service at which the cavalry captain is attaining
to the command of a squadron may often be the age and ser-
vice at which, in the infantry, the lieutenant is being promoted,
not to a position of complete responsibility as in the cavalry,
but to a position in which he must sink all his individuality
and become subordinate to his company commander. No. I
can assure you that the two questions are totally and completely
dissimilar. A R A Retrospect. Now, what are the conclusions we come to from this dis-
cussion? I have endeavoured to prove to you that the four
company system has few if any advantages over the eight
company system. I have endeavoured to point out to you that
the change is not desired by a very great number of both Staff
and regimental officers, and I have made it my aim and object
to show you that these officers are not averse to the change simply
because it is a change, but because they one and all believe with
sincerity that this change will not effect any real reform. We
have in the last generation been subject to many rebrms, many
of which have brought benefits to the personnel or increased
the war efficiency of our Army. Many of those officers who
have stood out prominently in promoting these measures. of
reform have to-day equally prominently identified themselves
in the movement against this change in our infantry organiza-
tion; and I am quite prepared to admit that mapy of those
officers, who desire this change, have been equally prominent
in identifying themselves with those other great measures to
which I have referred. But the hard fact remains that on the
side of those who deprecate the change, are to be found many
of the most up-to-date soldiers and hardened reformers of the
day, and I therefore ask those of you who are in the other TIIE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 912 camp not to attribute to us a desire to throw out this proposal
simply because you have the impression that we as a body are
opposed to changes or reform of any kind. The presence of
our Chairman to-day is in itself an answer to that impression. A well-known military authority recently gave utterance to the
words “ For Heaven’s sake leave the Army alone and give it rest
for a while;” and when, in my very humble opinion, some
of the changes advocated appear to me to endanger our effici-
ency, 1 sometimes feel inclined to reiterate that cry. A Retrospect. hly
entreaty to you in this particular controversy is to leave us
alone; let us n d i out the training of our men in our home
battalions on the lines laid down by our General Staff, and if
there are from time to time plaints from officers that our systems
are unsatisfactory, let these plaints form the subject of a round
table conference; and then if it can be proved that our systems
are defective, and that we can improve on them, I say from the
bottom of my heart “ Let us do so.” But before we depreciate,
let alone scrap any of our cherished traditions, let us see that
in so doing so we are acting in the best interests of the arm
affected. aded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 DISCUSSION. Colonel H. C. SugglesdPrise, M.V.O.,
Commandant School of
nfusketry, said that having trained his battalion in four companies and also
in eight, he was in agreement with the views put forward by the Lecturer. Nor could he understand whence this demand for a four company organi-
zation sprang. As a student of the ‘70 mar, he sat a t the feet of Sir
Lonsdale Hale and Colonel Henderson, and, so far as battalion organiza-
tion went, the German infantry was not n model for them to imitate. Again, neither during the Boer War, nor after, had there any fault
been found with the eight company system. In fact, out of the many
Generals who gaw their views to tlic War Commission, there had only
been one who advocated a four company organization, and the reason
given was that he had been in favour of it all his life. I n his (the
spealrer’s) opinion the demand for the change came from the greater
lceenness of their regimental officers, coupled with a too lon peace establish-
ment of their infantry battalions. I n fact, at present, there were not
enough men in their battalions to do the work required, and there was
a great loss of training power. g
g p
In conclusion he thought that, as the arguments for the change arose
solely from esperiences in peace and not from those of war, any such
change was much to be deprecated. General E. H. Clive: It is about 40 years or more since the German
successes in 1S66 and 1870 led soldiers to consider whether these were
due to their battalion organization in four large companies, and whether
the large company was better in attack than the small one. After the
best considerntion it seemed to me that the large company gave more
precision to the direction of the attack, and more power of control when
the attack was in progress; also that the mixing of men of different
companies was deferred as long as possible. This Institution ltindly lent me the use of this theatre for some
lectures on the subject, and a t the last of these Field blarshnl Lord THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION 913 iyolseley t d i the chair, and summed up strongly in favour of the sinall
company, and against my view. Thirty years elapsed. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 y p
This confirmed me in my opinion that the large company is the best
organization for attack. I am glad that General Masse has brought the
matter up, and that esperiments have been tried at Aldershot. The
soldier's duty to his country is to fight for it; and the country's duty
to the soldier is to provide him with the best arm, ammunition and
equipment, and an organization for attack which will enable him to
come to grips with his enemy with the masimum chances of success, and
with the mininiuin chances of failure; and the last, in my opinion, is
afforded by the big company. Colonel The €1011. E. Stuart=Wortley, C.B., C.M.G., M.V.O., D.S.O.,
said that he \vas reminded of the views held by the late Comniander-in-
Chief, H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, which n-ere, that he was averse
to changes for changes d i e ; but if the changes were shown to be necessary
for the welfare of the Army, he \\-as the first to agree to them. So far
as he could judge from the reasons put forward he could not see that
any suficient grounds esisted for such a radical change in our battalion
organization, as from an eight company to a four company establishment. The organization of foreign armies was, he considered, not at all applic-
able to our Army-the
former being recruited on a basis of conscription,
and the latter on a voluntary system. The German Army was nothing
but a huge machine ruled by hard and fast regulations; without any
encouragement of initiative ; while ours was trained to encourage initiative
in such a manner that oficers and men tvould be abIe to act on occasions
in a manner for which regulations did not provide. The great danger of
the introduction of four coinpany battalions would be that, in the future,
some Minister of War might reduce the number of otlicers in the pence
establishment, and such a step would be found to be fatal 011 'mobiliza-
tion. The first ambition of a young oficer was to command :I company;
under a four company organization he could not Sccome a company
commander before a t least 16 years' service. As a half company com-
mander he would have no actual responsibility. DISCUSSION. Every ten of then1
saw the range of the rifle increased; the rifle improved, and the marlrs-
manship of the soldiers grown more accurate; and in ~ S g g we founu
ourselves committed to a war in South Africa, a large open country,
eminently suited to a defence by rifle fire, and occupied by a people familiar
with the use of the rifle from their youth up. I t seemed to me that the time had at last come when the small
company was to be tried in the attack of a position against modern
rifle fire, and I was ansious to ascertain how a long, weak, wavy firing
line, with wide lateral extensions would deal with a determined attack
on a position, and how such a line could be directed and controlled. Opportunities were frequent. Officers returning wounded from Magcrs-
fontein informed me that once the attack was slipped all control ceased;
that in the company many \\ere out of hearing of the captain, some out
of sight; that the captain, when it. seemed good to him. advanced; th? files near him conformed; the others did the same, and the conipanies
on the flanlis were free to act as they pleased. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 p
y
As a Brigadier, he (the spealier) would much prefer to command a
brigade composed of four battalions, each of eight companies ; two com-
panies could always be used as one if necessary; but one company, at
war strength, when the officers and men were well known to each other,
and formed a complete and thoroughly organized unit, was of infinitely THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY UATTALION 914 more value than a company of double the strength, of which more than
half would be reservists. I t must always be remembered that, although
:I battalion as not made for the officers, it was the ofiicers that made
a battalion. H e agreed thoroughly with the views of the Lecturer; and
trusted sincerely that no such radical change would be made in their
time-honoured organizations, unless overwhelming reasons were adduced
in favour of it. Brig.=General H. Dc B. d e Lisle, C.B., D.S.O., Commanding Second
Cavalry Brigade: The Lecturer has presented the question from the
point of view of the regimental officer, and we have listened to him with
the greatest interest from the fact that he has, in every station in which
he has served, established a great reputation as a regimental officer. ,
g
p
g
I wish, hoivever, to put forward two points in favour of the four
company battalion. I think it most important that young oficers, as soon
as dismissed recruit training, should be given a definite command, for
which they arc responsible. In spite of what the Lecturer has said, I
do not consider the supervision of a half company a definite command,
for at present a lieutenant is not responsible for the training of a unit,
as is the case in a squadron or a battery. From the first, oficers require
to learn habits of command, and system in training. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 illnjor B. C. Green, London Scottish, said that as a Territorial
officer, he was unable to speak of how the contemplated change of
battalion organization mould affect the Regular Army, but he should like
to say a few words upon the subject from a Territorial standpoint, in
case it might be thought necessary to introduce the four conipany system
into the Force. In the first place, the Territorial Army of this country was solely
and entirely a force intended to take the place of regular troops for the
defence of these shores, should the Expeditionary Force be called away
over seas. As such it n-as never likely to be called upon to fight outside
the limits of Great Britain. The first point, in connection with this
country, was : that no matter horn beneficial the double company organi-
zation might be in countries like South Africa and many .parts of the
Continent of Europe, yet in an enclosed hedge-row country like England
the handling of double companies would be far more difficult than with
their present small company system, and proper control would become
an impossibility. For the defence of this country he was of opinion that
the smaller the tactical unit the better the control. It was common
knowledge that in action, after instructions had been given to all units,
when the attack had been launched, and the troops had come under
effective fire of the enemy, the battalion commander had very little to
say in the matter, the whole success of the undertaking rested with the
captains, subalterns, section commanders, and squad leaders carrying out
their instructions, and control rested almost entirely upon these officers
over the men in their immediate vicinity. Officers could not be mounted
in the firing line, and a major \vithout a horse would be of very little use
in the control of any length of section in a f i h g line. In a hedge-row
country all these difficulties were magnified. General RIasse had laid
stress on the fact that in the Regular Army the company organization
was always incomplete before mobilization, acd that upon mobilization
company commanders would have subaltern officers, N.C.O.’s and men
whom they had never seen before, and of whose worth they were totally
ignorant. With the Territorial Force, this state of things did not exist,
and under present conditions it was impossib!e. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 y
g
The second point, which I admit is open to argument, is that with
four companies a higher tactical ability on the part of company com-
manders will be demanded, and this infers selection. At present nil
oficer succeeds to the conimand of a company by seniority alone, pro-
vided he has passed the usual test for promotion. I think that something
will henceforth be required from oficcrs before appointing them to
command 2jo men, or one quarter of a battalion ; and this means selection. Selection may be unpopular among regimental officers, but \ve must
admit selection promotes higher tactical ability and keenness, and tends
towards increased efficiency. Colonel Lord Raglan, C.B., said that as, during his command, his
militia regiment had been reorganized into double companies, he had had
experience of the advantages of large companies, at any rate, as regards
administration and interior economy. As regards the commanding officer,
he had only four uiiits to deal with instead of eight, and his companies
were commanded a t all times by oflicers of experience. The oficers com-
manding companies had units which made a respectable command, and
with which really useful work could be done. If for any reason they
were away, the officers they left in charge must always be of standing
and esperience. The captain should occupy the same position as that
of the first lieutenant in the Navy, i.e., second in command and adjutant. The subalterns had, from the moment they joined, a distinct and appreci-
able unit to command, for which they were responsible, and mhich must
train them to better habits than the present haphazard system. They
would be in the same position as subalterns of artillery or cavalry. But
where the system worlied so well was as regards the N.C.O.’s. At present
an infantry battalion had to produce eight Admirabk Crichtons as colour
sergeants. They must be good disciplinarians, good drills and accurate
accountants. It was not often that all three qualities were found in
onc man. Under the four company system it was only necessary to
find four drill and disciplinarians for company sergeant majors, and
four accountants for company quarter-master-sergeants. p
y q
g
The enormous advantage of having a special N.C.O. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 n h o could be
left off parade to devote his attentions to the pay and mess sheet, the THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY B.1TTALION 915 messing and the barracli rooms, had only to be tried to be nppreciated. If the pay of these N.C.O.’s n-as the same it made little or no difference
which was senior, and promotion could be given in accordance with
special qualifications. The sergeants were given distinct sections for
which they were responsible, and with which they always orli lied, and
even the arrangements in camp mere vastly iniproved by having the tents
of each company in five lines, a section in each of the first four, and,
in the fifth line, the company sergeant major, the company quarter-master-
sergeant and a company store tent. The sole objection to the scheme
was the somewhat unwieldy size of companies at war strength. This
was a fault which cured itself rapidly in war, and to his mind was not
sufficient to outweigh all the other advantages. g
g
The company should have its own store, and be an accounting unit;
i t should have its own orderly-room tent, and in fact, be self-contained
and self-suficient. TIIE CASE FOR TlIE EIGIIT COMPANY Br.\TT-\L1ON TIIE CASE FOR TlIE EIGIIT COMPANY Br.\TT-\L1ON Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 pp
He thought he had said sufficient to sho\t- that he did not think the
new scheme would work efficiently or be an improvenient upon the esisting
one in the Territorial Force. MajorGeneraI Sir T. Frnser, K.C.B. : This fine mecting, chiefly
composed of company officers of infantry, is a gratifying fulfilment of the
unanimous desire of the Council of this Institution that the younger
officers, on whom our hopes for the future depend, should come here
and express their views on important questions of the day, about which
many of them are among the most competent Expert witnesses, and
I congratulate the Lecturer, both upon his audience and on the ability
with which he has put forward his views; views for which there is much
to be said, as there is also for those he endeavours to controvert. With the esception of the Anglo-Saxon races the military world a t
large-the
small nations as well as the great-have
adopted the principle
of the ‘‘ Nation in Arms,” and with it, that of the four company battalion. Of the great military Powers, most have had a mtional experience of
war on a much wider scale than has fallen to us. And the cumulative
weight of their united deGsion should not be lightly rejected, for the
balance of probability is against our being right, though, admittedly,
our n orld requirements are unique and esceptional, outside Europe. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Even if the Territorial
Force was up to full strength, which he feared it never would be, as at
present constituted, the most optimistic critics asserted that at least
six months’ training after mobilization would be necessary before it was
fit to take the field, so that ample time and opportunity would be given
for all ranks to know each other. 916 DIFFICULTIES
PECUL!AR TO THE TERRITOR Then they must consider the point of the country battalions whose
companies were often many miles apart. AIany of the men had to travel
miles for drill, and there were very fen- instances of such companies being
up to full strength, either in oficers or men. If the establishment of
their companies \\-as doubled, the existing dificulties ~ o u l d
be enormously
increased. Then, again, there mas the matter of accommodation ; many Territorial
headquarters did not contain drill halls large enough for the proper
training of even a small company and this difficulty would be increased
with double companies, for it must be remembered that a large proportion
of Territorial drill must be carried out in drill halls at night. Another
point which he coniidered a very important one, though it might be
a more or less sentimental one, mas that nearly every TerritoriaI battalion
had its company traditions, which had a very important bearing upon the
training of the battalion. A healthy rivalry existed between companies
both in drill and musketry. If the double company system were adopted
half of these traditions mould disappear. CIIAXGES DUE TO TIIE BRfiEC€I-LO.lrJIXG RIFLE The question of today, however, is the internal organization of the
battalion. The Lecturer has ably. advocated the merits of the eight
company system, and I should be the first to object to a change which
would invalve any reduction of the numbers of company officers in ths
battalion. The military revolution that forced itself on the world in
rS70-71 was due to the introduction of the breech-loader; it made a com-
plete change of formations imperative, though Wellington, with his
riflemen in the Peninsula, had in a measure anticipated it. The change was all in the direction of greater estent of frontage in
proportion to numbers, and, a t the same time, to greater depth in the
disposition of the immediate supports and reserves. In 1870-71 the
volume of musketry fire was at least fifteen-fold what it had been with
the muzzle-loading musket; and the area over which that fire estended its
influence, was also some 15 times as great as before. THE CISE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY B.ITTALION 917 At present, with the greater rapidity of fire from magazine rifles with
smokeless powder, with smaller bores-and
consequently more rounds
on the man-and
also with a much flatter trajectory, the fire potentiality
of a company unit of 225 men is probably eight times as great as that
of a battalion of 1,000 men armed with the old smooth bore; though, of
course, when it comes to the bayonet, the value of numbers is not changed. y
g
Just as a field oflicer was necessary when n battalion was fought by
word of command, so I think one is necessary with the company unit of
225 men, both on the ground of its greatly superior fire power, and also
of its greater extension of frontage and of depth from front to rear. The
only difference would be that one of the captains of the small companies
forming the larger company, would, if qualified for selection, be a major. We gain in giving the weight of rank to the best captains. CIIAXGES DUE TO TIIE BRfiEC€I-LO.lrJIXG RIFLE g
g
g
g
p
I t is a great advantage to a.unit such as the large company, to have
its own supports and reserves distributed in depth behind it, and under
its own senior officer, whose duty would then be to keep on reinforcing
and feeding the firing line, till at last he would bring up the reserve
into that line, and strike with the whole force of his company. A
company of IOO men is too small a unit to be broken up into firing line
supports and reserves, and, a t present, it has to depend on the support
of another company. We are right to train men to face the inevitable
disorder inseparable from the attack, but that is no reason for not adopting
the arrangement that is most 1il;ely to minimize it. Ecsides this, the
large company, with its field oflicer, is a convenient, complete unit to
detach where a half battalion is not required, or cannot be spared. q
p
I could not help thinking also that the Lecturer is obsessed with
the idea that the whole of the big company comes at once into the firing
line. That is not the Continental view, as I understand it. He is also a
little pessimistic about any field officer being able to walk a mile, under
existing conditions of attack. The mile that, the firing line has to crawl
over. provides an occasion in which youth has its finest opportunities,
but the supports and reserves cannot fire, even if they wanted to do so,
so their advance is comparatively easy. I a m sure that the gallant
Lecturer, some ten or even 20 years hence, and without, I trust, a single
grey hair in his head, to shake his self-confidence, will feel that, with
a fight in front, men are rare who could not cover the mile, particularly
when they have ridden to the action while others walked. I a m not concerned yith the advantage which the large company
offers, of tiding over the grpe ditiiculty of peace training, due to our
present system; because, if we reject the wisdom of the rest of the world
and fail to malie ourselves “a Nation in arms,” trained all on one
system, our doom is assured. CIIAXGES DUE TO TIIE BRfiEC€I-LO.lrJIXG RIFLE When that great change comes, as come
it must, the causes that led the present “Nations in arms” to adopt
the four company system mill be alike insistent with us, and a change
now would save a change in the future, should the competent authorities
old and young, agree that it is the better system, as on the whole I
venture to think it is. Colonel R. Whigham, D.S.O. (General Staff, War Office), said that
there was one point in the tactical aspect of this controversy which, so
far as he had noticed, had not been referred to. That point was the relative value of the small and largc companies
in night operations. Everyone who had studied the hhchurian cam-
paign, and particularly the ten days’ battle on the Sha-Ho, where night 918 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALIOS attacks were the rule rather than the exception, must be impressed. with
the importance of simplicity and facility of control in the formations to
be adopted in carqing out a night advance or night assault. There was
also on these occasions greater need than ever for the direct influence
and control of the company commander, in view of the assault with the
bayonet which was the climas of all infantry tactics, particularly so in
the case of night operations. Did not these considerations point to the
superiority of the small company? p
y
p
y
Then there was the question of more horses for infantry officers. Personally he was inclined to think that too much stress was laid on this
point in regard to the battalion in the attack. Sir T. Fraser had just
said that when the large company was deployed in action it would be
commanded by a major, that was to say by a field officer, and that he
thought it a great thing for it to be controlled by a field ofiicer. With
all respect to Sir Thomas, he did not think the
field officer,” as such,
would malie any difference because he would be deprived of his horse
as soon as the bullets made it necessary for the company to deploy. And
a field officer on his feet had no advantages over a mere captain who
knew his business. CIIAXGES DUE TO TIIE BRfiEC€I-LO.lrJIXG RIFLE They need go no further back than the South African
War to reassure themselves that captains of only ten years’ service were
no whit inferior in handling their companies under fire to those whose
service was nearly double. They must all agree that the larger the
number of company comnianders who could be mounted during the
preliminary stages of an action the better, and it was for this reason
that provision was made in war establishments for mounting two of the
eight company commanders; but, once the bullets began to fly, the horse
was rather an encumbrance than otherwise. CHAIN OF COMbIAND AND COHESION IN BATTLE He would like to say a few words about the improved chain of
command and the gain in cohesion claimed for this system by the advocates
of the large companies. They made a great point of the importance of
the company commander dealing direct with his “ sections,” bccatisc
tlze “ section ” WRS the rronnal fire-ioiit. This statement was literally ’
correct as a quotation from “ Infantry Training,” but the
I ‘ section ”
referred to was our present section of 25 rifles controlled by a sergeant. Let us get away from this fog of nomenclature, and get down to facts. In the four coTpany scheme the company commander was to deal with
a subaltern who commanded 50 men. That was precisely what happened
\\*ith the present system, and he failed to see rvhy changing the name
of the subaltern’s command from “ half company ” to
section ” should
of itself be an adequate reason for doubling the numerical strength of the
‘ I normal fire-unit.” He had argued out with himself the relative advantages of the two
systems as regards control under fire, that was to say, the problem of
intercommunication and transmission of orders, and there did not seem
to be very much in it. The four company system might be rather better
adapted to maintenance of cohesion in an attack, but to his mind this
xvas inore than compensated for by the greater elasticity and flexibility
of the eight companies. The latter system was surely superior when
providing protective detachments. With the four companies they would
be limited to detachments of ;I quarter or half the battalion, unless a
company was broken up. One quarter was often too little, while a half
\vas too much. One third, or three companies out of eight, would fre-
quently be found a very convenient allotment when furnishing outposts. THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT CO.\IP;\XY BXTTALIOS 919 But, as he had just said, when speaking of night operations, the
prime factor. to his mind, was the influence of the company commander
on the men in the ranks when it came to the moment for the bayonet
assault. It stood to reason that this influence would be intensified in the
case of the eight company battalion. Crmx OF COMMAND
AND ADJIIXISTRATIOS
IS PEACE He would add one word about the adntinistrntion of the small company
in peace. There was no doubt that, owing to the weakness of the home
establishment of Subaltern orhcers and x.c.o.’s,
there were great diffi-
culties in the way of giving either young officers or N.C.O.’S
definite
jobs.”
But they would exist no less under the other system. If the
peace establishment of officers and s.c.0.’~ were raised to the war
establishment the problem would be comparatively easy, for few would
deny that, if a young officer were given the whole responsibility for
training the N.c.o.~ who were to command the sections and squads
which he was to control on the battlefield, he mould have a sufficiently
definite and onerous task, even if the sections themselves were numerically
weak. They must hope, then, that the discussions on this controversy
of the four or eight companies would convince the authorities of the
necessity for an increase in the peace establishment. In the meanwhile
the best arrangement they could malie under existing conditions was as
follows, taking the case of a company with only one subaltern :-The
captain must at all costs establish and maintain the frame-work of his
company, that was to say the four sections. If sergeants were not
available as section commanders he must put corporals or lance-corporals
in th‘eir place. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Then to his single subaltern lie must hand over the right half company. As regards the left half company, he could say to his senior sergeant, “You
are now in the position in which you would be in war if the subaltern
commanding the Ieft half company mere to become a casualty; so far as
I can I intend to administer the left half company through you, both in
barracks and in the field.” That was not an ideal solution, but it was the best they could do. That it could be done, and was done, He knew. That the adoption of the
four company system would of ifseZf enahle them to do any better, he
knew to be a fallacy. But however dificalt the problem, let them trust
the subaltern and &ve him his half company or his “ section ” for his
own from the day he joins. Capfain A. C. Temperley, Norfolk Regiment, said he .was much
afraid that, when the four company system was weighed in the balance
at Aldershot this year, much undeserved merit would be acquired for it
because officers would see handy companies of go or 100 men handled by
company commanders. The companies would, in fact, be about the
strength of a full-sized company in an eight company battalion. The only
proper test for the four company system was to see companies work at
war strength, 250 strong. When he was in India his battalion espcri-
mented with the four company organization, and for six months he com-
manded a company of Zjo men. At the end of the cold weather the
captains unanimously reported unfavourably on the four company system. The companies were unwieldy, and command and control were difficult. Ile wished to emphasize Colonel Ruggles-Brise’s remarks about the futility VOL. L’C’I. 3 K THE CASE FOR TI1E EIGHT COMPASY B.\TTALION 920 of the present establishment. The advocates of the four company system
talked about organizing for war, but in their hearts, they were thinking
of training. They saw the present tiny companies and said, " Let us join
two- together to give one captain an adequate command, and then let us
think out some aiguments in favour of our plan."
It all came back to
the question of establishment. Between
February, 1911, and Feljruary, 1912 his battalion sent 345 men abroad,
and over So to the reserve. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Fifteen years ago their Army (except for the Aldershot Division) was
unorganized, it was chiefly a nursery for foreign drafts, and no one knew
what the Army was for, though some vague and nebulous ideas existed
about scratch expeditions for small wars. Today, their establishments
had been reduced, and an Expeditionary Force had been created, which
was to be capable of fighting in Western Europe for their existence as a
first-class Power, even when largely outnumbered. And with a reduced
establishment! He said deliberately that the dual r61e, for a battalion,
of being a training depbt and a tactical unit, capable of expanding in
three days into a service battalion fit to meet some of the best troops
in Europe, was, with the present establishment, an impossibility. And
such dodges as four-company systems, headquarter-sections,
and the
abolition of bands only touched the fringe of this great and vital question. Colonel W. T. Dooner said that in his opinion-an
opinion which he
formed nearly 2 j years ago-this
matter of the organization of a battalion
in four companies or in eight, was one which might be settled by a com-
promise, viz., that the battalions should remain as a t present, in eight
companies for administrative purposes,
but when
on parade or on
manmuvres, or on active service-in
fact for tactical purposes-the
battalion
should be formed in four large douhk companies under a major or the
senior officer of the two companies. He considered that two advantages
would be gained by forming a battalion into four companies for fighting
purposes, first, that the command of each large company would be in
the hands of a senidr officer, and also that this command, when in action,
would be in depth, not in breadth, and therefore more easily supervised
and directed. He had always thought that, the plan at present laid down,
of having the senior major in the fighting line, and in charge of it, was
a mistake. General hlaxse had well expressed it when he said in his lecture
that the major probably attached himself to one of the centre companies,
and either interfered with it, or did nothing at all. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 That was to say, out of an establishment of
777, which they never reached, they lost over 425 trained men in a year. In February, 1911, in his company he sent zg trained soldiers abroad
three weeks before his company training began. This. year the men who
had previously done a company training \\*ere largely outnumbered by
those who had not. People talked about the difficulties of foreign officers
who lost 50 per cent. of their me.; yearly, but their difficulties mere a
mere nothing as compared to those of the British oficer. He would give a few facts. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 They were all agreed, he thought, that whatever happened with regard
to this organization of a battalion, no reduction of officers should on
any account take place; in fact, if the four company battalion was adopted,
there would have to be an increase of four subalterns in Home battalions
to make the companies efficient, so that each battalion would consist
of a 1ieut.-colonel, four majors, four captains, and 16 subalterns-also
an adjutant and quarter-master-but
if this four company organization
was decided on, he thought that the senior major, or second in command
at present on the establishment, could be dispensed with, and that the
expense of this officer would go towards balancing the extra money
required for the increase of four subalterns per battalion ; but there would
also be an increase of expense by having each company commanded by a
major instead of as at present, where some of them were commanded by
captains, when the majors were absent on extra regimental employment. The four company battalion, to be efficient and complete in majors and
other officers, would necessarily cause extra expense, but he hoped there
was no one there that day who would argue that because some extra money
was required, tactical considerations must give way, and inefficiency
result. If a four company battalion was best for- fighting purposes-as
he ventured to suggest that it was-it
should be adopted regardless of
expense. If approved of, possibly the arrangement-as
regards promo-
tion-in
force from ISSX onwards, for some years, should be reverted to,
and all majors absent !ram their regiments on Staff or other employment
should be seconded, and captains promoted in their places ; whereas, at
present, when a major was away frov his regiment on duty a subaltern
was promoted captain to replace him. The speaker on his right (Major Green) had mentioned the Territorial
Army, and had stated that four company battalions would be unsuitable
or inapplicable to that force. They had enough
difficulty already with recruiting for the Territorials, and split up as they
were into so many small detachments, the eight company organization must
remain for administrative purposes. When, howcver, the battalions went
into camp or had to fight to protect their hearths and homes, then the
four company organization might be adopted, the senior officer taking
command of each double company. He agreed with him. Major A. R. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 The front occupied by
the firing line of a battalion varied in accordance with its strength, but
it was generally 300 to 400 yards-General
Maxse made it much more;
nearly half a mile-but
even a front of 300 to 400 yards could not be
controlled by one officer when under fire, and the major-in
his opinion-
could be of no use whatever in the firing line in the first stages of
an action ; whereas, \vith four large companies, the front of the battalion,
while remaining the same, would be formed of the quarter of each com-
pany extended, with its captain or major following with the support or TIIE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPAX'Y BATTALION 92 I reserve, in a far better position to see and give his orders, and call on
the men of the reserve when required. Then his second point was that the mixture of companies by this ar-
rangement of four companies per battalion was avoided as long as possible,
as the firing line of each large double company was fed from its awn
support and reserve. Perhaps some of the officers who were in the
numerous battles on the Tugela, or, like the Lecturer, at Talana, would in-
form them how the battalions were got together after an action, and whether
the eight companies were generally all mixed up together. The Lecturer
had stated that the Home battalions had two subalterns per company,
but he thought he would find that he was in error. They ought to have
two subaltern officers, but it was only the foreign battalions which had
this number: and on Home Service 12 subalterns only were allowed for
eight companies ; a bad and half-hearted arrangement which averaged
one-and-a-half subalterns to each company, instead of two, as stated by the
Lecturer. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 The Lecturer had asked for the experiences of regimental officers. Before the South African War, it was his (the speaker’s) good fortune to
serve abroad under a colonel who insisted on company organization being
carried out thoroughly. During the war the results of the training under
that organization had been, to use the words of Infantry Training, ~ g o j ,
“ Impossible to overrate.”
He could quote instances if required. A
distinguished General had told him that he considered the command of
an infantry company in the field the most difficult in the army. He,
himself, had found it difficult in South Africa, which was an exceptionally
open country. How much more difficult would it be to command a
company double the size in an enclosed country. He did not think the
case was analogous to that of a cavalry squadron, but he did believe the
company commander’s position would be analogous to that of a battalion
cornmandcr, viz., he would only be able to exert influence so long as
he had a portion of the company under his immediate command. War
n-as the only test, and he mould suggest that as ninny officers as possible
who had commanded a company in war should be called upon for their
opinions before seriously considering a change which would affect, not
only Home battalions (which, as constituted in peace, never went to war),
but also their foreign Army, the Indian Army, and those great Colonial
Armies which formed such an important part of’the Imperial Forces. It was with great diffidence
that they, as regimental officers, ventured to criticisc a scheme which they
knew had the approval of high military authority. He hoped that nobody
nould conclude frcm that, that they were “Agin the Government.”
The
loyalty of the regimental dficer had never failed, and it was not going
to fail should this organization of four companies be adopted, however
devoutly they might hope that such would not be the case. He had only one more thing to say. Colonel F. S. Maude, C.M.G., D.S.O. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Burron'es, Royal Irish Fusiliers, said he was one of those
who did not believe that the British infantry required reform in the 3 K 2 3 K 2 3 K 2 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALIOS 9 2 2 commonly accepted meaning of that word. They believed the present
Organization and the regulations and training manuals governing it to
be so good that any change ought to be contemplated with extreme
caution. One of the chief reasons for change set forth by the advocates
of the four company system was the difficulty of training their Home
battalions. They all knew how great those difficulties were, but in his
cspcrjcnce they were not insuperable. The difficulties were those inherent
in a voluntary system of enlistment, and would exist with the four company
system. He
submitted that the only test worth primary consideration was that of
war, and he would ask when had the eight company system failed them
in war? They had had great experience and the system had not failed. On the other hand, the experience of Continental armies had taught them
to envy the small tactical units of the’British Army. Difficulties did not occur in battalions on foreign service. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 He had not yet had an opportunity of talking the matter over with
General Campbell, but, from the notes which General Campbell had sent
him, he thought that the above fairIy, represented some of the salient
points, though by no means a11 of them, which he adduced in support of
the eight company organization, and he might add that he had, he under-
stood, never wavered from those views. Speaking for himself, and without entering for the moment into the
relative merits and demerits of the four and eight company organization, it
seemed to him that the crux of the whole question n-as the removal of
the specialists or permanently emplojed x.c.0.’~ and men from the
company establishment to the battalion headquarters establishment,
SO
that a company commander might be able to train progressively and
systematically, each in his own sphere, every individual placed under his
charge, and at the same time, have sufficient numbers a t his disposal
to enable him to carry out the war training of his company effectively. The difficulty in this reapect apgiied equally to -both systems, and
any remedy on the above lines would no doubt mean money, but the
gain in fighting efficiency that would accrue seemed to warrant the
additional espenditure involved. The Chairman:. Before I proceed to discuss the subjc‘ct of the excel-
lent lecture w e have heard, I should like to refer to some remarks made
by Major Burrowes. He spoke as though he thought thn authorities had
decided on a change to the four company system, xhereos, I believe I
a m right in saying that the matter has never been even discussed officially,
and that. therefore, he has nothing to fear at present. That this problem
of four or eight companies is by no means an easy one to solve is evident
from the very decided and opposite opinions one has heard lately on the
subject from senior officers of eminence and younger officers who have
established a right to be considered as serious students of their profession. Personally, I take the view that the case for the momentous change to
four companies is by no means proved yet, and that until it is beyond
dispute we shall be most unwise to attempt the change. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 (General Staff, 5th Division),
said that General Pitcairn Campbcll had been very ansious to state his
views personally at this lecture, but, as he had found that it was not possible
for him to be away from the Curragh at the present time, and as he
(the speaker) happened to be passing through London on his way to
Ireland, General Campbell had asked him to attend the lecture and speak
for him that afternoon. KO doubt some of them were acquainted with General Campbell’s
views on the question, as he had already stated them in that theatre on
the occasion of General hIassc’s lecture, but for the information of those TIIE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPtiSY BATTALIOS 933 who did not either attend that lecture or read it afterwards, he might say a t
once that General Campbell was a strong supporter of the eight company
organization, especially for war, and that his opposition to the four
company system was based on the very practical esperience which he had in
conimand of a battalion some 1,100 strong during the South African War. General Campbell felt that by the adoption ,of the four company
organization they would cramp the individuality of four out of the eight
officers a t present commanding companies, that an officer would, under
such a system, obtain full responsibility too late in life, that is to say,
only after some I j or more years’ service; and that a young captain, or an
adjutant, placed under an unsympathetic major, who might be relatively
not as efficient, would soon lose ZI great measure of his zeal and enthusiasm. He considered also that eight companies were more elastic than four
companies, that they were more easily controlled, especially on outpost
duty and in wood fighting; and, last, but not least, that there mas an
immense amount of cotnpatzy spirit and healthy rivalry between their
present companies which it would be a pity to destroy. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 I was, unfor-
tunately, in India when General hIasse delivered his forcible lecture, but
I have read it, and whilst being much impressed by the ability with TIIE CASE FOR THE EIGIIT COJII’..\SY B:\TTc\LIOX 924 which he brings out the shortcomings of our peace training, I am by no
means convinced that he has made it clear that a change to four com-
panies would necessarily remedy any of those shortcomings. I certainly
do not agree that the change will furnish a solution of one of the greatest
-if
not the greatest-of our infantry training problems. I refer to the
problem of controlling infantry when once extended and fairly launched
in the fire fight, and in his counter-arguments on this head I entirely
agree with the Lecturer. That the change would give us larger units
in the United Kingdom for peace training is undoubted, but this is got
over by working two companies together as a double company when
the single company falls below a certain strength, which a t Aldershot we
fixed at 70. I regard this peace training in the United Kingdom as the
origin of the idea that a change in organization is necessary. Certain
people have become affected by what they see daily before their eyes, and
forgetting all other sides of the question suggest a remedy which is no real
remedy at all. It
is a body almost as big as many of our peace battalions on parade, and
the idea of one man controlling it when extended so as to get the
highest standard of efficiency out of it is impossible to accept. The
shortcomings are not due to the number of or size of the companies,
but to the difficulties inherent in a voluntarily trained army, such as
recruits joining at all periods throughout the year, annual depletions
throughout the trooping season for foreign drafts, and also to the necessity
for keeping our peace establishment low for financial reasons. But
General Maxse undoubtedly hit the nail on the head when he emphasized
the importance of being able to keep our half company and section
commanders permanently with their units. With them highly trained,
the instruction and control of the reservists flocking to our units on
mobilization would be a comparatively simple matter. Think, gentlemen,
what happens at present! Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Each battalion expecting to be plunged into
battle within a fortnight, suddenly swamped with five to seven hundred
reservists. 1,ucky will the company be that has two or even one highly
trained section commander. Imagine the fire and manceuvre control of
the sections! Does this strike you as a suitable machine for war? I
quote an order published by General Oku, commanding the 2nd Japanese
Army during the Russo-Japanese War. I ask, has anyone ever seen a company 2 j 0 strong? Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 “The essence of strict discipline is only attained when rela-
tions of the most implicit confidence are estabIished between
officers and men.” To this I would add “and section commanders.”
Can we expect
anything of the sort with our present weak peace establishment? I
also think General Maxse’s proposal for a headquarters section very
important, and that this, if introduced, will help the reality of our company
training. It is true that this, and the permanency of section commanders,
‘‘ which means maintaining in peace the war establishment of officers and
sergeants, and extra non-commissioned officers in addition for recruit
training,” will entail extra cost, but efficiency will be so enormously
increased that I should regard it as a great day for the Army when the
innovation was introduced. To get full effect from the modern rifle,
very highly trained section commanders are essential, and I can think
of no measure which would mom surely improve the efficiency of our
infantry than one which would ensure their permanent presence with
their sections. If I could be convinced that the introduction of the four THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALIOX 925 company system alone could bring about such improved conditions I
should be the first to advocate it, but with the knowledge I possess at
present I should regard- such a change as a graw gamble. First of all
we are by no means sure that large companies are a thorough success in
war; indeed, rumour has it that they caused considerable confusion in
the 1870 war. But these huge conscript armies are driven to them as
they find it impossible to furnish sufficient officers for small companies. Conscript armies, however, have two advantages over us, which to a
certain estent minimize the evils of paucity of officers-the
average intelli-
gence of their men is higher, and the standard of training. owing to their
recruits all joining together, is more uniform, advantages which admit of less
personal supervision by officers and section commanders. Then, again,
are we sure that these large Continental companies are trained to our
high standard of individual training, 2nd might not the adoption of the
large companies by us rcsult in a lower standard of individual training-
which is what we pride ourselves on? Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Then I ask you: Are large companies more suitable for our Overseas
Army? India, for instance, where their normal condition is strong
companies of highly trained men, and where I a m sure those who have
seen them will admit that at training and nianmuvres the captain has
as large a body of men as he can efficiently command. For outpost and
detached duties the company of IOO men is a most convenient unit, and
most important of all for night dutks. This point Colonel Whigham has
very clearly brought out. Now, i a m sure that you will all agree with
me that night movements and night fighting have become of the very
utmost importance, and it stands to reason that, if men .are to be properly
controlled under such conditions, they must be in small units and easily
commanded. One point urged by the advocates of the four company
system is that it would give us more mounted officers with a battalion. It is true that for duties outside the aim of the enemy's weapons more
horses would add very much to the efficiency of the infantry battalion,
but these are already provided by our latest war establishments, and,
therefore, further legislation on this subject is unnecessary. But horses
are of no avail for the control of the men when extended in attack, which is
the time General'hfaxse urges that the four company system is going
to prove its effectiveness. Nor can I follow his argument that the large
company is to give greater responsibility to the subaltern, for I cannot
myself appreciate the difference of commanding 50 men in a company of
zoo and calling it a section, and j o men in a company of IOO and calling
it a half company. To my mind, until we have a measure introduced
which will ensure officers being permanently with their companies, the
subaltern will have no more fixed responsibility in the large company
than he does in the small. In fact, I cannot agree that the shortcomings
spoken of by General 31axse will be remedied by the change to the four
companies. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 Indi-
vidual tiaining by the company commander is the essence of cfficienc-
for modern fighiing, and this is only possible when the company com-
mander knows every man in his company. Can he possibly do this with
2 j 0 men? Have we not heard that foreign officers envy us our small
companies and admit that they n-odd prefer them themselves if they could
find thc officers ? Personally, I think it would. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 There pi obably are administrative advantages in the large
companies, but the long period during which the captain will act as
secand in command, carrying out the administration alone, is hardly likely
to add to his improvement as a commander in the field and surcly field
efficiency should rank before administrative convenience. 926 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COJII’AXP BATTALION \Vcrc I to go through all thc various pros and cons I should be at
this desK, though probahly with an empty house, for an indetinite period. 1 therefore conclude with an emphatic hope that those most concerncd
be consulted before any change is made. I refer to the regimental officers. They are, I believe, the most earnest and honest body of men in the
Empire, and this mill, I a m sure, be borne out by every General who
has watched them at training for the last few years. They study their
profession, and know where the shoe pinches. If they say that having
to wait I j to 20 years for the independent command which they now
get in 8 to 12 years is going to damp their ardour, as I feel sure it must
do, I must ask you to accept that as the most telling.argument against
the change. Zealous officers, accustomerl to think and act for themselves,
are, to my mind, the most valuable asset an Army can have. If you
study the Army List you will find that as a rule our most successful
officers are those who were fortunate enough to gain experience and
independence of action early in life, and I should be sorry to see appoint-
ments which train them in these respects curtailed by almost one half. Finally, it must not be forgotten that the reduction in the number of
companies opens up a possibility of reducing the establishment of these
invaluable company officers I have been referrini to, and that this might
prove an irresistitIe temptation to some War Minister of the future who
reversed the present order of things by placing “ economy ” before
“efficiency.”
Our eight company system has stood the test of war, it
is suited to our Overseas Army, it is suited to our Territorial Army;
therefore my advice is to let it stand until its advantages are proved
to outiveigh the disadvantages far more than is apparent at present. Downloaded by [University of Sussex Library] at 01:45 07 June 2016 In
conclusion, I ask you to join with me in offering our warmest thanks
to the Lecturer, and the many gentlemen who joined in the discu-ssion,
for the very interesting and useful afternoon we have had. APPEXQIS I. Colvriel T. E. Goicgh, V.C., C.M.G., A.D.C., has forwarded the
following remarks which lie had intended to ofier at the Discussion had he
beeii able to attend Cnjfnbt Kenfish’s Lecture. Colvriel T. E. Goicgh, V.C., C.M.G., A.D.C., has forwarded the
following remarks which lie had intended to ofier at the Discussion had he
beeii able to attend Cnjfnbt Kenfish’s Lecture. The subject of the lecture is most important, and has been attracting
considerable attention lately. If I had been able to attend I would have
liked to have said a fen- c-ords in favour of our present small company
organization. A good many oficers have been advocating a change to double com-
panies, and there is, perhaps, a danger of it being thought that the majority
of our officers are in favour of a change-I
do not think this is really the
case. Briefly, I prefer our present organization for the following reasons :- I . I t stood the trial of the Soirth African War. As far as I linow, no
one during the war thought the small companies were unsuitable for war,
or that as good or better results could have been obtained by a double
company organization. Also it is worth noticing that our extensions were
greater in South Africa than mould be the case in a European war, and
in spite of this our company commanders were me11 able to control their
companies. Could we do this with double companies? I doubt it. TIIE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COIIPASY B.\TT.\LIOS 927 The small companies would be much more easily handled and
controlled in night fighting than double companies. This seems to me to
stand to reason. 2. Our present organization gives an officer command of a company
after about nine years’ service. With double companies officers would not
det command until they had between 17-18
years’ service. 3. ? I attach great importance to this. We cannot give officers responsi-
bility too young. The argument that officers exist for their battalions and
not the battalions for the ofiicers does not appear to me to apply to the
subject. Everyone knows the saying, “ Bad oflicer, bad company”-“
Good
officer, good company.”
? Far and away the best way to learn any trade is to be placed in charge
and given responsibility young. Ajistakes undoubtedly will be made, it is
only natural. 1 Owing to the lateness of the hour the Lecturer did not reply at the
close of the discussion. APPEXQIS I. But we learn by our mistakes, and it is far better that we
should make mistakes and learn by them while we are young and during
our peace training, than that we should not be given a chance of making
mistakes until we have arrived at the age of 37 or so (two years older
than Napoleon at Austerlitz). We do not find officers abroad, where companies approximate to
\\ar strength, advocating a double company system. The desire for double
companies is practically limited to officers serving at home. 4. This seems to me to show th’at the real cause is not that our present
system is unsuitable for war, but that battalions serving at home have
considerable difficulty in carrying out their peace training, this difficulty
being, of course, attributable to a small peace establishment, and the
system me have to adopt .%r training recruits and sending drafts to foreign
battalions. These difficulties would have to be faced just as much with
a double company organization as at present. j. On service, and, in fact, at all times, a company commander
should know all his men, their virtues and failings. With a small company
this can be done, but not with a double company. j. On service, and, in fact, at all times, a company commander
should know all his men, their virtues and failings. With a small company
this can be done, but not with a double company. 1 am in thorough agreement with the officer who wrote the article
“ Battalion Organization ” in the April number of the “ Army Review.”
6. 1 am in thorough agreement with the officer who wrote the article
“ Battalion Organization ” in the April number of the “ Army Review.”
6. APPENDIX 11. I)
Note by fho Lecftrrcr on points raised by speakers drtrirtg the
discussion-1 If time had permitted me to do so I should have replied to those
speakers who in the discussion which followed criticized my contentions. Colonel Lord Raglan stated that it was just as simple for a Commanding
Officer to give his orders for the attack to four Majors as it is to eight
Captains. I quite agree, but I think that Lord Raglan has overlooked
a very important point in the argument, and that is that one Captain,
in the present system, misunderstanding his orders only misleads IOO men,
whereas in the four-company organization one Major would mislead 250. 928 THE CASE FOR THE EIGHT COMPANY BATTALION Lord Raglan stated that he handed over his battalion of Monmouth-
shire Engineers as a four-company organization, which worked perfectly
in peace time. Here n;e have an officer advocating the abolition of an
organization that has admittedly successfully stood flu? fesf of =lc(r, in favotrr
of nri orga,tizafiort, which, to say the best for if, has o d y worked well in
peace, and only then in a hIilitia battalion of Royal Engineers. What we
want is war experience of our organization, and we have only to turn to
the histories of our cnnipaigns during the last IOO years and we find ample
record of our battles being won by our infantry formed not in four big
companies but in six, eight or ten smaller ones; and if this is SO, and no
one has yet apparently been able to deny the accuracy of the statement,
why make this alteration? General dc Lisle stated that he was bound to say that he liked the
system that obtained both in the cavalry and the artillery, because it provided
a definite command for the subaltern officer, who in the one case had his
troop to command, and in the other his section. This may be all very well,
but General de Lisle made no mention of the very unfortunate position of
the captain in both these arms. XIy conversation with both cavalry and
artillery officcrs concerning this officer’s position has brought me strong
proof of the contention I hold, and that is that their position is no position,
that they have no definite status in a squadron or a battery in peace. APPENDIX 11. And I say again, that if you introduce this unsatisfactory system of dual
control into the infantry, the Second Captain will be in an even more
unsatisfactory position than are our cavalry and artillery captains today,
for he will have even less to do. In conclusion, I desire to state that it is a matter of regret that many
staff and regimental ofice?; who were present and ready to speak in
favour of the retention.of our eight companies were owing to want of
time unable to do so. But it may be of interest to those who read this
paper and the discussion which followed, to know that a very great number
of serving officers of all ranks, both staff and regimental, have in letters
to me expressed their views in favour of the eight company organization
in no uncertain manner, and that one and all base their contentions from a
knowledge gained on active service.
| 46,812 |
https://github.com/webosce/chromium53/blob/master/src/native_client/toolchain/linux_x86/nacl_x86_glibc/lib/gcc/x86_64-nacl/4.4.3/include/bmmintrin.h
|
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BSD-3-Clause, Apache-2.0, LGPL-3.0-only, GPL-2.0-only, LGPL-2.1-only, GCC-exception-3.1, GPL-3.0-only, Zlib, Classpath-exception-2.0, BSD-Source-Code, LZMA-exception, LicenseRef-scancode-unicode, LGPL-2.0-or-later, LicenseRef-scancode-philippe-de-muyter, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer, LicenseRef-scancode-intel-osl-1993, HPND-sell-variant, ICU, LicenseRef-scancode-protobuf, bzip2-1.0.6, Spencer-94, NCSA, LicenseRef-scancode-nilsson-historical, CC0-1.0, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license, LicenseRef-scancode-other-copyleft, GPL-2.0-or-later, NTP, LicenseRef-scancode-other-permissive, GFDL-1.1-only, W3C, LicenseRef-scancode-python-cwi, BSL-1.0, Python-2.0, GPL-1.0-or-later, LGPL-2.1-or-later, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, CPL-1.0, GFDL-1.1-or-later, W3C-19980720, LGPL-2.0-only, LicenseRef-scancode-amd-historical, LicenseRef-scancode-ietf, SAX-PD, LicenseRef-scancode-x11-hanson, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, BSD-2-Clause, dtoa, MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain-disclaimer, PSF-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-newlib-historical, LicenseRef-scancode-generic-exception, SMLNJ, HP-1986, LicenseRef-scancode-free-unknown, SunPro, MPL-1.1
| 2,018 |
chromium53
|
webosce
|
C
|
Code
| 3,727 | 19,209 |
/* Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GCC.
GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
any later version.
GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively. If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
#ifndef _BMMINTRIN_H_INCLUDED
#define _BMMINTRIN_H_INCLUDED
#ifndef __SSE5__
# error "SSE5 instruction set not enabled"
#else
/* We need definitions from the SSE4A, SSE3, SSE2 and SSE header files. */
#include <ammintrin.h>
#include <mmintrin-common.h>
/* Floating point multiply/add type instructions */
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macc_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fmaddps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macc_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fmaddpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macc_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fmaddss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macc_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fmaddsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_msub_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fmsubps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_msub_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fmsubpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_msub_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fmsubss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_msub_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fmsubsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmacc_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fnmaddps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmacc_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fnmaddpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmacc_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fnmaddss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmacc_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fnmaddsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmsub_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fnmsubps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmsub_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fnmsubpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmsub_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128 __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_fnmsubss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B, (__v4sf)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_nmsub_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128d __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_fnmsubsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B, (__v2df)__C);
}
/* Integer multiply/add intructions. */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maccs_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacssww ((__v8hi)__A,(__v8hi)__B, (__v8hi)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macc_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacsww ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B, (__v8hi)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maccsd_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacsswd ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B, (__v4si)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maccd_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacswd ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B, (__v4si)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maccs_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacssdd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B, (__v4si)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macc_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacsdd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B, (__v4si)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maccslo_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacssdql ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B, (__v2di)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macclo_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacsdql ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B, (__v2di)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maccshi_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacssdqh ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B, (__v2di)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_macchi_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmacsdqh ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B, (__v2di)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maddsd_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmadcsswd ((__v8hi)__A,(__v8hi)__B,(__v4si)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_maddd_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pmadcswd ((__v8hi)__A,(__v8hi)__B,(__v4si)__C);
}
/* Packed Integer Horizontal Add and Subtract */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddw_epi8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddbw ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddd_epi8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddbd ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddq_epi8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddbq ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddd_epi16(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddwd ((__v8hi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddq_epi16(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddwq ((__v8hi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddq_epi32(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phadddq ((__v4si)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddw_epu8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddubw ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddd_epu8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddubd ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddq_epu8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddubq ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddd_epu16(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phadduwd ((__v8hi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddq_epu16(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phadduwq ((__v8hi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_haddq_epu32(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phaddudq ((__v4si)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_hsubw_epi8(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phsubbw ((__v16qi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_hsubd_epi16(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phsubwd ((__v8hi)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_hsubq_epi32(__m128i __A)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_phsubdq ((__v4si)__A);
}
/* Vector conditional move and permute */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_cmov_si128(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcmov (__A, __B, __C);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_perm_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pperm ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B, (__v16qi)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_perm_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_permps ((__m128)__A, (__m128)__B, (__v16qi)__C);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_perm_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B, __m128i __C)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_permpd ((__m128d)__A, (__m128d)__B, (__v16qi)__C);
}
/* Packed Integer Rotates and Shifts */
/* Rotates - Non-Immediate form */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_rot_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_rot_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_rot_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_rot_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
/* Rotates - Immediate form */
#ifdef __OPTIMIZE__
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_roti_epi8(__m128i __A, const int __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protbi ((__v16qi)__A, __B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_roti_epi16(__m128i __A, const int __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protwi ((__v8hi)__A, __B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_roti_epi32(__m128i __A, const int __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protdi ((__v4si)__A, __B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_roti_epi64(__m128i __A, const int __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protqi ((__v2di)__A, __B);
}
#else
#define _mm_roti_epi8(A, N) \
((__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protbi ((__v16qi)(__m128i)(A), (int)(N)))
#define _mm_roti_epi16(A, N) \
((__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protwi ((__v8hi)(__m128i)(A), (int)(N)))
#define _mm_roti_epi32(A, N) \
((__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protdi ((__v4si)(__m128i)(A), (int)(N)))
#define _mm_roti_epi64(A, N) \
((__m128i) __builtin_ia32_protqi ((__v2di)(__m128i)(A), (int)(N)))
#endif
/* pshl */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_shl_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshlb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_shl_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshlw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_shl_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshld ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_shl_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshlq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
/* psha */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_sha_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshab ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_sha_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshaw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_sha_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshad ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_sha_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pshaq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
/* Compare and Predicate Generation */
/* com (floating point, packed single) */
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comeqps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comltps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comleps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comunord_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comunordps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comuneqps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnlt_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comunltps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnle_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comunleps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comord_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comordps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comueq_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comueqps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnge_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comungeps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comngt_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comungtps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comfalseps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comoneq_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comneqps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comgeps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comgtps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_ps(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comtrueps ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
/* com (floating point, packed double) */
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comeqpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comltpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comlepd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comunord_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comunordpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comuneqpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnlt_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comunltpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnle_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comunlepd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comord_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comordpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comueq_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comueqpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnge_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comungepd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comngt_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comungtpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comfalsepd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comoneq_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comneqpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comgepd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comgtpd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_pd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comtruepd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
/* com (floating point, scalar single) */
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comeqss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comltss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comless ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comunord_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comunordss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comuneqss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnlt_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comunltss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnle_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comunless ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comord_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comordss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comueq_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comueqss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnge_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comungess ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comngt_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comungtss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comfalsess ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comoneq_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comneqss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comgess ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comgtss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_ss(__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_comtruess ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
/* com (floating point, scalar double) */
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comeqsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comltsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comlesd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comunord_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comunordsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comuneqsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnlt_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comunltsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnle_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comunlesd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comord_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comordsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comueq_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comueqsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comnge_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comungesd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comngt_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comungtsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comfalsesd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comoneq_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comneqsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comgesd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comgtsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_sd(__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_comtruesd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, unsinged bytes) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltub ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomleub ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtub ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgeub ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomequb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomnequb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalseub ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epu8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrueub ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, unsinged words) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltuw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomleuw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtuw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgeuw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomequw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomnequw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalseuw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epu16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrueuw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, unsinged double words) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltud ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomleud ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtud ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgeud ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomequd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomnequd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalseud ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epu32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrueud ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, unsinged quad words) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltuq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomleuq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtuq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgeuq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomequq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomnequq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalseuq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epu64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrueuq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, signed bytes) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomleb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgeb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomeqb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomneqb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalseb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epi8(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrueb ((__v16qi)__A, (__v16qi)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, signed words) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomlew ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgew ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomeqw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomneqw ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalsew ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epi16(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtruew ((__v8hi)__A, (__v8hi)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, signed double words) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomled ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomged ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomeqd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomneqd ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalsed ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epi32(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrued ((__v4si)__A, (__v4si)__B);
}
/*pcom (integer, signed quad words) */
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comlt_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomltq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comle_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomleq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comgt_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgtq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comge_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomgeq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comeq_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomeqq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comneq_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomneqq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comfalse_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomfalseq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128i __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_comtrue_epi64(__m128i __A, __m128i __B)
{
return (__m128i) __builtin_ia32_pcomtrueq ((__v2di)__A, (__v2di)__B);
}
/* FRCZ */
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_frcz_ps (__m128 __A)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_frczps ((__v4sf)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_frcz_pd (__m128d __A)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_frczpd ((__v2df)__A);
}
extern __inline __m128 __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_frcz_ss (__m128 __A, __m128 __B)
{
return (__m128) __builtin_ia32_frczss ((__v4sf)__A, (__v4sf)__B);
}
extern __inline __m128d __attribute__((__gnu_inline__, __always_inline__, __artificial__))
_mm_frcz_sd (__m128d __A, __m128d __B)
{
return (__m128d) __builtin_ia32_frczsd ((__v2df)__A, (__v2df)__B);
}
#endif /* __SSE5__ */
#endif /* _BMMINTRIN_H_INCLUDED */
| 13,898 |
https://github.com/drm-utilities/drm-sass-utilities/blob/master/src/components/_preloaders.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
drm-sass-utilities
|
drm-utilities
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 13 | 35 |
// @mixin elr-preloader($config: ()) {
// $config: extend((
// ), $config);
// }
| 35,248 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.