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Le XIXe siècle : journal quotidien politique et littéraire
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ÂBÔMMiTS DE PROPAGANDE Ces abonnements, qui sont servis ainsi que nous l'avons expliqué hier au moyen de nos numéros invendus qui nous reviennent le lendemain, ne peuvent être souscrits que par dizaines au prix de 25 francs par mois, soit 2 fr. 50 l'un. Nous invitons, d'une part, les républicains nos amis à souscrire, soit pour dix, soit pour vingt abonnements d'un ou deux mois, les priant de ne pas s'inquiéter s'ils n'ont pas de titulaires à nous désigner ; Et, d'autre part : Nous prions nos abonnés de province de nous envoyer des noms choisis avec soin parmi les électeurs influents soit des petites villes, soit des campagnes, qui consentiront à recevoir gratuitement le XIXe Siècle pendant les deux ou trois mois qui s'écouleront d'ici au jour des élections. A PARTIR DE CE JOUR Nous acceptons des abonnements d'un mois AU PRIX DE 5 FR. 60 Les abonnements partent des 1er et des 15 de chaque mois. BUL'ILETIM Paris, le 9 juillet 1877. Le Journal officiel d'hier matin publie un décret portant nomination de M. de Raynal procureur général à la cour de cassation, en remplacement de M. Renouard, démissionnaire. Un autre décret nomme deux présidents de chambre à la même cour. Le même journal publie deux autres décrets. L'un perte nomination de juges de paix ; l'autre nomme deux sous-prefets. On trouvera plus loin la consultation du comiié de juriconsulte organisé parles sénateurs républicains sur la question relative au colportage de s journaux. Cette consultation conclut à ce que les préfets n'ont pas le droit d'exiger que les coi porteurs prennent l'engagement de ne pas vendre certains journaux sur la voia publique. Le télégraphe nous apporte aujourd'hui deux nouvelles importantes relativement aux opérations militaires sur le DaHuba : les Russes ont occupé Biéla et Tirnova. D'après une dépêche de l'agence Ha vas, connrméapar un télégramme de l'agence russe, l'armée russe d'invasion est divisée en trois corps : l'un de droite qui marche sur Widdin et Nieopolis ; l'autre de gauche qui se dirige sttr Routschouk; et le troisième qui occupe la posuion centrale. C'est ce dernier corps qui vient de s'emp^rn* de Tirnova. Il est donc probable que ce corps d'armée russe va traverser rapidement les Balkhans par les défilés de Schipka pendant qu'un second corps d'armée masque le quadrilatère. Du côté de l'est, le quadrilatère se trouve déjà menacé par le corps d'armée qui occupe la Dobrudja, da sorte qu'Abdul-Kérim-Pacha ne pourrait détacher aisément, soit de Varna, soit de Hchonmlo, une calonne assez forte pour résister à la marche en avant des Russes sur Andrinople. D'autre part, il se peut que la corps de Suleiman-Pacha arrive à temps du Monténegro pour disputer aux Russes le passage des Balkhans. La Porte a en effet décidé, comme nous l'avons déjà dit, d'interrompre momentanément les hostilités dans le Monténégro, è cause du besoin urgent qu'elle a de troupes sur le Danube. Une partie des forces rendues de la sorte disponibles serait employée, à garder le» frontières de la Grèce; mvis l'autre partie, Itt plus considérable, devrait se rendre à Andrinople sans perdre de temps. Les dépêches de source russe sont toujours muettes sur les opérations en AsieMmeure. On ne sait rien pour la moment de la colonne démoralisée du général Tdrgoukassoff, qui opérait sur l'aile gauche. D'à près les derniers renseignements qui nous sont parvenus sur son compte, elle chercherait à se frayer un passage sur les hauteurs vers Kaghysman ou à t e replier sur Bayazid. Quet que soit celui de ces deux partis qu'elle réusise à prendre, ce n'aura pas été sans courir du graves dangers de la part d'un ennemi actif, animé par un succès récent et connaissant parfaitement les lieux, ce qui lui permet de bien, choisir les endroits pour couper la retraite à on adversaire. Nou« pensons que le général Loris Metikoff éprouvera un profond soulagement d'espnt lorsqu'il apprendra que son aile gauche a réussi à se dégager*, quoique cela ne puisse se faire sans de grandes pertes en hommes, en canons et en matériel de guerre. Un télégramme de Saint-Pétersbourg dit cependant que les communications de ce général n'ont pas été coupées. Une dépêche de Constantinople nous apprend que i'srméa de Moukhtar-Pacha est arrivée à cinq heures da marche de Kars. Les Russes devront donc lever le siège de cette forteresse ou accepter la bataille. < E. BüBIER. Petite Bourse du Dimanche BotUewrd des Italiens SO/O, 107 fr. 20, 25. Italien, 68 fr. 80. ., Valeurs sans affaires. TERREUR 1T BÊTISE « Pour sauver un noyé, me disait le ( maître nageur, c'est d'abord do renvoyer au fond de l'eau et lui faire boire un tel coup qu'il ne puisse bouger ni pieds ni pattes, ni surtout s'accrocher aux vôtres, dont on aurait danger de mort. Aloio, vous L'empoignez par les cheveux, vous le traînez à terre, vous le portez au poste de secours et vous le confiez aux mains de la science. Moyennant quoi, l'on gagne la médaille avec la prime, et l'on n'a pas risqué sa peau. » Les gaillards providentiels qui, depuis ltï 16 mai, travaillent à sauver le pays, appartiennent tous à l'école da notre vieux maître nageur. Le duc de Broglie. le duc Decazes, le vicomte de Meaux et le gentilhomme de Fourlou, l'ancien' porte-drapeau Paris, l'ex-président BrunetëtM. Caillaux, cher et tendre aux grandes compagnies, sont accourus au secours de la France, qui ne courait aucun danger. Et les voilà tous qui s'escriment à lui faire boire un bon coup ; histoire de gagner la prime et la médaille, sans risquer leur estimable peau !' Si la France reste au fond de l'eau, ou si elle en sort asphyxiée, tant pis pour elle ! Les sau veteurs diront qu'ils l'ont remise aux mains de la science, et ils iront déjeuner à ses frais. Dans cette incroyable entreprise de quelques messieurs contre une nation, ce qui a surtout révolté la conscience du genre humain, non seulement dans le pays, mais à l'étranger et chez nos ennemis eux-mêmes, c'est la brutalité systématique des arguments, la menace quotidien je, la fanfaronnade impudente d une coalition qui reprend à son compte cette devise reniéee par M. de Bismarck : « La force prime le droit. » Le syndicat des cléricaux, des royalistes et des bonapartistes ne peut pas s'abuser sur les sentiments du pays. Il a vu le scrutin du 20 février 1876, il sait donc que la France est en grande majorité républicaine ; il le-sait si bien qu'il recule aux dernières limites et qu'il voudrait ajourner indéfiniment les nouvelles élections. Un journal de proxénétisme, devenu, par un triste miracle, l'organe du gouvernement, demandait l'autre jour qu'on suspendît la vie parlementaire jusqu'en 1880. Le cabinet qui inspire et propage cet immonde Figaro comprend que le suffrage universel ne parlera que pour dire à M. de Broglie et à ses compagnons d'aventure : Allez-vous-en! Ceux qui dans leurs discours et dans leurs sots placards du Bulletin des comrnunes ont outragé la majorité de la Chambre ne pouvaient pas se dissimuler que l'affront allait droit à la majorité du pays. Ils ne veulent donc pas séduire la France, ni l'amadouer, ni l'arraisonner ; M. Brunetet M Pâris ont compris qu'ils ne seraient jamais aimés pour eux-mêmes. Un mode de gouvernement qui consiste à fourrer partout des administrateurs aussi violents qu'impopulaires, à révoquer les préfets, les sous-préfets, les magistrats et les maires les plus estimés, à dissoudre les conseils municipaux, à fermer les cercles, les cafés et jusqu'aux bibliothèques, à interdire illégalement la lecture de quinze ou vingt journaux, un tel mode de gouvernement exclut d'avance et de parti pris toute hypothèse d un pacte amiable entre le pouvoir et la natiou. Il ne peut réussir qu'en s'imposant par la force; il met donc son dernier espoir dans l'avilissement de 36 millions d'hommes ; tranchons le mot ; il spécule sur la peur ! Voilà tantôt deux mois que 1 hydre du 16 mai roule des yeux furibonds en soufflant le feu par toutes ses bouches, et elle n'a fait peur à personne. Elle n'a pas même obtenu la stupeur du premier moment. Lorsque la France a lu la lettre du maréchal à M. Jules Simon, eile a dit : Ah' vraiment, voilà un militaire mal inspiré ! Lorsqu'elle a iu dans le Journal officiel la liste du nouveau cabinet. elle a fait la grimace en disant : Nous aurons jusqu'à nouvel ordre un président mal entouré. Mais le peuple, qui a la conscience de son droit, est resté calme : on sait que l'on aura le dernier mot, quoi qu'il arrive, et que c'est un mauvais moment à passer. La personne de M. de Broglie, ce Polignac sans conviction, n'inspirait ni la sympathie, ni la confiance, mais on avait confiance en soi-même, ce qui suffit. Un bon blâme, bien franc, bien net, fortement motivé, traduisit dans tous les journaux et dans toutes les conversations le sentiment général, et nous re grettons que M. le maréchal de MacMahon, n'ait pas eu ce jour-là des yeux pour lire et des oreilles pour entendre; il se tût épargné bien des fautes. L'ajournementdes Chambresfutjugé sévèrement, mais sans colère; on en prit acte et l'on conclut que les nouveaux ministres n'étaienu pas en état, d'affronter la discussion immédiate. Presque aussitôt, les confidents du cabinet nous annoncèrent que la Chambre serait dissoute et qu'on nous enverrait au scrutin le plus tard possible, sous le coup d'une menace effrayante : la démission du maréchal ! Mais il était écrit que cette perspective même ne ferait point pâlir la nation. Tout le monde répondit à la fois que si M. de Mac-Mahon se retirait, la République ne chômerait pas de président. Qui tut penaud ? Le ministères D'autant plus qu'il avait peutêtre lancé cette menace sans prendre avis du principal intéressé. Quoi qu'il en soit, il s'empressa de retourner ses batteries, et comme il est menaçant par nature, et incapable de vivre d'autre chose que de menaces, il nous menace d'éterniser jusqu'en 1880 la dictature d'un soldat immobile et ferme comme un roc, qui veut bien dominer le peuple, mais qui s'est mis en tête de ne pas marcher avec lui. Le peuple, qui s'est mis en tête de marcher, avec ou sans M. le maréchal de Mac-Mahon, a signifié aux ministres qu'il réélirait les 863 républicains de la Chambre dissoute, et que la nouvelle Assemblée ne voterait l'impôt qu'en présence d'un ministère de majorité, selon la tradition de tous les gouvernements parlementaires. Cette attitude du pays semble avoir inspiré des réflexions salutaires à certains alliés du gouvernement. Nos royalistes, anciens ou nouveaux, purs ou purifiés par le fameux pèlerinage de Frohsdorf, comprennent qu'ils sont allés un peu loin, que la campagne du 16 mai n'a pas été bien engagée et qu'elle peut très-mal finir. Les d'Audiffret et et les Bocher, comme les Babastel et les Franclieu, ne s'applaudissent plus d'avoir voté la dissolution, la mort dans l'âme, ou pour l'amour d'un cabinet qui ne leur inspirait que peu de confiance. Ils s'aperçoivent un peu tard que pour ressusciter la candidature officielle au bénéfice de leurs amis, ils ont grièvement outragé le Nombre et provoqué l'animal à 36 millions de têtes. Ils voient que le suffrage universel réélira d'enthousiasme les 363 députés de la gauche, qu'ils reviendront à Versailles en triomphateurs résolus à profiter de la victoire, et que si le maréchal de Mac Mahon prend pour devise : rester et résister, il n'y a plus de gouvernement possible. Nos royalistes ne sont pas des parangons de vertu politique, mais je ne les crois pas capables de mettre le feu à Paris pour sortir d une impasse ou ils se sont fourvoyés. Iis y sont ils y restent, en bonne compagnie d ailleurs, fort empêchés de leurs personnes, mausadelj ou désolés selon le tempérament de chacun. Voilà pourquoi depuis un certain temps on n'entend plus leur cri de guerre; à peine si les lamentations sibyllines de l'Union et les touchants appels du Moniteur au centre gauche troublent parfois un silence morne et piteux. Mais en revanche on entend crier, on voit piaffer cette avant-garda du parti conservateur qui s'appelle la faction bonapartiste. Ceux-là ne sont ni arrêtés par les scrupules, ni intimidés par les principes, ni gênés par les textes de loi. Ils ont réponse à tout. Si la Chambre républicaine est réélue, qu'on la flanque à la portl;)! Cest là besogne d'un bataillon. S il en revient une ;utre aussi répub icaine, à la porte! Et ainsi de suite' jusqu à ia fin. Si les conseils généraux veulent se réunir, deux gendarmes devant la préfecture, et personne n'y entrera. Si lesournaux ne sont pas contents, qu'on les supprime ! Mais la loi les protège un peu. Qu'on proclame rErat de siège. L'Etat de siège est illégal. Tant pis LSi les juris consultes les pius savantS: les plus dignes. les plus vénérés, les Renouard, leg Crémieux, hs Senard, les Faustin Hélie se permettent la moindre observation, qu'on les fasse coucher au poste ! Deux hommes de police auront raison de ces octogénaires mal appris! Telle est la politique qui s'étale tous les jours, dans les feuilles bonapartistes, sous les yeux tolérants, sinon bienveillants, de l'autorité. L'école du coup d'Etat croit honorer le maréchal en imprimant qu'elle a vu luire sur son front un reflet du 18 Brumaire; Et, dans le monde officiel, pas une voix ne proteste au nom du maréchal ! Lui-même semble autoriser dans une certaine mesure et sans doute inconsciemment ces calomnies, lorsqu'il déclare, d'un côté, dans son message, qu'il ne suivra point la France républicaine, et de l'autre, dans son ordre du jour à l'armée, qu'il ira jusqu'au bout. Au bout de quoi ? Au bout de ses sept ans de présidence ? C est l'interprétation là plus constitutionnelle. Mais comment mener un grand peuple au rebours de ses volontés ? Par la force ! répondent les excellents bona partistes. En effet, le poème du 2 Décembre est à la disposition de tout homme de bien qui voudra'rééditer cette épopée. De quoi s'agit-il, en effet ? D'arrêter nuitamment les chefs du parti républicain, sénateurs, anciens députés, anciens fonctionnaires, écrivains plus ou moins connus ; de sabrer ou de fusiller dans les rues et sur les boulevards un millier dépassants inoffensifs, de canonner un ou deux rllagasin,, dans l'intérêt du commerce, et d'arranger si bien les choses qu'un citoyen ne puisse franchir le seuil de sa maison sans être mis en joue par un soldat. L'ordre étant ainsi assuré dans Paris, on rétablit au profit des départements ces commissions mixtes qui ont un si chaud défenseur dans la personne de M. Brunet; on condamne sans jugement dix mille hommes, choisis entre les plus honorables et les plus intelligents, on repeuple Cayenne et Lambe:sël, on chasse à l'étranger, soit ar décrets, soit par la simple menace, r élite des travailleurs en tout genre, et quand la France est ainsi épurée, on confie tout ce qui en reste à la sagesse et à 1 expérience d'un enfant. Allons, messieurs ! C'est un appel aux hommes de bonne volonté. Qui veut recommencer le Deux Décembre ? Je réponds hardiment, sans m'arrêter aux vaines apparences et sans dis cuter quelques mots malencontreux : L homme qui tentera cette besogne n'est pas le maréchal de Mac-Mahon. Et je ne crains pas d'ajouter qu'il ne le pourrait pas, le voulût-il ! Car l'armée de la France, qui est l'armée de la loi, lui éclaterait dans la main. Pourquoi les citoyens les plus pacifiques haussent-ils les épaules à toutes les fanfaronnades du parti bonapartiste ? Parce qu'ils ont en eux. a l'état de sentiment vague ou d intuitioi confuse, * une idée juste et vraie que je vais analyser. » M'ds c'est un développâmes, qui nous entraînerait un peu loin et je ûe veux pas fatiguer le lecteur. jm ■+■ ABOÛT. ,-----'-: H > pp ■ Nous lisons dans le Soleil : Nous né serions pas «hffi'ritf que le décret' de convocation det col iâges électoraux ne parût plus tôt qu'on na pense, et que la scrutin solennel qui va dire le jugement da pays sur la Chambre dissoute, et prononcer le de nier mot entre eila et le ministère, ne s'ouvrit plus tôt qu'on ne ie pensa. Ce serait peuétre habile. Les conserva teurs ne s'émeuveat beaucoup que sous un coup de fouet, s'il est paraiis de s'exprimer "insi Nous dèdaVïidtorrs grâce pour l'expres-» sion que nous employons, parcé qu'elle rend notre pensée. Une trop longue attente ce peut qu'amortir l'énergie et endormir l'activité des honjràem d'ordre. C'est en précipi'aut le mouvement électoral qu'on les réveillera, qu'on les exci tera et qu'on les entraînera. Nous sommés prêts. M. le vicomte de Meaux, ministre de l'agriculture et du commerce, vient de faire à son tour sa petite manifesta tion. Il a réuni la commission supérieure des expositions internationales et lui a tenu un discours. Discours modeste, à la vérité, et manifestation sans grande impôt tance, car on peut être gendre de Montalembert sans avoir hérité de son , éloquence et membre d'un cabinet sans y compter pour beaucoup. M. le ministre a déclaré que l'oeuvra de l'Exposition » devait rester « étrangère à l'esprit de parti. » C'est notre avis entièrement; c'est aussi celui du public, et à causè de cela précisément, il a été fâcheux que les dernières nominations faites pour compléter le conseil supérieur portassent le caractère trop manifeste de l'esprit de parti. M. le minis tre a pareillement reconnu que cette Exposition avait été * hardiment réso lue, heureusement commencée sous le ministère de ,on honorable prédécesseur. » Les membres du cabinet du 18 mai ont une si constante habitude d'aocuser les ministres auxquels ils succèdent que la formule de politesse la plus banale devient sur leurs lèvres un compliment aussi précieux qu'inattendu. A propos de l'Exposition, M. le vicomte de Meaux a parlé « d alarmes peu sincères et de bruits calomnieux désormais dissipés. » Si ces paroles s'adresent a quelqQuu, nous nevoyoos guère que M Cailbux, collègue au ministère de M. de Meaux, qui en puisse faire son profit. Il nous souvient bien qu'avant le 6 mai le Pays attaquait sans cesse 1 Exposition universelle et ne per dait aucune occasion de la découra ger. Mais la voix du Pays n'est pas de celles qui comptent. Le mal qu'il a dit de l'Exposition avant le 16 mai ne pou vait pas plus lui faire tort que n'a pu lui servir le bien qu'il en dit depuis lors. Quant aux républicains, ils n'ont Feuilleton du X/Xe Siècle Où 10 Juillet 1877 CAUSERIE DRAMATIQUE Il fut un temps où l'on reprenait le Jeu de l'Amour et du Hasard au Théâtre-Français pour faire briller devant un public émerveillé les maîtres de la haute comédie. Ce théâtre nous a donné la semaine dernière le chef-d'œuvre de Marivaux pour que sa jeune troupe s'y essayât devant nous. Jecomprends cela, c'est dans l'ordre et cela ne manque pas d'intérêt.ll est certain que Sylvia, Lisette, Pasquin, Dorante gagnent par un certain côté à être joués par des artistes jeunes, dont la personne est assurément mieux appropriée aux rôles ; mais ma théorie de Y appropriation n'est pas ici absolue et je ne suis pas choqué le moins du monde de voir à la Comédie-Fran çaise, qui est l'école du grand art, des comédiens trop marqués pour leurs rôles, nous donner parfois un échanti lion de la façon dont la grande tradition avait établi l'interprétation des principaux ouvrages du vieux répertoire. La convention, surtout en ce qui regarde Marivaux, est poussée à un tel point qu'elle souffre à l'occasion une extension profitable à tout le monde et où l'esprit peut/aire la loi aux yeux. Certes, Mme Broisat est jolie et fort aimable de sa personne, elle est jeune, elle emprunte à cette, jeunesse une foule d'agréments, d'accord ; mais j'ai vu, récemment encore, Mlle Plessy jouer la même rôle, et je dois dire que j'y ai pris un plaisir extrême. J'oubliais, sans aucun effort, l'âge de l'éminente artiste, pour n'entendre que cette voix pleine de nuances et d harmonies, pour savourer cette diction exquise, cette exécution parfaite c'était une merveille. Quelle leçon de littérature pour un littérateur ! quelle leçon de comédie pour le comédien sincère venu la pour écouter et pour profiter ; quelle leçon de goût et quel charme indéfini pour l'auditeur bénévole venu pour son plaisir, qui l'y trouve et qui remporte, par-dessus le marché, un perfectionnement certain de son jugement dramatique ! Je croih que Mme Emilie Broisat jouera un jour trés-bien le rôle de Sylvia, si elle le travaille avec soin et persévérance: elle n'y est point encore; mais elle est en bonne voie. Le rôle est difficile et redoutable par les souvenirs qui y sont restés. Il faut se l'assimiler à force de soins, d'observations, de présence d'esprit, de pleine possession de Soi-même. Le rôle est nerveux, si j'ose employer l'expression dans cette acception spéciale, iet, pour Mme Broisat, 1 émotion du premier soir augmentait encore cette disposition, qu'il donne à l'actrice, qui l'interprète, d'être elle même nerveuse pour son propre compte. Cette particularité du rôle de Sylvia est telle que cette sorte d'irritation fébrile qu'éprouve le personnage est communicative. Je n'ai jamais pu écouter certain passage du Jeu de VAmour et du Hasard sans me sentir venir la larme à l'œil, et je suis convaincu que c'est parce que l'espèce d'énervement, dont je parle, me prédisposait à l'émotion qui me prenait lorsque se présentaient les passages touchants du rôle. Mme Broisat dit avec un charme infini le : « Ah ! voilà qui est fini, il s'en va ! » et toutes les parties du rôle qui impliquent une nuance sentimentale. Mais elle presse un peu trop le débit partout ailleurs, ce qui en efface les nuances et ne laisse pas aux choses le temps d'être pensées. La prose de Marivaux ne se déblaye pas, pour employer le mot consacré dans l'argot dramatique, elle est toute de demi-tous et pleine d'ellipses et de syncopes. Il faut l'étudier tout à fait par le menu et la composer avec toutes les ressources que l'art du comédien et la connais sance de la scène peuvent offrir ; il y a bien du sentiment, mais si celui qui doit exister virtuellement chez l'artiste est du plus fin, celui qui s'exprime est subtil en diable et rentre dans la virtuosité même de ce rôle, pourtant délicieux de Sylvia. C'est du ragoût d'artiste que tout cela, et encore n'y a-t-il que les artistes délicats qui y trouvent toute la saveur qui y est contenue. J'ai commencé par ne pas aimer Marivaux : c'est Théophile Gautier qui me l'a révélé et m'a appris à le sentir. Remarquezbien que je ne m'y suis pas habitué, comme il faut faire pour la musique des pianistes. Mon attention a été évoquée, mon sentiment s'est éveillé, mon intelligence s'est ouverte; mais dès le premier jour où j'ai écouté consciencieusement et où je me suis livré de bonnofoi, j'ai été conquis. J'engage très-vivement Mme Broisat à travailler avec persévérance le rôle de Sylvia, où elle réussira certainement et où elle mérite d'être encouragée. Je pense qu'elle s essaiera aussi dans le rôle d'Araminte des Fausses Confidences, qui lui tient, je n'en doute pas, un succès en réserve : ses qualités personnelles l'y serviront davantage et elle s'en rendra, je crois, plus promptement maîtresse. Mlle Samary a apporté dans ce rôle de Lisette les avantages de sa jeunesse et son entrain ordinaire. Le rôle lui taisait un peu peur, m'a-t-on dit : elle a besoin de le travailler encore. Prudhon a été très bien dans Dorante, surtout dans la première partie, où je l'ai particulièrement remarqué : il m'a semblé qu'il tenait un peu moins bien son personnage dans la seconde moitié : il a un peu laissé tomber le rôle. Boucher est un Mario convenable et Mario ne demande rien de plus. ( Quant à Talbot, il joue Orgon avec une bonhomie et une sobriété parfaites. Coquelin, que je nomme en dernier,, parce qu'it est absolument chez lui dans cette comédie, Coquelin joue Pasquio avec un comique irrésistible. Impossible de trouver un marquis qui saute mieux. Ce n'est pas précisément de la prose à la Marivaux que nous a donnée le Palais-Royal, et personne ne s'en plaint. C'est cela qui n'eût pas été une chose appropriée. Mais les auteurs dramatiques ont généralement ce sens précieux si important dans les arts. La Chaste Suzanne, de M. Paul Ferrier, n'a absolument aucun droit au titre de comédie ; c'est un vrai vaudeviUe, et même on peut dire un vaudeville de circonstance;' l'auteur l'a bâti à la diable pour servir de débuts à Mlle Hading. la perle de la Cannebière, où elle faisait naguère encore la pluie et le beau temps, le beau temps surtout; car elle emplissait de soleil les Marseillais, enthousiastes de sa gentillesse et de sa gaîté. Il lui est arrivé, à cette aimable personne, ce qui arrive presque toujours aux artistes qui séjournent quelque temps en province : elle y a appris à forcer les effets, à vouloir en trouver partout, à les chercher per fas et nefas, à brûler les planches, enfin," de peur de laisser languir l'action. Il faut dire la vérité : ca vaudeville, imité du vieux style, n'est pas précisément le chef-d'œuvre de l'esprit humain. Il y a la-dedans beaucoup de choses très gentiment faites, et pourtant l'ensemble n'est pas réellement gai et ne retient que faiblement l'attention du spectateur. De là, redoublement d'efforts de la part des artistes, et particulièrement delà part de cette pauvre petite débutante, qui, sentant la partie importante, et médiocrement servie par la pièce, se débattait désespérément dans le vide et se mettait en quatre pour animer les langueurs et fouetter un peu les insuffisances qui mettaient ses intérêts en péril. Mlle Hading, tout bien considéré, me parait destinée au succès : je dis cela et je m'empresse de le dire, parce que la première soirée n'a peut-être pas répondu complètement à ses espérances» Qu'elle n'en prenne pas de découra* gement, les choses retrouveront leur vrai pli. L'accueil a été bon ; mais on y sentait évidemment des restrictions et des réserves : cela disparaîtra. Mlle Hading a péché par trop de zèle : elle s'est trop appliquée et a voulu trop bien faire. Elle avait un tel fésir d'atteindre Je but qu'elle l'a dépassé. Elle s'est donné trop de mouvement, cela a tourné au brouhaha dans une action qui, elle-même, tombaitdansla confusion etleremueménage. Eh bien ! elle se coordonnera; se ménagera un peu, apprendra son public parisien, qu'elle n'a pas du tout l'air de connaître, et le prendra comma bien d'autres qui ne la valent pas. Mlle Hading est jeune, jolie, ellea des dents admirables, elle eèt de taille moyenne et bien prise, elle a de la grâce, qu'elle mignardise un peu trop par des réminiscences de Mlle JaneÔranier, dont elle a sans doute beaucoup joué les rôles, elle est intelligente visiblement, un peu trop visiblement, car elle le montre au lieu de le laisser penser, et son jeu ne manque pas d'esprit. Sa voix est agréa. ble et juste: voyons, est-ce'qu^l n'y a paà là de quoi faire une actrice charmante ? C'estau public è la diriger : cela neluicoûtera ni beaucoup de temps, ni beaucoup de peine. C'est aux auteurs à lui fairedes rôles, aussi, car le répertoire ordinaire du Palais Royal ne lui offre pas de riches occasions de montrer ses talents, les rôles de femmes y ayaut toujours été systématiquement sacrifiés. Il est vrai que les deux théâtres du Palais-Royal et ces;;;;é d'exhorter la France à taire un vaillant effort et à montrer au monde l'an prochain qu'elle était aussi laborieuse que pacifique, et ne comptait que sur son énergie pour reconquérir son rang parmi les nations. Ce n'est donc pas aux républicains qu'à pu songer M. le ministre. Seul, à notre connaissance, parmi les hommes politiques, M. Caillaux, dans nne séance du Sénat que le pays n'a pas oubliée.. -a laissé échapper, au surjet de l'Exposition, une parole malheureuse qu'il doit bien regretter aujourd'hui.. M. de Meaux a annoncé que, en ce qui concernait la France, l'Exposition se préparait dans les meilleures conditions: Il a parlé de l'ordre public, et comment n'en eût-il pas parlé ? Tout le monde ne sait-il pas que la France vient d'être par l'acte du 16 mai sauvée de l'abîme du radicalisme? « L'ordre public a-t-il dit, est et restera fermement maintenu, énergiquement sauvegardé par le maréchal président de la République. » Il était superflu que M. le vicomte de Meaux nous rassurât sur l'ordre public en 1878. Nous savons parfaitement que cet ordre ne court aucun péril, et la bonne. raison, c'est que, grâce aux élections, la France sera délivrée alors de ceux qui l'ont troublé en 1877. Sous peu. le suffrage universel aura fait justice de MM. de Broglie, de Fôurtou, Brunet et consorts. Le cabinet réellement parlementaire qui se tiendra à côté de M. le président de la République sera un cabinet républicain. On n'entendra plus parler du prince impérial, ni du comte de Chambord, on ne conspirera plus ouvertement contre les institutipns du pays. C'est tout cela qui nous garantira l'ordre public. dont on parlera moins, ce qui sera bon signe. L'Exposition, nous en avons la ferme confiance, sera digne du pays qui l'organise et qui y cherche, non pas une satisfaction de vanité, mais une occasion de progrès, dans la comparaison féconde de l'énergie et de l'intelligence datous les pays. Nous trouverons dans les visites dont la France sera l'objet lin témoignage de la sympathie des nations diverses, comme nous l'avons trouvé déjà dans l'empressement avec lequel ont été accueillies nos invitations. Quoi qu'en dise ou qu'en pense M. le vicomte de Meâux, il n'en sortira point de gloire pour le ministère dont. il fait partie. Il peut poursuivre l'c^uvre de son prédécesseur « avec une activitetou.jours croissante; » il peut multiplier les embellissements du nouveau Palais de l'industrie. Lu, et ses collègues ne rendront jamais en splendeur au bâti ment ce qu'ils ont fait de mal à fœuvre elle-même. Au moment ou la France entière se préparait au grand concoure de 1 Exposition, où elle avait le plus besoin du repos, de la tranquillité, de la paix assurée au dedans et au dehors, ils sont venus agiter la France,inquiéter l'Europe,troubier lesintérêts, substituer à la marche régulière de nos institutions les dissensions politiques. Par eux, le Commerce languit, tes transactions se sont cruellement ralenties, l'industrie spuffre. Voilà la part de ^es messieurs dans l'uvre de notre EXposltlonuoiversclle. Toua les discours du monde n'y changeront rien : car. les fait$se moquent des paroles. CLBS BIGOT ♦ -- Par décret du 7 juillet, est nommé procureur général près la cour de cassation M. Chaudru de Raynal, président de chambre à la môme cour, en remplacement de M. Renouer cl, démissionnaire, et admig à faire valoir ses droits à la retraite. Par un autre décret à la môme date, sont nommée : Président de chambre à la cour de cassation, M. Gastambide, conseiller à la même cour, en remplacement de M. Dumon, décédé. Président de chambre à la cour de cassation, M. Bédarrides, premier avocat général près la même cour. Premier avocat général près la cour de casq atinn, M. Çharrins, avocat général près la même cour. Conseiller à la cour de cassation, M. Vente, ancien magistrat, en remplacement de M. Pierrey, décédé. Conseiller à la cour de cassation, M. Mantellier, premier président de la cour d'appel d'Orléans. —♦ : Le rétablissement de la candidature officielle cause de bien graves embarras au gouvernement et nous permet de mieux voir chaque jour ce que vaut la fameuse union conservatrice. M. de Fourtou est en train de dresser la liste des candidats officiels, et nous trouvons dans les diverses organes de la coalition la trace des difficultés en face desquelles il se trouve. Il y a tant d'appétits à satisfaire. Le Français en fait l'aveu dans les termes suivants : L'union conservatrice traverse en ce momeuv la plus déficate dlJ épreuves qui lui étaient réservées, celle de la répartition des candidat ure emre les partis alliés. Il fallait s'attendre oOUr ce moment à quelques tiraillements, comme il fallait s'atteudre à voir ces tiraiiiements exploités par la presse radicale. Aussi, tout en regrettant et les eXlgenct'S l' xcessives qui ont pu se produire, et les récriminations peut-être. un peu trop broyantes qui leur out répondu d'autre part, ne voyons-nous dans ces iUCldenta rien qui ne fût prévu et qui doive sérieusement inquiéter. Toutefois, il importe qu'un tel état de choses ne se prolonge pas, moins encore pour ce qu'il est en lui-même que pour les armes qu'il fournit aux journaux ennemis. C'est le gouvernement qui est l'arbitre naturel entre les diverses fractions conservatrices? si sa decisien est équitable et prononcée avec fermeté, elle s'imposera nécessairement à. tous. Qu'il se hàte donc de terminer l'examen des candidatures, commencé par lui il y a quelques jours, et qu'il mette ainsi fin à la période des compétitions intérieures, pour nous faire entrer dans celle de la lutte contre nos ennemis communs. Les bonapartistes, du reste, il faut l'avouer, ne sont pas tendres pour leurs alliés et leur font durement sentir à quel point ils doivent peu peser dans la balance. Et de quel droit, dit le Pays, les orléanistes et les légitimistes viendraient-ils envier nos chances de succès ? Sont-ils en situation de nous disputer le suffrage universel ? ,,' A chaque instant ils l'attaquent, ils l'insultent, et, s'ils arrivaient au pouvoir, ils l'aboliraient. Le peuple sait cela, et cela ne le dispose pas d'une façon bienveillante envers ces partis ennemis, qui recherchent ses faveurs au jour du vote et qui les méprisent quand ils les ont eues. Comment donc parlerait le Pays s'il faisait la guërre à ses amis : Et plus loin ! Et si le gouvernement a le souci réel de ses intérêts ; s'il veut réussir, mène "au prix de quelques froissements d'amour-propre; s'il qiet la France yau-dessus des jalousies de parti, il sera obligé de donner, ju plupart du temps, la candidature officielle â Crux qui existent dé jà devant le peuple, à ceux qu'eue peut renforcer ot faire triompher, aux e andidats impérialistes, parce que., jetée sur ce terrain d^ja, fécondé, elle poussera, tandis qu'elle sécherait, cornue tout ce qui HJmb, sur la pierre,si elle avait lemalheurdê re attribuée à des ambitions que rien ne justifie dans la pratique. M. de Fourtou peut maintenant désigner les candidats qui auront le patronage de l'administra tioli ; .il est sûtde ne contenter personne s'il cherche à contenter tout le monde.. RAYMOND. La circulaire suivante vient d'être adressée par le lirecfjeur général de v postes aux agents ,',hargé' de la distribution des lett, es et itnpriues : L'admiai&tratifJll croit devoir rappelr de nouveau qu'il est expr s^émecit iuterdii aux facteurs de distribuer, sous quelque prétexte que ce soit, daus le cours comcnçi en dehors 4e leurs tour 'ées, dew journaux et imari-aés de toute nature qiii n'ont pas été déposés dans lez. bureaux de poste, et que toute infraction à ces iérenses générales et absolues est punie de la peme de ré ocation, aux termes de l'article 8 4 de l'instruction générale, sans pr /-judiçt* des poursuites judiciaires auxquelles le* mêincs faits peuvent donner lieu en vertu de la loi du 27 juillet 1848 sur le colportage. Après Us-nombreux avertissements doanés à cet égard aux facteurs, la conseil d'administration est biea résolu à faire irrépcmsiblament l'application des mesures rig()ureuse.; édictée:.par l'article 84 précité à ceux d'entre eux qui seraient convaincus de s'être prêtés à des distriuton frauduleuse de joirn-iux on d'imprimés quelconques, reçus des mains de personnes étrangères au service, en violation de la loi et au détriment des intérê s dit Trésor. Les contrevenants ne devront donc compter sur aucune indulgence. Les receveur* donneront lecture dns dispositions qui précèdent aux facteurs attachés à leur bureau, et justifieront de l'exécution de cet ordre par une déclaration écrite circonstanciée, qu'ils feront rigner par ces sous-agents et qu'ils adresseront dans un délai de 48 heures au directeur départemental. UNE DENT A ARRACHER II y a un raisonnement que je vois répété dans tous les journaux de la réaction, que l'on m'a objecté à moi-même dans le monde, et que je trouve des plus faux. JQ voudrais bien le réfuter; car il est spécieux et pourrait séduire quelques personnes. Les soi-disant conservateurs disent au suffrage universel : « Si tu votes pour les républicains, si tu renvoies à la Chambre les 363, tu peux être sûr qu'au lendemain de l'élection, il y aura du trouble, sinon dans la rue, au moins dans les esprits. Le maréchal a déclaré qu'il resterait ; la Chambre, de son côté tiendra sans doute à demeurer maîtresse : c'est un conflit certain. > De quelle façon se terminera-t-il ? nous n'en savons rien, ni les uns, ni les autres. Les conseillers du maréchal le détermineront-ils à renvoyer une seconde'fois la Chambre? Essaieront-ils de gouverner avec le Sénat ? forcerontils les députés à recourir à cette mesure extrême du refus de l'impôt? Nous ignorons tous le dénouement qu'aura la crise; quant à -la crise, nous n'y échapperons point. Si au contraire tu votes pour les coalisés du seize mai, il n'y a plus ombre de crise. Les deux pouvoirs exécutif et législatif se trouvent parfaitement d'accord, tout conflit est ajourné jusqu'au jour solennel de la législature générale, c'est-à-dire jusqu'en 1880. > Eh bien, n'est-ce rien que trois ans de gagnés? Trois ans de tranquillité parfaite, trois ans de repos profond, c'est un bénéfice à considérer, dans la stiuation précaire que nous traversons aujourd'hui. Il passe tant d'eau sous le pont en deux ans, il peut survenir tant d'événements qui donnent à nos affaires une meilleure allure, qui en changent la face ! Vous savez b en le vieux proverbe: qui a terme ne doit rien ; nous pouvons reculer de trois ans une douloureuse échéance, profitons-en. Votons pour la coalition des trois partis monarchiques. » Ainsi raisonnent lesjournaux conservateurs, et à leur suite nombre d hon-nôtes gens, qui sont tout pleins de bonnes intentions. mais qui me semblent avoir la vue très-courte. Permettez-moi cette comparaison familière : Il vous est arrivé, n'est-ce pas, bien soV vent, de souffrir d'une dent malade. Il n'y a guère de douleur plus lancinante. Vous vous tenez la joue à pleines mains, vous poussez des cris, vous vous fourrez dans la bouche un tas d'ingrédients qui vous brûlent sans calmer l'irritation du nerf. Vous demandez conseil à tout le monde. — Il n'y a qu'une chose à faire, vous dit-on de toutes parts. Allez < hez le dentiste. C'est un moment à passer, mais ap; és vous serpz guéri et vous n'y peuserez plus, Aller chez le dentiste ! c'est qu'il y a ce diable de c seau d'acier, dont l'image seule vous fait froid dans le dos. Vous préférez attendre. Attendre, quoi? Vous n'en savez rien ; et la diablesse de dent continue de faire des siennes ; un jour se passe, puis deux; vous ne dormez pas, vous ne pouvez travailler, — Mais, allez donc chez le dentiste, vous répètent vos amis. Puisqu'il faudra toujours fi air parla, mieux vaut prendre tout de suite son courage à deux mains. Vous lanternez encore; mais la doulsur est à son paroxysme; vous courez chez l'homme de l'art, vous vous asseyez en tremblant sur le cruel fauteuil, et crac, en un tour de main voilà la dent enlevée et le mal disparu. Vous revenez gaillard et dispos et l'on vous accueille chez vous par cette réflexion, que vous vous êtes déjà faite tout bas à vous-même : — Si pourtant je m'étais décidé il y a deux jours, j'aurais souffert quarantehuit heures de moins. C'est là notre histoina, électeurs, mes amis. Nous avons une opération dangereuse à subir. Il nous faudra absolument nous donner des institutions définitives et choisir un gouvernement qui soit accepté de tous les partis comme l'expression de la volonté nationale. Il s'agit de savoir si nous aimons m eux en finir tout de suite, ou remettre à 1880 l'extraction de cette fâcheuse dent. Songez-y bien ; si vous n'en terminez pas aujourd hui, vous n'aurez pas ces trois ans de tranquillité dont on vous parle. C'est une plaisanterie de venir nous dire qu'une nation peut dormir sur ses deux oreilles avec cette terrible échéance sur la tête. Point du tout ; les partis ne cesseront de se remuer ; tous font semblant d'ajourner leurs espérances, tous travailleront à les réaliser le plus vite qu'ils pourront; la France sera durant trois années un champ clos où les factions s'acharneront avee rage à qui dévorera ce règne d'un moment. Ce malaise sera porté au comble vers la fin de 1879, à mesure que vous vous rapprocherez de la date funeste. C'est alors que vous sentirez à la dent malade des élancements douloureux. Regardez ce qui se passe en ce moment : plus d'affaires ni de commerce que dans les colonnes de l'Officiel et de la Patrie; un peuple inquiet, désorienté; tout le monde interrogeant avec anxiété les bruits de l'extérieur; la vie sociale en grande partie suspendue. Jugez un peu de ce que ce sera en l'an 1880. Quel sera l'état de la France livrée en proie aux passions des partis furieux l'un contre l'autre? Ne croyez donc pas les conservateurs qui vous disent que nommer u ne Chambre réactionnaire, c'est s'assurer trois ans de calme, c'est au contraire se préparer deux années de malaise, suivies d'une année de désordre. Une Chambre où les coalisés du 16 mai seraient en majorité ne peut rien terminer, par l'excellente. raison que les coalisés, une fois vainqueurs, se retourneront les uns contre les autres et se battront ensemble sur le corps de teur ennemi abattu. Le jour où cette Chambre entrerait en fonctions verrait commencer une nouvelle série de luttes, qui ne se termineraient qu'après trois années de misères, et personne ne sait comment. Si au contraire le suffrage universel, par une manifestation imposante de sa volonté, renvoie les 363, non, plutôt encore les 400 dont a par-lé Gambetta, je ne nie pas qu'il ne puisse y avoir quelques heures fâcheuses à passer ; car il peut se faire que les ministres du maréchalsoientassez téméraires pour essayer de tenir.tête à une nation. Miis en quelques jours toutes les résistances seraient domptées; car ces résistances, n'ayant plus la légalité pour appui, ne sauraient durer bien longtemps, et nous ne faisons pas au maréchal l'injure de croire qu'il médite un coup d'Etat. L'élection de 1880 n'a dés lors plus rien de redoutable. Car c'est la Chambre que nous allons élire qui sera chargée de la révision, et si le parti républicain est maître de la situation, cette révision, qui ne changera rien à la forme du gouvernement, se fera sans guerre civile ni effusion de sang. Il pourra se faire que les fractions qui composent le parti républicain soient divisées sur quelques détails ; mais au moins s'entendent-elles toutes sur le principe. Toutes sont d'accord pour rejeter le pouvoir personnel, pour établir une forme de gouvernement qui soit le gouvernement du pays par le pays.
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https://github.com/sdeleuze/graalvm-native-issues/blob/master/static-method-code-removal-regression/build.sh
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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graalvm-native-issues
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sdeleuze
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Shell
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Code
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
echo "With static field"
mvn clean package -P static-field > /dev/null
target/com.sample.appwithstaticfield
echo "Is com.sample.Foo present is used classes?"
cat target/reports/used_classes* | grep com.sample.Foo
echo ""
echo "With static method"
mvn clean package -P static-method > /dev/null
target/com.sample.appwithstaticmethod
echo "Is com.sample.Foo present is used classes?"
cat target/reports/used_classes* | grep com.sample.Foo
| 16,860 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104793514
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Jūsanpōzuka Site
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 42 | 206 |
十三宝塚遺跡
群馬県伊勢崎市にある奈良時代の遺跡
十三宝塚遺跡 分類 遺跡
十三宝塚遺跡 グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/113hm4pth
十三宝塚遺跡 国 日本
十三宝塚遺跡 位置座標
Jūsanpōzuka Site
Archaeological site in Isesaki, Kantō, Japan
Jūsanpōzuka Site instance of archaeological site
Jūsanpōzuka Site Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/113hm4pth
Jūsanpōzuka Site country Japan
Jūsanpōzuka Site coordinate location
| 38,473 |
africanreposito77socigoog_3
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,833 |
The African Repository and Colonial Journal
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American Colonization Society
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English
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Spoken
| 7,312 | 9,742 |
4th July col 23 75, 38 75 Mrs M Duncan Tr Fem Col Soc Winchester, Ky $9 75, A M Preston, Tr Col Soc Winchester, Ky 31, , 40 75 R J Breckenridge, Esq coPn after an address by him at a camp-meeting held on his farm, ■•.... 50 1^ J Breckenridge, Esq donation $100, M Fisher, Spring- field (0) 10, Mr Warder 10, ^.. 120 Rev Wm Gray, Springfield (O) 4th of July collection 12, Rev W L Gaines of Montgomery, Hamilton county, Ohio, 4th of July colPs in Somerset and Hopewell churches 9 25, 21 35 G Moore, Secretary of Montgomery Col Society 11, Dr J Steele, Treasurer of Dayton Colonization^ Society 165, 176 Rev A Blanchard; Cincinnati, 4th July coPn 6th Pres ch 6 7S J B Morton, Sec Louisville Col Society, money paid in af- ter address by me 40 25, Mrs H MaJssie, same time, 20, Miss ^ C James, same time, 1 6125 Lexington Female Col Society 200, G Graham, Jr Treasu- rer*Cincinnati Col Society, per Dr. Shane, being from Ox- ford Col Society 80, Cin6innati Colonization Soc 137 50, 417 50 Rec'd also from Dr Shane, the following sums collected by G Graham, Jr. viz: — Geo Graham (donation) $25, W Ruf- fin 5, C Sontag 5, J B Jones 5, Mrs C Jones 5» A Brownell S, E Bibb 5, cash 5, S Huntt 5, cash 3, G Taylor 5. A P Howell 3, T H Yeatman 5, R Buchannan 10, TSharpless 5, H Emerson 25, A Owen 3, W Deming 3, cash 5, J Brooke 3, Eveleth &Co 2, B Storer 10, C Fox 5, cash 1, L L Shrive 5, cash 1, A B Roff 2, W Griffin 10, W S Johnson 10, N G Pendleton 5, J S Armstrong 5, amounting to 139 — Less 2 50, not received .. 186 50 Rec*d also per Dr Shane, collections by Dr J C Finley, viz: Dr J C Finley 10, Steplien Burrows 10, P Symmes 10, J Ba- ker 10, Mr Crane 5, Curtis & Kellogg 2 — and by same hand received collections by S Burrows 4 50, 51 50 Collected by Dr Sparks 8 75, 4th of Jut^ collection in Syc«^ ^ more Street Baptist Ch 9 50, 18 25 Amount acknowledged in Repository, Jan. 1832, p. 345. 273 Receipts acknowledged in letter of 20th Jan. THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, AND aoLOiriAii joTmiTAii. YoL. Till. APIUI., 1832. No. ». iJLtrEST FROM UBE&IA. TVs are hippy to commnDiemte sundiy intereiting extraetf firOBn detpttehef re» cently received from the Cclooy of liberia. They be«r ample teatimony fo tlM growiog prosperity and influence of the Colony, and will awaken, we eannot doabt» an increased interest in the ounds of our countrymen to contribute to ita maana uA enlargement. It may here be proper to state, that the large nomber of emigrant* lately sent to Liberia, and the great expenses consequently inenrred by the Socie- ty, render it indispensable, that the fonds of the Institution should be augmeatedr to enable the Board to meet the demands now made upon them. It is of the hi|^- «st importance, that $ 12,000 at least, should be added to the funds of the Society within sixty days from the present time. Liberia, Dec. 14, 1831. Dear Sir: — It affords me great satisfaction to announce, that the negotiations which were stated in my last communication, to be in progress with the Kings and head-men of Grand Cape Mount, have heen satisfactorily concluded. On the 9th inst. a small tract of land was formally ceded to the American Colonization Society. It is situated on the shores of a lake, formerly the con- fluence of several large rivers, and is distant ahout ten miles from the sea; a fresh- water river discharges itself into the lake at this place, end the point of land formed by the junction is that which vre have obtained. The lake is about twenty miles lopg, and from ten to twelve wide; and navigable for vessels drawing seven or eight feet. Several large rivers, which penetrate into the in- terior, and divide into numerous branches, afford great facilities for inland navigation and trade. I presume the amount of pro- duce exported from Cape Mount cannot be less than $60,000 to 5 $i Laltst from Liberia^ [ApriF,, $70,000 per annum; and should we succeed in establfshiug our^ selves securely, will be greatly increased. The Situation we have selected, is said to be one of the most healthy on the coast; the land very fertile, and capable of producing almost every thing. that has been found t9 answer in the sams parallel of latitude in any part of the globe; but not having visited the place myself, I regret that it is- not in my power to give you a eorreet topographical vfew of the country, with its advantages, productions, &c^ &c.^ this I must defer until another opportuni* ty; but at present I am, in consequence of the unexpected arrival af the expedition from Baltimore,, so much occupied in making, arrangements for their accommodation, that I can scarcely find time for any thing else. It will be seen, by reference to the deed of conveyance, that the only consideration required, is that we shall settle on the land, and establish^ schools for the education of native children. This* lh!ey strenuously urged, as many of them had acquired the rudi* ments of a common English education in the Colony, and were fMixious to secure the same advantages to their countrymen.-^ The youDg men were enthusiastic in our cause, and many went forward and told' the krngs, unless they granted o«r request, thejfi would* abandon the country.. They say as soon as we have estab* lished a settlement, they will join it, become colonists, and sub- ject themselves to the same laws by which we are governed.—* TUey are decidedly the most intellig.ent and most advanced i» pofnl of civilization, of any natives to the M)uth of Sierra Leone^ and are very desirous that their children should receive an edu- cation, and become acquainted with the arts of civilized nations, or,.a8-they express it, ''learu' white man's ^hion.'' They have promfsed hereafter to grant us as much land as we may require, but for the present give us this small tract; and as soon as they see us manifest a disposition to comply with the conditions of the grant, they will cheerfully enlarge our limits in any direc*- tion we may think proper. As to our title, none can be better; the deed, or grant, is signed by those who are lords of the soil, both dejure and dg facto. — The fat^ 2r of Prince Peter (old Peter Careful, of the Courrab country,) conquered this country from King Gray, the father of lames Gray, and uncle of the present King Gray,, whose fatbes^ 183^.] Lttf««« Jrmn Liberia. 35 nvas a joint proprietor of the coantry, but in a maQRer tribut9.ry ' ito the father of James Gray. The title of the present proprieton 43 acknowledged by all the neighbouring kings; and no others •could have granted us an indefeasible right to the land. Having thus accomplished this most important object, for «which we have so long and so earnestly been striving, lei me turge upon you, if you wish us to enjoy the advantages thatmuaC necessarily accrue from so important and valuable an acquisition^ xto send out arms and ammunition sufficient to enable us to make a successfid resistance, should we hereafter be moliested in the possession of our newly acquired territory^ The Jusiory «of the 'early settlement of Sierra Leone and this Colony ^must-eonvince you that there is no great relisMice to be placed on the good faith of the natives; and those of Cape Mount are better armed an4 4nore warlike than^hose we had to contend with .some eight oir nine years since. We require for our defence, two six-pounder field pieces, 309 muskets, with plenty of fixed ammunition for each; also several barrels df good powder, such as is used in the army or navy; that which Mr. Cresson purchased, will scarcely drive a shot twenty yards. This I do most earnestly l>eg of you to attend to by the ifirst opportunity. If the schooner promised by the Board was now here, we should have no difficulty in taking possession of the land; bat this dilatory mode of proceeding paralyzes -our lefforts, and •renders ' all our plans abortive. Only let our friends .at liome promptly second our efforts, and all will be >well; delay may prove Tulnous. The schooner Orioit, ffom Baltimore, arrived here on the 9th Inst, with 31 emigrants, all well. I have seen with alarm, the various accounts of insurrectiona- a'y movements among our coloured population. This will no •doubt com,pel many to emigrate, who, without such a stimulus, awould n^ver have lefl the land of their nativity. I would thank you to give me «ome information on this subject, especially how the cause of colonization is likely to be .affected by the late dia« turbances. The receptacle mentioned in one of your former communica* iions, will be completed immediately. I 3iar for some time J6 Latest from- Liberia. [April, been collecting materials, and trust ere long to have it ready for the reception of emigrants. The cost will he ahout $700; that is, if you send out such goods as the contractor requires, but if I have to pay for it here, it will cost about $1500; a list of the articles wanted will be forwarded. December 16. — This morning, the schooner Margaret Mercer anchored in our harbour; sLe could not have arrived more oppor- tunely, as we were, in a great measure, destitute of trade goods^ mnd the supply she brings will prove very acceptable. She is said to sail well, and Captain Abels informs me she is a fine sea boat, but she draws too much water for our bar: the cargo will have to be discharged before we can bring her into the river — •he leaks badly, in consequence of the oakum having washed oat of the seams, during some heavy weather experienced on her passage; should the leak prove extensive, she v/ill have to be hove down and re-caulked. I think it probable that Captain Abels and mate will take passage in the schooner Orion, about to sail for Baltimore. I have represented to him the risk he incurred by sleeping on shore during the time the schooner was undergoing the necessary repairs, and find that he is unwilling to expose himself to any hazard that might possibly deprive his family of their only dependence. He asked my advice, and I could but recommend his availing himself of the present opportunity for returning to the United States, as it was not probable that another would offer for several months. I part with him the more willingly, as I have a man capable of taking charge of the schooner. He has been here several months, is thoroughly acclimated, and I find him sober, industrious, and in every re- spect worthy of oui- confidence. Nothing has given me so great satisfaction as the intelligence that the cause of colonization is making such rapid advances in the United States. You may rest assured that no exertion on my part shall be spared to second the efforts now making by our friends in America; but it will cause some embarrassment to pro- ride accommodations for the expected emigrants, should they be crowded on us in as great numbers as you anticipate; but do not hesitate to send as many as offer; only provide the means, and shelters and other comforts shall and will be in readiness. Your request in regard to the location of emigrants shall be at- 186:2.] Latent from Libtria, 37 tended to as far as is practicable, and a commodious receptacle, vrith a small dwelling for the physician, shall be commenced forthwith; but I trust ere long, to have a settlement at Grand Cape Mount, to which a part of the tide of emigration may be directed. This will, it is true, be attended with some additional expense, but I trust the recent disastrous occurrences in Virgin- ia, Maryland, and other portions of the Southern section of the United States, will induce our national legislature to take the matter into serious consideration, and extend towards it their ef- ficient aid and support. I would thank you to inform me in your next, what prospect we have from this quarter. Dr. James Hall, the gentleman referred to in the resolution of the 12th of September, arrived here in the Orion. Should he recover from his unfortunate physical infirmities, he will, from his professional skill and attainments, prove a most valuable ac- quisition to the Colony. I will cheerfully do all in my power to render his situation comfortable and agreeable. You will be happy to learn that the emigrants per the Yolador and Criterion, have, with few exceptions, passed through the fever, with the loss of but four — ^three of these were children; for further particulars I must refer you to Dr. Todsen, who will doubtless give you a more detailed account of the treatment, &c« Most of them had the disease but slightly. Should I be in the Colony when the next vessel sails for the United States, I will take up several subjects referred to in the various commuuicatiot^s from the Board, and furnish you, as far as practicable, with all the information you require. It is my intention to visit Grand Bassa, and effect the purchase of part of that country; the kings are earnest in their solicitations for us to establish a settlement, and it will not answer to disappoint their expectations; the country must and shall be ours. The bustle and confusion incident to the arrival of the schoo« ner, with an unexpected addition to our number of emigrants, prevents me writing more fully; I must therefore avail myself of another opportunity. With the highest consideration. Your obedient Servant, Rev. R. R. Gurley. J. MECHLIN, Jr. N 38 Latest fram Liberia. [April, Liberia, Jan. 1832. • Dear Sir. His Britannic Majesty's ship Favorite anchored in our harhour on the 18th inst. and from Lieut. Sullivan, who came on shore, I learned that the Island of Bulama is considered as belonging; to the British Government. The purchase, as I re- marked in one of my former communications, was effected in 179^2, since which time several attempts have been made to settle it, but without success, it being so unhealthy that most of those placed there perished. He moreover confirmed the statements made in my communication above alluded to, respecting its medical to- pography. I think this will set the matter at rest, and convince those who so warmly advocated the propriety of our establishing a. settlement there, of the impracticability of the scheme. My last, per schr. Orion, mentioned that we wer« preparing ourselves to receive an attack from King Brumley; but on exam- ination, the report of his having a design to molest us, proved to t)e without foundation. To-day I was credibly informed that he fiad died a few days since; he has for some time been very in- firm, and we expected to hear of his decease some time ago. In a letter which accompanies this, I have mentioned English bar Iron, as an article much needed for the purchase of rice on the leeward coast; I will now remark that the bars should be very thin and light, the rate at which they are traded being about one foot of Iron to the bushel of rice — the quality of the iron is of no consequence — we are also much in want of a few bundles of boop iron, to repair our palm oil casks. Wooden hoops will not answer. I find it will be imp^ossible for me to prepare the account of expenditures for the 3d and 4th quarters of last year, and the school reports, ^c. &c. in time to go by this conveyance, but they shall be attended to as soon as I can get through the busi- ness that at present engages my whole attention. Our Affairs are still in a prosperous condition; the natives of Grand Cape Mount, are more urgent than ever thftt I should estab- lish a settlement. I have contracted with them for two very iarge native houses; and as soon as they are completed, will place some persons there to occupy the country until we shall be able to settle it with advantage. At present our means, both as to 1832.] Latest from Liberia. 39 arms, ammunition and merchandize, are too limited to effect much, we shall have to be very economical in order to make them last the stipulated term of six months. I shall anxiously await the arrival of the means of defence, &c. which have beea requested to be sent out as early as possible. You can have no idea of the favourable impressions we have made on the native»^ of this country: they are constantly sending messages, requesting, us to settle at different points on the coast, from Cape Mount ta below Trade Town. Means are only wanting to enable us to occupy any portion of the coast between the points mentioned.. With great respect and esteem, Your obedient Servant, Rev. R. R. GuRLEY. J. MECHLIN, Jr. Liberia, January ^th^ 1832. Dear Sir: By the James Perkins, which arrived here on the 14th inst. I received your several favours of November 9th, 15th, ISth, 27th, and December 2d. The emigrants to the number of three hundred and forty -three, have all been landed and are for the present placed in such vacant houses as welould procure un- til the completion of the receptacles for their accommodation — part of them have been sent up to Caldwell, and part of theuk will for some time remain at Monrovia* Not having received timely notice that so large a number would be sent out, I was somewhat embarrassed in procuring shelters for them; but I have (though with difficulty,) made such temporary arrangements, as will ensure their comfortable accommodation until the frames which came out with them shal! be erected, which, together with a large building previously con- tracted for, and nearly completed, will prove amply sufficient for their reception. Now that I have been made acquainted with the fact, that large numbers may be expected during the ensuing twelve mouths, I can take measures for their reception, and accommo- dation. You may therefore inform those gentlemen of Virginia, who have proposed the question, that we will be able to receive at least one thousand, during the present year — provided lum- ber, shingles, nails^ &c. sufficient to erect buildings for the w- 40 Latest from Liberia. [April, commodation of the whole number, are shipped with the first and second expeditions — this is absoIiHelj necessary, as it is ini' possible to procure a sufficient quantity of these materials in time to have buildings prepared for their reception on their ar-- rival; it is moreover more economical to purchase them in the United States. I think the price, say $35, fixed by the Board for the transportation of each emigrant, is entirely too low; it should be at least $40 if not $45. At these rates we could defray expenses incident to their transportation and subsistence for six months after their arrival. Only give me due notice and send outbuilding materials, and I care not how many you trans* port; they must and shall be accommodated. You say truly that my utmost powers will be required to make suitable ar- rangements, but at the same time it is highly necessary that we should seize the present favorable opportunity to demon- strate the feasibility and utility of our scheme, and no sacri- fice should be deemed too great to effect so desirable an object. I agaiil repeat, you may depend upon my exerting myself to the uttermost; and should my life and health be spared, and my efforts seconded, i^l will go well. My excursion to Grand Bassa, has been unavoidably pcet- poned, in consequence of the Cape Mount negotiation, and the arrival of emigrants per the Criterion, Orion and James Perkins; but as soon as this latter vessel shall have been despatched, I will proceed immediately to leeward, convene the Chiefs, and make the necessary arrangements for the purchase of the country— of the result of this negotiation, you shall be advised by the earliest opportunity. Many of the emigrants, per the James Perkins, are farmers, and should they prove at all enterprising or industrious, they cannot fail to do well; indeed the time has now arrived, when those who can, must till the soil for a subsistence or starve; all canftot trade — there are at present more engaged in it than can gain » livelihood, and they must therefore, of necessity, turn their at- tention to agriculture. I am at a loss to know, whether it would be better (in case we should get possession of Grand Bassa,) to permit the emigrants who may hereafter arrive, to land at this place and undergo their seasoning, or send them at once to Bassa — in the latter case, they will not have the advantages of 1832.] Latest from Liberia. 41 luedical attendance; but on the other band, if permitted to land at Monrovia, it may be difficult hereafter to induce them to re- move. The same difficulty occurs with regard to Cape Mount, ^hich will be taken possession of as soon as we are in a condi- tion to do it without incurring any unnecessary risk. I trust you 'Will take an early opportunity to send out the arms and ammuni- tion required for our defence, whenever we occupy that station; the kind and quantity needed were mentioned in my communi- cation per the Schooner Orion* As we are about to extend ourselves along the coast, it is high- ly important that each settlement should be provided with ade- <quate means of defence, so that they may be enabled to maintain their position, should the natives ever manifest a hostile disposi- tion; it would be well, therefore, to endeavor to obtain from the general government such arms and ammunition as may be required for this purpose; you may perhaps procure them as a loan orilo- nation, or on very accommodating terms, both as regards price and time of payment, should they not be inclined either to give or lend them. It will be necessary to have at least 300 good muskets, and two field pieces with plenty of fixed ammunition at each settlement. There are several other articles which are much needed, viz. I fear the arrival of so large a number of emigrants, as we hare every reason to expect will be sent out, will so multiply my du* ties lis to interfere with the contemplated survey of the Colony. — The necessary examinations can only be made during the dry season; the remaining portion of the year, is too inclement to suffer me to expose myself with impunity, and the rivers are so swolen by the rains, that it is impossible to stem the current. My time after I return from Bassa, will be fully occupied in prepa- ring for the reception of the emigrants, who must shortly arrive, and in selecting and laying off farms for those who have lately landed, so that it will be impossible for me to attend to little else — you need not therefore be surprised, should you not re- ceive the information called for by the resolution of the 14th March last, as soon as you had reason to expect from my commu- nication per schr. Hilarity. Your Committee of Accounts were right with respect to the apparent balance against the Society — ^there is in reality no balance, the account is intended to show that I have paid off $9,597 60 more than I actually received; the goods and mer- chandize are credited at first cost, and the profits on those goods together with the drafts enabled me to disburse the total amount as per account— the society was not at the time that account was stated $100 in debt at this place. I regret to learn that McPherson, the colonist alluded to by Gen. Mercer, has been spreading reports injurious to the Colo* i)y,^he was one of those who used no exertion to gain a liveli* hood, and one of the most indolent and good for nothing charac- ters in the Colony. I granted him a passport much against my inclination, not having any plausible pretext of refusing his re- quest to return, I trust when his character is known, any rep-> resentations he may have made, will not have much weight. With great respect and esteem, your obedient servant. Rev. R. R. GuRHY, J. MECHLIN, Jr, ]€32.] Lulesl from Liberia. 43 Liberia, Feb. 18, 1832. Dear 5iir;— Gorernor Mechlin being absent on an expedition to the Bassa country, it devolves npon me to inform yoa of the safe arrival, after a passage of sixty days, of th« Schooner Craw- ford, Taylor master, from New Orleans, with twenty- two emi- grants, under the care of Dr. Shane, of Cincinnati. I look for the return of Governor Mechlin in a few days.—* He has been absent about two weeks; has ascended the St. Johns to the falls, and is the first civilized man who has proceeded 90 far up the river. The emigrants per the ship James Perkins are all doing well,* only five or six have died — principally at the Cape. It was Governor Mechlin's desire that the Board would see fit to order out a quantity of Paints (white, green and black), with spirits of turpentine, paint-oil, putty and brushes, by the first opportunity. I hope Governor Mechlin's letter, addressed to the Board per tiie Ship James Perkins, has come safely to hand. We are in daily expectation of the Norfolk expedition. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, A. D. WILLIAMS, Vice-Ag^nt. Rev. R. R. Gurley, The Colonial Phf •ician. Dr. Todf eo, aiider date of the 23d of January, writeir My Dear Sir: — I have received your favour of the 15th of November, 1631, and would have addressed you a more full and detiftiled account in regard to the Resolutions, a copy of which has been sent to me by Dr. Mechlin, but on the 19th inst. I had several attacks of fever, so that at present, I shall only be able to send you a copy of some remarks written in great haste and addressed to Dr. Mechlin, on the subjects relating to the two first of these resolutions. As regards the third and fourth resolu- tions of the Board, namely "to prepare an account of the fever as it appeared among the emigrants by the Volador under his care," and that it be the duty of the Colonial Physician to pre- pare and transmit to the Board, an account of the fever and diseases generally, as they may affect the emigrants of each ex- pedition: together with the treatment found most successful therein: the number of deaths, &.c. It is out of my power to 44 Latest from Liberia. [Aprils eomplr with tbem, both on account of mjbad health and the great number of the James Perkins' emigrants, (265) which have b^en sent here, 37 of whom are already sick with fevers- while others of the Criterion's and Orion's emigrants are affected with other complaints. I will however prepare the account of fever as soon as it shall be in my power. I rejoice to be able to state that all the emigrants by the Cri ' terion, 44, with the exception of Mr. and Mrs. Caesar, have had the fever. No deaths except the one I stated in my former let- ter, a victim to folly and obstinaey. The Baltimore emigrants, or those by the Orion ^ have been severely attacked by the fever, but all who have bad it, 97 in number^ among whom is a wo- man said to be past one hundred years, are safe. The few deaths amon|; the emigrants by the Volador, Criterioii and Orion, the whole number one hundred and sixty odd, of whom, only one man and three children died, including one child lost by accident, will greatly diminish the terrors excited by our African climate, and show that our fever is as much un*^ der the control of medicine, as a bilious fever is in the U. States^ Feb. 4. I think Millsburg an excellent sit^ for those who may be dis-^ posed to cultivate the soil. At this time, when many spots af Caldwell, and all at the Cape are withered for want of rain, all is verdant and fresh about Millsburg. I have bought a horse of the Arabian breed, brought from the interior. He is small, but & niore beautiful animal I never sair* I liave offered five hun* dred bars, about two hundred dollars, to a native U> induce him to bring down a mare. Once a few horses here, I flatter myself the people will make some roads! roads will induce them, to^ make carts^ ploughs and vehicles. The facility of conveyance then at all seasons, will stimulate them to cultivate many articles^ that will find a ready market for exportation to the Cape. I have learnt from persons who have been at Grand Bassa, that the coun-^ try there is very low. Cape Mount is said to possess the finest water, and from its elevation, would be one of the most healthy sites on the Coast of Africa. Since my acquisition of a horse, my bodily fatigue has greatly diminished. . The list of medicines Sj^nt to you some time ago, will be a good index of what is gener* ally wanted here, with the exception of Quinine, Piperine bark. 1832.] Latest from Liberia* 4ft^ Colombo root, Quassia, Serpenteria, Chamomile flowers and other tonics, of which a much larger quantity should be sent. I would strongly advi^ to send of French Quinine one hundred and fifty ounces. I stand at present much in need of it. The quantity required may appear great; but it is not so for this coun« try, and besides it never spoils as other medicines do, being al« ways put up in glass bottles well secured. We had a remarkable instance of the courage and sagacity of my African horse, a day or two previous to his being brought down from Millsburg. A Leopard entered the yard where the horse and several goats were confined. The Leopard seized one of the goats and was in the act of leaping over the fence with him, when the horse attacked him, by raising himself on bis hind feet and striking with his fore feet, and biting him, forced him to abandon the goat and seek safety in flight. The dog» were so terror-stricken as not even to bark, but ran towards some hoys who witnessed the scene. The horse was bought of King Boatswain who got him from the Foulah Country. He is very gentle and docile. Feb. 13. Deaths of the emigrants by the Volador since their arrival in the Colony, two children; of the Criterion by fever, one man from Natchez above 48 years, and by accident one child; of the Orion emigrants, all are alive JEind well. Of the James Perkins, emi- grants, 260 of them sent to Caldwell, one death. Two-thirds have had the fever. Liberia, Peb. 22, 1832. Rev, and Dear Sir: — I embrace this opportunity per Hilarity, to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of October 19, 1832. We feel sorry that sa many months elapse before you can hear from the Colony, but we know not how the thing is to be reme- died, unless the Society put one or two vessels of their own in the trade. At the arrival of yours, the Agency had addressed the Board by no less than three if not four vessels previously, viz: Eagle (very important,) Zembuca, Criterion and Liberia. We are waiting anxiously to hear from the Board. The Gov- ernor, as you will learn from Mr.^ Williams, has now been absent on an expedition to the Grand Bassa country, which he bat 46 Education of Coloured Children [April, succeeded in purchasing. One of the head men is now here, waiting his arrival. I am pleased to find the agent determined to make settlements at Grand Bassa and Cape Mount. Mr. Williams and myself, would like very much to emigrate to the latter, if the Board would see fit to send us there with Gov. Mechlin's consent. Cape Mount is a place even at present of so much trade, that we ought to settle it as early as possible. I am happy to inform you, that there is a prospect at present of the trade between us and Sierra Leone increasing, to the mu- tual advantage of both colonies. Mrs. Hannah Killum is now on a visit here; she has been out but little as yet. She appears to feel a deep interest in all that concerns Africa. I wish much that some of our rich friends in the U. States, would put it into the power of the Board, to establish an En- glish High School in the Colony. We want one much, as the present schools can hardly be called any thing more than elemen- tary. The schools at this place and Caldwell are doing well, but that at Millsburg, kept by Nathl. Branden, is more nominal than any thing else. The teacher and people feel but little the im- portance of the object. As I wish to be as serviceable as I possibly can to the cause, I am willing to defer my visit to the U. States for a few months. Mr. Williams begs me to tender his aoknowledgments for your despatch of his account. E. Jones is at present at Sierra Leone: He is superintendent of Keat Village. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Rev. R. R. GuRLKT. JOHN B. RUSSWURM. EARLY EDUCATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF COLOUR- ED CHILDREN IN THE BRITISH WEST INDIES. Through the kindness of our friend, Elliott Cresson, now in England, we have been favoured with the Fifth and Sixth Re- ports of the Ladies' Society in that kingdom, for promoting the interesting objects mentioned at the head of this article. This interesting and truly benevolent Society, which is patronized by- many of the first Ladies in England, was established in 1825. — The amount of receipts into their treasury from July, 1839, to Ju- 1832.1 In the Britiih West Indiet. 4$ \j, 1630, was iS1205, 19s. 6J. and from Julj, 1630, to Julr, 1831, £l&ni, 19s. 6d. The followisg extracts are made from the Fifth Report. "No doubt can any lon^r be entertained as to the capacity of improve- ment in the Ne^o race, for it has been ascertained in almost unnumber- ed instances, that the children possess, not only an extreme desire for instruction, but also, considerable quickness of apprehension and a re- tentive memory. The unfavourable nature of the soil cannot, therefore, be pleaded as an excuse for neglecting its cultivation, but all who are disposed to labour in this field may be cheered by the promise of an abun- dant harvest. The well-instructed Neg^o is invariably found to become more honest, orderly, and industrious; and the proprietors of estates, we hope, are increasingly convinced that, by promoting the moral and reli- gious improvement of their slaves, they are also advancing their own in- terests. Nor let it be supposed that the effects of education will be re- mote, and not become evident till the children arrive at maturity. Al- ready we are assured that wherever schools are established, their influ- eace is felt by the adult population in the neighbourhood, and in so/ne cases, parents have been known to listen eagerly to the instructions of their own children, and learn from them to read the word of God. It is, also, a happy circumstance, that however depraved or degraded they may be themselves, they are universally desirous that their children should be taught. 'In giving a narrative of their proceedings, the Committee will first no- tice the Island of Jamaica, which yet stajids alone in possessing an Aux- Uiary Association of Ladies. The non-arrival of their Third Annual Re- port is much to be regretted, as without it any account of the Society's proceedings in that Island must be imperfect. In a recent communica* tion, the Secretary writes, 'We are constrained to ascribe to God all the glory when we find that we have been enabled to provide instruction for fix huntU'ed chUdren, f&ur hundred of whom are slaves^ chiefly bytheiud of the Ladies? Society, &c- Jill these children are taught to read,* **The parish of Portland has long been an object of much interest to the Committee, who rejoice in being able to state that, by means of your So- ciety, in conjunction with some other kindred institutions, three hun- dred children in tliat parish are now under a course of instruction, and are taught to read the scriptures for themselves. When it is remember- ed that, in the year 1827, when application was first made to the Com- mittee, there was not, in the whole parish, a single school of any descrip- tion, this gratifying change must excite surprise as well as pleasure. "Much, however, yet remains to be done, and a station has been point- ed out, which will be more exclusively occupied by your Society, St Ifargaret's Bay is the spot referred to, and a school-house has recently been erected there, at an expense which the Committee could not hava 48 Education of Coloured Children [Apri]| incurred^ had not the Bristol Auxiliary Association assisted them by the munificent g^ant of £50 sterling towards that object. The attendance of forty slave and twenty poor free coloured children, is confidently ex- pected during the week, and the master will keep a Sunday-school to instruct in reading, all who may be disposed to attend, thus enabling any slave to acquire for himself this inestimable privilege. ''The schools connected with the Moravian settlement at New Carmelp continue to prosper. They were visited, during last Autumn, by the Bishop of Jamaica, who was much g^tified by the ease with which the children of the first classes read the chapters he selected for them. His Lordship also noticed, with approbation, the correctness of their pro* nunciation: 150 children belonging to three schools, were present at this examination, when they also repeated the Church Catechism, and sang several hymns. t "The demand for moral and religious books in this neighbourhood is very great, and the Committee have received the warmest acknowledg- ments for the supply sent out for the use of the schools, and also for those contributed towards a lending library, established by the Morjivian Mis- sionary. The good effect of these schools is such as might have been •xpected, not only in improving the understanding, but in influencing the hearts of the children, and producing a quick sense of right and wrong, with a tenderness of conscience which cannot be too highly esti- mated. "The various Institutions in Ahtioua, which I'eceive' assistance from the Ladies' Society, continue to merit and require all possible support. The 'Female Refuge for Destitute Free Children of Colour,' is conducted on the same economical and judicious plans as formerly; but its funds are still so low as to limit the number of its inmates to fourteen. *' The Report of the Institution states, 'It is with great pleasure your Committee observe in those girls, who have grown up under your care, a remarkable contrast to others of the same age and station in life, who have not had the advantages which they enjoy.' Indeed, the highest testimony is borne to the good conduct of the poor girls educated in this Institution, wherever their lot may be cast; one of them has even been advanced to the management of a similar establishment in another island. "The English Harbour Sunday School goes on prosperously. A cor- respondent mentions that the two last slaves admitted are distinguished by their diligence and improvement in learning. " The English Harbour Infant School and its Branch Establishment at Indian Creek, contain, in all, thirty-nine scholars, some of whom are poor free children of colour^ and some of them slaves; the former being fre- quently in & more wretched and neglected condition, as to morals, than the latter. All the children learn to read; and those who are old enough are also taught writing and arithmetic. The girls, at Indian Creek, are instructed in needlcA^ork. A letter, dated May the 1st, states, that 1S3*2.] In the BritiMh West tndiet. 49 many of th^ children have much improved in reading^, and* in all re* spects, are greatly benefited by the Infant Schools, which prove to be on a plan of great utility in formings early habits of religious knowledge and propriety of manners." ** The Committee cannot speak of their schools at Willoughby-bay "without peculiar satisfaction; and are rejoiced to state that, under the su- perintendence of Mr. and Mrs. Thwaites, eig^ht Infant Schools have been established in that part of Antigfua, at the expense of our Sciciety. ** In these schools, besides 31 S infants, 144 children receive instructioii at noon, and 102 at night, (being prevented by their occupations fh>ni attending during the day,) making a total of 461 children. All these are taught reading, and some of them have made an astonishing proficien- cy in it, as was proved at an examination last Christmas. Mr. Thwaites has been singularly happy in procuring suitable teachers, who love their work and have gained the afiectious of their little pupils in a remarkable degree. *<An application was made, last February, by the Rev. B. Luckock, Rural Dean of Montserrat, and Rector of St. Anthony's, for rewards for the Free Negp^e and Slave children in his schools, in number 750. This requeit was readily complied with by the Committee, who were glad to receive* in a second letter fVom Mr. Luckock, the following satis&ctory atate-^ ment: — 'I am sorry to find that any doubt should have existed in En- l^land as to the children being taught reading in the different schools in the West Indies, but am happy to be able, by an unqualified assertion to the contrary, to refute so erroneous an opinion, not only as regards thisp but, also, the two large neighbouring Islands of Antigua and St. Christo- pher, whose schools I have liad opportunities of personally inspecting.— Indeed, on the estates which are weekly visited by myself, or the Cate* chists under my direction, both the children and adults so disposed are invariably taught to read, as well as instructed in religious knowledge.* *<A pressing appeal has been made by the Superintendent of the Wei- leyan Mission, at Tortola, for assistance in erecting a school-room in that island, and also for books, of which he says they stand gfreatly in need. **An application has also been received from a Wesleyan Missionary, at Kingston, Jamaica, on behalf of the day-school lately established in that town. '* <An Infiint School has been established in the Island of Nevis, upon the same system as the Parent School in London. The Master and Mis- tress were sent out from England fully qualified, having previously re- ceived instruction at the original Institution. It is attended by the chil- dren of four different estates, and is now flourishing beyond expectation.
| 22,536 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57278879
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Axes Grinds, John Joe, abhishake, dheeraj reddy, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1032620, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10935049, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11319773, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4429795, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5156075, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7418129, user1032620, user7418129
|
English
|
Spoken
| 381 | 554 |
How to keep my flutter app running in the background when close?
I am building an app and I want it to show up in the user's notification bar and run in the background even when it's closed. Similar to "KWGT Kustom Widget Maker".
I've tried looking for libraries that allow this, but I can only find those related to java. Are there any available for Dart/Flutter or any other workaround? I am only targeting android devices.
The mechanism for this feature involves setting up an isolate. Isolates are Dart’s model for multithreading, though an isolate differs from a conventional thread in that it doesn’t share memory with the main program. You’ll set up your isolate for background execution using callbacks and a callback dispatcher.
For more information and a geofencing example that uses background execution of Dart code, see Executing Dart in the Background with Flutter Plugins and Geofencing, an article in the Flutter Publication on Medium. At the end of this article, you’ll find links to example code, and relevant documentation for Dart, iOS, and Android
I used a package called flutter_background , which worked for me perfectly.
only android compatible
After searching, I guess you have two solution:
You can use flutter wrapper for both android and IOS platform, but you won't be able to run jobs often than every 15 minutes. If you want to schedule jobs more often, you'll need to write platform dependent code, using the android_alarm_manager flutter package and background_fetch for IOS.
You can trigger the correct one using the Platform function in dart.
You should use Isolates for this, also you can use android_alarm_manager or background_fetch libraries
You can use the flutter_workmanager plugin.
It's better than the android_alarm_manager plugin since it uses newer API's on Android and also works with iOS.
but one off task not available in ios.
workmanager can only print mesages, it cannot use any function or methodcall. Pathetic
android_alarm_manager can run the task periodically in seconds - whereas flutter_workmanager can achieve min 15 min timeframe. android_alarm_manager is clearly a winner.
android_alarm_manager and workmanager. Between these which is able to run tasks even when the app is closed from the ram/recent apps?
Work_manager can't be used if it is needed less than 15 minutes. It schedules more than 15 minutes
| 14,578 |
https://github.com/mxenabled/atrium-java/blob/master/src/main/java/com/mx/atrium/MerchantsApi.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
atrium-java
|
mxenabled
|
Java
|
Code
| 2,404 | 7,073 |
/*
* MX API
* The MX Atrium API supports over 48,000 data connections to thousands of financial institutions. It provides secure access to your users' accounts and transactions with industry-leading cleansing, categorization, and classification. Atrium is designed according to resource-oriented REST architecture and responds with JSON bodies and HTTP response codes. Use Atrium's development environment, vestibule.mx.com, to quickly get up and running. The development environment limits are 100 users, 25 members per user, and access to the top 15 institutions. Contact MX to purchase production access.
*
* OpenAPI spec version: 0.1
*
*/
package com.mx.atrium;
import com.mx.atrium.ApiCallback;
import com.mx.atrium.ApiClient;
import com.mx.atrium.ApiException;
import com.mx.atrium.ApiResponse;
import com.mx.atrium.Configuration;
import com.mx.atrium.Pair;
import com.mx.atrium.ProgressRequestBody;
import com.mx.atrium.ProgressResponseBody;
import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
import java.io.IOException;
import com.mx.model.MerchantLocationResponseBody;
import com.mx.model.MerchantLocationsResponseBody;
import com.mx.model.MerchantResponseBody;
import com.mx.model.MerchantsResponseBody;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
public class MerchantsApi {
private ApiClient apiClient;
public MerchantsApi() {
this(Configuration.getDefaultApiClient());
}
public MerchantsApi(ApiClient apiClient) {
this.apiClient = apiClient;
}
public ApiClient getApiClient() {
return apiClient;
}
public void setApiClient(ApiClient apiClient) {
this.apiClient = apiClient;
}
/**
* Build call for listMerchantLocations
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @param progressListener Progress listener
* @param progressRequestListener Progress request listener
* @return Call to execute
* @throws ApiException If fail to serialize the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call listMerchantLocationsCall(String merchantGuid, Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
Object localVarPostBody = null;
// create path and map variables
String localVarPath = "/merchants/{merchant_guid}/merchant_locations"
.replaceAll("\\{" + "merchant_guid" + "\\}", apiClient.escapeString(merchantGuid.toString()));
List<Pair> localVarQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
List<Pair> localVarCollectionQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
if (page != null)
localVarQueryParams.addAll(apiClient.parameterToPair("page", page));
if (recordsPerPage != null)
localVarQueryParams.addAll(apiClient.parameterToPair("records_per_page", recordsPerPage));
Map<String, String> localVarHeaderParams = new HashMap<String, String>();
Map<String, Object> localVarFormParams = new HashMap<String, Object>();
final String[] localVarAccepts = {
"application/vnd.mx.atrium.v1+json"
};
final String localVarAccept = apiClient.selectHeaderAccept(localVarAccepts);
if (localVarAccept != null) localVarHeaderParams.put("Accept", localVarAccept);
final String[] localVarContentTypes = {
};
final String localVarContentType = apiClient.selectHeaderContentType(localVarContentTypes);
localVarHeaderParams.put("Content-Type", localVarContentType);
if(progressListener != null) {
apiClient.getHttpClient().networkInterceptors().add(new com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor() {
@Override
public com.squareup.okhttp.Response intercept(com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor.Chain chain) throws IOException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Response originalResponse = chain.proceed(chain.request());
return originalResponse.newBuilder()
.body(new ProgressResponseBody(originalResponse.body(), progressListener))
.build();
}
});
}
String[] localVarAuthNames = new String[] { "apiKey", "clientID" };
return apiClient.buildCall(localVarPath, "GET", localVarQueryParams, localVarCollectionQueryParams, localVarPostBody, localVarHeaderParams, localVarFormParams, localVarAuthNames, progressRequestListener);
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
private com.squareup.okhttp.Call listMerchantLocationsValidateBeforeCall(String merchantGuid, Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
// verify the required parameter 'merchantGuid' is set
if (merchantGuid == null) {
throw new ApiException("Missing the required parameter 'merchantGuid' when calling listMerchantLocations(Async)");
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = listMerchantLocationsCall(merchantGuid, page, recordsPerPage, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
return call;
}
/**
* List merchant locations
* Returns a list of all the merchant locations associated with a merchant, including physical location, latitude, longitude, etc.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @return MerchantLocationsResponseBody
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public MerchantLocationsResponseBody listMerchantLocations(String merchantGuid, Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage) throws ApiException {
ApiResponse<MerchantLocationsResponseBody> resp = listMerchantLocationsWithHttpInfo(merchantGuid, page, recordsPerPage);
return resp.getData();
}
/**
* List merchant locations
* Returns a list of all the merchant locations associated with a merchant, including physical location, latitude, longitude, etc.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @return ApiResponse<MerchantLocationsResponseBody>
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public ApiResponse<MerchantLocationsResponseBody> listMerchantLocationsWithHttpInfo(String merchantGuid, Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage) throws ApiException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = listMerchantLocationsValidateBeforeCall(merchantGuid, page, recordsPerPage, null, null);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantLocationsResponseBody>(){}.getType();
return apiClient.execute(call, localVarReturnType);
}
/**
* List merchant locations (asynchronously)
* Returns a list of all the merchant locations associated with a merchant, including physical location, latitude, longitude, etc.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @param callback The callback to be executed when the API call finishes
* @return The request call
* @throws ApiException If fail to process the API call, e.g. serializing the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call listMerchantLocationsAsync(String merchantGuid, Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage, final ApiCallback<MerchantLocationsResponseBody> callback) throws ApiException {
ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener = null;
ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener = null;
if (callback != null) {
progressListener = new ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener() {
@Override
public void update(long bytesRead, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onDownloadProgress(bytesRead, contentLength, done);
}
};
progressRequestListener = new ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener() {
@Override
public void onRequestProgress(long bytesWritten, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onUploadProgress(bytesWritten, contentLength, done);
}
};
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = listMerchantLocationsValidateBeforeCall(merchantGuid, page, recordsPerPage, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantLocationsResponseBody>(){}.getType();
apiClient.executeAsync(call, localVarReturnType, callback);
return call;
}
/**
* Build call for listMerchants
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @param progressListener Progress listener
* @param progressRequestListener Progress request listener
* @return Call to execute
* @throws ApiException If fail to serialize the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call listMerchantsCall(Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
Object localVarPostBody = null;
// create path and map variables
String localVarPath = "/merchants";
List<Pair> localVarQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
List<Pair> localVarCollectionQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
if (page != null)
localVarQueryParams.addAll(apiClient.parameterToPair("page", page));
if (recordsPerPage != null)
localVarQueryParams.addAll(apiClient.parameterToPair("records_per_page", recordsPerPage));
Map<String, String> localVarHeaderParams = new HashMap<String, String>();
Map<String, Object> localVarFormParams = new HashMap<String, Object>();
final String[] localVarAccepts = {
"application/vnd.mx.atrium.v1+json"
};
final String localVarAccept = apiClient.selectHeaderAccept(localVarAccepts);
if (localVarAccept != null) localVarHeaderParams.put("Accept", localVarAccept);
final String[] localVarContentTypes = {
};
final String localVarContentType = apiClient.selectHeaderContentType(localVarContentTypes);
localVarHeaderParams.put("Content-Type", localVarContentType);
if(progressListener != null) {
apiClient.getHttpClient().networkInterceptors().add(new com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor() {
@Override
public com.squareup.okhttp.Response intercept(com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor.Chain chain) throws IOException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Response originalResponse = chain.proceed(chain.request());
return originalResponse.newBuilder()
.body(new ProgressResponseBody(originalResponse.body(), progressListener))
.build();
}
});
}
String[] localVarAuthNames = new String[] { "apiKey", "clientID" };
return apiClient.buildCall(localVarPath, "GET", localVarQueryParams, localVarCollectionQueryParams, localVarPostBody, localVarHeaderParams, localVarFormParams, localVarAuthNames, progressRequestListener);
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
private com.squareup.okhttp.Call listMerchantsValidateBeforeCall(Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = listMerchantsCall(page, recordsPerPage, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
return call;
}
/**
* List merchants
* Returns a list of merchnants.
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @return MerchantsResponseBody
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public MerchantsResponseBody listMerchants(Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage) throws ApiException {
ApiResponse<MerchantsResponseBody> resp = listMerchantsWithHttpInfo(page, recordsPerPage);
return resp.getData();
}
/**
* List merchants
* Returns a list of merchnants.
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @return ApiResponse<MerchantsResponseBody>
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public ApiResponse<MerchantsResponseBody> listMerchantsWithHttpInfo(Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage) throws ApiException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = listMerchantsValidateBeforeCall(page, recordsPerPage, null, null);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantsResponseBody>(){}.getType();
return apiClient.execute(call, localVarReturnType);
}
/**
* List merchants (asynchronously)
* Returns a list of merchnants.
* @param page Specify current page. (optional)
* @param recordsPerPage Specify records per page. (optional)
* @param callback The callback to be executed when the API call finishes
* @return The request call
* @throws ApiException If fail to process the API call, e.g. serializing the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call listMerchantsAsync(Integer page, Integer recordsPerPage, final ApiCallback<MerchantsResponseBody> callback) throws ApiException {
ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener = null;
ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener = null;
if (callback != null) {
progressListener = new ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener() {
@Override
public void update(long bytesRead, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onDownloadProgress(bytesRead, contentLength, done);
}
};
progressRequestListener = new ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener() {
@Override
public void onRequestProgress(long bytesWritten, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onUploadProgress(bytesWritten, contentLength, done);
}
};
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = listMerchantsValidateBeforeCall(page, recordsPerPage, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantsResponseBody>(){}.getType();
apiClient.executeAsync(call, localVarReturnType, callback);
return call;
}
/**
* Build call for readMerchant
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param progressListener Progress listener
* @param progressRequestListener Progress request listener
* @return Call to execute
* @throws ApiException If fail to serialize the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call readMerchantCall(String merchantGuid, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
Object localVarPostBody = null;
// create path and map variables
String localVarPath = "/merchants/{merchant_guid}"
.replaceAll("\\{" + "merchant_guid" + "\\}", apiClient.escapeString(merchantGuid.toString()));
List<Pair> localVarQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
List<Pair> localVarCollectionQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
Map<String, String> localVarHeaderParams = new HashMap<String, String>();
Map<String, Object> localVarFormParams = new HashMap<String, Object>();
final String[] localVarAccepts = {
"application/vnd.mx.atrium.v1+json"
};
final String localVarAccept = apiClient.selectHeaderAccept(localVarAccepts);
if (localVarAccept != null) localVarHeaderParams.put("Accept", localVarAccept);
final String[] localVarContentTypes = {
};
final String localVarContentType = apiClient.selectHeaderContentType(localVarContentTypes);
localVarHeaderParams.put("Content-Type", localVarContentType);
if(progressListener != null) {
apiClient.getHttpClient().networkInterceptors().add(new com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor() {
@Override
public com.squareup.okhttp.Response intercept(com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor.Chain chain) throws IOException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Response originalResponse = chain.proceed(chain.request());
return originalResponse.newBuilder()
.body(new ProgressResponseBody(originalResponse.body(), progressListener))
.build();
}
});
}
String[] localVarAuthNames = new String[] { "apiKey", "clientID" };
return apiClient.buildCall(localVarPath, "GET", localVarQueryParams, localVarCollectionQueryParams, localVarPostBody, localVarHeaderParams, localVarFormParams, localVarAuthNames, progressRequestListener);
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
private com.squareup.okhttp.Call readMerchantValidateBeforeCall(String merchantGuid, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
// verify the required parameter 'merchantGuid' is set
if (merchantGuid == null) {
throw new ApiException("Missing the required parameter 'merchantGuid' when calling readMerchant(Async)");
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = readMerchantCall(merchantGuid, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
return call;
}
/**
* Read merchant
* Returns information about a particular merchant, such as a logo, name, and website.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @return MerchantResponseBody
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public MerchantResponseBody readMerchant(String merchantGuid) throws ApiException {
ApiResponse<MerchantResponseBody> resp = readMerchantWithHttpInfo(merchantGuid);
return resp.getData();
}
/**
* Read merchant
* Returns information about a particular merchant, such as a logo, name, and website.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @return ApiResponse<MerchantResponseBody>
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public ApiResponse<MerchantResponseBody> readMerchantWithHttpInfo(String merchantGuid) throws ApiException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = readMerchantValidateBeforeCall(merchantGuid, null, null);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantResponseBody>(){}.getType();
return apiClient.execute(call, localVarReturnType);
}
/**
* Read merchant (asynchronously)
* Returns information about a particular merchant, such as a logo, name, and website.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param callback The callback to be executed when the API call finishes
* @return The request call
* @throws ApiException If fail to process the API call, e.g. serializing the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call readMerchantAsync(String merchantGuid, final ApiCallback<MerchantResponseBody> callback) throws ApiException {
ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener = null;
ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener = null;
if (callback != null) {
progressListener = new ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener() {
@Override
public void update(long bytesRead, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onDownloadProgress(bytesRead, contentLength, done);
}
};
progressRequestListener = new ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener() {
@Override
public void onRequestProgress(long bytesWritten, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onUploadProgress(bytesWritten, contentLength, done);
}
};
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = readMerchantValidateBeforeCall(merchantGuid, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantResponseBody>(){}.getType();
apiClient.executeAsync(call, localVarReturnType, callback);
return call;
}
/**
* Build call for readMerchantLocation
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param merchantLocationGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant_location`. (required)
* @param progressListener Progress listener
* @param progressRequestListener Progress request listener
* @return Call to execute
* @throws ApiException If fail to serialize the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call readMerchantLocationCall(String merchantGuid, String merchantLocationGuid, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
Object localVarPostBody = null;
// create path and map variables
String localVarPath = "/merchants/{merchant_guid}/merchant_locations/{merchant_location_guid}"
.replaceAll("\\{" + "merchant_guid" + "\\}", apiClient.escapeString(merchantGuid.toString()))
.replaceAll("\\{" + "merchant_location_guid" + "\\}", apiClient.escapeString(merchantLocationGuid.toString()));
List<Pair> localVarQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
List<Pair> localVarCollectionQueryParams = new ArrayList<Pair>();
Map<String, String> localVarHeaderParams = new HashMap<String, String>();
Map<String, Object> localVarFormParams = new HashMap<String, Object>();
final String[] localVarAccepts = {
"application/vnd.mx.atrium.v1+json"
};
final String localVarAccept = apiClient.selectHeaderAccept(localVarAccepts);
if (localVarAccept != null) localVarHeaderParams.put("Accept", localVarAccept);
final String[] localVarContentTypes = {
};
final String localVarContentType = apiClient.selectHeaderContentType(localVarContentTypes);
localVarHeaderParams.put("Content-Type", localVarContentType);
if(progressListener != null) {
apiClient.getHttpClient().networkInterceptors().add(new com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor() {
@Override
public com.squareup.okhttp.Response intercept(com.squareup.okhttp.Interceptor.Chain chain) throws IOException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Response originalResponse = chain.proceed(chain.request());
return originalResponse.newBuilder()
.body(new ProgressResponseBody(originalResponse.body(), progressListener))
.build();
}
});
}
String[] localVarAuthNames = new String[] { "apiKey", "clientID" };
return apiClient.buildCall(localVarPath, "GET", localVarQueryParams, localVarCollectionQueryParams, localVarPostBody, localVarHeaderParams, localVarFormParams, localVarAuthNames, progressRequestListener);
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
private com.squareup.okhttp.Call readMerchantLocationValidateBeforeCall(String merchantGuid, String merchantLocationGuid, final ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener, final ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener) throws ApiException {
// verify the required parameter 'merchantGuid' is set
if (merchantGuid == null) {
throw new ApiException("Missing the required parameter 'merchantGuid' when calling readMerchantLocation(Async)");
}
// verify the required parameter 'merchantLocationGuid' is set
if (merchantLocationGuid == null) {
throw new ApiException("Missing the required parameter 'merchantLocationGuid' when calling readMerchantLocation(Async)");
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = readMerchantLocationCall(merchantGuid, merchantLocationGuid, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
return call;
}
/**
* Read merchant location
* Retuns a specific location associated with a merchant, including physical location, latitude, longitude, etc.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param merchantLocationGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant_location`. (required)
* @return MerchantLocationResponseBody
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public MerchantLocationResponseBody readMerchantLocation(String merchantGuid, String merchantLocationGuid) throws ApiException {
ApiResponse<MerchantLocationResponseBody> resp = readMerchantLocationWithHttpInfo(merchantGuid, merchantLocationGuid);
return resp.getData();
}
/**
* Read merchant location
* Retuns a specific location associated with a merchant, including physical location, latitude, longitude, etc.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param merchantLocationGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant_location`. (required)
* @return ApiResponse<MerchantLocationResponseBody>
* @throws ApiException If fail to call the API, e.g. server error or cannot deserialize the response body
*/
public ApiResponse<MerchantLocationResponseBody> readMerchantLocationWithHttpInfo(String merchantGuid, String merchantLocationGuid) throws ApiException {
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = readMerchantLocationValidateBeforeCall(merchantGuid, merchantLocationGuid, null, null);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantLocationResponseBody>(){}.getType();
return apiClient.execute(call, localVarReturnType);
}
/**
* Read merchant location (asynchronously)
* Retuns a specific location associated with a merchant, including physical location, latitude, longitude, etc.
* @param merchantGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant`. (required)
* @param merchantLocationGuid The unique identifier for a `merchant_location`. (required)
* @param callback The callback to be executed when the API call finishes
* @return The request call
* @throws ApiException If fail to process the API call, e.g. serializing the request body object
*/
public com.squareup.okhttp.Call readMerchantLocationAsync(String merchantGuid, String merchantLocationGuid, final ApiCallback<MerchantLocationResponseBody> callback) throws ApiException {
ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener progressListener = null;
ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener progressRequestListener = null;
if (callback != null) {
progressListener = new ProgressResponseBody.ProgressListener() {
@Override
public void update(long bytesRead, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onDownloadProgress(bytesRead, contentLength, done);
}
};
progressRequestListener = new ProgressRequestBody.ProgressRequestListener() {
@Override
public void onRequestProgress(long bytesWritten, long contentLength, boolean done) {
callback.onUploadProgress(bytesWritten, contentLength, done);
}
};
}
com.squareup.okhttp.Call call = readMerchantLocationValidateBeforeCall(merchantGuid, merchantLocationGuid, progressListener, progressRequestListener);
Type localVarReturnType = new TypeToken<MerchantLocationResponseBody>(){}.getType();
apiClient.executeAsync(call, localVarReturnType, callback);
return call;
}
}
| 36,358 |
https://github.com/DimitarGabreshanec/Shark/blob/master/resources/views/user/auth/register/before.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Shark
|
DimitarGabreshanec
|
PHP
|
Code
| 64 | 330 |
@extends('user.layouts.auth')
@section('title', '会員登録')
@section('header')
<h1 id="title">会員登録</h1>
@endsection
@section('content')
<div id="wrapper">
<ul class="account-btns">
<li class="google"><input type="button" value="Googleで登録" onClick="location.href='{{ route('social.login', ['provider'=>'google']) }}'; return false;"></li>
<li class="facebook"><input type="button" value="Facebookで登録" onClick="location.href='{{ route('social.login', ['provider'=>'facebook']) }}'; return false;"></li>
<li class="apple"><input type="button" value="Appleで登録" onClick="location.href='{{ route('social.login', ['provider'=>'apple']) }}'; return false;"></li>
<li class="mail"><input type="button" value="メールアドレスで登録" onClick="location.href='{{ route('user.register.form') }}'; return false;"></li>
<li class="line"><input type="button" value="LINEで登録" onClick="location.href='{{ route('social.login', ['provider'=>'line']) }}'; return false;"></li>
</ul>
</div>
@endsection
| 33,355 |
https://github.com/Naturalclar/expo-typescript-starter/blob/master/src/components/TabBarIcon.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
expo-typescript-starter
|
Naturalclar
|
TSX
|
Code
| 61 | 167 |
import React from 'react';
import * as Icon from '@expo/vector-icons';
import { StyleSheet } from 'react-native';
import Colors from '../constants/Colors';
interface Props {
name: string;
focused: boolean;
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
icon:{ marginBottom: -3 },
});
const TabBarIcon = ({ name, focused }: Props) => (
<Icon.Ionicons
name={name}
size={26}
style={styles.icon}
color={focused ? Colors.tabIconSelected : Colors.tabIconDefault}
/>
);
export default TabBarIcon;
| 41,753 |
https://github.com/steinuil/books/blob/master/the-little-schemer/chapter-06.scm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
books
|
steinuil
|
Scheme
|
Code
| 191 | 635 |
(define (atom? x)
(and (not (pair? x))
(not (null? x))))
;; Start
(define (numbered? aexp)
(if (atom? aexp) (number? aexp)
(and (numbered? (car aexp))
(numbered? (caddr aexp)))))
(define (value nexp)
(cond
((atom? nexp) nexp)
((eq? (cadr nexp) '+)
(o+ (value (car nexp))
(value (caddr nexp))))
((eq? (cadr nexp) '*)
(o* (value (car nexp))
(value (caddr nexp))))
((eq? (cadr nexp) '**)
(o** (value (car nexp))
(value (caddr nexp))))))
(define (value nexp)
(cond
((atom? nexp) nexp)
((eq? (car nexp) '+)
(o+ (value (cadr nexp))
(value (caddr nexp))))
((eq? (car nexp) '*)
(o* (value (cadr nexp))
(value (caddr nexp))))
((eq? (car nexp) '+)
(o** (value (cadr nexp))
(value (caddr nexp))))))
(define (first-sub-exp aexp)
(cadr aexp))
(define (second-sub-exp aexp)
(caddr aexp))
(define (operator aexp)
(car aexp))
(define (value nexp)
(cond
((atom? nexp) nexp)
((eq? (operator nexp) '+)
(o+ (value (first-sub-exp nexp))
(value (second-sub-exp nexp))))
((eq? (operator nexp) '*)
(o* (value (first-sub-exp nexp))
(value (second-sub-exp nexp))))
((eq? (operator nexp) '+)
(o** (value (first-sub-exp nexp))
(value (second-sub-exp nexp))))))
(define (sero? n)
(null? n))
(define (edd1 n)
(cons '() n))
(define (zub1 n)
(cdr n))
(define (edd n m)
(if (sero? m) n
(edd (edd1 n) (zub1 m))))
| 20,340 |
US-201414454056-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 567 | 637 |
12. A content delivery system, comprising: a network headend including a receiver configured to receive content; a command recovery module for processing, at said network headend, a command received from a remote location indicating that a program included in said received content is to be blocked from delivery to a region; and a distribution control circuit configured to: block distribution of said program to the region which said received command has indicated to be blocked; and control distribution of the received content to at least some other regions.
13. The content delivery system of claim 12, wherein said distribution control circuit is configured to communicate separate copies of the received content to different local distribution centers corresponding to regions where the program is not to be blocked using: i) different ports at the network headend or ii) different port and IP address combinations for different local distribution centers, as part of being configured to control distribution of the received content.
14. The content delivery system of claim 13, wherein said distribution control circuit is configured to block, at said network headend, said program from being output using a port and an IP address used to deliver content to a local distribution center corresponding to the region from which the program is to be blocked, as part of being configured to block distribution of said program to the region.
15. The content delivery system of claim 11, wherein said distribution control circuit is further configured to control distribution of the received content to regions that are serviced by different local distribution centers; and wherein the content delivery system further comprises a content replication circuit configured to replicate received content at said network headend to generate multiple individual copies of the received content, one copy for each local distribution center to which the content is to be distributed.
16. The content delivery system of claim 11, wherein said received command indicates the region to which content delivery is to be blocked by specifying: i) a port number and ii) an IP address corresponding to said region to which content delivery is to be blocked.
17. The content delivery system of claim 16, wherein said distribution control circuit is further configured to block delivery of said program to a local distribution center corresponding to the region which is to be blocked, as part of being configured to block distribution of said program to the region which said received command has indicated to be blocked.
18. The content delivery system of claim 11, wherein said receiver is configured to receive said command via a satellite communications link.
19. The content delivery system of claim 18, wherein said command includes information identifying both the port number and the IP address, wherein the content delivery system further comprises a recovery circuit configured to recover, from the received command, the information identifying the port number and IP address corresponding to said region from which delivery of the program is to be blocked; and wherein said distribution control circuit is further configured to control outputting of alternative program content in place of the program content to be blocked using the indicated port and IP address.
20. The content delivery system of claim 19, wherein said receiver is further configured to receive, via said satellite communications link, information indicating specific alternative program content to be distributed in place of the program which is to be blocked..
| 42,771 |
https://github.com/Yum-cn/anhuay_lite/blob/master/src/main/java/com/anhuay/os/service/impl/OsManagerServiceImpl.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
anhuay_lite
|
Yum-cn
|
Java
|
Code
| 112 | 485 |
package com.anhuay.os.service.impl;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import com.anhuay.os.dao.OsManagerDao;
import com.anhuay.os.domain.OsManagerDO;
import com.anhuay.os.service.OsManagerService;
@Service
public class OsManagerServiceImpl implements OsManagerService {
@Autowired
private OsManagerDao osManagerDao;
@Override
public OsManagerDO get(Integer id){
return osManagerDao.get(id);
}
@Override
public List<OsManagerDO> list(Map<String, Object> map){
return osManagerDao.list(map);
}
@Override
public int count(Map<String, Object> map){
return osManagerDao.count(map);
}
@Override
public int save(OsManagerDO osManager){
return osManagerDao.save(osManager);
}
@Override
public int update(OsManagerDO osManager){
return osManagerDao.update(osManager);
}
@Override
public int remove(Integer id){
return osManagerDao.remove(id);
}
@Override
public int batchRemove(Integer[] ids){
return osManagerDao.batchRemove(ids);
}
@Override
public int updateStatus(Integer id){
return osManagerDao.updateStatus(id);
}
@Override
public int batchUpdateStatus(Integer[] ids){
return osManagerDao.batchUpdateStatus(ids);
}
@Override
public OsManagerDO getOsManager(Map<String, Object> map) {
return osManagerDao.getOsManager(map);
}
}
| 34,016 |
https://github.com/crhntr/gobel/blob/master/es6/ast_test.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
gobel
|
crhntr
|
Go
|
Code
| 604 | 1,960 |
package es6_test
import (
"testing"
"github.com/crhntr/gobel/es6"
)
func TestParseIdentifierNode(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("should return IdentifierNode token", func(t *testing.T) {
justAnIdentifier := "foo"
lex := es6.Lex("", justAnIdentifier, false)
node, err := es6.ParseIdentifierNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.Name != justAnIdentifier {
t.Errorf("identifierNode.Name should be %q but got %q", justAnIdentifier, node.Name)
}
})
t.Run("should not allow a ReservedWord", func(t *testing.T) {
aReservedWord := "import"
lex := es6.Lex("", aReservedWord, false)
_, err := es6.ParseIdentifierNode(lex)
if err == nil {
t.Fail()
}
})
}
func TestParseExportsListNode(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("should allow as Identifier", func(t *testing.T) {
foo := "foo"
lex := es6.Lex("", foo, false)
node, err := es6.ParseExportsListNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if len(node.List) != 1 {
t.Error(`len(node.List) != 3"`)
}
for i, str := range []string{"foo"} {
if node.List[i].Name != str {
t.Errorf("node.List[%d].Name != %q", i, str)
}
}
})
t.Run("should varify Exports name is acceptable", func(t *testing.T) {
fooBarBaz := "foo, for"
lex := es6.Lex("", fooBarBaz, false)
_, err := es6.ParseExportsListNode(lex)
if err == nil {
t.Error("err == nil")
}
})
t.Run("should allow as Identifier", func(t *testing.T) {
fooBarBaz := "foo, bar, baz"
lex := es6.Lex("", fooBarBaz, false)
node, err := es6.ParseExportsListNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if len(node.List) != 3 {
t.Error(`len(node.List) != 3"`)
}
for i, str := range []string{"foo", "bar", "baz"} {
if node.List[i].Name != str {
t.Errorf("node.List[%d].Name != %q", i, str)
}
}
})
}
func TestParseExportSpecifierNode(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("should allow as Identifier", func(t *testing.T) {
fooAsBar := "foo as bar"
lex := es6.Lex("", fooAsBar, false)
node, err := es6.ParseExportSpecifierNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.Name != "foo" {
t.Error(`node.Name != "foo"`)
}
if node.As.Name != "bar" {
t.Error(`node.As.Name != "bar"`)
}
})
t.Run("should allow as Identifier", func(t *testing.T) {
fooAsBar := " foo "
lex := es6.Lex("", fooAsBar, false)
node, err := es6.ParseExportSpecifierNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.Name != "foo" {
t.Error(`node.Name != "foo"`)
}
})
t.Run("should allow as Identifier", func(t *testing.T) {
fooAsBar := " for "
lex := es6.Lex("", fooAsBar, false)
_, err := es6.ParseExportSpecifierNode(lex)
if err == nil {
t.Error("should now allow reserved word as Name")
}
})
}
func TestParseLetOrConstNode(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("should set node value to 'const'", func(t *testing.T) {
cnst := "const"
lex := es6.Lex("", cnst, false)
node, err := es6.ParseLetOrConstNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.Value != "const" {
t.Error(`node.Value != "const"`)
}
})
t.Run("should set node value to 'let'", func(t *testing.T) {
lt := "let"
lex := es6.Lex("", lt, false)
node, err := es6.ParseLetOrConstNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.Value != "let" {
t.Error(`node.Value != "let"`)
}
})
t.Run("should not recognize other than foo or bar", func(t *testing.T) {
lt := "foo"
lex := es6.Lex("", lt, false)
_, err := es6.ParseLetOrConstNode(lex)
if err == nil {
t.Fail()
}
})
}
func TestParseContinueStatementNode(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("continue;", func(t *testing.T) {
js := "continue;"
lex := es6.Lex("", js, false)
node, err := es6.ParseContinueStatementNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.LabelIdentifier != "" {
t.Error("should be empty")
}
})
t.Run("continue ;", func(t *testing.T) {
js := "continue;"
lex := es6.Lex("", js, false)
node, err := es6.ParseContinueStatementNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.LabelIdentifier != "" {
t.Error("should be empty")
}
})
t.Run("continue foo;", func(t *testing.T) {
js := "continue foo;"
lex := es6.Lex("", js, false)
node, err := es6.ParseContinueStatementNode(lex)
if err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if node.LabelIdentifier != "foo" {
t.Error("should be empty")
}
})
t.Run("function foo;", func(t *testing.T) {
js := "function foo;"
lex := es6.Lex("", js, false)
_, err := es6.ParseContinueStatementNode(lex)
if err == nil {
t.Error("should error")
}
})
}
| 28,412 |
TEML/1902/TEML_19021230/MM_01/0003.xml_1
|
NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,902 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,382 | 6,794 |
entirely and strength mat- and athletics I found him in the Grosvenor Hotel, Timaru, on Boxing-day, when he was balancing a fat cigar between his teeth and welling a billiard cue with some effect against a well-known commercial traveler of his own original nationality Sandow has been a naturalized Englishman for many years but—as I soon discovered—his long absence from the fatherland has not enabled him to rub off the German characteristics. His accent is distinctly German. Speaking of his chest, he says,: —“Mine schest” and, like most foreigners, he occasionally finds it difficult to conjure up the best word to give expression to his thought. Although he is a splendid talker, and, once he is fairly started on his favorite theme, he uses some really apt and original expressions. At the close of the game he invited myself a fellow Pressman, and Mr Horni brook—Sandow instructor at Christ church—to an interview in private. I explained to the great athlete that I had been a faithful follower of his for over three years, and had derued much benefit from his system. “That is very good, he said, “The interest vievrhas yet to be written from the point-of-view of me who uiuletstaiuls my methods and knows the benefits of physical culture.” My fellow pressman mooted the 'piestion of whether Mr Sandow’s system could not be relied upon, such as exercising the fingers for writing with the pen, or for exercising special muscles for workmen in the use of tools. He replied, that such a thing could be easily carried out, but for the present all his time was taken up in bringing Before his fellow-beings, the great need of general physical culture for the improvement of the human race. “That is what I live for,” he remarked with earnestness. “My aim is to improve the human race generally, and I did that is more than the task of a lifetime, and leaves me no room for special training. Of course, I could give men special exercises for any class of work or sport. I could give men special exercises for any class of work or sport. I could develop muscles for cricket, football, rowing, or any kind of athletics, but look at the man so developed and you will see he is lopsided. I never advise men to go in for special exercises in that way. The muscles they develop are certainly useful for the work they undertake, but they destroy the symetrical features of the body. In the olden days, physical culture was the business of everybody. Now-a-days boys are trained with only one object in view, viz., that of cultivating the mind for the purpose of mating money. That is why I find it so hard to get people to open their eyes to the need of physical culture. Barents forget one thing. If they build a house on a weak foundation, sooner or later that house, however strong it is, must collapse. It is the body that feeds the brain and once you get the body in a fit state of mind will follow. If in your New Zealand schools you paid more attention to the development of physical powers in the children better results—mentally speaking—would he obtained, and the human race would be the gainer. What are we doing today with regard to the improvement of the human race? We take a consumptive man off the street and mate him with a healthy woman, or vice versa. Of course, that is why I am striving for. Asked. It is simply a farce. Weak boys are all bunched together, and no distraction whatever is used as to whether certain exercises are suited to the requirements of each individual boy. The strong boys may get good, but in many cases, the weak boys get harm from the present system. In the matter of games at school, they are in many cases too violent for weak boys. The strong boys get all the benefit, and the weak ones come off worse. I spoke to a headmaster in Christchurch on the subject of physical culture among the young, I told him they should have one hour’s exercise three days in the week, and he said, “To do that, they must neglect their lessons. I maintain that it is only the strong body that brings the healthy mind and with three hours suitable exercise, weak boys will firmer in will power and more intelligent. I said to the headmaster, “Where die you get that exercise from, and what is it for?” He said he got it from a book, but he neither knew the name of the author, nor the value of the exercise. He thought it was for the shoulders. I picked a boy from the ranks and asked, “Does this boy require exercises for the shoulders?” Well, no, I don’t think he does,” said the schoolmaster. Then I said, “Look at the boy’s legs how they want development, and you are giving him shoulder exercises of which he has no absolute need. If you go like that you will always have that boy lopsided. What you want to do is to give the shoulder exercises to a boy with good legs and noor shoulders, and vice versa. If you go like that, you will always have that boy lopsided.” Recreative exercises, and what can be said by the boys? The boys have plenty of recreation in their games, and are only wasting valuable time with “recreative exercises.” My idea of physical culture in schools is to make it compulsory that each boy should be allotted a certain number of exercises specially suited to development. That the boys classed according to their age and age should be sent to different centers in the country. It is my intention to instruct instructors appointed in the chief of New Zealand before long. Does your system adapt it to cricket, football, etc.? Who play football often go at the game suddenly without having previously trained for it, and they never know what harm they are doing themselves. On the other hand, if they kept themselves physically fit during the off season with a few minute exercise every day they would lie better footballers and would avoid danger of strain. Five minute a day would do it and many of our young fellows spend more time than that over a public-house bar. When do not think enough of their bodies. I guarantee that low men ever saw their profile in a looking glass. If they did, they would solve about improving it. My opinion is that if you had compulsory physical culture in New Zealand, you would never have any need of prohibition in this country. Men who study physical culture take care of their bodies, and when they have a drink, two have the will power to say “Now, old man, you have had enough. This stuff does not do me any good if I take any more.” I am not a teetotaler myself but I have the will power to say “No” when I like. By physical culture men have been cured of clinkiness. “What about lunatics; don't you think they would benefit by physical training?” “Undoubtedly.” said Mr Sandow, “why, at Coney island where my system is adopted, no fewer than 50 persons have been sent out of the asylum cured, and an American gentleman said: “Mr Sandow, you have done more for our asylum than any man living. It is a perfect revelation.” In the system, and amongst business men very often it consumes as much as 50 percent. It should be used, therefore, that if you do not keep the machinery for manufacturing blood for the brain in good order something must burst. WIPING OUT A BOER COMMANDO vv'dlcr in the Scotsman says that during the war for a long time the Vrvheid district was used by the Boers as a stronghold to retire up on under the pressure of the British columns. The Kaffirs in this district suffered severely at the hands of the Boers, and at the end of April a Boer commando burnt every kraal lying between the two big hills of Zunguin and Ilobanc, drove off the cat-tie, shot every male Kaffir they could catch, and drove between 500 and 600 women and children from their smoking kraals towards the town of Vryheid. On a night in early May certain Zulu chiefs in the Vryheid district gathered their war riors secretly, and proceeded after dusk towards the place where they knew this commando was in laager. One native, by prematurely discharging a gun with which he had armed himself, alarmed the Boer sentries. The Boers stood to their arms and opened a heavy fire into the darkness surrounding the laager. They were uncertain who their assailants were until the Zulus gave their war try; but on hearing this, the field cornet shouted out to them. Put down your assegais, and take your guns, and we’ll give you a thrashing you this, and keep up the fire. At first many Zulus were hung up in the wire, and many wereshot. They fell back somewhat, and then hit on the expedient of throwing their oxhide shields on the wire and so crossing it scathless. They then got into close quarters, facing a terrific fire, and once the assegai got to work the matter was not long in ending, although the Zulus lost heavily. The commando which was wiped out was for the most part composed Of lawless and desperate men, though there was a few respectable ones in it. The field -cornet himself was a man who was known on one occasion to have violated the sanctity of the white hag. A LITERARY CURIOSITY. A youthful Chinaman, summoned in the name of Y. C. Win War, appeared as defendant in the County Court, Melbourne, recently. An action was brought against him by Wm. Fleming to recover £22 10s due for two quarters’ rent of Fernhank Gardens, Ascot Yale. Win War, who was also known as Hick War, and signed letters as Wing Mow, appau ntiy con siders himself to be something of a scholar, and when he was reminded that his rent was overdue, he sent the following extraordinary composition to his landlord, who, being unable to comprehend its meaning, and finding that it contained no money to cover the hack rent, turned to the law r-s ---“Dear Sir,—To support our public doctrine of the prestige illustration to restore salubrious enjoyments prime to demonstrate the Cup sea son. I acknowledge your transit will supervise the same your prime of health, I appreciate you, As to the detohration of the season, it will prophesize to fortell the thirtiness of the consecutive months; occasion with heavy rainfall. Household dwellers with inferior roof, will soon Complain and suffer same. Strange say the Being’s spending most of your time in dwelling gouses, is the bedroom; but due to the inferiority of the roof and walls. Sufferers sleepers are compelled to retire from their natural slumber. At the same time foundation of houses are generally destroyed through neglect of improvements. However, this matter is not the case. and in any event he could not be legally responsible, as he was not of age at the time the lease of the gar dens was taken. His Honor gave defendant a verdict, but without costs. CRICKET. AUCKLAND, December 29. The English cricketers left for New Plymouth today and will play at Hawker to-morrow, and on Wednesday Stunning is ill and remains behind. Negotiations for a visit to Sydney are still in progress. WANGANUI, December 20. The following team has been picked to play Lord Hawke’s eleven; —J. and G. Marshall, Francis, Li.xiord, Fannin, Logan, RiddivorJ, Bowden, Gordon, Sloe-man, Fullerton, Smith Banuistc, IV. B. Cave, H. B. Cave and Cairad. SCIENTIFIC NOTES. The action of Roentgen rays in destroying bacteria has been the subject of experiment by H. Rider since 1898. Many micro-organisms—including the cholera germ—were killed by an exposure of 20 to 60 minutes on gelatin, but among the organs there were always individuals that were not affected. It has been proven that bactericidal power is not due to the fluorescent light, heat, ozone, or electricity, nor is the culture medium altered. The conclusion is not justified that the rays destroy bacteria in the body, and inoculated animals exposed to u.-.- rays die sooner than those not exposed. The successful treatment of certain infectious skin diseases seems to be due to some other effect than killing of bacteria. The inertia of a 3000 pound mobile at 7 miles an hour is calculated by E. Hospitaller to be the same as would be given by a fall of 196 feet. The retarding power developed by the brakes on the frail tyres must average about 50 horse-power, though the maximum strain may be nearly twice as neat. Eros, the little plant now being watched with so much interest, is about 17 miles in diameter, and at its nearest approach will be only 10,000,000 miles away. Investigation about a year ago showed that the balata tree grows in abundance along thousands of miles of the Amazon and its tributaries, but that the Brazilians were rapidly cutting the trees for firewood and building material. Since then the production of gutta percha from this source has begun. Each tree yields an average of 3-it pounds, and a competent breeder can't repare 50 to 50 pounds per day, one man’s work producing as much sap as 20 men can get from rubber trees. The gum is ready for shipment. After being fermed and then dried, casks of corkwood, the recent invention of a resident of Algeria, are claimed to have important advantages. Cork being a bad conductor of heat, lugs, and other substances are protected from freezing on exposure to cold, and perishable substances are preserved from heat in warm climates. An interior coating keeps the contents from contact with the cork. The staves do not warp, and an 11-gallon cask weighed only 301 b instead of the 801 b that would have been its weight in ordinary wood. When the days are longer than the nights, more heat is received by day than is lost by night. Heat gradually accumulates in land, sea, and air so that the hottest part of the year is not in June, when the days are longest, but considerably later. From many observations, Dr J. Schubert has shown that the soil in Northern Europe reaches its highest temperature in September and its lowest in March, air and water being warmest in August and coolest in February. The sea takes up 20 to 40 times as much heat as the land, the heat penetrating much deeper. The sea may be two degrees warmer than the air in October or November but its average for the year is but half a degree warmer. Mrs. Chapman, widow of the late Mr. Justice Chapman, formerly Attorney General of Victoria, died at Dune din on Saturday, the day being the twenty-first anniversary of her husband's death. A sharp shock of earthquake was felt at Hawcra yesterday at 11:43 a.m. The vibration lasted a minute. Several chimneys were thrown down by the earthquake. Some damage is also reported in the shops through the articles being capsized; and in private houses ornaments were smashed. The shock was preceded half an hour later by a light shock. The shock was also felt at about the same time at New Plymouth, Stratford, Fielding and Wanganui. Mr. W. R. Hyde's tinsmith shop situated in Burnett Street, Ashburton, was destroyed by fire about 2 o'clock on Sunday morning, the stock, tools and plant, which were also destroyed, was understood to be in sured in the Manchester place for $100. The origin of the fire is a mystery. At the Waimate Caledonian Sports on Boxing Day, all the cycling events had to be postponed on account of the bad condition of the clay track. The other events were run in the rain. The 880yds Caledonian Handi cap was won by J. McAuliffe, 15yds, with W. Fitzgerald 38yds, second. The Putting the Heavy Ball event was won by C. D. Fleming, S. Thorpley being second. The Running High Jump was won by J. McAuliffe, with W. Fitzgerald 38yds, second. The Putting the Heavy Ball event was won by J. Patterson, with W. Fitzgerald 38yds, third. The Running High Jump was won by J. Patterson, with W. Fitzgerald 38yds, fourth. The Running High Jump was won by J. Patterson, with W. Fitzgerald 38yds, fifth. The Running High Jump was won by J. Patterson, with W. Fitzgerald 38yds, sixth. and J. McAuliffe (equal) second. W. Fitzgerald won the Vaulting with Pole event, with J. Morgan second. The Maiden Cumberland Wrestling was won by T. Huffey, D. Friel being second and W. Heron third. S. Thornley won the heavy weight Wrestling with D. Friel second Tossing the Caber was won by O. D. Fleming, with S. Thornley second. The strike at the Tima. Plarbour (Board’s quarry came to an end on Monday, 22nd. TEMPERATURE LEADER TUESDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1902 NEW YEAR GREETINGS. FOR the NEW YEAR TRADE we have made a SPECIAL PURCHASE of Gentlemen’s Cashmere Cashmere Sox at one-third off the usual Prices 2 Pair for Is 7d. 2 Pair for 2s Id. 3 Pair for Merino Sox for Is 6d 2 Pairs Roslyn Woollen Sox, Is 7d 2 Pairs Roslyn Woollen Sox, Is 9d TARTAN TIES. TARTAN TIES....TARTAN RUGS....TARTAN RUGS. DRESSMAKING AT HOME.... A LADY’S DELIGHT MACHANISM PERFECT! ABSOLUTELY THE BEST! “BONITA” BALL BEARINGS SEWING MACHINE. 10 Years’ Warranty, Fair Wear and Tear, Needles and Shuttles Excepted. PRICES: Hand, with Cover, 65s Treadle, with Cover, £5 5s Treadle, Drophead, £5 15s, £6 10s, £7 10s Treadle, Cabinet, £7 15s. We have not been able to show these much, but will make more of them now. INTRODUCTIONS FOR THE WEEK’S FESTIVITIES. Black Satin Sunshades, 5s 6d, 6s 6d, 7s 6d, Smart Line Cloth Jackets, Crave nette Coats. Special Lot Blade Dresses, Skirts, in New Shapes, from 9s Ud. Metal Belts 2s lid, Gold Belts. Aprons in various New Shapes, is 3d to 2s lid. Lace Fronted Hose, Embroidered do., Ladies’ and Children’s Tan and 131 Ack Deliveries Roslyn Hosiery—all Numbers and Sizes Plaid Ribbons in Five Popular Clans, 3 widths Plaid Woolens, in best just landed 30 Mats and Rugs to Mark off this morning. The “1902 ” Glove Lace Gloves 6ld, 10d, 15d; 16 Standard Makes in Kid and Suede from 15c to 6s 9d, all Sizes and any Shade, T Lace Collars Is 3d to 23s 6d, Lace Ties 6d to 12s 6d, Sequins, Boleros, Etc. T. & J. Thomson, DRAPERS, SILK MERCERS, FURNISHERS, TIMARU G. & T Young, (By Special Appointment to His Excellency the Governor, Lord Ratfurly). WATCHES, CLOCKS, JEWELRY, STERLING SILVER, AND E.P. GOODS. OUR NEW GOODS, purchased specially by our Mr George Young, are now opened. Newest Designs and Novelties. See Windows for Display. Kindly Call and Enquire Prices. All Goods Marked at Lowest Deductions Prices, Our Stock of Gold Brooches is very large, and comprises all descriptions in 15ct. Gold from 15s upwards to Fine Gold Amethyst and Topaz Brooches from 25s to 55s. 9ct Gold and Amethyst Brooches, 9s 6d, 12s 6d, 15s, 17s 6d, 20s, 25s, 28s. Greenstone Brooches, immense selections, 12s 6d, 15s, 17s, 18s 6d, 20s, 21s, up to 40s. Cheaper 9ct. Brooches 6s upwards, to 15s. Gold Bracelets, splendid designs, Lowest Prices, Curb Bangles, 225, 295, 30s, 335, 40s, 50s, upwards to £7, Greenstone Charms, Pendants, Hearts otc. Greenstone Tie, Pins, latest novelties Gold Tie Pins, with Bells, Hearts, Slip Pin, Cross, Lucky Beans, and Merry-thought Pendants. Sterling Silver Photo Frames, 3s 6h, 8s 6d, 12s 6d, 18s 6d, 20s, 25s—Newest Shapes. Silver Button Hooks, Shoe Horns Puff Boxes, Hairpin and Toilet Boxes and Trays. Grand Selection Silver Mounted Hair Brushes, 17s 6d, 20s, 235, 28s 6d, 355, 375, Cloth Brushes, 8s 6d, 9s 6d, 14s, 10s, 20s; Hat Brushes 9s 7d up to 20s. Show Cases Pilled with all descriptions of Silver Plated Goods, Cruets, Butters, Biscuits, Jellies, Entree Dishes, Cake Baskets, etc., etc. C. & T., YQTJS^ 101, Stafford Street, TIMARU CHOICE RESIGNS WEDDING CARDS, at the OFFICE OF THIS paper. Or Lino leum laid complete. AXMINSTER CARPETS BRUSSELS CARPETS. TAPESTRY DARPETS. COMPLETE PIOUSE FURNISHINGS, George St., TIMARU. AGAIN THE McCORMICK REAPER AND BINDER I was AWARDED THE GOLD MEDAL STAMP, STAMP SHOW, CHRIST CHURCH, Thus proving it to be still KING OF ALL HARVESTERS. INLAID TILE LINOLEUMS., W. S. WAITE, Representative at the Sales are heavy this Season; we advise Farmers to order at once, so saving disappointment. BILLHEADS!—Don’t send away for your Office Stationery, but get it from the OFFICE OF THIS PAINTER VISITING CARDS. to 'Goppk plate, printed, at the Office of this McQuire, Davies & Co., THE BON MARCHE, TIMARU. BIG STOCKS OF HOLIDAY GOODS. WE HAVE MADE EXTENSIVE PREPARATIONS, and feel sure you will be pleased with the goods: things we have provided for you during the holiday season, both for gift and your own wear at this time. A FEW HINTS TO HELP YOU SELECT: Complete Stock of Celebrated 4-Dome KID GLOVES—THE DON, the most reliable Glove at the price, 25c per pair. LADIES’ 4-Dome SUEDE KID GLOVES in Grey, Beaver, and Black, plain and stitched backs, 35c per pair. THE LATEST NOVELTIES IN NECKWEAR OPENED TODAY. Irresistibly Beautiful LACE COLLARETTES, at prices from 9d, Is 3d, Is 9d, Is 9d, Is 6d, 2s 6d. THE NEW SILK ROSETTES in Variety, Is 9d each. GIFTS FOR ALL FANCIES, AT PRICES TO ACCOMMODATE ALL MONEY AND MEANS. LACE TIES, 7d, Is, Is 6d, 2s each. Tables of DOLLS, Dressed and Undressed, from 6d each. GIFT HANDKERCHIEFS in Unrivalled Assortment—Hemstitched, Trimmed Lace, Embroidered, Drawn Thread Work, from 3d each. Novelties in LADIES’ SILK SCARFS. Is, Is 9d. Is lid each. New BELTS in Silk, Satin, Velvet. SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT: EXTENSIVE VARIETY OF FANCY GOODS, suitable for Prizes and Presents of all kinds. LARGE VARIETY OF BOOKS and MECHANICAL TOYS, etc., for the Children. VERY CHOICE CELLULOID and Other HAND-PAINTED CHRISTMAS CARDS. and BOOKLETS, from 6d to 4s 6d each. LACE COLLARETTES. SUNSHADES, GLOVES, HOSIERY, RIB BONS, and LACES, just landed CHILDREN’S WASHING DRILL BLOUSES and TUNICS, with Pants to match. VERY SPECIAL YALE IN YOUTHS’ AND MEN’S TENNIS SHIRTS, 3s Gd to 9s Gd each, in all the New Patterns. YOUTHS’ AND MEN’S STRAW HATS, from Is each. MEN’S “FRAME AND HARD FELT HATS—Newest Shapes. THE STOLE 3 KS Hii as £5 aMi AT THE PI (Q i kl) c) V IE A GOOD SELECTION OF GENERAL DRAPERY SUITABLE FOR THE PRESENT SEASON. MEN’S AND BOYS’ CLOTHING. A LARGE VARIETY OF TENNIS SHIRTS. HATS, TIES, SOX, etc. BOOTS, SHOES, AND SLIPPERS. A Splendid Variety of GLASSWARE, CHINA, and EARTHENWARE. ALL CLASSES OF FANCY GOODS. GROCERIES—Large Stocks—All Lines of the Finest Quality and Prices the Lowest. NEW FRUITS. NEW FRUITS. Muscatels, Almonds, Prunes, Figs, Dates, Sweet Ginger, Nuts, Candied Peel, Currants, Elemcs, Sultanas, Spices, etc. A FACT! That the BEEHIVE STORES are recognized as the CHEAPEST House in Town for all lines. COME AND SEE FOR YOURSELF! &LJjs BEEHIVE STORES, TEMULA. Christmas are USEFUL PRESENTS FOR ALL. NICE ASSORTMENT OF NEW AND SPECIALLY SELECTED FANCY GOODS. CHRISTMAS CARDS, Packets Gd, 9d, Is. Some very choice single cards. Ladies’ lace collars, in Cream and Pans. SUNSHADES, LACE COLLARS, in Cream and Pans. SUNSHADES, LACE MITTS, LACE GLOVES, APRONS, BELTS, TIES, ETC. SPECIAL LOT OF NEW BLOUSINGS. Latest in GENTLEMEN’S FRAME FELT HATS, New BOATERS, NEW SHIRTS, NEW TIES. USE as MARK V/V??l of c? - SM'KAYS COMPOUND \iU))‘4 ESSENCE OF Unseed etc. C(-!EM!3TS 3G5 DAYS AHEAD OF THEM ALL! EVERYTHING NEW AND UP-TO-DATE. The “Kent Bicycle,” For 1903, B. S. A. FITTING S, WE MANUFACTURE AND IMPORT, AGENT FOR BRITAIN’S BEST BICYCLE The 4 Rudge-Whitworth (By Royal Appointment Cycle Makers, to H.R.H. prince of Wales;). LARGE STOCK OF SUNDRIES TO CHOOSE FROM. ALL MAKES OF CYCLES REPAIRED. INSPECTION INVITED. Kent Cycle Works • V TEMUKA. TELEPHONE 83. 63 to 65 STAFFORD STREET, BECKINGHAM'S VISITORS TO TIMARU ARE RESPECTFULLY INVITED TO INSPECT BECK INGHAM'S LARGE STOCK OF FURNITURE, BEDSTEADS, AND FURNISHINGS. John Ballantyne & Co., TIMARU. New Year Holidays. CALEDONIAN MEETING: CLOSED ALL DAY THURSDAY, JANUARY 1st, 1903, and CLOSED AT ONE O'CLOCK, FRIDAY, JANUARY 2nd, 1903, DURING THE PRESENT WEEK THE SILK AND DRESS DEPARTMENT WILL BE MOVED TO ITS NEW QUARTERLY CELEBRATED STYLES; AND ALL CARPETS, RUGS, AND LINOLEUMS WILL BE LOCATED IN THE SHOP LATELY OCCUPIED BY MESSRS BEGG AND CO. John Ballantyne & Co., TIMARU, AND GOOD AND RELIABLE HOUSE FURNISHINGS ARE FAMILIAR AS “HOUSEHOLD WORDS.” IN ALL CLASSES OF CARPETS IN ALL CLASSES OF LINOLEUMS IN ALL CLASSES OF RUGS IN ALL CLASSES CURTAINS & MATERIALS. GENERAL HOUSE FURNISHINGS of all Kinds WE SHOW THE LARGEST SELECTION, JUST AS WE SUBMIT THE BEST VALUES FOR BEST AND MOST DURABLE QUALITIES. John Ballantyne & Co., TIMARU, WILL, IN CONSEQUENCE OF ADDITIONS AND REARRANGEMENT OF PREMISES, MAKE THE FINEST DISPLAY OF HOUSEHOLD DRAPERY IN THE DISTRICT, AND THE FIRM INVEST ITE INSPECTION AND THE KEENEST CRITICISM FOR QUALITY, DESIGN, AND REASONABLE PRICES. ONE SHILLING IN EACH POUND DISCOUNT FOR CASH OR MONTHLY SETTLEMENT. WE HAVE SOLD OUR WE HAVE Peel rorest Branch. sold AND we are compelled to move the Stock to our BEEHIVE, GERALDINE,; therefore we must clear out some of our large STOCKS to make room. OUR MEN’S KAIAPOI SADDLE TWEED TROUSERS at 10s 6d were never before seen in Geraldine. OUR MEN’S KAIAPOI SUITS at 25s lid are Splendid Quality. A. N. HAKI IV,™™ L »° k "P “ "own the street on. e. e!. Sht IBe fid hot day and you are sure to see full for WEAR, somebody in one of our Khaki Suits. OUR MEN’S DUNGAREE TROUSERS for 3s lid are better than-5a elsew here. WE MUST CLEAR BOYS’ SUITS! BOYS’ NORFOLKS OVERSTOCKED CAMBRIDGE Ranging from Cheap to Best BOYS HUSSARS Quality, SPLENDID SERGE SAILORS From 5s 6d up A REAL JOB LINE. A REAL JOB LINE. People from all directions and distant places compliment us on our values and return again. A more certain proof none need desire.
| 4,651 |
https://github.com/techbuzzz/Aspose.Pdf-for-.NET/blob/master/Examples/VisualBasic/AsposePdfFacades/Pages/MakeNUp/UsingPageSizeHorizontalAndVerticalValues.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Aspose.Pdf-for-.NET
|
techbuzzz
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 58 | 209 |
Imports System.IO
Imports System
Imports Aspose.Pdf
Imports Aspose.Pdf.Facades
Namespace AsposePDFFacades.Pages.MakeNUp
Public Class UsingPageSizeHorizontalAndVerticalValues
Public Shared Sub Run()
' ExStart:UsingPageSizeHorizontalAndVerticalValues
' The path to the documents directory.
Dim dataDir As String = RunExamples.GetDataDir_AsposePdfFacades_Pages()
' Create PdfFileEditor object
Dim pdfEditor As New PdfFileEditor()
' Make NUp
pdfEditor.MakeNUp(dataDir & Convert.ToString("input.pdf"), "UsingPageSizeHorizontalAndVerticalValues_out_.pdf", 2, 3)
' ExEnd:UsingPageSizeHorizontalAndVerticalValues
End Sub
End Class
End Namespace
| 11,831 |
sn98060266_1951-06-22_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,951 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 373 | 562 |
U-H'ers GO IN FOR BAKING con'td. Yard Improvement 6 Canning 1 Room Improvement 1 Poultry 2 Rhubarb is plentiful now, and if you're planning on canning some, stop in at the Extension office for the bulletin that is chuck full of recipes. Free for the asking! Miss Karon Pehrson, the Swedish weaver, is now conducting classes in weaving in the Craft Room of the Extension Service. Many lovely things are being woven. Stop in and SEE. The Sourdough Homemaker's Club will have their annual picnic July 8th at the home of Mrs. Karla Duff. The 14.-H Leader’s Council will hold their monthly meeting Friday, June 29th in the Extension Craft Room at 8:00 p.m. Open house of showing completed articles will be held on Monday, June 25th., from 2:30 p.m. An the Extension Craft Room. EXAMINATIONS FOR FOOD HANDLERS requiring annual physical examinations of food handlers, Dr. C. Earl Albrocht, commissioner of health, said today. Routine annual physical examinations for food handlers have been discontinued in most of the states, he explained, "because actually they give a false sense of security from disease. The fact is that a communicable disease could be contracted, and spread, by the applicant immediately after a successful physical examination—yet he had just been issued a health certificate which was valid for one year." AiasKa now has "strong and effective laws and regulations for the control of communicable disease for the protection of health of both the food handlers and the public they serve. Dr. Albrecht said, "and therefore repeal of the old law was recommended by the Board of Health." He said that "understanding and practice of disease prevention by food handlers, management and the public are more productive of good health than laws and regulations." NEW APPOINTMENT FROM NOME Alvin Polet, son of Antonio Polet of Nome, has been appointed the Fourth Division member of the Aeronautics and Communications Commission, succeeding Dr. Barr. Just received, a supply of DOORS and WINDOWS; also WINDOW and DOOR FRAMES; ROUND, BASE SHOE, DOOR STOP, WINDOW STOP and CHAIR RAIL. BREAKER BOXES for your electricity. 12-2 and 12-2 ROLLING and $6 OUTSIDE WIRE; SWITCH BOXES, OUTIET OUTLET BOXES, SWITCHES, CONVENIENCE OUTIETS and many other items. 15.7 cubic foot DEEP FREEZ ERS.
| 17,345 |
https://github.com/IMMYz/vue-access-control/blob/master/src/views/home/home.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
vue-access-control
|
IMMYz
|
Vue
|
Code
| 135 | 570 |
<style lang="scss" scoped>
.zyhj-submenu-warp {
background-color: #090723;
a {
color: #fff;
text-decoration: none;
}
.zyhj-submenu{
width:1160px;
height:25px;
margin:0 auto;
ul{
margin:0;
padding:0;
li{
&:nth-child(1){
padding-left:0
}
float:left;
list-style:none;
padding:0 10px;
.router-link-active{
border-bottom:2px solid rgb(255, 208, 75)
}
}
}
}
}
.zyhj-main-content-warp{
width:1160px;
margin:0 auto
}
</style>
<template>
<div>
<div class="zyhj-submenu-warp">
<div class="zyhj-submenu">
<ul>
<li v-for="item in childrenMenus" ref="subItem">
<router-link :to="'/home/'+item.path">{{item.name}}</router-link>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="zyhj-main-content-warp">
<router-view></router-view>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default ({
data() {
return {
menus: [],
childrenMenus: []
}
},
computed: {},
methods:{
},
created: function () {
let menus = this.$parent.menus;
console.log(menus);
if (menus) {
this.menus = menus
}
;
let arr = [];
for (let i = 0; i < this.menus.length; i++) {
if (this.menus[i].name == '首页') {
this.childrenMenus = this.menus[i].children;
}
}
}
})
</script>
| 27,262 |
https://github.com/harisyuana/IQRO/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/windupurnomo/iqro/models/Iqro.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,015 |
IQRO
|
harisyuana
|
Java
|
Code
| 68 | 210 |
package com.windupurnomo.iqro.models;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by windupurnomo on 17/01/15.
*/
public class Iqro {
private int iqro;
private List<Level> levels;
public Iqro(int iqro, List<Level> levels) {
this.iqro = iqro;
this.levels = levels;
}
public int getIqro() {
return iqro;
}
public void setIqro(int iqro) {
this.iqro = iqro;
}
public List<Level> getLevels() {
return levels;
}
public void setLevels(List<Level> levels) {
this.levels = levels;
}
}
| 2,490 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piriform
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Piriform
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piriform&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 11 | 204 |
Piriform（梨形之意）是2004年在英國建立的一家軟體公司，專長於Windows系統維護軟体的開發。2017年7月，被捷克的資安軟體廠商Avast併購，成為Avast旗下公司。
軟體
CCleaner──檔案清理軟體（網站）
Recuva──檔案修復軟體（網站）
Defraggler──磁碟重組軟體（網站）
Speccy──系統硬件資訊偵測軟體（網站）
參考文獻
外部連結
Piriform網站
英国软件公司
2004年成立的公司
| 42,848 |
6253365_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 744 | 938 |
Opinion by
Mr. Justice Walling,
This is an action by the vendee to recover damages for the breach of an alleged contract for the sale of two tank cars of Extraction Grease. The contract is evidenced by a letter from defendant to plaintiff of October 9,1915, as follows:
“Subject: Extraction Grease.
“Reverting to telephone conversation with our Mr. Walter J. Wilhelm, who is now East, we confirm sale of—
“2 tank cars Extraction Grease at $4.54 per cwt.
“Terms, 10 days net cash, f. o. b. Pittsburgh, which, in accordance with agreement, is subject to approval of *392type sample drawn from bulk, which will be submitted immediately upon receipt from the plant involved.
“We highly appreciate this item of business and you may rest assured that every effort will be made upon our part to meet your entire approval at all-points.”
And to which plaintiff replied October 11, 1916, as follows:.
“Please ship the following goods f. o. b. Pgh.
“2 tank cars Extraction Grease.
“Price $4.54 cwt. Pittsburgh.
“The above subject to approval of sample drawn from bulk, when submitted.”
Plaintiff’s statement avers inter alia, that defendant never delivered said grease nor any part thereof, nor submitted any sample of it, and, on April 29, 1916, notified plaintiff that he would not perform said contract; whereupon plaintiff on May 10, 1916, after notice to defendant, bought a like quantity of such grease in the open market, and brings this suit to recover the loss thereby sustained. To which defendant filed an affidavit of defense, in the nature of a demurrer, under Section 20 of the Practice Act of May 14,1915, P. L. 483; alleging among other things that said correspondence did not constitute a valid contract. The court below sustained the demurrer and entered judgment for defendant.
. The contract was lacking in one essential particular, the minds of the parties had not met on the quality of the commodity, as that was to be determined by sample thereafter to be submitted for plaintiff’s approval. Until such approval there was no completed agreement. Should plaintiff disapprove the sample drawn from bulk there would be no sale. There is nothing requiring defendant to submit samples from successive tank cars until two were found that would meet plaintiff’s approval.
This stipulation in the letters indicates that there are different grades of extraction grease, or at least that the quality thereof varies, hence the contract was subject to *393plaintiff’s approval of the sample. It is somewhat libe an agreement for the sale of lumber, subject to the buyer’s approval of a sample thereof to be submitted. In such case the approval is the act whereby the parties agree upon the quality of the commodity, apd until that is done it cannot be said that the bargain is closed. In the case at bar the plaintiff never waived the production of a sample, and never agreed to accept extraction grease without reference to the quality.
This is riot the case of a sale of property subject to the buyer’s inspection when delivered, if so the contract would be valid: Conrad v. Penna. R. R. Co., 214 Pa. 98. Nor is it an agreement that the article sold should be satisfactory to the buyer; but it is an agreement that as part of the sale and in advance of the delivery of the commodity its quality shall be determined by the purchaser’s approval of the sample. Certainly defendant could not compel plaintiff to accept the grease without its previous approval of a sample thereof.
Defendant’s letter showing that the grease in question was not in his possession, before he would be liable if at all for not furnishing plaintiff with a sample thereof it should appear that such failure was due to some default on his part. And it is not shown that plaintiff would have approved such sample had it been furnished, or what if any damage it sustained by losing the opportunity of deciding whether it would accept or reject the sample. If a contract be invalid because incomplete it is not made valid by the neglect or refusal of one party thereto to do that which would enable the other party at his option to render it complete. And if the contract be still invalid there is no basis for a recovery of damages because of defendant’s neglect to furnish the sample in question.
The assignment of error is overruled and the judgment is affirmed.
| 30,729 |
https://github.com/ultradr3mer/SpotifyWebApi/blob/master/Api/Browse/IBrowseApi.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
SpotifyWebApi
|
ultradr3mer
|
C#
|
Code
| 17 | 48 |
namespace SpotifyWebApi.Api.Browse
{
/// <summary>
/// The browse api.
/// </summary>
public interface IBrowseApi
{
}
}
| 7,505 |
https://github.com/surviving-mars/SurvivingMars/blob/master/Lua/ClassDefs/ClassDef-Default.generated.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-Source-Code
| 2,021 |
SurvivingMars
|
surviving-mars
|
Lua
|
Code
| 612 | 1,433 |
-- ========== THIS IS AN AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED FILE! ==========
UndefineClass('MapDataProperties')
DefineClass.MapDataProperties = {
__parents = { "PropertyObject", },
properties = {
{ category = "Game", id = "AverageTemperature",
editor = "number", default = -55, },
{ category = "Game", id = "MapSettings_DustStorm",
editor = "choice", default = "DustStorm_VeryLow", items = function (self) return DataInstanceCombo("MapSettings_DustStorm", "{name}", "disabled") end, },
{ category = "Game", id = "MapSettings_DustDevils",
editor = "choice", default = "DustDevils_VeryLow", items = function (self) return DataInstanceCombo("MapSettings_DustDevils", "{name}", "disabled") end, },
{ category = "Game", id = "MapSettings_Meteor",
editor = "choice", default = "Meteor_VeryLow", items = function (self) return DataInstanceCombo("MapSettings_Meteor", "{name}", "disabled") end, },
{ category = "Game", id = "MapSettings_ColdWave",
editor = "choice", default = "ColdWave_VeryLow", items = function (self) return DataInstanceCombo("MapSettings_ColdWave", "{name}", "disabled") end, },
{ category = "Game", id = "resupply_preset",
editor = "choice", default = "Start_medium", items = function (self) return GetResupplyPresetsCombo() end, },
{ category = "Prefab", id = "challenge_rating",
editor = "number", default = 100, },
{ category = "Location", id = "weight",
editor = "number", default = 100, min = 0, },
{ category = "Game", id = "map_randomizeseed",
editor = "bool", default = false, },
{ category = "Location", id = "map_location_exclude",
editor = "bool", default = false, },
{ category = "Location", id = "map_location",
editor = "prop table", default = false, },
{ category = "Location", id = "map_location_exclusive",
editor = "bool", default = false, },
{ category = "Location", id = "map_latitude",
editor = "range", default = range(-90, 90), min = -90, max = 90, },
{ category = "Location", id = "map_longitude",
editor = "range", default = range(-180, 180), min = -180, max = 180, },
{ category = "Location", id = "map_altitude",
editor = "range", default = range(0, 255), min = 0, max = 255, },
{ category = "Prefab", id = "type_info",
editor = "prop table", default = false, read_only = true, },
{ category = "Prefab", id = "terrain_hash",
editor = "number", default = false, read_only = true, },
{ category = "Dev", id = "StartMystery",
editor = "bool", default = false, },
{ category = "Dev", id = "DisableHints",
editor = "bool", default = false, },
{ category = "Prefab", id = "TechState",
editor = "prop table", default = false, },
{ category = "Base", id = "Environment",
editor = "choice", default = "Surface", items = function (self) return EnvironmentTypes end, },
{ category = "Visual", id = "LightmodelList",
editor = "text", default = "TheMartian", },
{ category = "Overview", id = "IsAllowedToEnterOverview", name = "Is Allowed To Enter Overview",
editor = "bool", default = true, },
{ category = "Game", id = "anomaly_sequence_list_names1",
editor = "choice", default = "GenericAnomalies", items = function (self) return table.map(DataInstances.Scenario, "name") end, },
{ category = "Game", id = "anomaly_sequence_list_names2",
editor = "choice", default = "", items = function (self) return table.map(DataInstances.Scenario, "name") end, },
{ category = "Game", id = "anomaly_sequence_list_names3",
editor = "choice", default = "", items = function (self) return table.map(DataInstances.Scenario, "name") end, },
{ category = "Base", id = "RandomMapPreset",
editor = "choice", default = "MAIN", items = function (self) return DataInstanceCombo("RandomMapPreset", "{name}", "disabled") end, },
{ category = "Runtime", id = "res_info", name = "Resource Info",
editor = "prop table", default = false, read_only = true, no_edit = true, },
{ category = "Game", id = "mini_mystery_name", name = "Mini Mystery Name",
editor = "text", default = false, read_only = true, no_edit = true, },
{ category = "Game", id = "playable_height_range", name = "Playable Height Range",
editor = "range", default = false, },
{ category = "Game", id = "visible_height_range", name = "Visible Height Range",
editor = "range", default = false, },
},
}
| 1,887 |
https://github.com/zsilver1/condict/blob/master/packages/ui/src/toolbar/button.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
condict
|
zsilver1
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 176 | 560 |
import React, {Ref, ButtonHTMLAttributes, useRef} from 'react';
import {useCommand} from '../command';
import {Shortcut} from '../shortcut';
import {getContentAndLabel} from '../a11y-utils';
import combineRefs from '../combine-refs';
import {useManagedFocus} from './focus-manager';
import formatTooltip from './format-tooltip';
import * as S from './styles';
export type Props = {
label?: string;
checked?: boolean;
shortcut?: Shortcut | null;
command?: string | null;
} & Omit<
ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement>,
| 'aria-label'
| 'aria-pressed'
| 'aria-keyshortcuts'
| 'tabIndex'
| 'title'
| 'type'
>;
const Button = React.forwardRef((
props: Props,
ref: Ref<HTMLButtonElement>
) => {
const {
checked,
label = '',
shortcut,
disabled,
command: commandName,
onClick,
children,
...otherProps
} = props;
const command = useCommand(commandName);
const ownRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
const isCurrent = useManagedFocus(ownRef);
const [renderedContent, ariaLabel] = getContentAndLabel(children, label);
const effectiveShortcut = command ? command.shortcut : shortcut;
return (
<S.Button
{...otherProps}
aria-label={ariaLabel}
aria-pressed={checked != null ? checked : undefined}
checked={checked}
aria-keyshortcuts={
effectiveShortcut
? Shortcut.formatAria(effectiveShortcut)
: undefined
}
tabIndex={isCurrent ? 0 : -1}
title={formatTooltip(label, effectiveShortcut)}
disabled={command ? command.disabled || disabled : disabled}
onClick={command ? command.exec : onClick}
ref={combineRefs(ref, ownRef)}
>
{renderedContent}
</S.Button>
);
});
Button.displayName = 'Button';
export default Button;
| 47,606 |
AMF/ECO/2009/11/FCECO013790_20091106.pdf
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,009 |
None
|
AMF
|
French
|
Spoken
| 361 | 684 |
NSC GROUPE
ContactNSC GROUPE
Chiffres d’affaires consolidés (hors taxes)
en K€ 2009 2008Variation
1er semestre 38 17051 847
Total 52 51678 692
2009 2008Variation
Total 52 51678 692-33.3%
Marche des affaires
Résultats
– 170 rue de la République – 68500 GUEBWILLER –www.nsc-groupe.fr
: Marcel RIDACKER – Directeur Administratif et Financier
tél.03.89.74.41.84 –[email protected]été Anonyme au capital de 8772000 €
Siège social: 170, rue de la République, 68500 Guebwiller
915420491 R.C.S. Colmar – APE 7010 Z
Premier trimestre 15 928 19 774 -19.4%
Deuxième trimestre 22 242 32 073 -30.7%
-26.4%
Troisième trimestre 14 346 26 844 -46.6%
-33.3%
Pour les 9 premiers mois de l’année, le chiffre d’affaires consolidé de 52,0 M€ est en forte diminution
par rapport à celui réalisé au cours des 3 premiers trimestres de 2008.
Dans le détail, le chiffre d’affaires par pôles évolue ainsi:
Pôle Nonwoven 24 980 36 349 -31.3%
Pôle Fiber to Yarn 12 473 19 791 -37.0%
Pôle Packaging 7 784 10 760 -27.7%
NSC International 7 279 11 792 -38.3%
Pour l’ensemble de l’exercice 2009, l’évolution attendue dans chacune des activités reste dans la
tendance observée depuis le début de l’année 2009, à l’exception du pôle Packaging qui enregistrera,
au quatrième trimestre, un chiffre d’affaires lui permettant de limiter le recul par rapport à 2008.
La crise qui s’est développée depuis l'été 2008 s’avère particulièrement sévère pour notre Groupe
spécialisé dans la fourniture de biens d’équipements, en raison:
du manque de visibilité qu’elle engendre pour nos clients, entraînant des reports de décisions
d’investissements;
des difficultés rencontrées par nos clients pour assurer les financements de leurs projets;
du resserrement, par les assureurs crédit, des conditions de couverture du risque d’insolvabilité
de nos clients et/ou de certains pays.
Dans ces circonstances, le Groupe a entrepris la restructuration de son pôle Nonwoven, en regroupant
ses activités sur le site d’Elbeuf.
Le pôle Packaging retrouve depuis quelques semaines une activité commerciale meilleure, mais les
commandes se concrétiser lentement.
Cette situation difficile devrait se prolonger encore durant le premier semestre 2010.
La perte opérationnelle du second semestre sera supérieure à celle de 8,5 M€ constatée au premier
semestre, incluant une provision pour restructuration du pôle Nonvowen.•
•
•
| 32,550 |
https://github.com/joshkadis/themostlaps/blob/master/server/initWebhookRoutes.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
themostlaps
|
joshkadis
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 409 | 1,262 |
const fetch = require('node-fetch');
const { slackSuccess } = require('../utils/slackNotification');
const { removeAthlete } = require('../utils/athleteUtils');
// const refreshAthleteProfile = require('../utils/refreshAthlete/refreshAthleteProfile');
const { handleActivityWebhook } = require('../utils/v2/activityQueue');
const { captureSentry } = require('../utils/v2/services/sentry');
/**
* See https://developers.strava.com/docs/webhooks/
*/
/**
* Forward a received webhook for testing on another dev tier
*
* @param {Object} body Body JS from original POST received
*/
async function forwardWebhook({ body }) {
const sendSentry = (err) => {
captureSentry(err, 'forwardWebhook', {
...body,
webhookUrl: process.env.WEBHOOK_TEST_URL,
});
};
if (!process.env.WEBHOOK_TEST_URL) {
sendSentry('Webhook forwarding requires WEBHOOK_TEST_URL env var');
return false;
}
try {
const response = await fetch(process.env.WEBHOOK_TEST_URL, {
method: 'post',
body: JSON.stringify(body),
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
});
const text = await response.text();
if (text !== 'ok') {
sendSentry('Bad response from webhook forwarding');
return false;
}
return true;
} catch (err) {
sendSentry(err);
return false;
}
}
/**
* Validate subscription callback via GET
*
* @param {Request} req
* @param {Response} res
*/
function validateSubscription(req, res) {
const {
headers,
params,
query,
url,
method,
} = req;
console.log({
headers,
params,
query,
url,
method,
});
if (
typeof query['hub.mode'] !== 'string'
|| query['hub.mode'] !== 'subscribe'
|| typeof query['hub.verify_token'] !== 'string'
|| typeof query['hub.challenge'] !== 'string'
) {
res.statusCode = 401;
res.send('malformed validation query');
return;
}
if (query['hub.verify_token'] !== 'STRAVA') {
res.statusCode = 401;
res.send(`incorrect verify_token: ${query['hub.verify_token']}`);
return;
}
res.json({ 'hub.challenge': query['hub.challenge'] });
slackSuccess(`Validated callback subscription for ${query['hub.verify_token']}`);
}
/**
* Handle webhook event
*
* @param {Request} req
* @param {Response} res
*/
async function handleEvent(req, res) {
res.send('ok');
try {
const {
aspect_type,
object_id,
object_type,
owner_id,
updates = {},
} = req.body;
console.log(`Received webhook: ${aspect_type} | ${object_type} | ${object_id} | ${owner_id}`);
if (process.env.WEBHOOK_TEST_URL) {
const forwarded = await forwardWebhook(req);
const fwdMsg = forwarded
? 'Forwarded webhook'
: 'Error forwarding webhook';
console.log(`${fwdMsg}: ${aspect_type} | ${object_type} | ${object_id} | ${owner_id}`);
}
if (object_type === 'activity') {
await handleActivityWebhook(req.body);
}
if (object_type === 'athlete') {
if (updates.authorized === false) {
await removeAthlete(owner_id, ['any']);
slackSuccess('Athlete deauthorized', { owner_id });
captureSentry('Athlete deauthorized', 'webhook', {
level: 'info',
extra: { athleteId: owner_id },
});
} else {
// Strava currently sends athlete webhooks only for deauthorization
// but you never know...
// await refreshAthleteProfile(owner_id);
captureSentry('Unknown athlete webhook', 'webhook', {
level: 'info',
extra: req.body,
});
}
}
} catch (err) {
captureSentry(err, 'webhook', {
extra: req.body,
});
}
}
/**
* Routing for Strava webhooks
*
* @param {Server} server
*/
function initWebhookRoutes(server) {
server.post('/webhooks/strava', handleEvent);
server.get('/webhooks/strava', validateSubscription);
}
module.exports = initWebhookRoutes;
| 21,427 |
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/303090
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Amanda Thompson, Julie Pelletier, fragwürdig, https://unix.stackexchange.com/users/132751, https://unix.stackexchange.com/users/167583, https://unix.stackexchange.com/users/179303
|
English
|
Spoken
| 245 | 387 |
Backup script and move files to another server
I want to create a .sh script to backup my data and move to my backup server.
How can I do this?
Does your update-server support NFS? I use a small self-crafted script at home to do the job. But it relies on NFS to be set up on the server...
I think not! I'm know the basic of the basic about linux (apt-get update package-that-I-want) other things, I always searching,
Is your update server in your home network? Do you have access to your server via SSH and is the server a Debian machine as well as your Desktop PC from which you want to make your backups?
Please provide more details or otherwise your question will get closed soon for missing important details, causing it to be too broad to be answered properly.
If your backup-server has ssh then use scp to copy over the files e.g.
scp -r /src/folder user@server:/path/
(-r flag to copy entire directory instead of a single)
I prefer using rsync, as after the initial backup it only needs to modify files that have changed since the last execution. If you have configured your backup target for ssh, the following will work:
rsync -avz --delete -e ssh /path/to/your/data/ your-backup-server.com:/path/to/save/your/data/
Note that rsync is particular about how you name things; /path/data/ yourserver.com:/path/data/ will copy the contents of /path/data/ exactly to /path/data/. Please review the man pages for rsync for a better understanding.
| 26,004 |
https://github.com/killbill/killbill-client-java/blob/master/src/main/java/org/killbill/billing/client/api/gen/CustomFieldApi.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
killbill-client-java
|
killbill
|
Java
|
Code
| 572 | 1,948 |
/*
* Copyright 2010-2014 Ning, Inc.
* Copyright 2014-2020 Groupon, Inc
* Copyright 2020-2021 Equinix, Inc
* Copyright 2014-2021 The Billing Project, LLC
*
* The Billing Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License, version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the
* License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.killbill.billing.client.api.gen;
import java.util.Objects;
import org.killbill.billing.client.model.gen.AuditLog;
import org.killbill.billing.client.model.gen.CustomField;
import java.util.UUID;
import org.killbill.billing.client.model.AuditLogs;
import java.util.List;
import org.killbill.billing.client.model.CustomFields;
import org.killbill.billing.util.api.AuditLevel;
import org.killbill.billing.client.Converter;
import org.killbill.billing.client.KillBillClientException;
import org.killbill.billing.client.KillBillHttpClient;
import org.killbill.billing.client.RequestOptions;
import org.killbill.billing.client.RequestOptions.RequestOptionsBuilder;
import org.killbill.billing.client.util.Preconditions;
import org.killbill.billing.client.util.Multimap;
import org.killbill.billing.client.util.TreeMapSetMultimap;
/**
* DO NOT EDIT !!!
*
* This code has been generated by the Kill Bill swagger generator.
* @See https://github.com/killbill/killbill-swagger-coden
*/
public class CustomFieldApi {
private final KillBillHttpClient httpClient;
public CustomFieldApi() {
this(new KillBillHttpClient());
}
public CustomFieldApi(final KillBillHttpClient httpClient) {
this.httpClient = httpClient;
}
public AuditLogs getCustomFieldAuditLogsWithHistory(final UUID customFieldId, final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(customFieldId, "Missing the required parameter 'customFieldId' when calling getCustomFieldAuditLogsWithHistory");
final String uri = "/1.0/kb/customFields/{customFieldId}/auditLogsWithHistory"
.replaceAll("\\{" + "customFieldId" + "\\}", customFieldId.toString());
final RequestOptionsBuilder inputOptionsBuilder = inputOptions.extend();
inputOptionsBuilder.withHeader(KillBillHttpClient.HTTP_HEADER_ACCEPT, "application/json");
final RequestOptions requestOptions = inputOptionsBuilder.build();
return httpClient.doGet(uri, AuditLogs.class, requestOptions);
}
public CustomFields getCustomFields(final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
return getCustomFields(Long.valueOf(0), Long.valueOf(100), AuditLevel.NONE, inputOptions);
}
public CustomFields getCustomFields(final Long offset, final Long limit, final AuditLevel audit, final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
final String uri = "/1.0/kb/customFields/pagination";
final Multimap<String, String> queryParams = new TreeMapSetMultimap<>(inputOptions.getQueryParams());
if (offset != null) {
queryParams.put("offset", String.valueOf(offset));
}
if (limit != null) {
queryParams.put("limit", String.valueOf(limit));
}
if (audit != null) {
queryParams.put("audit", String.valueOf(audit));
}
final RequestOptionsBuilder inputOptionsBuilder = inputOptions.extend();
inputOptionsBuilder.withQueryParams(queryParams.asMap());
inputOptionsBuilder.withHeader(KillBillHttpClient.HTTP_HEADER_ACCEPT, "application/json");
final RequestOptions requestOptions = inputOptionsBuilder.build();
return httpClient.doGet(uri, CustomFields.class, requestOptions);
}
public CustomFields searchCustomFields(final String searchKey, final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
return searchCustomFields(searchKey, Long.valueOf(0), Long.valueOf(100), AuditLevel.NONE, inputOptions);
}
public CustomFields searchCustomFields(final String searchKey, final Long offset, final Long limit, final AuditLevel audit, final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
Preconditions.checkNotNull(searchKey, "Missing the required parameter 'searchKey' when calling searchCustomFields");
final String uri = "/1.0/kb/customFields/search/{searchKey}"
.replaceAll("\\{" + "searchKey" + "\\}", searchKey.toString());
final Multimap<String, String> queryParams = new TreeMapSetMultimap<>(inputOptions.getQueryParams());
if (offset != null) {
queryParams.put("offset", String.valueOf(offset));
}
if (limit != null) {
queryParams.put("limit", String.valueOf(limit));
}
if (audit != null) {
queryParams.put("audit", String.valueOf(audit));
}
final RequestOptionsBuilder inputOptionsBuilder = inputOptions.extend();
inputOptionsBuilder.withQueryParams(queryParams.asMap());
inputOptionsBuilder.withHeader(KillBillHttpClient.HTTP_HEADER_ACCEPT, "application/json");
final RequestOptions requestOptions = inputOptionsBuilder.build();
return httpClient.doGet(uri, CustomFields.class, requestOptions);
}
public CustomFields searchCustomFieldsByTypeName(final String objectType, final String fieldName, final String fieldValue, final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
return searchCustomFieldsByTypeName(objectType, fieldName, fieldValue, Long.valueOf(0), Long.valueOf(100), AuditLevel.NONE, inputOptions);
}
public CustomFields searchCustomFieldsByTypeName(final String objectType, final String fieldName, final String fieldValue, final Long offset, final Long limit, final AuditLevel audit, final RequestOptions inputOptions) throws KillBillClientException {
final String uri = "/1.0/kb/customFields/search";
final Multimap<String, String> queryParams = new TreeMapSetMultimap<>(inputOptions.getQueryParams());
if (objectType != null) {
queryParams.put("objectType", String.valueOf(objectType));
}
if (fieldName != null) {
queryParams.put("fieldName", String.valueOf(fieldName));
}
if (fieldValue != null) {
queryParams.put("fieldValue", String.valueOf(fieldValue));
}
if (offset != null) {
queryParams.put("offset", String.valueOf(offset));
}
if (limit != null) {
queryParams.put("limit", String.valueOf(limit));
}
if (audit != null) {
queryParams.put("audit", String.valueOf(audit));
}
final RequestOptionsBuilder inputOptionsBuilder = inputOptions.extend();
inputOptionsBuilder.withQueryParams(queryParams.asMap());
inputOptionsBuilder.withHeader(KillBillHttpClient.HTTP_HEADER_ACCEPT, "application/json");
final RequestOptions requestOptions = inputOptionsBuilder.build();
return httpClient.doGet(uri, CustomFields.class, requestOptions);
}
}
| 37,721 |
https://github.com/Teknyc/Angular-Todo-App/blob/master/src/services/todo.service.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Angular-Todo-App
|
Teknyc
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 103 | 275 |
import { Todo } from './../models/todo.model';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
@Injectable()
export class TodoService {
db: Array<Todo> = [
{
title: 'Buy mom birthday gift',
completed: false
},
{
title: 'Call Henry',
completed: true
},
{
title: 'Buy groceries',
completed: true
},
{
title: 'Change to winter tires',
completed: false
},
{
title: 'Pay the bills',
completed: false
}
]
// Returns a db
getTodos() {
return this.db;
}
// Adds a todo to the db
addTodo(todo){
this.db.push({
title: todo,
completed: false
})
}
// Deletes a todo from the db. Uses lodash to compare objects
deleteTodo(i){
this.db.splice(i, 1);
}
}
| 49,966 |
https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/blob/master/pwndbg/commands/valist.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
pwndbg
|
pwndbg
|
Python
|
Code
| 159 | 538 |
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
import gdb
import pwndbg.chain
import pwndbg.color as C
import pwndbg.commands
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Dumps the arguments of a va_list.")
parser.add_argument("addr", type=int, help="Address of the va_list")
parser.add_argument("count", type=int, nargs="?", default=8, help="Number of arguments to dump")
@pwndbg.commands.ArgparsedCommand(parser)
@pwndbg.commands.OnlyWhenRunning
def valist(addr: gdb.Value, count: int) -> None:
# The `va_list` struct looks like this:
#
# ```
# typedef struct {
# unsigned int gp_offset;
# unsigned int fp_offset;
# void *overflow_arg_area;
# void *reg_save_area;
# } va_list[1];
# ```
addr = int(addr)
gp_offset = pwndbg.gdblib.memory.u32(addr)
gp_index = gp_offset / 8
overflow_arg_area = pwndbg.gdblib.memory.u64(addr + 8)
reg_save_area = pwndbg.gdblib.memory.u64(addr + 16)
indent = " " * len("gp_offset => ")
heading = C.blue("reg_save_area".ljust(len(indent) - 1))
print(f"{C.blue('reg_save_area')}")
for i in range(6):
line = ""
if i == gp_index:
line += "gp_offset => "
else:
line += indent
line += pwndbg.chain.format(reg_save_area + i * 8)
print(line)
print()
print(f"{C.blue('overflow_arg_area')}")
for i in range(count - 6):
print(indent + pwndbg.chain.format(overflow_arg_area + i * 8))
| 38,945 |
2013110200933
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,013 |
GROUPE VOCAL WHY NOTE COLOR.
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 19 | 27 |
développement de la musique et du chant choral dans le cadre de la vie artistique et culturelle du lunévillois.
| 27,359 |
US-201916692144-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,024 | 9,067 |
Conventional data-center-monitoring systems lack the infrastructure to effectively store and analyze large volumes of machine-generated data, such as performance information and log data obtained from the data center. In conventional data-center-monitoring systems, machine-generated data is typically pre-processed prior to being stored, for example, by extracting pre-specified data items and storing them in a database to facilitate subsequent retrieval and analysis at search time. However, the rest of the data is not saved and discarded during pre-processing.
In contrast, the SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® stores large volumes of minimally processed machine data, such as performance information and log data at ingestion time for later retrieval and analysis at search time when a live performance issue is being investigated. In addition to data obtained from various log files, this performance-related information can include values for performance metrics obtained through an application programming interface (API) provided as part of the vSphere Hypervisor™ system distributed by VMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. For example, these performance metrics can include: (1) CPU-related performance metrics; (2) disk-related performance metrics; (3) memory-related performance metrics; (4) network-related performance metrics; (5) energy-usage statistics; (6) data-traffic-related performance metrics; (7) overall system availability performance metrics; (8) cluster-related performance metrics; and (9) virtual machine performance statistics. Such performance metrics are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,316, entitled “CORRELATION FOR USER-SELECTED TIME RANGES OF VALUES FOR PERFORMANCE METRICS OF COMPONENTS IN AN INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT WITH LOG DATA FROM THAT INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT”, filed on 29 Jan. 2014, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
To facilitate retrieving information of interest from performance data and log files, the SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® provides pre-specified scale as for extracting relevant values from different types of performance-related event data, and also enables a user to define such schemas.
The SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® additionally provides various visualizations to facilitate detecting and diagnosing the root cause of performance problems. For example, one such visualization is a “proactive monitoring tree” that enables a user to easily view and understand relationships among various factors that affect the performance of a hierarchically structured computing system. This proactive monitoring tree enables a user to easily navigate the hierarchy by selectively expanding nodes representing various entities (e.g., virtual centers or computing clusters) to view performance information for lower-level nodes associated with lower-level entities (e.g., virtual machines or host systems). Example node-expansion operations are illustrated in FIG. 9C, wherein nodes 933 and 934 are selectively expanded. Note that nodes 931-939 can be displayed using different patterns or colors to represent different performance states, such as a critical state, a warning state, a normal state or an unknown/offline state. The ease of navigation provided by selective expansion in combination with the associated performance-state information enables a user to quickly diagnose the root cause of a performance problem. The proactive monitoring tree is described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/253,490, entitled “PROACTIVE MONITORING TREE WITH SEVERITY STATE SORTING”, filed on 15 Apr. 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/812,948, also entitled “PROACTIVE MONITORING TREE WITH SEVERITY STATE SORTING”, filed on 29 Jul. 2015, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE ® also provides a user interface that enables a user to select a specific time range and then view heterogeneous data comprising events, log data, and associated performance metrics for the selected time range. For example, the screen illustrated in FIG. 9D displays a listing of recent “tasks and events” and a listing of recent “log entries” for a selected time range above a performance-metric graph for “average CPU core utilization” for the selected time range. Note that a user is able to operate pull-down menus 942 to selectively display different performance metric graphs for the selected time range. This enables the user to correlate trends in the performance-metric graph with corresponding event and log data to quickly determine the root cause of a performance problem. This user interface is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,316, entitled “CORRELATION FOR USER-SELECTED TIME RANGES OF VALUES FOR PERFORMANCE METRICS OF COMPONENTS IN AN INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT WITH LOG DATA FROM THAT INFORMATION-TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT”, filed on 29 Jan. 2014, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
2.13. Cloud-Based System Overview
The example data intake and query system 108 described in reference to FIG. 2 comprises several system components, including one or more forwarders, indexers, and search heads. In some environments, a user of a data intake and query system 108 may install and configure, on computing devices owned and operated by the user, one or more software applications that implement some or all of these system components. For example, a user may install a software application on server computers owned by the user and configure each server to operate as one or more of a forwarder, an indexer, a search head, etc. This arrangement generally may be referred to as an “on-premises” solution. That is, the system 108 is installed and operates on computing devices directly controlled by the user of the system. Some users may prefer an on-premises solution because it may provide a greater level of control over the configuration of certain aspects of the system (e.g., security, privacy, standards, controls, etc.). However, other users may instead prefer an arrangement in which the user is not directly responsible for providing and managing the computing devices upon which various components of system 108 operate.
In one embodiment, to provide an alternative to an entirely on-premises environment for system 108, one or more of the components of a data intake and query system instead may be provided as a cloud-based service. In this context, a cloud-based service refers to a service hosted by one more computing resources that are accessible to end users over a network, for example, by using a web browser or other application on a client device to interface with the remote computing resources. For example, a service provider may provide a cloud-based data intake and query system by managing computing resources configured to implement various aspects of the system (e.g., forwarders, indexers, search heads, etc) and by providing access to the system to end users via a network. Typically, a user may pay a subscription or other fee to use such a service. Each subscribing user of the cloud-based service may be provided with an account that enables the user to configure a customized cloud-based system based on the user's preferences.
FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example cloud-based data intake and query system. Similar to the system of FIG. 2, the networked computer system 1000 includes input data sources 202 and forwarders 204. These input data sources and forwarders may be in a subscriber's private computing environment. Alternatively, they might be directly managed by the service provider as pail of the cloud service. In the example system 1000, one or more forwarders 204 and client devices 1002 are coupled to a cloud-based data intake and query system 1006 via one or more networks 1004. Network 1004 broadly represents one or more LANs, WANs, cellular networks, intranetworks, internetworks, etc., using any of wired, wireless, terrestrial microwave, satellite links, etc., and may include the public Internet, and is used by client devices 1002 and forwarders 204 to access the system 1006. Similar to the system of 108, each of the forwarders 204 may be configured to receive data from an input source and to forward the data to other components of the system 1006 for further processing.
In an embodiment, a cloud-based data intake and query system 1006 may comprise a plurality of system instances 1008. In general, each system instance 1008 may include one or more computing resources managed by a provider of the cloud-based system 1006 made available to a particular subscriber. The computing resources comprising a system instance 1008 may, for example, include one or more servers or other devices configured to implement one or more forwarders, indexers, search heads, and other components of a data intake and query system, similar to system 108. As indicated above, a subscriber may use a web browser or other application of a client device 1002 to access a web portal or other interface that enables the subscriber to configure an instance 1008.
Providing a data intake and query system as described in reference to system 108 as a cloud-based service presents a number of challenges. Each of the components of a system 108 (e.g., forwarders, indexers and search heads) may at times refer to various configuration files stored locally at each component. These configuration files typically may involve some level of user configuration to accommodate particular types of data a user desires to analyze and to account for other user preferences. However, in a cloud-based service context, users typically may not have direct access to the underlying computing resources implementing the various system components (e.g., the computing resources comprising each system instance 1008) and may desire to make such configurations indirectly, for example, using one or more web-based interfaces. Thus, the techniques and systems described herein for providing user interfaces that enable a user to configure source type definitions are applicable to both on-premises and cloud-based service contexts, or some combination thereof (e.g., a hybrid system where both an on-premises environment such as SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE and a cloud-based environment such as SPLUNK CLOUD™ are centrally visible).
2.14. Searching Externally Archived Data
FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of an example of a data intake and query system 108 that provides transparent search facilities for data systems that are external to the data intake and query system. Such facilities are available in the HUNK® system provided by Splunk Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. HUNK® represents an analytics platform that enables business and IT teams to rapidly explore, analyze, and visualize data in Hadoop and NoSQL data stores.
The search head 210 of the data intake and query system receives search requests from one or more client devices 1104 over network connections 1120. As discussed above, the data intake and query system 108 may reside in an enterprise location, in the cloud, etc. FIG. 11 illustrates that multiple client devices 1104 a, 1104 b, . . . , 1104 n may communicate with the data intake and query system 108. The client devices 1104 may communicate with the data intake and query system using a variety of connections. For example, one client device in FIG. 11 is illustrated as communicating over an Internet (Web) protocol, another client device is illustrated as communicating via a command line interface, and another client device is illustrated as communicating via a system developer kit (SDK).
The search head 210 analyzes the received search request to identify request parameters. If a search request received from one of the client devices 1104 references an index maintained by the data intake and query system, then the search head 210 connects to one or more indexers 206 of the data intake and query system for the index referenced in the request parameters. That is, if the request parameters of the search request reference an index, then the search head accesses the data in the index via the indexer. The data intake and query system 108 may include one or more indexers 206, depending on system access resources and requirements. As described further below, the indexers 206 retrieve data from their respective local data stores 208 as specified in the search request. The indexers and their respective data stores can comprise one or more storage devices and typically reside on the same system, though they may be connected via a local network connection.
If the request parameters of the received search request reference an external data collection, which is not accessible to the indexers 206 or under the management of the data intake and query system, then the search head 210 can access the external data collection through an External Result Provider (ERP) process 1110. An external data collection may be referred to as a “virtual index” (plural, “virtual indices”). An ERP process provides an interface through which the search head 210 may access virtual indices.
Thus, a search reference to an index of the system relates to a locally stored and managed data collection. In contrast, a search reference to a virtual index relates to an externally stored and managed data collection, which the search head may access through one or more ERP processes 1110, 1112. FIG. 11 shows two ERP processes 1110, 1112 that connect to respective remote (external) virtual indices, which are indicated as a Hadoop or another system 1114 (e.g., Amazon S3, Amazon EMR, other Hadoop Compatible File Systems (HCFS), etc.) and a relational database management system (RDBMS) 1116. Other virtual indices may include other file organizations and protocols, such as Structured Query Language (SQL) and the like. The ellipses between the ERP processes 1110, 1112 indicate optional additional ERP processes of the data intake and query system 108. An ERP process may be a computer process that is initiated or spawned by the search head 210 and is executed by the search data intake and query system 108. Alternatively or additionally, an ERP process may be a process spawned by the search head 210 on the same or different host system as the search head 210 resides.
The search head 210 may spawn a single ERP process in response to multiple virtual indices referenced in a search request, or the search head may spawn different ERP processes for different virtual indices. Generally, virtual indices that share common data configurations or protocols may share ERP processes. For example, all search query references to a Hadoop file system may be processed by the same ERP process, if the ERP process is suitably configured. Likewise, all search query references to an SQL database may be processed by the same ERP process. In addition, the search head may provide a common ERP process for common external data source types (e.g., a common vendor may utilize a common ERP process, even if the vendor includes different data storage system types, such as Hadoop and SQL). Common indexing schemes also may be handled by common ERP processes, such as flat text files or Weblog files.
The search head 210 determines the number of ERP processes to be initiated via the use of configuration parameters that are included in a search request message. Generally, there is a one-to-many relationship between an external results provider “family” and ERP processes. There is also a one-to-many relationship between an ERP process and corresponding virtual indices that are referred to in a search request. For example, using RDBMS, assume two independent instances of such a system by one vendor, such as one RDBMS for production and another RDBMS used for development. In such a situation, it is likely preferable (but optional) to use two ERP processes to maintain the independent operation as between production and development data. Both of the ERPs, however, will belong to the same family, because the two RDBMS system types are from the same vendor.
The ERP processes 1110, 1112 receive a search request from the search head 210. The search head may optimize the received search request for execution at the respective external virtual index. Alternatively, the ERP process may receive a search request as a result of analysis performed by the search head or by a different system process. The ERP processes 1110, 1112 can communicate with the search head 210 via conventional input/output routines (e.g., standard in/standard out, etc.). In this way, the ERP process receives the search request from a client device such that the search request may be efficiently executed at the corresponding external virtual index.
The ERP processes 1110, 1112 may be implemented as a process of the data intake and query system. Each ERP process may be provided by the data intake and query system, or may be provided by process or application providers who are independent of the data intake and query system. Each respective ERP process may include an interface application installed at a computer of the external result provider that ensures proper communication between the search support system and the external result provider. The ERP processes 1110, 1112 generate appropriate search requests in the protocol and syntax of the respective virtual indices 1114, 1116, each of which corresponds to the search request received by the search head 210. Upon receiving search results from their corresponding virtual indices, the respective ERP process passes the result to the search head 210, which may return or display the results or a processed set of results based on the returned results to the respective client device.
Client devices 1104 may communicate with the data intake and query system 108 through a network interface 1120, e.g., one or more LANs, WANS, cellular networks, intranetworks, and/or internetworks using any of wired, wireless, terrestrial microwave, satellite links, etc., and may include the public Internet.
The analytics platform utilizing the External Result Provider process described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,738,629, entitled “EXTERNAL RESULT PROVIDED PROCESS FOR RETRIEVING DATA STORED USING A DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION OR PROTOCOL”, issued on 27 May 2014, U.S. Pat. No.8,738,587, entitled “PROCESSING A SYSTEM SEARCH REQUEST BY RETRIEVING RESULTS FROM BOTH A NATIVE INDEX AND A VIRTUAL INDEX”, issued on 25 Jul. 2013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/266,832, entitled “PROCESSING A SYSTEM SEARCH REQUEST ACROSS DISPARATE DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS”, filed on 1 May 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/449,144, entitled “PROCESSING A SYSTEM SEARCH REQUEST INCLUDING EXTERNAL DATA SOURCES”, filed on 31 Jul. 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
2.14.1. ERP Process Features
The ERP processes described above may include two operation modes: a streaming mode and a reporting mode. The ERP processes can operate in streaming mode only, in reporting mode only, or in both modes simultaneously. Operating in both modes simultaneously is referred to as mixed mode operation. In a mixed mode operation, the ERP at some point can stop providing the search head with streaming results and only provide reporting results thereafter, or the search head at some point may start ignoring streaming results it has been using and only use reporting results thereafter.
The streaming mode returns search results in real time, with minimal processing, in response to the search request. The reporting mode provides results of a search request with processing of the search results prior to providing them to the requesting search head, which in turn provides results to the requesting client device. ERP operation with such multiple modes provides greater performance flexibility with regard to report time, search latency, and resource utilization.
In a mixed mode operation, both streaming mode and reporting mode are operating simultaneously. The streaming mode results (e.g., the raw data obtained from the external data source)are provided to the search head, which can then process the results data (e.g., break the raw data into events, timestamp it, filter it, etc.) and integrate the results data with the results data from other external data sources, and/or from data stores of the search head. The search head performs such processing and can immediately start returning interim (streaming mode) results to the user at the requesting client device; simultaneously, the search head is waiting for the ERP process to process the data it is retrieving from the external data source as a result of the concurrently executing reporting mode.
In some instances, the ERP process initially operates in a mixed mode, such that the streaming mode operates to enable the ERP quickly to return interim results (e.g., some of the raw or unprocessed data necessary to respond to a search request) to the search head, enabling the search head to process the interim results and begin providing to the client or search requester interim results that are responsive to the query. Meanwhile, in this mixed mode, the ERP also operates concurrently in reporting mode, processing portions of raw data in a manner responsive to the search query. Upon determining that it has results from the reporting mode available to return to the search head, the ERP may halt processing in the mixed mode at that time (or some later time) by stopping the return of data in streaming mode to the search head and switching to reporting mode only. The ERP at this point starts sending interim results in reporting mode to the search head, which in turn may then present this processed data responsive to the search request to the client or search requester. Typically the search head switches from using results from the ERP's streaming mode of operation to results from the ERP's reporting mode of operation when the higher bandwidth results from the reporting mode outstrip the amount of data processed by the search head in the streaming mode of ERP operation.
A reporting mode may have a higher bandwidth because the ERP does not have to spend time transferring data to the search head for processing all the raw data. In addition, the ERP may optionally direct another processor to do the processing.
The streaming mode of operation does not need to be stopped to gain the higher bandwidth benefits of a reporting mode; the search head could simply stop using the streaming mode results—and start using the reporting mode results when the bandwidth of the reporting mode has caught up with or exceeded the amount of bandwidth provided by the streaming mode. Thus, a variety of triggers and ways to accomplish a search head's switch from using streaming mode results to using reporting mode results may be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
The reporting mode can involve ERP process (or an external system) performing event breaking, time stamping, filtering of events to match the search query request, and calculating statistics on the results. The user can request particular types of data, such as if the search query itself involves types of events, or the search request may ask for statistics on data, such as on events that meet the search request. In either case, the search head understands the query language used in the received query request, which may be a proprietary language. One exemplary query language is SPL developed by the assignee of the application, Splunk Inc. The search head typically understands how to use that language to obtain data from the indexers, which store data in a format used by the SPLUNK® Enterprise system.
The ERP processes support the search head, as the search head is not ordinarily configured to understand the format in which data is stored in external data sources such as Hadoop or SQL data systems. Rather, the ERP process performs that translation from the query submitted in the search support system's native format (e.g., SPL if SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE is used as the search support system) to a search query request format that will be accepted by the corresponding external data system. The external data system typically stores data in a different format from that of the search support system's native index format, and it utilizes a different query language (e.g., SQL or MapReduce, rather than SPL or the like).
As noted, the ERP process can operate in the streaming mode alone. After the ERP process has performed the translation of the query request and received raw results from the streaming mode, the search head can integrate the returned data with any data obtained from local data sources (e.g., native to the search support system), other external data sources, and other ERP processes (if such operations were required to satisfy the terms of the search query). An advantage of mixed mode operation is that, in addition to streaming mode, the ERP process is also executing concurrently in reporting mode. Thus, the ERP process (rather than the search head) is processing query results (e.g., performing event breaking, timestamping, filtering, possibly calculating statistics if required to be responsive to the search query request, etc.). It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that additional time is needed for the ERP process to perform the processing in such a configuration. Therefore, the streaming mode will allow the search head to start returning interim results to the user at the client device before the ERP process can complete sufficient processing to start returning any search results. The switchover between streaming and reporting mode happens when the ERP process determines that the switchover is appropriate, such as when the ERP process determines it can begin returning meaningful results from its reporting mode.
The operation described above illustrates the source of operational latency:
streaming mode has low latency (immediate results) and usually has relatively low bandwidth (fewer results can be returned per unit of time). In contrast, the concurrently running reporting mode has relatively high latency (it has to perform a lot more processing before returning any results) and usually has relatively high bandwidth (more results can be processed per unit of time). For example, when the ERP process does begin returning report results, it returns more processed results than in the streaming mode, because, e.g., statistics only need to be calculated to be responsive to the search request. That is, the ERP process doesn't have to take time to first return raw data to the search head. As noted, the ERP process could be configured to operate in streaming mode alone and return just the raw data for the search head to process in a way that is responsive to the search request. Alternatively, the ERP process can be configured to operate in the reporting mode only. Also, the ERP process can be configured to operate in streaming mode and reporting mode concurrently, as described, with the ERP process stopping the transmission of streaming results to the search head when the concurrently running reporting mode has caught up and started providing results. The reporting mode does not require the processing of all raw data that is responsive to the search query request before the ERP process starts returning results; rather, the reporting mode usually performs processing of chunks of events and returns the processing results to the search head for each chunk.
For example, an ERP process can be configured to merely return the contents of a search result file verbatim, with little or no processing of results. That way, the search head performs all processing (such as parsing byte streams into events, filtering, etc.). The ERP process can be configured to perform additional intelligence, such as analyzing the search request and handling all the computation that a native search indexer process would otherwise perform. In this way, the configured ERP process provides greater flexibility in features while operating according to desired preferences, such as response latency and resource requirements.
2.15. It Service Monitoring
- - As previously mentioned, the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE platform provides various schemas, dashboards and visualizations that make it easy for developers to create applications to provide additional capabilities. One such application is SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™, which performs monitoring and alerting operations. It also includes analytics to help an analyst diagnose the root cause of performance problems based on large volumes of data stored by the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system as correlated to the various services an IT organization provides (a service-centric view). This differs significantly from conventional IT monitoring systems that lack the infrastructure to effectively store and analyze large volumes of service-related event data. Traditional service monitoring systems typically use fixed schemas to extract data from pre-defined fields at data ingestion time, wherein the extracted data is typically stored in a relational database. This data extraction process and associated reduction in data content that occurs at data ingestion time inevitably hampers future investigations, when all of the original data may be needed to determine the root cause of or contributing factors to a service issue.
In contrast, a SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ system stores large volumes of minimally-processed service-related data at ingestion time for later retrieval and analysis at search time, to perform regular monitoring, or to investigate a service issue. To facilitate this data retrieval process, SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ enables a user to define an IT operations infrastructure from the perspective of the services it provides. In this service-centric approach, a service such as corporate e-mail may be defined in terms of the entities employed to provide the service, such as host machines and network devices. Each entity is defined to include information for identifying all of the event data that pertains to the entity, whether produced by the entity itself or by another machine, and considering the many various ways the entity may be identified in raw machine data (such as by a URL, an IP address, or machine name). The service and entity definitions can organize event data around a service so that all of the event data pertaining to that service can be easily identified. This capability provides a foundation for the implementation of Key Performance Indicators.
One or more Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) are defined for a service within the SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ application. Each KPI measures an aspect of service performance at a point in time or over a period of time (aspect KPI's). Each KPI is defined by a search query that derives a KPI value from the machine data of events associated with the entities that provide the service. Information in the entity definitions may be used to identify the appropriate events at the time a KPI is defined or whenever a KPI value is being determined. The KPI values derived over time may be stored to build a valuable repository of current and historical performance information for the service, and the repository, itself, may be subject to search query processing. Aggregate KPIs may be defined to provide a measure of service performance calculated from a set of service aspect KPI values; this aggregate may even be taken across defined timeframes and/or across multiple services. A particular service may have an aggregate KPI derived from substantially all of the aspect KPI's of the service to indicate an overall health score for the service.
SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ facilitates the production of meaningful aggregate KPI's through a system of KPI thresholds and state values. Different KPI definitions may produce values in different ranges, and so the same value may mean something very different from one KPI definition to another. To address this, SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ implements a translation of individual KPI values to a common domain of “state” values. For example, a KPI range of values may be 1-100, or 50-275, while values in the state domain may be ‘critical,’ ‘warning,’ ‘normal,’ and ‘informational’. Thresholds associated with a particular KPI definition determine ranges of values for that KPI that correspond to the various state values. In one case, KPI values 95-100 may be set to correspond to ‘critical’ in the state domain. KPI values from disparate KPI's can be processed uniformly once they are translated into the common state values using the thresholds. For example, “normal 80% of the time” can be applied across various KPI's. To provide meaningful aggregate KPI's, a weighting value can be assigned to each KPI so that its influence on the calculated aggregate KPI value is increased or decreased relative to the other KPI's.
One service in an IT environment often impacts, or is impacted by, another service. SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ can reflect these dependencies. For example, a dependency relationship between a corporate e-mail service and a centralized authentication service can be reflected by recording an association between their respective service definitions. The recorded associations establish a service dependency topology that informs the data or selection options presented in a GUI, for example. (The service dependency topology is like a “map” showing how services are connected based on their dependencies.) The service topology may itself be depicted in a GUI and may be interactive to allow navigation among related services.
Entity definitions in SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ can include informational fields that can serve as metadata, implied data fields, or attributed data fields for the events identified by other aspects of the entity definition. Entity definitions in SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ can also be created and updated by an import of tabular data (as represented in a CSV, another delimited file, or a search query result set). The import may be GUI-mediated or processed using import parameters from a GUI-based import definition process. Entity definitions in SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ can also be associated with a service by means of a service definition rule. Processing the rule results in the matching entity definitions being associated with the service definition. The rule can be processed at creation time, and thereafter on a scheduled or on-demand basis. This allows dynamic, rule-based updates to the service definition.
During operation, SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ can recognize so-called “notable events” that may indicate a service performance problem or other situation of interest. These notable events can be recognized by a “correlation search” specifying trigger criteria for a notable event: every time KPI values satisfy the criteria, the application indicates a notable event. A severity level for the notable event may also be specified. Furthermore, when trigger criteria are satisfied, the correlation search may additionally or alternatively cause a service ticket to be created in an IT service management (ITSM) system, such as a systems available from ServiceNow, Inc., of Santa Clara, Calif.
SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides various visualizations built on its service-centric organization of event data and the KPI values generated and collected. Visualizations can be particularly useful for monitoring or investigating service performance. SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides a service monitoring interface suitable as the home page for ongoing IT service monitoring. The interface is appropriate for settings such as desktop use or for a wall-mounted display in a network operations center (NOC). The interface may prominently display a services health section with tiles for the aggregate KPI's indicating overall health for defined services and a general KPI section with tiles for KPI's related to individual service aspects. These tiles may display KPI information in a variety of ways, such as by being colored and ordered according to factors like the KPI state value. They also can teractive and navigate to visualizations of more detailed KPI information.
SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides a service-monitoring dashboard visualization based on a user-defined template. The template can include user-selectable widgets of varying types and styles to display KPI information. The content and the appearance of widgets can respond dynamically to changing KPI information. The KPI widgets can appear in conjunction with a background image, user drawing objects, or other visual elements, that depict the IT operations environment, for example. The KPI widgets or other GUI elements can be interactive so as to provide navigation to visualizations of more detailed KPI information.
SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides a visualization showing detailed time-series information for multiple KPI's in parallel graph lanes. The length of each lane can correspond to a uniform time range, while the width of each lane may be automatically adjusted to fit the displayed KPI data. Data within each lane may be displayed in a user selectable style, such as a line, area, or bar chart. During operation a user may select a position in the time range of the graph lanes to activate lane inspection at that point in time. Lane inspection may display an indicator for the selected time across the graph lanes and display the KPI value associated with that point in time for each of the graph lanes. The visualization may also provide navigation to an interface for defining a correlation search, using information from the visualization to pre-populate the definition.
SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides a visualization for incident review showing detailed information for notable events. The incident review visualization may also show summary information for the notable events over a time frame, such as an indication of the number of notable events at each of a number of severity levels. The severity level display may be presented as a rainbow chart with the warmest color associated with the highest severity classification. The incident review visualization may also show summary information for the notable events over a time frame, such as the number of notable events occurring within segments of the time frame. The incident review visualization may display a list of notable events within the time frame ordered by any number of factors, such as time or severity. The selection of a particular notable event from the list may display detailed information about that notable event, including an identification of the correlation search that generated the notable event.
SPLUNK® IT SERVICE INTELLIGENCE™ provides pre-specified schemas for extracting relevant values from the different types of service-related event data. It also enables a user to define such schemas.
Introduction of Automated Anomaly Detection for Event-Based System
Described herein is a technology that facilitates the production of and the use of automated datagens for event-based systems (like those described herein). A datagen may also be called a data-generator or data generation system. A datagen is a component, module, or subsystem of computer systems that searches, monitors, and analyzes machine data. A datagen produces events that are further processed in various ways for subsequent use (such as searching, monitoring, and analysis).
Conventionally, events from a particular system are analyzed manually by a human. Thai human creates a customized program that generates events of a similar structure based on human's analysis. For example, there may be some programmed logic that indicates that “there-'s one type of event that contains ‘host=’ and then an IP and another type of event that contains ‘temperature:’ and then a number between . . .” and the like. This customized program is a form of a conventional datagen. It relies upon human analysis to explicitly determine the structure of the events that the datagen will create.
Indeed, this manually customized approach is particularly challenging with properly unstructured text. For example, events that contain user input like “review=‘I purchased these kitten mittens and my cat is still stomping around the house like an angry elephant’” is highly unstructured. To work on such highly unstructured data, conventional datagens necessitate significant human attention, but the resulting events vary greatly.
Datagens operate on machine data. Raw machine data raw is produced by a component within an information technology environment and relates to activities or operations in the information technology environment. Some datagens operate on machine data that is relatively structured (e.g., many highly repeated patterns in the data) to produce events. This type of datagen produces little to no variability in the resulting events.
Conventionally, there is no automated way to create a datagen for some ostensibly unstructured dataset of machine data. Therefore, in accordance with the state-of-the-art, a human must decide the rules to program into the datagen for it to produce particularly structured events from a given dataset of machine data.
Moreover, existing data-generation systems are only capable of producing events from a given dataset of machine data. In contrast, an embodiment of datagen may generate wholly new events that are consistent with the content and structure of a given collection of example events. This is particularly useful when there is an insufficiently large enough dataset of events to test a system fully for searching, monitoring, and analyzing such events.
Furthermore, existing data-generation systems are not capable of detecting an anomaly in ostensibly unstructured dataset of machine data. An anomaly is a variance in the input data stream that exceeds some acceptable amount of deviation from the norm (i.e., standard, expectation, etc.). There may be patterns in the machine data even if those patterns are not readily apparent to a human. An embodiment of datagen, in accordance with the technology described herein, may detect anomalies in the input machine data.
Example Automated Data Generation System
FIG. 18 illustrates an example computing infrastructure 1800 that employs an automated data generation system 1820 in accordance with one or more implementations described herein. The automated data generation system 1820 may also be called an auto data generator for short. More simply still, such a system may be called an AutoDataGen.
The computing infrastructure 1800 may be implemented as part of a computing environment. For example, the computing infrastructure 1800 may be implemented as part of the data intake and query system 108. Indeed, the computing infrastructure 1800 may be implemented as part of an indexer or forwarder.
As depicted, the computing infrastructure 1800 includes network 1810, the AutoDataGen 1820, training corpus 1840, and machine data 1850.
The network 1810 represents any one network or combination of multiple different types of networks that are used for communications to/from external devices. Physically, the network 1810 includes wire-based networks (e.g., Ethernet, cable, dial-up telephone cabling, fiber optics, etc.) and/or wireless networks (e.g., wireless access points, cellular, satellite, BLUETOOTH™, etc.). The network 1810 may be described in the similar manner as network 104 is described above.
As depicted, the AutoDataGen 1820 includes one or more processors 1822, one or more secondary storage systems 1824 (e.g., hard drives, flash memory), and one or more primary memories 182.6 (e.g., caches, registers, random access memory, etc.). While the storage systems 1824 are shown as local to the device (i.e., the AutoDataGen 1820), the storage systems 1824 may also be accomplished using non-local storage solutions, such as a so-called “cloud” storage. The storage systems 1824 and memories 1826 are examples of non-transitory computer-readable media that are capable of storing processor-executable (or computer-executable) instructions thereon.
The AutoDataGen 1820 is depicted as a computing device. While depicted as a particular hardware device, the AutoDataGen 1820 may be implemented as part of a computing device, a collection of networked computing devices, components, some portion of a component operating on or by such a device, or as a combination of hardware with a programmed software module.
The AutoDataGen 1820 includes several modules/components to perform its functions. Those include a deep-learning engine 1830, training corpus handler 1842, machine-data manager 1852, and an output subsystem 1860.
| 28,930 |
https://github.com/ousttrue/limgui/blob/master/lua/imgui_ffi/cdef/imgui_impl_glfw.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
limgui
|
ousttrue
|
Lua
|
Code
| 108 | 600 |
-- generated from imgui_impl_glfw.h
local ffi = require 'ffi'
ffi.cdef[[
struct GLFWwindow;
struct GLFWmonitor;
bool ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForOpenGL(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
bool install_callbacks
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForOpenGL@@YA_NPEAUGLFWwindow@@_N@Z");
bool ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForVulkan(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
bool install_callbacks
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForVulkan@@YA_NPEAUGLFWwindow@@_N@Z");
bool ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForOther(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
bool install_callbacks
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_InitForOther@@YA_NPEAUGLFWwindow@@_N@Z");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_Shutdown(
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_Shutdown@@YAXXZ");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_NewFrame(
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_NewFrame@@YAXXZ");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_MouseButtonCallback(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
int button,
int action,
int mods
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_MouseButtonCallback@@YAXPEAUGLFWwindow@@HHH@Z");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_ScrollCallback(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
double xoffset,
double yoffset
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_ScrollCallback@@YAXPEAUGLFWwindow@@NN@Z");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_KeyCallback(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
int key,
int scancode,
int action,
int mods
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_KeyCallback@@YAXPEAUGLFWwindow@@HHHH@Z");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_CharCallback(
struct GLFWwindow* window,
unsigned int c
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_CharCallback@@YAXPEAUGLFWwindow@@I@Z");
void ImGui_ImplGlfw_MonitorCallback(
struct GLFWmonitor* monitor,
int event
) asm("?ImGui_ImplGlfw_MonitorCallback@@YAXPEAUGLFWmonitor@@H@Z");
]]
| 28,486 |
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%20%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%20%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%20%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Կոստա Ռիկայի կենտրոնական բանկ
|
https://hy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Կոստա Ռիկայի կենտրոնական բանկ&action=history
|
Armenian
|
Spoken
| 76 | 401 |
Կոստա Ռիկայի կենտրոնական բանկ (), Կոստա Ռիկայի Հանրապետության կենտրոնական բանկ։
Պատմություն
Մինչև 1914 թվականի նոյեմբերի 24-ը թղթադրամները թողարկվում էին հիմնականում մասնավոր բանկերի կողմից, երբեմն կառավարության կողմից։ Այս ժամանակից հետո թղթադրամների թողարկման իրավունքը բացառապես պատկանում էր Կոստա Ռիկայի միջազգային բանկին։ 1936 թվականի վերջին Կոստա Ռիկայի միջազգային բանկը վերակազմավորվեց Կոստա Ռիկայի ազգային բանկի։
1950 թվականի հունվարի 28-ին Կոստա Ռիկայի ազգային բանկի հիմքի վրա ստեղծվեց Կոստա Ռիկայի պետական կենտրոնական բանկը։
Ծանոթագրություններ
Աղբյուրներ
Արտաքին հղումներ
Կոստա Ռիկայի տնտեսություն
Կենտրոնական բանկեր
| 49,538 |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Калач-Соим
|
https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Калач-Соим&action=history
|
Kazakh
|
Spoken
| 133 | 551 |
Калач-Соим — Ресейдегі өзен. Ямало-Ненец АҚ, Ханты-Мансий АҚ жер аумақтарынан ағып өтеді. Өзен сағасы Сыня өзенінің сол жағалауынан 95 км қашықтықта орналасқан. Өзен ұзындығы 12 км-ді құрайды.
Су реестрінің мәліметтері
Ресей мемлекеттік су тізілімінің мәліметі бойынша Төменгі Обь су алабы өңіріне жатады, өзеннің сушаруашылық бөлігі — Обь Солтүстік Сосьва өзенінің құйылысынан Салехард қаласына дейін. Өзен саласы — Солтүстік Сосьваға қосылу құйылысынан төмен Обь тармағының су алаптары, өзен алабы — Ертіске қосылу құйылысына дейінгі (Төменгі) Обь.
Ресей су ресурстары федералды агенттігі дайындаған РФ территориясын сушаруашылығы бойынша аудандастыру жөніндегі геоақпараттық жүйе мәліметтері бойынша:
Мемлекеттік су реестріндегі су объектісінің коды — 15020300112115300030343
Гидрологиялық тұрғыдан зерттелу (ГЗ) коды — 115303034
Су алабының коды — 15.02.03.001
ГЗ томының нөмірі — 15
ГЗ бойынша шығарылуы — 3
Дереккөздер
Сыртқы сілтемелер
Ресей Федерациясы Табиғи ресурстар және экология министрлігі
Ресей өзендері
| 4,677 |
https://github.com/staccDOTsol/reactsimple/blob/master/node_modules/@strata-foundation/react/src/constants/index.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
reactsimple
|
staccDOTsol
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 4 | 9 |
export * from "./globals";
| 34,027 |
https://github.com/openregister/create-register-picker/blob/master/app/controllers/home_controller.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
create-register-picker
|
openregister
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 55 | 275 |
require 'openregister'
class HomeController < ApplicationController
before_action :initialize_registers, only: :index
def index
end
def choose_field
@register_name = params[:selected_register].split(":")[0]
@register_phase = params[:selected_register].split(":")[1]
@register = OpenRegister.register(@register_name, @register_phase.to_sym)
end
def show_picker
@register_name = params[:selected_register]
@register_phase = params[:selected_phase]
@register_field = params[:selected_field]
@register_records = OpenRegister.register(@register_name, @register_phase.to_sym)._all_records
end
def download
end
private
def initialize_registers
@list_of_registers = OpenRegister.registers(:beta)
@list_of_registers.concat(OpenRegister.registers(:alpha))
@list_of_registers.concat(OpenRegister.registers(:discovery))
end
end
| 21,656 |
https://github.com/gongjie437/udacity_system_mointer/blob/master/src/process.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
udacity_system_mointer
|
gongjie437
|
C++
|
Code
| 233 | 683 |
#include <unistd.h>
#include <cctype>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "process.h"
#include "linux_parser.h"
using std::string;
using std::to_string;
using std::vector;
Process::Process(int curPid)
{
mPid = curPid;
// then need to parse data
setCommand();
setRam();
setUser();
setUpTime();
calcuateCpuUtilization();
}
// TODO: Return this process's ID
int Process::Pid() { return mPid; }
// TODO: Return this process's CPU utilization
float Process::CpuUtilization() { return mCpuUtilization; }
// TODO: Return the command that generated this process
string Process::Command() { return mCmd; }
// TODO: Return this process's memory utilization
string Process::Ram() { return mRam; }
// TODO: Return the user (name) that generated this process
string Process::User() { return mUser; }
// TODO: Return the age of this process (in seconds)
long int Process::UpTime() { return mUpTime; }
//all the setter
void Process::setCommand() {
mCmd = LinuxParser::Command(mPid);
}
void Process::setRam() {
mRam = LinuxParser::Ram(mPid); //LinuxParser::Ram(int pid) retun a string in kb
}
void Process::setUser() {
mUser = LinuxParser::User(mPid);
}
void Process::setUpTime() {
mUpTime = LinuxParser::UpTime(mPid);
}
//reference is here https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16726779/how-do-i-get-the-total-cpu-usage-of-an-application-from-proc-pid-stat/16736599#16736599
void Process::calcuateCpuUtilization() {
long uptime = LinuxParser::UpTime(mPid);
auto cpuStats = LinuxParser::CpuUtilization(mPid);
if(cpuStats.size() == 5) {
float startT = cpuStats[4];
float totalT = cpuStats[0] + cpuStats[1] + cpuStats[2] + cpuStats[3];
mCpuUtilization = totalT / (uptime - startT);
}
else
mCpuUtilization = 0.0f;
}
// TODO: Overload the "greater than" comparison operator for Process objects in descending order
bool Process::operator>(Process const& other) const {
return this->mCpuUtilization > other.mCpuUtilization; }
| 3,529 |
consideraessobr00quengoog_24
|
Portuguese-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,904 |
Considerações sobre a philosophia da historia litteraria portugueza (a proposito d'alguns livros recentes)
|
Quental, Antero de, 1842-1891
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 8,580 | 11,972 |
O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição.
| 17,139 |
<urn:uuid:5bcb389d-de0b-44ae-babc-d4e44f496926>
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
| null |
https://www.afd.fr/fr/carte-des-projets/encourager-projets-durables-etats-sud-bresil
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opendata.afd.fr
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French
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Spoken
| 407 | 622 |
Encourager les projets durables dans les États du...
Systèmes financiers Climat Eau et assainissement Énergie Villes durables
L’AFD soutient le programme « Production et consommation durable » de la Banque régionale de développement de l’Extrême-sud (BRDE) pour financer les projets locaux à impacts positifs sur l’environnement et le climat.
La région sud du Brésil, regroupant les États du Paraná, du Santa Catarina et du Rio Grande do Sul, est la deuxième du pays en termes de contribution économique. Ses activités économiques génèrent des impacts environnementaux significatifs. Les enjeux cruciaux portent en particulier sur l’agriculture et l’élevage, qui représentent 20 % des émissions au Brésil. Aux défis environnementaux s’ajoutent l’amélioration de la qualité des eaux superficielles, du réseau d’assainissement et de gestion des déchets agricoles. En réponse, la BRDE, la principale banque publique de développement régionale a lancé le Programme de Production et Consommation durable (PCS). L’AFD soutient cette initiative et encourage la banque à prêter à 15 % dans les projets durables.
Afin de répondre à la fois aux enjeux environnementaux de la région sud mais aussi aux politiques environnementales du Brésil, le partenariat vise deux objectifs :
premièrement soutenir la BRDE dans la mise en œuvre du programme PCS pour financer les projets à fort impact en faveur de l’environnement et du climat,
et deuxièmement, contribuer à la diversification des ressources de la BRDE avec ce premier prêt.
Il viendra soutenir les cinq axes prioritaires du programme PCS :
les énergies propres et renouvelables (petites centrales hydroélectriques, biomasse, éolien, solaire),
l’usage rationnel et efficace de l’eau,
la gestion des déchets et le recyclage,
l’agriculture durable,
les villes durables.
L’AFD et la BRDE s’engagent ainsi à mobiliser conjointement des financements visant à lutter contre le changement climatique, en cohérence avec la contribution déterminée au niveau national (NDC) du Brésil et avec l’Accord de Paris, avec le souci de développer des systèmes financiers pérennes.
Dans les trois prochaines années, les projets financés à travers ce partenariat seront sélectionnés en fonction de leurs impacts sur le développement et le climat. Il est prévu d’appuyer au moins 20 projets d’acteurs publics et privés (coopératives, agriculteurs, entreprises privées, municipalités).
Une réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre est attendue, grâce au financement des énergies renouvelables et la promotion des activités agricoles à bas carbone. Le soutien à des investissements d’adaptation permettra aussi d’augmenter la résilience de la région au dérèglement climatique.
Banque régionale de Développement de l'Extrême Sud (BRDE)
| 26,219 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29632879
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Las Chachalacas
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 618 | 1,920 |
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Las Chachalacas instans av Wikimedia-förgreningssida
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Las Chachalacas ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Las Chachalacas
page d'homonymie de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas nature de l’élément page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
Las Chachalacas
pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas istanza di pagina di disambiguazione di un progetto Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas instancia de página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas is 'n Wikimedia dubbelsinnigheidsbladsy
Las Chachalacas
pachina de desambigación
Las Chachalacas instancia de pachina de desambigación de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas instancia de páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas natur an elfenn pajenn disheñvelout eus Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas instància de pàgina de desambiguació de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas instance (čeho) rozcestník na projektech Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas enghraifft o'r canlynol tudalen wahaniaethu Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-flertydigside
Las Chachalacas tilfælde af flertydig
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Las Chachalacas ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Las Chachalacas ist eine Instanz von Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas
Vikimedia apartigilo
Las Chachalacas estas Vikimedia apartigilo
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Las Chachalacas üksikjuht nähtusest Wikimedia täpsustuslehekülg
Las Chachalacas
Wikimediako argipen orri
Las Chachalacas honako hau da Wikimediako argipen orri
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Las Chachalacas esiintymä kohteesta Wikimedia-täsmennyssivu
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas sampla de leathanach idirdhealaithe Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas instancia de páxina de homónimos de Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Las Chachalacas isch e Wikimedia-Begriffsklärigssite
Las Chachalacas
razdvojbena stranica na Wikimediji
Las Chachalacas jest razdvojba na Wikimediji
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas instantia de pagina de disambiguation
Las Chachalacas
halaman disambiguasi Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas adalah halaman disambiguasi Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
aðgreiningarsíða á Wikipediu
Las Chachalacas er Wikimedia aðgreiningarsíða
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Las Chachalacas ass eng/e(n) Wikimedia-Homonymiesäit
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-verdudelikingspazjena
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
laman disambiguasi
Las Chachalacas adolah laman disambiguasi
Las Chachalacas
laman nyahkekaburan
Las Chachalacas contoh laman nyahkekaburan Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-pekerside
Las Chachalacas forekomst av Wikimedia-pekerside
Las Chachalacas
Sied för en mehrdüdig Begreep op Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas is een deurverwiesziede
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Las Chachalacas is een Wikimedia-doorverwijspagina
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Las Chachalacas førekomst av Wikimedia-fleirtydingsside
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas natura de l'element pagina d'omonimia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas jest to strona ujednoznaczniająca w projekcie Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas instância de página de desambiguação da Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas este un/o pagină de dezambiguizare Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas esimplari di pàggina di disambiguazzioni di Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas instance o Wikimedia disambiguation page
Las Chachalacas
rozlišovacia stránka
Las Chachalacas je rozlišovacia stránka
Las Chachalacas
razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Las Chachalacas primerek od razločitvena stran Wikimedie
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas je višeznačna odrednica na Vikimediji
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas ni mfano wa ukarasa wa maana wa Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas istansa de pajina de omonimìa de on projeto Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
trang định hướng Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas là một trang định hướng Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas nateure di l’ elemint pådje d' omonimeye di Wikimedia
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
Las Chachalacas
| 40,582 |
bpt6k6139686n_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
Le Médecin de France : journal officiel de la Confédération des syndicats médicaux français
|
None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,873 | 14,657 |
QU&R&fêTE ET UfôlOBË ANNEE NOUVELLE SERIE. --**'•> 7 * AVRli 1931 m 2m à MEDECIN DE JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA CONFEDERATION SYNDICATS MEDICAUX FRANÇAIS BIMENSUEL ZYL Méthode d'immunisation artificielle de l'organisme tuberculeux r*« COMPOSmOH: ChwmpouftoeiHUOZVL SSÎSÏrinS'pS!î^.»îf.V.".:":rtSS'îo cannent n mlution suimin» ttînmce : Camphre Huile d'ollvai purs 1»T*« à I'SIOQOI O ur, 125 5 c. 6. MODE D'EMPLOI ET DOSBS. — La méthode doit être appliquée le pins tôt possible dès que l'organisme est menacé par l'imprégnation bacillaire tuberculeuse. Elle exerce son activité dans la bacillose bactéiïologiquemem confirmée, bile ne vise pas les périodes ultimes de Vinjection. l°POUPî LES FORMES DE DÉBUT (mise en état de défense du terrain contre l'imprégnation bacillaire) 7a dose quotidienne suffisante et active de Cinnozyl est de 5 ce. (une ampoule). 2° DANS LES FORMES EN ÉVOLUTION (tuberculoses bactériGiogiquement confirmées) on doublera, rapidement cette dose pour la porter à 10 ce, soit deux ampoules. FORME!) : Le ctnnosyi etit délivré en boites de 3 ampoules de 5 u.c. R C. Sein*. W.0M '66î LABORATOIRES CLIN, GOMAR & Fi&Wiï&'rSJZZ&'l^TA >s«^= 1 VACCINS CLIN ANTICOQUELUCHEUX ANT1GONOCOCCIQUE 1. MONOMICROBIEN et II. POLYMICROBIEN ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCIQUE ANTISTREPTOCOCCIQUE COLI ENTÊRO VACCIN I. BUCCAL IL INJECTABLE PNEU MO-BRONCHO-VA CCI N ADULTES — ENFANTS Concentration élevée «n microbe» — Tolérance parfaite CmwcrvatlM iUlnaltfe injections gous-cutanées ou Intra-musculaires LES VACCINS CLIN INJECTABLES SONT DÉLIVRAS HT KOjTRS DE 10 AMPOULES DE 1 C.O A CONCHNTRATIONS CROISSANT!» // faut toujours Injecter nn centimètre cube Laboratoires CLIN COMAR & Cie, 20, me des Foués-Saint-Jacqnei, Paris 5* m ,41e ANNEE. — N" 7. 1" AVRIL 1931. Le Médecin de France Journal officiel bimensuel de là Confédération des Syndicats médicaux français SOMMAIRE Propos de la Quinzaine. —. Contrôles (P. CIBRIE) 243 L'Internationale des Caisses-maladie et le contrôle du Service médical au Congrès de Dresde (F. DECOURT) 245 La pléthore médicale. — Rapport de M. le professeur Balthazard 249 Information et documentation Interprétations de textes. —• Les assurances sociales et les tarifs à la Chambre (Dr HILAIBE) 263 A travers les bulletins syndicaux . 266 Lire notre DERNIERE HEURE aux dernières pages du numéro ADMINISTRATION & RÉDACTION 95, Rue du Cherche-Midi, PARIS (6") Tél. : Littré 24-66. — Chèque Postal : Paris 161-83 ABONNEMENTS Le prix de l'abonnement annuel est de 30 fr. pour la France et les Colonies et de 45 fr. pour l'étranger. Les abonnements partent du ï." Janvier. PUBLICITE . L'Agence. Française d'Annonces, 35, rue des Petits-Champs, est seule chargée de la Publicité du Médecin de France.. QPirage. 1 19.600 exemplaires Le numéro : 1 fr. 5© — n — Extraits de Foie, Rate Rein et Surrénale Méthode de Whipple (Ampoules buvables) Anémies LA BORATP. 1H£.S-^P U :* W , D EBAT 6a ^ek^'Brck: PARIS ' m — SECOURS SUR ROUTE Nos routes se garnissent de plus en plus de postes de secours, grâce à l'activité de l'« Union Nationale des Associations de Tourisme » (U.N.A.T.) et surtout de sa commission de protection aux. blessés de la route dont le président est le Dr BEHAGUE. Envisageant le problème dans son ensemble, l'U.N.A.T. a signé un contrat avec la Confédération des Syndicats médicaux français. Ce contrat doit assurer l'appui médical au fonctionnement des postes et en échange assure aux médecins une rémunération légitime. Dès cette année, cette organisation va fonctionner dans le département de Seine-et-Oise et sera étendue ultérieurement aux autres départements. Le contrat entre l'U.N.A.T. et la Confédération des Syndicats médicaux français a été publié dans le Médecin de France du 1" février 1931. Tout Déprimé » Surmené , Tout Cérébral » Intellectuel Tout Convalescent » Neurasthénique t est justiciable ■■ de la : e, Rne Abel PARIS (12e) Gouttes,de glyoêrophosphates alcalins (0,40 par XX gouttes). XV à XX gouttes à chaque repas. JVi aucrm, ut ateoet. De 'Trouette-Perret Spécifique des Troubles de la Ménopause el du Système veineux Médication synérgïquâ de toutes les déchéances organiques ÎSj, Rue' de® Immeubles-Industriels =s» PAR! — I¥ —. LES ABONNEMENTS SYNDICAUX Nous rappelons --que., l'an dernier, l'Asseniiblée générale, à l'unanimité, a décidé que chaque syndicat devra souscrire un abonnement-obligatoire au bulletin, Get abonnement est de 30 fcanes par -an. Cette somme doit être versée en même temps que les cotisations statutaires. Pour les syndicats qui préfèrent avoir la collection de Tannée reliée, le volume ne leur sera adressé qu'en fin d'année ei contre versement d'une somme supplémentaire de 20 francs. Ils auraient donc â verser à la trésorerie une somme de 50 francs, en mpnîe temps que les cotisations comme dans le cas précèdent. La Confédération expédie actuellement tes collections reliées à tous les syndicats qui en ©lit fait la demande pour 193®, Elle tient à la disposition des Syndicats qui désir&fiaieai une collection reliée de 1930 une dizaine de volumes. Les Syndicats qui désirent souscrire un abonnement pour 1931 sont pries -de le faire savoir au plus tôt (année reliée ï S'û francs, non reliée : 30 francs), Au Professeur Balthazard La médaille dont le module a été reproduit dans le Médecin de France du 1" février 1931, et qui a été offerte solennellement à notre premier président, M. le professeur Balthazard, au cours de FAssemblée générale de la Confédération des Syndicats médicaux, le 20 décembre 1930, est en vente, dans nos bureaux au prix de 60 francs Fexem.' plaire. Elle peut être envoyée franco sur demande, contre versement, au compte chèque postal de la Confédération; Paris 161-83. A ce prix de 60 francs elle est présentée dans une petit* boîte ronde de carton grenat. Elle peut être fournie dans un écrin carré, moyennant un supplément de 15 francs. Cette très belle médaille est l'oeuvre de Mme Anie Mouroux, sculpteur et médailleur, prix de Rome. Le tirage étant limité, nous prions instamment les médecins, qui désirent posséder un exemplaire de cette médaille, de vouloir bien nous passer leur ordre sans trop tarder. j&fj^ OPOTHÉRAPIE SÉRïQUB 4P^^^^ffiH9£MjS^->i DÉCHJÈAMCKS ORGANIQUE»! JBÉH|HP|H^ COHVALESCENCKS. SÉRUM BÉÏEOsPOÎB5rïÇTJ3£ FRAIS DE CHEVAL (Sirop) ■Agent de R£g«ncraCioii KCcnintîque, dfc Leucopo'ièse et de Phagoeytose. %4Cuillerées à pOtafle PMiKW HHfaatnre, ÉchantiH»..s ; L.-.NCOSME, 71. Av. Vitlor-Emm(uj.iel-Ut, — VI — ou D: ROUSSEL MEDICATION SPECIFIQUE RÛ.B ACTION TROPHIQUE. SUR LES VA155ÊAU» L'ANGINE DE POITRINE L'HYPERTENSION ARTÉRIELLE L'ARTÉRIOSCLÉROSE LES ARiERITES oe TOUTE NATURE LES TROUBLES DEU MÉNOPAUSE AMPOULES' I à 5 pa'* jour en injection intre* musculaire. ÉCHANTILLONS :J.B.FI ALI F» PHA***? 9/, RUE. DE VAUGIRARD.PARIS(6?» rx.iBooo Roger Dacaiii.Cdll. /" Avril 1931 Propos de la Quinzaine CONTROLES La loi d'Assurances Sociales comporte deux sortes de contrôle : Contrôle dé la Caisse sur les assurés; Contrôle des médecins" par lé Syndicat médical (improprement dénommé dans le langage administratif, contrôle technique). Le fonctionnement délicat mais indispensable de ces deux contrôles doit être, à mon sens, et dans chaque département, l'objet d'un accord entre Syndicats Médicaux et Caisses. Déjà certains départements ont compris cette nécessité (voir Médecin de France du l*r mars, page 207, quelques indications sur le contrôle par les Caisses en Lotet-Garonne). L'autonomie syndicale permet de régler l'a. question suivant des modalités différentes ici ou là, mais il est bien certain que partout où les conventions sont signées, il faut maintenant se préoccuper de l'organisation du contrôle syndical et savoir que, pour que ce contrôle soit facile, déclanchë avec opportunité et opérant, il doit, pour la majorité des cas, être parallèle au contrôle des Caisses. C'est en effet la Caisse qui saura, par ses visiteurs et surtout ses médecins contrôleurs, que tel ou tel praticien commet les abus visés par le § 1 de l'article 7 de la Loi. C'est la Caisse qui aura, par les feuilles de maladie le plus souvent, les éléments de preuve justifiant,en quelque sorte Fouverture d'une instruction par le Syndicat Médical. Comment les choses donc se passeront-elles en pratique? Pour les cas « légers », « douteux », le médecin contrôleur; de la Caisse en informe son collègue contrôleur du Syndicat Médical. Celui-ci, muni de renseignements précis, voit le confrère incriminé : Ou le médecin n'a aucun tort et le démontre facilement: ses explications sont reconnues suffisantes et exactes, la plainte de la Caisse est « classée ». ....... — 244 — Ou le médecin, par ignorance, complaisance, ou légèreté, a commis une faute « vénielle » : le contrôleur syndical-la lui indique et emporte l'assurance que la négligence, la complaisance ou la faute ne se renouvelleront plus. Ou la faute a été plus grave, répétée; l'instruction alors se l'ait plus complète, et le cas est déféré au conseil de Famille Syndical. Celui-ci disposé des sanctions suivantes : avertissement, blâme, amende, interdiction temporaire du droit de soigner les assurés sociaux. Ces sanctions joueront rarement : « initium sàpientiae timor... » et si, dans de très rares cas, elles ont à jouer, si la juste sévérité de nos Conseils de Famille doit s'exercer, qu'elle le fasse en toute justice et en toute sérénité. C'est la police de la profession, organisée pur la pror fession elle-même. C'est ce que nous devons absolument réaliser, si nous voulons conserver à la Médecine française son renom, jusqu'à ce jour mérité, de haute probité. Ou enfin, le médecin, quel que soit le, motif qui l'aura poussé, se rend coupable de complicité d'escroquerie vis-àvis des Caisses, tombant ainsi nettement sous le coup de l'article 67 de la Loi (exemple : inscription de visites non effectuées). ' Ici, les sanctions graves joueront justement. Le délinquant pourrait être aussi abandonné au bras séculier, et il appartiendrait aux Tribunaux de droit commun de connaître de son « cas ». Le médecin honnête ne sera jamais inquiété. S'il se trompe, il sera prévenu: un simple avertissement et tout rentrera dans l'ordre. Le médecin malhonnête — s'il en existe — sera impitoyablement frappé. Qui donc oserait protester? P. CIBRIE. Le Conseil d'administration de la Confédération, qui doit se tenir le 19 avril, s'efforcera de préciser dans quelles conditions, en sauvegardant le secret professionnel, le médecin contrôleur de la Caisse pourra recueillir auprès des médecins traitants les renseignements indispensables. Un article précisera dans le Médecin de France les directives données par le Conseil à ce sujet. P. G. VII — VHI -_ BISMTE-3 INNOCUITE afootuemènè aux nti-ub YULASME PANSEMENT GASTRIQUE AU S.N. DE BISMUTH PUR El POLYBASIQUB ï.'-rûrAsaÏÏ ex-cfieRdefhiSot ô.£'ri3ftfcTuiA. traitement classique des affections douloureuses de l'estomac LLrve. su. JdjEA^x, dU>ô©*> -lie. matin. 6. j^ecuv.. ' ■ LABORATOIRES BAUDRY#68 B? Malesherbes,PARIS DIABETE AMAIGRISSEMENT DIABETE AMAIGRIS^ i_ CD r -m z Z w , ^ m 'S • échantillon graturt % m ~7 NV 3i3gvi^OT3W3sgiyoiVwv axj^viaiNrn eornoNa PAUL-MWWIAI... — 245 L'INTERNATIOTSTAXË DES CAISSES-MALADIE et le contrôle au service médical au Londres de _L)resde I La Conférence internationale des Unions nationales de Sociétés mutuelles et de Caisses d'assurance-maladie a tenu sa quatrième Assemblée générale à Dresde, du 19 au 22 octobre 1930. Cette « Internationale des. Caisses » ne comprend pas moins de soixante millions d'assurée, groupés dans les Fédérations nationales adhérentes. Il serait donc puéril de dénier toute importance à ces Assises annuelles où les dirigeants des Caisses-maladie de la majorité des pays, ou « fleurissent » les assurances sociales, se sont réunis pour exposer, confronter leurs idées et prendre des « résolutions » internationales —en vue de faire admettre celles-ci, dans la suite, dans chaque pays. Trois questions seulement étaient à l'ordre du jour;: 1° L'activité de la Conférence internationale et la situation de Vassurance-maladie dans les divers pays. — Rapporteur : M. Georges Petit, président du Comité (délégué français). 2° Les méthodes de contrôle du service médical de l'assurance-malàdie. ''— Rapporteur : M. Helmut Lehmann (Alle^ magne). 3* L'assurance-maladie et la lutte contre les maladies sociales. >— Rapporteur : M. le docteur Procharka (Tchécoslovaquie). Nous ne pouvons donner, dans le Médecin de France, un compte rendu général de tout ce qui s'est,dit durant les quatre jours que dura ce Congrès. Un exposé spécial en sera fait dans le numéro de mai prochain de la Revue internationale de médecine professionnelle et sociale, organe officiel deÏ'A.PÎLM. cette « Internationale des Médecins » qui se dresse en face de « l'Internationale des Caisses », que nous appelons d'ailleurs souvent, par analogie, l'A. P. I. G. Mais il nous a naru essentiel de faire connaître à nos con — 246 — frères français les idées directrices' qui ressortent de cette Assemblée de Dresde et de leur montrer les « positions prises » par les dirigeants des caisses, tout au moins au sujet du Service médical en assurance-maladie et du contrôle tel qu'ils le désirent, en tous pays. . Oui, « en tous pays ». C'est ce que proclame M. Georges Petit, le président du Comité international, président-de la Fédération nationale de la Mutualité française, et qui est loin d'être un inconnu pour nous et pour notre secrétaire général Cibrie, en particulier. En effet, dans son discours d'ouverture, le Président Petit proclame : « l'idée, qui désormais se développera, de placer la question internationale dés assurances sociales, et plus particulièrement de l'assurance-maladie, sur le plan de l'amélioration de la santé publique par des méthodes communes à toutes les nations... » Nous voilà prévenus : on travaille aussi pour nous dans les milieux internationaux. Il serait donc imprudent de pratiquer ' la politique de l'autruche et de se désintéresser de ce qui s'y passe. A Genève, on avait déjà fait repousser le principe du libre choix. Et, à ce propos, lors de la discussion de la première question (dont nous ne nous occuperons pas ici), nous relevons une phrase caractéristique du délégué des caisses de Lettonie : « ... Le corps médical a alors insisté pour qu'il soit prévu dans la loi que tous les membres de toutes les organisations médicales pourraient douner leurs soins aux assurés des caisses. On n'a naturellement pas adopté une pareille disposition. » Ce « naturellement » que nous soulignons n'est-il pas savoureux et typique de la disposition générale dès esprits dû congrès de Dresde. Et plus loin « ...Si l'on doit permettre à tous les médecins de pratiquer, la caisse deviendra un simple bureau de paiement des honoraires médicaux. » Mais passons maintenant à la seule des trois questions du Congrès que nous examinerons aujourd'hui : le contrôle en assurance-maladie. LES METHODES DE CONTROLE DU SERVICE MEDICAL EN ASSURANCE-MALADIE 1° Quelques aperçus du Rapport Lehmann. Nous allons épingler quelques phrases, de-ci denlà, dans le discours du Rapporteur : .-«... l'Assuraiicermaladie vise à réaliser une économie., aussi rationne-lie que possible, dans le domaine de la santé ptublique. » •<rx -^ =<i!ll||||||IUIIllllllllll!lllimill1I!ltUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIlIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIillllIltIIIIU L&GT0BAG1LL1NE Affections Laboratoires DARRftSSE 7, 9, 11 et 13, Rue Saint-Maurice NANTERRE (Seine)., R. C. Seine N» 140.162. siiiitnuuiiiiiniiiEiiiiiiiniitiEiEuiHiuiiituiiïiiiiitiEisuiiuiiiiiiiniiuisiiiiiiiiits _ x —. i^Mùmiiuiiiim Bismuth, colloïdal à grains fins, solution aqueuse .Procédé spécial anz Xaboratoirea «OBJIV Injections sous-cutanées, mtra-musculaires on infra-veineuses Immédiatement absorbable — Facilement injectable COMPLÈTEMENT IBSTDOXiOEtiB 1 ampoule de 2 cmo. tous les 2 ou S Jours. n.a tus» Médication de BASE et de RÉGIME des États Artérioscléreux et carences siliceuses. C0UTTE8 J 10 4 25 pu flOIB. comPHtr ^: 3&epar jour. AMPOULES S ». inUivelneuiea: tons lut Jonr* Echantillon et Littérature : 18. Ru»' EreeU-Rounclle. PARIS (13') GRIPPEToux des Tuberculeux COQUELUCHE Echantillons et Littératures'Xahoratoks GANTJUV à PÂLMSMUiSfQLFrancÊ! •cramai* âftaaa,. -* 247 -' «... Nous réfènant à la convention de la Conférence internationale du Travail, nous estimons que l'attribution en nature des près-tations de lfassistance médicale est le système, lie type, qui cofresPiond-le mieux aux besoins de la population ouvrière... C'est en ayant en vue ce système que je désire justifier la nécessité d'une surveillance suffisante de l'activité des médecins des Caisses-maladie.,» Le Rapporteur expose ensuite « les mesures de sécurité » employées pour « tendre à réaliser une administration rationnelle et économique des deniers publics ». C'est d'abord « la limitation, dans une mesure raisonnable » de l'indemnité journalière de maladie. Mais c'est dangereux car « cette indemnité pécuniaire est et doit rester une prestation essentielle de Passuràncermaladie. » II y a encore « la participation de l'assuré aux frais de médicaments et des moyens curatifs », ainsi que « le système des tickets », mais toutes ces mesures : « ...comportent toujours le grand danger de produire des effets antisociaux et comme ce danger existe, nous devons penser à rendre ces mesures superflues par un contrôle systématique du corps médical. >-.-.'. Donc lîi'enjjuiyons pas les assurés et ne cherchons d'écor momie que sur le dos des médecins. « Le contrôle doit s'étendre aux certificats », les médecins font trop de «• certificats de complaisance ». Donc ratification des certificats par un médecin de contrôle, un « médecin de confiance ». •c Lé médecin doit employer une méthode de traitement économique. Cette forme de son activité... doit être confirmée par un médecin dé contrôle avant même le paiement de l'indemnité... ». c L"expérienice à. appris; que... la prestation renouvelée du médecin 1 — le traitement:— doit être aussi soumise à certaines: règles, à une certaine surveillance... ». • 7« B est anissi. n'éoessaîre d'étaMir des directives pour l'emploi de méthodes de traitiesmient; économiques et de les porter à la connaissance des mMeeinsT directives sur l'emploi des médicaments, sur l'emplioi diemétbodes physiothérapeutiques, sur la mise en obserjyiation du malade,sur lies mesures de prévoyance. Si le médecin ipontrôleur,. qui doit être iun médecin 'social, se base sur ces directives il sera en mesure d'assurer la surveillance du traitement médical en tenant comptie à la foiis des intérêts du médecin, du malade 'gssuiré et de l'assuirance elle-mêmie ». Par qui' doit être contrôlé le service médical ? « Par le médecin, de confiance occupant une fonction pei-manente dans l'admirns.featipu, », — 248 —, ■ ■•. >■ II existe aussi, remarque le Rapporteur, le système du contrôle des médecins « par leur propre organisation.•■médicale ». Ce pourrait être, concède-t-il, « une forme d'avenir », mais il faudrait « modification de l'esprit des médecins, un passage du pur individualisme à une collaboration du corps médical dans un esprit social ». Et il conclut (au milieu, dit le compte rendu, d' « applaudissements vifs et prolongés ») par cette phrase : « Le médecin de confiance estdonc une part, de la force sociale; qui s'incorpore dans l'assurânce-màladie et dont le but et là tâcht sont de servir le peuple pour le bien suprême de la santé. > Le « médecin de confiance », ne l'oublions pas, n'est autre qu'un médecin-fonctionnaire de la Caisse, nommé et payé par elle, en vue de surveiller le service médical et, par suite, les médecins traitants, avec des « directives » (on l'a vu plus haut), qu'il aura à imposer à ces médecins..., ce qui promet de beaux jours pour la profession médicale, qu'il faudra désormais rayer définitivement des professions libérales. Nous venons de voir l'esprit du Rapport présenté à l'Assemblée générale de l'Internationale des Caisses concernant le contrôle du service médical en assurance-maladie. Dans un prochain article, toujours sur le même sujet, nous examinerons la discussion de ce Rapport et l'esprit dans lequel elle fut menée par les autres délégués des diverses unions nationales de caisse-maladie. Fernand DECOURT. Je n'ai pas besoin de souligner, je pense, que en FRANCE nous n'accepterons JAMAIS des DIRECTIVES ou une SURVEILLANCE de cet ordre. Chez nous, la profession fera elle-même sa police intérieure* et c'est le juste exercice de ce droit de contrôle technique dévolu par la Loi française aux Syndicats Médicaux qui constituerai notre plus solide armure contre les attaques, susceptibles de se produire. Cette fois encore c'est de chez nous, de notre Franco al'oS* prit largement libéral que viendra la lumière. Ce n'est pas nouai, qui copierons les pays étrangers où l'assuré est traité commej un pauvre, avec une désinvolture que n'accepterait pas le-libre citoyen de chez nous. Qu'on soit bjen assuré en tout cas que; lès| 18.000 médecins syndiqués Français opposeront toujours uni BLOC INATTAQUABLE à des prétentions, de cet ordre.==■ P« Oj — XI SPA IME EST LE PREMIER SEDATIF El ANTISPASMODIQUE SPECIALEMENT MiS> Au POINT. P O i_i R LA THÉRAPEUTIQUE C A R D I O V A S C l_l L. A i R E DIGIBAIM E REMPLACE AVEC AVANTAGE Dl< ^LE ET DIG1TALINI MEDICAMENTS CARDIAQUE5 SPÉCIALISÉS ©i-RUË-;-PîA.5-5À'&.-PÀ fR I S • d LE RÉGIME I DU DIABÉTIQUE | édité par les Laboratoires des Produits de Régime s HEUDEBERT est conçu dans un esprit essentielle: ment pratique pour décharger le Médecin de détails S fastidieux et permettre au malade de suivre sou : régime sans monotonie. ■ On y trouve des tableaux analytiques des prin■ cipaux aliments, des exemples d'interprétation de ; l'ordonnance médicale, des menus types et cent ; recettes de cuisine variées spécialement étudiées ; pour le régime du Diabète. LE RÉGIME DU DIABÉTIQUE est en vente au prix de 3 fr. 50 dans les Librairies, Pharmacies et Maisons de régime, mais les Laboratoires HEUDEBERT l'envoient gratuitement aux Médecins qui leur en font la demande. D'autres brochures seront publiées dans un bref délai par les Laboratoires HEUDEBERT consacrées aux divers régimes alimentaires et qui constitueront une documentation unique. Ecrivez donc pour recevoir Le Régime du Diabétique et la suite des ouvrages à paraître aux : LABORATOIRES HEUDEBERT 85, rue St-Germain, à NANTERRE (Seine) — 249 — LA PLÉTHORE MÉDICALE Notre Président d'honneur, M. le professeur Balthazard, doyen de la Faculté de médecine de Paris, veut bien nous autoriser, à publier la plus grande partie de son rapport sur la '« pléthore médicale », rapport, comme on le verra, très précieusement documenté et particulièrement courageux. Notre ancien Président s'est attelé à une tâché difficile, mais qu'il mènera à bout, nous en sommes certains; c'est, en dehors de la question de la « pléthore médicale », dont le champ est vaste, celle de la « réforme de l'enseignement » dans les facultés de médecine. Nous donnerons, dans un prochain bulletin, un travail très important et particulièrement intéressant sur cette question, travail que M. Balthazard nous a, dès maintenant, autorisé à reproduire. Le rapport qui suit, sur la pléthore médicale, est d'une actualité brûlante. <• En effet, M. le sénateur Deirtu (sénateur de l'Eure et médecin) vient de déposer son rapport sur la proposition de loi Armbruster. Il est d'une urgence absolue que, dans tous les départements, les médecins et spécialement les présidents et secrétaires des syndicats démontrent, par lettres ou démarches à leurs sénateurs, la nécessité vitale, pour l'avenir de notre profession, et, par contre-coup direct, pour la santé générale de la nation, de faire voter, dans le plus court délai, la proposition Armbruster, qui est de nature à enrayer, à elle seule, la pléthore dont je n'ai plus ici à souligner les conséquences néfastes. P. CIBRIE. RAPPORT DE M. LE PROFESSEUR BALTHAZARD Doyen de la Faculté de Médecine de Paris LA PLETHORE MEDICALE Depuis plusieurs années, on se plaint, dans les milieux médicaux, de l'encombrement'de la profession médicale. Par ailleurs, mon prédécesseur, M. le doyen Roger, a attiré l'atten — 250 — tion, dans les rapports annuels antérieurs, sur l'augmentation continue du nombre des étudiants de notre Faculté depuis 1922, avec les deux conséquences suivantes : l'une lointaine, accroissement continu de la pléthore médicale; l'autre immédiate, insuffisance des moyens dont nous disposons pour l'enseignement. Il nous est apparu qu'une étude stir le mouvement exact des étudiants dans les facultés de médecine constituait un préambule nécessaire à la réforme des études médicales. Avant de proposer des remèdes, il importe de bien connaître l'étendue du mal.. Pour la Faculté de Paris, où sont inscrits plus du tiers des étudiants en médecine de France, nous avons poursuivi l'étude du mouvement des étudiants depuis l'avant-guerre, nous bornant, pour l'ensemble des facultés de médecine, à signaler la situation actuelle. Nombre global. — Français et étrangers. Si l'on examine le mouvement des étudiants en médecine à la Faculté de Paris (tableau N" 1), on constate qu'avant guerre le nombre global dépassait 4.000 (4.Ï62 en 1913). La guerre amena une chute brusque du nombre des étudiants, et c'est seulement en 1920 que le fonctionnement de la Faculté redevint normal, avec un nombre global d'étudiants un peu inférieur à celui d'avant-guerre (3.771 en 1920). Depuis cette époque, le nombre de nos étudiants a augmenté à peu près régulièrement, pour atteindre les chiffres d'avânt-guerre (4.000 en 1928, 4.152 en 1930). Lorsqu'on décompose le nombre global d'étudiants en tenant compte de la nationalité, on constate que depuis 1920 le nombre des étrangers a considérablement augmenté, suivant une progression très.régulière, tandis qu'a diminué le nombre des étudiants français. De 429 en 1920, le nombre des étranr gers passe à 1.511 en 1930; pendant la même période, le nombre des étudiants français s'abaisse de 3.342 à 2.642. Etrangers. — Européens, non Européens. Faculté de Médecine de Paris, Le tableau N% 2 montre une augmentation régulière et considérable du, nombre d'étrangers inscrits à notre Faculté. C'est seulement en 1926 que l'on a retrouvé le nombre d'avantguerre, environ 800. Mais, depuis, ce nombre s'est accru rapi — XIII -, Une Boite constituant un traitement complet «era envoyée avec la brochure Les y errues sur demande adressée aux Etablissements JACQUEMAIRE à VILLEFRANCHE (Rhône) LA VAR1CINE SPECIFIQUE INTERNE DES MALADIES VEINEUSES CQ^ÛESTIONS, VARICES PHLÉBITES, HÉfflOBRâSIES âGE GRIT.ÇUE, ULCÈRES POUDRE VASO-MOTRICE DIURÉTIQUE u DÊPURATIVE / cuillerée à café malin, midi et soir avant les repas dans un peud'eau. SIROP DERBECQ ===== A LA GR1NDELIA ROBUSTA VÉRITABLE SPÉCIFIQUE ÛE LA GO@UEL0CH£ ne contient ni toxique ni narcotique Peut être donné aux plus jeunes enfants ,même ceux à la mamelle 6 à 8 cuillerées à café ou à dessert 50 ANNÉES DE SUCCÈS LABORATOIRE ?f VARICINE I C. DERBECQ, Pharmacien de lère Classe, 12,. Rue Cadet, PARIS I = Chèque. PoM.U» P.n. 294-51 R. C. S.in. 178.814 S ifflllllinilllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^ ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiis | TRAITEMENT PHYTOTHÉRAPBQUE S Ë DES ÉTATS NÉVROPATHIQUES 5 Insomnies nerveuses, anxiété, angoisses, vertiges, troubles nerveux de la vie génitale,; troubles fonctionnels du coeur, seront toujours soulagés par la lorine médicament régulateur du sympathique et sédatif centra] uniquement composé d'extraits végétaux ATOXIQUES PassîïJora incarnata, Salix alba, Crataegus oxyacantha. — Littéralure et Echantillons sur demande .' = E Laboratoires G. REAUBOURG. Dr en pharmacie, 1, r. Raynouard, Paris-16' S1 ^!t:illUIIIIIM!!llllllll!HIIUIIIIIIUIlilllHtllltlllllI|(lllillllllllltlllIllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIf? ■i— 251 dément, pour atteindre 1.000 en 1926, i.200 en 1929 et 1.500 en 1930. .. ■Nous sommes en droit de nous réjouir de l'attirance qu'exerce la science médicale française à l'étranger. Les jeunes gens qui ont acquis dans notre Faculté le titre de docteur en médecine retournent dans leur pays d'origine imbus de la claire clinique française; ils deviennent les meilleurs agents de la propagande française à l'étranger pour la culture française, dont ils ont reconnu toutes les qualités et dont ils défendent la supériorité. Sans compter qu'ils restent, leur vie durant, les acheteurs de nos livres, de nos instruments, de nos produits pharmaceutiques. Toutefois, il importe de faire une distinction entre les étrangers dont nous venons de parler et ceux qui postulent le diplôme d'Etat, grâce auquel il leur sera permis d'exercer en France et de concurrencer nos nationaux dans une profession où la pléthore est. indéniable. Distinguons tout d'abord.les étrangers non européens (courbe pointillée du tableau N" 2): ceux-là retournent presqfue tous dans leur pays d'origine, étant donné qu'ils postulent dans une forte proportion le diplôme d'Université, qui ne leur donne pas le droit d'exercer la médecine en France. Ils sont actuellement au nombre de 461 sur un total de 1.511 étrangersj soit une proportion de 30,5 %, alors qu'en 1920 on en comptait seulement 72 sur un totaï de 429 étrangers, soit une proportion de 16,7 %. ! On peut même aller plus loin et examiner la situation de tous les étrangers, Européens ou non (tableau N° 4), exception faite des Roumains, qui constituent un groupe distinct, que nous étudierons plus loin. En 1930, les étrangers non roumains sont au nombre de 1.098, soit 72 % du nombre total d'étrangers. On pourrait schématiquement dire que parmi trois étrangers nous comptons un Roumain, un Européen non roumain et un non européen. Parmi ces étrangers, le nombre des diplômes universitaires est de 71 %. Or, parmi les 413 Roumains qui suivent les cours de notre Faculté, il est est seulement 41 qui postulent le diplôme d'Université, soit 10 % environ. Tous les autres ont le désir d'obtenir le diplôme d'Etat, et l'expérience nous prouve qu'ils s'installeront tous en France pour y exercer la médecine. Nous examinerons de près cette situation, qui nous préoccupe ■vivement. — 252 — Ensemble dis Facultés de médecine ; Pour l'ensemble des Facultés de médecine françaises, nous obtenons les chiffres suivants (1) : . Nombre total d'étudiants.... 11.375 Français ...............y.. 8.228 • ._'■". Etrangers .. .''. ......-..-.. ..... 3.147 . ■ / Parmi les étrangers, on note : Diplômes d'Université... ... Ï';. 2.251 Diplômes d'Etat. ..,,.-* .> ,:., .^ 896 La situation des Roumains est spéciale à la Faculté de médecine de Paris, quoique Nancy en accueille 57. et Strasbourg 59. Leur nombre total est de 571, dont 413, comme nous l'avons indiqué, à Paris. Si l'on examine la proportion des étrangers par rapport au nombre total d'étudiants dans les diverses Facultés, on trouve pour : Lille :......:....... 4,4 % Marseille 6,5 % Bordeaux 8,5 % Lyon 10 % Toulouse 19 % Montpellier 34 % Paris.'... '.. 36 % Nancy...... . 53 % .. Etudiantes et étudiants Si l'on prend le rapport du nombre des étudiantes françaises au nombre des étudiants français, on voit que sa valeur a brusquement augmenté au moment de la guerre, ce qui est naturel puisqu'un grand nombre de nos étudiants partirent aux armées. Il existait chez les Français 6,4 % d'étudiantes en 1913; ce taux est monté à 20. % en 19.15, 1916 et 1917. Depuis l'armistice, la proportion est revenue rapidement à 10 % et n'a plus subi de modifications sensibles. Avant la guerre, un grand nombre d'étudiantes russes, dé religion israélite, suivant les cours de notre Faculté,.on trouvait 36,2. % d'étudiantes étrangères par rapport au nombre des étrangers. Cette proportion s'est abaissée à 25 % pendant la guerre, par suite du départ des étudiantes étrangères, excep-r tionxfaite des Russes. Puis, en 1918; quand triomphèrent lès (1) I] manque à cette statistique la Faculté de médecine d'Alirer, — XV — Insuffisances Hépatiques -Présentation— AN ADULTES: BoitesdeGampoules^ 1ampoulèlOcc=125grfbie ENFANTS Boitede1£ampoules 1 ampoule £CV 25gr.foie -Doses— 1à3ampoulesparjoup ■ I AVEC U EN AMPOULES Ech.et littérature : A.Rolland .31, pue des Francs Bourgeois, Paris Palustres — XVI — I » IODE ORGANIQUE SOLUBLE (©r»h.oTodot>snzoate de sodium) pas d'iodisme, odeur ei saveur agréables HYPERTENSION. ARTERIOSCLEROSE, EMPHYSÈME | ASTHME, ,,^iB)|gi,T|^"MjÉlilTÉ^.-"y^iJ^T*,, ac «. BBJ« A base de FOUINE et de BEffiOPÏBBWE de SOUDE et de MRS 4RTHRITISME, GOUTTE, GRSVELLE I ABTÉRIQ-SCLÉROSE ismaïf^ikH POUDRÉ lOéALE WT, pour l'entretien *?r~^&L 3jfc » de la peau chez P'II'JHWWBBBIB pour la toilette 'St ff^ 'BBIW féminine, car 3Êf» • fSjf"^ par conséquent, f^n^LV—/"2k" «feSlil INALTERABLE -.^^^^^^fflPii» Toutes Pharmacies. ^RM^^V^ Laboratoire HOCHANT 14, pue BeBlrsgue, 14-PUBIS ■ssËMal LIQUIDE ET COMPRIMÉS ANTISEPTIQUE PUISSANT à base de Formolsulfonate de soude sodé PARFUM AGREABLE NE TACHE PAS LE LINGE ANTISEPTIE CHIRURGICALE ET OBSTÉTRICALE N'IRRITE PAS LES MUQUEUSES Laboratoires ugCHMI 14, rue de Birape. 14 ■ PftBtS CASSITOL Traitement de la Furonculose et des Pyo&ermites par l'étain et l'extrait de Bardane stabilisé DOSE ; 4 à 10 pilules pas* jour R. C Seine 68.656 ' ■ • — 255 — Soviets, il survint un subit èxôde des juives russes; nous ne les avons plus revues depuis. La pioportion des étudiantes étrangères, reste voisine de 10 % comme pour les Françaises. Situation des étudiants roumains Avant la guerre, une cinquantaine d'étudiants en médecine roumains suivaient les cours de la Faculté de Paris, presque tous sur le même pied que les étudiants français. Une dizaine '■'df'entrè eux seulement postulaient le diplôme d'Université, liés autres étaient inscrits pour le diplôme d'Etat, Quelques Roumains se laissaient prendre au charme de . notre France et, '.profitant du-.-droit que leur donnait le diplôme d'Etat, s'installaient chez nous et y exerçaient la médecine. Le mal n'était pas grand; la plupart de nos condisciples roumains retournaient, dans leur pays d'origine. Certains, après de brillantes études, occupaient dans la médecine rou> maine les postes les plus éminents. Il est agréable de constater que les deux tiers des professeurs de la Faculté de médecine de Bucarest put fait leurs études à'Parïs, où plusieurs ont conquis le titre d'externe de nos hôpitaux et même d'interne. Mais voilà que brusquement, depuis 1920-1922, s'açcrqît le nombre des étudiants roumains; voilà que ces étudiants viennent en foule réclamer le diplôme d'Etat, voila qu'ils s'installent presque tous en France^ aggravant la pléthore dont se plaignent les médecins français.. A Paris seulement, le nombre des étudiants en médecine roumains a quintuplé depuis 1922 (511 au lieu de 108); il est actuellement dix fois plus élevé qu'avant-guerre (voir le tableau N? 4). Presque tous ces Roumains postulent le diplômé d'Etat (41-seulement sur 413 étaient inscrits au 1er juillet 1930 pour lé diplôme universitaire). Certes, le mal est moindre dans les Facultés de province.: le nombre total dés étudiants en médecine roumains atteignait 571 au 1" juillet 1930, parmi lesquels 491 réclamaient le diplôme d'Etat. Il n'en résulte pas moins que la médecine française est menacée d'une véritable invasion roumaine. Dans cinq ans, cinq' cents médecins roumains exerceront la médecine dans nos campagnes et surtout dans nos villes. Combien seront-ils dans dix ans si l'on n'avise pas rapidement à écarter le danger? Il est difficile de le dire avec précision, mais, si nous examinons la situation au P.C.N. et dans les écoles de médecine, nous constatons que de nombreux Roumains s'apprêtent à — 254 -? rejoindre nos Facultés les années prochaines. A Tours, à Rouen, la proportion des Roumains, dépasse 30 % (34 Roumains à Rouen pour 51 Français) (1). Pourquoi ce brusque afflux de Roumains dans nos Facultés? Comment se fait-il qu'un pareil abus ait succédé à l'usage normal d'un privilège conféré à une nation à laquelle tant de liens nous ont toujours unis? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons dépouillé les dossiers des 436 étudiants roumains inscrits à ce jour à notre Faculté pour'le diplômé d'Etat, ce qui nous a permis de faire les constatations suivantes : Quatre-vingt-huit étudiants viennent de la nouvelle Roum-anie, soit une proportion.de 20,2 %. Ce n'est donc pas à l'accroissement du territoire que l'on doit l'immigration constatée, puisque la population de la Roumanie a plus que doublé depuis la guerre. Bien mieux, les Roumains, à qui nous réservons un accueil si aimable, auquel aucun autre étranger ne peut prétendre, sans réciprocité d'aucune sorte, les Roumains font pour la plupart une grande partie de leurs études médicales gratuitement : à partir du début de la. troisième année, il leur suffit d'adresser une demande d'exonération de droits d'inscriptions et de travaux pratiques, pour que cette exonération leur soit automatiquement accordée, sans limitation de nombre (alors que la proportion de dispenses pour les Français ne peut dépasser un cinquième) En 1853, le prince Barbu Stirbey demande à la France un médecin, à qui il voulait confier la réorganisation de la médecine roumaine. On trouva un jeune médecin, Dawila, dont la réussite fut si complète qu'il fut chargé ensuite de créer une Ecole de Médecine à Bucarest. ; . : Davila voulut qu'un certain nombre de ses élèves pussent terminer leurs études à Paris. A la suite de conversations diplomatiques, intervint l'arrêté du 23 novembre 1857. Après divers considérants où l'on indique l'intérêt pour les étudiants de l'Ecole de médecine et dé chirurgie de Bucarest d'un séjour en lin d'étude à la Faculté de Paris, l'article premier dit • (1) L'accroissement du pourcentage des étudiants étrangers est significatif à l'Ecole de Rouen, car leur: proportion était, en première année : En 1926..'...... de 0% En 1929 de 55 % » 1927...'....". » 15 % ■■.'; » 1930... » 57% » 1828.. » 30 % » 1931 » 76.5 — XVII — ;il|lll»?IMIHininM»?nimiMH»J<MIMI11MIIHUIM>HIII»»HIMI»»ll<»MV»mHI»,ign I N ATI BAI Ni 1 : ASSOCIATION S 1/3 DIGITALINE N ATI VELLE | 2/3 OUABAÏNE ARNAUD ï LABORATOIRE NATIVELLE, 27, Rue de la Procession — PARIS (XV) I âtltIÉlltt>ttUt>UIIÉtÉillltittl>IU.i.ÉÉIII.ÉUM.U»tt.l>iUÉÉIHIU»ÉIH.imtHÉittlt»IHMt>ltt éLNovoJkoÔ VQtUfioiL éiOÎTULlt ^tançais 8 xut CJLÙL Souiu..Pa!Ui DESINFECTION INTESTINALE coâfs h GRANULES » ADULTES : 4 à 1! culHortos i A Cûtft avec un pou d'eau 7 ENFANTS i a à G cuUlQtdei. un peu d'eau bouillis ou d« lait avant la tÊtee ou lo ht blfon. plusieurs lois pur &Un, &Un, îADULTES: 4 i.12 Cornu» mfli par iou., 1/4 d'heur* avant lo repas avec d* l'eau su crû» (avaler oena nie h B ri. S* ENFANTS. < • • pw — XVIII — MAGHESIUM LE/ ./IULE/ PREPARATION/ PRATIQUE/ ET AGREABLES CHIOIIISPS DE MAGNI/IUM 42, Bd SAINT-MAECBL PARIS (.15°) fly i9f^9.m_ ^L « sérum de jeune ^k * ..-bovidé en ^^ ^ croissance croissance >„■ ^ MUMONRS OVAMBItltCfl BT %VriO»KI*S BEA POISON» BENILKS <:>£• ^•anATOïKii unm VA KM «a* — 255 — « Les élèves de.l'Ecole de médecine et de chirurgie de Buca-. lest, qui justifieront de quatre années d'études dans ladite Ecole et de connaissances analogues à celles qu'on exige pour le baccalauréat es sciences, pourront, après avoir subi avec succès l'examen de troisième année devant l'a Faculté de médecine de Paris, être autorisés à y prendre les quatre dernières inscriptions et y" aspirer audoctorat ». Les articles suivants visent le versement des droits correspondants au baccalauréat et aux douze premières inscriptions, et édictent des mesures pour confirmer l'authenticité des diplômes et certificats produits par les Rpumains. En 1866, intervient en France une modification des études médicales, qui ne sera pas, hélas! la dernière. On exige, pour les études médicales le baccalauréat es lettres et le baccalauréat es sciences restreint. .... Un arrêté, daté du 11 juillet 1866, impose aux Roumains les mêmes obligations. L'article premier étend en plus aux trois Facultés de médecine de l'Empire, le privilège des RoumainSj que le précédent arrêté limitait à la Faculté de Paris : ARTICLE PREMIER. — Les élèves de l'Ecole de médecine et de chirurgie de Bucarest, qui justifieront de quatre années d'études dans ladite école et de connaissances analogues à celles que l'on exige en France pour le baccalauréat es lettres et le baccalauréat es sciences restreint, pourront, après avoir subiavec succès l'examen de la troisième année devant une des Facultés de médecine françaises, être autorisés à y prendre les quatre dernières inscriptions et parvenir au doctorat », Les autres articles comme en 1857. Le 28 février 1880 une circulaire ministérielle tend à réprimer de nombreux abus qui s'étaient produits : des titres apocryphes avaient été présentés à la Faculté. Sur la demande de M. l'Agent en Roumanie, le Ministre-de l'Instruction publique précise quelles sont les garanties que l'on doit exiger des candidats médecins : le diplôme de bachelier, de Bucarest ou de Jassy, devait être correctement estampillé par les autorités roumaines. Survient ensuite la loi du 30 novembre 1892 sur l'exercice de la médecine en France. Un régime nouveau es! institué en faveur dès étrangers qui veulent obtenir le diplôme d'Etat français, leur permettant-d'exercer la médecine e-i France. Il est dit que docteurs étrangers-et'étudiants étrangers, pourvus! du baccalauréat français, pourront obtenir dès dispenses de scolarité et d'examens; en aucun cas la dispense d'examcis ne — 256 — pourra dépasser les trois premiers. Jusque?-] à le droit d'exercer la médecine en France pour un médecin étranger était subordonné, en vertu de l'article 4 de la loi du 19 ventôse, an XI, à une autorisation accordée par le gouvernement. ■ ■ ,. ' Les Roumains rentraient à ce moment dans le cadre général des médecins et d'étudiants étrangers. 31 n'étai 4 plus question d'exiger d'eux quatre années d'études en Roumanie; il n'était plus possible de leur demander de subir en France. l'examen de la fin de troisième année, dont tous les étrangers. pouvaient être dispensés. Les Roumains furent donc dispensés des trois premières années de scolarité lorsqu'ils les avaient déjà faites en Roumanie. N'avaienl-ils pas commencé les études de médecine, on les autorisait à les, pour suivre en. France, comme tous les étrangers pourvus du baccalauréat français. Mais ils conservèrent le privilège de l'équivalence du baccalauréat (1). L'équivalence, justifiée au début par une similitude complète des programmes, fut acceptée dans la suite malgré les modifications incessantes des baccalauréats tant en France qu'en Roumanie; le baccalauréat ayant même été supprimé à une époque en Roumanie, on admit comme ; équivalent au baccalauréat un simple .certificat de fin d'études. délivré au lycée. ■ • En 1895, est créé le diplôme universitaire, qui sanctionne pour les étrangers les études médicales, sans donner le droit ■ d'exercer la médecine en France. La circulaire ministérielle du 21 juillet 1896 précise que l'on acceptera largement les équivalences au baccalauréat pour le diplôme universitaire, mais que l'on exigera strictement le baccalauréat français des étrangers qui postuleront le diplôme d'Etat. La circulaire ajoute pourtant : « Il continuera d'être accordé, en vue des études médicales, deé équivalences de baccalauréat, aux étudiants de pays aux; quels nous lient, pour cet objet, des conventions internationales. » Les Roumains furent visés par ce texte, bien, que, ainsi que nous venons de le montrer, il n'existe entre la Roumanie et la France, aucune convention. On voit, par cet exposé, comment le privilège roumain, (1) Du baccalauréat roumain avec lé baccalauréat français. — 257 — strictement défini et limité au début, s'est progressivement accru jusqu'à aboutir à l'actuelle situation manifestement abusive. En 1857, le diplôme d'Université n'existait pas en France. A l'heure actuelle, la plupart des Roumains peuvent se contenter, comme la plupart des autres étrangers, du diplôme■'_ universitaire. Nous sommes obligés d'insister sur ce fait que les étrangers qui veulent exercer la médecine en France sont indésirables, parce qu^ls constituent à eux seuls là causé de la pléthore médicale professionnelle. Nous avons démontré par l'étude, dé -statistiques -précises que,: sans l'afflux d'étrangers postulant le diplômé d'Etat, là pléthore médicale en France serait inexistante. ; Le mal est donèj à présent, bien connu;, dans ces conditions, le remède est faciles à trouvèri II consiste à n'autoriser les r étrangers à postuler lé diplôme d;Etat; que dans des conditions déterminées et strictement limitatives. Le projet de loi Armbruster oblige fous les étrangers qui postulent île diplôme: d'Etat françaîs>■ à, justifier dd^baccalauréat français et du certificat d'études P<C;N.; ils doivent, de plus, subir les cinq examens probatoires.; ', ■ :. ■ : Les dispenses de scolarité sont limitées à trois années. De plus, les étrangers âgés de moins de trente ans ne peuvent être autorisés à exercer la médecine qu'après naturalisation, ce qui les oblige à faire le service militaire comme les Français. Quel que soit leur âge, les étrangers autorisés à exercer la médecine en France par possession du diplôme d'Etat, ne pourraient collaborer à l'application des lois sociales qu'après naturalisation (accidents du travail, article 64 de la loi des pensions, maladies professionnelles, assistance médicale gra" tuite, assurances sociales). Il est manifeste que les dispositions du projet de loi Armbruster limiteraient immédiatement le nombre des étrangers indésirables. Peut-être le trouvera-t-on un peu sévère? A titre de transition, nous serions disposés à continuer aux citoyens roumains, (aux Mauriciens également), un privilègequi remonte à plus de soixante ans* étant entendu que la liste des privilégiés serait établie chaque année par une commission mixte franco-roumaine où siégeraient, à côté d'agents diplomatiques, des professeurs des Facultés roumaines et françaises. On fixerait, par exemple, à trente le nombre des Roumains admis chaque année à postuler le diplôme d'Etat français, dont vingt pour la Faculté de Médecine de Paris./ -r258-— — XIX — OPOTHERAPIE du DIABÈTE par la PANCREPATINE LALEUF " ■CAPSULES GLUTINISEES A BASE, D'EXTRAIT SPÉCIAL BIGLANDULAIRE de PANCRÉAS LITTÉRATURE ET ÉCHANTILLONS : LABORATOIRES LALEUF 49, Avenue de La Motte-Picguet, Paris (XVe) Nouvelle adresse : 20, rue du Laos, Paris (15e) XX —■ HUILE DE FOIE DE MORUE SELECTIONNEE GARANTIE ACTIVE ET RICHE EN VITAMINES (Vitamlna onttrachltlque et vitamine de croleeance) {Contrôle biologique rigoureux') Le VIVOLÉOL est Une huile NATURELLE, NON IRRADIÉE car Tonte exposition aux rayons U. V. fait perdre son activité a. I une huile de foie de morue Toute association médicamenteuse j précédemment active. ! Rachitisme — Troubles de la croissance, de l'ossification, de la nutrition — Lymphatisme — Scrofule. r DOSES : Nourrissons : 20 zoulUs ; Cds enlanls : 1/2 ai c 1 cité ; Adultes 11 c. à soupe Lit il Eclat, : iù. ta ïlVuLEOL(Ami!xidu Lab. 2KH1E), B9, r. iiWaUigoiii, PA81S, XII*. '---■ T«l4ph» DthMdï Sft-IH AAAAAAA Aft A? LLO Q Mai-cadet 01-91 R. D. C. Seine 169.072 Laboratoires du Qr TISSOT 34, boulev. de Clichy, Paris Envoyez échantillon gratuit de ': 1° Grains anisés de Charbon TISSOT, forme agréable et aromatique, font l'Estomac, net et l'Intestin net. 2° Suppargyres du Docteur FAUGHER, pour le traitement de l'Hërêdo par voie rectale, voie recto-portale et vitalisée par le foie. 3° Diasto-Pepsine RICHEPIIM (PepsïnB, Pancréatitte et Pilules et Elirir. Digèrent et assimilent tout : viande, corps gras, féculents. 4° PanUPOl TISSOT, Touslessolvantsindiqués:aidelerein,srlantfeetfiltre. 5° BRONCHODERMINE, Traitement de Rhumes, Bronchites, par absorption-cutanée, Eucalyptol, Terpinol, Gaïacol, Hélénïne. — 259 —... r— 260 ■ — — XXI — LABORATOIRES CORBIÈRE.27. Rue Oesrenaudes^PARiS %fi ùu^*&8iïïïïïï&SM iHsgaiLw.cta' Trux£t J3 MC uiu /• &A&t$j XXII OPOTHÉRAPiES ASSOCIEES Traitement des Troubles Endocriniens complexes ES CHOAY EXTRAITS D'OKaANES Associés ejj Formules répondant aux principaux syndromes) B"' Plurlglalidulalre., ,£«muui.i N'6 Hypopnyso-Orchitîquè» ,a& Sj Surrèno-Hypophyaalrav *•«> 61" Hypophyso-Ovarlenna. M» 9 Thyro-Surréno-Hypophyttatlj» !•» ? Thyro-Hypophyao-OvarletlMi m * Thyro-Ovarieruie"" . ' ' |s» T* Thyro-Hypophyso-Orchitiqao, W **■ Sùrréno-Ovarierme^ L<es'B Peptosttiênine (glandes digeatifq) ' £"' ni. 1*^'°*^? w?.?"ET TOUTES ftUTRES-FORMULES #ir*»ert»i COMPRIMÉS ou CACHETS ou AMPOULES SYNCRINES CMOAV 'ifc»* : fltt»>linmttemtrito»l. LABORATOIRE CHOAV,' 48, nu TheopBJle4airtier, Paris fil, Axteafl «4-0». » 61" Hypophyso-Ovarlenna. ? i? Thyro-Hypophyao-Ov»rlelMSi»v * T* Thyro-Hypophyso-Orchitiqao, s (B Peptosttiênine (glaadet digestif^ ET TOUTES AUTRES -FORMULE» ■Uh OCMANOt ■ ••tetèXbat — 262 — — XXHI Puissant Accélérateur de (a Nutrition Générale Céro-AreenloHématO'Théraplé Céro-AreenloHématO'Théraplé Organique Indications Favorisa l'Action des VITAMINES ALIMENTAIRES Maladies consomptlv et de* DIASTASES INTRACELLULAIRES Anémie Retour très rapide Lymphatlsme FOUHE, , de rAPPÉTIT et des FORCES 5SSSSSS3. EIJXtR » Adultes .-2 &S cuillerées à café 1 Asthme GRANULÉ »0SESEn/anIJ,^lo8,s|mesure 5 • JP-J"» Diabète Littérature et Échantillons : Établissements MOTJNEYHAT. I 12, Rue du Chemin-Vert, à VttmKEDVE-te-OABEmiE. >rtiSt-DEHIS (Mm) Asthénies diverses I Cachexies Convalescences Maladies contomptlvei Anémie Lymphatlsme Tuberculose Neurasthénie Asthme EUPHYTOSE LE MÉDICAMENT DES A ANGOISSÉS DU COEUR JE UUIIIHÉM LABORATOIRE MADYL l<t-.ruede Miromesnil P A R I S I ""e^elèaa^aaUzJ?] ^Bl I[ .'HAUtMENT I 1"*<,^HJS ANXIEUX Uiiw wiviOT5eSS!î™ll 'AT01RE R^^^^rl^l ^"oTiiï^^i^^n^^^^ DYL ^Pl^f ^ISEJl^^^PI Miromesnil V&&S«Xî* "X'"l>•%•"•■ ''. ■ • '. ^• 'S*»SBBpTV<•'.'".'.V**•.'".".."• '• RIS WÎ-'V W :<-:*. :Y* -X^-.'-'T/^ry-'."• • .'.: •*-:*•'.".• — XXIV — LABORATOIRES GARTERET ANÉMlES»TUBEfiCULOSE»DÉNUTRlTlONS« HÉMORRAGIES* SURMENAGE «CONVALESCEnCES WKOLOWtrlampoule dans un peu d'eau ou o> yn blanc oient chaque rec» At/aittt coNrne /NDicArtoK : roitm/fcc VARFMK ItfkWlfflÔiUeUfe^UjreiU^^ XSOfôOtK «£ «39A/ NActor-HuqO .AUBERVItLÏErtfiSem.ll — 263 —, INFOMMilTION ET DOCUMENTATION ■ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiitriiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiMiiiiiHMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiitniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii INTERPRÉTATIONS DE TEXTES JLes assurances sociales et les tariis à là v^namore Une fois de plus, la Chambre des Députés s'est préoccupée de la question des tarifs dans l'assurance-maladie. Au cours de la séance du 12 février, notre confrère le Dr BRIQUET, député de l'Eure, a posé au ministre du Travail trois questions. Laissons de côté les deux premières qui n'étaient pas d'ordre médical; retenons-en seulement que ministre et Parlement considèrent comme intangible le précompte, c'est-à-dire là perception de la cotisation ouvrière pai retenue obligatoire sur lé salaire. Dans sa troisième question, le D1 BRIQUET incrimine l'insuffisance des tarifs de responsabilité des caisses : M. Camille BRIQUET.— Les ouvriers disent : On -nous accorde des prestations dont le montant est 'ridicule. Loçs du> vote de la loi, on nous -a proanis qu'on nousrembourserait 80à 85' % du montant. des frais médicaux. En réalité, la spmimie que l'on nous donne est infime.
| 43,359 |
https://github.com/alldatacenter/alldata/blob/master/olap/doris/regression-test/suites/query_p0/join/join_on_view.groovy
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause, MIT, OpenSSL, LicenseRef-scancode-facebook-patent-rights-2, PSF-2.0, dtoa, GPL-2.0-only, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain
| 2,023 |
alldata
|
alldatacenter
|
Groovy
|
Code
| 248 | 546 |
// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.
suite("join_on_view") {
sql """
drop table if exists jov_t1;
"""
sql """
drop table if exists jov_t2;
"""
sql """
CREATE TABLE jov_t1 (
id int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT ''
) ENGINE=OLAP
UNIQUE KEY(id)
COMMENT "OLAP"
DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(id) BUCKETS 1
PROPERTIES (
"replication_allocation" = "tag.location.default: 1"
);
"""
sql """
CREATE TABLE jov_t2 (
name varchar(128) COMMENT ''
) ENGINE=OLAP
UNIQUE KEY(name)
COMMENT "OLAP"
DISTRIBUTED BY HASH(name) BUCKETS 1
PROPERTIES (
"replication_allocation" = "tag.location.default: 1"
);
"""
qt_sql """
SELECT cd
FROM
(SELECT CURDATE() cd
FROM jov_t1) tbl1
JOIN
(select cast(now() as string) td
from jov_t2 b
GROUP BY now()) tbl2
ON tbl1.cd = tbl2.td;
"""
sql """
drop table jov_t1;
"""
sql """
drop table jov_t2;
"""
}
| 38,755 |
https://github.com/gurafwisandi/pertanian/blob/master/application/models/Vendor_m.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
pertanian
|
gurafwisandi
|
PHP
|
Code
| 78 | 351 |
<?php defined('BASEPATH') OR exit ('No direct script access allowed');
class Vendor_m extends CI_Model
{
public function get($id = null)
{
$this->db->from('vendor');
if($id != null)
{
$this->db->where('id_vendor',$id);
}
$query = $this->db->get();
return $query;
}
public function add($post)
{
$params = [
'nama_vendor' => $post['nama_vendor'],
'created' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
];
$this->db->insert('vendor',$params);
}
public function edit($post)
{
$params = [
'nama_vendor' => $post['nama_vendor'],
'updated' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s')
];
$this->db->where('id_vendor',$post['id']);
$this->db->update('vendor', $params);
}
public function del($id)
{
$this->db->where('id_vendor', $post['id']);
$this->db->delete('vendor');
}
}
| 28,121 |
https://github.com/cokkler/UnityBadKnowhow/blob/master/TestProject/Assets/Autoya/Connections/HTTP.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
UnityBadKnowhow
|
cokkler
|
C#
|
Code
| 1,485 | 5,007 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using AutoyaFramework.Settings.Connection;
using UnityEngine.Networking;
/**
implementation of HTTP connection with timeout.
*/
namespace AutoyaFramework.Connections.HTTP
{
public class HTTPConnection
{
// response by string
public IEnumerator Get(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, string> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Get(url))
{
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(request.downloadHandler.data);
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator Post(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, string data, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, string> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Post(url, data))
{
request.uploadHandler = (UploadHandler)new UploadHandlerRaw(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data));
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(request.downloadHandler.data);
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator Put(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, string data, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, string> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Put(url, data))
{
request.uploadHandler = (UploadHandler)new UploadHandlerRaw(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data));
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(request.downloadHandler.data);
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator Delete(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, string> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Delete(url))
{
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(request.downloadHandler.data);
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
// response by byte[]
public IEnumerator GetByBytes(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, byte[]> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Get(url))
{
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = request.downloadHandler.data;
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator PostByBytes(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, string data, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, byte[]> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Post(url, data))
{
request.uploadHandler = (UploadHandler)new UploadHandlerRaw(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data));
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = request.downloadHandler.data;
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator PutByBytes(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, string data, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, byte[]> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Put(url, data))
{
request.uploadHandler = (UploadHandler)new UploadHandlerRaw(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data));
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = request.downloadHandler.data;
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator DeleteByBytes(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, byte[]> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Delete(url))
{
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = request.downloadHandler.data;
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
// request & response by byte[]
public IEnumerator Post(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, byte[] data, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, byte[]> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Post(url, string.Empty))
{
request.uploadHandler = (UploadHandler)new UploadHandlerRaw(data);
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(request.downloadHandler.data);
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, request.downloadHandler.data);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
public IEnumerator Put(string connectionId, Dictionary<string, string> requestHeader, string url, byte[] data, Action<string, int, Dictionary<string, string>, string> succeeded, Action<string, int, string, Dictionary<string, string>> failed, double timeoutSec = 0)
{
var currentDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
var limitTick = (TimeSpan.FromTicks(currentDate.Ticks) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeoutSec)).Ticks;
using (var request = UnityWebRequest.Put(url, data))
{
request.uploadHandler = (UploadHandler)new UploadHandlerRaw(data);
if (requestHeader != null)
{
foreach (var kv in requestHeader)
{
request.SetRequestHeader(kv.Key, kv.Value);
}
}
request.chunkedTransfer = ConnectionSettings.useChunkedTransfer;
var p = request.SendWebRequest();
while (!p.isDone)
{
yield return null;
// check timeout.
if (0 < timeoutSec && limitTick < DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks)
{
request.Abort();
failed(connectionId, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_CODE, BackyardSettings.HTTP_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE + timeoutSec, null);
yield break;
}
}
var responseCode = (int)request.responseCode;
var responseHeaders = request.GetResponseHeaders();
if (request.isNetworkError)
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, request.error, responseHeaders);
yield break;
}
var result = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(request.downloadHandler.data);
if (200 <= responseCode && responseCode <= 299)
{
succeeded(connectionId, responseCode, responseHeaders, result);
}
else
{
failed(connectionId, responseCode, BackyardSettings.HTTP_CODE_ERROR_SUFFIX + result, responseHeaders);
}
}
}
}
}
| 30,321 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%20%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85%20%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Адміністрацыйны падзел Каморскіх астравоў
|
https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Адміністрацыйны падзел Каморскіх астравоў&action=history
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Belarusian
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Spoken
| 59 | 261 |
Адміністрацыйны падзел Каморскіх астравоў — падзел тэрыторыі Каморскіх астравоў на пэўныя часткі ў мэтах эфектыўнай арганізацыі дзяржаўнага кіравання і мясцовага самакіравання. Згодна з падзелам Каморскія астравы складаюцца з 3 аўтаномных астравоў. Акрамя таго ў падзел уваходзіць чацвёрты востраў Маёта, на які прэтэндуюць Каморскія астравы, аднак, фактычна, востраў знаходзіцца пад юрысдыкцыяй Францыі.
Аўтаномныя астравы
Глядзіце таксама
Адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел
Спісы:Каморскія астравы
| 23,324 |
https://github.com/kevin3251/sphere_snap/blob/master/dc/dc.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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sphere_snap
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kevin3251
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JavaScript
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Code
| 192 | 551 |
#!/snap/sphere/current/bin/node
// dcenter: proxy of ucenter and relay center
// Date: 2018/03/08
//
var dc = require('./app/appmain.js')
var fs = require('fs');
// conf:
// AppName: the name of app
// UCenter: the mma of uCenter
// IOC : the mma of IOC
// MotebusGW: the ip of Motebus gateway
// MotebusPort: the port of Motebus
// Isolated: DC is isolated mode, true or false
// Heartbeat: the interval (sec) of heartbeat, for example: 180 seconds
// HBCenter: the MMA of hardbeat center
var conf = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(__dirname +'/conf/config.json', 'utf8'));
if ( process.env.AppName ) conf.AppName = process.env.AppName;
if ( process.env.UCenter ) conf.UCenter = process.env.UCenter;
if ( process.env.IOC ) conf.IOC = process.env.IOC;
if ( process.env.MotebusGW ) conf.MotebusGW = process.env.MotebusGW;
if ( process.env.MotebusPort ) conf.MotebusPort = process.env.MotebusPort;
if ( process.env.Isolated ) conf.Isolated = process.env.Isolated;
if ( process.env.Heartbeat ) conf.Heartbeat = process.env.Heartbeat;
if ( process.env.HBCenter ) conf.HBCenter = process.env.HBCenter;
console.log('conf=%s',JSON.stringify(conf));
var islog = false
if ( process.env.Log || conf.Log ) islog = true;
console.log('conf=%s',JSON.stringify(conf));
if ( islog ){
var os = require('os');
var mlog = require('./app/mlog.js');
mlog.init( 'dc_', os.platform(), __dirname,
function(){
mlog.savetoLog('self','dc init OK');
}
);
dc.Start( conf, mlog );
}
else {
dc.Start( conf );
}
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sn83045462_1893-06-23_1_2_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,288 | 13,379 |
Their term of office of Oak District from that of other federal officers. They have no fixed term established by law, all the policy has been to let them serve two years unless good reason is shown for their earlier removal. Many changes will occur in the offices about the 1st of July, the beginning of the next decade. Resignations have been very generally asked for in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and elsewhere. The only limitation seems to the number of changes to be made July 1 arises from the necessity of transferring the offices and the stamps and funds from the aid cells to the new, with proper protection to the sureties. There are only four or five skilled revenue agents available for the purpose of making these offices, and consequently the changes are progressing more slowly than would otherwise be. The amount of money to be used for the purpose of making these offices is very small, and the amount of money to be used for the purpose of making these offices is very small. Extensive shipments of money by telegraph The New York to San Francisco were made yesterday by direction of United States Treasurer Megan. The bank failures yesterday on the Eacine coast evidently spurred the banks to increase their supply of ready money to meet any emergency that may arise. This money is transferred in a simple manner. A bank in San Francisco telegraphed its New York correspondent at (a bank) to place in the subtreasury New York a given sum of money to its credit to be sent to the American National bank. The subtreasurer at New York telegraphs the subscriber at San Francisco to receive the national bank with the given amount of money. The San Francisco bank thus severs the express bank and the government, receives gold for the money which it tranders by telegraph. It builds up its gold. It is a mutual arrangement by which both the banks and the government are benefited. A telegram Wanted. The service commission will hold an examination on July 11 to secure eligibles for the petition of librarian in the Department of Agriculture; salary, $41.88. The departmental clerk emissary will be given and, in addition, the list, modern languages (German, French, Italian and Spanish), library economy, bibliographies and literature of agriculture. Applicants should be obtained of the clerk vice commission, Washington, D.C. Alsenator's Liability. In the paper, stamp has decided that all immigrants must pay head tax, and are subject to laws as regards inspection. Unless they are regularly employed on the vessel as helpers, they are regularly employed on the vessel as helpers. Proposals have been invited for the purchase of the old side-wheel stemmer Phlox, which has been on duty at the Naval Academy for many years. She is no longer of any use and will be put for one to the highest bidder. Her ample value is $12, but it is not likely that the department would offer a lower offer. Navy reserves are to be erected out at Sen. Capt. Miller, in charge of the New York naval militia, had a conference with Assistant Secretary McAdoo yesterday in relation to sending the New York militia to sea on a battleship naval vessel for a summer cruise. The Navy Department does not wish to follow the practice of drilling men of the land on shore and on ships in the land vicinity of their homes, believing that a better certainty can be afforded the reserves to familiarize themselves with practical skills by sending them out of sight of the land. Capt. Miner talked the matter over with Mr. McAeo, and left for New York to lay the subject before Governor Flower, who will inform Secretary Berbers by letter whether or not to reserves will go. There is no opposition, it is understood, to the plan, the only means of defeating the plan, the pace at which they are employed. Dr. Gmme's examination. Br. Gu=man, the Nicaraguan minister, says the has not been removed, but that his voyage, which he had forwarded to his germanasasse two weeks ago, had probably been delayed. He had not yet been officially advised of encountering the statement that the company had ceased to do with the affair, Dr. Gman said he thought that an emergency would remove as diplomatic representatives upon the question of any separation, as matter how powerful. Smetery Carlsie has been ordered to resume operations at sea to ensure the safety of the ship, which is under her notice of weeks and days. The subject of this is to state that the sommel of bees under her notice of weeks and days. The subject of this is to state that the sommel of bees under the navigation. A Philadelphia Commission. The Naval Treaty League of Philadelphia has been ordered to the Secretary of the Navy to permit the Gm d mesmbe, at the League Island navy yard in their parade on July 1. The men probably will be granted. Armor Needed. The use of the armor for two men is granted to Herbert O. Wilkins, seventh lieutenant, Herbert Deahyne, earp of the United States. Maliceed from duty at West. Eint. N. Y., and will be at station at San Francisco, (G. reporting in person to N. W. 3. Boner, secretary for the department) The following changes in the stations and duties of mess, in the department department are ordered: Oct. Trash will be relieved from duty at the headquarters in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, and will be reported to the department by the manly, Watertown, Watertown, Mm., for duty. Capt. Charles B. Clark will be relieved from duty at the Vancouver barracks on duty and as chief ordinance officer of the department of the Columbia and will receive to the staff. Inasmuch as the Columbia and the Union News Company has a special rate for the week, rates are as follows: Suit Crab and Fish emporium At the market rates every day. Us-k-rates rates. Those have a. a. O. station week days at 5:15 am., and 4:30 pm.; Sundays at 9:35 am., and 8:30 pm. Round trip, $3.00. Adt. The company has secured the services of the Baltimore and Ohio company and the Union News Company, as agent of the letter, have abased their privileges of selling on the company's team by offering a very rank variety of objectionable literature. The road company, assisted by the news company, was out to put a step to it and discover who was furnishing the objectionable matter. W. B. Jones, a news agent, was arrested yesterday at Camabridge, in his bank was found a roll of the original literature. Jones said he did not know of the man who said the matter, but said he lived better, and gave a description of him. He explained further that the man was in the habit of engaging in the train and discovering him the things. Jones was taken to utter and there was no further evidence. To the men from where he performed the labor one J. L. Birch, of the Peace aber, gave me, in a condition powders and superintendence of a Sunday school. When confronted, I was amazed and admitted the truth of the charges and was struck under $50 bail. According to the statements, the time was being done on other railroads. The affected and youngest prisoner in the Free Court today was from Georgetown and his name was regarded as Clarence Bell. He was then sixty years old, although his son indicates that he is two or three years younger. "I am the boy by the street," said Policeman Fannin, "and he told me twenty lies in the same than amount." The officer did not arrest him at the time, but later on was the complaint made about a boy the victim proved to be Clarence Bell. He had been living for some time in the canal and it was shown he would fall in and get drowned. The boy had no explanation to offer him, but his conduct and, so he was held as a homeless lad. Policeman Carson recognized the boy in court, and said he had been living with a family in the same street. So far as he knows, the boy has no father, but has been living with a family of seven and a half street northwest. So far as he knows, the boy was the question that puzzled the court. "I recommend him until after July 1," said the judge, "I don't want to send him to the workhouse." Policeman Carson promised to take inquiries among the boys, friends, and to take inquiries among the boys, and to take inquiries among the boys. ANTED-A WHITE BOY TO HELP ON ICE cream and cake; also a colored boy. Call 1414 14th St. NW. WANTED-ELECTRIC LIGHT WIRE MAN FOR the work. Apply at the power house, 7th St. and Pennsylvania Ave. WANTED-TWO REQUIRED DAILY CLERKS; good pay; must be sober. Address JAMES DONNON, Washington, D.C. WANTED-FIRST-CLASS PLUMBERS; also two good boys to work at the plumbing business; convenient to the superintendent's office; recommendations required for boys. CHARLES O. T. HORN, 1515 F St. WANTED-BALTIMORE WEEKLY MARKET. Reporters runtemplates starting Washington edition and wishes to engage young solicitor. Address, stating experience, WEEKLY. Star office. WANTED-A GOOD BOY TO WORK WITH TIN and sheet iron worker. L. GICLAS, 117 4th St. WANTED-A BOY TO MAKE HIMSELF useful around shoe store. Apply. To 3:1 Pennsylvania Avenue - a. WANTED - WIDOW AND RELIABLE men to solicit business for one if the most reliable insurance companies in the United States. Men to work. Address B, A. C., Star office. SANTON STEAMER - MAN OF GOOD APPEARANCE will bring hard work hard to find a place to make his money during summer; call Saturday or Monday after 10. I. C. WHITE, Poon 5, 104 F st. n. - jewelry-2a WANTED - DA VOUNC - WHITE SINGLE MAN TO assist in a general store is not afraid of work; bring reference. F. HVOL: E.511 7th st. n.w. la' WANTED - IMMEDIATELY - A GOOD BARBER. NCH UL. Zn New Jersey are. je2-2a' ANTE--A CASHIER IN A BUILDERS HOUSE of this A- salary $41.40 per year; must invest or it 1,000. Address M., Star Sce. WANTED-WHITE MALE COOK ON FIRM near city. In private family; will Day $25 per month to good an. J. DGEN. Room 0. Carchenburg. j21.3a WANTED-TEADY YOUNG MAN TO DRIVE ry Spring water wagon. Call on F. fthSE, Lincoln ave. n. e- ja -33' WANTED-A COLLECTOR FOR A FIRST-CLASS house; must be able to correspond; give experience and reference. Address B- z., W tar office. j*1-3a WANTED-IMMEDIATELY-ONE FIRST-CLASS white barber of sober habits and union man; will pay $100 per week and have over $12. At 220% C st. a e. j_ ei4.12a WANTED-A COMPETENT AND RELIABLE man servant, who knows how to drive and care for horses. Apply to 1-V F st., second floor. W. M. POINDEXTER. jeel-Sa_ ANTED - At THE CITY INTELLIGENCE cooks, waiters, chambermaids, nurses, drivers, norters, clerks, men, boys, women; places furnished, established. ACELEFORD'S, 4th st. a. w. ANTED - WHITE AND COLORED COOKS partry cooks, general houseworkers, butlers; mechanical and civil engineers, kitchen, farm and dairy hands (women for suburban position). Je 17-' BURNHAM'S, 11100 st n.w. ANTED - DUNMORE'S EMPLOYMENT BU Wress, educated by ladies-men and women, white and colored, for all kinds of domestic labor, city, state and prisons; with references. 70p Let. n.w. WANTED - FOR THE U. S. ARMY, ARMY. Bodied, unmarried men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty years of good moral character and temperate habits. For full information apply to the Recruiting Officer, 19M 3 Pennsylvania ave. nw, Washington, D.C., and 805 Main St., Lynchburg, Va. myltf-tu.f&stje30a WANTED--A-SIX TO SELL GOODS To merchants by sample $100 a month for workers samples and case furnished free: Inclose stamp. MODEL MFG CO., South Bend, Ind. je'.eolm* WANTED - SALARY OR COMMISSION To agents to handle the Patent Chemical Ink Eras Pencil. The most useful and novel invention of us. Erise Ink thoroughly in two seconds. Works like maste. 20 to 500 percent profit. Agents making per week. We also want a general agent to take over territory and appoint sub agents. A new plan to make money. Write for terms and men of experience. MONROE ERASER MFG Co., 10, La Crosse, Wis. d.10-lya WANTED--STENOGRAPHER AND REMINGTON typewriters directed to positions EMPLOYED competent stenographers and Remington operators - no charge for service WYCK OFFICE. SEAMANS & WENED ELECTRIC Typewriter office. Mth and F sts a.w. se t FEMALE. WANTED-MEN AND WOMEN COOKS. Chambermaid, waitresses, kitchen maids, waitresses, dishwashers, laundress for this city, hotels and resorts at once. DICK'S AGENCY. 017 7th. jatI3b" WANTED - AN EXPERT FEMALE BOOK to prepare for a wholesale store. Address CLIMAX. Star office. Je23-2b" WANTED - A GIRL 18 TO 20 TO DO TIRE WORK for a fail of three; must care well recommended and willing to make herself useful. Call at 2129 Pennsylvania ave. nw. Je23-'zb" WANTED - A HALF-GROWN GIRL TO assist in general housework. Apply at 2619 Rut. n.w. jeM-.'?b* __a W ANTED-A SETTLED COLORED WOMAN TO work for small family as cook at their suburban soime. two miks from this city. send address to Box 7. Star riace. jP22:b Z W ANTED-ENERGETIC LADY AGENTS IN every locality; 014 established house; business plesat and prfitadle. KINGERY M FG. CO., Cin ienai. jV2-th, f.s2b WANTED-TWO FIRST-CLASS SALESLADIES On the millinerY department; high salary. LON DON BAEAR. j522-2 WANTED-A WHITE WAITRESS AND CHAM Q.bermad With cood City references. A Pl' 130 ANTED-WHITE COOKS. MAIDS. NURSES d seral help for families and hotels; bring erN .4= 7th al. nw. formerly Mrs. Da ninsea- J-?wb* - WANTED-LADIES TO WRITE AT HOME; IN Wclose stamped envelope. BERTHA BENZ. Se. mesth Bead, Id. j10-&d49 MALI 41 FEMALE. WANTED-LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. WE Tv will pay you to I13 per week to do strictly I ems wr for as at yoar bore: no canvassing. sena I eilf-addressed envelope. 0. F. EMMUN% a CO., Batterymareb and Water eta.. Beoton. Mass. .:e2-d* U7ANTRD-GOOD SOLICITnRS ON SALARY: TV permuament "oitions to satsfactor applicants. 4 HEALTH AGAUINE CO.. Loa a Trust build lag. 9 o'cleek. e22-* W ANTED - COOKS. WAITER^. CHAMBER. mUsads, nuss drivess. porters, willing men and women for eerlwork, We have now reads one huadred Italian laboera. MOORE & WASHING TON. SOS Gesa n.w. Je21-Si* WANTED--ROOMS. W ATDAUGUST 1-PERMANENT QUAR. ter an berdfor fanily of adults; four unfur aha reansreaire: narState Departmeent. Ad WANTED-BOARD. W ANTED-BY YOJUN43 MAN. A HOME IN A A pm CO Ite.fail inn f 5uited. WANTED-COUNTRY BOARD WANTD-B MANAND WIFE, WITH mer; private family prfre; conanto ei WANTED-HoxS RD YEmCLES W ANTED--TO HIRE A HORSE AND DAYTON USfor two mponths; beet of cars and very larht drly in. Address DAYTON. Star offee. j2-2t* WANTED- MIRCELLJANEOUS. WJANTED-A TENANT FOR FUIRNISBED UShouse for thee months at nowsmnal rent. Call eiter 10o'glock until Tugeday, the 2/th, 21070 a t. a. w. j2.t W ANTED-HOUSEHOLD AND OFFICE FURNI tore of every description,.apes featherbes asoe -tr eStures. Furniture ed BOUI er. '7th. K ad Mae., avs. aw. je8-te ANTEDINcBATOR. STATE MAKE AND) lowstcas pic. AdrmaINCUBATOR. Sta WyANTE"-OENT4.'SPRING SUITS TO CLEAN at3 mt;coas.Sier. -pants. 25c. ; vest.25e.; thirt year'e - ; oose called for and deliv rd.LH. E. 11 ldthset.n.w. je20.6i* IANTE'D-UORRES OR MULES TO PASTURE UVat 1.50je month. Aps to DAVID RAT. emty. Vas. jly,*~e-2 PAID FOR FURNITURN. CAR. kidel esbI anJ~d a~tigdone at shert no tie at BA RN EECHANGE. 314 9th uS. n.w. je17-tri UTANTED-TO BUY OR CHARTER A SEAM lanch 50 r lfeat long; must be in iedcon dilo~aaeomt lethan 9or 10 miles.Adrs 3. U.H. 0FF, Chief Kig, anlie' Homse. Hampton. 'Va. jel-10e* W ATDTAKE N ITICE-JUST RECEIV3 - prn le;will paper rooms from 653 ; you ean save Iper cent em these .. ; al ok guarsaesi; scrapling extra. F. U. N6LE li171th: 5*. amw. jell1m* W ANTED-HOREES TO PASTURE; KEEPING horses a ecilt;box stalls for grain feeding. Orders at 1 ek ib..lOh 5t. mw. ; ferm. 7th 5t. road. 8milea G, ?. imSio.Md. 31-1m' W ANTEDCASH PAID? FOR OLD GOLD AND S.ERodand mew Jsjew1dentitldcis agh. S N.Manefg Jeweler. Gold ad Silver Reimer. 3150 at . nw. .opp. Patent Omoe. VANTED - PROMPT AND RELIABLE 250. BAG Sc age delivery; telephone or mail orders -25beanen offices Merchants' Parcel Delivery Co. and Bag Transfer. 'Phone M Mainmore. 9lPa.ave. e U SANTED-CARPET STEAM CLEANED. RE modeled and laid; window shades and mattresses made to order. Stemmattings and mattresses sold by ape WM. T. BAI. office. 1012J Mass ave. my2-0 WANTED-IRHE ATTENTION OF A FEW MORE housekeepers. I will deliver fresh butter to the other part for 25c. per pound. L. C. OMAS. Adamsown. d. WANTED-TYPEWRITER FOR RENT-REM ing, Denison or Smith. Hammond. Cell graph. Sc. lowest rates: first-class machines only; free delivery, sold on monthly payments. ap2J4-tr TFEWRITER EXCHANGE. 610 Fest. nw. WANTED-10OBOF ALL KINDS, SUCH Aus Sn F Lr quantities, for which cash price. Call or address JA EINSTEY Louisiana av. jSt BLOCK ISLAND. IR. L. HOTEL MANI88ES, 13 mlst sea; delightful climate; bathing; fin. fishing; daily boats; orchestra music hall; gas and electric bells. Prices reasonable. Mend for WANTED - SITUATIONS. MALE. ANTED - BY A YOUNG MAN OF 18. A POST tinaWecek iheprec and reference. Address... Star OA2 ce. d* ANTED - A PLACE AS BAKER: SECOND hand. Address 31. E., star othe. je23-24" WANTED - A PLACE AS COACHMAN AND cars of horses in a first-class private family; good references. Address 436 3d St. j-. ld* WANTED - A PLACE BY A YOUNG MAN To drive delivery wagon or tend to horses. Call a!!. ILW. jeo-id' ANTED - A COMPETENT STENOGRAPHER and typ writer on salary; three years' experience in business and law work - best of references. Address SHORTHAND. Star office. J_ak 'ANTED - A YOUNG ENGLISHMAN (IF several years' experience. situation as bartender; best of abilities; age 25. Address 79th St. n. w. je2l-3J5 FERMALE. WANTED - TO DICK'S AGENCY FOR COOKS. Laundresses, chambermaids, waitresses, nurses, staids and seamstresses, governesses, raine nurses, but last employers' references. 6137th St., n.w. WANTED - BY COLORED WOMAN, HOUSE work; can do almost anything. 436 Washington St. n.w. WANTED - BY COLORED, PLACE AS if chambermaid or nurse. To go away for the summer. Please call 406 Richardson Place, bet. 1st and 2nd St. n.w. WANTED - BY A GERMAN GIRL, PLACE TO DO general housework and assist in cooking. Call 1316 F St. r. w. WANTED - BY A NICE, QUIET, RESPECTABLE settled woman, a position as lady's maid; no tention to traveling. Apply between the hours of 8 and 7 p.m. at 1330 Florida Ave. n.w. WANTED - BY A YOUNG LADY OF CLERICAL exercise, a position as substitute for a part or whole of a private or government office; desire references. Address C. W., 16th St. n.e. WANTED - BY MALES AND FEMALE. EMPLOYMENT In Private Families, hotels, restaurants, hotels, houses and where needed, also Zwitona for trades. (Fs. 18853). BRACKLEFORD's. 4711th a.w. WANTED - Situations for first-class cooks, printers, dressmakers, milliners, maids, laundresses, nurses, secretaries, waiters, chefs, kitchen and dairy hands (houses taken charge of by reliable persons). BURNHAM'S. 11100st. n.w. fe17-8e* WANTED - TO LOAN. HAVE $1000 TO LOAN ON GOOD REAL ESTATE security. SPRIGG POOLE. Je23-3t* Room 8S. Wash. L. and Trust building. MONEY TO LOAN. We have two gilt-edge real estate notes, $2,000 each, no and two years, 6 percent semi-annually. Cured at interest since June 1, which we will at their face value. Also 11.700 to loan on improved property. north ast. worth at least *3400 s23-3t WARREN CHOATE & Co.. 730 1 Ith st. n. w. LVANTED-TO BORNRoW *L~000 roR Fi Vi yi vears at 6 per cent on improved realty at Falls EhurNb. Va.; security wilt edged. Address BO tOWER. Box 301. City P. 0. j~3 k~lTOILOAN AT ONiCE ON FIRi-CL AS 4 -000 improved city property. FERRELL 8M I TH, 519 12th mt. je2'!-St VOID THE DEL4Y USUALLY REQUIRED IN wetting money by conying to us. Any amrount Koaenft/ on real estate and collateral securities. P ItItOTHERM Real Estate, &c., Room 2, lentral bldg., 9th an4 . ave. je17-lm 300. .. - *000 1-000 ad other sums on reel estate i nn 1 ayD : low rates. _e.17-1t_ K, A. MetNTIlE. 222 C St. w. 'O LOAN-t6.000-REAL ESTATE. ~Z.0U-FIRIT TRUST. HERRON & NIXON. MtY15-3m 14 flG st. n.w. WONEY TO LOAN IN 918 TO SUIT ON REAL ESTATE in the DISTRICT OF COIrMtIA. H. CLAY STEWART &SON. jel4-im 020 14th st. n.w. 2000 0 TO LOAN ON INSIDE I 2 proved property at 5 per cent in ums and for time to suit. Interest and principal ayable monthly. Alsobuildin loans. 7tame rate. able monthly. Noagents. Address Bo . ty '0. mv4-2m* %ONEY IN -tJM TO SlUIT. AT h AND I' PER cent on D. C. real estate security. FRANK T. ALIS.mnemberof Washington Stock Exchange. Ma e Arlington Fire Ins. Co.'s office.) Jel-tr IN MONEY TI I OAN sUMs ON CITY PROPERTY. TO JAMES M. GIRI"EN, SUIT. rmvir-3ml 711 14TH ST. UONEY TO LOAN ft ATLAWEST RATER OF INTEREST IN APPROVED REAL ESTATE SITUATE WITHIN THE DIATRICT OF COLUMBIA. BROKERAGR COM MISSION I PER CENT. THOMAS J. FISHER & CO.. YOUR WANT DO YOU WANT DO YOU WANT MONEY? If so, do not fail to meet our rates before borrowing. We make loans on furniture, pianos, horses, wagons, without removal or publicity at the lowest possible rates and in the quickest possible time. Long-term payments in full at any time to wit the convenience of the borrower, and any part of the time reduces the cost of carrying the loan in proportion to the amount paid. If you have a loan with other parties or have purchased or other funds on time and the payments a little larger than you can meet conveniently, we will take it up and see the loan for you. There is no delay, but you can pay for it. And a loan and investment agency Washington Mortgage Loan Co., Opposite 1st St. NW. MONEY TO LOAN ON ENDOWMENTS, LIFE, and TONIC INSURANCE POLICY: We also purchase, and sell real estate. Apply to W.M. Lee, 1310 F St. NW. Money loaned to but hOMERS ON THE installment plan, to be returned in any monthly lease than $9.00 a month. Interest at the rate of 6 percent per annum. Your property may be paid off and this method is used. Apply at once, Room & 1201 Pa. ave. alq-tr NET LOAN. UON FURNITURE, PIANOS, state at once, all transactions strictly confidential; Interest per cent; be delivered. Address Box 140, tar office. mh2!5-S* ONE TO LOAN. IN ANY SUMS DESIRED. 5B atnal e cent on af~ee real estate in the Columbia. ACEER, felS-i MME F st. n.w. UONETY TO LOAN AT 5i AND 6 PER CENT. IN feltr 1006 *s. JONEY TO LOAN ON REAL ESTATE IN THIS DISTRICT. 3. 0. EOLTIMAN. sell-t Cor. 10th and F sts, n.w. UONEY TO LOAN AT 5 AND 6 PER CENT ON Y. approved real estate is the list of O sma, maue saaouate a specialty. oija.a o Intd Security Trest Comp Pe t n pha. il can ipsr est et value enyl in instal ts. I.E. SMITH SONS, ee28.tr 1415 F t. n. w. OETOLOAN ON PROPERTY IN CITY AT Iado settlement. sr-& JOHN ITON. 351005a ave, n.w. ap25-t ON TO LOAN IN SUNS TO SUIT AT CUR rase approved real estate; special UONEY TO LOAN ON REAL ESTATE 4,R FIRST. i.ces eeusitya lewest rases eflntereet ; no delay ap16 O.C GRUEN. 300 7th st. u.w. jONEY TO LOAN ON REAL ESTATE AT LOW lucee oDAIENNOWN& SON car. 13th and ~ONEY TO LOAN A AND 6 PER CENT ON Y. on money to loan latP 1406 O at. st. LOST AND FOUND. OBT-The RIDY MORNING ON 1STH. 14TH. a seal. Plate glass seal. The owner can have by proving same. W. A. EAT E, Bookkeeper Palace aret, 10/7 Cona ave. It* ON-THE EVENING OF 21ST. BETWEEN WAR Depart and New York ave, or 0 at., gold watch with small black ribbon attached. Leave at 206Gms. n. w. and receive reward. $8-4 of 5wIlb infrhs retur O A to DRO4E 12.0a w it. nLw. Ite LOTTUS VNN ABOUT 4P.M., ward. [lt]______MISS STILL. UND-A UND-A UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND-A-UND For Rent - Airy Furnished Rooms on 2nd and 3rd floors; filtered winter rain water for cooking. 71st 1st St. n.e. Je23a For Rent - Two Delightful Rooms in Private Family in Mount Pleasant; half block from 14th St. cable. Address MOUNT PLEASANT, Star office. je33a For Rent - A Large 2nd Floor Front Room. nicely furnished. 1003 8th st., corner of K. opposite Mount Vernon Square. FOR RENT - A SUITE OF FURNISHED ROOMS, parlor, bedroom, dining room and kitchen, for $50 per month for summer; First floor; parties going away. 1018th st. n.w. FOR RENT - 12129 N ST. PIECE, COOL furnished rooms on 2nd and 3rd floors; south front with north rooms communicating; board if desired; private family of adults. FOR RENT - NICE LY FURNISHED SECOND story front hall room to a gentleman, for $48 per month. 507 12th st. n.w. FOR RENT - SECOND STORY FRONT; 1 LARGE, airy room; fur.; also hall bed room; cars pass the door; board if desired. FOR RENT - DOUBLE PIANO ON FIRST floor; library porch; elegant land for physician; also 1000 H st. a. w. OR RENT Three nicely furnished rooms at 524 Ist st. q. w., Between E and F sts. FOR RENT-ROOM. GOOD TABLE BOARD if desired; terms moderate; transient accommodated; near pension. Printing and post office. 618 3d st. nw. FOR RENT-914 M ST. N.W., SEVERAL ROOMS furnished rooms in modern-built house; newly painted and up-to-date throughout; sanitary conditions. At. Also table board, first-class. FOR RENT NICELY FURNISHED ROOMS. Convenient to three lines of cars, ap8-10wa* 1113 Oat. n.w. RENT-NICELY FURNISHED COMMUNICATION ceiling for families; 3 rooms, with board. $35; smaller rooms for one. $16; also rooms without board. $908 11th St. NW. my30-4wa* RENT-13 N. ST., CORNER 141ST. NEAR F Thomas Circle, second-story and third-story rooms; south and west exposure; furnace heat; best of references. $11a* RENT-20 RENT PLACE N.W., T. 11th. I and II. large, cool, fully furnished rooms; closets; a.m. I.; summer rates; good home table; references. $5P17-wa* RENT-11 K ST. N.W., ONE LARGE A double room; second floor; very desirable location; also table board; references. $26-4wa* RENT-11 K ST. N.W., LARGE, COOL front rooms; corner house; with board; best suit mer house in the city; reference. $30-luja* FOR RENT-11 K ST. N.W., NICE furnished front rooms, with board; $30 and $30 for two persons; southern and western exposure; very cool in summer; references exchanged. Table board OR RENT THE WOODMOUTH, 13TH AND F St. Wa circle rooms en suite, with private bath and table board; also furnished and unfurnished apartments. Terms reasonable. F. ROBINSON, Proprietor. FOR RENT - UNFURNISHED ROOMS ON SECOND floor, with heat, gas, bath, and large back porch; for light housekeeping; convenient to three lines of cars. 1:04 11th St. NW. je-3- 3b FOR RENT - 2 OR 3 UNFURNISHED ROOMS, second door front rooms, with bath; new house; must be seen to be appreciated; rent can, 3:16 4th St. NE. j: FOR RENT - TWO UNFURNISHED ROOMS, suitable for small family; water on same floor. Inquire C. M. MILLER, opposite Star office. OR RENT-UNFURNISHED OR PARTLY FURNISHED ROOMS AT 1ST N. AVE., near Dupont Circle. Low to desirable parties. FOR RENT--ONE VERY LARGE FURNISHED ROOM, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT--IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. FOR RENT-IN WEST END FOR DESIRABLE A comfortable room, second floor; 66 per month. Apply at store 1601 9th St. NW. Cer. *M and h iota. v. w. je2.'kn HARVEY SPAIDING. FOR RENT-STORES. FR RENT-STORE AND DWELLING, WITH good brick stable; 2236 7th st. n.w.; $25 per month; good place for laundry. je -. Plt R & PROCTOR, 9070 t n. w. RENT FINE STORE IN MONTROSE . ate; 289; heated by steam - will rent cheap to permanent tenant. i FRISTOE. ap21-9w* 1338 F st. n. w. FOR RENT-FINE STORE IN MONTROSE . ate; 289; heated by steam; will rent cheap to permanent tenant. L. S. FRISTOE. ap21-9w* 1338 F St. n. w. FOR RENT-OFFICES. 'RENT-OFFICE ROOM FIRST FLOOR. 617 F st. n.w.; light and heat; cheap. je22-3t JOHN O. JOHNSON. 817 F st. R RENT-CHEAP DESK ROOM. HUNTER & HUNTER, JI144 610 14th st. U.W. SIRNT FOR RENT-CHEAP DESK ROOM. 618 F st. n. w. Men. Apply on my-siss. FOR RENT-HALLS. FOR RENT--HALLS OVER WARE 6- Louisiana ave.; For all the car lines. GEMMICK A BROADBENT, 802 Pat. BUSINESS CHANCES. FOR SALE.-PENNSYLVANIA COAL MEN AND all capitalists interested in coal and oil are especially interested in some fine coal and oil property located in my hands for sale; it is situated in West Virginia, on B. and O. R.R. The property is offered at such a price as to net purchaser $1 per ton on coal in bed. Apply JOHN B. WIGHT, 1410 G st. REASONS WHY ROWE'S INFALLIBLE HANDI Sping system commends itself to investor, with 3.oramore: 1-Absolute safety. 2-quick returns. 3-capital completely under control. 4-Scientific accuracy and uniform profits. 4-Two years' practical test. 1200 yields 4 net profit weekly. Prospectus, $13.50 free, explaining system in detail. tabulated results; references from subscribers who have operated successfully over a year. je23.1m C D. ROWE, Box 127, Brooklyn, N. Y. FOR SALE-CREAP-LODGING HOUSE, ON ACCOUNT of death in family. Apply 218 B st. n. w. Je23.3 FOR SALE-DINING ROOM DOING A PROFITABLE business; fine room and splendid location for a mare and extensive business; small capital and cheap rent; genuine chance. Address L. E. I Star office. je2N-3t* FOR SALE-GROCERY AND MEAT STORE-A A as chance; owner has other business; a bargain if sold at one. Address Box 38, Star office. BEER AND SODA WATER BOTTLING ESTABLISHMENT for sale cheap for cash: owner wishing to leave city; everything necessary to the business on hand, a good route included. ROLEASE--A LARGE BUSINESS PROPERTY; one of the best corners on F st.; Income of upper stories will pay rent of whole. JOSEPH W. WHITE, 900F at. auw. A GOOD THING FOR QUICK BUYER. GROCERY and eat business; receipts for last months nine thousand dollars; books open for inspection; everything fresh and in paying condition; horse, wagon, fixtures, stock, goods, etc., must be sold; 6 O'clock at. Address BEST CHANCE. FOR SALE-A HANDSOME CIGAR STORE; RENT reasonable; good location. W.L. Star. FOR SALE-DAIRY LUNCH ROOM. 703 7TH St. NW, opposite patent office; this place is thoroughly equipped and in first-class order; will sell for one-half cost. BANES & SIMPSON. 14th and O St. WANT TO BUY IN THE NORTHEAST SEC. National store and dwelling suitable for a grocery and provision store; room for two horses and two wagons; no further than 7th St. between H and Florida Ave. Address WAGNER. Star office. FOR SALE CHEAP-CIGAR STORE; GOOD LOCATION. Apply at 1106 14th St. NW. FOR SALE-GOOD MEAT AND PROVISION STAND. M St. between 3rd and 4th Sts. SW, on account of sickness. 300. 311 a St. SW. FOR RENT-BEST GROCERY STAND IN CITY; cheap rent. Store room 11 feet in depth; large stable; six living rooms, je21-St* ___ _Address. 630 3d st. u.s. LICELLENT SITUATION FOR DRUG. 010. Lager dairy or fancy store, 61 P st. n.w.; includes stable and stable. Inquire the _ER REt. nw. j1.t WANTED-PARTNER IN AN ESTABLISHED business with 68,000 to 610,000 capital; must be thoroughly capable of taking charge of the books and financial department of the business. To make a one an excellent opportunity is offered, Address for three days, with full name. MERCHANT. Star office. L20R.ALE-BAR ROOM AND GROCERY STORE, 57 license and fixtures - cheap for cash; good reason for selling. Apply 300k V st. n. w. j20-61' A T RAMSAYPS -Your watch cleaned for 61; watch mainspring. 61. All our work warranted one year. sS-tr 1221 Pst. nw. SCHICAGO HOTELS. FIT-CABIN ACCOMMODATIONS, WITH headquarters residence; convenient to three lines of coast diet to fair; fifteen minutes' ride. MRS. A. MYERS- 1in6 Ms.hig.n., Chc.......J FOR RENT--HOUSES. ENT--NICE -ROOM BRICK HOUSE 11 tio ~ ; n~t e1a ont ditio plgd oa F IR RENT OR LEASE-A FINE -ROOM bath and cellar brick; a.m.i.; cabinet on mantels; newly papered- clean and in Arst-rat. sait&!J condition. o33 iith at. n. e.;627.* FOR RENT-S-ROOM HOUSE AT GLENDILP F on. I P. R. R. Address B. H. TOLBERT. 2 Penn. ave. n. W. je23-2t FOR RENT-20R 4TH ST. S.E. A BEAUTIFUL 1 :-t*ory and basement bay-window resa brick; 12 room and bath; house in first-class condition; 648 per month. HUNTER & HUNTER. je23-t 610 14th st. n.w. RENT-COZY TITTLE RESIDENCE AT E St. no.; delightful neighborhood; a perfect gem of a House. Apply JUN B. % IGHT. 1410 0 at. n.w. it FOR RENT--614 K N.E.; 6-ROOM BRICK; MOD. Finest; in good order; beautifully to school and camps; at 611; key at 610 K In., F. W. TUCKER & BRO.. 100 Fst. n.e.j231* 191811. 10th bath.660 1906. 9-k bath.....$4' 11116 I. 10th & bath. 1425 Q 1st & bath..... 4 3Corcoran t.10rkb.50 5-20-.;5 2nd. 6r&h. 25.50 je'!a-3t F. W. ORAHAM. 617 14th st. FOR RENT FORDER OFFICES. &c. Store and dwic, 1209 F at nw. 1or..... 4.000 Gnnton building. room Gunton bid'br. ro..o.t 1-,..................612.50 21. 2'. 25, 20. 27 & Gunton building, room ... 3...............12.50 atid 3d floors.6331 La Stable rear 1335 Yoth ae.-.............. . 0 at nw...... . . . .. Store and dwg. Md Stable rear ks24th at are se. 9 r.........5 nw..............5.30 515 11th at. rooms i Stable rear'.227Qst law.2 and 2.-............40 609 14th at nw. 14 Store andt dwg. ji-k rs ................... 125 G t ni,. 7r....... ...3.30 Upper part 50 9th GaInton bid'g. rootns at nw. 12r.............75 .l and 23......... 30 713 12th at nw. I'-r..00. 50 Store and dwg. 2.30 1742 F at nw 1r ........W) 11th At se. 4-s..........30 212 Ith st. hr........... 60 Stor.- 42: 1-th at nw....30 1711J i:th at uw. 1or ..... V Gunton building, rooms -215 D sat nwr..........5 0 aid 24-..............33 120 E at nw. sr ..........io t23 F St. : rooms. 3d :"09 A at ne. 1 Or ..... ..50 6oor.................25 218--4 & 39 N J ave. G inton bhd'g. rooins 9. ............. ........ 0 3:.3 . 37... ...... . 1.2T2 22d at nw. r .......50 3 V at nt w. roomi 1...20 '!20 Iat rw. 10r.. ........A Store and dwg. 91:1 V 151t7 28th at nw. 8r ......0 at nW ................202105 Pa ave nw. 14r...50 51, 1 Ith st. rooms 5 1-12 L at aw. 7r....... 45 aid 4 ....................213Catw.O. 43 515 11th st, room .,..20 07 Moare nw.14r...40.75 Central building, room 1406 Columbinat nw. Hr.40 S -- -................t 4:16 Mass are nw. Sr.35.50O 40,4 La av.back room. 712 N at nw. Or ........30 ~dfioor.............15513N Cap st.0r. .. 20.30 Store rm and stable. 41 (st nw. 5r.. ...1.50 200 t................15 1418 A at me. Or..........15 023 F at :r...............15:r212 Oat naw. 5r.....14. 30 1nton buildin. roo in 701 Va are me. 7r.......12 1a................... 12.50 113'2 N Jave so. 4r.. .12 GUnton building. rooin 1603 L at naw. 5r.....15.39 11..-...........12.50 The above is only a portion of the property on my books. For full list call at offce for balleitn issued Cn the lat and 1,th je..31 T. E. WAGOAM AN. L NR H ?92D HT. N.W.. BET. I AN Pa.av.; 2 6try-room hote: water and gan; larre .ard. Rent. 619.50 per month. Appl. at 2105 1i t. n. w -__ 522-2t* FOR RENT-NEARLY NEW ti-ROoM BRICK dwellitngn Io-of *able Iars; 7th at. s.w. bet. H and I sts. ; only 12.0 per m-nnth. I. A. PHILLIPS & SON. je"lt 14-!2 New York ave. n.w. FOt iENr--Y OSCA ItW.W1ITE'30 F S '. N. W. Flowa tircle. 17r. 15i T at nw. Or.......4 hani5,lmmely fnr....e'20 ?I 14th %t nw 10r... 125 73'2'21st at naw. Kr. ) :014 Md ave ne. r.......33 '?.204 Ia ave lw. 1Ur... 4530W Mas ave ne, tir......28 je'-3t VOR RENT ftil R ST.T 10 x~~ot..C nE~W...0-i5 I ,7 R nv .-e..3 50 it' H. upper port'n. 20V.00 447 N uawfir. callr. *3. 50%!21Y laave. 6r ...... '20. 10 2' K. M ir & bath.. 25.X-4217 Mnw. 10r&b..4-2.50 Dvsirable avartinsent at 211*2 Pa ave. 1st, 2d and 3d fdoors. [1e22-31 H. L. ItUT. 124 4th at. n.w. F~hIm ENT'CHEIVRENTK- Perinonth e I Corcoran at., 8 rooms and cellar....... *4& 33 910 D mt. a.e. (new). 8 rooma..................... 50.00 12'2 5th at. n.e.. to roos ......................35.50 618 B .t. n.e.. a I roo!ms and cellar............27.00 11r1m 14th st. n.w. store and dwelling.......... 0000 1515 to 1519 Rosetl'le inew). (3 rooms. ........ 14.00 Al are desirably located and in wood condition. je22.-t (itA4. A. lHI ELS. 1405 Fst. n.w. LIt LiINT -1413 s I. N. W. ; t'(PHNIak; t.VEN Fr(oom,)s. hath nd fine ellar; woed repair; 'nodern filprovi vements. closets; front and back yards. Inauiitre 1211- S St. n. w. F"R RENT 10-ROOM FUL. HOURE TO CARE Mful tenant; wolid retain I room and board; room era. wv would a ia take mnaS; *,lendid location for tae o bard. Address CAREFUL TENANT. Star office. le'I2-:t L'R itiT-it'NIsn.-D~ (WWF^ E t(1 T OW N A Ihts. rent ioiinal. larre warden. twelve-room housa;e w;ehickesa; horse.;ahado. Apply treniaes northeast corner 34th and t Itoad) ata. j.121-3t DOR RENT--.5 F. ST. N.. ; 6 tOOMS AND F iaih: houm- in excellent rendition ; $25 per tuonth. e224t l'Rt)Ttit & PROCtuTOR. 907 G st. n. w. LOT IT IN THE CITY - THIRD ST. N.W. Three story and basement bay-window bricks; modern improvements; $50 per month. Inquire of I.W. F. 39th St. NW. FIVE NEW 6 ROOMS AND BATH: electric lighting and all modern conveniences; Spruce St. near Beverly. 1, Droop Park. Inquire of owner. E. GILBERT, 620 1- St. NW. FIVE-17TH ST. NW. 2-STORY AND ear brick; 6 rooms and bath; all modern conveniences; house in excellent condition; rent $430 per month. Price 101; & PROCTOR. UNDER-122- DENT. N.W.; NEW 6 ROOMS AND BATH; all modern improvements; rent $15 per month. PROCTOR & PROCTOR. LOT IN THE CITY - THIRD ST. NW. AT A RE duced price; desirable 1 Story bay-window brick; 6 rooms; excellent condition; scab in rear. Call on water. 1520 P St. NW, for price and keys. For Rent or Rent - N. F. Corner and St. St. NW; ten rooms and bath; all modern improvements; a most convenient and desirable residence; rent $150 per month. Apply 1106 L St. NW. St. n.w.; two-story and basement. eight rooms............................... $42.50 1020 Florida Ave. n.e.: six rooms............ $20.00 317-fit A. P. FAIRBANK & CO., 615 14th St. F21lR. Le.. 6 rooms and bath............. 1211 sat. n.w..................................55 10 Vt. ave.. 8 rooms and bath....................$40 Vt.av. 8 rooms and bath....................$5 Store 1837 14th St.......................... Above premises in thorough condition. ANTON HEITMULER. Trustees, 1817-2w 1333 14th St. n.w. FOR RENT 5 410 th St. e.; rooms, modern improvements; 2-1st floor 7th St. n.e.; 2-story. 6 rooms, large yard to alley; my6-:2s ED. I. HANNAN. 517 11th St. n. v. FOR RENT-RY R. O. HOLTZMAN. REAL ESTATE and Insurance Broker. 10th and F Sts. n.w. UNFUNNISHED HOUSES. 1620R Ave. 10r... $17.75 13th St. n.w. 3r........ $7.75 1.............. w...... nOr21.50 1 eidaaye. Or....1. Pa ave nw Or.....2 n4t,..1....E.e r..... 42V 0lr...........11 E spt.... i~Pave. 10r.....47. SQ 18h r....... Florida aTe r..... R n....... N nw. r..... I O r.........421411th sv.6r..i 10th nw. 7r....... FURNISHED HOUSES. E! a,. near 16th iOnear Nf'ae new j~rs 4 bthsan Ihouse and fur. k0r. 6150 stable. per annm 1. 60116th near B. 1k.... 0 OFFICES. Elegant rooms in "Snn I~sifientrooms. At building.5 from 620 j~noCoast Line. to 6100 each.-0100 from S10 111..3.................. 470L ave. frmc f -4....... $ STORES. 10160oan awe..........60 Cfess-rosaiing eatab. 1024 Conn ave.-....... lisme-t. with all 102U1 Cone ewe.-...... machinery...... 675 2126thn........... 12th and E nw. i% 21Itn............ to d' ate35. w 2925 LP as. he jl......v.hg 16&70 strs.a......... 10..nn............0 1612 R&ae, sre... 102 Conn..... re......0 and R dwelling LTZ.... 510t be s. m...2 339Prat, brmi. 1729 st, Beam. 2r.. t,...tore ir...........25.0 292ka't.' miOr0. 52801 Nte r H i0Pet.br. mi. 13. 3A-G 1084th st. s.O r.12.5 Je20 (I. H. FICKLING & BRO. FOR RENT. ose on Lanier Weights- 10. ; bath;- all heated by furnace; nice poce-lreyard..656.00 House at Mt. Pleasant. O. and al......2. 111) Ris at.; Or. and bath - allm I....... 0 30N North Capitol at; Or.. bath. cellar..... 3. 14Dnanp ac;r. and b.......... 7 KHanover plae; from and bath............m McLACHLEN & BATCELLER, je20 Cr. 10th and Ges. a. w. FOR RENT-A NEW BRICK HOUSE ON L ST. between N. 3. ave. and 2d at. s~e. ; containingr 6 rooms; nicely papered- water and gas; $313.50 per month. E ASa'EEIDAY & MALLRY. Mi.19-64 F4Fsn~w. F0R R ENT-12 AND 133(0 TH ST. N. W. ;ONE eight rooms and bath and the other ten rooms and bath; all modern convenienceg; dedirable neighbor hood. Inquire of FRANK T.BROWNING. 416 5th FOR RENT-HOUSES. FO1! F t....... ...1"2 'n A it so..........0( 1447 Massava. ..........143Rst ... ... 1442 R I &ve............ 711 D at o . ..............- 5 2011 at......... I Itore 11 LI st no.... ....12 IM.V sit ............. 83.33'stable rear of 1519 K st.25. 8210 at............... 833tablerar of 14M H.2V.5S 7434P at ................. Vk) 1:4V F kt odices,.......7.50 1310 1Oth at .............. 75 It2= T at ..................-. 5 ce 140t G t ......6i4i-9thtne..........17.50 27 B st ft................60, FU:R NIURVP.. Lafayettesquare. FURNIM hr ..1 3aae near 16th. 500 Mass ave and L st...... 150 I. and 161th at&....41KIO M st near 14th......... 154 16th and K se......416.67 19th and , mis.... 50 1thk moreoran ts..=i. 33 15th at near K . 10 t ave ner Thomas Q at near 18th .........2 Crcle.................2.4 WWIn ave near L .......125 ('onn vin' Iav.20.:3Ostnar14th at........125 Mass ave near 14th.2(0.33 Q at near INth.... 125 Dfe 8ale at ..........: 19th I near Ihlp eir...110 Man ave nearUth st..200 Rot near 13th..........110 t ave near 14th at... 20 C at near 1st at se........ 0 Iowa circle............-00 FITCH. FOX & B9ROWN. 3022 14011 G et. n. w. R RENT-UNFURNISHED.
| 25,332 |
https://github.com/CompGenomeLab/replicationRepair/blob/master/workflow/scripts/4plots/source_dir.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
replicationRepair
|
CompGenomeLab
|
Shell
|
Code
| 28 | 140 |
#!/bin/bash
# Please provide the full directory of the repository
repositoryPath="" # do not leave "/" at the end of the path
mainPath="${repositoryPath}/repairReplication"
rawdataPath="${mainPath}/0_data/raw"
simRawPath="${mainPath}/0_data/simulation"
codePath="${mainPath}/1_code"
genomePath="${mainPath}/0_data/hg19"
genomeDownload="ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/gencode/Gencode_human"
| 46,492 |
https://github.com/yogaegg/Yoga-Place/blob/master/_sass/main.sass
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Yoga-Place
|
yogaegg
|
Sass
|
Code
| 6 | 38 |
@import '0-base/dir-base'
@import '1-modules/dir-modules'
@import '2-layouts/dir-layouts'
| 39,067 |
diephilosophied05biesgoog_31
|
German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Die Philosophie des Aristoteles : in ihrem inneren Zusammenhange : mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des philosophischen Sprachgebrauchs
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Biese, Franz
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German
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Spoken
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2) Poet. c. 6. Vergl. die treffliche Entwickelung von Boht in deſſen philsfophlicher Abhandlung „bie Idee der Tragdbie (Göttingen 1836.) p. 109-149, und Sb. Müller.a. a. D. p- 59— 71, ber außerdem noch p. 87888, eine gränblidhe Würbigung ber verfchies denen Anfichten Aber die vielfady beiprochene von Beifateies aufge Definition der Tragoͤdie gegeben bat.. 700 Dritter Abſchnitt, Die befonderen Wiſſenſchaften. durch die Kunſtmittel bed Metrums, des Geſanges und bei Tanzes, die in der Tragoͤdie eine befondere Geflaltung da⸗ burch erbalten, daß fie in derfelben alle wirkſam find, jedoch nicht, wie in der Ditbyramben» und Nomenpoeſie alle zu: ‚gleich 2), fondern nach einander, wie ed bie verfchiedenen Be flandtheile, der Dialog und die Ehorgefänge, erfordern, indem in jenem bloß dad Metrum zur Veredelung der Sprache dient, in biefen aber außerdem noch Sefang und Tanz hinzukommen. Endlich iſt es der Tragoͤdie im Gegenfat bed Epos weſentlich, daß fie ihre Darftellung nicht durch Erzählung, fonberm durch handelnde Perfonen vollbringt. Es iſt jedoch hiermit das We fen der Tragoͤdie nicht exichöpft, weil in den angegebenen Be ſtimmungen ſich noch nicht ihr Bwed zu erlennen giebt. Die fer befleht aber darin, daß fie durch bie tragiſchen Gefühle de Zurcht und des Mitleids die Läuterung folcher Affecte bewirtt, indem bier überwunden wird das Drüdende und Hemmende, überhaupt das Materielle, was der Zucht und dem Bitieh in ihren Einwirkungen auf bad Gemuͤth im gewöhnlichen Be ben anklebt. Diefe Läuterung vollzieht fih eben baburdh, def in der Tragoͤdie biefe Affecte von ihrer floffartigen auf bes Einzelne und Beſondere befchränkten Ratur zu rein geifligen Gefühlen, zum Audbrud des Ueberfinnlichen verfiärt werden und fomit in der Furcht hervortritt das ideale Moment der Ehrfurcht, der heiligen Scheu vor ber allwaltenden Gerechtig keit, und in dem Mitleid das ideale Moment der Trauer über die Hinfäligkeit irdifcher Größe *), darüber, daß auch dem Herrlichſten eine Einfeltigkeit anklebt, daß au das Hoͤchſte 1) Bergl. Poet. c. c. g. 6, 2) Das ideale Moment ber Trauer iſt audgeipzochen in Schiller's Nänie und in Gordoͤn's Morten (Wallenfiein’s Tod As. 3 ©. 4) „Berl. Soph. Phil. 604: 20 3” dusog dere nunarer a dev’ ogar- zwsar zıc ed Li, vıwınaure wor Blor ouoneie mülgıs, an diapdagel; Audy. Zweites Eapitel. 701 und Edelſte untergehen muß, weil die Idee nicht exiſtiren kann, ohne in die Gegenfäge der Enblichkeit einzugehen. Furcht und Mitleid find die beiden Gemuͤthsſtimmungen, wodurch ebenfo fehr die Sorge für und felbft, ald die Theilnahme var Andes zen hervorgerufen wird; in ihnen ift unfere Selbftliebe und unſere Nächfienliebe eingeſchloſſen. Die Kurt *) iſt nemlich eine Unluftempfindung oder Seelenflörung in Folge der Vor⸗ Rellung eined herannahenden Webels, welches Verderben oder Schmerz droht. Nicht fürchten fich bie, welche in fehr gluͤck⸗ tichen Berhältniffen leben und meinen, daß ihnen nichts bes gegnen koͤnne, weshalb fie fi übermüthig, geringfchägig und fe betragen, auch die nicht, weiche alles Schlimme ſchon bes fanden zu haben glauben und auf die Zukunft keine Hoffnung mehr fehen. Die Furcht macht zum Berathſchlagen geneigt, und frommt ed daher, daß Jemand Furcht empfindet, fo muß man ihm zu beweifen fucken, er fey in der age, daß ihm et⸗ was begegnen Bönne, weil es fchon Groͤßeren fo ergangen fey. Wie nun die Furcht bei dem eigenen uns bebrobenden Un⸗ gläd hervorgerufen wird, ſo erzeugt ſich das Mitleid *) bei dem Anblid eines Verberben und Schmerz drohenden Uebels, das einen Anderen trifft, der es nicht verdient hat, zumal wenn man erwarten muß, daß es auch und felbfi wol wider⸗ fahren koͤnne oder einem von den Unfrigen, ımd zwar wenn es ſchon in der Nähe erfcheint. Nicht empfinden diejenigen Mitleid, welche fi für verloren und nichts noch weiter für fich zu fürdten fehen, und auch die nicht, welche fich für hoͤchſt glüdlich halten und deshalb nicht einfehen, woher ihnen ein Ungtüd zuſtoßen Sinne. Es fichen fomit Furcht und Mits leid in einem inneren Zuſammenhang und läutern fich gegen» feitig zu dem tragifchen Gefühl, welches und ergreift bei den großen allgemeinen Leiden, denen Lie Menfchennatur unter 2) Bergl. Rhet. 2, 5. ?) Bergl. Rbet. 92, 8. 702 Dritter Abfchnitt. Die befonberen Wiffenfchaften. worfen ift, und dieſe wirken um ſo erfchätternder, wenn das Mitleids⸗ und Fürchtenswerthe fich im Verlauf der Handlung mit innerer Nothwendigkeit entwidelt und das Eintreten der Kataftegphe zugleich etwas Unerwartetes und Ueberraſchendes bat, indem uͤber den Sichern und Sorglofen das Unglüd bereinbricht 2); denn es bat dann die Eigenfchaft de Wan: derbaren im höheren Grade, ald wenn es von Ungefähr und durch Zufall fich ereignet, und indem es bebeutiam erfcheint und auf dad Einfchreiten einer. höheren Macht hinweiſet ?), regt ed lebhaft dad Berlangen an nad) Aufſchluß und veranlaft zum nachdenflihen Sinnen ?). Es darf .aber daher auch dad Unglüd nicht über einen Schuldloſen hereinbrechen *), benz bied würbe nicht Mitleid und Furcht, ſondern, das fittkiche Gefühl verlegend, innere Entrüftung hervorrufen. Auch darf nicht ein durchaus Boͤſer aus Gluͤck ind Ungluͤck gerethen; denn Mitleid äußert fi aur bei einem. unverdient Unglückli⸗ hen und Furcht bei einem unſeres Glejchen *). Tragiſch wirkt nur ein folder, welcher weder an Zugend und Gerechtigkeit beſonders ausgezeichnet ift, noch auch durch Bosheit und La fterhaftigleit ind Ungluͤck geräth, fondern durch irgend einen Febltritt, zumal wenn noch hinzukoͤmmt, daß er äußerlich durch Slüd und Ruhm hochgeſtellt iſt, denn dann ſteht er zwar alt Menſch uns gleich, ift niht ſchlimmer, nicht fündiger, als wir felbfi, aber dadurch, dag er an Ehre und Macht über und fleht, offenbart fih an ihm noch beflimmter da3 Weſen des menfchlichen Lebens, tritt noch ergreifender das Bild vor bem .. 7) Pool. 0.9.9. E. m. c. 10. u. 11. Vergl. Rhet. 2, 8. p. 1386 . u 11. 2) ®ergl. Rhet. 2, p. 1386. a. 6. ’) Vergl. Ed. Müller a. a. O. p. 147 sg. über bie tragifche Vers wunberung. *) Poet. c. 13. ‘ *) ©. die nähere Entwickelung unten, wo bie innere Sonſtenction der Tragoͤdie behandelt wird. 3weites Capitel. 703 Schwankenden und: Hinfcigen aller irdiſchen Größe uns ent⸗ gegen und erhebt uns mit ahnungsvolkem ‚Schauer zu der überfinnlihen, unveraͤnderlichen Macht *), welche allwaltend und Gerechtigkeit uͤbend eingreift ins Menſchenleben. Dies tragiſche Gefühl der Furcht und des Mitleids muß nicht ſo⸗ wol dutch die. äußere Aufführung bewirkt werden, als durch die Verknüpfung der Thatſache ſelbſt ?), fo dag wer den Wer: kauf derfelben hört, auch ohne ihn vor Augen zu fehen, Schauer und Mitleid empfindet, wie bied bei Jedem der Kal feyn wird, welcher den: Mythus des Dedipus hört; denn hier iſt dad Fuͤrchtenswerthe, die Strafe, nicht ohne Grund, und das Mitleivswerthe, dad Ungluͤck nicht ohne Verſchulden. Somit wird daher die tragifche Wirkung vorzüglich durch folche Tra⸗ gödien hervorgebracht ?), die einen Mebergang and Gluͤck in Ungluͤck darflellen, indem das eindrechende: Verderben nicht durch die Lafterhaftigfeit, fondern durch eine große Schmid eined eher guten als fchlechten Menfchen herbeigeführt wird. Auch dur die Erfahrung beftätigt es ſich; daß auf der Bühne und bei Öffentlichen Uufführungen ſolche Tragoͤdien, wenn fie secht auögeführt werben, am meiften tragiſch wirken; weshalb Euripides, wenn er auch im Uebrigen, was die Anlage feiner Stüde betrifft, nicht zu Toben iſt, gleichwohl als derjenige Dichter erſcheint, - weicher fih auf ben tragifchen Effekt am beften verſteht. Dagegen laſſen ſich bisweilen die Dichter durch die Schwäche des Publitumd :beflimmen, welches der tragifchen. Luft. die bequemere vorzieht und einen friedlichen, erfreulihen Zuſſand om Schluſſe wunſcht. Dies ift: abes wicht das Eigenthuͤmliche der tragiſchen Luſt, fondern gehört vielmehr der Komödie an. In diefer treten Beute, wehn fie auch nad den Mythus die ärgfien Feinde find, wie etwa 2) Vergl. Eth. 3, 10. 2) Poet. c. 14 . 0. A 2) Poet. c. 13. 704 Dritter Abfchnitt. Die befonderen Biffenichaften. Dreſt und Aegiſth, dennoch am Ende als Freunde von der Bühne ab und Keiner wirb von dem Anderen umgebracht. Nachdem nun das Weſen unb ber Zwed der Zragddie entwidelt if, werden fich genauer und beftimmter die ihr ei« genthümlichen Beflandtbeile nachweiſen loffen *), Bor Allem it Handlung weſentliche Beſtimmung ber Tragoͤdie, und da Dandelnde die Darftellung vollziehen, fo: ift die finnlihe Dar: ſtellung für dad Auge, die gefammte Außflattung, welche zur Aufführung gehört (öweog xoouog) ?), wie Schaufpieltunft, Tanz, Scenerie, etwas der Tragoͤdie Eigenthuͤmliches, wodurch fie erſt zu ihrer vollen Wirkſamkeit gelangt?). Zu den dan fiellenden Mitteln gehören aber außerdem der Geſang für den ‚Chor und die metrifghe Rebe für den Dialog. Es müflen ferner die handelnden Perfonen individuelle Eigenfchaften haben nad ihrem Charakter und ihren Gedanken, wodurd ihre Sefinnun gen, Vorſaͤtze, Entfchließungen beflimmt werden ; denn Gedanken und Charakter find die zwei Grundurfachen der Handlung; fie find es, durch welche Jedermann gluͤcklich oder unglücklich wird. Die nachahmende Darftelung ifi endlich in dem Mythus oder der Kabel des Stud enthalten. Demnady find für die Beurs theilung einer jeden Tragoͤdie ſechs Punkte wopl zu beruͤckſich⸗ tigen: die Fabel, die Charaktere, der ſprachliche Ausdrud, Die Gedanken, die Aufführung und die Geſang⸗Compoſition. Bon diefen Punkten beziehen fich der fprachlide Ausdruck und die Sefang « Gompofition auf die Mittel, mit weichen man dar fiellt, die Aufführung auf Die Art, wie man darſtellt, und vie Zabel, die Charaktere und die Gedanken auf die Gegenflänte, weiche man darftellt; und weiter giebt ed nichts. Zu Dielen Beftandtheilen verhalten ſich num die verfchiedenen Dichter auf verfihiebene Welle, jenachdem fie auf ben einen oder den an 1) Poet. c. 6. ’ 2) Berl. Dünger a. a. O. p. 39 sq. 2) Bergl. Rhet. 2, 8. p. 1386. a. 28. Zweites Capitel. 705 dern die Wirkſamkeit des Ganzen ſtuͤtzen wollen 2). Doch immer bleibt das wichtigfte unter dieſen Stüden die Compo⸗ fition der Zabel; denn die Tragoͤdie ift nicht nachahıhende. Darftelung von- Menfchen ‚überhaupt, fondern Handlungen, das Beben flellt fie dar, worin Gluͤck und Unglüd einge ſchloſſen if. Der Dauptaccent liegt auf fortfchreitender Thaͤ⸗ tigkeit und Wirkfamkeit, nicht auf der -pfuchologifchen Entwicke⸗ ung eines beflimmten Charakters, worauf fich die Verſchieden⸗ heit im Sittlichen gründet 2). Der Einzelne iſt glüdti oder unglüdlic je nach feinen Handlungen, und diefe find nicht das bloße Mittel, um ben Charalter zu offenbaren, fonbern durch die Handlung thut fich der Charakter zugleich mit fund; daher nimmt die Handlung das Hauptintereffe in Anſpruch, und es Tann fomit eine Tragoͤdie nicht olme Handlung geben, wohl aber ohne individuelle Charaktere. So find 3. B. bie Zragddien der meiften neueren Dichter ohne durchgreifende Sharakteriftit, und überhaupt bringen es viele Dichter gar nicht zu einer feften Beſtimmtheit in der Durchführung inet Charakters. Ein ähnlicher Unterfchied finder fi auch une ter den Malern zwifchen Beusis und Pohygnotus, von weis hen diefer fi durch eine edle und fcharfe Charakterifieung Der : verfchiedenfien mythologiſchen Geſtalten auszeichnete, während dagegen bei Zeuris in dem Streben nuch dent Idealen individuelle Charabteriſtik verloren -ging.- MWellte nun Jeinand charakterfchildernde Reben, kuͤnſtlich :yebtibete Ausbräde und geiftreihe Gedanken hintereinander vorbrin⸗ gen *), fo würde er Feine tragiſche Wirkung hervornifen, wad aber weit eher diejenige Tragoͤdie vermoͤchte, weldye, wen auch diefe Stüde in ihr weit umvolllommener wären, doch eine in ſich zufammenhängende Babel und eine fehle Ber 2) Wergl. unten e. 12 u. co. 18, 2) Bergl. Poet. c. 2. in. 2) Bergl. Horat. de art. poet. 319 »qq.. Phil. d. Arifiot. 2. Wo. 45 706 Dritter Abſchnitt. Die befonderen Wiſſenſchaften Inipfung der Handlung hätte. Hierzu kommt noch, daß ge rade die wichtigſten Stüde, woburd die Zragädie die Bemi there feſſelt, Beſtandtheile der Hobel find, nemlich die Stud wechſel und Erlennungsſcenen. Angebende Dichter fowel als auch faſt alle diejenigen, welche fich zuerſt in ber Tragoͤdie verfuchten, bringen eher den ſprachlichen Austrud und die Charakterſchilderung zu einiger Vollendung, als fie die Hand» lung in fib abzurunden verfichen. Der Grunbbeflanpthei qlſo und gleihfam die Setle der Tragoͤdie iſt die Fabel; dad Zweite aber darin find die Charaktere, gleichwie auch in be Malerei die Zeichnung das Erfte if, die Sarbengebung aber dieſer erſt nachfolgt. Ohne jeme wide die Auftsagung auch der ſchoͤnſten Farben nicht ein ſolches Wohlgefallen erregen, als eine Kreidezeichnuung. Das Dritte iſt die Gedankenem⸗ wickelung, nemlich die Faͤhigkeit, das in der Sache Liegende und mit ihr Zuſammenſtimmende zu ſagen, ohne Durch rheto⸗ riſchen Prunk beflechen zu wollen 1). Sm einer ſolchen größe ven Einfechheit hielten fich befonderö die älteren Dichter, wäh send bie neueren mehr nad der Weile der Redekuͤnftler fpre: deu 2). Dos Vierte ift die Diction, wozu endlich «is der fünfte und ſechſte Beſtandtheil der Tregoͤdie noch die Geſaug⸗ Gempofitien und die Aufführung kommt, von denen jene der Darſtellung den meiften Reiz. verleiht, dieſe aber zwar das Gewuͤth bed Hoͤrerd feſſelt, jedoch dad Kunſtloſeſte und am wenigften Poetiſche iß; denn bad Weſen der Tragödie bleibt daſſelbe auch ohne Buͤhnendarſtellung und Schaufpieler, ımb ohnehin if. ales das, was zum ſceniſchen Apparat gehört, mehr Cache deſſen, der dielen anfertigt, ats des Dichters. - Dur Stenerie und Maſchinerie wirfen zu wollen if durchaus un- kuͤnſtleriſch und macht die Dichtung von dem Aufwande ber ) Berg. Rhet. 1, 1. 2) Vergl. Phil. des Ariſtoteles erſt. So. p- * 3 Amweites Capitel. 707 Bübnendarfiellung abhängig 2). Die Achte Sragoͤdie bringt auch ohne Gebärdendarftellung ihre rechte Wirkung hervor; denn ſchon beim bloßen Lefen iſt zu erkennen, was fie vera mag ?). Da nun die Handlung und deren fünftlerifhe Compo⸗ fition dos erſte und wichtigſte Stuͤck der Tragödie iſt, fo fommt es befonderd auf die gehörige Erpofition, auf die Ent: widelung des Stoffed an. Als die nachahmende Darftelung einer volfländigen und ein Ganzes bildenden Handlung von beflimmtem Umfang esforbert die Tragoͤdie innere Gliede⸗ rung °). Ein Ganzed nemlich iff das, was Anfang, Mitte und Ende hat. Anfang ift dadjenige, wad an und für fich nicht nothwendig ein Vorhergehendes vorausfest, nach wel⸗ hem aber feiner Natur nach ein Andered ſeyn oder werden muß. Ende aber iſt umgekehrt dasjenige, was an und für fi die Folge eines Worbergehenden ſeyn muß, entweder mit Nothwendigkeit pder nach dem gewöhnlichen Lauf der Dinge, worauf aber weiter nichts folgte. Mitte dagegen iſt daß, was felber Folge eined Worbergebenden, und wovon Anberes wiederum Folge if. Man kann daher nicht von jebem belies bigen Punkte ausgehen, noch bei jedem beliebigen Punkte en» digen, fondern der Verlauf ber Handlung muß fi) auf nas turgemäße Weile entwickeln, Da ferner das Schöne in bey rechten „Größe und Anordnung der Theile beſteht, fo iſt auch der Umfang für Die Tragoͤdie nicht gleichgültig. Die Kabel bes Stuͤcks muß überfichtlich unb leicht zu bebalten ſeyn, es muß die Einheit und Ganzheit bei der Beſchauung nicht vers loren geben. Freilich iſt dig Länge der Tragoͤdien, infofern Rüdfiht genommen wirb auf bie Zahl der Stuͤcke, welche bintereinander gegeben werben, eine durchaus relative und gebt 1) Poet. c. 14. r °) Poet, c. 2%. 2) Poet. c. 7. 708 Dritter Abfchnitt. Die befonderen Wiſſenſchaften. die Kunfttbeorie nichtd an; im Gegentheil macht ſich im bie: fem Fall nur ganz Außerlic dad Maaß der Zeit geltend, un es müflen die einzelnen Stüde, wenn deren viele find, ordent⸗ lich nach der Uhr abgefpielt werden, und äußerlich reihen fie fih an einander, wie verfchiebene hintereinander erzählte Anek⸗ boten, die anfangen: „einmal und ein andermal.” 2) Auf folde ‚ Aeußerlichkeiten, wie fie beflimmt werben durch Berhältnifft der Bühne, durch den Gebrauch und die Sitte der Zeit, ana die Kunfttheorie fich natürlich nicht einloffen, fondern diele bebt vielmehr nur die in der Natur der Sache liegende Grm: befimmung hervor, in Folge deren ſich die Größe richtet nah dem Umfang, der erforderlich iſt zu einer innerlich motivirten Entwidelung von Begebenheiten, fo daß innerhalb verfelben ein Schickſalswechſel aus‘ Unglüd in Glüd oder aus Gläd in Unglüd Statt finden kann 2), Wenn nun die Handlung nah Anfang, Bitte und Ende organifch in ſich gegliehet wird, fo daß in derſelben nichts überfläffig if, fonbern AU ‚ nach innerer WBahrfcheinlichkeit und Nothwendigkeit motivin erfcheint, fo ergiebt fich hieraus die Einheit *), wie fie von je dem Kunftwert gefordert wird. Auf eine Außerliche Weile if diefe nicht zu gewinnen, ‘etwa dadurch, daß ber Mythus ein . und diefelbe Perfon betrifft. Ebenfowenig beficht auch die poetifche Wahrheit darin *), daB wirklich Geſchehenes darge flellt wird, fondern unabhängig von dem Zufälligen des wahr nehmbaren, materiellen Daſeyns läßt der Dichter das Meier bere an dem Allgemeinen bervortreten und offenbart im dem * 1) Einheit der Handlung iſt das Hauptarfeh, mit welcher bie Ginke der Zeit und des Orts, die auf eine aͤußerliche Weiſe von ben Fre: zoſen für bie Tragoͤdie früher geltend gemacht wurbe, nur infofen in einem inneren Bufammenhang fteht, ald Mangel an Sinheit te Beit und des Orts die Einheit der Handlung nicht flören darf. *) Bergl. Poet. c. 5. 9. €. 3) Poet. c. 8, *) Poet. c. 9. 3weites Capitel. 709 Individuellen das hoͤhere ideelle Weſen der Menſchennatur, wie es zu allen Zeiten in dem ganzen Menſchengeſchlecht ſich geltend gemacht hat. Weſentlich bleibt aber fuͤr die Tragoͤdie, daß die innerlich zuſammenhangende Handlung Mitleid und Furcht erregen muß. Ein Unterſchied tritt hier nur ruͤckſicht⸗ lich der Mittel ein, durch welche die Handlung jenes tragiſche Gefühl erregt. Sie kann nemlich einerſeits einfach feyn 2) d. h. ihre Wendung erfolgt ohne ploͤtzlichen Schickſalswechſel oder Erkennung, andererfeitd verwidelt, indem ihre Wen⸗ dung durch eine Erkennung oder durch einen plöglichen Schick⸗ falöwechfel ober auch durch beides zugleich gefchieht. Das Eine aber wie daB Andere muß ſich aus der Bufanmenfegung der Babel von felbft ergeben, fo daß ed durch Dad Vorhergehende innerlich gerechtfertigt erfcheintz denn es iſt ein großer Unter fchied, ob ſich Eins durch das Andere oder Eins nach dem Anderen ereignet. Es beſteht aber der plöglihe Schick ſals⸗ wechſel (negineresc) 2) in dem Umfchlagen der Ereigniffe in bad Gegentheil, und eine folche Ummwandelung, nach welcher eine Handlung nicht dad Ziel erreicht, dem fie entgegenzuftres ben dien, muß nach innerer Wahrſcheinlichkeit erfolgen, fo daß nicht Zufall oder blindes Ungefähr hier fein Spiel treibt. Die Ertennung (avayvoigsaı;) dagegen befteht in der Umwan⸗ dbelung bes Nichtkennens in das Kennenlernen, welche entwes der zus Liebe oder zum Haſſe derjigen Perfonen ausfchlägt, zuf deren Süd oder Unglüd die Handlung abzielt. Am virffamften iſt immer bie Erfennnung, wenn fie mit einem oloͤtzlichen Schickſalswechſel eintritt, wie died im Dedipus der Fall iſt. Es kann fich freilich die Erkennung. auch auf leblofe ind überhaupt auf beliebige Gegenſtaͤnde beziehen, und es iſt such nicht nöthig, daß bei derfelben bloß darnach gefragt wird, ver Jemand iſt, fondern «3 Tann auch darauf ankommen, ob 2) Poet. c. 10. 3) Poet. « 11. | 710 Dritter Abfchnitt. Die befonderen Wiſſenſchaften. er etwad gethban hat oder nit. Doch bleibt der Tragoͤdie diejenige Erkennung am meiſten eigenthuͤmlich, nach welcher die Perſoͤnlichkeit, die früher verborgen war, zur deutlichen Kunde fommt, und wenn hierdurch ein weſentlicher Einfluß auf den Verlauf der Handlung ausgeübt wird; und eine folde Erkennung wirkt, wie gefagt, um fo ergreifenber, wenn ein ploͤtzlicher Schickſalswechſel fih an fie knüpft, venn eben dam teitt am entfchiedenftien der Wechfel zwilchen Süd und Un gluͤck hervor und erregt das, was die Tragoͤdie bezweckt, nem lich die Gefühle des Mitleids und der Furcht. Es find dem nach plöglicher Gluͤckswechſel und Erkennung wefentlicdhe Be flandtheile der tragifchen Fabel, zu welden ale der brifte noch hinzukommt das Erſchüt ternde (nadog), wie es fib offenbart in den großen, gewaltigen Leiden der Menfchheit, welche entweder im Innerſten des Gemuͤths oder an dem phy⸗ fifchen Leben des Körpers zerflörend wirken. Hiether geht Toͤdtung vor den Augen ber Zufchauer, ſchwere Preinigungen, Berwundungen und andere dergleichen mit Schmerz; und Be trübniß verbundene Uebel, melche Verderben drohen und ben od herbeiführen °). Je nachdem nun bei der Gompofition der Tragödie diefe Mittel, wodurch Die tragifchen Gefühle er weit werben, in Anwendung fommen, danach ergeben ſich die verfchiedenen Arten (ein) ?) der Tragoͤdie, nemlich die dm fache, die verwickelte, die Pathetiſche, und es wird fich hiemad die Entwidelung des Stoffs verfchieben geſtalten. Als ein Ganzes mit Anfang, Mitte und Ende mug fid bie Tragödie auch Außerlich gliedern und in beflimmte Abthei⸗ Iungen fondern *). Es laſſen fi bier folgende Theile unter ſcheiden: der Prolog, das Epifodion, das Chorikon, 2) Vergl. Rhet. 2, 8. p. 1386. a. 4. 2) Poet. c. 12. in. Vergl. unten c. 13. c. 24. u. oben c. 5. p. 1450. a. 13. °, Poet. c. 12. Zweites Gapitel. zu weiches letzte die Parodos und dad Staſimon in fid begreift. Alle dieſe Theile find den verſchiedenen Arten : der Tragödie gemeinfam, dagegen nur einzelnen Tragoͤdien bie Befänge der Bühnenperfonen (Td ano oxımiis) und die Kommoi eigenthuͤmlich find 2). Prolog bezeichnet ben volftändigen heil der Zragddie vor der Parodos, dem erften Auftreten ded ganzen Chors und enthält das, was wir die Erpofition nennen, in welcher die Perfönlichfeiten der Tra⸗ gödie näher bezeichnet, Zeit und Ort der Handlung angedeutet und die Umflände vorbereitet werben, aub welchen die Eollifion hervorgeht. Epifodion heißt der volfkändige Theil der Tra⸗ göble, ber innerhalb zweier vom ganzen Chor vorgetragenen Selänge enthalten if; den Epifodien entfprechen unfere Acte; in welchen fich die einzelnen Theile der ſich fortentwickelnden Handlung abfchiegen. Die Epodos endlich iſt der vollftäns dige Theil der Tragoͤdie, auf welchen kein Chorgeſang weiter folgt, und umfaßt die Kataftrophe und die Löfung der Colli⸗ fion. Ruͤckfichtlich der Chorgefänge bezeichnet die Parodos den erſten Wortrag bed ganzen Chors ?), dad Stafimon ift Lied des Chors ohne anupaͤſtiſche und trochaͤiſche Syſteme, welches bie einzelnen Epifodien abſchließt. Die Stafima bifs den Ruhepunkte und gewähren, nachdem durch die Colliſton das Pathos der handelnden Perfonen hervorgerufen ift, dem Geiſte innere Sammlung und Faſſung. Die Kommoi nd» 1) Vergl. Firnhaber's ecenfion von Waldaestel commentat. de tragoediarum Graecarım membris ex verbis’ Aristotelfs recke constituendis, Neobrandenb. 1837. 4., in Bimmermann’ 8 Zeitfchrift für Alterthumswiſſenſchaft 1839. Ro. 85 3qq., mo auf eine gründliche Weiſe alle fubjectiven, auf willkuͤrliche und einfels tige Hopotheſen geſtuͤgten Grilärungdverfuche der Ariftotelifchen Definitionen von ben einzelnen Theilen ber Tragoͤdie zuruͤckgewieſen werben, und die Unterfuchung mit gewiffenhafter Treue ſich an bie Worte des Arifloteles anſchließt. Es iſt nur zu wünfchen, baß Hr. Jirnhaber diefe Unterfachung weiter fortführe. j 2) Bergl. Birnhaber a. a. D. p. 686 sqq. / an or THE UNIV ERSITY Ca: E. en: a. , 712 Dritter Abſchnitt. Die befonderen Wiſſenſchaften. lich find bie zwifchen Ehors und Bühnenperfonen gemeinfa> men Klaggefänge, welche, wie die Gefänge der Bühnenperfo: nen, die Monodien, in die einzelnen Epifodien eingefügt find; fie enthalten eine gleichſam Iyriiche Steigerung des Dialogs und tragen wefentlich bei zur. Fortfuͤhrung und Motivirung der Handlung !). Was nun die innere Conftruction ber Tragoͤdie betrifft, fo kommt es hier auf die Motivirung der Handlung. an, wie fie dem Zweck, dad tragifche Gefühl des Mitleids und ber Furcht zu erweden, am entjprechendften ift ?), und ba dieſer am volfommenften durch bie verwidelte Korm der Tragoͤdie erreicht wird, nach welcher dad, was Süd verlündend war, in Unheil endet, fo ergiebs fich hieraus, was in dem Verlauf bee Handlung, namentlih in Bezug auf den Charakter des tragifchen Helden, ind Auge zu faſſen if. Dieſer darf nicht, wie ſchon oben erwähnt iſt, ein Unfträflicher, volllommen Gu⸗ ter und Gerechter feyn, denn wenn ein Schuldloſer aud dem Gluͤck ind Ungluͤck geflürzt wirb und über ihn das Werderben (dvorvgia) hereinbricht, fo erregt Died nur Grauſen und Ent feben (uapov), welches fowol dad Gefühl des Mitleids als auch dad der Furcht vor ber flrafenden Gerechtigkeit einer höheren Macht aufhebt. Aber ebenfowenig darf andererfeits ein Lafterhafter aus dem Unglüd (arvyia) zu Glüd gelan: gen; denn bies ift unter allen der Tragoͤdie am unangemefien: fien, weil bier alle derſelben wefentliche Momente fehlen, ins dem nicht einmal bad allgemein menfchlihe Mitgefühl (gsdar- Vownov) erweckt wird, jene unveräußerlihe Theilnahme an unferen Dlitmenfchen, aus welcher ſich erſt Mitleid und Furcht als beflimmte Affecte entwickeln Binnen. Aber es darf auch nicht ein Boͤſewicht aus glüdlicher Lage ind Verderben flür: zen, denn wenn in biefem Fall auch das allgemein menſchliche 1) Vergl. Dtfr. Muͤller's Cumeniden bes Aeſchylus p. 8A. 2) Poet. c. 13. Bmeites Gapitel _ 73 Mitgefühl erregt wird, fo fleigert ed ſich bach weder zum Mitleid noch zur Furcht; denn Mitleid äußert fih nur bei einem unverbient Unglüdlichen, Furcht bei einem unfered Gleis hen. Einen Böfewicht trifft aber das Unglüd nicht nur nicht unverdient, ſondern feine Gefinnung ift auch nicht mehr. eine menſchliche. Seine ganze Ericheinung iſt zu abnorm, ald daß wir ihn noch für unferes Gleichen anfehen und in feinem Uns gluͤck ein ähnliches Geſchick für uns fürchten koͤnnten. An einem folchen Charakter kann daher dad allgemeine Loos der Menſchennatur nicht zur Anſchauung gebracht werben, und fos mit bleibt als tragifcher Held nur derjenige übrig, welcher in der Mitte. ſteht zwifchen der hoͤchſten Tugend und der ‚größten Laſterhaftigkeit. Was über einen folchen hereinbricht, erſcheint dann nicht ald Folge feiner bösartigen, alles menſchliche Ges fühl verleugnenden Gefinnung, fondern ift abzuleiten aus einem Fehltritt, einer Werirrung, wie fie in des Beſchraͤnkung der menfchlichen Natur begründet if. In der Beflimmtheit und Entfchiedenheit, mit welcher ber tragiſche Held die höheren, idealen Zwede des Lebens vers folgt, liegt feine Stärke und in bem einfeitigen, leidenfchaftlis en Enthuſiasmus offenbart fich zugleich feine Schwäche, feine Schuld, und diefe Beſchraͤnktheit der Menfchennatur, dies Ein⸗ feitige, was ſelbſt den edelſten Beftrebungen anhängt, tritt um fo ergreifender hervor, je höher der Held ſteht!) und je mehr ex zu den Srößeren, Mächtigern, ja zu den Befleren und Edleren unferes Geſchlechts gehört. Während daher die früheren Dichter jeden beliebigen Mythus in ihren Kreis zogen, haben Dagegen die 3) Hierin offenbart ſich die Ironie des Schickſals, „das fein Opfer deſto höper hebt, je tiefer es ſinken fol, das und die menfchliche Groͤße zu zeigen fcheint, und vielmehr, eben indem es dieſt vor uns aus⸗ breitet, die menſchliche Schwäche enthüllt.” Vergl. Viſcher's tiefs eindringende Gntwidelung über daB Erhabene und Komiſche p. 144. 714 Dritter Abſchnitt. Die befonderen Wiſſenſchaften. fpäteren zu ihren votzuͤglichſten Tragödien den Stoff nur von wenigen Familien hergenommen, wie von Alkmaͤon, Oedipus, Dreſtes, Meleagrod, Thyeſtes, Telephos 2), die durch Wuͤrde, Anſehen und Gluͤck hervorragten, durch deren Haͤuſer aber der Ungluͤcksdaͤmon zog und die Handelnden verblendete und ins Berderben fortriß 2). Es bewährt fich hierdurch zugleich, daß nur ‚ber Uebergang von Gluͤck zu Ungluͤck vollkommen tragiſch if, und Euripides hat gerade in dieſer Beziehung die Wirkſamkeit ded tragifchen Effectd auf das Aeußerſte gefleigert; aber wicht darf ihm ein Vorwurf darüber gemacht werben, daß die mei: fien feiner Xragöbien einen unglüdiichen Ausgang haben, denn dies ift eben dad Rechte. Erſt den zweiten Rang nimmt diejenige Compofition der Kabel ein, welche eine zwiefache An: lage (dımany ovoraoıy) hat, fo daß ein Xheil in Ungläd geräth, der andere zu Gluͤck gelangt >), wie in der Odyſſee die übermüthigen Freier getödtet, der Dulder Odyſſeus aber gerettet wird. Ein folcher für die Schlechten und Guten entge: gengefegter Audgang flört in ber Tragoͤdie die Einheit des Intereſſes und läßt keine beſtimmte Empfindung in dem Ge müthe zurüd. Es Bann diefe Behandlungsweile nur wegen der VBerweihlihung und Entartung des Publikums als die beffere erfheinen. Das Furcht und Mitleid Erregende Tann nım zwar durch die Außere Darftelung erregt werden *), aber auch aus der Verknüpfung der Thatſachen am ſich entfpringen, und dies ift das Vorzuͤglichere und das Zeichen eines befjeren Dichters. Die bloßen Schauers und Schredensfcenen (roͤ segarwdes) verfehlen ganz und gar den Zwed der Tragoͤdie, 1) Poer 1. 3, Bergl. Bifher a. a. D. p. 113 aqq., wo bie Schidfaldider des antiten Dramas auf eine erichöpfende Weiſe entwidelt if. 2) Hier gilt der Ausfprucht „wenn filh das Laſter erbricht, ſett ſich Die Zugend zu Tiſch.“ *) Poet. e. 14, n Zweites Capitel. 715 weiche durch Furcht und Mitleid eine verföhnende Beruhigung der Gemuͤthsbewegungen bewirken fol. Nur vie fich Hieraus erzeugende Luft und nicht jede Art ded Wohlgefallens darf mit der Tragödie bezweckt werden, und bdiefer höhere Genuß muß, unabhängig von der Darftellung für’8 Auge, and dem Verlauf der Handlung feldft hervorgehen. Es iſt Daher barı auf zu achten, was in Rüdficht auf die Collifionen als Furcht, was ald Mitleid erweckend erſcheint. Entweder find ed Freunde, oder Keinde, oder einander gleichgültige Perfonen, die in Colin fion gerathen. Toͤdtet ein Feind ben andern, fo zeigt dies, weder indem die That vollbracht ift, noch indem fie vorberels tet wird, etwas Mitleid Erregended, außer ſoviel als. übere haupt mit dem Anblid eined Leidend verbunden if. Daſſelbe findet Statt, wenn bie Perfonen weder Freunde noch Feinde find. Kommen aber ımter Befreundeten ſolche erſchuͤtternde Ereigntffe vor, z. B. wenn ein Bruder den andern, oder ein Sohn feinen Water, oder eine Mutter ihren Sohn, oder ein Sohn feine Mutter tödter oder zu tödten im Begriff ficht oder eine ähnliche That vollbringt, fo find dad Handlungen, wie fie der Dichter ſuchen muß. Willkuͤrliche Aenderungen darf derfelbe fih in ben überlieferten Mythen nicht erlauben, wie wenn er z. B. die Klytaͤmneſtra nicht durch Dreft,” bie Eriphyle nicht durch Alkmaͤon wollte tödten laflen; ex muß vielmehr theils erfinderifch feyn, theils bie überfommenen My⸗ then vecht benugen. Hauptſaͤchlich kommt ed darauf an, wie der Dichter folche Schredensftenen motivirt. Es Tann, wie die älteren Tragiker barzuflellen pflegten, der Handelnde willen, war und an welches Perfonen er es vollbringt, wie auch Eu» ripides die Medea ihre Kinder mordend darfiellt 2). Dann kann aber ferner die That auch fo eintreten, daß der Handelnde fie aus Unwiſſenheit verübt, und erſt, nachdem er fie vollbracht bat, erfennt, wen er ermordet, wie Debipus bei Sophoßled; ») Bergl. Bohr a. a. D. p. 158 sg. 716 Dritter Abſchnitt. Die befonderen Biffenfchaften. bier liegt freilich" die That, nemlich die Zödtung des Laios und die Heirath ber Jokaſte 1), außer dem Stüd (sw zov dpauarog) *). Ein dritter Fall iſt noch der, wenn die uns heilvolle That zwar beabfichtigt, aber nicht verübt wird, ents weber weil der, welcher fie verüben will, noch vorher zur Er» kenntniß Tommt, oder weil er, wohl wiflend, gegen wen er feine That befchloffen hat, durch andere Umflände an der Aus⸗ führung gehindert wird. Won diefen beiden Motiven ift das letztere das ungünftigfie für den Dichter; denn die bloße Beab⸗ fichtigung ber Unthat hat etwas Sräßliches und Widriged, aber nichts Tragiſches, weil dad Ergreifende des Leidend fehlt. Deshalb machen die Dichter nur in einigen feltenen Fällen davon Gebrauch, wie z. B. in der Antigone des Sophokles Hämon dem Kreon droßt®). Dielem Fall zunaͤchſt, daß bie That bloß beabfichtigt wird, fieht derjenige, daß fie wiſſentlich volführt wird. Beſſer aber ift immer diejenige Behandlung der Collifion, daß der Danbelnde die That unwiflend voll bringt und nad bern Vollbringung die Erkennung erfolgt; denn alsdann wird einerfeitd das Sräßliche vermieten, welches in einer mit völliger Kenntniß verübten Unthat liegt, anderer feits ein erſchuͤtternder Eindrud durch die Erkennung bewirkt, indem das Mitleid in zwiefacher Beziehung auf dad lebhaftefle erregt wird, fowol mit dem, an welchem bie Unthat verübt, als auch mit dem, ber fie in trauriger Verblendung vollbracht bat. Am beften iſt aber diejenige Art der Behandlung, nad) welcher die Erkennung früher eintritt, als die That gefchehen if. Diefe Löfung der Collifion, die nur ein befonberes Mo⸗ ment in.ber Entwidelung des Ganzen bildet, bebingt no nicht nothwendig die Kataflropbe, weiche noch immer, wie es 1) Bergl. Poet. c. 24. 9. ©. 2) Poet. c. 15. c. 17. c. 18. Bergl. Horat. de art. poet. 179 sqq- 2) Soph. Antig. 751. Vergl. Knebel in ben Anmerkungen zu fe ner Ueberſetzung der Poetik p. 367. Anm. 6. Zweites Kapitel. . 717 der Tragoͤdie am meiften entfpricht, mit einem ungikdtichen Ausgang ſchließen kann 2). In Rädfidht nım auf die Arten, nad) weichen die Eollifionen am wirtfamffen heroortreten, hat man früher, mehr von richtigem Tact und gutem Gluͤck geleis tet, als durch theovetifche Kunſtbildung beftimmt, fi) auf wer nige Häufer befchräntt, in welchen folche erfhätternde Unglüdss . fälle ſich ereignet haben. Naͤchſt der kuͤnſtleriſchen Compoſi⸗ tion ‚der Zabel, diefem wichtigfien unb ‚für ben Dichter zugleich ſchwierigſten Stuͤck, haben die Charaktere einen meientlichen Einfluß auf die Entwickelung ber fortſchreitenden Handlung ?). Die Eigenthuͤmlichkeit des poetiſchen Charakters iſt ſchon oben naͤher eroͤrtert worden, und ebenſo auch gachgewitſen, inwiefern der Handelnde: nicht einzig. und allein durch unſittliche Mo⸗ tive darf geleitet werden. Der Endzweck der Handlung mn ein fittlid guter ſeyn und die Gollifion nur dadurch herbeiges führt werben, daß derfelbe anderen Zwecken des Lebens gegen: über, die. in ihter --fittlichen Bedeutung; gleiche Berechtigung haben, mit einfeitigem, Ieibenfchaftlichem Eifer verfolgt wird; Außerdem muß der Kortichrütt der Handlung durch das In⸗ dividuelle der einzelnen Charaktere motiviert feyn und dem .bdr heren Geſetzen der Nothwendigkeit. und inneren Wahrſcheinlich⸗ keit entiprechen. Daher darf auch offenbar der Schluß. der Handlung nit auf wunderbare, übernatürliche Weiſe erreicht werden, wie-in der Meben des Euripides bie Handlung abs bricht, indem: der Wagen bed Helios erſcheint und die: Medeg entführt wirb ®). Eine ſolche Erſcheinung hoͤherer Weſen kann nur für diejenigen Vorfaͤlle benutzt werden, bie außerhalb des Städs liegen. oder. früher gefchehen. find, inſofern es unmoͤglich iR, daß ein Veiſch ſie wiſen kann, oder bie * — 1) Bergl. Ed. Müller a. a. D. p. 156. und befonbers die daſelbſt aus Leffing’s Dramaturgie citirte Stelle. 2) Poet. c. 15.. 2) Vergl. Knebel a. a. O. p. 369. 3. 9. 718 Dritter Abfchnitt. Die befonberen Wiſſenſchaften. fallen. und einer Worberfagung und Ankündigung bebürfen; denn den Göttern geſtehen wir «8 zu, baf fie Alles wiffen. Auch ruͤckſichtlich der Erfennungsfcenen !), wodurch für die handeln den Perfonen eine Ummandelung der äußeren Blüdsumflände berbeigeführt wird, darf der Dichter ſich nichts Unnatuͤrliches und Willkuͤrliches erlauben. Namentlich iſt biee Die Art der Erkennung die kunſtloſeſte und zugleich dürftigfte, welche durch gewiſſe äußere Zeichen erfolgt, wie Geburtömaale, Narben und andere Außerliche Dinge, felbfi wenn fie durch deu Mythus gegeben find. Unkuͤnſtleriſch find fie wegen dee hier vorher ſchenden Abfichtlichkeit deffen, ber erfennt fein will, und «3 tritt in dieſem Fall, geil die Erkennung nicht mittelß eines mit dem Werlauf der Handlung in Zuſammenhang ſtehenden Moments erfolgt, der bloße Zufall an die Stelle innerer Noth⸗ wendigkeit, welche vom Kunſtwerk gefordert wird. Zulaͤſſiger it die Anwendung ſolcher aͤußerer Erkennungszeichen, wenn durch ein plögliches, gar nicht beabfichtigtes Eintreffen die Er kennung herbeigeführt wird, wie 5. B. Odyſſeus von ber Amme Eurylleia bei dem Abwaſchen der Fuͤße an der Narbe erfannt wird ?); denn bier iſt nichts Abfichtliches, im Gegen- theil Dönffeus will noch nicht entdedt feyn, und bennoch «x folgt: die Erkennung ganz naturgemäß. Dagegen erfcheint diefelbe Anwendung dieſes Wundermaals da unkuͤnſtleriſch, wo Ddyffeus fich durch jene Narbe den Hirten zu erfeunen giebt =). Eine zweite Art ber Erkennung beſteht darin, wenn der Dicke ter abfieht von dem buch ben Mythus Dargekotenen und das erfindet, mad die Erkennung bewirkt. . Auch dies iſt ua kuͤnſtleriſch, inſofern es ald gemacht erſcheint und fich micht aus der Sache ſelbſt entwidelt, wie z. B. in hear Tauriſch en Iphigenie des Euripides Drefi von ber Iphigenie erkannt hm a nn 1 mas — ) Poet. c. 16. 2) Hom. Od. 19, 392. 2) Hom..Od. 21, 219. Zweited Gapitel, 719 wirb 2); deun "während Iphigeniens Erbennung durch bie Ueberreichung des Briefs auf ganz natürliche Weiſe exfolgt, beruft ſich Oreſt, um erkannt zu werden, auf ſolche Zeichen, die der Dichter erſt gemacht und nicht. aud dem Mythus ſelbſe geſchoͤpft hat, denn dergleichen Aeußerlichkeiten laſſen ſich leicht esfinden, und der Dichter Hätte den Oreſt auch noch Anderes um ber Beglaubigung willen mitbringen laſſen fönnen. Eine dritte Art iſt Die durch Erinnerung bewirkte, wenn Jemand bei ‚irgend einer aͤußeren Wahrnehmung an früher Geſchehenes denkt und dadurch innerlich bewegt wird, wie z. B. bein Abs kinous der. Sefang des Demodofud.:den Odyſſeus rührt *), wodurch diefer ald Grieche. erfannıt, und feinen Namen anzu⸗ geben und fein Schidfal zu erzählen veranlaßt wird. Kine vieste Art ver Erkennung. beruht auf einer Schlußfolge, ‚wie 3. B. Elektra in den Choephoren des Aeſchylus, die Ankunft Des Dreſt aus einer Haarlocke folgert, die fie auf dem. Grab⸗ mal äihres Waters findet:*); denn das Haar iſt dem ihrigen ganz aͤhnlich, es muͤſſe alfo, fo: ſchließt ſie, Jemand gelommer ſeyn, der ihr aͤhnlich wäre, es ſey aber außer Oreſt ihr Nie mand aͤhnlich. Die befle von allen Arten der Erkennung bleibt immer die, welche aud dem inneren Zuſammenhang der Handlung von ſelbſt hervorgeht, indem die Ueberraſchung in Folge natürlich zu erwartender Handlungen eintritt, wie ih dem Sophokiziſchen König Oedipus dieſer erkennt, daß er ber Sohn des Balls: und der Jokaſte iſt, md wie in der Tauri⸗ ſchen Iphigenie dieſe vom Dreft erkannt wird, denn ed iſt her Schweſter ein ganz natuͤrliches VBeduͤrfniß einen ſolchen Brief durch den zuruͤckkehrenden Griechen beſorgen zu laſſen. Solche Erkennungen haben Beine abſichtlich erſonnene Kennzeichen, kei⸗ nen Halsſchmuck und dergleichen Dinge noͤthig. Wie num um 3) Bergl. Eur. Iph. Taur. 732. 2) Hom. Od. 8, 521. _ 2) Vergl. Aesch. Choeph. 168. 720 Dritter Abfchnitt. Die befonderen Wiffenfchaften. alles Willürtiche in dem Verlauf der Hanbiung ausgeſchloeſſen ſeyn muß, fo darf des Dichter ſich auch uni fo weniger im Drama WWiderfprechended erlauben 1), ald gexade hier die Individuen ſelbſt vor Augen geſtellt und ihre Handlungen gegenwärtig vorgefuͤhrt werden 2). Es iſt daher noͤthig, daß ſich der Dich⸗ ter lebhaft in die Handlung ſelbſt verſetze, und fie. ſich fo ans ſchaulich ald nur immer möglich vorftelle, damit der Zuſchauer sicht. im Unklaren bleibe iiber den Verlauf der Handlung, über den Charabter der Perfonen und die Bedeutung des Ganzen. Ein forgfältiger Entwurf, von dem Plan. und ber Anlage dei Skuͤcks muß vorhergehen, damit der Dichter fi) den Hergang erſt im Allgemeinen deutlich. mache, wobei alles daB auszu⸗ fiheiden. iſt, was auferhalb der Sphäre. derjenigen Ereigniffe vorgeht, die bem Stuͤcke zu Grunde liegen, ‚um auf dieſe Weiſe der. rechten Außgangepunlt für das Ganze zu gemin- nen.’ Iſt nun. fo der Stoff in allgenreinen Umriſſen feſtge⸗ ſtelli, dann find den Perfonen bie Namen beizulegen und die Epiſodien einzufügen, in ‚denen. nichts Ueberfläffiges . geflattet werben darf, ſondern nur das, was fireng zur Sache gehört und in. dem Stoffe felbft begründet if; denn in bem Drama ſtrebt die Handlung gebrungen ihrem Ziele zu, und die Epi⸗ fodien haben daher einen geringeren Umfang, wogegen Dad Epos durch dielelbe eine..große Auſsdehnung gewinnt. Cine Haupiſache bleibt im. Drama für. die: Mbrundung: ber Hand⸗ kung die. Schürzung (ddoss) und fung (Aus ?). Zu jener gehören bie vorbereitenden Greigaiffe, welche bie Berwidlelung herbeiführen und zu dem Punkt bintreiben, wo. der Knoten des Geſchicks geſchuͤrzt il und die Kataflrephe beginnt, von wo. des Ubergang. zum Gluͤck oder Uuglüd ‚gemacht wird. Der Ausgangspunkt für ſolche den Gluͤckswechſel motidiren⸗ 1) Poet. c. 17. 2) Vergl. Poet. c. A. p. 1460. u 37. 2) Poet. c. 18. Zweites Gapitel. 721 den Greigniffe Tann außerhalb bed Dramas “liegen, fo daß zum näheren Werfländniß ?) die Schürzung außer denjenigen Begebenheiten, welche die Werwidelung herbeiführen, oft noch die der Handlung bed Stuͤcks vorangehenden Ereigniſſe andeus tend mit aufnehmen muß. Die Löfung dagegen liegt ganz inmerhafb ded Dramas und enthält dad, was vom Beginn des Gluͤckswechſels bis zum ‚Ende gefchieht. Die Löfung fowol ald auch die Schürzung bleibt von gleicher Wichtigkeit für alle Arten der Tragödie, deren es vier giebt, entfprechend ben oben behandelten, der Tragoͤdie weſentlichen Beſtandtheilen, inſofern nemlich von dieſen der eine oder der andere ſo vorherrſchend iſt, daß darauf ein beſonderer Unterſchied begruͤndet werden kann ?). Nach dieſer verſchiedenen Behandlungsweiſe wurden oben die einfache, die verwickelte und die pathetiſche Tragoͤdie unterſchieden, wozu noch als eine vierte Art die Charakterſtuͤcke kommen ®), in welchen ein größeres Gewicht auf die Entwicke⸗ 2) Bergl. Poet. c. 15. p. 1454. b. 3. 2) Bergl, Knebel a. a. D. p. 265., wo bie vier Arten ber Tragddie gut entwickelt und claſſtſicirt werben. 2) Vergl. Ed. Muͤller a. a. O. p. 156. Das Eigenthuͤmliche ber Charakterſtuͤcke kann nicht näher beſtimmt werben, weil bie von Ari⸗ ftoteles als Beiſpiele angeführten Tragoͤdien ſich nicht erhalten haben. Bergl. Welcker's Trilogie p. 544. Als Beifpiel ber pathetifchen Zragdbie wirb außer bem Irion (©. Welder a. a. D. p. 547.) ber Ajas des Sophokles angeführt. Die verwickelte Tragoͤdie wird nicht naͤher durch Beiſpiele erlaͤutert, ſondern bloß als eine ſolche erklaͤrt, in welcher das Hauptintereſſe auf ploͤtlichem Schickſalswechſel und Erkennung beruht. Die einfache Tragoͤdie kann im griechiſchen Text keine beſtimmte Bezeichnung erhalten, weil die Leſsart Öualor unficher iſt (S. Ritter L I. p. 212 4q.)53 es koͤnnte auch mit Rück ſicht auf c. 24, wo bie vier Arten ber Zragdbie beſtimmt bezeichnet woerben, axlour olov gelefen werben. Mit Recht beutet Knebel a. a. D. bie von Xriftoteles angeführten Beiſpiele, die Phorkiden (6. Weder a. a. D. p. 381 — 87) und ben Prometheus, auf bie einfache Tragoͤdie. N Phil. d. Ariſtot. Bd. 2. 46 - 722 Dritter Abſchnitt. Die befonberen Wiſſenſchaften. lung und Zeichnung ber Charaktere gelegt wird, als «uf eine lebendig fortfchreitende Handlung. Am beften if es frei lich, daß nicht durch das Hervortreten bed einen ober andern Beftandtheild ber tragiiche Effect erreicht wird, fonbern daß alle gleichmäßig zu demfelben mitwirken, ober wenn nicht alle, doch bie bedeutendften und bie meiften, zumal bei den umge rechten Anforderungen, welche man jebt an den Dichter macht. Denn da in jeder einzelnen Art der Tragoͤdie bereits gute Did» ter aufgefxeten find, fo fol der Einzelne Jeden in dem, was er Vorzügliches bat, noch übertreffen. Hauptſache bleibt aber die Schürzung und die Löfung, fo daß zwei Tragoͤdien nicht fowol wegen ein und beffelben zu Grunde: gelegten Mythu als vielmehr wegen der nemlichen Werwidelung und Löfung als gleich zu bezeichnen find. Wiele bringen nun die Benwide lung gut, die Loͤſung aber fchlecht zu Stande Es muß abe in einer guten Tragoͤdie beides gleich beifallswuͤrdig ſeyn. A ßerdem ift nicht unbeadhtet zu laflen, daß die Anordnung ber Tragödie nicht eposartig, d. h. nicht viele Fabeln umfafiend feyn darf, wie wenn 3. B. Jemand die gefammte Fabel be ad zu einer Tragödie umdichten wollte; denn im Epes fönnen wegen der Außdehnung deflelben die einzelnen heile fih gehörig entfalten, und die Epifoden werden bier gefordert, um die Fülle der Begebenheiten aus einer vielbewegten Zeit mit in den Kreis der Einen Haupthandlung hineinzuziehen. Dagegen wuͤrde dad Epiſodenartige in einer Tragoͤdie gan; der allgemeinen Anficht vom Drama wiberfireben. Daher ifi es auch gelommen, daß alle Dichter, welche eine ganze Zer⸗ ftörung Stiond auf die Bühne brachten, wie Aeſchylus !), umd nicht, wie Quripides in feiner Niobe, einen Zheil ihres Stoffe: behandelten, entweder durchfielen oder ſich nicht auf ber Buͤhnt hielten (xaxug aywvitovras), fowie auch Agathon wegen de epoßartigen Zufammenfegung feines Stoffes Fein Gluͤck machte. 2) Vergl. Welcker a. a. ©. p. 349 u. 44. ' weites Gapitel, 723 Dagegen erreichen bie Dichter bei plöglichem Schickſalswechſel und bei dem gebrungenen Fortfchreiten der Einen Handlung zur Gnblataftropbe in vorzuͤglichem Grad ihren. Zwei, Mits feid und Furcht zu erregen und das allgemein menfchliche Mitgefühl zu erweden. Dieb letztere gefchieht, wenw ein zwar kluger, aber ſchlecht geſinnter Menſch, wie Siſyphus, überliftet, und ein zwar tapferer, aber ungerechter uͤberwunden wird. Der Chor endlich, ſo ſehr er auch gleichſam der bloß mit empfindende Zuſchauer iſt, der mit feinen finnigen, aus reicher Lebenderfahrung gefchöpften Betrachtungen bie Handlung bes gleitet *), muß dennoch als eine ber handelnden Perfonen und als integrivender Theil des Ganzen angefehen werben 2). Er darf daher nicht, wie bei Euripides, einen Außerlichen und willkuͤr⸗ lichen Zuſammenhang mit der Handlung haben, fondern muß, wie bei Sophokles, innerhalb derfelben feine Gefühle und En. pfindungen entwideln. Bei den fpäter folgenden Tragikern hängt bad, was gelungen wird (deadönere), nicht mehr mit der Babel ded Stüds zufammen, ald mit jeder anderen Tra⸗ gödie. Daher fommt ed, daß man cingelegte Geſaͤnge fingt (Zu Pölsua Köovos); «ine Sitte, welche zuerfi Agathon aufs gebradht bat. Ein ſolch gänzliches Auseinanderfallen der Hands ung unb bes Chors ifi ebenfo fehlerhaft, ald wenn man eine Stelle oder einen ganzen Auftritt aud einem Stud in ein ans yeres einfügt. b. Das Epos. Das Epos ifi als die erzählende, in Herametern darſtel⸗ ende Poeſie oben von den übrigen Dichtungsarten näher uns erfchieden. An dafjelbe muß, wie an die Tragoͤdie, die For⸗ erung gemacht werden ®), daß die einzelnen Mythen ſich dras 2) Berg. Probl. 19, 48., wo Artfloteles die Handelnden den Selben, die Menſchen des Volks dem Ghor gleichflellt. 2) Bexgl. Horat. de art, poet. 193 sqg. ⸗ 3) Poet. c. W. 46 w. 724 Dritter Abſchnitt. Die befonderen WBiffenfchatten. mafifch zufammenorönen und zwar zu einer in fich einigen, vollſtaͤndigen und in ſich abgefchloffenen Handlung, welche Anfang, Mitte und Ende hat, damit ein organiſches Gang entfiche, welches das ihm eigenthuͤmliche Wohlgefallen hervor: bringe. Erſt durch diefe höhere kuͤnſtleriſche Einheit erhebt fih bad Epos über die gewöhnliche Geſchichtserzaͤhlung, in welcher man genöthigt if, nicht eine einzige Handlung barzuftelien, fondern einen einzigen Beitabfchnitt, nemlich was ſich in die fem mit einer ober mehreren Perlonen zugetragen bat, wobei Die einzelnen Begebenheiten in einer zufälligen Verbindung mi einander fiehen. Denn fowie um biefelbe Zeit die Seeſchlach bei Salamis und die Schlacht gegen die Karthager in Sic lien vorfielen ?), die durchaus Feine Beziehung auf einen ge meinfamen Zwed hatten, fo ereignet fich öfter in zufammen haͤngender Beitfolge eine Begebenheit mit einer anderen, ohm daß beide auf Einen Punkt, auf ein einziges Ziel Bezug haben?) Freilich machen e8 die meiften Dichter fo, und man muß fid deshalb um fo mehr an Homer halten, der auch in Rüdfidt auf kuͤnſtleriſche Einheit vor den übrigen eben "dadurch ald ein göftlicher Dichter erfcheint, daß ex nicht den trojanifchen Krieg, der doch Anfang und Ende hatte, in feinem Gedicht gam darzufiellen unternimmt, weil e8 zu lang geworben und nicht leicht überfchaubar geweſen feyn würde, ober irgend einen am deren Krieg wählte, der bem Umfang nad) ein gehörigeS Maaß hatte, aber zugleich wegen des bunten Durcheinander verwidelt war. Go wählte er vielmehr nur einen heil aus dem tra janifchen Krieg, den Streit zwifchen Adi und Agamenınen, und verwendete Vieles von den übrigen @reigniflen zu Epifs: den, wie ben Schiffsfatalog und andere Epifoden, mit welchen er feine Dichtung burchwebte. Die anderen Dichter Dagegen wählen fich zum Gegenftande Eine Perfon, Eine Zeit un 1) Beral. Herod. 7, 166. bagegen Diod. 11, 21 agd. 2) Bergl. Welder a. a. D. p. 477.
| 46,483 |
https://github.com/jofaval/-tfcgs-dam/blob/master/Gestion_AcademicoAdministrativa_Abastos/MainWindow.xaml.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
-tfcgs-dam
|
jofaval
|
C#
|
Code
| 503 | 1,955 |
using Controller;
using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Threading;
namespace Gestion_AcademicoAdministrativa_Abastos
{
/// <summary>
/// Lógica de interacción para MainWindow.xaml
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
public string ApplicationTitle { get; set; }
public int HeightRows { get; set; }
public MainWindow()
{
PreLoadedContent();
InitializeComponent();
var screenSize = Screen.PrimaryScreen.Bounds.Size;
WindowVar.Width = screenSize.Width;
WindowVar.Height = screenSize.Height;
MaximizeMinimize();
Left = 0;
Top = 0;
BackgroundGrid.Margin = new Thickness(5);
FillMainData();
}
internal void CloseApp()
{
Close();
System.Diagnostics.Process.GetCurrentProcess().Kill();
}
internal void RestartApp()
{
CloseApp();
var splashScreen = new SplashScreen
{
Visibility = Visibility.Visible,
};
}
public void MakeDataEditable()
{
var isNotEditable = TxtNombre.IsReadOnly;
if (!isNotEditable)
{
TxtNombre.Select(0, 0);
var currentUserPerson = XamlBridge.CurrentUser.Persona1;
currentUserPerson.Nombre = TxtNombre.Text;
currentUserPerson.Apellidos = TxtApellidos.Text;
currentUserPerson.Email = TxtEmail.Text;
StaticReferences.Initializer();
var context = StaticReferences.Context;
context.SaveChanges();
}
TxtNombre.IsReadOnly = !TxtNombre.IsReadOnly;
TxtApellidos.IsReadOnly = !TxtApellidos.IsReadOnly;
TxtEmail.IsReadOnly = !TxtEmail.IsReadOnly;
}
public void FillMainData()
{
var user = XamlBridge.CurrentUser;
if (user != null)
{
var persona = user.Persona1;
XamlFunctionality.FillDataOfReadOnlyText(TxtDni, persona.Dni);
XamlFunctionality.FillDataOfReadOnlyText(TxtNif, persona.Nif);
XamlFunctionality.FillDataOfReadOnlyText(TxtNombre, persona.Nombre);
XamlFunctionality.FillDataOfReadOnlyText(TxtApellidos, persona.Apellidos);
XamlFunctionality.FillDataOfReadOnlyText(TxtEmail, persona.Email);
var telefonos = from telefono in persona.Telefono.ToList()
select new
{
Telefono = telefono.Telefono1,
telefono.Comentario,
};
XamlFunctionality.FillDataGrid(DataGridTelefono, telefonos);
}
}
internal void MaximizeMinimize()
{
ControladorWPF.MaximizeNormalize(this, TopBar);
if (WindowState == WindowState.Maximized)
{
BackgroundGrid.Margin = new Thickness(0);
}
else
{
BackgroundGrid.Margin = new Thickness(Constants.MainWindowThickness);
}
}
internal void SetSize(int[] windowSizeArray)
{
Width = windowSizeArray[0];
Height = windowSizeArray[1];
CenterScreen();
}
private void CenterScreen()
{
double screenWidth = SystemParameters.PrimaryScreenWidth;
double screenHeight = SystemParameters.PrimaryScreenHeight;
double windowWidth = Width;
double windowHeight = Height;
Left = (screenWidth / 2) - (windowWidth / 2);
Top = (screenHeight / 2) - (windowHeight / 2);
}
private void PreLoadedContent()
{
DataContext = this;
ApplicationTitle = Constants.ApplicationTitle;
}
public UIElementCollection AddButtonPanel()
{
var buttons = new Buttons();
buttons.Close();
var mainGridContentChildrens = MainGridContent.Children;
var mainGridContent = buttons.MainGridContent;
((Grid)buttons.MainGridContent.Parent).Children.Remove(mainGridContent);
mainGridContentChildrens.Add(mainGridContent);
Grid.SetRow(mainGridContent, 0);
return mainGridContentChildrens;
}
public void RemoveButtonsFromButtonPanel()
{
var buttonChildrens = MainGridContent.Children;
buttonChildrens.Remove(buttonChildrens[0]);
}
private void TopBar_MouseDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)
{
if (e.ChangedButton == MouseButton.Left)
{
DragMove();
if (WindowState == ControladorWPF.WinowMaximizedState)
{
TopBar.Height = double.NaN;
}
else
{
TopBar.Height = Constants.TopBarHeight;
}
}
}
private void BtnCerrar_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
Close();
}
private void BtnMaximize_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (!XamlFunctionality.IsWindowOpen<Configuration>(nameof(Configuration)))
{
var config = new Configuration()
{
Visibility = Visibility.Visible
};
}
}
private void TopBar_PreviewMouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)
{
if (e.ClickCount == 2)
{
ControladorWPF.MaximizeNormalize(this, TopBar);
}
}
private void BtnMinimize_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
WindowState = ControladorWPF.WinowMMinimizedState;
}
private void Window_Closing(object sender, System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
{
Closing -= Window_Closing;
e.Cancel = true;
var anim = new DoubleAnimation(0, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(0.25 * 1000));
anim.Completed += (s, _) => System.Windows.Application.Current.Shutdown();
BeginAnimation(OpacityProperty, anim);
}
private void WindowVar_Activated(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Topmost = false;
}
private void MainWindow_OnActivated(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(DispatcherPriority.ApplicationIdle, new Action(() => WindowStyle = WindowStyle.None));
}
private void MaximizarNormalizarItem_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
ControladorWPF.MaximizeNormalize(this, TopBar);
}
private void QueryInfoItem_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
XamlFunctionality.QueryInfoOnWebsite();
}
private void LogOutItem_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (XamlBridge.CurrentUser != null)
{
PreLoadedButtons.StaticButtonViews.LogOutFromMainWindow();
}
}
private void TwitterItem_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
XamlFunctionality.QueryInfoOnWebsite("https://twitter.com/institutabastos?lang=es");
}
}
}
| 32,174 |
gleaningsingenes00pink_21
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,922 |
Gleanings in Genesis
|
Pink, Arthur Walkington, 1886-1952
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,667 | 8,765 |
7. The Hatred of his Brethren. "They hated him and could not speak peaceably to him." It was Jacob's love which brought out the heart's enmity of these men. Joseph then, made manifest both his father's love and his breth- Joseph As a Youth 349 ren's hatred. So when Christ came to the earth He did these two things. He revealed the Father's heart and He exposed man's enmity. And one of two things always fol- lowed: either men hated Him for exposing them, or they accepted such exposure and took refuge in the Grace which He revealed. When Christ exposed the hypocrisy of the Pharisees they hated Him; but when He exposed to the woman at the well her sinful life and condition, she wel- comed it, and availed herself of God's grace. So it is now : those who hear the truth of God faithfully preached, the lost and guilty condition of the natural man fearlessly pro- claimed, either they hate it, and seek to hide behind the filthy rags of their own self-righteousness, or they come out into the light, bow to God ?s verdict, and casting themselves in the dust before Him as Hell-deserving sinners, believe in the Saviour which the Gospel makes known. In which class are you found, dear reader ? Are you, like the brethren of Joseph who hated the son of the father's love, "despising and rejecting" Christ? Friend, make no mistake here. You either love or you hate the Lord Jesus Christ ! and it is written, "If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ let him he accursed" (1 Cor. 16:22). O heed, now this solemn admonition of God, "Kiss the Son, lest He be angry, and ye perish from the way, when His wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in Him" (Ps. 2:12). Before we turn to consider the special subject of this ar- ticle we must first notice three or four points in the first eleven verses of Genesis 37 which, through lack of space, we omitted from our last. "And Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told it his breth- ren : and they hated him yet the more. And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this dream which I have dreamed : For, behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and, lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright ; and, behold, your sheaves stood around about, and made obeisance to my sheaf. And his brethren said to him, Shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have dominion over us? And they hated him yet the more for his dreams, and for his words. And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more ; and, behold, the sun and the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me. And he told it to his father, and to 350 Gleanings in Genesis his brethren: and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, What is this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down ourselves to thee to the earth? And his brethren envied him; but his father observed the saying" (verses 5-11). Continuing our numeration we may note: 8. Joseph is hated because of his Words. There are two lines which are, perhaps, made more prominent than others in this first typical picture : the love, of Jacob for his son, and the hatred of the brethren. Three times over within the compass of these few verses reference is made to the * * hatred ' ' of Joseph 's brethren. In verse 4 we read, * ' they hated him, and could not speak peaceably unto him." Again, in verse 5 we are told, "and they hated him yet the more. " And again in verse 8 : " And they hated him yet the more for his dreams and for his words.' ' It will be seen from these references there was a twofold occasion for their wicked enmity. First, they hated Joseph's person, because of Jacob 's special love for him ; second, they hated him because of C(his words." They hated him because of what he was, and also because of what he said. Thus it was, too, with the One whom Joseph typified. As we turn to the four Gospels it will be found that those who were our Lord's brethren according to the flesh hated Him in this same twofold way. They hated Him because He was the beloved Son of the Father, and they also hated Him because of His teaching. As illustrations of the former we may note the following passages: "Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill Him, because He not only had broken the Sabbath, but said also that God was His Father, making Himself equal with God" (Jno. 5:18). "The Jews then murmured at Him, because He said, I am the Bread which came down from heaven ' ' (Jno. 6 : 41 ) . "I and My Father are one. Then the Jews took up stones again to stone Him" (Jno. 10: 30, 31). Such was their wicked hostility against His person. And it was just the same, too, in regard to His teaching: "And all they in the synagogue when they heard these things, were filled with wrath, and rose up and thrust Him out of the city, and led Him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was built, that they might cast Him down headlong" (Lu. 4:28, 29). "The world cannot hate you; but Me it hateth, because I testify of it, that the works thereof are evil" (Jno. 7:7). "But now ye seek to kill Me, Joseph As a Youth 351 a man that hath told you the truth, which I have heard of God" (Jno. 8:40). 9. Joseph was to enjoy a remarkable future. These dreams of Joseph intimated that this favored son of Jacob was the subject of high destinies: they were Divine an- nouncements of his future exaltation. There can be little doubt that Jacob and his sons perceived that these dreams were prophetic, otherwise the brethren would have regarded them as "idle tales/ ' instead of being angered by them. Note, too, that "his father observed the saying" (verse 11). So, too, of the Antitype. A remarkable future was prom- ised to the One who first appeared in lowliness and shame. Concerning the Child that was to be born unto Israel, the Son given, it was pre-announced : "The government shall be upon His shoulder : and His name shall be called Won- derful, Counsellor, the mighty God, the everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government and peace there shall be no end" (Isa. 9:6, 7). To his mother the angel declared, "Behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call His name Jesus. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest : and the Lord God shall give unto Him the throne of His father David ; and He shall reign over the House of Jacob for ever : and of His kingdom there shall be no end " (Lu. 1 : 31-33). That Joseph's Antitype was to enjoy a re- markable future was thus intimated beforehand. 10. Joseph foretold his future Sovereignty. It is worthy of notice that the two recorded dreams of Joseph contem- plated a double sovereignty : the first dream concerned "the field/ ' which pointed to the earthly dominion of our Lord; but the second dream was occupied with the sun, the moon and the stars, and tells, in type, of the Heavenly dominion of Christ, for all power (or authority) has been given to Him in heaven and on earth. Joseph's announcement of his future exaltation only served to fan the fires of enmity, and gave intensity to his brethren's hatred. And so it was with the Saviour. The more our Lord unfolded the glory of His person, the more He spoke of His future exaltation, the more did the Jews — His brethren according to the flesh — hate Him. The climax of this is to be seen in Matthew 26: 64: "Nevertheless, I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of Man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of 352 Gleanings in Genesis heaven.' ' Here was the announcement of His future sov- ereignty, and mark the immediate effects of His words on those that heard Him: "Then the high priest rent his clothes, saying, He hath spoken blasphemy." 11. Joseph was envied by his brethren. ' ' When his breth- ren saw that their father loved him more than all his breth- ren, they hated him" (verse 4). In these words are found the key to what followed. That which was the prime cause of the brethren's hatred was envy: as verse 11 tells us, " And his brethren envied him." They were jealous of the partiality shown by Jacob to their half-brother. This is a sin which has characterized human nature all down the ages : the difference between envy and covetousness is this — we envy persons^ we covet things. Here, too the type holds good. Christ was " envied' ' by those who were His brethren, according to the flesh. This comes out in His parable of the Wicked Husbandman, "Having yet therefore one son, His well-beloved, He sent Him also last unto them, saying, They will reverence My Son. But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the Heir ; come, let us kill Him, and the inheritance shall be ours" (Mk. 12 : 6, 7). Again, "For this cause the people also met Him, for that they heard that He had done this miracle. The Pharisees therefore said among themselves, Perceive ye how ye prevail nothing? behold, the world is gone after Him" (Jno. 12:18, 19). How that utterance manifested the jealousy of their hearts ! But even plainer is the testimony of Matthew 27 : 17, 18, for there the very word "envy" is found, "Therefore when they were gath- ered together, Pilate said uDto them, Whom will ye that I release unto you ? Barabbas, or Jesus which is called Christ ? For he knew that for envy they had delivered Him." In our next we shall consider, Joseph betrayed by his brethren. 41. JOSEPH BETRAYED BY HIS BRETHREN Genesis 37 "And his brethren went to feed their father's flock In Shechem. And Israel said unto Joseph, Do not thy brethren feed the flock in Shechem? Come, I will send thee unto them. And he said to him, Here ami" (37: 12, 13). 12. Joseph sent forth by his father. The verses just quoted above introduce to us the second of these marvelous typical scenes in which Joseph shadows forth the Lord Jesus. Here the brethren of Joseph are seen away from their father. Jacob says to his beloved son, "Come, and I will send thee unto them." How this reveals the heart of Jacob to us. He was not indifferent to their welfare. Ab- sent from the father's house as they were, Jacob is con- cerned for the welfare of these brethren of Joseph. He, therefore, proposes to send his well beloved son on an errand of mercy, seeking their good. And is it not beautiful to mark the promptness of Joseph's response! There was no hesitancy, no unwillingness, no proffering of excuses, but a blessed readiness to do his father's will, "Here am I." One cannot read of what passed here between Jacob and Joseph without seeing that behind the historical narrative we are carried back to a point before time began, into the eternal counsels of the Godhead, and that we are permitted to learn something of what passed between the Father and the Son in the remote past. As the Lord God with Divine omniscience foresaw the fall of man, and the alienation of the race from Himself, out of the marvelous grace of His heart, He proposed that His beloved Son should go forth on a mission of mercy, seeking those who were away from the Father's House. Hence we read so often of the Son being sent by the Father, "Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us, and sent His Son to be the propitia- tion for our sins" (1 Jno. 4: 10). And blessed it is to know that the Beloved of the Father came forth on His errand of love, freely, willingly, gladly. Like Joseph, He, too, promptly responded, ' ' Here ami." As it is written of Him in Hebrew 10: 7, "Then said I, Lo, I come (in the volume of the book it is written of Me) to do Thy will, O God." 353 354 Gleanings in Genesis 13. Joseph seeks the welfare of his brethren. Two things are to be particularly observed here as bring- ing out the striking accuracy of this type: First, Joseph is sent forth with a definite object before him — to seek his brethren. When we turn to the Gospels we find the cor- respondence is perfect. When the Beloved of the Father visited this world, His earthly mission was restricted to His brethren according to the flesh. As we read in John 1 : 11, "He came unto His own, and His own received Him not": His "own" here refers to His own people, the Jews. Again, in Matt. 15 : 24, it is recorded that the Lord Jesus Himself expressly declared, "I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the House of Israel. ' ' And again, in Rom. 15 : 8, we are told, "Now I say that Jesus Christ was a Minister of the Circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made unto the fathers." In the second place, observe the character of Joseph's mission : said Jacob, ' ' Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren. ' ' He was sent not to censure them, but to inquire after their welfare. So, again, it was with the Lord Jesus Christ. As we read in John 3: 17, "For God sent not His Son into the world to condemn the world ; but that the world through Him might be saved." 14. Joseph was sent forth from the vale of Hebron: "So he sent him out of the vale of Hebron, and he came to Shechem" (37 : 14). There is no line in this lovely picture, drawn by the Spirit of God, which is without its own dis- tinctive significance. We quote here from the well chosen words of Mr. C. Knapp: "Hebron means fellowship or communion. The vale suggests quiet peacefulness and rest. It was intended, I believe, to point them forward (and point us back) to the fellowship of the Son with the Father in heaven's eternal calm and peace previous to His entrance, at His incarnation, into this scene of sin and toil and sor- row" (A Fruitful Bough). Joseph Betrayed by His Brethren 355 The peaceful vale of Hebron, then, was the place where Joseph dwelt in happy fellowship with his father ; there he was at home, known, loved, understood. But from this he was sent to a place characterized by strife and blood-shed- ding, unto those who appreciated him not, yea, to those who envied and hated him. Faintly but accurately this tells of the love-passing-knowledge which caused the Lord of Glory to leave His Home above and descend to a hostile realm where they hated Him without a cause. 15. Joseph came to Shechem (37:14). The word "She- chem,, means " Shoulder/ ' being taken from "the position of the place on the ' saddle' or 'shoulder' of the heights which divide the waters there that flow to the Mediterra- nean on the west and to the Jordan on the east" (Smith's Bible Dictionary). The meaning of this name conforms strictly to the Antitype. The ' ' shoulder ' ' speaks of burden- bearing and suggests the thought of service and subjection. The moral meaning of the term is Divinely defined for us in this very book of Genesis — "and bowed his shoulder to bear and become a servant unto tribute" (49:15). How striking it is to read, then, that on leaving his father in the vale of Hebron, Joseph came to Shechem. How marvelously this foreshadowed the place which the Lord of Glory took ! Leaving His peaceful place on high, and coming down to this scene of sin and suffering. He took the Servant's place, the place of submission and subjection. As we read in Phil. 2:6, 7, "Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God : but made Himself of no reputation, and took upon Him the form of a servant." And again in Gal. 4:4, "When the fulness of time was come, God sent forth His Son, made of a woman, made under the law." Verily, "Shechem" was the place that the Beloved of the Father came to. Moreover, is it not significant that Shechem has been mentioned before in the Genesis narrative — see 34 : 25-30 — especially when we note what occurred there. Shechem was the place of sin and sorrow, of evil passions and blood- shedding. Little wonder that Jacob was anxious about his sons in such a place, and that he sent Joseph to them there to inquire after their welfare. And how what we read of in Gen. 34 well depicts in terse but solemn summary the history of this earth. How aptly and how accurately the scene there portrayed exhibited the character of the place 356 Gleanings in Genesis into which the Lord Jesus came. The place which He took was that of the Servant ; the scene into which He came was one of sin and strife and suffering. 16. Joseph now became a Wanderer in the field. "And a certain man found him, and, behold, he was wandering in the field: and the man asked him: saying, What seekest thou? And he said, I seek my brethren: tell me, I pray thee, where they feed their flocks" (37 : 15, 16). In His in- terpretation of the Parable of the Tares, the Lord Jesus said, "the field is the world" (Matt. 13 :38). Like Joseph, the Be- loved of the Father became a Wanderer , a homeless Stranger in this world. The foxes had holes, and the birds of the air had their nests, but the Son of man had not where to lay his head. "What a touching word is that in John's Gospel, "And every man went unto his own house: Jesus went unto the Mount of 01ives,, (John 7 : 53 ; 8:1). Every other man had his own house to which he could go, but the Lord Jesus, the homeless Wanderer here, must retire to the bleak mountain side. 0 my soul, bow in wonderment before that matchless grace which causes thy Saviour who, though He was rich, yet He for our sakes became poor, that we through His poverty might be rich! 17. Joseph seeks until he finds his brethren. "And the man said, They are departed hence ; for I heard them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his brethren and found them in Dotham' ' (37 : 17). When Joseph arrived at Shechem he found his brethren gone; they were not there. * ' Now is his chance to return to Hebron if his heart is not wholly in his mission. Here he has given him a good excuse for turning back and giving up the undertaking. But no ; he has no thought of turning back, or giving up the work given him of his father to do" (Mr. K.). Thus it was with that blessed One whom Joseph foreshadowed. From start to finish we find Him prompted by unswerving devotion to His Father and unwearied love toward His lost sheep, con- tinuing the painful search until He found them. No seem- ing failure in His mission, no lack of appreciation in those to whom He ministered, daunted Him. Yes, the Son of man came to seek and to save that which was lost. And, my Christian reader, of what do these words re- mind you, "Joseph went after his brethren?" Ah, how patiently and untiringly that One of whom Joseph was but a type "went after" you! How many years His unwearied love pursued you ; pursued you over the mountains of un- belief and across the precipices of sin! All praise to His marvelous grace. "And found them in Dothan." Dr. Haldeman tells us that "Dothan" signifies "Law or Custom." "And it was there Jesus found His brethren, dwelling under the bondage of the Law, and slaves to mere religious formalism." Yes, the Law of Jehovah had degenerated into the "customs" of the Pharisees, "Laying aside the commandments of God, ye hold the traditions of men" (Mark 9:8), was our Lord's charge against them. 18. Joseph conspired against. ' * And when they saw him afar off, even before he came near unto them, they conspired against him to slay him" (37:18). The hatred of the brethren found opportunity in the love that sought them. It is striking to notice how that a conspiracy was formed against Joseph "before he drew near unto them." How this reminds us of what happened during the days of our Saviour's infancy. No sooner was He born into this world than the enmity of the carnal mind against God displayed itself! A horrible "conspiracy" was hatched by Herod in the attempt to slay the newly born Saviour. This was in the days when He was "afar off." Thirty years before He presented Himself publicly to the Jews. The same thing is found again and again during the days of His public minis- try. "Then the Pharisees went out and held a council again Him, how they might destroy Him" (Matt. 12:14), may be cited as a sample. 358 Gleanings in Genesis 19. Joseph's words disbelieved. "And they said one to another, Behold this dreamer cometh. Come now, there- fore, and let us slay him, and cast him into some pit, and we will say, Some evil beast hath devoured him; and we shall see what will become of his dreams" (37:19, 20). The prophetic announcement of Joseph seemed unto his brethren as idle tales. They not only hated him, but they refused to believe what he had said. Their scepticism comes out plainly in the wicked proposal, ' ' Let us slay him .... and we shall see what will become of his dreams." Thus it was with the Christ of God. After He had been nailed to the cross, "they that passed by reviled Him, wagging their heads, and saying, Thou that destroyed the temple and buildest it in three days, save Thyself. If Thou be the Son of God, come down from the cross. Like- wise, also the chief priests mocking Him, with the scribes and elders, said, He saved others ; Himself He cannot save. If He be the King of Israel, let Him now come down from the cross, And we will believe Him" — which was an admis- sion that they did not believe. The Jews believed Him not. His teaching was nothing more to them than empty dreams. So, too, after His death and burial. ' ' The chief priests and Pharisees came together unto Pilate, saying, Sir, we re- member that that deceiver said, while He was yet alive, After three days I will rise again. Command therefore, that the sepulchre be made sure" (Matt. 27). When the stone was sealed and the watch was set, the sceptical Phari- sees were but saying in effect, "We shall see what will be- come of His dreams." And is it any different now in modern Christendom? How do men and women today treat the words of the Faith- ful and True Witness? Do those who listen to the Gospel give credence to what they hear ? Do they set to their seal that God is true ? Do they really believe as true the Lord 's own words, "He that believeth not is condemned already" (John 3: 18) ? Ah, unsaved reader, dost thou believe that, that even now the condemnation of a Holy God is resting upon thee? You do not have to wait until the last great day; you do not have to wait until the judgment of the great white throne. No; God's condemnation rest upon thee now. Unspeakably solemn is this. And there is but one way of deliverance. There was but one way of escape for Noah and his family from the flood, and that was to seek Joseph Betrayed by His Brethren 359 refuge in the Ark. And there is but one way of escape from God 's condemnation for you, and that is, to flee to Christ, who was Himself condemned in the stead of all who believe on Him. Again: He who was truth incarnate declared, 1 'He that believeth not the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God abideth on him" (John 3:36). 0 unsaved friend, if you really believed these words of Him who can- not lie you would not delay another moment. You would not dare to procrastinate any longer. Even now, you would cast yourself at His feet, just as you are, as a poor needy and guilty sinner, receiving Him by faith as your own Saviour. Treat not, we beseech you, these words of the Son of God as idle tales, but believe them to the saving of your soul. 20. Joseph is insulted. "And it came to pass, when Joseph was come unto his brethren, that they stripped Joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colors that was on him" (37: 23). How this brings out the wicked hatred of these men for the one who had come seeking only their welfare. Like beasts of prey they immediately spring upon him. It was not enough to injure him; they must insult him too. They put him to an open shame by stripping him of his coat of many colors. And how solemnly this agrees with the Antitype. In a similar manner the Lord of Glory was dealt with. He, too, was insulted, and put to shame: "Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the common hall, and gathered unto Him the whole band of soldiers. And they stripped Him" (Matt. 27:27. 28). The same horrible ignominy is witnessed again at the Cross: "Then the soldiers when they had crucified Jesus, took His garments" (John 19:23). 21. Joseph is cast into a pit. "And they took him, and cast him into a pit ; and the pit was empty, there was no water in it" (37 : 24). We quote now from Dr. Haldeman : "The pit wherein is no water, is another name for Hades, the underworld, the abode of the disembodied dead : of all the dead before the resurrection of Christ. 'The pit where- in is no water ' (Zech. 9:11). 'For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the whale's belly, so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth* (Matt. 12:40). It was here our Lord, as to His Soul, abode between death and resurrection." 360 Gleanings in Genesis 22. Joseph was taken out of the pit, alive, in his body. 1 l And they lifted up Joseph out of the pit ' ' (37 : 28) . " The actual order of the occurrence is that Joseph was first cast into the pit and then sold ; but the moral order of the type is not deranged by the fact ; it is in the light of the Anti- typical history that we make the type to be verified, as well as to verify it. The lifting out of the pit is one of those Divine anticipations of the resurrection scattered all through the Old Testament from Genesis to Malachi" (Dr. H.). 23. Joseph's brethren mingle Hypocrisy with their Hatred. ' ' And they sat down to eat bread And Judah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother and conceal his blood? Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmaelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother and our flesh" (37: 27). First, notice the opening words of verse 25, "And they sat down to eat bread," and this, while Joseph was helpless in the pit! How this reminds us of Matt. 27 : 35, 36 — "And they cruci- fied Him And sitting down they watched Him there !" But mark now this hypocrisy: "Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmaelites, and let not our hand be upon him." The parallel to this is found in John 18 : " Then led they Jesus from Caiaphas unto the hall of judgment ; and it was early ; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall, lest they should be defiled" (verse 28). Such deceptions will men practice upon themselves. And again, how re- markable, in this connection, are the words found in John 18:31: "Then said Pilate unto them, Take ye Him and judge Him according to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death!" 24. Joseph is sold. "They drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites " (37 : 28). Is it not exceedingly striking to note that from among the twelve sons of Jacob Judah should be the one to make this horrible bargain, just as from the twelve apostles Judas (the Anglecized form of the Greek equivalent) was the one to sell the Lord ! 25. Joseph's blood-sprinkled coat is presented to his father. "And they took Joseph's coat and killed a kid of Joseph Betrayed by His Brethren 361 the goats, and dipped the coat in the blood ; and they sent the coat of many colors, and they brought it to their father. " " The anticipation of the type is self evident. The blood of Jesus Christ as the blood of a scapegoat, a sin offering, was presented to the Father' ' (Dr. H.). In our next, D. V., we shall consider Joseph in Egypt. 42. JOSEPH IN EGYPT Genesis 39, 40 Genesis 37 closes with an account of Jacob's sons selling their brother Joseph unto the Midianites, and they, in turn selling him into Egypt. This speaks, in type, of Christ being rejected by Israel, and delivered unto the Gentiles. From the time lhat the Jewish leaders delivered their Messiah into the hands of Pilate they have, as a nation, had no further dealings with Him; and God, too, has turned from them to the Gentiles. Hence it is that there is an im- portant turn in our type at this stage. Joseph is now seen in the hands of the Gentiles. But before we are told what happened to Joseph in Egypt, the Holy Spirit traces for us, in typical outline, the history of the Jews, while the antitypical Joseph is absent from the land. This is found in Gen. 38. It is remarkable that Gen. 38 records the history of Judah, for long before the Messiah was rejected by the Jeivs, Israel (the ten tribes) had ceased to have a separate his- tory. Here, then, Judah foreshadows the history of the Jews since their rejection of Christ. "And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite, whose name was Shuah; and he took her, and went in to her" (Gen. 38. 2). How striking this is! "Canaanite" signifies "the mer- chantman," and "Shuah" means "riches." How plainly the meaning of these names give us the leading character- istics of the Jews during the centuries from the Cross ! No longer are they the settled husbandmen and quiet shephards as of old ; but, instead, travelling merchants. And ' ' riches ' ' has been their great pursuit. Three sons were born to Judah by Shuah, and the "Numerical Bible" suggests as the meaning of their names: "Er" — enmity; "Onan" — iniquity; "Shelah" — sprout. Deeply significant, too, are these names. "Enmity" against Christ is what has marked the Jews all' through the centuries of this Christian era. "Iniquity" surely fits this avaricious people, the average merchant of whom is noted for dishonesty, lying and cheat- ing. While "sprout" well describes the feeble life of this nation, so marvellously preserved by God through innumer- able trials and persecutions. The chapter terminates with the sordid story of Tamar, the closing portions of which 362 Joseph in Egypt 363 obviously foreshadowing the end-time conditions of the Jews. In the time of her travail i * twins were in her womb ' ' (38:27). So in the tribulation period there shall be two companies in Israel. The first, appropriately named "Pharez," which means " breach/ ' speaking of the major- ity of the nation who will break completely with God and receive and worship the Antichrist. The second, "Zerah," that had the " scarlet thread' ' upon his hand (38:30), pointing to the godly remnant who will be saved, as was Kahab of old by the " scarlet cord." But we must turn now to Gen. 39. Genesis 39 is more than a continuation of what has been before us in Gen. 37, being separated, as it is, from that chapter by what is recorded in 38. Genesis in 39 is really a new beginning in the type, taking us back to the Incarna- tion, and tracing the experiences of the Lord Jesus from another angle. Continuing our enumeration (see previous article), we may observe: 26. Joseph becomes a Servant. "And Joseph was brought down to Egypt ; and Potiphar an officer of Pharaoh, captain of the guard, an Egyptian, brought him out of the hands of the Ishmaelites, which had brought him down thither (39: 1). What a contrast from being the beloved son in his father's house to the degrada- tion of slavery in Egypt! But this was as nothing com- pared with the voluntary self-humiliation of the Lord Jesus. He who was in the form of God, and thought it not robbery to be equal with God, made Himself of no reputation, and took upon Him the form of a servant (Phil. 2:6, 7). "Bond-slave" expresses the force of the original better than "servant." It is to this the prophetic language of Psalm 40 refers. There we hear the Lord Jesus saying, ' ' Sacrifice and offering Thou didst not desire; Mine ears hast Thou digged; burnt offering and sin offering hast Thou not re- quired. Then said I, lo, I come ; in the volume of the book it is written of Me. I delight to do Thy will, 0 My God." These words carry us back to Exod. 21 : 5, 6 : And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children ; I will not go out free. Then his master shall bring him unto the judges ; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post ; and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him for ever." The Lord Jesus was the Speaker of that prophecy in Psalm 364 Gleanings in Genesis 40, and the fulfiller of this type in Exod. 21. He was the One who took the Servant place, and voluntarily entered into the degradation of slavery. And it is this which Joseph here so strikingly typified. 27. Joseph was a Prosperous Servant. ' ' And the Lord was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man, and he was in the house of his master the Egyptian. And his master saw that the Lord was with him, and that the Lord made all that he did to prosper in his hand'* (39 : 2, 3). Observe, particularly, it is here said, the Lord made all that Joseph did "to prosper in his hand." How these words remind us of two prophetic scriptures which speak of the perfect Servant of Jehovah. The first is the opening Psalm, which brings before us the ' ' Blessed Man, ' * the Man who walked not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stood in the way of sinners, nor sat in the seat of the scornful ; the Man whose delight was in the Law of the Lord, and in whose Law He did meditate day and night; the Man of whom God said, "And He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth His fruit in His Season ; His leaf also shall not wither ; and whatsoever He doeth shall prosper" (Psa. 1:3). Manifestly, this spoke, specifically, of the Lord Jesus, in whom, alone, the terms of the opening verses of this Psalm were fully realized. The second scripture is found in that matchless fifty-third of Isaiah (every sentence of which referred to the Son of God incarnate, and to Him, expressly, as Jehovah's "Servant," see 52: 13), we read, "The pleasure of the Lord shall pros- per in His hand." How marvellously accurate the type! Of Joseph it is recorded, "The Lord made all that he did to prosper in his hand" (Gen. 39: 3). Of Christ it is said, "The pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in His hand" (Isa. 53:10). 28. Joseph's master was well pleased with him. "And Joseph found grace in his sight, and he served him : and he made him overseer over his house, and all that he had he put into his hand" (39 : 4). How could it be other- wise ? Joseph was entirely different from any other servant that Potiphar ever had. The fear of God was upon him; the Lord was with him, prospering him ; and he served his master faithfully. So it was with the One whom Joseph foreshadowed. The Lord Jesus was entirely different from any other servant God ever had. The fear of the Lord was Joseph in Egypt 365 upon Him (see Isa. 11: 2). And so faithfully did He serve God, He could say, "I do always those things that please Him" (John 8:29). 29. Joseph, the servant, was made a blessing to others. "And it came to pass from the time that he had made him overseer in his house, and over all that he had, that the Lord blessed the Egyptian's house for Joseph's sake; and the blessing of the Lord was upon all that he had in the house and in the field" (34:5). So, too, the Father en- trusted to the Son all the interests of the Godhead — the manifestation of the Divine character, the glorifying of God's name, and the vindication of His throne. And what has been the outcome of the Beloved of the Father taking the Servant place, and assuming and discharging these onerous responsibilities? Has not the Lord "blessed" the antitypical "Egyptian's house," for the sake of that One whom Joseph foreshadowed? Clearly, the "Egyptian's house" symbolized the world, and how bountifully has the world been blessed for Christ 's sake ! 30. Joseph was a goodly person.
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Halle. Dienstag ( Fortſetzung aus dem Hauptblatte. ) Ich ihn bat , mir ſeine Photographie zu geben , um ſie Jhnen zu u Er hat meinen Wunſch erfüllt und ich hoffe , daß Sie ſie annehmen werden. “ Dem Brief war eine Photographie bei - geſchloſſen , welche das Autogramm truge „ Von Moltke , Feld⸗ marſchall. “ Der „ kleine deutſche Junge “ iſt der Sohn eines durch ſeine Verdienſte um die Gründung gemeinnütziger Anſtalten zum Veſten der Arbeiter wohlbekannten deutſchen Fabrikanten , deſſen Gaſt Moltke während der Dauer der in der Nähe abgehaltenen Manöver war. - - Gedenktafel auf Helgoland. ] Eine Granittafel mit der Jnſchrift „ Wilhelm II. , 10. Auguſt 1890 * hat einer der älteſten Stammgäſte Helgolands , Hr. Grotjan aus Hamburg , am Fuße der Lardungsbrücke , an der Stelle , wo der Kaiſer zum erſten male auf der Jnſel Halt machte , um die Ehrenwache vorbeiziehen zu laſſen , zur Erinnerung an den großen Feſttag an - bringen laſſen. w Zur SchulſtatiſtikBerlins. ] Nach der Statiſtik vom J. Juni d. J. beſtehen in der nunmehr drittgrößten Stadt Europas : 190 Gemeindeſchulen mit 3198 Klaſſen und 186,478 Schullindern , was einen Zuwachs gegen das Vorjahr von 6 Schulen mit 94 Klaſſen und 3700 Schulkindern bedeutet. Der Etat der Gemeindeſchulen für das laufende Jahr weiſt auf : eine Einnahme von 89,867. , eine Ausgabe von 9,016,101. , wonach ein Zuſchuß aus ſtädtiſchen Mitteln von 8,926,234 M. erforderlich iſt. Der Unterricht iſt unentgeltlich ( nur auswärtige Schüler haben ein Schulgeld zu zahlen ). Befähigte Kinder un - bemittelter Eltern empfangen auf Koſten der Stadt freien Unter⸗ richt ſowohl in den ſtädtiſchen höheren Schulen als auch in den Privatſchulen. Das Lehrerperſonal umfaßt : 190 Rektoren , 1878 ordentliche Lehrer , 45 intermiſtiſch beſchäftigte Lehrer , 81 Hilfs - lehrer , 933 ordentliche Lehrerinnen , 86 intermiſtiſch beſchäftigte Lehrerinnen ; zuſammen 3213 Lehrperſonen. Nach dem jüngſt revidirten Beſoldungsetat erhalten an Gehalt : die Rektoren ein baares Gehalt von 3360 M. bis 4160. , durchſchnittlich 3760 M. und freie Dienſtwohnung bezw. eine Miethsentſchädigung von 800 M. Die Gehaltsſtufen der Lehrer betragen in minimo 1600. , in maximo 3600. , durchſchnittlich rund 2455 M. Die Gehaltsſtufen der Lehrerinnen beginnen mit 1200 M. und ſteigen bis 1950 M. Das Gehalt der Hilfslehrer beträgt 1200 M. Für die Entwickelung des berliner Elementarſchulweſens innerhalb der letzten 25 Jahre gewährt es einen Anhalt , zu erfahren , daß ſich binnen dieſer Zeit die Zahl der Rektoren verfünffacht , die der Lehrer verſechsfacht , die der Lehrerinnen verzweifacht hat. — [ Der Krach im Hauſe Borgheſe. ] Ueber die Ver⸗ legenheiten des unglücklichen Fürſten Paul VBorgheſe , der zur Herſtellung ſeiner Geſundheit ins Ausland reiſte , iſt im Einzelnen noch zu bemerken , daß die finanziellen Schwierigkeiten bereits jahrelang ſich geltend machten , aber durch die Kriſis der Banca Roma neuerdings erheblich verſchärft wurden. Der Fürſt Vorgheſe beſaß an Liegenſchaften in Rom außer dem bekannten Palaſt an der Vig Fontanella und den angrenzenden Häuſern die Villa Borgheſe ( eine prachtvolle Parkanlage hinter dem Monte Pincio ) und das ganze neue Stadtviertel , welches auf dem Grund und Boden der früheren Villa Ludoviſi ( zwiſchen Via Venti Settembre , Porta Pinciana , Salara und Pia ) entſtanden iſt. Die ihm ge - hüörigen neuen Häuſer in dieſem Stadttheil ſtehen zum großen Theil leer und die geringe Miethe , die gegenwärtig aus dieſem Beſitz gelöſt wird , genügt nicht , um die Steuern aufzubringen. Seit einigen Jahren bereits begann der Fürſt , die um den alten Stammſitz gelegenen Häuſer an einen Vetter zu verkaufen , der eine Tochter des Herzogs Torlonia zur Frau hat. Das genügte aber nicht , um den wachſenden Verlegenheiten zu begegnen. Es wurde alsdann der erſte Stock des Palazzo Borgheſe vermiethet , und zum h ſahen die Römer am 20. September zu ihrem rößten Erſtaunen von der Loggia des Palaſtes das Banner des Königreichs Jtalien wehen , da der Miether ein getreuer Anhänger des Hauſes Savoyen und nicht wie der Hausherr , ein Partei - gänger des Vatikans war. Weiterhin wurde das Dienſtperſonal vermindert , der Haushalt und die Geſelligkeit eingeſchränkt , Pferde und Wagen verkauft , bis der Krach der römiſchen Bank dem Vermögen des Fürſten den letzten Stoß I Gegenwärtig ſind zwei hervorragende römiſche Anwälte mit der Verwaltung der Angelegenheiten betraut , und man ſagt , daß nach einem Jabrzehnt ſtrenger Sparſamkeit es gelingen könne , den Wohlſtand des Hauſes wieder einigermaßen aufzurichten. Der frühere Glanz des borgheſiſchen Hofes dürfte aber unwiederbringlich dahin ſein. Man fragt ſich übrigens bei dieſer Gelegenheit , warum die Ver⸗ wandten des Fürſten Paul ihm nicht zu Hilfe gekommen ſind. Sein dritter Bruder , Prinz Julius , hat die einzige Tochter des letzten Fürſten Torlonia ( es exiſtirt nur noch die herzogliche Linie Torlonka ) geheirathet , und mit ihr etwa 180 Millionen Lire er⸗ heirathet und geerbt. Wenn übrigens geſagt wird , daß die Borgheſe das älteſte oder auch nur eines der älteſten Adelshäuſer Roms wären , ſo iſt das nicht richtig. Sie mit den großen mittel - alterlichen Dynaſtiefamilien der Colonna oder Orſini zu ver⸗ gleichen , iſt einfach komiſch. Die Borgheſe ſind ein relativ junges Haus und verdanken ihren Reichthum und ihre Berühmtheit dem Uinſtande , daß einer der Jhrigen Papſt wurde unter dem Namen Paul V. Er hat , nebenbei bemerkt , die Peterskirche fertig gebaut und er hat der Familie das große Vermögen zugewendet. Wahr iſt , daß die Borgheſe ſtets die freigebigſten Patrone von Kunſt und Wiſſenſchaft waren. Der Urgroßvater des jetzigen Fürſten war mit einer Schweſter Napoleons I. vermählt. — [ Die Wallfahrt nach Trier. ] Wie die „ Köln. Volks⸗ Ztg. meldet , ſind zur Ausſtellung des heiligen Rockes ſchon jetzt 600,000 Pilger angemeldet. — [ Radfahrer - Bundestag. ] Am Sonnabend wurde in Breslau der achte Jahre stag des „ Deutſchen Radfahrer - bundes “ eröffnet. Ueber 1000 Mitglieder ſind anweſend , außer - dem Ruſſen , Oeſterreicher , Ungarn , Amerikaner und Holländer. , T Das angefochtene Teſtament. ] Wie ſchon gemeldet , iſt das Teſtament der kürzlich verſtorbenen Herzogin Wilhelmine von Schleswig⸗ - Holſtein⸗Glücksburg angefochten und zwar von einer Adoptivtochter des verſtorbenen i den Paares , der Freiin von Beuſt aus Langen⸗Orla in Thüringen , verehel. Ritt⸗ meiſter v. Raven. Die Freiin war bei ihrer Verheirathung mit 90,000 Thalern abgefunden worden. Die gen. Dame ſoll dem Vernehmen nach ihren Anſpruch auf eine angeblich nicht ganz fehlerfreie Abfaſſung der Abfindungsurkunde gründen. Zum An⸗ walt der Nachlaßmaſſe iſt De Löhmann in Flensburg in dieſer Streitſache angenommen. „ Vater u Herr Schönbrunn in Berlin , der Inſpektor des unter dem Namen „ Zum Vater Philipp weithin bekannten Militärarreſtes in der Andenſtraße , wird demnächſt nach einer 51 jährigen Dienſt⸗ und Amtsthätigkeit in den Ruhe - ſtand treten. T ( Vandalismus. ] ) Auf dem Militärkirchhofe in der Müllerſtraße in Berlin iſt im Dunkel der Nacht das Denkmal , Kriegerverband „ unter Mitwirkung ehemaliger welches der Waffengefährten und patriotiſcher Mitbürger “ vor zwei Jahren „ den für das Vaterland verſtorbenen dentfchen Soldaten er⸗ richtet hat , von Dieben , welche die Bronzen des Denkmals rauben wollten , umgeſtürzt und demolirt worden. Das Denkmal ſteht direkt am großen Mittelweg des Kirchhoſes , 135 m von der Straße entfernt. - [ Eine neue Spielbank. ſteht in Vaduz , der Haupiſtadt die Errichtung einer Spielbank in Ausſicht. der Fürſt von Monaco ſich Privilegium der Spielbank in Monte C ſich die Spielpächter an den Fürſten Wie man aus Wien meldet , es Fürſtenthums Liechtenſtein , Nachdem nämlich entſchieden geweigert hat , das arlo zu erneuern , haben Johann Liechtenſtein mit 1. Beilage zu Nr. 185 der Saale⸗ Zeitung. an dem Erſuchen gewendet , die Erlaubniß zur Errichtung einer Spielbank in Vaduz zu ertheilen. Die Pächter bieten eine jähr⸗ liche Zahlung von 10 Millionen Francs , die galt der Liechtenſtein ' ſchen „ Armee “ und die Zahlung ſämmtlicher Steuern der VLiechtenſtein ſchen Unterthanen. Das Fürſtenthum Liechten - ſtein befindet ſich , wie bei dieſer Gelegenheit wieder einmal er⸗ wähnt ſei , ſeit 1866 noch im Kriegszuſtande mit Preußen. Das Fürſtenthum hatte bekanntlich im Kriege von 1866 eine „ Truppen - macht “ von 6 Mann zur Verfügung Oeſterreichs geſtellt , wurde 6 aber trotz dieſer gewaltigen Leiſtung im Friedensvertrage von Prag „ vergeſſen “ und lebt demgemäß noch heute mit Preußen auf dem Kriegsfuß. Uebrigens iſt das drei Quadratmeilen große Liechtenſtein ein wahrhaft glückliches Ländchen. Seit 1866 zahlen ſeine Bewohner weder Staats⸗ noch Gemeindeſteuern ; der Fürſt hat Geld genug und beſoldet das Vierteldutzend von Beamken aus eigener Taſche. Außerdem ſtellt es laut Vertrag mit Oeſterreich ſeit 1866 keinen Mann Militär. — [ Selbſtmord. ] , Wie ſchon gemeldet , wurde am Sonn - abend der Ober - Jngenienr Steiger vom Bochumer Verein in der Nähe des Werks mit einer Schußwunde todt aufgefunden. Es liegt ein Selbſtmord vor ; Steiger befürchtete angeblich , in geiſtige Störung zu verfallen. Er war der Köln. Ztg. zufolge mit der techniſchen Vertretung des Vereins nach außen betraut. — An der berliner Vörſe war das Gerücht verbreitet , daß Steiger derjenige geweſen ſein ſoll , welcher Fusangel das Material zu einen Denunziationen geliefert hat. Da der Selbſtmord , wenn ſich dies Gerücht beſtätigen ſollte , in einem ganz anderen Lichte erſcheinen würde , ſo wurden große Känfe in Vochumern vor - genommen , welche den Kurs des Papiers weſentlich ſteigerten. - Eiſenbahnunglück. ] Der am Freitag früh in Karls - ruhe eintreffende Kurierzug aus der Pfalz über Maxau entgleiſte kurz vor der Einfahrt. Die Lokomotive ſtürzte über den niederen Bahndamm , den Packwagen mit ſich reißend. Der vordere Theil des an den Gepäckwagen anſtoßenden Wagens zweiter Klaſſe wurde eingedrückt. Perſonen ſind nicht verleßt. * [ Eifſenbahnzuſammenſtoß. ) Nach telegraphiſcher Meldung aus Petersburg ſtieß in der Nacht vom Freitag auf Sonnabend der aus Petersburg kommende Poſtzug bei der Stadt Davidſtadt in Finland auf einen vor ihm fahrenden Militärzug , in welchem ſich ein aus Wilmanſtrand kommendes ruſſiſches Jnfanterieregiment befand. Der letzte Gepäckwegen und die beiden folgenden Perſonenwagen dritter Klaſſe des Militärzuges wurden zertrümmert und 48 Mann mehr oder weniger ſchwer verletzt. Zwei Schwerverwundete ſind ihren Verletzungen bereits erlegen. Die Paſſagiere des Poſtzuges erhielten nur leichte Kontuſionen. Die Schuld an dem Unfalle ſoll der Führer des Poſtzuges tragen , der benachrichtigt war , daß vor ihm ein Militärzug mit mittlerer Schnelligkeit fahre. - [ Bei einem großen Brande, ] von welchem in der Nacht zum Sonnabend in Rixdorf bei Berlin die Möbel - tiſchlerei von Arndt , Kneſebeckſtr. 16 , eingeäſchert wurde , erlitten 4 Feuerwehrleute in Ausübung ihres Dienſtes erhebliche Ver - letzungen. * * [ Der Luftſchiffer Higgins verunglückte ] am Sonn - abend bei einer in Leeds mit Miß Devoy unternommenen Auf - ⸗ fahrt. Der Ballon ſtieß gegen eine Telegraphenſtange und Higgins gerieth in die Drähte , welche zerriſſen. Er ſtürzte ſo unglücklich auf den Rücken zu Voden , daß er augenblicklich todt war. Miß Devoy entkam glücklich der Gefahr. - [ Unglück auf der Reuß. ) Aus Luzern wird der Fkf. Ztg. berichtet : Rudernde Engländer ( 3 Damen und 3 Herren ) geriethen am Freitag mittag in die reißende Strömung des r Die Jolle zerſchellte an der eiſernen Reuß - Brücke unterhalb des Hotels „ Waage. “ Die Jnſaſſen klammerten ſich krampfhaft an den Pfeilern an und wurden im letzten Augenblicke vor dem ſicheren Tode gerettet. Jhr markerſchütterndes Wehgeſchrei war weithin vernehmbar. — IUnterſchlagungen. ] Aus Wohlau wird dem „ Berl. Tagebl. “ telegraphirt : Die Unterſchlagungen des Kaſſirers der dieligen Sparkaſſe und des Vorſchußvereins , des Gaſtwirths Kieper , welcher ſich , wie gemeldet , vor der Verhaftung erhängte , betragen 14,600 M. [ Zum Ueberfall in Whitechapel. ] Nach neueren Meldungen aus London lebt Frau Wohler noch , aber ſie iſt von den Aerzten des Hoſpitals , wohin ſie gebracht wurde , aufgegeben. Unweit des Thatortes wurde ein Raſirmeſſer , womit die Wunden ihr zugefügt waren , vorgefunden. Der Verbaftete wurde frei - gelaſſen , nachdem er ſich befriedigend legitimirt hatte. 27 [ Franzöſiſche Geographie. ) Man ſchreibt uns aus Paris : Die Clemenceau ' ſche „ La Jnuſtice “ ſchreibt wörtlich : „ Grauenhaft iſt die Lage der Bauern im Spreethal ; ſeit 1883 ſind ſie durch Ueberſchwemmung und Hungersnoth nicht mehr ſo ſchwer heimgeſucht worden , wie in dieſem Jahre. Dreitauſend Perſonen werden durch den Hungertod und Durſttod betroht ( 3000 personnes sont ménacées de mourir de faim et de soif ! ). Jn vielen Orten muß man bereits Spreewaſſer trinken , das bekanntlich ein Gemiſch von Fäulniß , Schlamm und Waſſer darſtellt. Bei ſolcher Lage kann es nicht auffallen , daß die Ankunft der vom Kaiſer in England ( hier folgt eine Majeſtäts⸗ rein aufgekauften Pferde Anlaß zu ernſthaften Unruhen gegeben bat ! !. “ Was mag der phantaſievölle Redacteur der Juſtice ſich wohl unter Spreethal , Spreewaſſer und. Berlin vorſtellen ? - lHungersnoth in Jndien. ) Wie das Reut. Bür. aus Madras berichtet , iſt die Hoffnung , daß den Diſtrikten Chingleput und Nord⸗Arcot die Hungersnoth erſpart bleiben würde , jetzt gänzlich aufgegeben. Die Hitze , welche dort herrſcht , hat noch nicht ihresgleichen gehabt , und der wenige Regenfall war nicht genügend , um die Ernte zu retten. Die Sachlage in Wandiwaſh , Maderpauk und beſonders in Valaſtry iſt ſehr beunruhigend. Wie groß der Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln iſt , geht aus der That - ſache hervor , daß ſelbſt Angehörige hoher Kaſten ſich unter der Zahl der unentgeltäich unterſtützten Perſonen befinden. Bereits ſind Fälle von Hungertod vorgekommen und die Bewohner einiger Dörfer gezwungen , ſich von Aloeblättern zuernähren. Das Vieh T infolge des Mangels an Futter und Waſſer in großen Schaaren. „ [ Cholera. ] Wie man aus Athen teſegrapvirt , wird durch königl. Dekret für diejenigen Schiffe , die ſeit dem 3. Aug. das RNothe Meer verlaſſen haben , ohne in Egypten Quarantäne ab⸗ t eine elftägige Quarantäne auf der Jnſel Delos an⸗ geordnet. - - IVPerfonalnachrichten. ] ſich Prinz Hans Heinrich von Pleß , der älteſte Sohn des Prinzen von Pleß , mit Frl. Daiſy Cornwallis Weſt , der Tochter daß des engliſchen Abgeordneten Cornwallis Weſt , verlobt. - Der „ Daily Chroniele “ meldet , daß die Geſundheit des berühmten amerikaniſchen Tragöden Edwin Booth bedenklich erſchüttert iſt. üb Uebermäßiges Cigarrenxauchen ſoll die Haupturfache ſeines Leidens en m Alter von 78 Jahren iſt der Doyen der londoner Theaterkritiker , Thomas Cooke Foſter , Der Entſchlafene war urſprünglich Architekt , widmete bald der Tournaliſtik , in wel erwarb. Herr Foſter war London News, “ dann amerik. er er ſich eine angeſehene Stellun — Z. nen der e erichterſtetter der „ Times “ und letzthin Redacteur der „ Weekly Times and Echo. “ Es giebt kaum ein Theater in London , deſſen Leitung nicht kürzere oder längere Zeit hindurch in ſeinen Händen gernht hätte 11. Anguſt 1891. Vereine und Verſammlungen. * München , 8. Aug. Der Aſtronomentag wählte für die nächſten vier Jahre zum erſten Schriftführer Prof. Seeliger ( München ) , zum zweiten Schriftführer Dr. Lehmann Filhés Berlin ) , zu Ausſchußmitgliedern Tiſſérand ( Paris ) , Back - buyzen ( Leyden ) und Auwers ( Verlin ). Als bis zum Schluß der nächſten Verſammlung fungirender Vorſtand wurde Gylden ( Stockholm ) wiedergewählt , welcher den Statuten gemäß Back⸗ u yzen zum Stellvertreter beſtimmte. Nachmittags fand die hen ſtatt , abends das im Hotel „ Bairiſcher Hof ver⸗ anſtaltete offizielle r Bei dem von der baiteriſchen Regierung n Ehren des Aſtronomentages im Hotel „ Baierif Hof “ veranſtalteten Feſteſſen brachten der Vorſtand Gylden einen Toaſt auf den Prinzregenten und der Kultusminiſter Dr. v. Müller einen ſolchen auf die Aſtronomiſche Geſellſchaft iliue ter et Zu der Seltſhing en elehnte dec ultusmin aus. Jn der ußſitzung am Nachmittage wur die Schlußprotokolle feſtgeſtellt. s * — Aus den Bädern. * Die Bedeutung welche das am Einſchnitte des Jadebuſeus geſchützt belegene Nordſeebad Dangaſt als Luftkurorit erreicht hat , findet von Jahr zu Jahr mehr Anerkennun Durch die das Etabliſſement rund umſchließenden Parkanlagen es gegen rauhe Winde vollkommen geſchützt. Allen denjenig welchen die ſcharfe Luft der Jnſeln nicht zuſagt , ſei Dangaſt auf das angelegentlichſte empfohlen. Mit der Luſtkur läßt ſich eine Badekur mit warmen oder kalten Seebädern gleichzeitig ver⸗ binden. Da die Monate Auguſt und September er⸗ fahrungsmäßig an der Nordſee die ſchönſten Monate des Jahres zu ſein pflegen , ſo kann der Beſuch dieſes Badeortes Leidenden und Erholungſuchenden nicht dringend. geuug anempfohlen werden. 9 Wetterbericht der Deutſchen Seewarte vom 8. Aug. Der „ Times “ zufolge hat dies eſtorben. ag jedoch 2 8 Uhr morgens. 2 Uhr nachmittags. Stationen. Barom. Therm. ginn Statkonen. Barom. Therm. Fivg , re e m - Memel. 7703 | 13. 4 WSW 5Memel. ! 76828 | 153 W 5 ' Kiel. 586 133 W 5 Hamburg. 761. 1 160 WeW ; Hamburg. 759. 4 | 14. 1 W 5 Wien. 64. 1 16. 5 W 2 Vorkum. 60. 9 | 13. 9 WNW 4 Balentta - 61. 7 16. 7 WSW 4 Münſter. 761. 0 13. 7 W 4 Petersburg. 7518 | 170 | WyW2 Sein. t r un e 33 10. 6 ) NO 4 e. S olm ,. 3 Breslau ! so 128 We r , Karlsruhe 66. 8 | 14. 4 SW 5 Friedrichsh. 67. 6 15. 8 SSW 4 MRänchen. 669 | 12. 2 W 4 Beobachtung der Meteor. Station zu Halle. Ang. O U. ab. 0. Ang. T U. mrg. Barometer Millimeter. 753,4 752,8 Thermometer Celſius 16,3 15,8 Rel. Feuchtigkeit. 88 78 * Wind. - - SW 1 S 1 * Halle , 10. Aug. Waſſerwärme der Saale von heute früh 12 , R. e Telegraphiſche Schiffsnachrichten. * Bremen , 9. Aug. VBewegungen der Dampfer des Nord deutſchen Lloyd : „ Neckar “ iſt geſtern von Antwerpen abgegangen , „ Hohen⸗ zollern “ iſt geſtern in Antwerpen , „ Darmſtadt , geſtern in Port Said angekommin , der Reichs - Poſtdampfer „ Danzig “ iſt vorgeſtern früh mit der für Oſtaſien beſtimmten Poſt von Brindiſiſnach Port Satd abgegangen , „ Kronprinz Friedrich Wikhelm “ , am 10. Juli von Bremen abgegangen , iſt am 4. d. in Nio de Janeiro angekommen. Dampfer der Hamb. - Am. P. -. - Geſellſchaft. „ Dania “ und „ Fürſt Bismarck “ von Hamburg am 8. früh in New - York eingetroffen. 2 Waſſerſtände. ( bedeutet über , — unter Null. ) ) Saale und Uuſtrut. Fall Wuchs Artern , Brückenpegel 8. Aug. - Aug. F. - Weißenfels , Oberpegel. » r 2,42 » r2,52 ] - 10 do. Unterpegel. , 40 » r48 - 8 Halle , Unterhaupt 9. Kug. 1,86 10. Aug. v 1,84 2 - Trotha , S ⸗ — - * 1,90 ⸗ V 188 2 n Alsleben , Oberpegel ,. 8. Aug. 2,13 9. Aug. 2,39 | 4 | - do. Unterpegel. „ r 1,72 » re s - * Kalbe , Oberpege La » rr1,56 | - 3 do. Unterpegel - , 56 „ r0,86 | - ] 30 Moldau. Jſer. Eger. Elbe. e „ Aug - ſehr Budwels , 101. 2. - Torgau. 9. L a Prag. - r0,41 ] - 2 Wittenberg * - - Jungbunzlau. „ , 8 - Roßlau. „ r1,79 12 - Laun. „ 0,27 | 5 | - | WBarby. - F2,141 2 | Pardubitz. - 0,60 , 10 | - Magdeburg. „ rusul 7 - Vrandeis. „ , 70 7 - Taugermünde. ! „ 254 5 - Melnick. -. 42. 1 - J Wiittenberge. „. 30 ] 14 - Leitmeritz. - T9,25 - 8 ] Dömitz Peg. „ wu82 8 - Auſſig. 9. 9541 4 | - I ' Lauendurg. „ f1,901 6 - Dresden „ - 0521 3 - * Beobachtet mittags nach amtl. Depeſchen der kgl. Elbſtrombau⸗ Verwaltung. n Fahrtiefen am 7. Aug. Unſtrut. 1,18 m zwiſchen Artern und Hiitteburg bei der Eiſenbahnbrüce. Saale. 1,42 m bei der Hennenbrücke. - 1,00 mm zwiſchen Dürrenberg und der Eiſenbadnbrücke bei der Brücke daſelbſt. - Von der Anhaltiſchen Grenze bis Kalbe. 1,64 m bei Wisritz km 2,6. - Von Kalde bis zur Mündung in die Elbe. 1,50 m in der Stei - ſlügge km 9,5. - 1,48 mm bei Trabitz km 11,4. Handels⸗ und Berkehrs⸗ Nachrichten. — Grufonwerk. Der Frkf. Ztg. wird geſchrieben , in Ver⸗ waltungskreiſen glaube man ſich ſchon jetzt ein annähernd zu⸗ treffendes Bild von dem Ergebniſſe des mit dem 1. Okt. ab⸗ laufenden Geſchäftsjahres machen zu können. Danach ſteht das Jahr 189091 in erfreulichem Gegenſatze zu dem Vorjahre , für welches aus bekannten Gründen nur 5 Proz. Dividende vertheilt werden konnten Weg 7. , 12 und 10 Proz. der erſten drei Geſchäftsjahre ). Soviel ſich hente beurtheilen läßt , dürfte mal die Vertheilung einer mehr als doppelt ſo hohen Dividende möglich ſein ; doch iſt es wahrſcheinlich , aß die Verwaltungs⸗ Organe den Vorſchlag machen werden , etwa 10 Proz. 9 9 t — - e h e — Konkurſe in Deutſchland. Die Wahrnehmung,. daß die Zahl der Konkurſe in Deutſchland in erheblicher Weiſe zu⸗ nimmt , konnte auch wieder im Juli d. J. gemacht werden. Es wurden nach den amtlichen Bekanntmachungen im „ Reichsanz. von den Gerichten des Deutſchen Reiches im letzten Monat 614 Konkurſe eröffnet , gegen 524 im Jnli 1890. 404 im Juli 1889 und 415 im Juli⸗Durchſchniti der Jahre 1880 bis 18ſ8. Jm erſten Halbiahre ſind 3723 Konkurſe eröffnet , gegen 3119 im erſten Halbjahre 1890 , und 2682. 2788 , 2663 , 2565 , 2456 , 2378. 1591 , 2820 , 2781 und 3081 im gleichen Zeitraum der Vorjahre bis i880 zurück. Das gegenwärtige Jahr iſt alſo bisher von allen Jahren ſeit Einführung der neuen Konkursgeſehgebung bei weitem am ſchlechteſten verlaufen. - Laurahütte. Dem. - C. liegt die Bilanz der von der Laurahütte erworbenen Eintrachtshütte per 1. Sept. 1890 vor. Die Aktiven ſetzen hiernach zuſammen aus : Grundſtücke 28,597 M. , Gebände 204,942. , tenſilien 101,962 M Materialien 22,637. , Produkte 73,582. , Debitoren 49,083 M. le Paſſiven ſtehen gegenüber das Aktienkapital ſowie Kreditoren von 84,800 M. und ein Reſerveſonds von 2561. , als Rohgewinn ſind 83,429 M. verzeichnet , wovon zu Abſchreibungen 21,664 M. verwendet werden. Ueber die Vertheilung des Reingewinnes enthält die Bilanz keine Angabe. - Donnersmarckhütte. Nach vorlänfiger Feſtſtellung hat die Ge⸗ ſellſchaft in der erſten Jahreshätfte 718,744 M. verdient gegen 739,396 M. im vorigen Jahre und 453,268 M. 1889. Hierbei iſt der Gewinn aus Gießerei , Werkſtatt und Keſſelſchmiede nicht berückſichtigt , während andererſeits im laufenden Jahre ſämmtliche nicht unbedeutenden Aufwendungen zur Erweiterung und Beſſerung der Kohlengruben zu Laſten bes Betriebes beſtritten wurden. - Berliner Juteſpinnerei. Der Aufſichtsrath ſchlägt für 1890/91 eine Dividende von 4 Proz. ( im Vorjahre 7 Proz. ) vor. - Vom Kohlenmarkte. , Eſſen , 8. Ang. Lau Rheiniſch⸗Weſtſäliſchen Zeitung erhält ſich dle befeſtigt Kohlenmarktes. Ein großer Bedarf iſt bisher noch ungedeckt , allen Seiten an die Zechen ergehenden Anfragen beweiſen. Tenden , — Breslauer Blättern zufolge hat die Verwaltung der Ko Redenhütte in Zabrze den Betrieb des Walz - u werkes im alten Werk eingeſtellt , weil die Vertrieb Gewinnüberſteigen. - Ungariſche Staatseinnahmen. * , “ Peſt , 8. Aug. Der Staatskaſſenausweis ergiebt eine Roheinnahme des zweiten Quartals 1891 gegen die gleiche Zeit des Vorjahres um 5,374,313 Fl. , die Ausgaben um 1,589,264 Fl. höher. Die Bilanz des zweiten Quartals d. J. iſt demnach gegen 1890 um 3,785,049 Fl. günſtiger. — Griechiſche Finanzen. Eine athener Meldung wiener Blätter theilt nach offiziellen Juformationen mit , daß die Staatseinnahmen für die erſten änf Monate des laufenden Jahres ſich auf 28,5 Mill. Dr. belaufen , das iſt „ „ s Mill. Dr. mehr als im entſprechenden Zeitraum des Vorjahres. Gleich - ⸗ zeitig wurden vom 1. Jan. bis Ende Mat für Rechnung des vorausgegangenen Finanzjahres 10 , , Mill. Dr. vereinnahmt , während in den erſten fünf Monaten 1890 für Rechnung des Jahres 1889 nur 9,5 Mill. Dr. nachträglich eingegangen waren. Von den Geſammteinnahmen entfallen für das erſte Semeſter 1891 14. , Mill. Dr. auf die Zölle , welche ſich gegen den gleichen Abſchnitt des Vor⸗ jahres um 2 , , Mill. Dr. gehoben haben ; der Reſt des Mehrergebniſſes ſtammt aus den Monopolen , deren Einnahmen im erſten Semeſter von 3,5 , Mill. Dr. auf 3 , - Mill. Dr. geſtiegen ſind. - Argentiniſche Finanzen. * London , 8. Aug. Der „ Daily Telegraph “ will von einem Projekte wiſſen , wonach in den europäiſchen Häfen Sammelſtellen für die an Argentinien zu entrichtenden Zölle einzurichten wären , welche , theilweiſe zurückbehalten , den argentiniſchen Obligationsinbabern eine gewiſſe Gewähr böten. Zu dieſem Zwecke ſolle eine Bank für ausländiſche Zölle er - richtet werden. Als Urheber des Projektes nennt der „ Daily Telegraph “ William Holmes. - Zahlungseinſtellungen. Die Firma Emil Lindgens , mechaniſche Kleiderfabrik in Jüchen , mit Filiale in Stettin , iſt in Zahlungsſchwierigkeiten gerathen. Die Verbindlichkeiten betragen laut „ Konfekt. “ 180,000 M. - * Rom , 8. Aug. Das Bank⸗ haus Raffaelli in Florenz hat ſeine Zahlungen ein - d Puddel - koſten den geſtellt. - Ueber die Bankfirma Ferrane & Co. in Bari iſt durch gerichtliche Erklärung vom 31. Juli nunmehr der Konkurs eröffnet. - Eiſenbahn - Einnahmen. , Danzig , 8. Ang. Die Einnahmen der Marienburg - Mlawkaer Eiſenbahn betrugen im Juli 1891 nach vorläufiger eng 147,500. , gegen 137,100 M. im Jnli 1890 , mithin mehr 106,400 M. Die endgiltig feſtgeſtzte Einnahme im Juli 1890 betrug 139,232 M. Aus den bisher fertiggeſtellten endgiltigen Abrechnungen gegenüber den bezüglichen vorläufigen Publikationen wurde ein Mehr von 10,450 M. ermittelt. Dieſe Summe tritt zu vorgedachten , bis Ende Juli ermittelten vor⸗ läufigen Einnahmen von 1,116,690 M. hinzu , ſodaß die vom 1. Jan. bis 31. Aug. ermittelte Einnahme 1,127,050 M. beträgt , gegen endgiltig 1890 934,728. , demnach Mehr 192,322 M. * * New - York , 7. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Die hier herrſchende dauſſe auf dem Petroleummarkt wird der Abſchaffung der zrämien auf rohes Petroleum ſeitens der Standard Oil - Company zugeſchrieben. * New - York , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Der Werth der in der vergangenen Woche eingeführten Waaren betrug 9,835,680 Doll. ; davon für Stoffe 2,541,729 Doll. * Rio de Janeiro , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Wechſel auf London Ig. Waagren⸗ und Produktenberichte , Getreide. » Berlin , 8. Aug. Welzen ( mit Ausſchluß von Ranhwelzen ) per 1000 v Soce ſtill. Termine wenig verändert. Gekündigt - t. Kündigungspreis - M. Loco 218 - - 228 M. nach Qualität. Liefernngsqualität 223. , per dieſen Monat 219,50 - - 219 - - 219,50 bez. , per Aug. - Sept. , , per Sept. ⸗ r , r 29 - bez. , per Okt. ⸗Nov. , , per Nov. ⸗Dez. z. Roggen per 1000 kg. Loco mehr Angebot. Termine ſchwankend. Gekündigt - t. Kündigungspreis - M. Loco 212 - - 223 M. nach Qualität. Lie⸗ ferungsqualität 220. , ruſſiſcher , , inländiſcher neuer 219 - - 222 ab Bahn und frei Mühle bez. , per dieſen Monat 218,50 - - 219,25 - - 218,50 bez. , per Aug. ⸗ Sept. , , per Sept. ⸗Okt. 208,75 - - 210,50 - - 209,75 bez , per Okt. - Nov. - 20 - 206 , 25 bez , per Nov. ⸗Dez. 203,50 - - 203,25 - 204,75 - z. Gerſte per 1000 kg. Still. Große und kleine 162 - 190 M. nach Qualität. Futtergerſte 163 - - 180 M. Hafer per 1000 kg. Loco unverändert. Termine ſtill Gekündigt — i. Kündigungspreis - M. Loco 167 - - 193 M. nach Qunatttät. Lieferungs⸗ qualität 176. , pommerſcher , preußiſcher , ſchleſiſcher und ruſſiſcher mittel bis uter 168 - - 181 , feiner 186 - - 188 ab Vahn und frei Wagen bez. , ver dieſen onat 157,50 bez. , per Aug. - Sept. , , per Sept. ⸗Okt. 147,75 bez. , per Hlt. - Nov. 144,50 bez. , per Nov. ⸗Dez. 144 bez. * Magdeburg , 8. Aug. ( Gebr. Friedeberg. ) Landwelzen 236 - 240. , Welßwelzen — Vi. , glatter engl. Weizen 228 — 236. , vilauh⸗ weizen ,. , Roggen 215 - - 222. , hevallergerſſte , M. La idgerſie , -. Hafer 162 - 178 M. ver 1000 k. e Hamdurg , 8. Aug. Weizen loco feſt , holſtelntſcher loco neuer 242 - - 246. Roggen loco feſt , mecklendurgiſcher loco neuer 235 - - 240 , ruſſiſcher u e vie ar h ehe „ S. etzen per 1000 Kg netto loco inländiſcher 246 M. bez. , do. ans ländiſcher e. bez. n. Br. Feſt. her 1000 kg neito inländiſcher alter fehlt. do. neuer , zeitgemäß trokener 218 - - 226 M. bez. r r b n un ehe kg netto Braugerſte , *. er 5 vo z d -. e Sie Jrr 1000 kg netto inländiſcher o. - S. Aug. mtl. ) Weizen 23,90 - a n t - de a. 24,90 , Roggen 23,00 — ettin , 8. Aug. zen unverändert , loco 225,00 — — ber Et. di i d0 dioehen nnrerüutert ,. i h r ung 212,0 per Sept. ⸗Okt. 206,60. Pommerſcher Hafer loco 165 - - 172. n reslau , 8. Aug. Roggen per Aug. 222,00 , per Sept. ⸗ Oit. 215,00 , per I7 v Wien *. W. 8. Aug. ) Weizen per Herbſt 10,05 Gd. , 10 , Frühja i802 c. , c e geh * derdſi o e c e der t 1892 9,82 Gd. , 9,87 Br. , Hafer per Herbſt 6,15 Gd. , 6,20 Br. c Sicher Weh loco feſt , per Herbſt 9,66 Gd * Peſt , 8. Aug. r en loco feſt , I 9. , 9,68 e ⸗. , elegr. n „ ver Aug. 26,60 per Sept. 28,80 , per Sept. - Dez. 2750 per Nov. ⸗ Febr. 27,70. ſehen. a. per Ang. 18. 90 , per e 19,30. ntwerpen , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) zen feſt. Roggen feſt. Hafer be⸗ hauptet. Gerſie feſt on 8 a an W Aug. ( Telegr. ) Welzen per Nov. 247 , Roggen ver * New⸗ ort 8. Aug. [ Telegr. ) Rother Winterwelzen loco 100 / Rother We t Aug. 96. , e 160 * “ New⸗ re Mig r r h er Dez. 100. Kaffee ee Umſatz 2500 Sack. t , h Good averoge Santos per Aug. z. 67. Ruhig 81. per Sept. * per Dez. J per Mär ten i dedericht. ) Kaffee * Hamdurg , » Hamburg » Hamdur 8. Ang. , nachm. 3 Uhr 30 d les per Aug. 81. , per Sept. 81. , per Dez. 69 , ber März. Ruhig. ⸗ , 8. Ang. Java⸗ Kaffee good ordinarvy 509 , * e. in. Udr - M. ( Telegramm von Peimunn , Le & Comp. ) Kaffee in New⸗York ſchloß unverändert. Rio 15,000 Sack. M 0 Sack. Recettes für geſtern. derr 8. Aug. Vorm. 10 Uhr 30 M. ( Telegramm von Peimann Ziegler & Coinp. ) Kaffee good average Santvs per Sept. 99,765 , per Dez. 5 75 därz 83,00. Ruhig. u 8. Ang. Telegr. ) Kaſſee gar Rio⸗ ) 18 *. Rio Kr. 7 low ordinard per Sept. 15,72 , ber Nov. 13 , Zucker Magdeburger Börſe. J. Preiſe für greifbare Waare. A. Mit Verbrauchsſtener. B. Ohne Verbrauchsſteuer. 7. Aug. 8. Aug. 7. Aug. 8. Aug. Brodraff I. 2 28,25 - - 28,50 Grannl. Z. 2 2 Brodraff. - 28,00 RKornz. 929 2 17,90 - - 18,10 Gem. Raff. 2 28,00 - - 28,251 „ 680 ) 2 17,20 - - 17,40 Gm. Mellé I. 2 26,75 Nachpr. 7509 , 2 13,50 - - 15,10 Kryſiallz. 1. 2 26,75 - 27,00 Tendenz 8. Aug. 11 Uhr : Stetig. Fryſtallz. I. - Tendenz 8. Ang. 11 Uhr :. II. Terminpreiſe. ( Abzüglich Steuervergütung ) a. frei auf Speicher Magdeburg. Notizlos. b frei an Bord Hamburg. Aug. 13,47 , 13,50 bez. , 13,65 Br. , Nov. ⸗Dez. 12,55 bez. , 12,60 Br. , 13,50 G. 12,55 G. Sept. 13,42 , — 13,45 bez. , 13,50. , Dez. 12,60 bez. 13,47 , G. Jan. März 12,75 bz. , 12,85. , 12,89 E. Olt. 12,75 bez. , 12,80. , 12,77. G. März 12,90 - - 12,92 ] , bez. , 12,90 Br. , Ott. - Dez. 12,67 , Vr. , 12,62i/ , G. 12,92 , G. Nov. 12,55 bez. Tendenz : Feſt. C. Granulitrter Zucker. Aug. - — Lendenz :. Die Aelteſten der Kanfmannſchaft. Liquidationspreiſe am 8. Aug. Mittags 11 , Uhr. Abends 6 Uhr. Rohzucker Rohzucker frei auf Speicher frei an Bord frei auf Speicher frei an Bord Magdeburg. Hamburg. Magdeburg. Hamburg. Auguſt 33,20 M. 13,50 M. Auguſt 13,20 m. 13,650 R. September 13,17 / 13,47 / September 13,12 , 13,42 , Oktober 12,47 , 12,77 , Oktober 12,45 12,75 November 12,25 12,55 November 12,22 , 12,52 , Dezember 12,30 12,60 Dezember 12,27 / 12,57 , an. 1892 12,40 12,70 jan. 1892 12,85 12,65 dar. 12,50 12,80 ebr. 12,45 12. 75 März 12,60 12,90 därz 12,55 12,85 April 12,70 13,00 April 12,65 12,95 Mai 12,80 13,10 Mat 12,75 13,05 Granulirter Zucker Granulirter Zucker ſrei an Bord Hamburg frei an Bord Hamburg Aug. — Ang. Zucker - Liquidationskaſſe. * Braunſchweig , 7. Aug. ( GBericht von Eberhd. Mencke. ) Rohzucker. Die feſte Stimmung der Vorwoche beherrſchte auch in dieſer Berichtswoche den Markt , ohne daß eine Preisſteigerung zu verzeichnen wäre. Das Angebot war ein äußerſt knappes und beſchränkt ſich deshalb der Umſatz auf ein geringes Maß. Nachprodukte konnten einen etwas höheren Preis erzielen. Der Wochenumſatz des hieſigen Bezirks beziffert ſich auf ca. 15,000 Ctr. - Raffinirte Zucker. Der Abzug in raffinirtem Zucker geſtaltete ſich ferner zu einem ſehr befriedigenden : es fand ein lebhaftes Geſchäft darin ſtatt. Es notiren hente : Rafſinirter Zucker. Rohzucker. ( Polariſationen nach , Raſfinade J. M. 28,50 , excl. F. Dr. Frühling u. Dr. Schulz hier. ) II. „ 28,26 , - Kryſtall - Zucker I. M. , , excl. Melis J. 27. , Kornzucker 9620 , , gem. Naffinade „ 28,75 - — 30,00inel. S. „ Rend. 920 „ 18,00 - „ „ NMelis „ 26,25 - — 26,50 „ 889 „ 17,15 - - 17,40 „ I * I Würfelraffin. I. „ 29,50 - - 30,00 „ K. Nachpr. 93 - - 89 - — II. „ , u „ 755 R. „ 13,50 - - 15,10 „ Rübenmelaſſe , 43 “ Be ( 81,5 Brix ) efſektiv und ſpätere Lieferung , excl. Tonne : zur Entzuckerung 1,90 - - 2,160. , und für Brennereien , M. Die Preiſe ver⸗ ſtehen ſich per 50 kg. * Hamburg , 8. Aug. ( Vormittagsbericht. ] ) Rübenrohzucker I. Prodükt Waſis 88/0 Rendement , nene Uſance , frei an Bord Hamburg , ver Aug. 13,60 , per Sept. 13,47/, , per Okt. - Dez. 12,70 , per Jan. - März 12,809. ſt. * Hamburg , 8. Aug. u r Rübenrohzucker I. Produkt Baſis 88 / Kiendement , neue Uſance , rei an Bord Hamburg , ver Aug. 13,50 , per Sept. 13,47/, , per Okt. - Dez. 12,67 , per Jan. - März 12,80. Ruhig. * London , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) 962/0 Javazucker loco 15 ruhig. Rüben⸗ rohzucker loco 13/ , ruhig. * Parts , 8. Aug. Vorm. ( Telegr. ) Rohzucker 880/ , feſt , loco 35,75 à ,. Weiſer Zucker feſt. Nr. 3 per 190 kg per Aug. 36,00 , per Sept. 36,02 , per Okt. - Jan. 35,12/, , per Jan. ⸗April 95,62. * Paris , 8. Aug. , nachm. ( ( Telegr. ) Rohzucker 880 / feſt , loco 35,75 à 36,00. Weißer Zucker behauptet , Nr. 3 per 100 kg ver Aug. 36,12/, , per Sept. 36,12/2 , per Okt. - Jan. 35,00 , per Jan. ⸗April 85,50. * New - York , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Fair reſining Muscovados 2 , Spiritus. * Berltu , 8. Aug. ( Amtlich ). Spiritus mit 50 M. Verdrauchsadgabe per 100 1 à 10020 - 10,000 / nach Tralles. Gekündigt , - 1. Kündigungs - preis - M. Loco ohne Faß - bez. Spiritus mit 70 M. Verbrauchsabgabe per 100. à 1900 / - 10,000 * nach Tralles. Gek. - 1. Kündigungspreis - M. Loco ohne Faß 52 dez. Spiritus mit 50 M. Verbrauchsabgabe per 100 J. à 1002 / - 10,000 / nach Tralles. Gek. , I. Kündigungspreis , M. Loco mlt Faß , M. per dieſen Monat - bez. , Durchſchnittspreis - M. Splritus mit 70 M. Verbrauchsadgabe. Feſter , ſchließt matter. Gek 30,000. Kündigungspreis 51,8 M. Loco mit Faß , Durchſchnittspreis ,. , ver dieſen Monat und ver Aug. - Sept. 51,7 - - 52 - - 51,8 bez. , per Sept. , - bez. , per Sept. ⸗ Oft. 46,7 - - ,8 - - ,3 bez. , per Okt. - Nov. 45,2 - - 44,9 bez. , per Nov. ⸗ Dez. 44,3 - - 44,7 - 44,2 bez. , per Dez. Jan. - bez. , per Jan. - Fehr. , - bez. , per April - Mai 45 - - 45,1 - - 44,7 M. bez. * Magdeburg , 8. Aug. ( Wochenbericht von Herm. Walther. ) Auch in der verfloſſenen Woche war die Tendenz für Spiritus feſt und Preiſe haben ſich dern r vordere Termine um 1,60. , für ſrätere Sichten um etwa 50 Pfg. eſſern können. Das Geſchäft in Kartoffelſpirttus hat ſich indeſſen bisher nicht weſent⸗ lich lebhafter geſtaltet , obgleich einzelne Poſten Waare mit mäßigem Aufgelde über Berliner Notiz aus dem Markte genommen worden ſind. Die Kundſchaft iſt unverſorgt und wird ſich doch demnächſt zum Einkauf bequemen müſſen ; — daß dies nur widerwillig geſchieht , iſt bei den ſtarken Schwankungen der Preiſe , welche für vordere Termine von einer Berliner Hochpartei , für ſpätere Sichten von den Witterungsverhältniſſen beeinflußt werden , kein Wunder. — Bezahlt wurde für 70er Wame 52 - 53 - - 52,70 M. für 1001. r. A. vom Lager unter freier Vorhaltung der Gebinde. Melaſſeſpiritus in verhältnißmäßig kleinen Poſten umgeſetzt , war etwas beliebter als Kartoffelſpiritus und erzielte 49,30 - — 560,50 M. für Aug. ⸗Lieferung ; Termine neuer Brennzeit wenig beachtet. » Leipztig , 8. ; Spiritus per 10,000 I e Faß mit 50 M. Ver⸗ brauchsabgabe 71,60 M. , mit 70 M. do. 51,80 M. G. » Poſen , 8. Aug. Solritus loco ohne Faß ( 50er ) 70,10 , do. loco ohne seß 7. s A. Sr. ug a 35 * Pamburg , 8. Aug. p ruhig , per Aug. - Sept. 352 , Br. , per Sept. ⸗Okt. 36 * , Br. , ver Okt. - Nov. 36 Br. , per n 34. Br. » » Breslau , 8. Aug. Spiritus per 100 ! 100 / excl. 60 M. Verbranchsad⸗ gaben per Aug. 70,20 , do. do. 70 M. Verbrauchsabgaden per Aug. 50,20 , do. do Aug. - Sept. 50,20 , do. do. per Sept. ⸗Okt. 46,00. Stettitn , 8. a Spiritus feſt , loco ohne Faß mit 70 M. Kon⸗ ſumſieuer 61,30 , ver Aug. Sept. mit 7 u 9 t T r plecigi Telegr. ) Spiritus behauptet Au aris , 8. Aug. u elegr. ritu u per 42,90 , per Sept. 40,60 , Sept. ⸗ Dez. per Jan. ⸗April 38,75. s Petralenm. ; Serlin , 8. Aug. ( Amtl. ) Petroleum ( Raſſinirtes Standard white ) per 100 kg m Se ün el 100 Ctr. Termine feſt. Seine Künd 18 , M. Loco , -. , per dieſen Monat i. Dur 2 e Steitin , 8 An eher To. der Dez ⸗ Jan. , » Hamburg. 8. Au : Br, , der Se Se 8,02 Br. Petroleum ftill , Standard white loco 6,35 * Grem Schlußbericht. ] Vetrolenm Standard whhlte loco » Bremen. 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) [ Schlußbericht. ] Raffinſrtes , Tyſe 6,05 bez. Niedriger. » Antwervpen , g. Aug. welß , loco 16 Vr. , per Aug. 16 Br. , per Sept. ⸗Dez. 16 Br. Ruhig. — Halle. Druck und Verlag von Otto Hendel. I * New - York , 8. Aug. n ( Telegr. ) Raffiniries wetroleum Standard wößlte m “ 6,60 - - 6,75 Gd. , do. Standard while in Philadelphia 6,55 - — - 6,70 75 ne i u in New - ⸗Porkt 6,85 , do. Plpe line Cerllſicales per Sept. 70 *. Ruhig , ſtetig. e ori s Aug. , vormlttags. ( Telegr. ) ( Anfangskurſe. ) Petroleum Pipe live certiſicates per Sept. 59 , Oelſgaten. Oele. Fettwaaren. * Berklin , 8. Aug. ( Amtl. ) Rüböl per 100 kg mit Faß. Termine höher. Gekündigt , Cir. Kündigungsprels , M. Loco mit Faß , loco ohne Faß , , ver dieſen Monat , -. , Durch hnittopte , , ber rer Ang. - Sept. - - , per Sept. ⸗Okt. 60 , — 60,9 bez. , per Okt. - Nov. 69,9. , per Nov. ⸗Dez. 61,00 bez. , per April - Mai 61,3 - - 61,5 bez. * Leipzig , 8. Aug. Raps per 1000 kg netlo trockner 260 - - 270 M. feuchter 240 - - 250 M. bez. u. Br. Rapskuchen ver 100 kg netto , - Rüböl per 100 kg netto ohne Faß 61,650 M. G. Ruhig » Breslau , 8. Aug. Rüböl per Aug. 63,50 , ver Sept. - Olt 63,50 » Stettin , 8. Aug. Rüböl ſtill , per Aug. 61,00 , per Sept ⸗Okt. 61,00 M. » Köln , 8. Aug. Rüböl loco 65,00 , per Okt. 64,30 , per Mat 1892 65,00. » Hamdurg , 8. Aug. Rüböl ( unverzollt ) behauptet , loco e3 » Peſt , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Kohlraps per Aug. - Sept 15,89 Gd. , 15,90 Br. » Parls , 8. Aug. ( Schlußber. ) ( Telegr. ) Rüböl behauptet , per Ang. 74,50 , per Sept. 75,25 , per Sept. ⸗ Dez. 76,25 , per Jan. ⸗April 78,00. » New - Yort , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Schmalz loco 6,75 , do. ( Rohe S Brotbers ) 6,95. Hülſenfrüchte. * Berlin , 7. Aug. ( Pol. - Präſ. ) Erbſen , gelbe zum Kochen , 24 - - 40 M. Spelſebohnen , welße 24 - - 46. , Linſen 30 - 60 M. per 100 kg. * Berlin , 8. Aug. ( Amtl. ) Mais per 1000 kg. Loco ſtill. Termine geſchäftslos. Gekündigt - t. Kündigungspreis - M. Loco 150 - - 160 M. nach Qualität , Durchſchnitlspreis ,. , per dieſen Monat , per Aug. - ⸗ Sept. “ per Sept. ⸗Okt. , - bez. , per Okt. ⸗Nov. , , per Nov. ⸗Dez. , - z. Erbſen per 1000 kg. Kochwaare 188 - - 200. , Futterwaare 189 - - 186. , nach Oualität. * Leipzig , 8. Aug. Mais per 1000 ke netto amerikaniſcher 163 M. Br. , do. rumäniſcher , -. , do. Donau 160 M. bez. Br. , do. ungariſcher. e “ ſen , 8. Aug. ( Amtl. ) Erbſen , gelbe z. , 20 - - 22 , Speiſe - bohnen , weiß , 22 - - 24 , Linſen 16 - - 20 M. per 100 kg. * Wien , 8. Aug. ( ( Telegr. ) Mais per Juli - Ang. 6,49 Gd , 6,43 Br. , Moen - - Br. Rat W 600 G 6 * Peſt , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) ais per Aug. - Sept. 6 ,. , 6,05 Br. , per Mai⸗Juni 1892 8,32 Gd. , 5,34 Br. e * New - York , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Mais per Sept. 66 ] ,. Mehl. » Berlin , 8. Aug. ( Amtl. ) Roggenmehl Nr. 0 u. 1 per 100 kgabr. inkl. Sack. Termine höher. Cek. , Sack. Kündigungépreis ,. , per dieſen Monat 29,70 - - 29,80 bez. , Durchſchnittspreis ,. , per Ang. Sept. , per Sept. ⸗Okt. 28,70 - 8,80 bez. , per Okt. - Nov. 28,30 — 28,40 bez. per Nov. ⸗Dez. 27,95 - - 28,5 bez. » Berlin , 8. Ang. Weizenmehl Nr. 00 32,25 - - 30,25. Nr. 0 30 - - 28,50 bez. Feine Marken über Notiz bez. Beſſere Frage. Roggeumehl Nr. 0 u. 1 30,25 - 29,50 , do. feine Marken Nr. 0 u. 1 31 - - 30,25 bez. Nr. 0 1,75 M. höher als Nr. 0 u. 1 per 100 kg. br. inkl. Sack. Rege Frage. * Paris , 8. Aug. , abends. ( Schlußbver. ) Mehl ruhig , per Aug. 59,20 per Sept. 60,10 , per Sep. - Dez. 61,10 , per Nov. Febr. 61,60. * New - York , 8. Aug. ( Telegr. ) Mehl 4 V. 35 C. Butter. Eier. Fleiſch. * Berlin , 7. Aug. Pol. - Präſ. ) Rindſteiſch , von der Kenle , 1,23 - 69 , Bauchflelſch 1,00 - - 1,40 , Schweinefletſch 1,10 - - 1,69 , albflelſch 1,10 - — 1,60 , Hammel⸗ ßeg 1,900 - - 1,60 , Butter 1,80 - - 2,80 M. per 1 kg. , Eier. 40 - 3 69 M. ver 60 Stück. Kartoffeln. * Berlin , 7 Aug. ( Pol. - Präſ. ) Kartoſſeln 6,25 - 10,00 W. per ( 0 g. * Nordhauſen , 8. Aug. ( Amtl. ) Kartoffeln 11,00 - - 12,00 M. ver 100 g. Heringe. Sardellen * Vlaardingen , 7. Aug. ( Bericht der Herren Betz & van Heyſt. ) Neue yolländiſche Heringe. Die Fiſcherei wird ohne beſonders glän⸗ zendes Ergebniß fortgeſetzt. Jn der ganzen abgelaufenen Woche wurden nur 7000 Tonnen dem totalen Fang von 32,090 Tonnen hinzugefügt und ſo dieſer gebracht auf 39,000 Tonnen gegen 84,000 Tonnen in 1890 , 61,900 Tonnen in 1889 , 20,900 Tonnen in 1888. Die Folgen der ſchlechten Fiſcherei blieben denn auch nicht aus. Vei ſehr viel Kaufluſt lief der Markt dieſe Woche auf 271 / M. für prima , 32 / M. für ſortirte und 34 / M. für Superior , wozu wir heute mit Poſten nur frei⸗ bleibend anbieten. Obſchon das Ausland nur zögernd dieſer Erhöhung beitrat , kam doch Mitte der Woche mehr Kaufluſt , zumal die Berichte über die ſchottiſche Fiſcherei eden⸗ falls ungünſtig bleiben und daſelbſt ſchon eine Fehlmenge von 200 , 00 Tonnen konſtatirt iſt. Fügt man hierzu die Fehlmenge der holländiſchen F ſcherei , ſo bedarf es wohl keines weiteren Beweiſes , daß ein Ansfall von 280,000 Tounen wohl eine tüchtige Preiserhöhung rechtfertigt. Sardellen. Durch etwas Nachfrage und geringes Angebot ging der Markt etwas voraus. Wir notiren unſere ſchöne , auf eigenen Einſalzereien beſonders präparirte Qualität : 1891er Zuiderſee - Sardellen 27,50 M. 1890er ⸗ -. , - 1890er „ große Sorte 45 , - „ 1890er Brabauter Bei Partien von 100 Ankern. böher. 60 , - / Bei 10 Ankern 0,50 M. und bei 1 Anker 1 * Futterartikel e. Hamburg , 8. Aug. Palmkuchen , deutſche 115 M. Cocosnußkuchen deutſche 155 - - 166. , Banmwollſaatkuchen 135 - 140 M. , Erdnuß⸗ kuchen 135 - - 155 M. je nach Qual. , Rappskuchen 120 — 125. , Lein⸗ kuchen 140. , Palmkernſchrot 109 - - 195 M. , für 1000 kx. Rüböl matt. loco 62,00 M. Br. Leinöl matt , loco 43,50 M. Br. Oelkuchen. Leinen » Hamburg , 8. Aug. Oelkuchen. ( Bericht von Cölle und Gliemann. ) Die Frage für Lieferungswaare war auch in dieſer Woche geringer , doch wurde die Lage dadurch nicht beeinflußt , bleibt vielmehr ſowohl für prompte als ſpätere Sichten durchaus ſtabil , Eine Ausnahme davon machten nur Erdnußkuchen , bei welchen die großen Ankünfte momentan auf den Markt etwas drücken. Wir notiren heute : Erdnußkuchen , haarfrei 134 - - 154. , do. in Haartnch ge⸗ preßt 132 - - 143. , Kokoskuchen 136 - - 160. , Seſamkuchen 127 - 134. , Amerik. Baumwollſaatkuchen und Mehl 137 - 152. , Rappkuchen , aus in⸗ ger Saat 129. , Palmkuchen 114. , Leinkuchen 148 M. ver 1000 Kilg ab hier. Wolle. Baumbwolle. * Letpzig , 8. Aug. Kammzug - Terminhandel. La Plata. Grund⸗ mnuſter B. per Aug. 4,15 , per Sept. 4,17 , per Okt. 4,20 , per Nov. 4,22 per Dez. 4,22 , per Jan. 4,80 , per Febr. 4,20 , per März 420 , per April 4,20. Umſatz 145,000 kg. Behauptet. La Plata Contract C. unverändert. * Antwerpen , 8. Aug. Wolle. ( Telegr. von Wilkens & Komp. ) La Plata⸗Zug , Type B. Sept. 5,12 , Verkänſer , Okt. 5,12/, , Nov. 5,15 , Dez. 5 , 17 , Käufer , Jan. 5,17 , Verkäufer. * Liperpool , S. u Baumwolle ( Anfangsbericht ). Muthmaßlicher Um⸗ ſatz 10,000 B Feſter. Tagesimport , - B. * Liverpool , 8. Aug. , nachm. 12 Uhr 10 Min. Baumwolle. Umſag 12,000. , davon für Spekulation und Export 1000 B. Feſt. Middl. amerik. Lieferungen : / höher. * Liverpool , 7. Aug. , nachm. 4 Uhr 10 Min. Baumwolle ( Schlußber. Umſatz 12,000. , davon ſür Spelulation und Export 1000 B. Feſt. Middl. amerik. Lieferungen : Aug. - Sept. 4 / Käuferpreis , Sept. ⸗Okt. 4. do. , Qkt. ⸗Kov. 4 , do. , Nov. ⸗Dez. 4 u do. , Dez ⸗Jan. 4 “ , Verkänſerpreis , r br. 4 * Känferpreis , Febr. ⸗ März 4 *. do. , März - April 4 , do. ar ril 42 / d. Werth. » New - York , 8. Aug. in New - Orleans 7 , » New - York , 8. Aug. Baumwollen - Wochenbericht.
| 18,633 |
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%20%28Missouri%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Morley (Missouri)
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https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morley (Missouri)&action=history
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Min Nan Chinese
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Spoken
| 26 | 73 |
Morley sī Bí-kok Missouri chiu Scott kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu (city).
Jîn-kháu
Chit ūi tī 2010 nî ê jîn-kháu-sò͘ sī 697 lâng.
Missouri ê chng-thâu
| 23,199 |
https://github.com/forensicanalysis/artifactcollector/blob/master/Dockerfile
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license
| 2,023 |
artifactcollector
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forensicanalysis
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Dockerfile
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Code
| 51 | 198 |
FROM golang:1.2.2
RUN apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys AA8E81B4331F7F50
RUN apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 9D6D8F6BC857C906
RUN apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 7638D0442B90D010
RUN apt-key update
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y --force-yes mingw-w64
ENV GOOS=windows
ENV GOARCH=386
ENV CC=gcc
RUN cd /usr/src/go/src && bash make.bash
ENV CGO_ENABLED=1
ENV CC=i686-w64-mingw32-gcc
| 45,068 |
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07790
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arXiv
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Open Science
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CC-By
| 2,021 |
Statistical study of electron density turbulence and ion-cyclotron waves in the inner heliosphere: Solar Orbiter observations
|
F. Carbone, L. Sorriso-Valvo, Yu. V. Khotyaintsev, K. Steinvall, A.
Vecchio, D. Telloni, E. Yordanova, D. B. Graham, N. J. T. Edberg, A. I.
Eriksson, E. P. G. Johansson, C. L. V\'asconez, M. Maksimovic, R. Bruno, R.
D'Amicis, S. D. Bale, T. Chust, V. Krasnoselskikh, M. Kretzschmar, E.
Lorf\`evre, D. Plettemeier, J. Soucek, M. Steller, \v{S}. \v{S}tver\'ak, P.
Tr\'avn\'icek, A. Vaivads, T. S. Horbury, H. O'Brien, V. Angelini and V.
Evans
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English
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Spoken
| 12,431 | 24,632 |
11institutetext: National Research Council – Institute of Atmospheric
Pollution Research, C/o University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
22institutetext: Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Ångström
Laboratory, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden 33institutetext: CNR,
Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi, via Amendola 122/D, 70126,
Bari, Italy 44institutetext: LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL,
CNRS, Sorbonne, Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place
Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France 55institutetext: Research Institute for
Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen,
The Netherlands 66institutetext: National Institute for Astrophysics -
Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Italy 77institutetext: Departamento de
Física, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, 170525,
Quito, Ecuador 88institutetext: National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) -
Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IAPS), Via Fosso del
Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Rome, Italy 99institutetext: Space Sciences Laboratory,
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 1010institutetext: Physics
Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 1111institutetext:
LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris,
Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, Paris, France 1212institutetext: LPC2E,
CNRS, 3A avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
1313institutetext: Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France 1414institutetext:
CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France 1515institutetext:
Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Str. 35, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
1616institutetext: Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of
Sciences, Prague, Czechia 1717institutetext: Space Research Institute,
Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria 1818institutetext: Astronomical
Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia 1919institutetext:
Department of Space and Plasma Physics, School of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden;
2020institutetext: Space and Atmospheric Physics, The Blackett Laboratory,
Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
# Statistical study of electron density turbulence and ion-cyclotron waves in
the inner heliosphere: Solar Orbiter observations
F. Carbone 11 L. Sorriso-Valvo, Corresponding author:
[email protected] Yu. V. Khotyaintsev 22 K. Steinvall 22 A. Vecchio
4455 D. Telloni 66 E. Yordanova 22 D. B. Graham 22 N. J. T. Edberg 22 A. I.
Eriksson 22 E. P. G. Johansson 22 C. L. Vásconez 77 M. Maksimovic 55 R. Bruno
88 R. D’Amicis 88 S. D. Bale 991010 T. Chust 1111 V. Krasnoselskikh 1212 M.
Kretzschmar 12121313 E. Lorfèvre 1414 D. Plettemeier 1515 J. Souček 1616 M.
Steller 1717 Š. Štverák 18181616 P. Trávníček 991616 A. Vaivads 12121919 T. S.
Horbury 2020 H. O’Brien 2020 V. Angelini 2020 V. Evans 2020
###### Abstract
Context. The recently released spacecraft potential measured by the RPW
instrument on-board Solar Orbiter has been used to estimate the solar wind
electron density in the inner heliosphere.
Aims. Solar-wind electron density measured during June 2020 has been analysed
to obtain a thorough characterization of the turbulence and intermittency
properties of the fluctuations. Magnetic field data have been used to describe
the presence of ion-scale waves.
Methods. Selected intervals have been extracted to study and quantify the
properties of turbulence. The Empirical Mode Decomposition has been used to
obtain the generalized marginal Hilbert spectrum, equivalent to the structure
functions analysis, and additionally reducing issues typical of non-
stationary, short time series. The presence of waves was quantitatively
determined introducing a parameter describing the time-dependent, frequency-
filtered wave power.
Results. A well defined inertial range with power-law scaling has been found
almost everywhere. However, the Kolmogorov scaling and the typical
intermittency effects are only present in part of the samples. Other intervals
have shallower spectra and more irregular intermittency, not described by
models of turbulence. These are observed predominantly during intervals of
enhanced ion frequency wave activity. Comparisons with compressible magnetic
field intermittency (from the MAG instrument) and with an estimate of the
solar wind velocity (using electric and magnetic field) are also provided to
give general context and help determine the cause for the anomalous
fluctuations.
## 1 Introduction
The turbulent nature of solar wind fluctuations has been investigated for more
than half a century (see, e.g. Bruno & Carbone, 2016). Advances are constantly
achieved thanks to the increasingly accurate measurements of several dedicated
space mission, to the enormous improvement of numerical calculation, to new
detailed models and theoretical frameworks, and to the development of specific
data analysis techniques. Nevertheless, the extremely complex nature of the
system and the coexistence of multiple actors, scales, and dynamical regimes
result in a large number of still open questions (Viall & Borovsky, 2020).
Among these, the very nature of the turbulent cascade of the solar wind flow
and its relationship with the small-scale processes still need to be described
in full (Tu & Marsch, 1995; Bruno & Carbone, 2013; Matthaeus & Velli, 2011;
Chen, 2016). Magnetic field fluctuations have been characterized with great
detail at magnetohydrodynamic and kinetic scales, for example through spectral
and high-order moments analysis (Tu & Marsch, 1995; Bruno & Carbone, 2013).
The anisotropic nature of magnetic turbulence has also been addressed, and is
still being debated, due to the limited access to three-dimensional
measurements in space (see, e.g. Horbury et al., 2008; Sorriso-Valvo, L. et
al., 2010; Horbury et al., 2012; Yordanova et al., 2015; Verdini et al., 2018;
Telloni et al., 2019; Oughton & Matthaeus, 2020). Velocity fluctuations have
been studied thoroughly (see, e.g. Sorriso-Valvo et al., 1999; Bruno &
Carbone, 2013), although the kinetic scales still remain quite unexplored for
instrumental limitations, most notably in sampling time resolution. Both
velocity and magnetic field show highly variable turbulence properties, with
well developed spectra, strong intermittency (Sorriso-Valvo et al., 1999),
anisotropy, and linear third-order moments scaling (Sorriso-Valvo et al.,
2007; Carbone et al., 2011). The level of Alfvénic fluctuations (mostly but
not exclusively found in fast streams, see e.g. D’Amicis et al., 2011; Bruno,
R. et al., 2019) are believed to be associated with the state of the
turbulence. In particular, solar wind samples containing more Alfvénic
fluctuations are typically associated with less developed turbulence, as
inferred from both shallower spectra and reduced intermittency (see Bruno &
Carbone, 2013, and references therein). This is consistent with the
expectation that uncorrelated Alfvénic fluctuations contribute to reduce the
nonlinear cascade by sweeping away the interacting structures (Dobrowolny et
al., 1980), as also confirmed by the observed anticorrelation between the
turbulent energy cascade rate and the cross-helicity (Smith et al., 2009;
Marino et al., 2011b, a).
Conversely, density fluctuations have been only partially explored, due in
part to the unavailability of high-frequency time series, and in part to their
supposedly secondary relevance in the nearly incompressible solar-wind
dynamics. In recent years, studies have shown that proton density is also
turbulent and intermittent (Hnat et al., 2003, 2005), with the turbulence
characteristics often depending of the Alfvénic nature of each specific solar
wind interval. In particular, it is understood that in the nearly
incompressible Alfvénic solar wind the turbulence of density fluctuations is
strongly similar to that of magnetic field magnitude, both behaving like
scalar quantities passively advected by velocity and magnetic components
turbulence (Goldreich & Sridhar, 1995; Chen et al., 2012). Conversely, in the
more compressive non-Alfvénic solar wind (more typically associated with slow
streams) they are actively contributing to the nonlinear transfer of energy
(Schekochihin et al., 2009; Boldyrev et al., 2013). The radial evolution of
proton density turbulence was examined, providing evidence of complex,
unexpected behaviours (Bruno et al., 2014). Modeling of the radial evolution
was attempted based on the parametric instability, expected to generate
increasingly compressive fluctuations as the solar wind expands away from the
sun. However, despite the analysis provided some insight, the lack of
statistical description still prevents the validation of models that could
provide a prediction for the radial evolution of the density fluctuations.
Finally, sub-ion scale density turbulence has been performed using high-
resolution proton density measurements from Spektr-R (Chen et al., 2014;
Riazantseva et al., 2019) and electron density from MMS (Roberts et al.,
2020), but results could not be fully conclusive about the nature of the
multifractal and intermittency properties of the fluctuations (Sorriso-Valvo
et al., 2017; Carbone et al., 2018). Therefore, a deeper analysis of solar
wind density fluctuations is necessary in order to constrain modelings and to
understand the role of density fluctuations in the magnetohydrodynamic
turbulent cascade. Note that, although the above studies may refer either to
proton or electron density, depending on the instrument used for the
measurements, at the scales of interest for turbulence the two can be safely
considered equal for the quasi neutrality condition of solar wind plasma.
Recent development in electromagnetic wave payload has allowed to obtain
density fluctuations from the measurement of the spacecraft potential
(Pedersen, 1995; Roberts et al., 2017). This gave access to higher-frequency,
accurate density measurements. In particular, the Solar Orbiter spacecraft
(Müller, D. et al., 2020) was launched in February 2020, equipped with both
remote and in situ instrumentation aiming at investigating the sun and the
solar wind from and within the inner heliospehre (Zouganelis, I. et al.,
2020). The Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument (Maksimovic, M. et al.,
2020) measures the spacecraft potential with unprecedented accuracy, allowing
the estimation of the high-cadence solar wind electron density (Khotyaintsev,
Y. et al., 2021). Together with the enhanced data quality provided by Solar
Orbiter instruments, novel data analysis techniques are emerging that improve
the delicate measurement of turbulence parameters in solar wind data. Among
these, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD, Huang et al., 2008) has been
successfully used to mitigate short-sample and large-scale structures effects
(Carbone et al., 2018; Alberti et al., 2019). This paper aims at providing the
first description of the properties of turbulence as obtained applying EMD-
based analysis techniques to the Solar Orbiter RPW density measurements taken
during the month of June 2020 (Khotyaintsev, Y. et al., 2021).
The results are discussed in relation to solar wind parameters and magnetic
field turbulence, studied applying the same EMD-based techniques to the MAG
instrument (Horbury, T. S. et al., 2020). Moreover, after introducing a novel
parameter to describe the presence of ion-scale waves, the relationship
between the properties of turbulence and such waves has been analyzed.
Section 2 provides a description of the data used for the analysis. In Section
3 the techniques used for the analysis of turbulent fluctuations and the
corresponding results are described. In Section 4 the wave parameter is
introduced and the presence of ion-scale waves is discussed. Section 5 gives a
detailed discussion on the existing correlations between solar wind,
turbulence and wave parameters and their implications. Finally, conclusions
are summarized in Section 6.
## 2 Description of data
In order to study the properties of turbulence of solar wind density
fluctuations, we make use of Solar Orbiter measurements taken from 7 to 29
June 2020, when the spacecraft was orbiting the Sun between 0.52 AU and 0.55
AU. During that time interval, the Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) plasma
instruments (Owen, C. J. et al., 2020) were not operational, so that direct
measurements of proton and electron moments are not available. Here, we use
the 16 Hz electron density $n_{e}$, accurately estimated from the RPW probe-
to-spacecraft potential measurements (Maksimovic, M. et al., 2020). The
equilibrium floating potential of the spacecraft is reached when the current
due to photo-electrons emitted from the spacecraft is balanced by the plasma
current collected by the spacecraft. The equilibrium is reached
instantaneously (0.1-1 ms) on the time scales of interest for the turbulence
studies. From the current balance we can find that the electron density has an
exponential relation to the spacecraft potential. Then making an exponential
fit of the spacecraft potential to the electron density obtained from the
high-frequency measurement of plasma quasi-thermal noise one can find the
relation for approximate conversion of the probe-to-spacecraft potential to
electron density. Details on the density estimation technique are given in
Khotyaintsev, Y. et al. (2021).
Localized estimates of the solar wind speed from the deHoffmann-Teller (HT)
analysis of electromagnetic fluctuations are used to provide general context,
most notably discriminating between fast and slow solar wind streams. HT
analysis is used to find the velocity of the frame in which the electric field
is zero. In the solar wind, where current sheets and MHD turbulence are
ubiquitous, the HT velocity is in general a good estimate of the solar wind
velocity. In order to get reasonable coverage, estimates of the solar wind
speed $V_{sw}$ were obtained every ten minutes by applying the HT analysis on
one-hour running intervals of E and B data. Details about the HT analysis can
be found in Steinvall et al. (2021).
Finally, magnetic field vector $\mathbf{B}$ measurements from the magnetometer
(MAG) (Horbury, T. S. et al., 2020) are studied for comparison.
Due to the presence of large gaps in the electron density data, and to avoid
strong violation of homogeneity and stationarity, a number of intervals of
variable length were extracted from the electron density time series
$n_{e}(t)$. All intervals were chosen as relatively stationary, covering at
least $1$ hour data, and could only include a few data gaps shorter than $5$
seconds. The remaining missing points have been interpolated linearly. Such
criteria resulted in the selection of $36$ sub-intervals, whose list and
macroscopic details (starting and ending time, interval duration, mean
distance from the Sun, estimated mean solar wind bulk speed, and the angle
between the ambient magnetic field and the radial direction averaged over each
interval) are given in Table 1. Given the estimated solar wind speed, the
Taylor hypothesis (Taylor, 1938) is considered valid throughout the whole data
set, and allows to interpret the time series as equivalent to a space
ensemble, therefore enabling the standard tools for turbulence analysis.
Figure 1 shows an overview of the above parameters for the whole month of June
2020. The overall solar wind conditions are variable, with alternation of fast
and slow streams, as well as complex coronal mass ejection structures (as
studied in detail by Telloni et al., 2021). However, the selected sub-
intervals, whose duration is between one and six hours, are typically embedded
in homogeneous solar wind conditions.
Figure 1: From top to bottom: solar wind electron density $n_{e}$ (RPW), deHoffmann-Teller solar wind velocity estimate $V_{sw}$ (RPW) and interplanetary magnetic field components $B_{i}$ and magnitude $|B|$ (MAG), measured by Solar Orbiter during the whole month of June 2020. Table 1: List of $36$ intervals selected for this work. For each interval, the list includes initial and final time, duration $\Delta\mathcal{W}$, estimated deHoffmann-Teller solar wind speed $V_{sw}$, average angle between the magnetic field and the radial direction $\theta_{vb}$, and the identified group (see Section 3.3). Sample | Start time | End time | $\Delta\mathcal{W}$ $[$hour$]$ | $V_{sw}$ $[$km/s$]$ | $\theta_{vb}$ | Group
---|---|---|---|---|---|---
07-June-2020
1 | 05:22:13 | 06:28:53 | 1.11 | 228 | 80 | 1
2 | 09:26:39 | 12:02:13 | 2.59 | 353.84 | 95 | 1
3 | 12:35:33 | 13:48:47 | 1.22 | 353.84 | 78 | 1
4 | 14:00:00 | 16:39:26 | 2.66 | 650 | 86 | 1
5 | 16:42:33 | 19:57:46 | 3.25 | 430$\pm$62 | 88 | 1
6 | 20:05:53 | 23:47:59 | 3.70 | 354$\pm$12 | 128 | 1
08-June-2020
7 | 00:00:00 | 01:51:06 | 1.85 | 430$\pm$25 | 130 | 1
8 | 01:56:39 | 03:52:23 | 1.93 | 398.07 | 117 | 2
9 | 04:00:00 | 07:08:53 | 3.15 | 415.76 | 127 | 2
10 | 07:31:06 | 10:28:53 | 2.96 | 500 | 129 | 2
11 | 10:39:59 | 11:53:11 | 1.22 | 415.76 | 123 | 1
12 | 13:35:00 | 15:52:59 | 2.30 | 440$\pm$12 | 131 | 2
09-June-2020
13 | 00:00:00 | 03:57:59 | 3.97 | 614$\pm$43 | 133 | 3
14 | 04:10:33 | 10:01:59 | 5.86 | 514$\pm$50 | 157 | 1
15 | 10:59:59 | 15:58:59 | 4.98 | 555$\pm$27 | 148 | 1
16 | 18:02:46 | 21:00:33 | 2.96 | 485$\pm$16 | 143 | 3
17 | 21:01:40 | 23:52:46 | 2.85 | 535$\pm$47 | 145 | 1
10-June-2020
18 | 04:05:17 | 07:36:23 | 3.52 | 522$\pm$25 | 155 | 2
19 | 07:47:30 | 12:58:37 | 5.19 | 443$\pm$35 | 136 | 2
20 | 19:00:50 | 22:09:44 | 3.15 | 425$\pm$25 | 149 | 2
11-June-2020
21 | 00:00:00 | 02:57:46 | 2.96 | 541$\pm$55 | 154 | 2
22 | 04:05:17 | 06:57:30 | 2.87 | 529$\pm$27 | 159 | 1
23 | 09:38:37 | 12:36:24 | 2.96 | 397$\pm$37 | 138 | 3
24 | 17:00:50 | 21:27:30 | 4.44 | 407$\pm$42 | 118 | 1
14-June-2020
25 | 00:00:00 | 01:01:06 | 1.02 | 415.76 | 149 | 2
20-June-2020
26 | 00:55:33 | 03:08:53 | 2.22 | 575 (e) | 172 | 1
27 | 03:19:59 | 06:55:33 | 3.59 | 525 (e) | 165 | 2
22-June-2020
28 | 01:58:09 | 04:33:42 | 2.59 | 542$\pm$75 | 118 | 1
29 | 16:08:47 | 18:54:38 | 2.76 | 517$\pm$59 | 120 | 1
24-June-2020
30 | 04:26:39 | 06:17:46 | 1.85 | 379$\pm$16 | 176 | 2
31 | 14:30:33 | 16:06:39 | 1.60 | 300 | 169 | 3
32 | 16:47:46 | 17:57:46 | 1.17 | 403 | 147 | 1
27-June-2020
33 | 05:33:19 | 07:57:46 | 2.41 | 283.07 | 79 | 1
34 | 08:19:59 | 11:06:39 | 2.78 | 303$\pm$48 | 61 | 1
35 | 19:02:01 | 22:55:21 | 3.89 | 386$\pm$28 | 118 | 1
29-June-2020
36 | 16:20:33 | 18:00:33 | 1.67 | 278 | 162 | 2
## 3 Analysis of solar wind electron density turbulence
The properties of turbulent fields are usually studied through standard
statistical analysis techniques. Among others, these may include (Dudok de Wit
et al., 2013): the autocorrelation function, used to determine specific scales
of the data; the power spectral density $E(f)$, providing information on the
self-similar energy redistribution among scales; and the structure functions
(SF)
$S_{q}(\ell_{t})\equiv\langle[n_{e}(t+\ell_{t})-n_{e}(t)]^{q}\rangle\sim\ell_{t}^{\zeta(q)}$,
with $\ell_{t}$ representing the time scale of the field increments, whose
anomalous scaling exponents $\zeta(q)$ are able to quantitatively describe the
effects of intermittency, namely the inhomogeneous nature of the turbulent
cascade (Frisch, 1995). Related to the structure functions, the kurtosis of
the distribution function of the fluctuations
$K(\ell_{t})=S_{4}(\ell_{t})/S_{2}^{2}(\ell_{t})$ is often used to quantify
the intermittency effects. However, such techniques may be sensitive to the
data sample characteristics, resulting in undesired effects not attributed to
the turbulent energy cascade, but rather due, for example, to finite sample
size, limited stationarity, or presence of superposed structures larger than
the typical turbulence scales (for example non-turbulence related current
sheets or velocity shears). Such issues are often occurring in ecliptic solar
wind intervals, where instrumental performance and the intrinsic wind
variability may prevent ideal experimental conditions for the study of
turbulence (Carbone et al., 2018). The magnification shown in the top two
panels Figure 2 shows an example of selected intervals (specifically, sub-
intervals 26 and 27, both on June 20). The presence of large-scale modulation
of the density profile, sporadic sharp gradients similar to ramp-cliff
structures, and the general lack of strict stationarity appear evident
(Matthaeus & Goldstein, 1982; Perri & Balogh, 2010).
In order to mitigate the effects of such large-scale features, we make use of
the Hilbert-Huang transform to obtain more precise estimators of the
generalized high-order spectra.
Figure 2: Two examples of adjacent intervals during day 20 June 2020. Left:
interval 26; right panel: interval 27. From top to bottom: interplanetary
magnetic field components $B_{i}$ and magnitude $|B|$ (MAG); electron density
$n_{e}$ (RPW); magnetic filed spectrogram; perpendicular magnetic field
components coherence; perpendicular magnetic field components phase angle;
wave parameter $Q_{w}(t)$ (see Section 4).
### 3.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition
The technique used here is based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)
(Huang et al., 1998; Jánosi & Müller, 2005; Carbone et al., 2016b). This is a
self-consistent, data-driven projection of a time series (as in this case the
solar wind electron density $n_{e}(t)$) on a finite number $n$ of empirical
basis functions $\phi_{j}(t)$, called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), so that
$n_{e}(t)=\sum_{j=1}^{n}\phi_{j}(t)+r_{n}(t)\ .$ (1)
The additive residual function $r_{n}(t)$ describes the mean trend. Each IMF
can be characterized by the instantaneous timescale $\tau_{j}(t)$. The
decomposition is based on a recursive procedure, consisting of two main stages
(Huang et al., 1998): (i) the local extrema of $n_{e}(t)$ are interpolated
through cubic spline to provide superior and inferior envelops of the time
series; and (ii) the average between the two envelops is subtracted from the
original data. The resulting field is accepted as an IMF if it satisfies the
following specific criteria: the number of local extrema and zero crossings
does not differ by more than one, and the average between the IMF superior and
inferior envelopes is zero at all times. Otherwise, the procedure is repeated
on the remaining IMF until the criteria are met according to the so called
3-thresholds stoppage criterion (with the following standard choice of
parameters: $\delta=0.05$, $\xi_{1}=0.05$, and $\xi_{2}=10\xi_{1}$, see
Rilling et al., 2003).
Some examples of IMFs and the associated residual, as obtained trough the
above EMD decomposition of the solar wind electron density $n_{e}$, are shown
in the left panels of Figure 3 for sample $1$. For clarity, only odd IMFs have
been plotted.
Figure 3: Left panel: an example of IMFs $\phi_{j}(t)$ for sample $1$ (black
lines). The bottom plot (red line) represents the residual $r_{n}(t)$. For
better readability, only odd IMFs have been plotted. Central panel: average
timescale $\langle\tau_{j}\rangle$ of each IMF of sample 1 as a function of
the mode $j$. Error bars represent the $95\%$ confidence bounds. The dashed
line is a least square fit obtained from the relation
$\langle\tau_{j}\rangle=\alpha\gamma^{j}$. Right panel: IMF variance
$\text{Var}(\phi_{j})$ as a function of the average period
$\langle\tau_{j}\rangle$ for sample $1$, with the associated $95\%$ confidence
bounds. The dashed line represents the relation
$\text{Var}(\phi_{j})\sim\langle\tau_{j}\rangle^{2\mathcal{H}}$, being
$\mathcal{H}$ the Hurst number (see the list for all intervals in Table 2).
Although the instantaneous frequency of the modes is variable, the figure
highlights that each mode $j$ has a characteristic narrow frequency band, so
that a mean period $\langle\tau_{j}\rangle$ and an associated variance
$\text{Var}(\phi_{j})$ can be properly defined. Indeed, EMD acts intrinsically
as a dyadic filter bank (Wu & Huang, 2004; Flandrin et al., 2004; Flandrin &
Goncalves, 2004; Huang & Shen, 2005), each IMF effectively capturing a narrow
frequency band. However, the general features of the various IMFs depend on
the specific process under analysis. For a turbulent field (Huang et al.,
2008; Carbone et al., 2016a, 2018, 2020a) or for a multifractal process
(Carbone et al., 2010; Sorriso-Valvo et al., 2017), the characteristic mean
period grows exponentially as $\langle\tau_{j}\rangle=\alpha\gamma^{j}$, where
$\langle\cdot\rangle$ represents an ensemble average (in this case, average
over time). The basis $\gamma$ can be evaluated empirically from the IMFs. For
an exact dyadic decomposition $\gamma=2$. Additionally, the variance of the
IMF scales as a power of the mean timescale,
$\text{Var}(\phi_{j})\sim\langle\tau_{j}\rangle^{2\mathcal{H}}$. The scaling
exponent $\mathcal{H}$ is the Hurst number, a parameter describing the
persistence or anti-persistence of the fluctuations of the process under
analysis (Nava et al., 2016; Carbone et al., 2019).
The scaling of the mean period for sample $1$ is shown in the central panel of
Figure 3. The value $\gamma=1.88\pm 0.11$ obtained through a least-square
exponential fit is compatible with the expected value for a dyadic
decomposition, showing that EMD is correctly decomposing the data. Moreover,
the Hurst number $\mathcal{H}=0.348\pm 0.04$ is obtained from the regression
of the IMFs variance versus the average period, as shown in the right panel of
Figure 3. In this example, $\mathcal{H}$ is compatible with the standard value
for classical fluid or magnetic turbulence $\mathcal{H}=0.37$ (Benzi et al.,
1993; Arneodo et al., 1996; Bruno & Carbone, 2016), and indicates persistence
of the fluctuations typical of intermittency.
Using the above procedure, the Hurst number has been evaluated for all $36$
intervals. The results, listed in Table 2, show some variability that will be
discussed and compared to other parameters in Section 5.
### 3.2 Arbitrary Order Hilbert Spectral analysis
The Hilbert Spectral Analysis (HSA) is an extension of the basic EMD designed
to characterize scale-invariant properties directly in the amplitude-frequency
space (Huang et al., 2008). It provides the equivalent of the power spectral
density and high order moments of a field fluctuations (the structure
functions), therefore representing a viable alternative to those standard
tools. After decomposing the field under study in its IMFs, the Hilbert
transform of each mode is computed as:
$\phi_{j}^{\star}(t)=\frac{1}{\pi}P\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\frac{\phi_{j}(t^{\prime})}{t-t^{\prime}}$
(2)
where $P$ is the Cauchy principle value. The Hilbert representation allows to
extract a time-dependent instantaneous frequency
$f_{j}(t)\equiv\tau_{j}^{-1}(t)$ and a time-dependent amplitude modulation
$\mathcal{A}_{j}(t)$, by constructing the so called analytical signal
$\Phi_{j}(t)=\phi_{j}(t)+i\phi_{j}^{\star}(t)\equiv\mathcal{A}_{j}(t)e^{i\theta_{j}(t)}$
(Cohen, 1995). Here
$\mathcal{A}_{j}(t)=|\Phi_{j}(t)|\equiv\sqrt{\phi_{j}^{2}(t)+{\phi_{j}^{\star}}^{2}(t)}$
and $\theta_{j}(t)=\arctan[\phi_{j}^{\star}(t)/\phi_{j}(t)]$ are the
instantaneous amplitude modulation and the instantaneous phase oscillation,
respectively (the instantaneous frequency being defined as
$f_{j}(t)=2\pi^{-1}d\theta_{j}(t)/dt$) (Long et al., 1995; Cohen, 1995;
Flandrin, 1999).
After rewriting the original signal in terms of $\mathcal{A}_{j}$ and
$\theta_{j}$,
$n_{e}=\text{Real}\left[\sum_{j}\mathcal{A}_{j}(t)\exp\left(i\int
f_{i}(t)dt\right)\right]$, the energy as a function of the instantaneous
frequency $f$ and time, can be defined as $h(f)=\int_{0}^{\infty}H(f,t)dt$, or
the marginal integration of the Hilbert spectrum
$H(f,t)\equiv\mathcal{A}^{2}(f,t)$ (being $H(f,t)$ a representation of the
original signal at the local level) (Huang et al., 1998, 2009). An equivalent
definition of $H(f,t)$ can be obtained from the joint probability density
function of the instantaneous frequency and amplitude
$P(f_{j},\mathcal{A}_{j})$ (Long et al., 1995), extracted from the IMFs. In
this case, the Hilbert marginal spectrum is the second statistical moment of
such distribution, analog to the Fourier spectral energy density:
$h(f)\equiv\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)=\int_{0}^{\infty}P(f,\mathcal{A})\mathcal{A}^{2}d\mathcal{A}\
.$ (3)
The above definition can be then generalized to any arbitrary moment $q\geq
0$, representing the analogous of the standard structure functions of the
fluctuations:
$\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)=\int_{0}^{\infty}P(f,\mathcal{A})\mathcal{A}^{q}d\mathcal{A}\
.$ (4)
Equations (3-4) are used here to estimate the spectral and intermittency
properties of the electron density turbulence of the $36$ sub-intervals of
this study.
The left panel of Figure 4 shows one example of the equivalent spectrum
$\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)$ (blue circles), obtained through the HSA described above,
for sample $1$. For comparison, the classical power spectral density $E(f)$
(red line), evaluated through the Welch’s method (Welch, 1967), and the
second-order structure function $S_{2}(\ell_{t}^{-1})$ are also shown. Both
spectra clearly display power-law scaling $E(f),\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)\sim
f^{-\beta_{2}}$, in the frequency range $f\in[3\times 10^{-3},10^{-1}]$,
compatible with the typical inertial range of time-scales. Similarly, the
second-order structure function also show a very clear power law scaling. In
all three cases, the power-law scaling of $\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)$ is compatible
with the standard Kolmogorov predictions
($S_{2}(\ell_{t})\sim\ell_{t}^{2/3}\to E(f)\sim f^{-5/3}$), also shown in the
left panel of the figure.
The HSA equivalent spectrum $\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)$ displays a slightly better
power-law scaling than the traditional Fourier spectral density, which has
some weak amplitude modulation. Thanks to the local nature of the EMD
analysis, the sources of such modulation can be removed, allowing to obtain a
more precise determination of the spectral scaling exponents. This corresponds
to isolating the properties of the turbulent cascade from the possible effects
of the instrumental noise, and of the larger-scale energy inhomogeneity (Huang
et al., 2010; Carbone et al., 2018; Telloni et al., 2019). Note that the
power-law scaling range can vary for the various samples, but always includes
at least one decade of scales. The two spectral estimators are not always
nicely superposing, with the Fourier spectrum occasionally presenting stronger
modulations (not shown). This suggests the possible presence of large-scale
modulations, which may affect the Fourier spectra but are well controlled by
the HSA.
Figure 4: Left panel: second order Hilbert spectrum $\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)$ (blue
circles), the classical Fourier PSD (Welch, 1967) $E(f)$ (red line), and the
second-order structure function $S_{2}(\ell_{t})$ (green squares, plotted as a
function of the inverse timescale $\ell_{t}$), for sample 1. Power-scaling is
present in the same frequency range for all methods. The dashed line
represents the classical Kolmogorov scaling $\mathcal{L}_{2}(f)\sim f^{-5/3}$,
while the dotted line represent the expected scaling for the second-order
structure function $S_{2}(\ell_{t})\sim\ell_{t}^{\zeta(2)}$
($\zeta(2)=\beta_{2}-1$). Central panel: generalized Hilbert spectra
$\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)$ for $q\in[1,5]$, obtained for sample 1. The curves have
been vertically shifted for clarity. The shaded area represents the frequency
range of the bootstrapping least-square fit. Right panel: same as in the
central panel, for sample 9. The power behavior is still present, but the
power-law exponents are considerably different.
In order to achieve robust estimate, the scaling exponent of the $q$-th
Hilbert spectrum $\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)$ was evaluated via the residual
resampling (bootstrapping) procedure (Bradley & Robert, 1994; Carbone et al.,
2020b). First, a least square fit is performed on each $\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)$,
then the residuals are randomly resampled and added to the fit, generating a
new data-set (replica). The replica is then fitted again, and the procedure is
repeated for a number of times, in this case $N_{boot}=10^{4}$ (Boos &
Stefanski, 2010; Wilcox, 2010). Such large number of replica is necessary for
correctly evaluating confidence or prediction interval, wile in general simple
statistical tests require a smaller number ($N_{boot}\in[50,100]$) (Dale L. et
al., 2012). The probability distribution of the exponents $\beta_{q}$ (or the
scaling exponents $\beta_{q}-1$) obtained from the $N_{boot}$ least square
fits is finally used to estimate the $50$-th percentile (median of the
distribution), used as the best estimate of the exponents, and the statistical
error ($95\%$ confidence interval) (Efron et al., 2015; Wilcox, 2010). Figure
5 shows two examples of the distribution $P(\beta_{2})$ estimated for samples
$1$ and $9$ using the bootstrapping technique. The red dotted vertical line
represents the median, and the black dashed lines represents the statistical
error.
Figure 5: Probability distribution function $P(\beta_{2})$ of the scaling
exponents $\beta_{2}$, constructed via bootstrap resampling, for sample 1
(upper panel), and sample 9 (lower panel). In both panels, the vertical dotted
line represents the median of the distribution ($50$th percentile), while the
vertical dashed bars indicate the $95\%$ confidence interval (enclosed between
$2.5$th and $97.5$th percentile).
In the examples shown in the figure, the median of the distribution provides
the scaling exponent $\beta_{2}=1.72\pm 0.14$ for sample $1$ (the error
indicating the $95\%$ confidence interval), in excellent agreement with the
classical scaling for the fully developed hydrodynamic turbulence
$\beta_{2}\approx 1.7$ (Benzi et al., 1993), and a shallower
$\beta_{2}=1.51\pm 0.10$ for sample $9$, consistent with the Iroshnikov-
Kraichnan spectrum for Alfvénic turbulence (Iroshnikov, 1964; Kraichnan,
1965). Values of $\beta_{2}$ were obtained for all $36$ samples. A discussion
about these values, collected in Table 2, will be provided in next Subsection
and in Section 5.
### 3.3 Scaling exponents and intermittency analysis
In the framework of the standard Kolmogorov turbulence, a direct link exists
between the Fourier spectral exponent $E\sim f^{-\beta}$ and the scaling
exponent of the second-order structure function,
$S_{2}\sim\ell_{t}^{\zeta(2)}$, so that $\beta-1=\zeta(2)$. This relationship
can be extended to any moment order $q$ of the generalized Hilbert spectra
$\mathcal{L}_{q}\sim f^{-\beta_{q}}$, yielding the generalized scaling
exponents $\xi(q)\equiv\beta_{q}-1$ (Huang et al., 2010; Carbone et al.,
2016a). These are the analogous of the scaling exponents $\zeta(q)$ obtained
using the standard structure functions (Frisch, 1995; Benzi et al., 1993;
Arneodo et al., 1996), and can be used to retrieve quantitative information on
the properties of turbulence. Additionally, the structure function scaling
exponents are linked to the Hurst number via the relation
$\zeta(q)=q\mathcal{H}$ (in absence of intermittency corrections). This allows
an alternative estimate of the Hurst number using, for example, the first-
order exponent $\mathcal{H}=\beta_{1}-1\equiv\xi(1)$.
The central and right panels of Figure 4 show two examples of
$\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)$ (for intervals 1 and 9), obtained from Equation 4 up to
the $5$th order, for the electron density $n_{e}$ in samples $1$ and $9$. All
curves presents good power-law scaling for all orders, approximately in the
inertial range of frequencies (shaded areas). The associated generalized
Hilbert spectra scaling exponents $\beta_{q}$, and hence the equivalent
structure-function scaling exponents $\xi(q)$, were obtained through the
bootstrapping procedure described above and were used to determine the
intermittency properties of the electron density. In order to check the
quality of the procedure, the first-order exponents were initially used to
obtain the alternative estimate of the Hurst number. For the example of sample
1, the value $\mathcal{H}=0.32\pm 0.06$ was obtained, in good agreement with
the value obtained through the regression of the IMF variance versus the
average timescale, illustrated in Figure 3. This was consistently observed for
all the 36 samples. The power-law exponents of $\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)$ are
visibly different in the two intervals shown in the central and right paneThe
power-law exponents of $\mathcal{L}_{q}(f)$ are visibly different in the two
intervals shown in the central and right panels of Figure 4.
ls of Figure 4. For $q=2$, this can be also more quantitatively noticed by
comparing the distributions and median values shown in Figure 5 for the same
intervals.
The scaling exponents $\xi(q)$ are shown in the top- and bottom-left panels of
Figure 6 for most of the samples, separated in two groups as will be described
in the following. The scaling exponents for the magnetic field magnitude
$|\mathbf{B}|$ (central panels) and radial component $B_{r}$ (right panels)
are shown for comparison. For all cases included in the figure, the curvature
of the exponents with respect to the linear prediction of the non-intermittent
Kolmogorov phenomenology is evident. This universal behaviour of turbulence is
due to the effects of the intermittency, or anomalous dissipation (Kolmogorov,
1962; Schmitt et al., 1994; Schmitt, 2003; Bruno & Carbone, 2016; Carbone et
al., 2019), and are related to the multifractal nature of the turbulent
cascade (Meneveau & Sreenivasan, 1991; Davis et al., 1994; Sorriso-Valvo et
al., 2017). In all panels, the scaling exponents from a classical measure of
fluid intermittent turbulence are also shown for comparison Benzi et al.
(1993). In order to describe their intermittency behaviour, the 36 samples
were then separated in three groups, according to the behaviour of the
generalized scaling exponents and of the Hurst number, with respect to the
standard fluid turbulence reference. Note that, for each sample, the same
behaviour is consistently observed for density and magnetic field.
The first group (group 1, including 21 intervals) displays the typical
statistical features of fully developed turbulence (top panels of Figure 6).
For these samples, the scaling exponents are consistent with the reference
values from fluid turbulence, and are well described (not shown) by models of
intermittent turbulence (e.g. the p-model by Meneveau & Sreenivasan, 1991, not
shown). In particular, the equivalent spectral exponent $\beta_{2}>1.55$ is
always compatible with the Kolmogorov scaling ($\beta_{2}=5/3$). Furthermore,
for samples in this group $\mathcal{H}\in[0.30,0.39]$, compatible with the
classical value obtained for ordinary fluid turbulence $\mathcal{H}=0.37$.
From these observations, we conclude that the samples in group 1 are
characterized by a standard turbulence, with the expected power-law spectra,
presence of small-scale intermittent structures and anti-persistent
fluctuations.
In the second group (group 2, including 11 samples), the scaling exponents are
characterized by more extreme deviation from the linear prediction, and by
much smaller values (bottom panels of Figure 6). These exponents also deviate
considerably from the fluid reference, and their order dependence cannot be
described by standard models of turbulence (not shown). The equivalent
spectral exponents $\beta_{2}<1.55$ are shallower than the Kolmogorov scaling,
and in some cases are compatible with the Iroshnikov-Kraichnan scaling. The
Hurst number is also consistently smaller than for standard turbulence,
$\mathcal{H}\in[0.16,0.26]$. These observations suggest that, unlike in group
1, the density and magnetic fluctuations in these samples may not be generated
by a standard turbulent cascade. Some other processes might coexist, modifying
the statistics. Note that the EMD-based analysis constrains the effects of
finite-size sample, poor stationarity and large-scale structures effects.
Therefore, it can be claimed that the observed features might be related to
the presence of small- or inertial-scale fluctuations that are not generated
only by a turbulent cascade.
The third group (group 3, not shown) includes 4 samples that do not show clear
power-law scaling of the generalized Hilbert spectra for all orders, so that
not all the scaling exponents are available. These intervals, associated with
small Hurst number and spectral exponent, are therefore not representative of
turbulence.
Figure 6: Top-left panel: HSA equivalent scaling exponents $\xi(q)$ for group
1 (blue circles) and their average (black crosses). The exponents $\zeta(q)$
for velocity fluctuations in the inertial range of hydrodynamic turbulence
(red squares) are shown for reference (Benzi et al., 1993). The dashed line
represents the theoretical expectation $\zeta(q)=q/3$ (Kolmogorov, 1941). Top-
center and top-right panels: equivalent scaling exponents for the magnetic
field radial component $B_{r}$ and magnitude $|B|$, for group 1. Bottom
panels: same as the top panels, for the intervals of group 2.
The multifractal nature of the fluctuations can be quantitatively described
fitting the scaling exponents $\xi(q)$ to a log-normal model (Schmitt, 2003;
Medina et al., 2015):
$\xi(q)=q\mathcal{H}-\frac{\mu}{2}\left(q^{2}-q\right)\ .$ (5)
The model is able to describe standard intermittent turbulence when the
curvature parameter $\mu\approx 0.02$. For other multifractal processes, not
generated by a nonlinear turbulent cascade, different values can be obtained.
One example of log-normal model fit of the equivalent scaling exponents
$\xi(q)$ is shown in Figure 7 for group 1 (sample 10, red circles), giving
$\mu=0.019\pm 0.004$. The model was also fitted to the exponents obtained
ensemble-averaging all samples of group 1 (stars), providing
$\mu^{\star}=0.023\pm 0.002$. Alternatively, the average parameter computed
using the results of the fit of all samples of group 1 is
$\langle\mu\rangle_{1}=0.028\pm 0.010$ (the error representing the standard
deviation). All the above values are in good agreement with those observed for
standard turbulence. Similar values were obtained for the magnetic field
magnitude $\left|B\right|$ (e.g., $\langle\mu\rangle_{1}=0.027\pm 0.010$). The
exponents for group 2 were also fitted to relation 5. In that case, the
resulting parameters were generally smaller, with average
$\langle\mu\rangle_{2}=0.013\pm 0.01$. The parameters from all 36 intervals
are plotted in one of the panels of Figure 9 and will be discussed in Section
5. While there is a considerable spread in both groups, the parameters for
group 2 appear generally smaller, confirming that the fluctuations have
peculiar, strongly multifractal structures that do not simply originate from a
nonlinear turbulent cascade.
Figure 7: Least square fit of the scaling exponents $\xi(q)$ via the log-
normal cascade model (5) (lines), for sample 10 (red circles) and for the
average of all exponents (black stars). The fitting parameter $\mu$ is in
agreement with that of classical hydrodynamic turbulence $\mu\approx 0.02$.
Finally, in order to include also one example of standard data analysis
technique for intermittent turbulence, we have estimated the kurtosis of the
fluctuation distribution, namely the ratio between the fourth-order and the
squared second-order structure functions
$K(\ell_{t})=S_{4}/S_{2}^{2}\sim\ell_{t}^{-\kappa}$ (Frisch, 1995; Dudok de
Wit et al., 2013). The kurtosis provides information on the shape of the
distribution of the scale-dependent fluctuations. At large scales (comparable
with the system correlation scale) the Gaussian value $K=3$ is typically
observed. As the scale decreases, the inhomogeneous turbulent cascade
generates intermittent structures, so that the distribution deviates from
Gaussian, corresponding to increasing $K$. The scaling properties of
turbulence result in the power-law scaling of $K$ in the inertial range. The
scaling exponent $\kappa$ is a good measure of the efficiency of the cascade,
namely how rapidly the small-scale structures are generated. This depends on
the nature of the nonlinear interactions and can be used as a quantitative
measure of intermittency (Castaing et al., 1990; Carbone & Sorriso-Valvo,
2014). The kurtosis was estimated for all intervals, and a power-law fit was
performed whenever a long enough scaling range was observed. An example of $K$
with power-law fit is shown in Figure 8. The resulting fitting parameters
$\kappa$ are collected in Table 2.
Figure 8: Scale-dependent kurtosis $K(\ell_{t})$ for samples 26 (group 1) and
27 (group 2). Power-law fits $K(\ell_{t})\sim\ell_{t}^{-\kappa}$ give the
indicated exponents $\kappa$. The Gaussian value $K=3$ is also shown
(horizontal dotted line).
)
## 4 Observation of ion cyclotron waves
Observations of solar wind data often reveals the presence of wave activity
near the end of the MHD inertial cascade range, and close to the kinetic
plasma range. These are typically identified as kinetic Alfvén waves (KAW), or
ion-cyclotron waves (ICW), among other modes (see e.g. Bale et al., 2005;
Kiyani et al., 2012).
In order to explore the relationship between the observation of ion-scale
waves and the properties of the inertial range turbulence, we have introduced
a quantity that enables the identification of waves and quantitatively
assesses their presence in the time series. The technique for the
identification of the waves is described in detail in Khotyaintsev, Y. et al.
(2021), where it has been used to determine that the observed fluctuations are
most likely ion cyclotron waves. A brief description of the technique is given
in the following. The first step is to rotate the magnetic field into the
field-aligned coordinates using $\mathbf{B}$ low-pass filtered at 0.01 Hz as
the background magnetic field. The power-spectrum of the resulting transverse
component, $\delta B_{\perp}$, is shown in the third panels from the top of
Figure 2. Subsequently, the coherence between the two perpendicular magnetic
field components is computed (fourth panel). This will have large values if
circularly-polarized ion-scale waves are present. If the coherence is larger
than an arbitrary threshold (0.65) in a frequency range near or below the
proton gyro-frequency, the phase angle between the two perpendicular magnetic
components is also computed (fifth panel), allowing to determine the
fluctuations handedness; as we are interested in circularly-polarized waves,
we exclude the phases outside the intervals $+90^{\circ}\pm 45^{\circ}$
(right-handed waves) and $-90^{\circ}\pm 45^{\circ}$ (left-handed waves).
Using the above indicators, it is therefore possible to unambiguously identify
regions with circularly-polarized wave activity both in time and frequency.
The perpendicular magnetic power is finally integrated in the identified wave
intervals and frequency band (with lower and higher frequencies $f_{1}$ and
$f_{2}$ respectively to be identified according to the above criteria), namely
within the wave patches clearly visible in the phase angle plot. This
procedure provides the time series of one frequency-integrated local parameter
$Q_{w}=\int^{f_{1}}_{f_{2}}{\delta B_{\perp}^{2}df}$, defined for each data
point in the time series, indicating the total power associated to the wave-
like fluctuations. Note that the parameter is not computed outside of the wave
patches. The bottom panels of Figure 2 shows two examples of wave parameter
$Q_{w}$ for samples 26 and 27. Interval 26 (left panel) with highly irregular
and intermittent behaviour, capturing the corresponding wave patches observed
in the scalograms. In the adjacent interval 27 (right panel), waves are nearly
absent, and accordingly the wave parameter values are negligible.
Finally, using the time series of frequency-integrated wave power, two similar
global parameters can be computed to quantitatively assess the occurrence of
waves within each interval. The first one is simply obtained as the time-
integrated power $\bar{Q}_{w}=\int{Q_{w}}dt$, the integration being intended
over each interval. The second one is the average over the interval
$\langle{Q}_{w}\rangle=\bar{Q}_{w}/\Delta\mathcal{W}$, taking into account the
density of waves within each interval. The obtained values are listed in Table
2 for all intervals. In some occasions, when no waves were identified, the
parameters were set to 0. The wave parameters $\bar{Q}_{w}$ and
$\langle{Q}_{w}\rangle$ will be used in Section 5 to determine possible
correlations with the turbulence parameters.
## 5 Discussion
Once the turbulent properties of the fluctuations and the presence of ion-
scale waves have been quantitatively assessed, it is possible to investigate
correlations between the two phenomena. This may help understanding the
dynamical processes of solar wind plasmas, and in particular the cross-scale
coupling between fluid and sub-ion processes. Using the results of the
analysis for the 36 samples, correlation coefficients have been computed
between pairs of parameters of solar wind ($V_{sw}$ and $\theta_{vb}$),
turbulence (Hurst number, spectral exponent, kurtosis and intermittency), and
waves (the two estimators presented in Section 4). Both linear (Pearson) and
nonlinear (Spearman) coefficients have been computed. For each pair of
parameters, the largest of the two has been considered. The complete list of
coefficients for all pairs is presented in Table 3. As expected, some of the
parameters are trivially correlated with each other, such for example those
related to different scaling exponents of the same field, or the two wave
parameters. Others display known correlations, associated with the nature of
the solar wind intervals. However, despite the high variability of the
parameters and the experimental conditions, some non-trivially related pairs
show moderate, non-negligible correlation. These are highlighted in bold in
Table 3. The most interesting correlation was found between the wave
indicators ($\bar{Q_{w}}$ and $\langle Q_{w}\rangle$) and the intermittency
parameters ($\mu$ and $\kappa$). For example, $C(\langle
Q_{w}\rangle,\mu)=-0.5$ indicates that intervals with substantial presence of
ion-scale waves are likely to show reduced intermittency. This observation
clearly highlights the link between the characteristics of the fluid-scale
turbulent cascade to the excitation of waves at ion scales.
A more visual description is provided by the scatter plots of pairs of
parameters listed in Tables 1 and 2, shown in Figure 9 for some pairs of
parameters from Table 3. In all panels, the samples are color-coded according
to their group as determined in Section 3.1 (group 1: blue circles; group 2:
red squares; group 3: green triangles). Whenever relevant, vertical or
horizontal lines indicate typical value of the parameters for standard fluid
turbulence. The top-left panel, plotting the wind speed and the density Hurst
number, highlights the clear separation between group 1 (mostly large Hurst
number) and groups 2 and 3 (smaller Hurst number). Additionally, it clearly
shows that while intervals of group 1 belong to both fast and slow wind,
nearly all intervals of groups 2 and 3 (with one single exception) belong to
faster solar wind. It is worth noting that the flow speed does not necessarily
act as an ordering parameter for Alfvénicity, though slow wind is generally
less Alfvénic than fast wind (see for example D’Amicis et al., 2021, and
references therein). Specifically, fast wind can exhibit different levels of
Alfvénicity. In this respect, the top-left panel suggests that the lack of
Alfvénicity in the slow wind assures a more developed turbulence, while
possible enhancements in Alfvénic nature of the fluctuations in some (though
not all) fast wind samples may prevent plasma from fully developing into a
turbulent state. It turns out that in the samples studied here the fast wind
can include both standard and reduced turbulence intervals (e.g. with
shallower spectra), depending on the corresponding level of Alfvénic
fluctuations. We remind that while solar wind turbulence is likely strongly
driven by Alfvénic fluctuations, these need to include both counterpropagating
modes in order to effectively generate nonlinear interactions. On the other
hand, if the fluctuations are unbalanced, with one mode prevailing over the
other (typically resulting in a definite sign large cross-helicity), then the
sweeping effect strongly reduces the nonlinear interactions, resulting in
weaker turbulence and shallower spectra (Dobrowolny et al., 1980).
The top-center panel of Figure 9 shows that the angle between the magnetic
field and the radial direction (approximately corresponding to the velocity
vector and in turn to the sampling direction, at such distances) is also
relevant to the turbulence. In particular, for group 1 intervals the
Kolmogorov spectrum (dashed line) is observed at all angles. On the contrary,
groups 2 and 3, characterized by a shallower spectrum, only include intervals
with nearly radial field. This suggests that during intervals belonging to
groups 2 and 3, Solar Orbiter sampled parallel fluctuations (namely the slab
component of turbulence), which are generally less evolved and likely more
Alfvénic with respect to 2D turbulence. Interestingly, this result is in
contrast with critical balance theory (Goldreich & Sridhar, 1995; Telloni et
al., 2019), which predicts a steeper spectrum (with a scaling close to $-2$)
for parallel fluctuations (an interesting discussion on the validity and
relevance of critical balance in solar wind turbulence is provided in Oughton
& Matthaeus, 2020).
The top-right panel of Figure 9 shows that strong intermittency (large
kurtosis) is mostly observed in intervals with quasi-perpendicular field.
Additionally, it highlights the good correlation existing between the angle
and the intermittency exponent $\kappa$, demonstrating that $\theta_{vb}$ is a
good ordering parameter for intermittency. As mentioned above, in the studied
intervals the solar wind plasma is likely to be more Alfvénic at quasi-
parallel angles, where the turbulence is only poorly developed. The stochastic
nature of the Alfvénic fluctuations tends to reduce the intermittency, which
is indeed lower at larger angles. On the other hand, at quasi-perpendicular
angles, where the turbulence is more fully developed (possibly in association
with reduced Alfvénic fluctuations), the mitigating effect of Alfvénicity is
lower and the coherent structures advected by the wind tend to emerge,
resulting in the observed increasing intermittency.
The bottom-left panel of Figure 9 shows the strong overall correlation between
the spectral exponents of electron density and magnetic field magnitude. For
the intervals of group 1, spectral exponents of both fields are mostly
consistent with the standard Kolmogorov value. On the contrary, the evident
linear correlation for the more variable exponents of groups 2 and 3 strongly
suggests the Alfvénic nature of the fluctuations, with well correlated
compressive magnetic magnitude and plasma density fluctuations. It is indeed
worth reminding that density behaves as a passive scalar (it reproduces the
magnetic field magnitude characteristics) only in the Alfvénic solar wind,
where the contribution of compressive fluctuations is negligible. In this
perspective, for intervals in groups 2 and 3 the plasma density can be
considered as a proxy of the magnetic field for the turbulent properties
(spectral scaling, intermittency, etc.).
In the bottom-center panel of Figure 9, the correlation between the angle and
the wave density parameter is shown. In this case, no clear separation between
the three groups is observed. However, it is evident that for intervals with
perpendicular field the wave density is always small (note that 5 intervals of
group 1 for which $\langle Q_{w}\rangle=0$ have been artificially represented
on the logarithmic vertical axis by the open blue circles at 0.1). The four
intervals of group 3 are also characterized by large presence of waves. This
is in good agreement with the expectations. Indeed, the presence of KAWs (at
quasi-perpendicular angles) and ICWs (at quasi-parallel angles) strictly
depends on the presence of Alfvénic fluctuations at fluid scales. Larger
Alfvénicity is associated with enhanced presence of waves at ion scales, as
first shown by Bruno & Telloni (2015) (see Fig. 2 therein) on a single case
study, and then corroborated on a statistical data set by Telloni et al.
(2019) (see Fig. 3c therein).
Finally, the bottom-right panel of Figure 9 shows the correlation between the
intermittency scaling exponent $\kappa$ and the total wave power $\langle
Q_{w}\rangle$. For group 1 intervals with no waves, the same representation as
in the bottom-center panel has been adopted. The observed correlation is a
very interesting result. Indeed, despite the scattered plot, a general trend
is evident: stronger intermittency intervals have less wave activity. This is
in striking agreement with a scenario in which for higher the Alfvénic
fluctuations (which implies a lower intermittency), the presence of waves at
ion scales (and, in turn, the related measured energy) is larger. This has
been very recently validated by the statistical work by Telloni et al. (2019).
The overall conclusion gained from the examination of Figure 9 is that 2D
fluctuations (fluctuations sampled at quasi-perpendicular angles with the
magnetic field) are always characterized by strong Kolmogorov turbulence,
strong intermittency and absence of wave activity. A a less Alfvénic content
is also suggested. As discussed above, all these fluid and kinetic
characteristics are strictly related to each other. On the other hand, slab
fluctuations (fluctuations sampled at quasi-radial directions) are associated
with less developed turbulence (smaller spectral exponent and intermittency
parameters) and stronger ion-scale wave activity. A higher Alfvénic content
(which acts to make less efficient the nonlinear interactions) can be inferred
for these intervals.
In this respect, the speed of the solar wind flows does not seem to be an
order parameter, Alfvénicity being a more suitable one.
Figure 9: Scatter plots of pairs of solar wind, turbulence and wave parameters
(see Table 1 and 2). Blue, red and green points indicate intervals of group 1,
2 and 3 respectively. Blue open circles in the bottom central and left panels
represent intervals with wave zero parameters, for clarity, their value is set
to 0.1 in order to be represented in the logarithmic vertical axis. Vertical
and horizontal lines indicate standard fluid turbulence reference vales. The
correlation coefficient is indicated (Table 3).
## 6 Conclusions
We have presented the first analysis of turbulence and intermittency of the
solar wind electron density measured by the RPW instrument on-board the Solar
Orbiter spacecraft. 36 intervals were selected during the month of June 2020,
when Solar Orbiter was located in the inner heliosphere, approximately at 0.5
AU from the Sun. The study was performed using standard analysis techniques as
well as the Empirical Mode Decomposition. It was found that the intervals
could be separated in three groups, according to their agreement with standard
turbulence parameters. The distinction was attributed to the different level
of Alfvénic fluctuations, which in the absence of plasma measurements was
inferred from the turbulence characteristics. Using the magnetic field
measurements from the MAG instrument, the presence of ion-scale waves has been
detected through coherence analysis. These waves have been identified as being
mostly ion cyclotron waves. A new parameter has been introduced to determine
quantitatively the energy associated to waves in a given frequency range.
Making use of such parameter, two estimators were introduced to assess the
overall wave activity within each interval. Comparing these wave parameters
with the turbulence indicators, it has been found that intervals with enhanced
presence of waves are also characterized by anomalous turbulence and weaker
intermittency of the solar wind density. While the study of statistical
correlations cannot determine the causality relation between the phenomena, it
definitely provides constrains and, in this specific case, can help
understanding the cross-scale connection between the fluid scales and the ion-
scales. The possible role of Alfvénic fluctuations in driving both the
observed ion cyclotron waves and the reduced turbulence and intermittency was
highlighted.
The preliminary results described in this paper demonstrate the unprecedented
high quality of the Solar Orbiter RPW electron density data estimated using
the probe-to-spacecraft potential. The excellent performances of the EMD-based
analysis allowed the accurate determination of turbulence parameters. The
results described here represent the most detailed description of turbulence
of solar wind density fluctuations so far. While these results are generally
in line with previous observations at 1 AU, future studies of Solar Orbiter
measurements will finally allow us to determine the radial evolution of the
properties of density turbulence.
Furthermore, the novel parameter providing quantitative assessment of the
presence of waves helped identify an important relationship between fluid-
scale turbulence and ion-scale phenomena in the solar wind plasma. The future
study of measurements including magnetic field and velocity fluctuations, and
more extended statistical analysis could provide a deeper understanding of
such relationship.
###### Acknowledgements.
Solar Orbiter is a space mission of international collaboration between ESA
and NASA, operated by ESA. We thank the entire Solar Orbiter team and
instrument PIs for data access and support. Solar Orbiter data are available
at http://soar.esac.esa.int/soar. The RPW instrument has been designed and
funded by CNES, CNRS, the Paris Observatory, The Swedish National Space
Agency, ESA-PRODEX and all the participating institutes. Swedish co-authors
are supported by the Swedish Research Council, grant 2016-05507, and Swedish
National Space Agency grant 20/136. CNES and CDPP are acknowledged for the
support to the French co-authors. Solar Orbiter magnetometer operations are
funded by the UK Space Agency (grant ST/T001062/1). TSH is supported by STFC
grant ST/S000364/1. FC acknowledges the contribution received from EU-H2020
program ERA-PLANET through the project ”Integrated Global Observing Systems
for Persistent Pollutants” (iGOSP) (Grant Agreement: 689443), funded under
H2020-SC5-15-2015 “Strengthening the European Research Area in the domain of
Earth Observation”, from FET Proactive project ”Towards new frontiers for
distributed environmental monitoring based on an ecosystem of plant seed-like
soft robots” (I-Seed), funded under Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme (Grant agreement: 101017940), and from EU-H2020 project ”EuroGEO
Showcases: Applications Powered by Europe” (e-shape) (Grant Agreement:
820852), funded under H2020-SC5-2018-2 ”Strengthening the benefits for Europe
of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) - establishing
EuroGEO”. LSV was funded by the Swedish Contingency Agency grant 2016-2102 and
by SNSA grant 86/20. CLV was partially supported by EPN project PIM-19-01.
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## Appendix A Tables
Table 2: List of turbulence and wave parameters obtained from the analysis of the intervals (# indicates the interval number): the Hurst numbers $\mathcal{H}$, $\mathcal{H}_{|B|}$ $\mathcal{H}_{r}$ (for electron density, magnetic field magnitude and magnetic radial component respectively); the Hilbert spectral exponents $\beta_{2}$, $\beta_{2}^{|B|}$ and $\beta_{2}^{r}$; the total and averaged wave parameters $\bar{Q}_{\mathcal{W}}$ and $\langle Q_{\mathcal{W}}\rangle$; the kurtosis scaling exponent $\kappa$; and the intermittency parameter $\mu$ for the electron density fluctuations. Absent values (—) indicate lack of power-law scaling. For the wave parameters, null values (0) indicate no wave power above the selected threshold. # | $\mathcal{H}$ | $\mathcal{H}_{|B|}$ | $\mathcal{H}_{r}$ | $\beta_{2}$ | $\beta_{2}^{|B|}$ | $\beta_{2}^{r}$ | $\bar{Q}_{\mathcal{W}}$ | $\langle Q_{\mathcal{W}}\rangle$ | $\kappa$ | $\mu$
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
07-June-2020
1 | 0.32$\pm$0.06 | 0.48$\pm$0.09 | 0.36$\pm$0.07 | 1.73$\pm$0.07 | 1.98$\pm$0.12 | 1.69$\pm$0.18 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 | 0.020
2 | 0.28$\pm$0.05 | 0.40$\pm$0.05 | 0.35$\pm$0.03 | 1.68$\pm$0.09 | 1.88$\pm$0.08 | 1.71$\pm$0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0.36 | 0.015
3 | 0.35$\pm$0.04 | 0.55$\pm$0.07 | 0.32$\pm$0.05 | 1.72$\pm$0.08 | 2.04$\pm$0.09 | 1.68$\pm$0.20 | 0 | 0 | 0.41 | 0.041
4 | 0.35$\pm$0.06 | 0.40$\pm$0.08 | 0.31$\pm$0.04 | 1.74$\pm$0.07 | 1.86$\pm$0.14 | 1.65$\pm$0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0 30 | 0.026
5 | 0.30$\pm$0.06 | 0.38$\pm$0.09 | 0.22$\pm$0.05 | 1.73$\pm$0.08 | 1.69$\pm$0.13 | 1.47$\pm$0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.23 | 0.032
6 | 0.31$\pm$0.13 | 0.31$\pm$0.04 | 0.35$\pm$0.04 | 1.58$\pm$0.20 | 1.69$\pm$0.06 | 1.70$\pm$0.08 | 0.004 | 50.8 | 0.36 | 0.006
08-June-2020
7 | 0.36$\pm$0.08 | 0.53$\pm$0.09 | 0.36$\pm$0.09 | 1.72$\pm$0.10 | 1.95$\pm$0.11 | 1.73$\pm$0.16 | 0.002 | 15.8 | 0.19 | 0.035
8 | 0.15$\pm$0.08 | 0.24$\pm$0.05 | 0.24$\pm$0.06 | 1.34$\pm$0.09 | 1.42$\pm$0.06 | 1.53$\pm$0.08 | 0 | 0 | 0.27 | —
9 | 0.21$\pm$0.09 | 0.29$\pm$0.10 | 0.22$\pm$0.04 | 1.51$\pm$0.09 | 1.58$\pm$0.15 | 1.50$\pm$0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.28 | 0.008
10 | 0.21$\pm$0.08 | 0.32$\pm$0.05 | 0.29$\pm$0.06 | 1.46$\pm$0.12 | 1.65$\pm$0.09 | 1.51$\pm$0.07 | 0.003 | 32.5 | 0.09 | 0.025
11 | 0.39$\pm$0.07 | 0.46$\pm$0.10 | 0.35$\pm$0.05 | 1.75$\pm$0.11 | 1.86$\pm$0.13 | 1.69$\pm$0.11 | $\lesssim$10-4 | 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.055
12 | 0.27$\pm$0.04 | 0.42$\pm$0.09 | 0.35$\pm$0.04 | 1.55$\pm$0.05 | 1.85$\pm$0.11 | 1.70$\pm$0.06 | $\lesssim$10-4 | 0.87 | 0.19 | 0.042
09-June-2020
13 | 0.13$\pm$0.03 | 0.24$\pm$0.04 | 0.37$\pm$0.06 | 1.32$\pm$0.06 | 1.50$\pm$0.04 | 1.72$\pm$0.10 | 0.002 | 33.80 | 0.28 | —
14 | 0.31$\pm$0.08 | 0.31$\pm$0.08 | 0.36$\pm$0.04 | 1.62$\pm$0.12 | 1.62$\pm$0.13 | 1.71$\pm$0.08 | $\lesssim$10-4 | 4.07 | 0.25 | 0.008
15 | 0.33$\pm$0.11 | 0.35$\pm$0.06 | 0.34$\pm$0.05 | 1.66$\pm$0.12 | 1.72$\pm$0.07 | 1.68$\pm$0.16 | 0.011 | 196 | 0.06 | 0.013
16 | 0.14$\pm$0.10 | 0.20$\pm$0.10 | 0.32$\pm$0.11 | 1.23$\pm$0.10 | 1.44$\pm$0.11 | 1.63$\pm$0.07 | 0.007 | 76.8 | 0.06 | —
17 | 0.35$\pm$0.08 | 0.39$\pm$0.11 | 0.36$\pm$0.11 | 1.70$\pm$0.11 | 1.65$\pm$0.14 | 1.73$\pm$0.15 | 0.014 | 139 | 0.66 | 0.024
10-June-2020
18 | 0.17$\pm$0.07 | 0.17$\pm$0.06 | 0.21$\pm$0.08 | 1.32$\pm$0.08 | 1.32$\pm$0.12 | 1.57$\pm$0.13 | 0.005 | 56.5 | 0.12 | 0.008
19 | 0.19$\pm$0.07 | 0.28$\pm$0.05 | 0.26$\pm$0.04 | 1.41$\pm$0.09 | 1.55$\pm$0.07 | 1.62$\pm$0.08 | 0.016 | 294 | 0.14 | 0.012
20 | 0.18$\pm$0.07 | 0.18$\pm$0.07 | 0.37$\pm$0.06 | 1.36$\pm$0.05 | 1.38$\pm$0.11 | 1.73$\pm$0.08 | $\lesssim$10-5 | 0.75 | 0.16 | –
11-June-2020
21 | 0.24$\pm$0.04 | 0.12$\pm$0.04 | 0.35$\pm$0.06 | 1.51$\pm$0.06 | 1.58$\pm$0.06 | 1.73$\pm$0.06 | 0.004 | 39.8 | 0.12 | 0.022
22 | 0.33$\pm$0.12 | 0.30$\pm$0.07 | 0.26$\pm$0.09 | 1.66$\pm$0.10 | 1.52$\pm$0.10 | 1.51$\pm$0.13 | 0.001 | 9.13 | 0.13 | 0.018
23 | 0.15$\pm$0.15 | 0.11$\pm$0.08 | 0.33$\pm$0.10 | 1.20$\pm$0.22 | 1.25$\pm$0.11 | 1.64$\pm$0.15 | 0.012 | 122 | 0.07 | —
24 | 0.29$\pm$0.10 | 0.34$\pm$0.14 | 0.28$\pm$0.04 | 1.68$\pm$0.18 | 1.64$\pm$0.18 | 1.61$\pm$0.05 | 0.003 | 44.7 | 0.39 | 0.037
14-June-2020
25 | 0.22$\pm$0.12 | 0.25$\pm$0.17 | 0.36$\pm$0.09 | 1.51$\pm$0.15 | 1.73$\pm$0.20 | 1.70$\pm$0.15 | 0.27 | 1002 | 0.27 | 0.003
20-June-2020
26 | 0.27$\pm$0.06 | 0.38$\pm$0.09 | 0.28$\pm$0.07 | 1.67$\pm$0.09 | 1.79$\pm$0.11 | 1.56$\pm$0.09 | 0.006 | 47 | 0.37 | 0.020
27 | 0.17$\pm$0.04 | 0.24$\pm$0.03 | 0.33$\pm$0.06 | 1.41$\pm$0.06 | 1.53$\pm$0.15 | 1.65$\pm$0.08 | $\simeq$10-6 | 0.042 | 0.20 | 0.005
22-June-2020
28 | 0.31$\pm$0.09 | 0.36$\pm$0.06 | 0.32$\pm$0.07 | 1.61$\pm$0.11 | 1.70$\pm$0.09 | 1.70$\pm$0.09 | 60.1 | 858 | 0.19 | –
29 | 0.29$\pm$0.08 | 0.30$\pm$0.08 | 0.36$\pm$0.04 | 1.57$\pm$0.11 | 1.70$\pm$0.13 | 1.64$\pm$0.09 | $\lesssim$10-5 | 0.07 | 0.21 | –
24-June-2020
30 | 0.23$\pm$0.14 | 0.25$\pm$0.05 | 0.27$\pm$0.04 | 1.51$\pm$0.13 | 1.54$\pm$0.09 | 1.54$\pm$0.08 | 0.002 | 9.7 | 0.15 | —
31 | — | 0.17$\pm$0.15 | 0.21$\pm$0.09 | — | 1.31$\pm$0.20 | 1.46$\pm$0.14 | 0.037 | 216 | 0.10 | —
32 | — | 0.25$\pm$0.06 | 0.23$\pm$0.17 | — | 1.56$\pm$0.09 | 1.50$\pm$0.20 | 0.29 | 1217 | 0.08 | 0.037
27-June-2020
33 | 0.31$\pm$0.07 | 0.25$\pm$0.07 | 0.31$\pm$0.09 | 1.72$\pm$0.10 | 1.60$\pm$0.09 | 1.68$\pm$0.10 | $\lesssim$10-4 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.034
34 | 0.35$\pm$0.06 | 0.40$\pm$0.05 | 0.34$\pm$0.08 | 1.65$\pm$0.06 | 1.67$\pm$0.08 | 1.64$\pm$0.19 | $\lesssim$10-4 | 1.06 | 0.39 | 0.039
35 | 0.35$\pm$0.14 | 0.34$\pm$0.04 | 0.35$\pm$0.03 | 1.69$\pm$0.19 | 1.69$\pm$0.05 | 1.72$\pm$0.05 | $\lesssim$10-4 | 2.23 | 0.35 | 0.019
29-June-2020
36 | 0.24$\pm$0.12 | — | 0.27$\pm$0.10 | 1.48$\pm$0.18 | — | 1.50$\pm$0.21 | 0.156 | 938 | — | —
Table 3: Correlation coefficients between pairs of parameters, including the solar wind speed $V_{sw}$, the angle between the mean magnetic field and the radial direction $\theta_{vb}$, and the turbulence and wave parameters listed in Table 2. For each pair, the maximum between the linear (Pearson) and nonlinear (Spearman) coefficients is given. For parameters which are not trivially related, non-negligible correlation values are highlighted in bold. Parameter | $V_{sw}$ | $\theta_{vb}$ | $\mathcal{H}$ | $\mathcal{H}_{|B|}$ | $\mathcal{H}_{r}$ | $\beta_{2}$ | $\beta_{2}^{|B|}$ | $\beta_{2}^{r}$ | $\bar{Q}_{\mathcal{W}}$ | $\langle Q_{\mathcal{W}}\rangle$ | $\kappa$ | $\mu$
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
$V_{sw}$ | 1 | 0.28 | -0.13 | -0.13 | 0.11 | -0.14 | -0.09 | 0.18 | 0.15 | -0.24 | -0.20 | -0.28
$\theta_{vb}$ | | 1 | -0.43 | -0.54 | -0.18 | -0.50 | -0.51 | -0.22 | 0.59 | 0.65 | -0.55 | -0.38
$\mathcal{H}$ | | | 1 | 0.79 | 27 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 0.29 | -0.19 | -0.31 | 0.55 | 0.45
$\mathcal{H}_{|B|}$ | | | | 1 | 0.27 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.24 | -0.45 | -0.43 | 0.55 | 0.53
$\mathcal{H}_{r}$ | | | | | 1 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.90 | -0.10 | 0.16 | 0.29 | -0.16
$\beta_{2}$ | | | | | | 1 | 0.80 | 0.19 | -0.45 | -0.48 | -0.63 | 0.61
$\beta_{2}^{|B|}$ | | | | | | | 1 | 0.39 | -0.43 | -0.34 | 0.51 | 0.36
$\beta_{2}^{r}$ | | | | | | | | 1 | -0.07 | -0.11 | -0.34 | -0.14
$\bar{Q}_{\mathcal{W}}$ | | | | | | | | | 1 | 0.92 | -0.50 | -0.31
$\langle Q_{\mathcal{W}}\rangle$ | | | | | | | | | | 1 | -0.45 | -0.50
$\kappa$ | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | 0.42
$\mu$ | | | | | | | | | | | | 1
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<i>cis</i>-<i>cis</i>-<i>trans</i>-Bis(acetonitrile-κ<i>N</i>)dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine-κ<i>P</i>)ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate
|
Ahmad M. Al-Far
|
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Spoken
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Table 1 Cg1 is the centroid of the C51–C56 phenyl ring. Cg1 is the centroid of the C51–C56 phenyl ring. D—H A
D—H
H A
D A
D—H A
C4—H4B Cl1i
0.98
2.68
3.560 (3)
149
C101—H101 Cl1ii
0.98
2.80
3.698 (4)
153
C2—H2C Cl2iii
0.98
2.57
3.544 (3)
175
C101—H102 Cl2
0.98
2.62
3.554 (4)
158
C2—H2A N100i
0.98
2.60
3.519 (5)
155
C101—H103 N200
0.98
2.72
3.645 (6)
158
C201—H201 N200iv
0.98
2.66
3.526 (7)
148
C64—H64 Cg1iii
0.95
2.96
3.715 (4)
138
Symmetry
codes:
(i)
x þ 2; y þ 1
2; z þ 1
2;
(ii)
x 1; y; z;
(iii)
x þ 1; y; z;
(iv)
x 1
2; y þ 1
2; z. The title compound, [RuCl2(C2H3N)2(C18H15P)2]2C2H3N,
was obtained upon stirring an acetonitrile/ethanol solution
of [RuCl2(PPh3)3]. In the crystal structure, each RuII ion is
coordinated by two Cl [Ru—Cl = 2.4308 (7) and 2.4139 (7) A˚ ],
two N [Ru—N = 2.016 (2) and 2.003 (2) A˚ ], and two P [Ru—
P = 2.3688 (7) and 2.3887 (7) A˚ ] atoms in a distorted
octahedral geometry. Packing interactions include typical
C—H contacts involving phenyl groups as well as weak
hydrogen bonds between CH3CN methyl H atoms and Cl or
solvent CH3CN N atoms. Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell refinement: SAINT
(Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve
structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2000); program(s) used to refine
structure: SHELXTL; molecular graphics: SHELXTL; software used
to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL. Related literature For the original synthesis, characterization and reactivity of
the title compound and its precursor, see: Gilbert & Wilkinson
(1969); Stephenson & Wilkinson (1966); Hallman et al. (1970);
Caulton (1974). The authors thank Oklahoma State University for financial
support and the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Educa-
tion for providing funds to purchase the APEXII diffract-
ometer. Experimental
Crystal data
[RuCl2(C2H3N)2(C18H15P)2]-
2C2H3N
Mr = 860.73
Orthorhombic, P212121
a = 9.0622 (9) A˚
b = 18.0167 (18) A˚
c = 25.628 (2) A˚
V = 4184.3 (7) A˚ 3 Supplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the
IUCr electronic archives (Reference: CI2537). cis-cis-trans-Bis(acetonitrile-jN)-
dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine-jP)-
ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)] = 0.035
wR(F 2) = 0.072
S = 1.02
10568 reflections
482 parameters
H-atom parameters constrained max = 0.38 e A˚ 3
min = 0.30 e A˚ 3
Absolute structure: Flack (1983),
4387 Friedel pairs
Flack parameter: 0.02 (2) Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
Correspondence e-mail: [email protected] Received 30 November 2007; accepted 6 December 2007
Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 170 K; mean (C–C) = 0.005 A˚;
R factor = 0.035; wR factor = 0.072; data-to-parameter ratio = 21.9. Received 30 November 2007; accepted 6 December 2007 Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 170 K; mean (C–C) = 0.005 A˚;
R factor = 0.035; wR factor = 0.072; data-to-parameter ratio = 21.9. metal-organic compounds Z = 4
Mo K radiation
= 0.61 mm1
T =
0.40
Data collection
Bruker SMART APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 2000)
Tmin = 0.791, Tmax = 0.887
2591
1056
9200
Rint
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)] = 0.035
wR(F 2) = 0.072
S = 1.02
10568 reflections
482 parameters
H-atom parameters constrained
m
m
Abs
43
Flac T = 170 (2) K
0.40 0.35 0.20 mm Acta Crystallographica Section E
Structure Reports
Online
ISSN 1600-5368 Acta Crystallographica Section E
Structure Reports
Online
ISSN 1600-5368 25910 measured reflections
10568 independent reflections
9200 reflections with I > 2(I)
Rint = 0.042 Bruker SMART APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 2000)
Tmin = 0.791, Tmax = 0.887 Supplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the
IUCr electronic archives (Reference: CI2537). References Bruker (2006). APEX2 (Version 2.0) and SAINT (Version 7.23A). Bruker
AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Caulton, K. G. (1974). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 3005–3006. Flack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876–881. Caulton, K. G. (1974). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 3005–3006. Experimental Caulton, K. G. (1974). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 3005–3006. Flack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876–881. Flack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876–881. Gilbert, J. D. & Wilkinson, G. (1969). J. Chem. Soc. A, pp. 1749–1753. Crystal data Crystal data Crystal data Hallman, P. S., Stephenson, T. A. & Wilkinson, G. (1970). Inorg. Synth. 12,
237–240. Sheldrick, G. M. (2000). SADABS (Version 2.10) and SHELXTL (Version
6.14). Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. )
Stephenson, T. A. & Wilkinson, G. (1966). J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 28, 945–956. m184
Al-Far and Slaughter Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 doi:10.1107/S1600536807065968 supporting information S1. Comment [RuCl2(PPh3)3] has been widely used as a convenient synthon for a variety of RuII complexes (Stephenson & Wilkinson,
1966; Hallman et al., 1970). It readily loses one phosphine ligand in solution to give solvent adducts or chlorido-bridged
RuII species that are potential catalyst precursors (Caulton, 1974). Gilbert & Wilkinson (1969) previously reported the
synthesis of two isomers of [RuCl2(CH3CN)2(PPh3)2] having either cis or trans orientations of the acetonitrile ligands as
characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The cis isomer was obtained upon refluxing [RuCl2(PPh3)3] in CH3CN/acetone,
whereas the trans isomer was formed upon refluxing in CH3CN/toluene. We found that the cis isomer could also be
obtained by stirring [RuCl2(PPh3)3] in CH3CN/ethanol at ambient temperature, confirming the importance of a polar co-
solvent in favoring a cis geometry. The crystal structure of the title compound contains one [RuCl2(CH3CN)2(PPh3)2] complex and two acetonitriles of
crystallization in the asymmetric unit. The RuII complex displays a cis orientation of both the chlorido and CH3CN
ligands and a trans orientation of the phosphine ligands (Fig. 1). The Ru—Cl [2.4308 (7), 2.4139 (7) Å], Ru—N
[2.016 (2), 2.003 (2) Å], and Ru—P [2.3688 (7), 2.3887 (7) Å] distances are in the expected ranges, and the angles
between coordinated atoms are in the range 90.02 (6)—93.83 (2)°. In addition to typical C—H···π packing interactions
involving phenyl rings, there are several weak hydrogren bonds between C—H bonds of coordinated or solvate aceto-
nitriles and Cl ligands or solvate acetonitrile N atoms (Fig. 2). The H···acceptor distances range from 2.57—2.80 Å, and
the C···acceptor distances range from 3.52—3.70 Å (Table 1). Although it has been little investigated, [RuCl2(CH3CN)2(PPh3)2] is a potentially useful precursor for catalytically active
Ru species given the presence of two dissociable ligands in a cis arrangement. cis-cis-trans-Bis(acetonitrile-κN)dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine-
κP)ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate cis-cis-trans-Bis(acetonitrile-κN)dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine
κP)ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate Ahmad M. Al-Far and LeGrande M. Slaughter supporting information Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 [https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807065968] Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 [https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807065968]
cis-cis-trans-Bis(acetonitrile-κN)dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine-
κP)ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate S2. Experimental [RuCl2(PPh3)3] (20 mg) was dissolved in a mixture of degassed absolute ethanol (2 ml) and freshly distilled CH3CN (3
ml) and stirred for 15 min. During this time, the color of the solution changed from dark brown to yellow. The solvent
was removed under vacuum, and the resulting yellow powder was dried for a further 2 h. A 10 mg portion of the solid
was dissolved in 0.6 ml of acetonitrile and alllowed to stand for 3 d under nitrogen. Large yellow-orange crystals of the
title compound formed over this time. The crystals became opaque due to solvent loss within 20 min of removal from
acetonitrile unless placed in a cold stream. The sample used in this study was cut from a larger (>1 mm) block, immersed
in Paratone N oil in a 0.5 mm nylon loop, and placed in the nitrogen cold stream of an APEXII diffractometer at 170 (2)
K for X-ray diffraction analysis. Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 sup-1 supporting information Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 S3. Refinement Phenyl H atoms were fixed at C—H distances of 0.95 Å and refined as riding, with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C). Methyl H atoms
were placed with idealized threefold symmetry and fixed C—H distances of 0.98 Å, and they were refined in a riding
model with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C). In order to assign the absolute structure, 4387 Friedel pairs (71% of all Friedel pairs)
were measured, and Friedel opposites were not merged in the reflection list used for structure solution and refinement. The absolute structure parameter (Flack x) refined to -0.02 (2). For the inverted structure, Flack x refined to 1.02 (2), and
increases in R[F2>2σ(F2)] and wR(F2) of 0.33% and 1.29%, respectively, were observed. Figure 1
ORTEP view of the complex portion of the title compound, with displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level. Figure 1
ORTEP view of the complex portion of the title compound with displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level Figure 1 g
ORTEP view of the complex portion of the title compound, with displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level. Phenyl hydrogen atoms and acetonitriles of crystallization are omitted for clarity. sup-2 sup-2 Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 supporting information Figure 2
Packing diagram showing a portion of the network of weak hydrogen bonds involving acetonitrile C—H bonds. Symmetry codes: (A) 2 - x, 1/2 + y, 1/2 - z; (B) -1 + x, y, z; (C) 1 + x, y, z; (D) -1/2 + x, 1/2 - y, -z. For solvent symmetry
equivalents, N200 becomes N20A, etc. g
Packing diagram showing a portion of the network of weak hydrogen bonds involving acetonitrile C—H bonds. Symmetry codes: (A) 2 - x, 1/2 + y, 1/2 - z; (B) -1 + x, y, z; (C) 1 + x, y, z; (D) -1/2 + x, 1/2 - y, -z. For solvent symmetry
equivalents, N200 becomes N20A, etc. Special details Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full
covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and
torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full
covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and
torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2,
conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used
only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2
t ti ti
ll
b
t t i
l
th
b
d
F
d R f
t
b
d
ALL d t
ill b
l Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2,
conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used
only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2
are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. supporting information Refinement
Refinement on F2
Least-squares matrix: full
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035
wR(F2) = 0.072
S = 1.02
10568 reflections
482 parameters
0 restraints
H atom parameters constrained
w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0197P)2 + 1.2863P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
(Δ/σ)max = 0.002
Δρmax = 0.38 e Å−3
Δρmin = −0.30 e Å−3
Absolute structure: Flack (1983), 4387 Friedel
pairs
Absolute structure parameter: −0.02 (2) Refinement
Refinement on F2
Least-squares matrix: full
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035
wR(F2) = 0.072
S = 1.02
10568 reflections
482 parameters
0 restraints
H-atom parameters constrained w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0197P)2 + 1.2863P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
(Δ/σ)max = 0.002
Δρmax = 0.38 e Å−3
Δρmin = −0.30 e Å−3
Absolute structure: Flack (1983), 4387 Friedel
pairs
Absolute structure parameter: −0.02 (2) S3. Refinement cis–cis–trans-Bis(acetonitrile- κN)dichloridobis(triphenylphosphine-κP)ruthenium(II) acetonitrile disolvate Crystal data
[RuCl2(C2H3N)2(C18H15P)2]·2C2H3N
Mr = 860.73
Orthorhombic, P212121
Hall symbol: P 2ac 2ab
a = 9.0622 (9) Å
b = 18.0167 (18) Å
c = 25.628 (2) Å
V = 4184.3 (7) Å3
Z = 4
F(000) = 1768
Dx = 1.366 Mg m−3
Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Cell parameters from 7584 reflections
θ = 2.6–29.0°
µ = 0.61 mm−1
T = 170 K
Block, orange
0.40 × 0.35 × 0.20 mm
Data collection
Bruker SMART APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube
Graphite monochromator
Detector resolution: 0.75 pixels mm-1
φ and ω scans
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 2000)
Tmin = 0.791, Tmax = 0.887
25910 measured reflections
10568 independent reflections
9200 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Rint = 0.042
θmax = 29.0°, θmin = 2.0°
h = −12→11
k = −23→24
l = −24→34 F(000) = 1768
Dx = 1.366 Mg m−3
Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Cell parameters from 7584 reflections
θ = 2.6–29.0°
µ = 0.61 mm−1
T = 170 K
Block, orange
0.40 × 0.35 × 0.20 mm sup-3 sup-3 Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 supporting information Special details Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2)
x
y
z
Uiso*/Ueq
Ru1
0.98665 (2)
0.525404 (10)
0.202447 (8)
0.01835 (5)
N1
1.1935 (2)
0.56649 (11)
0.20310 (9)
0.0221 (4)
C1
1.3072 (3)
0.59216 (14)
0.20769 (11)
0.0260 (6)
C2
1.4541 (3)
0.62345 (18)
0.21633 (14)
0.0424 (9)
H2A
1.4572
0.6478
0.2505
0.064*
H2B
1.4759
0.6599
0.1890
0.064*
H2C
1.5278
0.5836
0.2152
0.064*
N2
0.9070 (2)
0.62612 (12)
0.21976 (8)
0.0220 (5)
C3
0.8554 (3)
0.68174 (16)
0.22992 (11)
0.0268 (6)
C4
0.7865 (4)
0.75235 (16)
0.24243 (12)
0.0371 (7)
H4A
0.7477
0.7749
0.2105
0.056*
H4B
0.8598
0.7855
0.2581
0.056*
H4C
0.7055
0.7442
0.2671
0.056*
Cl1
1.07873 (8)
0.40246 (4)
0.18086 (3)
0.02873 (15)
Cl2
0.73218 (6)
0.48601 (4)
0.20527 (3)
0.02807 (14)
P1
0.95830 (7)
0.55102 (4)
0.11234 (3)
0.02106 (14)
P2
1.00686 (7)
0.49955 (3)
0.29358 (2)
0.02023 (12)
C11
0.8461 (3)
0.63406 (16)
0.10137 (10)
0.0234 (6)
C12
0.9038 (4)
0.70435 (16)
0.11118 (11)
0.0311 (7)
H12
1.0054
0.7095
0.1195
0.037*
C13
0.8153 (4)
0.76658 (17)
0.10896 (13)
0.0392 (8)
H13
0.8569
0.8141
0.1155
0.047*
C14
0.6677 (4)
0.76067 (19)
0.09743 (13)
0.0409 (8)
H14
0.6073
0.8037
0.0957
0.049*
C15
0.6078 (4)
0.69085 (19)
0.08828 (14)
0.0426 (8)
H15
0.5058
0.6861
0.0805
0.051* Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2)
x
y
z
Uiso*/Ueq Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 sup-4 supporting information supporting information supporting information
H62
1.1517
0.5174
0.3956
0.044*
C63
1.3620 (3)
0.4794 (2)
0.39327 (14)
0.0445 (8)
H63
1.3825
0.4880
0.4291
0.053*
C64
1.4698 (4)
0.45017 (19)
0.36158 (16)
0.0490 (9)
H64
1.5650
0.4398
0.3753
0.059*
C65
1.4394 (3)
0.43590 (18)
0.30962 (15)
0.0429 (9)
H65
1.5135
0.4156
0.2876
0.051*
C66
1.3001 (3)
0.45142 (16)
0.28976 (13)
0.0314 (7)
H66
1.2791
0.4406
0.2542
0.038*
N100
0.6221 (4)
0.2438 (2)
0.17890 (18)
0.0832 (13)
C100
0.5542 (4)
0.2940 (3)
0.16867 (16)
0.0563 (11)
C101
0.4699 (4)
0.3596 (2)
0.15297 (16)
0.0562 (10)
H103
0.4561
0.3593
0.1150
0.084*
H102
0.5237
0.4045
0.1632
0.084*
H101
0.3734
0.3591
0.1702
0.084*
N200
0.3740 (5)
0.3076 (2)
0.01978 (17)
0.0726 (11)
C200
0.2643 (5)
0.3231 (2)
0.00348 (18)
0.0559 (11)
C201
0.1228 (6)
0.3429 (3)
−0.0176 (3)
0.113 (2)
H203
0.1257
0.3389
−0.0558
0.169*
H202
0.0988
0.3940
−0.0077
0.169*
H201
0.0473
0.3092
−0.0038
0.169*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2)
U11
U22
U33
U12
U13
U23
Ru1
0.01907 (9)
0.01683 (8)
0.01915 (9)
0.00050 (8)
−0.00009 (8)
0.00030 (9)
N1
0.0268 (11)
0.0175 (10)
0.0219 (11)
0.0018 (8)
0.0020 (11)
0.0027 (11)
C1
0.0260 (13)
0.0215 (13)
0.0304 (15)
0.0033 (10)
0.0048 (12)
0.0006 (14)
C2
0.0214 (15)
0.0347 (16)
0.071 (2)
−0.0042 (12)
0.0039 (14)
−0.0045 (17)
N2
0.0266 (12)
0.0218 (11)
0.0176 (11)
0.0005 (9)
−0.0019 (9)
0.0036 (10)
C3
0.0361 (16)
0.0250 (15)
0.0192 (14)
0.0006 (12)
−0.0029 (12)
0.0004 (13)
C4
0.058 (2)
0.0217 (15)
0.0312 (16)
0.0095 (14)
−0.0018 (14)
−0.0020 (13)
Cl1
0.0313 (4)
0.0206 (3)
0.0342 (4)
0.0044 (3)
0.0042 (3)
−0.0014 (3)
Cl2
0.0233 (3)
0.0293 (3)
0.0316 (3)
−0.0013 (2)
−0.0012 (3)
−0.0008 (3)
P1
0.0222 (3)
0.0215 (3)
0.0195 (3)
−0.0017 (3)
−0.0008 (3)
−0.0003 (3)
P2
0.0188 (3)
0.0210 (3)
0.0209 (3)
0.0012 (2)
0.0001 (3)
0.0029 (3)
C11
0.0292 (15)
0.0234 (14)
0.0176 (13)
−0.0022 (11)
−0.0036 (11)
0.0013 (12)
C12
0.0438 (18)
0.0250 (15)
0.0245 (15)
−0.0099 (13)
−0.0056 (13)
0.0047 (13)
C13
0.067 (2)
0.0201 (14)
0.0305 (16)
−0.0038 (16)
−0.0063 (15)
0.0059 (14)
C14
0.057 (2)
0.0299 (17)
0.0356 (18)
0.0124 (16)
−0.0032 (15)
0.0021 (16)
C15
0.0358 (19)
0.0411 (19)
0.051 (2)
0.0057 (15)
−0.0049 (15)
−0.0085 (18)
C16
0.0297 (16)
0.0246 (15)
0.0421 (18)
0.0022 (12)
−0.0026 (13)
−0.0073 (14)
C21
0.0220 (13)
0.0255 (15)
0.0229 (13)
0.0007 (11)
0.0003 (10)
−0.0039 (12)
C22
0.0348 (16)
0.0285 (15)
0.0278 (15)
0.0031 (12)
−0.0038 (12)
−0.0016 (13)
C23
0.0430 (18)
0.0436 (19)
0.0262 (15)
0.0044 (15)
−0.0070 (13)
−0.0106 (15)
C24
0.0390 (19)
0.047 (2)
0.0360 (18)
−0.0087 (16)
−0.0020 (15)
−0.0214 (17)
C25
0.0400 (18)
0.0325 (17)
0.0377 (18)
−0.0120 (14)
0.0066 (14)
−0.0113 (15)
C26
0.0353 (17)
0.0288 (16)
0.0265 (15)
−0.0020 (13)
0.0026 (12)
−0.0057 (13) H62
1.1517
0.5174
0.3956
0.044*
C63
1.3620 (3)
0.4794 (2)
0.39327 (14)
0.0445 (8)
H63
1.3825
0.4880
0.4291
0.053*
C64
1.4698 (4)
0.45017 (19)
0.36158 (16)
0.0490 (9)
H64
1.5650
0.4398
0.3753
0.059*
C65
1.4394 (3)
0.43590 (18)
0.30962 (15)
0.0429 (9)
H65
1.5135
0.4156
0.2876
0.051*
C66
1.3001 (3)
0.45142 (16)
0.28976 (13)
0.0314 (7)
H66
1.2791
0.4406
0.2542
0.038*
N100
0.6221 (4)
0.2438 (2)
0.17890 (18)
0.0832 (13)
C100
0.5542 (4)
0.2940 (3)
0.16867 (16)
0.0563 (11)
C101
0.4699 (4)
0.3596 (2)
0.15297 (16)
0.0562 (10)
H103
0.4561
0.3593
0.1150
0.084*
H102
0.5237
0.4045
0.1632
0.084*
H101
0.3734
0.3591
0.1702
0.084*
N200
0.3740 (5)
0.3076 (2)
0.01978 (17)
0.0726 (11)
C200
0.2643 (5)
0.3231 (2)
0.00348 (18)
0.0559 (11)
C201
0.1228 (6)
0.3429 (3)
−0.0176 (3)
0.113 (2)
H203
0.1257
0.3389
−0.0558
0.169*
H202
0.0988
0.3940
−0.0077
0.169*
H201
0.0473
0.3092
−0.0038
0.169* Atomic displacement parameters (Å2)
U11
U22
U33
U12
U13
U23
Ru1
0.01907 (9)
0.01683 (8)
0.01915 (9)
0.00050 (8)
−0.00009 (8)
0.00030 (9)
N1
0.0268 (11)
0.0175 (10)
0.0219 (11)
0.0018 (8)
0.0020 (11)
0.0027 (11)
C1
0.0260 (13)
0.0215 (13)
0.0304 (15)
0.0033 (10)
0.0048 (12)
0.0006 (14)
C2
0.0214 (15)
0.0347 (16)
0.071 (2)
−0.0042 (12)
0.0039 (14)
−0.0045 (17)
N2
0.0266 (12)
0.0218 (11)
0.0176 (11)
0.0005 (9)
−0.0019 (9)
0.0036 (10)
C3
0.0361 (16)
0.0250 (15)
0.0192 (14)
0.0006 (12)
−0.0029 (12)
0.0004 (13)
C4
0.058 (2)
0.0217 (15)
0.0312 (16)
0.0095 (14)
−0.0018 (14)
−0.0020 (13)
Cl1
0.0313 (4)
0.0206 (3)
0.0342 (4)
0.0044 (3)
0.0042 (3)
−0.0014 (3)
Cl2
0.0233 (3)
0.0293 (3)
0.0316 (3)
−0.0013 (2)
−0.0012 (3)
−0.0008 (3)
P1
0.0222 (3)
0.0215 (3)
0.0195 (3)
−0.0017 (3)
−0.0008 (3)
−0.0003 (3)
P2
0.0188 (3)
0.0210 (3)
0.0209 (3)
0.0012 (2)
0.0001 (3)
0.0029 (3)
C11
0.0292 (15)
0.0234 (14)
0.0176 (13)
−0.0022 (11)
−0.0036 (11)
0.0013 (12)
C12
0.0438 (18)
0.0250 (15)
0.0245 (15)
−0.0099 (13)
−0.0056 (13)
0.0047 (13)
C13
0.067 (2)
0.0201 (14)
0.0305 (16)
−0.0038 (16)
−0.0063 (15)
0.0059 (14)
C14
0.057 (2)
0.0299 (17)
0.0356 (18)
0.0124 (16)
−0.0032 (15)
0.0021 (16)
C15
0.0358 (19)
0.0411 (19)
0.051 (2)
0.0057 (15)
−0.0049 (15)
−0.0085 (18)
C16
0.0297 (16)
0.0246 (15)
0.0421 (18)
0.0022 (12)
−0.0026 (13)
−0.0073 (14)
C21
0.0220 (13)
0.0255 (15)
0.0229 (13)
0.0007 (11)
0.0003 (10)
−0.0039 (12)
C22
0.0348 (16)
0.0285 (15)
0.0278 (15)
0.0031 (12)
−0.0038 (12)
−0.0016 (13)
C23
0.0430 (18)
0.0436 (19)
0.0262 (15)
0.0044 (15)
−0.0070 (13)
−0.0106 (15)
C24
0.0390 (19)
0.047 (2)
0.0360 (18)
−0.0087 (16)
−0.0020 (15)
−0.0214 (17)
C25
0.0400 (18)
0.0325 (17)
0.0377 (18)
−0.0120 (14)
0.0066 (14)
−0.0113 (15)
C26
0.0353 (17)
0.0288 (16)
0.0265 (15)
−0.0020 (13)
0.0026 (12)
−0.0057 (13) Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) Acta Cryst. supporting information C16
0.6965 (3)
0.62787 (17)
0.09043 (12)
0.0321 (7)
H16
0.6545
0.5803
0.0844
0.039*
C21
0.8672 (3)
0.48398 (16)
0.06914 (10)
0.0235 (6)
C22
0.8493 (3)
0.50217 (17)
0.01617 (11)
0.0304 (7)
H22
0.8862
0.5480
0.0033
0.036*
C23
0.7778 (4)
0.45353 (19)
−0.01746 (12)
0.0376 (7)
H23
0.7652
0.4664
−0.0531
0.045*
C24
0.7249 (4)
0.3863 (2)
0.00102 (13)
0.0407 (8)
H24
0.6764
0.3529
−0.0219
0.049*
C25
0.7430 (3)
0.36848 (18)
0.05247 (12)
0.0367 (7)
H25
0.7059
0.3225
0.0650
0.044*
C26
0.8147 (3)
0.41607 (16)
0.08707 (12)
0.0302 (7)
H26
0.8276
0.4023
0.1225
0.036*
C31
1.1296 (3)
0.56553 (17)
0.07510 (11)
0.0274 (6)
C32
1.2373 (3)
0.51060 (18)
0.07986 (12)
0.0356 (7)
H32
1.2235
0.4713
0.1041
0.043*
C33
1.3649 (4)
0.5126 (2)
0.04960 (13)
0.0429 (8)
H33
1.4369
0.4745
0.0529
0.052*
C34
1.3864 (4)
0.5699 (2)
0.01487 (13)
0.0474 (9)
H34
1.4726
0.5711
−0.0062
0.057*
C35
1.2835 (4)
0.6250 (2)
0.01071 (13)
0.0498 (10)
H35
1.3005
0.6652
−0.0125
0.060*
C36
1.1541 (4)
0.6232 (2)
0.03999 (12)
0.0408 (8)
H36
1.0825
0.6613
0.0360
0.049*
C41
0.9408 (3)
0.57923 (16)
0.33105 (10)
0.0287 (7)
C42
0.7897 (4)
0.5863 (2)
0.34125 (12)
0.0411 (8)
H42
0.7238
0.5470
0.3331
0.049*
C43
0.7367 (5)
0.6519 (2)
0.36353 (14)
0.0612 (13)
H43
0.6346
0.6567
0.3714
0.073*
C44
0.8310 (7)
0.7095 (2)
0.37417 (15)
0.0737 (16)
H44
0.7939
0.7540
0.3892
0.088*
C45
0.9794 (7)
0.7031 (2)
0.36316 (14)
0.0654 (13)
H45
1.0441
0.7432
0.3705
0.078*
C46
1.0343 (4)
0.63864 (18)
0.34158 (12)
0.0433 (9)
H46
1.1365
0.6348
0.3339
0.052*
C51
0.9060 (3)
0.42064 (16)
0.32141 (12)
0.0267 (6)
C52
0.8560 (3)
0.36297 (16)
0.28975 (13)
0.0337 (7)
H52
0.8711
0.3653
0.2531
0.040*
C53
0.7839 (3)
0.30185 (18)
0.31140 (17)
0.0461 (10)
H53
0.7493
0.2630
0.2895
0.055*
C54
0.7629 (4)
0.2979 (2)
0.36451 (18)
0.0509 (11)
H54
0.7147
0.2560
0.3792
0.061*
C55
0.8113 (4)
0.3542 (2)
0.39642 (15)
0.0464 (9)
H55
0.7962
0.3509
0.4330
0.056*
C56
0.8823 (3)
0.41577 (18)
0.37543 (12)
0.0338 (7)
H56
0.9148
0.4546
0.3977
0.041*
C61
1.1917 (3)
0.48226 (16)
0.32086 (11)
0.0266 (6)
C62
1.2245 (3)
0.49623 (18)
0.37348 (12)
0.0370 (7) sup-5 Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 supporting information (2008). E64, m184 sup-6 supporting information supporting informatio
sup-
Acta Cryst. (2008). supporting information E64, m184
C31
0.0253 (15)
0.0366 (17)
0.0204 (13)
−0.0082 (12)
0.0006 (11)
0.0014 (13)
C32
0.0330 (16)
0.0366 (18)
0.0371 (17)
−0.0018 (13)
0.0112 (13)
−0.0009 (15)
C33
0.0334 (17)
0.052 (2)
0.0434 (19)
0.0000 (15)
0.0108 (14)
−0.0045 (18)
C34
0.0332 (19)
0.079 (3)
0.0303 (17)
−0.0140 (19)
0.0083 (14)
−0.0010 (19)
C35
0.043 (2)
0.079 (3)
0.0277 (17)
−0.015 (2)
0.0050 (15)
0.0214 (19)
C36
0.0340 (17)
0.060 (2)
0.0289 (16)
−0.0080 (16)
−0.0044 (13)
0.0162 (17)
C41
0.0408 (17)
0.0272 (15)
0.0182 (13)
0.0104 (12)
−0.0003 (11)
0.0039 (12)
C42
0.050 (2)
0.045 (2)
0.0290 (16)
0.0171 (16)
0.0111 (15)
0.0141 (16)
C43
0.085 (3)
0.066 (3)
0.0331 (19)
0.047 (2)
0.029 (2)
0.023 (2)
C44
0.153 (5)
0.043 (2)
0.026 (2)
0.044 (3)
0.003 (3)
−0.0040 (18)
C45
0.124 (4)
0.0335 (18)
0.0388 (19)
0.017 (3)
−0.025 (3)
−0.0080 (16)
C46
0.063 (2)
0.0347 (17)
0.0319 (16)
0.0037 (16)
−0.0126 (16)
−0.0022 (14)
C51
0.0171 (13)
0.0287 (15)
0.0345 (16)
0.0022 (11)
−0.0015 (11)
0.0107 (13)
C52
0.0248 (14)
0.0306 (15)
0.0458 (19)
0.0031 (11)
−0.0007 (14)
0.0083 (16)
C53
0.0288 (17)
0.0316 (17)
0.078 (3)
−0.0054 (13)
−0.0054 (17)
0.0155 (19)
C54
0.0262 (17)
0.043 (2)
0.083 (3)
0.0007 (15)
0.0091 (18)
0.039 (2)
C55
0.0317 (18)
0.056 (2)
0.052 (2)
0.0063 (16)
0.0099 (16)
0.028 (2)
C56
0.0280 (16)
0.0389 (18)
0.0346 (17)
0.0086 (13)
0.0062 (13)
0.0143 (15)
C61
0.0203 (13)
0.0268 (14)
0.0327 (15)
−0.0007 (12)
−0.0045 (10)
0.0073 (14)
C62
0.0336 (17)
0.0422 (18)
0.0351 (17)
−0.0014 (13)
−0.0066 (13)
0.0064 (15)
C63
0.0435 (19)
0.0426 (19)
0.0474 (19)
−0.0066 (17)
−0.0238 (15)
0.0127 (19)
C64
0.0262 (17)
0.0414 (18)
0.079 (3)
−0.0039 (14)
−0.0204 (17)
0.0235 (19)
C65
0.0259 (15)
0.0375 (18)
0.065 (2)
0.0039 (12)
0.0045 (15)
0.0139 (18)
C66
0.0255 (14)
0.0282 (14)
0.0405 (18)
0.0014 (11)
0.0018 (12)
0.0080 (14)
N100
0.064 (2)
0.071 (3)
0.115 (4)
0.008 (2)
−0.011 (2)
0.041 (3)
C100
0.041 (2)
0.072 (3)
0.056 (2)
−0.021 (2)
0.0030 (17)
0.004 (2)
C101
0.039 (2)
0.062 (2)
0.067 (2)
−0.0101 (18)
0.0026 (18)
−0.014 (2)
N200
0.061 (3)
0.065 (2)
0.092 (3)
−0.011 (2)
0.001 (2)
−0.012 (2)
C200
0.047 (3)
0.040 (2)
0.081 (3)
−0.0072 (18)
0.009 (2)
−0.007 (2)
C201
0.079 (4)
0.077 (4)
0.183 (7)
0.013 (3)
−0.035 (4)
−0.006 (4)
Geometric parameters (Å, º)
Ru1—N2
2.003 (2)
C33—H33
0.95
Ru1—N1
2.016 (2)
C34—C35
1.366 (5)
Ru1—P1
2.3688 (7)
C34—H34
0.95
Ru1—P2
2.3887 (7)
C35—C36
1.393 (5)
Ru1—Cl2
2.4139 (7)
C35—H35
0.95
Ru1—Cl1
2.4308 (7)
C36—H36
0.95
N1—C1
1.135 (3)
C41—C46
1.391 (4)
C1—C2
1.463 (4)
C41—C42
1.401 (4)
C2—H2A
0.98
C42—C43
1.398 (5)
C2—H2B
0.98
C42—H42
0.95
C2—H2C
0.98
C43—C44
1.371 (7)
N2—C3
1.136 (3)
C43—H43
0.95
C3—C4
1.453 (4)
C44—C45
1.380 (7)
C4—H4A
0.98
C44—H44
0.95
C4—H4B
0.98
C45—C46
1.378 (5) C31
0.0253 (15)
0.0366 (17)
0.0204 (13)
−0.0082 (12)
0.0006 (11)
0.0014 (13)
C32
0.0330 (16)
0.0366 (18)
0.0371 (17)
−0.0018 (13)
0.0112 (13)
−0.0009 (15)
C33
0.0334 (17)
0.052 (2)
0.0434 (19)
0.0000 (15)
0.0108 (14)
−0.0045 (18)
C34
0.0332 (19)
0.079 (3)
0.0303 (17)
−0.0140 (19)
0.0083 (14)
−0.0010 (19)
C35
0.043 (2)
0.079 (3)
0.0277 (17)
−0.015 (2)
0.0050 (15)
0.0214 (19)
C36
0.0340 (17)
0.060 (2)
0.0289 (16)
−0.0080 (16)
−0.0044 (13)
0.0162 (17)
C41
0.0408 (17)
0.0272 (15)
0.0182 (13)
0.0104 (12)
−0.0003 (11)
0.0039 (12)
C42
0.050 (2)
0.045 (2)
0.0290 (16)
0.0171 (16)
0.0111 (15)
0.0141 (16)
C43
0.085 (3)
0.066 (3)
0.0331 (19)
0.047 (2)
0.029 (2)
0.023 (2)
C44
0.153 (5)
0.043 (2)
0.026 (2)
0.044 (3)
0.003 (3)
−0.0040 (18)
C45
0.124 (4)
0.0335 (18)
0.0388 (19)
0.017 (3)
−0.025 (3)
−0.0080 (16)
C46
0.063 (2)
0.0347 (17)
0.0319 (16)
0.0037 (16)
−0.0126 (16)
−0.0022 (14)
C51
0.0171 (13)
0.0287 (15)
0.0345 (16)
0.0022 (11)
−0.0015 (11)
0.0107 (13)
C52
0.0248 (14)
0.0306 (15)
0.0458 (19)
0.0031 (11)
−0.0007 (14)
0.0083 (16)
C53
0.0288 (17)
0.0316 (17)
0.078 (3)
−0.0054 (13)
−0.0054 (17)
0.0155 (19)
C54
0.0262 (17)
0.043 (2)
0.083 (3)
0.0007 (15)
0.0091 (18)
0.039 (2)
C55
0.0317 (18)
0.056 (2)
0.052 (2)
0.0063 (16)
0.0099 (16)
0.028 (2)
C56
0.0280 (16)
0.0389 (18)
0.0346 (17)
0.0086 (13)
0.0062 (13)
0.0143 (15)
C61
0.0203 (13)
0.0268 (14)
0.0327 (15)
−0.0007 (12)
−0.0045 (10)
0.0073 (14)
C62
0.0336 (17)
0.0422 (18)
0.0351 (17)
−0.0014 (13)
−0.0066 (13)
0.0064 (15)
C63
0.0435 (19)
0.0426 (19)
0.0474 (19)
−0.0066 (17)
−0.0238 (15)
0.0127 (19)
C64
0.0262 (17)
0.0414 (18)
0.079 (3)
−0.0039 (14)
−0.0204 (17)
0.0235 (19)
C65
0.0259 (15)
0.0375 (18)
0.065 (2)
0.0039 (12)
0.0045 (15)
0.0139 (18)
C66
0.0255 (14)
0.0282 (14)
0.0405 (18)
0.0014 (11)
0.0018 (12)
0.0080 (14)
N100
0.064 (2)
0.071 (3)
0.115 (4)
0.008 (2)
−0.011 (2)
0.041 (3)
C100
0.041 (2)
0.072 (3)
0.056 (2)
−0.021 (2)
0.0030 (17)
0.004 (2)
C101
0.039 (2)
0.062 (2)
0.067 (2)
−0.0101 (18)
0.0026 (18)
−0.014 (2)
N200
0.061 (3)
0.065 (2)
0.092 (3)
−0.011 (2)
0.001 (2)
−0.012 (2)
C200
0.047 (3)
0.040 (2)
0.081 (3)
−0.0072 (18)
0.009 (2)
−0.007 (2)
C201
0.079 (4)
0.077 (4)
0.183 (7)
0.013 (3)
−0.035 (4)
−0.006 (4) Acta Cryst. supporting information pp
g
C4—H4C
0.98
C45—H45
0.95
P1—C11
1.831 (3)
C46—H46
0.95
P1—C21
1.835 (3)
C51—C52
1.394 (4)
P1—C31
1.841 (3)
C51—C56
1.404 (4)
P2—C41
1.828 (3)
C52—C53
1.396 (4)
P2—C51
1.834 (3)
C52—H52
0.95
P2—C61
1.841 (3)
C53—C54
1.376 (6)
C11—C16
1.389 (4)
C53—H53
0.95
C11—C12
1.393 (4)
C54—C55
1.374 (6)
C12—C13
1.380 (4)
C54—H54
0.95
C12—H12
0.95
C55—C56
1.391 (4)
C13—C14
1.374 (5)
C55—H55
0.95
C13—H13
0.95
C56—H56
0.95
C14—C15
1.390 (5)
C61—C66
1.382 (4)
C14—H14
0.95
C61—C62
1.404 (4)
C15—C16
1.392 (4)
C62—C63
1.379 (4)
C15—H15
0.95
C62—H62
0.95
C16—H16
0.95
C63—C64
1.375 (5)
C21—C26
1.391 (4)
C63—H63
0.95
C21—C22
1.406 (4)
C64—C65
1.384 (5)
C22—C23
1.389 (4)
C64—H64
0.95
C22—H22
0.95
C65—C66
1.390 (4)
C23—C24
1.386 (5)
C65—H65
0.95
C23—H23
0.95
C66—H66
0.95
C24—C25
1.367 (4)
N100—C100
1.125 (5)
C24—H24
0.95
C100—C101
1.464 (6)
C25—C26
1.394 (4)
C101—H103
0.98
C25—H25
0.95
C101—H102
0.98
C26—H26
0.95
C101—H101
0.98
C31—C36
1.392 (4)
N200—C200
1.114 (5)
C31—C32
1.396 (4)
C200—C201
1.437 (7)
C32—C33
1.393 (4)
C201—H203
0.98
C32—H32
0.95
C201—H202
0.98
C33—C34
1.377 (5)
C201—H201
0.98
N2—Ru1—N1
90.03 (9)
C33—C32—H32
119.5
N2—Ru1—P1
90.02 (6)
C31—C32—H32
119.5
N1—Ru1—P1
92.15 (7)
C34—C33—C32
119.7 (3)
N2—Ru1—P2
89.29 (6)
C34—C33—H33
120.1
N1—Ru1—P2
89.55 (7)
C32—C33—H33
120.1
P1—Ru1—P2
178.17 (2)
C35—C34—C33
120.0 (3)
N2—Ru1—Cl2
85.16 (7)
C35—C34—H34
120.0
N1—Ru1—Cl2
175.05 (6)
C33—C34—H34
120.0
P1—Ru1—Cl2
89.02 (2)
C34—C35—C36
121.0 (3)
P2—Ru1—Cl2
89.23 (2)
C34—C35—H35
119.5
N2—Ru1—Cl1
178.93 (7)
C36—C35—H35
119.5
N1—Ru1—Cl1
90.99 (6)
C31—C36—C35
120.1 (3)
P1—Ru1—Cl1
89.59 (3)
C31—C36—H36
120.0 0.98
C45—H45
0.95
1.831 (3)
C46—H46
0.95
1.835 (3)
C51—C52
1.394 (4)
1.841 (3)
C51—C56
1.404 (4)
1.828 (3)
C52—C53
1.396 (4)
1.834 (3)
C52—H52
0.95
1.841 (3)
C53—C54
1.376 (6)
1.389 (4)
C53—H53
0.95
1.393 (4)
C54—C55
1.374 (6)
1.380 (4)
C54—H54
0.95
0.95
C55—C56
1.391 (4)
1.374 (5)
C55—H55
0.95
0.95
C56—H56
0.95
1.390 (5)
C61—C66
1.382 (4)
0.95
C61—C62
1.404 (4)
1.392 (4)
C62—C63
1.379 (4)
0.95
C62—H62
0.95
0.95
C63—C64
1.375 (5)
1.391 (4)
C63—H63
0.95
1.406 (4)
C64—C65
1.384 (5)
1.389 (4)
C64—H64
0.95
0.95
C65—C66
1.390 (4)
1.386 (5)
C65—H65
0.95
0.95
C66—H66
0.95
1.367 (4)
N100—C100
1.125 (5)
0.95
C100—C101
1.464 (6)
1.394 (4)
C101—H103
0.98
0.95
C101—H102
0.98
0.95
C101—H101
0.98
1.392 (4)
N200—C200
1.114 (5)
1.396 (4)
C200—C201
1.437 (7)
1.393 (4)
C201—H203
0.98
0.95
C201—H202
0.98
1.377 (5)
C201—H201
0.98
90.03 (9)
C33—C32—H32
119.5
90.02 (6)
C31—C32—H32
119.5
92.15 (7)
C34—C33—C32
119.7 (3)
89.29 (6)
C34—C33—H33
120.1
89.55 (7)
C32—C33—H33
120.1
178.17 (2)
C35—C34—C33
120.0 (3)
85.16 (7)
C35—C34—H34
120.0
175.05 (6)
C33—C34—H34
120.0
89.02 (2)
C34—C35—C36
121.0 (3)
89.23 (2)
C34—C35—H35
119.5
178.93 (7)
C36—C35—H35
119.5
90.99 (6)
C31—C36—C35
120.1 (3)
89.59 (3)
C31—C36—H36
120.0 C4—H4C
0.98
C45—H45
P1—C11
1.831 (3)
C46—H46
P1—C21
1.835 (3)
C51—C52
P1—C31
1.841 (3)
C51—C56
P2—C41
1.828 (3)
C52—C53
P2—C51
1.834 (3)
C52—H52
P2—C61
1.841 (3)
C53—C54
C11—C16
1.389 (4)
C53—H53
C11—C12
1.393 (4)
C54—C55
C12—C13
1.380 (4)
C54—H54
C12—H12
0.95
C55—C56
C13—C14
1.374 (5)
C55—H55
C13—H13
0.95
C56—H56
C14—C15
1.390 (5)
C61—C66
C14—H14
0.95
C61—C62
C15—C16
1.392 (4)
C62—C63
C15—H15
0.95
C62—H62
C16—H16
0.95
C63—C64
C21—C26
1.391 (4)
C63—H63
C21—C22
1.406 (4)
C64—C65
C22—C23
1.389 (4)
C64—H64
C22—H22
0.95
C65—C66
C23—C24
1.386 (5)
C65—H65
C23—H23
0.95
C66—H66
C24—C25
1.367 (4)
N100—C100
C24—H24
0.95
C100—C101
C25—C26
1.394 (4)
C101—H103
C25—H25
0.95
C101—H102
C26—H26
0.95
C101—H101
C31—C36
1.392 (4)
N200—C200
C31—C32
1.396 (4)
C200—C201
C32—C33
1.393 (4)
C201—H203
C32—H32
0.95
C201—H202
C33—C34
1.377 (5)
C201—H201
N2—Ru1—N1
90.03 (9)
C33—C32—H32
N2—Ru1—P1
90.02 (6)
C31—C32—H32
N1—Ru1—P1
92.15 (7)
C34—C33—C32
N2—Ru1—P2
89.29 (6)
C34—C33—H33
N1—Ru1—P2
89.55 (7)
C32—C33—H33
P1—Ru1—P2
178.17 (2)
C35—C34—C33
N2—Ru1—Cl2
85.16 (7)
C35—C34—H34
N1—Ru1—Cl2
175.05 (6)
C33—C34—H34
P1—Ru1—Cl2
89.02 (2)
C34—C35—C36
P2—Ru1—Cl2
89.23 (2)
C34—C35—H35
N2—Ru1—Cl1
178.93 (7)
C36—C35—H35
N1—Ru1—Cl1
90.99 (6)
C31—C36—C35
P1—Ru1—Cl1
89.59 (3)
C31—C36—H36 sup-8 Acta Cryst. supporting information (2008). E64, m184 sup-7 supporting information supporting information (2008). E64, m184 supporting information supporting information supporting information P2—Ru1—Cl1
91.06 (2)
C35—C36—H36
120.0
Cl2—Ru1—Cl1
93.83 (2)
C46—C41—C42
119.3 (3)
C1—N1—Ru1
173.9 (2)
C46—C41—P2
120.5 (2)
N1—C1—C2
177.0 (3)
C42—C41—P2
119.3 (3)
C1—C2—H2A
109.5
C43—C42—C41
119.3 (4)
C1—C2—H2B
109.5
C43—C42—H42
120.3
H2A—C2—H2B
109.5
C41—C42—H42
120.3
C1—C2—H2C
109.5
C44—C43—C42
120.5 (4)
H2A—C2—H2C
109.5
C44—C43—H43
119.8
H2B—C2—H2C
109.5
C42—C43—H43
119.8
C3—N2—Ru1
176.7 (2)
C43—C44—C45
120.2 (4)
N2—C3—C4
178.8 (3)
C43—C44—H44
119.9
C3—C4—H4A
109.5
C45—C44—H44
119.9
C3—C4—H4B
109.5
C46—C45—C44
120.3 (4)
H4A—C4—H4B
109.5
C46—C45—H45
119.8
C3—C4—H4C
109.5
C44—C45—H45
119.8
H4A—C4—H4C
109.5
C45—C46—C41
120.4 (4)
H4B—C4—H4C
109.5
C45—C46—H46
119.8
C11—P1—C21
101.26 (12)
C41—C46—H46
119.8
C11—P1—C31
105.82 (14)
C52—C51—C56
118.5 (3)
C21—P1—C31
99.21 (12)
C52—C51—P2
120.9 (2)
C11—P1—Ru1
111.67 (9)
C56—C51—P2
120.6 (2)
C21—P1—Ru1
120.58 (9)
C51—C52—C53
120.6 (3)
C31—P1—Ru1
116.22 (9)
C51—C52—H52
119.7
C41—P2—C51
103.96 (13)
C53—C52—H52
119.7
C41—P2—C61
103.37 (13)
C54—C53—C52
119.9 (4)
C51—P2—C61
100.04 (12)
C54—C53—H53
120.1
C41—P2—Ru1
109.60 (9)
C52—C53—H53
120.1
C51—P2—Ru1
119.54 (10)
C55—C54—C53
120.5 (3)
C61—P2—Ru1
118.29 (9)
C55—C54—H54
119.8
C16—C11—C12
118.4 (3)
C53—C54—H54
119.8
C16—C11—P1
120.5 (2)
C54—C55—C56
120.4 (3)
C12—C11—P1
120.5 (2)
C54—C55—H55
119.8
C13—C12—C11
120.9 (3)
C56—C55—H55
119.8
C13—C12—H12
119.6
C55—C56—C51
120.1 (3)
C11—C12—H12
119.6
C55—C56—H56
119.9
C14—C13—C12
120.8 (3)
C51—C56—H56
119.9
C14—C13—H13
119.6
C66—C61—C62
118.4 (3)
C12—C13—H13
119.6
C66—C61—P2
119.7 (2)
C13—C14—C15
119.1 (3)
C62—C61—P2
121.8 (2)
C13—C14—H14
120.5
C63—C62—C61
120.4 (3)
C15—C14—H14
120.5
C63—C62—H62
119.8
C14—C15—C16
120.4 (3)
C61—C62—H62
119.8
C14—C15—H15
119.8
C64—C63—C62
120.6 (3)
C16—C15—H15
119.8
C64—C63—H63
119.7
C11—C16—C15
120.4 (3)
C62—C63—H63
119.7
C11—C16—H16
119.8
C63—C64—C65
119.9 (3)
C15—C16—H16
119.8
C63—C64—H64
120.1 Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 sup-9 supporting information supporting information supporting information C26—C21—C22
119.0 (3)
C65—C64—H64
120.1
C26—C21—P1
122.3 (2)
C64—C65—C66
119.7 (3)
C22—C21—P1
118.8 (2)
C64—C65—H65
120.1
C23—C22—C21
120.4 (3)
C66—C65—H65
120.1
C23—C22—H22
119.8
C61—C66—C65
121.0 (3)
C21—C22—H22
119.8
C61—C66—H66
119.5
C24—C23—C22
120.0 (3)
C65—C66—H66
119.5
C24—C23—H23
120.0
N100—C100—C101
177.2 (5)
C22—C23—H23
120.0
C100—C101—H103
109.5
C25—C24—C23
119.6 (3)
C100—C101—H102
109.5
C25—C24—H24
120.2
H103—C101—H102
109.5
C23—C24—H24
120.2
C100—C101—H101
109.5
C24—C25—C26
121.7 (3)
H103—C101—H101
109.5
C24—C25—H25
119.2
H102—C101—H101
109.5
C26—C25—H25
119.2
N200—C200—C201
179.8 (6)
C21—C26—C25
119.4 (3)
C200—C201—H203
109.5
C21—C26—H26
120.3
C200—C201—H202
109.5
C25—C26—H26
120.3
H203—C201—H202
109.5
C36—C31—C32
118.3 (3)
C200—C201—H201
109.5
C36—C31—P1
125.2 (2)
H203—C201—H201
109.5
C32—C31—P1
116.4 (2)
H202—C201—H201
109.5
C33—C32—C31
120.9 (3)
N2—Ru1—P1—C11
−12.66 (12)
Ru1—P1—C31—C36
−133.4 (2)
N1—Ru1—P1—C11
−102.69 (11)
C11—P1—C31—C32
176.5 (2)
Cl2—Ru1—P1—C11
72.50 (10)
C21—P1—C31—C32
−78.9 (2)
Cl1—Ru1—P1—C11
166.34 (10)
Ru1—P1—C31—C32
52.0 (3)
N2—Ru1—P1—C21
−131.27 (12)
C36—C31—C32—C33
−1.2 (5)
N1—Ru1—P1—C21
138.70 (11)
P1—C31—C32—C33
173.9 (2)
Cl2—Ru1—P1—C21
−46.11 (10)
C31—C32—C33—C34
0.8 (5)
Cl1—Ru1—P1—C21
47.73 (10)
C32—C33—C34—C35
0.8 (5)
N2—Ru1—P1—C31
108.85 (13)
C33—C34—C35—C36
−2.0 (6)
N1—Ru1—P1—C31
18.82 (13)
C32—C31—C36—C35
0.0 (5)
Cl2—Ru1—P1—C31
−165.99 (11)
P1—C31—C36—C35
−174.6 (3)
Cl1—Ru1—P1—C31
−72.16 (11)
C34—C35—C36—C31
1.6 (5)
N2—Ru1—P2—C41
0.84 (12)
C51—P2—C41—C46
147.0 (2)
N1—Ru1—P2—C41
90.87 (12)
C61—P2—C41—C46
42.9 (3)
Cl2—Ru1—P2—C41
−84.33 (11)
Ru1—P2—C41—C46
−84.1 (2)
Cl1—Ru1—P2—C41
−178.15 (11)
C51—P2—C41—C42
−44.1 (3)
N2—Ru1—P2—C51
120.59 (12)
C61—P2—C41—C42
−148.2 (2)
N1—Ru1—P2—C51
−149.38 (12)
Ru1—P2—C41—C42
84.8 (2)
Cl2—Ru1—P2—C51
35.42 (10)
C46—C41—C42—C43
−2.3 (4)
Cl1—Ru1—P2—C51
−58.40 (10)
P2—C41—C42—C43
−171.3 (2)
N2—Ru1—P2—C61
−117.22 (13)
C41—C42—C43—C44
1.6 (5)
N1—Ru1—P2—C61
−27.19 (12)
C42—C43—C44—C45
−0.3 (6)
Cl2—Ru1—P2—C61
157.61 (11)
C43—C44—C45—C46
−0.3 (6)
Cl1—Ru1—P2—C61
63.79 (11)
C44—C45—C46—C41
−0.5 (5)
C21—P1—C11—C16
32.4 (3)
C42—C41—C46—C45
1.8 (4) sup-10 Acta Cryst. (2008). Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) x−1, y, z; (iii) x+1, y, z; (iv) x−1/2, −y+1/2, −z. supporting information E64, m184 sup-10 supporting information supporting information C31—P1—C11—C16
135.5 (2)
P2—C41—C46—C45
170.7 (2)
Ru1—P1—C11—C16
−97.1 (2)
C41—P2—C51—C52
142.5 (2)
C21—P1—C11—C12
−156.8 (2)
C61—P2—C51—C52
−110.9 (2)
C31—P1—C11—C12
−53.8 (3)
Ru1—P2—C51—C52
19.9 (3)
Ru1—P1—C11—C12
73.6 (2)
C41—P2—C51—C56
−39.8 (3)
C16—C11—C12—C13
−1.4 (4)
C61—P2—C51—C56
66.8 (3)
P1—C11—C12—C13
−172.3 (2)
Ru1—P2—C51—C56
−162.40 (19)
C11—C12—C13—C14
0.5 (5)
C56—C51—C52—C53
0.0 (4)
C12—C13—C14—C15
0.4 (5)
P2—C51—C52—C53
177.7 (2)
C13—C14—C15—C16
−0.4 (5)
C51—C52—C53—C54
−0.6 (5)
C12—C11—C16—C15
1.4 (5)
C52—C53—C54—C55
0.6 (5)
P1—C11—C16—C15
172.3 (3)
C53—C54—C55—C56
−0.1 (5)
C14—C15—C16—C11
−0.5 (5)
C54—C55—C56—C51
−0.5 (5)
C11—P1—C21—C26
−125.0 (2)
C52—C51—C56—C55
0.5 (4)
C31—P1—C21—C26
126.7 (2)
P2—C51—C56—C55
−177.2 (2)
Ru1—P1—C21—C26
−1.3 (3)
C41—P2—C61—C66
−150.7 (2)
C11—P1—C21—C22
54.7 (2)
C51—P2—C61—C66
102.2 (2)
C31—P1—C21—C22
−53.6 (2)
Ru1—P2—C61—C66
−29.4 (3)
Ru1—P1—C21—C22
178.40 (18)
C41—P2—C61—C62
32.4 (3)
C26—C21—C22—C23
1.2 (4)
C51—P2—C61—C62
−74.7 (3)
P1—C21—C22—C23
−178.5 (2)
Ru1—P2—C61—C62
153.7 (2)
C21—C22—C23—C24
−0.6 (5)
C66—C61—C62—C63
0.0 (5)
C22—C23—C24—C25
0.3 (5)
P2—C61—C62—C63
176.9 (2)
C23—C24—C25—C26
−0.5 (5)
C61—C62—C63—C64
1.4 (5)
C22—C21—C26—C25
−1.3 (4)
C62—C63—C64—C65
−1.5 (5)
P1—C21—C26—C25
178.3 (2)
C63—C64—C65—C66
0.2 (5)
C24—C25—C26—C21
1.0 (5)
C62—C61—C66—C65
−1.3 (4)
C11—P1—C31—C36
−8.8 (3)
P2—C61—C66—C65
−178.3 (2)
C21—P1—C31—C36
95.7 (3)
C64—C65—C66—C61
1.2 (5) C31—P1—C11—C16
135.5 (2)
P2—C41—C46—C45
170.7 (2)
Ru1—P1—C11—C16
−97.1 (2)
C41—P2—C51—C52
142.5 (2)
C21—P1—C11—C12
−156.8 (2)
C61—P2—C51—C52
−110.9 (2)
C31—P1—C11—C12
−53.8 (3)
Ru1—P2—C51—C52
19.9 (3)
Ru1—P1—C11—C12
73.6 (2)
C41—P2—C51—C56
−39.8 (3)
C16—C11—C12—C13
−1.4 (4)
C61—P2—C51—C56
66.8 (3)
P1—C11—C12—C13
−172.3 (2)
Ru1—P2—C51—C56
−162.40 (19)
C11—C12—C13—C14
0.5 (5)
C56—C51—C52—C53
0.0 (4)
C12—C13—C14—C15
0.4 (5)
P2—C51—C52—C53
177.7 (2)
C13—C14—C15—C16
−0.4 (5)
C51—C52—C53—C54
−0.6 (5)
C12—C11—C16—C15
1.4 (5)
C52—C53—C54—C55
0.6 (5)
P1—C11—C16—C15
172.3 (3)
C53—C54—C55—C56
−0.1 (5)
C14—C15—C16—C11
−0.5 (5)
C54—C55—C56—C51
−0.5 (5)
C11—P1—C21—C26
−125.0 (2)
C52—C51—C56—C55
0.5 (4)
C31—P1—C21—C26
126.7 (2)
P2—C51—C56—C55
−177.2 (2)
Ru1—P1—C21—C26
−1.3 (3)
C41—P2—C61—C66
−150.7 (2)
C11—P1—C21—C22
54.7 (2)
C51—P2—C61—C66
102.2 (2)
C31—P1—C21—C22
−53.6 (2)
Ru1—P2—C61—C66
−29.4 (3)
Ru1—P1—C21—C22
178.40 (18)
C41—P2—C61—C62
32.4 (3)
C26—C21—C22—C23
1.2 (4)
C51—P2—C61—C62
−74.7 (3)
P1—C21—C22—C23
−178.5 (2)
Ru1—P2—C61—C62
153.7 (2)
C21—C22—C23—C24
−0.6 (5)
C66—C61—C62—C63
0.0 (5)
C22—C23—C24—C25
0.3 (5)
P2—C61—C62—C63
176.9 (2)
C23—C24—C25—C26
−0.5 (5)
C61—C62—C63—C64
1.4 (5)
C22—C21—C26—C25
−1.3 (4)
C62—C63—C64—C65
−1.5 (5)
P1—C21—C26—C25
178.3 (2)
C63—C64—C65—C66
0.2 (5)
C24—C25—C26—C21
1.0 (5)
C62—C61—C66—C65
−1.3 (4)
C11—P1—C31—C36
−8.8 (3)
P2—C61—C66—C65
−178.3 (2)
C21—P1—C31—C36
95.7 (3)
C64—C65—C66—C61
1.2 (5)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º)
D—H···A
D—H
H···A
D···A
D—H···A
C4—H4B···Cl1i
0.98
2.68
3.560 (3)
149
C101—H101···Cl1ii
0.98
2.80
3.698 (4)
153
C2—H2C···Cl2iii
0.98
2.57
3.544 (3)
175
C101—H102···Cl2
0.98
2.62
3.554 (4)
158
C2—H2A···N100i
0.98
2.60
3.519 (5)
155
C101—H103···N200
0.98
2.72
3.645 (6)
158
C201—H201···N200iv
0.98
2.66
3.526 (7)
148
C64—H64···Cg1iii
0.95
2.96
3.715 (4)
138
S
t
d
(i)
+2
+1/2
+1/2 (ii)
1
(iii) +1
(i )
1/2
+1/2 Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º)
D—H···A
D—H
H···A
D···A
D—H···A
C4—H4B···Cl1i
0.98
2.68
3.560 (3)
149
C101—H101···Cl1ii
0.98
2.80
3.698 (4)
153
C2—H2C···Cl2iii
0.98
2.57
3.544 (3)
175
C101—H102···Cl2
0.98
2.62
3.554 (4)
158
C2—H2A···N100i
0.98
2.60
3.519 (5)
155
C101—H103···N200
0.98
2.72
3.645 (6)
158
C201—H201···N200iv
0.98
2.66
3.526 (7)
148
C64—H64···Cg1iii
0.95
2.96
3.715 (4)
138
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) x−1, y, z; (iii) x+1, y, z; (iv) x−1/2, −y+1/2, −z. supporting information Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) x−1, y, z; (iii) x+1, y, z; (iv) x−1/2, −y+1/2, −z. sup-11 Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, m184 sup-11
| 29,424 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%89%BF%E4%B9%BE
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
黃承乾
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=黃承乾&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 10 | 282 |
黃承乾（），字履謙，號健庵，浙江嘉興守禦千戶所軍籍嘉興府嘉興縣人，明朝政治人物。
生平
萬曆二十八年（1600年）庚子順天府鄉試舉人，萬曆四十一年（1613年）癸丑科進士。授鳳陽府推官，萬曆四十六年（1618年）充本省戊午科鄉試同考官，繼充湖廣鄉試同考官，補兵科給事中，未赴卒。
家族
曾祖黃鶴年，贈中憲大夫知府；祖父黃錝，中憲大夫貴州按察司副使；父黃正色，官至福建副使。
参考文献
萬曆二十八年庚子科舉人
C
明朝鳳陽府推官
明朝兵科給事中
| 42,504 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11777406
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Meprozet Stare Kurowo
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 37 | 95 |
Meprozet Stare Kurowo
Meprozet Stare Kurowo jest to klub sportowy
Meprozet Stare Kurowo państwo Polska
Meprozet Stare Kurowo data utworzenia lub powstania 1948
Meprozet Stare Kurowo sport piłka nożna
Meprozet Stare Kurowo identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/1226g8qp
| 13,506 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62206692
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 201 | 470 |
navigate by user type from Firebase on React-native
I have a type script that I manage all pages with navigation. I wrote a new 'class' on it and defined the stats. state also brings usertype from firebase and i want to write an if case according to this usertype in navigation. Isn't that possible? I keep a usertype in the Fire base and I will navigate the pages accordingly ???? But if you look at the code, I said to make a console debug before proceeding and I got an error. I share the screenshot of the error.
class AppDatamiz {
state = {
user: {}
}
unsubscribe = null ;
componentDidMount() {
const user = this.props.uid || Fire.shared.uid
this.unsubscribe = Fire.shared.firestore
.collection("users")
.doc(user)
.onSnapshot(doc => {
this.setState({ user: doc.data() });
});
}
componentWillUnmount() {
this.unsubscribe();
}
} // CLASS IS OVER HERE
if({AppDatamiz.state.user.userType}=='Ogr')
{
console.log('11111111111')
}
const anaSayfaStack = createStackNavigator({ // ana sayfa stack
anaSayfa: {
screen: HomeScreen,
navigationOptions: ({ navigation }) => ({
title: `Ana Sayfa`,
}),
},
}
, {
initialRouteName: 'anaSayfa',
}
);
..
.
..
.. //// ALLL OF STACKNAVİGATORSS AND BOTTOMTABNAVİGATORS
.
.. /// ALSO SWİTCH NAVS
...
.
export default createAppContainer(KesinSonSecimSwitch);
anyone can help???
| 2,833 |
|
03c6710212b45fe050e2d5e0e3d1b794
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,924 |
Loi du 1 juin 1924, article 95
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 76 | 100 |
Dans tous les cas où les lois maintenues en vigueur exigent une légalisation publique au sens de l'article 129 du code civil local, cette légalisation doit être effectuée selon les prescriptions de la loi locale ; les notaires sur toute l'étendue du territoire français ont compétence pour y procéder. Dans les cas où les lois introduites exigent la légalisation d'une signature, celle-ci est effectuée par les autorités compétentes et selon les prescriptions de la loi française.
| 24,555 |
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Schmidt
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Sophie Schmidt
|
https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie Schmidt&action=history
|
Finnish
|
Spoken
| 104 | 295 |
Sophie Diana Schmidt (s. 28. kesäkuuta 1988 Winnipeg, Manitoba) on kanadalainen jalkapalloilija. Hän on pelannut Kanadan naisten maajoukkueessa ennen vuoden 2023 MM-kilpailujen alkua 221 maaottelua ja tehnyt niissä 20 maalia. Hän on ollut voittamassa maanosaliitto CONCACAF:in mestaruutta vuonna 2010 ja olympiakultaa Tokiossa 2021 sekä saavuttamassa olympiapronssia Lontoossa 2012 ja Rio de Janeirossa 2016. Vuoden 2019 MM-kilpailuissa hän pelasi Kanadan kaikki neljä ottelua alusta loppuun. Pelipaikaltaan hän on keskikenttäpelaaja.
Schmidt on edustanut kotimantereensa seurojen lisäksi Euroopassa ruotsalaista Kristianstadia ja kolme vuotta saksalaista Frankfurtia. Kaudesta 2019 alkaen hän on pelannut Yhdysvalloissa Houston Dashin joukkueessa.
Lähteet
Aiheesta muualla
Kanadalaiset jalkapalloilijat
Kanadalaiset olympiamitalistit
Vuonna 1988 syntyneet
Elävät henkilöt
| 1,118 |
https://github.com/ywkaras/MiscRepo/blob/master/WRITE_STARVE/x.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
MiscRepo
|
ywkaras
|
C++
|
Code
| 74 | 394 |
#include <thread>
#include <atomic>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <pthread.h>
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
std::atomic<bool> reader1_lock, reader2_lock;
pthread_rwlock_t rwlock =
#if 1
PTHREAD_RWLOCK_WRITER_NONRECURSIVE_INITIALIZER_NP;
#else
PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;
#endif
void reader1()
{
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
reader1_lock = true;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(2s);
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
void writer()
{
while (!reader1_lock)
std::this_thread::yield();
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
std::cout << (reader2_lock ? "bad\n" : "good\n");
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
void reader2()
{
std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
reader2_lock = true;
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
}
int main()
{
std::thread rt(reader1);
std::thread wt(writer);
reader2();
wt.join();
rt.join();
return 0;
}
| 44,573 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1202369
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Bill Dubuque, Krish, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/10890, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/177430, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/242, muffel
|
English
|
Spoken
| 410 | 853 |
comprehension question: modulo representation of polynomial
Let $R$ be a Unique factorization domain, $p \in R$ be a prime element and $f \in R[x]$. Consider $f + pR[x]$.
Let $f := 4x^3 + 3x^2 + 3x - 2 \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$.
If $p = 3$, then $f + pR[x] = x^3+1$, but why does this apply? I would have expected $x^3 - 2$. Why is $-2 \equiv 1 \pmod{3}$? How do I calculate the coefficients mod 3?
If p = 5, then $f + pR[x] = -x^3 -2x^2-2x-2$, but why does this apply? I would have expected no change, as the absolute value of all coefficients is $\in [0,5)$.
In both the questions, it should be $f+pR[x]$ instead of $pR[x].$ Also $-2 \equiv 1 (mod 3)$ because $3|(-2-1).$ Similarly for the other cases. In the second question, may be the author(s) need it in this particular form. You can leave it as it is, or you can change it according to your need. Both are same.
@Krish thank you, I corrected the question. Would it still be correct, if I would leave the $-2$ in the term, or do I have to replace it with $1$ in order to be correct?
@muffel I added an answer that explains the idea behind these reductions.
First thing : $-2 \equiv 1 \pmod{3}$ because $-2-1=-3$ is divisible by $3$ (I suppose here that $R=\mathbb{Z}$ as the example suggests it). Then, if you want to calculate $f$ mod $3R[x]$ then you do :
$$f=(x^4+1)+(3x^3+3x^2+3x-3)=(x^4+1)+3(x^3+x^2+x-1) $$
The first polynomial is a representative of $f$ mod $3R[x]$ because the second is in $3R[x]$. Actually $f$ would also be a good representative of $f$ mod $3R[x]$ but it has more coefficients and the mod $3$ operation allows you to go to simpler polynomials. The same thing applies to your second example :
$$f=(-x^3-2x^2-2x-2)+5(x^3+x^2+x) $$
You could also say that :
$$f=(4x^3+3x^2+3x+3)+5\times 1 $$
Then you get different representatives of the same class mod $5$.
In both cases the author is employing a balanced complete set of reps for the integers mod $n,\,$ i.e. reps of least magnitude, e.g. for $\, p = 5\,$ this means to use the reps (remainders) $\, 0,\pm1, \pm2\,$ vs. $\,0,1,2,3,4,5.\,$ So they reduce $\,3\equiv -2\,$ to its rep of least magnitude. This may be done because using least magnitude reps often simplifies calculations (esp. hand calculations), for example $\,{\rm mod}\ n\!:\ (n\!-\!1)^{2k}\equiv (-1)^{2k}\equiv 1\,$ by reducing $\,n\!-\!1\equiv -1\,$ to its least maginitude rep.
| 28,540 |
https://github.com/davenewcomb/f4d-vvv/blob/master/www/wp_baycare/public_html/wp-content/plugins/popover/inc/class-popup-help.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
f4d-vvv
|
davenewcomb
|
PHP
|
Code
| 179 | 546 |
<?php
/**
* Contextual Plugin Help
*/
add_action( 'popup-init', array( 'IncPopupHelp', 'instance' ) );
class IncPopupHelp {
/**
* Singleton getter.
*
* @since 4.6.1.1
*/
static public function instance() {
static $Inst = null;
if ( null === $Inst ) {
$Inst = new IncPopupHelp();
}
return $Inst;
}
/**
* Private constructor.
*
* @since 4.6.1.1
*/
private function __construct() {
add_filter(
'contextual_help',
array( $this, 'setup_help' ),
5, 3
);
}
/**
* Prepare the Help-Tab of the current page.
*
* @since 4.6.1.1
* @param object $help_obj
* @param object $screen_id
* @param object $screen
* @return object Modified $help_obj object.
*/
public function setup_help( $help_obj, $screen_id, $screen ) {
$included_screens = array(
'inc_popup',
);
if ( ! in_array( $screen_id, $included_screens ) ) {
return;
}
// -- Help Tab: Shortcodes -----
$screen->add_help_tab(
array(
'id' => 'help_shortcodes',
'title' => __( 'Shortcodes', 'popover' ),
'callback' => array( $this, 'content_shortcodes' ),
)
);
return $help_obj;
}
/**
* Output help contents for section "Shortcodes"
*
* @since 4.6.1.1
*/
public function content_shortcodes() {
IncPopup::load_view( 'info-shortcodes' );
}
};
| 40,416 |
https://github.com/minyiky/xSACdb/blob/master/styles/components/nav-module.sass
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
xSACdb
|
minyiky
|
Sass
|
Code
| 61 | 273 |
.xsd-module-nav
.xsd-nav-module
display: flex
flex-direction: column
padding-left: 0 // <ul> reset
margin-bottom: 1rem
list-style: none
.active
border-left: 3px solid $brand-primary
padding-left: 6px
margin-left: -9px
.xsd-nav-module__header
color: $color-nav-module-header // TODO set as var
text-transform: uppercase
font-size: 0.8em
font-weight: bold
margin-top: 2rem
padding-bottom: 0.5em
&:first-child
margin-top: 0
.xsd-nav-module__item
margin-bottom: 0.1rem
.xsd-nav-module__link
&, &:hover, &:active
text-decoration: none
.xsd-nav-module__link-text
display: inline
font-size: 0.9em
color: $color-nav-module-link
| 50,150 |
hal-03578030-S0028377021001144.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
Judicial handling of cases of non-accidental head trauma in infants: Review and analysis of expert assessments. Neurochirurgie, 2021, 67 (6), pp.564-570. ⟨10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.04.014⟩. ⟨hal-03578030⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,026 | 9,610 |
Judicial handling of cases of non-accidental head trauma in infants: Review and analysis of expert assessments C. Delteil, L. Tuchtan, D. Scavarda,
M.-D. Piercecchi-Marti, E. Bosdure, C. Borrione
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
a Judicial handling of cases of non-accidental head trauma in infants: review and analysis of expert assessments
Traitement judiciaire des cas de traumatisme crânien non accidentel chez le nourrisson : expertise pénale, retour d’expérience Clémence
Delteil (a,b), Lucile Tuchtan (a,b), Didier Scavarda (c), Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti (a,b), Emmanuelle Bosdure (d), Claude Borrione (e) a) Forensic Department, APHM, La Timone, 264 rue St Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05 , France b) Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France c) Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, CHU Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille cedex 05, France. [email protected] d) Paediatric Department, CHU Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille cedex 05, France. e) Department of Paediatric Surgery, CHU Timone Enfants, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille cedex 05, France. Corresponding author: Clémence Delteil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-8520 © 2021 APHM, La Timone, 264 rue St Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France Tel. (33) 4 91 38 63 85 Fax (33) 4.91.92.33.31 E-mail address: [email protected]
1 Abstract: Introduction Good practice guidelines help clinicians to establish a suspected diagnosis of non-accidental head injury (NAHI) and help forensic experts to establish a level of certainty for the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to assess how the French Health Authority (HAS) guidelines contribute to the process of producing an expert assessment, on causation and certainty in cases of suspected NAHI. Method A retrospective study was conducted of the expert assessments that were conducted by a paediatric surgeon and forensic expert attached to our local court between 2002 and 2018, with the aim of determining the causal mechanism of the lesions and express a degree of certainty regarding the diagnosis. Results In our study, we found that, despite the HAS guidelines, a number of documents deemed essential for the forensic expert were sometimes missing, and that, by applying these guidelines, the decisions reached in some expert assessments could been reclassified and certain factors formerly described as risk factors for injury could be excluded. A precise dating of the traumatic event was proposed in half of cases. Conclusion Our study highlights the vital role of the HAS guidelines, not only for patient management but also to ensure high-quality expert assessments. Unfortunately, guidelines were not yet being properly adhered to by medical teams.
Rés
umé
:
Introduction Les recommandations de bonnes pratiques sont une aide pour le clinicien pour établir une suspicion diagnostique et pour l’expert pour établir un diagnostic de certitude de traumatisme crânien non accident (TCNA). L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la contribution des recommandations de l’HAS à la pratique de l’expertise concernant une mission d’imputabilité dans des cas de suspicion de TCNA.
Mé
thode Une étude rétrospective des expertises réalisées par un chirurgien pédiatre expert auprès du tribunal de notre circonscription entre 2002 et 2018 avec une mission d’imputabilité a été effectuée. Résultats. Dans notre étude, nous avons pu constater que malgré les recommandations de l’HAS un certain nombre de documents essentiels pour le médecin expert étaient encore parfois manquants, et que ces recommandations ont permis de reclasser certaines expertises différemment ou d’exclure des facteurs anciennement décrit comme favorisant les lésions. Une datation précise de l'événement traumatique a été proposée dans la moitié des cas.
Conclusion Notre étude met en exergue le rôle indispensable des recommandations HAS, non seulement pour la prise en charge des patients mais également pour une expertise médicale de qualité. 3 Malheureusement, les directives ne sont pas encore correctement respectées par les équipes médicales.
Keywords Non-accidental head injury, expert assessment, good practice guidelines, child abuse, shaken baby syndrome Mots clés Traumatisme crânien non accidentel, expertise, recommandation de bonnes pratiques, maltraitance à enfant, syndrome
du
b
ébé
secou
é Highlights
Professional guidelines are an undeniable aid in determining the causal mechanism of the lesions and certainty of a suspected NAHI. These recommendations must be well properly adhered to by medical teams. Their disrespect limits the extent to which perpetrator(s) of violence are recognised. There is a low number of convictions resulting from judicial investigations. Les recommandations professionnelles constituent une aide indéniable pour le diagnostic d’imputabilité d’un TCNA. Ces recommandations se doivent d’être bien appliquées par les équipe médicales. 4 Leur non-respect limite alors la reconnaissance de ou des auteurs des violences. Il existe un faible nombre de condamnation au terme des investigations judiciaires. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
1. Introduction
Since 2009, the American Pediatric Society has advised replacing the “shaking baby syndrome” (SBS) by “non-accidental head injury” or "abuse head trauma" to describe the whole brain, spinal cord, spinal and cranial damage resulting from a head injury inflicted on infants [1]. Indeed, the SBS would be too reductive and used too often inappropriately to describe infants with impact injury, alone or accompanied by multiple mechanisms of brain and spinal cord injury. Of the various forms of child physical abuse, non-accidental head injury (NAHI) is in some respects unique. While the clinical situation has been identified for many years [2], understanding of its mechanism is more recent [3-5]. The incidence of NAHI is 32 to 38 cases per 100,000 children per year in the first year of life and it is fatal in almost one quarter of cases [6,7]. Good practice guidelines are defined in the field of healthcare as methodically developed proposals to help practitioners and patients identify the most appropriate care in given clinical circumstances, using a multidisciplinary approach. The first French guidelines on NAHI were proposed by the French Health Authority (Haute Autorité de la Santé, HAS) and the French Society for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Société française de médecine physique et de réadaptation, SOFMER) in 5 2011[8] and were updated in 2017 [9]. They enable health professionals to make an accurate diagnosis of NAHI, better understand the mechanisms of action involved, recognise its clinical consequences and conduct the relevant paraclinical examinations. By methodically excluding diseases, including very rare ones, these guidelines enable a diagnosis of child abuse to be determined, for the first time, based on objective and recognised criteria. Clinical suspicions of abuse must be notified to the judicial authorities. The criminal investigation is then entrusted to a police or gendarmerie unit, usually a specialist team (such as the child protection unit (brigade des mineurs)), under the oversight of the public prosecutor’s office. As part of the criminal investigation, a forensic assessment by a medical expert may be requested in order to determine whether or not the injuries may be the result of trauma, and whether or not this trauma may have been non-accidental in nature. The primary objective of this study was to assess how the HAS guidelines contribute to the process of making an expert assessment on causation and certainty in cases of suspected nonaccidental head injury in infants. The secondary objectives were to verify how these guidelines are being applied, outside the context of forensics, in identifying injuries in clinical practice.
2. Materials and methods
This is a retrospective study of all the expert assessments conducted by a paediatric surgeon and forensic expert attached to our local court. We included all infant cases assessed between 2002 and 2018 to determine whether the injuries presented by the infant could be caused by non-accidental head injury. All the expert assessments were reviewed by a second forensic 6 medical expert, one who did not conduct the initial expert assessment, following the HAS guidelines. The complete medical file provided by the court and the judicial investigation file were both reviewed. An inventory of the documents at the expert’s disposal was drawn up. The following data were collected: − Judicial investigation data: the initial reports to the public prosecutor, the name of the court hearing the proceedings, the date of the expert assessment, the witness statements, and the report of the forensic doctor. − Medical data: sex, information on the pregnancy and birth, any medical monitoring of the child prior to hospitalisation, the nature and time and date of onset of first symptoms, and clinical and paraclinical data concerning medical and surgical treatment administered to the child. We then, for each case, identified the expert’s conclusions as regards causation and certainty and reassessed the latter, taking into account the HAS guidelines of May 2011, modified in July 2017 [8,9]. We requested information on the judicial consequences from the various courts to which the cases were initially referred. Categorical variables are expressed as incidence and corresponding percentage. For continuous variables, the median was calculated.
3. Results
39 expert assessments were carried out during this period, 5 of which concerned children who died quickly. These 5 assessments were not included in the study because the examination 7 recommended by the HAS was incomplete in all cases. For the 34 infants included in the study, the distribution was fairly similar before and after 2011: 55% (n=19) before 2011 and 45% (n=15) after 2011. The mean time between the date of judicial notification and the request for an expert assessment was 11 months [0.5-34 months].
3.1 Epidemiological data
The majority of infants were male (n=26, or 85%) with a sex ratio of 2.7 The median age of the infants at the time of the alleged trauma was 3.5 months and 85% of injuries (n=29) occurred during the first six months of life. They were all less than 12 months old [0.4-11 months]. The median age at the time of the assessment was 11 months [3-39 months]. The mean age of the mother was 26 years, with 30% of the mothers being under 23 and 30% over 30 years of age [20-38 years]. The mean age of the father or spouse of the mother in the couple was 28 years, with 10% being under 23 and 36% over 30 [20-39 years]. The family situation was known in 23 cases: the couple were cohabiting in 70% of cases, the couple were married in 17% of cases and one of the parents had already had a child in 17% of cases. In 8% of cases, the child was not related to the mother’s spouse. The couple were separated at the time of the events in 4% of the cases. Associated domestic violence was only reported in one case. According to the investigation data, in 61% of cases one of the parents was suspected was suspected of being the perpetrator, and in 10% of cases a third party (the mother’s spouse or a person with custody of the child) was suspected. 8
3.2 Background
Nearly half of the pregnancies (42%) were high-risk: vascular or metabolic disease during the pregnancy in 17% of cases (n=6), premature birth in 20% (n=7), and twin pregnancy in 11% (n=4) (including one case involving a history of violence towards the other twin). In 41% of cases (n=14), the infant was an only child.
3.3 Analysis of the investigation file
Copies of the judicial notification and forensic doctor’s report were present in 100% of cases. Initial clinical symptomatology was, in 76% of cases, neurological (n=26), such as convulsions, a focal neurological deficit, signs suggestive of acute intracranial hypertension or an apparent life-threatening event in the infant. In 70% of cases (n=24), these symptoms prompted very rapid medical consultation (less than 3 hours). In two other cases, the time to consultation was 1 and 3 days; these were infants of 3.5 and 4 months, presenting with vomiting. In 23% of cases (n=8), the suspected diagnosis was mentioned in a judicial or administrative notification due to a fracture, a suspicious bruise, the proven abuse of a sibling, or a macrocrania assessment. In these contexts, the time to initial management was delayed and the date of the trauma was unknown. The statements given by the various protagonists were all transmitted to the expert. In 56% of cases (n=19), statements contained the admission of an action, which was often minimised (energetic rocking, attempt to revive the child by shaking him/her), along with the 9 precise date and time. In two cases, an accidental traumatic event was described (fall of the parent with the child in their arms, fall from changing table). Gastroesophageal reflux was given by parents as an explanation of the child’s initial apparent life-threatening event in 17% of cases (n=6). A congenital bone disorder was mentioned in 26% of cases (n=9) by parents to explain the bone injuries. In 1 case, sickle cell disease or physiotherapy sessions were cited as an explanation for the intracranial haemorrhagic lesions. Medical documents available in the medical records seized: all of these results are presented in Table 1. The initial hospitalisation report, details of the general physical examination and the child’s measurements (head circumference, weight and height) were in all cases present in the medical records seized. The initial medical certificate and/or a medical report from a specialist physician (generally a paediatric neurologist or neurosurgeon) were present in 60% (n=11) of the cases before 2011 and in 80% (n=14) of the case after 2011. In 76% of cases (n=26), the infant’s clinical condition required admission to the intensive care department. Median length of stay was 23 days. Neurosurgical management (subdural peritoneal shunt) was required in 44% of cases (n=15). Medical reports on the pregnancy and childbirth were present in only 38% (n=13) of cases. An initial brain CT scan was performed in all cases. This scan was repeated in 85% of cases (n=29). The numbers of brain MRI scans performed doubled after publication of the 2011 guidelines. 10
3.4 Lesions observed
3.4.1. Intracranial haemorrhagic lesions: A subdural haematoma (SDH) was present in 85% of cases (n=29). Rupture of bridging veins was observed on imaging in 7 cases with a visible SDH. Haemorrhage was multifocal in 85% of cases (n=21) and bilateral in 62% of cases (n=18). In 30% (n=9) of cases, intracranial haemorrhagic lesions of different ages were identified on imaging. A subarachnoid haemorrhage was present in 30% of cases (n=10), generally unilateral (in the posterior tentorial region). Only one case of extradural haematoma was identified, associated with a skull fracture.
3.4.2 Non-haemorrhagic intracranial lesions
Half of the cases presented with one of the following lesions at the time of diagnosis. Acute lesions, namely hypoxic-ischaemia (n=9 or 26%), oedema (n=13 or 38%), or contusional tears (n=8 or 23%). Older lesions, namely atrophy (n=3 or 8%) or benign extra axial fluid accumulation of infancy (n=9 or 26%) 3.4.3 The other haemorrhagic lesions were 61% (n=21) of infants presented with retinal haemorrhage (RH), which was bilateral in 80% of cases (n=17), mainly Grade 2 (in 23% of cases, n=5) or Grade 3 (in 42% of cases, n=9) 11 according to the Defoort-Dhellemmes classification [10]. Only one case had a vitreous haemorrhage. In terms of cutaneous injuries, at least one bruise was observed in 47% of cases (n=16). A haematoma was identified in 30% of cases (n=10). These two types of lesions were associated in 17% of cases (n=6). The locations of these cutaneous injuries are shown in Figure 1. None of the four spinal MRI scans showed any brain stem lesions.
3.4.4 Associated fractures
Nearly half of the cases (n=15 or 44%) had at least one fracture (7 of the skull, 4 of the rib or vertebrae, and 9 of the lower or upper limbs). In 2 cases, fractures were of different ages.
3.5 Diagnosis of causation and degree of certainty
The expert ruled out abuse on one occasion. The diagnoses of causation and levels of certainty are represented in Table 2 as per the 2011 HAS guidelines. Upon review, 3 cases (star in table 2) could not be diagnosed as certain or probable abuse despite suspicious brain injuries: these were cases that were diagnosed late: no subdural haematoma or retinal haemorrhage were observed, but hypoxic-ischaemic brain lesions and/or cerebral atrophy were identified. A diagnosis of accidental head injury (two stars in table 2), involving a fall from a changing table onto a hard floor (tile) with injuries, was reclassified as a possible NAHI; file from 2005. 12 A precise dating of the traumatic event was offered in 52% of cases (n=18), and in other cases a period of time during which the trauma may have occurred was discussed. In 4 cases prior to 2011, benign extra axial fluid accumulation of infancy was considered an aggravating factor. This factor was no longer recognised after 2011: an extra axial fluid accumulation is most of the times a previous lesion of another shaking (subdural resorption) [9]. 3.6. Results of the legal proceedings
11 court decisions were reported to us: -2 appeal proceedings (files dating from 2016 and 2017). The expert’s diagnosis on causation and certainty was definite NAHI in both files. -4 cases without penalties. - 1 case closed without further action: the expert’s diagnosis was definite NAHI, but the perpetrator was not identified. This involved a child with bilateral subdural haematoma and bilateral retinal haemorrhage. - 1 case dismissed; the expert’s diagnosis on causation and certainty was probable NAHI (according to the HAS 2011 classification, but definite NAHI under the new guidelines). The perpetrator was not identified. This involved a child with isolated bilateral subdural haematoma and delayed management (macrocrania assessment). - 1 case dismissed: the expert’s diagnosis was definite NAHI, but the perpetrator was not identified. This involved a child with bilateral subdural haematoma, bilateral retinal haemorrhage and arm ecchymosis. Only a large datation period could be done by the expert. 13 -1 case dismissed: it was diagnosed lately: no subdural haematoma or retinal haemorrhage were observed, but hypoxic-ischaemic brain lesions and cerebral atrophy. No datation could be done by the expert. -4 cases with penalties: - a 6-year prison sentence for the stepfather and a 3-year sentence for the mother; the civil party obtained €10,000. The expert’s diagnosis on abuse and degree of certainty was definite NAHI. Intracranial haemorrhagic lesions of different ages, bone injuries of different ages, and multiple bruises on the face, neck and genitals of different ages. The stepfather confessed to the facts; the mother was convicted of the offence of failure to report the abuse of a minor under the age of 15. - a 3-month prison sentence for the father and a fine of €1,000; the civil party obtained €1,500. The expert’s diagnosis on causation and certainty was probable NAHI (according to the HAS 2012 classification, but definite NAHI under the new guidelines). Alleged accidental trauma, intracranial haemorrhagic injuries of different ages, and bruises of different ages. - a 6-year prison sentence for the father and a 7-year prison sentence for the mother, with total withdrawal of parental authority for both parents, 3 years’ social and judicial supervision and a care order for both parents. The expert’s diagnosis on causation and certainty was definite NAHI: the child presented with intracranial bleeds of different ages and a femoral fracture, and at the time of the expert’s assessment was already displaying delayed psychomotor development and behavioural disorders. The parents confessed to what happened. - a 2-year prison sentence for the father. The expert’s diagnosis on causation and certainty was definite NAHI: the child presented subdural haematoma and retinal haemorrhage. The father confessed to what happened. One case is still under investigation, relating to events in 2017. 14
4. Discussion 4.1 Role of the expert
In France, the judge may “appoint any person of his/her choosing to provide, by means of observations, a consultation or an expert assessment, information on a question of fact that requires the knowledge of a technical expert”, according to Articles 232 of the Code of Civil Procedure [11] and 156 of the Code of Criminal Procedure [12]. The Investigating Judge appoints the expert to, firstly, establish whether there is a causal relationship between the injuries observed and the alleged facts, and, secondly, to provide evidence on the dating of these injuries. In producing his/her expert assessment and answering these queries, the expert relies on all documents transmitted, i.e. the entire judicial investigation file and medical records. In the discussion section of the report, the expert explains his/her conclusions using data from the literature. However, the perception of a causal relationship is very legal in nature. Indeed [13], if the causal relationship: • raises no doubt, the expert describes it as “direct, definite and determinant (if not exclusive)”; • does not exist or is not scientifically proven, the expert writes: “does not exist” or “is not proven”; • is not formally definite but is very plausible, the expert writes: “the relationship must be recognised on the basis of serious, precise and concordant presumptions”; • is possible but impossible to prove, the expert may write either: “the relationship is possible or plausible or hypothetical”. 15 The Haute Autorité de Santé is a reference for all French doctors, including medical experts; it has determined the clinical and paraclinical evidence that identify causation via its May 2011 guidelines, amended in July 2017 [8,9]. Indeed, these guidelines, while maintaining medical reasoning, use the same principles of causation identified by Vayre et al.[13] to conclude on a definite or probable NAHI. As such, while the expert can use the extensive bibliography proposed by the latter, he/she must remain constantly up-to-date with scientific data published after the publication of these guidelines. 4.2 Defining the existence of non-accidental trauma
The expert assessments reviewed in our study concern the population frequently described in the literature: a male infant with a median age of four months at the time of the trauma [14]. The cerebral, spinal and retinal injuries observed in cases of NAHI can only be the result of an extremely violent action. Brain injuries are secondary to the rapid rocking of the head in the anteroposterior direction causing acceleration-deceleration, anteroposterior and rotational forces [15, 16]. The brain moves within the skull, wrenching the bridging veins that connect the cerebral cortex and the venous sinus. It is this wrenching that is responsible for SDH [1719]. It seems that it is the same mechanism, particularly rotational acceleration and deceleration, that explains the occurrence of retinal haemorrhages and not the violence of the trauma (traction of the retinal vessels at the interface with the vitreous body), although the diagnosis of NAHI is still usually made, with a definite or probable level of certainty [20]. New data on the pathophysiology of the injuries enabled us to reclassify one head injury initially identified as accidental as a non-accidental head injury.
4.3 Dating 16
According to the literature, it has been widely reported that no child can remain clinically unharmed after being shaken [21-25]. When dating the injuries, the expert incorporates medical information contained in the evidence produced by questioning the parents; the first criterion to be taken into account is the reported time of onset of the first clinical sign. It is essential that, during medical questioning, a precise time and date is established for the facts. The Judge relies on the expert’s opinion to identify the alleged perpetrator. In the absence of a confession and in view of the difficulty of establishing a precise date, the perpetrator may not be identified; this explains the high number of non-convictions (4 cases out of 11 responses). The dating of injuries and the identification of lesions of different ages have important forensic consequences. In particular, the presence of lesions of different ages allows the offence to be qualified (repeated act, act of barbarity) and excludes any situation that could be considered as a “moral excuse” (mental exhaustion, desperate attempt to wake one’s child up after an apparent life-threatening event, inattentiveness and fall from a low height). It is also crucial in establishing the chronology of events, which can lead to the exoneration of persons who have had contact with the child. Dating of lesions is usually imprecise. It is based on a combination of clinical, radiological and interview data. Imaging does not allow precise dating, but it is sometimes possible to confirm the existence of subdural haematomas of different ages by the superposition of acute and older lesions [26, 27]. Dating is also based on the macroscopic appearance of the subdural haematoma during surgical drainage. For the first 3 days, the blood is a bright red liquid. After the 6th week, the contents of the clot typically take on an “engine oil” like appearance [28]. 17 Note that cytological analysis of the evacuation product could be considered in order to identify elements related to the degradation of haemoglobin (haemosiderin, haematoidin deposits) [29]. 4.4 Coexistence with other injuries
The coexistence of other physical injuries is a crucial element in the diagnostic process as it enables the brain lesions observed to be linked with an act of physical abuse. Bruises of the face, trunk and upper limbs were frequently observed (47%), which is consistent with descriptions in the literature [6, 30]. We note the absence of integumentary lesions such as wounds, bites or burns in our cohort. The small number of photographs taken of the injuries noted by the doctor taking care of the child is regrettable (33 and 25% of the files studied). These photographs are crucial because the precise description of the lesions and mechanism of injury falls within the remit of the forensic scientist or medical expert. However, the latter only become involved in the child’s care at a late stage (after reporting, or after the criminal investigation has begun). Bruises are, in the absence of a medical cause, highly suggestive of abuse in an infant who is not mobile [31]. In addition, some bruises can provide information about other types of associated mistreatment; for example, one of the infants in our series had cervical lesions that, in the photographs taken, revealed an episode of strangulation. Nearly 50% of infants also had at least one fracture, generally a skull fracture (25%). This is consistent with data from the literature [32] which indicate that skull fractures are observed in 2-20% of infants with an NAHI. The coexistence of multiple lesions, as well as lesions of different ages, is of particular significance from a legal point of view, not only to identify the perpetrator but also to determine the severity of the sentence. 4.5 Adherence to guidelines
In our study, we observed that, despite the HAS guidelines [8, 9], a number of documents essential to the medical expert’s assessment were regularly missing from the medical records because the examinations had not been performed. These included brain or cerebrospinal MRIs, which are required for the diagnosis of NAHI (brain MRI in 75% of cases and spinal MRIs in only 12.5% of cases after 2011) as well as certain vital examinations for eliminating associated lesions (bone scans were incomplete in 68% of cases after 2011) or identifying a differential diagnosis (blood tests were incompletely prescribed in 75% of cases). The clinical and paraclinical assessments not to be missed in this situation of NAHI are resumed in Table 3. However, the suspicion of NAHI is usually asserted as definite or probable by the clinicians justifying the criminal investigation. The fact that these examinations were not done is detrimental to the expert assessment: it is not easy for the expert to prescribe additional examinations, firstly, because due to the time that has generally elapsed prior to the request for expert assessment, they would no longer be relevant, and, secondly, because it is essential to seek the approval of the judge, who is generally against the performance of invasive investigations (blood tests, radiology) over which he/she has no control. Only the expert will be able to confirm the suspected NAHI and will propose a diagnosis of certainty based on the HAS guidelines and the latest scientific data on the subject. 6 Conclusion: Our study highlights the vital role of the HAS guidelines, not only for patient management but also for conducting a high-quality expert assessment, an essential stage in the process of compensating for harm suffered. The expert acts conscientiously, looking at the entire 19 investigation file and the latest scientific data before making a decision on the causation and degree of certainty. Unfortunately, it appears that these guidelines are not yet being properly adhered to by medical teams. It can be difficult to rely on claims made by perpetrators of abuse; as such, it is often impossible to confirm precise dating. This then limits the extent to which perpetrator(s) of violence are recognised and certainly explains the low number of convictions resulting from judicial investigations.
References [1] Christian CW, Block R, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1409– 11 http.//doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0408 [2] Tardieu A. Etude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants. Annales d'Hygiène Publique et de Médecine Légale 1860;13:361-98. [3] Chatelin S, Vappou J, Roth S, Raul JS, Willinger R. Towards child versus adult brain mechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;6:166-73. http.//doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.09.013. [4] Watts P, Child maltreatment guideline working party of Royal College of Ophthalmologists UK. Abusive head trauma and the eye in infancy. Eye Lond Engl. 2013;27(10):1227‐9. http.//doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.192. [5] Shannon P, Smith CR, Deck J, Ang LC, Ho M, Becker L. Axonal injury and the neuropathology of shaken baby syndrome. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1998;95(6):625‐31. http.//doi.org/10.1007/s004010050849. [6] Na SK, Fingarson A, Lukefahr J, COUNCIL ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT. Abusive Head Trauma in Infants and Children. Pediatrics. Apr. 2020;145(4). http.//doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0203. [7] Scavarda D, Gabaudan C, Ughetto F, Lamy F, Imada V, Lena G, et al. Initial predictive factors of outcome in severe non-accidental head trauma in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(11):1555-61. http.//doi.org/10.1007/s00381-010-1150-x. 20 [8] Haute Autorité de Santé. Recommandation : Syndrome du bébé secoué, http://www.hassante.fr/portail/jcms/c_1095929/fr/recommandation-syndrome-du-bebe-secoue;2011 [accessed 22 Nov 2016]. [9] Haute Autorité de Santé. Recommandation : Syndrome du bébé secoué, http://www.hassante.fr/portail/jcms/c_1095929/fr/recommandation-syndrome-du-bebe-secoue;2017 [accessed 15/02/2021]. [10] Vinchon M, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, Delestret I. Confessed abuse versus witnessed accidents in infants: comparison of clinical, radiological, and ophthalmological data in corroborated cases. Childs Nerv Syst 2010;26:637-45. https://doi10.1007/s00381-009-1048-7. [11] Legifrance. Code civil, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&dat eTexte=20170511, 2021 [accessed 15/02/2021]. [12] Legifrance. Code Pénal. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dat eTexte=20170511, 2021. [accessed 15/02/2021]. [13] Vayre P, Planquelle D, Fabre H. Le lien de causalité en matière de responsabilité médicale. Médecine Droit. Volume 438, Issue 72, 05/06/2005, Pages 73-102, ISSN 1246-7391, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meddro.2005.05.001 [14] Fortin G, Stipanicic A. How to recognize and diagnose abusive head trauma in infants. Phys Rehabil http.//doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2010.10.004 Med. 2010;53(10):693‐710. [15] American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Shaken baby syndrome: rotational cranial injuries-technical report. Pediatrics. 2001;108(1):206‐10. http.//doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.1.206. [16] May PR, Fuster JM, Newman P, Hirschman A. Woodpeckers and head injury. Lancet Lond Engl. 1976;1(7957):454‐5. http.//doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91477-x. [17] Raul J-S, Roth S, Ludes B, Willinger R. Influence of the benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space on the bridging veins strain during a shaking event: a finite element study. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122(4):337‐40. http.//doi.org/10.1007/s00414-008-0242-6. [18] Roth S, Raul J-S, Ludes B, Willinger R. Finite element analysis of impact and shaking inflicted to a child. Int J Legal Med. 2007;121(3):223‐8. http.//doi.org/10.1007/s00414006-0129-3. [19] Roth S, Raul J-S, Willinger R. Finite element modelling of paediatric head impact: global validation against experimental data. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2010;99(1):25‐33. http.//doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2009.10.004. 21 [20] Nadarasa J, Deck C, Meyer F, Raul JS, Willinger R. Infant eye finite element model to investigate retinal hemorrhages after fall and shaking events. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2015;18 http.//doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1069602. Suppl 1:2016‐7. [21] Gilliland MG. Interval duration between injury and severe symptoms in nonaccidental head trauma in infants and young children. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(3):723‐5. [22] Starling SP, Patel S, Burke BL, Sirotnak AP, Stronks S, Rosquist P. Analysis of perpetrator admissions to inflicted traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(5):454‐8. http.//doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.5.454. [23] Biron D, Shelton D. Perpetrator accounts in infant abusive head trauma brought about by a shaking event. Child Abuse 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.05.003. Negl. 2005;29(12):1347‐58. http.//doi.org/ [24] Adamsbaum C, Morel B, Ducot B, Antoni G, Rey-Salmon C. Dating the abusive head trauma episode and perpetrator statements: key points for imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44 Suppl 4:S578-588. http.//doi.org/10.1007/s00247-014-3171-1. [25] Willman KY, Bank DE, Senac M, Chadwick DL. Restricting the time of injury in fatal inflicted head injuries. Child Abuse http.//doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00054-9. Negl. 1997;21(10):929‐40. [26] Vinchon M, Noulé N, Tchofo PJ, Soto-Ares G, Fourier C, Dhellemmes P. Imaging of head injuries in infants: temporal correlates and forensic implications for the diagnosis of child abuse. J Neurosurg. http.//doi.org/10.3171/ped.2004.101.2.0044. 2004;101(1 Suppl):44‐52. [27] Kidwell CS, Wintermark M. Imaging intracranial haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol. Mar 2008;7(3):256‐67. http.//doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70041-3. [28] Pearl GS. Traumatic neuropathology. Clin Lab Med. Mar 1998;18(1):39‐64. [29] Delteil C, Humez S, Boucekine M, Jouvet A, Hedouin V, Fanton L, Leonetti G, Tuchtan L, Piercecchi MD. Histological dating of subdural hematoma in infants. Int J Legal Med. 2019;133(2):539-546. http.//doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1980-8. [30] Adamsbaum C. Maltraitance chez l’enfant. France: Lavoisier MSP; 2013. [31] Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. Bruises in infants and toddlers: those who don’t cruise rarely bruise. Puget Sound Pediatric Research Network. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(4):399‐403. http.//doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.4.399. [32] Alexiou GA, Sfakianos G, Prodromou N. Pediatric head trauma. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011;4(3):403‐8. http.//doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.83872. Legends
Figure 1: Associated cutaneous injuries: topography of bruises and cutaneous haematomas Table 1: Analysis of the documents accessible at the time of the expert assessment, before and after the publication of the HAS guidelines in 2011 Table 2: The diagnoses of causation and levels of certainty before and after 2011 HAS guidelines
Table 3: Clinical and paraclinical assessments not to be missed Number of Number of cases before cases after Examinations necessary for Health record diagnosis, as recommended by Photographs 2011 2011 n = 18 (%) n = 16 (%) 11 (61) 12 (75) 6 (33) 4 (25) the HAS Brain CT scan without injection of contrast 18 (100) product 16 (100) 14 (77) 15 (93) 7 (38) 12 (75) 1 (5) 2 (12.5) Complete spine MRI 2 (11) 2 (12.5) Full blood work * 7 (38) 4 (25) Electroencephalogram 14 (77) 9 (56) Abdominal ultrasound 6 (33) 10 (62) X-ray of the entire skeleton 8 (44) 11 (68) Bone scan 0 (0) 4 (25) Transfontanelle ultrasound 6 (33) 6 (37.5) Obstetric medical record for the pregnancy 6 (33) 6 (37.5) Ophthalmological examination Brain MRI Examinations in case of doubt Cervical spinal MRI over diagnosis, as recommended by the HAS Other necessary examinations recommended by the HAS Other essential items Obstetric medical record for the delivery 7 (38) Macroscopic appearance and pressure of the 2/8 (25) 6 (37.5) 6/7 (86) subdural haematoma at time of shunt Initial medical certificate Medical report from a specialist physician 7 (39) 8 (50) 11 (61) 13 (81) * complete blood count, haematocrit, electrolyte panel, lactate measurements, haemostasis screening (platelets, PT [prothrombin time], aPTT [activated partial thromboplastin time], fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, FVIII, FIX, FXI), and transaminase and lipase assay. Diagnosis before 2011 (55%, At time of expert After review n=19) assessment Definite 16 16 Probable 0 1 Uncertain 1 1* Accidental 1 0** Excluded 1 1 Diagnosis after 2011 (45%, n=15) At time of expert After review assessment Definite 10 10 Probable 5 4 Uncertain 0 1* Accidental 0 0 Excluded 0 0 Examinations necessary recommended by Health record the HAS Photographs Brain CT scan without injection of contrast product Ophthalmological examination Brain MRI Full blood work * Electroencephalogram Abdominal ultrasound X-ray of the entire skeleton Bone scan Transfontanelle ultrasound Examinations in case of doubt over Cervical spinal MRI diagnosis, as recommended by the HAS Complete spine MRI Other essential items Obstetric medical record for the pregnancy (professional experience) Obstetric medical record for the delivery Macroscopic appearance and pressure of the subdural haematoma at time of shunt Initial medical certificate Medical report from a specialist physician * complete blood count, haematocrit, electrolyte panel, lactate measurements, haemostasis screening (platelets, PT [prothrombin time], aPTT [activated partial thromboplastin time], fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, FVIII, FIX, FXI), and transaminase and lipase assay.
| 38,597 |
CETATEXT000029402429
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 2,014 |
Conseil d'État, , 03/07/2014, 381997, Inédit au recueil Lebon
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JADE
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French
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Spoken
| 500 | 836 |
Vu la requête, enregistrée le 30 juin 2014 au secrétariat du contentieux du Conseil d'Etat, présentée pour l'Association de soutien pour l'exercice des responsabilités départementales et locales (ASERDEL), dont le siège est 36, rue de Laborde à Paris (75008), représentée par son président ; l'association requérante demande au juge des référés du Conseil d'Etat d'ordonner, sur le fondement de l'article R. 532-1 du code de justice administrative, la communication d'une copie du dossier accompagnant chacun des quatre-vingt-dix-huit projets de décret portant délimitation des cantons dont la section de l'intérieur a été saisie par le gouvernement ;<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Vu les autres pièces du dossier ;<br/>
Vu le code de justice administrative ;<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
1. Considérant qu'aux termes de l'article R. 532-1 du code de justice administrative : " Le juge des référés peut, sur simple requête et même en l'absence de décision administrative préalable, prescrire toute mesure utile d'expertise ou d'instruction " ; que l'Association de soutien pour l'exercice des responsabilités départementales et locales demande au juge des référés du Conseil d'Etat d'ordonner, sur le fondement de ces dispositions, la communication d'une copie du dossier accompagnant chacun des quatre-vingt-dix-huit projets de décret portant délimitation des cantons dont la section de l'intérieur a été saisie par le gouvernement ;<br/>
<br/>
2. Considérant, en premier lieu, qu'en vertu de l'article 1er de la loi du 17 juillet 1978, les avis du Conseil d'Etat n'ont pas le caractère de documents administratifs communicables ; qu'il en résulte qu'il n'appartient qu'au gouvernement de verser au débat contradictoire de la procédure contentieuse, en particulier lorsqu'est invoqué un moyen tiré d'une irrégularité tenant à une méconnaissance alléguée des règles qui gouvernent la procédure d'examen d'un projet de décret par le Conseil d'Etat, le dossier de ce projet, tel qu'il a été présenté au Conseil d'Etat ;<br/>
<br/>
3. Considérant, en deuxième lieu, que nombre des décrets mentionnés par la requête ont fait l'objet d'un recours pour excès de pouvoir devant le Conseil d'Etat ; que le Conseil d'Etat, statuant au contentieux s'est déjà prononcé sur plusieurs de ces recours ; qu'en ce qui les concerne, la mesure sollicitée est donc dépourvue d'utilité ; que, pour les recours encore pendants, il n'appartient qu'à la sous-section à laquelle ces recours ont été attribués de prendre, en vertu de ses pouvoirs de direction de l'instruction, les mesures nécessaires à la mise de la requête en état ; que le juge des référés ne saurait se substituer au juge de l'excès de pouvoir dans l'exercice de cette mission ;<br/>
<br/>
4. Considérant qu'il résulte de ce qui précède que la requête de l'Association de soutien pour l'exercice des responsabilités départementales et locales ne peut qu'être rejetée ;<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>O R D O N N E :<br/>
------------------<br/>
Article 1er : La requête de l'Association de soutien pour l'exercice des responsabilités départementales et locales est rejetée.<br/>
Article 2 : La présente ordonnance sera notifiée à l'Association de soutien pour l'exercice des responsabilités départementales et locales.<br/>
Copie en sera transmise pour information au Premier ministre et au ministre de l'intérieur.<br/>
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| 8,639 |
https://github.com/ricardocrescenti/graphql-schema-creator/blob/master/src/models/foreign-key.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause
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graphql-schema-creator
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ricardocrescenti
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TypeScript
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Code
| 211 | 459 |
import { GraphQLSchema } from "..";
import { Column } from "./column";
import { Resolver, ResolverFunction } from "./resolver";
import { ResolverRequest } from "./resolver-request";
import { Table } from "./table";
export class ForeignKey extends Resolver {
public column: Column;
public referencedTable: Table;
public columns: Map<string, string>;
constructor(schema: GraphQLSchema, table: Table, column: Column, referencedTable: Table, columns: Map<string, string>, hasMany: boolean) {
let returnType = referencedTable.typeName;
if (hasMany) {
returnType = `[${returnType}]`;
}
const resolver: ResolverFunction = async (request: ResolverRequest) => {
/// if the column is already entered in the parent column, do not query again, and
/// return de value informed in column
if (request.parent[column.name]) {
return request.parent[column.name];
}
/// But if the column is not entered in the parent, a database query will be made
/// to query the relationship.
let query = referencedTable.createDefaultQuery(schema.database);
/// Add the conditions to make the relationship between the tables.
columns.forEach((key, value) => {
query = query.where(key, request.parent[value]);
});
/// Get and return query result, if not many, return first value or null,
/// otherwise return an array
const result = await query;
return (hasMany ? result : (result.length > 0 ? result[0] : null));
};
super(table, column.name, 'foreign_key', [], returnType, hasMany, resolver);
this.column = column;
this.referencedTable = referencedTable;
this.columns = columns;
}
}
| 26,707 |
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
וסטקוט
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https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=וסטקוט&action=history
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Hebrew
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Spoken
| 230 | 831 |
וסטקוט (באנגלית: WestCOT) הוא פארק שעשועים שתוכנן להיבנות באתר הנופש דיסנילנד באנהיים שבקליפורניה.
הפארק תוכנן להיות הגרסה הקליפורנית של אפקוט המצוי בדיסניוורלד שבפלורידה. הרעיון להקמת הפארק היה רעיון של מייקל אייזנר מנכ"ל דיסני באותה עת, ומטרתו הייתה להרחיב את אתר הנופש בדיסנילנד על מנת שיוכל להתחרות באתר שבפלורידה. בדיקות שנעשו על ידי החברה העלו שמבקרים בילו שבוע ימים בחופשתם בפלורידה ורק יום אחד באתר הנופש בקליפורניה.
מבנה הפארק
כחלק מתכנון הפארק הושמו מלונות הפארק בתוך הפארק עצמו - דבר שלא נעשה קודם לכן בפארקי דיסני (רעיון שיושם בסוף במלון מירקוסטה שבטוקיו דיסניסי ובפארק ההרפתקה הקליפורנית של דיסני).
במרכז הפארק תוכנן להיות העתק של ספינת החלל כדור הארץ המצויה באפקוט - אולם המבנה תוכנן גדול יותר וגובהו היה אמור להיות כפול מזה שבפלורידה (והמצוי, בפלורידה, בכניסה לפארק). מתקנים נוספים שהיו מצויים באפקוט תוכננו להיות גם בווסטקוט ובהם: אופקים, מסע אל הדמיון, שומר הזמן, מסע דרך החלל הפנימי, והאדמה.
כמו כן תוכנן מסע באונייה "מסביב לעולם" בדומה לתצוגת ארצות העולם המצויה בפארק אפקוט, שהאזורים שתוכננו להיות מיוצגים הם: לונדון (בה יוצג ביג בן), ניו יורק, אפריקה, אסיה, פריז, טוקיו, סין וטורונטו.
ביטול הפארק
תוכניות הקמת הפארק פורסמו בשנת 1991 וההודעה על הביטול פורסמה בשנת 1995 בשל התנגדות תושבי העיר אנהיים למיזם הענקי שעתיד היה להיבנות באתר.
במקום בו תוכנן להיבנות הפארק נבנה לבסוף פארק ההרפתקה הקליפורנית של דיסני.
קישורים חיצוניים
דיון עם טוני בקסטר על ווסטקוט
דיסני: פארקי שעשועים
אתר הנופש דיסנילנד
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https://github.com/playerljc/CTMobile-Vue/blob/master/note/src/components/layout/back.vue
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MIT
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CTMobile-Vue
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playerljc
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Vue
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Code
| 8 | 39 |
<template>
<ctmobile-back class="fa fa-chevron-left AppBack"/>
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<script src="./back.js"></script>
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Wikipedia
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Христианская наука
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Христианская наука&action=history
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Russian
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Spoken
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Христианская наука () — религиозное течение, основанное в 1879 году Мэри Бейкер-Эдди. Возникло на основе либерального протестантизма. Последователи этого учения организованы в Церковь Христа-Учёного ().
Терминология
Терминология этой религии и её перевод на русский язык требуют отдельного комментария. По-английски религия называется Christian Science, что переводится как Христианская наука (в официальном русском переводе «Науки и здоровья» оба слова даются с прописных). Необходимо помнить, что этот термин — название религии, а не синоним христианского богословия, саентологии (название которой также образовано от английского слова «наука») или обозначения группы учёных, исповедующих христианство.
Название церкви
Официально Материнская церковь в Бостоне (основанная Эдди) называется The First Church of Christ, Scientist. История этого термина такова: изначально Эдди планировала назвать свою церковь Церковью Христа (), однако церковь с таким названием уже была инкорпорирована в штате Массачусетс. В 1879 году церковь была зарегистрирована под именем Church of Christ (Scientist). Слово scientist здесь используется по тому же принципу, что и methodist в Методистской церкви () или universalist в Универсалистской церкви (), то есть это Церковь Христа («Саентистская»). В дальнейшем, в 1892 году, название Материнской церкви было окончательно изменено на The First Church of Christ, Scientist.
Русская версия «Науки и здоровья» переводит название церкви так: Сайентистская Церковь Христа. Официальный сайт Христианской науки использует другой термин: Церковь Христа, Научная. Ещё один возможный вариант — Церковь Христа-Учёного (например, так переводится на французский и немецкий языки).
Именование последователей
По-английски последователи Христианской Науки называются Christian Scientists. Официальный русский перевод «Науки и здоровья» называет их «Христианские Сайентисты», а русская версия церковного сайта — «Научными христианами». Дословный перевод английского названия — «христианские учёные».
Истоки
Христианская наука возникла в США в XIX веке на фоне ослабления протестантизма.
Её основала Мэри Бейкер-Эдди, на взгляды которой ранее повлияли работы целителя .
Главная (так называемая материнская) церковь этого движения находится в Бостоне.
Её последователи составляют около 85 тысяч человек, большинство из них в США. В России на 2020 год — несколько сотен последователей.
Одна из самых знаковых церквей Христианской науки — Семнадцатая церковь Христа-Учёного в Чикаго, США, памятник архитектуры брутализма.
Вероучение
Христианская наука разделяет христианскую веру во всемогущего Бога, признаёт авторитет Библии (хотя и не считает её непогрешимой) и считает распятие и воскресение Иисуса Христа незаменимыми для искупления человечества.
Её отличие от традиционного христианства в том, что в жизни Иисуса она видит пример божественного сыновства, которое принадлежит всем мужчинам и женщинам как детям Бога. Его исцеления и победа над смертью рассматриваются как доказательства того, что ограничения смертного состояния могут быть постепенно преодолены по мере того, как человек обретает «разум Христа», то есть понимание истинного духовного статуса. Это достижение требует взглянуть за пределы материальных явлений на духовную реальность, которую ортодоксальное христианство связывает с небесами, но которую христианская наука считает очевидным фактом.
Священными книгами христианской науки считаются Библия и «Наука и здоровье с Ключом к Священному Писанию». Автором последней является Мэри Бейкер-Эдди.
Мэри Бейкер-Эдди писала, что в 1866 году была исцелена после того, как она прочитала в Библии описание того, как Христос исцелял больных. Она считала, что исцеление, подобное тому, что совершил Христос, доступно большинству людей, как и в те времена. После этого она посвятила многие годы изучению Библии и изложила своё понимание в книге «Наука и здоровье», первое издание которой вышло в 1875 году.
По её словам, до публикации книги она в течение двух лет была свидетелем исцелений больных, проникшихся учением христианской науки (описание этих случаев Мэри Бейкер-Эдди включила в главу «Плоды» — ). Сторонники учения считают, что и человек, и Вселенная по своей природе являются духовными, а не материальными, и что добро, здоровье и добродетель являются реальностью, тогда как зло, болезнь и грех являются мнимыми продуктами фиктивного материального существования. Сторонники христианской науки полагают, что через молитву, знание и понимание можно достичь практически всего посредством Бога — в частности, путём молитвы можно достичь исцеления от болезней.
Молитва, с точки зрения христианской науки, не просит Бога о вмешательстве, но скорее является процессом ознакомления с духовной реальностью Бога — «пробуждением мышления смертных» постепенно, вплоть до постижения духовной истины. Сторонники доктрины полагают, что всем методам лечения (медикаментозным, хирургическим и т. д.) следует предпочесть исцеление через особые молитвы, направленные на пробуждение духовности в мышлении.
Христианская наука не верит в реальность или неизбежность смерти, а считает смерть одним из материальных явлений, реальность которых она отвергает. Слова «небеса» и «ад», хотя и употребляются для описания того, что происходит после смерти, считаются не местами, а «состояниями ума». Те, кто «прошёл» через «изменение, называемое смерть», не общаются с живыми, но не перестают существовать и не утрачивают свою личную идентичность. Однако знание о том, что смерти нет, может быть достигнуто только путём «сознательного единения с Богом» и сознательного понимания, что «жизнь, Бог, — везде, а следовательно, смерть нигде, ведь для неё места нет».
Как писала Н. П. Савкина, Христианская наука рассматривает Зло как ошибку и заблуждение смертного разума, отказывая ему в реальности. Зло бессильно. Музыковед выдвинула не разделяемую научным сообществом гипотезу о том, что из многих причин, повлиявших на решение русского композитора С. С. Прокофьева покинуть Париж и переехать в СССР, главной стало воздействие Христианской науки. Марк Твен и Стефан Цвейг скептически относились к идеям Христианской науки.
Религиовед Роберт Эллвуд характеризовал христианскую науку как «тщательно интегрированную систему из элементов трансцендентализма, кальвинистской борьбы света с тьмой и престижа науки».
Церковь Христа-Учёного
Организация
Церковное устройство Христианской науки закреплено в Руководстве Материнской церкви () — своеобразной конституции этой религии, написанной лично Эдди. Последнее издание (89-е) было опубликовано 17 декабря 1910 года, спустя две недели после смерти своего автора, и с тех пор не менялось.
Согласно Руководству (статья 28), единственной церковью Христианской науки является Материнская церковь в Бостоне с официальным названием The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Последователи Христианской науки могут организовывать дочерние церкви (церкви-филиалы; англ. branch churches), однако такая церковь должна состоять как минимум из 16 человек, из которых четверо являются членами Материнской церкви. Также в дочерней церкви должен состоять как минимум один зарегистрированный «практиционер» (англ. practitioner — «христианский учёный», закончивший специальные двухнедельные курсы и работающий целителем/духовным помощником).
Дочерние церкви полностью автономны в своём самоуправлении, однако должны носить имя Church of Christ, Scientist и последовательно нумероваться по мере возникновения новых в одном населённом пункте (например, First Church, New York; Seventeenth Church, Chicago). Определённый артикль the используется только в названии Материнской церкви. Кроме того, дочерним церквям запрещено открывать свои филиалы или иные подчинённые структуры, однако они вольны отстроить здание по своему вкусу или проводить богослужения там, где решит община.
Приходская жизнь
Каждая община Христианской науки избирает себе двух чтецов на срок от года до трёх лет. Во время богослужения Первый чтец читает предписанные отрывки из «Науки и здоровья», в то время как Второй — из Библии. Если община решает отстроить себе церковь, обряда освящения не проводится до тех пор, пока здание не будет полностью оплачено.
При каждой церкви существует воскресная школа, занятия в которой проводятся в то же время, что и основное богослужение недели, для молодёжи до 20 лет, а также особая читальня, функционирующая одновременно как библиотека литературы Христианской науки и церковная лавка (читальня, впрочем, может существовать и отдельно от церкви). Приёмные практиционеров раньше также располагались при церквях, однако впоследствии от этого отказались.
Символика
Официальным символом Христианской науки является печать () в виде склонённого четырёхконечного пронизывающего корону креста, обрамлённого библейской цитатой (Мф 10:8) по Исправленному изданию Библии короля Якова 1881 года (англ. ) с тем, однако, отличием, что слово devils было заменено на demons, взятое из текстологического комментария, сопровождающего этот перевод:
Хотя в таком виде эта эмблема впервые появилась в 1881 году на обложке третьего издания «Науки и здоровья», Эдди использовала символ креста и короны и раньше: так, в 1876 году при входе в её дом в Линне, Массачусетс, висела табличка «Дом Христианских учёных Мэри Б. Гловер» (), с одной стороны которой была изображена открытая книга, а с другой — корона над склонённым крестом.
В 1915 году, через пять лет после смерти Эдди, Совет директоров защитил финальную эмблему авторским правом, которым владеет и по сей день. Интересно, что в более ранней версии эмблемы использовалась не королевская корона, а корона наследника, т. н. «коронет» (англ. ), что не увязывалось с распространённым в христианстве толкованием этого символа: крест отождествляется с земными страданиями, в то время как корона олицетворяет небесную славу. В 1908 году корона была заменена на более уместную, т. н. «небесную» (англ. ).
Другим важным символом является факсимильная подпись Мэри Бейкер-Эдди, часто помещаемая на «Науку и здоровье», а также иные публикации.
Архитектура
Церкви Христа-Учёного отличаются высокими архитектурными стандартами, будь то традиционный для Новой Англии колониальный стиль, неоклассика или модернизм.
Оценки и критика
Представители некоторых других христианских конфессий считают Христианскую науку псевдохристианской сектой.
Известные последователи
Астор, Нэнси (1879—1964) — первая женщина, ставшая депутатом Палаты общин, нижней палаты британского парламента.
Лерман, Александр Анатольевич (1952—2011) — советский музыкант, певец и композитор, впоследствии американский филолог.
Прокофьева, Лина Ивановна (Лина Любера или Льюбера).
Прокофьев, Сергей Сергеевич.
См. также
Мэри Бейкер-Эдди
Читальня (Христианская наука)
«Наука и здоровье с Ключом к Священному Писанию»
«Монитор Христианской науки», ежедневная международная газета.
Примечания
Комментарии
Источники
Литература
На русском языке
На английском языке
Gill, Gillian, Mary Baker Eddy, Reading, Mass.: Perseus, 1998
Twain, Mark, Christian Science: With Notes Containing Corrections to Date (1907)
Ссылки
ChristianScience.com — FAQs on Christian Science
Mary Baker Eddy Library Website
Christian Way: Former Christian Scientists for Jesus Christ
Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry Article
Criticism by Frank R. Zindler
Христианская Наука для всех. Сайт на русском языке
Антитринитарные деноминации
Новые религиозные движения
Церкви (сообщества)
Христианство в США
Секты
| 40,030 |
https://github.com/Radogost2PL/pdf-merging/blob/master/src/main/java/dan/was/com/pdfmerger/file/converter/ConvertFiles.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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pdf-merging
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Radogost2PL
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Java
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package dan.was.com.pdfmerger.file.converter;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
@Component
public class ConvertFiles {
private static final File TEMP_DIRECTORY = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ConvertFiles.class);
public File convertMultipartToFile(MultipartFile file) throws IOException {
File uploadedPdfDirectory = new File(TEMP_DIRECTORY, "uploaded_directory");
if (!uploadedPdfDirectory.mkdir()) {
LOGGER.info("Is " + uploadedPdfDirectory + "a DIRECTORY: " + uploadedPdfDirectory.isDirectory());
}
File convertedFile = new File(uploadedPdfDirectory, file.getOriginalFilename());
convertedFile.createNewFile();
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(convertedFile);
fileOutputStream.write(file.getBytes());
LOGGER.info("Where is converted file: " + convertedFile.getAbsolutePath());
fileOutputStream.close();
return convertedFile;
}
}
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https://github.com/codebybrett/rebol2/blob/master/scripts/binding.r
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rebol2
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Code
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REBOL [
Title: "Custom Binding"
File: %custom-binding.r
Author: "Brett Handley"
web: http://www.codeconscious.com
Version: 3.0.0
Purpose: "Some functions to manipulate word bindings."
Comment: {
/Custom is useful where your object words clash with system words (e.g first, next, etc.).
}
License: {
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
See: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
}
History: [
1.0.0 [6-Nov-2014 "Initial version." "Brett Handley"]
3.0.0 [24-Jun-2017 "Move to GitHub." "Brett Handley"]
; GitHub now tracks history.
]
]
binding: make object! [
first: funct [
{Bind first element of block or path (modifies) to known.}
known {A reference to the target context. (Type: any-word object port).}
block [any-block!]
] [
; Supports Rebol2 and Rebol 3.
word: bind reduce [block/1] :known
change block word/1
block
]
custom: make object! [
object: funct [
{Makes object by binding specific object words (not all) in the specification.}
[catch]
words [block!] {Object member words to be bound.}
block [block!] {Object specification.}
] [
block: copy block
words: collect [
keep 'self
foreach x words [if any-word? :x [keep to-word :x]]
]
; Create new object.
remove-each x spec: copy block [not set-word? :x]
object: make object! append spec 'none
; Bind field set-words in object specification.
binding/set-words object block
; Bind specified fields and field/paths in specification.
binding/replace/deep bind words object block
; Evaluate specification.
do block
object
]
]
local: funct [
{Returns words bound to local context.}
words [word! block!]
] [
words: compose [(words)]
use words compose/only [(words)]
]
replace: funct [
{Replaces binding of specific words in a block (modifies).}
words [block! word!] {Words with the desired bindings.}
block [any-block!] {Block to modify.}
/deep {Bind paths and recurses through sub blocks.}
/where condition [block!] {Evaluated by ALL. WORD and POSITION is bound.}
] [
if not where [condition: [true]]
words: compose [(:words)]
use [word position] [
condition: bind/copy condition 'word
match: copy [
position:
[any-word! (guard: either all [
w: find words to word! :position/1
word: :position/1
all condition
] [none] [[end skip]])] guard (first :w/1 position)
]
if deep [
append match [
| any-block! :position into rule ; Note that any-block! (and therefore Rule) will match paths.
]
]
]
rule: compose/deep [
any [(match) | skip]
]
parse block rule
block
]
set-words: funct [
{Binds set-words in a block (modifies), but not deep.}
known {A reference to the target context. (Type: any-word object port).}
block [any-block!]
] [
parse block [any [x: set-word! (first known x) | skip]]
block
]
]
| 36,466 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49027920
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ganno
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 6 | 33 |
Ganno
Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
Ganno ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Begriffsklärungsseite
| 10,009 |
https://github.com/kinteg/egrip-egrul/blob/master/src/main/java/ru/iac/egripegrul/domain/filter/IpFilter.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
egrip-egrul
|
kinteg
|
Java
|
Code
| 87 | 278 |
package ru.iac.egripegrul.domain.filter;
import lombok.Data;
import java.time.LocalDate;
@Data
public class IpFilter {
String surname;
String name;
String middleName;
Integer sex;
String ogrn;
String inn;
LocalDate regStart;
LocalDate regEnd;
public IpFilter(String surname, String name, String middleName, Integer sex, String ogrn, String inn, String regStart, String regEnd) {
this.surname = surname;
this.name = name;
this.middleName = middleName;
this.sex = sex;
this.ogrn = ogrn;
this.inn = inn;
this.regStart = regStart.equals("") || regStart.equals("null") ? LocalDate.of(1970, 1, 1) : LocalDate.parse(regStart);
this.regEnd = regEnd.equals("") || regEnd.equals("null") ? LocalDate.of(2070, 1, 1) : LocalDate.parse(regEnd);
}
}
| 24,218 |
https://github.com/sameckmeier/tic_tac_toe/blob/master/lib/tic_tac_toe/model/tile_collection.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
tic_tac_toe
|
sameckmeier
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 335 | 1,093 |
# rubocop:disable Metrics/ClassLength
module Model
class TileCollection
attr_reader :dimensions
def initialize(tiles, dimensions)
raise ArgumentError, 'empty tiles array' if tiles.empty?
raise ArgumentError, 'dimensions do not match tiles length' if tiles.length != dimensions**2
@dimensions = dimensions
@tiles = tiles.each_with_index do |tile, i|
tile.col = col_index(i)
tile.row = row_index(i)
end
end
def id
@tiles.each_with_object('') do |tile, str|
str << tile.piece_name
str
end
end
def each(&block)
@tiles.each(&block)
end
def rows
return @rows unless @rows.nil?
i = 0
@rows = []
while i < @tiles.count
j = i + 3
@rows << @tiles[i...j]
i = j
end
@rows
end
def available_tiles
@tiles.find_all(&:available?)
end
def available_tiles?
available_tiles.count.positive?
end
def find_tile(row, col)
@tiles[index(row.to_i, col.to_i)]
end
# Any given TicTacToe board has 8 equivalent boards, which are generated by flipping and rotating a board.
def equivalents
next_tile_collections = []
i = 4
next_tc = self
while i.positive?
rotated = next_tc.rotate
next_tile_collections << rotated
next_tile_collections << rotated.flip
next_tc = rotated
i -= 1
end
next_tile_collections
end
def clone(tiles = nil)
tiles ||= clone_tiles
self.class.new(tiles, dimensions)
end
protected
def rotate
tiles = clone_tiles
rotated = []
rotated_col_i = dimensions
(1..dimensions).each do |row_i|
(1..dimensions).each do |col_i|
rotate_tile(row_i, col_i, rotated_col_i, rotated, tiles)
end
rotated_col_i -= 1
end
clone(rotated)
end
def flip
tiles = clone_tiles
top_row_i = 1
bottom_row_i = dimensions
while top_row_i <= (dimensions / 2)
(1..dimensions).each do |col_i|
flip_tile(top_row_i, bottom_row_i, col_i, tiles)
end
top_row_i += 1
bottom_row_i -= 1
end
clone(tiles)
end
private
def flip_tile(top_row_i, bottom_row_i, col_i, tiles)
top_i = index(top_row_i, col_i)
bottom_i = index(bottom_row_i, col_i)
top = tiles[top_i]
bottom = tiles[bottom_i]
top.row = bottom_row_i
bottom.row = top_row_i
tiles[top_i] = bottom
tiles[bottom_i] = top
end
def rotate_tile(row_i, col_i, rotated_col_i, rotated, tiles)
tile_i = index(row_i, col_i)
rotated_tile_i = index(col_i, rotated_col_i)
tile = tiles[tile_i]
tile.row = col_i
tile.col = rotated_col_i
rotated[rotated_tile_i] = tile
end
def clone_tiles
@tiles.map(&:clone)
end
def index(row, col)
r = row - 1
c = col - 1
dimensions * r + c
end
def row_index(index)
(index / dimensions) + 1
end
def col_index(index)
(index % dimensions) + 1
end
end
end
# rubocop:enable Metrics/ClassLength
| 23,880 |
https://github.com/RodrigoMSCruz/CursoEmVideo.com-Python/blob/master/Aulas/ex004.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
CursoEmVideo.com-Python
|
RodrigoMSCruz
|
Python
|
Code
| 37 | 159 |
algumtexto = input('Digite algo: ')
print('{} é alfabético: {}.'.format(algumtexto, algumtexto.isalpha()))
print('{} é numérico: {}.'.format(algumtexto, algumtexto.isnumeric()))
print('{} é caixa alta: {}.'.format(algumtexto, algumtexto.isupper()))
print('{} é caixa baixa: {}'.format(algumtexto, algumtexto.islower()))
print('{} está capitalizada: {}'.format(algumtexto, algumtexto.istitle()))
print('{} tem espaço: {}'.format(algumtexto, algumtexto.isspace()))
| 27,538 |
sn87056710_1875-06-22_1_2_3
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,554 | 11,164 |
asking for tickets, will Oblige Us by lead- and placed around both steel hituds close: 1 , . , Grallitin 'bread '.13'.414 to' iteXPC116Iii seine sheets oi zino and spare copper Beesio.pottioeman, .saw, Louisa. Turpon pers'legets nun 1.-... 8:15AM. . '2: tOP.M.' e5lOOPM. ing him io the gangway and kicking him together, makitag a -powerful .cylinder." o ;1 ,e,....tor tile. ,cuilaren ea aceceint of it8 and lenne Ilan-net., ! neap AD Blib, ig to and.leneauer at liewoodl'arlit also saw I Couto:m..1n- the. (lark part- ..,eriti.itegitai e ally,. 8:40P.m, 5 W5A. it. ID',DP,Ii.. 01 , tile-park ' lulu P'. ila4'3.4 49?N, 2 :VIVht Co0A.M.. Into the river.' , Ile is a fraud. , ' '. -. -- threetineit so 'tares , aad ;Reeked ,the The power was turned on, and the cyline superior Mine-giving ftnalities. Yeti can . - 1' ' , '. where persens ,are Amt. Hewed', to chili Mottle Ae., t :11r.M. II:20A.M. StOOP.m. Ili. Hi dation,' ito .- . 8 zil.e.m. - 9 tAAst. ' 8 :41PM . ' ' s' ' der was torn to pieces In 'an instant.- feed a etlittt 0.11 that breed uetiliet is ell flanneeto otaddietedewetere Ile then . . , .......,----, ulartilegoker, saw Lindauer eautt fitment Loveland Ao to Al :15A.m.-. E :15A. id. la :35P.m. ' '' bones : pro:mimed. 11 gaeoutity of belliwine, the -THERE are twenty-three libel tutts It Then rat, threaherse ,Power, engine was ,.. ' ,. , -, , -. ' t f e h di A 1 d greater par at v lc iii nen ate by togetheriwieci gitowlettlett.,Witridn. lid- Loveland A tiente. ' 7tafost. 11:35p.m. Loveland Electric... E.l 11fWP.M.'6146P.M.- 1:5(MaG -.A. Watertown lady has commenced selling that gutta-per-, W eta detieten a pelieenten, saw Laudatter BA T M R '.'' !the:docket at Indianapolis, on which it' built, and finally a fifteen-horse. Vetoer Study of natural Meter belle b. d. 40014103 soglocir..Itt, pug.4time jaot LIOZAND.otizo, VIA, TANICERSBURG is sate to wager that not twenty-three engines have been Ted to Philadelphia mammoth eat that plays Ynte piano, tied'.e,'' So eager was he that he did not:weet, Pearl and Pintn.- "Time, minutes fast.' - - - - AlIg011t tu (Nut et etteassigne,tion h in all eight,..,..oetos alti 11 leas it Ill' 'A DI, 14 ',cents will. be. recoyered, and for which. every day for a year, it is told, without, is new, trial pg. e. toad,. te.Ettutee.very "af,--' - I''a.,..1.-. 'l'ea. Motlitil Stfe0v 0,'' '., L tiln"g,.12 ',)'' 0;,:m:'"113411:' Ito'plt ,, gractougly,,.,,,,,.,th The mottling, repaire e'en. n ero testitiellesaw the Baltimore ex oyeilif.ilpiotow z aiesp M ''10:20P M: more than twenty-three hundred dollars the use, of coal or wood, without thautie - -,,.,, celled an electric. Ale elled it to er,,,- Atilkilto 81,13' -.. p a it- :..,.. ' A Minnesota Sheriff carried a bulMt: watet bottle witlfgunpeWder, attitening -t.4.0 114,alre. Titetetratiret,oe Cieptral ave- BAL Onz AMU 011M, VIA -COLUMBUS. . ' ,A will be paid in costs by innocent plain, et ,fire,Ated without the use of cheriticals, in tie bead teleyentre ond,wnwrr-ols we,t genie peril Istaanitti ant; Pnt tit IA 'me, in-MaY or Juue last in 'coon an ,,, Depot, Kitgone'and-Front: Tintie..,,I tn inuiett fast. Ittli who have been persuaded that they at a cost 0r not one cent.' :The lifteetn movea it, the oteeshity,he bettaine Mee: fie -' -' 'b 49 ' au 7 - - . , ith Dice ktir In- the se, tind deg, In e It atm' tight, don- w , ' - ,, ',1) t Baltimore LX Mai), ., 7 ti5A.m. 10 tlaA.m. 0 :05A.m.. R , y occupied a UOID Baltimore Mx ,7:05p.st. v.ether.M. -10:20p.m.. .1140111d sue the newspapers far libeL ,',. ' horse power engine has Inen ;LID twenty- isteTiteyette booking. foe-wean' omit to' nected 'anti ineulated hit mein wires ' in the reer, part ot tee houeit; hateknown . , omit eat) nominee. ' , , :- ' :,, ---!------eeenee-e----e-t., -...,' three consecutive hours with power thus lateot itiesattlalt. 4 -,:"e :. ti Pi!: IN ..' r fff eeleloped the bottle in pork, tied slim; l'arP,;l110, au,l a Ii.ear-tiodtt.luatiottitsess meet, 'mei end grout. -rime.-tiielimiteSte6;.. - - TUE. Tobacee Leaf, a New York tour- manulactured in ten seconds. '., ,, ft,, , Donaldson bays he expecte to be killed Pi' it,ah d letrthe bottle Overboentit I ,-is: -Veletsettletg en- ttseolttel4 -leant ; had no! tn. Louts Mail 6159A4m, tomerm., le:beat'. , .., eetiVeritattell .Witit ,Letti ea. homes, . hat, et. tette .taw,.. ; ,stise,n, 7:45p..m.. 7:X5P.M. ' r this summer 011,9111,04I Ws bail tripe ' 'Yee captelteitnit. tenant& slitton'iftreta eon . ille Ex flu'l,pf.11:4P.B. 8 deA.;$1. -8B6A.B. ' nal, published 'In , the intetest of -the " -What this-fotce actnally Is er'hotir It Is iit T had mete Turpit ; Pew allealteiner again! -st' ''''. . , - 4 8 laae-unrooted 'barn, end, kneeled' heads mysteriously. he 'tarstyeeped , -Leelevitte Moil. .,,- 11:10A:M. it 1:10P,m.: I tAlP.U., ' tobacco trade, tug. COngrese te fix a produced te eot knowee, Mit Neely. tallit tieweetililinueys ttntli ne Meta present& andegrinnen tromeeveryeope tem emit a at a haunt on tee corner, C.:S.1E14i And I Louisville Ex .... 8 :10Am. eaoAte,.. 4:12rtt. , pennaneut lax of sixteen Conte Per about the "multiplied power of bydraulio IDBIWOI sitotguns, , !-:t ;- : ,-, -,:-., .; ..,, .. doctor-try- end -eateit ,a shark with -II. Vault end atellettee ell ibietat,betteeen! j..ou lav I he .totity 0215p.m. 7.:,15P.mi,,, I3Ilep..5t,. 1111411d ItD02 illbW ADV ,OB 0,4111,,cat inswi "618tilleZ nr q25P10 S.FOAAL le.itLe. pound,' uniform 'oe' tobacco -and. snuff, .columns,"'and one ofthe-prinelpal stook. ' The philosoptereof thaffilesottri Bruns. sodiellvatert loolleeteseed eno pultitbut w slue witu,TurpiP, MI efter that eaw ear, : etagies4ru,0Abbweelt ANe toAXT1)2(, 4 . Lnd Ore 401,1arif Per tneusalid oit eigator holders say6"tbet he bélteies' that tite wietet:,..I'll'enect 111t the. e.111141'1 4w4-11114e he'-'wae,, about; so tiny-boy:re d at l'ira' la,a,raW'841 Altartk Teterat Aar,' riwt-eFlk -riPTIIY..''P tle-4'n11"tIrRe ' I , . . '11, tx,,d,,3'...,! A.m. eron. .. it,6 .m. . int holds. that, this would- increalte the water is, ttby the. peeutiar: -Coustructien. rethttttnt;;..vtanteseotiuse itifeen."seetosnegmeties,' ' no' we-. wereen's arotteetent ttwaited see result, mystified he 'was. golug toe marry Louisa-Witt 410! ' -,Ett x; ty :60p.m. brdiu.g. 12t05,t.tt. , way tits latiter.o. r lier-Ithild 11 Toledo Ex 1 4. filial:M.1M tairso , 4 :Swats but curious,w,ntetenowing theic death , .,, t, lest4,1113ln-I Toledo Ex. dolig?.:P412 7.34-m- 6 '35A-11- ' revenue 'from the weed to forty, mill- or the machine, eepareted inte Its' 'Wei- lips etery mates' pence le i id tieril.0 - n'em oak I,G441,1". , . . : ., , ,, 0 tift .SaY sit a Priviito óxitiktog native non Toledo Ao. - ' 2 taip sr. "8,5e.m. 11:55em. , lien& , , . ,.,, , -.,. ,... ;.. ,,. mate attime',Which chtinees its doheslye Volyereity..soaell ,t0 Crixertallil ','It',8 - 'atm only,teing I (ear,t1 said-Atilt:lee ' thatt'at' nal" -1-14a" laar. bite hest a, sett trittuaell ao-- et weal, I Porte -tlx:fitret. - , -----""I''''"7"---77..., -. , i foree,lete...one of strong repulsiom" .All Per4oPPY rienteleust, Aere4pu'vegque l'IS that the aliment lie takes tha bait a, lag V' Dr-lOYAtr; MI6& att -vett ithiar 13,12,4 0 '' . 11:30P.1: . 12:55P.M. I :40P.B. moons Ac,!!, 1:40P.M. 12 -80A.m., .15:50V.M. .. ;Tag ." .following, ,trom the Chicago tied ge,tued an Ounee ri ;that 48 known Is that eta vapoit 18,1Wis. f , ,i , .4. t .ikne.,it fgt. IP 0.15 will, ent &haywire beince L can oomPlpte tied man, and mho would get mete: ,ouz Indianapolis (ex-Clat) 8.275Pin hitb-tP.M. lIttlaM. ' ,ittlt.InrillightI , It you go pe ite tstea A be pirpuit and-fire tbit lese " ' ' , dritilno-4 0-:',-.1 -- ,.' I -- 4,w .- ,' '. i ,Comieraviee ,am.4.41 tryfele, eile..e. 7,25,44. Courier, tells in plain terms a story that ible, oticrriess add eoldt thittit is thinnet mightfts,well eteet,ple neetttlyeelii;, u .1- ' ' - - ' - - ' 'eh SI t d t .0' k 't ' ' , Nevertbelese.there was another tobjett. ' ''' ' SMOXXO ilt I30A f,I4 9-25r m ' 8,tor st 0 s e eit au 0 eo. , - aytor,-,was itotatio aalfre. iisee'se Otts,...ra !'- W-4,6,t.. ' is not so well understeod by the public than air i'' that it 'will" net blew , out a ,..tif yea want to arrive.atea truly realta! Wit tpthe teueettee -of the IX.004410443.. then eKaaun'al 'la 'asew lint ,Plaietilt Dayton A . -6530P.M. 11:404.M: ' 7;25P.M. ' ' aa it shouln ite.,. Aye :give .,,it aepealol lighted-candia-Vb e rani g 'nem ibe ing sense DI your own povertyetust ante The shark-had disappeated. ,-., ... Elt. Se D.. OIIIOO Flibt., A' iffiL: Ill duly, 11114, &he Hamilton Act 6:25 sat..7.1:55 Am. 7 :45rs. - prominence, because it is as applicable cook; that at a place, less than certain that all first came to the wild'said she was in the Lotus allies. clodogenent so of Watering place "Well," PIO PIP,....,,-,-,-. 9 t ity. y d. d -et Hamilton A c......,k1 t3OP.p. pt-15..m. igattar- - k El g.thein whoa they'd take eeetite. etel have irigetened hen atette. at - am we, so tvallte me to produce Hamilton Ad... i. '4 4 tior,m. i Hetet' tOlOOP.K4 to the STAB as te the Cottriert'; '"The old 1,200 pounds, to the, quer,ineit tt re-.youe family 'to Ward for by the week.'"it o," ettM lint TadOitstee. White as a au abortion; and-that Dion Turpin was 'citeentealre BABTON AVO VNDIANAPOilfit ' . Idea thet.uelees at. itemnatter ltelotiged solves itself again into water, and Mutt ite A senior thus desoribes htsthmucces. itt Rest: Peleg, under the guise of the state, did not see the fate of the city, and did not see the city. The night was dark, and the city was in darkness. About two weeks afterwards, in Indianapolis, a riot occurred in the city. to the ring k,nown as the Associated power Is' 80 000 eoundi to the square fel Ottempt to lain thaottention of stt Arlittlek-Wattleit, '. ., s , .. ; . .., shoveltot again and-asked me to stanciner IndlimaPP149 14c ' - fklr'N't 12 in"t"t5'r4" - Press it tould not obtain telegraph news, inch- It a muslin plotit Is held'over:the Yeetig ' - "'there he s I" Men one lu' the ratite! lady: I wented to ale,e her (leer ,-.., : - I ' - '-' -' - - I 'Ale Watt a retie telhe !tedtdil--greet et a 0 t h ' attutiyo 012.0eti h ' ' ' ' ndianapolts ex rats) to- P.M. 12.5M.M. 2:42Pm.. t i see 'cante Votinerwvifte ste 4 :wear; Itleantf.' 5 tiltrls.. " lit-110W Pretty effectually 'exploit d Iv e- - or orifice 'where' it . escapes'. tut . ðuieitt so muct, 'but 'seine old fellow ruithedlin ,,,,11.4 AA- 4., ,ai i.-- -- t' , ,-- s again,airti asked (or money to eet and eee ' - etseentilt;intoilionto liSh citicttoot-" , . . 111 ahead, 'and thete I Watt elintineted ,by r7'"'' - -'g - k ' 1 .. some, six , years the , Ameripan . Prese quickly' Witted.' -Mest importint or all ueetitution.0 - .- --, ,.; : - , 'Kee,P Pl, nt lem:e."tttald $tittlee, cielét. Liudader. tub:. LUB.iti," Subsegitently 1 'Dettóf; Fifth ted'Iliadly Tnne,Ithiteuteti fagt - Association has been successfully sup; is' the 'reef that tiltvapor, W;11 not:tgraite ;The TemperOrace Iterate IS: h : .. ' , t e geeer , li,--barrirmq. irt 01.11 diairkiki. unno"nt testeett see ti ft Mlle ,Iii,te eharge el bask phien,e Bit 11., ::..tx, 7 131,1A.M.i .8:poem., stwear. I ardy against tree' , as d-her about-the -It, tehallaak.-a4,,-.t.'" $'-'''''. "-"1-4t:'" '''' -''' 1 . the nionnintberote b-eicuts tinrettre "J. t 'plying the news oe the world toyapert ond eau not explode.. , , . name ot a toew Sae letanctisco'llaper fide. -, Tit ' ' Itt'sli 'klieg' ' I Wit 'L. ' .c1 tit it ,o . al . apt. it. 0 a 0111 0 , , ,, 1 , :. Obarge bite matte. authen said '.4-N(5w,..kiesslie,oviip. I PIT,44. -0:1-...4r3h',) 7,:10.1.,'aff 'D. IND AN ' ., t.,. ',- ''',,,, dame Yeu, 1 wilt'start atilt tell yeer'-' -'''PR)141:)- ''''"1-ii-N' 1 A --, ,,all over the continent, from Canada to The gentlemen who are 'Interested iti voted to the interests 91. wholesale 'add bale,' ''' retail liquor dealers, brewers, wine met'., nesaw, it tvos' Something new.-'''-'' father-the lybole'tittogryour,tortgic ctflirtis NOTVÅR. M.Yktlikjr,P.14-1.leigfitt , tr. ' New Orleans, and from Boston to BNB the diseo ' , yery and heye peld theiemeney chants, end all teattere eertelning to tbe 'the Ow ate totted auffretind'it. 7'' i keeps you evetlastinglyte troubiaet " , 1 Grand Rap'cis ex Bai. 7 tuer.m. 8(16frEaV -.10:00A.M., ' '. ' Francise0. New patters have 'BOMB into freely to further It, are solid businese liquottrittle.0 ' - " " " ' -', ' ' - , ',',, ,, - ,. , --,"He wen't taie lilt': said Oile. .''':. ."0, ' ider"lather-afterwarder-came to lay DArrovramineNtres-AstectievELAND ' : eXietenett,-, aa It censeenence. el, the de',. men of Philadelphia and New tor); and : Mme. Itist,ori was, preiented OB her ar',. .,elle suspnotat nometitiu' ." ' g e'?ij: ';';'-4 effete awe teltime that tie tad IBUrld her Depohreavi and,Fium. Miami minutes fast. !. straction of the -old moneyely,. ;tad old t did'net embark in the pectilittion Until rivet inban Francieco ,witkon telereee -"Oleyee, bo, will , take-the Meat' etimet witn a tet of thieving-Jews, at No, 74 W NeavwcP mixEY - il:;,(oll 'rti...;P Er el:tvelceme trout the Italian artists iii hoe, 'sod Witte tile teepee; the'old tote"' I Taint' addend (Sienna., fa' -ii:eitiabeimer l New el.mrtietoiate, .44,41: :m,, ts:Ita!,m. ',ea' l'alm" - papers have left that monopoirbeeause 'thorough satisfied of its 'genuine,. chart the' ,.eity. 'tem0,4,01,a- aia,A0,, -L, Drd 7- '.,- I , mile haatateir- utility- -Spoor deck ihat from- wham Labe pad reoeived a note ii; stall good .e .', Ffe-la'io'4' Pei;:ii: '11349'i:it: t they cOuld get., ietter end cheerer .n,ewe 'toter. -; Every yrecaution watt used to tuei,seiti,ethat y.ou hate) s 4 07 to1,44 One." "' '"'''' 1 ;-- ' i"" ' ':-' ' t'' '.' 1,- 1.7 reterence le tberfflarge et bastardý. Ile .Tra'17118m a13.;1'; 3'36rm- '11145A111- '-'I'dsi'-n- e bYthe tivasseoPistioat whfe-h llownnet-, Prevent. linposttion lutd tbey' IWO titer- lienteawith.the ilawbeau, of y ';'The''shitritnucnedesloWlý o'n hie beck, ourgennut. glee seid-he had kieked liar out, and, ail aY,'"i'd'Ate.:---,--,:-. ' AWIP.M. -.7 :45A.m. .8 Q.,P.,5t. ' ' a DAVTO SMOBT-LIBM'AME 005.17MB U 8. - that italf as many as the Old Aesociation steamaretesed, andiltat the fercetivala During a panitaty turvey,'recentlyile therea ,f,,,er - . Diuttoln-shire,a -man wite found "aged paolgiut oat, reedy, taiga 1 e d terminal te epiace other riu ,sttleoeut E irii, tli, E;- -311:50A::: ',.:3;4oert. ' ,, .. , 3 tv.,P.m. ' Prose.' Thoege etfirot ' confined' to ;tile generated iS atemethilegentireVnew 'Ana .ninety.live years, whó .11 ct 1 a beenitithe ' - uut in 0,,,meeleptitit wes.tot &aright. boarding-lieuse. Xi:tell-the. girl -came ce c'enetjtes ae...-,. 8,:45P.M. .'7 :pr. ht. 1,0.:10r.m. 1 crying wen camplatoidg tot pain to my "'" ' .tOttoitlitallr'ettit.gettlitrinte.'", '' , - ', linettotthe independent .tettigeapb e010.; ,bitherta ' 114M:tetra Atter' ' the ' Vitalet b b - i d i -ki ' ...... , ...,, ..,,, ,. ., , . .. at it'o i n ng a ga ion of beer-before -:' ' The:moment the bait Was drewa eta of e panies, the American Frees Association lépyes, the generator .it is conveyed breakfaet, anetber during thp,day and . sight, Staines ,.completed . the! ,sercizia: -0--. t , , h lite beWe er thategaht delete n d - Lefeeeniti slid Anti.' Alione,"tnotititet Wit. T t , - - , nal a 51 d k le 8 -50A 5000 - 4.- - ' an us y Ac : :MA : Paso. ,1 :ELM, i . 1. 1' Wile bottletitxplodeg with, fury thateur, not to bend -her out.. Healateer after. - -now itendelterepette all ovet theWeste. through. I. hoary ,tpipese,,the, , evening, tee,"1:eXitraliptiat at illignt to ,top on-, with; ,., prisediem and everybody wito.saw it t a arty; teinarken that I Inuet bottegiven regietenaiirktiii::liZ:14: .14-ttrt:,'-', $11'.11. . ern ittnian Wires, that, PomPalti tfiting through. which are but one sixteeittteitl lir,017, .9!. .ie-Y.?r'tkeeti. 4,1,1. '''.1.1.!,4 .11,1 P", toa, of waterteew , into,. the, sir ond caotee' hitt sotnethieg 'to cation( the pitim'and I' ,INDIA:NA-rOLIn; OINgLNNATI tANP LATAVITTN . ,',; 1. for scorne !time vecognized,ithe AminOtt an Incli itt'diainetei, to a,tee:elyet.iind: - , .- t - ,,, ,., r- .., --, ,! dewatatoproy.ohdo.eare carcees tioatr 4 repn;ed, x'Yeu.eicifeel,4 was the klekIng t: ,,, , aieeet teen mention., city time.. ' .1 . ' 44 . ' ' . . ' t 7' Beveettete,tista narked netters 1 t - you eatert hose' -bleb prbdueed -that-0 1 onoeitt the youngereirgentsation, ,aad thence ituacto directly up.en ;the .'englue twaen,. Inca Ana ne - 11 '11$PdIPtg neeted"nill"PUesia"4 '46141 YijSn "lig 14 'Rh Id'the Old' Min Dlok-T ' ' Indianarrami'4..7"15Ax'.4145A-si"5nw . . :V , ... e ,wite ,..o wetarea, te, tes,-4,, 44.6 ,f,,t, !f '15.1,1i, i '- a 'to . titian was. ,14.fayet all,,,,t, , 7:45AM, 8 al5A.m. ..., tilfirm. ' It It' , ' efforde libetal factlitica;,, Aniongthe the mope ae eteatiefordinary- engineehte sulpha 0Igitflit when he weinted them, but , There was 9, roar 01 amazement and the father of the child. ' ..4,'ert, , ctlext,rittil, .t . 4,45411-4,44-tae, r(al':),- .,,P11111tre Obtelitinglitelr,roports, tot' a reean ing used,with'aome ,Mightchanges; BS' ineWas tot:, give tier teucente,every thee applause. ,, , , ,ft ; . . . I ;', ,,' , , , , . ' I never had'imonnection with Louisa. taLdtottious,Li ......................... 141111: , ,' , . , he indulged in one,' 110 kept hilt ord 4: , - V, , be waroesswas ',towed tiongelde, at . '4ktestimony weateentintiedAintiRrnt, itilafaye Le EA.., ,,pase.m !41.12P,III: .1q.k)P.M t ' , the names - of the' ,followlingt :-Boston''.alexPernitentstratieLbeirt thede, aid, tt, e ' . .' to' ,tal'erY Itla207 sat VA, 9 Pentie &wade Tadcaeter'sitrgenexequest,sulti then the ifuit'at.th-e-ope az el, Cettet - . reatitwwIt'l'"' "twat- erAllss 4.0A.0. t '' 'Ora ' ' ' ,. ' Glebe, .-,-Nett.' "Yerlett..,' . phie, Stalk isaleitiothattatrain tet,teire win berth'', ge!,a, nte;row...lt,,se;1, ugyacianrit 494110 th to - - - - .. , , , . 4, ...,., .., , 4,4,,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,a,....'' -f, if .,iii I , Quincy ,Ex., , .-.. ......11110P.M. ustv:P.M. .. 9 ;15AM. 9 , power ot (neap sten -woe tseeee "Con- .,i ay& ill, r 7,7-- . . ,., . geese cane; ,,aloeft. tyarat,tt..,'otite.m. 1 . .. ' :- Corenterols4,''71tliElittth;,.-,,i;Etitt't., -.,,i2teeest be tinerrom' New' York 46 'Philadelphia' Uta, V'efe baPPY" e - ' ' e' '' it 1 re,' fined &et: bY thelbettlePteen bYtite no ' ' Iteci Nendre 'Transfers."' .', !"- ' ' fnd'imlit Et' ditily.".'S AMIN.' f'S ta0P.M..' Itasettr. t a ea,bee : ' (Lafayette illvdally-Ataerati, Asierst. s 2.,2tAim. e . .., f. Philadelphta,,Illollatim, c..Timeeo .,,fitax, ty'thid seene.' ' ) .'...1' - -! , ,-, :.,, ,,. . , ...ult, ftn4 Of SIMI Bostionsehoole,recenblyt and lastly by the water, tatted-blown th I 1s. Menithans atm wife to eger,, eig.taeee "telly ,,auttem- ;Attie .w. .7:16.4-te ; - 'Hersh' Cincinnati-lerzitt'lltetr ',N ' 1; . , , Cil,r ewe, , Tbe. eneratfirli 4W111. Oat ft01114500,t0, -- - "' - " '' ' 'in answeireto the question, 'A-What", ebb brute'o-hettot-tato,o-tentiou atoms, an ka "bi 878184 Ieti'611-..11" ner di110001100 betWeetsandeland ad atoll lad even ,torte.te gr at turrewint,o ith tholtitialreetrettleleeteseleeeneet 4, ,tis side icr A To r E a a ''-' r m qv; m' '1,35A,m , , !!,10,Inv p;m1:lx oll;- tv" ,s0;:m: i xi .t3OP:18:. l'0100Aiid: . ' t J , St."Lottislettritil,'Sittr, Franelsca'Afte ,4k50.011aolte-tOne'llignilleaatteet la this. tinentiotidertiponwhich elo,w4113-'lltsetle 11.'-' Vitrels4- liati -IV tlit t f' tlitild-ii tre"4. -- -. ' - ' ex . eg. . A eet o 0 Wm; Vane ond Wife, toJ. IL 'Doile;.'Lete Kansas -, QuineyExmant-. Strall.M......9;20Pal. 1:00P.m. . Citrilaily 8 WOP.m. , 0:20P.M. I:10AM, . , 't, Caliterela. e.Theeta are ,othere.,14.-atime cenneettdn'it Altatt'. no' Stook to-tor ,tale, hoilibts little shavergepited.41The detail- bone. -. .t.., , - ; .. ,I. ease Andel, tist in,,,126; lettana 'tea, inttba Greenabont ll,&-;:e;,,lisitettar, lkinOPAI4, 8:4.5P.M. '.' !' 0 .,.. ..,. , , ' of these pcants, tend abboAcue eranore, ,hý ibti.-tióiripatly:'... ,:' : ' ; . ' ' "'-'":.. . Bac isthat is, continent is muoitiarger, ,-yreddy gleated ,on Ale eninty,ara 'h d ett. grantees oubeivielos st itostees,11111-Statio4,.. iaw Antesonlebuifill'eAc."ItZ:4:,,41:1;2:1; ,171418:::::. ' .. - whose watnee.'ete 12oWot reitalt titWatit- .-3' Whet theareault tot 11116.11We ti III ' an ittpiolt uplgein'trhm th it on the -Cinaluuem, lesnulten a Ijaytoa Pa ' --e' ne ' .i than ant istandtand that,we live on bread' g . . , t hour. ,,, .4 25 by 120 tee 17(1.. ', - - I drolleviiiestienae itewai.o.,,,teite:te. Jitettate. i . t . n omw andeleat,endAutehithinge.e,,, .t. ; ,,.. ' , . , , .. -...-...-e......ne........e....... wt...., . . -,706 "" te,, ;-IngtOtt,' Tithi511.4,1tirsolise,Clefeltilid, -be,- if: nuocesettg,' is, difficult to'-'-realize; ,- ,A. :Marlow. eitisen ' 1 l , ,- TA" orsovrago lyoultheuke i !-tx Lots IL Lee Atilleitleoss, :r. ti -, 4-, Y -4.. intilVitrAVIIII arEtBmi.'t I-1 ,. , , ' ethased,st -one across . --,t , , . .. le . ,e,, twenty yeeateMatio 06 41fr INA Sf obi"' 90 feet, ennui; -; -: DOA Pearl lindFlum "('ftir time, ' " e Buffalo, Omaha. altherookee anð-mttnY the Boit ót nunitng.thel' Machinery Will the yard with a knot of stove wood,,the Itiavitt tturatritteAlent.eadeeetoltstar north side of East Nront e5reet,4152.feet, emit CaMbridgeOHtytt.to 7Wei,M.. i:521-,11-..,11:25A.M. Other articles: The Courier, "Prone, the beligerative reduced, the demand for the future. Other articles: "The Courier, "Prone, the beligerative reduced, the demand for the future." - lith mid Washington, eoringtonl eitylituis., i,zotaitopoly tin; thote, news. of :the ',world ile pese.fhe, coitottraneportation --Will, be attli,.. las, 0,..w.-"Ixe-aas 0.4,1,1.46,qatnete of ;ries of4eartinettaketatottered,1038. 9n' reat etVd9r. tsv-,.;, 1!. 4;4.'4, ro.,17,-:',. Niehlsesilte Ex., A 7300A.M,' I 8.:40vtlfa,m:aip.m. ' : 11017'" utterly '...broken;..; The :Cetirliar reduced in ur tu 1'" ea tent:laterete,,Ret Pt blitateksiwtett-ete An, titenoenof ottaientmer.,dityeae tatibeolone.lhe G,eratan Evangeileala.rotestent cam' e,-; Ilene style te. imeatellt:netlt., tante. ': ., an ao r ng expenses w - fen,.., t 4, -, " i ieteiita888,13:11484..'ilt'toivedfiselleg, wore Wry torkLuantifed,eleig, Let 62,1,01. 6.04410,1.e by. i 'gm 0114 Ittlee.',7:30eitro, A :).Aii,.,15:00404''' , bas'.,;itle O, peeteoted '...ie.,: eontraet biti lethened and -th 4 fr 11 ---. '' '. ''''. ''''. dismissing, the ietting edged at the attention, Nre, 16 recta-woe,, :' ', '''.',-.', ITOatil A,. 11,;(!It''wu,,A-14- 671')P.44 i, , sl, Et, eager, OM ;05,e.,-, -...v--,.,,, ;"' tt.rttn tetametifiewfteeto Nam ' ,, ,,,, with,.:tc,thtt.,..weeterst,;.,unioe,;,,T0.1. wiluke,ixidelya...,. eutenenennierrit h; sew essertss gq. - 17:entlicnifece.,4,70d.the ing into the di-tacking tmatinfacturint a imagiae tilek.,,,aijoototgatiolbvittst 4ntob Bast toe.nt,eallandronse,ACto.o see. ' ttio-toseistery brielt ware- Den, front and tileoek -I l'imi- rainuMt fast -. t "legreph'intanpailkia let' 't-the'"ttranii. whet... , , , , ,, . .,,.. ; Inlasten ,01' enema; -,a( "ratteeedlegle. fay- huinbtrg; yet , possible; butit such is Col. E. Cenaileyso kunlatrivilege on tbe ale kedl,,award) th' 114 " 4 4 ' I 'la W!'ll etween Si'esinGfe-0941,44din;leYtdstAit.OIS- trvviYee'rkitit'Aliiitill'. '1:111:1-':: '13trt'i: ' f 44tabla sateie AuntyII loon morspletear 'th - 1 : ' ' ' bit. nCiteeijalt arge num r of ehrewd bust- Contococik ,river,Will tbe thgentien of , artaread. startibga stocking Mill Aratl-a kit tag- '41.7 - teutteSteenlYtsnrinSultI akeltePt08149 -. ' e ,,. ' -,...." ' ' ganeermeAex., .. 1000t-tel''' ,that ,their tegoamptuent, eon etx aerie. -'ssiee.e. .. ecIttrut Of a acoVeloyer to' niched bleep- seringeeit Ae '.-4. ' ' 111.1i0KAG.:10;15A:Ir. ',lora& - , .spet,.setiohlursoil,4i0 4101515811I0A0 LBE. lot trKkyllotxteet -on lthiS lierei itide Of Morrow AE....,....,.....-5.00P.M. 8 :40A,M. 7 a5Pe l'angements for a 'trete& Of epeelid itor- -nessolenowho have: eternity examined tor . :Kerte - ' - It , a lin, Chance rcr Demo.' to4hviea,awitail geutted,,Atem the .,,,,im eta street, Hee ten, West et Syeatnoes swept Le;:reti leat - ,12:65r- 74I'''' i'tar.a . ;realiondenti at New ,irokk in' a wsbliii- .. . , e cram:newspapers. acrac o es as the subject, wittiasietteretof it, but Ifni Y -t ' k :2 k ' dian had left them -the prey, te, Ae ':", ' 11:40rM. 7:46Am. 1.2a5A.M ., , t-,lop, aultbrengh.,the.Ncrthweet,,,ao that 'referee should lteithe retult-Will be la- the purpose et ',Imre -deposit to -Whi ' - -' - 'a --It Chartotteter..!Cieriteen,,to ,liatinuel , tit'etni, . . emy wee.. etersonewero-sosatach worse trust! lot et by Ito feet it the 0 th ' - ' ' ,tiOVonliiing 01 411n411044 SCit furnished by 'attlaulatila.'t"."' , those stottetinge will he-pitte.tt ,.. :, ", . ,,,thtte,all, ota......, , ,,,, ., . . et ,. , 0 it r west col, "Thetitt it."M. and' 4:10 et M. 4itifilliablitet el , unto- inane. ttegree ran. minion Der of Dayton ada Linn streets; also. 72 by 104 Irellan Coelnilltsed "'Telenet& ."' ,. 4--they Association twill-toe 'telegraphed to Tbd stories of.11Fontainetsweropult- While a man wagnuesihrepdelaksin a Per peorteck et tne ilargoanknownund fest Mt the tweets taide 30I Ninalay street-, le41",11-07eland ithIMda7 & 10 0.. sfe aP11 .retsypng leaVelQuoinnall Iff, 4 A', N., - , .., , , , , ,.ele promptly end tullý.-In iihoit';ilie Its" I174121 Im81.4Ildnutinta' Lanardvetreet -saloott-reeentiy, a littke tillialtel.,..lt Walt flot long before.the. rivet 4,09-,trt..e4,1tJ.c,bil,ouTeet, goll!aummirfloc. him out. Cartluptelee wee 'followed' by entail0re in e",,, t,'"...."''.,,a":'"Id bt'e'-"" l'u'il- ("'Arell - ., 011'191113471-4174 AlIFO, 714.. -1", 2 ,...JettiSileiJi! fatillitiee tor the gratheriuttand eopy of, tits. 4editionesont for 1,1,000t. - It and initialed vitae ' ' ' t bit d ''. i ' tt dd ' -- ----'-' - - , questing bum to ttonte, tent eg Ala , lribtat on, en - Ion "I ming,8041y,11111,4 teell-400.' 1 ' ' grantorei-Adtlitiodto Wyo. ennt.nrontendAltirese Vine. rialiteslast - ,.- , ,.- -, 1 ' 'Zanetvlile Itx ., 0 Weit.'M. ' 8:41m,st. ' s !wax. . ttranetnissiontotneWat aroomille saciata- ocearred to a bookseller that, the edition homer, deaetather.,46,peo,r Brother Benny, shocespriceded, as that Aaa .botee, ny A - wljo-Noz-Atrit-wiSs to-J;,3L.W.'kettOed Clietesette Ac.'.', . ;....siderst leatAitt. :9:800.A. ' , , ,.',qttestiontible, 'and Its 'reader, Slay' he 'plant, be pwfitablyseepreduced,,and -he was 'dead. sud .theholesewas,a11, dare. roar tlike,.,the ,butstleg tot. great 'guns, Lars Andersen, r., lot 28 It-6 hy 17e feet on the - ,COLUNBUI, MT.,VIIIIWOM AMP OLMBILAMIL , -. -1 . , .,. . ;rapred00011.i7.0012.4 to Undvittinself Pros- She ivaisperedt-0Now, ;old, man, you'd while, birds torso ke thele'neitto,. doge aitt,ettleot breattwoy,196 , feet -north 0 East .Vrepotevront and Kilamir. Tittle? rotevseeftsat , f t - 411tre that they are, not ikely40 miss tne eouted and Condemned by the authort-1 better he- dusting out of here. Item's howled, and the whole 'brtzte -Creation -nougat street-eliettioe , , -;t t - - - ,,, cieyebute kx.. .. , einteat.,, stereo., Itievan , 41' , Announcement of any etent of .import- ties tander.,Saft ohms wagtail, daeteteat .comierottud the corner with. club ha manifested the extreme otterror.Btesnit;, Stastmeotthe Cedar Grove LAD& Ant Bull& , ! ; . ,.,,onsesez.zieeenattez, ;,,,,4 ' -Sophia Latt,los 80 by 119 mute, no matte; where It bp there ealue-ene that lasted a week, iDg "IT'eatlf,t Boat, fmt of Broadwal-lo, litudio:ton. elp!illitts ; t - leek 4111 MA Welt ettraer 0 tne Warsaw Pi,1..e..A few , , , ,. , 1 , ,-,' PA : , r,4 i . 1 ri i f Y 1 , h . ' ; ) '. .; J. I 41r, 1 ' , t ii I 0 :. I, t . 4, 1 :'l' , ;'I. 1,,;. 1 o ), i ',. . f ,, 41 ', sl .4, e !,'i - 4, ' '.
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529886_1
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Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 1,396 | 1,717 |
On Rehearing.
Rudkin, C. J.
This was an action to foreclose a lien on a vessel for the purchase price of material used in its construction. The complaint alleged that the owners were about to remove the vessel beyond the jurisdiction of the court, and a receiver was appointed to take charge of the property pendente lite. After the appointment of the receiver, the defendants in the action petitioned the court to release the vessel, upon their substituting a bond in the penal sum of $1,500 in its place and stead. The prayer of this petition was granted and the defendants filed a bond with the appellants herein as sureties, conditioned that the defendants would discharge and perform the judgment of the court in the foreclosure action. The bond also contained this further condition or stipulation:
"It being one of the conditions of this obligation that this bond and the personal liability of the principals and sureties thereon shall be and become and are substituted for any security, or claim which the said Kalb-Glibert Lumber Company may have against said vessel 'Doris' aforesaid, her tackle, apparel and furniture, and that said action may proceed in all manner as though said vessel remained within the jurisdiction of the above entitled court, as this bond and the principals and sureties aforesaid, are hereby substituted for and taking the place of said vessel."
The vessel was released pursuant to this bond, and upon the trial of the action judgment was given against the original defendants and against the appellants as sureties on the bond in the sum of $1,067 and $25 costs of suit. From this judgment the sureties appealed, and the judgment was affirmed in one of the departments of this court, Kalb-Glibert Lumber Co. v. Cram, 57 Wash. 550, 107 Pac. 381, after which a hearing before the court en banc was granted. The appellants were not served with process in the court below, and made no appearance in the action, so that the authority and jurisdiction of the court to render judgment against them must be found in the terms and conditions of the foregoing bond. While the cases may not be strictly analogous, a majority of the court are of opinion that the principles announced in O'Connor v. Lighthizer, 34 Wash. 152, 75 Pac. 643, Noble v. Whitten, 34 Wash. 507, 76 Pac. 95, and Davis v. Virges, 39 Wash. 256, 81 Pac. 688, are absolutely controlling here. In O'Connor v. Lighthizer, the lower court gave judgment against the sureties on a cost bond, required of a nonresident plaintiff under Rem. & Bal. Code, § 495, and in discussing the legal effect of such a judgment this court said:
"The only statutory provisions relating to the bond for costs in the superior court of which we have any knowledge, are found in § 5186, Bal. Code. That statute makes no provision for the entry of judgment as of course against the sureties, in the same action in which the bond is filed. Without such express statutory authority as entering into, and becoming a part of, the contract in the bond, whereby the sureties consent to such judgment, we believe judgment cannot be entered against them; and they are not, therefore, parties appearing in the action upon whom notice of appeal is required, within the meaning of § 6504, Bal. Code. Not being persons against whom judgment may be entered as of course by statutory authority, they are entitled to their day in court. An attempt to enter an of-course judgment against the sureties is without notice and void; but one may appeal from even a void judgment for the purpose of having it judicially determined as void."
In Noble v. Whitten, speaking of the point decided in the Lighthizer case the court said: "It was held that, in the absence of express statutory authority for entering judgment against the sureties, the power to do it does not exist, and that such judgments when entered are void." In Davis v. Virges, supra, a supersedeas bond was given, conditioned that the appellants would pay the amount awarded by the judgment on appeal, and that, "If the appellants do not make such payment within thirty days after the filing of the remittitur from the supreme court, judgment may be entered on motion of the respondents in their favor against the undersigned sureties, for the said sum of $750, together with $45.95 costs, together with $.......interest that may be due thereon, and the damages and costs which may be awarded against the appellants upon the appeal." After the cause was remitted, the court below entered judgment against the sureties on an oral motion and notice, but that judgment was reversed by this court on appeal. In Walker v. Walker, supra, the court said:
"Can judgment be entered up against the securities on the bond given in this case, at the same time with the rendition of the decree against the principal? This is an important question, and we have considered it carefully upon principle and authority.
"The Code, section 3243, in cases of attachment, provides for replevy bond, and that 'it shall be lawful for the plaintiff to take judgment against the defendant and his securities upon said bond.' Section 3513 declares: 'In all cases of appeal, where security has been given, the plaintiff, or his attorney, may enter up judgment against the principal and surety jointly and severally.' Section 3488 provides, in cases of bonds given to dissolve garnishment, 'the plaintiffs may enter up judgment, upon such bond against the principal and securities, as judgment may be entered against securities upon appeal.' Section 3982 makes provision in cases of bond given on issuing certiorari, that the security on said bond shall be liable as securities on appeal. And such special provision is made in relation to matters arising on writ of error where bond is given, and in matters appealed from the Ordinary: Section 3563.
"But in this case the law is silent, and we are, therefore, left to the principles of the common law, except by reason and analogy we are enabled to bring the case within the application of the sections quoted. Upon the proposition of law found in 1st Kelly, 72, we may conclude that the amount found against the principal is the amount fixed against the sureties, and why multiply suits to settle what may be regarded beyond controversy. The spirit of the law is to disencumber legal rights from unnecessary formalities, and to apply the principle would be easy and embrace all cases standing under the provisions of securities. But no matter how simple the process, or how apparently reasonable, to accomplish it, it requires a legislative, not a judicial act. We have no power, as a court of errors, to make law; the limitation of construction is to laws existing. And inasmuch as at common law no such provision exists and our code does not provide legislation to embrace it, every reason fails to invoke its exercise upon our part."
It has been argued that this is an equitable proceeding, and that the law actions cited have no application. We do not think that any such distinction exists. It will be conceded that a court of equity may proceed in a more summary manner to fix and enforce the liability of sureties on bonds given in judicial proceedings before it, but the essential requirement of notice and opportunity to be heard may not be entirely dispensed with. Where the statute provides that judgment may be entered against the sureties, the statute enters into and forms a part of every bond taken under its provisions, and the judgment finds its warrant in the statute and not in the contract. Statements will be found in some cases to the effect that judgment may be entered against sureties when there is a specific provision in the bond or by statute or rule of court to that effect, such as Russell v. Farley, 105 U. S. 433; but with us as held in the Davis case, supra, a mere simple contract cannot authorize the entry of a judgment against the obligor without previous notice or trial. In the absence of statute, such a stipulation would at least require the formalities demanded by our statute for a confession of judgment. Fullerton, Morris, Gose, and Chadwick, JJ., concur..
| 20,082 |
https://github.com/mythjuha/scormcloud-api-v2-client-net/blob/master/src/Com.RusticiSoftware.Cloud.V2/Model/UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
scormcloud-api-v2-client-net
|
mythjuha
|
C#
|
Code
| 510 | 1,553 |
/*
* SCORM Cloud Rest API
*
* REST API used for SCORM Cloud integrations.
*
* OpenAPI spec version: 2.0
*
* Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
*/
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using SwaggerDateConverter = Com.RusticiSoftware.Cloud.V2.Client.SwaggerDateConverter;
namespace Com.RusticiSoftware.Cloud.V2.Model
{
/// <summary>
/// An high level overview of information about the registration of the user to the invitation.
/// </summary>
[DataContract]
public partial class UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport : IEquatable<UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport>, IValidatableObject
{
/// <summary>
/// Gets or Sets Complete
/// </summary>
[DataMember(Name="complete", EmitDefaultValue=false)]
public RegistrationCompletion? Complete { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets or Sets Success
/// </summary>
[DataMember(Name="success", EmitDefaultValue=false)]
public RegistrationSuccess? Success { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport" /> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="complete">complete.</param>
/// <param name="success">success.</param>
/// <param name="totalSecondsTracked">totalSecondsTracked.</param>
/// <param name="score">score.</param>
public UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport(RegistrationCompletion? complete = default(RegistrationCompletion?), RegistrationSuccess? success = default(RegistrationSuccess?), double? totalSecondsTracked = default(double?), ScoreSchema score = default(ScoreSchema))
{
this.Complete = complete;
this.Success = success;
this.TotalSecondsTracked = totalSecondsTracked;
this.Score = score;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or Sets TotalSecondsTracked
/// </summary>
[DataMember(Name="totalSecondsTracked", EmitDefaultValue=false)]
public double? TotalSecondsTracked { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets or Sets Score
/// </summary>
[DataMember(Name="score", EmitDefaultValue=false)]
public ScoreSchema Score { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Returns the string presentation of the object
/// </summary>
/// <returns>String presentation of the object</returns>
public override string ToString()
{
var sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.Append("class UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport {\n");
sb.Append(" Complete: ").Append(Complete).Append("\n");
sb.Append(" Success: ").Append(Success).Append("\n");
sb.Append(" TotalSecondsTracked: ").Append(TotalSecondsTracked).Append("\n");
sb.Append(" Score: ").Append(Score).Append("\n");
sb.Append("}\n");
return sb.ToString();
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns the JSON string presentation of the object
/// </summary>
/// <returns>JSON string presentation of the object</returns>
public virtual string ToJson()
{
return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(this, Formatting.Indented);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns true if objects are equal
/// </summary>
/// <param name="input">Object to be compared</param>
/// <returns>Boolean</returns>
public override bool Equals(object input)
{
return this.Equals(input as UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns true if UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport instances are equal
/// </summary>
/// <param name="input">Instance of UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport to be compared</param>
/// <returns>Boolean</returns>
public bool Equals(UserInvitationSchemaRegistrationReport input)
{
if (input == null)
return false;
return
(
this.Complete == input.Complete ||
(this.Complete != null &&
this.Complete.Equals(input.Complete))
) &&
(
this.Success == input.Success ||
(this.Success != null &&
this.Success.Equals(input.Success))
) &&
(
this.TotalSecondsTracked == input.TotalSecondsTracked ||
(this.TotalSecondsTracked != null &&
this.TotalSecondsTracked.Equals(input.TotalSecondsTracked))
) &&
(
this.Score == input.Score ||
(this.Score != null &&
this.Score.Equals(input.Score))
);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the hash code
/// </summary>
/// <returns>Hash code</returns>
public override int GetHashCode()
{
unchecked // Overflow is fine, just wrap
{
int hashCode = 41;
if (this.Complete != null)
hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.Complete.GetHashCode();
if (this.Success != null)
hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.Success.GetHashCode();
if (this.TotalSecondsTracked != null)
hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.TotalSecondsTracked.GetHashCode();
if (this.Score != null)
hashCode = hashCode * 59 + this.Score.GetHashCode();
return hashCode;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// To validate all properties of the instance
/// </summary>
/// <param name="validationContext">Validation context</param>
/// <returns>Validation Result</returns>
IEnumerable<System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.ValidationResult> IValidatableObject.Validate(ValidationContext validationContext)
{
yield break;
}
}
}
| 45,550 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32473962
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Категорія:Користувачі, народжені в липні
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 17 | 74 |
Категорія:Користувачі, народжені в липні
категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
Категорія:Користувачі, народжені в липні є одним із категорія проєкту Вікімедіа
| 6,257 |
popularhistorye15kniggoog_46
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,856 |
The popular history of England: an illustrated history of society and government from the earliest period to our own times
|
Knight, Charles, 1791-1873
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,763 | 11,434 |
Brandreth. Jeremiah, captain of the Derbyshire insuxrecnonists ; his conduct in the insurrection, 1817, yilL 8S, 83 Brandywine, battle of the, Sept 13. 1777, yi. 378 Brathwaitei sir J., captures Pondicherry, yil. i0O Bray, Dr., founder of parochial Ubrarios ; and one of the founders of uie *' Christian Knowledge Society.** and the "Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts,** y. 906 Breadalbane, lord, submits to the BngUsh goyem- ment ; is employed by it to conciliate the rebel Highland chiefs, y. 13S ; his plans not suooessAil: xmder suspicion of appropriatinjr the secret money, Und, ; committed to Edinburgh Castle on a charge of high treason, 141 ; subsequently obtains a pardon, and is released, 143 gr the line, whose inyentton was this? dia- ;, yL 437, 488 Breda possessed by Dumouries, 170^ yil 271 Breed's hilL See Bunker*s IdlL Brereton, ooL, attempts to quell the Bristol riots, 1831, yiil. S88, i80 ; tried by court martial; shoots htanself, S80 Brest, expedition against^ 1004 ; its faUure, y. 171, 172 Bridges and their designers. yiL 82 : yiiL 147, 148 Bridge water, Francis Egerton, duke of ; his canal scEMBmes ; carried out by Brindley, yiL 41-48 ; the father of Britiah inland nayigatlon, 48 ; with his brother, the marquis of Stafford, the chief promoter of the Staff ordBhirs canal, iMd. Bn^ort, lord, mutiny in his fleet at Bpithead, 1707, yli. 888 : offers redreas and pardon. 340 Biienne, LomAde de, archbishop of Toulouse; controUor general of France ; dismisses the notaUea, yi. 162 ; his scheme of La Cour Ple- ni^ 108; dismissed his controllenhlp, 164 Biienne, battle of, Jan. 20, 1814, yiL 568 Brindley, James, a millwright, yiL 41 ; employed by the duke of Bridgewater to construct canals ; his great works of the aqueduct oyer the Irwell, 42 ; and the subterranean canals at Wonley, 42, 43 ; appearance of, 43 Brissot, a Paris deputy at the assembly on the left side, vlL 205 ; heads a fiftctlon, 21SL 210 ; quarrels with Clavifere ; forces on a war wil2i Austria^ 210 ; in prison, 277 Bristol formerly the fhmous port of the West, y. 7 ; slave trading pursued 1^ the merchants of ; not discontinued till George III.'s reigi^; streets, ibid. ; increase of popmatlon, 8 ; glass manufac- tories in, 18 ; great riot at, Oct, 1881, yilL 288- 200 British Institution established, 1805, ylii. 150, 151 British writers, chronological and analytical Ust of, y. 477-488 ; yiiL 188-188, 487-401 Britton, Thomas, the musical coal-man, y. 482 Brock, mi^or-general; opposes Hull's invasion of Canada, 1812: drives him across the rivor De- VOL. vin. trolti and compels him to sumnder, Aog. It, yili. 8 : praises the conduct of the Indians em- ployed bx the British army, ibid. Brodie, sir Bei^Jamin, hie remarks on Oxfosd'a insanity, yiU- 428 Broglie, marshal de, minister of war ; onmmander of the French troops, viL 170 ; leaves Paris far the frontiers, 174 Broke, captain of the "Shannon/* challenges the American frigate ** Cheeapeake** to a flg^t, and succeeds in capturing her. June 1, 1813, and restoring the prestige of tne British navy, vUi. Brooklyn, battle of, Aug. 27, 1776, vL 370 Brougnam, lord ; his eulogy on vIL I his description of Bobeapieiie's dhaiaoter, 310: account of Wellington's interview with Pitt; and of Pitt's death-bed, 451 ; hie eflbrts in bringing about the repeal of tiie orders in oouncU dedar- ing France and her allies in a state of blockade, 1812, 544: heads the oppoaition in parlia- ment to the renewal of the income tax in 1816, viiL 52 ; defeat of the Ull, 63 ; hia dedamatoty attack upon the regent. 64 ; describes the state of the American trade In 1816, 56, 57 ; movea an Inquiry into the state of eduoatum among the London poor ; impulse given to the committee's proceedings by his energy, 60; queen Caroline's chief legal adviser ; defends her title, 162 ; rBn's attomey-ffeneral, 1820, 165 ; announoea queen's arrival In England ; opposes the ap- pointment of a secret committee ; defends his own conduct, 166 : takes part in the conference for averting a publio proceeding, 167 ; conducts the queen's defence at hor trial, 170, 171 ; lays the case of Mr. Smith, a misslonanr, before parUament* 1824, 104, 105 ; supports the Canning ministry, 206, 206 ; olijeots to the dukeof Wellinston being prime minister ; statea that the sduxmnaster is abroad, 220 ; originates the " Society for the Dif- fiision of Useful Knowledge," 1826, 280 ; promotes the formation of the London Universl^ 231 ; speech on law refonn, 231, 232 ; obtains the ap- pointment of two commissioners to inquire into the state of the common law. and the laws affect- ing real property, 282 ; fails in obtaining the eatabliahmenx of local jurisdiction, 1880 ; subse- quent partial adoption of his views, 248 ; pro- tests against the Irad steward's treatment of the Commons ; subsequent explanation, 244, 245 ; his attack upon the WeUinjgton ministry, S45 ; apologises for his strons language, 246 ; glvea notice in parliament of his Intention to introduce the subjeetof reform, 268 ; ontheresiffnatlonof the Wellington ministry he postpones hu motion for a short time ; lord cnanoellar, 265, 267 : reluetanoa to accept this office, 265, 266 ; introduces a Ull fior estaDlishing a new court in bankruptc7, 1881, 271 ; boldness in urging the kine to dissojfve par- liament, 276. 277 ; speech on tioe Reform oiU. 288; his Bankruptcy Court Mil receives the royal assent, 285 ; wiOi lord Grey obtains the ldng*s permission to create peers to insure the passing of the fieform bill, 200 ; speech of, on moving the second reading of the Poor Law Amendment bill, 1884, 8427UshoatiUty with lord Durham; speeches at Inverness, at the Grey banquet. Edinburgh, and at Salisbury, 847, 348 : excluded from the Melbourne ministry, 1885 ; his indeftti- gable eneigy, 350 ; speech on submitting a series of education resolutions to the lords, 850, 860 ; his attack on the eari of Durham's proceedings ; pro- poses and canies an Indemni^ Act, whi<m causes the eari's resignation, 408 ; his speech on the enthusiasm manlfiMted towards the queen, 410 ; his " Historical Sketches of Statesmen" noticed, 473, 474 Browne, marshal, commands an Austrian army; defeated at Losowit^ 1756, vL 216 ; encampa before Prague, 1757, 228 ; defeated by Frederick at IVague, May 6, where he receivea his death wound, t5«l. Browning, Mrs., poetical quotation tnm, vilL 192 ; her poetry^ 480, 481 Brueys, French admiral ; oonve^^ Bonaparte and his troops to Egypt, 1708, viL 851 ; defeated \jy BE ^^ ogle 610 INDEX. ^ «. a.^ proprietor of '*The Gklcutta ' for hi« strictuTM KalMD At the battle of the Kile, Aug. 1,«6M57; kil]adintlMlMtlie,867 BnqpBa •urrenderB to Marlborougfa, 1706, y. 810 BnmsiHek, C. W. Fardlnand, dvke of, Ueproelap mation, 1798, vU. 223 ; hia advanoe into fianoe ; stoppMi by the battle of Valmy, t84 ; retreats, 886: UeutMunt-general of the Pmeelan army, 1800, 476 ; reoeivee hie death woond at the battle of Jena ; dies Nor. 10, 1800, 477 Bnuuwlok, W. Frederick, duke of, headed tfao Oermaa IxMuireotion, 1809, vJL 515 ; hoods the Bruxunricken at Waterloo, tUL 99 Bruisels eaved trcm. a bombardment by William III, y. 198 BiTdon, Dr., the eole surriyor of the Britieh army ntreadnflrfrom Gabul, 1848, yfU. 468 BaokJngham, duke of, pKyy eeal, y. 869 ; eupporta file motion for inyitlog the ivinceei Sophia to Bngland, 806 ; a great art ooUeetor, 447 Backingfaam, duke of, made duke, 1823, yiU. 177 ; aooount of Geoige lY.'a unreeeryednesB, 206, 907 _ J , .. Jooniil ;** pirooeedlngB against, on Indian affairs, yiZ 8^, 288 Buckinghamahite, low state of agriculture In; dairy tanning; prodnoe of butter; duok rear- ing, and pUlow-laoo making, yiL 9 Buenoe Ayres captured by sir Home Popham, 1806, ylL 4r8, 474 ; regained by the French, 474 ; Vhltelook's expeditkm against, 1807, 486, 486; bis lUIura, 486 Buller. Chariea, proposes the adoption of a eyste- matic colonisation, yiii. 601 Bunker's hill, battle of Breed's or, June 17, 1776, yi. 867, 868 Bordett, sir Francis, duel with Peull, 1807, ylL 408 ; conduct of, in the pt)oeedings between Jones and tiariiarnent; ana subsequent results, 1810, 627, 628 ; chainnan of the London Hamp- den Club, yiii. 76 ; reyiy«s the question of parlia- mentary reform, 1818, 97 ; returned M.P. for Weslznhsster, 98 ; again agitates reform, 1810, 102 ; fbnnd guilty of seditious libel and punished, IM Buh^herrii, lord, British minister at Florence ; announees Napoleon's escape from Slba, yiii 21 Bizr^ Castle Inyosted without suooess by Wel- ISngtoli, 1812, yU. 666, 660 Burgoyne, general, moyes fbr an inquiry hito the Bast India CompanyVi afbdva, yL 382 ; inyades the United States ; recaptures Ticonderoga ; secures Fort Sdwsrd, 879; his difficulties in procuring prorvMons, 879, 880 ; retreats to Sara- toga; yielas to Gates on certain -conditions ; the ooDyentidn of Saratoga, 880; cold treatment of, by the British goyemment : yindieates the con- yeutlon of Saratoga, 894 ; deliends his conduct in employfaig Indians, 894, 896 Bnrtuunpoor taken by coL Steyenson, ylL 460 Burke, Edmund; his speech on American taxation, April 19, 1774, yL 878, 840 ; tOnt speech in narlia- ment, Jan. 1766, 279; said to be the author of Junius'a writings, 296; opposes Bedford's pro- poeed coerdonaiy measures towards America, 809 ; moyes an inquiry into the American dis' orders, 818 ; his pamphlet on American taxation, 840; urges goyemment to adopt oonciUatoiy measures towards America. 846; his burst of brvtory on America's rapid growth, 847 ; remarks <m the public oirfnjon regirding the American war, 886, 886; speech on economical reform. Febi 11, 1780, 402; his mpossls, 408; UU ob- structed in its piogiesB dttoufl^ oommlttee, 404 ; re}eetion of the praetlcal measures, 406 ; rejected as M.P. for Bristol, 417; charges against him; Us defence, 418; returned for Halton; briiagB forward his Ciyil List bill ; it is r^eeted, 419 ; his speech denouncing the American tax, 488 ; obfteins office in the BoeMnofaam ministry, 486 ; compelled to compromise his acheme of econo- mical reform ; psashig of his bill; bill for regulating the profits of tibe office of pay- master of the forces, 440; resigns office on the aeceaalon of the ShelbuixM ministry, 1782, 460 ; an agricultural imnoyer, ytL 11 ; draws up the >port on Indian aftain. It's speech on taxes, 160 ; in Se d ' ninth and ^yenth report 186, 137 ; commends Pitt's m passion displayed by, in the debate on the Regency bill 164; his opinion of the French reydution, 183 ; onpoees an increase of mlUtary power; declares France to be ruined, 186 ; re- nounces Sheridan's friendship and pcjitical opi- nions, 187 ; opposes Fox's motion for the rspttd of tho Test act, ibid. ; his "Roflectiona on the BcTolution," published; its remarkable popu- laxitv ; his opnlons on the reyolution, 190, 191 ; his hatred towards the French reyoludonaiv doctrines causes him to break friendship wlta Fox, 194; intensity of his hatred exemplified, 195 ; raises tho cry of the church in danger, i6ul. ; anecdotes of, 207, 308; applauds the Polish reyolution, 216 ; remarks of, on tho Sm>- tember msssacros, 231 ; indignation of, at the results of the duke of Brunswick's campaign, 236: de^irecates the proceedings of the nench against th^ royal fimiily, 243 ; oratorical dsgger speech on the Alien bill, 249 ; note on the dagger scene. 254, 265 ; speech of, on the expediency of war, 266 ; his idea of the policy that ought to be pursued towards France, 268, 269 ; French opi- nion of, 269 ; shows the mffieulty of negotiating with France, 276, 277 ; rwrete Britain's treatment of the French fleet at Tbulon, 201. 298 ; objecto to "a regicide peace," 329; death of, July 9, 1797, 842 ; desoription of the United Irishmen by, 862 ; luges goyemment not to ahsndon law, 8o3 ; his remarks on scarcity, 390 Bumes, sir Alexander, his remarks on Russian intrigues in Cabul, yiU. 460, 461 ; his position at Cabul, 463, 464; massacre of, by the AfprhaM 1841, 454. 466 Bumes, Charles, murdered by Afghans, yiii. 454, 466 Burnet, Br. Gilbert, nreachos at William IIL's coronation, y. 78; his '* Pastoral Letter** con- demned and publicly burnt at Charing Cross, 1693, 169 : preaches at Whitehall, Dec. 2, 1697. 200 ; preceptor to duke of Gloucester, 240 ; his of education, ibid. ; carries the news of III.'s death to Queen Anne, 257 r, Fanny, writings of; description of court life by. yiii. 126 Bums, Bobert; his description of the Ayrshire farm labourer, yli. 35, 36 ; first volume of his poems pubUsbed, 1786 ; his rapid and extensiyo popularity ; character of his writings, yiii. 116 Burrard, sir Harry, araointed second in command in Portugal, 1808, yL 600 ; ozrivee at Vimiero, 602 ; spoils WeUington's plans, 601, 502 Biisaco, battle of, Sept 27, 1810, yii. 681 Buflsey, H. de. French minister in London, 1761. yl. 240 ; delivers the French uUimalum : is dis- missed England by Pitt, 251 Bustard, formerly abundant in Wiltshire ; boldness of ; its extinction in the county, vii. 21 Bute, John Stuart, earl of, groom of the stole to the prinoe of Wales, 1756, vL 217 ; instils him with a knowledge of the constitution, 248 ; apjpointed a member of the council and cabinet by the nrince, now Georce III. ; animadversion against his influence ; Pittas indignation at the tone of the Icing's first address to the Privy Council d by, 244: intrigues with Doddington the ministry; proclaims the poliey of new reign, 246; secretary of state, 1761, 246: condemns Pitt's proposal of war against Bnain as rash, 251 ; rejoices at Pitt's fall, 262 ; whom his party lampoon and csricature. ibid. ; alienates Frederick of Rtissia by refuring to grant his subsidy, 264 ; attempts to carty out Pitt's plans, ibid. ; in his anxiety to obtain pescc he offers to give up fiavonnah and Manilla, 266 ; prime minister, 1763, 259; attempts to restore the Influenoe of the prerog^tiye, 260; attacked by Wilkes and Churchill, 260, 261 ; popular dislike towards ; resigns his employments, April 8. 1763, 261 ; negotiates for Fltt^i return to power, 263 Butler, col., commands the force which destroyed Wyoming, 1778, vi. 896 Digitized by VjOOQIC INDEX. «U Bufler, ChftriM, 'aneodoto of Burke by, vii. 206 Buxton, T. F., his roaolutkm for aboliaWng alaveiy, 182S, viil. 193 Byng, admiral air George, Joina I^ake off the Bpaniah coast, 1700, ▼. a0& : erulaes in the chan- xiiel on the watch for the French fleet conveying the Flnetender and foroea to Scotland ; it evades him, 1708, 886 ; he makea pursuit, but does not follow it up when they return to France, «Md. ; sails for the Mediterranean, June 4, 1718 ; aachcna in the bajy of Naplea ; pur- suea and destroya the Spaxnah fleo^ Aug: 11, TL84 Byng, admiral John, despatched to the relief of Port Mahon; attacked by de la Galissoni^re, May SI, 176^ ^. S18 ; his timidity and proposal to return to Gibraltar ; saperaedad by Hawke, iHi. ; anast; imprlaonraent in Greenwich Hos- pital ; popular fmy againat, 214 ; trial at Porta- moulli, 219 ; found guilty and aantenoed to be shot; efforts made to save him by Pitt and others; execution of, Mar. 14, 1767; hia de- meanour. 220 Byng, air John. Bee Strafford. Byron, lord George, reproaches England with the humiliation of Venice, ^a 346; hia description of the Wato-loo field of battle, irUL 80, 81 ; his poetic aatire "Bofflish Bards and Scotch Be- viewers " published; describes the character of the writings of Coleildge, Wordsworth, and Bouthey, 118 ; popularity ; character of hia Terse romanoea, and ma '*Don Juan," 120; failure of his dramas, 125 Byron, John, commands an expedition to America, tLIOO Cabvl taken by the British, viiL 468; residence of the British army at, 463-450 ; ito retreat fhnn, 466, 467 ; retaken by the British, 400. Cadia, unsuooeasful expedition to, 1702, ▼. 261 Cadoudal, Oeotgea, a royalist against Bonapaito ; apprehended ; executed, 1804, yiL 432 Calllemot, a Huguenot oommander ; killed at the Boyne. 1090. v. 106 Cairo taken by Bonaparte, 1798, vil. 854 Calaia bombarded by the Bnglish, 1094. ▼. 172, 178 Calcutta purehaaed by the old E. I. Company, v. 290 ; captured by Surajah Dowlah, 1780 ; tragedy of the BUok hole of. Tii. 222, 223; retaken by CUve. Jsn. 2. 1767, 222, 224 Galder, sir Robert, engages the French and Spanish fleeta, and captorea the ^)ttiiah teasels, July 22, 1805 ; tried and reprimanded, tU. 442 ; returns home just before the Trafalgar victory, 440 Calendar reform bill, 1761 : its provisions, yi. 187, 188 Califfula, Napoleon and, at Boulogne, compared, Oallcott, character of his paintings, viii. 164 Calonne, controDer-general of FmanoeL 1788 ; oon- vokea the notablea, viL 167 ; ahowa the deficit in the finance ; jwopoeea a land tax on all rlnsnow ; dismissed, 1787, 168 Cambao^rte, consul with Bonaparto. 1799, tU. 887; has charge of the Judicial administration, 892 Cambridge, D. of, marries , Princess Louisa of Heese, June 1, 1818, viU. 97 Cambridgeshire, land of, vti. 14 ; quantity unre- claimed in 1794. 1600, 1840. Und. ; drainage and reclamation of tne fens of, t^ the E. ef Bedford, and Rennie, 14, 16 Gambronne, Gen., accompanies Napoleon in his march to Paris, 1816^ riii. 21 ; death of, at Water- loo, 80 -^ ^ Camden, batties of, Aug. 10, 1780, vi. 412; and April 26, 1781, 426 Camden, lord, sir Charles Pratt, lord chief justice ; declares Wilkes as M. P. fk«e flrom arrest, vi. 262, 263 ; gives a verdict in favour of a printer of the *' North Briton," 265 ; thanked by the common council for his judgment on the general warrant question. 270; oppoaea the taxation of Ameri- cuns, 280 ; lord chanceUor, 1706, 286, 821 ; dia- olaima the measurea adopted by the ministnr, 804 ; dismissed his ofice, ibid. ; supports Ffl^s ministi7) 1T84, vil. 140 ; and Fox's libel Ull, 179S, 218 Camden, earl, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1795, vll. 862 : recalled, 1798, 366 ; holds office in the Port- land ministry, 1807, 480 ; secretary for war and the cokmiM, 1804. 677 Cameron, Dr. Archibald, executed 1758, vi. 183 Cameron of Lochiel joins the Young Pretender, 1746, vi. 128; accompanies the Prince in his flight to France, Sept 1746. 176 Cameronians; they n^ect the dispensing of the Test Act, V. 80 ; oi^iose the union of the two kingdoms, 1700; 325: and bum tlu artidea at the market cross of Dumfries, Nov. 80, 826 ; ordorad to return home by the D. of Hamilton, ilrid, Gameronian regiment ; it defeata the Hlghlandsn at Dunkeld, 1690, v. 131 Camisards. See Cevennes : Cavalier Camming, Thomas, a Quaker ; sent against Fort Louis, which he takes, 1758, vL 232; Goree sur- rrmdeors to him, 288 Campan, Madame, conduct of, at the storming of Versaflles, 1789, vii. 179 Campbell, ColoneL See Aisyle, A. C, duke of Campbell of Flnab, bis exploits in Darien, v. 222 Campbell, A. See Anryle. E. of Campbell, air Arohibdd, oefenda Rangoon against the Birmese, viiL 219, 220 ; his campaign of 1825 ; takes Donoopew ; hy repeatedly defeating the Birmese he compels tham to agree' to the treaty of Yandaboo^ 220 Campbell, sir Colin; lleutonant, vii. 468; his do> acription of the battie of Aa«;e, 459, 400 Campbell, John. See Argyle, D. of CampbeU, John, lord, aneodotea of Geonre III., vii. 80S ; of lord EUenborough and Hon«^s Mai bv, viiL 90 ; hia remarks <m the appeal of murder in 1818,101, 102; his opinion of government's conduct towards the Cato-street conspirators, 101, 102; his feelings at the dissolution of parliunenL 1881, 277, 278 Campbell sir John, Attorney-General in the Mel- bourne miniatnr, viil. 881 Campbell, air Neil, appointed to watch over Napo- leon at Elba, viiL 26 Campbell captain Robert, of Glenlyon, his share in the Glenooe massacre, 1092, v. 187-189; not pfosecuted, 141 Campbell Thomaa, quotation tram, viii. 408 ; wide raputation of hia "Pleasuroa of Hope, and lyrics ; " Gertrude of Wyoming" published 1809, vfii. 121 Camperdown, batUe of, fought between De Winter and Duncan. Oct. 11, 1797, viL 848, 849 Campo Formio, peace of, Oct 17, 1797, vii. 848, Canada ceded by France, 1708, vl 467 ; doubtAil loyalty of, towarda England, 1798, vii 208 ; die- putes with the mother country, viil. 400, 407 ; in- surrection in. 407-409; lord Durham's govern- mentk 407, 408; his report on. 409 Canals, constmeti^yn of, D7 Bnogowater, Brindley. and others, vii. 41-48 ; incrBasod sums exnended on navigation and, 886 ; constructed by Tdf ord, vilL147 Canning, George ; one of Pitt's sopportern, vii. 817 ; story of his proposed connection with the Jaco- bizis ; advooatea a continuance of the war, Md. ; defends Pitt's coercive poUcj, 824, 826 ; starta the " Anti-JaooUn/* Nov. 1797, 846 ; ratires ttam office, 1801, 400rFareign Becretaxy, 1807, 480, 677 ; obtaina a knowledge of the secret article of TQ^ 480 : in fkvour of aiding the Spaniards, 499 ; remarks on Moore's retreat in Spain, 1809, 607, 608; duel with Oaatiereagli, 626, 620; re- signs, 620 ; grief at Perceval's daatii, 641 ; retuma from Usbon, and takea hia seat in parliament, viii. 78, 70; PiWdent of the Indian Board of Control, 1810, 79, 158, 169 ; imprudent expnsalon regard- ing Ogden'a petition, 98 ; offen duel to the author of an anonymoua pamphlet, 90, 97; vindicatea the govemment'a oonduct towarda oueen Caro- line, 100; r6f\]8ing to take part in tne proceed- -. EK2 Ogle 613 INDEX. ingi Mslnrt the qoaen 1m tondfln his nalgna- tfoni out ^^M* Itmg inalalM OQ hlfl rotafaiJiiff itk and following his own oonduot with mpact to tho quaen, 168 ; hl« intereat in the quoen'a trial, 178; rarigna hia olBoe Dec. IS, 1880; the king refuaea to re^idmit him into the CaUnei after the queen'a death, 174; hta Soman CathoUo leliefbUl thrown oat twice, 178, 179 ; appointed Govemor-Geneml of India, 170 : bat Miore he haa atarted for India he Is appointed Secretary for Foreign AAiira ; hia inatructiona to the duke of Wellington, the British repreaentatlTe at the Congrees at Voron^ 181; and to the Britiah ambaaaador at Ftavt ; hia declaration of neu- trality. 183 ; hia declaration of April, 18S8, 183; his policy of the recognition of tlM Spaniah pro- Tincea in South America ; opposition towards it, 184 ; the king fUls in obtaining Canning's dis- missal, ibid. Canton blockaded by the British, 1880, vliL 445 ; again attacked by them, 1841, 447, 448 Capital punishment, abolition of, for thefts, yOL 68, 64, 101, 195 : hi the years before and after the Queen's acoession, 898. ' Csrleton. captain Georae, Quotations from, Ulustra- tive of Peterborough's Spanish campaign, 1706, 1706, ▼. 893-897 Carleton, a British genersl ; makes his way into Quebec, defending it against Montgomery and Arnold, 1776, tL 863; defeats the Americans; retires from Quebec, 1776, 868 Carlisle invested by the Pretender's army, 1745, Ti. 141 ; and capture, Nov. 148 ; taken by the duke of Cumberisnd, Deo. SO, 169 vlii. 810 ; Lord Privy Seal, 1834, 844 Carlos, Don, duke of Parma. See Charles III. of Naplea. Carlabad, congress of, Aug. 1, 1819, vliL 888 Csrlton House remodelled by Holland ; pulled down, 1826, viil. 144 Carlyle, his remarks on the negro question, viiL 881,888; on the position of the agricultural labourer in 1840, 897 : on the advisabiUty of the labouring classes emigrating, 418 ; his petition for the Oopyriffat BUI, 464: efaanoter of his Uatoriea: worics on unmwell and the Frsooh Revolution, 47^473 Canniarthan, marquis of. See Laedi, doka of. Oaraot compels the duke of York to raise the slag* of Dunkirk, 1793. viL 888; captures Cbariaroi; and vrins the battle of Fleoroa. 818 ; a membor of the French Direotory; Bonaparte autamits a xdan lor invading Italy to, 886 ; eacapea being arrested fcf, 844 Camwa^ Robert^ eari of, Impeached of hia^ treason, tried and found guUfy, vL 19 ; but is reprieved, 80; released from prison by an act of grace, 80 Gwoline, queen, vrife of Geoige II. ; influences her husbsnd in retaining Walpole F>^m minister in opposition to electing sir 8. Oompton, vL 68 ; receives a Jointure of 100,0002., ilrid, ; her assist- anoe to. and influence over her huaband, 60 ; ap> nolntea regent 1785, durtnff the king's ahaance in Hanover, 77 ; regards the Porteoua riots of 1736 as an insult to her authority, 83; taken ill, Nov. 9, 1787; diea Nov. 80, 87 ; eharactorof, 88 Caroline, Matilda, aister of Georae III., bom 1761, married in 1766 to Christian VIL of Denmark : unhappy marriage; oharged with InfideUty, and impnaonod in Kronbeig castle ; rescued oj tho British govemmenl^ vi. 389 ; retiree to tho castle of 2el], Hanover, dytog in 1775, 830 Caroline. See George Iv. Carteaux, general, suppresses a revolt at Mar- seilles, ViL 386 ; marohea against Toukm, 1793, 887, 889; replaced in his command by general Dugommier, 889 Carter, Rear-Admiral of the Blue; slain at La Hogue^ 1608, V. 149 Cartoret, lord, Becretaiy of State ; removed from that office. 1784 ; appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, vi 60 ; offers 800L for the discovery of the anthor of the Druier'a letters, 68 ; his motion for Walpok's removal rejected, 103 ; 1 favourite of George II., 109; i 1742-1744, 112, 880; oontrola the ohiwsb of attaok to the opposition, 118 ; created earl Qrsnville. ibid. ; obfiuns the king's oonfl- dence, 1747 ; fails in an attempt to obtain tho administration of affairs, 178; President of the Qoundl, 1761, 851 Carthagena, attack upon, 1741, vL 98-100 Cartwright, Dr., invents the power loom; his anxiety on account of it; parliamentary gnsnt to ; number of looms employed in 1813, 'S3 and '66, ViL 64 Gasssno, battle of, April 87, im. viL 888 Castanoa, genend, eompeb the mnoh to surrender at the battle of Baylen, 1808, ViL 600 Castle, John, betraya hia fellow Bpencean philan- thropists, ViiL 76-78 Castieresgh. lord, temporary Irish Becretaiy, vfL 866; appliea the aecret service money to the malHng converts to the government measure of the Union, 372, 873 ; description of; moves tho third reading of the Union Bill, 875; Warand Colonial Secretary, 1807, 480; challenges Osn- nlng to a duel, which takes plaoe on WimUedosi Common, Sept 88, 1809, 686 ; cause of the quar- rel, ftiS. 626; resigns, 686; Foreign Secretary, 1818, 689 ; ViiL 168 ; one of the plenipotenUariea at the Congress at Vienna, 1814, viiL 48 ; his diplomacy with regsrd to the annexation of Saxony to Prussia, 48, 44 ; reception l^the House of Commons, 61 ; offensive declaration made bv, 62 ; with WeUington he represents Great Britain at Aix-b^Chapelte, 1818, 99 ; takes part in the con- ferences for averting a public proceeding in the case of queen Caroline, 167 ; commits suicide, Aug 12, 1888, 179 ; his foreign ministry, 180 Catalonia invested by the French. 1608, v. 166 Cathcart, lord, death of, on his way to Carthagena, 1740, vL 08 Cathcart. 619 FoUiih thzone ftir Btantwlann, vi. 894 ; roAuM to aid tba British tkgaioBt America, SAO; begins to rdgm 1762, 465 ; agrees to raise on army for Spain, ▼ii. 917 ; death of, Nov. 10, 1796, 880, 674 CathoUo BeUef bills paased, Feb. 1782, U 446, 446» and April, 1889, TiiL 840 Catholics, Roman, their Ineligibility for civil offices, ▼. 78 ; opprassion of Protestants tn Ireland by. 1680, 81 it an. / struggle of the, in Scotland, 87 €t mq. : Catholic sovereigns ropreaented at the Hague, 1601, 188; treaty of limerick allowing them certain raUglous privileges, 188 : penal laws against, 1609, 836 ; proceedings against Popish priests, 1745, vi. 168, 164 ; ooiafai hiws aga&st, repealed, 1778» 406 ; fanaticism against, roused ; Protestant Associations against, formed, 406 ; the Goidon riots against, 406^10 : the relief UU passed, 1782. 445, 446 ; aUoived to vote at elec- tions, 1798 ; rail introduced for repealing all the civil disablUties of. ^IL 868 ; 'govemment's desire to emancipate them, 860, 870 ; George IIL's op- position to the repeal of the disqualification laws, 898. 899 ; he requires Pitt never to support Oa- tholic emancipation, 481, 479 ; opposes the enlist- ment of, 479 ; Grattan's speech on the emancipa- tion of, viii. 108, 108; pwtiRl success of the Car tholic relief measure, 1881-8, 178, 179 ; state of the Catholic question ; rejection of the relief biU, 201 ; sensation caused by the duke of York's speech on the btlL 201. 208 ; on lord Liverpool's illness the advocates for and against Roman Catholic relief marsbal themselves under the leaderdiips of Canning and Peel ; the debate in pariiament,808, 204 ; charges against Canning respecting the Ca- tholic question, 806, 207 ; first majoritv obtained (1826) in favour of their claims, 884 ; liiJs resolu- tion is not taken Into consideration, 286 ; Roman Catholic Association founded, 1828; dissolved during the Canning minirtry ; revived, 1828 ; it secures the election of O'Connell for dare, 285, 280 ; ministerial views on Catholic Bmancipation, 230, 287 ; George IV.'s unwillingness to consent to his ministers attempting to s^tle the question, *i36 A aeq. ; Emandpraon announced by ffovem- ment^ 287, 888 ; violent debates on tiie rail, 288- 240 ; it receives the royal assent, April 18, 1880, 340 ; O'Connell obtains admission into parilament under the terms of the now Act. 274 ; his amendment of the bill, 280 Channing, Dr., remarks of, on the abolition of slarory, viii 889, 880 Chantrey, style of his sculpture, vliL 140, 160 Chapelier, guillotined, 1T94. vii. 898 Chitfetto commands the Vendeans, 1798, vii. 293 ; resumes arms on the occasion of the Quiberon exnedition, 1796, 880 Charlemont, lord, panic of his troops at Barcelona, V. 296 Chariemont, earl of, oommander-in-ohief of the Irish volunteezB, 1782, vi. 446 Cbarleroi, siege, and capture of, by the French, June 26, 1794, vii 811, 812 Cbarleroy captured by the French, 1683, v. 166 Charies Albert of Sardinia succeeds to the throne after Charles Felix, 1881, viii 268 Charies of Lorraine commands the Austrians; checks the French in Bohemia, 1742, vi. 107 ; ex- SIs the Frendi from Germany, 111 ; oommands B Austrians at Leuthen, 1767, 281 Charles II., of Spain and Naples, represented at the Hague, 1601, v. 122 ; his early life and feebleness ; the question of his succession, 226, 226; tor- mented by intriguing agents, 242 ; alters his wiU in favour of France, and dies Nov. 1, 1700, 242, 348, 888 Charles III, of Spain and Naples ; as Don Carlos, duke of Pkrma, he invades Lombardy, Naples, and Sicily ; crowned king of Naples and Sicily, vi. 71 ; reigned in Spain, 1769-88, 466 ; and in Naples, 1734-69, 466 Charles IV., of Spain, bcffan to reign, 1788. vi. 465 ; concludes the tieaty of Fontainebloau with Napo- leon, 495 ; abdicates the crown, 1808, 498, 675 Charles, archduke, of Austria; emperor VI. of Ger- many ; his claim to the Spanish throne sup- ported by Bngland ; his visit to Anne's court, 1708, V. 867 ; lands at Lisbon, 290 ; proclaimed as Charles III., of Spain, at Denia ; he presses for the si^^ of Barcelona, 294 ; his partial success in Cataloma, 296; his incompetency; besieged in Barcetona, 1706, 297, 298 ; his hiactivitv in march- ing on Madrid, 298, 899 ; Peterborough's disgust of; 299; his Spanish claims acknowledged by the Estates of Brabant, 810 ; sustains roverMS, 1707, 830 ; obtains a few successes; enters Madrid. Sept. 1710, 866 : discord amongst his allies ; defeat at Villa Viciosa; cause hopeless, 367; elected em- peror, Oct 8, 1711, 876, 475; died Oct 20, 1740, vi 101^465 Charles vll., emperor of Germany ; as elector of Bavaria he disputes Maria Theresa's succession to the German throne, vi. 106; enters Bohemia: takes Prague ; crowned king of Bohemia and em- peror of Germany ; his capital city, Munich, taken by his opponents, 107 ; died at Munich, 1745, 113 Charles X., of France; count D'Artods, brother of Louis Xvl. ; leaves France, 1789, vii. 174 ; ready to return In arms, 200 ; urges the emperor of Ger- many and king of Prusna to rescue Louis, 207 ; prepares an expedition, but abandons it, and returns to England, 1795. 820 ; signs a conven- tion with the Allies for the cessation of hostili- ties, 1814, 671 ; ssoends the throne, 1884, viii. 347, 868 ; government, consecration, and inconsiBtency of, 247. 248 : his differences with the Chamber of Deputies, 840; promulgates the royal ordinances, iC 614 INDEX. 1890, 850; the peoplt an rouaad, S51-2S4; his wavering conduct, 264 ; lows his crown, Julv, 1880, 266 ; his moToments, iMcL : abdicates bi fltvour of his grandson; oompeiled to leave nance; takes reftige in Bngiand, S60 Charles XII., of Sweden ; his energy in waninff against Denmark, whose nayr, with admiral Rooke's assistance, he soooeeds in driving hack into Copenhagen, t. 2S7 ; concludes a peace with England, ibid. ; his career from 1700 to 1707. 890 ; visited by the duke of Marlborough, 831 ; account of the interview, Wd.; Invades Russia; defeats the native army near the Beresina ; and at Smo- lonsko ; receives a signal defeat from the Gaar Peter the Great at theWtle of Pultowa, July 8, 1700, 345, 840 ; suooeeds Charles XI., 476; reap- pears in history, after a seclusion of five years, 1714, vi. 27 ; defeated at Stralsand, S8 ; and slain at Fredericksfaall, 1718. 85, 465 CharleaXIV., of Sweden, J. J. J. Bemadotte ; serras in the army under Jourdan, vii. 812 ; joins Bona- psrte with an an^y, 848; oppoaea any change in the constitution of Franco, 1709, 883 ; commands the army of Hanover, 1805, 443 ; attacked by Ben- ningsen at Pultusk, Dee. 1807» 461 ; instslled crown prince of Sweden, Nov. 1, 1810, 686; sBenates himself fVxxn Boniqparte and ioins Alex- ander of Russia, 666 ; defeated Oudinot at Gross Beeren, Aug. 28, 1818» 668 ; and Key at Dennewita, Sept. 6, 668, 664 ; his further opposition to the French, 564 ; becomes king of Sweden, 1818, viii. 268. Charleston besieged by the British; capitulates. May 12, 1780, vi. 411 Charlotte, Queen, princess of Mecklenbeig : colonel Grame's &vourable report of her induces Geoige IIL to choose her for his queen, vL 247; he marries her, Sept. 8, 1761 ; her appearance and character, 248 ; coronation ofthe king and queen. Sept 22, 240; entrostedwith thecare of thoUng^ 1810, vU. 684 ; death of. Nov. 17, 1816., viU. 98 Charlotte, princess ; public hopes of her marrisge with Leopold, which occurs May 2, 1816, vilL 63, 64 ; grief at her death, Nov. 6, 1817, 03, 04 ; admi- ration of her conduct, end sympathy with her husband ; her dissension with the prince Regent ; he causes an inquiry into her conduot ; she reftises to many the prince of Orange, 04 ; flies to the princess of Wales; her character, 96 Cnamook joins with Barclay and others in the de- sign against William's lifb, 1696, v. 187 ; the plot is discovered end he is captured, Feb. 22 ; tried, 100; found guilty and executed, 191 Charter, the people's, principles of, viiL 418, 419 ; parliamentMy debate on, 1842, 496 Chartism, its prevalence among the labouring dasses, viil. 417, 418; prineiplea advocated by the ChartUts, 418, 419 ; Chartist riots, 1880, 422 : revival of. 1848, 658, 569; Chartist designs crushed by the government prspwatlons, 659. 560 Chartreuse, Castle of; surrenders to Marlborough, 1702, V. 260 Chatham, WiiUam Pitt, earl of, speaks in parlia- ment, 1786, vi 85 ; gentleman of the bed-chamber to the prince of Wales, 1788, 92 ; denounces the convention with Spain, 1789, 94 ; supports the grant for continuing the war in Flanders, 1744, 112 ; speaks against the amendment for securing the Independence of the Commons, 188; obtains office under the Pelham administratioD, 1747, 178; the king refuses to nominate him Secretanr- at<War; appointed Vlee-Treasurer of Xreland; then Pimnaster Genersl ; integrity In the di»- charoe of his office, 179 ; chagrined at not obtain- ing the Secretary of State seals in 1764 ; marries lady Grenville, and retinis to Hayes, 199; his outburst against the levity of the douse of Gom- mons ; deserted by Fox, 200 ; Newcastle offei^s * him a seat in the Cabinet, and the probabiUty of having the Secretary of State seals, to support the subsidies ; refuses the offer, 208 ; opposition speech, Nov. 13, 1765 ; dismissed from his Fay- master office, Nov. Pitfs administration;'' Neweaatia made first lord of the treasury, and Pitt, secretary of state, having also the ministerial power, 222; has the whole conduct of the war and of foreign afflsixa, 227 ; energy In eondueting the latter, 282, 2SS ; his lavlshness and enersy, 294 ; appoints Wolfe to the command of the Quebec expaditfawi; invites him to dinner ; Wolfe's dednmatnty eon- duett 235 ; moves that a puUio monument bo tteeted in honour of Wolfe, 238; bia vfgtaous prosecution of the war during the oonf eraaoe for peace, 249; promises Frederick of Rruaaia his assistance, 250 ; breaks off the negoOatlona with France ; advocatea war against Spain ; his measure defeated Iqr the court party, 251 ; x«algns his seals of secretary of ststo, Oct 5, 17«lThi3 conduct in his interview with ihe king ; reoatvos a pension of jBS.OOO ; and wiib made a Ymroatm ; stonn of ridicule and abuse against ; Joy at his fall, 252; his popnhuifor undiminished, 258 ; his German poUev attacked by Grenville, iHi. ; Ida calmness during the reoebst of ooL Banv'a Inso- lent n>eech ; the now mimatry adopt his plaiM, 254; his patriotle outbreak In parliament: success of his projected expedition against Martiniqiie, 255, and Havannah, 260; dissatisfied with the conditions of the peace of Paris, 1763 ; states thst "that spirit which has made us what wo are" compensates for the incresse in tiienatfonaldebt, 257 ; negotiations ibr his return to power £ill, 263 ; the king again offers him the premisiafaip ; his terms. 615 agaiiut the duke of lUchmond'i address, iHcL ; deecription of this hie last speech, 888, 880; Bwoons while making an effort to address the House a second time, 880 ; tiie accident throws the house into confusion, ibid. ; death of, at Hayes, Hay 11, 1778; funeral and monuments, 800. Chatham, John, earl of, commands the expedition to the Sdioldt, 1800, viL 618, 610 ; his indolenoe, 520 : censured ; succeeded by loitl MulgraTc, as master-general of the ordnance, 527 Cfaaumont, treaty of, March 1. 1814, TiL 681 ; vlil. 25 Chauvelin, French ambassaaor in England, 1708 ; himself and suite received with reserve and coldness, yil. 800, 310 ; correapondonee with lord GrenTille, 816, 240, 260 ; returns to Paris with mistaken notions of Bnglish disaffection, 904 ; ordered to retiro from England, 860 Chelsea hospital built by Wren, t. 464 Cherbourg taken by the British, August 8, 1764, vL 288 Cheshire, its agricultural ooiMlltlon, vil 87 Chesterfield, lord, his speech against the bUl for licensing plays, 1787, vl. 00 ; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1744 ; sent on a mission to the Hague to obtain the duke of Cumberland's appointment to the command of the confederate armiee, 118 ; opposes tiio bill making it high treason to hold correspondence with mk pretender's sons, 116 ; with lord Mansfield's assistance he carries through the bill for reforming ttx9 calendar, 1761, 187 ; secretary of state, 1746-1, 880 Chevalier St Georoe. Bee Btuart, James. Cheyte Sing, rajah of Benares ; unable to comply with Hasongs's extortionate demands; he is arrested, vil. 1S2 ; the native population release him and oompel Hastings to fly; routed and deposed by Fopham, 183 Chimney tax. See Hearth money.
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https://github.com/GalinaIs/Yii2-2/blob/master/frontend/views/task/_chat.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
| 2,019 |
Yii2-2
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GalinaIs
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PHP
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Code
| 102 | 426 |
<?php
use yii\widgets\ActiveForm;
use yii\helpers\Html;
?>
<h4>Чат:</h4>
<?php if($user_id): ?>
<?php $form1 = ActiveForm::begin(['id' => 'chat_form']); ?>
<?= $form1->field($chatMessage, 'msg')->textArea() ?>
<?= $form1->field($chatMessage, 'channel', ['options' => ['id'=>'chat_task']])->hiddenInput()->label(false) ?>
<?= $form1->field($chatMessage, 'user_id', ['options' => ['id'=>'chat_user']])->hiddenInput()->label(false) ?>
<?= Html::hiddeninput('username', $chatMessage->user->username, ['id' => 'chat_username']) ?>
<?= Html::submitButton('Отправить сообщение', [
'class' => 'btn btn-success',
'id' => 'chat_form_btn'
]) ?>
<?php ActiveForm::end(); ?>
<?php else: ?>
<h5>Для того, чтобы оправить сообщение в чат, необходимо авторизоваться.</h5>
<?php endif; ?>
<hr>
<h5>История сообщенией:</h5>
<div id="root_chat">
<?php foreach($chatList as $message): ?>
<p>
<?= $message->user->username ?>:<br>
<?= $message->msg ?><br>
</p>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</div>
<script>
channel = '<?= $chatMessage->channel ?>'
</script>
| 21,972 |
|
5508544_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 494 | 648 |
PUTNAM, J.
Assuming that the court below had power to grant the order from which the appeal is taken, we think, under the circumstances of the case, such power should not have been exercised. The plaintiff was appointed receiver of the St. Lawrence Manufacturing Company, in proceedings to dissolve the' corporation on the application of the people, through the attorney general. He did not commence this action, but found it pending. It was commenced by the corporation long before his appointment. It did not appear that he was proceeding with the action in bad faith, or had been guilty of any mismanagement. He was about to bring the case to trial in the name of the original parties, as he lawfully might (Warehousing Co. v. Badger, 67 N. Y. 294), when, on motion of defendant, he was substituted as a party plaintiff, and afterwards the order from which the appeal is taken was made requiring him • to file security for costs. The sole ground on which the order was granted appears to have been that the corporation, at- the time of his appointment, was insolvent, and that, as receiver, he had no funds in his hands with which to pay the costs of the action. We think that fact did not justify an order requiring plaintiff to file security for costs in the absence of any evidence of bad faith or mismanagement ; especially in an action like this, commenced by the corporation, and merely continued by a receiver appointed on the application of the attorney general of the state. See Jenkins v. Stowe, 2 Law Bull. 57; Kimberly v. Goodrich, 22 How. Pr. 424; Darby v. Condit, 1 Duer, 599; Shepherd v. Burt, 3 Duer, 645; Ryan v. Potter, 4 Civ. Proc. R. 80; Wassinger v. Fennell, 13 Civ. Proc. R. 286; Bennett v. Coble, 43 Hun, 354; Rutherford v. Town of Madrid, 77 Hun, 545, 28 N. Y. Supp. 923. The above authorities hold that in an action brought by a trustee, receiver, administrator, or other party the plaintiff will not be compelled to file security for costs merely on the ground of insolvency, or that he has no funds in his hands; that it is necessary, in addition to the fact of insolvency, to show that the action was brought in bad faith or heedlessly, or that the plaintiff will not probably succeed. We are also of the opinion that the motion of defendant should not have been granted on account of the delay in moving. The receiver was appointed in January, 1893, and the motion to compel him to file security for costs was not made until May, 1894, 16 months after his appointment, and after plaintiff had served a notice of trial on defendant. See Robinson v. Sinclair, 1 Denio, 628; Doyle v. Currey, 2 Law Bull. 48.
The order should be reversed, with costs and disbursements to the appellant, and the motion denied, with costs. All concur.
| 27,657 |
https://github.com/Anras573/Yaeger/blob/master/src/Yaeger.Engine/Core/SceneManager.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Yaeger
|
Anras573
|
C#
|
Code
| 54 | 211 |
using System.Collections;
namespace Yaeger.Engine.Core
{
internal class SceneManager : IEnumerable<Scene>
{
private readonly List<Scene> _scenes = new();
public void AddScene(Scene scene)
{
_scenes.Add(scene);
scene.OnAttach();
}
public void RemoveScene(Scene scene)
{
if (_scenes.Remove(scene))
{
scene.OnDetach();
}
}
#region IEnumerable
public IEnumerator<Scene> GetEnumerator()
{
return ((IEnumerable<Scene>)_scenes).GetEnumerator();
}
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
return ((IEnumerable)_scenes).GetEnumerator();
}
#endregion
}
}
| 8,850 |
https://github.com/sts-sadr/rubrix/blob/master/src/rubrix/server/users/model.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
rubrix
|
sts-sadr
|
Python
|
Code
| 54 | 169 |
from typing import List, Optional
from pydantic import BaseModel
class User(BaseModel):
"""Base user model"""
username: str
email: Optional[str] = None
full_name: Optional[str] = None
disabled: Optional[bool] = None
user_groups: List[str] = None
@property
def current_group(self) -> Optional[str]:
return self.user_groups[0] if self.user_groups else None
class UserInDB(User):
"""Internal user model"""
hashed_password: str
MOCK_USER = User(username=".local-Rubrix", disabled=False)
| 20,084 |
https://github.com/ponchik009/nest-ApplicationAccountingSystem-backend/blob/master/src/workgroup/dto/getWorkgroupWithUsers.dto.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
nest-ApplicationAccountingSystem-backend
|
ponchik009
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 60 | 211 |
import { ApiProperty } from '@nestjs/swagger';
import { IsNotEmpty, IsString } from 'class-validator';
import { GetUserWithoutWorkgroup } from 'src/user/dto/getUserWithoutWorkgroup.dto';
export class GetWorkgroupWithUsers {
@ApiProperty({
description: 'Уникальный идентификатор',
example: 2,
})
public id: number;
@ApiProperty({
description: 'Название рабочей группы',
example: '1С',
})
@IsString()
@IsNotEmpty()
public name: string;
@ApiProperty({
description: 'Пользователи рабочей группы',
type: () => [GetUserWithoutWorkgroup],
})
public users: GetUserWithoutWorkgroup[];
}
| 14,873 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20M.%20Short
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kevin M. Short
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin M. Short&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 498 | 719 |
Kevin M. Short (born June 23, 1963) is an American mathematician and entrepreneur. He is a professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of New Hampshire. He is also co-founder and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) at Setem Technologies, in Newbury, Massachusetts. Since 1994, when he began at UNH, Short's academic research and work has continually focused on tying together nonlinear chaos theory and signal processing so that nonlinearity can play a major role in the future of technology development.
Education
Short grew up and attended high school in Suffern, New York. He completed his undergraduate work at the University of Rochester in 1985, receiving both a B.S. in Physics and a B.A. in geology. He then attended the Imperial College of London on a Marshall Scholarship, where he earned his PhD in Theoretical Physics. In 1994. Short joined the University of New Hampshire's Department of Mathematics as assistant professor. At UNH, Short presently holds the position of University Professor.
Research
In 1996, Short developed and patented a technology called CCT, or Chaotic Compression Technology. Claimed to be "fundamentally different" from existing technology, CCT used nonlinear mathematical equations to produce complex waveforms. These waveforms were then transmitted through the Internet or any communications device, requiring far less bandwidth to transmit the same amount of data than the existing technology. CCT was widely used whenever music or ringtones were downloaded to a cell phone device.
Business ventures
Chaoticom
In 2001, Short founded Chaoticom (later renamed Grove Mobile), where he served as the Director and Chief Technology Officer. Chaoticom was the first ever University spin-off company at UNH, and it sought to commercialized Short's research at the university and his patented Chaotic Compression Technology (CCT). Chaoticom applied CCT towards a direct to cell phone mobile music download service, and many innovations within the company led to patenting. The company was acquired by LiveWire Mobile Inc. in March 2008.
Setem Technologies
In 2012, Short co-founded Setem Technologies, where he continues to serve as Chief Technical Officer. Another UNH spinoff company, Setem seeks to use Short's mathematical theorems and signal separation technology to enhance the voice clarity and audio signals in today's voice and speech recognition products (i.e.-cell phones, headsets, hearing aids, voice-activated electronics).
Grammy Award
Short was instrumental in using his Chaotic Compression Technology to restore a bootleg wire recording of a Woody Guthrie concert that is the only known recording of the folk singer performing before a live audience. His work with the project helped earn him and a small team of producers and engineers the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Historical Album: The Live Wire - Woody Guthrie In Performance 1949. Singer-songwriter Nora Guthrie and Jorge Arévalo Mateus were the compilation producers, while Jamie Howarth, Steve Rosenthal, Warren Russell-Smith and Dr. Kevin Short were mastering engineers.
Awards and honors
National Academy of Inventors Fellow (2015)
Innovator of the Year (2012)
Entrepreneurial Venture Creation Person of the Year (2008)
Grammy Award (2008)
Selected publications
References
American mathematicians
1963 births
Living people
| 44,481 |
sn86076142_1914-01-02_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,914 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,126 | 4,676 |
PA OF FOUR STOCKS In the following are the closing stock, on and the record the day. Sales, as received in San Francisco stock exchanges: TONOPAH SALES 21 West End - West End - This 1. I MISCELLANEOUS. Pittsburgh Silver Peak. 34 Nevada Hills Bound. Mountain: 1" INDUSTRIALS. Atchison - Amalgamated Heading Union Pacific 17. 8. 81 eel THE TONOPAH DAILY BONANZA, TONOPAH, NEVADA, JANUARY 2, 1914 300 West End Informal. The Butler 1000 Notts' 1000 Hid 1000 Midway 1000 Fifth Hy 1000 Butler 2000 North Slap On Butler Afternoon 1004 MacNamara 1000 Mizpah K. 1000 Cash Boy Rod Butler OOLDFIELD SALES. 1000 Blue Bull Informal 500 Jumbo Ex 1000 Sandstorm 1000 Jumbo Ex MANHATTAN SALES. MM Manhattan Con .74 .X8 .27 .(18 .09 M .08 .03 .12 .08 ,64 i.. m of change Change Rent Steamer capsizes Outside the gate Small vessel sinks while Waiting for storm to Subside. Miscellaneous sales. South Pittsburg Silver Peak Tonopah By wire That sailed Wind on this Will be 8:00 mill San Francisco, Jan Less the steamer Sierra For Australia, says it Purine is blowing from An hour. The waterlogged steamer Pimm Waiting outside the harbor for Chance to enter, broke loose from Allowing last night and capsized. Let passengers were taken off. GOLDFIELD MAN MAKES CHOP PING BLOCK OF THE MAN FROM RENO. BETTER APPOINTMENTS FOR THE COMFORT OF PATIENT TALESMEN. Th skeil ill commissioners will 1 to make better provision tt t accommodation of jurymen in tl urict court room when they im t Monday. ' U6J the same time to g e old court a new esent covering ia fi arpi peaxanc Bid Asked 1 Tnnopah Milling Molilalia 127 Tonopah Kx I'l' l-8,) MacNaniara n! 10 Midway 37 Belmont T.40. West Knd 1.27 1.32 .Hill Butler 77 .78 North Star 37 .39 Ursi ne .'. 10 -11 Mlzpali Extension 29 .31 (ilpsy Queen 04 .OS Tnnopah '76 02. Boston 01 .02 Tonopah Merger 62 .53 Monarch Pittsburg 07 .08 Halifax Uf 125 Cash Boy 07 .08 t'matilia 01 - t'.reat WoBtern -01 Victor S2 NEW YORK CURB. Tonopah Mining 6.50 6.75 Montana I I" 1-2S Ri'setie 09 -11 Midway 37 .38 Belmont 7.31 7.44 Ooldfleld Con 137 1.44 Mlapah Kx 28 .32 West Knd 125 1.31 Tonopah Ex 1.06 1.75 Jim Butler m 7f. .77 North Star .38 .39 Halifax 1.25 1.50 Nevada I 1111b . 44 .46 Tonopah Merger .. .51 .53 GEORGE BAKER, BANKER, WILL WITHDRAW II, tHHMIHIfl Vrrm) NEW YOltK, .Ina. i. - Oeorge Ba ker, one of the d miinunt rigures of American finance, Is expected soon to withdraw from hoards of corpora tions with which he la Identified. MERCIFUL ORDER IS ISSUED ALL TOO LATE MMwIntetl Vrmn.i WASIIINHTON. Jan. 2.- The sec retary of war has instructed General Bliss to act humanely with Mexican refugees and not drive back persons evidently endangered thereby. Impart in to the where so much acted. For the jurors that new and chairs be bought, are not built on the conduit to the who grow corns when they hold down a he than a couple of a le urged - floor of as the and wornlingy apchambers is transformed more comfortable. The present chairs the right angle to comfort of jurors, on the spinal col air compelled to raving lasting more days. The entire cost of the improvement estimated at not more than $5.00. REPORT OF ALIENISTS MUST TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER OTHERS. In VICTORIA, Jan. 2. Judge Craig today refused to consider a motion to permit Ralph Karris to change his plea to not guilty until his sanity is determined. Dr. Popper, alienist, testified the landlady was a victim of periodic insanity. Ian Karris, his father, testified that he boy habitually ran away from home since 12 years of age, and his mother was unconscious for five days after learning her son was a robber. KNOCKS OUT CHAMPION WITH THREE KNOCK-DOWNS SYNDICATE, Jan. 2. Mcfory knocked out Dave Smith, Australian middleweight champion, in the first round by three knockdowns. G. TRAIN IS POSTED FOR 3:30 THIS AFTERNOON The Tonopah Goldfield train, due this morning. In the city, is held to arrive at 3:30 this afternoon, seven hours late, owing to storm troubles in the Sierras. All mail will be distributed as soon as it arrives. T. & M. M. GOLDFIELD. Goldsfield, Con. Jumbo Ex Booth Blue Bull Florence Atlanta Merger Mine One Star 01 1.45 .12 .02 .02 .14 .10 MANHATTAN. Manhattan C Dexter Big Four White Caps .03 .02 .06 147 .13 .03 .03 .03 .10 .08 COMMISSION HAS MONEY. There Is a Btirplns of $7."..i on in tin (irking fund of .the Nevada Indus commission, according to a statement made by Oeorge D. Thatch er, attornev general and a inembet of the commission. The atorney gen oral, Says the commission has been maintained without cost to the state OLD TIME GAMBLER DIES IN BOLIVIA OWNER OF THE FAMOUS PALACE SALOON AT RENO PASSES AWAY. Jim May. probably nen! sporting flgori owner of the once gambling bouse in tl The news was recei! he most promt in the west famous Palaci Ib city, is (ball ed bv the stat. deDartmenl at Washington several Jays ago from the American minister lit I. a Paz. Bolivia, and 'Snv.yed to May, who is residing in San ASSASSINS AUTOMOBILES MENACE LIFE Mi Francisco l lecembei Mav wi eno Qaaette of 31. i well known west as a proprietor o gambling house in. Rent iter he asked odds of ped a fortune mi all he rei I igllts .ante lie Burns mfd mil h NOTICE TO EAGLES. All members of Tonopah Aerie. K. (). K . are urged to attend the in itallatlon of officers Friday evening liinuary 2. Visiting members invitei1 to attend, Big time promised. n:ilJ2 C. 1.. KICHARDS. Secretary. Taking vhole, th arpent eri l the 1'nit 1 annual is estimated States as E age wage ol to lie $802 it coal miners 1600, of factory work rs $.ria0, of common laborers S md of the school ttachers S485. "That's the sixth Studebaker we've passed the only kind to invest in," the only kind because, as I always say, when a man puts money in a thing he wants to know that he's going to get the worth of it out again." "That's plain business as I look at it." "That's why I say the price doesn't tell you anything at all. There's only one thing that talks except the wagon itself. That's the name of the maker." "When you buy a Studebaker you're buying a vehicle that has behind it and in it sixty years of experiences sixty years of success - sixty years of success - and sixty years of reputation for the square deal, it's a why a Studebaker always looks good to me." "My father said that Studebaker became a United States bank note. He was talking after having had Studebaker dealings since he was a lad, and he told me his father began him said, 'He's the only one I've got a Studebaker.' " "Viking buikara can look like a good reputation now as a date writing the footsteps. A Studebaker was the first to tell you that Studebaker was the best in the world. That's why a man gets the best out of a job - why it always is an excellent one." "Oats may say to you something else is just as good as a Studebaker, but when you buy a Studebaker, you are making a sale." A naval officer, a man of the highest rank, held in the west when it was at its height, won $30,000 on the fight at San Francisco. A special train after a rough chase, all the Nevada Reno, the biggest man in the world, managed to win the fight. PHANTOM BANDITS RAVAGE COUNTRY DISTRICTS IN FRANCE. Hi iiMteetate Pressil CANNES. France, Jan. 2. -A further stipulation was made by officials known as the battleship who are infesting the country districts around Cannes. They trad in, shots through the window of a large villa in a suburb of Kan guin belonging to a prominent Paris banker. The bullets just missed two women, sealed at a table. Hackers of Boy Taylor wonder why they ever placed a dollar on the big fellow from the banks of the Truckee after they witnessed swift exchange of blows with no Graham in the Hippodrome Theater, Goldfield, last night. The attendance from Tonopah was limited to a few who were favored with invitation tickets, but a great many more would have gone to the gold camp had they been assured of a fair chance of getting inside the hall. In the first round it was all Taylor, as he went to it hammer and tongs. In the second, when the crowd thought Taylor was going to have it all in his own way and make short work of the game, Graham landed three or four blows to the stomach and side of the head that almost put the Reno man out. They round closed with Taylor in a dazed and almost helpless condition. When the gong sounded for the third round Taylor was still dazed and walked groggily to the center of the ring. He took the count for eight and just managed to stall through and was saved by the gong. Taylor looked better when he came up for the fourth, and fought back a little, but his judgment at distance and science was almost gone. The few blows he landed had no steam behind them and the gong again came to the relief of the distressed fighter. Grafmann seemed as fresh as ever. Graham went right at his adversary in end the fight as soon as time was called for the fifth round. He hit wherever and as often as he wanted to and Taylor was growing perceptibly weaker every blow. He was knocked down twice and remained down gasping for wind to the count of nine. The second time he was all in and his second, Walter Coffey, threw the sponge in as he rose. The house went wild over the upshot and enthusiastic backers of Graham demanded that he be matched against the best talent in the world. "In the preliminaries the entrants were all crackerjacks Johnny Morrison won from Kid Duffy. Young Kibbey went to a draw with Kid Bowers, a Tonopah Indian. Dean Morrison and Sailor Studies mixed for six rounds and the decision went to Morrison. There was some dissatisfaction over this ruling, as many of the spectators thought it should be a draw. Kmery Arnold was referee and M. It, Hewitt timekeeper. NEGRO CAVALRYMAN KILLS WHITE CIVILIAN YUMA, Ariz., Jan. 2. A negro soldier of the tenth cavalry, stationed here, shot and killed a white civilian in a saloon yesterday morning. Six negro comrades started toward camp with him. But he escaped. Proof of labor blanks for sale at the Bannan TONOPAH CIGAR STORE WILL OPEN IN FEW DAYS The Tonopah cigar store, at the old, Sheinanski corner opposite the Mizpah hotel, will open in a few days with the fullest and most line of cigars carried by any store in the city. The delay in taking over the place is ascribed to delay in receiving new fixtures, which embrace the latest type of the cigar trade. NOTICE OF ASSESSMENT UMATILLA TONICIAN, COMPANY, LOCATION OF principal place of business, San Francisco, California. Location of works, Tonopah, Nye County, Nevada. Notice is hereby given that at a meeting of the Board of Directors, held on the 2nd day of December, 1913, an assessment (No. 31 of one dollar) was levied upon the capital stock of the corporation, payable immediately in cash, to the Secretary, at the office of the Company, Room 525, Res. Building, San Francisco, California. Any stock upon which this assessment shall remain unpaid on the 1st day of January, 1913, will be delinquent and advertised for sale at public auction. The auction, met unless payment is made before, will be sold on Tuesday, the 31st day of March, 1911, to pay the delinquent assessment, interest with the cost of advertising and expenses of sale. By order of the Board of Directors, Secretary, Office, Room 11, Russell Building, San Francisco, California. NAY TODAY UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT NOW READY TO GREET THE PUBLIC THE MINERS' EXCHANGE SALOON has been leased by Joe Monahan in and Jack Murphy, and these gentlemen assure all patrons that their stock of cigars, beers, and cordials will consist of only the standard brands of goods dispensed by a first-class resort. OPEN ALL NIGHT THE PUBLIC INVITED A MOST FEW OF THE AMUSEMENTS and find back DEATH OF MRS. S DOWNING. New has been received Death at Carson City of the Downing, formerly of City, now employed at the mint. The death occurred following a short illness Mr Living was a prominent merchant order of Rebekah and the Star. of the wife of Virginia (Carson Monday, S Down of the Eastern BUTLER THEATER. At the Butler theater this evening four grand selections of pictures will be shown. An Edison comedy, "His First Performance," and on the same reel a scenic, "Jaff" The Seaport of Jerusalem, and its Orange industry; a Vitagraph drama, "Hinduism." and a two-reel Kalem feature. "The Plot of India Hillmen." It is as follows: "Hindu and soldiers meet in terrible conflict. Routed at the point of the bayonet, the hillmen pass over the deadly mine they have prepared for the soldier and themselves fall victims in the terrific upheaval which follows. Tomorrow, a two-reel Liiliin special release, "The Burning Rivet." -Adv. HOTIt'K III' l!Kaj jRt, 1"IMIM No. .I. TOMAHAWK minimi COMPANi (A Corporation!. Principal Ofnee nnd Place of Itaslness at the Mine of said Company, near Bellehellen, Nye Count?! Stat.- of Nevada. Notice Is hereby given that at a iii.etliiu of tlie Hoard of Directors of the Tomahawk Mining Company held mi Ho- 1 1 Hi day ..f December, Itll, an assessment nf one cent lc) per share was levied on tin- outstanding eomraon capital stork of tlie corporation, pay aide at the office of said npany at tlie mine of said Toniahawk Mining Company, near the town of Bella- liellell, NVe Count?, State Of Nevada, ... at the branch efiee of said nm- panv. ofDees 403-4 Continental National Hank Bulla! SC. Salt Lake city, Utah, to tlie Secretary of said company. Any stork upon which this assessment may remain unpaid on the 31st day of January, Itll, will he delinquent and advertised for sale at public auction, ...,a .. !.... I. UmIam will he sold on the 2nd day of March. H14, to pay delinquent assessment, to gether with ttie costs of advertising and expenses of sale. c. B. DARKER, Secretary, i itltce of mine of said company, near the town nf Bellehellen. Nye County, Nevada; branch office, 403-4 Continen tal National Bank Hull. ling. Salt Hike city, Utah. DMJI1 IS YOUR TAIEOR IN TONOPAH OR ( HICAOO? We wish to call the attention of These ARE NOT SAMPLE PAT tcumc r.all init aee them before the men of Tonopah to the largest -.,, buying your fall suit and compare and finest stock of suit and overcoat DrCet with those you have been patterns ever brought to Nevada, paying for Chicago made clothes. W. D. ELLIOTT, Merchant Tailor BCHICHEN AVENUE OPPOSITE "I7PH HO.IL No trouble to get anything in the world with a Ronanza want ad. Chisslen ins. WANTED APPLES Winesaps, Pip pins, Spitzenbergs and Pearmain; will keep all winter: at railroad depot, Tonopah, freight paid, per box, $5.25; ten boxes or over, $2.20 a box; cash with order. G. I. DEAN, Independence, Cal. 230O7 WANTED Woman for washing. In private family. Apply Ronanza office. ItlDSOtf FOR RENT Three room furnished house. Inquire 111? Prospect St. 3rir.2!ltf WANTED Employment, by lady; experienced in boarding house work Apply K. It., Honanza. ItlDtfl FOR SALE -Beautifully located and appointed home; six rooms and both: head brogher Ave, Mrs. F II. Mitchell. 347D24tf ESCAPED CONVICT FOUND IN SAN JOSE i Hi taaaeteled Piaaa.l SAN JOSE. Jan. 2. James Hurley, who escaped from San Quentin December 22. was caught by the police here late last night, Frank Melville, a student escape, is believed to be here and is being searched for. oration notices 'oQansa office for Sale at the ........ ST. MARY'S HOSP ITAL CCLPFIFLD. NEVADA MATERNITY WARD. SPECIAL KATES FOR 2 WEEKS DOCTOR INCLUDED WRITE FOR PARTICULARS MOTHER SIPFRI R Women Are Interested in saving money and in material, and will be delighted to know the texture. Grapefruit, Winesillies, and home baking will be of the highest quality if they use Crescent Baking Powder WitttOW Please We See o in end its purity, strengthening and uniformity, Your Grocer Has It For the Athlete something is more satisfying, stimulating, nourishing, than our pure and wholesome beer, brewed Ild. as It is, strictly in accordance with scientific principles from the purest ingredients. This Beer has a sparkle and a flavor that is peculiar to itself. It quenches thirst and makes flesh at the game time, helping also to build up the muscles and general strength. HALL LIQUOR COMPANY In. irrxiratpfl WHOLESALE & RETAIL AGENTS FOR PABST BEER Main Street TONOPAH Phone 812 STUDEBAKER South BW, lnd. VOI I uitafMO) CAfJs i aansAScrrx itl il',. 1 fH lCO SOI 'on sale- Complete assaying out fit, very cheap for cash Address P. O. Bag MS, Tonopah. SdSDMtf FOR RENT Two three room modern houses, furnished: close in. See Sollender, or phone Mail. :i45D2tf FOR RENT Two gas lights, new and in first class order, will be sold at a bargain Address "Alamo Engine." fttmatiaa office. 12tf WOOD, coal and express signs for sale at the Bonanza office SPECIAL ORDER FOR BONANZA SUBSCRIBERS ONLY NATIONAL REALTY AND INVESTMENT CO. REAL ESTATE, RENTING, COLLECTIONS FIRE, LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE Telephone 1902, 208 Main Street Potatoes sw.r DraliiaKf f!o. In BOBBMtttm FLAGS - FOR Everybody OLD GLORY Should Wave From Every Home In TONOPAH FD W HICKS sell Hocll Sponges and Hiawatha coal, lumber, doors, bar, grain and well paper Phone u. thuatf nit H v I. F Mi v quantity of Ismlr t ' '! In good condition. at a bargain AiMreee Ihtnaasa It Flags 5 Feet Wide and 8 Feet Long for $3.00 Flags 4 Feet Wide and 6 Feet Long for $2.25 Each Flat, accompanied by an H-fout varnished pole, hall and truck, halyard, idlvanized iron bracket and screws. Leave your orders at the office of the NATIONAL KF LTY & INVESTMENT CO., next door Richard can Ml Company oral the BONANZA offer. THE BIO CASINO ... OPEN... TONIGHT AND EVERY NIGHT UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT THE PUBLIC IS INVITED .
| 31,913 |
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipotermiya
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Gipotermiya
|
https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipotermiya&action=history
|
Uzbek
|
Spoken
| 169 | 558 |
Gipotermiya (gipo... va yun. therme — issiqlik) — odam va issiq qonli hayvonlarda temperaturaning odatdagidan pasayishi; bunga organizmda issiqlikning hosil boʻlishidan koʻra koʻproq sarflanishi sabab boʻladi. Termoregulyatsiya (issiqlikning idora etilishi) buzilganda, mastlik, qon yoʻqotish, shok holatlarida organizmda issiqlik hosil boʻlishi bilan uning tashqariga chiqarilishi oʻrtasidagi nisbat buzilib, gavda temperaturasi pasayishi mumkin. G. tabiiy va sunʼiy boʻladi. Tabiiy G. koʻpgina hayvonlarning qishki uyquga moslashish jarayonidir, bunda gavda temperaturasi tushib ketganda ham ular bemalol yashay oladi. G. sharoitida moddalar almashinuvi, qon aylanishi, toʻqimalarning kislorodga boʻlgan ehtiyoji keskin kamayadi. Bu esa tibbiyot amaliyotida odamning ham gavda temperaturasini sunʼiy tushirish imkoniyatini beradi. Gavda temperaturasini sunʼiy tushirish uchun vegetativ nerv sistemasiga taʼsir etadigan turli doridarmonlardan foydalaniladi. Sunʼiy G.ning umumiy va mahalliy xillari bor. Sunʼiy G. gipertermiyaning xavfli shaklida, kalla suyagi — miya shikastlanishlari, meʼda va oʻn ikki barmoq ichak yarasining qonaydigan xillarini davolashda qoʻllaniladi. Undan jarrohlik, ayniqsa yurakni operatsiya qilishda keng foydalaniladi, natijada qon aylanishi qisman yoki toʻla toʻxtatib qoʻyiladi, natijada aʼzo va toʻqimalarda kislorod tanqisligi xavfi yoʻqoladi.
Adabiyotlar
OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
| 7,294 |
https://github.com/BluSunrize/ImmersiveEngineering/blob/master/src/main/java/blusunrize/immersiveengineering/common/network/MessageMinecartShaderSync.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0
| 2,023 |
ImmersiveEngineering
|
BluSunrize
|
Java
|
Code
| 205 | 902 |
/*
* BluSunrize
* Copyright (c) 2017
*
* This code is licensed under "Blu's License of Common Sense"
* Details can be found in the license file in the root folder of this project
*/
package blusunrize.immersiveengineering.common.network;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.ImmersiveEngineering;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.api.shader.CapabilityShader;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.api.shader.CapabilityShader.ShaderWrapper;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.api.utils.CapabilityUtils;
import blusunrize.immersiveengineering.client.render.entity.ShaderMinecartRenderer;
import net.minecraft.network.FriendlyByteBuf;
import net.minecraft.server.level.ServerLevel;
import net.minecraft.world.entity.Entity;
import net.minecraft.world.entity.vehicle.AbstractMinecart;
import net.minecraft.world.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.world.level.Level;
import net.minecraftforge.fml.LogicalSide;
import net.minecraftforge.network.NetworkEvent.Context;
import net.minecraftforge.network.PacketDistributor;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
public class MessageMinecartShaderSync implements IMessage
{
private final int entityID;
private final ItemStack shader;
public MessageMinecartShaderSync(Entity entity, ShaderWrapper wrapper)
{
this.entityID = entity.getId();
this.shader = wrapper.getShaderItem();
}
public MessageMinecartShaderSync(Entity entity)
{
this.entityID = entity.getId();
this.shader = ItemStack.EMPTY;
}
public MessageMinecartShaderSync(FriendlyByteBuf buf)
{
this.entityID = buf.readInt();
this.shader = buf.readItem();
}
@Override
public void toBytes(FriendlyByteBuf buf)
{
buf.writeInt(this.entityID);
buf.writeItem(this.shader);
}
@Override
public void process(Supplier<Context> context)
{
Context ctx = context.get();
if(ctx.getDirection().getReceptionSide()==LogicalSide.SERVER)
{
ServerLevel world = Objects.requireNonNull(ctx.getSender()).getLevel();
ctx.enqueueWork(() -> {
Entity entity = world.getEntity(entityID);
if(entity==null)
return;
ShaderWrapper cap = CapabilityUtils.getCapability(entity, CapabilityShader.SHADER_CAPABILITY);
if(cap!=null)
ImmersiveEngineering.packetHandler.send(
PacketDistributor.DIMENSION.with(world::dimension),
new MessageMinecartShaderSync(entity, cap)
);
});
}
else
ctx.enqueueWork(() -> {
Level world = ImmersiveEngineering.proxy.getClientWorld();
if (world!=null) // This can happen if the task is scheduled right before leaving the world
{
Entity entity = world.getEntity(entityID);
if(entity instanceof AbstractMinecart)
ShaderMinecartRenderer.shadedCarts.put(entityID, shader);
}
});
}
}
| 38,950 |
https://github.com/Synerise/synerise-design/blob/master/packages/components/search/src/Elements/SearchInput/SearchInput.types.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
synerise-design
|
Synerise
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TSX
|
Code
| 100 | 314 |
import * as React from 'react';
import { InputProps } from 'antd/lib/input';
export type SearchInputProps = {
alwaysExpanded?: boolean;
alwaysHighlight?: boolean;
clearTooltip?: string | React.ReactNode;
closeOnClickOutside?: boolean;
textLookupKey?: string;
filterLookupKey?: string;
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
filterLabel?: { icon?: React.ReactNode; [key: string]: any } | null;
focusTrigger?: boolean;
onButtonClick?: () => void;
onChange: (value: string) => void;
onClear: () => void;
onClick?: () => void;
onKeyDown?: (e: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => void;
onToggle?: (isOpen: boolean) => void;
placeholder?: string;
toggleTrigger?: boolean;
value: string;
moveCursorToEnd?: boolean;
disableInput?: boolean;
inputProps?: Partial<InputProps>;
};
export type SearchInputState = {
inputOffset: number;
isInputOpen: boolean;
isResultChosen: boolean;
isInputFocused: boolean;
};
| 3,866 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
オールステンレス車両一覧
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=オールステンレス車両一覧&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 589 | 6,530 |
オールステンレス車両一覧（オールステンレスしゃりょういちらん）は、オールステンレス構造を採用している鉄道車両の一覧。
日本
日本のオールステンレス車両のうち"※"つきの車両は前頭部が普通鋼製、"※※"つきの車両は普通鋼製車両・アルミ製車両およびセミステンレス車両が混在している。
1985年以前年代順
日本国有鉄道→JRグループ
日本国有鉄道
国鉄121系電車（形式消滅） - 全車JR四国7200系に更新
国鉄205系電車
国鉄207系電車（廃系列） - JR西日本207系電車とは別系列
国鉄211系電車※※ - JR東日本・JR東海所有車のみ。JR西日本所有車（クモロ211・モロ210形、廃形式）は普通鋼製
国鉄213系電車（※クハ212形100番台のみ）※※ - JR西日本所有のクロ212形（廃形式）、クヤ212形（廃形式）は普通鋼製
国鉄415系電車※※ - 1986年製造分以降
国鉄キハ31形気動車
国鉄キハ35形900番台気動車（廃形式）※※
国鉄キハ54形気動車
国鉄キハ185系気動車
北海道旅客鉄道（JR北海道）
JR北海道721系電車
JR北海道731系電車※
JR北海道733系電車※ - efACE
JR北海道785系電車
JR北海道789系電車※
JR北海道キハ201系気動車※
JR北海道キハ261系気動車※
JR北海道キハ281系気動車※
JR北海道キハ283系気動車※
JR北海道キハ285系気動車※（廃系列）
JR北海道H100形気動車 - efACE
東日本旅客鉄道（JR東日本）
サロ124形・サロ125形電車（廃形式） - 全車サロ212・213形100・1000番台に改造
JR東日本209系電車
JR東日本215系電車※（廃系列）
JR東日本701系電車
JR東日本719系電車
JR東日本E127系電車
JR東日本E129系電車 - sustina
JR東日本E217系電車
JR東日本E231系電車
JR東日本E233系電車
JR東日本E235系電車 - sustina
JR東日本E331系電車（廃系列）
JR東日本E501系電車
JR東日本E531系電車
JR東日本E721系電車
JR東日本EV-E301系電車 - sustina
JR東日本E993系電車（廃系列） - ACトレイン
JR東日本E995系電車（廃系列） - NE Train スマート電池くん、キヤE991形の改造車
JR東日本キハE120形気動車
JR東日本キハE130系気動車
JR東日本キハE200形気動車 - ハイブリッド気動車
JR東日本HB-E210系気動車
JR東日本HB-E300系気動車※ - 観光用ハイブリッド気動車
JR東日本GV-E400系気動車 - efACE
JR東日本キヤE991形気動車（名目上廃車） - NEトレイン、E995系に改造
JR東日本E26系客車※
東海旅客鉄道（JR東海）
JR東海311系電車
JR東海313系電車※
JR東海315系電車※ - N-QUALIS
JR東海373系電車※
JR東海383系電車※
JR東海キハ11形気動車（300番台） ※※ - NDCシリーズ
JR東海キハ25形気動車※
JR東海キハ75系気動車
JR東海キハ85系気動車※
JR東海HC85系気動車※
JR東海キヤ95系気動車 - ドクター東海
西日本旅客鉄道（JR西日本）
JR西日本125系電車※
JR西日本207系電車 - 国鉄207系電車とは別系列
JR西日本223系電車※
JR西日本225系電車※ - 川崎重工業製のみefACE
JR西日本227系電車※ - 川崎重工業製のみefACE
JR西日本321系電車※
JR西日本323系電車※ - 川崎重工業製のみefACE
JR西日本521系電車※ - 川崎重工業製のみefACE（3次車のみ）
JR西日本キハ120形気動車（0・300番台）※ ※※ - NDCシリーズ
JR西日本キハ121・キハ126系気動車
JR西日本キハ122・キハ127系気動車※
JR西日本キハ187系気動車
JR西日本キハ189系気動車※
JR西日本キヤ141系気動車※ - ドクターWEST
JR西日本DEC700形気動車※
四国旅客鉄道（JR四国）
JR四国5000系電車※ - JR西日本223系2000番台（ダブルデッカー車はJR東日本E217系）ベース
JR四国6000系電車
JR四国7000系電車
JR四国7200系電車 - 国鉄121系のVVVFインバータ改造車
JR四国8000系電車※
JR四国8600系電車※ - efACE
JR四国1000形気動車
JR四国1200形気動車
JR四国1500形気動車
JR四国2000系気動車
JR四国2600系気動車※ - efACE
JR四国2700系気動車※ - efACE
九州旅客鉄道（JR九州）
JR九州303系電車※
JR九州811系電車※
JR九州813系電車※
JR九州783系電車※
JR九州883系電車※ ※※ - 2008年製造の増備車（モハ883形1000番台・サハ883形1000番台）はアルミ製
JR九州YC1系気動車 - efACE
鉄道総合技術研究所（鉄道総研・JR総研）
鉄道総研R291形電車※ - 車体はJR西日本223系2000番台ベース。無車籍で厳密には鉄道車両ではない
私鉄・第三セクター鉄道
当節以降、前節までの"※"（前頭部が普通鋼製）、"※※"（普通鋼製車両・アルミ製車両およびセミステンレス車両が混在）に加えて、以下の記号を付す。
"☆"はJR東日本のE231系やE233系の設計を基にした車両
"◇"は日車式ブロック工法（日車式SUSブロック構体）で製造された車両
青い森鉄道
青い森鉄道青い森701系電車 - JR東日本701系と同一（一部は同社からの譲受車）
青い森鉄道青い森703系電車 - JR東日本E721系と同一
IGRいわて銀河鉄道
IGRいわて銀河鉄道IGR7000系電車 - JR東日本701系と同一（一部は同社からの譲受車）
仙台空港鉄道
仙台空港鉄道SAT721系電車 - JR東日本E721系500番台と同一
阿武隈急行
阿武隈急行AB900系電車 - JR東日本E721系と同一
小田急電鉄
小田急1000形電車
小田急2000形電車
小田急3000形電車 (2代)◇
小田急4000形電車 (2代)☆
小田急5000形電車 (2代)
小田急クヤ31形電車（事業用車）
京成電鉄
京成3000形電車 (2代)※◇
京成3100形電車 (2代)※◇
京成3500形電車※※ - 一部車両のみ
京成3600形電車
京成3700形電車※
新京成電鉄
新京成8900形電車※
新京成N800形電車※◇
新京成電鉄80000形電車※◇
北総鉄道
北総開発鉄道7000形電車※※ - 廃系列・ごく一部のみ
北総開発鉄道7300形電車※ - 京成3700形のOEM
北総鉄道7500形電車※◇ - 京成3000形 (2代)のOEM
千葉ニュータウン鉄道
住宅・都市整備公団9100形電車※
東急電鉄
東急1000系電車
東急2000系電車
東急2020系電車 - sustina
東急3000系電車 (2代)
東急3020系電車 - sustina
東急5000系電車 (2代)☆
東急5050系電車☆ - サハ5576はsustina第1号
東急5080系電車☆
東急6000系電車 (2代)☆
東急6020系電車 - sustina
東急7000系電車 (初代)（東急内では名目上廃車） - 日本初のオールステンレス車両
東急7000系電車 (2代)☆
東急7200系電車（東急内（旅客車両）では名目上廃車） - ※※事業用車2両（デヤ7200形・デヤ7290形）はアルミ製
東急サヤ7590形電車（事業用車）
東急7500系電車（事業用車）
東急7600系電車 - 7200系のVVVFインバータ改造車
東急7700系電車 - 7000系（初代）のVVVFインバータ改造車
東急8000系電車（東急内では廃系列）
東急8090系電車
東急8500系電車
東急8590系電車
東急9000系電車
京浜急行電鉄
京急1000形電車 (2代)※ ※※ - 京急初のオールステンレス車、6次車以降
京王電鉄
京王1000系電車 (2代)※
京王3000系電車
京王7000系電車
京王8000系電車※
京王9000系電車※ ◇
京王5000系電車 (2代) - sustina
東武鉄道
東武9000系電車
東武10000系電車
東武20000系電車
東武30000系電車
西武鉄道
西武6000系電車※※
相模鉄道
相鉄10000系電車☆
相鉄11000系電車☆
相鉄12000系電車 - sustina
東京臨海高速鉄道
東京臨海高速鉄道70-000形電車 - 余剰車6両はJR東日本209系3100番台に改造
横浜高速鉄道
横浜高速鉄道Y000系電車
横浜高速鉄道Y500系電車
江ノ島電鉄
江ノ島電鉄500形電車
伊豆箱根鉄道
伊豆箱根鉄道3000系電車※※（二次形）
伊豆箱根鉄道5000系電車※※（第二編成以降）
伊豆箱根鉄道7000系電車
箱根登山鉄道
箱根登山鉄道3000形電車
静岡鉄道
静岡鉄道1000形電車
静岡鉄道A3000形電車 - sustina
しなの鉄道
しなの鉄道SR1系電車 - JR東日本E129系と同一
名古屋鉄道
名鉄300系電車※ ◇
名鉄3300系電車 (3代)※◇
名鉄4000系電車◇
名鉄5000系電車 (2代)※ ◇
名鉄9500系電車※◇
愛知環状鉄道
愛知環状鉄道2000系電車※ - JR東海313系ベース
名古屋臨海高速鉄道
名古屋臨海高速鉄道1000形電車◇
えちごトキめき鉄道
えちごトキめき鉄道ET122形気動車（基本番台）※ ※※ - JR西日本キハ122系ベース
あいの風とやま鉄道
あいの風とやま鉄道521系電車（1000番台）※ - JR西日本521系と同一（0番台は同社からの譲受車）
伊勢鉄道
伊勢鉄道イセIII型気動車 - LE-DCを基にした気動車
近畿日本鉄道
近鉄3000系電車（廃系列） - 近鉄唯一のオールステンレス車両。近畿車輛独自の工法による製造。
南海電気鉄道
南海1000系電車 (2代)
南海2000系電車 - ステンレスズームカー
南海2300系電車
南海6000系電車
南海6100系電車（形式消滅） - 全車6300系に更新
南海6200系電車 - 一部は8000系 (初代)からの編入車・8200系の更新車
南海6300系電車 - 6100系の更新車
南海8000系電車 (初代)（形式消滅） - 6200系に編入
南海8000系電車 (2代)☆ - JR東日本E231系と同じ部品を一部使用
南海8200系電車（形式消滅） - 更新の際に6200系50番台に改番
南海8300系電車※
南海9000系電車
南海12000系電車
泉北高速鉄道
大阪府都市開発3000系電車※※ - 1985年以降製造車。南海電鉄に譲渡された車両は含まれない。
泉北高速鉄道12000系電車 - 南海12000系ベース
阪神電気鉄道
阪神1000系電車※
阪神5700系電車※
阪神9000系電車※
大阪市交通局 → 大阪市高速電気軌道（Osaka Metro）
大阪市交通局新20系電車
大阪市交通局66系電車
大阪市交通局30000系電車 - 川崎重工業製のみefACE
北大阪急行電鉄
北大阪急行電鉄9000形電車
神戸電鉄
神戸電鉄6000系電車
神戸電鉄6500系電車
智頭急行
智頭急行HOT7000系気動車※
井原鉄道
井原鉄道IRT355形気動車 - NDCシリーズ
若桜鉄道
若桜鉄道WT3300形気動車 - NDCシリーズ
一畑電車
一畑電車7000系電車 - JR四国7000系ベースだが、JR西日本225系（0・5000番台）と同じ部品を一部使用
土佐くろしお鉄道
土佐くろしお鉄道2000系気動車 - JR四国2000系と同一
土佐くろしお鉄道TKT-8000形気動車 - 国鉄転換第三セクター鉄道初のステンレス車両
土佐くろしお鉄道9640形気動車※
伊予鉄道
伊予鉄道610系電車※
阿佐海岸鉄道
阿佐海岸鉄道ASA-100形気動車 - NDCシリーズ
阿佐海岸鉄道ASA-200形気動車（廃形式） - NDCシリーズ
西日本鉄道
西鉄3000形電車※
西鉄9000形電車※
公営鉄道
東京都交通局（地下鉄）
東京都交通局5500形電車 (鉄道) - Sustina
東京都交通局6300形電車
東京都交通局10-000形電車※※ - 3次車以降
東京都交通局10-300形電車☆
東京都交通局12-000形電車※※ - 試作車のみ、試験終了。試験開始から試験終了まで無車籍で厳密には鉄道車両ではない
横浜市交通局
横浜市交通局2000形電車（廃形式）
横浜市交通局3000形電車◇（R・S・V）
名古屋市交通局
名古屋市交通局2000形電車 (鉄道)
名古屋市交通局3050形電車
名古屋市交通局5050形電車
名古屋市交通局6000形電車
名古屋市交通局6050形電車◇
名古屋市交通局7000形電車
名古屋市交通局N1000形電車◇
名古屋市交通局N3000形電車※※ ◇（第2編成以降）
京都市交通局
京都市交通局50系電車
福岡市交通局
福岡市交通局2000系電車
新交通システム
埼玉新都市交通
埼玉新都市交通2000系電車
東京都交通局（日暮里・舎人ライナー）
東京都交通局300形電車
ゆりかもめ
東京臨海新交通7000系電車
横浜シーサイドライン（旧・横浜新都市交通）
横浜新都市交通2000形電車
大阪市交通局 → 大阪市高速電気軌道（ニュートラム）
大阪市交通局100A系電車（廃系列）
大阪市交通局200系電車
関西国際空港
ウイングシャトル - 昇降機（水平式エレベータ）扱いで厳密には鉄道車両ではない
神戸新交通
神戸新交通2000型電車
神戸新交通2020型電車
かつて車両を所有していた鉄道会社
大阪港トランスポートシステム（OTS）
大阪港トランスポートシステムOTS系電車 - 大阪市交通局に移管後、24系に編入、後に22系50番台に改造
大阪港トランスポートシステムOTS100系電車 - 大阪市交通局に移管後、100A系に編入
など多数あり、現在でも製造が続いている。
日本以外
レール・ディーゼル・カー(RDC)
ニューヨーク市地下鉄R142A形電車など
ペンシルバニア鉄道→フィラデルフィア・SEPTAのパイオニアIII
シカゴ・メトラの2代目ハイライナー
サウスショアー線の平屋電車およびハイライナー（サウスショアー線の日本車輌製造製電車）
バーリントン鉄道のパイオニア・ゼファー
サンタフェ鉄道のビッグ・ドーム
同プレジャー・ドーム
ペン・セントラル鉄道→アムトラックのメトロライナー
アムトラックのアムフリート
同スーパーライナー
同ビューライナー
カナダ太平洋鉄道→VIA鉄道のパーク・カー
韓国鉄道2000系電車
韓国鉄道3000系電車
韓国鉄道5000系電車
韓国鉄道公社6000系電車 - 廃系列。全車319000系電車へ編入
韓国鉄道公社319000系電車
韓国鉄道公社321000系電車
ソウル特別市地下鉄公社1000系電車 (2代)
ソウル特別市地下鉄公社4000系電車 (2代)
ソウルメトロ2000系電車
ソウルメトロ3000系電車
ソウル特別市都市鉄道公社5000系電車
ソウル特別市都市鉄道公社6000系電車
ソウル特別市都市鉄道公社7000系電車
ソウル特別市都市鉄道公社8000系電車
ソウル市メトロ9号線9000系電車
仁川広域市地下鉄公社1000系電車
釜山交通公団1000系電車 - 韓国初のオールステンレス車
釜山交通公団2000系電車
大邱広域市地下鉄公社1000系電車
九広鉄路MTR SP1900/1950形電車
台湾鉄路管理局EMU500型電車
台湾鉄路管理局EMU600型電車
台湾鉄路管理局EMU700型電車
台湾鉄路管理局EMU800型電車
台湾鉄路管理局EMU900型電車
台湾鉄路管理局DR2700型気動車
台湾鉄路管理局DR2800型気動車
台湾鉄路管理局DR2900型気動車
台湾鉄路管理局DR3000型気動車
台湾鉄路管理局DR3100型気動車
台北捷運301型電車
台北捷運381型電車
台北捷運321型電車
新北捷運淡海軽軌電車
マニラ・ライトレール1200形電車
など多数。
関連項目
オールステンレス車両
セミステンレス車両
アルミニウム合金製の鉄道車両
鉄道関連一覧
鉄道車両の車体構造
ステンレス鋼
| 14,316 |
US-27304808-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,498 | 9,047 |
Biometric identification in communication
ABSTRACT
A method is provided for identifying a calling party to a called party utilizing biometric information. Biometric information of first calling party is received. If stored, a calling party profile is retrieved based on first calling party biometric information. A call is placed to a called party. The first calling party profile is provided to called party. A biometric information change from first calling party biometric information to a second calling party biometric information is automatically detected, and it is determined whether the second party biometric information is stored. If stored, a second calling party profile of second calling party is retrieved and is provided to called party. Responsive to determining that the biometric information for second calling party is not stored, the called party is notified that the second calling party is communicating and the second calling party profile is automatically created based on second calling party biometric information.
BACKGROUND
Exemplary embodiments relate generally to communications, and more particularly, to communications utilizing caller identification along with biometric identification.
Caller identification (also known as caller ID, CID, or calling number identification) is a service, available, e.g., on POTS (plain old telephone service) line, that transmits a caller's number to the called party's telephone equipment during the ringing signal, or when the call is being set up. Where available, caller ID can also provide a name associated with the calling telephone number. The information made available to the called party may be made visible on a telephone's own display or on a separate attached device.
Caller ID is often helpful for tracing prank calls and other unwanted intrusions. Many times the called party views the caller ID before answering the telephone, and when the number or name is not recognized, the called party does not answer the phone. However, in some cases, the person calling may actually be someone that the called party would recognize but the person calling is at a different telephone from his/her home telephone.
BRIEF SUMMARY
Exemplary embodiments include a method for identifying a calling party to a called party utilizing biometric information. An input of biometric information of a first calling party is received for communications. In response to determining that the biometric information of the first calling party is stored, a calling party profile of the first calling party is retrieved based on the first calling party biometric information. A call is placed to a called party. The first calling party profile is provided to the called party, and the first calling party profile identifies the first calling party. A biometric information change from the first calling party biometric information to a second calling party biometric information is automatically detected during the call currently existing with the called party. In response to detecting the biometric information change from the first calling party to the second calling party, it is determined whether the biometric information of the second calling party is stored. A second calling party profile of the second calling party is retrieved based on the second calling party biometric information, in response to the second calling party biometric information being stored. The second calling party profile is provided to the called party during the existing call with the called party, where the second calling party profile identifies the second calling party. In response to determining that the biometric information for the second calling party is not stored, the called party is notified that the second calling party is communicating during the existing call. In response to determining that the biometric information for the second calling party is not stored, the second calling party profile is automatically created during the existing call based on the second calling party biometric information.
Other systems, methods, apparatus, and/or computer program products according to embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, apparatus, and/or computer program products be included within this description, be within the scope of the exemplary embodiments, and be protected by the accompanying claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several FIGURES:
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an architecture in which biometric identification caller identification services may be implemented in accordance with exemplary embodiments;
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of various user profiles in accordance with exemplary embodiments;
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a method for identifying a calling party to a called party utilizing biometric information in accordance with exemplary embodiments; and
FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a computer having elements that may be used in implementing exemplary embodiments.
The detailed description explains the exemplary embodiments, together with features, by way of example with reference to the drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Exemplary embodiments provide biometric identification caller ID services to identify callers by their biometric identification (such as voice, facial recognition, fingerprint, iris (eye), etc.) along with caller ID, which can enhance security and reduce frauds.
First, for a telephone call using traditional techniques, a caller dials the telephone number for a called party, and a switching element rings the called party. The switching element receives the telephone number from which the call was placed and can obtain traditional caller ID information, such as the name and telephone number of the residence in which the call was placed. The switching element provides the telephone number and name of the residence to the called party, which can be displayed on a display of the caller ID device.
However, in accordance with exemplary embodiments, a telecommunication provider may (first) prompt a calling party for biometric identification (such as a voice signature, image, fingerprint, retinal scan, or any other means) before the calling party can use the telecommunication network, system, or device. For example, the calling party may have to turn on the telephone and speak, and then the telecommunication provider authenticates the voice data before allowing access to the telecommunication network. The biometric information, e.g., may be stored in a centralized location. In one exemplary embodiment, everyone attempting to place a call may need to clear this biometric security to, e.g., get the dial tone for initiating a call. For example, the calling party may have to be authenticated to use the communication device, to access the telecommunication network, and/or to access the communication services of the service provider.
This recognized biometric information input by the calling party can be associated with the name and picture of the calling party, and when the call is made, the name, picture, and/or telephone number are displayed to the called party. If during the call the voice changes (e.g., the person speaking changes or the person speaking pauses) from a first calling party to a second calling party, then a voice recognition system will be triggered. The called party would be notified of the change in speakers from the first calling party to the second calling party now speaking, and the second calling party would be identified, e.g., with a name, picture, telephone number, etc., to the called party.
Exemplary embodiments can enhance security and reduce fraud. If the called party looks at this biometric ID information being displayed, even from a strange number, the called party can recognize who is trying to reach him. Exemplary embodiments can also identify all the people with biometric ID information on a telecommunication network, trace a person who uses the telecommunication network, and/or stop a person from using the telecommunication network if required for security purposes. Also, the telecommunication provider (such as AT&T®) may initially collect user biometric ID information in the telecommunication network, by e.g., collecting voice data similar to a voice greeting recording database.
In the description, for illustrative purposes, a “call” and “caller ID” are described with reference to a telephone call identification information associated with a caller's telephone. However, it should be appreciated that a “call” is not limited to a telephone call but may be any communication, e.g., a communication across a packet-switched VoIP (voice over Internet protocol) network, and the “caller ID” may identify the communication device associated with a particular user. Further details regarding communications in a VoIP network are described herein.
Now turning to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an architecture 100 in which biometric identification caller ID services may be implemented in accordance with exemplary embodiments. It is understood that elements may be added to, subtracted from, or substituted in the architecture 100.
The architecture 100 may include a biometric communication system 105. Although not shown for the sake of clarity, the biometric communication system 105 may include a plurality of switches, routers, servers, storages, etc. for operating as discussed herein. The biometric communication system 105 may include one or more biometric identification (ID) applications 110. The biometric ID application 110 is configured to receive (obtain) biometric information from a calling party utilizing a calling party communication device 50 via a network 120. The calling party may input various types of biometric information via a biometric input 52 of the calling party communication device 50. The biometric input 52 may represent one or more devices configured to capture biometric information including facial recognition data, voice data, retinal scan data, and fingerprint data.
Further regarding the network 120, the network 120 may include circuit-switched and/or packet-switched technologies and devices, such as routers, switches, hubs, gateways, etc., for facilitating communications. The network 120 may include wireline and/or wireless components utilizing, e.g., IEEE 802.11 standards for providing over-the-air transmissions of communications. The network 120 can include IP-based networks for communication between a customer service center and clients/users. The network 120 can manage multiple accounts as established by particular users. These accounts may then be used to provide access to services as described herein.
Also, the network 120 may include wireline and/or wireless components utilizing standards for, e.g., multimedia messaging services (MMS). The network 220 may include a multimedia messaging center (MMC), which implements the network side of multimedia messaging service (MMS) and makes it possible for an operator to offer multimedia messaging to mobile communication device users. The MMC is a highly flexible system, which can be adapted to the needs of the operator and the particular end users involved. The MMC manages different sources to/from mobile terminals, supporting a wide range of standard interfaces.
According to exemplary embodiments, the network 120 facilitates transmission of media (e.g., images, video, data, multimedia messaging, etc.) from content services provider systems to customers/users via devices. In exemplary embodiments, the network 120 can include a managed IP and/or wireless network administered by a service provider, which can control bandwidth and quality of service for the communications discussed herein. The network 120 may be implemented in a wireless fashion, e.g., using wireless protocols and technologies, such as WiFi, WiMax, BLUETOOTH, etc. The network 120 can also be a packet-switched network, such as a local area network, a wide area network, a metropolitan area network, an Internet network, or other similar types of networks. The network 220 may be a cellular communications network, a fixed wireless network, a wireless local area network (LAN), a wireless wide area network (WAN), a personal area network (PAN), a virtual private network (VPN), an intranet or any other suitable network, and the network 120 may include equipment for receiving and transmitting signals, such as a cell tower, a mobile switching center, a base station, and a wireless access point.
The biometric ID application 110 can utilize the biometric information input by the calling party to validate or to authenticate the biometric information of the calling party. The biometric ID application 110 may use the biometric information to query biometric databases 115 for a match. For example, the biometric ID application 110 may parse the biometric databases 115 to identify a corresponding user profile(s) having biometric information that matches the biometric information input by the calling party. The biometric databases 115 include various biometric information corresponding to particular user profiles. In the biometric databases 115, biometric information for a user can be utilized to locate the corresponding user profile, and/or a user profile can be utilized to locate the corresponding biometric information.
Once a match to the biometric information (such as voice data, finger print data, facial recognition data, retinal scan data) of the calling party is determined to be in the biometric databases 115 by the biometric ID application 110, the biometric ID application 110 provides the calling party user profile to a called party communication device 70 via the network 120.
The called party can view the user profile (in whole or part) corresponding to the calling party on a display 79 of the called party communication device 70. The user profile of the called party may display the actual name of the calling party, although the calling party may be placing a telephone call from the calling party communication device 50 (e.g., telephone) of another person. The user profile can also display an image (e.g., picture or any other identifying information) of the calling party on the display 79.
Further, during a (existing) call, more than one user may speak on the calling party communication device 50. For the purposes of explanation, there may be a first calling party (which is one user who speaks on the calling party communication device 50), a second calling party (which is a different user), a third calling party (which is yet another user), and so forth. Exemplary embodiments can provide update information to the called party of the called party communication device 70 during an existing call. For example, a first calling party may input biometric information via the biometric input 52. The biometric input 52 may perform a retinal scan of the first calling party, take a fingerprint scan, capture an image of the first calling party's face, and/or record a voice signature (data) of the first calling party. The biometric information obtained by the biometric input 52 is transmitted (pushed) to the biometric application 110. Also, the biometric information may be pulled from the calling party communication device 50. The biometric ID application 110 receives the biometric information and uses the biometric information to search the biometric database 115 to obtain a matching user profile corresponding to the first calling party. As discussed herein, the various data of the first calling party user profile is provided to the called party communication device 70, such that the data of the first calling party user profile is displayed on the display 79 for the called party.
The first calling party on the calling party communication device 50 may be talking with the called party on the called party communication device 70, and another person may speak on the calling party communication device 50, and this person is designated for the purpose of explanation as the second calling party. The second calling party speaking on the calling party communication device 50 can trigger a revalidation application 120. For example, the revalidation application 120 can continuously monitor the (biometric information) voice of the first calling party speaking on the calling party communication device 50, and the revalidation application 120 can recognize a change in the voice data from the first calling party to the voice data of the second calling party. The revalidation application 120 is not limited to a change in voice data. Any change in biometric information during the call can trigger the revalidation application 120. As an example, the second calling party may place his finger on the biometric input 52, and the biometric input 52 can capture the fingerprint data of the second calling party. During the call with the called party, the revalidation application 120 would be triggered by a biometric information change in fingerprint data of the first calling party to the fingerprint data of the second calling party. For example, fingerprint data may be detected by the revalidation application 120 because the revalidation application 120 is continuously comparing the current fingerprint data of the calling party with the matching user profile, and if the fingerprint data of the calling party no longer matches the matching user profile, then the revalidation application 120 is triggered that there has been a change in biometric data. Also, the biometric input 52 can take an image of the second calling party for facial recognition, and any change in facial recognition data from the first calling party to the second calling party during the call would trigger the revalidation application 120. Additionally, the revalidation application 120 may be set to periodically (e.g., at predetermined intervals, such as 5, 10, 15, 20 minute intervals) revalidate the biometric information of the particular person speaking on the calling party communication device 50, which allows the revalidation application 120 to check that the same person is speaking. In response to the revalidation application 120 being triggered (being periodically set or detecting a change in biometric information) by the second calling party speaking, the revalidation application 120 communicates with the biometric ID application 110 to determine and obtain the user profile for the second calling party. The revalidation application 120 causes the biometric ID application 110 to provide the second calling party user profile to the called party communication device 70 for display on the display 79.
Further, if a third calling party (who is different from the first and second calling parties) begins speaking on the calling party communication device 50 during the existing call, the revalidation application 120 will be triggered as discussed herein because of the change in biometric information. The revalidation application 120 causes the biometric ID application 110 to provide the third calling party user profile to the called party communication device 70 for display on the display 79
Now, turning to the calling party communication device 50 and the called party communication device 70 in more detail, both devices 50, 70 may be similar and may include a biometric input, such as the biometric input 52 of the calling party communication device and a biometric input 72 of the called party communication device, having features as discussed herein. The devices 50, 70 may include a biometric ID application 54, 74 which is configured to receive biometric information from the biometric input 52, 72. The biometric ID application 54, 74 can function and operate as discussed above for the biometric ID application 110. Also, both devices 50, 70 may include a (respective local or remote) user database 56, 76, a revalidation application 58, 78, and displays 59, 79. The revalidation application 58, 78 can function and operate as discussed above for the revalidation application 120. In accordance with exemplary embodiments, the following example will refer to and describe particular elements of the calling party communication device 50 but illustrations in the following example describe features applicable to both devices 50, 70, as well as to the biometric ID application 110, the biometric database 115, and/or the revalidation application 120 of the biometric communication system 105.
The calling party may desire to utilize the calling party communication device 50. So that biometric information can be obtained from the calling party, the calling party may place his finger on the biometric input 52, may speak into the biometric input 52, may look into the biometric input 52 for a retinal scan, and/or may look into the biometric input 52 so that an image may be captured for facial recognition. The biometric information of the calling party can be retrieved by the biometric ID application 54. The user database 56 can contain individual user profiles having biometric information for all the users of the calling party communication device 50. For example, a user profile in the user database 56 may include a picture of a respective user, name, etc., and the user profile corresponds to the respective biometric information for that user. The biometric ID application 54 can search the user database 56 utilizing the biometric information input via the biometric input 52. If there is no match in the user database 56 to the input biometric information, the biometric ID application 54 may be configured to prevent access to the calling party communication device 50. Also, in exemplary embodiments, if there is no match, the biometric ID application 54 may be configured to provide a message to the called party communication device 70. The message may inform the called party that the calling party is not an identified user of the calling party communication device 50, or that the calling party is not an authorized user of the calling party communication device 50. Additionally, if the calling party failed to input biometric information via the biometric input 52, the message could indicate that the calling party did not supply biometric information. Also, the message may indicate, e.g., ‘the caller is not a resident at the calling telephone number’. The message being displayed on the display 79 of the called party communication device 70 allows the called party to recognize that even though the telephone number of the calling party is familiar, the identity of the particular caller may not necessarily correspond to the calling telephone phone number.
If there is a match in the user database 56 to the input biometric information, the biometric ID application 54 is configured to retrieve the user profile of the calling party who input biometric information, and the biometric ID application 54 can provide the user profile (in whole or part) to the called party communication device 70 for display on the display 79. For example, there may be multiple people who normally access the calling party communication device 50. The user in this instance may be a child. The child can input his biometric information via the biometric input 52, and the biometric ID application 54 discovers a match in the user database 56. In exemplary embodiments, finding the matching user profile in the user database 56 allows the child to utilize the device 50 to communicate. In other exemplary embodiments, a match may not be need to authenticate the child (or any user), and finding a match or not finding a match does not prevent a person from utilizing the calling party communication device 50.
Based on the match of biometric information, the biometric ID application 54 is configured to provide a picture of the child and/or name (or nickname) to the called party when a call is placed. The called party, who may be a grandparent, can identify that the child, e.g., little Timothy, is calling from the telephone number corresponding to the calling party communication device 50. For example, when the called party communication device 70 is ringing the picture and/or name of Timothy may be displayed on the display 79. It is understood that traditional caller ID information may be displayed too, such as the subscriber's telephone or name.
Also, the calling party communication device 50 may be configured to contain the user profiles of, e.g., residents in a home. In exemplary embodiments, the user database 56 may be configured to contain user profiles of anyone who ever used the calling party communication device 50. For example, the biometric input 52 may obtain voice data of a friend using the calling party communication device 50. If there is no match to the friend's voice data found in the user database 56, the biometric ID application 54 can automatically set up a user profile for the friend based on the friend's voice data (which may be obtained as the friend is talking the calling party communication device 50 or before the friend places a call). The owner or friend can provide any additional information (such as a picture or name) to complete the friend's user profile at a latter time.
Additionally, and/or alternatively, the biometric ID application 54 may prompt the friend to set up a user profile (e.g., request name, picture, relationship, etc.) in response to determining that no user profile exists for the friend. This prompting may occur, e.g., before the friend's call goes through on the calling party communication device 50, before the friend can use the telecommunication network, and/or after the friend has completed a call. Also, in exemplary embodiments, access to the calling party communication device 50 may not be granted if no user profile is created, and/or if no user profile previously exists.
Exemplary embodiments are provided which can provide an identity when multiple people utilize the calling party communication device 50 and the caller party communication device 70. As discussed herein, the revalidation application 58 (the revalidation application 78 and/or the revalidation application 120) can be triggered by a change in biometric information from one person to another person and can determine during an existing call when a new user is, e.g., speaking on the calling party communication device 50 different from the previous user was just speaking on the device 50. The revalidation application 58 in conjunction with the biometric ID application 54 can obtain the voice data of the new user and can determine if a user profile is available in the user database 56 for the new user. If a match is determined, the biometric ID application 54 can provide the user profile corresponding to the new user to the called party communication device 70 during the existing call, so that the called party can recognize that the new user is currently speaking If there is no match, the biometric ID application 54 can be configured to inform the called party communication device 70 that a new user is speaking without providing a user profile for the new user because the new user profile is not available. For example, the biometric ID application 54 may provide a message that ‘a new user is speaking’ but the biometric ID application 54 may not have a name or picture associated with the new user since there is no new user profile. If the previous user again begins speaking on the calling party communication device 50, the biometric ID application 54 can then provide the user profile of the previous user to the caller party communication device 70, so that the picture and/or name of the previous user is displayed on the display 79 while the previous user is speaking.
Further, in exemplary embodiments, the biometric ID application 54, the biometric application 74, the revalidation application 58, and/or the revalidation application 78 may work in concert. For example, when the biometric ID application 54 (initially) transmits the user profile (in whole or part) of the previous user to the called party communication device 70, the biometric ID application 74 of the called party communication device 70 can store (temporarily or permanently) the user profile of the previous user in the user database 76. Likewise, when the new user is speaking, the biometric ID application 54 can transmit the message (‘a new user is speaking’) corresponding to the new user to the called party communication device 70. The biometric ID application 74 can automatically create a (temporary or permanent) new user profile corresponding to the message for the new user, and the biometric ID application 74 can store the new user profile in the user database 76. The previous user profile and the new user profile may both contain respective biometric information. So, if a biometric information change (e.g., the voice data changes because a different person is speaking) is detected by the revalidation application 78 of the called party communication device 70, the revalidation application 78 can cause the biometric ID application 74 to search the user database 76 to determine if the voice data (or any biometric information) matches the new voice data, and the biometric ID application 74 will display the corresponding user profile (which may be the previous user profile or indicate that new user is speaking if there is no match). Accordingly, as the previous user and the new user alternate speaking on the calling party communication device 50, the revalidation application 78 and the biometric ID application 74 can detect the change in voice data and determine the appropriate user profile stored in the user database 76. As such, the biometric ID application 74 can cause the previous user profile and/or the new user profile to be respectively displayed on the display 79 for the called party. Although various examples are discussed herein to illustrate how the user profile of the calling party (which may include more than one person) is provided to the called party, it is understood that exemplary embodiments may conversely provide the user profile of the called party to the calling party for display on the display 59. For example, after or before receiving the called party user profile for display on the display 79, the called party may input biometric information (such as retinal scan data, fingerprint data, voice data, etc.) via the biometric input 72. The biometric ID application 74, 110 can receive the biometric information and search for a matching user profile in the user database 76, 115 that identifies the called party. Once the called party user profile is (matched and) retrieved from the user database 76, 115 by the biometric ID application 74, 110, the biometric ID application 74, 110 can transmit the called party user profile to the calling party for display on the display 59. As discussed herein for the change in biometric information for the calling party, changes in the biometric information of the called party can be detected by the revalidation application 78, 120. The revalidation application 78, 120 (along with the biometric ID application 74, 110) can revalidate the biometric information of the called party and can provide a new called party user profile corresponding to the new person, e.g., speaking on the called party communication device 70 instead of the original called party. Accordingly, as different people speak (which causes the biometric information to change) on the called party communication device 70, the revalidation application 74, 110 can detect the change and provide the corresponding called party user profile to the calling party communication device 50 for display on the display 59 in accordance with exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of various user profiles in accordance with exemplary embodiments. The user profiles may be created at various times and may contain various information, including images, audio, video, and data. For example, a user profile may previously exist and can be retrieved when need. Another user profile may be created right before a call is placed. Yet another user profile may be created in the midst of a call.
FIG. 2 illustrates a first user profile 200, a second user profile 210, a third user profile, 220, and a fourth user profile 230, and each user profile may be stored in the database 56, 76, 115 in accordance with exemplary embodiments.
As one example, the first user profile 200 may be a user profile for a mother and may be stored in the user database 56 of the calling party communication device 50. When the mother places a call utilizing the calling party communication device 50, and when the biometric information of the mother is authenticated by the biometric ID application 54, the biometric ID application 54 provides the first user profile 200 (in whole or part) via the network 120 to the called party communication device 70 while the called party communication device 70 is ringing. The called party may view a name 201 of the mother and/or a picture 202 of the mother on the display 79. In some exemplary embodiments, the first user profile 200 may also be stored (in whole or part) in the user database 76. As such, the revalidation application 78 can detect a change in biometric information and can recognize biometric information (203, 204, 205, 206) of the mother in the first user profile 200.
During the call with the called party, the father may begin speaking on the calling party communication device 50. If the father (purposely or accidentally) places, e.g., his finger on the biometric input 52, the biometric ID application 54 can identify the second user profile 210 for the father in the user database 56 based on fingerprint data 215, and the biometric ID application 54 can provide the second user profile 210 (in whole or part) to the called party communication device 70. Also, the biometric ID application 54 can identify the father by voice data 213, facial recognition data 214, the fingerprint data 215, and/or retinal scan data 216. A name 211 of the father and/or a picture 212 of the father may be displayed on the display 79. After receiving the second user profile 210, the biometric ID application 74 of the called party communication device 70 can store the second user profile 210 for the father in the user database 76.
During the (same) call, a friend may utilize the calling party communication device 50. Since this is not the first time that the friend has utilized the calling party communication device 50, the user database 56 contains the third user profile 220 which has listed a name 221 of the friend as visitor because the friend has not input his actual name. Also, the friend may have touched the biometric input 52 (purposely or accidentally), such that the biometric input 52 captured fingerprint data 223 of the friend. Since the friend spoke on the calling party communication device 50 in the past, the biometric input 52 captured voice data 222 of the friend. With or without the friend being aware, the third user profile 220 may be created for the friend by the friend's previous use of the calling party communication device 50. As such, if the biometric ID application 54 recognizes any biometric information corresponding to the friend in subsequent uses of the calling party communication device 50 by the friend, the biometric ID application 54 can retrieve the third user profile 220 corresponding to the friend (with or without the friend's knowledge). Further, regarding the example of the existing call, the biometric ID application 54 recognizes the biometric information (in this case the voice data 222 or fingerprint data 223) of the friend and retrieves the corresponding third user profile 220 from the user database 56. The biometric ID application 54 provides the third user profile 220 (in whole or part) to the called party communication device 70, where the name 221 visitor can be displayed on the display 79, and wherein the third user profile 220 can be stored in the user database 76.
Also, during the existing call with the called party, a new person not in the user database 56 may utilize the calling party communication device 70. As the new user speaks the biometric ID application 54 can create the (new) fourth user profile 230 for the new user and store voice data 232 for the new user. The fourth user profile 230 is created because the biometric ID application 54 cannot find matching biometric information (the voice data 232 in this case) in the user database 56. The biometric ID application 54 may automatically list a name 231, such as “new user not in database”, for the new user in the fourth user profile 230. Currently or at a later time, the new user or the owner may provide an actual name 231 for the new user. The biometric ID application 54 provides the fourth user profile 230 (in whole or part) to the called party communication device 70, where the biometric ID application 74 displays the name 231 new user not in database on the display 79 for the called party.
In accordance with exemplary embodiments, at anytime during the existing call when, e.g., a different person from the previous person starts speaking, and/or when the fingerprint data changes from one person to another person, the revalidation application 58 (or the revalidation application 78, 110) detects the biometric information change. The revalidation application 58 in conjunction with the biometric ID application 54 (or the revalidation application 78, 120 in conjunction with the biometric ID application 74, 110) retrieves (or creates) the appropriate user profile from the user database 76 of the called party communication device 70. For example, the first user profile 200 of the mother may be displayed on the display 79 as the mother is talking to the called party. When the friend starts speaking (which is different voice data from the mother), the revalidation application 78 (with the biometric ID application 74) can detect the change in biometric information (e.g., the change in voice data), and the revalidation application 78 causes the third user profile 220 to be (retrieved from the user database 76 and) displayed on the display 79. For example, as the friend is speaking, the name 221 visitor (there is no picture stored for the visitor) may be displayed for the called party instead of the name 201 mother and picture 202 of the mother. Likewise, as others speak and/or touch the biometric input 52 with their fingers, the revalidation application 78 can detect the various biometric information changes and provide the appropriate user profile 200, 210, 220, 230 stored in the user database 76.
Also, it is understood that there may be more identifying information in the user profiles 200, 210, 220, and 230 than illustrated in FIG. 2. The user profiles 200, 210, 220, and 230 are provided for illustrative purposes only and not meant to be limiting.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a method for identifying a calling party to a called party utilizing biometric information in accordance with exemplary embodiments.
An input of biometric information of a first calling party is received for communications at 305. The biometric information may be input using the biometric input 52, 72 via the respective biometric ID application 54, 74, 110.
In response to determining that the biometric information of the first calling party is stored, a calling party profile is retrieved for the first calling party based on the first calling party biometric information at 310. The biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 may determine that the first calling party biometric information is stored in the respective user database 56, 76, 115 and may retrieve the calling party profile for the first calling party.
A call is placed to a called party at 315. The calling party communication device 50 operatively places a call to the called party communication device 70 via the network 120. The calling party communication device 50 and the called party communication device 70 may include the various features of, e.g., iPhone® by Apple Inc. or any other telephone for placing a call as understood in the art.
The first calling party profile is provided to the called party, where the first calling party profile identifies the first calling party at 320. The biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 may respectively provide the first calling party profile to the called party communication device 70 to be displayed on the display 79. For example, the first calling party profile may be displayed after the first or second ring.
A biometric information change from the first calling party biometric information to a second calling party biometric information is automatically detected during the call currently existing with the called party at 325. The biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 in conjunction with the respective revalidation application 58, 78, 120 can detect the change in biometric information during the existing call with the called party.
In response to detecting the biometric information change from the first calling party to the second calling party, it is determined whether the biometric information of the second calling party is stored at 330. The biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 can respectively determine if the biometric information of the second calling party is stored in the user database 56, 76, 115.
A second calling party profile of the second calling party is retrieved based on the second calling party biometric information, in response to the second calling party biometric information being stored at 335. The biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 can respectively locate and obtain the second calling party stored in the user database 56, 76, 115.
The second calling party profile is provided to the called party during the existing call with the called party, where the second calling party profile identifies the second calling party at 340. For example, the biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 can provide the second calling party profile to the called party communication device so that the appropriate information (e.g., picture, name, telephone number, nickname, age, etc.) of the second calling party profile is displayed on the display 79.
In response to determining that the biometric information for the second calling party is not stored, the called party is notified that the second calling party is communicating during the existing call at 345. The biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 can provide a message for display on the display 79 to notify the called party that a different person is currently speaking or that a different person is communicating on the telephone. Also, an alert can be provided (such as an audible sound like a beep) to notify the called party that a new person is communicating during the call, and each time the new person (or any other new person) communicates, the called party can be alerted (e.g., audibly, by message, by flashing lights, etc.).
In response to determining that the biometric information for the second calling party is not stored, the second calling party profile is automatically created during the existing call based on the second calling party biometric information at 350. For example, the biometric ID application 54, 74, 110 can (automatically) create a new user profile for the second calling party to be stored respectively in the user database 56, 76, 115, and each time the new person (such as the second calling party) is detected (speaking during the call), the new user profile is displayed on the display 79 for the called party.
Further, notifying the called party that the second calling party is communicating during the existing call includes notifying the called party that the second calling party is currently speaking during the existing call. Also, automatically detecting the biometric information change is triggered during the existing call with the called party. The triggering of automatically detecting the biometric information change may be caused by a change in biometric information comprising facial recognition data, voice data, fingerprint data, and retinal data.
Exemplary embodiments may require the first calling party to re-input biometric information at predetermined times throughout the existing call with the called party. The re-input biometric information of the first calling party is validated by determining that the first calling party user profile corresponds to the re-input biometric information is stored.
The existing call may be continually monitored to detect changes in biometric information, and in response to detecting changes in biometric information, a corresponding user profile is provided to the called party.
Also, the existing call is monitored for silence for a predetermined time, and in response to detecting silence for the predetermined time, there is a check for a change in biometric information.
In response to determining that the biometric information for the second calling party is not stored, the called party is notified that the second calling party is a new user without identity data stored, and anytime the second calling party biometric information is detected during the existing call with the called party, the second calling party is identified as the new user to the called party.
Further, an input of biometric information of the called party is received, and in response to determining that the biometric information of the called party is stored, a called party profile of the called party is retrieved based on the called party biometric information. The called party profile is provided to the first calling party, such that the called party profile identifies the called party.
The biometric information caller ID services discussed herein can be applied with any type of communication system that uses caller ID. For example, the biometric information caller ID services can be implemented in wireless communication systems with cellular telephones and can be implemented in voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) systems.
Also, the biometric information caller ID services can be implemented in an IP multimedia system (IMS) in accordance with exemplary embodiments. The IP multimedia system is an architectural framework for implementing real time services such as voice call processing over the Internet protocol. One skilled in the art understands the various elements in IMS. It is understood that IMS network may include a P-CSCF (proxy call session control function, a Home Subscriber Server (HSS), and a S-CSCF (serving call session control function). The IMS network may utilize various protocols, such as session initiation protocol (SIP) proxy, dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), and packet data protocol (PDP).
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Turistas gais en la Costa Brava y la Ley de Peligrosidad Social
En el período de aplicación de la LPRS, teniendo en cuenta el relato de una
incompatibilidad del régimen franquista respecto de las innovaciones culturales
introducidas por los y las turistas europeos en España desde los sesenta, sorprende que
escaseen los hombres homosexuales extranjeros en los expedientes. Si la dictadura se
hubiese ensañado en la preservación de costumbres anticuadas, esos sujetos y sus
prácticas sexuales debieran haberle ocupado mucho más. Antes de entrar en la
documentación judicial consultada, la misma ausencia relativa de expedientes abiertos
en nombre de hombres extranjeros es llamativa. Una primera respuesta está en la
diferenciación entre sujetos nacionales y no nacionales: el régimen tendría poco interés
en presentarse, a escala internacional, como un país que reprimiese las prácticas
culturales de una juventud occidental que se beneficiaría de las luchas surgidas en la
estela de los 68 y encontraría en las ciudades balnearias españolas espacios para realizar
sus ansias de sea, sex and sun; menos todavía teniendo en cuenta la importancia
económica del sector para el PIB español. De hecho, se ha rescatado recientemente el
ejemplo significativo de la redada del 24 de junio de 1971 en el Pasaje Begoña de
Torremolinos, donde entre las 139 personas detenidas, varias eran extranjeras, con
repercusiones en la prensa internacional, en el alemán Der Spiegel o el británico Sunday
Times 43. El eco internacional no ascendería ciertamente a las movilizaciones y protestas
surgidas fuera de España en contra de las sentencias pronunciadas, por ejemplo, durante
el Proceso de Burgos meses antes, pero reacciones internacionales de este tipo podrían
haber incitado a no reprimir a las prácticas homosexuales de los turistas. Sin embargo,
en la jurisprudencia de la LPRS en Cataluña, no constan hombres cisgénero españoles
42. La colonialidad discursiva en Chandra TALPADE MOHANTY, (1991), “Under Western Eyes: Feminist
Scholarship and Colonial Discourse”, en Chandra TALPADE MOHANTY, Ann RUSSO y Lourdes TORRES
(coords.), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Indianápolis, Indiana University Press, pp.
61-88.
43. La redada fue comentada por Alejandro MARTÍN y Javier CUEVAS en su conferencia “Torremolinos,
1962-1971: de la fiesta como resistencia a la redada”, impartida en el marco del congreso “Resistencias
del Sur. Usos del pasado, periferias y espacios de liberación sexual”, organizado en el marco del proyecto
europeo Cruising the 70s por la Universidad de Murcia en el Institut Valencià d’Art Modern, 26-28 de
abril de 2018. Es información también presente en varios blogs LGBT+ andaluces sobre memoria de la
represión franquista.
Rubrica Contemporanea, vol. VII, n. 13, 2018
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51
CHAMOULEAU Turistas gais en la Costa Brava
del mismo estatus económico y simbólico, de clases medias, salvo contados casos 44. Por
tanto, el criterio nacional no es suficiente para la comprensión del lugar que ocupan los
extranjeros en esta represión.
A grandes rasgos, la cohorte que sufre la LPRS en la Cataluña de los setenta se
identifica mayoritariamente con los charnegos, que emigran a Cataluña en busca de un
trabajo, en particular en el sector terciario (hostelería, restaurantes), pero también en la
industria, en busca de autonomía económica respecto de sus familias. Se alojan en
pensiones baratas del Barrio Chino y, de manera general, de la Ciutat Vella de
Barcelona. 1974 constituye una ruptura en esta represión de los “actos de
homosexualidad” que prevé la LPRS: hasta entonces, los inculpados son
mayoritariamente hombres cisgénero detenidos por actos de delincuencia, robos contra
la propiedad, para quienes la acusación de homosexualidad constituye un agravante; a
partir de 1974, la cohorte principal de los acusados se compondrá de sujetos
transgénero, que tuercen el género en público, y se transmutan en cuerpos extraños,
híbridos, que viven por las calles del Barrio Chino y del Barrio Gótico, mientras el
Estado va incorporando en los tribunales, para nombrarles, categorías procedentes de la
sexología, distinguiendo a “homosexuales”, “travestis” y “transexuales” 45.
52
En la veintena de detenciones acaecidas en la Costa Brava por “actos de
homosexualidad” y que involucran a hombres extranjeros –franceses, holandeses,
ingleses principalmente–, dos observaciones se imponen primero: el escenario para
todas estas detenciones es uno de los principales centros turísticos de masa de la Costa
Brava, Lloret de Mar 46. La segunda tiene que ver con la cronología comentada: casi
todas las detenciones suceden antes de o durante el año 1974. Ese año, las jurisdicciones
de peligrosidad social son sometidas a una reorganización territorial. Hasta 1974, cada
una de las provincias catalanas tiene un juzgado de peligrosidad social propio: hasta la
modificación de la LPRS, existen los Juzgados Especiales de Peligrosidad Social de
Barcelona, Tarragona, Gerona y Lérida. Tras la reorganización territorial, las
competencias judiciales en la materia se concentran en Barcelona, en sus dos Juzgados
Especiales de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social 47. La policía sexual parece haber
desaparecido de centros turísticos, en particular de Lloret de Mar, más allá de 1974. Sin
embargo, aunque con menor preeminencia que Barcelona, siguen existiendo casos en
otros territorios de Cataluña en materia de delitos sexuales. Por lo tanto, algo más se
44. En contraposición con el prefijo “trans”, “cis-” (“cisgénero” o “cissexual”) “design[a] a personas cuya
identidad de género coincide con aquella que se les ha asignado al nacer, en función de criterios
normativos de correspondencia entre características del denominado sexo biológico y la identidad de
género” (Antar MARTÍNEZ-GUZMÁN, “Cis” en Lucas (R.) PLATERO, María ROSÓN y Esther ORTEGA,
Barbarismos queer y otras esdrújulas, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2017, pp. 82-88, p. 82).
45. Una aproximación más detallada en CHAMOULEAU, Tiran al maricón.
46. Los expedientes referidos son los siguientes, todos procedentes del fondo de Vagos y Maleantes,
Ciutat de la Justícia de L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona. Se identifican por número de expediente y
año. Referidos a Lloret de Mar: 6/1971, 10/1971, 11/1971, 83/1971, 385/1971, 4/1973, 8/1973, 296/1973,
462/1973, 12/1974, 28/1974, 29/1974, 30/1974, 31/1974, 32/1974, 33/1974, 86/1974, 87/1974, 88/1974,
113/1974, 114/1974, 115/1974, 541/1975, 19/1976, 203/1979. Otras zonas catalanas, implicando a
turistas: 114/1971, 385/1971, 257/1971 (Sitges), 135/1972, 320/1970, 342/1971, 392/1971, 402/1972.
47. María GARCÍA PARDO, Raúl GÓMEZ RODRÍGUEZ, “El tratamiento archivístico de los fondos de vagos
y maleantes y de peligrosidad y rehabilitación social de Barcelona”, en Actas de las VIII Jornadas de
Archivos Aragoneses, Huesca, 25-28 de noviembre de 2008, Huesca, Gobierno de Aragón, Diputación
Provincial, tomo 1, 2008, pp. 363-380.
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ISSN. 2014-5748
DOSSIER El hombre español frente a sus otros: masculinidad, colonialidad y clase
juega en Lloret de Mar para que allí cese el control de las costumbres y sexuales por
parte de policías y jueces de peligrosidad social.
1974 es también año que abre un bache en los ingresos relativos al turismo en
España, etapa que se cerraría en 1982 48. En particular, la crisis del petróleo que afecta
la producción en los países europeos reduciría drásticamente el crecimiento económico,
menguando la capacidad de consumo de los turistas que viajarían a España, así como su
número, en particular para la etapa 1974-1976 49. El número de extranjeros turistas en
España no deja de crecer, ascendiendo, con un incremento de 6 millones de turistas
entre 1970 y 1975 50. Cabe dudar, con todo, de que menguara tanto como para que
desapareciera definitivamente el orientalismo sexual, de modo que los tribunales de
peligrosidad social ya no tuvieran función que cumplir en la ordenación moral
comunitaria, mientras la seguirían cumpliendo con otros sujetos y en otros territorios –la
Ciutat Vella de Barcelona principalmente– hasta mediados de los ochenta: estos
tribunales especiales mantuvieron efectivamente capacidad coactiva, al desplazar el
objeto de la ley de la represión de los malos pobres homosexuales hacia las prácticas
subversivas de una juventud crítica con los valores heredados.
Los expedientes que implican a hombres cisgénero extranjeros con jóvenes
nacionales en delitos de homosexualidad hasta 1974 manifiestan una notoria relación
colonial con una población obrera española en busca de trabajo, atraída por la necesidad
de una mano de obra barata en las zonas balnearias durante las temporadas turísticas.
Los jóvenes españoles enjuiciados trabajan en hoteles, son camareros o friegaplatos de
las cocinas de los restaurantes de Lloret de Mar y proceden de otras regiones españolas,
Andalucía para muchos de ellos. Esta emigración territorial se añade a un desarraigo
comunitario y familiar previo, en el caso de hombres homosexuales. En el contexto
turístico, esos adultos jóvenes faltos de dinero acceden a las propuestas sexuales de los
turistas.
La relación colonial se pronuncia. En Lloret de Mar, los hombres extranjeros se
autorizan prácticas que no tendrían en sus comunidades sociales de procedencia. Así lo
explicita, a modo de ejemplo, la declaración de un extranjero sorprendido por la
Guardia Civil en la playa de Lloret de Mar, de noche, en junio de 1974, en el siguiente
fragmento:
manifiesta que es invertido sexual, que [en] el hotel donde se hospeda conoció a un
empleado llamado [...] que es de la misma condición, que después de dar de mano de su
trabajo este empleado, quedaron en común acuerdo de que se marcharían a la playa a
ejercer el acto carnal, ya que allí a esas horas no les podría ver nadie, que este empleado
también llevó a un amigo suyo llamado [...] que también es invertido, por lo que unidos
los tres mutuamente en el lugar citado se despejaron de los pantalones, y se dedicaron a
cometer actos sexuales, los cuales para satisfacer sus apetitos deseados. Preguntado si
había cobrado algún honorario de los españoles, dice que no, que él fue el que le
entregó 500 pesetas a uno de ellos para que se convidaran. Preguntado si reconoce que
es invertido, dice que él no lo había hecho nunca, pero que por hallarse de vacaciones y
48. Rafael VALLEJO POUSADA, “Economía e historia del turismo español del siglo XX”, Historia
Contemporánea 25 (2002), pp. 203-232, p. 214.
49. Ibidem.
50. En 1965, España acogía 11,08 millones de turistas; en 1970, 21,27 millones, y en 1975, 27,36 según
datos recogidos en VALLEJO, “¿Bendición del cielo o plaga”, p. 92.
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53
CHAMOULEAU Turistas gais en la Costa Brava
por pasarlo bien, decidió probar el acceso sexual con estos amigos, que cuando se
51
encontraban ejerciéndolo, fueron sorprendidos por la Guardia Civil.
Las referencias a la prostitución juvenil y masculina con hombres extranjeros no
escasean en la jurisprudencia. El caso siguiente, que involucra a un joven español y un
inglés es buen ejemplo de ello en el contexto turístico:
Preguntado donde dormía [el joven español expedientado], manifiesta que en la casa de
un inglés en los apartamentos Platajamar, que es invertido sexual y como necesitaba
dinero y lugar donde dormir, consintió que lo utilizara para satisfacer sus necesidades
homosexuales pero que [a é]l no le gusta esto que el inglés le hacía pero que
52
agu[a]ntaba por lo antes expuesto.
54
La colonialidad norte/sur, que ha sido señalada para otros contextos de turismo
sexual y gay en tanto sintomática de una orientalización de los cuerpos de las
poblaciones locales y mediterráneas 53 queda manifiesta en estos ejemplos. En Lloret de
Mar, los hombres europeos de viaje encuentran una disponibilidad de cuerpos para su
consumo sexual, como realización del horizonte de un turismo sexual en el que quedan
desinhibidas las trabas morales imperantes en sus contextos de origen. Mas esta
observación viene acompañada de una clara asimetría en la exposición a la ley española:
los expedientes se abren al nombre de los españoles y, salvo contados casos de causas
abiertas en nombre de individuos extranjeros 54, los hombres noreuropeos suelen no estar
sometidos a pena alguna. Esos expedientes se abren cuando hay violencias o robos
dando lugar a denuncia particular del agredido o por denuncias de los hosteleros de las
pensiones en que suceden los encuentros sexuales. Un ejemplo claro sería el de un
francés que acaba no pagando a un joven tras mantener con él una relación sexual,
siendo posteriormente retribuido con una esperable agresión física: el joven indica que
estaba por la zona de la Estación de Francia “con intención de ofrecerse a algún
extranjero para realizar actos homosexuales a cambio de dinero”; el francés, religioso
por más señas, señala que “ignora las causas que tendría dicho individuo para querer
dormir en su misma habitación, no siendo posible haber conseguido una individual”.
Éste es soltado por la policía, mientras que al español se le abre expediente que dará
lugar a las habituales penas de cárcel entendidas como “internamiento en
establecimiento de reeducación” y destierro fuera de la provincia de Barcelona durante
dos años, bajo vigilancia policial, duración media que, en otros casos, asciende a hasta
cinco años, amén de pagar los costes de la causa 55. En cambio, en los tres ejemplos en
que los expedientes se abren al nombre de un extranjero reconocido como homosexual,
la condena es siempre la misma: la expulsión del territorio nacional por una duración de
tres años.
Así rastreada la relación entre extranjeros y españoles en los expedientes, se
complejiza una conceptualización de una LPRS que protegería a una comunidad
51. 86/1974, detención de junio de 1974. El subrayado es mío.
52. 541/1975, detención de septiembre de 1975.
53. Aunque enfocado sobre culturas árabo-musulmanes, los estudios de Joseph MASSAD incorporan
reflexión sobre orientalismo mediterráneo sexual: Desiring Arabs, Chicago/Londres, The University of
Chicago Press, 2007,y “Re-Orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World”, Public Culture
14/2 (2002), pp. 361-386.
54. Son estos únicos expedientes, en contexto turístico: 103/1971 (nacionalidad francesa), 114/1971
(idem), 342/1971 y 541/1975 (nacionalidad inglesa), 32/1974 (nacionalidad holandesa), 246/1975
(nacionalidad marroquí).
55. 242/1972.
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DOSSIER El hombre español frente a sus otros: masculinidad, colonialidad y clase
nacional frente a los peligros procedentes de la comunidad de turistas: más bien
informan estos datos sobre la organización estructural de una apropiación de los cuerpos
de esos jóvenes económicamente vulnerables en el contexto turístico, donde la
prostitución forma parte de una economía política mayor que los subalterniza: a
propósito de un hombre suizo del que la policía sospecha que mantiene relaciones
sexuales pagadas con jóvenes españoles, la policía indica en su acta declaratoria que a
su casa van muchos jóvenes sospechosos, vale decir “de baja extracción social” 56. La
caracterización sociológica que delata la equivalencia entre ser sospechoso e
identificación de clase confirma el objetivo represivo clasista de la LPRS 57. Más aún,
las contadas excepciones de los extranjeros detenidos y condenados confirman la regla
de que está permitido usar los cuerpos locales dentro de la economía turística. En
cambio, una vez detenidos y juzgados, los jóvenes pierden posibilidad de encontrar
trabajo en la costa catalana durante dos a cinco años, amén de estar expuestos al
deshonor y a la injuria, conceptos radicalmente desvinculantes. La dimensión de tales
penas se suma, por otra parte, a trayectorias de desarraigo comunitario en el caso de
quienes huyen de sus familias y dejan de tener acceso al trabajo en redes ya
establecidas, contando con las precarias posibilidades de empleo eventual que ofrece el
sol mediterráneo en verano.
Erróneo sería considerar que la LPRS considera a los hombres homosexuales
extranjeros como una amenaza explícita para la comunidad nacional. Antes bien, en el
horizonte biopolítico de la España del tardofranquismo, los turistas se incluyen dentro
de la comunidad que la Ley se propone defender e inmunizar. Se desactiva el cleavage
nacional/extranjero en la identificación de los sujetos de protección de la Ley franquista,
señal de una reconfiguración de la comunidad de referencia estatal en los setenta y que
obliga a no dejarse llevar, en la interpretación de la LPRS, por una comprensión literal
del texto desvinculada de su propia jurisprudencia. La LPRS es adaptación a los nuevos
tiempos de la Ley de Vagos y Maleantes de 1954, y el cambio se justifica por las nuevas
costumbres que conoce España a raíz del desarrollismo de los años sesenta: reza el texto
que “los cambios acaecidos en las estructuras sociales, la mutación de costumbres que
impone el avance tecnológico, su repercusión sobre valores morales, las modificaciones
operadas en las ideas normativas del buen comportamiento social y la aparición de
algunos estados de peligrosidad social característicos de los países desarrollados” 58
constituyen los principales motivos de modificación de la ley de 1954 y dan lugar, en
particular, al artículo específico para condenar los “actos de homosexualidad”,
inexistente como tal en las versiones anteriores de la ley. La juventud es en ciernes el
sujeto peligroso que cabe vigilar con la LPRS, sus sexualidades, sus hábitos, el uso de
drogas. Pero la aplicación de la ley señala contornos más precisos a la hora de dibujar
los límites de la comunidad que necesita ser inmunizada. Las prácticas de la juventud
extranjera no vienen sancionadas con la misma severidad que las de la juventud gay
crítica con la moral de la nueva sociedad de consumo. Pero más aún, las propias masas
turistas parecen ser objeto de protección policial respecto de la peligrosidad moral que
56. 114/1971, acta declaratoria con fecha 27 de enero de 1971, en la comisaría del distrito de Universidad,
Barcelona.
57. Elemento ya presente en la aplicación de la Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, siguiendo a Geoffroy HUARD,
Los antisociales. Historia de la homosexualidad en Barcelona y París, 1945-1975, Madrid, Marcial Pons,
2014.
58. Ley 16/1970 de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social, de 4 de agosto de 1970, Boletín Oficial del
Estado 187, 6-8-1970, pp. 12.551-12.557, p. 12.551.
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55
CHAMOULEAU Turistas gais en la Costa Brava
encarnan esas nuevas subjetividades juveniles rompedoras. En el sintomático verano de
1974 en Lloret de Mar, una huella es significativa de ello: se trata de la declaración de la
Guardia Civil tras la detención de dos personas identificadas como “invertidos sexuales
disfrazados de mujer”,
[q]ue a las 18'00 horas del día 22 de Julio de 1974, cuando se encontraban prestando los
servicios propios de su clase, [la patrulla policial] tuvo conocimiento de que por la calle
San Pedro de esta localidad circulaban dos invertidos sexuales disfrazados de mujer
llamando la atención a cuantos hombres se encontraban, fueran españoles o
extranjeros, haciendo muchas posturas femeninas y produciendo un fuerte escándalo
público, ya que el público de buenas costumbres que a esa hora de la tarde paseaba en
compañía de sus hijos por la calle se escandalizaba debido al mal ejemplo que recibían,
ya que igualmente empleaban palabras malsonantes y hacían mostraciones señalándose
los órganos genitales, por lo que acompañado del Cabo 1º [...], se procedió a
59
detenerlos.
56
Si los turistas forman parte de esta comunidad que el Estado se propone
inmunizar respecto de las nuevas partes violentas que desordenan el género y las
sexualidades a mediados de los setenta, cabe preguntarse sobre el valor de lo extranjero
en la represión que se organiza desde el Estado –especialmente si coincide el final de la
exposición de los hombres extranjeros a la LPRS con la emergencia de subjetividades
queer en las calles y tribunales, y la permanencia de una intensa actividad turística en la
Costa Brava. Rematando la inhabilidad del criterio nacional en la definición de la
comunidad de referencia estatal de la que da cuenta esta aplicación de la LPRS, un caso
adquiere cierta relevancia y concierne el caso de otros individuos extranjeros y
europeos, tres portugueses, que sí sufrirán la LPRS. En 1975, estos tres portugueses
nacidos en 1953, 1956 y 1957 en Lisboa y Mozambique, es decir incluidos en la cohorte
generacional de los jóvenes rupturistas españoles, intentan cruzar la frontera
francoespañola por Port-Bou. Una vez detenidos, cuentan a la Guardia Civil que Francia
les parece un país más libre que el suyo y por eso pretendieron pasar clandestinamente
la frontera. Se puede sospechar que esos jóvenes pretendieran en particular escapar de
las guerras coloniales portuguesas que, aunque finalizándose, no pusieron fin en 1975 a
la conscripción militar en África. Uno de ellos tiene pasaporte con nombre de mujer.
Son lo que la policía, siguiendo a la medicina forense, entiende como “travestis”:
“delincuentes que hacen ostentación de homosexualidad”. El tribunal los suelta al poco
tiempo y les deja en libertad provisional, y desaparecen; en marzo de 1976, el individuo
del expediente disponible en el fondo catalán es declarado rebelde por no haberse
presentado en el juzgado cuando se le requería; año y medio después de la detención, en
octubre de 1976, está de vuelta en España, donde le roban la cartera. Un policía le
recomienda declararlo en comisaría; allí le detienen e ingresan en el Centro de
Detención de Hombres de Barcelona por un día y es condenado el día 8 de marzo de
1977, constando en la sentencia lo siguiente: “Que [el expedientado] no acredita trabajo
o actividad alguna, practica actos de homosexualismo por ser invertido por
condicionamiento de la infancia. CONSIDERANDO que permanecer en España sin
trabajo o actividad lícita conocida y practicar actos de homosexualismo revelan una
conducta [peligrosa] para la comunidad que debe declararse por vagancia habitual e
inclinación delictiva”, se le expulsa por una duración de 3 años del territorio nacional.
La pena impuesta en sentencia se parece a la de los otros escasos extranjeros
condenados –la expulsión del territorio nacional–, con una diferencia mayúscula: a
59. 114/1974, acta declaratoria de la Guardia Civil de Lloret de Mar, 22 de julio de 1974. El subrayado es
mío.
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DOSSIER El hombre español frente a sus otros: masculinidad, colonialidad y clase
diferencia de los demás y contados individuos extranjeros condenados a ser expulsados
del territorio nacional, la sentencia que se pronuncia en contra de éste se homologa
perfectamente con las de los demás expedientados por prácticas transgénero, españoles,
considerados “travestis y transexuales”, “de marcada y profunda homosexualidad”. Se
reconoce en este individuo portugués la subversión antropológica identificada por el
Estado entre la juventud española y catalana que le disputa a la policía el acceso al
espacio público. La designación de la peligrosidad de este sujeto portugués puede tener
menos que ver con el estatuto nacional que con la expresión controlada o disfuncional
del yo en público.
Yoes subversivos y comunidad mesocrática posfranquista
De lo que cabe inmunizar la comunidad mesocrática es de la subversión
antropológica que encarna la expresividad de determinados yoes en público, cuando van
creciendo las demandas de democracia y de derechos civiles en España. En la ingeniería
de la ciudadanía posfranquista, esta expresividad de yoes no autorizados plantea serios
problemas al Estado, hasta considerarles peligrosos sociales. La condena en contra del
individuo portugués detenido travestido y con documentación femenina encaja
perfectamente en esta encarnación colectiva que otros jóvenes españoles están
elaborando y que lucha contra la perpetuación de la rigidez del binomio heteronormado
y la identificación que supone con la comunidad de referencia estatal. En la aplicación
de la LPRS, este portugués, como la mayoría de los de su misma cohorte generacional
española, no tiene buen control del yo en público, según una jurisprudencia que se nutre
de antiguas tradiciones sobre humores 60; es un nervioso más, según las categorías de
caracterología usadas por médicos forenses entonces 61. El nervioso no sólo rompe con
la frialdad emocional exigida por la promoción de una cultura nacional-católica durante
décadas y que el Estado transicional hereda directamente; sobre todo es calificativo para
designar a sujetos que recurren a formas de liberación de cuerpos y sexualidades
creando comunidades éticas conflictuales con aquella otra, mesocrática, también
permeable a las formas nuevas de liberación individual pero dentro de un marco moral
que no rompería con la herencia dictatorial desarrollista.
Otro tratamiento judicial reciben quienes no politizan esos yoes subversivos para
la antropología del tardofranquismo. Buen síntoma de ello es el caso de un holandés
cisgénero detenido en marzo de 1974, de 37 años, por mantener relaciones
homosexuales con jóvenes, justo cuando el Estado empieza a intensificar su contención
y represión de las subjetividades gais radicales. Este individuo trabaja desde hace cinco
años en Lloret de Mar, con trabajo fijo en los sectores del turismo y es políglota. Es
condenado en junio de 1974 por el Juzgado de Peligrosidad Social de Gerona a ser
expulsado del territorio nacional. Sin embargo, lo que distingue al individuo de los
jóvenes gais, es que en palabras del médico forense, en abril de 1974, “[es] probable que
rehúya la promiscuidad” y, más aún, según aclara la sentencia condenatoria en junio del
60. Una aproximación a estas tradiciones sobre humores para designar y clasificar en clave de género en
Elsa DORLIN, “Les Blanchisseuses. La société plantocratique antillaise, laboratoire de la féminité
moderne”, en Hélène ROUCH, Elsa DORLIN y Dominique FOUGEYROLLAS-SCHWEBEL (eds.), Le corps,
entre sexe et genre, París, L’Harmattan, 2005, pp. 143-165.
61. Una exploración en Brice CHAMOULEAU, “Las empatías consensuales. Afectos queer tras la
Transición”, en María Ángeles NAVAL y Zoraida CARANDELL (eds.), La Transición sentimental.
Literatura y cultura en España desde los años 70, Madrid, Visor, 2016, pp. 199-218.
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57
CHAMOULEAU Turistas gais en la Costa Brava
mismo año, tiene “buen control del yo”. Este individuo cisgénero segmenta lo sexual y
lo social, de modo que la masculinidad performada en el espacio público, que privatiza
la sexualidad torcida, no deje sospechar una subversión respecto de las normas del
orden comunitario. Más aún, esta capacidad que tiene este individuo va siendo
compartida por una población homosexual más amplia, heteronormada, que no
conectaría la lucha sexual con una lucha ética, sino que buscaría reconocimiento
institucional y estatal.
58
La confrontación de turistas y españoles en la documentación judicial es aquí
exploratoria. Una exploración mayor de este fenómeno, a partir de otros fondos
judiciales, de autorizarse su consulta, abriría perspectivas significativas sobre la
promoción y defensa de formas de vida procedentes de los países del norte de Europa,
modélicas para unas clases medias, y simultáneo repudio de otras formas de vida que
desafiarían no las legítimas aspiraciones dominantes a la liberación de los cuerpos y de
las sexualidades, sino el hecho de que sólo fueran autorizadas para los sujetos de la
comunidad de referencia estatal, volcada hacia el consumismo y las fantasías de
normalidad nacional posfranquista. Este estudio invita así a reinterpretar, de manera
más local y precisa, el metarrelato sobre la europeización de la sociedad española,
enfocándola en clave comunitaria, donde el Estado se implica activamente,
especialmente a la hora de constituir la comunidad ciudadana posfranquista. En
particular, en la emergencia y consolidación de un nuevo sujeto con fuerte capital
simbólico, otras desigualdades se concretarían, que tendrían señaladas repercusiones
sobre las posibilidades efectivas de realización de esta liberación individual y colectiva,
y sobre futuros fracasados a la hora de imaginar una democratización del acceso no sólo
a prácticas culturales liberales sino a la ciudadanía neutralizando el mismo legado moral
impolítico de la dictadura.
Rubrica Contemporanea, vol. VII, n. 13, 2018
ISSN. 2014-5748.
| 27,524 |
b22375144_6
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English-PD
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Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,844 |
Report on the progress of human anatomy and physiology in the year 1842-3 [1843-4, 1844-5]
|
Paget, James, Sir, 1814-1899 | Royal College of Surgeons of England
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English
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Spoken
| 7,794 | 10,273 |
Secretion of the gastric fluid. Like Dr. Beaumont, he has found that no me- chanical irritation of the interior of the stomach will produce a secretion of nearly so much or so pure gastric fluid as the introduction of food. By mechanical irri- tation he could never obtain more than 180 grains of fluid, and this was mixed with mucus: when food was introduced, the gastric mucous membrane immedi- ately became turgid, and yielded ten times as much digestive fluid pure. In this turgid state, also, both these observers agree that the mechanical irritation which was ineffectual under other circumstances, greatly increased the secretion’of the gastric fluid. In the turgid state, moreover, chemical irritation, such as was pro- ' Muller’S Archiv, Heft Hi, iv, an inaugural prize essay; Heidelberg, t Wigner Zeitschr. 1, il, 1(144; and Schmidt’s Jahrbucher, Sept. 1844. t Trail* Analytique de la Digestion, 8vo; Paris, 1844. Of course so novel a mode of experiment- ,Lp . 11’ec!1. in[itated. M- PlWen and Dr. Hasson (Froriep’s N. Notizen, Feb. 1844) have published me results of their experiments; but there is nothing in them which has not been long known. duced by putting pepper, salt, sugar, &c. on the food, produced a still greater effect than mechanical irritation did; and so did alkalies, but acids seemed to have a contrary influence. The act of digestion and of secreting gastric fluid was not, in either set of observations, found to be attended by an increase of the temperature of the stomach. The statement of Dr. Beaumont is also con- firmed, that, caeteris paribus, the quantity of gastric fluid secreted is directly pro- portionate to the quantity of food taken, provided that quantity, however great, is not more than the organism requires ; and the quantity secreted appears to bear a close relation to the degree in which the food taken is digestible or the contrary. Its quantity is also apparently influenced by impressions made on the moutlij: e. g sugar introduced into the dog’s stomach, either alone or mixed with human saliva, excited a very small secretion ; but when the dog had himself masticated and swallowed it, the secretion was abundant. Some strange experiments on the secretion of the stomach are also related by M. Claude Bernard.* The results of the strangest are these :f 1. The mucous membrane of the stomach, during fasting, is not alkaline nor neutral: if the mucus be wiped off it, it gives an acid reaction. 2. Its acidity, even during digestion, is quite superficial ; if a part of its surface be scraped, the acidity of that part disappears. 3. It is acid, even in the young fmtus j; 4. If arterial blood, just drawn from one dog, be injected into the coronary artery of the stomach of another, just killed, and having the stomach laid open, there wiil gradually ooze from the gastric mucous membrane a transparent dew-like fluid, with an acid re- action. If a small quantity of ferrocyanuret of potassium have been added to the blood, it also will be detected in the oozing fluid. 5. A dog was well fed ; half an ounce of weak solution of ferrocyanuret of potassium was injected into its jugular vein, and half an hour after, (having fed again in the interval,) it was killed. The partially-digested food in the stomach, and the internal surface of the stomach, struck a blue colour on the contact of a solution of a salt of iron ; but, with the exception of the urine, no one other fluid, whether secreted or exhaled, and no tissue of the body afforded a similar indication of the presence of any of the injected salt. (?) 6. If the same salt be injected into the blood of a fasting ani- mal, it is not effused into the stomach. 7. If ferrocyanuret of potassium be in- jected into one jugular vein of a dog, and prolosulphuret of iron info the other, they do not appear to unite in the blood, or in any tissue or organ [or fluid?] of the body, except the gastric fluid : the partially-digested food in the stomach is the only thing that is coloured blue. (?) 8. If lactic, phosphoric, bu- tyric, or acetic acid be injected into the blood, it is found in the stomach. 9. If alkaline solutions of magnesia and iron be so injected, those bases are never found in the gastric fluid. 10. Analysis and properties of the gastric fluid. The most remarkable results of M. Blondlot’s investigations relate to the composition of the gastric fluid, and different as his conclusions may be from those usually received, yet the large quantity of fluid he was enabled to collect in a purer state than any one hitherto has collected it, entitles his account to every consideration. He very * Gazette Mddicale, Mars 16, 1844. t Part only arc quoted, and many of these need confirmation. None of the author's deductions are mentioned ; for these are adapted to the opinion that the gastric mucous membrane has no glands, except such crypts as are found in the intestines, and that it has villi identical in structure with those of the intestine. The experiments which are here omitted are explicable by physiological facts, fa- miliarly known in most parts of Europe, but which the author, assistant to M. Magendie, appears not to have heard of. -f M. Bernard says he found it acid in a human fetus of about seven weeks; but the separation of the stomach from the rest of the digestive canal does not begin till after two months. Perhaps, he moans seven months. 25 carefully distilled on a sand-bath 3875 grains of pure gastric fluid obtained after feeding his dog with raw meat ; he repeated the distillation, and repeated the whole experiment, several times, with the gastric fluid of other animals as well as of the same dog, and the constant result was, that the product of the distillation did not once exhibit the slightest acid reaction; but the residue in the retort was always strongly acid. It was thus proved that the acid of the gastric fluid cannot be either the hydrochloric or the acetic, for both these are volatile at the boiling point of water, and would have distilled over. A further proof that it is neither of these nor lactic acid was furnished by the fact that no effervescence is produced when chalk, marble, or any other car- bonate of lime is added to the gastric fluid ; and it was this fact which chiefly led M. Blondlot to his conclusion, that the true and almost only source of the acidity of healthy gastric fluid is the presence of an acid phosphate [biphosphate ?] of lime. Tlie evidence which he gives in addition to the above is : 1st, there is no acid salt, except this acid phosphate of lime which could retain its acidity and remain in contact with carbonate of lime without exciting decomposition; 2d, sul- phuric acid, added to gastric fluid, produces an abundant precipitate of sulphate of lime, and oxalic acid a similar one of oxalate of lime. 3. Potash, soda, am- monia, and lime-water, produce abundant precipitates of neutral phosphate of lime. 4. The calcined ash of gastric fluid was not deliquescent, was dissolved without effervescence by a few drops of hydrochloric acid, with which it formed chloride of calcium ; it had, therefore, contained neutral phosphate of lime, the excess of the acid having been decomposed in the calcination. The general conclusion of his analysis is, that the gastric fluid is composed of ninety-nine parts of water, with one part of acid phosphate of lime, acid phosphate of ammonia, chloride of sodium, mucus, an aromatic, and a peculiar, principle. Similar results were obtained from the analysis of the gastric fluid of sevei-al animals. For further evidence that the acid reaction of the gastric fluid depends on these acid phosphate salts alone, M. Blondlot has completely examined the question whether, during healthy digestion, lactic acid is ever formed by transformation of the food in the stomach. His conclusion is that neither it, nor a transformation of sugar into starch, nor any kind of fermentation takes place. He has often analysed the fluid expressed from food which had remained for various lengths of time in the stomach, and never found the least trace of lactic acid ; and the reason he assigns for its absence is, that the acid of the gastric fluid prevents it, just as other acids prevent the lactic fermentation from taking place in a solution of sugar, provided they are present in proportion sufficient to give the solution a degree of acidity equal to that which it would acquire if the lactic acid were formed in it. In confirmation of this he shows, by numerous experiments on ruminants and birds, that lactic acid is formed by the transformation of the sugar of their food in all those parts of the digestive canal in which the food is delayed without the presence of an acid ; namely, in the first and second stomach of ruminants, the crops of birds, and the ccecum of man and other animals. He first proves that the acidity often observed in the food taken from these cavities is not due to any secretion from their walls. He fed, for four days each, sixteen sheep and goats, and several pigeons and chickens with different kinds of food con- taining no sugar ; and in every instance the portions of food which were found after twelve hours fasting, in the first stomach, or the crop, were not acid, but alkaline, proving that the walls of these cavities secrete an alkaline fluid. On the other hand, when, the other circumstances being the same, as many rumi- nants and fowls were fed on food containing sugar, the portions of food found in the same cavities were always acid, and, in the case in which they were analysed, the acid obtained was the lactic. In regard to the caecum he states that its contents are never more acid than those of the small intestines, except when the animals examined have. had sugar in their food ; from which, and the absence of any proof that the caecum secretes an acid fluid, he believes that the acidity often found is due to a portion of the 26 sugar of the food which has not been absorbed, and has undergone the lactic acid fermentation in the caecum.* These experiments are confirmed also by those of Mr. Ross,f who finds that rabbits fed on farinaceous food have lactic acid in their small intestines, though it is not found in their stomachs. They appear to be contradicted by those of Tiedemann and Gmelin, who found acid in the crop of a pigeon which had fed for several days on nothing but meat : but M. Blondlot shows that this acid had probably flowed from the stomach into the crop after death ; an accident which happened in his experiments when means were not used to pre- vent it. Besides these experiments concerning the chemical properties of the gastric fluid, M. Blondlot relates others, which add to the evidence already known, that the real digestive property of the fluid depends, not on its obvious chemical quali- ties, but on an organic principle. If exposed to a temperature between 104° and 122° F. or higher, it entirely and irrecoverably loses its digestive powers, al- though apparently, and as to analysis, unchanged Kept from the air, the gastric fluid retains its active properties for at least two years; but, exposed to the air and a moderate temperature, it putrefies in five or six days, although the chyme which it forms from nitrogenous organic substances may be preserved for two or three months without apparent change. The precipitation of all the lime which it contains does not affect its activity ; neither are its chlorides indispensable; but whatever much alters its organic constituents, (such as heat, strong alcohol, or strong acids,) or removes them, (such as animal charcoal, tannic acid, chlorine, or acetate of lead,) destroys all the digestive properties. Digestive properties of the gastric fluid. Some singular evidence of these is furnished by MM. Bernard and BarreswillJ who have found that nutritive sub- stances injected in simple aqueous solution into the blood are not assimilated : but are assimilated if dissolved by the aid of the gastric fluid. Among other experiments are these : portions of cane sugar, albumen, and gelatine, seven and a half grains of each, and severally dissolved in w'ater, were injected into the jugular veins of three dogs. Three hours after, the urine of each wras examined, and in each the injected substance was found. Under other similar conditions, the same quantities of the same substances dissolved in gastric fluid were injected, and three hours after, gelatine w'as detected in the urine of the dog into whom it had been injected, but not a trace of albumen or sugar in the urine of either of the others. Three dogs were then fed exclusively and respectively on gelatine, albumen, and sugar ; and the first alone could ever be detected in the urine. The authors fed themselves in the same u'ay and obtained the same result ; and they conclude (as others presently to be mentioned do) that gelatine is not assimi- lable and therefore not nutritive. Among the experiments which M. Blondlot§ made to determine the mode in which the gastric fluid, in or out of the stomach, acts on different animal substances some afforded novel and interesting results: a. He shows that coagulated albumen owes its long resistance to the digestive fluid only to its compact form. When coagulated in very fine particles (as by pouring white of egg beaten into a froth, into boiling water) it is digested as quickly as soft fibrine. b. tie adds further evidence that the action of the stomach in coagulating milk is not due peculiarly to its digestive principle, but to its acid, which acts like the lactic acid developed from the sugar under the influence of rennet or any other decomposing azotized compound, c. The effect of the gastric fluid on bones, observed both on the bones in their entire state, and on their animal and inorganic constituents separately, is, that, first, it very slowly disintegrates the animal matter, attacking it from the surface, and then, also very slowly, disintegrates and reduces the earthy matter into a fine chalky powder, but without either dissolving or decom- * Traits Analytique de la Digestion, pp. 91-104. t Lancet. Jan. 20 and Feb. 10, 1844. x Gazette Mddicale, 27 Avril, 1344; Report from the Acad, des Sciences, seance du 22 Avril, 1844. § Loc. cit. pp. 254-383, &c. 27 posing it. The earthy matter not being dissolved proves that no hydrochloric acid had acted upon it : and in its minutely divided state it all passes through the intestines and is discharged with the faeces. The results of many more of his experiments of this kind are interesting. They confirm Mr. Beaumont’s, and appeared to M. Blondlot to show that, of all the simple alimentary substances, those which are fluid at the ordinary temperature of the stomach, and those which are easily soluble (in the or- dinary manner of solution) in its secretion, such as fluid albumen, sugar, gum, pectine, &c., are at once absorbed by the veins ; and that others, which are not liquid nor easily soluble, such as fibrine, coagulated vegetable and animal albumen, caseine, gelatine, &c., are, in only a very small proportion, if at all, dissolved, the action of the gastric fluid on them being limited to the softening of them, so that they are reduced into very minute particles which (out of the stomach) appear like a very fine precipitate. The same general rule - is said to be observed in the digestion of the compound ali- mentary substances, both animal and vegetable ; the fluid and easily soluble parts cannot be said to be digested, for they are at once absorbed by the stomach ; the rest are softened and reduced into very minute particles, which are carried into the intestines, without any change in their chemical constitution, and are, in this state, absorbed by open mouths of the lacteals, visible with the naked eye, at the extremities of the villi. (!) This act of softening is, in some cases, due merely to the acid of the gastric fluid ; e. g. in the case of parenchymatous tissues, and succulent fruits and roots, which are similarly softened, at the same tempera- ture, in acidulated water; in the cases of fibrine, coagulated albumen, &c., it is the effect of the peculiar mode of action of the gastric fluid. In any case, chymification is, in M. Blondlot’s opinion, no solution, but a division of the aliment; it undergoes no kind of decomposition. (?) Influence of the pneumogastric nerves upon digestion. M. Bernard* has insti- tuted fresh experiments to determine this still-debated question, making use of the artificial fistulous openings into the stomach, invented by M. Blondlot. A dog’s digestion had been thus watched for eight days, and had always been well ef- fected. On the ninth day, after a day’s fast, M. Bernard sponged out the stomach, which contracted on the contact of the sponge, and at once secreted a large quan- tity of gastric fluid ; he then divided the pneumogastric nerves in the middle of the neck, and immediately the mucous membrane, which had been turgid, became pale, as if exsanguine, its movements ceased, the secretion of gastric fluid was instantaneously put a stop to, and a quantity of ropy neutral mucus was soon pro- duced in its place. After this, no digestion was duly performed, and milk was no longer coagulated ; i-aw meat remained unchanged, and the food (meat, milk, bread, and sugar, which the dog had before thoroughly dig'ested) remained for a long time neutral, and at last acquired acidity only from its own transformation into lactic acid. In the stomachs of other dogs after the division of the nerves he traced the transformation of cane-sugar into grape-sugar in three or four hours ; and in ten or twelve hours the transformation into lactic acid was com- plete. In others, when the food was not capable of an acid transformation, it remained neutral to the last. In no case did any part of the food pass through the peculiar changes of chymification. In a last experiment, he gave to each of two dogs, in one of which he had cut the nerves, a dose of emulsine and half an hour alter, a dose of amygdaline (substances which are innocent alone, but when mixed produce hydrocyanic acid). The clog, whose nerves were cut, died in a quarter of an hour, the substances being absorbed unaltered and mixing in the blood: in the other, the emulsine was changed by the action of the gastric nuul before the amygdaline was administered, and it survived. Act op vomiting. A case is related by M. Lepinef of Chalons sur Saone, proving the partial influence of the stomach in vomiting. The patient’s abdomen Gaiwttc MWicalc, Juin 1, 1(144 ; from the Report of the Acad, des Sciences, seance du 27 Mai, 1044. t Bulletin de l’Academle de Mldccine. 3 28 was forn open by a horn, and the stomach was wholly protruded. For half an hour it was seen repeatedly and forcibly contracting itselfj till by its own efforts it expelled all its contents except the gases. Mr. Anderson,* to prove that the diaphragm is not, as Dr. Marshall Hall sup- poses, inactive in vomiting, gave tartar emetic to two dogs, and, when sickness commenced, he opened the trachea, and at the same time introduced his finger into the abdomen so as to feel the state of the diaphragm. During each effort of vomiting, the diaphragm became tense and rigid, and descended towards the ab- domen. [But neither these nor any other experiments prove that the diaphragm actively compresses the stomach in vomiting, by descending towards the abdominal cavity. Indeed no experiments in which the trachea is opened, can illustrate the action of the diaphragm when, as in vomiting, the glottis is closed; for, in the former case, the diaphragm is free to move either way ; in the latter, it cannot move at all without either expanding or compressing the air in the lungs. The true expla- nation of the act of vomiting must, I think, be intermediate between that which supposes the diaphragm to be one of the muscles actively compressing the sto- mach, and that which supposes it to be inert. The inspiration which usually pre- cedes the act of vomiting is terminated by the closure of the glottis ; after this the diaphragm cannot descend further, except by expanding the air in the lungs, but it remains fixed in its position, and serves as an unyielding surface against which the stomach may be pressed by the contracting abdominal muscles. This position of the diaphragm might be nearly maintained, though it were relaxed, for, if the glottis remained shut, the diaphragm could not be raised except by com- pressing the air in the lungs. But Mr. Anderson’s experiments, as well as several other facts, make it more probable that the diaphragm continues in the act of con- traction ; or rather, since in his experiments it descended when the trachea is open, we may conclude that when the trachea and glottis are shut, it would not descend, but would remain, as other muscles often do, in the rigid and resisting state of contraction, so as to afford a completely fixed and firm surface for the stomach to be compressed against. And this continuance of the contracted state is proved by rupture of the diaphragm in vomiting, for this rupture is not from over exten- sion of the whole muscle, but from some of the fibres or parts of fibres contracting so vigorously as to tear others which are contracting less or not at all. A condition essential to vomiting, but not sufficiently considered, is the relaxa- tion of those oblique fibres of the stomach, which like a sphincter embrace the cardia. Unless it be relaxed, no vomiting can take place ; for when contracted, they can as well resist all the force of the contracting expiratory muscles as the muscles of the glottis can resist it in the act of straining. The activity of the stomach in M. Lepine’s case shows that its movements may be associated with those of the abdominal muscles ; and, probably just as coughing, sneezing, &c., are perfect when the relaxation of the muscles which closed the glottis is exactly coincident with the contractions of the expiratory muscles, so is vomiting perfect only when in exact coincidence with the same contractions the oblique fibres of the cardia are relaxed.] LIVER. Structure. Some valuable papers on this subject have appeared from Muller, f E. H. Weber, f and Dr. Kronenberg.f the general effect of which, (though those of the last two are written with an opposite intention,) is to con- firm in a remarkable degree the description by Mr. Kiernan. The amounts given by Weber and Kronenberg, though written independently, are in almost every- thin^ alike. Especially, they agree with Mr. Kiernan in describing the hepatic ducts as commencing in very fine networks, which, they add, are interlaced with thecapillary networks between the portal and hepatic veins. They demonstrate these networks in both the uninjected and the injected state. E. H. Weber’s * London and Edinb. Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Jan., Feb., March, &c. 1844. t MUller’s Archiv, 1844, Hcftili. 29 account is that the blood capillaries are from l-1463rd to 1- 1959th of an inch in diameter, forming; a solid uniform network, with meshes not wider than the vessels themselves ; and that the distance through which blood has to pass from the smallest portal lo the smallest hepatic veins is from about 1 -70th to 1 -80th of an inch. The meshes of the blood-capillary network are occupied by the interlacing network of hepatic ducts. These are smaller than any other gland-ducts yet. known, being from 1 -900th to 1-1 340th of an inch in diameter, and have no capillaries on their walls. Their network extends uniformly, and without any division according to lobules, through the whole substance of the liver, and its meshes are very small. There is no anastomosis between the blood-vessels and the ducts ; but they are in contact on every side, each filling up the meshes of the network formed by the others, and both together filling every space, and forming the whole substance of the liver, except when large vessels, nerves, &c. run into it. Full accounts are given of the modes in which the demonstration of these things are obtained. Among them are injections (of necessity only very partial) of the bile-ducts; and these demonstrate, according to Weber, another form of bile- ducts, which are found imperfectly developed on the surface of the transverse and longitudinal fissures, the edges of the gall-bladder, and especially (as Mr. Kiernan also showed) at the connexion of the left lobe and the left lateral ligament. In these parts are networks of comparatively large branches of ducts, beset by cells, and having many branched appendages, which terminate in closed ends filled by cells, and which Weber names vasa aberrantia of the liver. [It does not appear that Weber and Kronenberg have made more complete injections of the hepatic-duct plexuses than Mr. Kiernan did, whose demonstration of this arrangement, so far as injections are concerned in it, is as satisfactory as theirs ; for all confess the injections to have been very partial. The chief new evidence for this mode of arrangement is afforded by the microscopic examination of the uninjected ducts. I had a fortunate opportunity for confirming, to some extent, the account already given, in examining parts of a liver last summer, from a case of intense jaundice. The case was of a kind not very unfrequent, in which jaundiced persons die with coma or delirium, and other rapidly supervening signs of cerebral disturbance, and in which, after death, the liver is found pale, or orange-coloured, small, soft, but tough, generally or in most parts nearly bloodless, and with the minutest bile-ducts, in some parts, gorged with bile, although the large ones are not closed nor apparently obstructed ; so that sometimes parts of the liver stand out from the rest, of a deep orange or olive colour. In this case, the distended ducts were easily traceable in thin sections of the liver, with a single lens of 1-1 0th inch focus ; and they appeared tortuous, and freely anastomosing, so as to form an irregular network with very small meshes. They appeared filled, not with fluid bile, but with bile-cells; and these, as seen with a higher power, were all pale yellow, and spotted here and there with brilliant yellow points and granules; in some also the nuclei appeared peculiarly bright yellow.] The chief point in which these accounts differ from Mr. Kiernan’s is in denying that the component parts of the liver are arranged in lobules. This has also been denied by Henle and Mr. Bowman, who agree with Weber and Kronenberg in describing the capillary networks as solid, (i. e. extending uniformly through the mi'-) als° a11 den^ tlle existen?e of- any fibro-cellular partitions dividing the liver into lobules, and even the existence of more fibro-cellular tissue than serves to invest the larger vessels, &c. of the liver. They deny also that there are any such interlobular veins and fissures as Mr. Kiernan described, and state t mt the smaller branches of these veins communicate by branches only just larger, if at all larger, than capillaries. Muller’s paper is written chiefly for the purpose of maintaining the old view of ie lobular arrangement of the liver, and contains many facts which had long ap- peared to me to afford satisfactory evidence of its truth. He justly observes that ie complete injections of the blood-capillaries, on which the objections to the o iu ar airangement of the larger vessels are founded, are not the best prepara- ions oi demonstrating the distribution of the larger vessels, since these are sure 0 JC concc;ned by the lull capillaries. In less complete injections, they may be 30 traced, as Mr. Kiernan describes them, though not usually with that stiff uniformity in which, for clearness’ sake, they are represented in his diagrams. But, without injections, the lobular divisions of the liver may be seen, especially in the pig’s liver, in which, as Muller describes it, the whole natural surface, as w'ell as the surface of every secretion, is marked by white lines inclosing angular spaces, which lines are no arteries (as they are supposed by Kronenberg), but the ends of membranous septa of cellular tissue, which form distinct capsules round each lobule, and, altogether, divide the whole liver into minute spaces, so that when the glandular substance inclosed within these capsules is scraped away, they re- main like a fine honeycomb, composed of oval cells, about a line in length, and half a line wide. [The general truth of this description can be easily seen in the pig’s liver, and traces of the same arrangement in the human liver. The only point in which I think Muller is wrong is in describing the partitions as formed of fibro-cellular tissue. If one be cut from the interior of the liver, it will be found covered on both sides with hepatic cells and granules, which adhere to it much more firmly than those in the interior of the lobule do to one another. When these are scraped off, there remains a very thin and tough membrane, in which there are only a few filaments of fibro-cellular tissue, and which appears to be composed of a very dense network or networks of vessels, with gland-cells still adhering among them. Secretion and properties of bile. A series of experiments by Schwann* has led to the distinct conclusion of the bile being indispensable to life. They consisted in removing a portion of the common bile-duct, and establishing an external fistu- lous opening into the gall-bladder, so that the bile might be naturally secreted, but be discharged externally, and not permitted to enter the intestine. Their general result was, that, of eighteen dogs thus operated on, ten died of the imme- diate consequences of the operation (by peritonitis and other affections aggra- vated, probably, by the want of bile; : and, of the remaining eight, two recovered and six died. In the six which died, death was the result of nothing but the re- moval of the bile ; after the third day, they daily lost weight, and had all the sio-ns of inanition, e. g. emaciation, muscular debility, uncertain gait, falling of the hair. They lived from seven to sixty-four days} after the operation ; and the inanition was the greater the longer they survived. Young dogs appeared to die rather sooner than old ones. Licking the bile as it flowed from the fistula and swallowing it, had no influence on the consequences of the operation. In the two dogs that recovered, the importance of the bile was equally well shown ; for in these it was found, when they were killed, that the passage for the bile into the intestine had been restored ; and the period of its restoration was distinctly marked by their weight (which had previously been regularly decreasing) being augmented and continuing to increase till it amounted to what it was before the operation ; and also by the fistulous opening into the gall-bladder healing and the discharge of bile ceasing. Scbwann says he is engaged in further and minute examinations to prove in what way the bile serves its important purpose ; and these will probably prove how far several theories respecting it (of which not a few have appeared this year, are true or false. The chemical composition of the bile has been the subject of carelut examina- • Muller’s Archlv, Heft ii, 1844. ... ,. I One lived two months and a half; but it is not impossibl* that the bile-duct was for a time restored. 31 tion in the Giessen laboratory by Drs. Tbeyer and Sclilosser.* They obtained the bile in what they regard as the perfectly pure state, by evaporating that of the ox, immediately after death, to the thickness of an extract; dissolving it in common alcohol and adding alcohol till all the mucus was separated ; treating the clear solution with animal charcoal till all the colouring matter was removed ; then distilling oft’ the alcohol and washing the residue repeatedly with ether, till no more fatty matter could be separated from it: and, lastly, evaporating to dry- ness. Elementary analyses were made of this pure bile, and of its combination with oxydeoflead. The latter was formed by mixing an aqueous solution of pure bile with a diluted solution of acetate of lead; it formed a white ropy plaster-like substance, in which it was proved that the organic substance of the bile remained complete and undecomposed, by reproducing it in its combination with soda. The compound thus formed by separating the organic principles from the combi- nation with lead and uniting it with soda, was in no material respect different from the pure natural bile ; so that it was quite evident that the substance which is united with the soda in the bile is (as Demarpy and Dr. Kemp already main- tained) a peculiar organic acid. To separate this, in a pure state, various means were used, but the only satisfactory plan was by decomposing the salt which it forms (as already said) with oxyde of lead, by passing (with several necessary precautions) sulphuretted hydrogen through an alcoholic solution of it, and fil- tering and evaporating the remaining solution. The elementary analysis of the acid then obtained in the separate state agreed with those made of it in its com- binations (both natural and artificial) with soda, and with oxyde of lead. The bilic acid (Gallens'aure) thus separated, agrees completely with the bilifettic acid of Berzelius ; (his bilin, the authors regard as pure bile, or bile with an excess of bilic acid); it corresponds also to Demarpay’s choleic acid ; and Kemp’s bilic acidf is the same, not completely separated from its combination with soda. Thenard’s picromel and Gmelin’s sugar of bile, and Berzelius’ bilifellinic acid, are also this same bilic acid, more or less imperfectly separated, and the authors adduce the identity of composition in all the samples of bile that are ex- amined as a proof that it is not, like the urine, a fluid by which a variety of morbid and accidental substances are separated from the blood — a compound of various and uncertain materials, — but a fluid separated by a true process of secre- tion under the determinate and regular influence of its secernent gland. Pancreas. M. Blondlot§ says that having obtained three or four grammes of pancreatic fluid from the duct of a large dog, and examined it by means of an electric current, he could find no trace of albumen in it. He considers it to be of the same nature as the saliva, which he holds to be only a common mucous fluid, a kind of detritus or caput mortuum serving no active part in digestion, but merely protecting the organs on which it lies (!) Faices. The analysis of the ashes of firm human faeces by Enderlin|| yielded, in 100 parts: Chloride of sodium and alkaline sulphate 1-367 Tribasic phosphate of soda 2-633 Phosphate of lime and phosphate of magnesia 80-372 Phosphate of iron . 2-091 Sulphate of lime 4-53 Kieselerde «... 7-94 From the absence of carbonate of lime he deduces that the faeces could contain no choleic acid. io^Annalen der Chemicund Pharmacie, Oct. 1843. Translated in the Medical Times, Feb. 3, 10, 1844. Additions in the Annalen of May, 1844. t See last Report, p. 13. t For an account of the mode in which Dr. Platner has prepared crystallized bilic acid and neutral dilate of soda from ox-bile, see Muller’s Archiv, 1844, Ileft ii, and Poggendorf’s Annalen, Juli 1844. n the Analysis of the Bile of the Astacus fluviatilis, and some other Crustacea, see J. F. G. chlemm * De hepate ac bill crustaceorum,’ &c. ; Berolini, 4to. The bile of the Astacus is acid, nil contains no bilin. In the same dissertation there arc general confirmations of the received doc- rine of the development of secernent cells, and a minute account of the nerves of the liver in the astacus and helix pomatia. See also some account of Mr. Ross’s observations at p. 33. § Loc. cit. p. 124, &c. II Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, Mars 1844. 32 ABSORPTION. Lymphatic and lacteal absorption. A systematic work on the lymphatics has been published by Dr. Herbst.* He considers (as M. Bouisson also does, and as Tiedemann and others may be said to have considered) that a process of secre- tion is combined with that of absorption in the extremities of the vessels. [But the opinion is maintained on very imperfect evidence ; for neither of its authors is acquainted with the best accounts of the structure of the villi, or with the phy- siology of secretion as an act performed by cells. Some other singular opinions are maintained in this work ; but I give only those new results in matters of fact stated to have been obtained from experiments ; and even of these, it is necessary to say, that the evidence, especially that derived from the microscope, is not alto- gether satisfactory .f] 1. The coagulability of the lymph is directly proportionate to that of the blood; and is probably due to coagulable matter passing from the latter into the former. 2. Blood-corpuscles are a common constituent of lymph ; and their number is greatly and proportionately increased in all cases of unusually active circulation, congestion, or inflammation, whether local or general. In the former case, they pass in abundance into the lymphatics of the congested part. 3. When fluids are injected into the blood-vessels in quantity sufficient to distend them, the in- jected substance, (whether blood, milk, water, gelatine, starch, or whatever it may be) may be almost directly afterwards found in the lymphatics. And this same result is obtained, whether the injection be made during life or soon after death ; nor is it only the fluid part of that which is injected which passes into the lym- phatics; the solid parts also, such as the blood- and milk- corpuscles and the starch- granules, pass unchanged (though in less proportion) into both the lacteals and the lymphatics. Nineteen experiments are related in proof of these statements: the author ascribes the result to a transudation different only in degree from that w'hich is normal. 4. More than twenty experiments are detailed at great length to prove (chiefly by microscopic evidence) that the lymph-corpuscles found of various sizes (from TL to 1^ of the size of a blood-corpuscle) in the thoracic duct, are not essentially different from those in the true lymphatics and the mesenteric lacteals, nor from those of milk (!) and of chyme formed from fatty substances : (!) and that therefore the various corpuscles of chyme and milk may be considered to be absorbed entire and unaltered by the lacteals of the villi, and to be thence transmitted to the blood, in which they may also be found unaltered. 5. Another large series of experiments is related to prove that co- louring matters (chiefly indigo), salts of potash, lead, &c. and starch in imperfect granules, are rapidly absorbed by the lacteals and by the lymphatics of the sto- mach. [But there was nothing in the mode of performing them by which it can be explained why their result was different from that obtained by others, who, in similar experiments, have found no absorption of the same substances : they there- fore need only be referred to.] 6. * Das Lymphgefiisssystem und seine Verrichtungj Gottingen, 1844. 8vo. t For example, it is often stated that after lymphatic vessels had lain in water till all the colour was taken out of their coats, unaltered blood-corpuscles were found in their contents : these are also so described in lymph diluted with water. i De Lactlbus seu Lacteis Venis. 33 A few facts not generally, if at all, hitherto known, are also recorded in the Studies on the Chyle, by M. Bouisson.* 1. When a few drops of sulphuric acid are added to the chyle of any animal, the same kind of odour is emitted as when the blood of the same animal is similarly treated: an odour, which as M. Barruel showed of the blood, and M. Couerbe of many secretions, is peculiar in each of many animals. [The fact, as M. Bouisson states, had already been observed by Vauquelin.] 2. Chyle, like blood, will often remain for a long time in its vessels without coagulating, but will coagulate rapidly on being removed from them. In one case it was fluid in a man twenty-four hours after death, but soon coagulated after its escape from the vessels.’ 3. The chyle-globules in the thoracic duct are, as Wagner has described them, lenticular. 4. Some experi- ments, apparently not very carefully performed, showed that milk injected into a dog’s rectum (after purging and abstinence) was coagulated, acquired an acid reaction, and was nearly all absorbed by the lymphatics. 5. In rabbits fed for a short time with madder mixed in their food, no tinge of red is communicated to the chyle, even though the serum may be red ; but if the same diet be continued till the colouring matter has thoroughly impregnated the blood, and is mixed with the urine and other secretions, it is imparted to the lymph and, thence, in- directly to the chyle. Calculating from the analyses of Tiedemann and Gmelin, which showed a far larger proportion of fatty matter in the chyle of the recently fed, than in that of the fasting, horse, and a proportionally smaller quantity of albumen, Mr. Rossf has adduced further evidence for the view (assigned in the last Report to MM. Sandras and Bouchardat,) that the lacteals absorb none of the usual solid matters of the chyle, except the fatty matters ; and that the proportion of solid matter in the chyle of the thoracic duct being less than that in the lacteal vessels is due to the chyle of the latter being diluted by mixture with the contents of the lym- phatics. The other constituents of the chyle he considers to be absorbed by the roots of the portal vein, by which they are carried to the liver, and he believes that the observation of Tiedemann, respecting the apparent absence of fatty mat- ter in the chyle when the bile-duct is tied, proves that the lacteals obtain oily matter, not from the chyle alone, but also and chiefly from the subtances secreted by the liver. He calculates from formulae, that the bilic acid may be decomposed into an oily matter and an azotized substance which may assist to form proteine- compounds. Lymphatic hearts. By Professor Stanniusj the full discovery has been made of the existence of lymphatic hearts in birds, analogous to those in reptiles. He has found them already in the stork, ostrich, cassowary, goose, swan, diver, and hawk ; and in all, with the exception of the last two, has found the walls of the heart formed by transversely striated muscular fibres. In the ostrich and cassowary these fibres form a layer from half a line to a line in thickness: in the natatores it cannot be discerned with the naked eye, but can (though, in some, still very sparingly) with the aid of the microscope. It is the existence of these fibres which gives to these organs (already de- scribed as lymph-vesicles by Panizza) the right to be considered hearts. Their positions and connexions vary much in different birds. In all, several lymphatic vessels open into the cavity of the heart, and a vein proceeds from it which passes under the os flu and joins the vena cava inferior. Lymph only has been seen in ttiem, and they always have valves which prevent the passage of the lymph back- wards into its vessels, and that of the blood from the vein into the lymphatic i eart. In the swan and goose, in which alone these hearts have been observed ttm'11? lu’ no active independent motion of their walls has yet been clearly seen, u?.’ \e.re. ^as been an appearance of a slow approximation of their walls, expelling their contents. ’ • Gazette Medical e, 1844, 23 Juin, C Juillct, 3 ct 17 AOut, &c. + Muller’s Archiv, 1043, Heft v. t Lancet, Feb. 10 and 17, 1044. Absorption by blood-vessels .* * * § The experiments of MM. Flandin and Danger [ confirm the general rule of the absorption of poisons from the digestive canal, by the branches of the vena portae. Hence they are all found in large quantities, and some exclusively, in the liver. Their latest examinations were made on the absorption of the salts of lead, which they detected in the digestive canal, the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs : but not in the blood, heart, brain, muscles, or bones. Lead differs from copper in that its salts after absorption may pass off with the urine. Experiments, by Oesterlen,t have also proved that mercury in its crude state is capable of being freely absorbed and circulated with the blood. It may be ab- sorbed by the skin with the aid of friction, or from the intestinal canal. After absorption from the walls of the abdomen or the digestive canal, minute particles of it are found, for the most part, in the spleen, liver, and kidneys : and it is espe- cially through the last two organs (at least in cats) that that which is absorbed is subsequently discharged. Globules of it have also been found in the saliva of a woman in whom it had been long applied in friction : and they existed in still greater number, (mixed, as in the saliva, with epithelium) in her urine. In one case mercury, absorbed in its metallic state, produced pneumonia with depots of pus, apparently like that which ensues when mercury has been injected into the blood-vessels of dogs.
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https://github.com/inscite/saturn/blob/master/controller/express/api/script/stop.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,017 |
saturn
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inscite
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JavaScript
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Code
| 58 | 162 |
'use strict';
const express = require("express");
const router = express.Router();
const fs = require('fs');
const asar = require('asar');
router.get("/", function (req, res) {
// only allow for user
if (req.user.check() !== 'GRANTALL') return;
let {thread} = req.modules;
let {runpath} = req.query;
if (!runpath) return res.send({err: new Error('not defined name')});
thread.stop(runpath).then(()=> {
res.send({running: false});
});
});
module.exports = router;
| 21,452 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20549759
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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O Carrapatal
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 96 | 211 |
O Carrapatal
lugar da parroquia de Xuño, no concello de Porto do Son
O Carrapatal país España
O Carrapatal instancia de lugar de Galicia
O Carrapatal situado na unidade administrativa Xuño
O Carrapatal na lista de interese dun proxecto de Wikimedia Wikiproxecto Toponimia
O Carrapatal coordenadas
O Carrapatal
O Carrapatal país España
O Carrapatal instancia de llocalidá de Galicia
O Carrapatal asitiáu na entidá alministrativa territorial Xuño
O Carrapatal coordenaes
O Carrapatal
O Carrapatal tír an Spáinn
O Carrapatal sampla de áit lonnaithe sa Ghailís
O Carrapatal lonnaithe sa limistéar riaracháin Xuño
O Carrapatal comhordanáidí geografacha
| 8,993 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Forest
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
River Forest
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https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River Forest&action=history
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Italian
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Spoken
| 14 | 23 |
River Forest – villaggio statunitense in Illinois
River Forest – comune statunitense in Indiana
| 12,867 |
bub_gb_fgFLWoILS6YC_75
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Latin-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,552 |
In omnes M. Tullii Ciceronis orationes doctissimorum uirorum lucubrationes, accurate in unum uolumen collectæ, locisque non paucis ad ueritatem emendatæ. Adiectis Q. Asconij Pediani commentarijs, cum correctionibus Pauli Manutii prope innumerabilibus. Rerum ac uerborum in ijsdem lucubrationibus memorabilium plenissimus index
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Latin
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Catilina tam longum tempui non ecnfiltulfret. Mdnlfefie.' ] _ Mani f efi o d Cicerone fiepiut dici attendimut.Prife lib. i f . alh ^ Q di belli Punici L.Manliut P rator in G allia per feditlonem mill gntficar.vergil.uero fentir,fata extrahi poffe, mutari no pofm fe. In Ub. Aenei d. 6. Sibylla Palinuro : De fine fata deum fies differ are precando. Er lib.y.luno : Atque Immota manet fas tis Lauinia coniux,At trahere atq ; moras tantis licet addere re bus. item Ub.S.vulcanttt : Nec parer omnipotent Troiam , nec fata uetabant Stare , decem a; alhs Priamum fupereffe per ano nos. And ore $ erulo, fecundum arufrkhta libros & facta A» rumia, qut T ages compofulffe dicitur , fata dece annit quadi ratione differri poffunt.nunquam time penitus Immutari pof funt. lnexcelfum.f\ id efi , in altum. Foru euriamq;. j Eorum, ubi agebantur caufa:curia,ubi habebatur legitimus Se natus:& comitium, ubi ad populum habebantur condones ,fi bi proxima erant. \llufirartnrur.~] \i efi, declararentur. Vf*U l d efi, ita ur. Hi] i d efi, in exeelfum , erado* rientem. Confulet illi.^] Cotta er Torquatus . Neque d fuperionbut.2 L.Cafare er C. Figulo . Tam praceps. I d efi, tam peruerfus. In etdem Concordia . Templa Cons cordi* R om* tria fuiffe accepimus, Vnum , quod i» arti Vul* cani Cn.Flduius Aedilis Curulis fumma Inuidia nobilium dedi cauityUt ait Titus Lluluillb.g. Alterum, quod ad Initium fetu* spsot adutrbia ab adlediuit nominibus foda dicit, qua Ino fo lii exeant :ut f olfio, \co fulto, l po fremo, firdulo, au fricato, augura to,manifrfio,priuato, precario, merlto.Sed nee priusto,nec pri* uate , fedpriuatlm Latine dicitur. Vt leuifftme dicam. ]] I d efi, ne griuiore er atrodore Herbo utar. Nam ad arma capien 4d ciucs bonos ex fenatufionfulto eonuocaturutfuifrem,et C a* tilhu interfedurus. Tantis periculis d tanta pace , eodem modo eum Herbo Uberaffemut non conueniunt.ndm liberare pericus lis, ut liberare morte, er Uberare tata pace, id eff, tl pacate , ut liberare tam paruo negotio , id efi , tam fddle , didmut. Opem er auxilium tulerint. J vtrunque dicit, ut rem magis figntficer. Vt eos pene oculis uidere poffemus. Quimult Ipfi incorporei fint, uiderlq ; non poffint. Nam ut illa omlts f Jm.^l illud ex arte efi, ut cum diduri fumus quod cdhf* no firt ualde utile fr,nonnuHa,qu* minus utilia uideantur , nos &mfttcre fimulemuu Hac enim ratione praparamut auditores ad audiendi attente, id quod ciufit nofir* fit utilius. Cane • fr.] I d tfi,diuinare. canere enim audore Serulo In Comenti rijt in libram A eneidot primum , etiam diuinare fignificit. tarem uouif.ldqi L. Aemilius, M. er C.Attllif, L. Scribonius i* arce dcdkauevunt. Tertium 3 L. Opimio Cos. In foro , C.Grlc cho ocdfo , adi ficatum efi , ut ait vlutarchus h ulra Graccho* rum. Signum. ]] l ouls . Sumam. I d efi , arrogabo, & (ur uulgo dicunt) prefumam . A frumere quoque in hac rt dicitur. Credita id efi, commi frt. Ft Ignotis er barba- rit- II Allobrogibus fcilket. Huic tante audaci*. \defi, hominibus tant * audaci*. Vt homines Galli. ] Quibus inft tum erat eum Romanis tfdium. Ex cluitote mate pacata. ] 40 Allobrogu fuifre urbem quadam fignlfieat , tx qua A 0 obroget nominati funt. Sallufiius quoque Allobrogum duitatem dide. Allobrogum regnum tempore fecundi belli Punid fuifre, T.lb uiutlib.it. dicit, quorum multat duitates fuifre Sallufiius fio gnificat . fed una erat pr*dpua , unde appellabatur . Male pacata. ] Q^F abiut, filius F.tbij eius, qui Sdpionls mlnorit frl ter in Fabiorum familiam adoptatus tfi,A!lobrogot deulcit.in* de Allobrogkut cognominatus efi . Hi Romanorum imperium iniquo animo tolerablnfJdeoq; nullo negotio non modo ad de fe{lionem, fed ad belli cum Romanis gerendi fodet atem impet Verg.ln lib. Ac nt id). Atque hac deinde cinit diuino ex ore fa U poterant. A% Fatricijs. Confutatis. Ad omnia putui; r * ifim t — r~r. -I t r-..4 — * T— *"*- > naria. ^\ldefi , templa. lUcsdiei.J Multorum dierum hanc fup piscationem decreti fignlfieat. L. Sylla P. S Ipithtm cp* preffit.^ Belli Mithridatid prouinda L.Syll * Cofuli fortitk * * ne obucnit. C Mirius huius belli prouindam fibi appetens, esa P.S ulpltlo T rib. pLegit, ut ea fibi prouinda pep. Rom. fnffri* gifs decerneretur. Q»o pluret bene fido fibi fuo obligatos Sulph tius haberet, legem ferre uoluit,ut exules reuoe arentur, ut noa ui ducslibertinlqi in tribus dlfiribuerentur.Sylli C 7 Q^P om peius C ofr id ne fiat operam dant : mldtorum dierum lufikiS cerdo*. Cotta er Torquato Cofi. ] L.Cotta, er L.T orqua* tuidefignad Cofi. fuerunt Volcatio gj Lepido Cofr. quo terna pote pricr contundo fatti efi. Hac prodigia id temporis appa * rui fre, Cicero hic fignlfieat. De priore coniur itione Sallufiius In bello Catilinario fcriblr. Dr cado e fre penufrst. Dr corio percuti£7 de cado tangi , ut De cado titias memini pradicere quercus, fiepiut dicunt, Latini, quim quod uulgo dicitur: f ulmi nari. DepulpL^ I defi,deieda. Legum ara liquefada.f] Leget tabularu 1 l.fn areis tabulis fuifre fcriptas,Dlonyfius Hi Ucarnafrtut lib. decimo, & Titus L iulus Lbro tertio ferip ferit. edicunt, quo minus legem ferri Ikeat.Suipltlut confudi mul ueluti Solonis leges In tabulis ligneis feriptas fuifre, flutarchut titudine drmata/tlam bt eonfulei ferri* legi aduerfantes tm in eius uitaait.Mofi leget In lapideis tabulis feriptas fuifre fibri petum fecit. I bt P ompeij Cot. filius, Sylla gener, occiditur. Syl* facri t efi antur. Q u/m inauratum. J Inauratum dicimus ub la Capuam adtxcnUum profidfcitur, apparat Helle fimuUnt 1011 INVICTIV AI I N CATILINAM III. ra, quibus opus fit id hr Sum Mithri di ficum, exercitum Roma tonuertit. Signii colldtit cu Mario gy Sulpitio in urbe pugnae. Viflum Sulpinum de utda retraflum occidit , Marius i M in» turnefibns naui publice accepta in Africam nauigat. auflores funt Titus Huius lib.77.^ A pp.lib. belloru ciuiliu 1. C ufio dem huius urbis .] Hoc dicit propter bellum Cimbricum i Mt rioconfeflum: propter qua ui florum primores duitatis alio * qui ei inuidentcs,xb eo confcruatam Remp. fatebantur, ut ait T.Uuius lib 6 i.Quimuls C. Marium municipem /itum Cicero ri. Ducerentur. ] idefi , exi/limarentur & haberentur. Quantum infinita cadi refiitiffet .] 1 i eft}reliquum fuiffetfi ita cade infinita, ofc/rr.] \d efi, adire & attingere. N u| lum pramium uirtuxis. ] id tfi, nullum honorem pullum md gifiratum, qui uirtutit pramium ab Arifl. dicitur lib. ithi.a. qui idem lib. magnorum Moralium '-.ex uirtute gigni honore dicit: Auflorc Cicerone lib. de Ora. 3. fapiens uiriuti honorem pramium petit. N uUum infigne honoris. ] idefi , nullum triumphum tquod pradpuum magifiratus Infigne e fi, A ediltta femper laudare folitus fit,cum in eius mentione Inddir.ibi aut 1 0 r is enim magnificentia, Quafiura fides, CT Pratura diligesstU tem ideo laudat apud populum R.quia popularis Marius fuit. P artim cicrir.] Duodecim uitos,in quibus Sulpitius et Mi rius fuerunt, d Senatu hofies patria indicandos Sylla er Pom* peius Cofsxurauemnt. CnOfliuio Coi.] L. Cornelio SyU la ad]beUum Mithridaticum profeflo, C.c omelhu Cinna Cono fui defignatus pemidofas leges per uim ferre conatus efi. c». Oftauius collega eius aduer fatur, cum eo in urbe pugna . Cins na ut flui fugit : Confulatu abdicatus : patria hefiis indicatur, alias urbes ad defefiionem foUlcitat , f eruet promiffa libertate Cjr integritas, muniebant uU ad C bfularS,qui magifiratus erat ampliffimut. Confultbut pradpue triumphutob rem bene geo fiam decernebatur . T riumphare Roma minoris non ducebat tur,quam in Cracia Olympia ulncere . T riumphut igitur erat ampli (fimum honoris infigne. N ullum monlmcntum Iduty pofiulo. 2] idefi , nullam fiatuam. Viris enim clariffimls , de Rep.meritit optime, fiatua in rofiris collocabantur.Crad hunc honorem habitum hominibus,tn monimetit huiufmodi nonsd la Drorum religione confecrarl arbitrabantur, ut ait Clc. A fit euocat. C. Marius ex Africa rediens , cum Cinna ft coniussgit. XO in C.Verr.4 Huiufmodi fiatuas iam i uiris nonnullis uel cla * Romam quaternis c a firis obfidet , quibus prafunt Cinna ipfe, C. Marius, Sertorius £7 Cn. Carbo. Multis ex duibus ad eos defis cientibus jn urbem commeatu pene d ftflam redpluntur.lam dariffi morum uiroru cadibut f'«d suerunt. Cn Of tauium Cos. multos Senatores, multos ex equrfiri ordine, (^Catuli, L.Mcs rutam flaminem dialem, M. Antonium er C. Cafarem duosom r at ores darijfimot,Craffos patrem er filii, aliosq ; innum trabi * tei aduerfie partis nobiles inter fecerunt, ut T. liuluslib. 79. CT A pp lib. 1. feiibunt. Omnis hic focui.] I d efi, comitium, ubi ri /fimis non fuiffe optata t inuenio . M. Cato maior multorum fiatuas cum uideret pofitas : Malo, inquit, homines de me quee* rant,cur fiatua Catoni pofita non efi , quam cur pofita efi. aum flor efi plutarch.in Apophthegmatis.iodem aufior e. Age filans Ldcedamoniorum di*x,cu Crad, qui funt in Afia,decreuijfent ipfi fiatuas in' clariffimls urbibus ponere, ad eos fcripfit ad hanc fenttntiam : Mu ne una quidem fit imago, neque pi fla, neque fculpta, neque conflat a. 1 dem moriens amicos rogduit,nc ullam fibi mortuo ponerent fiatuam.Si quid ( inquit ) praelate gefft, legs ferre Cinna cenabatur, uli pugnatum efi. lumina dui 30 hoc meum monimentn erit :fin minus, ne omnes quidem fias tatis. ~] l dtfi , uirl clarlfftmi. vltus tfi huius wiflori*.”] De Sylla uiftorid er ctadelitatt ijdem au floret, & P lutarchus in uita l.Syllx fcrlpfirunt ampliffime. Pofi ea cum.] Scili* eet,redijt a bello M ithriiLstico. Quara dl minutione riuium.] Njm urbem C7 untuerfam It diam cadibut repleult,ut ait T. Liuius lib SB.ix equtfiri ordine duo miliis & fexeentos, Senas tores nonaginta Confutares quindecim oeci dit,ut ait Appianus. Dijfenfit M LcpMui.] Mortuo Sylla, de eius fudere diffens fio fuit inter M.Lepidum et Q^Catulum C 0 fidet, filium eius. tua monimentum meum effe pojfunt. Nihil murum. _] li efi, nulla fiatua qua muta funt er tadta. Minui digni. ] id efi, indigni. Sermonibus crefeent. ] Ciceroni confiant is animus fuit . Udm pofiea P roconful cum Afiam prouhtcidm fumms iufiitia,abfiincntia,et dementia adminifiraffet,ob hac beneficia nullos honores fibi, nifi turborum ab Afiatids decer* nlftult, fiatuas prohibuit, ut lib.lpifi. ad Att.6. feribit. Agefi* laus is, culus paulo ante mentionem feci nullam Imagine fluam paffut efi effe. Vnut suro Xenophontis libellus in eo rege laus quem a Clnnaoccifum diximus : primu de funere eius, deinde 40 dando facile omnes imaginet homini fitiuatq; fuperauit,ut ait de aflit eius refctndendis,qua aduer fonte Catulo Lepidus oms nino refdndi nolebat. Pofiquam abluerunt Confulatu, in capo Martio eoUatit flignit pugnauerunt. V i ff ut Lepidus, in Sardis tsu fugit Jbtq; morbo intenjt,ut ait App.lib.i fj T. Liuius lib. gQ.lnteiitm ipfius Lepidi no fi attulit luflu R eip. $ interitus cateroru. Internecione .] Internecio ab intemreado appellata efi.? articula inter, in compofitione afliua tfi , adeo ut non pro mediocri fignifiedtione fit , fed qua maiorem habere no pote fi: tu interfcflus, interceptus. auflor efi Donatus, enarrat illud ex Cic.lib.fpifi fam.e. Inueterdfcent. ] Scriptori moni menta quo funt antiquiora, eo minus Inuidia Junt obnoxia, er aufio ritatem uetufiate acquirunt, txtltijfe.^ I i tfi,emerfiffe,&‘ prater alios apparui ffe. Tcrmfnwr.] 1 d efi, finiret c T ter* minos poneret. Vobis erit providendum-f) Uam nifi me des f cuderit is, nullus pofthac pro falute communi perditori horni* num audacia fe opponet. Mihi quidem ipfi,&c •] Hoc pro uidendum populo R.quod dicat c icero, id caufa Reip. dicit, non uita cuplditate.Satii enim fe ulxiffe dkit,cum nullum honoris Andria : Djuus interturbat omnia, idem enarrant illum uer a jo CT dignitatis gradum ditiorem poffit afeendere. Confutari ub fum ex Lunucho,Quod nos cipere oportet, hac interclpir.lnters dpitjnquit, proprie quafi totum capit. Plautus in Aulularia : Qua fitLa interbibere Corinthienfem fontem er Pfrrn*um pos tefi. Difiidkata. ] id efi, terminata. A% caufarum ciuilium dijfenfione fafla translatio efi, qua Indicum fententia termina ' tnr. Nulla unquam barbaria. ] I d efi,nunqudm ulli barbis ro immaturam mortem accidere poffe\ in O ratione proxima negat.ldem tnlib.Tufc.diffutatlonem i.Nr mojnquit parum, diu uixit , qui ulrtutb peifefia perfeflo funflus efi munere ; Multa mihi ipfi ad mortem tempefiiutfxerut, qua utinam po tuijfem obir+Nlhilenim iam acquirebatur, cumulata erOtst of ficU uita. Hac Ille. IN M ** - T«.M r»T. I IfS 5 f i S i frti M.r: II l< i] «I i • k t9 * L L 1 1 C I C E R O N IS QV ARTAM IN L. CATILINAM IN SENATV, fRANCISCI SrLVll AMBIANI COMMENTAR1VS. ARGVMINTVM. O S T R I D I E quam deprehenfi eonlurati, Indicati, confefft)&1 in cuflodlls Uberis traditi fiunt, Legatis Allobrogum T.q; Vulturtio ex Set uttut decrero pramla liti furti ampliffima.Huiut diei poflridle, c u fen tlret Ckno opeurum manus compiurl id eripiendot ul e cuflodijt eonluratos, habuit S erutum In curti , t ut de contuntoru pceni S enitui decemeret.D.Sylhnui Cos.defignatus, primus fententU rogatus, eos ultU mofuppUcio afficiendos cenfuit.Uus fententiam multi fecuti fiunt. Poflea C.C e far cenfult eoi pubUcitit bo u is per municipii diftertlendoijnq; publlcit cuflodlls tradendos, denunciatispoenls ijt qui eximerent, uel qui ut reuocirentur id Senatu referrent.Hanc G e faris fententU multi (equcianturfluresq; frcuturi ul • debintutypropterei quod minorem Ciceroni inuldiim coniuritorum poena ex hic fententU decreti, conflaturi effe uidebantur. Cicero ,ne in hanc fententU reliqui o es concederent, ut q; fuiuox of fido funda cofuUrl ulderetur, hanc orationem bi Senatu hi bultMortitur Senator ei, ut cogitent magis de f^o, de conlugum & liber ora periculis, quam ipflus Ciceronh.Oefaris fententU uere popularem effe dicit, eam Uudit,eam fili minus periculofam fitetur.Sed hortatur Senatores, ut s yllinl potius quim C* faris fen tentti fequatur.Uec uertndum ijt effe oflendit,ut uideatur crudeles, fi deprehenfosconiuritos ultimo afficiant fuppllclo : fedpo tius uertndum, ne fi in coniuratos lenes & dementes fintjln patriam crudeles effe uideantur. Sibi effe fatis prafidij ad ea tranfi» genda f latuerint dld,f omnes omnium ordinum homines ad imperium retinendum fiudlofe confentiant.Hortatur «f prouidelt, ut eam dicant fententiamjse fimilis unquam fieri poffit coniuratio.T an tam multitudinem inlmicoru fibi uidet fufceptam,quam multifiunt coniurati.Sed eos contemnit, eos nunquam metuet Jum apud P opuli R. erit Confutatus fui memoria. At iji fi ulla uis afferatur, iniquo animo fe moriturum negat : quod moriendum omnibus fic, quod inter laudes Africanorum, L. Pauli, C.Marij,# C». Pompelj aliquid loci gloria fu a fore fferet. Sed fi ea uls afferatur, paruum fuum filium M. T ullium fenatul commendat . Vf fortiter decernant foflulat : qua decreuerint, effehurum fe pollicetur . Oratio deliberat iua e fi. La efl habita 7. Idus Decembris , Anno ab urbe condita D c C Eo enim anno Ciceronem fui/ fe Cos Plinius feriit. IDEO patret C. f] Multi Senatores Ca faris quam fidutatum uenlentesjn te fio interficerent, ut intt difli fententlam,qua exilio coniuratos multabat fln efl. Commune perfugium. ] Negat Cicero in oratione V rem Ciceronis effe putabant, que d hac cohurd pro Domo fua, quidquam ftnfUus , quidquam omni religio* torum poena minus inuldia fubiret Cicero, ne munitius/judm fi domus unlufcuiufque cluium : Hic (in* ideoqi hanc Ca faris fententU fiquebatur. Eoi quit ) ara fiunt , hic foci , hic D ‘sj penates , hic facra religio* Igitur Senatores hortatur Ckero, ut periculum fui/t coniugu , nls cerimonia contineatur : hoc peifugium ita fontium efl 0* C7 liberorum metuant, magis quam ipfius Ciceronis. O r*.] mnibus , «t inde arripi neminem fas fit. Kufiore Plutarcho ldefi,uultus. itiamfi.] \defl,quamuls. I»mi/i*.l td In uita Cracchorum , apud Romanos ueteres ne in capitati efl fericulis. Lam deponit. ] Deponere multis bs rebus CJ* quidem caufa reum domi licebat facere: fed ante domum con* cero dicit. uf pro L. Murena , deponere fludium fj fossorem. I O fiflens prxeo, tuba citabat. Commune perfugium. [] No» Pro eodem ^deponere labores.hb. tpifloL famil. 4. deponere cur refugium Cicero folet dicere. Confugere tamen , Perfugium, ros dolores, lib. de O ffic.z. deponere molefilat. oratione in non perfugere In hac re dicimus. \nde confugebam dixe * R ullum ad Quirites ', A fiione 1 .deponere inuldlam. oratione runt Latini ueteres. Hunc exitum Confutatus mei , C7*-]] p ofi reditum in Senatu, deponere odia, de Prouincijt Confuta* I d efl, talem finem. Septima Idus Decembris , ut lam dixi , ritui deponere inimicitias, pro Cn. Planco, de pone re fimultdtes. habita hac oratio efl. Calendis autem lanuarijs defignati pro Milone, deponere timore , pro MXalio, deponere memoria Confides , de mere inituri erant magiflratum. Vf uot popu* pro obliuifcl.cr pro Pub.Sjlla.deponere ex memoria Jn eadem loqs Romano. ] Perportet commonendi caufa enumerat, re dicit. Data effe fato aut Deorum nomine. J Donatus ex* quod in genere dicere cotuiffet. a' statibus fatale. ] I i ponens illud T ertntij ex iunucho,lfl ifluc datum proferto ,’ut efl, ab A rufficibus gj d fatis Sibyllinis. N omen fuum. ]] grata fint qua fodo omnia:DatuJnquir,id efl ,fato decretoqi ^ id efl, Cornelium. Mihi parcere. ] id efl , mei mifereri • conceffum. Virgitiut: Non dabitur regnis eflo prohibere Lati* ut In libro Aen eidos primo. Parce pio generi , & propius nis. U lb J©LJ Jentent ia fiunt, qui non cofentiant Inter f, quarum fn alti xlij inerunt . Sed Neronem ante Cafarem dixiffe fententiam Ap» planui libro fecundo feribit : qui eonhtraset cenfuit cuflodien • dos,quoad Catilina fuperatut effiet, ut rem diligentius crrtfutq; Inquirerent atque xnimxduerterene. Mortis poenam rem»» uet.] Id efl,cenft morte multandoi non effe. Comuni fllrti f*.] 1 d efi ,aere,qui comunis omnlbut efl/iuibus luxtx et ex» terit , feruit & liberlt. omnet enim ffirant . vfurpxtum. ] ldefl,ufitatum nam ab ufuufurpxre Non. Marcellut inclinat. periere, tn gloria uirtutit negabat fe quidquam uidere altius, 10 InimproboL M.ManUu,Sp.MeUum,Sp.Cafftum,Grae» quo fibi liberet af edere. Immatura] id efi, nimii cito adue ehos, L. Saturninum. Alter Intclligit mortem. ] C Ce faris fententiaperferipta i S alluflio efi : illinc affumat qua ad hunc locum pertineant. Atque haud fio, an ea ipfa fit oratio, quam habuit Cafr.Scribit enim Plutarchut in uita Catonii, uti cum nient.Vt immatura poma dicimus , qua nondum matura ex arbore decerpunt ur.it a Immatura mori ea efi ,qua ante extre mam fine flutem accidit. Au flore Cicerone in libro de $ eneflu te, ut poma ex arboribus, fi cruda fiunt, ui euelluntur,fie matu ra er coafla decidunt: fie uitam addef entibus uls aufert, feni but maturitas. Nrc mi fera fapienti] ta efi difutatio libri Tufulanarum quaflienum primi. M, rrore non mouear] piutarcho au flere, M.C icero nem Q^frater CT P- Nigidiuixd de coniuratorum poena ageretur, a Cicerone celerrimos quofdl feriptores diffoftot,qui ftgnis quibufdam et notis breulbut mul tarum literarum um habentibus difla omnia colligeret, unde faflum initium eff notariorum corii, qui Inforo hu/iciali ferti bant quam celerrime. A quibutpoflea acceptam breuem Cice» coniuratorum poenam accenderunt. Nec uxor. ] Terentia 1« ronh defenfionem Milonis , Afconius Tadianus auflorefl. Sei * <*."] M. C ice» [olam Catonis orationem, ut ait feruatxm ferunt. Mihi non uideiUT,cur Catonis potlut quim Cafarh alioriq; feruata fen * t entia fit, cum C icero ipfc in oratione pro P. Sylla dicar, cum de coniurationlt indicio fuperiore Senatu ageretur, eonflitutos 2 fi Senatores fumma uirtute, memorid, fkntia/cfuetudine C7 ce leritate feribendi facillime qua dicerentur , qui omnlu iudlcS difla, interrogata, rrffonfa perfcriberent.ld indiiium in tabu = lis publicas relatu, ab omnibus librarqtidem drfiribi iufftt , per uulgdult, edidit q, populo Rem. feri Italia, atque in omnet pro » vinciat diuifitMt eiut indicq nemo ignarut effiet. idem de S ens Konrrnorir. Fi/ii-J Tullia. Faruulus filius] M. C ice» ro. Gmcr.]] Ckero tret genero t fuot dic it. Vnum in libro Ipi/folarum familiarium primo, Craff: pedem : alterum In libro fecundo polabettim tertium in 13 libro, Gn.Vlfonem,cuiut fa pe meminit in orationibus C icero. Nobijcum omnet etiam fi "it&c.J td e/l,mecum,cum uxore, cum liberis. Potius c T illi er iwi.] Mf/)i legendum uidetur,Non potiut quam. Ite rum Tnbunut plebis. J Cum feri uellct T. Gracchus , d Scipio» ne Nafua occifut efi, ut ait T.Lluius libro f B. Graahorum & Saturnini Trib. Aut neceffttaUm natura. J Cwm quis morbo uel extrema fenedute moritur, tunc enim uitam natura producat non po tefl.C icero de Senedute , fenum mortem natUra necejfitate af ferri dicit. Aut laborum Cr miferiarum.^ Cum quis mor * rem ftbl confcifcit. Nunquam inuiti. J QJi-d eam miferam Heferno rfir.] Sallufius dicit pramia Allobrogibus T q, Vul» 4° nunquam putarent. Libenter.'] Cum fibi mortem conflue» turdo drereta effe, eo tpfo die quo indicata eoniurario efl. I d fi dum poftro die C icero dide . Damnati effe uldesntur. ] S xllufio sudore. Senatus frequens hosconiuratot ludie suerat contra remp. fed ffe. T anqusm integrum.] \d eff ^an quam fi nihil ludie sffetit,ideoq; uobit integrum fit, quam uellih ferre fententiam. Inclinant.] Se fcHica, uel indi nantur. ut, No^ humida carlo pradpitat. Quocunque. Siitt ad liberanda eoniurstos , fiue ad damnandum, statuendum uobit ante no dem efl.] Nam fiebat Cicero,2 Ubertit CT clientibus Lentuli runt. Vincula fempitema.] Pro canere, ut uulgoloquun» tur, perpetuo didr. Iniquitatem.] Nam iniquum efl munici pibus Imperare, ut coiuratoi iit enflodiat fuat accipi Jt: id rogan do impetrare fadle non efl. Drcrnumr.] vtinmunkipix dijfiertiantur. [go.n-fufcipiam.] Nam in que municipia Cl c eroni placere t, C Ca far deliberabat. S iqulseori.] Munici» pi fdlicet.id in Cxfarit oratione nb efl. Vincu/i.]] ! d efl, car» tere. Horribilis euflodias.] 1 d efl /arceres horridos, sirfr.] filket,ne quis,crc. Quos eodemnst.] Sua fentetia. Aut opifices er fruet ad eum ui eripiendis fili citari /i Cethego per fc per Se nat i.] CJft Ce far, ne quis de eoiuratlt hit poflea ad Se» nundot familiam atque hbettot In audaciam orari, ut Impeti t fado ad f proxima node irrumperent. Huic. ] Facinori. Affinei effe.] Af finit pro eofiofdatiuo peplus iungitur.ur pro A.C luendo : uxw folot video audoritate c enforum affines ei turpitudini iudkarl & pro P . Sylla : Circunftkite pauli frer nsftibut ueflris,ut alia omlttamut,hofe ipft homines, qui huic affines fctltri fuerunt. Affinet fufficicnis ab eodem in eadem oratione dicuntur, de quibus habeatur fufildo: vbl neq; horni natu referat, ne ve eis populo agit.Qul aliter fecit, Senatu exi» flimare,eum cotra Rep.et fabstc omniu feci ffe. Iripitffem.] Vincula fempitema effindo rupendl ulncula,& ad Senatu rt ferendi, & cu populo agendi poteflatem adimendo. Quim f eripuiffet.] id efl, f morte muldandot eonfuiffet. Vno dolo» re animi &&riorit.] ! d efl,fuflinendo mortf .Significat au» te, ut corporis Jts animi finfum extremi in morte ejfethoe efl, una cu corport anima intrrire.ln qua fint entia er at, qui ultra — * ..Itn — — — .... Aia. JIa / .. .. m (Tm MiA J* f J i a. ■#.. ■ f liHA i/l net fui ffe putantur Jiuiut affinei fuficionit. Tranfendit A / , morte ulli eura aut gaudio loci effe negat.ldtgitur C icero di pes.] Ad Allobroges . Suflentando. ] 1 d efl, patiendo. °° cit,quia Cxfarit fententti refert.Na multit in librit Ckero ani Af prolatando.] I d efl, differendo. Quacunque ratione.] mum Immortalem effe contendit.ur in i. T ufeui in Lolio , in Stic liberetis , fiue damnetis . Video duas adhuc . ^ Non Catone Maiore, in libro de Repub. fexto . hiultas & omnet quod hi duofiU deliber aucrlntjid ha dux fla hucufq; difla fulcrum poenas] I d efl, auditum confidentia. Dr huiufmoit confidentia IOlC FR AN. srLVIl COMMENTARIVS loij conficienti* tsexarione C itero In PSradoxis:Te inquit ,con frient M. Antoni j Trium utri , nupfit P. lentuli, ut ait P lutardm In tU fiimulant maleficiorum tuorum , te metui exaniment ludi ulta M. A ntonij uti fcrtbit,hoc l entull fupplidu fontem er U doru atf, legum. Quocunq; affiexi fi i, ut furia , fictu* tibi oc * MmidtiarSrfU* inter eum fj Ciceronem interce (pt currunt iniuri* , qu* te refptrar* non finunt . Qui tamen fta runt.Hic Cafitr antequam diceret fententiam de lentulo, excu Hi opibus hominum feptl effe fj muniti uldentur, ur Idem ait fatrit propinquitatem, ut & luflu fororlt moneretur, gj fiduti libro de finibus primo, Deorn tamen numen horret , easq ; Ipfat Rtlpublka prouideret . Auflor e fi Cicero in 8 . Philippie a. follkitudines^uibuseoru animi nofles dieuj; exeduntur, a Dijt Cum anum iuffu Co».] Qurm lntelligat,mihi conijcere non ti immortalibus fuppUcij caufx importari putant . Macrobfw in cet prxter C .Gracchus^qui fuit filiut Corneli * fili * P.Cor. Afri expofitione Sonij S dpionis,per Titif fupp Urium, cuiui iecur uul cani maiorit . Ix C omeliorum familia lentulum effe', nemo turet duo uiciffim fibi fiutedentet corinuo exedunt, mal* co»s j Q ignorat.Quamuit huiui Lentuli auui non fuerit , aliqua rame fidenti* tormenta fignificari dicit . Cicero pro Sex. R oficio : No* generis propinquitate cum eo coniunrti fuiffe nomen famtii* llt e, inquit putare quemadmodum In fabulis fepenumero uide dotct.Hds autem propinquitates ueldiffinltates nominibus pro tif,ros qui aliquid imple fcderateq; comiferunt, agitari & per * pinquitatem Interiorem fignl ficat ibus appellare fiolemus,ut par terreri furiarum udis ardentibus . Sua quenq; fraus fuus trudes Llulut & Ocero [ope appellit fratres pitrueles.Q^JAf tenor maxime uexat : fuum quenque fidus agitat , amentiaq ; tellum maritum C Iodi* fotoris P.C lodif, Clodij fratrem fi*pe ap afficit, fu* mal* cogitationes , confdentiaq: animi tenent . pellat C icero . Nrc licet intelligl Ipfium lentuli auum , de quo Apud inferos Q I nferos negat effit Cicero, quemadmodum farit peulo pofi dicit. C . autem Gracchus iuffu l. O pimij Cos. inte * pro Aulo Cluentio , gj in Tufcutansrum qua/Uonum primo. remptut efi. Cuius auumfro cum auum fi legeretur , improba Hoc cafiare.J Audere huiufie fenteti*,quem ficuti fitlu leftio non effiet, filium q; dut Impuberem. ] Si C. Gracchum I mpetus populares' ] id efi , popoll . illam alteram . ] intelligere liceat, hic Gracchi filium bctelllgit eu , quem parui Syllani. An amplius. ] Quam fi ficturi fith fententiam C*n xo UrinU manu tenebat jum mariti Gracchum in Auens faris. Negotij. ]] id efi,molefii* & periculi. Reip. utili» tinum pro fici fient em pro fient a efi. impubem & tmpuberem tat uendlcat. ] Vendicat rem it, qui eam fu indicio fuam affie • diri P rifdanut libro fexto firibens, hunc Ciceronis locum citat. rit.Vtilitas periculcrum meorum rationes fibi uendicat , id efi, fed corrupte citari btuenio in codice etiam uetufiiffimo ad hia fuas effe affirmat.illa Igitur fententia efifum Reffub.mihi fit modum : filiumq; eius impubnem legatum a patre mififium. ipfia populi Romani fuffrdgijt eommlfitjum fiillcet Cos. fartus Impuberem tamen potius qudm Impubem diri putem in (olutd (um,ealege fe comlfit, ut nuSu periculi defugerem caufa utili oratione. Necandum. '] \d t fi, necare debuiffic . Quorum tatis eius. Et maiorum eius amplitudo. J Quorum uoluntat dui tj filij-l Quod fi mile fartum e(t,arq; efi hoc lentuli fa% in jcmpublicim fiemper bona fuit. Magna rum erat Ciceroni cu dium. Largitionis u duntas . ^ Omnes enim Gracchi leget C *fiare amicitia, qu* multo etiam pofiel perfiuerauit. fano alnt populares, mklt* aurem largiebantur aliquid popdo R. quam obfidem.^j c *far hac deliberatione uere popularis uU ut quam tsolit de uefiimentis dandis militibus fine fiipediorum fius efi , nonfurtofie. Hanc fententiam, cum fuam In Rempub. JO diminutione,ut frument aria, de annona pa peribus danda : de uoluntat em tefiatus efi,udut ob fidem tradit. Hoc ideo uidetut quibus fufitus P lutarchut . Partium quadam contentio . ] C icero dicere, q multi de C.Cafare male fenthenr.alij quod fa* Vtplebtlorum cum patritijs CT Senatu, ur C. Gracchi & fui* ueret coni urat u , aisj quod hic leniore contutatorum poena fit uij flacci cum M. Linio Drufio, de quibus apud ? I * tarchum. bi fieri aditum ad urbis dominatum putaret . No* nemit illo tempore. ] Coij Gracchi. Grane tum uulnucacce* nem H I d efi ^liquem. tf qui fuerit, ignotum efi. Quafitot ffr,] Valerittt Maximus libro qulnto,titulo de ingratis, hac de ri mihl^] Qui maleficium quefiui. Gratulationem. ] id re feribit amplius. Accepit uulnus. J Vt pro P. Sextio : A% efi,f spplicationem ,qua Dijt gratulabantur, id efi gratias aget quibus hic multis uulneribus acceptis, ac debilitato corpore , & bant,de qua uerbo efi apud vallim libro quinto. L egem S eme cbtntcidato , fie abierit exanimatus. Ite pro P. S yUa : Accepit P. proniam. ] Loc Sempronia d C Sempronio Graccho lata cdt Sylla, Indices pehemet uulnus & mortiferi. Nr quid , tfr.] nebat, ne iniuffiu populi Romani duls R o. morte mul flaretur, id efi, ut Gracchi conatibus obfifieret . Hfc. p* Lentulus, ut ante dixi,utqi in mdgifirati,fi quis contra fedjjet,anmad Amr&idf.] I d efi, fua conjuratis munera difiribuendo,att uerfso foret. At utro C.C*far.~\ id ab aduerfario obijd pof tribuit nos, fdlictt me Cougj uoi Senatores. Hoc ex arte efi, fit Ciceroni. Qui tutem, j td purgat Ckero. IpfumUto ut quod ab aduerfanjs nofiris nobis obijciaxur, uei obtjci pofftt, remlegit.^ CGracchum. Iuffu populL ] Ab hi flori* fide Id In adurr fari os reddamus, fi fieri pot,uel contrarii nebis cosa hk uidetur C icero di fer der e. nam au flore T. Liuio Ub.Ct. cum uenlrt o fi endamus. Miloni cbircerunt aduerfsrij , qusd C loiio GGracchus fedhiofo Tribunatu arto Auentinum cum armata inft dias fecerit : contra obijrit Cicero , quod Clodius Miloni in* multitudine occupaJfrt,L opimius Cos. ex Sendtufconfulto po • fidlatus fit. Sex. R ofeius ab aduerfanjs ocddlffe patrem accuo pulum ad arma uccauit.Tum Gracchus pulfus interemptusq; fatus efi : Id aduerfarios ftriffe Ckero contendit. Ab A. cluen* efi.Quamuit enim populus Confutem fecutus fit, eius tamen pofO tio corruptos effe ludices dicunt aduerfarij : ab Cpplanico ad • puti iuffu, id efi /uffragio, Gracchus interemptus non efi. Nam uerfirio eos corruptos Cicero docet. Mirantur nonulli fortaffe , ut Senatus ctnfttjta populus lubet. Aeternis tenebris uincu quod Cicero qui defendere alios [olitus fit , ad Verrem accufan Usqi mandare. ] l d efi, in fempitemum carcerem tradere. dum defeendat : Cicero magis id fe facere docet, ut defendat Si De meo fenfu.J I d efi/ c animi mei fententia. IU mihi fid enlos dCVertt Vexatos, quam ut Verrem accufiet.Hic itidem tu R epub. ere. 2 lufiurandt formula efi . ur cum dicimus : obifri poffit Ciceroni fuffkio crudelitatis, fi morte multetur com 1M me Drui bene amet, ut dko uerum . Mihi propoful.J I d lurdri : probat C icero ,ni fi morte multentur, Senatum crudelitd efi, animo meo . Purpuratum. Ij l d efi. Cos. uel P ratorem. I is In patriam fuffkione laboraturum. Diffimulare i d efi, Togis enim magifiratun pretexta purpura erat . Quam acer a tacere. Nam qu* audimus , fi tacemus, diffimulare uidemur. biffimum fanxerit foco.]] loco uerbl fanxerit Regendis arbitror Vereri habeam. I defi , uereri ne habeam. T ranfigens fump ferit. Im^orfunu».-] idefi/rndelis. Dolorem Ex d*.~2 id efi gffidenda,cr (ut uulgo loquuntur) in exeeution* occifit uxore gj liberis gjincenfa domo ebeeptum. Cruciatu 6 o ponenda. Plena templa circii forum. ] in curia habita hae ferui.^ Sororis fu* Iuli*. Virum. ] id efi, maritum . Iuli* oratio efi . Curi* forum ludkiale proximum erat . Circum foo mfm mortuo Antonio marito, filio M.\ntonq oratoris, et pane rum multa fuerunt templa , In quibtu In edufa Milonis praq iOig F R A N. STLV1I COMME plt,eu in medi a narratione aut quefllen e eff. it fententU liem fentiendum eff. E j ratione uerbl prxfenrit operit celeritas offcn* ii folet. Terentius in Eunucho: H os prius introducam, g? qux noto fimtU Imperabo, poff ei eontlnuo exeo. Mors omnibus t(f parata. ] I i eff, fato conffttsua omnibus eff. Serulus enarrant illud ex lib. Aeneii. I O.Sr at fua cuique dies : StoiciJinqult,dlcut fatorum flat uta feruarl. ideoqi fublunglt Vlrgilius : Sua T ur* num Fata uocanr,metasq; dati peruenit ad aui. Culus con* ftUo A nnlbal, &c. J P. Scipio Cos. anno fecundi belli punkl I f, exercitum traducit In Africam, multis ulflorijiCarthagU io triumphum tertium deportaturum fulffeynift mtoinRemp N T A R I V S. iOX? pe liari pojfe confirmat. Anteponatur omnf&Mi Pompeius. J Is enim rerum geffarum magnitudine fuperiores omnes pipera* uir. Patefacere nobis p roulntlat. ] I deff, fublugarejn easj; nebis aditum dare. Habeant quo ui floret re uertantur. J Cn.Pompelus fnm In Afiacum Mithridate bellum gerebat ,cum arderet hac conhsratio. Qjsod Ciceroni rediens dlxlt^b hac rr alienum non eff. li autem apud Ciceronem eff lib.de offie. t. M ihl quidem ceree , Inquit, ulr abundans bellicis laudibus Cn. Pompeius multis audientibus hoc tribuit, ut diceret fruffrd fem nRemp.be* ntnfe t debilitati, Annihilem ad drfendendam patriam reuoeare eoa fli fiunt. r» A frica ultio Annibale foedus Itfum eff,cartha go Romanis fatta eff tributaria. In Africam redire, atque ex Italia decedere coaflus eff. Similem narrandi rationem Qufn* til. ncn probat lib.+.qujedamjnquit, etiam turpiter eonuertun tur,w fi peperi ffe narres, deinde eoneeplffe : apertum teffamena tum, deinde re fi gnatum. Ornetur eximia laude. ] Alij codl* ces habent, Ornetur alter eximia laude : Idq; melius. Quimufs Vle exemptori* dicendorum ordo fit, ut antiqulffimum quidqi ne fido ubi triumpharet effet habiturus. Alienigenas, dicit quot exteros appellare folet. Recepti. ] Tatia deditione. Confli* ratio in bonam partem dicitur fapius a Cicerone . ut in oratio* ne pro Domo fua : Hancnoflram conluntf Ionem, hanc confli* rationem in Rep.bene gerenda, hanc lucudiffimam ulta atque officiorum omnium fodetatem , certi homines faAitfermonibut fj f olfis criminibus diremerunt . I dem in libro de Offids x. magnas utilitates adipi fclmur, con fllratione hominum atque c o fenfu. ! n malam quoque parem pro hacconlurattcne duitlde fit, lea primum locandum fit. Hic tamen deletas Carthaginem XO in oratione ai Quirites antequam Iret in exilium : Quoniam fj Numantiam prius dicit ,qudm Perfcn captum,qui captus eff i Scipionis patre ante has urbes deletas. Sed hoc fecit Cicero, ut Africanum utrunque ftmul tra flaret. Cuius currum. ] In Triumpho fciUen.ulAI enim hofflum duces ante currum trium phantis duci folebant , ut pulcherrimum fle Asculum fruAuq; ulflorix populuf R. percipere poffit . Tamen cum de foro {n C a pUollum currum fle flere incipiebat qui triumphabat, uiflos in carcerem duci lubebat,ut ah C icero afllone in Verrem 7. Bis Italiam. J CMarlus Teutones Ambrones duobus pralsjsdr Inquit, dnimaduertiffls illam confllrationem conflatam ha effit rtflinflim,ut nuUafdntllla compareat btcendij,ues quoque tri bunfdam fidite temeritatem. Amoris confllratlonem idem di* dtinlib de Finibus i.Eplcuris,inqulr,unaln domo, & ea qui* dem anguffa,quam magnos, quantaq; amoris conflirathne con fentlentes tenuit amicorum greges ? P ro imperio. ] Confuta • tus gloria caufa petebatur. Con futibus enim decernebantur pro * uincix, dabantur exerdtus th re bene geffa triumphi decemebd rur. Triumpho autem nihil In uira pojfe gloriofius contingere ea aquas Sefiias delenit : In quibuscafa t raduntur eorum C C j o arbitrabantur, ideo honorum populi R finem effit Confulatum millia,*? capta nonaginta, ob hanc ui floriam Triumphus el oblatus eff, quem quoad Cimbros uiclffiet diffullt : i quibus ante uifli fuerunt, primi Papyrius Carbo Cos. deinde M.I unius SyU Linus Cos. tertio Aurelius Scaurus Confulis legatus , quarto C. Minus £? Qu Seruittus G eplo Proco n fulei ,poffremo Qu.Ca* tulusProconful, qui fauces Alpium obfederit,titlpfts aditum in Italiam intercluderet. Hos C Marius quintum Cos. tunflo exer dtu,cum catulo uldt . C X L miUla;ocddit . L X millia cepit, aufloreff T. Liulut libris 63. 6 f .6 7. 63. Marium dluinum uiru ad falutem Imperij natum, Cicero dicit pro P. Sextio :fj pro 40 cenfeath coniuratot morte multandos, in quam fententiim Se* C.R ablrlo patrem p atrU parentem Ubertatis ac Retp. uert ap * nitui quantum poteff inclinor Cicero dicit in oratione pro Cn. Planco : Pro imperio Confuta* ri,pro exerdtu, qui Ciceroni datus fulffetji proutndam fortitut fulffet. quam neglexi pra ffudio Relp. Prouindalibus. ] id e/l, que mthlin prouinda paraffiem. Potuum meum fi* Uum. ] M. Ciceronem, cui poffea fcripfit libros de officiji. Quapropter de fiumma. J H*c Ciceronis fententla tffji quam rediturum fr promi fit, eum egrederetur. In deliber otiui autem oratione fententld pro condttftone poni folet. Fonlter. J irf eff, fine udo metu. Parere ueftris decretis non dubiter, j St | Jfcf IN MARCI TVLLII CICERONIS ORATIONEM IN VATINIVM. S CHO L IA, BARTHOLOM AEO en - - . . 1 r/ . 'V , -i-l * 1 LATHOMO PRAELEGENTI, EXCEPTA. ARGVMENTVM. tr -fltiil’: ' ■ ' <IJ • cif « '.'J* ■ "* jYX'7* rjl V B. Lentulo , Mettii. Cofi. eum magna ronrreilon* agrretur fer T. Annium Mllmm, ff P. Sextium Trli. plet. M Cleo» ah exili, reuociretur, quem P. Cl.ilui Iu tribunatu exfuleue , P. Sextiui quo contra ulm aduerfariorum munitior effer , armaroihominticirci fe habuerit. qua de caufa f fnlto tribunatu, it ul iecufttut fuk J quojtm M. ThSIp, .Jiuudnelhu cleiUnh , & i citer. m iefcnfut. Sti h> n ludlcl. cum A. V itinlw tejllmmlum Hxljjet nntrn Srxtbim , homo alloqui Imftu rue , (p chdlena fittinle aihu.r , eum qu. Cicer.nl tam antea Inimicitia Inttrtejferanr , eonfutatue tfl d Ctcrronc htc uehemcntl & Inimica cretione. In qua 101 primum rrft.nitt Orator ad ronnirti, qua In fe conlcili fuerant . deinde graulfjime Infeflateer perf.nam homlnle ex anteaffa Cilra , atque iti totum lliiui teOImonlum de Sextio anfutat reprehendit. Orati, eft liedkialli , reprehenfmem tejUmonlj ronllnmi : fed tota pene In demonfiratione ptrf.a naturfatur. Statum hahet eonletturatem , in credendum fit Vatinio. Sed hoetotnmqnalhsttperfonaexplicatur , an eum ta. Ui fit Viilnlni, tefUmmelo eiuifit credendum. Primo habet exordium, ad contemptum perfona : deinde eeprchenfonem maledkorum. inipfum Ciceronem : pejiremo uilt InftUuionem , qua toti acriter , more ludlcUtl , per Interrogationem era. flatur. * S :edbyGt)i XOJO . I N V A I T v A VaiM. ] Orditur mtx mgfutim & caufam reddit cur interroget potius vath nium,quim contemptum tacitus dimittit. Semo enim te Kf. "J Aaiologlsjntcrf retandi ciufi. QMtfrr ue tibi. 3 Concludit fenten * tJxm. ittnim debulfli. 3 Caufa,cur nexandum putirit po ■ tiuiyfAim dimittendum. Et efl ex meritit Vatini). Sed bea Jl emo. 3 Refutatio, qua prlmu nant tat em arguit ,ex ipfmt Va tinij didis ,quii pugnanti a dixerit. Q* l & Titi c f *urfl«.3 T I N t V M 20 JI I ellum St potem InteUigl. Quem dlfrumpetU cum adilitli. 3 1 d cfi,odilitate fundum : hoc efi,protextatum . V olo uti re a /fondeai. 3 Vide quomodo amplificet, primo , quod folut ex Collegio legem tulerit , contemptis collegis, deinde, quod contra au fpltia tulerit, quo loco exagitat, quod augur fieri uoluerit.po fi temo, quid Confuli ulm attulerit : quam rem uehementer ex dggerat,fjr deinde Vedlanum indicium , quod ab illo f olfio fub ornatum fuerat , fiublunglt. Que quidem leges . 3 Gabinium C7 P ifonem intelllgit , qui anni Confutatus Ce faris [exuti fiunt. tplfiola J.ad Q^. fratrem refert, Sextium d quodam M.T ulLlo 10 icquando dubitatio. 3 Redditio periodi. Adeo' ne non la • de ui accufatum fuiffe. ergo plura fuerunt aecufatoreo. In quorum altero. 'Jofiendit quid efficiatur ex didis Vatlnij, quo txpofuit. Simium auehemens. ^}oblurgdt,qucd prodire aufus fuerit. Repente enim te. 3 Comparatio ad bypotypo» fin, Id efl euidentiam orationis. Hypotypefi autem rrffUtx ad guttur Vatlnij .quod illi flrumofum erat, unde dltblper iocum, uocauit tnfiarum oratorem. Vt mihirencuatus. 3 Hoc uide » inr effit corruptum, quia certam fententiam non pro fi at. Sed quaro d te. 3 Reprehendit obiedionem : & qualitatem ita deo befada.^ increpatio. Hoc loco quaero. 3 Argumentatur ex hypothefi per fidiorum, ex eo quod futuri erat fi fulffet Ah gur. illi autem quibus erat. 3 Pompeius & Co far. Cum tum tu Confulem. 3 P rimo Vatinius conatus t fi Confulem In ubuula ducere, nlfi a collegis prohibitus fulffet. deinde ponte» firuxit Inforo, ne quis Intercedere poffet. Nim feplus adum fuk magna conttntionc/i Bibulus Co [ari obnuntiaret. T 4* bula Valeria. 3 Locus erat inforo ^ tabula ibidem fixa fic dU duu fueris ne tanta. 3 Obijcit Vtdlanum tudicti, (J rem fcnditjte oblique perfirlngtt adsurfarium. nam qua d Come* 2.0 gtauiter exaggerat, M.bibulum. "^Enumerat eos, quibus per lio remouet, tacite confert in Virininni. Ni» He liamini 1 3 Lex HeltJ tj fufia obnuntiationem confirmabant , qua refifies batur pcmiciofis legibus. C Cofar autem in Confulatucum lea gem agrariam inulto S enatu ferret, adiuuante Vatinio, qui tu T rib. pl. erat, obnuntiantem collegam fuum M. Bibulum armis e' foro expulerat. Codicem legiffe di. 3 Defendit eiufam Corncltj ex ul definitionis, quid fit maiefiatem minuere: de qua re lege Afcanium. Attamen hoc VatinL 3 Ofiendit d figno , fein defendendo Cornelio populo Rom. rem gratam fcelffe, Vetfinm Infdiatus fit Vatinius, quos Inttlllgat , incertum efl: nifi quod fuffkor ex foxijs Catilina fuijfrjuot l.vaulus aceufa tot damnauerit. Quaflionem de tot amp. 3 ludicum, nempe rogationem, qua ludieium decerneretur. E t quonid crebro. 3 obijcit crudelitatem In C. Antonium, qued tum Vatinius legem promulga ffet, qua dabatur reo alterna reiedlo ludie*, exptdaf fe eum donrc Antonius reus fieret. Deinde in lege adltciffe,qui pcfi legern fuam reus fidus e fjet, ut hac exceptione Antonium a beneficio legis excluderet. Qj» i tua pofi legem teus effiet fac Vaticinando /fer are. Ar mim dixifil. 3 Reprehendit aliud didum vatlnij, idq; ex qualitate, cui Infitiationem adliglt. Scilicet affers n»«. J Inficiatio Sed nihil fit fidum. 3 Conce[fto ex abundanti, qua ad qualitatem reuertkur. Reddo tlbl tuum. 3 t d efljsl» ces tibi debitas refero. Atque ut aliquando ad. 3 1 nfedado gitam afcripferat Vatinius. Dices familiaritatem. 3 Ocn currit defenjionl Vatinij. nam Mixtmws accufabat Anton nlum. Et quoniam pecuniam aliorum. 3 obijrit pecu * nisarum rapinas d Rtpubllca Eripueris' ne partes chori fi. 3 Munera, ftu officia quofiuefiffima. In Illo Ipfo anno. 3 C. CJtfare & M. Bibulo Co fi. quo Vatinius erat Tribunus plebis. Amidffiml tui. 3 L Cx forem intelllgit, qui legem lullam tulerat de Repetundis. Apud quem tu etiam. 3 Significat affinitatem Vatlnij, ad contumeliam deforis po* uita ( tertia orationis pars) quam graultcr & uehementer tro * 40 dus, quam ad honorem pertinere. Atque Illud etiam. 3 dat,obferuato more Interrogandi te fiet In ludklo. Et ut me te cum. 3 Incipit d nitiuitite, & ordinem temporii perfequltur. Atque illud tenebrico fi fi. 3 Oratoria diro tursi. Non po» pull beneficio. 3 Pnfo L. Cafarcm IntelligL nam hic cum C Fh gulo Confutatum Ciceronis anteccffit' Aquaria preuineia. 3 Puteolis in Campania^ calidis aquis dido. Fadui es T rlhua nus plebis. 3 Tribunatus plebis, quem uehementer exaggerat. Ac tibi tam Inde. 3 Promunto ad tribunatus infedationem, ne C.Co forem offendat. Vr cum inauditi facra. 3 Colligit obijcit incluile fidum tJ contumeliam In Allium , quod In epulo eius folennlcum toga pulla accubuerit. Dices fuppllcaxlones. 3 Occurrit defenftonL Quoro illud etiam. 3 obijcit quod cum reus effiet , ludldum ul dlfiur* barit. Quod prluatus. 3 fofi tribunatum. Nam ht tribu* natu reus effe non poterat. In quo ne quid. 3 K*T* quod dixit probat fuo tcfiimonlo. Atque illud etiam quoro. 3 Amplificat ex libidine peccandi. Et quoniam te* gatlonhtuo. 3 Obijcto quod non legktmolure legatus fadut Indignitatem rei ex contrariji,uel ex minori, quod Vatinius mam fofit- fuerat autem legatus c- Confidto In H i/fantam, ut fu= gica facra colit, contemnat aufflda. Impedimento nonfutu ram. 3 Significabat Vatinius /e nulla obnunciatione impeditu iri, quo minus ea quodefilnauerat, in tribunatu perficeret. Et quoniam hk unus. 3 Iterum ftlungit Cofaremd Vatinio, ut acrius urgeat. Primum quoro. 3 Ex differentibus probat. Deinde quo fit. Hoc ad qualitatem pertinet : quia non efl rede f adum, quod alkulut audoritate defendi nece (fe efl. Deinde, erumpet. 3 Prffio-uc, quo proxima eff afientatlonL Ex his tres erant. 3 Ad Impediendum adiones tuas pernis pradidum efl, non fendtufeon fulto, ut mos erat, fed fua Ipfius lege, qua ttlam C. Cofari Imperium per Galliam tranfilpl • nam &■ Illyricum h» quinquennium dederat. Agefadum efl. 3 Remittit quod exaggerauto , ne fit aerior In abfentem Co forem, &ad alterum reuertitur. Pofi te eors tlnuo. 3 Clodius In tribunatu Gabinio fjr Plfonl Syriam er Mire* donlam dederat pleblfcito. Atque illud etiam audire. 3 obijcto, quod contra legem TuUlam gladiatore» det populo. Nam petebat tunc praturam Vatinius C n. Lentulo L. P hU etofas. De quibus duos protextatos. "Jld efl, maioribus hono Co lippo Cofi. quo anno hoc confio ada efl, ante Confulatum ribus fundos, ut odilitate,uel pratura, ud C onfulatu: quamuto C raffi & Pompei), quo tempore Cofar fn Gallia bellum gere * hleodllltatem Intelligat. nam protexta eorum erat maglflratuu bat. obhsfie omnesres. 3 Concludit obiedionem proce* infigne. T e adllltl sm protextam. 3 No* confiat, nam dentem . Nec pofi Romam condita. ^intelUgto comitia Pro» pendet ex hifiorii. Tertium feto, ex Hio. 3 Pnto Mt« torum aliquoties habita fuiffe, propter fiudla Qtafft tj Pmic pjj contra Catonem, quicum Vatinio petebat. ulde Plutarehum t)jU cum be/lijlin arma depugnabant. Sed cum Fltum An. in uita Catonii. Aeft hac omnia. Jotyrff tudicium Caperit nlum . ] Negat firpararl oportuiffc , quorum caufa eadem it lpfo,£T iafianriam reprimit. Quod fi ipfe Ceftr. 3 Can fit. Ixtremum illud efl . ] Alia inconfiuntie tefiimonij , duJlnuhtmntrr,tT extggtut. Quare qua tanta In «.] quod cum In finguUri prauericatione Albinouanl noluerit ut Arguit inconflantiam te/limonij,qubd qui ante Itudauit, muic rr accufart Sextjum,ntgatit it ui eundem eccufandum fulft tejlimonlo Uim caMWi fit. Uadiateribui gg btflianji ] ft, ggc. IN MARCI TVLLII CICERONIS ORATIONEM IN t. MSONIM, IACOBI OMFHALII 4n' V * A N TO N 1 A C E N S I S ANNOTATIONIS ARGVMENTV M. IVOCATVS Tifo tum ctbinlo tx Ctnfuldribui prouineiji , Lentule gj thilippo Cofu ex Clcerenh Seni* tuiq; finientia, grauittr infrequenti Senatu ie opprefftone atque tnfiflaiione Ciceroni! eoqueflui efl fiducia me R xime Cafarh,ful generi, qui tum Callidi eecupabat.tlui infifiationi hac nobili oratione, Cn. Pompeio Magno cr MCraffo fecundum CopMttdfffomdtt Cicero. Oratio r/T generii demo nfirttMJn nl«/li ac fubllml & ccnit genere po fit a, tota pathetica, ac crebric comparttionibuijoeli comunibui, ampllficathnibuiq; expolitapro.
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Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.