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github_open_source_100_8_19838 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.earn.presenter;
import android.app.ProgressDialog;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.util.Log;
import com.earn.Contract.SettingContract;
import com.earn.model.Model;
import com.earn.model.UpdateInfo;
import com.earn.util.Api;
import com.earn.util.Constants;
import com.earn.util.JsonUtil;
import org.json.JSONException;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.util.HashMap;
import okhttp3.Call;
import okhttp3.Response;
/**
* Created by asus on 2017/8/7.
*/
public class SettingPresenter implements SettingContract.Presenter{
private Context context;
private SettingContract.View view;
private Model model;
private String phone = Constants.id;
private ProgressDialog progressDialog;
public SettingPresenter(Context context,SettingContract.View view){
this.context = context;
this.view = view;
}
public void getCode(){
if( phone!=null)
{
HashMap<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("id",phone);
model = Model.getInstance();
model.post(Api.getCodeUrl, new okhttp3.Callback(){
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
view.showError(404);
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
String responseBody = response.body().string();
int status = 0;
try {
status = JsonUtil.getStatus(responseBody);
if(status == 0)
{
view.showError(104);
//new ToastUtil(context,"接收验证码中");
}else {
int code = JsonUtil.getErrCode(responseBody);
view.showError(code);
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},map);
}else{
view.showError(003);
}
}
public void updataPWD(String code,String pwd){
if( phone.length()==11)
{
HashMap<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("code",code);
map.put("pwd",pwd);
map.put("token",Constants.token);
model = Model.getInstance();
model.post(Api.updataPWD, new okhttp3.Callback(){
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
view.showError(404);
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
String responseBody = response.body().string();
int status = 0;
try {
status = JsonUtil.getStatus(responseBody);
if(status == 0)
{
view.showSuccess();
}else {
int code = JsonUtil.getErrCode(responseBody);
view.showError(code);
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},map);
}else{
view.showError(003);
}
}
public void updataName(final String name){
if( phone.length()==11)
{
HashMap<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("name",name);
map.put("token",Constants.token);
model = Model.getInstance();
model.post(Api.updataName, new okhttp3.Callback(){
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
view.showError(404);
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
String responseBody = response.body().string();
int status = 0;
try {
status = JsonUtil.getStatus(responseBody);
if(status == 0)
{
view.showSuccess();
Constants.name = name;
view.showSuccess();
}else {
int code = JsonUtil.getErrCode(responseBody);
view.showError(code);
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},map);
}else{
view.showError(003);
}
}
public void changeGetCode(String phone) {
HashMap<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("id", phone);
model = Model.getInstance();
model.post(Api.getCodeUrl, new okhttp3.Callback() {
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
view.showError(404);
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
String responseBody = response.body().string();
int status = 0;
try {
status = JsonUtil.getStatus(responseBody);
if (status == 0) {
view.showError(104);
//new ToastUtil(context,"接收验证码中");
} else {
int code = JsonUtil.getErrCode(responseBody);
view.showError(code);
}
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}, map);
}
public void updateAPK() {
model = Model.getInstance();
model.get(Api.checkUpadte,new okhttp3.Callback(){
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
String responseBody = response.body().string();
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
BufferedReader reader = null;
UpdateInfo updateInfo = new UpdateInfo();
Log.d("版本", "onResponse: "+responseBody);
reader = new BufferedReader(new StringReader(responseBody));
updateInfo.setVersion(reader.readLine());
updateInfo.setDescription(reader.readLine());
updateInfo.setUrl(reader.readLine());
String new_version = updateInfo.getVersion();
Log.d("版本", "onResponse: "+updateInfo.getVersion());
Log.d("版本描述", "onResponse: "+updateInfo.getDescription());
Log.d("更新链接", "onResponse: "+updateInfo.getUrl());
String now_version = "";
try {
PackageManager packageManager = context.getPackageManager();
PackageInfo packageInfo = packageManager.getPackageInfo(context.getPackageName(),0);
now_version = packageInfo.versionName;
} catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
if(new_version.equals(now_version)){
view.showError(005);
Log.d("版本号是", "onResponse: "+now_version);
}else{
view.showUpdateDialog(updateInfo);
}
}
});
}
public void downFile(final String url) {
Log.d("SettingPresenter", "downFile: ");
this.progressDialog = progressDialog;
model = Model.getInstance();
model.get(url,new okhttp3.Callback(){
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
view.downFial();
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
InputStream is = null;//输入流
FileOutputStream fos = null;//输出流
try {
is = response.body().byteStream();//获取输入流
long total = response.body().contentLength();//获取文件大小
view.setMax(total);//为progressDialog设置大小
if(is != null){
Log.d("SettingPresenter", "onResponse: 不为空");
File file = new File(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory(),"Earn.apk");// 设置路径
fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
int ch = -1;
int process = 0;
while ((ch = is.read(buf)) != -1) {
fos.write(buf, 0, ch);
process += ch;
view.downLoading(process); //这里就是关键的实时更新进度了！
}
}
fos.flush();
// 下载完成
if(fos != null){
fos.close();
}
//down();
view.downSuccess();
//view.showSuccess();
} catch (Exception e) {
view.downFial();
Log.d("SettingPresenter",e.toString());
} finally {
try {
if (is != null)
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
try {
if (fos != null)
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}
//private void down() {
// progressDialog.cancel();
// }
});
}
/**
* @param url
* @return
* 从下载连接中解析出文件名
*/
private String getNameFromUrl(String url) {
return url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
}
} |
sn90051265_1910-09-23_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | ROCKY FORD ENTERPRISE Will R. Monkman, Publisher. ROCKY FORD COLORADO SOLDIERS OF THE CIVIL WAR MOVEMENT TO BRING ALL TO GETHER, THE VETERAN OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH. LOVE DEMONSTRATION EXPECT THAT PROTEST AGAINST ROBERT E. LEE’S STATUE WILL BE DROPPED. Atlantic City, N. J.—The bond of entiment that has welded together the hearts of the North and the South was never more in evidence than today, at the formal opening of the forty-fourth national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic. It is probable that there may never be another encampment held by the G.A.R. The movement to bring together all the survivors of the Civil War has grown wonderfully. The idea advocated here at the twenty-fourth annual reunion and campfire of the Philadelphia brigade, Second division, Second army corps, by H. A. Herbert, one time secretary of the navy in the Cleveland administration, took a firm grip upon the thousands of veterans. Cheers greeted Samuel R. VanSant, one time governor of Minnesota, who declared himself in favor of the idea. General Daniel E. Sickles also favored the plan for the big reunion, and declared he would give the matter his earnest support. But that was but an incident in the many. Two great demonstrations of patriotism and love drew together thousands of survivors. Here and there a little party of men in gray uniforms discussed favorably the project of union meeting in The future. Many expect that the protest against the erection of the statue of General Robert E. Lee in the rotunda of the Capitol will be dropped entirely, and a movement begun for a monster monument to be erected by the people of the county and dedicated, not to the heroes of the North, or brave men of the South, but rather to the men who sacrificed their all for the cause that they thought was right. Greeley Man Killed. Greeley, Colo.— Hurrying to Firestone with Deputy Sheriffs Peterson and Fraiser, Elmer Rust, driver of D. A. Camfield’s automobile, which in an emergency had been pressed into service, was hurled to instant death Sunday morning when his car skidded and turned turtle in crossing the Union Pacific railroad, nine miles southwest of here, in the Godfrey bottoms. Sheriffs Peterson and Fraiser were pinned beneath the tonneau of the car and escaped with bad cuts and bruises, while Merton Gross, who occupied the front seat with Rust, was thrown completely over the car into a barb wire fence, escaping with slight scratches. Girl Admits Murder. Arkansas City, Kan. —Ebby Shepard, the 16-year-old daughter of J. W. Shepard, who, with his brother, Taylor Shepard, was murdered at their home in Newkirk, Okla., Friday morning, confessed to County Attorney Burns and Sheriff Rader that she killed the two men. In her confession, she declares the cause of the crime was that the men whipped her. She went to the woodshed and secured the ax, with which the crime was committed. Committed, and gave it to the officers. The girl has always been considered feeble-minded. Through the Whirlpool Rapids. Niagara Falls, N. Y. —Capt. Klaus Larsen, in his little motor boat, the Ferro, Sunday made a successful trip from the foot of the cataract through the whirlpool rapids to within a mile of Lewiston, a distance of four and one-half miles. He started from the Maid of the Mist dock and ran on a rock near the American shore. Despite the battering of the whirlpool rapids, Larsen went through safely, but his boat was leaking badly at the finish and through the trip. May Be Fatally Hurt. Great Falls, Mont. —Wm. H. Lempke and B. Miller were probably fatally hurt Sunday when a forty-horsepower automobile they were driving went through a fence at the racetrack and was wrecked. The men were testing out the car in preparation for the auto mobile races at the fair here Monday. Big Oil Strike Made. Montrose, Colo. —Another big strike of oil is reported from the San Juan-Utah oil fields, where local men have several wells. Miners’ Strike Settled. Kansas City.—At a meeting which ended Sunday night the representatives of the miners in the southwestern field ratified the agreement made with the operators and will resume work next Tuesday. The contract as it now stands is said to be a victory for the miners. NO CLOUDS IN SIGHT COLONEL GEORGE HARVEY BAY COUNTRY ALL RIGHT. THE WRITER SEES NO CLOUD Striking Article In North American Review That Is Attracting Wide Attention. The attention of business and professional men in all portions of the country has been attracted to a strikingly strong article by Col. George Harvey in the September issue of the North American Review in which the writer takes a view of the greatest hopefulness for the future of America and Americans. The article is entitled “A Plea for the Conservation of Common Sense,” and it is meeting with the cordial approval of business men of all shades of political opinion throughout the entire country. In part, Colonel Harvey says: “Unquestionably a spirit of unrest dominates the land. But, if it be true that fundamentally the condition of the country is sound, must we necessarily succumb to despondency, abandon effort looking to retrieval and cringe like cravens before clouds that only threaten? Rather, we not to analyze conditions, search for causes, find the root of the distress, which even now exists only in men’s minds, and then, after the American fashion, apply such remedies as seems most likely to produce beneficent results? Capital and Labor Not Antagonistic. “The Link that connects labor with capital is not broken but we may not deny that it is less cohesive than it should be or than conditions warrant. Financially, the country is stronger than ever before in its history. Recovery from a panic so severe as that of three years ago was never before so prompt and comparatively complete. The masses are practically free from debt. Money is held by the banks in abundance and rates are low. “Why, then, does capital pause upon the threshold of investment? The answer, we believe.” To be plain. It awaits adjustment of the relations of government to business. The sole problem consists of determining how government can maintain an even balance between aggregations of interests, on the one hand, and the whole people, on the other, protecting the latter against extortion and saving the former from mad assaults. "The solution is not easy to find for the simple reason that the situation is without precedent. But is not progress being made along sane and cautious lines? Conserve Common Sense. "Is not the present, as we have seen, exceptionally secure? What, then, of preparations for the future? Patriotism is the basis of our institutions. And patriotism in the minds of our youth is no longer linked solely with fireworks and deeds of daring. It is taught in our schools. A new course has been added—a course in loyalty. Methodically, our children learn how to vote, how to conduct primaries, conventions and elections, how to discriminate between qualifications of candidates and finally, how to govern as well as serve. They are taught to despise bribery and all forms of corruption and fraud as treason. Their creed, which they are made to know by heart, is not complex. It is simple, but comprehensive, no less beautiful in diction than lofty in aspiration. These are the pledges which are graven upon their memories: "As it is cowardly for a soldier to run away from battle, so it is cowardly for any citizen not to contribute his share to the well-being of his country. America is my own dear land; she nourishes me, and I will love her and do my duty to her." whose child, servant and civil soldier I am. "As the health and happiness of my body depend upon each muscle and nerve and drop of blood doing its work in its place, so the health and happiness of my country depend upon each citizen doing his work in his place. "These young citizens are our hostages to fortune. Can we not safely assume that the principles and amassing their lives augur well for the permanency of the Republic? When before have the foundation stones of continuance been laid with such care and promise of durability? "The future, then, is bright. And the present? But one thing is needful. No present movement is more laudable than that which looks to conservation of natural resources. But let us never forget that the greatest inherent resource of the American people is Common Sense. Let that be conserved and applied without cessation, and soon it will be found that all the ills of which we complain but know not of are only such as attend upon the growing pains of a great and blessed country. He Knows the Game. According to the Metropolitan Magazine, Fire Chief John Conway of Jersey City, has solved the baseball excuse question by the posting of the following printed notice on his desk at fire headquarters: "All requests for leave of absence owing to grandmothers’ funerals, lame back, house cleaning, moving, sore throat, headache, brainstorm, cousins’ wedding, general indisposition, etc., must be handed to the chief not later than ten o’clock on the morning of the game." LITTLE COLORADO ITEMS. Small Happenings Occurring Over the State Worth Telling. But ena Vista has 1,040 inhabitants. The town of Milliken has been incorporated. Delta county claims a crop yield of over $4,000,000. The First National Bank of La Jara has been organized. Sterling had a $10,000 fire early Thursday morning. Fort Collins claims the best amateur band in the state. Gilcrest is negotiating for the establishment of a milk condenser. Alfalfa will add $12,000,000 to the wealth of the state this year. Rev. C. W. Huett will be in charge of the Methodist church at Sterling. Paul Tich, a miner at Bowen, was instantly killed by a fall of rock Monday. A streak of solid ore showing much free gold has been discovered near Georgetown. Bids are being received for a new county high school building in the town of Meeker. Eight miles of new state highway between Brush and Sterling has been contracted for. Weld county’s exhibit has received close to 70 prizes at the Interstate fair and the end is not yet. The first porcupine ever found in the Grand Valley was rounded up near the Pear Park school house. The internal revenue agent has discovered that Denver is being forced to take water with her butter. Rocky Ford’s three large school buildings are overcrowded and another one is contemplated. Rev. A. F. Ragatz of Loveland has been sent to Christ church, Denver, by the Methodist conference. It is estimated that the extra session of the legislature will last at least two, possibly three weeks longer. Among the eighty-two prisoners being tried in the criminal court at Denver there are six accused of murder. Pres. W. F. Slocum has returned from Europe and Colorado college was opened for the fall term Wednesday. Denver will probably become the executive headquarters for the education of Indian children throughout the West. Potatoes are being displayed in Greeley which measure 14½ inches in circumference and 16 inches around from end to end. The Colorado State Bankers meet in Grand Junction this week and several hundred leading bankers from other states will attend. Present plans are to have Colorado represented in the International Commercial Exhibition bureau. London, next year. Perry Williamson claims to have made a record trip to Denver from Baliida—8 hours and 40 minutes. Best previous time, 11 hours. Four hundred employees of the Pullman Palace Car company in Denver will go to the company's new works in San Francisco October 16. The Teller dam, 20 miles northwest of Pueblo, soon to be completed, is 750 feet long, 456 feet wide at the base and 116 feet high. Olathe's first car shipment of peaches was billed straight through to New York City. New York’s daintiness of appetite is proverbial. An average of one car of cabbage a day has gone from the Greeley district during the past month. This crop is better this year than it has been for some time. At Wellington on Thursday an outlaw horse attacked Joseph Walker, a stable hand, and kicked him almost to death. He was rescued by fellow employees, unconscious. The Denver Dairy association offers a reward of $500 for the arrest and conviction of any hotel or restaurant keeper selling milk below the standard required by the city ordinance. Guy Phares of Denver, a Jockey, was perhaps fatally injured when his mount fell in a race at the Glenwood Springs fairgrounds Tuesday. The horse rolled over his body, crushing him. At Golden, Thursday, Del. Sumpter, a 15-year-old boy, while riding on the new play-ground apparatus, fell and sustained serious injuries. A mountain lion and four cubs were seen Wednesday at Crystal park by Jack Gillispie of Colorado City and a party of friends who were out tramping. Six star players of Longmont's last year's champion football team graduated and but five of the old players are left to form the nucleus of the new team. The new school building at Masters is practically completed and school will open in a few days. Miss Alta Marsh is to be the teacher. She is from Morgan county. The board of engineer officers of the army, to inspect reclamation and irrigation projects, will be in Colorado next week and inspect the Uncompahgre project in the Montrose district. The fourth car of potatoes to leave the Greeley district this season was shipped Wednesday by C. Rugh from the Kersey station. These potatoes are the early variety and are bringing $1 per hundred pounds. Late potatoes will be matured in two weeks. Sheep growers in the southern part of Colorado and northern New Mexico are inquiring as to the scarcity of lamb buyers from the northern part of the state, according to C. L. Fitch of Greeley, who has just returned from Pagnsa Springs and other parts of that section. NEWS TO DATE IN PARAGRAPHS CAUGHT FROM THE NETWORK OF WIRE BOUND ABOUT THE WORLD. DURING THE PAST WEEK RECORD OF IMPORTANT EVENTS CONDENBED FOR BUBY PEOPLE. WESTERN. Fire Tuesday night at Thornton, Wash., almost completely destroyed the business section, causing loss estimated at $60,000. The Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway system has voluntarily raised the wages of its telegraphers by amounts of from $7.50 to $15.00 per month. The government has awarded contracts for construction and completion of the Fannie canal and lateral, Shooshone irrigation project, Wyoming. Ray Roberts was killed at Miller, Neb., Monday while trying to board a moving train, and Verne Reynolds was fatally injured trying to alight from a moving train. A young machinist employed in a Sheridan, Wyo., garage has completed an invention he calls the “Gyro-auto,” which is an automobile equipped with only two wheels and a gyroscope. He has applied for a patent. The local police department is permeated with graft that it must be completely reorganized, was the substance of a communication which was sent Thursday by Mayor McCarthy to the police commission of San Francisco. Because El Paso has been overrun in the past with the migratory tubercular patients who flock to that place when the weather gets bad in the North, the vagrancy law will be applied to every indigent consumptive who attempts to locate here. State-wide prohibition was put forward by the Democrats of Utah as a paramount issue at their state convention Thursday. They refused to ask for a prohibitory amendment to the constitution, but inserted a strong plank in the platform pledging the party to an anti-liquor law. The secretary of the interior has awarded contracts for the completion of the Fannie canal and lateral, Shooshone, 247,500 cubic yards of excavating, $49,305; R. M. Lynn, Lowell, 89,000 yards, $23,110, and Johnson Bros and B. Bunway, Lowell, 45,000 yards, $8,175. GENERAL. President Taft was 53 years old last Thursday. Mrs. A. D. Winship, aged 80, registered Friday as a student in the Ohio State university. Shareholders of the Standard Oil company received a total of $6,000,000 in dividends Thursday. The next Eucharistic congress on this continent will be held at New Orleans, probably in 1914. Carl S. Pearse was Friday elected president of the National Association of Stationary Engineers by unanimous vote at Rochester, N.Y. Railroad gross earnings for August make a satisfactory comparison with those of a year ago, the total of all United States roads making returns for the month aggregating $37,125,927, a gain as compared with the earnings of practically the same roads during the corresponding period last year of 10.1 percent. The first flight of the first woman aviator to attempt to get a flying machine into the air at the aviation field at Mineola, L.I., ended disastrously Friday morning, but fortunately the woman escaped with only a few bruises and scratches. Mrs. Frank Raiche was the woman who narrowly missed death. At Providence, an epidemic of polio myelitis, commonly known as infantile paralysis, which began early in the summer, has spread to an alarming extent through the state, 122 cases, three of which resulted fatally, being reported since June 1, and it is believed there are many more. Only 10 percent of those afflicted ever recover completely. The trip to Panama which President Taft had planned to take in November to inspect the work that has been done on the isthmian canal, may be given up. It is understood that several Republican leaders have endeavored to convince the President that the political situation requires him. In this country, a cablegram from Copenhagen says: “Two Eskimos who were Dr. Cook’s companions on his alleged trip to the North pole insist that the pole had been reached. This will probably be surprising news to Dr. Cook. Holt, Mo.—One man was killed and 18 persons injured when two passenger trains met in a head-on collision on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, one mile north of Holt, Mo., Friday night. The trains which collided were the Burlington’s from Kansas City and the Rock Island's from Chicago. WASHINGTON. The name of Charles Nagel, secretary of commerce and labor, has replaced that of the late Solicitor General Bowers in the gossip of Washington regarding the expected appointments to the present and prospective vacancies in the Supreme Court. During the next few weeks the few national banks in the United States rated as "weak" will have their last chance to strengthen themselves, or get out of business. Comptroller Murray will use all the authority of his office to compel sound banking in the strong institutions and force the weak ones to strengthen or retire. Statements that western banks were loaning money too freely for luxuries, particularly automobiles, has led to the gathering of some statistics in Texas. The banks there estimated the value of all automobiles in the state as $45,000,000, which is more than one-half the combined capital of all the state banks. They also estimate the annual depreciation for which there is no remedy at $15,000,000 or four times the annual fire loss of the state. An arrangement was concluded between the Post Office Department and the Treasury Department Monday by which the latter directs the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to prepare 1,500,000 postal savings stamps for the use of the Post Office Department. The cards will be sold for 10 cents each. Stamps sold at 10 cents each by the Post Office Department may be affixed to the cards and when the stamps and card amount to one dollar, the card may be deposited at a postal savings bank station to the credit of the depositor. A betrothal promise of fifty years ago was kept Friday when George H. Rogers, a wealthy Civil War veteran of Riverside, and Mrs. Eleanor Monroe Hitchcock of Newton, Mass., were married by the Rev. Dr. Walker. The couple became acquainted several years before the war, when Mr. Rogers was clerk in the Newton post office. When he enlisted they were betrothed. When the war was over he found her married. During the fifty years that intervened neither had heard of the other. Last week Mr. Rogers met Mrs. Hitchcock, who was visiting friends in Los Angeles. The friendship was renewed, and in discussing old friends and recollections, the couple decided that it was not too late to keep the promise of fifty years ago. POLITICAL. Reports of the progressive victory in the Republican primaries of Washington reached Theodore Roosevelt Wednesday night and he immediately urged that all factions of the party unite to support Representative Miles Poindexter for the United States senate and the three progressive nominees for congress. The insurgents’ victory in the Washington Republican state primary election. The action has exceeded all expectations. Miles Poindexter of Spokane, one of the most radical of the congressmen insurgents, has been nominated for United States senator by a plurality which his headquarters in this city estimates at 30,000. Six Republican members of the Ballinger Investigating committee met in Chicago and issued a statement condemning the action of the four Democratic members and one Republican "insurgent," who delivered a report at Minneapolis last Wednesday, demanding the retirement of Secretary Ballinger. Secretary Charles D. Norton, reflecting the views of President Taft, has announced that the policy of withholding patronage from "progressive" senators and representatives has been abandoned, and that it was the purpose of the administration to treat all Republicans alike. The letter was written to an unnamed political leader in Iowa. Whether Richard A. Ballinger’s resignation as Secretary of the Interior will follow immediately upon the meeting of the Cabinet September 26th, to attend which he is now en route from Seattle, or whether he will retain his position indefinitely, depends now upon the attitude of his Cabinet associates. Mr. Ballinger is coming to Washington determined to force his chief and his official colleagues to be, in effect, his Judges. SPORT. WESTERN LEAGUE. Won. Lost. Pet. Sioux City 98 53.649 Denver 92 60.605 Uncoln 87 83.580 Wichita 80 71.630 Omaha 76 73.610 St. Joseph 66 83.443 Des Moines 64 87.424 Topeka 39 112.268 At the close Of the electric show at the Auditorium in Denver the week of October 8, two of the local school football teams will be invited to play a game by electric light. Three brown Italian athletes, veterans of many a pedestrian contest in their own country, have just left New York in an effort to beat Edward Pay son Weston's record to San Francisco. At the Pastime oval, New York, two records were made Tuesday, one in the 90-yard dash in which Bob Eller, of the Irish-American Athletic club, traveled the course in 91-5 seconds, bettering the best existing figures by 1-5 second. This record will not be allowed, as the course was on a slight down grade. The other record was made in the weight event by John Flanagan, Irish-American Athletic club, who sent the 56-pound missile 42 feet, bettering his own work of 40 feet 2 inches, made at Celtic park six years ago. This record will stand, as it was made under the regulations. COLORADO EVENTS COMING EVENTS IN COLORADO. Sept. 18-21—Colorado State fair at Pueblo. Sept. 20-23.—Western Slope Fair at Montrose. Sept. 22.—Lamb Day at Fort Collins. Sept. 26-30—National Irrigation Congress at Pueblo. Sept. 27-30—State Federation of Women's Clubs at Canon City. Sept. 20—Republican state convention at Colorado Springs. Sept. 20—Republican state convention at Colorado Springs. Sept. 27-30—Reunion of San Juan pioneers at Del Norte. Sept. 26-30 —Weld county fair. Law Allows But One Deer. Denver.—Reports have recently been circulated that each hunter would be allowed to kill two deer this fall, providing he possesses the necessary skill. The circulation of such reports has aroused the deep-seated ire of State Game and Fish Commissioner Holland, and if any hunter presumes to exercise his skill to the extent of two deer slaughtered, the game authorities will prosecute. One deer, and that must be a buck, says the law, and that goes to the full extent of the law, contrary reports notwithstanding. The deer season opens on October 1 and continues until sunset of October 10. New Railway for Western Slope. Denver.—Colorado is to have a new railroad. The fruit and coal sections of Montrose and Delta counties will be reached by the new road, which will have its headquarters at Delta, Colo. Incorporation papers were filed with Secretary of State Pearce by the Fairview Interurban Railroad company, having a capitalization of $250,000. The incorporators are Charles G. Montz of Denver, Mudge Zeigler, Henry Zeigler, and Watson Zeigler of Fort Collins and B. F. Hubbard of Chicago. One branch of the line is to run from Delta to Cedaredge, and another branch will tap the coal mines at Fairview. A third branch will extend from Delta along the California mesa. Are Now Pharmacists. Denver. —As a result of the state board of pharmacy’s examinations at the Denver-Gross Medical college, the following were passed as registered pharmacists: I. E. Arentz, Denver; Albert J. Bacon, Pueblo; George W. Bean, Pueblo, R. R. Bell, Denver; Earl D. Bradley, Denver; B. Carpenter, Grand Junction; George H. Chittick, Colorado Springs; Grover Coder, Denver; T. L. Edgar, Ordway; H. D. Feltz, Denver; F. F. Frye, Colorado Springs; Chester E. Harding, Denver; Chester E. Haskins, Salida; Fred E. Holland, Las Animas; Fred E. Judy, Denver; Herbert Luria, Denver; Le Roy Newbern, Pueblo; J. Albert Pierce, Denver; R. W. Riedel, Ault; A. H. Ryan, Sterling. Postoffice Advanced. Washington, D.C.—The following post offices in Colorado, owing to increased business, are to be advanced October 1, from the fourth to the presidential class. Salaries to be paid postmasters are: Center, $1,200; Craig, $1,200; Lavetta, $1,200; Lyons, $1,100, and Seibert, $1,100. Exhibit at Dry Farming Congress. Colorado is to be well represented at the Dry Farming Congress in Spokane, Wash., October 3-6. The products of dry farming now on exhibition at the Interstate Fair will be shipped to Spokane by Prof. O. D. Brandenburg, who has charge of the exhibit. Over seventy feet of running space for exhibition has been awarded to Colorado. Colorado Springs is making strenuous efforts to secure the Dry Farming Congress to be held next year and will send a delegation of over 100 to land it. It is believed by the advocates of dry farming that the exhibition of dry farming products will do more than anything else to accelerate the return of American farmers who have gone to Canada. Chinese Students at Mine School. Golden.—The United States government and the other powers of the world are, in reality, paying the expenses of 500 Chinese college students scattered over the country, sent over by the Chinese government. The expenses are paid by means of the boxer indemnity fund, which was paid by the European nations and the United States at the close of the boxer uprising for damage inflicted on the property by foreign troops in quelling the outbreaks. This fund has been set aside by the Chinese government for educating their young men in the leading schools of the world. Most of the students sent to this country go to eastern universities, but Wednesday seven arrived here to attend the state school of mines. These students and three others already here are the only ones that have been sent to Colorado schools. They speak excellent English, and some are taking advanced courses. Sterling.—The report of the United States land office here for August shows that ninety-two entries were made under the new law, for a total of 27,799 acres, with ninety entries under the old law, covering 13,946 acres. There were thirteen desert filings, covering 2,399 acres, making a grand total of 44,144 acres taken up in this district last month. The business for September has started in with more of a rush than did August and bids fair to be better record. |
ersterunterrich00hobegoog_5 | German-PD | Public Domain | Las órdenes deben ser sagradas para nosotros, no tenemos necesidad de saber una infinidad de cosas para conducirnos con honor en el mundo. Los presidiarios de Viena, empleados en los tristes y vergonzosos trabajos a los que están condenados, barrian un día las calles de la ciudad cuando un joven se acercó a uno de ellos, ya anciano, y le besó las manos enteramente. Un señor que vio esto desde su ventana hizo llamar al joven y le dijo que era muy mal parecido besar la mano de un presidiario. “Ah! respondió el joven deshaciéndose en lágrimas, y si ese presidiario es mi padre!” Sobrepresiones. Cuando alguien, por ejemplo, un empleado ministerial, tiene la posibilidad de cometer un error, no lo hace por casualidad, sino con premeditación y con el propósito de engañar. 1. Cuando se escribe una carta, debe dirigirse a quien corresponde, y no a quien no lo es; esta carta está dirigida a mi hermano, este breve a mi hermano mayor; estos caballos son para Francia, estas crías son para Gran Bretaña; esta carta está dirigida a Inglaterra, y este sobre no está dirigido a Francia. 2. Cuando se emplea a alguien para un trabajo, debe ser para ganar, y no para perder; quiero libros para leer, tengo falta de saber, quiero ser más sabio. 3. Salgo para Italia, y no para Estambul; salgo para Inglaterra, y no para América. 4. "Según surgimiento de una ciudad, una aldea sostenida por tres sestones", una aldea construida según las reglas. Lo dejaremos para mañana, por movernos entre biobés y morder. 5. Serían comparaciones, serían equivalentes verdaderamente para algunos usos, sobre todo cuando se trate de certezas o presunciones mutuas, como, por ejemplo, para ser tan rico es pequeño lo que gasta, para un comerciante la verdadera riqueza, para un principiante no ha hecho mal, para un iniciado no es nada deliciente. 6. Se aconseja mucho para adquirir, si uno tiene algo, algo más que el estrecho concepto de algo, algo sobre lo que basta un juicio. Estas bien hechas las proporciones para un buen debate, estar o no estar corregido y la infinidad de una sobre otra se sigue. 7. Para junto a menudo es una actitud asimilable a la de adorar, para entre amigos es excusable el cumplimiento, entre desconocidos el cumplimiento es innecesario. 8. Un Bergsteigen, übernehmen, behaupten, man pudía también mejor posición paralela a la herencia con paracaídas. Quien si cae, en seguida, en el bosque, en el bosque con pistas, en el suelo, en el agua, etc. Se conoce al hombre por su voluntad, y a la criatura por su criador. ¿Quién soy yo para con vos? No soy nada, en realidad; pero, en el bosque, con el ciervo. 2) La opción por cada lado: 9. La creación, según la opinión general, el mundo fue hecho por Dios, el sol ronda a la tierra, España fue conquistada por los Romanos; los Moros y el Islam fueron derrotados por Don Pelayo en 711. 10. Un lugar, sobre, o debajo de él, informan de una movilidad (andar, viajar, crecer, madurar, etc.). El niño pasa por la calle, mi madre ha viajado por Francia y España, mi hermano ha crecido y viajado por Europa. 11. La palabra y el sentido de la palabra, la verdadera y la falsa, lo hace por fuerza, se ve obligado; lo hace por temor, se ve forzado a hacerlo. 12. La venta, la compra, vender la casa por poco dinero, comprar el caballo por cien pesos, dar el caballo por un pez. Una cosa vale por otra, una cosa se da por muchas. "Corne be IWier, bestimmte Forderungen von besonderen Interesse dem Steuer, steuerliche Vorsicht sorgen für eine solide Überleitung zur Hand; es scheint sich nur einmal im allgemeinen für angemessen empfohlen; eine eigentliche Steuerreform nie etwas durchaus aufgestellt. Größere Befürchtungen bei der Steuer, die sich nur auf die Steuerbelastung der Bevölkerung bezieht, sind in allen Fällen eine Kombination. 87 14. Ein Gedanke, der eine Begeisterung, 5. 33. Arbeit, um den Preis zu erhalten. 15. Sie sehen, mächtigen Anstoss gegeben, nicht zuletzt für den Spruch, ein Meldung jedem gegeben, 3. 33. von 4 Hamburg für einen Antrag, ich gehe auf ein Buch nach Hamburg; für heute lassen wir es bleiben; sage ich, Madrid, ich bleibe noch ein Monat; reich mir auf einen Monat; dieses Buch wird für einen Monat; preis 8 Startkarte im Buch, Ym. Dieses Buch für eine 6 oder 2 Wochen, 1d) meine 3^nen in der Zukunft auf eine gute Leser oder Schüler leben. 16. Die Bedeutung für, zu finden ton, statt; 5. 93. empfiehlt sich für einen Dermanben; der arme Teplitz, der Laden für diesen 93.ettler gefördert; als Stoff für ein neues Kleid; ich gebe meine Kleidung für das bessere; der König gilt für meinste; dieses Juwel ist für gut gehalten." 17. Sie bedeutung von Sin, bei Gestattung, bei etw. vergeben Fand, für obigen, viel noch nicht gegeben, werden Männer benutzt, bei Eröffnung, bei Erstellung. 18. Nachdem wir für die Zusammenhang auch gebraucht, El hijo de aquel salvaje consejero privado de escuela fue ahorcado por ladrón, beruhigt jeden genossen Genuß, verlustig waren sie bei einer Irrung; dejale por loco, weil einen Scharren, bettete er in. 19. 3er Erklärung mit der Zusammenhang, welche bedeutet für so auch, 5. 93. für groß, für reich, sei groß, für reich und äußerst; Don Quichotte resolvierte, andern nachzusehen, was für Abenteuer, so gefährlich, das sie sein könnten. 20. Ser 3ege(f einer Erklärung fand, wie oben gesagt, für oben gerichtet, verglichen und verglichen. Geben Sieben Bienen an. Para mir gebraten, rühren bei. Die Sorge über den Gang einer Ambulanz gemalt. Oder man kann viele Menschen überzeugt sein, por gegen mir gebräuchlich, wenn dieses Verhältnis oder dieser Gang nur möglich ist, man seine Überzeugung auch nicht außer Kraft setzen kann oder missverstanden para ganar reicht; id) arbeitet um zu beeinflussen und bin gemütlich, dass dieser Erfolg mir ausbleibt, mir Arbeit por alcanzar premio gegen reicht, id) arbeitet, um seinen Freien zu erlangen. Dieser Erfolg ist möglich, aber nicht gemütlich. Peleo por alcanzar gloria, ich fasse, um mir Stauraue gut erwerben; ob es mir gelingt, nicht ungemütlich. Arbeit por alcanzar un empleo, ich arbeitete um ein Stück in erlangen, die Resultat ist mit ungemütlicher Selbstzufriedenheit ausgeführt. Dauerte auch viel por ver, ob ich puedo dormir, ich gehe die letzten Wege um zu sehen, ob ich [schlafen] fand; mein Weh veranlasst mich, die Beine zu bewegen, um mich zu bewegen. Habe den Anstoß im Salben gelegt und habe das Recht, im Garten einige saure Äpfel und einige bittere Expectoranten gefunden. Das Fach, das nicht fliegend ist, muss geschaffen werden. Wie stellst du fest, ob es effizient ist? Ich habe meinen jungen, ich bin freundlich; 'sag ich, ich bin gesünder, wenn ich auf den Stühlen [bleibe] (meine Pflege in Pflege). Die lange sind freundlich, die Starte habe ich angefangen? Ich fing an (comenzó) gestern Abend mit (per) Supp tof). Haben Sie noch Suppenreste? Ich habe schlicht und einfach Suppen (ein Suppen, mit umbringt que me mal a). Ratten haben auch Schmerzen (dolor de costado)? Ich habe Schmerzen, meine Freundin meldet im benachbarten Saal, starb mit Exzessen an. Ich habe meinen Schmerz, meine Freundin meldet in der rechten Ebene starb, fing mit Expektoration an. Was fühlst du, hast freundlich (que me mata) Schmerzen. Das ist mir (también me es) schmerzhaft, zu atmen (difficulte de spuhr). Ich glaube, dass die Schmerzen meiner Freundin mein Schmerz gefährlich ist. Glauben Sie (creo), dass die Schmerzen meiner Freundin auch gefährlich sind. Wohl ist es? Es ist einzigartig, zwei Sagen, dass sie sich gegen sie stellen. Zieht sich an. Sie ist (quasi) vergessen. Stopptet die Musik. Die Gastgeberin, einst gute Freundin, kommt jetzt nicht mehr. Nachdem sie das offene Haus geschlossen hatte, fing sie an, über das Unvorstellbare nachzudenken. Das junge Stück, einst so gut, ist jetzt nur noch ein Schatten seiner selbst. Die Essenz, die einst die Musik erfüllte, fehlt jetzt komplett. Die Dame, einst so rein, hat jetzt einen schlechten Geruch, der sich nicht vermeidet. Sie scheint mit sich selbst im Krieg, denn sie hat sich jetzt ganz verschlossen. Die Frage ist, ob sie je wieder die gute Gastgeberin sein wird. Die Antwort liegt in der Zukunft, in der das Stück, einst so lebhaft, jetzt nur noch ein schwaches Echo ist. Kommerz reifte id, gern bei Sage. Seiten Kommerz. Italien bereift, vädjften Serbst, mich Englann und Ottokalt bereifen. Schön Dimager, bet im vorigen Wochen Darneben bereift. Jedem mag nicht gern mit der Frist (diligencia) reifen. Der bin übrig, vorige Boden mit der Frist gut und Streichen gerecht. Wein Selter ist noch in Unreife, der Boden mit der Frist gereift. Sie bringt man in Auf (se pasa en) dem Vorschluss hier bis tief steckt. Sieht ein noch seine, Gaben, der Boden gut? Ja, mein Herr. Das freut mich sehr (mucha). Das ist die beste Art (el modo mas perfecto) zum Reifen. Es ist aber nicht mit der gefährlichen Art reif, die in der Ernte aus Reife sind auch gefährlich. Sie bitte (cuesta) links. Das ist in der Frist gut? Der Rest mag viel mehr (barato). Wein Sut ist, deshalb, über mein Kloster ist der Stuhl. Das bitte (cuesta) links. Der Koffer ist groß (para) Steif. Jetzt im Januar gibt (puede haber) günstigere Seit. Die Stelle (viage) Rinn mächtig. Die Bogen sie mir begleiteten, die besten Seiten niemand, sie einer Stelle reif. Die kann der Geschäft nicht cibson, mich nicht der Frist, nicht der Geschäft, nicht die Frist, no puedo dejar los negocios. Sieben Stellen, die wenig betreten, sieben Stellen, sieben Stellen, no puedo dejar los negocios. Wir treten jetzt (entramos) heute in den Kommerz. Der Wein, liegen heute den langen Weg. Der ist fein 12%. (estoy sudando). Ich werde das Gebiet des Vereinigten Staaten im Herbst Salute, übereignet und stufe die Hauptfälle der in den Vereinigten Staaten befunden. Es wird auch Oberkanab ereignen. Korrekter Text: Ich werde das Gebiet der Vereinigten Staaten im Herbst Salute, übereignet und stufe die Hauptfälle der in den Vereinigten Staaten befunden. Es wird auch Oberkanab ereignen. (Siebt i% fd^on öiele ßifenbal^nen in ben SBereinigten Staaten? ^ 3n Obercanaba unb Untercanaba* giebt e« nod& nic^t fo öiele V . N gifenba^nen mie in ben SScreinigten ©taatcti. • ®iebt t% nid^t ^ . \fünf aro|e fianbfcen jtüifd&cn ben SSereinigten Staaten unb Ben ßanaba«? äBic b^^^n bic ^auptbofen am Ontariofee? ^ben Sie in Sbrcm ßeben fcfton em^eereife gemad^t? 3a, j- mein Sräulein, ic^ bin in ©nglanb miüvbcn SJereinigten Staa- 1 teil gcmefen. 3n meldten pon ben • SJercinigten Staotcn finb * Sic geitjcfcn? SBcina^c in allen, ©er $crbft ift bic lieblid^fte Sabre^jeit in, ben S^^i^cWigten StaatenJSn ©cutfc^lanb ift ber Srübling bic angcne^mftc Sa^reöjcit.'^cr $erbft ift. geiDo^n« lid^ ju ftfirmifc^. 3m Srübling tieibet fic^ (se viste) bic ganje (grbe mit ®rün (de verde). §abcn Sie in biefem SrubKng fc^on Spargel (espdrragos) gcgeffen? SBie.bicI toftet ein ^funb Sporgel jeftt? SJicine SJ^ütter ^ot unWI^cute fcbon ein $f unb . Sirfd^cn gerauft. SSon allen 3abve^jerfej["*ber Sru^Ung gefallt mir am meiften (me gusta mas). %m ift bcr gön- ftigftc SlugenblidP be8 ^og6; e^ ift nod^ nid&t (no son «wia) gebn U^r. SBalb (luego) bic §i|e mirb fein (ser4) uner- träglich. SSic (^u^) angenehm ift ber fe^dttfir (la sombra) jcl^t! Sin Schatten jener belaubten S5äume füblt man nid^t fo fc^r (no se siente tanto) bic ^\%t. 3d& ^öbc gro§e Suft (muchas ganasj, mfd^ gu baben (de banarme)x/3Bir ^aben %t\xit einen fd^oneu §erbfttag. 6^ ift roU im Sommer. %\t% ift bie fd^onftc 3al)re§jeit megcn (ä causa de) ber S5eftänbig- feit (cowsta^ia) be§ SBetterö. "Sd^ biR feilte md^re; 9Äaic bei.3^ncn (en casa de Vm.) getücfcn, um Sie jii bcfud&en. SSo^in gelten Sic je|t? Sc^ gel)e (voy) ju !aufen einen 0ut. 3dö förråder (vei^go) ju loufen einen SIÄ. SBolIcn Sie (quiene Vm.) mir jegende (mostrarme) cinigc?/feollen Sie einen Sitz- but (sombrero de paja)? ä)?ein SBruber unb mein Sdbmager haben ouc^ Siljbut. SBie öicl foftet bicfer fc^marje Silj- but? ®r ift nidbt febr tl^euer; er ift moblfcil.. 3(ö roiu einen feaftorl^ut (sombrero de castor) f auf e^ Sin ßaftor^ut baucrt länger (dura mas) afö ein Siljbut; aber er ift auc^ tbcurer. Sicfer junge SlKann ^at in -öier SSSod^en fünf neue Siljbütc gef auft, einen t^eurer afö ben anbern. 3Bo ^at er fic getauft ? . SBie bicl foftet bicfer föaftorbMt? 6r ift bcinal^c ebcnso wol^l-. feil mie jener Siljbut.#®cr ^reij fd^cint mir (me parece) jü W\t fünf S^alern ift gut beja^It (esti bien pagado) biefcr |)ut. 3d| \)abt bicfc 35Iumen öon einem Oärtner ge- lauft. äSie t)lel foftet biefe Slofe? ®er ^rei« biefer 8lofe fd^ehit mir ju l^oc^. * 62. Wohin führen die Gedanken, gemessen? Ein Rubin mit meinem Schrubber beinahe benannt Sagt gefällt. Sire haben gefällt. Es ist nah bei sich. Alles Liebe. Einigen königlichen (pescado salado) mit mir essen? Sieger in den bereinigten Toten essen tief. Kalifisch und Reis. Sie genießen dieses Salz unter Wasser führen sie über die englischen Steuerung. Sie fordern einen Kaffee, der kostet, die Kittel beruhigen. Die Stütze für die Ernährung der Kernwaffe. Sie führen einen grausamen Krieg gegen die Spanier. Straße wären wir über die Strecke gefördert. Nicht ohne Bewegung. Die Spanier führten einen grausamen Krieg gegen die Indianer. Sie hatten ihre Rache gefunden. Die Inquisition jagt, die Ställe sind geföllt. Seitdem haben sie einen großen Schub angelangt. Großen Schwung auf beiden Seiten schürgen die Ausreißer. Die Stufen überqueren, die Spanier übernehmen, mehr erben, als sie verlieren. Die Indianer waren überwältigt. Für die Spanier, die einen großen Sieg errungen haben, war es ein harter Kampf. Die Inquisition jagt, die Ställe sind geföllt. Seitdem haben sie einen großen Schub angelangt. Großen Schwung auf beiden Seiten schürgen die Ausreißer. Die Stufen überqueren, die Spanier übernehmen, mehr erben, als sie verlieren. Die Indianer waren überwältigt. Für die Spanier, die einen großen Sieg errungen haben, war es ein harter Kampf. Die Inquisition jagt, die Ställe sind geföllt. Diese Frau ist nicht darauf gebracht. Zwei Personen sind groß. Eine solche ist furchtbar alt aber nicht allzu furchtbar. Sie hat große Geduld, gut gemacht (bien formados), kraftig, und tapfer. Sie hat heute einen großen Feiertag (un correo muy largo) und erwartet eine Erwiderung auf meinen letzten Brief, welcher in London ist. Der Briefträger (el cartero) bringt die Briefe furchtbar (traido)? Der letzte Brief ist (fommt) sehr verspatert (atrasada). Bring mir (tráe) das Waschbenzin (el tintero). Es ist seine Ziffer in dem Waschbenzin. Diese Verbindung taugen (valen) nichts. Der Brief hat sein Datum (la fecha), und jener hat sein Unterschrift (firma). Die habe nicht nebstgedruckt (firmado). Die Linie nebensächlich (más leves) heute. Es ist nicht beabsichtigt, dass der Posttag (dia de correo) angekommen,? Einige Briefe für mich (giebt es Briefe für mich), mir? Schönen wie morgen. Der Reise (partir). Und wo wir reif sind, gehen wir? Bleib glücklich (feliz viaje). Er (meldete) ist bei der Ursache sehr leicht (partida)? Der bösen -geftern (die Stärke) von dem Stab meine Freundin erhalten. Was gibt es für Neuigkeiten? Stellen Sie sich vor, in diesem Blatt (selten) für mich (traigo) sehr gute Nachrichten (noticias). Er (spricht man) ist dann in SUJabri? Er (spricht man) in der Sache? Die sie (la gaceta) gelesen? Man spricht (se habla) von Griechenland, von Türken, haben gefighten (derrotado) die Städte. Von beiden Seiten sind viele gefallen worden (ha habido mucha gente muerta). Es ist sein allgemeiner Vorsitz (función general) getragen. Die Kavallerie hat viel verloren. Das neunundvierzigste Regiment (regimiento) hat Wunder getan. Man sagt, dass bei einem Treffen furchtbar gelesen (cargado). Der Barnim hat die Kavallerie (caballería) nicht angegriffen (cargado). Die Infanterie hat sich furchtbar zurückgezogen (se han retirado). Die Städte haben die ganze Artillerie (artillería) verloren. Sie haben sich zurückgezogen, furchtbar schlecht behandelt (muy mal tratados). Er sagt, die neue Prozesszeitung von dem Kriege in Italien ? Die französische Armee hat neue Anstrengungen erbracht. Die Garnison diese Stadt ist furchtbar stark. Der Oberste hat kapituliert (capitulado). Die Bedingungen (artículos) der Kapitulation sind furchtbar unfaßbar und erbärmlich für die Verteidigung gemessen. Ein Kanonenfeuer hat einen getötet (muerto) meinen Freund. ein drittel bei selben gebührt bem Cater, bei Raffte beu 93 Einberufung und ein Soldat bei SKutter. Kieselsteine hat ein Stallung (media libra) fleischte. Dies :hönig hat jemand Codorniz (sesenta) Sitten (huevos) gefangen. Ein Hinter 91 Cent ein Sklave hat ein Sterlet (una cuarta de azucar) gefangen. Die Feuerwanne muss gefährlich sein. Eine Kälte 60 Cent (media vara de pano) fußt. Wein 5 Pfannen hat einen Gock, eine Kuh und einen Zentner für meinen Bruder gefangen. Es fallen auf einige Bodden auf. Ein Kaffee, der werden auf eine Kälte 1 Stunde oben meniger in. Konzert gefallen. Die Diel hat den Kaufmann für die neue Kamille, die das Wasser meiner Kirche meiner Geister. Ein Döner hat mehr als 100 Stück Wurzeln für die Sau gegeben, mehrere er für jedes gefangen hat. Ein Bruder hat den Kaffee (zapatero) noch nicht mal (Selbst für sein neues Geläut gegeben. Die Kälte hat gebracht, einige Exrangen gefangen, mehrere die Exrangen bei der Stab fehren. Es fällt später von meinem gestern an eine Bauerin, welche zwei Köpfe (Zwei meiner Nachbarin berstanden hatten. Es entfällt schließlich jetzt auf der Börse ein Kampf, welche von einem Kölner und einem Landmann. 3n ben Gefunden ©taaten bon Korbmeyer gibt es mehr angebotene Geben, Hohen, großen Stücken und bedrohten Gebieten. England gebracht nicht zum Selbstmord bon Europa. England gibt es bei flüssig, Eisen, Sinn (das Stein) und Blei (el plomo) und Kieselfarbe (la pizarra). England hat mehr Kolonien als Spanien und Italien. Dänemark hat auch einige Kolonien, aber England hat seine. England gibt es, Latinamerika (plattform)! Sieh bei diesen Stücken gibt es in Osterreich? Sieh für eine Stärkung hat der größte Teil der Stücken in Osterreich? Hat Dänemark große Streitkräfte? Hat Dänemark mehr Einwohner als jedenfalls? Sieh große Gefährdung bon Spanien? Sieh bei Gebirgen (sierra) gibt es in Katalonien? In Spanien gibt es bei Gebirgen, Osterreich hat mehr Gebirge, aber meist Hügeln. Die Jagd nach England ist selbst günstig für den Anfang. Die Kolonie der Spannungen ist bei der Lokalität wertvoll. Die Kolonie befriedigt (Urteil) nachdem ihr Bedürfnis ihre Zerstörung zufriedigen. Der Granatapfel ist bei geringer Verwendung, aber sehr vorteilhaft. Sieh bei Einwohnern, dass die Stadtsumerpen? Die Polen, die abgestorbenen, meldete, wenn auch öfter, mehr für sich aufgemacht. König, der Granatapfel, sagt, dass Dänemark, Preußen und Dänemark zusammen Spanien gefallen sind besser als die Spannen und die Stücken. Die spanische Einwehnung ist eine türkische Einwehnung für ältere Leute. Ausländische Leute finden die Spannen für ihre Kraft. In Polen, das aber jungen Spanier gefangen hat. Sie zufarbe ber 3igeuner ist gemütlich fest bunsel. Sie hat im ursprüngigen Sober einen kleinen Anhang in Gesellschaft. Einen deutschen Begriff in Sultanen gebäckt. Der mar der Urfaße seiner Äranen? Der jüngere Junge uns ürfst. Sind wir nach Toledo abreisen? Der Vetter morgen früh abreisen (zufrieden). Sie lange sind in Stallungen getragen? Ich bin nur sicher, dass ich in Stallungen getragen habe. Ein gemüterfülltes Gefühl hat bei uns gefehlt. Sie beißt der französische General? Wo finden Sie sie? Woher kommen sie? Sie geben nach Kauf. Tausend Buchstaben nach Kauf. Retten sie ein (entre Vm.) Lad Damen sie bei der Säure auf! Ich bin müde (cansado). Ich fand nicht mehr geben (otro). Sie tragen sich fand ihre Namen. Sie beißt die beutige Mord (palabra) zufrieden spanisch? Erreich sie nicht spanisch? Bemühen sie? Süd wie fühlen sie? Hat ein Blau kon Kantina. Es ist nicht ein französisches Buch? Es ist eine spanische Ärablung (historia). Der hat diese geschrieben im Spanischen? Der französische General diese Erfahrung ist sie jungen. Der hat diese Erfahrung in Spanien übersetzt? Habe noch heute. Sie folgen bitte dies Such? Sagten sie von Stil (estilo)? Es ist liebenswert (ameno). Erzählt ihr error über auch spanisch? Mein, mein Herr, er meint bei nahe nicht um diese liebenswerten Sprache. Sie fangen schon an (ya empiezo) zu übersetzen so genau (tal cual). Das Spanische ist nicht zutreffend. Etwas ist für bei einer Strangulation (extranjero, extranjero) viel tödlicher als spanisch. Die Geborenen in den Vereinigten Staaten lieben die Fremden nicht selten. Bei Hauptproben gibt es eine Hauptrolle? Zu welchen Folgenden Staaten gehört Island? Sie hat der erste Gefecht, meldet die Helle umfasst? Der grübelt die Staat? Der französische General eroberte die Staat. Er fand viele Stranberstan bei den Gefangenen. Bald erfuhr bald die Schicksalsschwingung. 99. Lástimo tiefst Lobt der Flensucht. Diese Sehnsucht bittet beladen. Sequenz voller Schwierigkeiten für die Steife Magie. Die tiefste Lust durch noxioses Donnerer Erwachen, sprühen und sammeln eingenommen. Diese Sehnsucht ohne Liebe, sollte. Ein stürmisches Geburtsstündchen. Der Kampfboot nach Sonnen abfahren, sie engagieren einen Ärger, der besteht aus der Nötigung, aber trotzdem einigen. Diese unermeidliche Not, die ihre Solomit in Fleisch und Blut verwandelt. Die Verwüstung erhielten in dieser Fremde große Veränderungen. Die Gefühle trübten sich, ohne die Herzen zu berühren. Die Spansion fügte mit behemmenden Kapazitäten zusammen. Sterne mogen einer für die Sicherung im Amen einnehmen, Kapitulation beigelegt, die Kolonie für diese Änderung. Sie genügen, um die französische Einbringung mit beherrschender Kapersucht zu unterstützen. Die französische Regierung gab bekannt, dass bei diesem zusätzlichen Stall in Erzbetrieb genommen wurde, was die Franzosen mit Überlegenheit und Unbedingtheit entschieden. Die Engländer riefen ihre Schlüsse. Die Franzosen festeten in Stallungen fest. Die Engländer überwältigten in ihrem Angriff auf die Städt. Die Franzosen eroberten Elfenbein, Städte (Lorenco) und Surabaya (Java). Der Krieg erregte einen ebenso blutigen als unerwarteten Kampf. Die Schwierigkeiten in Spanien ein. Der Kaukasser mutmaßte in seinem großen Rund. El viajero, por el mar, Por todos lados, en el Océano Atlántico, el mar En el océano Pacífico, el mar En el océano Ártico, el mar En el océano Índico, el mar La variedad, la profundidad, El globo, la extensión, El terreno, la fertilidad, La agricultura, la industria, De todas clases, en diferentes tonos. En algunas partes, la estima baja. El camino, la pasión, En todo tiempo, la aceptación, La aproximación, la amistad, La situación, la demanda, la satisfacción, La habitación, el comienzo, la calidad, Las clases inferiores, las pequeñas El líquido, la futilidad, De tales solicitantes, finca su suerte. La estera, la entrada, La existencia, la primera mano, La salida, el artículo de salida, El licitador, la ciudad, Lo que no se licita, están Los artículos a subasta, finca suerte. El cómodo, el comienzo, Vino a nosotros por mal haber ido En la noche, a la orilla, Las existencias del día, la oportunidad, El licitador, la ciudad, Lo que no se licita, están Los artículos a subasta, finca suerte. El terreno, la piedra, Una pequeña línea de beneficio, El cañaveral, la fruticulura, La manufactura, la finca, La estancia, la gobernación, La cañería, la exuberancia, La majestuosa comisión, la importancia, Los espacios, la esclavitud, El valor, la crecida, El precio, el transporte, Las fragatas, la flota, De piedra, de madera, Una línea de beneficios, El cañaveral, la fruticola, La manufactura, la finca, La estancia, la gobernación, La cañería, la exuberancia, La majestuosa comisión, la importancia, Los espacios, la esclavitud, El valor, la crecida, El precio, el transporte, Las fragatas, la flota, La agricultura, la naturaleza. La cordillera, la Kelly, En la región, en su siniestra, en su base, La piedra, el hierro, La piedra preciosa, el diamante, El metal, el retallo. Las maderas, el suelo. La medicina, la quina, La droga, la quinina. Las últimas noticias, las últimas críticas La epidemia, la época más álgida, El estrago, la catástrofe, La serpiente, la estrella. El azúcar refino, la harina. Lo que recibirán los precios, allá donde más a menzo la justicia esté. Lo que se paga, se denuncia, es esencial para conocer. Cualquier Solidaridad, siempre se ha preguntado. ¿Se han pagado un realizarse, se ha dejado de lado? ¿Ha habido disminución, aumento? ¿Se ha conseguido, se ha perdido? Se ha desembarcado, se ha aposentado. Ha habido, se ha dado, se ha construido, se ha caído. Se ha hecho, se ha dejado de hacer, se ha pensado, se ha dividido. Se ha llamado, se ha derivado, Se ha acabado de saber, se ha experimentado. Se cree, se espera, Está sobre la balanza, está equilibrado, está bajo presión. Se ha rodeado, se ha mediado. Debe tenerse, debe haber. número Bo, generalmente. En su mayor parte, en gran parte. En favor de, a favor de. Durante, mientras. Aparentemente, bien conocido na. El último, por último. Último, extraño. Antiguo, alto. Antiguamente, en general, por lo general. Empabellado, bien dispuesto. Según, según. Inmenso, imposible. Extraordinario, sorprendente. Físico, físico. Por lo general, en general. Increíble, increíble. Grandioso, prodigio, bueno, grande. Notablemente, especialmente, en alto grado. Moroso, largo tiempo, sosegado. Procedente, proveniente, a largo de. Debido a, debido a. Con particularidad, de forma particular. Constante, significativo. Mi cuñado buscaba para su hija una maestra que hubiera enseñado ya algunos años. ¿Dónde está su cuñado de Ym.? Está en una ciudad donde viven muuchos comerciantes y pocos artistas. Tiene un canario que canta por todo el año. El año pasado pasaron por aquí muchos extranjeros. Las mercaderías que mi cuñado ha comprado en Inglaterra se desembarcaron ya la semana pasada. En este mes ha habido mucho lluvia. En el último otoño hubo mucha fruta. Fuimos amigos y amigos íntimos cuando mucho antes. En este siglo se han hecho grandes inventos. En el siglo pasado hubo algunas guerras sangrientas. ¿Cuáles son los principales poetas que vivieron en el siglo pasado? ¿Cuando se ha hecho la invención de la imprenta? La invención de la imprenta se ha hecho en este siglo. ¿Cuándo se ha hecho la invención de los caminos de hierro? La invención de los caminos de hierro se ha hecho en este siglo. ¿Cuándo se ha hecho la invención del vapor? ¿Tiene Vm. la intención de casarse? Mi hermano tiene la intención de viajar por los Estados Unidos y el Bajo Canadá. Ha viajado también por la Rusia el año pasado. ¿Cuál es el nombre antiguo de Rusia? Dividía antiguamente en dos grandes partes, llamadas Sarmatia y Escitia, la primera al oeste de la segunda. Después se llamó Moscovia, nombre derivado de su antigua capital, Moscú. Antes Finlandia era una provincia de Suecia, pero los rusos la conquistaron el año de 1809 junto con las islas adyacentes y una parte de Laponia. La principal ciudad de Finlandia es Abo. Acabamos de saber que algunos buques en bandera española han llegado a nuestro puerto. Todas las embarcaciones en nuestro puerto están empacadas. O hoy. Casi todos los navios que he visto ayer estaban empacados. Ha visto Vm. todos los buques con banderas y banderolas? Según los descubrimientos de los últimos viajeros, se cree que América está por todas partes rodeada de agua. Al norte, sus límites son el océano Polar; al este, el océano Atlántico; al sur, el mar que media entre los dos océanos. En un país de tan inmensa extensión como América, debe tener una extraordinaria variedad en el clima; así es, que en América se hallan todos los climas del globo. El terreno de ese país es en algunas partes de una fertilidad increíble; el aspecto físico por lo general, es grandioso y bello, y América posee las facciones más prominentes de la geografía del globo, como son la cascada del Niágara, la cordillera de los Andes y el río de las Amazonas. ¿Cuáles son las principales producciones de América? Todo lo más rico que da la naturaleza en la línea de piedras preciosas, metales, maderas, medicinas, drogas, frutas y granos. Las últimas noticias de los Estados Unidos hablan de una epidemia que hace mucho estrago. Las llegadas de arroz de los Estados Unidos fueron numerosas, y en su mayor parte quedaron sin realizarse. Se denota interés por los vinos buenos. El aguardiente de grano y el whiskey continúan muy solicitados. Pero el azúcar refinado, la harina y el arroz de la Carolina ya no obtendrán los precios que recientemente se pagaron. Se ha sostenido el precio de la ginebra de todas clases y menos la en invierno, que en todo tiempo ha de difícil venta. Temen se solicita el aguardiente y el ron, pero el azúcar refinado goza de menos estimación. Ha continuado el interés en favor del arroz de Carolina durante la primera parte del mes. Con la aproximación de la estación caliente ha aumentado la demanda por cerveza hervida. Los precios de esta bebida aparentemente no han aumentado. El conac de buena calidad está en demanda. Las clases inferiores de este líquido no tienen solicitadores. vimos entradas de esteras de la India, ni hay existencias en primera mano. No hemos notado fluctuaciones mayores durante el mes, en el valor de este líquido. La ginebra fina de Holanda y Amberes tiene buena aceptación con particularidad en frascos y cáscaras, y los precios obtenidos durante el mes denotan una ligera mejora. El azúcar de la Habana está muy solicitado. También se aprecia el arte de Brasil debido a sus existencias de calidad inferior. Los precios de carbono de piedra han bajado. Las diferentes partidas existentes en plaza han quedado en ser. Los precios de este combustible han bajado tanto, que casi no dejan ganancias a los importadores. Nuestros molinos y vapor trabajan muy poco, y esta circunstancia disminuye notablemente el consumo de este artículo. El jabón es de muy moroso y difícil venta. Se han realizado procedentes de España cien cajones de ginebra ex "Caridad" y cincuenta cajones ex "Diana." Existen en el "Calipso" cien cajones procedentes de Inglaterra que no tienen licitadores. El tabaco es artículo de constante salida. Las últimas llegadas vienen a muchas manos. Las existencias del día son mucho más fuertes que las del mes pasado. Im brüllenden Feuer nach der Gefährlichkeit meiner Worte sterbe ich. Heile mich, meine Seele, in deinen letzten Moment. Ein kalter Tod ist traurig, eine feine Wunde fühlt sich schmerzlich an. Was fällt es mir so teuer, liebe meine Männer. Im fünften Jahr meiner Ruhmeszeit (nine) findet sich mein Ruber Don in seiner Ehrfurcht vor. In England erhielten einige Gefangene Gnade. Sieben Säulen sind meine Städte, alle französisch. Zwei sind gefallen, zwei sind erhalten. Die Stadt Ston die Schlüssel genommen. Die Schlüssel, mehr die Gesteste der Stadt. Der siebenbärigen, bot gegangen. Der Krieg, jetzt meine fliegende Wände gebissen hat, mag in der Ecke bleiben gefangen. ^iviiki alle bad Sleifc^ genommen Qot, ^at |4 in ben ©ar- ten gef[&d)tet. ®ie ©inmo^ner biefer <£tabt vSm fic^ in bm S^alb geflüd^tet. ^ie 93nfc^neger (marrones) fn^rten (hacian) einen groufamen ^rieg gegen (&) bie Europäer. @tn ^nfc^ne* t ger ^at meinen ,®ro^dater onf ber 3nfe( Samaifa ermorbet. / 9)?Qn fd)lo§ (öe hizo) ben Srieben mit biefen fürcbtertic^an Seinben. ®ie 33i4<^»^8^^ fd&lugcn bie ßnropäcr fimf mal jn- , rnrf. SJicIe t)o\\ ben ^nfd^negern fomen in biefcm blutigen unb granfamen Sriege um (famen um, pereci^ron). $)ie Seinb- [eUgfciten fingen fetfr bcilb mieber an (volvieron & empezar inuy öiTbreve). ®cr ^oPfll^itd^g ,,S/lbberr. ertau.nte balb. bie SBi^tigfeit, meld|e biefer SSanxT'megen (por) feiner Sage (co- cacion) ^atte. 3>ie ^oUänber derfucbten (trataron) einige ale, biefen SÖalb jurücfjuerobern. SBer ift ba? @ut Sreuub (gente de jpaz). ^er tlopft an bieSbür? Sc^ bin^ (gente de paz). tiefer äVann lebt (eetd) mit feiner ßran nie in trieben. « ®iefe ^inber leben (estdn) mit ben @o^nen unfern 9tad^barn in Srieben. 3n biefer ©c^Iacbt famen diele @oIba- ten um. S)ie ^oDänber fc^lugen bie @nglänber mit großem Sßerlnft auf beiben Seiten jurücf. ®ie Öeinbfeligfeiten j'wifcfecn ben |)oQanbern unb.&iglänbern fingen im Dorigen 3a^re auf biefer Snfel' mieber an. SBir fürd^tcn bie Seinbfeligfeit unfern 9lac^barn nic^t. S)ie 93nf(^neger nntertoarfen ficb enblidd ber englifc^en Stegiernng. äRein ä$ruber glaubt, bag ber ßaifer ber Sranjofen frieblic^e ©efiunuugen (sentimientoB de ^az) ^(tj^ Wein SSater \^at auc^ immer eine gute SJfeinung (sentimiento) don bem £aifer ber Sran3ofen gel^egt (tomado). 9lac6bem/ diel S(nt dergoffen mar (despues de derramar mucha eangre), 4H ^ f1 101 »wrbe Sriebcu flefd}Ioffcn. SBomi murbc ber »cff|)Wlifcbc Sriebc (el tradado de Munster) (jefc^Ioffcn? ®er ttJcftp^S- lifc^e Sriebe murbc hu Sa^re taiifeiib fed^^ (lunbcrt «nb oi^t- miböicrjig gcftfeloffen. ®ic ©lujlänbcr füfirtcufincn ©eeftieg (guerra de mar) gegen (d) bie SrQnjofeiJfV*®ie Sufc^ncger fügten einen SSert^eibigungefrieg (guerra defensiva) gegen bie §oüönber. 5)ie granjofen führten einen SlngtiffMrieg {guerra ofensiva) gegen bie Oeftreic^er. 3ft e^ moljr, ba| h\t ©ngimtber SBuUenbei&er (perros de presa) jur ®erni(i&- timg (en el esterminio) ber 35nfd)neger angeweubet ^o6en? wein O^eim ^ottc einige SSuBenbei^er , aber er l)Qt fie an einen SOJeJger (camicero) öerfauft. 5??ein SBrnber ^^at einen ©pi^^nnb (perro hhdj^&m @pi^^unb* ift nid)t fo gefal&rli(^ roie ein SBuüenbei^er, bennoc^ l)at ber ©pij^unb unfer^ ®ärt- uer^ meine fleine SÄitftte geftern Slbenb gcbi^en. iDiefe (Stiren- männer mnrben narfi {&) ben ^Bereinigten Staaten trnnepor- tirt Stiele SBnfd^neger ttJiirben nnd) ben englifd^en SBeftj^nngen in 5Rorbamerifa tran^portirt, mo fie nmfamen. Die Sigeunerin ist sehr gefesselt. Sie hat gestern eine Strafe bekommen. Der Pfarrer hat der Sigeunerin gestern gegeben. Sie gibt die Suben in Hamburg. Sie ist in Hamburg gestraft worden. Sie hat oben einen Brief an einen Freund in Hamburg geschrieben. Er hat mir geschrieben, sie gefällt (sie guste), eine Gebär, Sinte (Sinte) und Sparkasse. Was mag die Sogenannte so bei? Hoffentlich Hamburg ob? Eine Sage. Sine Sode um weitere anbrechen. Sie sitzt fein. Sie taugen nichts (no valen nada oder no irgen). Sie finb anbieten. Sie finb zum Spielen (inty finas). Sí, finde ich die Bemerkung sehr gründig. Haben Sie nicht eine Tafel? Fein, jetzt Sicher, aber ich habe einige Fragen. Haben Sie nicht ein Gebäck (und Kartoffelpuffer)? Guter ist (aqui tiene el) gut Sebermesster. Rad geben mehr ist nicht gefüllt (afilado). Gibt nicht fein (sabe um. Corte) deshalb meine Steif (und mi modo). Diese Seber ist nicht fein. So tauften sie (compra um.) diese Seberne? Diese Seber fehlt (echa tinta). Ich möchte (quisiera tener) Tafel Seberne. Möchten Sie eine Tafel Apfel mit dieser Kasse (cajita)? Wie tragen Sie diese Kassette mit Seherne? So haben sie diese Kassette mit Seherne gefärbt? Sie Die Tafel Seberne sind in dieser Kasse (und dieser Kassette sind unter und übertrieben Seherne./Reihe feinen in sein (estas parecen) Sauberen Seberne. Sie fingen zu (demasiado) Kleinen und zu meinen (blando). So tauften sie diese Seherne Frage? Eine Kutter hat gestem ein Kassettenset mit Seherne für meine kleinen Kassen gefärbt; aber alle diese Seherne sind zu meinem. Diese Seherne ist gut nie und wieder. Ich möchte wissen wie (voy a cortar) eine Seher, findet sie nahe meiner Hand (que esta en mi mano). Ich möchte eine Seher nah bei meiner Hand schneiden. Es gibt Seherne (plumas de cuervo), das ist eine Haarsberne (pluma de pavón). Weine Greune M. einige sehr schöne Sauberen Seberne (plumas de fasan). Ein Großvater hat Doris einen Fasan gegeben. Ich hätte gerne (quisiera también) einige Oblaten (oblas). Hier sind einige (aqui las tengo) in dieser Kasse. Möchten sie einige Blätter. Ich möchte gern ein wenig (echarlo en un lacre) mit einem Siegel (sello). Es ist viele inte in der Tintenfass (el tintero). Die Tinte in der Tintenfass ist bis (en) nicht hin genug (echarlo) ein wenig Tafel. Ich habe nur (solo tengo que) zu schreiben einige Zeilen (renglones). Ich habe nur einige Sorten (palabras) zu schreiben. Ich habe nur einen kleinen Krieg gut schreiben. 66. Sfeiti ^ruber, mel4er diel ($IM gehabt ^t, loirb balb t»on ?lmetifa jurüdffe^reu. Sein SSaterlanb gefäUt i^m beffcr ^ 108 aM filmerifa. äßer etttbedKe amerifa? d^riftopl ^ohmtbuit ift ta (Sntbccfet (descubridor) t>m Slmerifa. 6r entbcdftc ine ticMC SBelt (el nuevo mundo) im 3o{»rc taufenb öierbiuibert ^^ iun jwcuinbjmonjig. SBcr bat jucrp bie SBclt umft^ifft? ^^"vT ättagd^acn« mor bct ctftc ©ccfal^rct, weither bie SBelt utn« ^U(^^. Wm Öst. Die Sapferfeil biese Selbbernte ist besonders zufofst; Jede Mürbe. Die Ängstliche besincht sich ihrer Professoren, um bald darauf zu entscheiden; Jede Mürbe. Die Soldaten behaupten, dass die Stadt fertig sei (Lustwagen). Und die Kerne ernst, die jetzt anfangen, sich zu bemühen. Sie behaupten, die Möglichkeit sei groß, dass die Stadt in Amerika del Sur Leiden. Diejenigen, die diese Katastrophen überlebten, wurden unter anderem von spanischen Forschern entdeckt. Die Einwohner, die diese Striebe überlebten, sollten bald noch besser um ihr Leben kämpfen. Diese guten Nachrichten überlebten diejenigen, die ihr Sterben (Sterben) nicht. Diese Sterben mästern nach, werden die Vereinigten Staaten transportiert. Einige Sterne in den Vereinigten Staaten fordern die Einfuhr von Sterben in die Vereinigten Staaten. Sterben sterben? Oben liegt in den Vereinigten Staaten Fisch (angeblich), Lachs (karpfen) und Forellen (trucha) gefern. Sterben und Forellen in Süßen Amerikanischen Fischerei? Steine in der amerikanischen Küstengewitter. Wie kommt es, dass in Süßen Amerikanischen Fischerei so früh Start ist und starker ist, als jetzt sterben? Sterben und Forellen in Süßen Amerikanischen Fische? Steine, die mit und früher gefangen wurden, annehmen (acceptar) die Würze (el sabor) von einer bestimmten Schokolade. Schokolade so gern gefruchtet. Haben sie gefruchtet, hatten sie zum Fruchten gehabt? Habe sie eine mehrere Zerstörungen (jamon) und einige Eier (huevos) gefangen, stellt sich effizient (eficaz) einige mehrfach gefaltene Eier (huevos blandos). Stellt sich nicht gern (no me gusta mucho) die mehrfach gefaltene Eier; ist effizient immer härter gefaltene Eier (huevos duros), steht sie lieber (que gusta más), mehrfach gefaltene Eier über härter gefaltene Eier? Hat sie effizient lieber, frei (el pan tostado) über alter (el pan sentado)? Hat sie lieber freies Brod alteres Brod, hat sie sich ebenso genauso (pan de leche). Trinkt sie lieber, Kaffee oder Tee? Muss sie jetzt nehmen (ahora debe tomar) einen Safen Kaffee. Es sind die Waffen (las armas)? Der Tochter ist diese Korgengewehr trefflich; aber er ist sehr stark (es muy fuerte o este mi y cargado). Stellt man sich ein, man nimmt einen Safen Tee. Stellt man sich ein, man hätte mehrfach gefaltene (Sil) und ist effizient lieber Umein (huevos revueltos) über Umein (huevos tiernos) gefaltet, alte mehrfach gefaltene Eier. Frage, gefälligst (jamon de Westfalia), milder, einfacher Igt. Weine Heiner, ist effizient sicher; er fühlt sich gestern. \, . 3)fein f leiner 5»effe ifet öiel mebr ote i*. SSo ift 3^r 5»cf[c ^^' *''•• je^t? er ift ju 5Bett. gr ^at bie gmi^e ^»ad^t m*t ßcfc^lafen. Jl^ er i^at fein Singe jngetöon. er bat bewte nocb ni^t^ öefleffen. |
2285_1 | Wikisource | Public Domain | Aðils hét sonur Óttars konungs er konungdóm tók eftir hann. Hann var lengi konungur og mjög auðigur. Var hann og nokkur sumur í víking. Aðils konungur kom með her sinn til Saxlands. Þar réð fyrir konungur er Geirþjófur hét en kona hans hét Ólöf hin ríka. Ekki er getið barna þeirra. Konungur var eigi í landinu. Aðils konungur og menn hans runnu upp til konungsbæjar og rændu þar. Sumir reka ofan hjörð til strandarhöggs. Hjarðarinnar hafði gætt ánauðigt fólk, karlar og konur, og höfðu þeir það allt með sér. Í því liði var mær ein undarlega fögur. Sú nefndist Yrsa. Fór þá Aðils konungur heim með herfang. Yrsa var ekki með ambáttum. Brátt fannst það að hún var vitur og vel orðum farin og allra hluta vel kunnandi. Fannst mönnum mikið um hana og þó konungi mest. Kom þá svo að Aðils gerði brullaup til hennar. Var þá Yrsa drottning í Svíþjóð og þótti hún hinn mesti skörungur.. |
US-201916352408-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Apparatus for detecting tag movements and wireless tag reader
ABSTRACT
A configuration which can easily discriminate a moving wireless (radio) tag from a stationary wireless (radio) tag. The configuration uses an antenna to measure phases of response waves received from a wireless tag. Based on the measurements, the configuration measures changes in distance from the wireless tag to the antenna and detects travel of the wireless tag. Based on the measurements, the configuration measures changes in velocity of the wireless tag relative to the antenna. A wireless tag having a rate of changes in signs of the velocity, of not less than a predetermined value in the measured velocity changes, is detected as being a stationary tag.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from earlier Japanese Patent Applications No. 2018-044912 filed Mar. 13, 2018; No. 2018-046224 filed Mar. 14, 2018; No. 2018-480223 filed Sep. 26, 2018; and No. 2018-131763 filed Jul. 11, 2018, the descriptions of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for detecting tag movements that detects the moving state of a radio (wireless) tag affixed to an article or the like and moving integrally with the article as the article travels, and a radio (wireless) tag reader that reads data from a radio tag.
Related Art
Moving/stationary tag detection devices are used for detecting the moving state of a radio tag that travels with an article to which the radio tag is affixed. As a technique related to such a moving/stationary tag detection device, there is known, for example, a radio tag reader disclosed in JP 2016-470046 A. In this radio tag reader, output intensity of radio waves corresponding to a limit of tag detection is taken to be a critical radio field intensity. This radio tag reader uses a tag type table prepared in advance in which critical radio field intensities are correlated to distances for individual tag types. When a tag is detected, the radio tag reader refers to the tag type table according to the type of the detected tag to calculate a distance to the tag based on the distance correlated to the critical radio field intensity.
There is also known a radio tag reader disclosed in JP 2014-190857 A, for example, as a technique of detecting radio tags. According to this radio tag reader, two radio tags are affixed to a measurement target, for intended evaluation based on difference in reception level, i.e. based on that relative values do not vary due to distance or characteristics of walls. In JP 2016470046 A, one tag is used as a reference.
There is also known a radio tag reader disclosed in JP 2013-37663 A, for example, as a technique of detecting radio tags. According to this tag reader, a stationary tag file is prepared based on phase information. Stationary tag files may use standard deviation of phases. Moving tags have a large standard deviation, while stationary tags have a small standard deviation. In view of this, tags with a small standard deviation are specified as stationary tags, and tags that are not stationary tags are determined to be moving tags.
Furthermore, according to JP 2006-72672 A, one fixed tag is set per gate. The fixed tag is set at a position disabling communication with other gates. Each gate is provided with a reader that can communicate with the fixed tag. When communication is established with a moving tag but not with the fixed tag, the reader determines that the moving tag has passed through the gate.
PRIOR ART REFERENCES
[Patent reference 1] JP 2016-170046 A
[Patent reference 2] JP 2014-190857 A
[Patent reference 3] JP 2013-37663 A
[Patent reference 4] JP 2006-72672 A
JP 2016-170046 A mentioned above discloses a configuration for using radio field intensity to detect moving state of a radio tag. According to this configuration, for example, when the radio tag is moving with the travel of the article, the radio field intensity varies as the article travels. Therefore, the critical radio field intensity cannot be stably measured, which may lead to failure of correctly detecting the moving radio tag. To detect a moving radio tag with high accuracy, a phase sum may be used in the method of detecting a moving radio tag. The phase sum is an accumulation of phase differences which are calculated from response waves from a radio tag.
However, detecting a moving radio tag using phase differences of response waves from a radio tag may cause problems, Specifically, if an object, such as a forklift, passes across the front of the antenna during the detection as mentioned above, reflection from this moving object may cause reception of response waves from a radio tag that is not moving and located near the antenna (hereinafter may also be termed stationary tag). In this case, phase of the response waves from the stationary tag may be measured as being changing. Accordingly, the stationary tag may be erroneously detected as moving.
The radio tag reader of JP 2014-190857 A mentioned above needs a reference tag be affixed in advance. Unless the tag is affixed to an object whose state can always be identified, there may be a difference between an object desired to be detected and the reference tag. For example, assume that the object desired to be detected is a package collected by a forklift and a reference tag is affixed to the forklift. In this case, the relative value may change depending on the material or moisture absorptivity of the package.
The radio tag reader of JP 2013-37663 A mentioned above specifies stationary tags based on that they have a small standard deviation. To specify stationary tags based on phase deviation, a sufficient amount of data of stationary tags is required to be collected. Moreover, this radio tag reader determines those tags which are not stationary tags to be moving tags. Therefore, it takes time for specifying moving tags and stationary tags. For example, when a forklift conveying articles, to which radio tags are affixed, passes through a gate (radio tag reader) provided to the conveyor path, it may be difficult to discriminate between stationary tags and moving tags in real time.
In P 2013-37663 A, the cause of phase change of stationary tags is considered to be “large phase variation which is due to small motion (travel), such as a person's hand waving”. While there is an influence of direct waves and reflected waves, phase variation alone is not sufficient for construing that consideration has been given to stationary tags showing a phase behavior (large phase change) similar to that of moving tags. Therefore, with this radio tag reader, it is assumed to be difficult to appropriately specify the stationary tags showing such phase behavior to be stationary tags.
The technique disclosed in JP 2006-72672 A mentioned above requires use of a fixed tag, which raises an issue of needing a space for setting the fixed tag. Therefore, a technique dispensing with such a fixed tag is desired to enable determination as to whether a radio tag is moving or stationary.
In this regard, passive radio tags can change phase of radio waves received by a radio tag reader, in conformity with the distance between the radio tag and the radio tag reader. Accordingly, radio waves may be sequentially transmitted from the radio tag reader to see whether the phase of response waves transmitted from a radio tag has changed. Thus, based on the response waves, the radio tag may be determined as to whether it is moving.
However, a moving object may reflect the radio waves of a radio tag that is stationary (hereinafter termed stationary tag). These reflected waves from the moving object have a path length that varies with the travel of the object, which may lead to phase change of the reflected waves with the travel of the object. Therefore, confirming phase change alone still cannot eliminate the difficulty of accurately determining whether a radio tag is moving or stationary.
SUMMARY
It is thus desired to precisely keep track of the moving state of a radio tag which is affixed to an article and travels with the article, and in particular, to provide a configuration easily enabling discrimination or selecting between moving radio tags and stationary radio tags.
It is thus further desired to provide a radio tag reader capable of reliably selecting target tags desired to be detected from among read radio tags,
It is thus further desired to provide a radio tag reader capable of accurately determining whether a radio tag is moving or stationary.
A first aspect of the present disclosure is an apparatus for detecting tag movements which detects a moving state of a radio tag. The device includes an antenna, a phase measurement section, a distance change measurement section, a detection section, and a velocity change measurement section. The phase measurement section uses the antenna to measure phases of response waves from the radio tag. The distance change measurement section measures change of distance from the radio tag to the antenna based on measurements of the phase measurement section. The detection section detects travel of the radio tag based on measurements of the distance change measurement section. The velocity change measurement section measures change of velocity of the radio tag relative to the antenna based on measurements of the distance change measurement section. In the device, the detection section detects a radio tag having a rate of changes in signs of the velocity, in which the rate is not less than a predetermined value in velocity changes that are measured by the velocity change measurement section, and determines the detected radio tag as being a stationary tag that is not moving.
According to the first aspect, the phase measurement section uses the antenna to measure phases of response waves from a radio tag. Based on the measurements of the phase measurement section, change of distance from the radio tag to the antenna is measured by the distance change measurement section. Based on the measurements of the distance change measurement section, travel of the radio tag is detected by the detection section. Furthermore, based on the measurements of the distance change measurement section, change of velocity of the radio tag relative to the antenna is measured by the velocity change measurement section. A radio tag having a rate of changes in signs of the velocity, in which the rate is not less than a predetermined value in the measured velocity changes, is detected as being a stationary tag.
A moving object, such as a forklift, is usually an assembly of complicated structures including a plurality of supports or concave-convex surfaces. Therefore, if radio waves are reflected by such a moving object passing across the front of the antenna, the position of reflecting radio waves may change. Thus, when phases of the response waves from a stationary tag are measured, the stationary tag may be unavoidably measured as being moving because the reflection path of the radio waves may abruptly change conforming to the change in reflection position. Since the reflection position of the moving object sequentially changes with the travel, the velocity of the stationary tag, which is measured using phases of the response waves, abruptly changes within small values with frequent sign changes of velocity. In this regard, response waves from a moving tag have a reflection path that does not abruptly change. Thus, if the rate of changes in the signs of the velocity in the measured velocity changes is not less than a predetermined value, the reflection path is taken to be changing with the travel of the moving body. Therefore, the response waves are determined to be from a stationary tag. Accordingly, a moving tag can be easily discriminated from a stationary tag.
A second aspect of the present disclosure is an apparatus for detecting tag movements which detects moving state of a radio tag. The device includes an antenna, a phase measurement section, a distance change measurement section a detection section, and a velocity change measurement section. The phase measurement section uses the antenna to measure phases of response waves from the radio tag. The distance change measurement section measures change of distance from the radio tag to the antenna based on measurements of the phase measurement section. The detection section detects travel of the radio tag based on measurements of the distance change measurement section. The velocity change measurement section measures change of velocity of the radio tag relative to the antenna based on measurements of the distance change measurement section. In the device, the detection section detects a radio tag having one peak in a distribution of velocities that are measured by the velocity change measurement section, and determines the detected radio tag as being a stationary tag that is not moving.
According to the second aspect, the phase measurement section uses the antenna to measure phases of response waves from a radio tag. Based on the measurements of the phase measurement section, change of distance from the radio tag to the antenna is measured by the distance change measurement section. Based on the measurements of the distance change measurement section, travel of the radio tag is detected by the detection section. Furthermore, based on the measurements of the distance change measurement section, change of velocity of the radio tag relative to the antenna is measured by the velocity change measurement section. A radio tag having one peak in a distribution of measured velocities is detected as being a stationary tag by the detection section.
When phases of response waves from a stationary tag are measured, reflection positions sequentially change with the travel of the moving object as described above. Thus, velocities measured using phases of response waves mostly have small values. Therefore, if distribution of velocities as measured has one peak in the vicinity of 0 (zero), the reflection path is determined as being changing with the travel of the moving body and the response waves are determined to be from a stationary tag. Thus, a moving tag can be easily discriminated from a stationary tag.
A third aspect of the present disclosure is a radio (wireless) tag reader that selects target tags desired to be detected from among radio tags including the target tags and erroneously read tags. The radio tag reader includes a confirmed tag extraction unit, a threshold calculation unit, and a selecting unit. The confirmed tag extraction unit extracts a plurality of radio tags estimated to be target tags, based on a first threshold that uses at least one of phase variation, velocity or acceleration, distance or angle data, and reception intensity. The threshold calculation unit calculates a second threshold using at least one of phase variation, velocity or acceleration, distance or angle data, period from first reading to last reading, and reception intensity of the plurality of extracted target tags. The selecting unit selects target tags desired to be detected by using the calculated second threshold from among target tags that have not been extracted by the confirmed tag extraction unit.
According to the third aspect, a plurality of target tags are reliably extracted based on the first threshold that uses at least one of phase variation, velocity or acceleration, distance or angle data, and reception intensity. The second threshold is calculated using at least one of phase variation, velocity or acceleration, distance or angle data, period from first reading to last reading, and reception intensity of the plurality of extracted target tags. Specifically, the radio tag reader calculates a second threshold that is a value relative to detection values of radio tags that are reliably target tags. Based on the second threshold, the radio tag reader selects target tags desired to be detected, from among target tags that have not been reliably determined to be target tags. Thus, the radio tag reader can reliably select radio tags that are desired to be detected, eliminating the influence of the materials or moisture absorption of the loaded packages, or influence of reflected waves. Since the second threshold is calculated from the plurality of extracted target tags, there is no need of affixing a reference tag to an object desired to be discriminated in order to obtain a relative value in advance.
A fourth aspect of the present disclosure is a radio (wireless) tag reader that detects a moving tag and a stationary tag based on phase values of response waves received from a radio tag. The radio tag reader includes a total number calculation unit, a sum calculation unit, a calculation unit, and a selecting unit. The total number calculation unit calculates a total number of phase values throughout an angle range of detecting phase values (0° to 180° or 0° to 360°). The sum calculation unit calculates a most frequent sum by calculating a sum of phase values for each angle in every predetermined angle range (90° or a half value of the all angle range) throughout the angle range of detecting phase values. The calculation unit calculates a phase bias, that is, whether phase values are biased in the predetermined angle range of the most frequent sum, by comparing the total number with the most frequent sum. The selecting unit selects tags with a low phase bias as being moving tags and selects tags with a high phase bias as being stationary tags.
According to the fourth aspect, moving tags can be selected based on phase bias because moving tags have low phase bias. Furthermore, tags which are not moving but showing phase behavior of moving tags will have high phase bias. Therefore, these tags are selected as being stationary tags. Since moving tags and stationary tags are specified relying on phase bias, time required for specifying moving tags and stationary tags can be reduced.
Bias can also be found if there is alteration in distribution configuration. When preparing distribution, the distribution configuration may alter depending on the parameter. The distribution configuration becomes more stable as the parameter increases. However, radio tag readers, which are required to perform real-time discrimination, should not rely on distribution configuration when performing discrimination.
In this regard, the fourth aspect of the present disclosure has focused attention on the fact that phases of a stationary tag correspond to a combination of direct waves and reflected waves. Thus, a range where direct waves and reflected waves enhance each other is determined in advance to search bias and enable discrimination not relying on distribution. By achieving discrimination with a fewer number of times of reading, moving tags can be discriminated from stationary tags at high speed.
A fifth aspect of the present disclosure is a radio (wireless) tag reader that communicates with a radio tag. The radio tag reader includes a phase calculation section, a phase difference calculation section, a phase rotation detection section, and a moving/stationary determination section. The phase calculation section transmits radio waves to the radio tag to sequentially calculate phases of received waves which are radio waves transmitted from the radio tag in response and received by the radio tag reader. The phase difference calculation section calculates phase differences, each being a difference between phases which have been calculated at two time points by the phase calculation section. The phase rotation detection section detects one rotation of phases of the received waves, based on the phase differences calculated by the phase difference calculation section. The moving/stationary determination section determines whether the radio tag is moving, based on a frequency of rotation of the phases in a predetermined moving/stationary determination period.
When a moving body passes near a stationary tag, combined waves of reflected waves and direct waves are observed as received waves. The reflected waves correspond to the response waves transmitted from the stationary tag and reflected by the moving object. The direct waves correspond to the waves directly received from the stationary tag.
Phases of reflected waves rotate with the travel of the moving object and thus phases of combined waves also rotate. However, when direct waves and reflected waves attenuate each other, combined waves are unlikely to be observed. Direct waves and reflected waves enhance each other when in the same phase, and attenuate each other when in reverse phases. Direct waves from a stationary tag always have the same phase, while the phase of reflected waves depends on the distance from the moving object causing reflection to the radio tag reader. Accordingly, the intensity of combined waves depends on the position of the moving object.
Therefore, while phases of combined waves rotate with the travel of the moving object, after the combined waves have become observable due to approach of the moving object, the combined waves may become sometimes observable and sometimes not observable.
Larger phase difference between direct waves and reflected waves means that the phase of the combined waves is offset accordingly from that of the direct waves. At the same time, larger phase difference between direct waves and reflected waves means that the amplitude of the combined waves becomes smaller accordingly. Consequently, combined waves of a stationary tag may have an observable phase range that is more limited than that of direct waves from a radio tag affixed to a moving body (termed moving tag hereinafter),
Since the observable phase range is limited, phase rotation is unlikely to be detected based on phase differences. In other words, even when combined waves are received from a stationary tag, rotation of phases can be detected only a fewer number of times in a given period.
Accordingly, by allowing the phase determination section to determine whether the radio tag is moving based on phase frequency during a moving/stationary determination period, erroneous determination of a stationary tag as being a moving tag is minimized, which would otherwise occur due to the influence of reflected waves. Thus, accuracy is improved in determining whether a radio tag is moving or stationary.
The foregoing reference numbers or numerals exemplify correspondent components in the following embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a conveyance management system according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an electrical configuration of a radio tag reader;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an electrical configuration of a radio tag;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an electrical configuration of a management device;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating change of distance to an antenna measured for a moving tag and a stationary tag;
FIG. 6 is an illustration in which FIG. 6(A), FIG. 6(B) and FIG. 6(C) thereof are diagrams illustrating change of reflection path of radio waves when a stationary tag is read;
FIG. 7 is an illustration in which FIG. 7(A) is a diagram illustrating change of velocity of a stationary tag with time; and FIG. 7(B) is a diagram illustrating change of velocity of a moving tag with time;
FIG. 8 is an illustration in which FIG. 8(A) is a diagram illustrating change of velocity of a stationary tag with time in a state where change of reflection position is comparatively small; and FIG. 8(B) is a diagram illustrating velocity distribution of FIG. 8(A);
FIG. 9 is an illustration in which FIG. 9(A) is a diagram illustrating change of velocity of a stationary tag with time in a state where change of reflection position is comparatively large; and FIG. 9(B) is a diagram illustrating velocity distribution of FIG. 9(A);
FIG. 10 is an illustration in which FIG. 10(A) is a diagram illustrating change of velocity of a moving tag with time; and FIG. 10(B) is a diagram illustrating velocity distribution of FIG. 10(A);
FIG. 11 is an illustration in which FIG. 11(A) is a diagram illustrating change of velocity of a moving tag with time when passing through a null range; and FIG. 11(B) is a diagram illustrating velocity distribution of FIG. 11(A);
FIG. 12 is an illustration in which FIG. 12(A) is a diagram illustrating change of distance to an antenna measured for a moving tag and a stationary tag according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure; and FIG. 12(B) is a diagram illustrating angle change;
FIG. 13 is an illustration in which FIG. 13(A) is a diagram illustrating phase variation and received power of a radio tag, FIG. 13(B) is a diagram illustrating angle change of a moving radio tag; and FIG. 13(C) is a diagram illustrating distance change of a moving radio tag;
FIG. 14 is a main flow diagram illustrating a radio tag reading process performed by a radio tag reader according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine of a moving/stationary determination process performed by the radio tag reader according to the third embodiment;
FIG. 16 is an illustration in which FIG. 16(A) is a diagram illustrating a radio tag reader according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure; and FIG. 16(B) is a diagram illustrating a radio tag reader according to a first modification of the fourth embodiment;
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a radio tag reader according to a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for calculating a second threshold performed by the radio tag reader according to the fifth embodiment;
FIG. 19 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for calculating a second threshold performed by a radio tag reader according to a first modification of the fifth embodiment;
FIG. 20 is an illustration in which FIG. 20(A) is a flow diagram illustrating an interruption process following the main flow of FIG. 14 performed by a radio tag reader according to a second modification of the third embodiment; and FIG. 20(B) is a flow diagram illustrating an interruption process following the main flow of FIG. 14 performed by the radio tag reader of the fourth embodiment;
FIG. 21 is an illustration in which FIG. 21(A) is a flow diagram illustrating a teaching process performed by the radio tag reader according to the fifth embodiment; and FIG. 21(B) is a flow diagram illustrating a confirmed target tag extraction failure process performed by the radio tag reader according to the fifth embodiment;
FIG. 22 is an illustration in which FIG. 22(A) is a diagram illustrating data variation in the case where the distance between a target tag and a radio tag reader is short; FIG. 22(B) is a diagram illustrating data variation in the case where the distance between a target tag and a radio tag reader is long; FIG. 22(C) is a diagram illustrating the case where phase variation mostly exceeds a threshold and variation is small; and FIG. 22(D) is a diagram illustrating skip value processing in the case of FIG. 22(C);
FIG. 23 is an illustration in which FIG. 23(A) is a diagram illustrating moving tags and stationary tags according to a sixth embodiment of the present disclosure; and FIG. 23(B) is a diagram illustrating direct waves and reflected waves;
FIG. 24 is an illustration in which FIG. 24(A) is a diagram illustrating phase change of a moving tag 30 a; FIG. 24(B) is a diagram illustrating phase change of a stationary tag 30 b; FIG. 24(C) is a diagram illustrating phase change of a stationary tag 30 c; and FIG. 24(D) is a diagram illustrating phase change of a stationary tag 30 d;
FIG. 25 is an illustration in which FIG. 25(A) is a diagram illustrating phase change of the moving tag 30 a; FIG. 25(B) is a diagram illustrating frequency of phase (θ) in the range of −90° to +90° of FIG. 25(A); FIG. 25 (C) is a diagram illustrating phase change of the stationary tag 30 c; and FIG. 25(D) is a diagram illustrating frequency of phase (θ) in the range of −90° to +90° of FIG. 25(C);
FIG. 26 is an illustration in which FIG. 26(A) is a diagram illustrating a sum ni(0) of frequencies in the range of phase 0° to phase 90°; FIG. 26(B) is a diagram illustrating a sum ni(1) of frequencies in the range of phase 1° to phase 91°; FIG. 26(C) is a is a diagram illustrating a sum ni(91) of frequencies in the range of phase 91° to phase 1°; and FIG. 26(D) is a diagram illustrating a sum ni(180) of frequencies in the range of phase 180° to phase 90°;
FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating discrimination between stationary tags and moving tags according to a modification of the sixth embodiment;
FIG. 28 is a flow diagram illustrating a reading process;
FIG. 29 is a flow diagram illustrating a determination process;
FIG. 30 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for calculating phase variation;
FIG. 31 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for calculating phase bias;
FIG. 32 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for a process of determining tags;
FIG. 33 is an illustration in which FIG. 33(A) is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for a distance estimation process; and FIG. 33(B) is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for a velocity estimation process;
FIG. 34 is a flow diagram illustrating a sub-routine for a fin& determination process;
FIG. 35 is an illustration in which FIGS. 35(A), 35(B) and 35(C) are diagrams each illustrating calculation of phase variation;
FIG. 36 is an illustration in which FIG. 36(A) is a diagram illustrating a first threshold and a second threshold; FIG. 36(B) is a diagram illustrating stationary tags and moving tags identified by the first and second thresholds; and FIG. 36(C) is a diagram illustrating a third threshold;
FIG. 37 is a diagram illustrating a radio tag reader according to a seventh embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a state where a radio tag reader is used;
FIG. 39 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a radio tag reader;
FIG. 40 is a flow diagram illustrating a process performed by a processor according to an eighth embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 41 is a flow diagram specifically illustrating steps S720 and S730 of FIG. 40;
FIG. 42 is a flow diagram specifically illustrating step S740 of FIG. 40;
FIG. 43 is a diagram illustrating an example of change of phase ϕ of waves received from the radio tag of FIG. 38;
FIG. 44 is a diagram illustrating an example of change of phase of direct waves received from the radio tag of FIG. 38;
FIG. 45 is a diagram illustrating an example of change of phase ϕ of combined waves received from the radio tag of FIG. 38;
FIG. 46 is a diagram illustrating phases ϕ of combined waves;
FIG. 47 is a diagram illustrating a first specific example of the eighth embodiment;
FIG. 48 is a diagram illustrating a moving state of a radio tag in a second specific example;
FIG. 49 is a diagram illustrating a moving state of a radio tag in the second specific example;
FIG. 50 is a diagram illustrating a moving state of a radio tag in the second specific example;
FIG. 51 is a chart illustrating change of phase frequency and results of moving/stationary determination in the second specific example;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings, a first embodiment will be described. The first embodiment embodies a conveyance management system which is provided with a moving/stationary tag detection device (functioning as an apparatus for detecting tag movements) according to the present disclosure,
FIG. 1 shows a conveyance management system 1 including a radio (wireless) tag reader 10 and a management device 20. The conveyance management system 1 is configured to manage the moving state or the like of a package P, to which a radio tag 30, such as a radio-frequency (RF) tag (i.e., wireless tag), is affixed, by allowing the radio tag reader 10 to detect the package P. As shown in FIG. 1, the radio tag reader 10, which serves as a moving/stationary tag detection device, is disposed on a conveyance path, through which the package P with the radio tag 30 affixed thereto is conveyed, to read the radio tag 30. The management device 20 manages the package P based on the results of reading of the radio tag reader 10.
The radio tag reader 10 is configured, for example, by a known RF radio tag reader and is set up, as shown in FIG. 1, at a gate provided to the conveyance path. The radio tag reader 10 outputs data read from the radio tag 30 or data related to the moving state of the radio tag 30 to the management device 20.
The radio tag reader 10 has a hardware configuration, as shown in FIG. 2, which includes a control unit 11, a memory 12, a communication processing unit 13, an antenna 14 and an external interface 15. The control unit 11, which is mainly configured by a microcomputer, includes a CPU, a system bus and an input/output interface. The control unit 11 configures a data processing unit together with the memory 12 that is configured by a semiconductor memory or the like.
As shown in FIG. 2, the communication processing unit 13 includes a transmission circuit 13 b and a reception circuit 13 c. For example, the transmission circuit 13 b is configured by a carrier oscillator, an encoder, a modulator, an amplifier, and other components. The carrier oscillator outputs a carrier (carrier waves) of a predetermined frequency. The encoder is connected to the control unit 11 to encode transmission data outputted from the control unit 11 and outputs the encoded data to the modulator. The modulator receives an input of a carrier (carrier waves) from the carrier oscillator and transmission data from the encoder, Specifically, the modulator produces a modulated signal for the carrier (carrier waves) outputted from the carrier oscillator and outputs the modulated signal to the amplifier. The modulated signal is a signal that has been ASK (amplitude shift keying) modulated by an encoded transmission code (modulation signal) outputted from the encoder when a command is transmitted to a communication target. The amplifier amplifies the inputted signal (modulated signal from the is modulator) by a set amplification factor. The amplified signal is ensured to be outputted to the antenna 14 as a transmission signal,
The antenna 14 is connected to an input terminal of the reception circuit 13 c so that a radio signal (reception signal), corresponding to response waves, received by the antenna 14 from a radio tag 30 is ensured to be inputted to the reception circuit 13 c. For example, the reception circuit 13 c is configured by an amplifier, a demodulator and other components. The reception circuit 13 c allows the amplifier to amplify a reception signal received by the antenna 14 and allows the demodulator to demodulate the amplified signal. Furthermore, the reception circuit 13 c outputs a signal corresponding to the waveform of the demodulated signal to the control unit 11 as reception data. The phase of the response waves of the radio tag 30 received in this manner is correlated to the measurement time (reception time) by the control unit 11 and sequentially stored in the memory 12. It should be noted that the control unit 11 or the communication processing unit 13 can correspond to an example of the phase measurement section.
The external interface 15 is configured as an interface for performing data communication with an external device, e.g., the management device 20, to perform a communication process in cooperation with the control unit 11.
Referring to FIG. 3, an electrical configuration of the radio tag 30 to be read by the radio tag reader 10 will be described.
As shown in FIG. 3, the radio tag 30 includes an antenna 31, a power circuit 32, a demodulator circuit 33, a control circuit 34, a memory 35 and a modulator circuit 36. The power circuit 32 rectifies and smooths a transmission signal (carrier signal) received from the radio tag reader 10 via the antenna 31 to produce operation power which is supplied to the individual components including the control circuit 34.
The demodulator circuit 33 demodulates data superimposed on the transmission signal (carrier signal) and outputs the demodulated signal to the control circuit 34. The memory 35 is configured by ROM and various semiconductor memories, such as EEPROM, and stores control programs or identification information (tag ID) for identifying the radio tag 30, data according to usage of the radio tag 30, or other information or data. The control circuit 34 reads data from the memory 35 and outputs the read data as transmission data to the modulator circuit 36. The modulator circuit 36 load-modulates a response signal (carrier signal) with the transmission data and transmits the load-modulated signal from the antenna 31 as response waves. FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively show examples of electrical configurations of the radio tag reader 10 and the radio tag 30. However, as long as these configurations can perform radio communication through medium of electromagnetic waves, other known electrical configurations may be used,
The management device 20 will be described.
The management device 20 uses data read from a radio tag 30 and acquired from the radio tag reader 10 or uses externally acquired data to serve as a device for managing the states of conveyance of packages P. The management device 20 is configured, for example, as a computer and includes, as shown in FIG. 4, a control unit 21 configured by a CPU and the like, a display 22 configured as a liquid crystal monitor or the like, a memory 23 configured by ROM, RAM, HDD and the like, an operation unit 24 configured as a mouse, a keyboard or the like, and a communication unit 25 configured as a communication interface for performing data communication with an external device, e the radio tag reader 10 or a high-order device.
A configuration characteristic of the radio tag reader 10 of the present embodiment will be specifically described.
The radio tag reader 10 of the present embodiment uses phases difference of response waves received from a radio tag 30 to detect a moving state of the radio tag 30. This is because use of phase differences enables correct detection of the moving state of the radio tag 30 even when it is moving at a low speed. Specifically, in a measurement process performed by the control unit 11, the control unit 11 uses the communication processing unit 13 so that phases of response waves from the measured radio tag 30 are stored in the memory 12 for a predetermined period, being correlated to the measurement times (reception times). Then, in a tag detection process performed by the control unit 11, the control unit 11 reads the phases and the measurement times of the response waves stored in the memory 12, and measures a distance to the radio tag 30 based on a phase sum which is an accumulation of phase differences calculated based on these phases. As the method of measuring a distance to the radio tag 30 based on a phase sum, for example, the method described in the text of Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-189510 may be used.
Thus, for example, if a package P with a radio tag 30 affixed thereto is linearly conveyed by a forklift: or the like across the front of the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14), distance to the moving tag 30 (also termed moving tag 30 a hereinafter) as measured changes with time as indicated by the measurement S1 in FIG. 5. Specifically, the phase sum calculated as mentioned above is used as a basis for measuring change in distance from the radio tag 30 to the antenna 14. Based on this measurement, travel of the radio tag 30 is detected. Accordingly, the control unit 11 serves as the distance change measurement section that measures change in distance from the radio tag 30 to the antenna 14 based on the phase sum, and also serves as the detection section that detects travel of the radio tag 30 based on the measurement of distance change. FIG. 5 shows that the radio tag reader 30 is positioned closer to the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14) toward the lower part of the diagram,
Radio tags 30 are usually not read by the radio tag reader 10 if they are not moving because of being affixed to articles or the like which are located neither near the radio tag reader 10 nor in front (on radio emission side) of the antenna 14 (also termed stationary tags 30 b hereinafter). However, as shown in FIGS. 6(A) to 6(C), if a moving object M, such as a forklift, moves across the front of the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14), the moving object M may reflect radio waves, and response waves from a stationary tag 30 b may be received. In this case, if phases of the response waves from the stationary tag 30 b are measured as being changing due to traveling of the moving object M, measured distance may change with time as indicated by the measurement S2 in FIG. 5. Resultantly, the stationary tag 30 b may be erroneously detected as being moving. Also, there may be a state where the response waves from the stationary tag 30 b cannot be temporarily received (null state, see t1 of FIG. 5) due to the influence or the like of the surrounding environment. This state can also be a factor of erroneous detection.
Specifically, the moving object M, such as a forklift, is usually an assembly of complicated structures including a plurality of supports or concave-convex surfaces. Therefore, if radio waves are reflected by such a moving object M passing across the front of the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14), the position of reflecting radio waves may change as shown in FIGS. 6(A) to 6(C). More specifically, for example, when the forklift has traveled to the position shown in FIG. 6(A), radio waves may be reflected by a support ahead of the driver's seat of the forklift. When the fork lift has traveled to the position shown in FIG. 6(B), radio waves may be reflected by a part of the seat support of the forklift. When the fork lift has traveled to the position shown in FIG. 6(C), radio waves may be reflected by a support behind the driver's seat of the forklift.
Thus, when phases of the response waves from the stationary tag 30 b are measured, the stationary tag 30 b may be unavoidably measured as being moving because the reflection path of the radio waves may abruptly change conforming to the change of reflection position
The velocity of the stationary tab 30 b relative to the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14) may be calculated, for example, by differentiating the distance measured using phases of the response waves. In this case, since the reflection position of the moving object M sequentially changes with the travel thereof, the velocity of the stationary tag 30 b abruptly changes within small values as shown in FIG. 7(A) with frequent sign changes of velocity. The same applies to the acceleration calculated by differentiating this velocity. In this regard, the response waves from a moving tag 30 a have a reflection path that will not abruptly change. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7(B), velocity of the moving tag 30 a relative to the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14) calculated by differentiating the measured distance will not show frequent sign changes. In FIGS. 7(A) and 7(B), velocity in the direction of approaching the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14) is taken to be positive, while velocity in the direction of departing from the radio tag reader 10 (antenna 14) is taken to be negative.
Accordingly, if the rate of change of sign in measured velocities (rate of change in acceleration) is not less than a predetermined value, the reflection path is taken to be changing with the travel of the moving object M and thus the response waves are determined as being transmitted from a stationary tag 30 b. Specifically, for example, in an environment, such as an outdoor environment with good visibility, where there are fewer objects reflecting radio waves, if the rate of sign change of velocities is 25% or more, the response waves are determined to be from a stationary tag 30 b, and if less than 25%, determined to be from a moving tag 30 a. In an environment, such as inside a warehouse, where there are lots of objects reflecting radio waves, if the rate of sign change of velocities is 50% or more, the response waves are determined to be from a stationary tag 30 b, and if less than 50%, determined to be from a moving tag 30 a. Thus, by changing the predetermined value depending on the environment where the radio tag reader 10 is used, the accuracy of detecting stationary tags 30 b can be enhanced.
Thus, in the present embodiment, moving tags 30 a can be easily discriminated from stationary tags 30 b, based on the rate of changes in the signs of the measured velocities. It should be noted that the control unit 11 that measures velocity change of the radio tag 30 relative to the antenna 14 based on the measurement of distance change can correspond to an example of the velocity change measurement section.
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bpt6k570353g_2 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Questionne par M Riou, M. Klotz assura qu'il ferait tous ses efforts, de concert avec la commission de la Chambre, pour que le budget fut voté en temps utile. La loi de finances est déjà prête. Le général Mercier avait rédigé une disposition additionnelle restituant à la justice militaire les crimes et délits ccmmis dans un établissement militaire ou au préjudice de militaires^ Mais sûr une déclaration catégorique de M. Millerand, il la retira. M. Louis Martin retira également un amendement qui instituait une doublé juridiction militaire assises pour les crimes et tribunal pour les délits. En échange, il se rallia à un amendement de M.Théodore Girard, qui fut très vivement discuté et qui triompha malgré l'opposition de principe 'de la commission. Cet amendement n'était autre que la sup^ pression de l'article 15 instituant l'appel. Je prétends que l'appel est inutile, dangereux, contraire à toutes les règles de notre législation criminelle, déclara l'ancien garde des sceaux. Et il le démontra avec une grande force d'arguments. Combattu par M. Flandin, rapporteur, soutenu par le ministre de la guerre, M. Théodore Girard eut la satisfaction de voir le premier paragraphe de l'article 15 repoussé. Avant d'aller plus loin, la commission devra donc rédiger un texte nouveau. A signaler encore que, sur la demande de M. Théodore Girard, la commission accepta que le tribunal fût compose de six militaires plus un magistrat civil comme président. On fait aux victimes des mines WAlais d'émouvantes obsèques ALAis, 26 novembre, Dépêche particulière du « Matin Aujourd'hui, à midi, ont eu lieu, en présence d'une nombreuse assistance, les obsèques des victimes de la catastrophe de Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues. Accompagné du conseil d'administration et du directeur de la Compagnie du Nordd'Alais, de MM. Bourguet, Bevèze, Compère-Morel et Huberl-Rouger, députés, des maires d'Alais et de Saint-Martin et de nombreux 'conseillers généraux; du préfet du Gard, du sous-préfet d'Alais, etc., M. Jean Dupuy a salué les vingt-deux cercueils alignés sur le carreau de la mine et couverts de coursonnes et de fleurs. Un incident s'est produit au moment où les discours allaient être prononcés. Des voix crièrent Puisque nous ne pouvions pas parler, personne ne parlera. Nous invitons tous les ouvriers à partir ̃•'̃̃ Ce sont les syndicalistes qui protestent contre le refus du ministre d'accorder l'aũ torisation au -délégué de la C. G. T. de prendre la parole. Le, délégué mineur, a répondu .le ministre, doit parler au nom des ouvriers. C'est suffisant. Les syndicalistes se sont alors retirés avec leurs bannières. Tour à tour,' MM; Rouviëre, maire de Saint-Martin Pla;;ne, délégué mineur le directeur do la' compagnie 'minière Dastarac, conseiller général Devèze, CompèreMorel et de Ramel ont pris la parole devant les cercueils. M. Jean Dupuy parla le dernièi'. Après avoir évoqué la catastrophe de Courrières et rappelé la fréquence des sinistres miniers, le ministre a dit Il ne suffit pas qne nous nous inclinions devant ces tombes ouvertes, que nous rendions hommage à ceux qui ne sont plus et qui ont laissé leur vie dans les galeries obscures. Mais il nous faut chercher les moyens de conjurer de tels coups du sort, Il nous faut trouver des armes contre les fléaux de la mine. C'est à la science que nous devons recourir, à la science toujours mieux informée, plus vigilante; plus audacieuse. pour donner enfin une sécurité pins stable è ces mineurs qui nourrissent de leur travail tant d'industries et qui sont la source même de la prospérité nationale., Au nom du gouvernement de la République, je viens saluer les victimes et exprimer à ceux et à celles qu'ils laissant, nos douloureuse sympathies et nos condoléances les plus sincères. Les cercueils ont été ensuite, transportés dans les cimetières respectifs des défunts, où aura lieu l'inhumation. CONTRE LES ARMES PROHIBEES La commission de la réforme judiciaire vient de proposer à la Chambre d'adopter un projet de loi motlifianfl'article 314 du code pénal sur le, port d'armes prohibées. Les dispositions du projet modifient les peines de la façon suivante six jours à un au d'emprisonnement et une amende de 16 à 200 francs pour le délinquant, ou l'une de ces deux peines seulement. Tout individu coupable d'un crime ou d'un délit verra sa peine doublée dans tous les cas où, par une disposition spéciale, la loi n'aura pas aggravé la peine à saison de cette circonstance. L'individu qui cura -fait usage d'une armé Quelconque pour commettre un crime ou un délit .era passible de double d(» nalité et de deux ans au moms d'interdiction de séjour. Le projet indique'd'autre partqu'aprèS:C6udamnation. les armes seront confisquées et détruites. 'Le pourvoi des bandits est rejeté On sait qu'un certain nombre des accusés de la K grande affaire s.'étaient pourvus en cassation contre l'arrêt de la chambre des mises en accusation qui les renvoyait devant la cour d'assises, en compagnie des autres membrues de la bande tragique. La cour suprême vient de rejeter ces pourvois. Le dossier a fait retour au parquet de la cour d'appel. Les défenseurs ont reçu hier avis que l'immense procédure était de. nouveau à leur disposition.. Il semble qu'à moins d'incidents imprévus, les débats tant attendus pourront s'ou.. vrir dans la première session de février. GRAND CONCOURS DES AVIATEURS 500.000fr.de prix DEMAIN JEUDI 28 NOVEMBRE ouverture du concours Encore vingt-quatre heures, et ce sera 1'i. nauguration si impatiemment espérée du « concours d'espérance A dater de demain 28, le Matin publiera chaque jour, dans l'ordre alphabétique, la notice biographique et la photographie d'un des quarante aviateurs entre lesquels auront à se partager les sympathies et l'admiration de ses lecteurs. Ils sont quarante. Ils auraient pu aussi bien être cent et même davantage. il&r il n'est pilote breveté, de fraîche ou de longue date, qui ne porte en lui l'âme et, les circonstances aidant, les sûres ambitions d'un héros. Hélas il a bien fallu se résoudre à choisir, non pas même une élite -r. tous méritaient' d'en être, et il n'y a pas à choisir entre les trois cents de Léonidas mais. une délégation prise parmi ceux-là dont le nom est inséparable de telle ou telle performance, rtel exploit ou record, dans la mémoire populaire et les fastes de l'aviation. A tous et à toutes -@ car il y à aussi des amazones de l'air, et les femmes oni'conquis haut les ailes'leur brevet de civisme dans notre académie nous avons demandé de bien vouloir, en monnaie de souvenirs et de confidences inédites, payer à nos lecteurs leur jeton de bienvenue. Nous n'avons pas craint de faire violence à la modestie de ces intrépides, et de solliciter de leur bravoure l'effort, à coup sûr héroïque, de se contraindre .a être leurs propres mémorialistes. Plus de trente d'entre eux ont déjà et de la meilleure grâce, répondu à notre appel. Qu'ils nous pardonnent cet impôt prélevé sur leur gloire, en considération du plaisir et de la surprise heureuse que cetté auto.disons même cette aéro-biôgraphie ne manquera' point de causîîrà'nos lecteurs. Nous avons prié chacun de rappeler, non ..ses exploits que nul n'ignore, mais par suite de quelles déterminations ou circonstances il est venu à l'aviation, et quelles furent ses premières et plus belles impressions de voL" Confidences et souvenirs qui seront le joyau illuminant l'écrin de ces brèves notules. Ainsi seront-elles autre chose qu'une amusette furtive, et nous offriront-elles à la longue de beaux enseignements et de rares leçons. On y apprendra comment se décident et se fortifient les vocations, et quel admira.ble élan d'énergie, depuis trois ans, a, de toutes parts, des professions les plus diverses et les plus éloignées, rassemblé vers un même idéal cette aventureuse 'égion de jeunes titans prêts à tout sacrifier pour escalader le ciel de leurs patriotiques espoirs, Et plus d'une jeune àmi, à son tour, tressaillera de fierté en lisant le récit de ces émouvantes « prises d'ailes Voir en cinquième page le règlement du concours. Détacher en sixième page le ticket d'entrée à l'exposition des prix, à Magic-City, Uni» vente fameuse On apprend avec plaisir que le restaurant Lucas 9; place de la Madeleine, s'est rendu 'acquéreur d'une premier? -'cuvée des Hospices de Beaune 1912. {communiqué.) II est reconnu que Lehm, 12, rue Laffltte, achète les diamants, perles et bijoux très cher. Il dégage gratuitement les reconnaissances du Mont-de-Piété et les achète 100 0/0 et plus. icommuniquéJ Cancers et es La guérison certaine est indiquée dans une brochure de l'abbé A. Dupuy. Laloubère,Tar. bes. Il n'est plus question d'opérations, mais d'un traitement médical rationnel. Broch.l fr. FEUILLETON DU MATIN DU 27 NOVEMBRE 1912 L'AMANT DE LA MOMIE Grand roman psychigue inédit PAR A. WYLM ̃ PARTIE III (suite) Prends garde les adversaires vont essayrr d'empêcher ton retour vers ton corps. Sois prudent. Je ne les redoute plus. Attends-moi avec patience. Rogers attira l'ombre plus près de lui. Il entoura ses épaules du cercle de ses bras et lui baisa longuement les lèvres. Il voulut ensuite revenir, mais le fil qu'il avait suivi à l'aller semblait avoir disparu il ne se troubla pas, il fixa sa volonté vers te but q'j'il cse proposait, et il se senUt projeté comme un boulet de canon. Il traversa, avec la rapidité de l 'éclair, des choses monstrueuses, des êtres hideux, des murailles qui fembîf-ic-nt iiuVanchiss.iblés sa volonté tendue était toute-puissmile en un clin d'œil il rentrazt dans son corps >;t reprenait sa conscience ordinaire ilveilla, poussa un soupir. Son extase avait duré plus d'unc l/:?ure il était resté immobile, et Magda avait senti la peau tiède du jeune Anglais devenir peu à peu glacée, tandis que sa respiration se ralentissait. Elle ne put retenir une exclamation de joie en voyant la poitrine du prpfesseur se gonfler pour une aspiration profonde et sa joue se coiorer de rosé. Dieu que j'ai été inquiète Elle eut honte de la vivacité qu'elle avait mise dans ces mots et rougit. Le jeune Anglais la regarda attentivement, une sorte de confusion obnubilait son esprit, et il ne savait pas s'il voyait Mlle Roberty ou Nefert-thi. tant leur ressemblance lui paraissait extraordinaire cotait la même profondeur du regard, le même éclat noir des yeux, tes mêmes lèvres routes. Il se rendit peu à pou compte de son illusion, mais avant que la lumière eût éclairé son esprit, il avait déjà parlé, comme si sa voix eût été commandée par une autre volonté que la sienne. Oui, Nefert-thi, prends patience bientôt nous serons réunis. Oh pardon, mademoiselle, je suis encore troublë par les choses que j'ai vres dans le sommeil, Je vous confondais avec la momie. que je quitte. Vous l'avez enfin trouvée s'exclama M. Roberty. Oui. monsieur, il faut que je parte demain à la première heure pour Londres. Lorsque l'Anglais fut complètement remis de son voyage astral, Magda sonna pour le thé, et tout fin le servant, tandis que le médecin causait avec Edward, elle appela M. Roberty. Ecoute, pôiv, je crains qnc M. Rogers ne.possède i>s la son iléplnoemont. Tu devrais la lui offrir soil-ï Tu as raison, M^sda. toujours raison. Voilà une bonne pensée, cite no m'«îtait La jeune fille apporta une lasse de thé au médecin et le chambra dans un coin de la bibliothèque. Pendant ce temps, M. Roberty prenait le bras de Rogers et lui disait en confidence Ainsi vous partez demain. Vous ne, ferez qu'aller et venir. Vous êtes certain de retrouver votre précieuse momie ? Absolument certain, monsieur -,Vraiment, je suis curieux de voir comment l'avénture tournera Mais je me demande si vous n'allez pas avoir quelques difficultés pour aller à Londres ? S'il aurait des difficultés Rogers ne pensait cela. Il touchait 150 francs par mois il l'école Primrose et ne possédait pas la moindre économie. Il était résolu à ven-'dre sa montre, bien qu'il y tint beaucoup car elle lui venait de son père défunt. Mais il .subordonnai tout à son désir de retrouver l'Egyptienne. Il devina L sollicitude affectueuse de son interlocuteur et,lui répondit avec franchise. Hélas! oui, monsieur, j'aurai quelques difficultés à partir pour Londres Difficultés matérielles ? Parfaitement Voulez-vous me permettre de vous.aider à les vaincre ,? Si vous acceptiez ma participation a votre entreprise de rescousse,. je serais très heureux de m'y associer. J'accepterai un prêt, monsieur, quoique je ne puisse vous dire quand je pourrai m'acquitter envers vous. a Si je retrouve la momie, je mourrai de faim plutôt que de vendre la moindre chose lui appartenant. Toutefois, avec elle, le sucelle m'a chargé sera remplie. Si je ne réussis pas, je vous la léguerai Nous avons le temps de songer ,à cela. Aurez-vous assez avec 500 francs ? Oui, monsieur, et soyez remercié de votre générosité. Londres. Son premier soin fut de courir, ;j Scollend Yard. Je sais où est la momie qui m'a été volée, dit-il à l'inspecteur qui le reçut. -En venté? Oui, monsieur. Si vous le voulez bien, nous irons la chercher tout de suite. Rogers donna l'adresse de l'antiquaire. En entendant cette adresse, l'inspecteur. assena un coup de poing sur son bureau. Par Jupiter 1 Etes-vous sûr de ne pa* vous tromper ? Certain.. L'inspecteur se leva avec promptitude, saisit le téléphone et commanda quatre agents résolus, ainsi qu'une automobile. Venez, dit-il à Rogers si vous ne vous trompez pas, vous nous aurez rendu grand service. Cet antiquaire nous est signalé depuis longtemps comme le principal receleur ,de la bande Dawsou. Mais pourquoi diable Dawson a-t-il été voler une momie ? Elle est donc bien précieuse ? Elle a sur elle pour plus de quatre mille guinées de bijoux, Tout s'explique Allons vite. L'automobile emporta rapidement l'inspecteur, Rogers et les agents. Il était six heures du soir environ, mais il faisait grand jour. L'antiquaire ne manifesta aucun trouble en voyant la descente de, police qui se faisait chez lui. Monsieur Rogers ici présent assure que vous détenez une momie qui lui a été vo!ée. Non. monsieur. Cette momie, dit Rogers est dans un grenier, sous des toiles, des papiers et un tas d'objets hors d'usage. C'est la première nouvelle que j'en ai. Consentez-vous à une perquisition ? j J'c pourrais refuser, mais puisque vous v tenez, faites S j Sans hésitation, Rogers grimpa au grenier, courut vers un tas de choses irinorr, d'emballage, des vieux papiers, des tapis en loques. Quelques souris s'échappèrent en c'riant., de grosses araignées s'enfuirent, une poussière acre s'éleva dans la pièce mal éclairée. Voici la momie, 'dit enfin Rogers. en montrant le cercueil enluminé. C'est elle avoua Tompkins stupéfiait. De qui la t<'nez-yous 1 De monsieur, dit l'antiquaire en montrant De moi ? Menteûr Et le professeur revint sur Tompkins, dardant sur lui un regard effrayant. Non, de Dawson !.de ftawson hurla •née momie et cessez de me regarder. Et Ie lendemain. à neuf heures, Rogers mort de fatigue, rr.ais l'esprit allégé, .réintégrait Paris en compagnie de sa chère prinj Avec elle revint la chance. Sous la pression de l'opinion publique, le gouvernement britannique lui offrit une situation avantageuse dans un établissement d'enseignement supérieur Rogers, qui ne voulait pas aliéner sa liberté, refusa, mais il demanda et obtint d«es fonds pour opérer des recherches archéologiques en Egypte. Un crédit de 1.000 livres lui fut alloué. Il avait mis Magda et son père au courant des offres qui lui étaient faites par le Board of Education.M. Rowerty lui conseillait d'accepter la chaire qui lui était proposée Magda, plus hardie que son père, obéissant aussi peut-être tles sentiments moins facilement avouables, approuva le refus de son professeur d'égyptien elle battit des mains j quand elle sut que la mission sollicitée par Rogers lui était accordée. M, Pioberiy qui préparait, de son côté, une exploration des ruines de la vallée du Nil, proposa à Rogers de se joindre à lui sur un regard de Magda. le jeune Anglais accepta. et vers la fin d'octobre, il s'embarquait avec M. Roberty, fille et la momie. Une courte traversée'les conduisit à Alexandrie et de là au village fellah: d'EtAmarna, qui étale ses maisons de pisé surmontées de terrasses plates, et ses bouquets de grêles palmiers près des ruines dévastées de l'antique Ivhounaten. IV Une extraordinaire impression avait envahi l'âme du jeune Anglais dès qu'il avait respiré l'air de là vallée du Nil un monde d'images bizarres se présentait à sa pensée, et il ne savait pas s'il voyait dés choses nouvelles ou des choses anciennes, qui ne ressemblaient plus à ce qu'elles étaient jadis. Il avait hâte de se trouver au milieu des ruines, en face du passé qui l'étreignait. Alexandrie, le Caire et les Pyramides lui causèrent une insurmontable tristesse, les Pyramides surtout, que la barbarie a dépouillées presque complètement de leur revêtement de pierres polies. Il s'imaginait revoir dans leur vieillesse des gens qu'il avait autrefois connus jeunes et pleins de. fraîcheur. A El-Amarna, il loua la maison d'un paysan aisé, il put disposer de quatre pièces qui ouvraient sur une petite tour intérieur et de hangars faits de terre et de roseaux. Dans les hangars, il abriterait ses trouvailles et celles de Ni. Roberty trois pièces serviraient de chambre à coucher, une quatrième de salon, où les Européens pourraient se réunir, prendre leurs repas et travailler. Ainsi Rogers s'installa dans le voisinage de la ville où avait, véru Nefert-thi il en contempla le site, sur la rive droite du Nil, dans le cirque de hautes collines rocheuses qui l'entoure. La splendeur de là ville du soleil avait disparu, et ses ruines éparses' se 6oyaient à peine. Seules des routes bordées de trotjfcoirs en pierres, quelques bornes, des amoncellements de sable marquaient l'emplacement de l'antique cité. Sa vie éphémère avait duré moins d'un demi-siècle, et l'abandon des rois avait été suivi de l'abandon des hommes. Les nouvelles de Gonstantinople et de Belgrade sont mauvaises MAIS CELLES DE VIENNE ET DE BERLIN SONT BONNES Raisons de pessimisme 1 Les conseils du comte Berchtotd à la Turquie Con'Stantinople, 26 novembre. Hilj mi pacha, ambassadeur-Tle Turquie il i ;Vienne, télégraphie ce soir au gouverjAprès une entrevue avec l'ambassa'deur de Russie, le comte Berchtoltl a été reçu par et ce n'est que [ort tard dans l'après-midi qu'il m'infita à venir le voir. Le ministre des ai (dire s étrangères me déclara que était fermement résolue à faire respecter ses droits par tous les moyens. Si, dit-il, l' Autriche-Hongrie et l'Allemagne ont montre jusqu'à présent leur désir dE ne pas troubler la paix générale, malgré les embarras de la situation actuelle, le gouvernement autrichien est aujourd'hui décidé à ne permettre à j aucun prix l'ouverture des détroits à la » Je désire que ta Turquie tasse une démonstration en effectuant une concentration de troupes turques sur la frontière russe et quelle continue la guerre dans les si l'autonomie de la Macédoine. ne peut pas être obtr,Surla loi des rapports des attachés militaires allemands et autrichiens qui suivent l'armée bulgare, le comte Berehtold affirme que la situation des armées balkaniques est déplorable. Il conseille amicalement il la Turquie de rejeter toutes propositions de paix ou d'armistice, car la Porte verra, dit-il, les prétentions des Etats coalisés diminuer graduellement. (('L'Autriche, ajouta le comte, est à la veille d'une guerre, et si la Turquie rejette les conditions autrichiennes, un conflit international est imminent. » Propositions (?) de l'Autriche la Turquie Les propositions de l'Autr1che à la Turquie seraient les suivantes: Un' protectorat turco-autrichien serait i établi sur La partie 'de .la Macédoine habitée par les resterait indépendante La ligne du de fer MitrovitzaUskub-Salonique deviendrait un| ligne autrichienne au point de vue économique et politique Tous les droits de la Turquie sar le Danube seraient cédés à l'Autriche En Anatolie, tous droits de préférenceen matière d'intérêts économiques seraient réservés à la Triple-Alliance En cas de guerre entre la Triple-Entente et la TripleAlliance, la Turquie continuerait la guerre contre les Etats balkaniques, ou la: leur déclarerait. En revanche, l'Autriche protégera énergiquement les droits de la Turquie dans toute conférence internationale. La Serbie est décidée, à maintenir ses droits Belgrade, 26 novembre, 6 la. 30 du soir. M. André Nicolitch, le président de la Chambre serbe, est rentré sa:medi d'Uskub, où il avait -accompagné le roi Pierre. Pendant près d'un mois, .il représenta le gouvernement auprès,' du roi; M. Nicplitch m'a dit Nous voulons vivre en termes de bon ̃voisinage avec l'Autriche. En réglant la situation nouvelle créée par le succès de nos armes, nous voulons tenir compte des intérêts de l'Autriche, à la condition toutefois qu'en respectant ces intérêts, nous ne portions pas préjudice aux intérêts vitaux de notre pays. En même temps", nous voudrions que F Autriche ne nous prêchât pas des théories qu'elle-même se refuse à appliquer. U Autriche nous dit Il faut respecter la nationalité albanaise il faut donc lui accorder l'autonomie ou créer une principauté albanaise il faut que ni la Serbie ni la ne touchent à l'Albanie. » Nous avons lè droit de répondre « Est-ce que l'Autriche respecte les nationalités ? Est-ce qu'elle respecte le désir des Serbes et des Croates de sa monarchie de rester une nationalité ? Ne .s'opposerait-elle pas de toutes ses forces à ce que ces six millions de SerboCroates se joignent aux Serbes de Serbie ? » Durazzo, San~GioDanni-dï-Medua et Ales'sio étaient en territoire turc, Nous acons pris ces ports, quLautrefois apparloiaient à l'empire serbe et que les Turcs nous avaient arrachés. Nous nous en sommes emparés au prix d'énormes sacrifices. Nous voulons les conserver, car nous savons que nous ne léserons pas les intérêts de l'Autriche. Nous voulons les conserver coûte que coûte, et nous subirons une guerre avec l'Autriche s'il le faut. Nos forces ne sont pas aussi nombreuses que celles de l'Autriche. Nous et nos alliés car nos alliés, dans ce cas, seront avec nous itous ne pouvons pas armer autant d'hommes que l'Autriche mais les nôtres seront aussi vaillants que les siens. Ils se battront même mieux que les siens soyez-en certain. car ils se battront avec la chaLeur et l'enthousiasme qui leur valurent leurs récentes victoires. Mais je ne crois pas que nous irons à cette extrémité. Je crois que la sagesse et la prudence dicteront à nos voisins, la nécessité de s'abstenir de toute agression, la' nécessité de nous Muser le fruit de nos victoires si durement gagnées et de nous laisser les territoires qui, historiquement et militairement, sont nôtres. Je crois ci un arrangement pacifique avec l'Autriche. Je l'espère du moins, car voicï ce eut arrivera, selon moi, dans le cas où l'Autriche nous demanderait d'évacuer les ports'de l'Adriatique. Nous refuserons. Nous serons alors sur la défensive. L'Autriche nous attaquera ou ne nous attaquera pas. Si elle nous attaque, elle peut mobiliser 1.200.000 hommes. Mais elle ne pourrait envoyer ces 1.200.000 hommes sur nos frontières il faut qu'elle emploie une forte part.ie de ses armées du côté de la frontière russe. Nous et nos alliés nous nous opposerons avec cinq cent cinquante mille hommes à l'invasion, et nous pensons que l'armée autrichienne, dont plus de la moitié restera sur la frontière russe, sera forcément moins nombreuse que l'armée des alliés. j Voilà mon opinion au point de vue austro-serbe purement militaire. Mais il y a un autre point de vueplus capital. C'est que le conflit qui écLaterait entre l'Autriche et les alliés balkaniques pourrait nréttrc toute l'Europe en f eu. La Russie ne poumait envisager une défaite des slaves des Balkans luttant pour rave.nir de toute la race slave.. J'ai la conviction absolue que Y Autriche-Hongrie ne voudrait pas provoquer une guerre européenne. Je crois à un arrangement pacifique avec nos voisins Jules Hedeman Les troupes serbes doivent être arrivées à Durazzo Vienne, 26 novembre. On mande de Trïest-e à la Neue Frète Presse que',e Lloyd autrichien a reçu ta nouvelle que les troupes serbes étaient à Milota, à onze kitomètres de Durazzo, au moment de l'envoi du télégramme. Les Serbes seraient donc à présent à Durazzo. La population ne semble opposer aucune résistance et quelques personnes seulement se sont réfugiées à bord du vapeur Graf-Wurmbrand, envoyé par le gouvernement autrichien. (Bavas.) On n'est pas sans inquiétude à Saint-Pétersbourg Saint-Pétersbourg, 26 novembre. Un long communiqué publié dans la Rossyia exprime les intentions pacifiques du gouvernement. Il s'agit apparemment d'apaiser l'alarme causée par les bruits de mobilisation de l'Autriche. La Bourse s'en est ressentie et une hausse, faible il est vrai, s'est produite. La. Russie attend anxieusement des dirigeants de -sa politique étrangère des éclaircissements sur la situation mais part lés vagues lamentations des publicistes inspirés qui se plaignent que l'Europe ne prête pas une attention suffisante aux intérêts de la Russie, surtout en ce qui concerne le libre passage des détroits et les assurances de .paix si souvent répétées, la presse garde un silence profond. La présence presque quotidienne de M. Sazonow et du général Soukhomlinow à Tsarkoïé-Selo indique une tension sans précédent de la situation. Le bruit d'après lequel l'Autriche serait à la veille de faire une démarche importante ici et à Belgrade, joint à îa concentration de ses navires dans l'Adriatique, complète un ensemble qui, en dépit des efforts d'un optimisme professionnel, éveille les appréhensions les plus graLa Russie a fait beaucoup plus qu'on ne pouvait raisonnablement attendre d'elle pour modérer l'attitude des Serbes. Les Russes sont évidemment pacifiques, mais il y a une limite à leur patience. Les Autrichiens feront bien de se rappeler que la Russie doit aussi penser à sa dignité nationale et que, suivant les paroles d'un haut personnage, « elle ne pourrait pas se soumettre à une humiliation semblable à celle de 1909 ». (rimes.3 Les Bulgares renforcent leurs troupes de Tchataldja Sofia, 26 novembre. L'impression causée par la première rencontre des plénipotentiaires à Batcheskeuï (en français, le village des jardins) n'est pas bonne. Les délégués bulgares semblent croire que les Turcs cherchent à gagner du temps, afin d'amener de nouveaux ren) forts à Tchataldja. Toutefois les alliés ne se laisseront pas prendre au jeu de leurs adversaires. La division Kovatchei'f est déjà arrivée à Tchataldja et la division Todoroff a commencé à débarquer à Dedeagatch. Un quartier d'Andrinople est en feu [DÉPÊCHE PARTICULIÈRE DU a MATIN »] Sofia, 26 novembre. On mande d'Andrinople que le quartier où s'élève L'incendie aurait été provoqué par les obus bulgares. Une conférence militaire à Budapest Budapest, 26 novembre. Un conseil .4e guerre tenu aujourd'hui à Budapest a pris des résolutions tendant à la création rapide de lois d'exception en temps de guerre. Une importante conférence 'militaire aura lieu demain le ministre de la défense nationale, baron Hazaï, y assistera. (Lokal Anzeiger^ Raisons d'optimisme Vienne, 26 novembre. Deux changements importants se sont produits dans la situation. Tout d'abord le consul Praoj chaska, de Prizrend, n'estpas seulement sain et sauf, mais encore il est arrivé à Uskub pour y confc;rer avec son collègue, M. Edl. D'autre part, l'Autriche-Hongrie et l'Allemagne n'insistent plus pour que les différends austro-serbes soient réglés avant la discussion et le règlement des autres questions balkaniques soulevées par la guerre. La nouvelle de l'arrivée du consul Prochaska à Uskub a causé un soulagement général,. La Zeit reçoit ce soir un télégramme du consul Prochaska en réponse à une demande télégraphique qu'elle lui avait adressée vendredi dernier. Cette réponse est datée de Prizrend, 23 novembre, et est ainsi conçue « Je pars demain pour Uskubi Impossible donner autre nouvelle. » Ce télégramme montre quelles com-j municaiions télégraphiques avec Prizjrend étaient rétablies à la fin de la semaine dernière, et que les autorités serbes, militaires ou politiques,' ont retenu la réponse du consul Prochaska. Cette action nécessite une justification de leur part. ̃ On est satisfait ici,, dans les milieux diplomatiques sinon dans tous les milieux politiques, du commriniqué publié hier soir par la Gazette de l'Allemagne du Nord. Par ce communiqué, le public autrichien est aujourd'hui informé du fait que l'Allemagne et l'Autriche ellemême ont maintenant adopté le point de vue de la France, de l'Angleterre et de la Russie, sinon' de .l'Italie, que la quelstion de l'Albanie et du port de l'Adriatique devra être discutée et réglée au moment où le seront toutes les autres questions. La connaissance de ce fait contribue à calmer les craintes de l'opinion. Reste maintenant la difficulté de faire apparattre comme moins menaçante la situation créée par les préparatifs militaires austro-hongrois, en réponse aux soi-disant mesures militaires russes. Etant données les assurances officielles' pacifiques données à Saint-Pétersbourg, il faut espérer que ..l'audience, accordée aujourd'hui par le tsar à l'ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie conduira au ralentissement, sinon à l'abrogation de mesures de précautions trop étendues. (Times.) Le tsar reçoit en audience l'ambassadeur d'Autriche -Hongrie Tsarkoie-Sei.o, 26 novembre. Le tsar a reçu aujourd'hui en audience l'ambassadeur d'Autriche-Hongrie. (Reuter.) On est optimiste à Berlin Berlin, 26 novembre. Dépêche particulier? du Matin 'fous les milieux berlinois partagent l'impression qu'une détente s'est produite aujourd'hui. La Russie et l'Autriche sont disposées à poursuivre, dans un sens conciliant, les négociations dites austro-serbes sur la base du compromis que vous savez port serbe sur ^l'Adriatique relié à la Serbie par un chemin de fer serbe. Tous les démentis, protestations ou autres manifestations analogue» ne -sauraient rien changer il ce fait. Il en est de même pour l'intervention amicale et désintéressé. que l'Allemagne a également exercée à Saint-Pétersbourg, et qui a eu pour résultat la publication d'une déclaration pacifique de la Russie. Le général Tatitcheff, plénipotentiaire militaire russe attaché à la personne de Guillaume II, et chargé par ce dernier d'une mission auprès du tsar, confirmera du reste dans trois jours à Saint-Pé,tersbourg les bonnes intentions dp. l'Allemagne. Toutes les puissances sont d'accord aujourd'hui pour attendre la fin de la guerre c'est là un point extrêmement important avant de régler dans un sens définitif les questions les intéressant spécialement. Lorsque la guerre sera terminée, une conférence pourra se réunir afin de confirmer tous les arrangements préalables des puissances et je s'occuper également du traité de paix turco-balkanique, celui-ci devant avoir l'approbation des puissances signataires du traité de Berlin. Nous avons déjà dé-clai'é que l'Allemagne, par suite de la réserve qu'elle avait voulu s'imposer, préférait que Berlin ne fût pas choisi coinme lieu de réunion. Telle était la situation ce soir. Elle a causé une vive satisfaction à la Bourse et a provoqué des coniroenfaires d'un optimisme radieux. Cependant il n'est pas encore dit que la guerre soit terminée. Les Turcs désireraient, parait-il, conserver entre autres Andrinople. Aussi le Berliner Tagcblatt conseillé-t-il la modération jusqu'à un certain point, dans cette explosion de joie, afin qu'au cas où la situation viendrait à nouveau à se modifier la réaction ne soit pas trop forte. L'impression à Londres LONDRES,:26 novembre. Dépêche particulière du cc Matin oi. Les milieux' autorisés envisagent toujours la situation sous le'même jour. On ne constata pas qu'elle soit grave mais de là à être pessimiste, il y a un abîme que les organes à sensation ont vite franchi. Interrogé par un représentant, de l'agence Reuter, l'ambassadeur à Londres d'une des grandes puissances a déclaré ce soir • Il y a tout lieu de croire que pas une des puissances n'a la moindre idée .de tirer J'épée, et il v a de bonnes rai. sons de penser que, grâce à leur moderation et à leur bon sens, le différend se trouvera réglé d'heureuse façon, le moment venu. » Toutes les puissances se rendent compte que se lancer dans une guerre européenne poui·'la question d'un port serbe serait un acte de folie criminelle qu'on ne peut croire possible. C'est à tort qu'on croit, dans rertains milieux, que les deux grands groupements politiques sont divisés dans cette question. Toutes les puissances sont en faveur dé la paix, et toutes les personnes raisonnables pensent qu'elles réussiront à la maintenir. » Le prince Henri de Prusse chargé d'une mission à Londres Berlin, 26 novembre. Du correspondant particulier du Matin » (par téléphone). On annonce que le prince Henri de Prusse, frère de l'empereur | Guillaume, partirait prochainement pourLondres, chargé, dit-on, d'une mission diplomatique. LE TRAITÉ dÈTaUSÂNNË" A LA CHAMBRE ITALIENNE Rome, "6 novembre. Du correspondant particulier uiu « Matin (par téléphone). Ltc séance de la Chambre, aujourd'hui, a été relativement brève. Après avrir annoncé la nomination de M. Bertolini comme ministre des colonies. M. Giolitti soumit le traité de paix de Lau1. saune. Puis il lut à la Chambre le teste de la convention secrète annexée au traits. Cette convention est ainsi conçue l£ roi d'Italie et d'empereur des Ottomans ayant l'intention de. faire cesser Vêlât de ̃ guerre entre l'Italie et la Turquie, mais étant reconnue l'impossibilité dans laquelle se trouva L'Italie de déroger il. la loi du 25 nier 1912 affirmant sa souveraineté sur la Tripolitaine et sur la Cijrcnaïque et la Turcelle souveraineté, les deux parties ont nommé leurs plénipotentiaires respectifs qui ont lormulé un modus procedendi secret. Le président du conseil lut les articles du modus procedeudi et termina par ces paroles Comme la Chambre le voit, cet acte rej connaît en fait la loi de souveraineté sur la Tripolitaine et la Cyrénaïque. Cette déclaration fut accueillie par de tons applaudissements, moins enthousiastes cependant que ceux qui accùeillirent, il y a quelques mois, le rlecrut d'annexion. M. Giolitti a fait plus tard au Sénat tes mêmes déclarations. UN VOL MYSTÉRIEUX DE 250.000 FRANCS Londres, 26 novembre. Dépêche particulière du Malin La Press Associatian annonce aujourd'huique la police de la Cité fait actuellement une enquête sur la mystérieuse disparition de deux caisses contenant chacune 125.000 francs en or, et faisant partie d'un récent envoi de cinq milliorrs d'or de la Banque d'Angleterre la succursaic du Crédit lyonnais à Alexandrie. Ces caisses avaient été remplies et scellées il. Londres, en présence des représentants de la Banque d'Angleterre et du Crédit lyonnais. A leur arrivée à Alexandrie, le 18 novembre, doux d'entre elles contenaient au lieu d'or de simples morceaux de plomb. DERNIERES NOUVELLES THÉATRALES « de n'est pas mon procès que je veux plaider, dit M. Le Bargy, mais celui de la Comédie-Française On verra d'autre part que Me Mermillod, huissier de la Comédie-Française, est venu hier constater la présence de M. Le Bargy sur la scène de la Porte-Sain*-Martin et dans la pièce de M. Henry Bataille. Nous avons demandé, après la représentation, à l 'ex-sociétaire ses impressions sur te premier acte du procès engagé entre ses anciens camarades et lui. Ceci n'est qu'un lever de rideau. J'attends la grande pièce. Je persiste à dire que mon procès ne ressemble en rien à celui de Sarah Bernherdt, de Coquelin ou de Marthe Brandès, qui, eux aussi, ..ont quitté pour d'autres scènes parisiennes celle de Molière. J'ai réclamé trois réformes 1° Le rétablissement du comité de lecture (obtenu depuis) et l'inscription, dans l'acte constitutif des comédiens français as» 2° Le rétablissement des fonctions de directeur de l,a scène, -confiées un instant à » 3° La régularisation des congés. » Si l'on m'eût donné satisfaction, je ne serais pas. parti. Au fond, tous mes camat rades sont de mon avis aucun n'a pourj suivi avec la môme insistance, la même ténacité ses revendications. J'ai la prétention de rester dans l'esprit des grands sociétaiIres, honneur de notre maison. Samson, Régnier, en face des mêmes erreurs, 1 en réclameraient comme moi l'abolition. Deux ministres de l'instruction publique, MM. Gaston Doumergue et Stecg, ont bien voulu me recevoir, l'un au moment de I ma première démission, le second au niõment où j'allais prendre congé définitivement de la Comédie. M. Doumergue a écouté mes argumente attentivement, et nous nous sommes séparés sur le mode le plus courtois. Pourtant il m'a dit » Des trois réformes par vous souhaitées, quelle est celle à laquelle vous tenez le plus n Lé comité de lecture. » En ce cas, ne partez pas. Vous saurez bientôt pourquoi je vous parle ainsi. » En effet, quelque temps après, le comité de lecture nous était rendu. » Quant à M. Steeg, aujourd'hui -ministre de l'intérieur, alors surintendant des beauxarts, il s'est exprime ainsi, presque textuellement n Je vous remercie de m'avoir apporté, monsieur, les raisons si honorables qui ont dicté votre résolution de départ. Vous n'êtes pas très content de votre Maison il y a certaines heures où je n'en suis pas moimême satisfait. » Et M. Le Bargy nous répéta ces paroles ¡ en ajoutant j On verra l>i«i qUa moii procès est autrement important que celui des autres. JOURNAUX DE FRANCE ET DE L'ÉTRANGER SI L'AUTRICHE AGISSAIT TOUT DE SUITE L'ALLEMAGNE NE LA SOUTIENDRAIT POINT La Gazette de Francfort, démocratique Si la politique autrichienne restait soumise à l'inuerice des milieux militaires et si la moà l'influence des milieux militaires et si la mofaire tout de suite, rAllemapme ne la soutiendrait point et la laisserait isolée. Si l'on n'a pas à Vienne l'intention de régler la question immédiatement, il serait préférablé de le déclarer clairement et officiellement. Cela servirait. mieux la cause de l'Autriche et celle, de la paix européenne. JUSQU'OU PEUT ALLER L'ITALIE DANS SA SOLIDARITÉ AVEC L'AUTRICHE La Stampa (de Turin), constitutionnel L'Italie est liée à l'Autriche en ce qui concerne l'intégrité de l'Albanie. Notre devoir de loyauté est de'ne pa.s manquer à nos obligations, mais il est avant tout nécessaire d'établir avec une clarté absolue jusqu'à quel point notre action solidaire peut porter. Si l'intégrité de l'Albanie ne fut pour l'Autriche qu'un prétexte pour arriver à regagner le terrain perdu, il pourrait se faire que l'Italie fût obligée non seulement de combattre pour des intérêts qui ne sont plus les siens, mais encore de combattre pour les intérêts autrichiens, contraires, naturellement, aux intérêts italiens., En aucune façon notre gouvernement ne doit se laisser entraîner à combattre pour une cause qui ne soit pas exclusivement italienne. La loyauté de l'alliance ne peut pas obliger un Etat à agir contre ses proprets intérêts. LES ALLEMANDS AU LIBÉRIA La Presse coloniale Nous apprenons que la maison allemande « Witers und Helm » aurait obtenu du Sénai et de la Chambre des représentants de la République du Liberia le vote d'une résolution autorisant le président de cette république. M. Barclay, à entrer en négociations avec elle pour la construction d'un chemin de fer au Libéria. Cette firme étrangère aurait même, à l'heure où nous écrivons ces lignes, déjà été gratinée d'un contrat d'option. La ligne projetée partirait de la côte, près de l'embouchure du fleuve Saint-Paul, et se dirigerait vers nos territoires de la Guinée. Inutile de dire que si ces projets se réalisaient, ils mettraient en fort .mauvaise posture.notre réseau africain et surtout notre cite min de fer de Kankap à Beyla, dont la construction est soumise actuellement à l'approbation du Parlement. M: LEBUREAU OPÈRE Le Petit Bien, NI Alfrep Oulman Il faudrait chaque jour réserver plusieurs colonnes aux, exploits de M. Lebureau, ce facétieux et diabolique personnage qu'a si heureusement baptisé le Matin. M. Leburea.u refuse d'agréer pour notre artillerie l'invention du colonel Déport, qui apporte à notre canon de 75 les derniers perfectionnements, mais il accepte de construire ces mêmes canons perfectionnés pour le compte du gouvernement italien, allié de l'Allemagne et de l'Autriche. M. Lebureau refuse d'écouter,les conseils des spécialistes qui lui donnent l'explication des erreurs commises dans la fabrication de nos poudres et il continue, imperturbablement d'utiliser des éléments de mauvaise qualité, de sorte que les poudres, aussitôt livrées à la marine, doivent être débarquées et que nos escadras sont démunies LES GRANDES MANŒUVRES EN f9i3 La France militaire II y aura en 1913 des manœuvres d'aimée exécutées par les 12°, 16°, 17", 18° corps; auxquels seront vraisemblablement adjoints un élément de troupes 'coloniales (bvigade ou division) et deux divisions de cavalerie l'une, celle de Lyon, l'autre, division provisoire, formé» d'éléments encore à déterminer. LE JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE CE MATIN Guerre. Décret aux termes duquel Lo sergent Thomain, de,la 23° section d'aéronautique, militaire, i. Toul, est inscrit d'office à la suite du tableau de concours pour la médaille miUtaire. au titre de l'aéronautique militaire. Intérieur. Décret aux termes duquel Ni, Dubief, conseiller rapporteur adjoint au conseil de gouvernement en Aigeria, est nommé conseiller de gouvernement en Algérie, en remplacement de M. Merciera, admis à la retraite et nommé ^conseiller de gouvernement honoraire; M. Vignardou, sous-directeur des affaires indigènes au gouvernement général de l'Algérie, est nommé rapporteur adjoint au conseil de gouvernement en Algérie.. Colonies, Arrête aux termes duquel M. Labeyrlo, conseiller référendaire à la Cour des comptes, est nommé membre de tacommission des concessions coloniales ot du domaine, en remplacement de M. Delaire, conselller-maltre» à la Cour des comptes, démissionnaire. M. Satine, inspecteur général des finances, membre de ladite commission, est désigné pour remplir, en cas d'absence du président titulaire. les fonctions de président. Mort de la comtessede Flandre Bruxelles, 26 novembre. Du correspondant particulier' :du « Malin-» (par téléphone). La comtesse de Flandre, mère du roi Albert, de la duchesse de Vendôme et de la princesse de Hohenzollern, dont on si. gnalait hier l'état alarmant, est dêcédée ce matin, à six heures, iL, Bruxelles, enlevée en quelques heures par une congestion consécutive à la grippe. Marie-Lo-uise-Alexandnna-Carqline, princesse de Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, princesse de Belgique, naquit le 17 novembre 1845. Elle éttlit la cinquième enfant du prince. Charles-Antoine, chef de la branche non régnante de la maison de Hohenzolleni. À l'âge -de vingt et un ans, elle avait épou.' se le comte de Flandre, frère du roi Léopold IL La mort de la mère du roi a produit uri Belgique une vive émotion, car elle y était très estimée. LE TEMPS QU'IL FAIT STATION gÈTtOUCLOSIQUe DU MATIN PREVISIONS pour aujourd'hui Couvert ou très nua(Jeux, mais avéc tendance au refroidisse.ment; vent sud-ouest fort, avcrscs. Prévisions générales En France. La situa-) tion atmosphérique) sera troublée. La pression barométrique aura baissé. Adverses, vent régions ouest ,il temps assez .doux, puis!] frais. Une hausse deji pression, venant du)! large, atteindra les côtes bétonnes ou para, ges les ventsy tour neront au nord-ouest, forts ou très forts. En Europe. La baisse maximum du baromètre s'inscrira, sur la mer du Nord, où la dûpression des îles Britanniques se sera dirigée, et la pression aura baisse vers le sud et le sud-est.Le baromètre remontera rapidement en Irlande (environ ômm) de mème en Finlande, mais plus faiblement. O. F. OBSERVATIONS faites hier z6 novem. Ciel couvert, sauf quelques rares éclaircies assez doux. Vent du sud-sud-ouest d'une vitesse moyenne, de 7 mètres par seconde. Pluie faible dans la nuit et. la matinée, avant donné lœra5. Pluie le soif, 'à par Thermomètre Minimum (3 h.).. 5' Maximum (13 h.) 9' Moyenne l'i Normale 4*3 LE BANQUET DE LA LIGUE FRANCAISE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT .,UN DISCOURS, M. POIMCARÉ Dans son somptueux hôtel de ta rue Rt>camier, la -Ligue française de renseignement a donné hier soir son banquet annuel. M. Raymond Poincaré, président du conseil, lé présidait. A.ses côtés avaient pris place MM. Ahtonin Dubost, président du Sénat, et Paul Deschanel, président de la Chambre, Steeg, ministre de 1. intérieur, Guist'hau, ministre de l'instruction publique, More!, soussecrétaire d'Etat à l'intérieur. Etaient cga-i, lement présents MM. Poirier de Narçây, président du conseil général, Galli, président, 'et Gay, syndic' du conseil municipal, Beauvisage, sénateur du Rhône, Ruisson, Bourély, Braibant; Charles Dumont, Abel Ferry, députés, Mesureur, directeur de l'Assistance publique, Lépine, préfet de police^ Camille Flammarion, Edouard Petit, etc. M. Dessoye, président de la ligue, prit le premier la parole. Il rappela qi>e le Cercle parisicn, qui est l'âme de la ligue^ontrait glorieusement dans sa quarânte-sixième année. Il remercia toutes les personnalités éminentes qui lui apportaient aujourd'hui le témoignage dé leur sympathie et le prestige de leur autorité, après lui avoir prêté jadis pour la plupart un concours aussi précieux qu'efficace. Il assura notamment de sa gratitude M. Raymond Poincaré qui, à trois" reprises, était venu faire à la ligue des conférences dont personne n'a perdu le souvenirs. M. Raymond Poincaré répondit au président de la ligue. Vous m'aviez demattdé, dit-il, d'exposer dévaitt vous sùr quelles réaLités vivantes et sur, quels fondements historiques repose l'idée de la patrie, ainsi que de vousretracer l'œuvre Lalque et nationale de Jides Ferfil, Quels plus beaux sujets peut-on imaginer Et lorsque l'été dernier, au pied des Vosges, je me suis retrouve avec vous sous les sapins de Gérardmer, sur cette terre de Larraine oit la République plonge de si profondes racines et où le patriotisme puise des sèves si vivaces, j'ai compris que votre Ligtte avait une valeur symbolique et qu'elle collaborait étroitement avec l'Etat pour la formation de bons citoyens. Vous Lcur apprenez à rve rien négliger du devoir sacré de solidarité qrci Lie let sociétés, modérrtes, développer de toutes leurs forces le bien-être du peuple dans la liberté, la. travail et la paix, mais vous lenr rappelez également qrce pas une natinn n'est la mat. t-resse absolue de ses destinées, que toutes sont environnées d'ambitions rivales, et que Les plus pacifiques doivent être assez fortes pour défendre contre toute agression leur patrimoine matériel et moraL Un terrible court-circuit fait sept victimes Nice,26 novembre. Dépêche particulicréîldu « Malin n. Un douloureux accident est survenu ce matin dans le lit du Paillon, au Monlier-Bon-Voyuge. En cet endroit, on a établi, dans le lit même du torrent, une voie ferrée sur laquelle circulent les wagonnets, qui transportent du sable et du gravier extraits sur place, par une machine à vapeur, laquelle est également-placée Tout coup, on vit une demi-douzaine de terrassiers tomber à terre, tandis que des étincelles s'échappaient des rails. Voici ce qui s'était passé. Le mécanicien qui dirige l'excavateur ayant fait circuler sa machine, no s'aperçut pas que la cheminée de uelle-ci allait toucher des fils électriques transportant la force motrice venant d'une usine installée dans les Alpes. Il continua la marche en avant. Le contact de la cheminée avec les fils se produisit et il y eut un courtcircuit. La force électrique se répandit dans les rails, renversant les ouvriers. Trois de ceux-ci furent tués sur le coup deux d'entre eux, les nommés Antoine G-imano, vingthuit ans, et Thomas JVlanol, vingt-su ans, sont sujets espagnols, le troisième, Jean Orlandi, vingt-sept ans, est Italien Quatre autres ouvriers furent transportés à l'hôpital. Deux se trouvant dans un état très grave NOUVELLES EN TROfS LIGNES PARIS On trouve, dans le Métro « Porte-MaillotVincennes », le cadavre d'un nouveau-nu. A la Morgue. Le général Altx, coixarranaara les troupes des confins marocains, est arrivé hier; il sera reçu aujourd'hui par M. Milleraud. BAKLIEUE PAKISIEKNE Mme veuve Manu Beauvert, 69-ans, est renversée, route de Fontainebleau, à Bicêtre. par une auto en fuite Elle meurt peu après. DERNIERS COURS ÉTRANGERS Londres LONDRES, i!o novembre. Par tu spécial. Aujourd'hui, au Stock Exchange la tenue, dans les valeurs du caoutchouc, fut Irrégulière. Les valeurs pétrolifftres clôturèrent presque aux meilleurs cours de la journée. Les principales valeurs cuprifères ont enregistré des haussessensibles. Le lUo-Tinto termine en hausso d'un point. Dans le compartiment sud-africain, la tenue, calme au début, devint l'orme par la suite. vans les fonds d'Etat étrangers, les valeurs russes et balkaniques furent fermes. Le Grec 4 1/2 a gagné 3 points. Le Turc unifié et le Turc 1909 ont chacun gagné 4 point?. |
bub_gb_RiVQ5fjivJ4C_1 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Digitized by Googlc Digitized by Google 1 ÿ-3-D-2p Digilized by Google Digitized by GoogI( / * > Digitized-by (. MEMOIRES DE MONSIEUR LE CARDINAL DE RETZ. NOUVELLE EDITION, Revû'é augmenter^ TOME SECOND. A COLOGNE, Chez David Roger. * M. DCCX VIII. ^v(C ^probation & Permijfion des Superienrsi ^ GoogI 1 MEMOIRES D E MONSIEUR LE G. D.R. SECONDE PuIRTJE. •» • ^|Ommc Monfieur le Prince avoît vou ^lu fc réunir toute fa maifon , il crut qu’il ne pouvoic fatisfaîre pleinement ^loiiiîeur de Longueville , qu’il n’eût obligé le Cardinal à lui tenir la parole qu’on lui avoit donnée à la paix de Ruel le , de lui mettre encre les mains le Pont de l’Arche , qui joint au vieux Palais de Rouen , à Caé'n , à Dieppe , ne con venoit pas mal à un Gouverneur de Nor mandie. Le Cardinal s’opiniâtra à ne le pas faire. Monfieur le Prince fe trou vant un jour au cercle , & voyant qu’il faifoit le fier plus qu’à l’ordinaire , lui dit en forçant du cabinet de la Reine > X MEMOIRES. Adieu Mars, Cela (ê palla à onze heures du loir : je le fçûs un demi quart d'heure apres , comme tout le refte de la ville : & comme j'allai le lendemain fur les fcpc heures du matin à l'Hôtel de Vendôme y chercher Monfîeur de Beaufort , je le trouvai fur le Pont-neuf dans le carollè de Monfieur de Nemours , qui le menoic chez Madame fa femme , pour qui Mon fieur de Beaufort avoir beaucoup de ten drelïe. Monficur de Nemours écoic en core pour la Reine j & comme il fçavoît l’éclat du jour precedent , il s'écoit mis dans l'efprit de perfuader à M.de Beaufort de fe déclarer pour elle dans cette occahon. M, de Beaufort s'y trouvoittout-à-faitdif pofé, d'autant plus que M. de Montbazon i'avoit prêché jufqu'à deux heures après minuit fur le même ton. Le connoilTanc comme je faifois , je ne devois pas être furpris de ion peu de vue ; je le ftis pour tant. Je lui reprefentai qu'il n'y pouvoic rien avok qui fût plus contraire au bon feus : Qu'en nous ofïrant à Monfieur le Prince , nous ne bazardions rien , qu'en nous offrant à la Reine nous bazardions tour ; que dès qûe nous aurions fait ce pas , Monfieur le Prince s'accommodcroic avec le Mazatiil qui le rccevroit à bras ouverts , ôc par fa propre confideration, Si par l'avantage qu'il trouveroit à faire MEMOIRES. 5 «onnoître au peuple , qu'il ne devroic pas /à confervation aux frondeurs , ce qui nous décréditeroit dans le public : Qii'cn nous offrant à M. le Prince , le pis du pis feroit de demeurer comme nous étions » avec la .différence que nous aurions ac quis un nouveau mérité à l'égard du pu blic , par le nouvel effort que nous au rions fait pour ruiner fôn ennemi. Ces raifbns emportèrent Monfieur de Beàufort. Nous allâmes l'après-dînée à l'Hôtel de Longueville , où nous trou vâmes Monfieur le Prince dans la cham bre de Madame fa fœur. Nous lui pfFri mes nos fervîces ; nous fumes reçus coifi .me vous pouvez vous l'imaginer , & nous loupâmes avec lui chez Prud'homme où le panegirique du Mazarin ne manqua d'aucune de les figures. Le lendemain ma tin Monfieur le Prince me fit l'honneur de me venir voir , Sc il continua de me parler du même air , dont il m'avoit par lé la veille : il reçut meme avec plaific la balade en na, ni , no , nu , que Marîgnî lui prefenta comme il defeendoit les elca liers. Il m'écrivit ce foir meme un,pctit billet fur les onzes heures , où il m'ordon noit de me trouver le lendemain matin • à quatre heures chez lui avec Noirmou tîer. Nous l'éveillâmes comme il nous l'a voic mandé. Il nous parut d’abord afièz 4 M E O M I R E S. cmbarafTé : il nous dît qu'il ne pouvoir fe relbudre à faire la guerre civile j que la Reine étoit fi attachée au Cardinal , qu'il n'y avoit que ce moyen de l'en fé parer j qu'il n'ctoit pas de fa confcience , ni de fon honneur de le prendre ; qu'il croit d'une naiflànce à laquelle la con duite de Balatro ne convenoît pas. Il ajouta , qu'il n'oublieroîr jamais l’obliga tion qu'il nous avoit ; qu'en s’accom modant , il nous 'accorrîmoderoit auflî avec la Cour , fi nous le voulions ; finon il ne lailTeroit pas , fi la Cour nous acta ^ quoît , de prendre hautement nôtre parti. IjJous lui repartîmes que n'ayant pré tendu , en lui offrant nos fervices , que l'honneur de le fervir , nous ferions au defefpoir que nôtre confidcratîon eût ar reté un moment fou accommodement avec la Reine j que nous le fuppliïons de nous permettre de demeurer comme nous étions avec le Cardinal, & que celan'em pêcheroit pas que nous ne demeuraffions toujours dans les termes du refpeéfc Sc du fcrvice que nous avions voué à fon Altcflc. Les conditions de Monficur le Prince avec le Cardinal n'ont jamais été publi ques , parce qu'il n'en a été fçu que cc qu'il en a plu au Cardinal d’en jetter dans le monde: ce qui en parut , fut la re mife du Pont-de-1' Arche entre les maios « de Monfieur de LongueviUç. MEMOIRES. J Les affaires publiques ne m'occupoieiic pas fi fort que je ne fufle obligé de va quer à des*" particulières , qui me don nèrent bien de la peine. Madame de Gui mené qui s’en étoit allée d’effroi des le premier jour du fiege de Paris , revint de colère à la nouvelle qu’elle eut , me vi fiter à l’Hôtel de Chevreufe. Je fiis afïèz fou pour la prendre à la gorge , fur ce* qu’elle m’avoit lâchement abandonné : elle fut allez folle pour me jetter un chan delier à la tête , fur ce que je ne lui avois pas gardé fidelité à l’égard de [Maderaoi fclle de Chevreufe. Nous nous accordâ mes un quart d’heure après ce fracas» & le lendemain je fis pour fon fervice ce que vous allez voir. Cinq ou fix jours après que Monfieiîr le Prince fut accommodé , il m’envoya le Prefident Viole , pour me dire qu’on le déchiroit dans Paris , comme un homme qui avoir manqué de parole aux Fron deurs,qu’il ne pouvoir croire que ce bruit là vint de moi ; mais qu’il fçavoit que Monfieur de Beau fort ôc Madame de Montbazon y conttibuoient beaucoup ; qu’il me prioit d’y donner ordre. Je montai auflt tôt en carofle avec le Prefident Viole , j’allai avec lui chez Monfieur le Prince , & je lui témoignai que j’avois tc^^rs parlé de lui comme 4IP A îîj DigitizeoTjy Google 6 'I^I E M O I R E S. je devoîs. J^excuiai autant que je pus Mon/icur de Beau fort & Madame de Mombazon , ( quoique je n'ignorafiTe pas, que la derniere n^eût dit que trop de iot tiies. ) Je lui înlînuai qu^’il ne devoît pas tiOUver étrange , que dans une ville auffi en âgée contre le Mazarin , l’on fc fût plaint de fon accommodement , qui le remettoit pour la fécondé fois fur le thrô-^ ne. Il fe fit juftice , il comprit que le peu ple n'avoit pas befoin d’inftigation pour être échauffé fur cette matière : il entra avec moi dans les raifons qu’il avoir eues de ne pas poulTer les affaires. Il fut fatis-^ fait de ce que je lui dis, pour juflifiet ma conduite. Il m’afTèura de fbn amitié; je l’afTeurai de mes fervices , & la con verfation finît d’une maniéré allez ten dre , pour me donner lieu de croire qu’il me tenoit pour fon fe^rvîteur, & qu’il ne trouveroît pas mauvais que je me mê lafie d’une affaire , arrivée juftement la veille de ce que je viens de vous raconter. Monfieur le Prince s’étoit * engagé à la priere de Meille, Cadet de Foix , qui étoit fort attaché à lui , de faire donner le ta bouret à la ComtefTe de Foix de Flem ; & le Cardinal qui y avoir grande aver fion , fufeira toute la NoblefTe de la Cour, pout's'oppofet à tous les tabourets qui n’é-» «oient pas fondez fur d^^evets« ■ Dit, ■ cJ r, CTinigle MEMOIRES. 7 Monfieur le Prince qui vît tout d’un coup une maniéré d'alTcmblce de No blclie , à la tête de la<^f|||||^ meme le Ma réchal de l’Hôpital s’étoit mis , ne vou lut pas exciter la clameur publique , pour des interets qui lui étoient alTèz indifferents ; & il crut qu’il feroit allez pour la maîfon de Foix » s’il renverfoit les tabourets des autres Mailbns privi-* legiées. Celle de Rohan étoît la première de ce nombre , & jugez dequel dégoût ctoit un dechet de cette nature aux Da mes de ce nom. La nouvelle leur en fut apportée le fôir même que Madame la Princefle de Cuimené revint d’Anjou, Mefdames de Chevreulè , de Rohan , de Montbazon , fe trouvèrent le lende main chez elle , elles précendoient que l’af&ont qu’on leur vouloir faire n’étoît qu’une vengeance de la fronde. Nous re lolumes une contre-alîèmblée de Noblef fe pour foûtenir le tabouret de la maîfbn de Rohan. Mademoifcllc de Chevreafr eut adèz de plailîr qu’on l’eut diftinguée par là de celle de Lorraine ; mais la confideratîon de Madame fa mere fit qu’elle n’ofa contredire le fentiment commun. Il fut queftiond’e^Tayer d’ébran 1er Monfieur le Prince avant que de venir a l’cclat.Je me chargeai de la commîfîîon, j’allai chez lui dès ce foîr même , je A* ••• inj « MEMOIRES. pris mon prétexté de la„parentë , que j avoîs avec la maifon de Guimenc, Monficur le Prince qui m'entendit à demi mot « répondît ces paroles : Vous êtes bon parent , il cft jufte de vous fatisfaire j je vous promets que je ne cho querai point le tabouret de la maifon de Rohan. J'executaî fidellement l'ordre de Mon Ûeur le Prince j'allai de chez lui à l'Hôtel de Guimené , où fe trouvoit tou te la compagnie aflemblée. Je fuppliai Mademoifcllc de Chevreufe de fbrtir du cabinet, & je fis raport de mon ambafi fade aux Dames qui en furent beaucoup édifiées. Il eft fi rare qu'une négociation finîfiè en cette maticre , que celle-là m'a paru n'étre pas indigne de l'hiftoi re. Cette complaifàncc qu'eut Monficur le Prince pour moi déplut au Cardinal qui avoir encore tous les jours de nou veaux fujets de chagrin. Le vieux Duc de Chaulnes Gouverneur d'Auvergne , Lieu tenant de Roy en Picardie ôc Gouver neur d'Amiens mourut en ce temps-là. Le Cardinal à qui la citadelle d'Amiens eutafièzplû pour lui -même, eût bien vou lu que le Vîdame lui en cédât le Gouver nement , dont il avoir la furvivancc , pour avoir celui d'Auvergne. Le Vida mc qui ctoit frere aîné de Monfieur Digitized by Google MEMOIRES. 9 de Chaulncs que vous voyez aujour d'hui , fe fâcha & écrivit une lettre très haute au Cardinal , &c s'attacha à Mon heur le Prince. Monheur de Nemours fit la même chofe , pareeque l'on balan çoit à lui donner le Gouvernement d'Au vergne. Miofant qui eft prefentement le Maréchal d'Albrct , & qui étoit à la tête des Gendarmes du Roy , s’accou tuma ôc accoutuma les autres à mena cer le Minillre. Il augmenta la haine publique en rétablifiànt Emeri , odieux à tout le Royaume ; mais ce rétabli!^ iement nous fit peu de peine , pareeque cet homme qui connoifïoit mieux Paris que le Cardinal , y jetta de l'argent , & qu’il l'y jetta même allez à propos. C'eft une feience particulière , qui bien mé nagée, fait autant de bons effets dans un peuple , qu'elle en produit de mauvais , quand elle n'eft pas bien entendue. Elle eft de la nature de ces chofes qui font nécellàircraent , ou toutes bonnes , ou toutes mauvaîfes. Cette diftribution qu’il fit fagement & fans éclat , nous obligea encore à fbnger avec plus d'ap plication à nous incorporer , pour ainlî dire ."avec le peuple jôc comme nous en trouvâmes une occafion qui étoit faintç en eUe-même , nous ne la manquâmes pas. Si on m'eut cru nous ne l'euffions A V Digitized by Google R) MEMOIRES* pas prîfc /îtôt , nous nacrions pas pre& iè2 , & il n'cft pas fage de faire dans les fjnâlons où l'on n'eft pas fur la défcnfive> ce qui n'cft pas prelïc. Mais l'inquietude des lubaltetnes eft la chofe la plus incom mode dans CCS rencontres : il leur fem blfe que dès que l'on n'agît pas on eft perdu» Je les préchois tous les jouw qu'il fàlloit planer > que les_ picoteries écoienc plus dartgereufes qu'une véritable a<ftivité; #haîs pcifonne ne comprenoît cette verîtd, ët l’impreflion que fit à ce propos dans les cfprîts un méchant mot de kPrîneef fe de Cüfmcnc , eft incroyable. Elle iè refïbuviUt d'urt Vaudeville que l’on avoît fait autrefois fur un certain Régiment de SttillOn , l'on difoit qu'il n'y a Toît qtïé 'deifl: Dragons & quatre tam bours. Comme elle haiftbit la fronde pour phis d’ünc taifon , elle me dit un jour <lieï elle ,e4î itic raillant que nous n'c tions plus que quatorze de nôtre parti, qu'elle compara enfuite au Rcgîment'dc Brullôn. Noivmouticr qui étoit eVeilld, mais ctoiTrdî j & Laîgue qui étoît lourd,* mais prclômptucux , furent touchez de •cette railiferie aU point qu'ils murmu toîent dqpuîs îc tnatin jufques au loir de <cc que ne m'accommodoîs pas , ou q|ucjc ne.pottftbis pas les aftaîres à l'extré ^ikë.’Coraiftc les cheft dans ics fadioas Digitized by Go*_’J MEMOIRES. Il Tj’en font maîcrcs qu'aucanc qa*ils içavenc prévenir ou appaifcr les murmures , il falut venir malgré moi à agir , quoi qu'il n'en fût pas encore temps : & je trouvai par bonne fortune , une ma tière qui eût reâiifié l’imprudence , fi ceux qui l'avolent cauféc , ne l’euilènc pas outrée. > Les rentes de l'Hôtel de Ville de Paris font particulièrement le patrimoine de «ceux qui n’ont que médiocrement de bien. Il eft vrai qu’il y a de riches maifons qui y ont part 4 mais il eft encore plue vrai qu’il fomble que la Providence de Dieu les ait encore plus deftinées pour les pauvres. C’eft ce qui bien entendu 8c ménagé pourra être plus avantageux au 1er vice du Roy *, parce que ce feroit ùa moyen d’autant plus emcacc , qu’il fe roît imperceptible d’attacher à fa per fonne un nombre infini de familles mé diocres , qui font toujours plus redouta f)les dans les révolutions. La licence >dfi dernier ficclc a donné quelque fois 4ies atteintes à ce fonds facré. L’igno rance du Mazarin ne garda point de me fores dans fa puilfance : il recommença ;au(Ii-tôt après la pai:^, à rompre celles par iefquelles, & les Arrêts du Parlement,& ^ des Déclarations du Roy , on avoir pour -defiM:dre. Les OfiEciers de l'Hôtcl Av] Digitized by Google Il MEMOIRES, de Ville dependans du Minîftrc y contri buèrent par leur prévarication , les ren tiers s'en c'mûrent & s'aflcmblcrent en grand nombre. La Chambre des Vaca tions donna Arrêt,par lequel elle défendoit ces alTcmblées. Quand le Parlement fuc rentré à la faint Martin de Pannee 1 649. la Grand'Chambre confirma cet Arrêt qui étoit juridique en foi j parce que les aiïcm blées fans autorité du Prince , ne font jamais légitimés. Mais ces Arrêts auto rilbient toutefois le mal , en ce qu'ils en empêchoient le remede j ce qui obli gea la Grande-Chambre à donner un fé cond Arrêt , fut que nonobftant celui qui avoir été rendu par la Chambre des Va cations , les rentiers aflèmblez au nom bre de plus de trois mille , tous Bourgeois & vêtus de noir , avoient créé douze Sindics pour veiller , ce difoicnt-ils , fur. les prévarications du Prévôt des Mar chands. Cette nomination de Sindics fut infpîrée aux Bourgeois, par cinq ou fix perfonnes qui avoient en effet quelque intérêt dans les rentes, j mais que j'avois jettées dans l'afferablée pour la diriger aufli-tôt que je la vis formée.. Je rendis en cette occafionun'grand fer vice' à l'Etat; parce que fi je n'eufie réglé , comme je fis cette afiêmblce,îl y eut euafleurement une fort griuKle fédition.Tout s'y paflk avec un Digitized by Google MEMOIRES. IJ grand ordre , les rentiers demeurèrent dans le rerpeA pour quatre ou cinq Con feillers du Parlement qui parurent à leur tête , & voulurent bien accepter le Sin dicat. Ils y perfiftérent avec joye , quand ils fçurent par les mêmes Confeillers , que nous leur donnîons,M. de Bcaiifort & moi , nôtre proteâ:ion. Ils nous firent une députation folornnelle. Le premier Pre fident voyant cette démarche , s'emporta & donna un fécond Arrêt dont je viens, de parler. Les Sindics prétendirent que leur Sindicatnc pouvoit êtrecafîc que par la Grande Chambre : ils le plaignirent aux Enquêtes , qui furent du même avisj, après en, avoir opiné dans leur Chambre, & qui allèrent enfuitechez Monfieur le premier Ptefident , accompagnez d'un grand nombre de rentiers. La Cour qui crut devoir faire un coup d'autorité , en^ voyades Archers chez des Coutures, Ca pitaine de fbn quartier , & qui étoit un des douze Sindics. Us furent allez heu reux pour ne le pas trouver chez lui. Le lendemain les -rentiers s'aflcmblerent en très -grand nombre à l'Hôtel de Ville ô£ y réfblurent de prefenter Requête au Par* lement , & de lui demander juftice de la violence que l'on avoit voulu faire à un de leurs Sindics. Jufque . là nos aâ^aires aloient à ' fôur Digilized by Google 14 .MEMOIRES, haie , ôc nous édons envdopez dans U meilleure &la plus jufte affaire nous «dons fur le poinc de nous reprendre , & Ue nous refouder , pour aind dire , avec le Parlemenc qui vouloir demander Paf. femblce des Chambres , & de fanâifier par confequent tout ce que nous avions fait. Le4iable monta à la tetejde nos Su* halccrnes qui crurent que cette occaiîon romberoit , fî nous ne la relevions par un ;grain qui fut de plus haut goût , que les formes du Palais , ce furent les propres mots de Montrefor, qui dans un Confcil de fronde , tenu chez le Prefidem deBel licvre , propofa qu'il faloit tirer un coup de piftoler , i l'un des ces Sindics , pour obliger le Parlement à s'afTemblcr -, par ce qu'autreraenr , dît-il le premier Pré/ ifideuc n'accordera jamais P afl'emblcc des Chambres qui nous eft abfolumcnt necc lïairc , parcequ'ellc nous r^oint au Par lement, dans une conjonâiure , où nous. ferions avec le Parlement , les defenfeurs de la veuve Sc de l'orphelin , & où nous ne (bmmes , fans le Parlement , que des dcditîeux & des Tribuns du peuple. Ü T»’y a , ajouta-t-il , qu’à faire tirer dans la rue un coup de pilfolet à un de nos iSindics, qui ne lerapas allez connu da •peuple pour faire iinc grande émotion ; cck fera fuffifàm: pour produire PaÜçm Digitized by MEMOIRES. IJ blce des chambres , qui nous cft E ne ccdàire. Je m'oppofai 4 ce deilèin de toute ma force : je nrprefeneai que nous aurions l'afïèmblée des chambres fans cet expédient qui avoir mille inconve niens. Le Preiîdent de Bellievre traita mon ferupule de pauvreté; Il me pria <ic me reflbuvenir de ce que j'avois vu autrefois dans la vie de Céfar , que dans les afifaires publiques la m 3rale eft plus dtendue , que ^ns les particulières : ôc |e le priai à mon tour de iè reibuvenir , <de ce que j'ayois vu à la Hn de la même vie , qu'il ctoit toujoiurs odieux & qu'on aie devoir iè fervir qu'avec d'extrêmes précautions de cette ^cnce ; pareequ'il n'y a que le fuccès qui la julHEe ; hé qui peut répondre du fucccs ; Je ne fus |>asbien écouté,, qu'il femblaque Dieu m'avoir tnfpiré ces paroles , comme vous le verrez par l'événement. Il fut rélolu qu'un Gentilhomme qui étoit à Noir moutier , tîreroit un coup de piôolct dans IcCaroflc de Joly que vous avez vu de puis à moi , qui étoit un des Sindics des lenticrs ; que Joly fe feroie une égratig ' nüre pour faire voir qu'il étoit bielle , qu'il Le raettroit au lit & qu'il donnerok fa requête au Parlement. Cette réfolutîon une donna* une celle inquiétude qite ye me .frjTmai poiut i'xsU coûte la nuk^ific Digitized by Google î6 MEM'OrRES. que je dis le lendemain matin au PreE 4enc de Bellicvre , ces deux Vers : rends grâces aux Dieux de n*etre pas Romain , four conferver encor quelque chofe d‘hu~ Main, Le Maréchal de la Mothe en eut au tant d^âvcrEon quej mdi : enfin il s’e xécuta le 1 1 . Décembre , & la fortune y jetta le plus cruel de tous les inci dens. Le Marquis de la Boullaye , foît de fa propre folie , foît de concert avec le Cardinal , voiant que fur l’émotion caufée dans la place Maubert par ce coup de piftalet & fur la plainte du Prefident Charton l’un des Siiidics qui s’imagina qu’on avoir pris Joly pour lui , le Parle ment étoit aflênii>lc , fe jetta comme un démoniaque au milieu de la Salle du Palais , fiiivî de quinze ou vingt coquins, dont le plus honnête homme croit un miièrable favetîer : il cria aux armes , il n’oublia rien pour les faire prendre dans les rues voifinesj il alla oiez le bon homme Broufïèl , qui lui fit une répri mande à fa mode : il vînt chez moi ÔC je le menaçai de le faire jetter par la fenêtre. Voici ce qui me fait croire qu’il agilïbic de concert avec le Cardinal* Digitized by Google « MEMOIRES. 17 Il ëtoit attache à Monficur de Beau fort qui le traitoît de parent j mais il tenoit encore davantage auprès de lui par Madame de Montbazon , de qui il étoic tout-à-fait dépendant. J'avois découvert que ce mifcrable étoit de conférence (é crete avec Madame Dampus , concubine en titre d'office , d'Undedeî, cfpîonnc avérée de Mazarin. J-avois fait jurer Mon fieur de Beaufort fur les Evangiles , qti'if ne lui diroit jamais rien de tout ce qui me regarderoit. Laigue m'a dit que le Cardinal en mourant , le recommanda au Roi , comme un homme qui l'avoit tou jours fidellement fèrvi. Vous remarque rez que ce même homme avoit toujours été frondeur de profeffion. Je reviens à Joly. Le Parlement s'é-^ tant aficmblé , ordonna que l'on infor meroit de cet allaffinat. La Reine qui vit que la Boullaye n'avoit pas réuffi dànsdes ' tentatives de la fedîtion , alla à Ion or dinaire , car c'étoît un Samedy , à la Mef» fe à Nôtre Dame, Le Prévôt des Mar chands l'alla allèurer à fbn retour de la fi ' délité de la Ville, L'on affeéta de publier au Palais Royal, que les frondeurs avoîent voulu foulcver le peuple, & qu'ils avoîent manque leur coup : tout cela ne fut que douceur en coraparaifbn de ce qui arriva le foir.^ La Boullaye pofa une elpece' de Digitized by Google i8 MEMOIRES, corps-de-gardc de fept ou huit Cavaliers dans la place Dauplune, pendant, que lui (à ce qu'on a alTurc depuis ) écoit chez une fille de joyc dans , le voifinage. Il y eut |e ne Içai quelle rumeur entre les Cavar liers & les Bourgeois du Guet , & l’on vint dire au Palais Royal qu’il y avoir de l’c-. motion dans ce quartier. Servien ettt or dre d’eavoyer lavoir ce que c’étdit , & l’on pre'tcnd qu’il grolfic beaucoup par fon rapport le nombre des gens qui y é- toient L’on obfèrva même qu’il eut une allez longue conférence avec le Cardin<d dans la petite chamWe grife de la Rei ne ’i 6c que ce ne fut qu’après cette con férence qu’il vint dire tout échaufé à Mon* ficur le Prince , qu’il y avoit afTeurcmenc quelque ■ entrcçtilc , contre fa perfotuic. Pondeur le Prince voulut aller s’en éclair cir lui-même , la Reine l’en empêcha > 6c. ils convinrent feulement d’envoyer le ca* roffe de Monfieuv le Prince avec quelques Catoffes de fuite , pour voir fi on l’atta-. queroit. Arrivez fur le Pont-neuf> ils trou vèrent force gens en îurmes , parccque le* Bourgeois les avoient prifes à la première rumeur , & il n’arriva rien. Il y eut ma laquais Ûeile d’un coup de piftolet , dans celui de Dùcaflè qui le fuivoit y on' ne fçait point comment cela arriva , S’il cft vrai 4 comme on. le difi)it en ce tempsrlà lîlers m (i une f eut ’ava ivint ; l’c Jtor ) par ^ / y c une dinal Rti con Moî>« ment >nne. cUn^" ai fit c ca lques 'atta-. troü" UC les micre Il dans ,a ne ’il cft 3pS'U MEMOIRES. 19 que deux Cavaliers tirèrent ce coup de piftolet, après avoir regarde dans le ca roflè de Monfieur le Prince , où ils ne trouvèrent perfonne ; il y a apparence que ce fut la continuation de celui du ma tin. Un boucher très homme de bien , me dit huit jours après , il me l’a die vingt fois depuis , qu’il n’y a voit pas un mot de vrai de ce qui s’écoit dit de ces deux cavaliers , que ceux de la Boulaye n’y dtoient plus quand les caroiïcs paflerent , & que le coup de piftolet ne fut qu’en tre les bourgeois yvres Sc Tes camarad»s bouchers qui revenoientde Poiffi ,& qui n’etoient point à jeun.Ce boucher s’appel le le Roux , pere du Chartreux dont vous avez oui parler , difoic qu’il étoit dans la compagnie. L’artifice de Servien retourna au Car dinal. Mpnfîeur le prince qui fe trouva dans la nè'ceflîcé de poufTer MefHeurs les Frondeurs , qu’il crut l’avoir voulu aflaf lînet , & tout ce qu’il y avoit de gens à lui , crurent qu’ils ne lui teraoigneroienc pas leur zele , s’ils ne lui exageroient Ton péril. Les flateurs du Palais Royal confon dirent avec empreflèmcnt l’entreprîic du matin avec l’avanture du fôir. L’on broda (ùr ce canevas tout ce que la plus lâche complaifance , tout ce que la plus noire Digitized by Google 10 MEMOIRES, impofture , tout ce que la crédulité la plus fbtte y purent figurer: & nous nous trou vâmes le lendemain réveillez parle bruit répandu par la Ville , que nous avions voulu enlever la per/bnne du Roi ôc le mener à l'Hôtel de Ville , malïacrer Mon fieur le Prince & que les troupes d'Efpagnc s'avançoient fur la frontière de concert avec nous. La Cour fit une peur épou ventable à Mademoifelle de Montbazon , qu'on fçavoit être la patrone de la Bou laye. Le Maréchal d'Albret qui fe van toit d'en être aimé , lui portoit tout ce qui plailbit^u Cardinal de faire aller jufqu'à elle. Vineuil qui en étoit effeétivément ai mé lui infplroît tout ce que Monfieur le Prince vouloir lui faire croire. Elle fit voir les enfers ouverts à Monfieur de Beauforr, • qui me vint éveiller à cinq heures du ma tin , pour me dire que nous étions perdus, que nous n'avions qu'un parti à prendre qui étoit celui de nous jetter dansPeron ne, où d'Hocquincourt le recevroit > ÔC moi de me retirer à Mezieres, où je pou vois difpofer de Bufly la Motte'. Je crus d'abord qu'il avoit fait quelque fottife avec la Boulaye. Apres qu'il m'eut fait mille fermens qu'il en étoit auffi inno cent que moi , je lui dis que le parti qu'il me propofoic étoit pernicieux , qu'il me feroit paraître coupable aux yeux de tout Digilized by Google MEMOIRES. 21 l'univers ; qu'il n'y en avoir point d'au tre que de nous envelopper dans nôtre mnocence , que de faire bonne mine , Sc de ne rien prendre pour nous de tout ce qui ne nous attaqueroit pas diredbemenr, & de refoudre ce c|ue nous aurions à faire dans les occafions.il entra dans me'; rai ions. Nous fortîraes fur les huit heures pour nous faire voir au peuple , &: pour voir nous-mêmes la contenance du peu ple, qu’on avoir mandé de differens quar tiers être fort confterne. Cela nous parue cffeêliyement, &: fi la Cour nous eût at taqué dans ce nroment , je ne (çai fi elle ■n’auroit point l'éuffi. Je reçus trente billets fur le midy , qui me firent croi re qu'elle en avoir le dcflèin , & trente autres qui me firent appréhender qu'elle ne le pût avec aflêz de fuccès, Meflîeurs de Beaufort , de la Motte de Briflàc , de Noirmouticr , de Laigue , .de Fiefque , de Foiitrailles & de Matha; vinrent dîner chez moi. Il y eut après dîner une grande contefiatipn j la plupart voulant que nous nous nous miffionsfur ladéfenfivc} c’eft-à-dire , que nous. nous reconnuûions coupables avant que. d’être âceufez. Mon avis l’emporta qui fut que Monfieur de Beaufort marchât feul dans les rues avec un feu Page derrière fon ca i'olTe J que j-y marchalfe de même ma ZI MEMOIRES, niere de mon côté ; que nous allalllons féparemenc chez Monheur le Prince , lui dire que nous étions très perfuadés qu'il ne nous faifoît pas l'injuftice de nous confondre dans les bruits qui couroient. Je ne pus trouver l'apiès dînée Mon fieur le Prince chez lui , & Monfieur de Bcaufort ne l'y ayant pu rencontrer non plus , nous nous trouvâmes fur les dijf heuies chez Madame de Montbazon, qui vouloir à toute force que nous priflîons /des chevaux de porte pour nous enfuir. Nous eûmes fur cela unecontertation qui ouvrît une fcéne , où il y eut bien du ri dicule , quoiqu'il ne s'y agît que du tra gique. Madame de Montbazon foûtenant qu'aux perfonnagçs que nous jouions Monfieur de Bcaufort & moi , il n'y avoir rien de plus aifé que de fe dé faire de nous, puifque nous nous met tions entre les mains de nos ennemis. Je lui répondis qu'il étoit vrai que nous ha zardiops nôtre vie ; mais que fi nous agif fions aiitrement , nous perdrions infailli blement nôtre honneur. Elle fe leva à ce mot de deflus fon lit où elle étoit , ôc'elic me dit , après m'avoir mené vers la che minée : Avouez le vrai , ce n'eft pas ce q[ui vous tient , vous ne fçauriez quit ter vos Nimphes ; amenons l'Innocente avec nous , je crois que vous ne vous fou ■ Digilized by MEMOIRES. 25 cicz plus gucrcs de Tautre. Comme j’é cois accoutumé à ces maniérés , je ne fus pas furpris de ce difcours ; je le fus da rantage quand je la vis dans la pcnfêc de s*en aller à Peronne j & fi effrayée qu’elle ne fçavoit ce qu’elle defiroît. Je trouvai que ces deux amans lui avoknc donné plus de frayeur qu’ils n’euffent voulu , j’effàyaî de la raffureri& fur ce qu’elle me témoig noit quelque défiance que je ne fuffè pas de fes amis , à caufe de la Üaifon que j’avois avec M. de Chevreufe & m. de Guimené , je lui dis tout ce que celle que j’avois avec Monfieur de Beaufort pouvoir de A mander de moi dans cette conjonéture j à quoi elle me répondit brufquement : Je veux que l’on foit de mes amis pour l’amour de moi meme , ne le merite-je pas bien } Je lui fis là deffus fon pané gyrique ; & de propos en propos qui con tinuaaffèz longtemps , elle tomba fur les beaux exploits que nous aurions faits , fi nous nous étions unis eiifemble : à quoi elle ajouta qu’elle ne concevoit pas com ment je m’amufois à line vieille plus mé chante qu’un diable, & à une jeune en core plus fbtte à proportion. Nous nous dilputons tous les jours , reprit elle , cet innocent ( en me montrant Monfieur de Beaufort quijouoit auxéchets :)nous nous donnons bien de la peine , nous gâtoiq^ Digitized by 1 '1^ “I 14 MEMOIRES, toutes nos affaires. Accordons nous cn fcmble J allons nousen à Pcronnc : vous êtes maître de Mezieres, le Cardinal vous cnvoyera demain des négociateurs. Ne foyez pas furpris de ce qu’elle parloit ainfî de Monfîeur de Beaufort , c’étoic fes xermes ordinaires j & elle difoit à qui le vouloir entendre qu’il étoit impuiiîànc, ce qui étoit vrai ou prefque vrai qu’il ne lui avoir jamais demandé le bout du doigt j v, xju’il n’étoit amoureux que de fbn ame ; & en effet il me paroiffoit au defefpoir xjuandellemangeoitdela viande les Ven dredis , ce qui lui ^rrivoit fbuvent. J’étois accoutumé à fes dires , mais je ne l’étois pas à fes douceurs ; quoiqu’elles me fufi lent fufpcûes, j’en fus touché , vû la con jonârurc. Elle étoit fort belle , je n’avois pas de difpofitions naturelles à perdre de telles occafîons , je me radoucis beau coup , l’on ne m’arracha pas les yeux j je propofai d’entrer dans le cabinet , mais l’on me propofa pour préalable de toutes ces chofes d’aller à Peronne. Ainfî finirent nos amours: nous reliâmes dans la con verfation ; l’on fê remit à contefter fur la conduite. Le Prefîdent de Bellievfe que Madame de Montbazon envoya confulter , répondit qu’il n’y avoir pas deux partis , que l’unique étoit de faire tomes les démwehes de refpeél envers M01> Digitizt ,!e 5 cn voas Ivous Ne arloit sic Tes qui le it, ce ne lui ioigti ' ame; sfpoir Ven ■'étois ,^écois le I con ^avoîs Ire àc bcau yeuxj , mais -outes dirent con fur lièvre ivoy» r. faire jdverS MEMOIRES. is MOnfieur lc'Princej& lî elles n’cftoîenc pas rcçûes , de fc foütenir par fbn in nocence & par fa fermeté. Monfieur de Beauforc fortir de PHôtcl de Monc bazon pour aller chercher Monfieur le Prince qu’il trouva à table , îl lui fit fbn compliment avec refpe<5t. Monfieur le Prince qui fe trouva furprîs lui de manda s’il vouloir fe mettre à table ; il s’y mit , il foûtint la converfatîon fans s’embarraficr ; & il fortit d’affaire avec une audace qui ne déborda pas. Noirmoutîer qui étoit fort vif, s’im patienta : j’affeébois la patience publi que , je demeurai dans la chambre cinq heures entières, & je n’en forcis qu’a vec les derniers. Je ne me contentai Tom II, B I ' Digitized by Google i6 MEMOIRES, pas de cette avance , j^allai chez Ma dame de Longueville qui me reçut af ' fez froidement j apres quoi j'allai chez Monfieur fon mary qui étoit arrivé à Paris depuis peu, &: je le priai de témoig ner à Monhcur le Prince &c. Comme il étoit fort pcrfiiadé que tout ce qui fe paflbîr n'étoit qu'un piège que la Cour tendoit à Monfieur le Prince , il in« fit connoître qu'il avoir un mortel déplaifir de tout ce qu'il voyoit ; mais comme il étoit naturellement foible, & qu'il étoit fraîchement racommode avec lui , il demeura dans les termes generaux , & contre fon ordinaire il évita le détail. Tout cela fe palfa les onze & dou ze de Décembre 1649. Le 13. Mon Eeur le Duc d'Orléans , accompagné de Monfieur le Prince , de Meflieurs de Bouillon 5 de Vendôme, de Saint-Si mon , d'Elbœuf , vînt au Parlement , où , fur une lettre de cachet envoyée par le Roy , par laquelle il ordonnoit qu'on informât des auteurs de la iedi tion, il fut arrêté que l'on travailleroit à cette affaire avec l'application que mérîtoît une conjuration contre l'Etat. 'Le 14. Monfieur le Prince fît fa plainte , & demanda qu'il fût informe de rafTaffinât que l'on avoir voulu com mettre contre fa ■ perfowne. Digilized by Google M E M O I R ES, 17 Le i; , on ne s’aReinbla pas , par eeque l'on voulut donner du temps à McffieursCharton&: Doujar pour acne ver les informations pour lefquellcs iis avoient été commis. Le 18, le Parlement ne, s'étant pas alTemblé pour la meme railbn , Joly pre fenta Requete à la Grande Chambre, pour être renvoyé à la Tournelle , pré tendant que Ton affaire n'étoit que par ticulier® &c ne devoir pas être traitée dans l'allèmblée des Chambres , parce qu'elle n'avolt aucun raport à la fedi tion. Le premier Prefident qui ne vou loir faire qu'un procès de tout ce qui s'etoit paffé le onze , renvoya la Requê te à l'alTemblée des Chambres. Le 19, il n'y eut point d'aflèmbl ce. Le lo , Monfîeur 6c Monheur le Prin ce vinrent au Palais j ôi toute la féanec fe pallâ en conteftation , fi le Prefident Charron , qui avoir fait la plainte le jour du prétenciu allaflinat de Joly,, opineroit ou n’opineroit pas. 11 fut con clu que non, 8c avec juftice. Le 21, le Parlement ne s’afïcmbla pas ; cependant la Fronde ne s'endor inoit pas. Je n’oubliai rien de tout ce qui pouvoit fervir à nos affaires pour les rétablir. Prefquc tous nos amis é toient derefperez , tous étoient affoiblis. B ij Digitized by Google 28 MEMOIRES. Le Maréchal de la Motte même Ce laifTâ toucher à l'honnêteté que Monfieur le Prince lui fit , de le tirer du pair ; & s'il ne nous abandonna pas , il molic beaucoup. Je fuis obligé de faire ici l’éloge de Caumartin , il étoit mon allié , Efcry mon coufin germain ayant époule une de fes tantes ; il avoit déjà quelque amitié pour moi , mais nous n'ctions en nulle confidence ; il s'unit intimement avec moi , le lendemain de l'éclat de la Boulaye j il entra dans mes interets lorlqu'on * me crut abîmé : je lui donnai ma confiance par recon iioilïànce , je la continuai au bout de buit jours par l'cftîme que j’eus pour fa capacité qui paflbit Ton âge. ^ Ce que je trouvai à Paris de plus ferme dans la conteftation /furent les Curez, ils travaillèrent dans ces fept ou huit jours là parmi le peuple avec un zele incroyable ; ôc celui de Saint Gcrvais , frere de l'Avocat Talon , m'écrivit des le cinquième : Vous re montez , fauvez-vous de l'alTaOInat • avant qu'il foit huit jours , vous ferez plus fort que vos ennemis. Le Z I , à midi , un Officier de la Chancellerie me fit avertir que Mon fieur Meliant , Procureur General , avoir c;é -enfermé deux heures le matin avec Digitized by Googl MEMOIRES. i5> M.lc Chancelier & M. de Chavîgni ; 5c il avoir été conclu de Tavis du premier ‘Preiidcnt , que le ii. il prcndroit fcs conclufîons contre M.dc Beaufort,contrc M. de Brouflèl & contre moi ; qu'il concluroit à ce que nous fuflions aflîg nez pour être ouis , ce qui cft une ma niéré d’ajournement perfonnel , un peu mitigé. Nous tînmes l’après dînée un grand confeil de fronde chez Monfieur de Longueville, où il y euf de grandes conteftations. L’abbatement du peuple failbit craindre que la Cour ne fc fer vît de ces inftants pour nous faire ar rêter , fous quelque formalite de ce que Longueil prétendoit être cou lée dans la procedure , par l’adrelle du Préfident de Mcfmes , &c foutenue par la hardieiïè du premier Préfident. Le fentiment de Longueil me failbit pei ne comme aux autres , je ne pouvois pourtant pas me rendre à l’avis des •autres , qui ctoit de bazarder un fbule. vement. Je fçavois que le peuple reve noit à nQus; mais je n’ignoroîs pas qu’il n’y étoit pas revenu, Sc qu’ainfi nous pourrions manquer nôtre coup j &c j’é tois aflèuré que quand même nous y réuflîrions, nous ferions perdus , par ce que nous n’en pouvions foutenir les fuites , &c que nous ferions convaincus B iij Digitized by Google 5C MEMOIRES, nous-mcjnes de trois crimes capitaux & très odieux. Les raifbns font bon nés pour toucher les efprîts qui n'ont pas peur : mais ceux qui font prévenus de cette paillon , ne font fulceptibles que du rentimcnc qu'elle leur infpire j &j’obfervai alors, que quand la frayeur eft jufqiies à un certain point , clic * produit les mêmes effets que la témé rité. Longuëîl opina en cette occafîon à invertir le Palais Royal. Je fçai bien , Meflîeurs , que le parti que je vous propofe eft un peu délicat , ' pareequ’on nous peut tuer au Palais : mais l'y on manque à le faire , demain nous roraincs maîtres du pavé ; & il eft Il beau à des particuliers de Pêtre , des le lendemain d'une acculàtion atroce , qu'il n'y a rien qu'il ne faille bazarder pour Gcla. Nous fommes innocens , la vérité eft forte. Le peuple & nos amis font abbacus, parccque les cîrconftanccs mal-^ heureufes , que le caprice de la fortu ne a aftemblécs dans un certain point, les font douter de nôtre innoceucc. Nô tre fécutité ranimera le Parlement ôc le peuple. Je maintiens que nous for tirons du Palais , nous n'y demeurerons pas moins accompagnez que nos ennemis. Voici les fêtes de Noël, il n’y a plus d’aflèrablée que demain ôc apres demain^ ft les chofes fe paflent comme je vous les marque , je les foutîcndraî dans le peuple par un fermon , que je projette de prêcher le jour de Noël dans Saint Germain l’Auxerrois ,, qui eft la paroilîè B« • •• DkjiTi^mî by Google MEMOIRES. ciu Louvre. Nous les foutiendrons apres les fêtes par nos amis que" i>ous aurons le temps de faire venir 'de province. On fe rendit à çct avis ; on nous re commanda à Dieu , comme devant cou rir grande fortune , & chacun retourna chez foi avec fort peu d’e/perànce de nous revoir. Je trouvai en arrivant chez moi un billet de Madame de LelHiguieres qui me donnoit avis que la Reine qui avoit prévû que nous pouvions nous ré foudre à aller au Palais , parce que les conclufions que le Procureur General y devoir prendre , s'étoient allez répan dues dans le monde , avoit écrit à Mon fieur de Paris d'aller prendre fa place dans le Parlement dans la vue de m-em pêchev d'y aller; parce que Monlîeur de Paris y étant , je n’y avois plus de feaii ce. J'allai à trois heures du matin cher cher Melîieurs de Briflâc & de Retz , 6c je les menai aux Capucins du faubourg Saint Jacques où Monlîeur de Paris avoit couché , pour le prier en corps de famille de ne point aller au Palais. Mon oftcle avoit peu de fens , & le peu qu'il en avoitir'étoiX'pas droit; il étoit foible, timide &C jaloux de moi jufqu'au ridicu le. Il avoit promis à la Reine qu'il iroît 'prendre fa place , & nous ne tirâmes de lui que des impertinences & des van Digilized by Googic MEMOIRES. 35. |
mdecinelgalethor01deve_46 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Tontes ces opérations et recherches ont pu être opérées, attendu que le corps de cet enfant était testé en entier après la première autopsie, et qu'on s était borné à ouvrir le côté droit de la poitrine pour en re tirer le poumon, que l'on a remis en place après un examen superficiel. Enfin à l'ombilic existe une portion de cordon de 8 pouces 1/2 de longueur; son extrémité libre a été coupée nette au moyen de ciseaux. Il n'y existe pas de ligature. Le corps de l'enfant n'est pas flétri . décoloré , comme cela arrive à la suite d'hémorrhagie par défaut de ligature du cordon. Conclusion. lo Le corps soumis à notre examen est celui d'un enfant à terme. 2° Il est né vivant. 5° Il a vécu, et la respiration s'est opérée dans la totalité des pou mons. 4° L'existence d'un sillon autour du cou coïncidant avec l'injection considérable des vaisseaux des membranes du cerveau et avec du sang dans la bouche et dans la trachée-artère, tendent à établir les plus foi tes présomptions sur un infunli idc par strangulation. N° 20. Infanticide par strangulation , puis chute d'un lieu élevé. Obs. CXXV. — Le 12 mars 1839, en vertu d'une ordonnance de M. Croissant, substitut de M. le procureur du roi, qui nous commet à Reflet de procéder à l'examen età l'ouverture du corps d'un enfant trouvé au bas d'une des piles du pont de Saint-Chaud, à terre , sur le sol non couvert d'eau, et de déterminer les causes de la mort , si cet enfant est né vivant et viable; s'il a vécu et s'il présente des traces ou indi ces de violences qui puissent faire élever des soupçons de crime, nous nous sommes livré à ces opérations à la Muigue, et nous en consignons ci-après les résultats. Enfantdu sexe masculin, très fort, très bien constitué, pesant 2 kilog. 378 grammes (5 livres 15 onces ; ; long de 32 centimètres. Le milieu du corps répondant à 8 lignes au-dessus du nombril. Diamètre de la tête. — lii-pariétal , 8 centim. 5 m il limé tr. (3 pouces 2 lignes); occipilo-fro tal , Il centim. 3 millim. (4 pouces 3 lignes); occipito-meutonnier , li centim. 3 mi lim. (3 pouces); la peau très bien organisée, assez injectée les on.les dépassant l'extrémité des doigts ; un point osseux lies développé au centre du cartilage qui termine l'ex trémité inférieure de chaque fémur. A l'ombilic, une portion de cordon de 8 pouces de longueur; elle ne porte pus de ligature. Son extrémité libre est coupée nette comme avec des ciseaux. Du sang s'écoule de la bouche, du nez et des oreilles; Autour du cou, l'empreinte d'un lien représentée par un sillon cir culaire de 2 ligues de largeur, sans ecchymose, se dév;ant brusquement sur le (ôié gauche du cou et en a anl pour se relever, et là existe une empieinle noirâtre comme si un nœud avait exi lé dans ce point. Toute fois cette coloration formée par du sang qui a injecté le tissu de la peau, ne s'étend pas au tissu cellulaire sous-cutané. EXPERTISES ES MATIÈRE DiiM ANT1C1DE. 751 Ail côté uauclic de la léte, vers la bosse pariétale, un épauchemcnt de sang qui a soulevé ic périoste, et sous lequel se trouve une frarture de l'os pariétal, représcritaht deux lignes qui viendraient se réunira angle droit au contre de eel o* ; en sorte qu'une portion de la fracture est verticale et l'autre parallèle à l'axe anléro-postérieur de la tète. — Un second ëph richement sanguin esi situé sous le périoste qui tapisse la partie gauche de l'os frontal; mais il n'existe pas de fracture dans ce point. Pas d'épanchement sanguin dans l'intérieur du crâne; le cervelet fortement injecté. Ecume sanguinolente remplissant la trachée-artère; les poumons gorgés de sang ; les cavités du cœur remplies par ce fluide. Les poumons plongés dans l'eau , soit en totalité, soit par fragments , surnagent ■ chaque fragment comprimé sous l'eau laisse échapper un nombre considérable de bulles" d'air mêlées de sang, et su<nage même aptes la comp;esM<>n. Une grande quantité île sa::g dans la cavité abdominale; plusieurs déchirures à la face inférieure du foie, au voisinage ue la vésicule du fiel. Le rnéconium remplit le gros intestin. L'estomac contient des mucosités. Conclusion. ° L'enfant soumis à noire examen est ne à terme, vivante! viable ; 2° Il a vécu et complètement respiré ; ô° L'existence de l'écume sanguinolente dans la trachée-artère coïn cidant avec l'état des poumons; la coloration de la peau et l'empreinte d'un lien appliqué autour du cou, démontrent qu'une strangulation a été opérée pendant la vie Les lésions signalées, tant à la tête que dans le ventre, prouveraient qu'il a été jeté sur le sol d'une certaine hauteur, alors que la vie n'était pas complètement éteinte. Ces violences, et surtout celles de la tète, pourraient encore être expliquées, dans la supposition où on aurait frappé l'enfant contre un corps ti es résistant; mais la première explication nous parait la plus probable. Ce cas est fort remarquable ; on peut y suivre pour ainsi dire l'assas sin dans l'accomplissement de son crime. N° 21. Présomption cl 'infanticide par commission. — Application d'un lien autour du cou. JObs. CXXVI. — Un enfant trouvé près d'une borne de la rue de l'Éperon , est envoyé à la Morgue par le commissaire du quartier. La tète très développée, d'un rouge brunâtre et verdâtre; l'épiderme du cuir chevelu détaché dans la région du front et dans toute l'éten due de la moitié gauche de la tète ; parties molles qui avoisinent l'os maxillaire tombant endéliqtiium; coloration en brun rpugeâtee de la peau de la poitrine et de l'abdomen ; développement de gaz dans ces deux parties ; épiderme desséché dans toute la région antérieure du tronc et dans une partie du dos ; verges et bout ses beaucoup plus putréfiées que le reste; membres thoraciques et abdominaux non putréfiés. Lon gueur du corps. 18 pouces .ï lignes.— Poids, 4 livres 5 onces 2 gros ]'2. — Diamètre bipariétal de la tête, 5 pouces 5 lignes. — Occipito 752 INFANTICIDE. frontal , 3 pouces 5 lignes. — Occipilo-mentonnier, S pouces. — Om bilic attaché à ! pouce au-dessous de la moitié du corps ; pas de cordon ombilical ; l'ombilic fait seulement une légère saillie , comme cela a lieu au moment de la naissance; on trouve ù son sommet une ouverture qui , déplissée , a environ 4 à 3 lignes de diamètre ; on y voit flottants les débris des membranes du cordon en partie putréfiés , et des portions de vaisseaux non oblitérés ; il existe des cheveux nombreux ayant plus d'un poucede longueur. — Ouvertures naturelles bien libres ; un lien autour du cou, semblable aux cordonsque l'on met aux tabliers de cuisine (2 pieds 6 lignes de longueur, sur 50 lignes de largeur) , passé trois fois autour du cou et noué avec une rosette simple; enlevé, on voit le cou réduit à un diamètrede 15 lignes transversalement, etde ISlignesdans son diamètre anléro-postérieur.— La peau du cou est rosée ; elle est dépourvue d'épi derme; sa surface chagrinée porte l'empreinte du cordon qui l'enve loppe ; le tissu cellulaire sous-cutané est serré , consistant, comme lors qu'il a été fortement comprimé au-dessus et au-dessous du lien ; la peau forme plusieurs bourrelets, dus en partie à la pression du lien , et partie au développement du gaz résultant de la putréfaction. — Il n'existe pas de traces d'ecchymoses soit superficiellement , soit pro fondément. Enduit sébacé à la partie postérieure des cuisses et des fesses, et sous les aisselles. — Aucune fracture le long des membres; un point osseux à l'extrémité inférieure de chaque fémur,dans l'épais seur de leur cartilage. — Le tissu cellulaire sous-cutané, du cuir chevelu est infiltré de sérosité sanguinolente dans toute la partie supérieure de la tête, comme cela a lieu dans les accouchements où le travail est assez long et où l'enfant présente le sommet de cette partie. — Substance cérébrale réduite à une matière homogène, rougeàtre, épaisse. — Pas de trace de fracture aux os du crâne ; ils se touchent par leurs bouts. — Os maxillaire inférieur divisé en deux portions à l'endroit de la sym physe du menton, mais sans aucune fracture ; la tête généralement volumineuse; les parties molles du thorax développées par des gaz qui ont principa ement leur siège dans le tissu cellulaire qui sépare les grands et les petits pectoraux; les muscles de ces parties ne sont pas putréfiés. Poitrine. — Les poumons ne remplissent pas cette cavité; leur tissu plus mou que de coutume est un peu crépitant; leur couleur d'un rose violacé et marbré; ils paraissent très sains. — Thymus médiocrement développé — Trou de Iklal et cjnal artériel non oblitérés; des gaz dans lescavitésdes plèvres et dans celles du cœur.— Poumons, cœur, thymus, une partie de l'œsophage et de l'aorte, plongés dans l'eau froide, surna gent.— Dans l'eau à UO°, ils surnagent encore. — Séparés du cœur et du thymus, ils surnagent isolément. — Ils surnagent coupés par morceaux. — Chaque morceau fortement comprimé surnage. — Foie peu volu mineux , verdàtre, mou. — Estomac ne contenant pas de trace de lait. — Méconium distendant le gros intestin dans toute sa longueur. — Vessie vide. — Vaisseaux non oblitérés. — Rien dans l'épaisseur des membres, à l'exception du point d'ossification des cartilages des fémurs , qui est 1res développé. D'où nous concluons : ° Que le cadavre soumis à notre examen est celui d'un enfant à terme, bien conformé et nouvellement né; 2° Que la mort date de six à sept jours ; 5° Que la respiration s'est opérée complètement ; EXPERTISES EN MATIÈRE D'INFANTICIDE. 753 4° Qu'il est impossible de déterminer si le lieu du cou a été appliqué pendant la vie ou après la mort; 5° Qu'il n'existe pas d'autres traces de violence qui puissent expliquer la mort. Denis, Deveugje. N° 22. Accusation d'infanticide. — Cadavre bouilli dans un Oiss. CXXVIL— Joséphine Chrétien est néeen 1805 dans la commune d'Eimaux.arrondissementdeLunéville, département de la Meurlhe. Ses mœurs ont été bien loin d'être toujours pures ; sa conduite était souvent telle qu'elle pouvait lui attirer de sévères reproches. On craignait toute fois de lui en faire ; elle était d'un caractère méchant. Dès le mois de dé cembre dernier, sa taille prit un embonpoint qui donna lieu aux con jectures des commères de sa commune. Des probabilités on arriva bien tôt à la certitude, et, malgré les constantes dénégations de celte lille, on n'hésila pas à penser qu'elle était enceinte Tout-à-coup , dans les derniers jours de la semaine sainte, Joséphine Chrétien est aperçue par les personnes chez lesquelles elle va travailler comme couturière, dans un état de pâleur extraordinaire, et sa taille paraît avoir repris sa pre mière forme. Le bruit se répand donc dans le village qu'elle est ac couchée, et chacun se demande ce qu'est devenu son enfant. Le maire, néanmoins, n'eut connaissance de tous ces faits que le 1 avril. Averti dès le lendemain, le juge d'instruction , accompagné d'un docteur, se rend à Eimaux. Il presse Joséphine Chrétien de questions, auxquelles elle ne répond que d'une manière évasive et peu propre à éloigner les soupçons qui planent sur elle. Le juge instructeur se livre alors à de minutieuses perquisitions, et prescrit la visite delà personne même de Joséphine Chrétien. Sur le point d'être démentie , celle-ci avoue être récemment accouchée. Ce premier résultat obtenu, le juge d'instruction renouvelle ses instances pour arracher à la prévenue l'a veu de ce qui s'est passé relativement à l'enfant. Elle se décide , après quelques tergiversations, à lui dire de la suivre. Elle le conduit de chez elle dans un jardin éloigné d'une vingtaine de pas, et dans l'angle droit du fond de ce terrain, à l'opposite de la porte d'entrée, elle montre une place où la terre était fraîchement remuée, en disant : 11 est là. Aussi tôt elle-même se met en devoir d'exhumer le cadavre; il n'était que légèrement recouvert de terre. Bientôt elle ramène un morceau de chair qui parait être l'un des membres de l'enfant. Le docteur fait dis continuer cette exhumation et s'y livre lui-même. Ce morceau de chair venait de présenter à la vue et d'offrir à l'odorat des caractères qui lui firent juger nécessaire de donner lui-même ses soins à l'extraction du cadavre. Quelques instants après, il avait découvert un enfant ramassé, pelotonné, formant exactement une boule qu'il ne put développer sans employer une certaine force, et qui reprenait sa forme aussitôt livré à son élasticité naturelle; plusieurs portions de membres, pieds, mains, jambes, etc., sont séparées de la boule, et l'examen du tout donne au médecin la conviction que cet enfant a élécuit. Le docteur reconnaît que cet enfant est du sexe masculin ; qu'il est venu à terme, bien conformé; les cheveux et les ongles comme les en fants à terme. Sans fétidité aucune. II y avait h l'ombilic une portion du cordon ombiiical de la longueur de 3 pouces, raccourci, grillé; il n'y avait aucune ligature, et il paraissait avoir été déchiré. Une poï lion du I. 4S 75i INFANTICIDE. cuir chevelu était enlevée; les os du crâne étaient à nu, non fracturés, mais détachés les uns des autres en partie ; les intestins sortaient du ventre et étaient comme racornis; les membres paraissaient cuits, se détachaient facilement du corps; leurs os étaient entièrement séparés des chairs . les cartilages détachés des os ; on remarquait sur le dos des inégalités, pertes de substance, comme si une portion de chair était res tée attachée aux parois du vase dans lequel l'enfant avait enit. La poi trine seule était restée intacte ; les organes de cette cavité étaient très peu avancés dans l'état de coction. Les poumons étaient de couleur ro sée, crépitants; après les avoir détachés, ils ont été projetés dans de l'eau et ont complètement surnagé entiers et coupés. Etant pressés, dé chirés dans le fond de l'eau, une assez grande quantité de bulles d'air s'échappait à sa surface. D'après ces différentes observations et aut es rappelées par le docteur, il a conclu : i° que l'enfant était né à terme, bien constitué, et conséqùemmeiit qu'il était viable; 2° qu'il avait res piré, mais que toutefois il n'était pas probable qu'il eût vécu pendant plusieurs heures; 5° que la mort ne pouvait être attribuée à une chute que l'enfant aurait faite en naissant ; -'r qu'enfin il n'existait aucun signe de strangulation ni autre violence extérieure. La justice demanda compte à Josép'ine Chrétien de la vie de son en fant. Le système qu'elle présenta dès les premiers moments de la pro cédure est le même qu'elle suivit aux débats. Elle déclara être accou chée seule, dans la matinée du mardi-saint, 2! mars; que, sentant bien sa position, elle avait étendu au pied de son lit, sur le plancher, un ju pon de toile bleue ; que par-dessus ce jupon , arrangé en double, elle avait placé un tablier de cuisine , arrangé de même ; puis que s'élant cramponnée au pied de son lit . où elle s'était accroupie sur le plan cher, son enfant était venu, mais sans faire aucun mouvement et sns jeter aucun cri; que, le croyant mort, elle avail été contente, parce qu'elle espérait pouvoir cacher plus facilement sa honte, tant elle re doutait sa famille, notamment son père; que d'ailleurs, ayant nié con stamment sa grossesse, qu'elle avait crue "peu apparente, il ne lui res tait plus qu'à en cacher le fruit ; qu'en conséquence, elle avait mis et pressé son enfant dans un pot de terre qu'elle avait enveloppé d'une toile et mis dans un coin de son armoire; que vers le samedi suivant, Somars, elle avait cru mieux cacher ledit pot en le portant en bas dans sa cuisine, où elle l'avait placé clans l'angle du foyer, après l'avoir sim plement couvert d'un petit morceau de bois de sapin , et qu'elle avait retourné un cuveau par-dessus; que cela était resté ainsi pendant quel ques jours; que cependant voulant se débarrasser d'un tas de paille qui avoisinait son foyer et que les poules éparpillaient dans sa cuisine, ele avait mis le feu à ce tas au moment de sortir, après avoir toutefois, dans la crainte que la liamme ne gagnât le cuveau, enlevé celui-ci ; que, ren trée environ une demi-heure après, elle avail senti une odeur de viande cuile qui s'exhalait du pot ; qu'alors elle l'avait sorti de là, et, résolue de cacher le cadavre ailleurs que chez elle, elle avait, après VAngdus du soir, porté le pot dans le jardin de son onc'e, fait dans la terre un trou avec ses mains, et secoué ce vase pour que le corps de son enfant tombât dans ce trou qu'elle venait de préparer. Ces particulariiés, qui, mêrhs ainsi racontées, ont excité plus d'une fois, dans le nombreux auditoire qu'av ,it réuni 1 1 nouvelle de cette af faire, quelques rumeurs de dégoût et d'horreur, se trouvaient, sous quelques rapports, en contradiction avec certains témoignages éten dus. Quant à la combuslion accidentelle, elle était démentie par I ; <!é EXPERTISES EN MATIÈRE D'INFANTICIDE. 755 position du médecin ttûi O'vfaTt pWcédé à l'autopsie, et quia déclaré qu'il f'iai. impossible qu'une th mi-heure d'un feu ici que celui dont parlait 'accusée eût produit un aussi complet état de coetion, et que deux heures au moins avaient été indispensables pour arriver au résultat obtenu. Joséphine Chrétien a été condamnée à deux années d'emprisonnement el a (jUO francs d'amende. (Journal le Droit, 21 mai 1ô57.) Quelque incomplet que soit ce fait sous le rapport médical, nous avons cru devoir le relater comme un des plus rares que la science pos sède. N° 23. Affaire du tribunal de B/ois. — Deux os de la te te (les deux pariétaux) étant donnés, (/('terminer le terme de la grossesse auque/ i 'enfant a été expu/sé de la matrice. Ocs. CXXVIII. — Nous, soussignés, docteurs en médecine de la Faculté lie Paris, etc., en vertu de l'ordonnance ci-jointe de M. Ber thelin, juge d'instruction, nous sommes rendus dans son cabinet, au Palais -deJustice, où, après avoir prêté serment entre ses mains de bien et fidèlement remplir la mission qui nous était con fiée , il nous a donné communication de la commission rogatoire de M. Ali ert Delaunay, juge d'instruction de l'arrondissement de Blois, lequel nous commet à l'effet d'examiner des os et fragments d'os ayant appartenu à deux enfants dont la fille Le est accouchée le 25 juillet dernier, et de déterminer si ces os ont appartenu à un enfant né vivant, à terme et viable ; ou si, au contraire, ainsi qu'elle le prétend, ils ont appartenu à un enfant né mort, et venu aU monde dans le quatrième mois de la grossesse de sa mère; en second lieu, d'examiner un rapport de M. le docteur Baschet, et de donner notre avis sur les faits et opi nions qui y sont exposés. M. Berlhelin nous a remis, avec ladite commission rogatoire, 1° des rapports en date des 28 juillet et il août 1858, rédigés par M. le doc teur Baschet, chirurgien auprès des hospices civil et militaire de Blois ; 2' une boite en carton, de forme ronde, recouverte d'un papier de couleur amarante, laquelle était fermée et scellée par une bande de papier blanc et trois cachets apposés par M. le juge d'instruction de Blois ; 5" une boîte de carton scellée. L'intégrité de ces scellés ayant été reconnue par nous. M. le juge d'instruction les a brisés, et, la boîte ouverte, nous y avons trouvé, enveloppés dans une feuille de papier blanc fermée par deux cachets (Le M. le juge d'instruction de Blois. dos os et fragments d'os sur la nature desquels nous nous expliquerons ci après. Exposé des faits. — Il résulte des rapports sus-indiqués , que le lundi soir, 25 juillet 1858, Anne Le ,lingère, habitant le hameau de Pontijon, commune de Marc, availélé surprise par les douleurs de l'en fantement en allant à la chapelle Saint-Martin, et qu'elle était accou chée dans un champ de blé dépendant de celle commune; que son en fant n'était point venu à terme, el par conséquent pas vivant (d'après elle) ; elle l'avait laissé là, et s'était ensuite rendue chez elle. La visite de la fille Le , faite cinq jours après, le 28 juillet, par M. le docteur Baschet, lit reconnaître chez elle : 1° un développement considérable des mamelles, avec sécrétion abondante de lait; 2" l'écou lement par la vulve d'un liquide sanguinolent, ayant l'odeur caracléris 756 INFANTICIDE. tique et propre aux lochies ; les grandes lèvres plus tuméfiées que dans l'élat naturel ; le périnée sans traces de déchirures; 5° le col de l'uté rus encore dilaté; l'utérus lui-même plus développé, et présentant le volume que cet organe conserve après un accouchement récent. De l'ensemble de ces divers faits, M. le docteur Baschet conclut que la fille Anne Le est récemment accouchée, mais qu'elle était plus avancée dans sa grossesse qu'elle ne le décla: e. Nous pouvons affirmer, ajoute M. Baschet, qu'elle était au moins encein e de sept mois au mo ment où elle dit avoir été surprise par les douleurs. En conséquence des déclarations de la femme Le , le 17 août suivant, M. le docteur Baschet, accompagné de M. le substitut du pro cureur du roi, se rendit dans la pièce de terre dite Champ de Renar dières, situé au nord et à environ cinquante pas du hameau de Ponlijon, et trouva sur la douve d'un sillon deux os d'un fœtus humain, qu'il re connut être un os pariétal et l'os frontal. A côté, il y avait un mouchoir de couleur et deux baguettes en bois d'un pied de longueur, chacune d'un demi-pouce de largeur; ces deux derniers objets servent de ba leine de corset aux femmes de la campagne. Les deux os du crâne, qui étaient tout-à-fait ù l'état sec, provenaient évidemment d'un fœtus, qui a paru à M. le docteur Baschet avoir au moins sept mois de vie intra utérine. De son examen, il conclut que les os ont dû appartenir à un enfant né à terme ou à peu près, et qu'en admettant que cet enfant n'eût que sept mois de vie utérine, il serait né viable. Description des os. — Ces os sont évidemment les deux pariétaux d'un même fœtus, attendu l'identité de leur dimension et leurs rapports réciproques. (Nous ne comprenons pas que l'un d'eux ait pu être pris pour l'os frontal par M. le docteur Baschet ). L'un est gauche et l'autre droit ; ils sont dans un état de dessiccation complète; leur tissu n'offre aucune trace d'injection ou d'imbibition sanguine; ils ont tout-à-fait l'aspect d'os desséchés après une macération assez prolongée dans l'eau ; leur surface est salie par une boue grisâtre et sablonneuse. Le pariétal gauche est entier ; les diverses fractures qu'il présente ont été faites depuis la dessiccation de l'os, car la surface des bords de cha cune d'elles est d'un blanc mat qui contraste avec la couleur grisâtre assez foncée de l'extérieur de l'os. Six de ces fractures sont dans le sens des fibres osseuses, lesquelles sont aussi incomplètement brisées trans versalement; deux autres fractures qui avoisinetH le centre de l'os ont été faites évidemment de dedans en dehors par un corps aigu qui a sou levé en dehors les lames de l'os. Il ne reste que les trois quarts du pariétal droit ; la portion manquante est celle qui formait son quart postérieur et supérieur ; un fragment anguleux a été complètement séparé du reste de l'os ; la blancheur de la surface de cette solution de continuité démontre que cette dernière est récente, et conséqiiemment opérée depuis la dessiccation de l'os. Une fracture irrégulière et ancienne existe près de l'angle postérieur et infé rieur de l'os pariétal ; au-dessus d'elle, on en remarque une autre faite par un corps aigu qui a percé l'os de dehors en dedans en soulevant sa lame interne. Près de la bosse pariétale et en arrière, existe une seconde fracture qui parait avoir été faite aussi par un corps aigu qui a brisé l'os de dehors en dedans. Examen et discussion des faits qui précèdent. Rappelons d'abord ici les termes de la question qui nous est soumise* « Déterminer si les os que nous venons d'examiner ont appartenu à un EXPERTISES EN MATIÈRE I)' INFANTICIDE. 757 enfant né vivant, à terme et viable; ou si, au contraire, ainsi que le pré tend l'inculpée, ils ont appartenu à un enfant né mort, et venu au monde dans le quatrième mois de la grossesse de sa mère. » Il y a deux points dans celle question dont il est imposssible de don ner la solution d'après l'a Feule inspection des os et des fragments d'os que nous venons de décrire : nous voulons parler de la viabilité et de l'état de vie que l'enfant auquel ces os ont appartenu pouvait présenter au moment de sa naissance. Voudrait-on conclure, par exemple, que cet tant était viable, parce que chez lui le développement des os du crâne était très avancé? Mais un enfant peut naître à terme avec un crâne ré gulièrement conformé, parfaitement développé, et cependant n'être pas viable par suite d'un défaut de conformation ou d'une maladie congéni tale des organes, de la poitrine ou du ventre. L'état régulier des os du crâne, et leur développement plus ou moins complet, ne peut donc pas autoriser à établir ainsi, à priori, qu'un enfant nouveau-né est viable. Le même fait ne peut davantage indiquer si l'enfant est né mort ou vi vant; ces deux premières questions sont donc lout-à-fait insolubles ici. Il n'en est pas de même de la troisième question , celle de savoir à quelle époque de la vie intra-utérine était arrivé l'enfant auquel les os ont appartenu lorsqu'il est né. Là fille Le déclare être accouchée au quatrième mois de sa grossesse, tandis que M. le docteur Bàschet conclut : d'une prirt, de l'examen de la tille Le , qu'elle était au moins enceinte de sept mois quand elle est accouchée; et, d'au re part , de l'état des os. que l'enfant auquel ils ont appartenu était à terme ou à peu près. Nous n'avons pas hésité à partager celte dernière opinion après avoir examiné avec soin les os qui nous ont été représentés. Toutefois, nous avons pensé, attendu la gravité du fait, qu'il ne suffisait pas d'énoncer ici celle assertion d'une manière générale ; nous avons voulu qu'elle fût appuyée de preuves bien manifestes. Voici l'exposé des recherches que nous avons faites. Les os retrouvés et indiqués comme ayant appartenu à l'enfant de la fille Le.... , sont deux pariétaux , dont le gauche seul est entier. Il s'a gissait donc de comparer les dimensions de cet os à celles d'un certain nombre d'autres pariétaux d'enfants nés à une époque plus ou moins rapprochée du temps naturel de la grossesse. Or, nous avons mesuré avec le plus grand soin le pariétal gauche de neuf crânes d'enfants nés du huitième au neuvième mois, et pris au hasard sur un assez grand nombre de squelettes. Ces mesures comparatives nous ont donné les résultats suivants : Pour le diamètre vertical, une moyenne de 2 po. 7 lig. h. Pour le diamètre antéro-poslérieur ,5 po. pour deux pariétaux, et pour les i-epl autres une moyenne de 2 po. 0' lig. Pour les bords frontal, une moyenne de 2 po. 5 lig. 4/2. — pariétal ou supérieur, une moyenne de 2 po. Glig. l/ï. — occipital, une moyenne de I po.t) lig. 1/2 pour cinqos, une moyenne de2po. I lig.o/î pour trois os, et 2 po. pour un seul. — temporal, une moyenne de po. 9 lig. pour six os, une moyenne de 2 po. I lig. 1/4 pour deux os, et 2 j>o. pour un seul. Les mêmes mesures prises sur le pariétal gauche désigné comme ayant appartenu à l'enfant de la fille Le.... , nous ont donné : Pour le diamètre vertical, 2 po. (> lig. — antéro-postérieur, 2 po. 7 lig. 758 INFANTICIDE. Pour les bords fronfal, 2 po. 1 lig. — pariétal, 2 po. 7 lig. — i occipital, ! po. 9 lig. — temporales.. 2 po. Nous avons pu constater sur les débris du pariétal droit que le bord frontal de cet os avait 2 po 4 lig., et son bord temporal 2 po. En rapprocbant les dimensions de cet os de la moyenne des dimen sions que présente la majorité des neuf autres pariétaux, on voii que le pariétal de l'enfant de la fille Le dépasse d'une dcini-lignr à trois lignes l'étendue de trois de leurs dimensions (diamètre anléro posté rieur, bords pariétal et temporal), tandis que trois de ses dimensions (diamètre vertical, bords frontal et occipital) ne sont dépassées que d'une de>»i-ligne à une ligne un quart par les dimensions correspon dantes de la majorité des neuf auiies pariétaux. Mais si l'on considère combien le volume de la tête est variable chez les enfants qui naissent au terme naturel de la grossesse, que la léle d'un enfant à terme peut être très grosse sans que l'ossification se soit encore étendue à toute la trame membraneuse qu'elle envahira plus tard, en sorte que les os du crâne peuvent avoir ainsi des dimen sions très petites, relativement à celles de la cavité qu'ils concourent à former ; enfin , si l'on tient compte des différences individuelles que présentent les pères et mères, lesquelles influent si notablement sur les proportions et le volumerelatif des enfants, on sera conduit à conclure, d'après les différences si légères que nous avons trouvées entre la moyenne des diverses dimensions des pariétaux d'enfants nés du hui tième au neuvième mois, et les proportions de cet os chez l'enfant de la fille Le , qu'il est né à une époque rapprochée du terme naturel de la gestation. Il ressort donc bien évidemment de l'examen comparatif qui précède, que si les os dont il s'agit sont ceux de l'enfant dont la fille Le est accouchée le 23 juillet dernier, elle n'était pas alors enceinte seulement de quatre mois, ainsi qu'elle le déclare, mais que sa grossesse était arrivée à son terme naturel ou à une époque très rapprochée de ce terme. C'est , comme on le voit, en nous basant sur les caractères particu liers des os soumis à notre examen, que nous émettons une opinion sur l'époque à laquelle la grossesse de la fille Le était arrivée quand son accouchement a eu lieu. Nous ne pensons pas que les divers symp tômes signalés par M. le docteur IJascbet présentent un ensemble tel qu'on puisse ici conclure, comme il l'a fait, que la fille Le était au moins enceinte d^ sept mois au moment où elle dit avoir été surprise par les douleurs de l'enfantement. En effet, c'est cinq jours après l'ac couchement que M. le docteur Baschet a visité la fille i.e , qui lui offrit tous les symptômes qui suivent un accouchement récent : déve loppement considérable des mamelles avec sécrétion abondante de lait; tuméfaction des grandes lèvres; écoulement de lochies sanguinolentes; dilatation du col avec augmentation du volume de l'utérus. Mais les mêmes phénomènes peuvent se présenter également cinq jours après un avortement survenu le quatrième, le cinquième ou le sixième mois de la grossesse; ils ne pourraient donc suffire pour prouver que la gestation était d'une date bien plus ancienne que celle indiquée par la lille Le : tandis que s'il est démontré que les deux os pariétaux soumis à notre examen sont ceux dont la fille Le est accouchée le 25 juillet, l'existence des différents symptômes ob EXPERTISES EN MATIÈRE D'INFANTICIDE. 759 serves chez elle à l'époque Indiquée concourt à établir que ces syn^p tômes étaient la conséquence d'un accouchement qui avait eu lieu à nue époque rapprochée du terme de neuf mois. Si l'on invoquait comme une preuve que l'accouchement a été au contraire prématuré, qu'il y a eu avortement à quatre mois, l'absence de toute trace de déchirure au périnée chez la lille Le , nous fe rions remarquer que l'état de la peau des parois du ventre et les varices nombreuses observées à la partie interne des cuisses et des jambes chez celle lille semblent indiquer qu'elle avait eu déjà au moins une gros sesse antérieurement à celle qui est aujourd'hui la cause du fait dont elle est inculpée; et cette circonstance , en rendant son dernier accou chement plus facile, pourrait expliquer l'absence de toute trace récente de déchirure du périnée chez la lille Le On sait d'ailleurs gué les dimensions naturelles des parties sexuelles chez les femmes, que leur degré d'extensibilité cl le volume relatif de l'enfant, expliquent ati'si comment il peut arriver qu'un accouchement ait lieu à terme s;ms que le passage de l'enfant entraîne la moindre déchirure du périnée de !a mère. De tout ce qui précède nous concluons : f Qu'il est impossible de déterminer d'après la seule inspection des pj-riélaux qui ont été soumis à notre examen , si l'enfant auquel ils ont appartenu est né vivant et viable. 2° Que, d'après les dimensions que ces deux os présentaient, l'enfant auquel ils ont appartenu pouvait être du huitième au neuvième mois de la conception. Paris, ce 20 octobre 1858. A. Devergie, Ollivier (d'Angers). (Ce rapport a été fait par M. Ollivier). Celte consultation médico-légale prouve que dans les affaires judi ciaires on peut tirer parti des moindres restes d'un corps de délit, et que le médecin est blâmable d'abandonner une expertise par cela même qu'il n'a à sa disposition qu'une portion du corps de l'enfant. N° 24. Assises cV Evreux et de Rouen. — Soupçons d'infan ticide par strangulation. — Déduction inexacte des faits. — Condamnation. — Avis motivé. — Acquittement. Procès-verbal d'autopsie. Obs. CXX1X. — Je soussigné, docteur-médecin, chirurgien-adjoint de l'hospice d'Evreux, sur la réquisition de M. le procureur du roi, me suis transporté oejourd'hui 17 novembre, avec ce magistrat et M. le juge d'instruction, dans la commune de Gravigny, a l'effet de procéder à l'examen et à l'autopsie du cadavre d'urî%nfant nouveau-né, lequel avait élê trouvé au milic i des herbes arrêtées devant la roue de la grande filature de celte commune. i " Déjà quelques heures s'étaient écoulées depuis que le corps avait été retiré de l'eau; il était enveloppé de trois morceaux de papier et d'un lambeau de vêlement. Le premier était du papier gris roux , ayant servi à envelopper du sucre ou de la chandelle; le second un rè glement de l'ordre de la Charité , imprimé en 1856 chez M. Ancelle ; le troisième, une image représentant la prise de Constantine, avec une 760 INFANTICIDE. complainte sur ce sujet. Le lambeau de vêtement consistait en un carré d'étoffe blanche en coton, auquel étaient cousis deux morceaux d'indienne (petit dessin rouge et blanc sur fond brun). Ces objets ont été remis à M le juge d'instruction pour être conservés comme pièces de conviction, ainsi qu'un ruban de soie blanc, dont il sera ultérieurement parlé. 2° Aspect extérieur du cadavre. — Sexe féminin ; constitution grêle; organisation régulière et complète; aucun vice de conformation -, putré faction déjà avancée se manifestant par l'odeur fétide qu'exhale le corps, par des taches violettes, rouges ou verdâtres , à la tête, à la face, au cou, sur le haut de la poitrine et le bas-ventre, derrière les mollets, à la face dorsale des pieds, par le décollement de l'épiderme dans les mêmes points, par le gonflement des parties molles de la face et celui du cuir chevelu , dont les cheveux , entièrement détachés , sont réunis en paquet derrière l'occiput ; enfin par un développement de gaz putride dans les chairs des jambes et des cuisses , qui fait surnager ces parties lorsque le corps est plongé dans l'eau. 5° Peau blanche ou rosée, garnie de petits poils soyeux ou d'un en duit sébacé dans les points qui ont résisté davantage à la putréfaction, tels que le devant des cuisses, la partie interne des bras, les lom bes, etc. , etc. Sur ces divers points l'épiderme est encore parfaitement adhérent. 4° Paupières closes, gonflées, privées de leurs cils, qui en ont été détachés ; en les ouvrant, on voit que la cornée a perdu sa transparence ; elle est d'un brun terne et ne laisse pas apercevoir la membrane pupil laire. S^ Le cou estétreint fortement par un ruban de soie blanc à bords guillochés, qui après en avoir fait deux fois le tour est noué à la partie postérieure par un nœud et une roselte simples ; les deux tours de ce ruban se croisent au-devant du cou et sont appliqués l'un sur l'autre en arrière, mais latéralement; ils laissent entre eux un intervalle d'en viron une ligne, dans lequel la peau gonflée forme un bourrelet avec soulèvement de l'épiderme; véritable phlyclène, qui seule ferait pré sumer que l'enfant était vivant lois de l'application du lien. De la dis position que je viens de signaler, il résulte sur la partie supérieure du cou une empreinte o i sillon profond, simple en avant et en arrière, double sur les parties latérales. 6° Poitrine voussée , résonnant à la percussion , excepté dans la ré gion cardiaque. 7° Le ventre n'est point méléorisé; on y remarque la saillie du nom bril, auquel tient encore une portion du cordon ombilical longue d'en viron deux pouces; elle est verdûtre, sans transparence, à demi putré fiée, et se termine par une extrémité frangée qui ferait croire que le cordon , d'ailleurs grêle , aurait été cassé ou déchiré et non coupé. 8° Son autre extrémité adhère à l'ombilic par toutes ses membranes. Bien que la ligne de démarcation entre le chorion et la peau soit 1res prononcée, on n'y observe encoie aucune trace d'inflammation élimi natoire. 9° La position de l'ombilic correspond à 4 lignes au-dessous du milieu du corps. t0° L'organisation des ongles est parfaite aux pieds et aux mains; leur bord libre atteint l'extrémité des doigts. i 1° Par ce qui reste des cheveux, on peut juger qu'ils étaient abon dants ; leur longueur est de neuf lignes à un pouce ; leur couleur, blond clair. EXPERTISES EN MATIÈRE D'ïNFANTICTRF. 761 Examen des organes intérieurs du cadavre. 12° Télé. — Au sommet, dans l'épaisseur du cuir chevelu, engorge ment et infiltration sanguine distincte de la tuméfaction générale déjà notée, indice de la présentation de celle partie lors du travail de l'en fantement.; fontanelles peu ouvertes ; pariétaux se touchant sur la ligne médiane; point de fraclure des os du crâne ; impossibilité de distinguer les circonvolutions du cerveau ni aucune des parties constituantes de la masse encéphalique, qui est entièrement réduite en putrilage roussàlre. 15° Poitrine. — Point d'épancliement dans les plèvres ; les poumons remplissent exactement leurs cavités sans ton lefois recouvrir entièrement le péricarde . dont plus de la moitié antérieure est en rapport immédiat avec les parois de la poitrine; ils sont d'une couleur rose pâle, sur la quelle se dessinent quelques ramifications brunes des vaisseaux ; leurs vésicules sont évidemment distendues par de l'air, c'est même ce qui dislingue d'une manière tranchée leur lissu de celui du thymus, qui a toutefois une teinte un peu plus claire ; leur parenchyme conserve toute son élasticité, toute sa résistance, toute sa dureté. Sur le lobe inférieur du poumon droit, dans l'étendue d'environ six lignes seulement, le long d'un intervalle interlobulaire, on voit la plèvre soulevée par quel ques bulles tris fines de gaz; ce phénomène, qui est d'ailleurs très limité, ne me parait avoir rien de commun avec les espèces d'ampoules que détermine à la surface des poumons la putréfaction de ces organes. 14° L'ouverture du péricarde me fait remarquer dans son intérieur un léger épanchement de sérosité rougeàlre; la substance du cœur est brune et ramollie; des gaz >e sont développés dans ses cavités, et s'y trouvent mêlés à du sang liquide, verddtre , à demi décomposé. l.*>° Les gros vaisseaux qui naissent du cœur sont, comme lui, rem plis d'un sang fluide, poisseux, violet; le trou de Bolal et le canal artériel ne sont point oblitérés, non plus que la veine ombilicale et le canal veineux , au moyen duquel l'oreillette gauche communique largement avec l'air extérieur par l'extrémité libre du cordon om bilical , circonstance qui explique la décomposition rapide du sang contenu dans le cœur et les vaisseaux qui en sortent immédiatement. !(i° Ayant appliqué une ligature sur la trachée-artère à l'origine des bronches, j'ai détaché à la fois les poumons, le cœur et le thymus; le tout plongé dans un vase plein d'eau, a complètement surnagé; le thymus et le cœur en ayant été successivement séparés et plongés dans le même liquide, sont descendus rapidement au fond, tandis que les poumons sont toujours restés à la surface. Poussant plus loin l'expé rience, j'ai coupé ies poumons par tranches très minces et très petites ; il n'en est aucune qui n'ait constamment surnagé, même après avoir été follement pressées entre les doigts : le seul résultat de cette pression, exercée soit sous l'eau, soit à l'air libre, était de faire crépiter le tissu pulmonaire et d'en dégager, avec un peu de sang, des bulles d'air très fines. •17° Une dissection attentive de la trachée-artère et du larynx m'a permis de constater que les voies respiratoires se trouvaient entièrement oblitérées au-dessous de l'os hyoïde, par suite de la constriction du lien appliqué autour du cou. 18° Ventre. — Les organes contenus dans la cavité abdominale n'of frent rien d'intéressant à noter, ils sont tous à l'état normal; le gros intestin est rempli de méconium , dont une partie s'échappe par le fon dement de l'enfant. 762 INFANTICIDE. 19° Des incisions profondes pratiquées dans les chairs démontrent le développement normrl, l'étal sain des muscles, des tendons, des liga ments, des cartilages et des os; elles m'assurent de la présence de gaz putrides dans le tissu cellulaire inter musculaire des jambes et des cuisses. 20° L'examen particulier de l'extrémité inférieure du fémur m'y fait reconnaître, d'un côlé seulement, un commencement d'i ssi/ication à peine perceptible , gros tout au plus comme la. tète d'une épingle. Conclusions. n Le cadavre soumis à mon examen est celui d'un fœtus de huit à neuf mois , nouvellement né et bien conformé. §§ 2 , 7 et 9. 2° Cet enfant est ne viable; son organisation, bien que n'étant pas des plus robustes , est saine et parvenue à un degré de développement plus que suffisant pour qu'il pût continuer de vivre. §§2,3, 9, 10, t i, etc. 5° La respiration a eu lieu de la manière la plus complète. §§ !$» '$• 4° L'enfant a vécu au moins six à huit minutes, temps nécessaire pour l'établissement parfait de cette fonction, et pas plus de vingt quatre heures, puisque l'uaion du cordon avec le nombril n'a subi au cune modification. § 8. 5" La mort date de douze à vingt jours. §§ 2, 4, 15, etc. 6° Elle est certainement le résultat de la constriction ou strangu lation opérée au moyen d'un lien trouvé autour du cou. Avis motivé. Monsieur, Vous me priez, mû que vous êtes par une pensée d'humanité, de vous donner mon avis sur un rapport de M. le docteur Baud.., relatif à une accusation d'infanticide qui pesé sur la personne de la fille..'.. , qui va de nouveau être mise en jugement pardevant la cour royale de Rouen. Je vais répondre à, votre demande avec toute la sincérité dont un ser ment pourrait m'imposer l'obligation. Le rapport de M. Baud.. est rédigé avec clarté et méthode; chaque conclusion est appuyée sur les faits du rapport, qui , eux-mêmes, sont annotés par des numéros d'ordre; il est facile de suivre le rapporteur dans toutes les conséquences qu'il a cru devoir déduire de ses observa tions. Discutons donc la valeur de chacune de ses conclusions. Première conclusion du rapport. — « Le cadavre soumis à mon examen est celui d'un fœtus de huit à neuf mois, nouvellement né et bien conformé. » En admettant que la longueur de l'enfant fût de 16 pouces I ligne et le poids de 5 livres 6 onces, et en joignant ces données à l'état de la peau, à la longueur des ongles et au point osseux de l'extrémité infé rieure du fémur, dont M. Baud.. signale seulement l'état naissant, il devient évident pour nous que l'enfant n'était pas à terme, qu'il n'avait que huit mois. A terme. — Le point osseux de l'extrémité inférieure du fémur est parfaitement déedoppé; les ôhglès dépassent l'extrémité des doigts. |
789300_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Havnar Ungmannafelag var et ungdomslag i Tórshavn på Færøyene.
Nyholm Debess fra Tórshavn hadde blitt inspirert av den norske ungdomslagsbevegelsen under sitt opphold i Bergen mellom 1898 og 1904. Havnar Ungmannafelag ble stiftet på et møte i bedehuset i Tinghúsvegur i Tórshavn i november 1906 etter innbydelse fra Nyholm Debess, Petur Alberg og Mads Andrias Winther. Før jul i 1907 kom Hans A. Djurhuus hjem til Færøyene fra Danmark, og tok over for Winther som den førende skikkelsen i laget. Laget holdt møte hver onsdagskveld med foredrag, diskusjoner, sang og høytlesning.
Havnar Ungmannafelag hadde et håndskrevet medlemsblad, Baldursbrá, som ble utgitt fra desember 1906 til mars 1912. Til sammen ble det skrevet 104 blad, eller om lag 2 000 sider i A4-størrelse. En samling av bladet finnes ved Færøyenes nasjonalbibliotek, men de 16 første utgavene har gått tapt.
Referanser
Færøyske ungdomsorganisasjoner
Tórshavn
Organisasjoner etablert i 1906
Portal:Færøyene/artikler
1906 på Færøyene.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19839 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
//
// Description: AutomationPeer associated with FlowDocumentReader.
//
using System.Collections.Generic; // List<T>
using System.Windows.Automation.Provider; // IMultipleViewProvider
using System.Windows.Controls; // FlowDocumentReader
using System.Windows.Documents; // FlowDocument
using MS.Internal; // Invariant
namespace System.Windows.Automation.Peers
{
/// <summary>
/// AutomationPeer associated with FlowDocumentScrollViewer.
/// </summary>
public class FlowDocumentReaderAutomationPeer : FrameworkElementAutomationPeer, IMultipleViewProvider
{
/// <summary>
/// Constructor.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="owner">Owner of the AutomationPeer.</param>
public FlowDocumentReaderAutomationPeer(FlowDocumentReader owner)
: base(owner)
{ }
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="AutomationPeer.GetPattern"/>
/// </summary>
public override object GetPattern(PatternInterface patternInterface)
{
object returnValue = null;
if (patternInterface == PatternInterface.MultipleView)
{
returnValue = this;
}
else
{
returnValue = base.GetPattern(patternInterface);
}
return returnValue;
}
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="AutomationPeer.GetChildrenCore"/>
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// AutomationPeer associated with FlowDocumentScrollViewer returns an AutomationPeer
/// for hosted Document and for elements in the style.
/// </remarks>
protected override List<AutomationPeer> GetChildrenCore()
{
// Get children for all elements in the style.
List<AutomationPeer> children = base.GetChildrenCore();
// Add AutomationPeer associated with the document.
// Make it the first child of the collection.
FlowDocument document = ((FlowDocumentReader)Owner).Document;
if (document != null)
{
AutomationPeer documentPeer = ContentElementAutomationPeer.CreatePeerForElement(document);
if (_documentPeer != documentPeer)
{
if (_documentPeer != null)
{
_documentPeer.OnDisconnected();
}
_documentPeer = documentPeer as DocumentAutomationPeer;
}
if (documentPeer != null)
{
if (children == null)
{
children = new List<AutomationPeer>();
}
children.Add(documentPeer);
}
}
return children;
}
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="AutomationPeer.GetClassNameCore"/>
/// </summary>
protected override string GetClassNameCore()
{
return "FlowDocumentReader";
}
/// <summary>
/// This helper synchronously fires automation PropertyChange event
/// in responce to current view mode change.
/// </summary>
// BUG 1555137: Never inline, as we don't want to unnecessarily link the automation DLL
[System.Runtime.CompilerServices.MethodImpl(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
internal void RaiseCurrentViewChangedEvent(FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode newMode, FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode oldMode)
{
if (newMode != oldMode)
{
RaisePropertyChangedEvent(MultipleViewPatternIdentifiers.CurrentViewProperty,
ConvertModeToViewId(newMode), ConvertModeToViewId(oldMode));
}
}
/// <summary>
/// This helper synchronously fires automation PropertyChange event
/// in responce to supported views change.
/// </summary>
// BUG 1555137: Never inline, as we don't want to unnecessarily link the automation DLL
[System.Runtime.CompilerServices.MethodImpl(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
internal void RaiseSupportedViewsChangedEvent(DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
{
bool newSingle, oldSingle, newFacing, oldFacing, newScroll, oldScroll;
if (e.Property == FlowDocumentReader.IsPageViewEnabledProperty)
{
newSingle = (bool)e.NewValue;
oldSingle = (bool)e.OldValue;
newFacing = oldFacing = FlowDocumentReader.IsTwoPageViewEnabled;
newScroll = oldScroll = FlowDocumentReader.IsScrollViewEnabled;
}
else if (e.Property == FlowDocumentReader.IsTwoPageViewEnabledProperty)
{
newSingle = oldSingle = FlowDocumentReader.IsPageViewEnabled;
newFacing = (bool)e.NewValue;
oldFacing = (bool)e.OldValue;
newScroll = oldScroll = FlowDocumentReader.IsScrollViewEnabled;
}
else// if (e.Property == FlowDocumentReader.IsScrollViewEnabledProperty)
{
newSingle = oldSingle = FlowDocumentReader.IsPageViewEnabled;
newFacing = oldFacing = FlowDocumentReader.IsTwoPageViewEnabled;
newScroll = (bool)e.NewValue;
oldScroll = (bool)e.OldValue;
}
if (newSingle != oldSingle || newFacing != oldFacing || newScroll != oldScroll)
{
int[] newViews = GetSupportedViews(newSingle, newFacing, newScroll);
int[] oldViews = GetSupportedViews(oldSingle, oldFacing, oldScroll);
RaisePropertyChangedEvent(MultipleViewPatternIdentifiers.SupportedViewsProperty, newViews, oldViews);
}
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Private Members
//
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
#region Private Members
private int[] GetSupportedViews(bool single, bool facing, bool scroll)
{
int count = 0;
if (single) { count++; }
if (facing) { count++; }
if (scroll) { count++; }
int[] views = count > 0 ? new int[count] : null;
count = 0;
if (single) { views[count++] = ConvertModeToViewId(FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode.Page); }
if (facing) { views[count++] = ConvertModeToViewId(FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode.TwoPage); }
if (scroll) { views[count++] = ConvertModeToViewId(FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode.Scroll); }
return views;
}
/// <summary>
/// Converts viewing mode to view id.
/// </summary>
private int ConvertModeToViewId(FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode mode)
{
return (int)mode;
}
/// <summary>
/// Converts view id to viewing mode.
/// </summary>
private FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode ConvertViewIdToMode(int viewId)
{
Invariant.Assert(viewId >= 0 && viewId <= 2);
return (FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode)viewId;
}
/// <summary>
/// FlowDocumentReader associated with the peer.
/// </summary>
private FlowDocumentReader FlowDocumentReader
{
get { return (FlowDocumentReader)Owner; }
}
private DocumentAutomationPeer _documentPeer;
#endregion Private Members
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// IMultipleViewProvider Members
//
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
#region IMultipleViewProvider Members
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="IMultipleViewProvider.GetViewName"/>
/// </summary>
string IMultipleViewProvider.GetViewName(int viewId)
{
string name = string.Empty;
if (viewId >= 0 && viewId <= 2)
{
FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode mode = ConvertViewIdToMode(viewId);
if (mode == FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode.Page)
{
name = SR.Get(SRID.FlowDocumentReader_MultipleViewProvider_PageViewName);
}
else if (mode == FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode.TwoPage)
{
name = SR.Get(SRID.FlowDocumentReader_MultipleViewProvider_TwoPageViewName);
}
else if (mode == FlowDocumentReaderViewingMode.Scroll)
{
name = SR.Get(SRID.FlowDocumentReader_MultipleViewProvider_ScrollViewName);
}
}
return name;
}
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="IMultipleViewProvider.SetCurrentView"/>
/// </summary>
void IMultipleViewProvider.SetCurrentView(int viewId)
{
if (viewId >= 0 && viewId <= 2)
{
FlowDocumentReader.ViewingMode = ConvertViewIdToMode(viewId);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="IMultipleViewProvider.CurrentView"/>
/// </summary>
int IMultipleViewProvider.CurrentView
{
get { return ConvertModeToViewId(FlowDocumentReader.ViewingMode); }
}
/// <summary>
/// <see cref="IMultipleViewProvider.GetSupportedViews"/>
/// </summary>
int[] IMultipleViewProvider.GetSupportedViews()
{
return GetSupportedViews(
FlowDocumentReader.IsPageViewEnabled,
FlowDocumentReader.IsTwoPageViewEnabled,
FlowDocumentReader.IsScrollViewEnabled);
}
#endregion IMultipleViewProvider Members
}
}
|
US-13529771-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | In FIG. III, it is also feasible to neutralize the excess sulfate ion in neutralization tank 82 and/or 90 with a material which would add additional fertilizer nutrients to the solution. Thus the mixture or a portion thereof can be neutralized with other materials such as magnesium oxide, or salts of zinc, copper, iron, etc. or any other material useful to provide valuable minor micronutrients to the soil.
The process of FIG. IV describes a solvent treatment section in detail and also provides an alternative procedure for working up the filtrate-containing product recovered from the main reactor 9. In this procedure the filtrate may be initially subjected to sulfate reduction procedures as described in FIG. I or forwarded directly from the separation step. In this procedure, the filtrate or mixture from the last reactor is passed via line 99 to recycle tank 100 where it is mixed, if desired, with calcium phosphate solids from a subsequent sulfate reduction step in line 109'. The resulting mixture is removed by line 101 and sent to separator 102, such as a multi-stage filter, where the calcium sulfate is removed and discarded through line 103. The resulting filtrate is sent by line 104 to agitated reaction tank 105 where calcium oxide, or other calcium-bearing material such as calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide in an amount of about 5 to 15 weight percent is added through line 106. This is essentially the same procedure as described for FIG. I and reactor 20. The resulting product is then passed to separator 108 where solids are removed. These recovered solids are primarily dicalcium phosphate and may be recycled by line 109 and 109' to the recycle mix tank 100, recycled to sulfate-reduction reactor 20, recycled to main reactor 9 by line 110 or removed by line 110' as a by-product stream and sold as dicalcium phosphate.
The filtrate from separator 108 is removed by line 111 and sent to a solvent treatment step in solvent treat tank 112. Solvent, either a lower alkyl alcohol such as methanol, or a lower alkyl ketone such as acetone, as described above, is introduced through line 113 from solvent storage 114. The hold up time in the solvent treatment tank is about 5 to 30 minutes and it is maintained at a temperature of about 20°-60°C., preferably room temperature. The amount of solvent added is about an equal weight based on the solids content of line 111 as described above. The resulting mixture is removed through line 115 and sent to separator 116 to separate solids from the filtrate. Additional fresh solvent is added to the separator by line 113' to effect complete washing of the solids. The solvent filtrate is taken off by line 117 and sent to still 118 for removal of the solvent by distillation. The recovered solvent is passed by line 119 to solvent storage 114 for reuse. A weak solvent wash stream 120 is recycled in separator 116 and a strong solvent wash stream is continuously recycled to solvent treat tank 112 by line 120'. The bottoms from the solvent still 118 are taken off through line 128 and sent to evaporator 130 where water is removed as by distillation by line 132 and where it may then be treated in one of two ways. In one procedure most of the liquid is removed in the evaporator and the resulting concentrate is passed by line 129 to drier 131 where the remainder of the water is removed by line 134, to provide solid Product F'. Drying is conducted at a temperature of about 100°-200°C. to provide a low sulfate solid K-P fertilizer Product F'.
In the second procedure only a portion of the water is removed by evaporator 130, e.g. about 10 to 50 percent of the liquid, primarily water, to provide a solution product in line 133. This solution Product F contains potassium phosphate values and is low in sulfate.
Referring back to separator 116, the wet cake therein is removed from the separator via line 121 to solvent recovery 122 where solvent is removed as by evaporation through line 123 at a temperature of 100°-200°C. for return to solvent storage 114 to provide a solid product. This solid cake is then removed through line 124 for polymerization in kiln 125 at about 250°-850°C. as described in Fig. III and in co-pending Application Ser. No. 755,699, the water being removed through line 126. There is then recovered in line 127 solid Product G containing high values of potassium and phosphate as determined by the K₂ O/P₂ O₅ ratio.
Products F, F' and G can vary in N-P₂ O₅ --K₂ O ratios from 0-2-1 to 0-1-2.5 depending upon the amount of CaO used in reaction tank 112. Product G usually contains more sulfate than Products F and F'.
FIGS. V-A and V-B represent methods of producing ammonium phosphate as a primary by-product stream by starting with the filtrate from reactor 20 in FIG. I (line 27) as illustrated in FIG. V-A or starting with solid Product A (FIG. I) as shown in FIG. V-B.
In FIG. V-A, the filtrate from reactor 20 in FIG. I is passed to neutralization tank 137 via line 136 where sufficient ammonia is added through line 138 to adjust the pH of the solution to the range of about 10.5 to 11.0. The ammonia is preferably added as gaseous ammonia. After neutralization, the resulting mixture is removed by line 139 to separator 140 where solid by-product ammonium phosphate is removed through line 141. This product results from the relatively high pH produced in the neutralization step.
The filtrate from the separator is removed by line 142 to ammonia stripper 143 where the ammonia is stripped off and recycled via line 144 to line 138 for reuse.
After the ammonia is removed the resulting filtrate is passed through line 145 to evaporator 146 where water is removed as by distillation through line 147. At this point, sufficient water is removed to provide N-P-K solution Product H of the desired concentration or most of the water is removed and the concentrate is passed by line 149 to drier or polymerizer 150 where the remainder of the water is removed through line 151. If it is preferred to dry the solids at a temperature of about 100°-200°C., there results a solid N-P-K dry Product I from line 152. On the other hand, if a polymerized product is desired, firing at a temperature of about 250°-850°C. as described in co-pending Application Ser. No. 755,699, provides a polymerized N-P-K Product I. The main products H or I have an N--P₂ O₅ --K₂ O weight percent ratio of about 1-18-18.
Referring now to FIG. V-B, there is illustrated a method for providing Product A in a form suitable for use in the process of FIG. V-A. Thus in this embodiment, Product A is passed via line 153 to solution tank 154 where the solid is dissolved in sufficient water to solubilize from line 155. The resulting solution is passed by line 156 to separator 157 where insolubles are removed to main reactor 9 by line 158. The filtrate is then removed through line 159 for use in the process of FIG. V-A.
Referring to FIG. VI, it will be seen that this figure represents methods of producing granular products high in nitrogen values starting with either the filtrate from FIG. I, lines 19 or 27 (Feed A) which have a P₂ O₅ to K₂ O ratio of about 2:1, or starting with the adjusted filtrate from FIG. II, line 68 (Feed B) which has a P₂ O₅ to K₂ O ratio of 1:1. With the addition of nitrogen values in the form of NH₃, NH₄ NO₃ and/or urea, high nitrogen products can be produced with N--P₂ O₅ --K₂ O weight percent values of about 25-20-10, represented as Product J from feed (A), or 25-17-17, represented as Product J' from feed (B).
Thus in FIG. VI, the filtrate starting material A (from FIG. I, lines 19 or 27), or B (from FIG. II, line 68) is introduced by line 160 to evaporator 161 where water is evaporated and removed by line 162 as by distillation to provide a concentrated product. Preferably about 20 to 50 weight percent of the water is removed. The resulting concentrate is removed to reactor 164 for the addition of nitrogen values. The nitrogen values may be added in the form of ammonia via line 165 and/or NH₄ NO₃ or urea via line 166. Sufficient nitrogen values are added to provide a final product having an N-P-K weight percent ratio of about 25-20-10 (feed A) or 25-17-17 (feed B). These nitrogen values are added at about room temperature and with agitation. The resulting slurry is removed through line 167 to conventional granulator 168 where water is removed via line 169. The resulting granulated products are then removed via line 170 as granular Products J and J' for feeds (A) and (B).
It will thus be seen that the alternative procedures set forth in FIGS. II to VI provide distinctly different, but clearly advantageous continuous procedures for working-up the products from FIG. I into economically useful fertilizer products.
Quite obviously, these processes may be varied in many respects. For example, there may be included in the basic process a procedure for conversion of the phosphate rock to one of its solubilized forms by the reaction with hydrochloric acid as described herein. In addition, if it is desired not to employ the organic solvent treatment step, working up the final product may merely comprise concentration and crystallization of the filtrate solution in a crystallizer followed by a separation as in a filter and washing and drying the final product with recycle of the mother liquor which is primarily phosphoric acid.
The following examples are presented to illustrate the process of the invention but are not to be considered as limitative thereof.
In the examples, the system set forth on the drawing accompanying this application was employed in practicing the process in a continuous manner. In the examples, separate runs were made with two and three reactors in series employed in order to show these embodiments. In Examples I to XI the resulting filtrates were not subjected to the treatment steps to lower the sulfate ion content.
In the reaction sufficient excess phosphate rock and sulfuric acid were used to provide 3 moles of H₃ PO₄ in the reaction. In these runs, both the slurry and circulated filter wash water was recycled except where noted.
The results of the experiments are set forth in the following Table I, which table states the feed rates of starting materials, reaction conditions and analyses of the products obtained.
From the data given in Table I, it will be seen that PO₄ .tbd. conversions for these runs are consistently at 90% and above thus demonstrating the efficiency of the reaction. It will also be noted, however, that SO₄ = content in the filtrate ranges from about 3.5 to 6.0 wt. %.
In these runs the product was recovered by concentration of the resulting filtrate to a weight percent of product of about 40%. Thereafter the product was precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of organic solvent. In Examples I-V the organic solvent was methyl alcohol whereas in Examples VI-XI, the precipitation solvent was acetone. As will be observed, product recovery was excellent in all runs.
TABLE I __________________________________________________________________________ Rock Feed Initial H ion Reactor EXAMPLE Rate Rock.sup.1 Wt H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 Wt KHSO.sub.4 Content Moles SO.sub.4 Temperature (°C) NO. gm/min Used Wt Rock Wt Rock Wt H.sup.+/Wt Rock Moles Ca I II III __________________________________________________________________________ I 10.18 A 0.441 0.703 0.0143 1.124 33 77 80 II 10.18 A 0.442 0.720 0.0145 1.084 32 73 79 III 10.18 A 0.442 -- 0.0146 1.155 33 58 58 IV 10.18 A 0.456 0.631 0.0139 1.073 33 90 90 V 10.18 B 0.426 0.688 0.0137 1.078 80 80 80 VI.sup.2 10.18 B 0.428 0.725 0.0139 1.099 78 80 80 VII 10.18 B 0.396 0.713 0.0131 1.046 62 63 64 VIII 10.18 B 0.346 0.690 0.0119 0.969 64 67 67 IX.sup.3 10.18 B 0.503 0.846 0.0163 1.288 60 77 83 X 10.18 C 0.373 0.690 0.0128 1.071 60 60 63 XI 10.18 B 0.410 0.717 0.01374 1.102 40 44 45 __________________________________________________________________________ Space Velocity gm/hr. cc. Wt % of Wt % of K Overall With Without PO.sub.4 Conversion SO.sub.4 in Recovered Wt. Wt % H EXAMPLE Filtrate Recycle Filtrate Recycle (Based on Filter Filtrate in Filtrate Loss Ion in NO. Using 3 Reactors Using 2 Reactors Cake Analysis) Product Product (%) Filtrate __________________________________________________________________________ I 0.249 0.178 94.0 4.94 93.6 6.2 0.0896 II 0.247 0.180 94.4 5.13 94.4 4.80 0.0888 III 0.227 0.182 97.8 5.15 93.6 3.13 0.0904 IV 0.249 0.175 91.9 5.20 92.1 8.88 0.0968 V 0.205 0.180 94.2 5.26 92.7 6.42 0.096 VI.sup.2 0.221 0.183 88.7 4.81 91.9 6.59 0.0784 VII 0.205 0.176 97.1 5.38 97.1 6.04 0.0928 VIII 0.198 0.170 92.9 3.96 88.8 6.46 0.0728 IX.sup.3 0.176 0.142 96.3 5.13 66.0 9.62 0.169 X 0.197 0.162 92.3 4.35 93.7 4.13 0.0770 XI 0.200 0.175 97.0 3.86 91.4 5.78 0.084 __________________________________________________________________________ Notes: (1) Rocks: (A) Size -- 60% through 200 mesh; Analysis -- Ca -- 34.54 Wt. %, PO.sub.4 -- 43.07 Wt. %. - (B) Size -- 60% through 200 mesh; Analysis -- Ca -- 34.79 Wt. %, PO.sub.4 -- 43.24 Wt. %. - (C) Size -- 80-90% through 200 mesh; Analysis -- Ca -- 33.21 Wt. %, PO.sub.4 -- 43.48 Wt. %. (2) H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 fed into Reactor No. 1 instead of No. II for this run. - (3) Wt. % ions in Filtrate was 20-22, except for Run IX which was
EXAMPLE XII
This example illustrates the effect of the procedure of reactor 20 in FIG. ______________________________________ Input, Gms. Solids Filtrate CaO Composition 19' 21 Total ______________________________________ Ca 2.48 17.99 20.47 K 24.37 -- 24.37 SO.sub.4 6.91 -- 6.91 PO.sub.4 78.12 -- 78.12 Total 111.88 17.99 129.87 Output, Gms. Solids Filtrate Recycle Composition 27 25 Total ______________________________________ Ca .04 24.52 24.56 K 21.02 4.13 25.15 SO.sub.4 4.57 2.21 6.78 PO.sub.4 30.40 56.37 86.77 Total 56.03 87.23 143.26 ______________________________________
In comparing the input stream 19' with the outcoming stream 27, it will be noted that the SO₄ ⁼ content was reduced by about 2.5 weight percent, thus illustrating the effectiveness of the calcium oxide treatment.
EXAMPLE XIII
This example illustrates in two different runs, the effects of the solvent treatment step of FIG. I and shows the effect of the solvent treatment step when the calcium oxide treatment or rock treatment in reactor 20 is employed and when the reaction system for sulfate reduction is bypassed and the filtrate is sent straight to the evaporator 28 via line 19. In each case the solvent treatment is conducted at room temperature in an agitated vessel to effect a good precipitation. Contact times were from 5 to 30 minutes.
A. In the first run, the effect of the solvent treatment step is illustrated when reactor 20 is bypassed and the filtrate is the aqueous stream coming from evaporator 28. Thus, in this case the feed stream is the feed passing through line 30 to the solvent treatment step. In the first portion of this example, runs are illustrated using acetone to feed solids ratios of 2.5:1 and in the second portion, the extracting solvent is methanol and a methanol to feed solids ratio of 1:1 is used. The reactants and results of these runs are as follows:
Feed Stream Gms. Product Stream, Gms. Solids Filtrate Cake Composition 30 45 42 Total ______________________________________ (1) Ca .30 0.0 .30 .30 K 9.02 .27 8.75 9.02 SO.sub.4 6.66 .10 6.98 7.08 PO.sub.4 24.22 10.63 13.71 24.34 Total Wt. 40.20 11.00 29.74 40.74 (2) Ca .13 0.0 .02 .02 K 5.52 1.18 4.13 5.31 SO.sub.4 4.29 0.15 4.55 4.70 PO.sub.4 16.98 13.83 2.78 16.61 Total Wt. 26.92 15.16 11.48 26.64 ______________________________________
In reviewing the results of the above solvent treatment steps, it will be seen that substantially complete precipitation of the useful ions present is achieved (Compare streams 30 and 45). Also, stream 45, comprising primarily H₃ PO₄, is recycled for further reaction. B. In this second section of the example, the solvent treatment step is carried out on the filtrate after it has been subjected to sulfate ion reduction in reactor 20. Thus, the feed is that coming from line 27 in FIG. I to the evaporator 28 and then by line 30 to the solvent treatment step. The conditions for solvent treatment are the same as in Example XIII-A. In the first portion of this experiment, the acetone to feed solids weight ratio was 1.75:1, whereas, in the second portion, the methanol to feed solids weight ratio was 1.35:1. The data for these runs are as follows:
Feed Stream Gms. Product Stream Gms. Solids Filtrate Cake Composition 30 45 42 Total ______________________________________ (1) Ca .98 0.0 .98 .98 K 9.34 .42 9.49 9.91 SO.sub.4 2.74 .03 3.06 3.09 PO.sub.4 32.08 9.72 23.29 33.01 Total Wt. 45.14 10.17 36.82 46.99 (2) Ca <.10 0.0 .03 .03 K 5.82 1.20 4.33 5.53 SO.sub.4 1.43 .03 1.45 1.48 PO.sub.4 8.39 1.30 7.37 8.67 Total Wt. EXAMPLE XIV
In this example there is illustrated treatment of the phosphoric acid stream recovered from solvent still 40 and removal from the system as shown in FIG. I by line 46 for treatment by calcium oxide and recycle to the main reactors. In these treatment sections, the calcium oxide was added by line 48 to reactor 47 and the CaO and phosphoric acid stream were reacted at 75°C. in a calcium oxide/phosphoric acid ratio by moles of 1.06:1. The ions present in these streams and the final product are as follows:
Input Gms. Solids Still Bottoms CaO Composition 46 48 Total ______________________________________ Ca -- 27.76 27.76 K 1.85 -- 1.85 SO.sub.4 .45 -- .45 PO.sub.4 62.00 -- 62.00 Total 64.30 27.76 92.06 Output Gms. Filtrate Cake 53 52 Total ______________________________________ Ca .46 28.09 28.55 K 1.74 .29 2.03 SO.sub.4 .25 .38 .63 PO.sub.4 7.32 60.71 68.03 Total 9.77 89.47 99.24 ______________________________________
In the above table it will be noted that the recycle stream in lines 52 or 53, or either alternative procedure, provides means for recycle of a stream primarily a calcium phosphate of unknown composition with small amounts of potassium and sulfate ion present rather than strong phosphoric acid.
EXAMPLE XV
In this example there is illustrated the recovery procedure shown in FIG. II with the alternative procedures involving (1) addition of calcium oxide to the stream to adjust the K:P ratio, and (2) without addition of calcium oxide to the feed stream. In this example, the feed streams are identified by number with reference to FIG. II to illustrate the particular ions present in each stream and demonstrate the final products obtained.
A. In the first section of this experiment, the processing of the top stream in FIG. II is utilized, that is, without the addition of calcium oxide to neutralize and vary the potassium to phosphorous ratio in the product. In this example the solid feed or Product A is shown as in line 42, the amount of water added in line 55, the resulting filter cake in line 58, and the Product B in line 72 and Product C in line 77. The results of this experiment are set forth in the following table.
__________________________________________________________________________ Input Gms. Output Gms. Solid Product Filter Product C Solids Feed Water B Cake Wt. % Comp. 42 55 Total 72 58 77 __________________________________________________________________________ Ca 0 -- 0 0 -- K 55.81 -- 55.81 20.51 (Not 49% K.sub.2 O SO.sub.4 13.72 -- 13.72 4.27 Analyzed) 5% SO.sub.4 PO.sub.4 80.46 -- 80.46 31.35 46% P.sub.2 O.sub.5 H.sub.2 O -- 150 150.00 -- -- Total 149.99 150 299.99 56.13 87.1 -- __________________________________________________________________________
In experiment A it is especially to be noted that the final Products B and C are high in K and P as determined by the K₂ O/P₂ O₅ ratio and thus are high plant food fertilizers.
B. In the following table there is set forth the results obtained when operating with the alternative procedure of FIG. II including the addition of calcium oxide to neutralize the mixture and thus vary the potassium to phosphorous ratio in the product. In the table, there is set forth the composition of the solid Product A as obtained from the process of FIG. II in line 42, the amount of calcium oxide added in line 64, the amount of water added in line 55 and the final composition in line 72 of Product B'. The calcium oxide treatment was conducted at 75°C. with agitation of the reactor and the separator was a three-stage filter. The following table sets forth the results of this run:
Input Gms. Output Gms. Solid Solids Feed CaO Water Product B' Composition 42 64 55 Total 72 ______________________________________ Ca .1 -- -- .1 0 Recycle K 27.3 -- -- 27.3 12.64 cake and SO.sub.4 2.5 -- -- 2.5 1.04 water PO.sub.4 68.0 -- -- 68.0 20.82 not CaO -- 9.6 -- 9.6 -- analyzed H.sub.2 O -- -- 150.0 150.0 -- Total 97.9 9.6 150.0 257.5 34.50 ______________________________________
In the above table for this example, it will be noted that this procedure enables the preparation of products wherein the K:P ratio may be controlled as desired to provide fertilizer materials of very high plant food content.
EXAMPLE XVI
In this example there is set forth the work-up procedure and alternatives of FIG. III. In portion A of this example, the feed stream is subjected to neutralization with ammonia without adjustment of the K:P ratio to provide a highly valuable N-P-K fertilizer. As in other examples, the feed streams are identified by the reference numerals of FIG. III, and illustrate in this manner the particular ions in each feed and in the products obtained.
A. In the first portion of this experiment the solid feed cake or product A in line 78 was initially dissolved in water from line 80 of about equal volume and ammonia added thereto from line 83 at room temperature with agitation. The resulting mixture was separated in a three-stage filter to remove the solid products in line 97 and provide a solution product in line 98 identified as Product E. The following table illustrates this process and sets forth the ions present in each feed stream and the final product.
Input, Gms. Solids Solid Feed Water NH.sub.3 Composition 78 80 83 Total ______________________________________ Ca .15 -- -- .15 K 54.45 -- -- 54.45 SO.sub.4 39.30 -- -- 39.30 PO.sub.4 59.25 -- -- 59.25 H.sub.2 O -- 150.0 -- 150.00 NH.sub.3 -- -- 3.30 3.30 Total 153.15 150.0 3.30 306.45 Output, Gms. Solids Cake Product E Composition 97 98 Total ______________________________________ Ca -- .04 .04 K 26.56 27.24 53.80 SO.sub.4 25.72 2.00 27.72 PO.sub.4 9.73 47.77 57.50 H.sub.2 O 54.78 95.22 150.00 NH.sub.3 -- 3.30 3.30 Total 116.79 175.57 292.36 ______________________________________
It will be noted with respect to the above table that the final solution product is very low in sulfate ion concentration and high in plant food values of potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen and thus provides a good N-P-K fertilizer.
B. The second portion of this example illustrates the lower section of FIG. III wherein an aqueous stream of Product A is treated with calcium oxide and ammonia to vary the potassium to phosphorous ratio as the stream is neutralized and also to provide nitrogen values by the addition of ammonia. In this stream the calcium oxide and ammonia were added successively to the reactor at room temperature and the separator was a three-stage filter. As in the other examples, the ions present in each feedstream are indicated with reference to the numerals of FIG. III. Thus Product A or the solid feed in line 78 is mixed with water from line 80 to form a solution and after filtration, the solution is treated with CaO from line 88 and NH₃ from line 89 in reactor 90. After filtration, the final solution Product E' is recovered in lines 94 and 98. This experiment is as follows:
Input, Gms. Solids Solid Feed Water CaO NH.sub.3 Composition 78 80 88 89 Total ______________________________________ Ca .12 -- 9.63 -- 9.75 K 27.30 -- -- -- 27.30 SO.sub.4 2.50 -- -- -- 2.50 PO.sub.4 68.00 -- -- -- 68.00 H.sub.2 O -- 150.00 -- -- 150.00 N -- -- -- 3.0 3.00 Total 97.92 150.00 9.63 3.0 260.55 Output Gms. Solids Cake Product E' Composition 93 98 ______________________________________ Ca No 0.0 K Analysis 12.64 SO.sub.4 1.04 PO.sub.4 20.82 H.sub.2 O 119.21 N 3.00 Total 156.71 ______________________________________
From the above examples, it will be seen that the final solution Product E' contains very little sulfate ion, and is very high in N-P-K values. Also a comparison of the K:P ratio in Examples XVI-A and XVI-B will clearly demonstrate the very definite adjustment of the ratio of K:P.
EXAMPLE XVII
This example illustrates the solvent treatment procedure of FIG. IV and particularly shows the ions present in the feed stream 111 coming from the second separator 108, the amount of solvent introduced by line 113 in the solvent treatment section 112 and the constitution of the filter cake in line 121 which is sent to subsequent solvent recovery and polymerization to form final Product G. Also, the amount of water taken off through line 132 and the constitution of solution Product F in line 133 are shown. Thus, this example provides a fertilizer useful in areas where high sulfate content would be desirable. As with the other examples, the particular ions in each feed stream or cake are illustrated with respect to FIG. IV and the reference numerals used therein. In the solvent treatment section, the solvent employed is methanol on a basis of about 60 percent by weight of the total weight of the filtrate stream. The solvent treatment was conducted at room temperature with agitation. The results of this example are as follows:
Input Gms. Solids Filtrate Methanol Composition 111 113 Total ______________________________________ Ca .02 -- .02 K 11.84 -- 11.84 So.sub.4 2.68 -- 2.68 PO.sub.4 17.26 -- 17.26 H.sub.2 O 168.22 -- 168.22 MeOH -- 120.00 120.00 Total 200.02 120.00 320.00 Output, Gms. Solids Cake MeOH/H.sub.2 O Product F Composition 121 119/132 133 Total ______________________________________ Ca .02 -- 0.0 .02 K 6.45 -- 5.24 11.69 SO.sub.4 2.75 -- .22 2.97 PO.sub.4 10.76 -- 6.99 17.75 H.sub.2 O 8.41 104.0 55.76 168.17 MeOH -- 120.0 -- 120.00 Total 28.39 120.0/104.0 68.21 320.60 ______________________________________
In reviewing the results of the above table it will be seen that the final solution products are substantially equal in potassium and phosphate ion values.
EXAMPLE XVIII
This example illustrates the process defined as a high phosphoric acid run or a run in which high ratios of phosphoric acid are used in the main reactor. In this example the procedure of FIG. I was employed including by-passing sulfate reduction reactor 20 and the bottoms from solvent still 40 were recycled directly to main reactor 9 by line 45. Thus, this example illustrates how use of high H₃ PO₄ levels in the reactor effectively reduce the sulfate levels in the system without the optional sulfate reduction steps.
In this example the components in each stream and the amount thereof are identified with reference to the particular stream number or reactor number in FIG. 1. The main reactor was maintained at 75°C. The input and output in grams of the various ions in each stream are set forth in the following table:
Input Gms. Output Gms. Solid Rock KHSO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 Cake Filtrate Composition 11 8 10 45 Total 15 19 Total __________________________________________________________________________ Ca 110.5 -- -- -- 110.5 86.8 1.7 88.5 K -- 65.7 -- -- 65.7 3.0 62.8 65.8 SO.sub.4 -- 183.0 103.3 -- 286.3 202.2 38.1 240.3 PO.sub.4 138.0 -- -- 142.4 280.4 3.3 299.7 303.0 Total 248.5 248.7 103.3 142.4 742.9 295.3 402.3 697.6 __________________________________________________________________________
In reviewing the results of the above table it will be observed that a substantial amount of H₃ PO₄ is included in the reaction (line 45) and that the filtrate in line 19 is relatively low in sulfate ion content. The CaSO₄ cake in line 15 was very easy to filter.
EXAMPLE XIX
This example illustrates the procedure of FIG. V-A and particularly shows the feed stream composition before and after ammonia treatment with a saturated aqueous ammonia solution, the solids content in line 141 after filtration, and the nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values after ammonia stripping, which concentration of N-P-K values will be in final Products H or I. The data for this experiment are as follows:
Input gms. output gms. Solids Feed Filtrate NH.sub.3 Filtrate Cake Composition 136 138 145 141 ______________________________________ Ca .50 .44 K 10.24 10.16 .17 SO.sub.4 1.72 1.83 -- PO.sub.4 33.59 28.54 2.84 NH.sub.4 7.53 7.18 .35 Total 46.05 7.53 47.71 3.80 ______________________________________
In the above experiment neutralization with NH₃ was at room temperature to a pH of 10.8. The ammonia stripper was a distillation system.
The invention has been illustrated herein by reference to certain preferred embodiments. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited as obvious variations thereon will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
What is claimed is:
1. In a continuous process for the preparation of potassium dihydrogen phosphate by the steps involving the reaction of phosphate rock or solubilized form thereof with sulfuric acid, potassium hydrogen sulfate and recycle phosphoric acid at a temperature of about 40°-90°C. in a main reactor to form a resulting slurry containing KH₂ PO₄, H₃ PO₄ and precipitated calcium sulfate, removing the calcium sulfate solid from the mixture, precipitating KH₂ PO₄ from the resultant solution by addition of an organic solvent, recovering the KH₂ PO₄ from the phosphoric acid solution, removing the organic solvent from the phosphoric acid solution, and recycling at least a portion of the phosphoric acid solution to the main reactor, the improved steps which comprise:a. conducting the initial step of the reaction by initially charging a mixture of phosphate rock or solubilized form thereof, sulfuric acid and recycle phosphoric acid to a reactor and adding to the material at a controlled rate at 10-50 weight percent aqueous solution of KHSO₄ until substantially complete reaction is obtained for the formation of filterable calcium sulfate crystals; and b. removing the calcium sulfate crystals to provide a filtrate and evaporating the resultant filtrate to obtain a solids concentration of greater than about 40 wt. percent prior to precipitation of the KH₂ PO₄.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the potassium hydrogen sulfate added to the main reactor is formed by the reaction of potassium chloride and sulfuric acid with removal of hydrogen chloride gas, the resulting potassium hydrogen sulfate is dissolved in water to attain about a 10 to 50 weight percent aqueous solution containing about 4 to 10 weight percent of sulfuric acid, and adding to the main reactor in a controlled manner.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the filtrate from step (b), after removal of the calcium sulfate, and prior to passing to the evaporator, is treated for sulfate reduction by contacting with a member selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide or equivalent calcium bearing material, phosphate rock and mixtures thereof to form a slurry, and separating the slurry to provide a solid and a filtrate.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein the sulfate reduction step is carried out by passing the filtrate to a reactor maintained at a temperature of 40° to 90°C. and there is added thereto a molar quantity of calcium oxide substantially equal to the molar quantity of SO₄ ⁼ in the filtrate, the resulting mixture is sent to a separator, the calcium sulfate solids formed are removed therefrom and the filtrate is sent to said evaporator.
5. A process according to claim 3 wherein the sulfate reduction step is carried out by adding phosphate rock to the filtrate in a reactor maintained at a temperature of 40° to 90°C., the resulting solids are removed to said main reactor and the resulting filtrate is passed to the evaporator.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein said phosphoric acid, after removal of the organic solvent is passed to a reactor where it is treated with calcium oxide or equivalent calcium-bearing material to form a calcium phosphate slurry and the resulting slurry is recycled to the main reactor for further conversion.
7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the resulting slurry, after treatment with the calcium oxide or equivalent calcium bearing material is passed to a separator to provide a resulting solid and a filtrate, said resulting solid is recycled to the main reactor and said filtrate is recycled as make-up water for the solution of KHSO₄.
8. A process according to claim 1 wherein said solid potassium dihydrogen phosphate product is subsequently dried and polymerized by heating at a temperature of about 250° to 850°C. to provide a polymerized potassium phosphate product.
9. A process according to claim 1 wherein said recovered solid potassium dihydrogen phosphate product is contacted with water, any undissolved solids are removed in a separator to form a filtrate, the solids are withdrawn from the system and there is recovered a filtrate solution comprising potassium dihydrogen phosphate product.
10. A process according to claim 9 wherein sufficient water is evaporated from said filtrate to form a wet cake, and said wet cake is dried to provide a solid potassium dihydrogen phosphate product.
11. A process according to claim 9 wherein said filtrate is neutralized with calcium oxide to adjust the potassium to phosphorus ratio, the resulting mixture is separated to form a solid and a second filtrate, the recovered solid is removed, and the second filtrate, comprising an aqueous solution of a mixture of potassium phosphates, is recovered.
12. A process according to claim 11 wherein said second filtrate is evaporated to dryness to form a solid, and the solid is dried to provide a solid potassium phosphate product.
13. A process according to claim 12 wherein said dried product is polymerized by heating at temperatures of about 250° to 850°C. to provide a polymerized potassium phosphate product.
14. A process according to claim 1 wherein said potassium dihydrogen phosphate solid product is dissolved in water, the resulting aqueous solution is reacted with about 1 to 3 weight percent of ammonia, urea, NH₄ NO₃, or mixtures thereof, the resulting mixture is separated to form a solid and filtrate solution, said solid is removed, and said solution is recovered as a solution product containing values of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
15. A process according to claim 1 wherein said solid potassium dihydrogen phosphate product is contacted with water to form solids and a solution, the solids are removed in a separator, said solution is treated with calcium oxide and ammonia, urea, NH₄ NO₃ or mixtures thereof, the mixture is separated to provide a solid and a solution, the solids are removed in a separator and the solution is recovered as a solution product containing values of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
16. A process according to claim 1 wherein the filtrate from step (b), after removal of the calcium sulfate, is subjected to sulfate reduction by contacting with a member selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, phosphate rock and mixtures thereof to form a slurry, separating said slurry to form a solid and a filtrate, contacting said filtrate with sufficient ammonia to neutralize to a pH of about 10.5 to 11.0 whereby a slurry is formed, separating said slurry to form a solid ammonium phosphate which is removed from the system and a filtrate solution, removing the ammonia from said filtrate solution and recycling to the ammonia neutralization step, evaporating about 10 to 50 percent of the liquid from said filtrate solution, and recovering a solution product containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values.
17. A process according to claim 16 wherein the filtrate solution is evaporated to dryness, the resulting product is dried at a temperature of about 100° to 200°C. to provide a solid product containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values.
18. A process according to claim 16 wherein the dried product is polymerized by heating at a temperature of about 250° to 850°C. to provide a solid polymerized product containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values.
19. A process according to claim 1 wherein said solid potassium dihydrogen phosphate product is contacted with water, the resulting slurry is separated to provide a solid and a filtrate solution, said solid is recycled to the main reactor, said filtrate solution is contacted with sufficient ammonia to neutralize to a pH of about 10.5 to 11.0 and form a slurry, said slurry is separated in a separator to form a solid ammonium phosphate which is removed from the system and a filtrate solution, the ammonia is removed from said filtrate solution and recycled to the neutralization step and there is recovered a filtrate solution containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values.
20. A process according to claim 19 wherein the filtrate solution is evaporated to dryness and the resulting product is dried at a temperature of about 100° to 200°C. to provide a solid product containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values.
21. A process according to claim 20 wherein the dried product is polymerized by heating at a temperature of about 250° to 850°C. to provide a solid polymerized product containing nitrogen, potassium and phosphate values.
22. A process according to claim 1 wherein said filtrate from step (b), after removal of the calcium sulfate, is evaporated to remove 20 to 50 weight percent of the water to provide a concentrate, said concentrate is contacted with a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, urea, NH₄ NO₃ and mixtures thereof, the resulting slurry is removed to a granulator, the water is removed and the resulting mixture is granulated to provide a granulated product containing values of nitrogen, potassium and phosphates.
23. A process according to claim 3 wherein said filtrate from said sulfate reduction step is evaporated to remove 10 to 50 weight percent of the water and provide a concentrate, contacting said concentrate with a member selected from the group consisting of ammonia, urea, NH₄ NO₃ and mixtures thereof, removing the resulting slurry to a granulator, removing the water and granulating to provide a granulated product containing values of nitrogen, potassium and phosphates.
24. In a continuous process for the preparation of potassium dihydrogen phosphate by the steps involving the reaction of phosphate rock or solubilized form thereof with sulfuric acid, potassium hydrogen sulfate, and recycle phosphoric acid at a temperature of about 40°-90°C. in a main reactor to form a resulting slurry containing KH₂ PO₄, H₃ PO₄ and precipitated calcium sulfate, removing the calcium sulfate solid from the mixture, precipitating KH₂ PO₄ from the resultant solution by addition of an organic solvent, recovering the KH₂ PO₄ from the phosphoric acid solution, removing the organic solvent from the phosphoric acid solution, and recycling at least a portion of the phosphoric acid solution to the main reactor, the improved steps which comprise:a. conducting the initial step of the reaction by initially charging a mixture of phosphate rock or solubilized form thereof, sulfuric acid and recycle phosphoric acid to a reactor and adding to the material at a controlled rate a 10-50 wt. percent aqueous solution of KHSO₄ until substantially complete reaction is obtained for the formation of filterable calcium sulfate crystals; b. continuously passing the resulting slurry to a first separator where the solid calcium sulfate precipitate is removed to leave a filtrate solution; c. continuously washing the solid in the separator with water and recycling the strong wash to the main reactor; d. removing the filtrate solution from said first separator and passing to a second reactor and reacting with a member selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide or equivalent calcium bearing material, phosphate rock, solubilized forms thereof and mixtures thereof, at a temperature of about 40° to 90°C.; e. passing the resulting slurry to a separator to provide solids and a filtrate, removing the resulting solids; f. passing the filtrate to an evaporator and evaporating to obtain a solids concentration of greater than about 40 weight percent; g. passing the resulting concentrated mixture to a solvent treatment precipitation step and contacting with a sufficient amount of an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl alcohols and lower alkyl ketones to precipitate solid potassium dihydrogen phosphate; and h. |
missionofstaugus00maso_8 | English-PD | Public Domain | Remote as the cause may appear, it was undoubtedly the source of half the political and religious complications of the Middle Ages. The 'Papal Peace' (as it has been happily called) of 599 was the origin of the temporal sovereignty of the ' One liardly need count the few years 727-9 and 752-4 when Ravenna was in the hands of Liutprand and Aistulf: practically it was never in- corporated with their realm. of Eitrope in 597. 171 Bishops of Rome in the ' Ducatus Romanus,' — though that sovereignty was but just commencing and did not take definite shape till the eighth century. It is almost imi)ossible to con- ceive what the history of the later ages would have been had Agilulf pressed the siege of the city in 593 : Rome would have become a provincial town of the Lombard realm, or at the best its capital, supposing that the king had been moved to transfer his seat thither from Pavia on account of the ancient glories of the ' mistress of the world.' Instead of persisting, however, Agilulf retired after an interview with the pontiff, and devoted himself instead to warring against places more immediately dependent on the exarch at Ravenna. The Lombard monarch sealed thereby the ultimate ruin of his own people : but whether his action contained the seeds of more good or evil it is difficult to decide. One conclusion only is certain : the personal influence of Gregory was the thing which made the difference at this all-impoitant turning-point of the history of the Papacy, Italy, and Christian Europe. The English student viewing the crisis finds himself touched by two main emotions when he considers its relation to our own history. The first is admiration for Gregory, who only three years after the siege of Rome, and three years before the con- clusion of the peace of 599, could turn his mind from the still- lingering war in Italy to take active measures for the conversion of the distant English. In 596 the Lombards were still ravaging Tuscany and Umbria, though they had turned back from Rome itself. Augustine must have passed through towns and fields still black with their burnings when he set his face towards Gaul and the Straits of Dover. It is not inappositely that Gregory's conduct has been compared to that of the Roman Senate of eight hundred years before, who sent out legions to Spain and Africa though Hannibal was encamped at their very gates. With half-heathen, half-Arian hordes vexing his soul by their inroads on Campania and Lucania, Gregor>- could yet look far afield, and remember the aspiration of his 1/2 The Political Outlook own earlier years for the conversion of the subjects of Aella, and the people of Deira who must be taken ' de ira dei.' Our second reflection is that the turning back of Agilulf was probably a main cause of the mission of Augustine. If Rome had fallen in 593 and Gregory three years later had been the subject of a Lombard master, would he have had the leisure or the heart to bethink himself of the distant heathen beyond the seas ? Knowing the greatness of the man we may think that it might still have been possible ; though a Lombard garrison within the walls and a Lombard duke seated in the palace of the Palatine, would have given him many new domestic troubles. One thing is certain : it may have been for England's gain, but it was certainly for Italy's loss that Gregory's soft words turned back Agilulf's wrath, and settled the fact that neither then nor for twelve hundred years to come should Rome be the capital of a united Italian kingdom. But whatever may have been the ultimate results of the events of 593, there can be no doubt that Gregory's influence on Agilulf and his wife was for the immediate advantage of the Lombard race. The king's reign (590 — 615) was a time of growing prosperity and civilization for the whole nation. By the end of it they were beginning to root themselves firmly into their new home, and from mere destroyers and ravagers were becoming a settled community, building where hitherto they had been wont to burn. The first monuments of the Lombards date back to Agilulf: the sacristy of the basilica which he and his wife built in honour of St John the Baptist at Monza, hard by Milan, still contains many curious relics of the pious pair. The crown which he dedicated, and which Paul the Deacon noted two hundred years after, is gone. But there still survives his large pectoral cross and a quantity of Theodelinda's gifts, the most notable of which is the extra- ordinary life-sized hen and chickens in silver, the quaintest and most primitive creatures that early art could produce. There is no similar treasure of the seventh century extant anywhere, of Europe in 597. 173 save the Gothic crown-jewels of the treasure of Guerazzar now preserved in the Chiny Museum at Paris. While a new kingdom was making in Italy, and while the first symptoms of Papal independence were beginning to appear, the empire whose capital lay at Constantinople was at the end and not at the beginning of a period. The East Roman state was in a condition of lassitude and over-exhaustion caused by the reckless energy and extravagance of Justinian. The great emperor had left his realm almost drained dry of resources, and his three successors paid dearly for the glories of the first half of the sixth century. In 597 the estimable Maurice was drawing near the end of his reign. A hard-working, conscien- tious monarch, who had been a successful soldier in earlier life, he had done his best to keep his realm together and to allow its exhausted provinces leisure to recover. In 591 he had brought to a successful close the long Persian war which had been for nineteen years draining the resources of the East. A fortunate change of sovereigns in Persia had enabled him to make a creditable peace, by which he won back not only the lost Roman fortresses of the frontier, but a new province, the district of Persarmenia. Financial exhaustion was the main disease of the state, and Maurice was now endeavouring to economize in all directions. But before he was quit of one great war another was growing up. From the year 585 onward the Slavonic tribes were beginning to make their way across the Danube and to establish hostile settlements within the bounds of the empire. At the same time the Tartar horde of the Avars were pushing destructive raids from their home in Hungary across the Balkans as far as Thrace and Macedon. Slav and Avar alike had drifted into the Danube lands, when the last German tribes moved west- ward or were destroyed. Where the Teutonic Lombards, Gepidae, Goths, and Heruli had once dwelt along the imperial frontier, these new and alien races had come in to occupy the void. The Avars, like their predecessors the Huns and their 174 TJie Political Outlook successors the Magyars, came but as plunderers ; they pushed their raids far afield, but they always returned to their tents and their cattle, spread over the plains of the central Danube and the Theiss. The Slavs were a different and a more dangerous kind of enemy : they came to settle and not merely to ravage. The northern provinces of the Balkan peninsula were in such a state of desolation and weakness that they invited such colonists. Constant wars with the Goth and Avar had killed off the population of the open country, and the ancient Moesia showed little more than a line of fortress towns strung along the Danube. Even great towns like Sirmium, Singidunum, Naissus and Sophia were now little more than garrisons : the old Latin-speaking provincials had been well-nigh exterminated. The Slavs, mere bands of fishers and hunters in the lowest grade of civilization, were constantly slipping in between the fortresses and planting themselves down in marsh, mountain and woodland pastures from which it was very hard to dislodge them. Individually the Slavonic tribes were not very for- midable enemies to the empire: but their numbers made them difticult to deal with. Band after band was cut off by the Roman troops, yet more and more continued to drift south and obtain a lodgement in the Balkans. It was impossible to make any peace with them, for they acknowledged no central authority: some were vassals of the Chagan of the Avars, but many more were independent. Each group fought for its own hand, and the extermination of one did not turn back the rest. By 597 they were firmly established in many of the Moesian regions, though the fight was still going on, and though the imperial troops preserved their ascendency in the open field, and sometimes even crossed the Danube to pursue the Slavs into their native plains. The Slavonic war was an open sore slowly eating away at the flank of the empire : it was far more deadly than the occasional spasms of Avar invasion, though the numberless of Europe in 597. 175 hordes of horse-bowmen of the Tartar tribe seemed at the moment more formidable than the lurking bands of Slavs ensconced in their mountains and morasses. Both were a bitter trial to Maurice, who had recognised that peace and economy were the great needs of the exhausted empire, and found that he could never obtain the one or enforce the other. He was so conscious that the crushing taxation instituted by Justinian was the real source of the troubles of his realm, that even in the midst of wars he tried to save money at the most inappro- priate times and by the most unhappy means. The reputation for parsimony which he earned is in one way the greatest testimony to his wisdom and clearsightedness. But it won him great unpopularity, and was ultimately destined to prove his ruin. The two events which caused his fall were both the resuhs of misplaced economy. In 599 the Avars had carried off 12,000 prisoners, and demanded for them an exorbitant ransom : Maurice hung back and haggled, till the Chagan in a fit of rage ordered the whole body of unfortunate captives to be put to death. This disaster was never forgiven, and for the last three years of his reign Maurice was always styled a miser and a murderer. His death was brought about by a military sedition, which burst out when he insisted on cantoning the army of the Danube in the bleak plains of Wallachia, instead of bringing them home to comfortable quarters in the cities of Moesia. Economy and the desire to save supplies was again the source of this unpopular action : this time it brought about his death, for the mutineers marched on Constantinople and there slew their sovereign. No one raised a hand to defend him, though when he was gone and the brutal Phocas sat upon his throne, men soon began to remember his many virtues, and to reflect that his wish to spare the treasury had been the result of a regard for the tax payer and not of personal avarice. In 597 Maurice had not yet reached the full depth of his unpopularity, and as a successful military revolt culmi- nating in the deposition of an emperor had been unknown at 1/6 The Political Outlook Constantinople for many years, it would have been hard to guess that there was to be ere long a recrudescence of the evil customs of the third century. The dispassionate observer however would have been forced to note a growing weakness in the emperor and the empire. An advanced stage had been reached in a period of rapid decay, from which there was to be no revival till the distant days of the Isaurian Leo. The worst feature of the time was not so much the depopulation of the Balkan provinces by the Slav and Avar, as the exhaustion of the Asiatic provinces, though they had been ravaged by no foreign foe, owing to the reckless maladministration which Justinian had authorised and which his successors had continued. No invasion of the Persian or any other hostile power had seriously touched Asia Minor, Southern Syria, or Egypt ; yet in each of these regions the subjects of the empire were declining in numbers and in wealth : the towns were shrinking or even falling into utter decay : commerce was languishing : public spirit was dead. In Syria and Egypt the bitter theological wrangles of the Nestorians and other heretical sects with the orthodox were the only sign of life that remained. Things were already drifting towards that fatal apathy which some thirty years later allowed those fertile lands to fall into the hand of the Saracens, mainly because the larger part of their population had ceased to feel any loyalty or attachment to the imperial government. The frontier towards the East had still been firmly held in Maurice's reign, and, as long as the Meso- potamian fortresses survived, the internal weakness of the Asiatic provinces was not suspected. It was only when Maurice was dead and Phocas had supplanted him, that the extent of the decay of the inland regions became evident. But when in 606 Daras and the other frontier garrisons fell before the assault of the Persian Chosroes, the weakness of the empire became suddenly apparent. With hardly a check the barbarians swept on to the gates of Alexandria and Con- stantinople, and for more than a decade the Oriental and of Etirope in 597. 177 Egyptian ' dioceses ' became Persian satrapies. It was a prelude to the more permanent conquest which was to be carried out by the Moslems in 634—40. Indeed, but for the heroism of one man, the gallant and unfortunate emperor Heraclius, the Persians and not the Romans would probably have been holding Syria and Asia Minor when the moment came for the fanatical Arabs to sally forth from their deserts. The mischief was wrought in the East long before Maurice or Heraclius laid hands on the helm of the state. It was Justinian and his system which had exhausted the vital strength of the empire, and at any moment after 550 the same disasters which befell in 606 — 620 and 634—640 might have occurred. Chance delayed them for two generations, and so it came to pass that in 597 the empire, though very hollow within, still kept its ancient shape and size. The fall in the public revenue, the decay of commerce, the diminishing numbers of the army, were symptoms that acute observers had noted long before: the historian Agathias, an intelligent contemporary, lays strong stress upon them. But the collapse was long delayed, and when Gregory sent Augustine forth, the Caesar at Constantinople was still swaying a realm hardly smaller than that which Justinian had left behind him. Only in Italy had there been any serious loss, and even there the Lombards had stopped short, without accomplishing their full task, so that ambitious exarchs occasionally dreamed of taking the offensive and winning back the conquests of Belisarius and Narses. A few years later the stately structure was to crumble into ruins — but the end was not yet. Of all the provinces of the Roman empire which passed from under the hands of the Caesars in the fifth century none made such a gallant fight against the invading Teuton as the distant land of Britain. Spain yielded almost without a stricken blow to the Visigoth: Italy passed from the last Augustus to the first German king by a mere military mutiny, in which the distressed civil population took no part : m Gaul 12 1/8 TJie Political Outlook there was a genuine resistance to the invader in some districts, but it died down in a few years, and by 486 the last Roman governor had been slain by king Chlodovech the Frank, and all the land was divided between the Frank, the Visigoth and the Burgundian. But in Britain the half Romanised pro- vincials, though first of all the subjects of the empire to lose the protection of the imperial name and the aid of the legions, maintained a desperate fight against the pirates of the North Sea for nearly two hundred years. The descents of the Saxons and the English on the eastern shore of the island had begun in the fourth century : it was not till the seventh had begun that the struggle was finally settled. Only in 613 did the English hew their way to the Irish Sea and break asunder the line of British towns and tribes which stretched down the long island. Nor was it till 635 that the last British prince who claimed to be king and overlord of the whole land fell before the sword of the Northumbrian hero Oswald. Then only did the Britons acknowledge that the primacy had gone from them and had passed into the hands of the conquering Teuton. The obstinate valour of the defenders of Britain, and the comparative weakness of the scattered English tribes as compared to the armies of Alaric or Theodoric or Alboin, made the conquest of the island wholly different in kind from that of the other provinces of the West. On the Continent it was the rule that some great Teutonic chief, with a host numbered by tens of thousands, swept across the land, while the provincials bowed before him and bought their lives by their submission. There the conquest was rapid : it was at- tended by great misery and bloodshed, but it was not a war of extermination. Moreover most of the invaders were already Christians — though generally they had embraced the Arian heresy — before they entered the empire. The Franks were a momentary exception — but their king Chlodovech was bap- tized less than ten years after he became the lord of Paris and Rouen and Rheims (496). of Europe hi 597. 179 The English, Jutes, and Saxons who invaded Britain were unlike the founders of the new continental states in that they came from the very back of Germany, and had not, like the Frank or the Goth, dwelt for centuries along the Roman frontier, or learnt from the Roman the rudiments of a new civilization and of a new religion. They came to Britain as wild heathen, and they met there not a pliant people eager to save themselves by a prompt submission, but restless, buoyant, turbulent Celts, singularly unchanged by four centuries spent beneath the Roman dominion. In the early years of the struggle for Britain the battle was to the death : the Cymry gave back slowly and reluctantly, and the invaders were only able to carve out for themselves small and isolated kingdoms at various points on the eastern and southern seaboard. No great Teutonic realm was established, as in Gaul, Spain, Italy, or Africa, but only a long string of coast- states, reaching from the Firth of Forth to Southampton Water. In the sixth century the conquest advanced with many checks and halts : each of the English kingdoms fought its own local enemy ; they gave each other no appreciable aid. But the Britons were almost equally disjointed in their resist- ance. It was very seldom that the chief king of the island could unite his nominal vassals to beat back the invader. The memory of these obscure wars has almost perished. We know a little of the warfare of the kings of the house of Ida and Ossa with the Britons of Bryneich and Strathclyde, and of the kings of Wessex with the dwellers by the Thames and Severn : but of the details of the conquest of the Northern Midlands or of Yorkshire not a word survives. This only is clear, that in the third quarter of the sixth century the fortune of war had taken a decided turn in favour of the Teutons. The great land- marks of the period are two victories of the West Saxons, Cuthwulf's conquest of Bedford (571), and Ceawlin's successful invasion of the Severn valley in 577, which ended in the battle of Deorham and gave the victors Gloucester and Bath. 12 — 2 l8o The Political Outlook These victories changed the character of the English conquest of Britain, by cutting off the smaller states of the south-east, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and East Anglia, from any further chance of expansion at the expense of the Cymry. For the future only Wessex and Northumbria, together with the as yet disunited tribes along the Trent, had any elbow-room for further development. We stand at the beginning of a new epoch, in which the English instead of confining their warlike efforts to rending new territory from the Britons, turn upon each other and strive for supremacy among themselves. There was no longer any danger that they might be thrust back into the North Sea by some desperate rally of the old inhabitants of the land : the conquest had gone too far to allow of such a contingency being any longer possible. The civil wars of the English began in 568 with a sharp struggle between Ceawlin of Wessex and the young king Ethelbert of Kent for the right to hold Surrey. The Kentish- men were beaten at the battle of Wimbledon, and thus finally cut off from any chance of extending their borders to the west. The men of Wessex went on to further conquests, and within ten years had forced their way, as we have seen, north and west as far as Bedford and Gloucester. Debarred from further expansion at the expense of the Britons, Ethelbert turned his energies in a new direction. First among the English kings he set himself to building up a little empire over the neighbouring states of his own kinsfolk. The details of his wars are preserved by no chronicler, but we know from Bede that within some twenty years after his defeat at Wimbledon he had subjected to himself all the English kingdoms from the Channel to the Humber — the East and South Saxons, the East Angles, and also the Lindiswaras and Mercians of the valley of the Trent. The kings of Wessex, intent on further conquests from the Britons, left him un- molested: and after 583 their power to harm him ceased, for their realm fell into disorder and civil war and failed to of Eiirope in 597. 181 preserve the predominance which seemed to have been won for it by the victories of Bedford and Dcorham. North of the H umber another powerful state was just in the process of making: in 588 king Ethelric had united the small kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia into the single realm of Northumbria. But he was far away, and both he and his successor Ethelfrith were much cumbered by wars with the Britons. From that quarter there was no rivalry, and Ethelbert was now the most important king of the island, and the first of the English who could fairly claim to hold the primacy in Britain. He was far advanced in middle age, and had been for several years well established in his position of supremacy, when the mission of St Augustine began. Hence we may say that the year 597 marks an epoch in the political no less than in the religious history of England. The struggle for existence against the Britons was over, the tendency towards union among the English kingdoms was clearly beginning to develop, when the new factor of Christianity came into the history of the land. Since the Saxons and English won their footing on the eastern coast of Britain, the history of the island had been singularly independent of its continental neighbours. Within a century and a half from the departure of the legions Britain seemed to be swallowed up in the darkness of the North. Its existence was barely remembered at Rome and Constantinople. The great Byzantine historian Procopius, writing somewhere about the year 560, tells wild legends about it. No human being, he was informed, could live in the land of perpetual mist and darkness beyond the old Roman wall, and the fisher- men of the Frankish coast described 'Brittia' as a land of ghosts, whither the spirits of the departed were ferried at night by unseen pilots. The writers of Gaul were not, of course, haunted by such wild imaginings as this. They knew that there were small Teutonic kingdoms beyond the Channel, but they seem to have taken little heed of them. Gregory of 1 82 The Political Outlook Tours in his lengthy history of the sixth century only mentions the English once or twice. He vaguely knew that Bertha the daughter of the Frankish king of Paris had married an Englishman, but even the name of Ethelbert seems to have been unknown to him : the bridegroom of Charibert's daughter is only described as 'the son of a certain prince in the parts of Kent.' Of political touch between the Franks and the English we have only one casual indication, a passing mention that certain ambassadors from beyond the Channel (as has been said above) accompanied a Frankish embassy to Constantinople towards the end of Justinian's reign. Whether they came as allies of the Merovings, or whether Kent had perchance for a time owned in some way the overlordship of its nearest conti- nental neighbour, there is nothing to show. The latter hypo- thesis is the more unlikely of the two, as we cannot imagine that biich a state of things would have been left wholly unmentioned by the Frankish chroniclers. No close or frequent relations between them seem ever to have sprung up before the introduction of Christianity into England. Behind heathen England lay the Christian tribes of Britain and Ireland. But, as is well known, we have no traces whatever of any attempt of the Britons to evangelize their Teutonic enemies. We do not find them, nor should we expect to do so, in the lugubrious pages of Gildas. To that Celtic Jeremiah the idea that anything could or should be done for the Saxon would have been unthinkable. The Irish, even before Columba's day, had sent missions to Northern Britain, but it was to the Pict and Scot, not to the Angle. We have a few notices of occasions on which the British and Irish Churches came into contact with the Church of Gaul, but none in which they made any attempt to reach the English. In the scanty Celtic ecclesiastical documents of the sixth century which have come down to us, the only mention of the Teutonic inhabitants of the island occurs in the curious passage of the Synod of Lucus Victorite (a.d. 569), which imposes heavy of Europe in 597. 183 penance on any Christian who shall act as a guide to the 'barbarians,' or otherwise abet them'. We have traces in the Chronicles of such relations between Cymry and Englishmen, but they led to no close or permanent contact. On the rare occasions where heathen Englishmen and Christian Britons are found in company, they had been forced together for a moment by the opportunity of assailing some common enemy. The instant that their object was achieved they sprang apart into their former enmity. There could be no real peace, much less any real alliance, between them till the barrier of Paganism was removed. 1 Iladdan and Stubbs, Councils and Ecd. Documents, i. p. riS. DISSERTATION II. The Mission of Augustine and his Companions in relation to other agencies in the Conversion of England. By the Editor. It is well that those who keep the year 1897 as the thirteenth centenary of the founding of the English Church should recog- nise clearly what other movements of evangelization blended with the work set on foot by St Gregory, and to what extent our ecclesiastical existence is due to other agencies besides the mission of St Augustine. Ever)' person of ordinary information is aware that Chris- tianity had taken possession of the island long before 597, though by what means it was introduced remains uncertain. British Christianity, however, had been swept westwards by the Saxon and Angle and Jute invaders, into Cumberland and Wales and Cornwall, and the neighbouring regions ; and, as Bede in many places records, the British Christians were too full of anger and contempt towards their heathen conquerors to send the message of the Gospel among them. It is indeed probable that a very considerable Celtic, and therefore Christian, element remained as slaves or serfs in the provinces overrun by the Teutonic tribes ; it is even said that a British bishop maintained his position at London till the middle of the sixth TJic Conversion of Eiigland. 185 century'; nevertheless the Christianity which first held Britain — the Christianity of St David and St Dubric, who were alive when Augustine came — had no appreciable influence in the found- ing of the English Church. Even when pressed to join in the work by Augustine, and by Lawrence after him, the British Christians positively refused. Two British bishops, it is true, joined with Wini of Wessex in the consecration of St Chad'; which shows that about the middle of the seventh century the relations between the two races and the two Churches were at least locally improving. But Chad's consecration was disallowed by Theodore^ ; and a long time had yet to elapse before even the Cornish Church became organically united with the Enghsh, and much longer still before'the same thing took place in Wales. While, therefore, the Church in the Celtic parts of Southern Britain is much older than Augustine's time, it did not con- tribute, so far as history is aware, to the foundation of that which is, properly speaking, the English Church. Another Celtic movement was destined to have far more effect upon England. It was that which sprang from Ireland, — or Scotia, as it was then called, — through the wonderful devotion of the monks of Hy, or lona. It has been pointed out that St Columba's death took place exactly one week after that Whitsunday on which tradition fixes the baptism of King Ethelbert\ Possibly some disciples of that great missionary, or perhaps Columban and his brethren on their way to Bur- gundy, may have preached already in parts of England, and kindled at least a desire among the English for a better acquaintance with the Gospel. We have, at any rate, the testimony of St Gregory, in two of his letters, that 'the English nation,' before the coming of Augustine, was already earnestly desirous of conversion to the Christian faith \ How much tiie 1 See Bishop Browne The Church in these Islands before Augustine p. 92. 2 Bede iii. 28. * l^ede iv. 2. * Reeves' Adamnan p. 310. * See above, pp. 3r, 34. 1 86 The Mission of Augustine expression means, we do not know. Gregory does not say how the information reached him, nor from what part of our island it emanated. His ignorance of our geographical and historical conditions was profound. It seems, however, that Gregory's sanguine hopes that his mission would be well received in Britain had at first much animated the missionaries themselves. When they got as far as Gaul, 'the tongues of evil speaking men,' as Gregory says, alarmed them, and made them feel that their prospects were not at all what Gregory had been led to believe \ The Gaulish bishops, whom Gregory's geography considered to be all 'in the vicinity' of Britain, from Aries onwards, had greatly failed, in Gregory's opinion, to do their duty by theii heathen neighbours". He treated the Gaulish accounts of England as mere slanders; though what he heard from Augustine, on his return from the half way halt, made him take pains to provide the missionaries then, as he had not done before, with any number of letters of commendation to poten- tates and prelates who might by any possibility be on their way to Britain ^ It might have been supposed that the English desire for Christianity, to which Gregory refers, had arisen amongst the people of Kent, where Christianity already had a foothold. Bade tells us that Ethelbert had 'heard of Christianity' before Augustine's arrival. He had long — probably for nearly forty ^ See above, p. 22. This seems the simplest way of accounting for the sudden faintheartedness, as well as for Gregory's remark on the ma- ledicoruni homi>imn linguae. ^ E uicino, in tticino, pp. 32, 34. The same geographical concep- tion seems to underlie Gregory's directions with regard to Augustine's sitting in judgment with the Bishop of Aries, pp. 66, 80. ^ It was no doubt ignorance about the routes which made Gregory send such a curious assortment of letters. The travellers could not pass both through Saintes and Tours and through Autun and Metz. The fact that they did travel by way of Autun, if nothing else, makes it very improbable that they visited Angers, as Gocelin amidst much other non- sense makes them to do. and the Convo'sion of England. 1 87 years' — been married to a Christian wife, who had brought in her retinue a French bishop, who constantly maintained the Christian worship in St Martin's Church. Bede does not say, though he implies, that Bertha and her bishop Liudhard had prepossessed the king in favour of the faith. It is much to Bertha's credit that she had not prejudiced him against it. She came of a wicked family; and if she had taken after her aunts (by marriage) Brunichild and Fredegund, the circumspect Ethelbert would probably have been less ready than he was to listen to Augustine. Nevertheless, Bede's own expression indicates that litde, if any, attempt had been made to con- vert the king himself to Christianity. Gregory, so strangely complaisant in his language to royal personages, even when they were not very good, thought fit to give Queen Bertha a downright rebuke. It had been 'her duty this long time past,' he tells her, to have predisposed her husband to adopt her religion. It ought to have been quite easy for her to do it speedily. She must now make up for past neglect, and do so with interest^ Clearly no application for Christian instruction had come to Rome from Ethelbert; for on the one hand, if he had wished for instruction, he had no need to go to such a distance to obtain it; and on the other hand, when it came, he showed a wise caution about receiving it. It has been questioned whether there is any historical truth in the famous account of Gregory's interview with the English boys at Rome. Bede, it will be observed, carefully mentions that it was an opinio, that is, a report. He does not give it on his own authority. The still earlier Life of Gregory by the 1 The date of the marriage is unknown ; but the language of Gregory of Tours ix. 26 {qtiam in Cantia regis ctiinsdam filius niairiinomo copulamt) appears to show that it took place before Ethelbert's accession to the throne, which was in or about 560 (see Pkimmer's Bede ii. p. 85). Ilauck, I know not on what grounds, says that they were married ' shortly before 590' {Realencyclopddie vol. i. p. 520). ^ See above, pp. 58, =9. 1 88 TJie Mission of Augustine anonymous monk of Whitby calls it a narratio fidelium, — a popular tradition among the faithful. It seems not to have formed part of the Canterbury history, learned by Bede from Albinus. It was very probably current amongst the people of Deira, whom it chiefly concerned. Perhaps it was first related to them by Paulinus, or by the faithful deacon James. Bede's version of it, however, differs sufficiently from that of the monk of Whitby to make it appear that he had an acquaintance with the story apart from him; and it is possible that when Thorn, at Canterbury, makes the boys to be three in number, he may have had something besides his Bede to go upon. There seems to be no sufficient reason for doubting the substantial truth of the incident, or for making it a picturesque version of Gregory's directions to Candidus for the purchase of English youths'. The argument has been advanced that if the story had been true, the mission would have been directed to Northern and not to Southern England. But this argument presupposes a much closer acquaintance on Gregory's part with the state of this island than the facts would warrant. Augustine was not sent to any special tribe or region of England. He bore no letters to Ethelbert or Bertha, any more than to the house of the Deiran Aelli. To Gregory, 'the English nation^' was all one ; and Augustine came first to Kent, partly because it was nearest, and partly, no doubt, because he learned at Paris, if he did not know before, that he would find in Kent a Christian queen. There is nothing in the history of his mission inconsistent with the beautiful story of the way in which Gregory's interest in the English race was first aroused. Tidings of a readiness on the part of the English to receive the Christian religion may well have led Gregory to think that the moment had come for realising a long cherished design. ' As is done by Bassenge Die Sendung Augustins (Leipzig, 1890) p. 17, and by Hauck loc. cit. ■ Anglofiim gens, p. 31, z.nA passim. and the CoJivc?'sion of Englatui. 189 It must have been about the beginning of June 596, or a little earlier, that the monks of Gregory's convent left Rome upon their great adventure. Gregory's letter sent to them in South Gaul by the hand of Augustine after his return to Rome bears date July 23 of that year. It was not till the year after — the month and day are unknown — that the missionaries arrived in Thanet. So Bade expressly says in his Recapitu- lation, though he does not mention the fact in his History itself. The journey through Gaul was long and tedious, and they probably waited somewhere on purpose to get the worst of the winter over before crossing. Ethelbert's reception of them was most generous. They were a large party to maintain, — about forty in all, including the French priests who came to interpret — but he maintained them at his own cost, and gave them complete liberty of action from the first, even before he had made up his mind to accept their teaching. Nor was it long before their good words, power- fully set forth by their holy lives, brought the king to his baptism. Bassenge has lately attempted to prove that Ethelbert's baptism did not take place until the year 601 or even 602 '. He thinks that the two letters from Gregory to Bertha and her husband, which were sent with the second mission in 601, indicate that Ethelbert was not at that time formally admitted to the Church ; and the fact that Gregory, writing to Eulogius of Alexandria in July 598 about the success of the mission, does not specially mention the baptism of the king, seems to Bassenge a proof that he was not yet baptized. There was no need, however, to mention Ethelbert in the very brief sketch which Gregory gives to his brother patriarch ; in which, indeed, he does not even mention the name of the 'monk of his own monastery' whom he had sent to Britain; and from which, if we had had nothing else to guide us, we should have supposed 1 Op. cit. p. 31 foil. 1 90 TJie Mission of Augustine that Augustine had been consecrated bishop on his way to this country. Highly as Gregory valued rank, he thought more of the ten thousand souls who had been baptized at Christmas than of their king who had set them the example. Nor is there anything in the letters to Ethelbert and Bertha to show that Ethelbert was unbaptized when they were written. On the contrary, if Bertha is exhorted to ' confirm ' her husband's attachment to the faith, it is most natural to suppose that he had already professed publicly his adhesion to it. There would have been a much more direct appeal to her to procure her husband's conversion, if he had been still unconverted : the object to which Bertha is to direct all her efforts, through Ethelbert and otherwise, is the entire conversion of her hus- band's subjects. The same is the case with the letter to the king. He has himself received ' grace ' from God. His duty is now earnestly to keep it, and to press forward with the uprooting of heathenism and the spread of the Christian faith. There is no exhortation to him to become a Christian himself. |
github_open_source_100_8_19840 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // 封装 localStorage
/**
* 设置 localStorage
* @param {string} storageName 存储的名称
* @param {any} storageData 存储的数据
* @param {any} storageExpire 过期时间 不传递默认为不删除 支持传递的格式 正整数 单位毫秒 string 1h(H) 1d(D) 其他均不支持
* 过期时间是根据当前的时间戳 + 传递的过期时间，在获取 localStorage 的时候判断当前的时间和过期时间
*/
export const setStorage = (
storageName: string,
storageData: any,
storageExpire: any = null
) => {
const local = window.localStorage
local.setItem(storageName, JSON.stringify(storageData))
// 说明要设置过期时间
if (storageExpire) {
let setExpire
// 获取当前的时间戳
const time = new Date().getTime()
// 说明传递的是数值型
const numReg = /^[1-9]\d*$/
const strReg = /^\d(\.\d)?[(h|H)|(d|D)]$/
if (numReg.test(storageExpire)) {
setExpire = time + storageExpire
local.setItem(`${storageName}_expire`, JSON.stringify(setExpire))
}
// 说明是其他类型
else if (strReg.test(storageExpire)) {
// 得到单位
const timeUnit = storageExpire.substr(-1)
// 得到数据
const timeData = +storageExpire.substr(0, storageExpire.length - 1)
// 说明传递的是 小时
if (timeUnit === 'h' || timeUnit === 'H')
setExpire = time + timeData * 60 * 60 * 1000
// 说明传递的是 天数
else if (timeUnit === 'd' || timeUnit === 'D')
setExpire = time + timeData * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
local.setItem(`${storageName}_expire`, JSON.stringify(setExpire))
}
// 如果都没有匹配到说明数据格式错误
else return console.error('格式错误')
}
}
/**
* 获取 localStorage
* @param {string} storageName 指定需要获取的数据名称
* @returns {any} storageData 存储的数据 存在并且没有过期，返回存储的数据；不存在或者过期了，就返回null
*/
export const getStorage = (storageName: string): any => {
const local = window.localStorage
// 获取数据
let storageData = local.getItem(storageName)
// 判断是否存在 过期时间
const isExpire = local.getItem(`${storageName}_expire`)
// 获取当前的时间戳
const time = new Date().getTime()
// 说明存在过期时间，需要判断当前的时间和设置的时间 说明当前数据已经过期，就删除数据和过期时间
if (isExpire && time >= JSON.parse(isExpire)) {
storageData = null
local.removeItem(storageName)
local.removeItem(`${storageName}_expire`)
}
return storageData
}
/**
* 删除 localStorage
* @param {string} storageName 指定需要删除的数据名称
*/
export const removeStorage = (storageName: string) => {
const local = window.localStorage
// 删除
local.removeItem(storageName)
// 判断是否存在 过期时间
const isExpire = local.getItem(`${storageName}_expire`)
// 说明存在过期时间，清除过期时间
if (isExpire) local.removeItem(`${storageName}_expire`)
}
/**
* 删除所有的 localStorage
*/
export const clearStorage = () => {
window.localStorage.clear()
}
|
pqgorastwigisben00elli_2 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | He is too shy to be wooed by any bait, and throughout the day lies hidden under the bank FISHING FOR THE PERUE 43 or among the rocks and roots of trees where it is impossible to get at him. At night he seems to swim up and down the current in search of food, but a slyer fish never lived. The slightest noise sends him to cover like a flash, and no matter how gently you drop your hook into the water in front of his nose, he is startled and darts out of sight." ' How big does he grow ? ' asked Algernon, who was deeply interested. The biggest I ever caught weighed a few ounces over two pounds. Half that weight is the most common." Walter Hollinshed's words were so contra- dictory that they were immediately challenged. Merle Burton dropped his feet from the railing, unclasped his hands from the back of his head and echoed the doubt that was in the minds of the others. You said the perue is so timid that he cannot be taken with a hook and keeps out of sight during the day. I should be glad to know how you ever succeeded in catching one." There is a way of taking any and every fish that swims," said Walter patronizingly ; " I suppose I have caught more than fifty perues, but 44 THE P. Q. 6- G. in each case it was done with a hand net and late at night : that is the only way by which the fish can be captured." The silence which followed these words told the physician that more in the way of explanation was expected from him. He gave it. " The method is simplicity itself. Off yonder to the north is a brawling mountain stream, w T hich from some cause is a favorite haunt of the perue. Their course covers a quarter of a mile. At the lower end, I built some two years ago a sort of runway; that is to say, my brother and I rolled several boulders into the stream, leaving a couple of open passages for the free flow of the current. Now, two or three persons station them- selves a hundred yards apart above this crude dam, the first being well toward the head of the course ; he beats the water with a branch ; that starts the perues down-stream in a panic; they are not likely to stop, till they have passed through the runway, but some of them stop and after an hour or so return to their usual haunts; to prevent this the second man, a few minutes after hearing the splash above him, strikes the water with the brush in his hand and sends the fish skurrying on down-stream ; the third watcher FISHING FOR THE PERVE 45 does the same, and then the perues plunge through the two openings in the dam for the long stretch of still water below. On the mor- row, if they are not molested they will make their way up-stream again, leaping the passages in the runway as easily as one of you could go over a log. You hardly need to be told that the perues which are caught must be taken at the bottom of the narrow passages." '"How?" " At the lower point of each opening, the fish- erman is waiting with a scoop net, the perues dart into it, and he has only to flirt the net to throw a dozen or less of perues out on land. That single capture, however, is all he can get, for the fish is chain lightning, and before you can whip the net back in position, the whole school has dashed past." " As you say, your plan is simple," remarked Mr. Shedd, " and I should think you would capture more of the fish." " All the conditions must be favorable, and no end of care has to be used. Every one who takes part has to be as silent as a scout stealing into an enemy's camp ; the crackling of a twig is likely to spoil everything, and a little impatience on the 46 THE P. Q. & G. part of those holding the nets, will turn all the perues back to the shelter of the overhanging banks and rocks." " What kind of a night is the best for perue sport?" asked Mr. BrinkerhofL " Dark, rather sultry and with no wind." Algernon Raymond sprang to his feet. " You have described this night perfectly." " Yes," replied Walter in a matter of fact voice ; " it could not be more ideal. I had noticed the fact before you spoke." " Let's try it! " added Algernon excitedly; " it will be something to tell our friends at home. What do you say, Merle ? ' " Nothing would suit me better." The lamps in the parlor lit the porch enough for the little party to see one another's faces. Doctor Hollinshed's shock of sandy hair seemed to give out an illumination of its own. He looked inquiringly around : " It's as you gentlemen say. Mr. Raymond and Mr. Burton seem so enthusiastic that I shall be glad to give them a treat, which I pledge them neither will ever forget." We can hardly expect that," protested Merle ; " Mr. Brinkerhoff and Mr. Shedd should share FISHING FOR THE PERUE 47 in it. My friend can hold one of the nets and I will help beat the stream." " You expect to stay with us for only a few days," said "Toby" Hollinshed, " and Mr. Shedd and Mr. Brinkerhoff can take their turn after you have gone home." " That strikes me as a good arrangement," said the doctor ; " we shall not have a more favorable night during the whole season; the hour is so late that our absence will not be noted; I'll be with you in a few minutes." He hurried through the hall and kitchen to the sheds at the rear, and quickly returned, bearing in either hand a scoop-net, such as is used in taking crabs from the water. The handle of each was some six feet in length. At the lower end was an iron circle, six or eight inches in diameter, supporting loose meshes of twine. As you know, when a crab has been enticed by a bait toward the surface, a similar scoop-net is slipped under him and he is lifted out and dropped into the bottom of your boat. The method had already been explained to Merle and Algernon, but as Walter handed the nets to them, he added a few words : " All you need to do is to be silent and patient. 48 THE P. Q. 6- G. When you step into the water and take your position, you must be like the Eskimo, who sits motionless for hours beside the air-hole waiting for the seal to rise within reach of his spear." " How shall we know when to flirt up our nets?" Walter laughed. " There won't be any trouble about that; when they butt into the meshes, you must be on your guard, or the net will be knocked out of your hands. Keep yourself braced and the handle firmly grasped, from the moment we part com- pany till the perues plunge into your net. We have such a long walk before us that it is best to start at once." Doctor Hollinshed took the lead, Toby and Shedd following in order, with Merle and Alger- non at the rear. The Hollinsheds, having been born in the neighborhood, were familiar with every rod of mountain, stream and clearing, and the others were glad to accept their guidance. The tramp which followed was so laborious that it would have cooled the ardor of any one less enthusiastic than Merle and Algernon, but they were aglow with anticipation and eager for the treat before them. Algernon caught his foot FISHING FOR THE PERUE 49 in a root and pitched forward on his hands and knees, but fortunately without injury to the net he was carrying. An obtruding limb slipped under the chin of Merle, and he impulsively felt of his head to make sure it had not been lifted off his shoulders. He said nothing, but in the gloomiest places kept his hand in front of his face to avert a similar mishap. Fully an hour had passed, when the Doctor halted on the edge of a stream and remarked in a guarded voice to his companions gathered round him: " Well, here we are at last ! ' " Whew ! how far have we come ? ' asked Algernon. " Not more than two miles." " Isn't this the stream that flows at the back of the Burnbrae ? ' inquired Merle. " It is, but you must remember it is more than a dozen miles in length." Toby, Shedd and Brinkerhoff might have added an interesting bit of information, but chose to hold their peace. " Here is the runway," added the Doctor, " but we shall have to have help to see it." He drew out a box of safety matches and 50 THE. P. Q. & G. scraped the head of one along the prepared sand- paper on the side. As the tiny flame was held aloft, it brought into view the scene which the guide had already described. The stream just there was hardly ten feet wide, and was so clogged by a row of boulders that it rushed through two passages, one close to the near bank and the other almost against the farther shore. " Now," said the Doctor, as he lighted and held up another match, " Mr. Raymond, you will go to the other side, and Mr. Burton will remain here; you will have to wait only a few minutes till you hear me whistle twice : that will mean all is ready and I am about to start the fish down- stream. Each of you must take his position, brace himself and wait patiently for the harvest." The young men assured their guide that his instructions should not be forgotten, and the three men vanished in the gloom. They had scarcely gone when it struck Alger- non that it would be prudent to remove his shoes and stockings and roll up his trousers. It was much more pleasant to tramp two miles with dry feet than with wet ones. He ventured, in spite of his warning, to call his suggestion across to Merle, who replied that he had already prepared FISHING FOR THE PERUE 51 himself, and then he cautioned Algernon to keep quiet. So long a time passed before the signal was heard that both began to fear it had been made, but was drowned by the noise of the rush of the water between the boulders. Suddenly, however, they heard the call, faintly but too distinctly to be mistaken. Merle sprang up and put one foot into the thrillingly cold current. At the second step, he went down to his waist, with a gasp, but the third step took him into shallow water, and with the strong current rippling about his knees, just high enough to keep the roll of his trousers saturated, he adjusted the scoop and held himself ready for the rush of the perues. Algernon's experience was more startling. When his first foot shot downward to the gravelly bottom, the water came to his chin. He shivered and holding to his net hastily scrambled out again. " Great Caesar! ' he gasped; " the bottom has dropped out ! ' A word of warning from Merle silenced him and he ventured into the current again. When he gained the right position, the depth was about 52 THE P. Q. & G. the same as where Merle stood. Both remem- bered the picture as revealed by the matches and were sure the first half-score of terrified perues would soon be flopping on dry land. While the signal whistle was plainly heard, the beating of the branches on the surface was inau- dible. This was to be expected, for it lacked the shrill quality that made the other more pene- trating. The minutes passed slowly as they always do to those in suspense. When our friends had become accustomed to the chilliness of the water, they cared nothing for that which at first had caused them so much discomfort. They were waiting for and thinking only of the shock that would tell them the perues were plunging into their nets. Time went on and the fish came not. The backs of the youths ached, but they did not shift their position, or even speak to each other. Merle groped in the water with one hand, thinking it possible the fish had slipped past on one side of his net, but that could not be, for the iron runs fitted as neatly as if prepared specially for the openings. It must have been a half-hour after the signal, "TIME WENT ON AND THE FISH CAME NOT THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ABTOB, LENOX AND T1LDBN FOUNDATIONS * L FISHING FOR THE PERUE 53 that Merle stepped carefully but emphatically out of the current, flung his net from him and began briskly rubbing his limbs with his pocket-hand- kerchief. Then, with some difficulty, he rolled down his trousers and drew on his shoes and stockings. He had hardly done this when a flicker of light showed on the other bank. Alger- non's patience had given out first, and having tossed his net aside, he was picking his way over the boulders. "Where do you suppose those fellows are?' he angrily asked of Merle. " At the Burnbrae, of course; as soon as Doctor Hollinshed whistled, the three went home without waiting a minute for us. Pugsy, there's no such thing as a perue." " Wouldn't I like to meet those curs ! ' " What would you do? " " Lick all three within an inch of their lives ! ' Despite the exasperating situation, Merle laughed. " And what do you suppose they would be doing all that time ? There isn't one of the three that couldn't trounce you with his hand behind his back. One of the most amusing things to me is to see some dyspeptic dude airily set out 54 THE P. Q. & G. to horsewhip a young Hercules, who may have offended him. Father told me that when he was riding through Colorado on a train last summer, a burly miner became so noisy that a young man from the East, who was escorting his fiancee and her mother across the continent, announced that he intended to teach the fellow manners. So he doffed his coat, slipped off his cuffs and chival- rously notified the miner to ' put up his dukes,' inasmuch as the gilded youth was about to chastise him. Then the young man who had taken lessons in boxing sailed in. Five minutes later he came out again, looking as if he had been run through a threshing machine. In the popular story, he is always victorious and crushes the bad man, amid the plaudits of the spectators, but nature's laws are inexorable and she doesn't do things that way. Now, Pugsy, we are the victims of a rather mean joke; all that we can do is to suffer and be strong, in other words, grin and bear it. The perue never existed, though I have no doubt he has been hunted a great many times in these parts. This whole business was a cleverly managed conspiracy. It strikes you as contemptible, but it is no more so than many things you have done." FISHING FOR THE PERUE 55 " What did I ever do that was so low down as this ? ' ' demanded Algernon. " When you and I were boys attending the Academy at Dorpville, you sawed a plank nearly in two, on purpose to let Professor Lockwood drop into the water, and he would have done it too if it hadn't been for me." " If it hadn't been for you," repeated the wondering Algernon ; " I should like to know how you prevented it." 1 1 bore down on the plank behind you, so that it broke and you got the ducking." " I never suspected that ; it's lucky for you that you kept the secret from me." " Lucky for whom ? ' " For you ; had I known what you did, I should have trounced you ' " I think not ; you have tried that several times, but I have no recollection of your ever having succeeded. The trick you tried on the lovable Professor was more despicable than the one that has been played on us. What a differ- ence it makes whose ox is gored ! If we ever get out of these mountains alive, let's keep as mum as those fellows will permit. But we shall gain nothing by growling and staying here all night. 56 THE P. Q. & G. We have two miles of the roughest kind of travelling, provided we are able to follow a straight line, but we are sure to labor over two or three times that distance, and then most likely we shall go astray." " And wander through these wilds till we die of starvation. What a splendid joke that would be ! ' said Algernon, as the two began their wearisome tramp. Merle plunged over an unseen boulder, but had gone only a few rods farther, when his companion exclaimed : " Gee! I see a light just ahead." " Where?" Both caught the glimmer among the trees, evidently close at hand. 1 Probably it is the home of some hermit or outlaw," suggested the alarmed Algernon, " and neither of us has a firearm; it won't be safe to ask for help till we reconnoitre." " There are no outlaws in this part of the world; we're in luck, Pugsy, for we shall get lodging for the night and probably hire a guide to the hotel in the morning; come on." A few steps farther and Merle again caught his feet in a running vine and went forward on his hands and knees. Algernon was walking so FISHING FOR THE PERUE 57 close at the rear that he rolled over him and continued to the bottom of a steep bank before he could check himself and rise to his feet. Neither was hurt and when they looked around, they saw they were in a public highway. The light which they had observed came from the Burnbrae, on the opposite side of the road. Three men, with their feet on the railing, were smoking and chatting about various subjects. The distance between the hotel and runway, where our friends had been fishing for perues, was barely two hundred yards. The group on the piazza recognized the two forlorn figures, as they emerged from the gloom and entered the mild illumination. Doctor Hol- linshed dropped his feet, leaned over and called : ' How did you make out ? I don't see any fish." Algernon was too angry to trust himself to reply, but walked sullenly up the steps and passed to his room without a word. Merle walked smilingly over to the group, forgetful of his chilling, clinging garments. The perue is the gamest fish in all creation ; we must have scared them away, for, though we waited all of ten minutes after you whistled, they 58 THE P. Q. 6- G. fought shy of our nets; it is plain that they haven't much liking for suckers; I suppose a fellow needs experience before he learns how to catch them." " Yes; you will do better next time." " I shouldn't wonder," replied Merle with a laugh, as he bade the party good night and went up-stairs to his room. " Looks as if he caught on," remarked Toby Hollinshed to his friends. " No doubt of it, but he is game," replied Shedd. " That fellow has sense and sand, but I don't go anything on the other chap." But for the restraint of Merle, Algernon would have actively resented the trick that had been played on them. His anger grew, but his friend held him back, though he refused to speak to any one of the three, or snarled an insulting reply when addressed. The incident I have related occurred during the senior college year of Merle Burton and Algernon Raymond. The two were graduated in due course. While circumstances thus threw them together a good deal, it cannot be said that they ever became really intimate. Their tem- peraments and training were too opposed. Merle FISHING FOR THE PERUE 59 grew in manliness, self-reliance and love of duty. " Do right, though the heavens fall," was the motto taught him by his parents as soon as he was able to learn the meaning of words. They laid the foundation firm and strong and he builded securely thereon. It might have been the same with Algernon Raymond, had he been blessed with a sensible father and mother, for he certainly possessed fair ability. The two adopted law as a profession and were admitted to the bar within a week of each other. Algernon's guiding principle was success. No matter how inherently vicious the case of a client was, he used every energy and possible resource to win. Had he been morally certain of the guilt of a forger, burglar, incen- diary or assassin, he would have resorted to all the questionable subterfuges which our laws per- mit in order to defer or avert just punishment, and he would have been proud over his success in the triumph of wrong. In short, he was morally as much a criminal as many of those whom he defended before the bar of justice. He encour- aged litigation, while Merle strove against it. The latter never took a case in which he did not believe right was on his side. His greatest 60 THE P. Q. & G. pleasure was to bring disputants together, dis- cuss their quarrel calmly with them, show each wherein he was wrong, and finally lead them to common ground, where through a little yielding by both, a compromise mutually satisfactory could be reached and money saved all round. Our young friend may not have pocketed as many fees for a time as Algernon, but he was building well, and he gained that which is beyond the measure- ment by money the approval of his conscience. The most intolerable trait which Merle saw in Algernon, aside from his unscrupulousness, was his " toadyism ' to rich or influential men and to powerful corporations. The leading one with which he came in contact was the P. Q. & G. Railway Company, whose lines gridironed hun- dreds of miles in the East, and were rapidly pushing westward. This corporation was often referred to as a great octopus, whose rapid growth and combinations with other companies menaced the welfare of the country at large. The P. Q. & G. became an issue in politics, but was almost invariably successful, as was sure to be the case when its immense wealth and resources gave it the pick among judges, lawyers, FISHING FOR THE PERUE agents and lobbyists and almost every servant it chose to employ. Imagination cannot picture a prouder being than the young attorney of one of the numberless small towns, who received an annual pass from the P. Q. & G., and was employed to manage some trifling case, such as the killing of a cow, or the burning of some hay or woodland, charged to the sparks of a passing locomotive. The budding Daniel Webster quoted the Constitution, talked of the Magna Charta, the sacred rights of human liberty, the inalienable prerogatives of American freemen, and when he referred to the great corporation, it was always as ' we." He identified himself as a cog in the mighty engine and accepted all disrespectful allusions to it as a personal affront. The secret ambition of Algernon Raymond was to become enrolled as one of the counsel of the P. Q. & G. He wondered why he was not sought out at once, but two years came and went after his admission to the bar, and the prize seemed as elusive and far off as at the beginning. Merle Burton was equally unsuccessful, but in his case, he was indifferent. His office practice 52 THE P. Q. & G. had grown to that extent that he was not only able to send his parents frequent generous presents of money, but to place a neat sum in the savings bank and to make judicious investments with an almost certainty of good returns in the future. He became known as a safe adviser, who, so far as was humanly possible, was on the right side of every question in which he interested himself. CHAPTER IV AN " OUTRAGE ' DORPVILLE, being a college town, was proud of the fact, but it reaped the inevitable conse- quences of the honor. Where several hundred virile young Americans are gathered, most of them overflowing with animal spirits and bodily vigor, an outlet must be found for their surplus energy. This is wisely provided for by the gymnasium, base and foot ball, boating and other forms of athletics. Furthermore, such an aggre- gation of budding manhood is sure to hold a ratio of reckless, headlong youths, who, in addition to hazing members of the lower classes, indulge in more than one questionable form of amusement. Many a concert, circus, theatrical and other enter- tainment has been broken up by disorderly stu- dents, while a group of intoxicated roysterers have turned things topsy-turvy throughout the town. One night three seniors of Dorpville College 63 64 THE P. Q- & G. set out to " make things hum." All had been drinking, and were in a mood that was ripe for any mischief. The leader was Jack Ashland, an impulsive but talented young man, who was so unfortunate as to have a wealthy indulgent father. He had been suspended once and nar- rowly escaped expulsion for his escapades. Ob- jectionable as were their performances, some of them would have made any one smile. Thus, a gilded millinery sign was set in place over the gate leading to the grounds of the best known bachelor in town; the wholesale liquor sign announcement barred the way to the principal drug store (and perhaps was not wholly inappro- priate) ; the undertaker's glass plate adorned the office door of the leading physician (and many professed to see a grim appropriateness in that), while a cobbler's notification that soles were repaired within was made to dangle in front of the most prominent divine in Dorpville. All this might have been passed over as harm- less amusement, had not the youths become too ardent in their pursuit of fun. When Mr. Pea- body, the grocer, rushed down-stairs partially dressed and protested against the wrecking of AN "OUTRAGE" 55 boxes and barrels on the porch of his store, Jack Ashland lifted the man as if he were an infant and jammed him down with such force into one of the empty barrels that he was wedged fast with only his head and feet protruding-. Being unable to help himself, he could do nothing but shout for help, as the barrel was rolled along the pavement by the kicks of the rollicking stu- dents. The outcries of the victim brought a couple of policemen to the spot, and the merry youths found themselves in a twinkling in the stern grip of the law. Somewhat sobered by the turn of affairs, they tried to " fix ' the cops, but the of- ficers virtuously scorned the bribe and the pris- oners were unable to reach their figure. Helping the merchant to writhe himself outside of his uncomfortable quarters, they were marched to the nearest magistrate's office, with the indig- nant complainant at their heels. The students shuddered at the prospect of being locked up for the night, with the gravest of consequences impending from the college authorities, but it fortunately happened that Magistrate Wortendyke had just disposed of a 56 THE P. Q. & G. special case to whose hearing he had been called, and he consented to take the complaint of the policemen. As it was not very late, the arrest had caused some excitement on the street. A score of men followed the party into the office of the magis- trate to learn what it was all about. The glare of the pendent lamp over the official's desk had hardly time to reflect the faces of the arrivals, when from the group of spectators, Algernon Raymond, flinging aside his cigarette, excitedly pushed forward. This is an outrage ! ' he exclaimed with flashing eyes ; " I protest ; does your Honor know who that young man is?' he demanded, pointing at the brazen Jack Ashland. " Not yet, but I expect to find out/' replied the magistrate. " He's the son of the president of the P. Q. & G. Railway ! ' announced Algernon, with dra- matic impressiveness that was expected to awe every one in the room ; " it's an outrage to arrest him." Why ? Is he any better than the other two nuisances ? ' calmly asked the magistrate, fixing AN "OUTRAGE" 57 his keen gray eyes upon the countenance of the lawyer. " I don't know who they are, but I know Mr. Ashland is the son of the president of the P. Q. & G. ; it's a shame to take him into custody. You have no right to humiliate him." " From what I know of the scapegrace," con- tinued the official, " he is pretty well used to being arrested. Do you appear as his counsel ? ' Young Ashland, like all in the room, was looking fixedly at the man who had thus projected himself into the proceedings. He was a stranger to the student, who now promptly said : " I engage him as my counsel ; that fellow has got sand." " Then I protest against this outrage ; never in all my experience at the bar, have I ever witnessed such a shameful proceeding as the arrest of this gentleman, the son of the president of the P. Q. & G. Railroad Company ; why, your Honor, the Constitution of the United States guarantees ' The magistrate impatiently raised his hand. That will do; not another word till I give permission; you can put in your defence after the charges are heard." 63 THE P. Q. & G. This is an outrage ' " Another word until I tell you to speak and you will be thrust into a cell and left to meditate upon the different kinds of fool a man can make of himself. Jim," added the judge to one of the officers, 4 run him in back if he opens his mouth." Several of the group applauded these words, but paying no attention, Judge Wortendyke turned to the two policemen who had brought in the prisoners and asked for their statement. One of them gave it in a few words, his comrade nodding assent to what was said. The judge turned to young Ashland. " What have you to say to this, sir? ' " I'm like the deacon," said the prisoner with an insolent grin, ' who said there was no use in sticking to a lie after you were fairly caught. We were indulging in only a little harmless fun, and no one but a chump would take offence." : It may have been fun for you, but it was anything else for your victim. You, John Ash- land, were the ringleader and you are fined twenty dollars, to stand committed until the fine is paid. As this is the first time, I believe, that your companions, Moffatt and Hewitt, have been AN "OUTRAGE" 59 arrested upon such a charge, I shall discharge them with a reprimand and due warning that a second offence wil be punished severely. As for you," said the judge, turning to young Ashland, " the next time you indulge in this sort of fun, I shall make sure you are put behind the bars. In that case, the college authorities will doubtless have something to say also." " This is an outrage " began the still excited Algernon. The judge rapped sharply with his gavel. " I'm not through that is right," he said, glancing at the twenty-dollar bill which Jack Ashland peeled from a big roll and handed to him. Passing it to the clerk, Judge Wortendyke said a few things, which were so true and sensible that they deserve record. It should be stated that this magistrate was a graduate of Dorpville College, and superior in education and intelli- gence to many holding a similar office. He hesitated a moment after the room became still, faintly smiled, and leaning back in his chair, addressed the audience as much as the prisoners, and especially the angry Algernon : " There are two peculiarities of our life which are vastly amusing to me. When a man is 70 THE P. Q. & G. attacked in the public prints, he invariably opens with, ' My attention has been called to an article in your paper, etc.' No matter if he is the only one who has read the attack, he uses the same formula, generally followed by the declaration that he will not dignify his slanderer or insult the intelligence of the readers by noticing the scurrilous falsehoods. " The second humorous feature is that every citizen who is made to feel the weight of the law, or who is arrested upon- any charge what- ever, promptly declares such arrest an ' outrage.' No other word is ever used, and no matter how flagrant and self-evident the guilt of the criminal, his arrest, none the less, is an ' outrage/ The young Demosthenes, who has pushed into this business as the counsel of this jackanapes before me, used the word ad nauseam and no doubt will repeat it every time he refers to this case. I know something of Mr. Raymond and have long set him down as one who has no more brains than the law allows, but it remained for him to make this last exhibition of himself, when he based his defence of the self-confessed prisoner on the fact that he happens to be the son of a railway AN "OUTRAGE" 71 president. As if that had a feather's weight in this court, except in the opposite scale." The judge hesitated a minute and then spoke with graver manner : " There is a serious side to all this. One of the greatest perils of our country is the favoritism shown to criminals because of their wealth or prominence. The starving wretch who steals a loaf of bread is thrust into jail; the sleek scoundrel who wrecks a bank or insurance com- pany and robs scores of widows and orphans of their all, goes scot free or is let off with a fine which he pays from his stealings. The murderer, condemned after a fair trial, is cheered in his cell by flowers and delicacies sent by sentimental women ; hysterical preachers proclaim the certain innocence of the criminal, and warn the governor of the awful crime he will commit if he does not stretch forth his hand to save him; medical experts, under the pressure of this maudlin sym- pathy, reverse their former opinions; even the jurors are sometimes weak enough to petition for a commutation of sentence; should the head of the commonwealth be brave enough not to yield, two or three years later he or his successor 72 THE P. Q. & G. is deluged with prayers for the pardon of the miscreant, who henceforth becomes a hero in the eyes of those who forget the victim of the crime, and the hearts the murderer has broken. " This court is an insignificant one compared with the numberless ones that outrank it, but so long as it remains under my direction, it shall be impartial, and, so far as my ability permits, just to every person brought before it, without regard to wealth, distinction or social prominence ' " Good ! those are the words of a man." Judge Wortendyke glanced gratefully at Merle Burton, nodded, smiled and raised his gavel. The irrepressible Algernon, with crimson face broke in: " Your Honor, I protest against the use of such language : it's ' " ' An outrage,' but it is what you may count upon getting every time you appear in this court. Adjourned," he added with a tap of his gavel. The crowd began filing out. As Merle passed in front of the desk, the judge reached over and shook his hand. ! It may not have been strictly in order, but I thank you none the less, Mr. Burton." " I deserve no more thanks than the rest," AN "OUTRAGE' 73 replied our young friend, as he moved out into the street. Jack Ashland and his companions were pretty well sobered by their arrest and hearing. The two left together and he was about to follow, when Algernon hurried to his side. " It's a shame," said the young lawyer, offer- ing his hand; : I'm sorry that so many of our judges don't know how to treat a gentleman." " That's all right," replied the other with a laugh ; " those that dance must pay the piper ; will you please give me your card ? ' Algernon had it ready and shoved it into the hand of the youth, who passed his own to the lawyer. As they stepped into the open air, Jack Ashland slid his hand under the arm of the lawyer, as if they had been chums all their lives. Can you name the proudest person you ever saw? I have sometimes thought it was a boy with his first pair of trousers, or a colored lad who helps to carry the bass drum in a minstrel parade, or the gorgeously uniformed African as he leads his band, or the young political candidate when he learns of his election to office. Be that as it may, I am sure that none of these was in a loftier state of exaltation than Percy Algernon Raymond, while walking toward the college 74 THE P. Q. 6- G. dormitory, with his arm interlocked with that of Jack Ashland. He almost caught his breath when he recalled that this turbulent youth was the only son of Hugh H. Ashland, president of the mighty octopus known as the P. Q. & G. Cor- poration. What dazzling possibilities opened before him ! The son of course would write to his father a glowing tribute to the brilliant ability of the rising young lawyer of Dorpville; the president would make haste to attach Algernon to their big staff of counsel ; important legal matters were certain to be entrusted to him ; his responsibilities must broaden and grow; in due time he would become the leading adviser o>f the vast corpora- tion, with greatly increased pay and reputation; more than likely, he would be sent to the State legislature; the next upward step would be Con- gress or the governorship. The P. Q. & G. had several servants in Congress, but there could never be a more loyal one than Algernon was resolved to be. " Their interests shall always be foremost with me ; my motto is ( Win at all times and in all circumstances.' Merle is content to plod along, in the old-fashioned way, but that isn't my style; AN "OUTRAGE' 75 he thinks he knows it all, but one of these days, he'll wake up to the fact that times have changed and things are not what they used to be ; the wise lawyer adjusts himself to those changed condi- tions; the nineteenth-century version of the proverb is that policy is the best honesty." Three days later, when Algernon saw among his letters a blue envelope, with the printed ad- dress in the corner of the office of the P. Q. & G. Railroad, Chicago, his heart gave a great bound, and with eager, trembling fingers, he broke the missive open. That which first caught his eye was a card, light blue in color, with the figures representing the current year printed across the face. The name " P. Algernon Ray- mond 7 was written in beautiful script in the blank space, while the scrawled autograph of the president below was hardly legible. There could be no mistake as to the meaning of the card : it was an annual pass over the East- ern Division of the P. Q. & G. Railroad, not transferable, and good until the opening of the following year. After fondling and admiring the pasteboard for several minutes, Algernon laid it down and unfolded the sheet which accompanied it. This 76 THE P. Q. & G. was the usual printed form, in which the presi- dent, whose signature was lithographed, ex- pressed his pleasure in forwarding the pass to the recipient and respectfully asked that its recep- tion be acknowledged. Need I say that the ac- knowledgment was sent by return mail in an effusive letter, in which Algernon said he would be glad to serve the company in any and every way possible. There was one fly in the ointment. The letter was of the most formal pattern. Evidently it had been forwarded upon the request of Jack Ash- land, but it contained not a word about pre- empting the legal ability of Algernon. What- ever the litigation in which the company had been involved heretofore in Dorpville and the vicinity, they had employed counsel of more mature years. " It must come," added Algernon, rallying from his disappointment ; " this is the day of young men and they shall hear of me sooner than most people expect." He rose from his chair, secured the windows, stepped outside into the hall, turned and locked the door. Then he lifted off the small square slate, with the pencil hanging by the string, AN "OUTRAGE" 77 and wrote in a bold hand : " At court return shortly." He passed down the steps to the street, boarded a trolley car and rode to the railway station. On the way thither he studied the tables, glanced at his watch and found he was just in time to connect with the Western Express. Having done this, he spent the remainder of the day in riding over the main line and some of the branches so far as it was possible to do so of the P. O. & G. Railway. His pass worked beauti- fully, and he was sure the conductors and pas- sengers, whom he took care should see the magic pasteboard, surveyed him with additional re- spect. CHAPTER V AN IMPORTANT CASE ALGERNON RAYMOND was sitting in his office, one bright morning in May, with his feet on the table, a cigarette between his lips, and the morn- ing newspaper in his hand. His interest lay in the sporting page, and he was speculating whether to lay a wager on the Chicagos, New Yorks or the Pittsburgs, as the coming cham- pions in baseball, when a sharp rap sounded on his door. |
github_open_source_100_8_19841 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { useDispatch } from 'react-redux';
import { useAppSelector } from 'src/states/hooks';
import { TreasureBay } from 'src/types/TreasureBay';
import { TreasureBayFactory } from 'src/types/TreasureBayFactory';
import { setFetching, setYourBays } from '../slice';
import { TreasureBayType } from '../types';
import useTreasureBayContract from './useTreasureBayContract';
import useTreasureBayFactoryContract from './useTreasureBayFactoryContract';
export default function useFetchYourTreasureBays() {
const dispatch = useDispatch();
const [error, setError] = useState(null);
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const [bays, setBays] = useState<TreasureBayType[]>([]);
const [retries, setRetries] = useState(5);
const {
data: {
environment: { account },
},
} = useAppSelector((state) => state.walletSlice);
const {
data: { fetching },
} = useAppSelector((state) => state.treasureBaySlice);
const treasureBayFactoryContract = useTreasureBayFactoryContract();
const treasureBayContractMethods: TreasureBayFactory =
treasureBayFactoryContract.methods;
useEffect(() => {
const fetchYourTreasureBays = async () => {
try {
setLoading(true);
const treasureBayAddresses = await treasureBayContractMethods
.getAllBays()
.call();
if (treasureBayAddresses.length === 0) {
setBays([]);
setError(null); // Clear error
setLoading(false);
return;
} else {
let filterTreasureBays: string[] = [];
for (let index = 0; index < treasureBayAddresses.length; index++) {
const treasureBayContract = useTreasureBayContract(
treasureBayAddresses[index]
);
const treasureBayContractMethods: TreasureBay =
treasureBayContract.methods;
const treasureHunters = await treasureBayContractMethods
.listOfTreasureHunters()
.call();
if (
treasureHunters.some(
(hunter) => hunter.contractAddress === account
)
) {
filterTreasureBays.push(treasureBayAddresses[index]);
}
}
const treasureBays = await Promise.all(
filterTreasureBays.map(async (address) => {
const treasureBayContract = useTreasureBayContract(address);
const treasureBayContractMethods: TreasureBay =
treasureBayContract.methods;
const [
name,
creator,
stakeholders,
treasureHunters,
transferProposals,
totalStakedAmount,
] = await Promise.all([
treasureBayContractMethods.name().call(),
treasureBayContractMethods.creator().call(),
treasureBayContractMethods.listOfStakeholders().call(),
treasureBayContractMethods.listOfTreasureHunters().call(),
treasureBayContractMethods.getAllTransferProposals().call(),
treasureBayContractMethods.totalStakedAmount().call(),
]);
return {
name,
address,
stakeholders,
members: treasureHunters,
transferProposals,
creator: creator,
exchangeProposals: [],
totalValueLocked: totalStakedAmount,
};
})
);
setBays(treasureBays);
setError(null); // Clear error
dispatch(setYourBays(treasureBays));
dispatch(setFetching(false));
setLoading(false);
return;
}
} catch (error: any) {
setError(error.message);
if (retries !== 0) {
setTimeout(() => {
setRetries(retries - 1);
}, 1000);
} else {
setLoading(false);
}
}
};
fetchYourTreasureBays();
}, [fetching, retries, account]);
return { bays, loading, error, retries };
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19842 | Github OpenSource | Various open source |
import React from "react";
import { Button, List } from "antd";
import { CloseCircleFilled } from '@ant-design/icons';
import "./AArray.less";
import { BaseViewer } from '../../BaseViewer';
import { MFieldSchemaAnonymity } from "../../../framework/Schema";
import { MFieldViewer } from "../../../framework/MFieldViewer";
import { MUtil } from "../../../framework/MUtil";
import { assembly } from "../../../framework/Assembly";
const NO_REMOVE_BTN: {[type:string]:boolean} = {"string":true};
/** @deprecated Ant的list，也不好看 */
export class AArray extends BaseViewer {
_removeClicked(index: number) {
const value:any[] = super.getValue() ?? [];
let nv:any[]|undefined = value.filter((v,idx)=>idx !== index);
if(nv.length === 0) {
nv = undefined;
}
super.changeValueEx(nv, true, true);
}
/** 不同的数组成员类型，有不同的渲染方式 */
_renderItem(memberSchema:MFieldSchemaAnonymity, itemData: any, index: number, removeButton?: boolean){
return [
removeButton && !NO_REMOVE_BTN[memberSchema.type]
? <CloseCircleFilled key={"closebtn:" + index} style={{marginLeft: 10}} size={32} onClick={()=>{ // FIXME 删除按钮都移到元素上
this._removeClicked(index);
}}/>
:undefined,
<div key={index + ":" + this.state.ctrlVersion} className="AArray_item">
<MFieldViewer morph={this.props.morph} key={index} schema={memberSchema} database={this.props.database} path={this.props.path + "[" + index + "]"} afterChange={(path:string, newVal:any, blur:boolean) => {
if(newVal === undefined) { // 删除
this._removeClicked(index);
} else { // 修改
this.props.afterChange?.(path, newVal, blur);
this.setState({}); // 子元素变化，可能影响校验状态，所以刷新下
}
}} parent={this.props.schema} forceValid={this.props.forceValid} removeButton={removeButton}/>
</div>
]
}
element() {
const schema = this.props.schema;
const memberSchema = schema.arrayMember;
if(!memberSchema) {
return MUtil.error(`缺少arrayMember属性`, schema);
}
if(memberSchema.type === "object" || memberSchema.type==="string"){
const data:any[] = super.getValue() ?? [];
const isMax = data.length >= (schema.max ?? Number.MAX_VALUE);
const min = schema.min ?? 0;
const max = schema.max ?? Number.MAX_VALUE;
if(memberSchema.type === "string") {
const n = Math.max(min, data.length);
const removeButton = max === min ? undefined : n > min;
let arr = [];
for(let i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
arr.push(this._renderItem(memberSchema, data[i], i, removeButton));
}
if(n < max) {
arr.push(<div key=":add" className="AArray_addBtn">
<Button key=":加一项按钮" onClick={() => {
const d = super.getValue() ?? [];
while(d.length < n+1){
d.push(undefined);
}
super.changeValue(d);
}}>{schema.arrayAddLabel ?? "+"}</Button>
</div>)
}
return arr;
} else {
return <List
bordered
footer={<Button disabled={isMax} key=":加一项按钮" onClick={()=>{
data.push(
assembly.types[schema.arrayMember.type]?.createDefaultValue(assembly, schema.arrayMember)
);
super.changeValue(data);
}} >增加一项</Button>}
dataSource={data}
renderItem={ (valueItem,index) => {
let noRemoveBtn = NO_REMOVE_BTN[memberSchema.type] // 为了美观，某些数组元素不需要关闭按钮
if(schema.min && schema.min === schema.max){ // 最大项数=最小项数时，不要删除按钮
noRemoveBtn = true;
}
return <List.Item key={index}>
{this._renderItem(memberSchema, valueItem, index, !noRemoveBtn)}
</List.Item>
}}/>;
}
} else {
return MUtil.error(`成员类型${memberSchema.type}，无法编辑`, schema);
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_19843 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
"github.com/gocolly/colly"
log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)
// go语言的一个爬虫框架
func main() {
c := colly.NewCollector(colly.UserAgent("Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; zh-cn) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.50"))
c.OnRequest(func(r *colly.Request) {
// Request头部设定
r.Headers.Set("Host", "baidu.com")
r.Headers.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
r.Headers.Set("Accept", "*/*")
r.Headers.Set("Origin", "")
r.Headers.Set("Referer", "http://www.baidu.com")
r.Headers.Set("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate")
r.Headers.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN, zh;q=0.9")
fmt.Println("Visiting", r.URL)
})
c.OnScraped(func(response *colly.Response) {
fmt.Println("OnScraped")
return
})
// 对响应的HTML元素处理
c.OnHTML("title", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
// e.Request.Visit(e.Attr("href"))
fmt.Println("title:", e.Text)
return
})
// c.OnHTML("p", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
// space := strings.TrimSpace(e.Text)
// if space != "" {
// fmt.Printf("p标签:%s\n", space)
// }
// })
// c.OnHTML("body", func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
// // <div class="hotnews" alog-group="focustop-hotnews"> 下所有的a解析
// e.ForEach(".hotnews a", func(i int, el *colly.HTMLElement) {
// band := el.Attr("href")
// // title := el.Text
// // fmt.Printf("新闻 %d : %s - %s\n", i, title, band)
// e.Request.Visit(band)
// })
// })
//
// // 发现并访问下一个连接
// c.OnHTML(`.next a[href]`, func(e *colly.HTMLElement) {
// e.Request.Visit(e.Attr("href"))
// })
//
// // extract status code
// c.OnResponse(func(r *colly.Response) {
// fmt.Printf("URL:%v code:%v\n", r.Ctx.Get("url"), r.StatusCode)
// })
// 对visit的线程数做限制，visit可以同时运行多个
c.Limit(&colly.LimitRule{
Parallelism: 2,
Delay: 5 * time.Second,
})
err := c.Visit("http://news.baidu.com")
if err != nil {
log.Println("first err:", err)
}
fmt.Println("------------")
err = c.Visit("http://www.vaptcha.com")
if err != nil {
log.Println("second err:", err)
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19844 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | ../src/assembly/refEvalPE/refEvalPE.sh |
github_open_source_100_8_19845 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I ../m4 -Wnone
# Automake doesn't support infos_TEXINFOS to be defined conditionnaly
info_TEXINFOS = oml-user-manual.texi
DATE=`date "+%Y-%m-%d"`
ALL_MAN_FILES= \
liboml2.1.txt \
oml2-proxy-server.1.txt \
oml2-proxycon.1.txt \
oml2-scaffold.1.txt \
liboml2.3.txt \
omlc_init.3.txt \
omlc_add_mp.3.txt \
omlc_start.3.txt \
omlc_inject.3.txt \
omlc_close.3.txt \
OmlValueU.3.txt \
liboml2.conf.5.txt
if BUILD_SERVER
ALL_MAN_FILES += \
oml2-server.1.txt
endif
LIBOML3_LINKS = \
omlc_guid_generate.3 \
oml_inject_MPNAME.3 \
oml_register_mps.3
OMLVALUE3_LINKS= \
omlc_zero.3 \
omlc_zero_array.3 \
omlc_set_int32.3 \
omlc_set_uint32.3 \
omlc_set_int64.3 \
omlc_set_uint64.3 \
omlc_set_double.3 \
omlc_set_guid.3 \
omlc_set_string.3 \
omlc_set_string_copy.3 \
omlc_copy_string.3 \
omlc_reset_string.3 \
omlc_set_blob.3 \
omlc_copy_blob.3 \
omlc_reset_blob.3
OMLCINJECT3_LINKS = \
omlc_inject_metadata.3
# How to publish documentation
USER= # If set, should contain a trailing @
WWWHOST=mytestbed.net
HTDOCS=/var/www/redmine_mytestbed.net/public/doc/oml/$(OML_BASE_VER)
# This rule will fail, purposefully, if some documentation cannot be generated
publish: publish-man publish-doxygen
index.txt: index.tpl.txt
cat $< > $@
echo -e "Manpages\n--------" >> $@
for MANPAGE in $(ALL_MAN_FILES:.txt=); do \
echo $${MANPAGE} | sed 's/\(.*\)\.\([0-9]\)/* link:\1.\2.html[\1(\2)]/' >> $@; \
if [ "$${MANPAGE}" = "OmlValueU.3" ]; then \
for LINK in $(OMLVALUE3_LINKS); do \
echo $${LINK} | sed "s/\(.*\)\.\([0-9]\)/** link:$${MANPAGE}.html[\1(\2)]/" >> $@; \
done; \
elif [ "$${MANPAGE}" = "omlc_inject.3" ]; then \
for LINK in $(OMLCINJECT3_LINKS); do \
echo $${LINK} | sed "s/\(.*\)\.\([0-9]\)/** link:$${MANPAGE}.html[\1(\2)]/" >> $@; \
done; \
elif [ "$${MANPAGE}" = "liboml2.3" ]; then \
for LINK in $(LIBOML3_LINKS); do \
echo $${LINK} | sed "s/\(.*\)\.\([0-9]\)/** link:$${MANPAGE}.html[\1(\2)]/" >> $@; \
done; \
fi; \
done
echo -e "\nOther\n-----" >> $@
echo "* link:doxygen/[Doxygen documentation]" >> $@
EXTRA_DIST=$(ALL_MAN_FILES) \
bugs.txt \
manual.txt \
index.tpl.txt \
doxygen.am Doxyfile
CLEANFILES=$(ALL_MAN_FILES:.txt=) \
liboml2.3 \
oml2_scaffold.1 \
$(LIBOML3_LINKS) \
$(OMLCINJECT3_LINKS) \
$(OMLVALUE3_LINKS) \
oml2_scaffold.1 \
doxygen/doxygen_sqlite3.db
MOSTLYCLEANFILES=$(DX_CLEANFILES)
if ENABLE_DOC
include doxygen.am
# Doxygen is a bit braindamaged and doesn't seem to be able to either
# * parse file with no extension as something else than C
# * include and parse contents from another file
# On the plus side, this gives us an opportunity to do some search/replace
# and avoid poluting the human-readable source files while providing nice
# Doxygen links.
# Note: doxygen.am has been modified so @DX_DOCDIR@/@[email protected] depends on $(DX_EXTRA_DOC)
DX_EXTRA_DOC = mainpage.md install.md example.md
CLEANFILES += $(DX_EXTRA_DOC)
define README-mdfy
sed -e '1s/$$/\t{$1}/' \
-e 's^\([^/]\)README^\1[README](@ref index)^g' \
-e 's^INSTALL^[&](@ref install)^g' \
-e 's^example/liboml2/README^[&](@ref example)^' \
-e '/^ /!s^\(\(lib\)\?[Oo]ml[-.a-zA-Z1-9]\+\)(\([0-9]\))^[&](http://oml.mytestbed.net/doc/oml/$(OML_BASE_VER)/\1.\3.html)^g'
endef
mainpage.md: $(top_srcdir)/README.md
$(call README-mdfy,#mainpage) $< > $@
install.md: $(top_srcdir)/INSTALL
$(call README-mdfy,#install) $< > $@
example.md: $(top_srcdir)/example/liboml2/README
$(call README-mdfy,#example) $< > $@
if HAVE_PLANTUML
EXTRA_DIST += images/
images/: plantuml-diagrams
DX_EXTRA_DOC += plantuml-diagrams
plantuml-diagrams:
$(PLANTUML) -o "$(abs_builddir)/images" "$(abs_top_srcdir)/**.(c|h|md)"
plantuml-clean:
rm -rf $(abs_builddir)/images
distclean-local: plantuml-clean
endif
publish-doxygen: @DX_DOCDIR@/@[email protected]
ssh $(USER)$(WWWHOST) mkdir -p $(HTDOCS)/
ssh $(USER)$(WWWHOST) rm -rf $(HTDOCS)/doxygen/
scp -r @DX_DOCDIR@/html/ $(USER)$(WWWHOST):$(HTDOCS)/doxygen/
if DX_COND_doc
all: doxygen-doc
endif
ASCIIDOC_ARGS = --attribute='badges' --attribute='icons'
ASCIIDOC_ARGS += --attribute='pkglocalstatedir=$(pkglocalstatedir)' --attribute='oml_version=$(VERSION)' --attribute='pkgdatadir=$(pkgdatadir)'
if HAVE_LIBPQ
ASCIIDOC_ARGS += --attribute='have_pg'
endif
A2X_ARGS = -f manpage $(ASCIIDOC_ARGS) --attribute='date=$(DATE)'
if HAVE_A2X
man_MANS = $(ALL_MAN_FILES:.txt=) \
$(LIBOML3_LINKS) \
$(OMLCINJECT3_LINKS) \
$(OMLVALUE3_LINKS) \
oml2_scaffold.1
$(ALL_MAN_FILES:.txt=): %: %.txt bugs.txt manual.txt
$(A2X) $(A2X_ARGS) $<
export XMLOUT=`echo $< | sed s/.txt$$/.xml/`; \
test -f $${XMLOUT} && rm $${XMLOUT} || true
# Set up ROFF links
# - oml_register_mps and oml_inject_MPNAME helpers, generated by
# oml2-scaffold, are documented in liboml(3)
$(LIBOML3_LINKS):
echo ".so man3/liboml2.3" > $@
# - the OmlValueU manipulation macros (they share the same manpage).
$(OMLVALUE3_LINKS):
echo ".so man3/OmlValueU.3" > $@
# - omlc_inject_metadata is documented in omlc_inject(3)
$(OMLCINJECT3_LINKS):
echo ".so man3/omlc_inject.3" > $@
# - oml2_scaffold (renamed to oml2-scaffold)
oml2_scaffold.1:
echo ".so man1/oml2-scaffold.1" > $@
EXTRA_DIST+=$(ALL_MAN_FILES:.txt=) \
$(LIBOML3_LINKS) \
$(OMLCINJECT3_LINKS) \
$(OMLVALUE3_LINKS) \
oml2_scaffold.1
else #!HAVE_A2X
@echo "*** a2x (asciidoc) is required to generate $(@) ***"
endif #HAVE_A2X
if HAVE_ASCIIDOC
html_docs = $(ALL_MAN_FILES:.txt=.html) index.html
CLEANFILES += index.txt \
$(html_docs)
SUFFIXES = .html
.txt.html:
$(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_ARGS) -o $@ $<
index.html: index.txt
$(ASCIIDOC) $(ASCIIDOC_ARGS) -o $@ $<
all: $(html_docs)
publish-man: $(html_docs)
ssh $(USER)$(WWWHOST) mkdir -p $(HTDOCS)/
scp $(html_docs) oml_logo.png $(USER)$(WWWHOST):$(HTDOCS)/
else #!HAVE_ASCIIDOC
@echo "*** asciidoc is required to generate $(@) ***"
endif #HAVE_ASCIIDOC
endif #ENABLE_DOC
|
github_open_source_100_8_19846 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | $(function(){
alert('m loaded');
}); |
annalesdesscien67unkngoog_22 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | C'est dans l'intérieur de ces cloisons que se forment les mem branes de séparation, d'abord extrêmement minces, qui doivent partager les cellules (s^s). On voit donc que, dans les deux cas dont je viens de parler, et surtout dans le premier qui montre plus nettement le mode de for mation des membranes de séparation, la division des cellules se fait tout autrement que celle (jui a été décrite par M. Mohl comme générale. 11 est bien clair ici que l'utricule dite primordiale ne joue aucun rôle, et que la membrane de cellulose ne se replie point vers l'intérieur, ainsi que le montrent les figures 22 et 23, on a, a. C'est par un mode semblable que paraissent se multiplier assez fréquemment les cellules de la couche génératrice, c'est-à dire par la formation de cloisons au milieu du protoplasma qui Digitized by Google DANS LES CELLULRS VÉGÉTALES. 71 sépare des vacuoles préalablement développées ; mais le plus sou vent la division des cellules de cette couche génératrice se fait dans le protoplasma, sans qu'il y ait d'abord formation de va cuoles. Je n'examinerai point ici la question de savoir s'il se fait une simple cloison, une production toute locale, ou si cette cloi son est, comme l'a ditM. Nâgeli, continuée tout autour du contenu de chaque nouvelle utricule secondaire. Cette discussion m'entraî nerait trop loin de mon sujet, et puis, ainsi que je l'ai dit, j'y re viendrai dans un travail spécial. Je me borne donc à signaler en ce moment ce que l'œil peut aisément saisir. Il peut donc y avoir dans les cellules végétales et des vacuoles réelles, et des vésicules qui ont été confondues avec ces vacuoles. J'ai déjà dit que ces vésicules concourent ù la multiplication utri culaire dans certaines circonslances. J'ai surtout remarqué ce phénomène dans divers albumens, et dans l'embryon du Pisum sativum, etc. , où il existe simultanément avec les modes de mul tiplication que j'ai décrits on parlant du nucleus, et figurés planche i, figures 29-37. Pendant longtemps, j'ai douté que cette multiplication des col Iules par les vésicules fausses vacuoles eût lieu, parce que Iros souvent leur existence n'est réellement que temporaire : telles sont celles que j'ai trouvées quelquefois dans les cellules de la feuille du Pleurothallis circumpleœus (pi. 3, fig. 5, i;,t;), et dans les utricides du fruit du Cucurbita Pepo, var. Coloquinella (pi. 3. fig. 6, v,v), etc., etc. (1), et parce que, étant très petites et fort nombreuses, la plupart d'entre elles sont résorbées. Comme on ne voit point croître sous ses yeux celles qui deviennent des cel lules, on n'est pas certain de leur origine quand une fois elles sont grandes et que leurs petites sœurs ont disparu. Mais, en suivant la maturation des fruits pulpeux pour y voir la résorption de l'ami don, j'ai observé que, dans plusieurs fruits, par exemple dans ceux du Lycopersicum esculentum^ du Solanum nigrum^ etc. . les (4) Noie de l'Auteur. — Dans cette dernière plante, les vésicules fausses ▼acaoles étaient accompagnées de petites vésicule» contenant des grains d'a midon. Digitized by Google 72 A. TBtCUL. DKS FORMATIONS VÉSICULAIRES vésicules en queslion offraient des dimensions très diverses. Il v en avait d'extrêmement petites, et d'autres qui atteignaient la dimension de grandes utricules. La figure 3 de la planche 3, par exemple, représenle un grand nombre de ces petites vésicules'r, v, renfermées dans une grande cellule, avec d'aulres vésicules qui contenaient des granules rouges c,c, et un triple nucleus n, qui semblait avoir été renfermé dans une membrane unique (?). p,p, indique l'utricule proloplasmique (utricule primordiale), et a. J, la paroi proprement dite de la cellule. J'ai vu, de plus, que les membranes des vieilles cellules étant résorbées (on trouve quelquefois de ces cellules dont les membranes sont réduites à une minceur extrême), leur contenu liquide se trouve épanché entre les autres utricules, et avec ce liquide les vésicules dont je nVoc cupe, les nucleus et les vésicules à grains colorés, qui elles-mêmes prennent souvent la dimension de cellules véritables. Dans cette circonstance, nos vésicules fausses vacuoles acquièrent souvent de très grands diamètres, et elles produisent des vésicules colorées ou chromulifères. Ce sont des vésicules tirées d'un fruit du Lyco pe7'sicum esculentum commençant à devenir pulpeux, qui sont dessinées en ^,fi,D, fig. û, pi. 3. Il était né déjà à la surface interne de leur membrane de petites eminences rouges de Mars qui deviennent plus tard des vésicules chromulifères. Z), B, A in diquent déjà des âges différents ; les vésicules t; sont plus jeunes que les. précédentes, et ne contiennent pas encore de corpuscules rouges. Dans la vésicule ou jeune cellule Z), on voit déjà en v'v' de jeunes vésicules semblables à celles qui étaient répandues dans le liquide environnant de leur mère D. Les figures 1 et 2 montrent des vésicules tirées d'un fruit vert encore, dont le placenta com mençait à devenir pulpeux. Les vésicules de la figure 1, et la jeune cellule de la figure 2, qui ne paraissait être elle-même qu'une vé sicule agrandie, étaient répandues dans le liquide delà pulpe. Les vésicules rf, 6,^/1, fig. l,pl. 3, sont autant d'états de développe ment différents, et il paraît bien évident que la petite cellulea, qui contient déjà une vésicule chlorophyllienne pariétale (et c'est pour cela que je rappelle cellule), est de même nature que la vésicule A, et par conséquent que f,e et d. Digitized by Google DANS LES CKLLULBS ÉGÉTALES. 7S De plus, la cellule plus grande, elliptique b, a certainement la même origine que a et par conséquent que rf, et il est de toute probabilité qu'il en était de même de la cellule représentée par la figure 2. On voit dans l'inlérieur de cette cellule (flg. 2), outre les vésicules de chlorophylle qui contiennent des grains d'amidon, trois grandes vésicules qui avaient déjà la dimension de trois cellules, bien qu'elles ne continssent pas encore de matière colo ranle.Ces grandesvésicules refoulent les grains verts ou vésicules chlorophylliennes libres dans lé protoplasuia, lesquelles vésicules chlorophylliennes sont nées à la périphérie de la cellule mère, comme on le voit en ce, figure i , dans la jeune cellule b. Il paraît donc prouvé, par les exemples que je viens de citer, que les vésicules fausses vacuoles deviennent de véritables cel lules. Mais les fruits pulpeux, qui ont donné ces exemples, consti tuaient des cas très particuliers, et cela était déjà très important ; cependant il était bon de s'assurer s'il en était bien ainsi dans les cas où je les avais étudiées précédemment, dans les cellules appar tenant à d'autres organes. L'albumen du Zea Mays m'en offrit un bel exemple qui ne laisse rien à désirer à cet égard ; car, à la mul tiplication par les nucleus dont j'ai parlé dans la première partie de ce travail, cet albumen joint la multiplication par les vésicules fausses vacuoles, et celles-ci ont même une bien plus grande part que les vésicules nucléaires à la production des cellules. Dans les utricules de cet albumen naissent souvent de nom breuses vésicules (pi. 3, fig. 7, v.v'^v")^ mais un petit nombre d'entre elles s'accroissent beaucoup ; celles qui grandissent refou lent les autres, le protoplasma et le nucleus, dans les intervalles qui les séparent, où le tout est résorbé. Ainsi, dans la figure 7, il y a un grand nombre de vésicules avec le nucleus n au centre de la cellule. Quelques-unes de ces vésicules v, v^ sont grandes, et, dans les intervalles qu'elles laissent entre elles, sont les vésicules plus petites v. Dans la figure 8, on ne voit plus que quatre grandes vésicules v' et une très petite v, refoulée avec le nucleus n qui est très comprimé par les grandes vésicules. La paroi de la cellule mèredisparaissant, les vésicules deviennentdes cellules. On trouve toutes les transitions dans l'albumen du Maïs. C'est de la même Digitized by Google 7A A. TBÉCVL. — DBS PORMiTiONS VÉSICULAIRES, ETC. manière que se multiplient les cellules de Falbumen de bon nombre déplantes, de celui du Pinus briUia par exemple, dont les figures 9 et 10, planche 3, représentent deux cellules; mais dans cette plante les vésicules sont ordinairement moins nombreuses à l'ori gine que dans celles du Zea Mays. Quand les vésicules sont peu nombreuses, elles ont de très bonne heure l'apparence déjeunes cellules, et c'est pour cela probablement que, dans certains cas, les anatomistes ont cru voir une division des cellules. Avec des opinions préconçues comme celles de M. Mohl, par exemple, qui repousse l'existence de tout organe vésiculiforme autre que la cellule, on peut aisément méconnaître des faits d'ailleurs très évidents. ( La iuiie prochainement.) Digitized by VjOOQ IC RECHERCHES BUR LA FAMILLE DES AMARYLLIDACÉES, Par H. J. «AY. PREMIER MÉMOIRE. ESQUISSE MONOGRAPHIQUE DBS NARC1SSÉES A COURONNE RUDIMENTAIRE , GOM?RSMAirr : Les Narcisses d'automoe et le genre Carregnoa^ plus wn genrç Qoayeao proposé SOUS le nom d'He$perelhu$a^ avec des observations sur le^ genres à admettre dans les Narcissées et sur la signification morphologique de la couronne dans la môme tribu. (Communiqué à U Société botanique de France dans lea séances des 14 janvier et €5 lévrier iS69.) Les plantes dont j'ai à parler ici font partie de la tribu des Nar cissées, telle qu'elle a été établie par W. Herbert (^marj/I/., 4857, p. 292), et bien différente de celle qu'Endlioher entendait sous le même nom {Gen. pi., 1836-iiO, p. 178). Cette tribu repose sur un ensemble de caractères qui manquent aux autres Amaryllidacées, ou qui s'y trouvent combinés avec d'autres éléments : Fibres rad%cak$ très simples. Axe végétal d'une seule pièce, non organisé en sympode. Une ou plusieurs gaines sans limbe précédant les véritables feuilles. Hampes florales aanllaires (conséquence de Vaxe simple) . Spathe monophylle, tubuleuse-com-' primée, biearénée {les carènes continuant les angles de la hampe), s'ouvrant longitudinalement du côté qui regarde la feuille mère de la hampe* Périgone infundibuliforme, à tube bien marqué et à limbe régulier^ la gorge pourvue d'une couronne tubuleuse. Filaments adnés au tube du périgone plus ou moins longuement, et de manière à y former deux édages : un inférieur pow les filaments pétalins^ un supérieur pour lessépalins; ceux^génércdementplustçngs que Digitized by VnOOQ IC 76 J. GAY. les autres [VAjaœ est le seul genre où les filaments soient de longueur égale et se produisant au delà du tube sans contracter aucune adhérence avec la couronne. Ovaire renfermant dans V épaisseur de ses cloisons un appareil nectarin^ qui s'ouvre par trois ostioles au sommet de l'ovaire, à l'intérieur des enveloppes florales. La tribu s'est formée à peu près exclusivement du démembre ment des Narcissus de Linné. Haworlh la divise en seize genres : Corbularia^ jéjax^ Oileus^ Assaracus, lllus^ Ganymedes, Dio medes^ Tros, Queltia, Schizanthus^ Philogyne, Jonquilla, Chlo raster, Hermione, Helena et D/arcissus, prétendant que ce sont des genres très naturels, qui seront adoptés tôt ou tard, fondés qu'ils sont sur un examen scrupuleux des caractères et sur Texpé rienced'un demi-siècle (Havv., Monogr., 1831, p. 1-16). L'espérance de Haworth a été jusqu'ici bien déçue, car M. Spach est de tous les auteurs subséquents celui qui a eu le plus d'égards pour l'œuvre de l'auteur anglais, et il n'admet les seize genres de ce dernier qu'à titre de sections ou sous -genres, dont toutes les espèces sont pour lui des Narcisses, comme on les entendait pré cédemment. Le tableau monographique que M. Spach donne du genre ainsi partagé est d'ailleurs exactement calqué sur la mono graphie de Haworth, dont il n'est, à proprement parler, qu'une traduction française (Spach, Hist. nat. des végét. plianérog., XU, 1846, p. 430-/155). W. Herbert avait, avant M. Spach, porté la hache, d'une main plus hardie, sur le travail de Haworlh, et réduit presque à rien son échafaudage, W. Herbert, le grand réformateur des Amaryllida cées, n'admet les divisions génériques de Haworth, avec leur cir conscription originelle, que pour le Corbularia et le Narcissus (ce dernier restreint au N. poeticus et aux deux espèces les plus voi sines); Oileus rentre pour lui dans Ajax; Assaracus et Illus, dans Ganymedes; Diomedes, Tros, Schizanthus, Philogyne et Jonquilla, àansQueltia;Chlorasterj dans Hermione; et Helena, dans Narcissus. De sorte que, pour W. Herbert, les seize genres de Haworth se trouvent réduits à six : Corbularia, Ajax, Gany medes, Queltia, Narcissus et Hermione (W. Herb., AmarylL^ 1837, p. 296-329), Digitized by Google NARGISSÉeS. 77 Kunlli, venu plus tard, a conservé intacts les cadres tracés pai son devancier, et il s'est contenté d'en enrichir le contenu par un travail qui n'est point sans mérite, quoique en majeure partie coni pilatoire (Kunth, Enum., V, 1850, p. 704-758). Huit ans après, M. Parlatore arrive avec un tableau fait à neuf et consciencieusement élaboré des Narcissées d'Italie. Les genres Corbularia et Ganymedes n'y figurent point, attendu que ce sont des types occidentaux qui manquent à la péninsule italique. Mais l'auteur a des matériaux pour les quatre autres genres de Herbert, et il en admet Irois, comprenant VHerrnione dans le Narcissus^ et restreignant le Quellia aux seuls A^ incomparabilis et odorus. Les Narcissées d'Italie se composent donc pour M. Parlatore des trois genres Ajax., Quellia (modifié comme je viens de le dire) et Nar cissus^ embrassant VHerrnione de Herbert (Parlât., jF/. tto/., Ill, i, 1858, p. 106-160). Je décrirai plus loin, sous le nom d'Aurélia^ un genre nou veau qui fait partie du même groupe, auquel '1 faut encore ratta cher, suivant moi, le Carregnoa^ genre que Herbert et Kunth rapportent, sous le nom de Tapeinanthus^ à la section Slernber gieœ dans la tribu Àmaryllideœ des vraies Amaryllidées. Le groupe des Narcissées se composerait donc aujourd'hui des sept genres Corbularia^ Ajax^ Quellia^ Ganymedes, Narcissus^ Au rélia et Carregnoa. Quel est le mérite de ces genres ? On en jugera par le tableau suivant, dans lequel j'ai résumé les principaux caractères de cha cun d'eux. Tube floral largement obconique; limbe largement ouvert; couronne au moins aussi longue que le limbe; filaments soudés avec le tube par leur base seulement, libres dans tout le reste de leur longueur. Filaments ascendants, égalant à peu près la couronne : Corbularia. Filaments droits, d'égale longueur, trois fois au moins plus courts que la couronne: Ajax(1). (1) M. Parlalore se trompe, je crois, lorsqu'il cherche un autre caractère do WAjax dans l'anthère ûxco aaûlament par l'échancrure de sa base (Parlai., VI, Digitized by Google 78 s. «AY. Tube cylindrique, peu ou point renflé au sommet ; limbe réflichi, à la manière des Cyclamen; couronne très longue, égalant à peu près le limbe -, fllaments soudés au tube de manière à former deux verticiUes libres dans la moitié supérieure du tube, ceux du verticille inférieur in clus, ou peu saillants , ceux du verticille supérieur plus longs , égalant quelquefois ou même dépassant la longueur de la couronne : Gànymedbs. Tube étroitement obconique, passante la forme cylindrique; limbe lar gement ouvert', couronne de moitié plus courte que le limbe ; filaments soudés au tube de manière à former deux verticilles libres dans la moitié supérieure do tube, ceux du verticille inférieur plus longs, aucun d'eux ne dépassant le sommet du tube : Queltia. Tube cylindrique ; couronne généralement beaucoup plus courte que le limbe, au moins de moitié ; fllaments soudés au tube, de manière à former deux verticilles libres dans la moitié supérieure du tube. Limbe largement ouvert; couronne quelquefois rùdimentaire; tous les filaments inclus; ou les supérieurs peu saillants : NABassus. Limbe relevé en cloche; couronne rudimentaire ; les filaments infé rieurs inclus, les supérieurs atteignant le tiers du limbe : Aurélia. Tube obconique, très court ; limbe dressé, en forme de cône renversé, quatre ou cinq fois plus long que le tube; couronne rudimentaire; fila ital.y III, I, p. 4 07 et 4 09). Dans VAjaxt comme dans toutes les autres Narcis sées, les deux loges de Tanlhère sont réunies par un étroit et mince connectif qui s arrête un peu en deçà de la base de Tanthère, où les deux loges prolongées forment une échancrure. Mais ce n'est point par cette échancrure que le filament saisit Tanthère, c'est par un point plus élevé et par son dos, de sorte que l'an ibère ayant 1 2°*" de longueur et son échancrure basilaire %'^, c*est à i""" de la base des loges que le filament s'attache à l'anthère* C'est là ce qu'on voit dans rélamine encore vierge, avec les mesures et proportions que je viens d'indiquer. Plus tard, et après la dehiscence^ Téchancrure peut bien se prolonger par déchi rement et atteindre le point d'attache de Tanthère» de manière à faire paraître celle-ci fixée par sa base. Mais ce n'est qu'une apparence qui ne change rieo à l'état réel des choses. Le seul fait qui vaille la peine d'être remarqué, c'est qu'ici le filament saisit Tanthère par son tiers inférieur, tandis que dans la plu part des autres Narcissées, c'est par un point qui touche de très près à son milieu. Digitized by. Google NAHQIMÉI». 70 ments soudés au tube, de manière à fonuer deux verticilles fixés Tun à la base, l'autre au sommet du tube, tous ces filaments très saillants et dépas sant les deux tiers du limbe : CiuiHEGNOÂ. On voit, par ce tableau, que la plupart des sept genres ont quelque chose d'important qui leur est propre et qui peut fort bien les caractériser comme genres. Le Corbularia est remarquable entre tous par ses filaments ascendants; le Corbularia etVAjaœ le sont par leurs filaments libres presque à partir de la base du tube ; le Carragnoa Vest par son limbe floral dressé en cône ren versé et par ses filaments formant deux verticilles aux deux extré mités d'un tube très court; VÀurelia par son limbe floral relevé en cloche ; le Narcissus^ enfin , par ses deux verticilles staminaux superposés dans la moîlic supérieure du tube. Le Ga nymedes diKère in Narcissus par des caractères moins importants, limbe réfléchi, couronne très grande, filaments supérieurs très saillants, égalant presque ou même dépassant la couronne; j'es time néanmoins qu'il 'doit aussi être conservé comme genre. Quant au Queltiay réduil, comme le propose M. Parlatore, aux deux espèces incomparabilis et odora, il ne se distingue dn Nar cissus que par le caractère tout à fait insignifiant de son tube floral plus évasé dans le haut, c'est-à-dire plus conique, moins cylindri que, d'où il suit que, pour moi, c'est un élément à réintégrer purement et simplement dans le genre Narcissu^. Groupe des Narcisses à couronne rudimentaire. Quoi qu'il en soit de ces distinctions génériques, il y a dans le genre Narcissus^ tel qu'il est aujourd'hui circonscrit par M. Par latore, un groupe très naturel qui se compose exclusivement d'espèces automnales et à fleurs blanches ou vertes, groupe que Herbert* Kunth et M. Parlatore ont parfaitement reconnu, sans pouvoir lui assigner d'autre caractère que sa floraison tardive. Ces plantes ne sauraient, dans aucune classification, être séparées les unes des autres; Haworth est le seul auteur qui ait été assez mal inspiré pour en détacher une (le Narcissus viridifliytus ScbousbO, sous le titre générique de Chhrasteré Digitized by Google 80 J. «AY. Kunth, qui a fidèlement recueilli les traditions de ses devan ciers, énuaière comme faisant partie de ce groupe : Hermicne elegans Haw., H. serotina Haw., H, autumnalis Rœm., H. œqui limba Herb., H. obsoleta Haw., H. deficiens Kunlh et H. viridi flora Haw. (Kunth, Enum.^ V, p. 748-751). Mais de celle richesse apparente il y a beaucoup à rabattre. VHermione œquilimba Herb., d'après la figure qu'en donne l'auteur (Amaryll.^ tab. Û8, lîg. 1), appartient évidemment à la section toute* différente du A^. Tazetla. VH. autumnalis Rœm. n'est, de son côté, qu'un synonyme pur et simple de YH, elegans. Il en est à peu près de même àeVH. deficiens Kunth (Narcissus deficiens Herb.), qui ne diffère de VHermione serotina que par un caractère insignifiant de la couronne , organe éminemment variable dans cette espèce. Enfin VH. obsoleta n'a d'autre base qu'une horrible figure du Pa radisus terrestris de Parkinson, dans laquelle il est permis de reconnaître encore VHermione serotina, en tenant compte de la barbarie tout exceptionnelle qui distingue les gravures sur bois de cet ouvrage. Ces retranchements opérés, il ne reste plus que trois espèces dans le groupe des Narcisses d'automne, savoir : Narcissus elegans , N. viridiflorus et N. serotinus. Je ne connais le second que par la description et la figure de Schousboe (Marokk., 1800, p. 157, lab. 2), el par la table 1687 du Botanical Magazine^ d'où il ressort que c'est une espèce très voisine du iV. elegans, quoique très remarquable par ses fleurs vertes. Quant aux N. elegans eX serotinus^ je puis en parler en toute connaissance de cause, grâce aux plantes vivantes qui récemment m'ont été envoyées d'Oran par M. Munby, et dans lesquelles j'ai pu reconnaître tous les caractères essentiels de la végétation, grâce aussi aux nombreux échantillons des deux espèces que j'ai pu comparer dans plusieurs des grands herbiers de Paris. Je me propose de montrer ici, d'abord, qu'indépendamment de leur floraison automnale, les deux plantes ont dans leur organisation plusieurs caractères communs qui leur sont propres , et qui, bien que minutieux en apparence, permettront de les caractériser comme groupe particulier et naturel du genre Narcissus, tel que l'entend M. Parlatore. Je signalerai ensuite un caractère singulier Digitized by Google NARGISSÉ1S8. 81 de végétation par lequel les mêmes plantes dîffèrentrune de l'autre, et qui est resté à peu près complètement inaperçu jusqu'à ce jour. Caractères de la végétation communs auK Nardssui elegans et serotinus. Dans le N. elegans^ la pousse de l'année, observée au moment delà floraison, se compose d'abord de deux ou trois gaines sans limbe, emboîtées les unes par les autres, à sommet tronqué , et de longueur successivement croissante^ la seconde plus longue' que la première et la troisième plus que la seconde, ces trois gaines se succédant dans Tordre alterne-distique. Après les gaines vient une véritable feuille, qui continue l'ordre précédent et ac quiert tout son développement pendant la floraison, feuille à base courtement tubulée, et à limbe glauque, linéaire-subulé, fortement canaliculé en dessus.  l'intérieur du tube basilaire de cette feuille, sont un scape floral, le seul que la plante doive produire dans sa période actuelle de végétation, et un minime bourgeon foliaire préparé pour l'année suivante, ces deux parties tellement placées que le bourgeon semble logé dans Vaisselle de la feuille, tandis que la hampe semble appliquée au côté ventral de la même feuille. On croirait qu'il en est ici comme de beaucoup d'Amarylli dées, où le scape est terminal, et où l'axe, constitué en sympode, se continue par un bourgeon axillaire. Mais un examen attentif montre bientôt qu'ici le bourgeon n'est point réellement axillaire, puisque sa première feuille, la seule de ses parties qui soit encore visible et qui forme un tube ouvert au sommet seulement, a son ouverture tournée, non du côté de la feuille supposée mère, mais du côté opposé, c'est-à-dire du côté de la hampe. Or c'est ainsi que se comporte le bourgeon vraiment terminal dans toutes les autres Narcissées, où il tourne le dos à l'avant^dernière feuille, faisant face au scape floral. Quant à la hampe florale, elle n'est extraaxillaire qu'en apparence. Partout ailleurs dans les Narcis sées, cette hampe sort de l'aisselle d'une feuille dimidiée, qui est toujours opposée face à face à la feuille parfaite et à base tubulée qui a précédé. Ordinairement développée en un limbe 4' série. Bot. T. X. (Cahier n" 2.) a 6 Digitized by Google 82 J. «AT. vert, cette feuille dimidiée e^ quelquefois réduite à une simple écaille difficile à apercevoir ( exemples Ajaœ Pseudo-Narcissu$ et N. Tazelta). Celte feuille peut manquer tout à fait, puisqu'elle a une tendance si évidente à Tavortement. Elle manque com plètement dans le N. elegans^ ou du moins je n'ai pas su en reconnaître la moindre trace dans les quatre bulbes de cette plante que j'ai successivement analysés a Tétat frais. Supposez celle feuille rétablie, la pousse annuelle du N. elegans se trouvera composée de & . ou 5 organes foliaires, se suivant sans aucune •interruption dans Tordre allerne-dislique, avec une inflorescence dans Taissclle de la feuille supérieure, inflorescence immédiate ment suivie par le bourgeon terminal, dont le propre, en cas de succession immédiate, est de faire face au scape par sa première feuille. 11 est impossible d'expliquer autrement l'anomalie que pré» sente le A^. elegans^ mais Tabsence cou)plète de la feuille florale n'en est pas moins un fait remarquable qui peut être employé à caractériser le groupe dont celle plante fait partie. L'étude du iV. serotinus m'a eiïectivement appris qu'avec des circonstances un peu différentes, le sommet de l'axe, dans celte plante, oflrait exactement la même défectuosité. Un autre caractère commun aux deux espèces réside dans la base tubuleuse et charnue des feuilles, qui est destinée à devenir tunique succulente, et qui, épuisée par le temps, se transformera en une simple membrane sèche et sans vie. A la base intérieure de ces dernières membranes, on remarque, en effet, de nombreuses séries longitudinales de points blancs qui se détachent élégam ment sur le fond brun ou noirâtre de la uiembrane, et qui parais* sent manquer dans sa moitié supérieure. Ces points blancs doivent leur origine à des cellules allongées d'une nature partieidière, fai*^ sant partie du parenchyme de la feuille, ici détruit en majeure par tie, et mis à nu par la disparition do l'épiderme qui recouvrait la face intérieure. A ma prière, M. le docteur Weddell a bien voulu examiner microscopiquement ces cellules dans les tuniques encore fraîclics de quelques autres Narcissécs où elles ont les mêmes apparences, et il les a trouvées remjilies de paquets de raphides ou cristaux. Les cellules ù raphides sont, comme chacun sait, très Digitized by Google NARGISSÉes. 8ft communes dans les tissus végétaux ; mais il eèt rare de les voir distribuées comme ici en séries nombreuses et régulières. Le Car* regnoa (où elles ont été étudiées par M. Weddell), le Corbularia et le GanymedeSy en fournissent d'autres exemples parmi les Naç cissées; mais je ne les ai pas rencontrées ailleurs dans les plantes de cette tribu (1). La manière àont les scapes floraux se comportent dans le travail de la dessiccation fournit un dernier trait, bien insignifiant sans doute, par lequel nos deux plantes se montrent étroitement alliées. A rétat frais, ces scapes nWrent rien d'autre qu'un cylindre plein, et sans aucune irrégularité de contour. Mais secs, tels qu'on les trouve dans nos herbiers, on y remarque très souvent des nœuds écartés au nombre de 1 à 5, et semblables à ceux des Joncs dits articulés, semblables en apparence, et ayant pourtant une toute autre orgine, puisqu'ils proviennent, dans les Joncs, de dia phragmes intérieurs qui manquent complètement à nos Narcisses. Je n'aperçois pas la cause de ce phénomène du retrait inégal des tissus du scape ; mais le fait existe, et il avait d'autant plus de droit à être meiitiooné ici, qu'il a été représenté par Clusius dans sa figure du N. serotinus (Uisp.^ p. 252;. Hist. pL, p, 162)^ puis reproduit avec exagération dans une figure de Parkinson ÇParad.^ p. 88^ fig. d), et enfin rappelé maintes fois par les au* teurs subséquents, Miller, Tenore, Haworth et autres, qui décri* vent le scape du iV. serotinw comme articulé. Herbert, qui en donne une figure singulièrement exagérée {Amaryll.^ tab. Al, fig. 30), pense que ces faux nceiids provieiment des œufs ou des larves d'un très petit insecte, déposés dans l'intérieur du scape, ce qui ne oie paraU nullement probable. Les auteurs que je viens de citer semblent croire que ces noeuds sont un attribut particulier du N. serotinus. Peut-être y sontnls plus communs ; mais ils existent certainement aussi dans le N. elegans^ et quelquefois très forte* (4) DepiÛB que ceci est écrit, j'ai retrouvé la même particularité dans les Nàr^ çis8U8 Tazellay Joimuilla^ juncifolius et dubiuB (quatre vrais Narcisses), où elle est encore mieux marquée, les rangées de points blancs y étant plus nombreuses et visibles sur toute la longueur de la tunique^ ce qui réduit de beaucoup la va leur que ]*avais d*abord attachée à ce caractère* Digitized by Google Sli J. «AY. nient marques, comme je l'ai vu dans un échantillon recollé par Bové aux environs d'Alger. Les deux plantes qui m'occupent ont donc pour caractères communs : l"* floraison automnale ; 2"" défaut de feuille mère a la base du scape floral ; â"" cellules à raphides nombreuseSi disposées en séries longitudinales dans le parenchyme de la base des feuilles, et visibles à Tœil nu, sous la forme de points blancs, a la base de la face interne des tuniques sèches ; 4' scape floral plein et cylin drique à l'état frais, subissant par la dessiccation un retrait parti culier et inégal, qui souvent le fait paraître marqué de nœuds inégalement espacés. Le Né serotinus est très ordinairement privé de feuilles. J'ai dit en quoi les deux espèces s accordent principalement. Il me resterait à dire en quoi elles diffèrent. Les auteurs qui m'ont précédé ont trouvé dans l'inflorescence, dans la forme des lanières du périgone, dans la couronne, etc., des différences palpables, qui séparent à tout jamais les deux plantes. Je les récapitulerai plus loin, et il est inutile que je m'y arrête ici. Mais les mêmes auleurs parlent d'un autre caractère qui distinguerait les deux espèces. Suivant eux, les feuilles seraient hysléranlhiées dans le N serotinus^ et synanthiées dans le N. elegans. Or je crains que cette assertion ne repose sur une grande erreur de fait, et c'est ce que je vais essayer de démontrer. Dans le iV. serotinus^ où la hampe florale est dépourvue de feuille mère comme dans le N. elegans. la pousse de l'année est d'ailleurs autrement composée. Elle commence par une gaine sans limbe, à sommet tronqué ; puis vient une autre gaine, incluse dans la première, tantôt tronquée comme la précédente, et alors (rois ou quatre fois plus courte, tantôt prolongée en une lame blanche et flnement membraneuse, qui simule un limbe sans être une véritable feuille, et qui jamais n'atteint le sommet de la game précédente. Au delà on ne trouve pins rien que le scapc floral et le bourgeon terminal, tous deux dans la même position relativement à la gaine n° 2, (juc les mêmes parties vis-à-vis de la feuille véri Digitized by Google NABCISSéRS. 85 table et unique du N. elegans. Par conséquent, point de fouille verle, au moins dans les quatre bulbes, adultes et florifères, qui me sont venus d'Oran, et que j'ai pu analyser vivants : je dis adultes, puisqu'il n*est pas un seul de ces bulbes dans lequel je n'aie reconnu, indépendamment du scape floral actuellement dé veloppé, les restes d'une ou de deux anciennes inflorescences, sans compter une ou deux inflorescences plus anciennes, dont il serait possible de retrouver les traces parmi les tuniques épuisées et de nature scarieuse, qui persistent en grand nombre autour de l'oignon. Tel est le N. serotimis dans son état adulte ; mais il en est au trement de la jeune plante, lorsqu'elle n'a pas encore porté fleur. C'est ce que j'ai pu reconnaître de mes propres yeux dans un faible bnlbille, mêlé aux bulbes florifères que m'envoyait M. Munby. Deux tuni(iues de l'année précédente et de consistance semi-char nue formaient la seule enveloppe de ce bulbille. A ces tuniques succédait un entre-nœud solide, grêle, de forme conique, et long de 10 millimètres sur 3 de largeur basilaire, ce qui est probable ment une anomalie analogue à celle qu'Irmisch a signalée dans le Leiu^'um vernum {Knôllen-und Ztviebelgew,^ tab. 7, fig. 10 et 11). La végétation nouvelle continuait et couronnait le sommet du cône, composée de deux gaines, à sommet tronqué, longues de 10 et 16 millimètres, la seconde plus longue que la première; les feuilles longues successivement de S et 8 centimètres, dépas sant par conséquent de beaucoup les gaines sans limbe, à bnse plus ou moins longuement tubulée, avec limbe vert, cylindrico subiilé, et large d'à peine 1 millimètre, par conséquent très diffé rentes de la feuille unique du N. elegans, dont.le limbe, large de 2 A à 3 millimètres, est profondément canaliculé en dessus. A côté de cet appareil central continuant l'axe primaire, et naissant pa reillement du sommet du long entre-nœud déjà décrit, était (aulre anomalie) un minime bulbille de second ordre, dans lequel j'ni pu reconnaître une fibre radicale descendante, une gaîne sans limbe, ouverte au sommet du côté de l'axe, et une feuille verlo, plus courte que celles de la pousse principale. Les deux appareils, primaire et secondaire, étaient sans doute terminés par un rudi Digitized by Google 86 s. «AY. ment de bourgeon ; mais la ténuité des parties à disséquer ne m'a pas permis de le mettre à nu. Telles sont mes observations faites sur le vif, d'où il suivrait qu'avant d'avoir fleuri, le bulbe du iV. serotinus iporte une ou deux feuilles, précédées d'une ou deux gaines sans limbe, tandis que ce même bulbe, adulte et florifère, ne porte plus aucune feuille, réduit qu'il est à deux gaines sans limbe. Voyons maintenant ce que disent les auteurs; je parle des au teurs, en très petit nombre, qui, distinguant le ]l. serotinus du N. elegansj ou décrivant indubitablement le premier, ont touché la question de ses feuilles. Je transcris mot à mot ces témoignages dans l'ordre inverse de leur affinité avec mes propres observa tions ; « Folia post anthesin progredientia, fereut mScilla autumnali. » (Haw.,itfono(jfr., 1831, p. IS.) « Les feuilles sont toujours synanthiées dans cette espèce {N. V oœypetalus s» iV. elegans)^ œ qui n'arrive que rarement dans »le N, serotinus. » (Boiss., Foy, bot. Esp,^ 18S9*d5, p. 606.) « Folia vere hysteranthia, cylindrico-filiformia, interdum cum DC terra erumpunt semiteretia. » (Bianca in Guss., Fl.sie.sy^ nops., II, 2, 18Û4, p. 810.) « Feuilles solitaires ou géminées, étroitement linéaires et presque » filiformes, canaliculées en dessus, plus courtes que la tige, f)e » paraissant ordinairement qu'après les fleurs. » (Gren. et Godr., Fi rfeFr., Ill, 1,1855, p. 258.) « Folia hysteranthia, junciformia, glaucescentia, erecta, sca|>o «breviora. «(^Parlat., FLitaL, III, 1,4858, p. 157.) Voilà cinq auteurs qui décrivent le N. serotinus comme muni de feuilles et de feuilles hystéranthiées. Bianca et Parlatore les disent cylindrico-filiformes, comme j'ai vu celles des jeunes bulbilles. M. Grenier les désigne comme canaliculées en dessus, ce qui semble emprunté au iV. elegam^ qui pourtant ne vient pas en Corse (1). Quoi qu'il en soit, ces textes montrent qu'aucun des (1) Le Narùissus serotinus a été indiqué en Corse par tous les Aoristes fran çais qui se sont succédé depuis Tannée 4 897 (Lois., Nouv, nor; p. 44. Ejusd. Digitized by Google NAftClSSÉÉS. 87 cinq auteur» n'avnit connaissance du phénomène que je signale ici. oBuIbus si primum florem profert, foliis dcstitutus est. Va » gina sola tubulosa membranacea scapum ambit. Dein folia pro Dgerminant, sesquipollicem aut duos pollices longa. » (Curt. Spreng., Neue Entdeck., II, 1821, p. 8.) — Les mots si primum florem profert sont quelque peu ambigus. On pourrait croire que la plante est dépourvue de feuilles lorsqu'elle fleurit pour la pre mière fois, primtim étant alors adjectif; mais la suite montre clai rement que ce mot doit être pris comme adverbe, de manière à signifier au commencement rfe la floraison. De sorte que voilà un sixième auteur qui n*a rien vu de ce que j'expose ici. « Nascitur plurimus ad Anam flumen in Turdulis (1) ubi floren » tem, et suis capitulis jam maturescere incipientibus, eruebam sub Fi. gaU,, éd. 9« ,1, p. S37; Daby BoL gaU. I, p. 456; Gren. et Godr., F<. dâ Fr., ni, p. 258). Maip les caractères qu'ils indiquent, scape uni ou multiflore [Lois, et Duby), /latin de une à trois, rarement plus (Gren.), feuilles canaliculées en dessus (Gren.), divisions périgoniales lancéolées ou lancéolées-linéaires ^ aigui's ou acuminées, mucronées (Gren.), ont pu faire croire qu'ils prenaient le N. ele gans pour le :V. seroiinus, ou que les deux plantes venaient en Corse. Mais il n'en est rien. J'ai en ce moment sous les yeux tous les échantillons que M. Moquin-Tandon possède dans son riche herbier de Corse, et qui pourraient être rapportés à l'une ou à Tautrede ces espèces, échanlillons récoltés en diffé rents temps par Soleirol, Serafino, Requien et M. Moquin-Tandon lui-même. Ils sont au nombre de 86, provenant les uns de Bonifacio, les autres du cap Rivelata près Calvi, et de l'tle Rousse au nord-est de Calvi (c'est-à-dire exclu sivement de la côte occidentale de Tlle, y compris son extrémité méridionale], et je puis attester qu'ils appartiennent tous au vrai N, serotinus, tel qu'il est par tout ailleurs. Le scape floral y est ordinairement uniflore, rarement bifloro et jamais triflore. Les échantillons biflores, au nombre de 7 sur 86 (4 sur 4 3 environ), ont été récoltés parmi les uniflores, 5 à Bonifacio, un au cap Rivelata et un à l'tle Rousse. Ailleurs, les deux espèces viennent souvent ensemble, mais en Corse et en Sardaigue, comme en Grèce et en Espagne, on n'a jusqu'ici ren contré que le N, seroîinus. (1) Les Turduli étaient une peuplade de la Bétique, dont le territoire s'éten dait au nord jusqu'à Mérida, sur le fleuve Anas^ aujourd'hui Guadiana (D'Anville, Géogr, anc, '1768, I, p. 44). Il est donc très probable que Clusius désigne ici l'Estramadure espagnole, c est-à-dire la même contrée où, 170 ans plus l^rd, Lœfling devait récolter notre plante, en se rendant de Lisbonne à Madrid. Digitized by Google 88 J. MY. »> Oclobris fineni, niillis e bulbo nalis foliis, nee ulla eorum vesli » gia observans, quod sane mihi admiralioni fuit. » {Cius.y Hist., 1601, p. 162.) — Clusius était un auteur exact, qui ne pouvait confondre une plante sans feuilles avec une plante à feuilles hysté ranthiées. Il dit n'avoir vu aucune trace de feuilles sur le bulbe fleurissant ou fruclifié du N, serotinus, ce qui est parfaitement conforme à mon observation. Mais pour trouver ce premier témoi gnagne concordant, il m'a fallu remonter presque à Torigine historique du A^. serotinus, deux cent cinquante-huit années en arrière du jour où j'écris ces lignes! Ce n'est pas le seul témoignage que je puisse invoquer en faveur de mon observation : Uno avulso non deficit alter aureus. Une lettre de M. Munby, datée d'Oran le 23 novembre dernier, m'en fournit un second bien plus complet et plus explicite, jéprès avoir cultivé la plante dans un pot pour étudier ses feuilles et ses fruits, M. Munby m'écrivait, sans commentaire ni développement aucun, ces simples paroles : « Le Narcissus serotinus, quand il » fleurit y ne possède pas de feuilles ; les jeunes bulbes qui ne fleu » rissent pas en ont. ^ Le second membre de la phrase explique ce que le premier pourrait avoir de douteux. M. Munby veut dire non-seulement que le bulbe adulte et florifère est dépourvu de feuilles, mais encore qu'on trouve des feuilles sur les bulbilles non encore mûris pour la production florale. Or c'est précisément à ce double fait que m'ont conduit mes propres observations, quant aux cinq bulbes, un jeune et quatre adultes, que j'ai pu étudier vivants dans tous leurs détails. Là n'est pourtant point encore toute la vérité sur la végétation du N. serotinus. J'ai dit que, dans celte espèce, le scape floral était immédiatement précédé d'une gaine beaucoup plus courte que la précédente, et quelquefois munie d'un faux limbe. C'est une feuille avortée qui est destinée à rester telle, mais qui, dans certaines circonstances favorables, pourra très bien se développer en vraie feuille, et c'est effectivement ce qui arrive quelquefois, mais si rarement, qu'il y a lieu de dire qu'ici l'exception confirme la règle. L'exception est même si rare, qu'après avoir tenu, un à un, 162 échantillons de la plante (86 dans l'herbier corse de M. Mo Digitized by Google NiRClSSÉCS. 89 quin-Tandon, â9 dans l'herbier de M. Cosson, 33 dans le mien, et û dans la collection grecque de Chaubard (celle-ci dans Therbier de M. Delesserl), je n'ai pu en trouver que trois exemples, prove nant l'un du cap Rivelata près Calvi, l'autre de Bonifacio, et le troisième de Morée. Là était une véritable feuille, succédant à une gaine sans limbe, et trois ou quatre fois plus longue que celle gaine, feuille filiforme, accompagnant Tinflorescence, et tantôt d'égale longueur, tantôt de moitié plus courte, et en tout cas synanthiée comme la feuille beaucoup plus robuste du N. elegans. 11 est à remarquer que, dans Téchantillon de Bonifacio, la feuille, exceptionnellement développée, était marquée de trois nœuds espacés, comme le scape floral lui-même. En voilà plus qu'il n'en faut pour montrer que les auteurs cités plus haut, tous à l'exception de Clusius, ont méconnu le vrai ca ractère de la végétation du N. serotintis. L'un d'eux se trompe, lorsqu'il attribue à cette plante des feuilles canaliculées en dessus, ce qui n'appartient qu'au iV. elegans. C'est à tort aussi, il le paraît du moins, que la plupart d'entre eux disent les feuilles hystéran Ihiées, puisque je les ai vues synanthiées dans les trois seuls échantillons où elles se soient montrées à moi. Mais la grande çrreur qui leur est commune à tous , c'est d'av.oir admis cette plante, au moins par leur silence, comme toujours accompagnée de feuilles, lorsqu'il résulte des nombreux matériaux que j'ai eus sous les yeux, que son bulbe florifère n'est feuille qu'une fois sur cinquante-quatre , et que par conséquent il doit être tenu pour normalement aphylle, ce qui, dans la famille des Amaryllidacées, comme dans toutes les familles voisines, est un fait tout à fait extraordinaire. Je résume et complète ce qui précède par le tableau monogra phique des trois Narcisses d'automne, suivi de la description des deux autres genres dont j'ai parlé plus haut, et qui appartiennent à la même tribu, genres qui touchent aux Narcisses d'automne par leur couronne rudimentaire, quoique d'ailleurs très distincts. Digitized by Google 90 s. «AY. NARCISSUS § SECT. AUTOMNALES. Scapi floralis matrix folium nullum. Scapus partium relractione quadam peculiari et inœquali per intervalla seepissime nodosns (ut fere Juncorum sic dictorum articulatorum). Arid» membranœ, bulbum quGB imbricatœ vestiunl, latere interiore punctis albidis io series longitudinales frequentissimas ordinatis (indicio cellularum subcutanearum raphididibus plenarum) per lenlem affabre piet». |
github_open_source_100_8_19847 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Linq;
using Signum.Utilities;
using Signum.Entities.Reflection;
using Signum.Engine.DynamicQuery;
using System.Reflection;
using Signum.Entities;
using Signum.Engine.Maps;
using Signum.Engine.Basics;
using Signum.Entities.Help;
using Signum.Engine.Operations;
using Signum.Utilities.Reflection;
namespace Signum.Engine.Help
{
public static class HelpGenerator
{
public static string GetPropertyHelp(PropertyRoute pr)
{
string? validations = Validator.TryGetPropertyValidator(pr)?.Let(vs => vs.Validators.Where(v => !(v is NotNullValidatorAttribute)).CommaAnd(v => v.HelpMessage));
if (validations.HasText())
validations = HelpMessage.Should.NiceToString() + validations;
validations += ".";
if (Reflector.IsIEntity(pr.Type))
{
Implementations imp = Schema.Current.FindImplementations(pr);
return EntityProperty(pr, pr.Type, imp.TypeLinks(pr.Type)) + validations;
}
else if (pr.Type.IsLite())
{
Type cleanType = Lite.Extract(pr.Type)!;
Implementations imp = Schema.Current.FindImplementations(pr);
return EntityProperty(pr, cleanType, imp.TypeLinks(cleanType)) + validations;
}
else if (Reflector.IsEmbeddedEntity(pr.Type))
{
return EntityProperty(pr, pr.Type, pr.Type.NiceName());
}
else if (Reflector.IsMList(pr.Type))
{
Type elemType = pr.Type.ElementType()!;
if (elemType.IsIEntity())
{
Implementations imp = Schema.Current.FindImplementations(pr.Add("Item"));
return HelpMessage._0IsACollectionOfElements1.NiceToString(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), imp.TypeLinks(elemType)) + validations;
}
else if (elemType.IsLite())
{
Implementations imp = Schema.Current.FindImplementations(pr.Add("Item"));
return HelpMessage._0IsACollectionOfElements1.NiceToString(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), imp.TypeLinks(Lite.Extract(elemType)!)) + validations;
}
else if (Reflector.IsEmbeddedEntity(elemType))
{
return HelpMessage._0IsACollectionOfElements1.NiceToString(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), elemType.NiceName()) + validations;
}
else
{
string valueType = ValueType(pr.Add("Item"));
return HelpMessage._0IsACollectionOfElements1.NiceToString(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), valueType) + validations;
}
}
else if (pr.Type.UnNullify() == typeof(PrimaryKey))
{
var vt = ValueType(PrimaryKey.Type(pr.RootType), false, null, null);
return HelpMessage._0IsThePrimaryKeyOf1OfType2.NiceToString().FormatWith(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), pr.RootType.NiceName(), vt) + validations;
}
else
{
string valueType = ValueType(pr);
return HelpMessage._0IsA1.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(NaturalLanguageTools.GetGender(valueType)).FormatWith(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), valueType) + validations;
}
}
static string EntityProperty(PropertyRoute pr, Type propertyType, string typeName)
{
var orNull = IsNullable(pr) == true ? HelpMessage.OrNull.NiceToString() : null;
if (pr.PropertyInfo!.IsDefaultName())
return
HelpMessage.The0.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(propertyType.GetGender()).FormatWith(typeName) + " " +
HelpMessage.OfThe0.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(pr.Parent!.Type.GetGender()).FormatWith(pr.Parent.Type.NiceName()).Add(" ", orNull);
else
return
HelpMessage._0IsA1.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(propertyType.GetGender()).FormatWith(pr.PropertyInfo!.NiceName(), typeName).Add(" ", orNull);
}
static string ValueType(PropertyRoute pr)
{
Type type = pr.Type;
string? format = Reflector.FormatString(pr);
string? unit = pr.PropertyInfo?.GetCustomAttribute<UnitAttribute>()?.UnitName;
bool? nullable = IsNullable(pr);
return ValueType(type, nullable, format, unit);
}
private static bool? IsNullable(PropertyRoute pr)
{
if (pr.PropertyInfo == null)
return null;
return (Validator.TryGetPropertyValidator(pr)?.Validators.Any(a => a is NotNullValidatorAttribute) ?? false) ? false :
pr.PropertyInfo!.IsNullable() == true ? true : (bool?)null;
}
private static string ValueType(Type type, bool? nullable, string? format, string? unit)
{
Type cleanType = Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type) ?? type;
string typeName =
cleanType.IsEnum ? HelpMessage.ValueLike0.NiceToString(Enum.GetValues(cleanType).Cast<Enum>().CommaOr(e => e.NiceToString())) :
cleanType == typeof(decimal) && unit != null && unit == "€" ? HelpMessage.Amount.NiceToString() :
cleanType == typeof(DateTime) && format == "d" ? HelpMessage.Date.NiceToString() :
NaturalTypeDescription(cleanType);
string? orNull = nullable ?? (Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type) != null) ? HelpMessage.OrNull.NiceToString() : null;
return typeName.Add(" ", unit != null ? HelpMessage.ExpressedIn.NiceToString() + unit : null).Add(" ", orNull);
}
static string TypeLinks(this Implementations implementations, Type type)
{
if (implementations.IsByAll)
return HelpMessage.Any.NiceToString() + " " + type.TypeLink();
return implementations.Types.CommaOr(TypeLink);
}
static string TypeLink(this Type type)
{
string? cleanName = TypeLogic.TryGetCleanName(type);
if (cleanName.HasText())
return "[t:" + cleanName + "]";
return type.NiceName();
}
static string PropertyLink(this PropertyRoute route)
{
string cleanName = TypeLogic.GetCleanName(route.RootType);
return "[p:" + cleanName + "." + route.PropertyString().Replace("[", "[[").Replace("]", "]]") + "]";
}
static string NaturalTypeDescription(Type type)
{
switch (Type.GetTypeCode(type))
{
case TypeCode.Boolean:
return HelpMessage.BooleanValue.NiceToString();
case TypeCode.Char:
return HelpMessage.Character.NiceToString();
case TypeCode.DateTime:
return HelpMessage.DateTime.NiceToString();
case TypeCode.SByte:
case TypeCode.Byte:
case TypeCode.UInt16:
case TypeCode.UInt32:
case TypeCode.UInt64:
case TypeCode.Int16:
case TypeCode.Int32:
case TypeCode.Int64:
return HelpMessage.Integer.NiceToString();
case TypeCode.Decimal:
case TypeCode.Double:
case TypeCode.Single:
return HelpMessage.Value.NiceToString();
case TypeCode.String:
return HelpMessage.String.NiceToString();
}
return type.Name;
}
public static string GetOperationHelp(Type type, OperationSymbol symbol)
{
var operationInfo = OperationLogic.GetOperationInfo(type, symbol);
switch (operationInfo.OperationType)
{
case OperationType.Execute:
return HelpMessage.Call0Over1OfThe2.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(type.GetGender()).FormatWith(
operationInfo.OperationSymbol.NiceToString(),
operationInfo.CanBeModified!.Value ? HelpMessage.YourVersion.NiceToString() : HelpMessage.TheDatabaseVersion.NiceToString(),
type.NiceName());
case OperationType.Delete: return HelpMessage.RemovesThe0FromTheDatabase.NiceToString(type.NiceName());
case OperationType.Constructor:
return
HelpMessage.ConstructsANew0.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(type.GetGender()).FormatWith(type.NiceName());
case OperationType.ConstructorFrom:
return
HelpMessage.ConstructsANew0.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(operationInfo.ReturnType!.GetGender()).FormatWith(operationInfo.ReturnType!.NiceName()) + " " +
HelpMessage.From0OfThe1.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(type.GetGender()).FormatWith(operationInfo.CanBeModified!.Value ? HelpMessage.YourVersion.NiceToString() : HelpMessage.TheDatabaseVersion.NiceToString(), type.NiceName());
case OperationType.ConstructorFromMany:
return
HelpMessage.ConstructsANew0.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(operationInfo.ReturnType!.GetGender()).FormatWith(operationInfo.ReturnType!.NiceName()) + " " +
HelpMessage.FromMany0.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(type.GetGender()).FormatWith(type.NicePluralName());
}
return "";
}
public static string GetQueryHelp(IDynamicQueryCore dynamicQuery)
{
ColumnDescriptionFactory cdf = dynamicQuery.EntityColumnFactory();
return HelpMessage.QueryOf0.NiceToString(cdf.Implementations!.Value.TypeLinks(Lite.Extract(cdf.Type)!));
}
internal static string GetQueryColumnHelp(ColumnDescriptionFactory kvp)
{
string typeDesc = QueryColumnType(kvp);
if (kvp.PropertyRoutes != null)
return HelpMessage._0IsA1AndShows2.NiceToString(kvp.DisplayName(), typeDesc, kvp.PropertyRoutes.CommaAnd(pr =>
pr.PropertyRouteType == PropertyRouteType.Root ? TypeLink(pr.RootType) :
HelpMessage.TheProperty0.NiceToString(PropertyLink(pr.PropertyRouteType == PropertyRouteType.LiteEntity ? pr.Parent! : pr))));
else
return HelpMessage._0IsACalculated1.NiceToString(kvp.DisplayName(), typeDesc);
}
private static string QueryColumnType(ColumnDescriptionFactory kvp)
{
var cleanType = kvp.Type.CleanType();
if (Reflector.IsIEntity(cleanType))
{
return kvp.Implementations!.Value.TypeLinks(cleanType);
}
else if (Reflector.IsEmbeddedEntity(kvp.Type))
{
return kvp.Type.NiceName();
}
else
{
var pr = kvp.PropertyRoutes?.Only();
return ValueType(kvp.Type, pr == null ? null : IsNullable(pr), kvp.Format, kvp.Unit);
}
}
internal static string GetEntityHelp(Type type)
{
string typeIs = HelpMessage._0IsA1.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(type.BaseType!.GetGender()).FormatWith(type.NiceName(), type.BaseType!.NiceName());
string kind = HelpKindMessage.HisMainFunctionIsTo0.NiceToString(GetEntityKindMessage(EntityKindCache.GetEntityKind(type), EntityKindCache.GetEntityData(type), type.GetGender()));
return typeIs + ". " + kind + ".";
}
private static string GetEntityKindMessage(EntityKind entityKind, EntityData entityData, char? gender)
{
var data =
entityData == EntityData.Master ? HelpKindMessage.AndIsRarelyCreatedOrModified.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(gender) :
HelpKindMessage.AndAreFrequentlyCreatedOrModified.NiceToString().ForGenderAndNumber(gender);
switch (entityKind)
{
case EntityKind.SystemString: return HelpKindMessage.ClassifyOtherEntities.NiceToString() + data + HelpKindMessage.AutomaticallyByTheSystem.NiceToString();
case EntityKind.System: return HelpKindMessage.StoreInformationOnItsOwn.NiceToString() + data + HelpKindMessage.AutomaticallyByTheSystem.NiceToString();
case EntityKind.Relational: return HelpKindMessage.RelateOtherEntities.NiceToString() + data;
case EntityKind.String: return HelpKindMessage.ClassifyOtherEntities.NiceToString() + data;
case EntityKind.Shared: return HelpKindMessage.StoreInformationSharedByOtherEntities.NiceToString() + data;
case EntityKind.Main: return HelpKindMessage.StoreInformationOnItsOwn.NiceToString() + data;
case EntityKind.Part: return HelpKindMessage.StorePartOfTheInformationOfAnotherEntity.NiceToString() + data;
case EntityKind.SharedPart: return HelpKindMessage.StorePartsOfInformationSharedByDifferentEntities.NiceToString() + data;
default: throw new InvalidOperationException("Unexpected {0}".FormatWith(entityKind));
}
}
}
}
|
MMSFKB02:000035796_2 | Dutch-PD | Public Domain | Terwijl Willem zich over het kleintje heenbuigt, haar lieve woordjes toefluisterend, komt Betje binnen, die met een enkelen blik op haar man terstond begrijpt wat er gebeurd is. Met oogen, die van doodelijken haat fonkelen, ziet zij haar man aan; het bleeke, lijdende kindergezichtje doet de reeds lang sluimerende gevoelens van moederliefde voor een oogenblik ontwaken en met den kreet: „Gerrit, gij hebt haar vermoord, dat komt van dien ellendigen drank; ik wist wel dat ik je de kin- deren niet kon toevertrouwen," knielt zij bij het bewustelooze kind neer." „Vermoord!" en beelden van politie-agenten en gevangenis rijzen op in Donkers verward brein; en na eenige oogen blikken spreekt hij : „Van avond rijden wij verder, Bet, 't zal voor het kind ook goed zijn ver van het kermisrumoer te wezen." Donker trekt de deur dicht; de wagen rolt weldra over de straatsteenen, terwijl Betje het bewustelooze kindje op schoot heeft en het gloeiende hoofdje verkoelt. Gedurende een paar dagen houden zij halt aan den zoom van een klein dorpje; in den toestand der kleine zieke komt geene verandering — alleen nemen de krachten langzaam af; en terwijl de moeder naast het schamele kribje zit, gaan allerlei beelden uit het verleden aan haar voorbij; vol weemoed vergelijkt zij het droevige heden met de toekomst van vrijheid en geluk, die zij zich eenmaal gedroomd had. Hoewel zij vreest, dat er voor de kleine geen beterschap meer mogelijk is, gaat ze toch op den ochtend van den derden dag met het kind naar den dokter, die bedenkelijk het hoofd schudt, als hij het patientje onderzoekt. „Hoe lang is zij al in dezen toestand vrouwtje? En kunt gij er de oorzaak van gissen?" „Laat eens zien — nu is het Donderdag — Maandagavond is het gebeurd: het speelde — en toen — toen viel de stoel om — net op haar hoofdje," — want Donker had haar gedreigd, als zij tegen iemand durfde zeggen, dat het ongeluk zijne schuld was. „Zoo — zoo — nu 't is een ernstig geval. Houdt het kleintje heel rustig en leg haar voordurend koude, natte doeken op het hoofdje. Morgen kom ik eens kijken; waar woont ge?" „In den kermiswagen, die even buiten het dorp bij de weide staat. Doch tegen het vallen van den avond, wordt het kleine meisje benauwd en onrustig en als de morgen aanbreekt is het zacht ingeslapen en weggenomen uit een leven van zonde en ellende. Dien nacht begint Donkers geweten te spreken; het wordt hem te benauwd in den wagen en zoodra de herberg geopend wordt, treedt hij er binnen om die lastige stem door den drank tot zwijgen te brengen. Hij bestelt het eene glas na het andere; en als hij reeds niet meer nuchter is, komen een paar kermisvrienden de gelagkamer binnen. „Zoo Donker," klinkt het op sarrenden toon; „ik hoorde daareven, dat je jongste kind dood is — nu over dat verlies zult ge niet treuren — een mond minder om voor te zorgen. Gelukkig, dat het de jongen niet is; die is geld waard met zijn bleek gezicht en smeekende oogen." Toornig, door drank verhit, springt Donker op: had een zijner makkers het gevreesde woord uitgesproken of is het slechts de stem in zijn binnenste? Hij weet het niet; maar met trillende stem schreeuwt hij: „Wie durft zeggen, dat ik het kind vermoordde? van zulke beschuldigingen vraag ik rekenschap, en met de sterke vuisten slaat hij op de tafel. Het bloed der anderen begint te koken; men wordt handgemeen en na enkele minuten ligt een der tegenstanders, een jonge man, op den grond met eene bloedende hoofdwonde, die Donker hem met zijn mes toebracht. Bijna oogenblikkelijk verschijnt een veldwachter op het tooneel, de dronken makkers worden in verzekerde bewaring gebracht, terwijl Donker daarenboven geboeid wordt. Het gerucht van wat er in de herberg heeft plaats gehad, dringt weldra ook tot Betje door — en gemengde gewaarwordingen maken zich van haar meester. Eenerzijds is zij blijde, dat zij nu vooreerst niet vol angst de thuiskomst van Gerrit hoeft af te wachten, maar aan den anderen kant maakt zich vrees voor de toekomst van haar meester. Hoe zal zij alleen voor zichzelve en kleinen Willem den kost kunnen verdienen? Terwijl zij, in gedachten verdiept, in den wagen blijft, zendt zij kleinen Willem naar buiten, maar het kind heeft geen lust om te spelen. Hij strekt zich uit op het zachte gras en staart peinzend naaiden blauwen hemel, waar zooveel gestorven kindertjes zijn, zooals zuster Emma hem vertelde. „Zou zusje daar ook wezen?" vraagt hij zich zelf af: „zou zij ook een lammetje geweest zijn van den goeden Herder?" — maar, laat hij er zuchtend op volgen „zij was nog zoo klein." Plotseling wekken naderende voetstappen hem uit zijn droomerijen en opziende, bemerkt hij een klein meisje een paar jaar ouder dan hij, dat hem verwonderd aankijkt. Bedeesd komt zij nader, en zijne tranen ziende, vraagt zij met een verlegen stemmetje: „Waarom huil je? heb je verdriet?" „Ja," was kleine Willems antwoord: — „mijn zusje is gestorven en zij was pas drie jaar; weet je, of zoo'n klein kindje al een lammetje van den goeden Herder zijn kan?" Zij begreep nog niets en zij zeide 'savonds nooit een gebedje op: Moeder wilde niet, dat ik het haar leerde." „Kijk, ik kom eens naast je zitten, want ik heb een broertje verloren — en nu ben ik het eenige kindje thuis — en moeder is heel bedroefd — en ik vind het zoo naar om altijd alleen te spelen — maar moedertje zegt, dat Jantje bij den lieven Heer in den Hemel is en dat zegt de juffrouw van onze Zondagschool ook." „Op Zondagschool" viel kleine Willem haar in de rede, „ging ook een jongen, die in een bedje naast mij in het Kinderziekenhuis lag." „En ben jij er niet — zou je niet graag gaan en al onze mooie liedjes leeren zingen? O, ik verlang al weer naar Zondag. „Ik ga heelemaal naar geen school," klinkt Willems treurig stemmetje; „want wij wonen nergens." „Hoe grappig! maar waar slaap je dan?" „Kijk daar — die groene wagen is ons huis en wij trekken van de eene plaats naar de andere; maar ik zou veel liever in een huis wonen en naar school gaan zooals andere kinderen. „Ach," en de tranen komen weer te voorschijn: „nu is zusje dood en nu is het nog akeliger." Maar houd je dan niet veel van je vader en moeder? — die zijn er toch nog." „Vader is haast altijd uit; en als hij thuis i«, is hij meestal boos en knorrig en met moeder moet ik soms heele dagen uit om koopwaar te venten en dan ben ik soms zoo bang voor de honden en dan moet ik dingen zeggen, die niet waar zijn." Hoewel Willems nieuw vriendinnetje zijn verdriet slechts ten deele begrijpt, krijgt zij toch een kijkje in het droeve leven van het kermiskind, dat haar met diep medelijden vervult. Zij weet niet, wat zij zeggen zal om hem te troosten, maar eer zij heengaat bedenkt zij zich enkele oogenblikken en spreekt: „Nu overmorgen is het Zondag en dan zal ik je komen halen om mee naar de Zondagschool te gaan; eigenlijk mogen wij geen vreemde kinderen meebrengen, maar als ik aan onze juffrouw vertel, dat je zoo heel graag mee wilde, zal zij het voor dit eene keertje wel goed vinden. „Maar hoe heet je eigenlijk?" „Willem." „Nu dag Willem, tot overmorgen, ik ben Marietje;" en met lichten tred verwijdert zich het kleine meisje. Zoodra zij thuiskomt, doet Marietje aan haar moeder een omstandig verhaal van hare ontmoeting; zij is er den geheelen verderen dag mede bezig en als zij 's avonds naar bed wordt gebracht, zegt zij na haar gewoon avondgebedje: „Lieve Heor, wil u ook het jongentje uit den kermiswagen bewaren, die niet zoo'n lekker bedje heeft als ik — en wil u maken, dat hij niet meer zoo heel bedroefd is, omdat hij zijn zusje verloren heeft. Amen! Als vrouw Berkens, Marietje's moeder, haar kind warm heeft toegestopt, en in de woonkamer terugkeert, dwalen haar gedachten telkens naar den woonwagen en naar hetgeen daar geleden wordt en zij neemt zich voor er den volgenden dag eens heen te gaan. Zoodra zij Zaterdag het noodige huiswerk verricht heeft, slaat zij een doek om en slaat den weg in naar de weide. Zij knikt den bleeken krullenbol, die buiten den wagen speelt, vriendelijk toe en vraagt hem naar zijne moeder. „Moeder is in den wagen," is het antwoord: „zal ik de deur voor u opendoen?" Ylug springt kleine Willem het trapje op, werpt de deur open en roept: „Moeder — daar is iemand, die naar u vraagt." Verwonderd kijkt vrouw Donker op; zij is niet gewend bezoek te ontvangen, en gaat voort met het maken van papieren bloemen, die zij langs de huizen zal trachten te verkoopen. In den hoek van den wagen staat een klein lijkkistje, dat straks naar een vergeten hoekje van het kerkhof zal gebracht worden. „Arm vrouwtje," begint vrouw Berkens, „ik hoorde door mijne kleine meid, van uw verlies; en daar ik zelf ook pas een kindje heb verloren, had ik behoefte eens even bij je te komen. Wij staan onze lievelingen zoo noode af, en ik weet bij ondervinding dat alleen de Heiland eene moeder kan troosten. „Ach, u heeft goed spreken," zegt vrouw Donker, „maar behalve het verlies van mijn kind heb ik nog veel meer verdriet en zorg. Mijn man is daareven door de veldwachters meegenomen; — ik mag met den wagen hier nog maar hoogstens twee dagen blijven staan;" — een diepe zucht volgt - „en ik weet niet hoe ik voor mij en mijn jongen den kost moet verdienen. Was ik alleen — dan kon ik in eene poffertjes en wafelkraam een dienst krijgen — maar daar kan ik het kind niet meebrengen." ..Hebt ge dat ééne jongentje maar," valt vrouw Berkens de spreekster in de rede. ..Ja alleen kleinen Willem, maar het kind past niet in ons leven; hij is veel te gevoelig en bedelen kan hij slecht. Wij hadden nog al gehoopt, dat hij met zijn bleek gezichtje en groote oogen het medelijden zou weten op te wekken! Ach! had ik mijn eigen zin maar niet doorgedreven! ik had mij dit leven zoo geheel anders voorgesteld!" „Zijt ge dan in eene andere omgeving groot ge- bracht?" vraagt vrouw Berkens op belangstellenden toon. „Ach ja," is het antwoord: „ik heb een veelbewogen leven achter mij," en in korte woorden, waaruit teleurstelling en verbittering spreken, vertelt vrouw Donker hare levensgeschiedenis. De bezoekster ziet haar medelijdend aan; zij begrijpt, dat de troostwoorden, waarmee zij de beroofde moeder tegemoet had willen komen, hier geheel misplaatst zouden zijn, en de hand van vrouw Donker in de hare nemend, zegt zij: „Luister eens, ik wil u eene geschiedenis vertellen, die veel op de uwe lijkt: „In een land hier ver van daan woonde vele, vele jaren geleden een vader met twee zonen. Kalm en gelukkig spoedde hun levëïi voort, maar na eenigen tijd werd de jongste der beide broeders het eentonige leven moede; hij vroeg zijnen vader om het hem toekomende erfdeel, hetgeen hem gegeven werd; niet lang duurde het of de jonge man begaf zich op reis naar een vergelegen land. Hoe lachte de wereld hem toe, hoe schoon droomde hij zich de toekomst en het vrije leven, dat hem wachtte en met minachtend medelijden dacht hij aan zijn ouderen broer, die zich schikken kon in het eentonige dagelijksche leven. In den aanvang liep alles hem mee; hij had overvloed van geld, hetgeen hem tal van vrienden bezorgde en met niets doen en feestvieren bracht hij zijne dagen vroolijk en onbezorgd door. Doch langzamerhand werd zijn geldbuidel ledig en er brak een hongersnood uit in het land, waar hij zich gevestigd had. Zou hij terugkeeren en zijnen vader om vergeving vragen? Neen — eer hij tot inkeer kwam, moest hij nog vernederd worden. Zijn geld was op — en hij, die vroeger dienstknechten onder zich had gehad, zag zich genoodzaakt om werk te zoeken. Doch vergeefs waren zijne pogingen: hij, als vreemdeling moest achterstaan bij de inwoners des' lands. Doch ten laatste werd hem het werk van een zwijnenhoeder opgedragen. En nu — in zijne groote vernedering, gekweld door den honger, daar hem zelfs het zwijnen voeder niet gegund werd, kwam hij tot nadenken Zijn droevige toestand bracht hem zijn vroeger leven op eenmaal duidelijk voor den geest — en eerst nu zag hij in, hoe slecht en ondankbaar hij zich gedragen had tegenover zijn liefhebbenden trouwen vader. Hij sprak na enkele oogenblikken tot zich zelf: „Ik zal opstaan en tot mijn vader gaan en ik zal tot hem zeggen: Vader! ik heb gezondigd tegen den Hemel en voor u; en ik ben niet meer waardig uw zoon genaamd te worden; maak mij als eenen van uwe huurlingen." En hij bracht het genomen besluit onmiddellijk ten uitvoer. Hoe anders werd nu de weg door hem afgelegd — eens zoo hoopvol betreden. Diepe schaamte en berouw vervulden hém terwijl hij zich gedurig afvroeg, hoe zijn vader hem zou ontvangen. Doch nauwelijks heeft hij het ouderlijk huis in het oog gekregen, of zijn vader, die op den uitkijk staat, snelt hem tegemoet en drukt den weergekeerden zoon in de armen. Hij laat hem niet eens zijne schuldbekentenis uitspreken : het is hem genoeg dat het afgedwaalde kind berouwvol tot hem is teruggekomen. Geen verwijt, geene bestraffing maar eene liefderijke ontvangst, terwijl een feestmaaltijd wordt aangericht om de thuiskomst van den verloren zoon te vieren. En deze vader is een beeld van onzen Vader, die in de Hemelen is — die altijd bereid is elk afgedwaald schaap, dat berouwvol tot Hem komt, liefdevol te ontvangen; en Zijn eeniggeboren Zoon, die op aarde kwam om zondaren te verlossen heeft zelf gezegd: „Die tot mij komt, zal ik geenszins uitwerpen." O, arme vermoeide ziel — ga niet langer uwen eigen weg — maar ga met al uwe zonden, met al uwe droefheid tot den Heiland en gij zult ruste vinden." Tot nu toe heeft zij aandachtig geluisterd. Reeds dadelijk heeft vrouw Donker begrepen dat het de gelijkenis van den verloren zoon is, die haar hier wordt verhaald, — die gelijkenis, welke zij in hare jonge jaren reeds zoo dikwijls gehoord, maar nimmer zoo goed verstaan heeft als nu. Nooit te voren heeft de treffende schoonheid van dit verhaal zoo diepen indruk op haar gemaakt als thans, en daarom klonken haar de woorden als nieuw in de ooren. Maar zoodra haar bezoekster over haar ziele- toestand begint te spreken, wendt zij zich zuchtend af: „Ach ge herinnert mij aan mijne moeder, die mij als kind datzelfde verhaal vertelde, maar doe mij genoegen en spreek er niet meer over. Als ik het heden met het verleden vergelijk, ben ik al ongelukkig genoeg en ik ben te slecht dan dat er voor mij nog vergeving zoude mogelijk zijn." „Wij hebben allen gezondigd en God in den Hemel bedroefd, maar er is vergeving door het bloed van Jezus, Zijnen Zoon voor een iegelijk, die in Hem gelooft. Hij klopt aan uw hart - en vraagt u het voor Hem te ontsluiten. Denk eens over dit alles na: morgen hoop ik terug te komen, — en met een vriendelijken handdruk verlaat vrouw Berkens den kermiswagen. De woorden hebben dieper indruk op vrouw Donker gemaakt dan zij zich wil bekennen; zij hebben betere gevoelens in haar hart wakker geroepen, maar met geweld brengt zij ze tot zwijgen en verdiept zich opnieuw in alle bezwaren van haar moeitevol leven. Als vrouw Berkens dien avond haar dochtertje naar bed brengt, babbelt het kind: „Moeder, ik heb Willem uit den kermiswagen weer gesproken: ik vind hem zoo lief; en hij is, geloof ik, niet gelukkig; hij heeft ook lang zoo'n lief moedertje niet, als ik, en het kind slaat de mollige armpjes om moeders hals en vervolgt: „hij zou zoo graag naar school gaan en leeren lezen en naar de Zondagschool ook: mag ik hem Zondag gaan afhalen?" „Zeker, kindje, maar ga nu slapen; het is hoog tijd," en na Marietje goeden nacht gekust te hebben, verlaat vrouw Berkens de slaapkamer. In de huiskamer teruggekeerd, verzinkt zij in diep gepeins; even later komt haar man binnen, zet zich met zijn pijpje bij het vuur en begint: „Hebt ge gehoord, vrouw, dat het kermisvolk van morgen in de vroegte weer aan den gang is geweest? Er is een man ernstig gewond; de belhamel van den troep zit gelukkig reeds achter slot en grendel; — en van middag is het jongste kind van dezen laatste begraven. Zulke ouders zijn eigenlijk geen kinderen waard', waar moeten ze voor opgroeien?" „Ja, man, zeg dat wel; ik ben er den heelen dag mee bezig, want ik ben van middag in den kermiswagen geweest, waar het kleine meisje gestorven is. Ge begrijpt, welk een medelijden ik had met het arme moedertje, toen Marietje, die met het eenig overgebleven kind, een tenger ventje van zeven jaar had kennis gemaakt, mij een en ander van haar vertelde. En toen ben ik er heengegaan, om te zien, of er ook hulp noodig was." „En hoe hebt ge de vrouw gevonden?" „Ach, vrij onverschillig en knorrig en verdrietig over het geval met haar man, waardoor zij eene toekomst van armoede en ellende schijnt te vreezen, ten minste, als niet iemand zich over den kleinen Willem ontfermt. Als zij het kind niet ten haren laste had, kon zij in eene groote kraam een dienst krijgen maar zij kan den jongen niet meenemen. Nu heb ik een plannetje, waarover ik je eens rustig wilde spreken. De Heer heeft onzen kleinen Adolf tot Zich genomen en wij hebben reeds meermalen gezegd, dat het voor onze Marietje niet goed is om altijd alleen te zijn. Nu ik van middag met het gezin uit den kermiswagen in aanraking ben gekomen, kan ik de gedachte niet van mij afzetten, dat de Heer het kind op onzen weg heeft gelegd, opdat wij het tot ons zouden nemen. Ik heb er veel strijd over gehad, want eerst kon ik de gedachte niet verdragen, dat een vreemd kind de plaats in zou nemen van onzen eigen lieveling," — hier beletten tranen vrouw Berkens verder te gaan — „maar toen dacht ik aan de woorden van onzen Heiland: „Voor zoover ge dit aan eenen van deze mijne minste broeders gedaan hebt, zoo hebt ge het Mij gedaan," en ik aarzelde niet langer. Maar Peter, hoe denkt gij er over?" Enkele oogenblikken blijft de goedhartige boer zwijgen. Ook hij maakt een strijd door, hoewel van gansch anderen aard dan zijne vrouw, hetgeen blijkt uit zijne woorden: „Maar vrouwlief — zijt ge niet bevreesd om een kind uit zulk eene omgeving met onze Marietje te laten opgroeien? Wie weet welk een slechten aard de jongen heeft?" „Neen Peter daar ben ik niet bang voor; uit hetgeen Marietje mij vertelde en ook uit de woorden der moeder maakte ik op, dat het een bijzonder kind Willem * is, — en bewaard voor de grove zonden, aan lieden van dat slag zoo zeer eigen: wij konden het eens probeeren — en zou het niet het behoud van het kind kunnen zijn?" „Welnu, ik zal er eens rustig over nadenken en morgen onderzoek doen naar het kind. Ik zie er je warm hart weer uit — maar vrouwlief — wij moeten met deze dingen voorzichtig zijn en niet overijld een besluit nemen." Den volgenden dag begeeft boer Berkens zich naaiden burgemeester, om te trachten van hem iets omtrent het gezin uit den kermiswagen te weten te komen, maar deze kan hem weinig mededeelen. Vandaar begeeft hij zich naar den predikant, die hem reeds in menige moeilijkheid met raad en daad ter zijde stond. Ernstig wordt het voor en tegen der zaak besproken en ten laatste knielen beide mannen neer om Gods aangezicht over deze zaak aan te roepen, waarna B. al zijne bezwaren overwint. Als hij de pastorie verlaat, schudt Ds. R. hem de hand, terwijl hij spreekt: „Nu, als ik in uwe plaats was, zou ik het kind ook tot mij nemen; ik geloof, dat de Heer het op uwen weg gevoerd heeft en de stille godsvrucht van u en uwe vrouw kunnen met Gods hulp het kind tot zegen zijn. Doch acht de verantwoording, die gij op u neemt, niet licht; slechts onder voortdurend biddend opzien tot God zult gij haar dragen kunnen." Met blijdschap verneemt vrouw Berkens het be- sluit van haar man, en voor zij zich dien avond ter ruste begeven, smeeken zij Gods zegen op hun voornemen af. Zoodra Marietje den volgenden morgen wakker wordt, is haar eerste woord: „Moeder — het is nu immers Zondag; mag ik Willem van den wagen gaan halen om mee naar Zondagschool te gaan? En heeft u voor hem ook een cent voor het busje, want ik geloof, dat zijne moeder heel arm is en hij zal het zoo naar vinden om niets te kunnen geven?" Vrouw Berkens geeft ue gevraagde toestemming en drukt haar kind een hartelijken kus op het voorhoofd. Tegen twaalf uur gaat Marietje haar nieuwe vriendje halen, en het kind bij de hand leidend, treedt zij op de Zondagschoolonderwijzeres toe: „Juffrouw, dit jongentje is nog nooit op Zondagschool geweest; en hij wilde zoo gaarne weten, of zi;n zusje ook een lammetje van den goe ;en Herder is. — Zij was nog maar heel klein en nu is zij gestorven net als onze Adolf; hij mag toch wel naast mij zitten?" De vriendelijke onderwijzeres stemt natuurlijk toe en doodstil blijft kleine Willem op zijne plaats zitten: 't Gebed, het zingen en het vertellen herinnert hem weer aan den heerlijken tijd in het Kinderziekenhuis en met stralende oogen luistert hij naar hetgeen verteld wordt. Als de andere kinderen vertrokken zijn, houdt de onderwijzeres het tweetal nog enkele oogenblikken bij zich en spreekt tot hen van den Heiland, die op aaide ook kinderen tot zich riep en hen zegende en die zich met zijne oneindige liefde ook over Willems zusje zal ontfermen. „En gij kleine man," zich tot den knaap wendend, „hebt gij den Heer Jezus lief?" »0, ja, juffrouw, zóó lief en ik doe mijn best om zijn schaapje te zijn, maar het is soms zoo moeilijk, want moeder wil dikwijls, dat ik ondeugende dingen doe —" en met een paar vragen komt de onderwijzeres geheel op de hoogte van de treurige omgeving, waarin het kind opgroeit. „Juffrouw, nu moeten wij weg, want anders wordt moeder ongerust," komt Marietje tusschenbeide en als het tweetal hand in hand naar huis gaat, komt vrouw Berkens hen reeds tegemoet en staat hun toe samen te blijven spelen. Zy is ondertusschen in den kermiswagen geweest en heeft de arme vrouw even terneergedrukt en verbitterd aangetroffen als den vorigen dag. Zij heeft getracht haar aan het spreken te krijgen, maar vergeefs en zij is slechts vertrokken met de toestemming, dat Willem bij Marietje mag blijven spelen. Berkens slaat den knaap aandachtig gade, die vroolijk ronddartelt en voelt zich wonderlijk aangetrokken tot het kind, dat telkens met zijne groote oogen tot hem opziet. Hij doet den knaap enkele vragen, die hem zulk een droeven indruk geven van zijne omgeving, dat hy zich voorneemt het kind daaraan zoo spoedig mogelijk te onttrekken. Als hij den knaap 's avonds bij zijne moeder terugbrengt en haar voorstelt om het kind tot zich te nemen grijpt deze het aanbod gretig aan. Haar kind zal het goed hebben; voor den wagen weet zij reeds eenen kooper en dan kan zij in dienst gaan. Als alles is afgesproken, roept Berkens den knaap tot zich en zegt: „Luister eens, kleine man — je vader is voor een poos weg: Moeder kan niet al te best alleen voor je zorgen — hoe zou je het vinden om bij Marietje op de boerderij te komen wonen ?" Een blos van vreugde overdekt Willems gelaat, terwijl hij fluistert: „Hoe heerlijk en ga ik dan naar school en hoef ik nooit meer te bedelen?" Thuiskomende deelt hij zijne vrouw den uitslag van zijn bezoek mee en als deze 's avonds Marietje naar bed brengt, neemt zij het kind op schoot en zegt: „Wat zou mijn meisje er van zeggen, als kleine Willem uit den kermiswagen bij ons aan huis kwam'?" „O, moedertje, is het waar?" en opgewonden klapt het kind in de handjes: „dan kan hij in Adolfsbedje slapen en zijne kleertjes zullen hem ook wel passen, want hij is zoo klein." Bij, deze woorden vullen de oogen der moeder zich met tranen, waar zij zoo pijnlijk aan haar gestorven lieveling herinnerd wordt en zij trekt haar dochtertje nog vaster naar zich toe. Dien nacht slaapt kleine Willem onrustig; verwarde droomen van de groote hoeve en de Zondagschool houden hem bezig en hij wordt glimlachend wakker bij de gedachte aan het andere leven dat hem wacht. Een paar uur later komen vrouw Berkens en Marietje het nieuwe broertje halen; heel kalm is het afscheid tusschen de moeder en het kind, aan wien zij nooit moederliefde geschonken heeft. Vrouw Donker slaagt er in den wagen met inboedel voor een geringe som te verkoopen en met een klein bundeltje kleeren in de hand, verheugd dat er nu een eind is gekomen aan armoede en gebrek, begeeft Betje zich op weg naar de bewuste kraam, waarvan de eigenaar dienzelfden dag de naburige stad gaat verlaten. ZESDE HOOFDSTUK. Het nieuwe Tehuis. Willem leeft als in een droom, als hij voor de eerste maal aan den wel voorzienen disch mede aanzit en 's avonds in een warm bedje, naast dat van Marietje wordt ter ruste gelegd. Voor vrouw Berkens hem komt toedekken vat het kind haar hand en haar ernstig aanziend, fl uistert hij: „Mag ik nu mijn gebedje opzeggen, dat Zuster Emma mij geleerd heeft?" „Zeker, mijn kind," en terwijl vrouw Berkens naast het ledikantje neerknielt, is zij getroffen door het eenvoudige kindergebedje, waaraan kleine Willem uit eigen beweging de woorden toevoegt : „En ik dank u, Heer, dat ik nu een nieuwe moeder heb en een ander zusje en zulk een lekker bedje en — en — dat ik niet meer hoef te bedelen." Het zaad, in het jeugdige hartje uitgestrooid, is niet door de vogelen weggepikt geworden en vol hoop en vertrouwen ziet de goede vrouw de toekomst tegen. Na verloop van eene week gaat Willem naar de dorpsschool en hoewel hij eerst met kleinere kinderen in de klasse zit blijkt 't weldra, dat hij vlug leert en langzamerhand de andere leerlingen inhaalt. Spoedig wordt hij de algemeene lieveling zoowel van onderwijzers als makkertjes, en Marietje hecht zich dagelijks meer aan het nieuwe broertje. Na eenigen tijd schijnt een ieder te vergeten, dat "Willem slechts het aangenomen kind van Berkens is en de herinnering aan het droevig verleden wordt bij den knaap bijna geheel uitgewischt, hoewel het soms door omstandigheden wordt verlevendigd. Een paar jaar zijn voorbygegaan, als hij op zekeren dag weer geheel in z\jn vorig leven wordt verplaatst. Sedert enkele dagen staat er een kermiswagen even buiten het dorp, en nu de school uitgaat, komen een paar bont gekleede jongens aanloopen, die duikelen en kunsten maken. De schooljeugd loopt uit en van verschillende kanten klinkt het: „Hé wat een heerlijk leven hebben die jongens! zij hoeven nooit naar de schpol te gaan en mogen in hun mooie pakjes den heelen dag kunsten maken. Ik zou wel in hun plaats willen zijn!", terwijl een oudere knaap zegt: ,;Ba, kermiskinderen — past op je zakken — want ze zijn volleerde dieven." Een hooge blos kleurt Willems gelaat bij het hooren van die woorden en met trillende stem spreekt hij: „O, zegt dat niet — hun leven is zoo ongelukkig; ik weet wat het is, want ik zelf was een kermiskind, voor ik bij Marietjes ouders kwam." En terwijl hij den kleinsten kunstenmaker ter zijde neemt, hem een en ander van zijn omgeving vraagt en hem belooft eens bij hem te komen, vervolgt hij: „Ochjongens — plaagt de arme kinderen, en bovenal benijdt hen niet, want hun bestaan is zoo moeielijk en droevig." Den verderen dag is Willem stil en ingetrokken; allerlei beelden uit het verleden komen hem weer duidelijk voor den geest op en dien avond smeekt hij nog ernstiger dan gewoonlijk een zegen af voor zijne zwervende moeder en voor de arme kermiskinderen, die aan zooveel verleiding zijn blootgesteld. Zes jaren gaan voorbij: Marietje heeft reeds sedert twee jaar de school verlaten en is moeders rechterhand en in zijn vrijen tijd helpt Willem zijn pleegvader met licht boerenwerk. Men zou den knaap nauwelijks herkennen: hij is flink uit de kluiten gegroeid; op zijn nog altijd teer gezichtje ligt een blos van gezondheid en zijne heldere oogen tintelen van levenslust. Hij heeft zijn pleegouders nooit reden tot ernstige zorg gegeven; het ontvankelijk kinderhartje heeft zich reeds vroeg voor den Heiland ontsloten, Wien te volgen en te gehoorzamen zijne hoogste begeerte is. Met de eerst volgende vacantie is zijn leertijd verstreken en hoewel het werk in de open lucht zijne spieren gesterkt heeft, begrijpt boer Berkens, dat het boerenbedrijf op den duur voor den knaap te zwaar zal zijn, en na ernstig overleg wordt deze bij eenen schoenmaker geplaatst. Willem doet flink zijn best; ook op de werkplaats krijgt men den opgeruimden, gewilligen jongen weldra lief. Op Zondagschool en catechisatie is hij een der beste leerlingen en hij zou zich volkomen gelukkig voelen, indien niet de gedachte aan het lot zijner moeder hem vaak met zorg vervulde. O, hoe gaarne zou hij haar geschreven hebben, had hij slechts geweten waar zich zijne moeder bevond. Maar niets, niets wist hij omtrent haar verblijfplaats, en daar in het dorp, waar hij woont en sedert een paar jaar ook in de naburige stad de kermis is afgeschaft, is vrouw Donker nooit meer dezen kant uit geweest. ZEVENDE HOOFDSTUK. Een wederzien. Inmiddels is Willem twee en twintig jaar geworden en niemand zou in den flinken jongen man het teere kermiskind herkend hebben. De eenige schoenmaker van het dorp is onlangs gestorven en met behulp van zijn pleegvader en met zijne eigen opgespaarde verdiensten heeft Willem de goed beklante zaak kunnen overnemen en heeft sedert eene maand zijn intrek genomen in het kleine schilderachtige huisje aan het eind van de dorpstraat. Daar kan men den jongen schoenmaker den heelen dag zien zitten, onder zijn werk uit volle borst menig lied aanheffend. Op zekeren dag klopt tegen het vallen van den avond eene armoedig gekleede vrouw aan de lage deur die half open staat om wat frissche lucht binnen te laten, en als Willem Donker haar vraagt, wat zij verlangt, krijgt hij geen antwoord. Hij is echter gewend aan dergelijke bezoeksters, die gewoonlijk om afgedragen schoeisel komen vragen en vriendelijk zegt hij: ,.Zoo vrouwtje ik moet zeker mijn voorraad oude schoenen weer eens nazien, of er ook een paar voor je bij zou zijn. Ik vrees er echter voor — want ik ben pas in de zaak gekomen en heb toen alles opgeruimd." Nog geen antwoord — maar een diepe zucht — dan, na enkeie oogenblikken begint de vrouw te snikken en terwijl zij zich aan de deurpost vasthoudt zegt zij: „Willem, kent ge je eigen moeder niet meer? Ach ge waart ook nog zoo klein, toen ik je aan vreemden overliet; door andere kermisreizigers hoorde ik van tijd tot tijd, dat het je goed ging, maar ikjiwas te trotsch om in mijne armoede en ellende, tot je te komen. Nu ben ik echter geheel uitgeput en met groote moeite — heb ik mij — tot hier voortgesleept," de laatste woorden kon zij slechts met tusschenpoozen uitbrengen. „Moeder," herneemt Willem, terwijl hij op de vrouw toetreedt: „Moeder, heb ik u eindelijk gevonden; o, ik heb zoo dikwijls aan u gedacht — doch kom nu eerst binnen!" „Dus — ge verstoot mij niet! — o, Willem — ik heb zulk een treurig leven achter den rug; eerst heb ik gediend in eene groote kraam — en toen — en toen — Intusschen heeft Willem zijne moeder op een stoel naast de tafel doen nederzitlen en nauwelijks heeft zij plaats genomen of zij zakt in elkaar. Voorzichtig tilt Willem de uitgeputte gestalte op en legt haar op zijn eigen bed, terwijl hij een buurmeisje naar vrouw Berkens zendt, met de boodschap, of zij zoo spoedig mogelijk bij hem wil komen. De goedhartige boerin komt bijna onmiddellijk en is met enkele woorden op de hoogte der zaak gebracht. Zoodra ze de afgetobde vrouw ziet, laat zij den dokter halen, die de zieke in eene hevige koorts vindt en volkomen rust en stilte voorschrijft. Willem blijft dien nacht bij het ziekbed zijner moeder waken. Veel gaat er bij hem om, terwijl hij vol weemoed de woorden opvangt, die de kranke in haar ijlen uit. Een leven vol zonde en ontbering schijnt er achter haar te liggen en telkens weer herhaalt zij op angstigen toon: „O, als Willem mij maar niet verstoot — als ik maar bij hem mag sterven." Zachtkens legt de jonge man de koele hand op het verhitte voorhoofd, terwijl hij ziin Vader in den Hemel smeekt, ook dit afgedwaalde schaap zijner kudde nog veilig thuis te brengen. Zoo gaan vijf dagen voorbij, eer vrouw Donker voor 't eerst met bewustzijn de oogen opslaat en aan vrouw Berkens, die voor haar bed zit, met zwakke stem vraagt, waar zij is. „Ge zijt bij uw zoon, bij Willem," is het vriendelijke antwoord: „ge zijt heel ziek geweest, en hij zal zoo gelukkig wezen, dat ge wat beter zijt: maar nu moogt ge niet praten: kijk, drink eens wat en ga dan weer rustig liggen." De zieke vleit het moede hoofd op het kussen neer en ligt weldra in een gerusten slaap, waaruit zij verkwikt ontwaakt. Langzamerhand vertelt zij bij gedeelten aan haar jongen hare droeve levensgeschiedenis. Eerst heeft zij ongeveer een jaar gediend in de kraam, maar het zware, geregelde werk begon haar te vervelen en op zekeren dag liep zij weg: van dien tijd af, heeft zij gezworven; is hoe langer hoe dieper gezonken en al kwam haar soms de gelijkenis van den verloren zoon met groote duidelijkheid voor den geest, haar aansporend om zich voor God te verootmoedigen en terug te keeren van het pad dat zij bewandelde - zij wilde niet luisteren en heeft dikwijls zelfs door oneerlijke middelen in haar onderhoud voorzien - tot zij eindelijk — krank naar lichaam en geest haar jongen heeft opgezocht. Haar oom en tante zijn reeds lang dood: Donker is, na uit de gevangenis ontslagen te zijn aan het zwerven geraakt en eindelijk als landverhuizer naar Amerika vertrokken. Zij was dus geheel alleen en had niemand, die zich om haar bekommerde, tot haar kind zich over haar ontfermde. Dagen lang ligt zij doodelijk uitgeput te bed; de dokter geeft weinig hoop op herstel; de zieke heeft zooveel ontberingen uitgestaan dat hij vreest dat haar krachten het niet lang meer zullen uithouden. Zij is het gelukkigst als Willem voor haar bed zit en haar in eenvoudige woorden vertelt van den goeden Herder uit zijn prentenboek, dat hij nog altijd bewaard heeft, en waarvan haar eene flauwe herinnering is bijgebleven. Hij zegt haar, hoe die vriendelijke Hei der ook haar, het afgedwaalde schaap zijner kudde, zoekt en allengs begint de arme vrouw haar zonde in te zien en behoefte te voelen aan den Heiland, van Wien haar kind met zooveel liefde spreekt. Slechts langzamerhand breekt, het licht door voor de afgedwaalde ziel, maar eindelijk wordt Willems gebed verhoord; - op een avond, als de jonge man, nadat zijn werk is afgeloopen zich naast zijne moeder nederzet, v; aagt deze met zwakke, bevende stem: j;Xoe — lees mij nog eens voor van den verloren zoon — en als Willem het, hoewel met bevende stem doet en, als hij den Bijbel gesloten heeft, nog eens hartelijk bidt met en voor zijne moeder, laat zij na zijn amen, fluisterend volgen: „O, Heer — wees mij zondaar genadig om Uws Zoons wil — amen." Dan zinkt het moede hoofd terug - en na enkele oogenblikken slaapt de afgetobde ziel zacht in, terwijl zij Willems hand omkneld houdt. Met dankbaren weemoed, ziet Willem den vredigen trek op het ingevallen gelaat zijner gestorven moeder — haar leven vol zonde en moeite is voorbij en zij is heengegaan naar het land, waar geen moeite en geen verdriet meer zijn zullen. Op een vriendelijk plekje van het stille vredige kerkhof wordt de vrouw ter ruste gelegd, die zoo weinig moederliefde heeft geschonken, maar wier kind in Gods hand het middel is geweest tot haar eeuwig behoud. |
561267_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 平均细胞血红蛋白浓度（mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration、MCHC）是测量定量血红细胞中的血红蛋白浓度。它是血常规检测中的一项。
该指标的成年人正常范围大约在320-360g/l。
一般情况下，该指标会在小细胞贫血症中偏低。而在大细胞贫血症中，该指标会依然正常。
该测试可以粗略的给出血红蛋白（血色素）以及红血球的基本情况。
但是由于目前医疗上通用自动检测仪器来做血常规检测，所以平均血红蛋白浓度过高，可能是由于测试者患有凝血类疾病，这种疾病的患者在血液温度低于37摄氏度时就会开始凝结。这就会导致自动检测仪器在检测到凝血病患者时会测出一个很高浓度、低数量的血液样本。这个问题的解决办法是，人工筛选出这类样本，将血液样本加热直至血分子分离，然后在它再次冷凝之前快速放入检测仪器进行检测。
樣例
参见
全血细胞计数
外部連結
FP Notebook
Cornell
验血.
|
2013/92013E006626/92013E006626_EN.txt_26 | Eurlex | CC-By | In view of the foregoing,
Would the Commission state whether compliance with the legislation on the prevention of natural disaster and civil protection has been ensured?
Would the Commission state whether and, if so, how the European authorities can intervene to suspend the process of launching oil exploration activities in the areas concerned?
Would the Commission state whether the risk of seismic events and natural disasters, and their financial and other impact on the economy, were fully take into account when the decision was taken to grant the request for permission to proceed?
Answer given by Mr Oettinger on behalf of the Commission
(25 July 2013)
It is for the relevant Member States to ensure that they are in full compliance with relevant EU legislation concerning specific plans or projects. The public is entitled to receive information from the Member State concerning the potential impact of industrial activity on the environment. According to EU legislation in force, the Commission cannot intervene to prevent offshore exploration per se. The relevant EU Directives require safety risk assessments to be carried out before exploration is authorised by the Member State in question. Potentially relevant EU environmental legislation include Directives related to the environmental status of marine waters, protection of coastal waters, habitats and species, and to Environmental Impact Assessments. The new Directive on Offshore Safety (Directive 2013/30/EU, OJ 28.6.2013) which Member States are requested to transpose in the coming two years will further reduce risks linked to offshore drilling.
(Versión española)
Pregunta con solicitud de respuesta escrita E-006750/13
a la Comisión
Teresa Riera Madurell (S&D), Sergio Gutiérrez Prieto (S&D), Francisco Sosa Wagner (NI), Raül Romeva i Rueda (Verts/ALE), Andrés Perelló Rodríguez (S&D) y Alejandro Cercas (S&D)
(11 de junio de 2013)
Asunto: Riesgo de un nuevo rescate para los bancos españoles por la posible quiebra de miles de pequeños inversores fotovoltaicos (FV)
La serie de medidas establecidas de manera retroactiva por parte del Gobierno español y algunos gobiernos regionales durante los últimos años contra las energías renovables —la reducción de entre un 30 y un 50 % de los años con tarifa regulada para la tecnología fotovoltaica, la limitación drástica del máximo de horas anuales con tarifa regulada para la tecnología fotovoltaica, la moratoria a las renovables, el impuesto del 7 % sobre las tarifas reguladas o la fin de la actualización de las tarifas reguladas a las renovables con el IPC real— afectan a miles de pequeños inversores privados que invirtieron sus ahorros en instalaciones fotovoltaicas confiando en el marco regulatorio creado por los anteriores Gobiernos.
Pero además suponen un riesgo real para el sistema bancario español, ya que muchos de estos inversores privados avalaron sus inversiones con sus propias viviendas a través de créditos hipotecarios que ahora no pueden asumir debido a los recortes retroactivos arriba mencionados.
Estamos hablando de préstamos emitidos por un volumen total de alrededor de 30 mil millones de euros (20 mil millones de euros para inversiones PV, 10 mil millones de euros para plantas CSP) financiados 2/3 por bancos españoles y 1/3 por bancos extranjeros.
— ¿Está informada la Comisión del impacto financiero de esta batería de medidas retroactivas tanto para los pequeños inversores en FV como para los bancos que financiaron los créditos para dichas inversiones?
— ¿Tiene pensado la Comisión emprender alguna medida para impedir la quiebra de esos pequeños inversores en FV en España y, por ende, para prevenir un segundo rescate bancario español?
Respuesta del Sr. Rehn en nombre de la Comisión
(2 de agosto de 2013)
La Comisión está al corriente de la relación entre los cambios en el régimen español de ayudas a la energía fotovoltaica, los ingresos para los productores de energía fotovoltaica y la exposición de los bancos españoles a este sector.
En las recomendaciones específicas por país de 2012 y 2013 dirigidas a España, el Consejo señala los complejos desafíos para España en el sector de la energía, incluida la necesidad de abordar el alto déficit tarifario del sector eléctrico. El déficit supone un considerable pasivo contingente para el presupuesto, los hogares y las empresas, además de entrañar un riesgo macroeconómico nada desdeñable. En los últimos años, el crecimiento muy elevado de las ayudas a las fuentes de energía renovables (casi el 1 % del PIB en 2013, según los datos disponibles), ha contribuido a aumentar ese déficit, que debe ahora solucionarse de forma estructural y global, de modo que las ayudas a la producción de energías renovables sean rentables y aporten a las instalaciones de energía renovable una tasa de rentabilidad razonable.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006750/13
to the Commission
Teresa Riera Madurell (S&D), Sergio Gutiérrez Prieto (S&D), Francisco Sosa Wagner (NI), Raül Romeva i Rueda (Verts/ALE), Andrés Perelló Rodríguez (S&D) and Alejandro Cercas (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Risk of a new Spanish bank bailout due to the possible bankruptcy of thousands of small photovoltaic (PV) investors
The series of anti-renewable energy measures established retroactively by the Spanish Government and some regional governments in recent years — the 30‐50% reduction in the number of years to which regulated tariffs apply for photovoltaic technology, strict limitation of the maximum annual number of hours to which regulated tariffs apply for photovoltaic technology, the renewable energy moratorium, the 7% tax on regulated tariffs and an end to using the actual CPI to update regulated tariffs for renewables — are affecting thousands of small private investors who invested their savings in photovoltaic installations, relying on the regulatory framework established by previous governments.
However, they also pose a real risk to the Spanish banking system, since many of these private investors secured their investments with their own homes by taking out mortgage loans which they can no longer afford due to these retroactive cuts.
These loans amount to around EUR 30 billion (EUR 20 billion for PV investments, EUR 10 billion for CSP plants) two-thirds of which were financed by Spanish banks and one third by foreign banks.
— Is the Commission aware of the financial impact this set of retroactive measures is having on both small PV investors and the banks that financed the loans for these investments?
— Will it take any action to prevent the bankruptcy of these small PV investors in Spain and thus to prevent a second Spanish bank bailout?
Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission
(2 August 2013)
The Commission is aware of the relationship between changes to the Spanish PV support scheme, revenues to PV power producers and the exposure of Spanish banks to the PV sector.
In the 2012 and 2013 Country Specific Recommendations (CSRs) to Spain, the Council points to the complex challenges that Spain faces in the energy sector, including dealing with a large electricity tariff deficit. The deficit implies a considerable contingent liability for the budget, households, and firms, and a non-negligible macroeconomic risk. In recent years the very high growth in support to renewable energy sources (approaching 1% of GDP in 2013 according to available information) has contributed to the deficit. The deficit should now be tackled in a structural and comprehensive way, so that support to renewable energy production is cost-effective and gives renewable energy installations a reasonable rate of return.
(Ελληνική έκδοση)
Ερώτηση με αίτημα γραπτής απάντησης E-006752/13
προς την Επιτροπή
Nikolaos Chountis (GUE/NGL)
(11 Ιουνίου 2013)
Θέμα: Η κατάσταση του τομέα υγείας στην Ελλάδα
Σύμφωνα με την έγκυρη βρετανική ιατρική επιθεώρηση «Λάνσετ» (27.3.2013), έρευνα που βασίζεται σε στοιχεία της Ευρωπαϊκής Στατιστικής Υπηρεσίας καταδεικνύει ότι, από το 2007, η κατάσταση της υγείας στην Ελλάδα και ιδιαίτερα των ευπαθών κοινωνικών ομάδων, έχει επιδεινωθεί κατά 40%. Καταγράφονται αυξήσεις του αριθμού των ασθενειών, των αυτοκτονιών, των χρηστών ναρκωτικών και των κρουσμάτων του ιού ΗΙV.
Σε πρόσφατη ακρόαση στην Επιτροπή Περιβάλλοντος, ο Επίτροπος για τη δημόσια υγεία παραδέχθηκε ότι υπάρχει σύνδεση μεταξύ των περικοπών και της αύξησης των ασθενειών. Ανέφερε επίσης ότι ο τομέας της υγείας παραμένει εθνική αρμοδιότητα.
Ερωτάται η Επιτροπή:
αφού ο τομέας της υγείας είναι θέμα εθνικής αρμοδιότητας, γιατί η τρόικα ζητεί ο προϋπολογισμός για την υγεία να μην υπερβαίνει το 6% του ΑΕΠ, δημιουργώντας προηγούμενο στην ΕΕ για την απόκτηση του ελέγχου επί των εθνικών συστημάτων υγείας στα κράτη μέλη;
γιατί η Γενική Διεύθυνση Υγείας της Επιτροπής (ΓΔ SANCO); στελέχη της οποίας συνοδεύουν την τρόικα στην Ελλάδα, παρά τη νομική της υποχρέωση να αξιολογεί τις επιπτώσεις των πολιτικών της ΕΕ στον τομέα της υγείας, δεν έχει προβεί στην αξιολόγηση των μέτρων αυστηρής λιτότητας που επέβαλε η τρόικα και έχει περιορίσει τον σχολιασμό της στην παροχή συμβουλών σχετικά με το πώς οι υπουργοί υγείας μπορούν να μειώσουν τους προϋπολογισμούς τους;
προτίθεται να δημοσιεύσει — και πότε — έκθεση σχετικά με την αξιολόγηση των περικοπών στον τομέα της υγείας;
Απάντηση του κ. Borg εξ ονόματος της Επιτροπής
(26 Ιουλίου 2013)
Δεδομένων των δημοσιονομικών ανισορροπιών που δημιουργήθηκαν πριν και κατά τη διάρκεια της κρίσης, οι ελληνικές αρχές λαμβάνουν μέτρα για τον εξορθολογισμό των δαπανών για την υγεία. O συμφωνηθείς στόχος για τη σταθεροποίηση των δημόσιων δαπανών για την υγεία σε ποσοστό 6% ή χαμηλότερο του ΑΕΠ αντιστοιχούσε περίπου στην αναλογία των δημοσίων δαπανών στον τομέα της υγείας ως προς το ΑΕΠ, που ίσχυε κατά τα έτη πριν από την έναρξη του προγράμματος μεταρρυθμίσεων. Ο στόχος ήταν να διατηρηθεί μια παρόμοια αναλογία δαπανών ως προς το ΑΕΠ ενώ θα επιτυγχάνεται σημαντική εξοικονόμηση από τη βελτίωση της λειτουργίας των δημόσιων νοσοκομείων, τις περικοπές στη σπατάλη, στην υπερβολική συνταγογράφηση και στην απάτη, καθώς και την καταπολέμηση των υπερβολικών δαπανών σε φάρμακα, προκειμένου να εξασφαλιστεί ότι τα χρήματα αυτά θα χρησιμοποιούνται αποδοτικότερα και αποτελεσματικότερα για την περίθαλψη των ασθενών, παρέχοντας έτσι περιθώριο για βελτίωση της πρόσβασης σε καλύτερης ποιότητας περίθαλψη.
Ο αξιότιμος βουλευτής μπορεί να είναι βέβαιος ότι, στο πλαίσιο του εν εξελίξει διαλόγου με τις ελληνικές αρχές, η Επιτροπή αναφέρθηκε και θα συνεχίσει να αναφέρεται στις ανησυχίες της σχετικά με τη δημόσια υγεία καθώς και με άλλα ζητήματα που συνδέονται με την ποιότητα και την πρόσβαση, πάντα εντός των ορίων των αρμοδιοτήτων της Επιτροπής, και υποστηρίζοντας τις προσπάθειες μεταρρύθμισης που έχουν αναληφθεί από την Ελλάδα.
Δεν έχει ζητηθεί ειδική έκθεση σχετικά με την αξιολόγηση των περικοπών στον τομέα της υγείας, ωστόσο, βρίσκεται σε εξέλιξη η κατάρτιση έκθεσης σχετικά με την ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας όσον αφορά τον αντίκτυπο της χρηματοπιστωτικής κρίσης στην υγεία.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006752/13
to the Commission
Nikolaos Chountis (GUE/NGL)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: The health sector in Greece
According to a survey based on data from the Statistical Office of the European Union and published in the reputable British medical journal The Lancet on 27 March 2013, the health sector in Greece has deteriorated by 40% since 2007, especially among vulnerable social groups. It reports increases in the number of illnesses and in the number of cases of suicide, drug use and HIV.
At a recent hearing of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, the Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy admitted that there is a link between cuts and increases in illnesses. He also said that the health sector is a national responsibility.
In view of the above, will the Commission say:
As the health sector is a matter of national responsibility, why is the Troika calling for the health budget not to exceed 6% of GDP, thereby creating a precedent for the EU to gain control of national health systems in the Member States?
Why has the Commission DG for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), officials from which have accompanied the Troika to Greece, not evaluated the strict austerity measures imposed by the Troika, despite its legal obligation to evaluate the impact of EU policies on the health sector, and why has it confined its comments to advice as to how health ministers can reduce their budgets?
Does it intend to publish a report on the assessment of health cuts and, if so, when?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(26 July 2013)
Given the budgetary imbalances built ahead and during the crisis, the Greek authorities are taking steps to rationalise health expenditure. The agreed target to stabilise public expenditure on health at, or below, 6% of GDP was about the ratio of public expenditure on health to GDP observed in the years prior to the start of the reform programme. The goal was to keep a similar spending ratio while realising substantial savings from improving functioning of public hospitals, cutting waste, over-prescription and fraud, and tackling overpaying for drugs, with a view to ensuring that money is used more efficiently and effectively for patient care, thus providing room for enhanced access to better quality care.
The Honourable Member can be assured that as part of the ongoing dialogue with Greek authorities, the Commission raised and will continue to raise any relevant public health concerns and others related to quality and access, in respect of the boundaries of the Commission's mandate and in support of reform efforts undertaken by Greece.
A specific report on the assessment of health cuts has not been commissioned, however a compilation of a report on reviewing the literature on the health impact of the financial crisis is in progress.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006753/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Guerre commerciale entre l'Europe et la Chine
La Chine a annoncé ce mercredi lancer une enquête antidumping sur les vins importés de l'Union européenne, au lendemain de la décision de Bruxelles d'instaurer des taxes provisoires sur le solaire chinois.
Difficile d'imaginer que cette décision ne fait pas suite à l'excellente décision d'imposer des droits de douane sur les panneaux solaires importés de Chine, qui sont à la base d'un dumping indéniable. Quelques heures après les positions prises par l'Europe, les autorités chinoises déclaraient déjà que les taxes «punitives» annoncées par l'Union européenne n'étaient «pas susceptibles d'inciter à une réponse amicale de la Chine».
1.
Qu'en est-il de cette plainte chinoise sur les vins importés?
2.
Selon la Commission, est-ce le début d'une guerre commerciale entre la Chine et l'Union européenne?
3.
Pékin a déjà par le passé pris des mesures visant des produits européens en réplique à des décisions européennes d'enquêtes ou de taxes visant des sociétés ou des produits chinois. Le montant annuel des exportations de vins et spiritueux européens vers la Chine dépasse 1 milliard d'euros. Le premier exportateur européen vers la Chine est la France, avec 140 millions de litres de vin vendus en 2012, pour un montant de 788 millions de dollars, selon les douanes chinoises. Qu'est-il prévu par la Commission en cas de telles mesures par les autorités chinoises?
Réponse donnée par M. De Gucht au nom de la Commission
(7 août 2013)
Le 1er juillet 2013, la Chine a lancé une enquête conjointe antidumping et antisubventions sur les vins importés de l'Union européenne, suite à une plainte déposée par l'industrie vinicole chinoise alléguant que ce secteur souffre d'importations effectuées à des conditions déloyales.
Pour la Commission, il ne s'agit pas du commencement d'une guerre commerciale. La Chine, comme tout autre membre de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), a en effet le droit de lancer une enquête de défense commerciale conformément aux règles de l'OMC si elle a reçu une plainte dûment justifiée de la part de son industrie. La Chine est cependant tenue de respecter strictement les règles correspondantes de l'OMC.
La Commission est consciente de l'importance de ce problème pour l'industrie vinicole européenne. Elle suivra l'enquête de près et interviendra dûment, le cas échéant, pour garantir que ces règles sont respectées. Si elle parvient à la conclusion que la Chine n'a pas respecté strictement les règles applicables, elle n'hésitera pas à prendre toute mesure utile pour défendre les intérêts de l'Union européenne.
Dans l'intervalle, la Commission assiste et conseille l'industrie vinicole européenne dans la défense de ses intérêts soumis à l'enquête.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006753/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Commercial war between Europe and China
On Wednesday, the day after Brussels decided to impose a provisional tariff on Chinese solar panels, China announced that it would open an anti-dumping investigation into EU wine imports.
It is hard to ignore the likelihood that this move comes in response to the well-advised decision to impose customs duties on imports of solar panels from China, which are unquestionably subject to dumping practices. Only a few hours after Europe made its announcement, the Chinese authorities indicated that the ‘punitive’ duties announced by the European Union were ‘unlikely to encourage an amicable response from China’.
1.
What is the situation regarding China’s complaint about wine imports?
2.
In the Commission’s opinion, is this the start of a commercial war between China and the European Union?
3.
European products have already been the target of past measures by Beijing in response to EU decisions to open investigations or impose duties affecting Chinese companies or products. European exports of wine and spirits to China top EUR 1 billion and France leads the field, taking USD 788 million for 140 million litres of wine in 2012 according to the Chinese customs authorities. How does the Commission plan to respond to such measures by the Chinese authorities?
Answer given by Mr De Gucht on behalf of the Commission
(7 August 2013)
On 1st July 2013, China initiated a joint anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigation against imports of wine from the European Union as a result of a complaint lodged by the Chinese wine industry alleging that the sector suffers from unfairly traded imports.
The Commission does not consider that this means the beginning of a trade war. China, as any other member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), has indeed the right to launch a trade defence investigation under the WTO rules if it has received a duly justified complaint from its industry. China is however obliged to strictly follow the relevant WTO rules.
The Commission is aware of the importance of this issue for the EU wine industry. The Commission will closely monitor the investigation and duly intervene where necessary in order to ensure that these rules are respected. If the Commission reached a conclusion that China did not strictly comply with the applicable rules, it would not hesitate to take action to defend the interests of the European Union.
In the meantime, the Commission assists and advises the EU wine industry in the defence of its interests subject to the investigation.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006754/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Biélorussie: poste avancé chinois à la fiscalité avantageuse
La Chine vient d'annoncer qu'elle allait créer une ville, de toutes pièces, dans une forêt. Pour ce projet pharaonique, Pékin a choisi la Biélorussie. Cette ville qui prendra la forme d'un immense parc industriel, plus grand que Manhattan, devrait accueillir 155 000 personnes, à proximité de Minsk, la capitale biélorusse. La Chine investit 5 milliards de dollars dans cette opération, qui doit être finalisée en 2030 et dont une première partie devrait être terminée d'ici 2020.
Plusieurs bénéfices pour la Chine: d'abord, une proximité avec l'Espace économique européen — les exportations chinoises ne seront plus qu'à 275 kilomètres de la Pologne et de la Lituanie, deux pays membres de l'Union européenne. Ensuite, des avantages douaniers: les accords entre la Biélorussie, la Russie et le Kazakhstan permettront aux produits fabriqués dans cette ville-atelier de passer les frontières russes et kazakhes sans barrière douanière. Enfin, ce parc industriel prévoit des avantages fiscaux très intéressants pour les entreprises qui s'y installeront: exonérations d'impôts et de taxes foncières.
1.
Comment réagit la Commission à cette nouvelle?
2.
Va-t-elle observer avec une attention toute particulière les entreprises européennes ou à capitaux européens qui voudraient s'installer sur le territoire biélorusse?
3.
Quels sont les rapports entre l'Union européenne et la Biélorussie?
Réponse donnée par Mme Ashton, Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante au nom de la Commission
(2 août 2013)
1.
D'une manière générale, la Commission est favorable à la poursuite de la libéralisation et de la privatisation de l'économie biélorusse ainsi que des investissements dans cette économie. Elle collabore avec les parties prenantes biélorusses dans le cadre de la plateforme no 2 du partenariat oriental (intégration économique et convergence avec les politiques de l'UE) pour améliorer le climat des affaires en Biélorussie. Dans ce contexte, la Commission continuera à procéder à une évaluation des politiques en faveur des PME et des progrès accomplis à cet égard par le pays. Un environnement propice aux affaires ne dépend pas seulement d'une fiscalité avantageuse. Selon le rapport «Doing Business» de la Banque mondiale, la Biélorussie n'occupe actuellement que le 58e rang en ce qui concerne la «facilité à y faire des affaires». Il reste à voir dans quelle mesure le parc industriel permettra d'accroître la libéralisation de l'économie biélorusse et sera profitable aux affaires (y compris aux entreprises européennes).
2.
D'une manière générale, la Commission promeut et met en œuvre des politiques et des mesures visant à maintenir les investissements dans l'UE et à y attirer les investissements étrangers directs, afin de générer la croissance et l'emploi et de contrebalancer l'érosion de la base industrielle de l'Europe. Néanmoins, la Commission est pleinement consciente que, à l'ère de la mondialisation, les entreprises européennes doivent être actives au niveau international pour être performantes.
3.
L'UE mène une politique de dialogue critique envers la Biélorussie. Cette politique comprend des mesures restrictives à l'encontre d'un certain nombre d'individus et d'entités, une coopération au titre du volet multilatéral du partenariat oriental, des dialogues techniques sur des questions d'intérêt commun ainsi qu'un soutien à la société civile. La libération et la réhabilitation des prisonniers politiques sont une condition essentielle à la normalisation des relations UE-Biélorussie.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006754/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Belarus: Chinese outpost with tax breaks
China has just announced that it intends to build a city from scratch in a forest. Beijing has chosen Belarus for this mammoth project. The city, which will be built in the form of a vast industrial estate larger than Manhattan, will accommodate 155 000 people and be located close to Minsk, the Belarusian capital. China will invest USD 5 billion in the project, which should be completed by 2030, with the first stage ready by 2020.
The project offers several advantages to China. The first of these is proximity to the European Economic Area, since Chinese exports will now only be 275 km away from Poland and Lithuania, two Member States of the European Union. There will also be advantages in terms of customs duties, since the agreements in place between Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan will allow products manufactured in this workshop-city to cross the borders into Russia and Kazakhstan without tariff barriers. Finally, the industrial estate will offer extremely attractive tax breaks to companies which launch operations there, in the form of a waiver on profit and property taxes.
1.
What is the Commission’s response to this news?
2.
Does it intend to keep a particularly close eye on the relocation of European companies or capital to Belarusian territory?
3.
What is the state of relations between the European Union and Belarus?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(2 August 2013)
1.
The Commission generally supports further liberalisation and privatisation of and investment in the Belarusian economy. The Commission works with Belarusian stakeholders under Platform 2 (economic integration and convergence with EU policies) of the Eastern Partnership in order to improve the business environment in Belarus. Within this context, the Commission will continue to undertake an assessment of SME policies and any progress in this regard in Belarus. A fruitful business environment is not only based on tax breaks. According to the World Bank
‘Doing Business Report’, Belarus is currently only ranked 58th as regards the ‘ease of doing business’. It remains to be seen to what extent the Industrial Park will further the liberalisation of the economy in Belarus and be beneficial to business (including European businesses).
2.
The Commission generally promotes and implements policies and measures to maintain investment in and to attract FDI to the EU in order to generate growth and employment and to counteract the hollowing out of Europe's industrial base. At the same time, the Commission is fully aware that in times of globalisation European companies must be active at international level in order to be successful.
3.
The EU pursues a policy of critical engagement towards Belarus. This includes restrictive measures against a number of individuals and entities, as well as cooperation through the multilateral track of the Eastern Partnership, technical dialogues on topics of common interest, and support to civil society. The release and rehabilitation of political prisoners is a key condition for the normalisation of EU-Belarus relations.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006755/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Accords anticoncurrentiels entre groupes pharmaceutiques
La presse faisait état, il y a peu, du fait que la mise en vente d'antidépresseurs génériques aurait été retardée par le groupe Lundbeck d'au moins deux ans. Ce retard aurait entraîné un surcoût de 20 % pour les consommateurs.
Les autres sociétés visées sont Generics UK, Arrow, Resolution Chemicals, Xellia Pharmaceuticals, Alpharma, A.L. Industrier et Ranbaxy, le numéro un indien du secteur.
1.
Si les faits sont avérés, il s'agirait des premières sanctions financières infligées à des laboratoires pharmaceutiques par l'Union européenne. Quelle somme la Commission compte-t-elle demander à titre de sanction?
2.
Quel pourcentage de cette somme serait réaffecté à la lutte antifraude?
3.
Par quel biais la Commission a-t-elle eu vent de cette supercherie?
Réponse donnée par M. Almunia au nom de la Commission
(5 août 2013)
Contrairement à ce que la première question laisse entendre, ce n'est pas la première fois que la Commission sanctionne des entreprises pharmaceutiques. En 2005, par exemple, elle a frappé AstraZeneca d'une amende de 60 millions d'euros pour abus de position dominante. En ce qui concerne les sanctions imposées dans l'affaire 39 226 (Lundbeck), elle a infligé, le 19 juin 2013, une amende de 93,8 millions d'euros à la société pharmaceutique danoise Lundbeck et des amendes d'un montant total de 52,2 millions d'euros aux fabricants de médicaments génériques Alpharma (qui fait désormais partie de Zoetis), Merck KgaA/Generics UK (Generics UK fait désormais partie de Mylan), Arrow (qui fait désormais partie d'Actavis) et Ranbaxy. La Commission a condamné ces entreprises au paiement d'une amende pour infraction à l'article 101 du traité. Il a en effet été établi que le groupe Lundbeck s'était entendu, en 2002, avec chacun de ces fabricants de médicaments génériques pour retarder l'entrée sur le marché en Europe de versions génériques moins chères de l'antidépresseur vedette des laboratoires Lundbeck, à savoir le citalopram.
Les amendes seront versées au budget de l'UE. Aucune partie de la somme n'est expressément réaffectée à la lutte contre la fraude ou les infractions aux règles de concurrence.
Il s'agissait, dans l'affaire concernée, d'une procédure d'office, c'est-à-dire une procédure engagée par la Commission de sa propre initiative, en l'occurrence pour sanctionner financièrement des entreprises ayant enfreint l'article 101 du traité.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006755/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Anti-competitive agreements between pharmaceutical groups
The press recently reported that the launch of generic antidepressants was delayed for at least two years by the Lundbeck Group, costing consumers an extra 20%.
The other companies implicated are Generics UK, Arrow, Resolution Chemicals, Xellia Pharmaceuticals, Alpharma, A.L. Industrier and Ranbaxy, India’s leading pharmaceutical company.
1.
If this proves to be true, it will be the first time that the European Union has imposed financial sanctions on pharmaceutical laboratories. What sanction does the Commission intend to impose?
2.
What percentage of this money will be redirected to the fight against fraud?
3.
How did the Commission learn of this fraud?
Answer given by Mr Almunia on behalf of the Commission
(5 August 2013)
Unlike the first question suggests, it is not the first time that the Commission sanctions pharmaceutical companies. In 2005, for instance, the Commission imposed a fine of EUR 60 million on AstraZeneca for abuse of its dominant position. Regarding the sanctions in Case 39.226 Lundbeck, on 19 June 2013 the Commission imposed a fine of EUR 93,8 million on the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck and fines totalling EUR 52,2 million on generic producers Alpharma (now part of Zoetis), Merck KGaA/Generics UK (Generics UK is now part of Mylan), Arrow (now part of Actavis), and Ranbaxy. The Commission imposed these fines for a violation of Article 101 of the Treaty, as Lundbeck was found to have agreed in 2002 with each of these generic companies to delay the market entry in Europe of cheaper generic versions of Lundbeck's blockbuster antidepressant medicine, citalopram.
The fines will form part of the EU budget. None of the money is specifically redirected to fight against fraud or competition infringements.
This case was an ex-officio case; that is, a case initiated by the Commission, charging the companies violating Article 101 of the Treaty.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006756/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Performance des ports européens
1.
La Commission compte-t-elle jouer un rôle dans la diminution des écarts de performance actuellement très importants entre les ports européens? En effet, trois d
'entre eux manipulent 20 % de l'ensemble des marchandises qui arrivent en Europe par voie maritime, à savoir Anvers, Hambourg et Rotterdam.
2.
La Commission estime-t-elle également que les performances inégales des ports européens entravent fortement l
'efficience du secteur: distances plus longues, grands détours de trafic, trajets maritimes et terrestres allongés, envolée des émissions dues au transport, congestion au détriment de l'économie de l'UE?
Réponse donnée par M. Kallas au nom de la Commission
(18 juillet 2013)
Le 23 mai 2013, la Commission a adopté une communication (529) qui fait le point sur les objectifs de la politique portuaire de l'Union européenne. Cette dernière propose huit mesures et est accompagnée d'une proposition de règlement (530) du Parlement et du Conseil visant, notamment, à améliorer la performance des ports dans toutes les régions maritimes de l'UE.
La Commission reconnaît que les mauvaises performances des ports, notamment de ceux qui font partie du réseau transeuropéen de transport, constituent un frein au développement durable du système de transport de l'UE dans son ensemble et ont des répercussions négatives sur les perspectives de croissance économique. Les propositions de la Commission ont pour objectif de remédier à ces défaillances.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006756/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Performance of EU ports
1.
Does the Commission intend to play any role in closing the huge gap which currently exists between EU ports in terms of performance? Three of these ports — Anvers, Hamburg and Rotterdam — handle 20% of all freight arriving in Europe by sea.
2.
Does the Commission agree that the uneven performance of EU ports has a profound impact on the efficiency of this sector as a result of increased distances, considerable detours, longer sea and land routes, a hike in transport-related emissions and congestion, to the detriment of the EU economy?
Answer given by Mr Kallas on behalf of the Commission
(18 July 2013)
On 23 May 2013, the Commission adopted a communication (531) reviewing the objectives of the EU Ports Policy objectives. The communication proposes eight measures and is accompanied by a proposal for a regulation (532) by the Parliament and Council for the purpose of, inter alia, improving the performance of ports in all EU maritime regions.
The Commission agrees that poorly performing ports, in particular ports which are part of the Trans-European Transport Netwrok, handicap the sustainable development of the EU Transport system as a whole and impact negatively on economic growth prospects. The Commission proposals are addressing these shortcomings.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006757/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: «Un meilleur internet pour les enfants» semble être largement en péril
L'avenir du programme proposé par l'Union européenne «Un meilleur internet pour les enfants» semble être largement en péril.
1.
La Commission n'estime-t-elle pas comme une priorité d'étoffer ce budget?
2.
La Commission confirme-t-elle que le programme sera financé seulement à partir d'octobre 2014, entraînant une suspension de ce soutien financier pendant plusieurs mois?
3.
La Commission confirme-t-elle, oui ou non, que les contrats signés par les 27 États membres pendant la période allant de 2013 au début de 2014 ne peuvent pas être entièrement honorés par l'Union parce que le budget a été en partie épuisé?
Réponse donnée par Mme Kroes au nom de la Commission
(30 juillet 2013)
Dans sa communication sur une stratégie européenne pour un internet mieux adapté aux enfants (533), la Commission souligne l'importance de protéger et de responsabiliser les enfants dans l'univers numérique. L'accord politique sur le cadre financier pluriannuel (CFP), en particulier en ce qui concerne le Mécanisme pour l'interconnexion en Europe, a conduit la Commission à présenter une proposition modifiée de règlement concernant des orientations pour les réseaux transeuropéens de télécommunications (534), y compris pour les infrastructures de services numériques. Le renforcement de la sécurité sur internet y figure toujours parmi les infrastructures de services numériques admissibles, mais, comme la proposition modifiée l'indique clairement, le budget disponible ne permettra pas à la Commission de soutenir les plates-formes de base et les services génériques au niveau proposé initialement, du point de vue de l'aide financière et de la prestation de services.
Les projets faisant l'objet de contrats au titre de l'actuel programme pour un internet plus sûr seront financés jusqu'à la date de fin indiquée dans ces contrats, soit le plus souvent juin ou octobre 2014. Le budget disponible pour les projets sélectionnés et négociés à la suite de l'appel à propositions de 2013 reste identique à celui mentionné dans cet appel, à savoir 2,275 millions d'euros au total. La Commission estime que ces projets devraient pouvoir bénéficier d'un financement au moins jusqu'à la fin 2014.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006757/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: ‘A better Internet for children’ at grave risk
The future of the ‘Making a better Internet for children’ programme proposed by the European Union would appear to be at grave risk.
1.
Does the Commission not consider that it is a priority to increase this budget?
2.
Can the Commission confirm that the programme will not be financed until October 2014 onwards, thereby causing several months’ delay in this financial support?
3.
Can the Commission confirm, yes or no, that it will not be possible to honour all contracts signed by the 27 Member States between 2013 and early 2014 because part of the budget has been used up?
Answer given by Ms Kroes on behalf of the Commission
(30 July 2013)
The communication of the Commission on European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children (535) recognised the importance the Commission gives to empowering and protecting children in the online world. The political agreement on Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), particularly with respect to the Connecting Europe Facility, has led to an amended proposal from the Commission for a regulation on guidelines for trans-European telecommunications networks (536), including for the digital services infrastructures. The safer Internet is still identified therein as an eligible digital service infrastructure but, as the amended proposal makes it clear, the available budget will not allow the Commission to support the core platforms or generic services at the level of financial support and service provision, as it was originally proposed.
Projects with contracts under the current Safer Internet programme will be funded to the end date stated in those contracts, which in most cases is either June or October 2014. The budget available for projects selected and negotiated as a result of the 2013 Call for proposals remains as set out in the call, namely 2.275 Million euro in total. The Commission anticipates that these projects could receive funding until at least the end of 2014.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006758/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Conséquences de la disparition de l'itinérance
Le Parlement européen et de nombreux collègues se sont réjouis que la commissaire européenne chargée des nouvelles technologies fasse écho de leurs demandes d'abolir les tarifs de l'itinérance en Europe dès 2014.
1.
La Commission peut‐elle confirmer que le paquet législatif sera bien proposé en juillet comme annoncé?
2.
La Commission envisage-t-elle d'empêcher les opérateurs de rattraper le futur manque à gagner en matière d'itinérance via l'augmentation d'autres tarifs?
3.
La Commission pourrait-elle nous dire à combien, en moyenne, se monte, annuellement, le total des frais d'itinérance perçus dans le portefeuille des citoyens?
Réponse donnée par Mme Kroes au nom de la Commission
(23 juillet 2013)
Le Conseil européen du printemps 2013 a souligné l'importance du marché unique numérique pour la croissance, et dans ses conclusions, a demandé que la Commission présente des mesures concrètes en vue de la création d'un marché unique des technologies de l'information et des communications avant le Conseil européen d'octobre. Par conséquent, la Commission envisage de présenter au début du mois de septembre 2013 une proposition législative en vue de la création d'un véritable marché unique des télécommunications. La Commission estime qu'il s'agit là d'une démarche essentielle pour stimuler la croissance et l'emploi dans l'UE.
Les frais d'itinérance appliqués actuellement illustrent clairement l'absence d'un tel marché unique. La Commission prévoit d'aborder ce problème dans la prochaine initiative législative sur la base des mesures du règlement de 2012 sur l'itinérance qui encouragent la concurrence.
Même si les niveaux des prix des services domestiques ne sont pas régis par la législation de l'UE, le cadre réglementaire actuel dote les autorités nationales de régulation d'outils leur permettant d'agir en cas de problèmes liés à la concurrence sur leurs marchés nationaux, et de prendre des mesures correctives le cas échéant.
Les dépenses moyennes consacrées aux services d'itinérance dépendent largement des modes de consommation individuels et des services utilisés. Le marché intracommunautaire de l'itinérance représente environ 5 milliards d'euros par an, soit environ 10 euros par personne. Les personnes qui voyagent fréquemment ou effectuent régulièrement des déplacements professionnels sont évidemment les plus touchées par les frais d'itinérance. De plus, les modes de consommation évoluent rapidement dès lors que les données mobiles sont en pleine croissance compte tenu des nouveaux appareils et services de connexion.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006758/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Consequences of a ban on roaming charges
The European Parliament and many of my fellow Members have welcomed the news that the EU Commissioner in charge of new technologies has echoed their calls to abolish roaming charges in Europe from 2014.
1.
Can the Commission confirm the announcement that the legislative package will be tabled in July?
2.
Is the Commission planning to stop operators from compensating for the future loss of revenue from roaming by charging more for other services?
3.
Can the Commission indicate what the average citizen spends in total each year on roaming charges?
Answer given by Ms Kroes on behalf of the Commission
(23 July 2013)
The 2013 Spring European Council stressed the importance of the digital single market for growth and, in its conclusions, called for concrete measures to establish a Single Market for Information and Communications Technology as early as possible to be presented by the Commission in advance of the October European Council. To this effect, the Commission intends presenting in early September 2013 a legislative initiative to create a true Telecoms Single Market. The Commission considers this essential to boost growth and jobs in the EU.
Clearly roaming charges are an example of the absence of such a single market today. Building on the pro-competitive measures of the 2012 Roaming Regulation, the Commission is considering as part of the forthcoming legislative initiative to address roaming.
Although the price levels of domestic services are not regulated as such under EC law, the current regulatory framework already provides National Regulatory Authorities with tools to act in relation to any competition problems that may exist within their national markets and, when appropriate, to impose remedies.
The average spending on roaming services depends very much on individuals' consumption patterns and services used. The size of intra-EU roaming market is about EUR 5 billion a year, representing around 10 EUR per capita. Frequent travellers and business travellers are clearly most affected by roaming charges. Furthermore, consumption patterns are changing fast as mobile data is growing quickly with the advent of new connected services and devices.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006759/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Montant total des coûts perçus pour l'itinérance
Le Parlement européen et de nombreux collègues se sont réjouis que la commissaire chargée des nouvelles technologies se fasse l'écho de leurs demandes d'abolir dès 2014 les tarifs appliqués pour l'itinérance dans l'Union européenne.
La Commission pourrait-elle nous dire à combien, en moyenne, annuellement, se monte le total des frais d'itinérance pris dans le portefeuille des citoyens?
Réponse donnée par Mme Kroes au nom de la Commission
(30 juillet 2013)
La Commission renvoie l'Honorable parlementaire à sa réponse à la question E-006758/2013 (537).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-006759/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 June 2013)
Subject: Total charged for roaming services
The European Parliament and many of my fellow Members have welcomed the news that the Commissioner in charge of new technologies has echoed their calls to abolish roaming charges within the European Union from 2014.
Can the Commission indicate what the average citizen spends in total each year on roaming charges?
Answer given by Ms Kroes on behalf of the Commission
(30 July 2013)
The Commission would like to refer the Honourable Member to the answer given in reply to Question E-006758/2013 (538).
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-006760/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(11 juin 2013)
Objet: Salvador: torture de Beatriz
Aucune femme ne doit se voir refuser des soins médicaux vitaux — notamment un avortement si cela est nécessaire. La vie de «Beatriz» n'est plus en danger, le gouvernement salvadorien l'ayant finalement autorisée lundi 4 juin à subir une césarienne anticipée afin qu'elle ne succombe pas aux complications causées par une grossesse non viable et une grave maladie.
Beatriz — dont le cas a galvanisé des militants du monde entier — a ainsi souffert pendant de longues semaines tandis que les tribunaux et responsables salvadoriens débattaient de la possibilité de lui offrir un traitement.
Dans le même temps, nous tenons à affirmer avec force qu'aucune femme ou jeune fille ne doit subir le genre de discrimination, assimilable à de la torture, infligé à Beatriz, qui a dû lutter pour rester en vie tandis qu'on lui refusait un avortement susceptible de la sauver et de préserver sa santé.
1.
Quelle est la position de la Commission face à cette histoire tragique?
2.
La Commission compte-t-elle entamer des démarches diplomatiques afin que le gouvernement salvadorien agisse immédiatement pour en finir avec l'interdiction totale de l'avortement et mettre la législation du pays en conformité avec les normes internationales en matière de droits humains?
Pour rappel, comme les médecins l'avaient prédit, le bébé, à qui il manquait une grande partie de la tête et du cerveau, n'a survécu que quelques heures après sa naissance.
Réponse donnée par Mme Ashton, Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante au nom de la Commission
(7 août 2013)
La Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante a suivi ce dossier avec attention.
L'Union européenne est restée en contact avec le ministère de la santé tout au long de cette affaire, l'encourageant à y apporter une solution acceptable.
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http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/a2fb2aa6-c85d-4223-9880-403cc5c1daa2_17448 | Eurovoc | CC-By | Преди изтичането на разумния срок страната ответник уведомява страната ищец и Комитета по търговията за мерките, които е предприела за изпълнение на решението на арбитражния комитет. 2. В случай на разногласие между страните относно съществуването на дадена мярка или съответствието на която и да било мярка, съобщена съгласно параграф 1, с разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2, страната ищец може да отправи писмено искане до първоначално сформирания арбитражен комитет да се произнесе по въпроса. В това искане се посочва конкретната спорна мярка и се обяснява причината, поради която тази мярка е несъвместима с разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2. Арбитражният комитет оповестява своето решение в срок от 45 дни от датата на подаване на искането. 3. В случай че който и да било член на първоначално съставения арбитражен комитет вече не е на разположение, се прилагат процедурите, посочени в член 14. 5. Срокът за съобщаване на решението е 60 дни от датата на подаване на искането, посочено в параграф 2. Член 14. 11Временни мерки в случай на неизпълнение1. Ако страната ответник не съобщи мярката, която е предприела, за да изпълни решението на арбитражния комитет, преди изтичането на разумния срок или ако арбитражният комитет постанови, че не съществува каквато и да било мярка, предприета с цел изпълнение на решението, или че мярката, съобщена съгласно член 14. 10, параграф 1, е несъвместима със задълженията на страната по смисъла на разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2, страната ответник представя предложение за временна компенсация, ако страната ищец поиска това. 2. Ако в срок от 30 дни от края на разумния срок или от датата на съобщаване на решението на арбитражния комитет по член 14. 10, което гласи, че не съществува каквато и да било мярка, предприета с цел изпълнение на решението, или че мярката, съобщена съгласно член 14. 10, параграф 1, е несъвместима с разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2, не бъде постигнато споразумение за компенсация, страната ищец има право, след като уведоми страната ответник и Комитета по търговията, да преустанови изпълнението на задълженията, произтичащи от посочените в член 14. 2 разпоредби, в степен, равностойна на причиненото поради нарушението анулиране или намаляване на ползите. В уведомлението се посочва степента на изпълнение на задълженията, които страната ищец възнамерява да преустанови. Страната ищец може да приложи преустановяването 10 дни след датата на уведомлението, освен ако страната ответник не е поискала арбитраж по параграф 4. 3. При преустановяване на изпълнението на задълженията страната ищец може да избере да увеличи своите тарифни ставки до равнището, прилагано по отношение на другите членове на СТО, върху обем на търговията, който се определя по такъв начин, че при умножението на обема на търговията с увеличението на тарифните ставки да се получава стойността на причиненото поради нарушението анулиране или намаляване на ползите. 4. Ако страната ответник счита, че степента на преустановяване на изпълнението на задълженията не е равностойно на причиненото поради нарушението анулиране или намаляване на ползите, тя може да отправи писмено искане до първоначално сформирания арбитражен комитет да се произнесе по въпроса. За такова искане се уведомяват страната ищец и Комитетът по търговията в рамките на срока от 10 дни, посочен в параграф 2. Първоначално сформираният арбитражен комитет съобщава на страните и Комитета по търговията решението си за степента на преустановяване на изпълнението на задължения в рамките на 30-дневен срок от датата на подаване на искането,. Изпълнението на задълженията не се преустановява докато първоначално сформираният арбитражен комитет не съобщи решението си и всяко преустановяване трябва да е в съответствие с решението на арбитражния комитет. 5. В случай че който и да било член на първоначално сформирания арбитражен комитет вече не е на разположение, се прилагат процедурите, посочени в член 14. 5. Срокът за съобщаване на решението е 45 дни от датата на подаване на искането, посочено в параграф 4. 6. Преустановяването на изпълнението на задължения е временно и се прилага само докато мярката, за която е установено, че е несъвместима с разпоредбите на член 14. 2, не бъде отменена или изменена така, че да бъде в съответствие с посочените разпоредби, както е предвидено в член 14. 12, или докато страните не постигнат съгласие за уреждане на спора. Член 14. 12Преглед на мярка, предприета с цел изпълнение след преустановяване на изпълнението на задължения1. Страната ответник уведомява страната ищец и Комитета по търговията за всички мерки, които е предприела, за да изпълни решението на арбитражния комитет, както и за искането си за отмяна на преустановяването на изпълнението на задължения, прилагано от страната ищец. 2. Ако страните не постигнат споразумение относно съвместимостта на мярката, за която е направено уведомление, с разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2, в срок от 30 дни от датата на уведомлението, страната ищец се обръща с писмено искане до първоначално сформирания арбитражен комитет да се произнесе по въпроса. За искането се уведомяват страната ответник и Комитета по търговията. Арбитражният комитет съобщава своето решение на страните и Комитета по търговията в срок от 45 дни от датата на подаване на искането. Ако арбитражният комитет постанови, че дадена мярка, предприета за изпълнение, е в съответствие с разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2, преустановяването на изпълнението на задължения се отменя. 3. В случай че който и да било член на първоначално сформирания арбитражен комитет вече не е на разположение, се прилагат процедурите, посочени в член 14. 5. Срокът за съобщаване на решението е 60 дни от датата на подаване на искането, посочено в параграф 2. Подраздел ВОбщи разпоредбиЧлен 14. 13Взаимно приемливо решениеСтраните могат да стигнат до взаимно приемливо решение на спор по настоящата глава по всяко време. Те уведомяват Комитета по търговията за всяко такова решение. Процедурата се прекратява с уведомяването за взаимно приемливо решение. Член 14. 14Процедурен правилник1. Процедурите по уреждане на спорове по настоящата глава се уреждат съгласно приложение 14-Б. 2. Всяко изслушване, провеждано от арбитражния комитет, е публично в съответствие с приложение 14-Б. Член 14. 15Информация и технически насокиПо искане на някоя от страните или по собствена инициатива арбитражният комитет може да получи информация от всеки един източник, включително от страните по спора, ако сметне това за необходимо за своята работа. Арбитражният комитет има също така правото да потърси съответното становище на експерти, когато смята това за целесъобразно. Всяка информация, получена по този начин, трябва да бъде разкрита и на двете страни, които биха могли да представят коментари. Заинтересовани физически или юридически лица от страните имат право да представят становища amicus curiae на арбитражния комитет в съответствие с приложение 14-Б. Член 14. 16Правила на тълкуванеАрбитражните комитети тълкуват разпоредбите на член 14. 2 в съответствие с обичайните правила за тълкуване на международното публично право, включително правилата, кодифицирани във Виенската конвенция за правото на договорите. Когато задължение по силата на настоящото споразумение е идентично със задължение по силата на Споразумението за СТО, арбитражният комитет приема тълкуване, което съответства на съответното тълкуване, установено в решенията на Органа за уреждане на спорове на СТО (наричан по-нататък ОУС). Решенията на арбитражния комитет не могат да допълват или намаляват правата и задълженията, предвидени в разпоредбите, посочени в член 14. 2. Член 14. 17Решения на арбитражния комитет1. Арбитражният комитет полага всички усилия за вземане на решения с консенсус. Ако не може да се стигне обаче до вземане на решение с консенсус, спорният въпрос се решава с мнозинство на гласовете. Особените мнения на арбитрите в никакъв случай не се публикуват. 2. Всяко решение, произнесено от арбитражния комитет, има задължителна сила за страните и не създава никакви права или задължения за физически или юридически лица. Решението съдържа фактическите констатации, приложимостта на съответните разпоредби на настоящото споразумение и основните мотиви за всички направени в него констатации и препоръки. Комитетът по търговията оповестява решенията на арбитражния комитет в тяхната цялост, освен ако не реши друго. РАЗДЕЛ ГОбщи разпоредбиЧлен 14. 18Списък с арбитри1. До шест месеца след датата на влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение Комитетът по търговията съставя списък с 15 лица, които желаят и могат да изпълняват функцията на арбитри. Всяка от страните предлага пет лица, които да изпълняват функцията на арбитри. Страните също така избират пет лица, които не са граждани на нито една от тях и които изпълняват функцията на председатели на арбитражния комитет. Комитетът по търговията следи за това списъкът да се поддържа винаги на това равнище. 2. Арбитрите имат специализирани познания по право и международна търговия или професионален опит в тези области. Те са независими, изпълняват функциите си в качеството си на частни лица, не приемат инструкции от нито една организация или правителство по отношение на въпроси, свързани със спора, нито пък са свързани с правителството на някоя от страните, и спазват приложение 14-В. Член 14. 19Връзка със задълженията, поети в рамките на СТО1. Използването на разпоредбите на настоящата глава за уреждане на спорове не засяга действия, предприети в рамките на СТО, включително действия по уреждане на спорове. 2. Въпреки това, когато страна е започнала процедура за уреждане на спор по отношение на определена мярка съгласно настоящата глава или съгласно Споразумението за СТО, тя не може да започне процедура за уреждане на спор относно същата мярка пред другата организация, докато не приключи първата процедура. Освен това, страна не може да търси и пред двете организации компенсация за неизпълнение на задължение, което е идентично по смисъла и на настоящото споразумение, и по смисъла на споразумението за СТО. В такъв случай след започването на процедурата за уреждане на спор, страната не подава жалба пред другата организация за компенсация за неизпълнението на идентично задължение по другото споразумение, освен ако избраната организация не съумее, по причини от процедурен или юрисдикционен характер, да излезе с констатации по жалбата за компенсация на неизпълнение на посоченото задължение. 3. За целите на параграф 2:а)процедурите за уреждане на спорове съгласно Споразумението за СТО се смятат за започнати, когато страна поиска създаването на група съдебни заседатели съгласно член 6 от Договореността относно правилата и процедурите за уреждането на спорове, която се съдържа в приложение 2 към Споразумението за СТО (наричана по-нататък ДППУС) и се считат за приключили, когато ОУС одобри доклада на групата и доклада на апелативния орган в зависимост от случая, по силата на член 16 и член 17. 14 от ДППУС; иб)процедурите за уреждане на спорове по силата на настоящата глава се считат за започнати по искане на страна за сформиране на арбитражен комитет съгласно член 14. 4, параграф 1 и се считат за приключили когато арбитражният комитет оповести на страните и на Комитета по търговията своето решение съгласно член 14. 7. 4. Никоя от разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение не възпрепятства страна да прилага преустановяване на задълженията, разрешено от ОУС. Споразумението за СТО не може да се посочва като основание за възпрепятстване на страна да преустановява изпълнението на задължения по силата на настоящата глава. Член 14. 20Срокове1. Всички срокове, посочени в настоящата глава, включително сроковете, в които арбитражните комитети трябва да съобщават решенията си, се изчисляват в календарни дни от деня след действието или факта, за които се отнасят. 2. Всеки срок, посочен в настоящата глава, може да бъде удължен по взаимно съгласие на страните. ПЕТНАДЕСЕТА ГЛАВАИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛНИ, ОБЩИ И ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛНИ РАЗПОРЕДБИЧлен 15. 1Комитет по търговията1. С настоящото споразумение страните създават Комитет по търговиятаКакто е посочено в Протокола за сътрудничество в областта на културата, Комитетът по търговията не притежава каквато и да било компетентност по отношение на протокола, а всички функции на Комитета по търговията, свързани с протокола, се упражняват от Комитета по сътрудничество в областта на културата, когато тези функции са от практическо значение за прилагането на протокола. , който се състои от представители на ЕС като страна по споразумението и представители на Корея. 2. Комитетът по търговията провежда заседанията си веднъж годишно последователно в Брюксел и в Сеул или по искане на всяка от страните. Комитетът по търговията се председателства съвместно от министъра на търговията на Корея и от члена на Европейската комисия, отговарящ за търговията, или от съответните определени от тях лица. Комитетът по търговията постига съгласие относно графика на своите заседания и определя своя дневен ред. 3. Комитетът по търговията:а)гарантира, че настоящото споразумение действа правилно;б)осъществява надзор и улеснява изпълнението и прилагането на настоящото споразумение и в допълнение, на неговите общи цели;в)осъществява надзор върху работата на всички специализирани комитети, работни групи и други органи, създадени по силата на настоящото споразумение;г)разглежда начини за допълнително засилване на търговските отношения между страните;д)без да се засягат правата, предоставени по силата на четиринадесета глава (Уреждане на спорове) и приложение 14-А (Механизъм за медиация при нетарифни мерки), търси подходящи начини и методи за предотвратяване на проблеми, които биха могли да възникнат в области, попадащи в обхвата на настоящото споразумение, или за разрешаване на спорове, които биха могли да възникнат във връзка с тълкуването или прилагането на настоящото споразумение;е)проучва развитието на търговията между страните; иж)разглежда всички други въпроси, които представляват интерес и са свързани с област, попадаща в обхвата на настоящото споразумение. 4. Комитетът по търговията може:а)да реши да създаде и да делегира отговорности на специализирани комитети, работни групи или други органи;б)да общува с всички заинтересовани страни, включително частния сектор и организациите на гражданското общество;в)да обсъжда предприемането на изменения към настоящото споразумение или да изменя разпоредби на настоящото споразумение в случаи, които са изрично предвидени в настоящото споразумение;г)да приема тълкувания на разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение;д)да отправя препоръки или да взема решения съгласно предвиденото в настоящото споразумение;е)да приема свой собствен процедурен правилник; иж)при изпълнение на функциите си да предприема други дейности, за които страните могат да постигнат споразумение. 5. Комитетът по търговията докладва на Съвместния комитет за дейностите, извършени от него и от специализираните комитети, работните групи и другите органи, на всяко редовно заседание на Съвместния комитет. 6. Всяка от страните може да отнесе за разглеждане от Комитета по търговията всички въпроси, свързани с тълкуването или прилагането на настоящото споразумение, без да се засягат правата, предоставени по силата на четиринадесета глава (Уреждане на спорове) и приложение 14-А (Механизъм за медиация при нетарифни мерки). 7. Когато страна предостави информация, считана за поверителна съгласно нейните законови и подзаконови актове, на Комитета по търговията, специализираните комитети, работните групи или каквито и да било други органи, другата страна третира информацията като поверителна. 8. Като признават значението на прозрачността и откритостта, страните потвърждават своите съответни практики на разглеждане на мнения на граждани с цел използване на широк набор от гледни точки при прилагането на настоящото споразумение. Член 15. 2Специализирани комитети1. С настоящото споразумение се създават следните комитети под егидата на Комитета по търговията:а)Комитетът по търговията със стоки в съответствие с член 2. 16 (Комитет по търговията със стоки);б)Комитетът по санитарните и фитосанитарните мерки в съответствие с член 5. 10 (Комитет по санитарните и фитосанитарните мерки);в)Митническият комитет в съответствие с член 6. 16 (Митнически комитет). По отношение на въпроси, които попадат изключително в обхвата на Митническото споразумение, Митническият комитет изпълнява функцията на Съвместен комитет за митническо сътрудничество, създаден по силата на настоящото споразумение;г)Комитетът по търговията с услуги, установяването и електронната търговия в съответствие с член 7. 3 (Комитет по търговията с услуги, установяването и електронната търговия);д)Комитетът по търговията и устойчивото развитие в съответствие с член 13. 12 (Институционален механизъм); ие)Комитетът по зоните за пасивно усъвършенстване на Корейския полуостров в съответствие с приложение IV от Протокола относно определението на понятието продукти с произход и методите на административно сътрудничество. Сферата на компетенции и задачите на създадените специализирани комитети са определени в съответните глави и протоколи на настоящото споразумение. 2. Комитетът по търговията може да реши да създаде други специализирани комитети, които да му оказват съдействие при изпълнение на неговите задачи. Комитетът по търговията определя състава, задълженията и функциите на специализираните комитети, създадени по силата на настоящия член. 3. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящото споразумение, специализираните комитети обикновено провеждат своите заседания веднъж годишно, на подходящото равнище, последователно в Брюксел и в Сеул или по искане на всяка от страните или на Комитета по търговията и се председателстват съвместно от представители на Корея и на Европейския съюз. Специализираните комитети постигат съгласие относно графика на своите заседания и определят своя дневен ред. 4. Специализираните комитети уведомяват Комитета по търговията за своя график и дневен ред достатъчно рано преди началото на своите заседания. Те докладват на Комитета по търговията за дейностите, извършени от тях, на всяко редовно заседание на Комитета по търговията. Създаването или съществуването на специализиран комитет не възпрепятства която и да е от страните да отнася директно всеки един въпрос за разглеждане до Комитета по търговията. 5. Комитетът по търговията може да реши да промени или да се ангажира с изпълнението на задачата, възложена на специализиран комитет или да закрие всеки специализиран комитет. Член 15. 3Работни групи1. Създават се следните работни групи под егидата на Комитета по търговията:а)Работната група по моторните превозни средства и частите в съответствие с член 9. 2 (Работна група по моторните превозни средства и частите) от приложение 2-В (Моторни превозни средства и части);б)Работната група по фармацевтичните продукти и медицинските изделия в съответствие с член 5. 3 (Регулаторно сътрудничество) от приложение 2-Г (Фармацевтични продукти и медицински изделия);в)Работната група по химичните вещества в съответствие с параграф 4 от приложение 2-Д (Химични вещества);г)Работната група за сътрудничество в областта на средствата за защита на търговията в съответствие с член 3. 16, параграф 1 (Работна група за сътрудничество в областта на средствата за защита на търговията);д)Работната група по СВП в съответствие с член 7. 21, параграф 6 (Взаимно признаване);е)Работната група по държавните поръчки в съответствие с член 9. 3 (Работна група по държавните поръчки); иж)Работната група по географските означения в съответствие с член 10. 25 (Работна група по географски означения). 2. Комитетът по търговията може да реши да създаде други работни групи, които да изпълняват конкретна задача или да разглеждат конкретен въпрос. Комитетът по търговията определя състава, задълженията и функциите на работните групи. Всички редовни или ad hoc заседания между страните, при провеждането на които се разглеждат въпроси, попадащи в обхвата на настоящото споразумение, се считат за работни групи по смисъла на настоящия член. 3. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящото споразумение, работните групи провеждат своите заседания на подходящото равнище, когато обстоятелствата го изискват, или по искане на всяка от страните или на Комитета по търговията. Те се председателстват съвместно от представители на Корея и на Европейския съюз. Работните групи постигат съгласие относно графика на своите заседанията и определят своя дневен ред. 4. Работните групи уведомяват Комитета по търговията за своя график и дневен ред достатъчно рано преди началото на своите заседания. Те докладват на Комитета по търговията за дейностите, извършени от тях, на всяко редовно заседание на Комитета по търговията. Създаването или съществуването на работна група не възпрепятства която и да е от страните да отнася директно всеки един въпрос за разглеждане до Комитета по търговията. 5. Комитетът по търговията може да реши да промени или да се ангажира с изпълнението на задачата, възложена на работна група, или да закрие всяка работна група. Член 15. 4Вземане на решения1. С цел постигане на целите на настоящото споразумение Комитетът по търговията разполага с правомощия да взема решения по отношение на всички въпроси в случаите, предвидени в настоящото споразумение. 2. Взетите решения имат задължителна сила за страните, които предприемат необходимите мерки за прилагането на взетото решение. Комитетът по търговията може също така да отправя съответни препоръки. 3. Комитетът по търговията изготвя своите решения и препоръки въз основа на споразумение, постигнато между страните. Член 15. 5Изменения1. Страните могат да се споразумеят в писмен вид да изменят настоящото споразумение. Измененията влизат в сила след като страните обменят помежду си писмени уведомления, които удостоверяват, че те са изпълнили своите съответни приложими законови изисквания и процедури, на договорена между тях дата. 2. Независимо от разпоредбите на параграф 1, Комитетът по търговията може да реши да измени приложенията, допълненията, протоколите и бележките към настоящото споразумение. Страните могат да приемат решението в съответствие със своите съответни приложими законови изисквания и процедури. Член 15. 6Звена за контакт1. С цел улесняване на комуникацията и гарантиране на ефективното прилагане на настоящото споразумение, страните определят координатори при влизането в сила на настоящото споразумение. Определянето на координатори не засяга конкретни действия за определяне на компетентните органи съгласно конкретни глави от настоящото споразумение. 2. По искане на която и да било от страните координаторът на другата страна посочва службата или служителя, отговаряща или отговарящ за всякакви въпроси, свързани с прилагането на настоящото споразумение, и предоставя необходимото съдействие за улесняване на комуникацията със страната, отправила искането. 3. В степента, която е допустима съгласно нейното законодателство, всяка от страните предоставя информация чрез координаторите си по искане на другата страна и отговаря своевременно на всякакви въпроси, отправени към нея от другата страна във връзка със съществуващи или предложени мерки, които биха могли да засегнат търговията между страните. Член 15. 7Данъчна политика1. Настоящото споразумение се прилага по отношение на данъчни мерки само доколкото такова прилагане е необходимо, за да бъдат приведени в действие разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение. 2. Никоя от разпоредбите в настоящото споразумение не засяга правата и задълженията на която и да било от страните, предвидени във всяка една данъчна спогодба между Корея и съответните държави-членки на Европейския съюз. В случай на несъответствие между настоящото споразумение и такава спогодба, последната има предимство по отношение на несъответствието. В случай на данъчна спогодба между Корея и съответните държави-членки на Европейския съюз, компетентните органи по силата на тази спогодба са единствените, които носят отговорността за съвместно определяне на наличието на несъответствие между настоящото споразумение и тази спогодба. 3. Никоя от разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение не се тълкува като възпрепятстваща страните при прилагането на съответните разпоредби на данъчното им законодателство да правят разграничение между данъкоплатци, които не се намират в еднакво положение, по-специално по отношение на мястото им на пребиваване или по отношение на мястото, в което е инвестиран капиталът им. 4. Никоя от разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение не се тълкува като възпрепятстваща приемането или прилагането на каквато и да е мярка, която цели предотвратяване на избягването на данъчно облагане или на укриването на данъци в съответствие с данъчните разпоредби на спогодбите за избягване на двойното данъчно облагане или с други данъчни споразумения или с вътрешното данъчно законодателство. Член 15. 8:Изключения, свързани с платежния баланс1. Когато някоя от страните изпитва сериозни затруднения, свързани с платежния баланс или с външната финансова позиция, или е изправена пред заплаха от настъпването на такива, тя може да предприеме или да запази ограничителни мерки по отношение на търговията със стоки и услуги и по отношение на правото на установяване. 2. Страните полагат усилия за избягване прилагането на ограничителните мерки, посочени в параграф 1. Всички предприети или запазени съгласно настоящия член ограничителни мерки са недискриминационни, с ограничен срок на действие и не надхвърлят необходимото за справяне със ситуацията, свързана с платежния баланс и с външната финансова позиция. Такива мерки са в съответствие с условията, установени в Споразумението за СТО, и отговарят на Учредителния договор на Международния валутен фонд, в зависимост от случая. 3. Когато някоя от страните е запазила или предприела ограничителни мерки или някакви изменения на такива мерки, тя своевременно уведомява другата страна за тях и представя във възможно най-кратки срокове график относно тяхното премахване. 4. В случаите, в които ограниченията са предприети или запазени, незабавно се провежда консултация в Комитета по търговията. При тази консултация се преценява ситуацията по платежния баланс на съответната страна, както и предприетите или запазените съгласно настоящия член ограничения, като се отчитат, inter alia, фактори като:а)естеството и степента на затрудненията по платежния баланс и външната финансова позиция;б)външната икономическа и търговска конюнктура; илив)други възможни корективни мерки. При консултациите се обръща внимание на съответствието на всякакви ограничителни мерки с параграфи 3 и 4. Всички констатации за статистически и други факти, представени от Международния валутен фонд (наричан по-нататък МВФ), отнасящи се до валутен обмен, парични резерви и платежен баланс, се приемат и заключенията се основават на оценката на МВФ за платежния баланс и външната финансова позиция на съответната страна. Член 15. 9Изключения, свързани със сигурносттаНикоя от разпоредбите в настоящото споразумение не се тълкува:а)като изискваща от която да било страна да предоставя каквато и да е информация, разгласяването на която е считано от нея като противоречащо на нейни съществени интереси в областта на сигурността;б)като възпрепятстваща която и да било страна да предприеме каквото и да е действие, което тя смята за необходимо за защита на нейни съществени интереси в областта на сигурността:i)свързано с производство на или търговия с оръжие, боеприпаси и военно оборудване или имащо отношение към стопански дейности, предприети с пряката или косвена цел за снабдяване на военен обект;ii)свързано с делящи се материали и материали за ядрен синтез или с материали, от които те се получават;iii)предприето във военно време или при други извънредни ситуации в международните отношения; илив)като възпрепятстваща която и да било страна да предприеме каквото и да е действие по изпълнение на поетите от нея международни задължения за поддържане на международния мир и сигурност. Член 15. 10Влизане в сила1. Настоящото споразумение се одобрява от страните в съответствие с техните собствени процедури. 2. Настоящото споразумение влиза в сила 60 дни след датата, на която страните обменят помежду си писмени уведомления, удостоверяващи, че те са изпълнили своите съответни приложими законови изисквания и процедури или на друга договорена между тях дата. 3. Независимо от разпоредбите на параграфи 2 и 5, страните прилагат Протокола относно сътрудничеството в областта на културата от първия ден на третия месец след датата, на която Корея е депозирала своя инструмент за ратификация на Конвенцията на ЮНЕСКО за опазване и насърчаване на многообразието от форми на културно изразяване, приета в Париж на 20 октомври 2005 г. (наричана по-нататък Конвенцията на ЮНЕСКО) в Секретариата на ЮНЕСКО в Париж, освен ако Корея не е депозирала своя инструмент за ратификация на Конвенцията на ЮНЕСКО преди обмена на уведомления, посочен в параграфи 2 или 5. 4. Уведомленията се изпращат на Генералния секретар на Съвета на Европейския съюз и на Министерството на външните работи и търговията на Корея или на негов приемствен орган. 5. а)Настоящото споразумение се прилага временно от първия ден от месеца, следващ датата, на която ЕС като страна по споразумението и Корея са се уведомили взаимно за изпълнението на своите съответни процедури. б)В случай че конкретни разпоредби на настоящото споразумение не могат да бъдат временно прилагани, страната, която не може да се ангажира с това временно прилагане, уведомява другата страна за разпоредбите, които не могат да бъдат временно прилагани. Независимо от разпоредбите на буква а), при условие че другата страна е изпълнила необходимите процедури и не възрази срещу временното прилагане в срок от 10 дни от уведомлението, че конкретни разпоредби не могат да бъдат временно прилагани, разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение, за които не е било направено уведомление, започват да се прилагат временно на първия ден от месеца след уведомлението. в)Всяка от страните може да прекрати временното прилагане, като уведоми другата страна за това в писмен вид. Това прекратяване поражда действие на първия ден от месеца след уведомлението. г)В случаите, в които настоящото споразумение или конкретни разпоредби от него се прилагат временно, под израза влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение се разбира датата на временното прилагане. Член 15. 11Срок на действие1. Настоящото споразумение се сключва за неопределен срок. 2. Всяка от страните може да уведоми писмено другата страна за своето намерение да денонсира настоящото споразумение. 3. Денонсирането поражда действие шест месеца след уведомлението съгласно параграф 2. Член 15. 12Изпълнение на задълженията1. Страните предприемат всякакви общи или специални мерки, които се изискват за изпълнение на техните задължения по силата на настоящото споразумение. Те следят за това дали целите, посочени в настоящото споразумение, са постигнати. 2. Всяка от страните може незабавно да предприеме подходящи мерки в съответствие с международното право в случай на денонсиране на настоящото споразумение, което не е обхванато от общите правила на международното право. Член 15. 13Приложения, допълнения, протоколи и бележкиПриложенията, допълненията, протоколите и бележките към настоящото споразумение са неразделна част от него. Член 15. 14Взаимовръзка с други споразумения1. Освен ако не е предвидено друго, настоящото споразумение нито замества, нито прекратява предходните споразумения между държавите-членки на Европейския съюз и/или Европейската общност и/или Европейския съюз и Корея. 2. Настоящото споразумение представлява неразделна част от цялостните двустранни отношения, които се уреждат от Рамковото споразумение. То представлява специално споразумение, което привежда в действие търговските разпоредби по смисъла на Рамковото споразумение. 3. Протоколът относно административната взаимопомощ по митническите въпроси замества митническото споразумение по отношение на разпоредбите относно административната взаимопомощ. 4. Страните се споразумяват, че нищо в настоящото споразумение не изисква от тях да действат по начин, който не е в съответствие със задълженията им по силата на Споразумението за СТО. Член 15. 15Териториално прилагане1. Настоящото споразумение се прилага, от една страна, на териториите, на които се прилагат Договорът за Европейския съюз и Договорът за функционирането на Европейския съюз, и съгласно условията, предвидени в тези договори, и, от друга страна, на територията на Корея. Позоваванията на територия в настоящото споразумение се разбират в този смисъл, освен ако изрично не е определено друго. 2. Що се отнася до разпоредбите относно тарифното третиране на стоки, настоящото споразумение се прилага също така и във връзка с онези области от митническата територия на ЕС, които не попадат в обхвата на параграф 1. Член 15. 16Автентични текстовеНастоящото споразумение е съставено в два екземпляра на английски, български, гръцки, датски, естонски, испански, италиански, латвийски, литовски, малтийски, немски, нидерландски, полски, португалски, румънски, словашки, словенски, унгарски, фински, френски, чешки, шведски и корейски език, като текстовете на всички езици са автентични. Съставено в Брюксел на шести октомври две хиляди и десета година. Hecho en Bruselas, el seis de octubre de dos mil diez. V Bruselu dne šestého října dva tisíce deset. Udfærdiget i Bruxelles den sjette oktober to tusind og ti. Geschehen zu Brüssel am sechsten Oktober zweitausendzehn. Kahe tuhande kümnenda aasta oktoobrikuu kuuendal päeval Brüsselis. Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις έξι Οκτωβρίου δύο χιλιάδες δέκα. Done at Brussels on the sixth day of October in the year two thousand and ten. Fait à Bruxelles, le six octobre deux mille dix. Fatto a Bruxelles, addì sei ottobre duemiladieci. Briselē, divi tūkstoši desmitā gada sestajā oktobrī. Priimta du tūkstančiai dešimtų metų spalio šeštą dieną Briuselyje. Kelt Brüsszelben, a kétezer-tizedik év október hatodik napján. Magħmul fi Brussell, fis-sitt jum ta' Ottubru tas-sena elfejn u għaxra. Gedaan te Brussel, de zesde oktober tweeduizend tien. Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia szóstego października roku dwa tysiące dziesiątego. Feito em Bruxelas, em seis de Outubro de dois mil e dez. Întocmit la Bruxelles, la șase octombrie două mii zece. V Bruseli dňa šiesteho októbra dvetisícdesať. V Bruslju, dne šestega oktobra leta dva tisoč deset. Tehty Brysselissä kuudentena päivänä lokakuuta vuonna kaksituhattakymmenen. Som skedde i Bryssel den sjätte oktober tjugohundratio. Voor het Koninkrijk BelgiëPour le Royaume de BelgiqueFür das Königreich BelgienDeze handtekening verbindt eveneens de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, de Franse Gemeenschap, de Duitstalige Gemeenschap, het Vlaamse Gewest, het Waalse Gewest en het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest. Cette signature engage également la Communauté française, la Communauté flamande, la Communauté germanophone, la Région wallonne, la Région flamande et la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Diese Unterschrift bindet zugleich die Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft, die Flämische Gemeinschaft, die Französische Gemeinschaft, die Wallonische Region, die Flämische Region und die Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt. За Република БългарияZa Českou republikuPå Kongeriget Danmarks vegneFür die Bundesrepublik DeutschlandEesti Vabariigi nimelThar cheann Na hÉireannFor IrelandΓια την Ελληνική ΔημοκρατίαPor el Reino de EspañaPour la République françaisePer la Repubblica italianaΓια την Κυπριακή ΔημοκρατίαLatvijas Republikas vārdā –Lietuvos Respublikos varduPour le Grand-Duché de LuxembourgA Magyar Köztársaság részérőlGћal MaltaVoor het Koninkrijk der NederlandenFür die Republik ÖsterreichW imieniu Rzeczypospolitej PolskiejPela República PortuguesaPentru RomâniaZa Republiko SlovenijoZa Slovenskú republikuSuomen tasavallan puolestaFör Republiken FinlandFör Konungariket SverigeFor the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandЗа Европейския съюзPor la Unión EuropeaZa Evropskou uniiFor Den Europæiske UnionFür die Europäische UnionEuroopa Liidu nimelΓια την Ευρωπαϊκή ΈνωσηFor the European UnionPour l'Union européennePer l'Unione europeaEiropas Savienības vārdā –Europos Sajungos varduAz Európai Unió részérőlGħall-Unjoni EwropeaVoor de Europese UnieW imieniu Unii EuropejskiejPela União EuropeiaPentru Uniunea EuropeanăZa Európske úniuZa Evropsko unijoEuroopan unionin puolestaFör Europeiska unionen Cataluña L1272011BG110120100916BG0001. 00014152Изявления на Комисията1. Изявление относно правилата за произходКомисията потвърждава изключителния характер на дерогациите за някои текстилни продукти и за сурими, които се съдържат в Протокола относно правилата за произход. Комисията потвърждава също ангажимента си да се придържа към стандартните преференциални правила за произход на ЕС като основа за други преговори по споразумения за свободна търговия, както и че е важно да запази в правилата си за произход изискването продуктите да са преминали през подходяща степен на преобразуване и преработка в държавата на произход, за да се ползват от преференциално третиране. В текущите и бъдещи преговори по споразумения за свободна търговия Комисията възнамерява да подкрепя забраната на възстановяването на мита. Всички промени на тази политика в конкретни споразумения за свободна търговия ще трябва да бъдат обсъдени предварително с държавите-членки. 2. Изявление относно входните цениКомисията потвърждава изключителния характер на разпоредбите в Споразумението за свободна търговия, премахващи входните цени за определени плодове и зеленчуци, които бяха договорени с Корея поради особените обстоятелства на преговорите и не представляват прецедент за други двустранни или многостранни преговори. 3. Изявление във връзка с Протокола относно сътрудничеството в областта на културатаКомисията подчертава, че остава силно ангажирана с принципите и разпоредбите на Конвенцията на ЮНЕСКО за опазване и насърчаване на многообразието от форми на културно изразяване от 2005 г. Протоколът относно сътрудничеството в областта на културата, приложен към Споразумението за свободна търговия с Корея, чиито разпоредби относно аудиовизуалните съвместни продукции ще бъдат в сила за първоначален период от три години, се поставя пряко под действието на тази конвенция и не засяга следваната от ЕС политика, че търговските преговори относно културните и аудиовизуалните услуги не следва да се отразяват на културното и езиковото разнообразие на Съюза. Протоколът бе изготвен и договорен във връзка със специфичната политика на Корея в областта на културата, по-специално подкрепата на страната за аудиовизуалния сектор. Ето защо той не може да бъде считан за прецедент при бъдещи преговори с други партньори. Комисията отново потвърждава ангажимента си да насърчава ратификацията и прилагането на Конвенцията на ЮНЕСКО, както и за създаването на цялостна стратегия на ЕС относно външната политика в областта на културата, като се зачитат заключенията на Съвета от ноември 2008 г. 4. Изявление относно изпълнението на Споразумението за свободна търговияКомисията е решена да задейства процедурите, свързани с ограниченията по отношение на възстановяването на мита, предпазните мерки и уреждането на спорове във всички случаи, когато са изпълнени условията, установени в съответните разпоредби. С цел да се гарантира стриктното наблюдение на ангажиментите на Корея, както и сътрудничеството между Комисията и заинтересованите страни във връзка с изпълнението на Споразумението за свободна търговия, се предприемат следните мерки:Комисията ще изпраща редовно на предприятията в ЕС, на държавите-членки и на Комисията по международна търговия (INTA) статистически данни за корейския внос в чувствителни сектори, както и онези статистически данни за вноса и износа, които имат значение за активирането на предпазната клауза и специалната клауза относно възстановяването на мита. Статистическите данни, свързани с автомобили, потребителска електроника и текстил, се обменят на двумесечна основа, считано от датата на временното прилагане на Споразумението. За да се улесни участието в подготовката на заседания, свързани със Споразумението за свободна търговия, Комисията ще изпраща в началото на годината на заинтересованите страни, на държавите-членки и на Комисията по международна търговия предварителен дневен ред за тези заседания. Комисията ще разглежда внимателно всяка доказана информация, предоставена от предприятия в ЕС, за пречки, свързани с достъпа до пазара. Комисията ще обсъжда тази информация с предприятията и ще ги информира за последващите мерки, предприети в отговор на жалби, свързани с достъпа до пазара. За тази цел ще се използват различните форуми, вече създадени по линия на стратегията за достъп до пазара както в Брюксел, така и в Сеул. С оглед да се гарантира правилното прилагане на главата относно търговията и устойчивото развитие, се създава вътрешна консултативна група. Тази група ще включва еднакъв брой представители на ръководителите на предприятия, профсъюзите и неправителствените организации. Икономическият и социален комитет също ще бъде подходящо представен. Конкретните условия и ред за функционирането на групата ще бъдат договорени със съответните заинтересовани страни. 5. Изявление за специалните разпоредби относно административното сътрудничествоКомисията потвърждава изключителния характер на компромисната формулировка на член 2. 17 Специални разпоредби относно административното сътрудничество, която не представлява прецедент за други двустранни или многостранни преговори. В текущите и бъдещи преговори по споразумения за свободна търговия Комисията възнамерява да подкрепя разпоредби за борба с измамите, насочени към налагане на правилно изпълнение на тарифните преференции от страна на държавата партньор, като се предвиди евентуално преустановяване на търговските преференции в случай на отказ за сътрудничество и/или измами/нередности. L1272011BG110120101006BG0001. 0002618075Споразумениеза свободна търговия между Европейския съюз и неговите държави-членки, от една страна, и Република Корея, от друга странаКРАЛСТВО БЕЛГИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ,ЧЕШКАТА РЕПУБЛИКА,КРАЛСТВО ДАНИЯ,ФЕДЕРАЛНА РЕПУБЛИКА ГЕРМАНИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА ЕСТОНИЯ,ИРЛАНДИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА ГЪРЦИЯ,КРАЛСТВО ИСПАНИЯ,ФРЕНСКАТА РЕПУБЛИКА,ИТАЛИАНСКАТА РЕПУБЛИКА,РЕПУБЛИКА КИПЪР,РЕПУБЛИКА ЛАТВИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА ЛИТВА,ВЕЛИКОТО ХЕРЦОГСТВО ЛЮКСЕМБУРГ,РЕПУБЛИКА УНГАРИЯ,МАЛТА,КРАЛСТВО НИДЕРЛАНДИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА АВСТРИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА ПОЛША,ПОРТУГАЛСКАТА РЕПУБЛИКА,РУМЪНИЯ,РЕПУБЛИКА СЛОВЕНИЯ,СЛОВАШКАТА РЕПУБЛИКА,РЕПУБЛИКА ФИНЛАНДИЯ,КРАЛСТВО ШВЕЦИЯ,ОБЕДИНЕНОТО КРАЛСТВО ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ И СЕВЕРНА ИРЛАНДИЯ,договарящи страни по Договора за Европейския съюз и Договора за функционирането на Европейския съюз, наричани по-нататък държавите-членки на Европейския съюз,както иЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯТ СЪЮЗ,от една страна, иРЕПУБЛИКА КОРЕЯ, наричана по-нататък Корея,от друга страна:КАТО ПРИЗНАВАТ своето дългогодишно и засилено сътрудничество, основано на общите принципи и ценности, отразени в Рамковото споразумение;КАТО ЖЕЛАЯТ да засилят в допълнителна степен своите тесни икономически отношения като част от и по начин, който е съгласуван с цялостните отношения между тях, и убедени, че настоящото споразумение ще създаде нов климат за развитие на търговията и инвестициите между страните;УБЕДЕНИ, че настоящото споразумение ще създаде разширен и сигурен пазар за стоки и услуги и стабилна и предсказуема среда за инвестиции, като по този начин ще повиши конкурентоспособността на фирмите им на световните пазари;КАТО ПОТВЪРЖДАВАТ ОТНОВО ангажимента си към Хартата на Организацията на обединените нации, подписана на 26 юни 1945 г. в Сан Франциско и Всеобщата декларация за правата на човека, приета от Общото събрание на Организацията на обединените нации на 10 декември 1948 г. ;КАТО ПОТВЪРЖДАВАТ ОТНОВО ангажимента си за устойчиво развитие и убедени в приноса на международната търговия за устойчивото развитие в неговите икономически, социални и екологични измерения, включително и за икономическото развитие, намаляването на бедността, пълната и продуктивна трудова заетост и достойните условия на труд за всички, както и за защитата и опазването на околната среда и природните ресурси;КАТО ПРИЗНАВАТ правото на страните да предприемат необходимите мерки за постигане на законните цели на обществената политика въз основа на равнището на закрила, което те считат за подходящо, при условие че тези мерки не представляват средство за неоправдана дискриминация или средство за прикрито ограничаване на международната търговия, както е отразено в настоящото споразумение;ТВЪРДО РЕШЕНИ да насърчат прозрачността по отношение на всички съответни заинтересовани страни, включително частния сектор и организациите на гражданското общество;КАТО ЖЕЛАЯТ да повишат стандарта на живот, да насърчат икономическия растеж и стабилност, да създадат нови възможности за заетост и да подобрят общото благосъстояние чрез либерализиране и разширяване на взаимната търговия и инвестиции;КАТО СЕ СТРЕМЯТ да установят ясни и взаимно изгодни правила, регламентиращи търговията и инвестициите между тях и да намалят или премахнат бариерите за взаимна търговия и инвестиции;ТВЪРДО РЕШЕНИ да допринесат за хармоничното развитие и разширяване на световната търговия чрез отстраняване на пречките за осъществяване на търговия посредством настоящото споразумение и да избегнат създаването на нови бариери за осъществяването на търговия или инвестиции между техните територии, което би намалило ползите от настоящото споразумение;КАТО ЖЕЛАЯТ да засилят разработването и прилагането на законите и политиките относно заетостта и околната среда, да подкрепят основните права на работниците, да насърчават устойчивото развитие и да изпълнят настоящото споразумение по начин, който е в съгласие с тези цели; иКАТО СЕ ОСНОВАВАТ на своите съответни права и задължения съгласно Маракешкото споразумение за създаване на Световната търговска организация, подписано на 15 април 1994 г. (наричано по-нататък Споразумение за СТО) и на другите многостранни, регионални и двустранни споразумения и договорености, по които те са страни;СЕ СПОРАЗУМЯХА ЗА СЛЕДНОТО:ПЪРВА ГЛАВАЦЕЛИ И ОБЩИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯЧлен 1. 1Цели1. С настоящото споразумение страните установяват зона за свободна търговия за стоки, услуги, установяване и свързаните с това правила съгласно разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение. 2. Целите на настоящото споразумение са:а)либерализиране и улесняване на търговията със стоки между страните в съответствие с член XXIV от Общото споразумение за митата и търговията от 1994 г. (наричано по-нататък ГАТТ от 1994 г. );б)либерализиране на търговията с услуги и инвестициите между страните в съответствие с член V от Общото споразумение по търговията с услуги (наричано по-нататък ГАТС);в)насърчаване на конкуренцията в техните икономики, по-специално що се отнася до икономическите отношения между страните;г)допълнително либерализиране, на основата на взаимността, на пазарите за държавни поръчки на страните;д)адекватна и ефективна защита на правата върху интелектуална собственост;е)допринасяне, чрез премахване на бариерите пред търговията и чрез създаване на среда, благоприятстваща увеличаването на инвестиционните потоци, за хармоничното развитие и разширяване на световната търговия;ж)ангажиране, като се признава, че устойчивото развитие е главна цел, с развитието на международната търговия по начин, който допринася за постигане на целта за устойчиво развитие и полагане на усилия, за да се гарантира, че тази цел е интегрирана и отразена на всяко ниво от търговските отношения между страните; из)насърчаване на преките чуждестранни инвестиции без занижаване или намаляване на стандартите в областта на околната среда, заетостта, здравеопазването и безопасността на работното място при прилагане и изпълнение на екологичните и трудовите законодателства на страните. Член 1. 2Общи определенияВ целия текст на настоящото споразумение, позоваванията на:страните означава позовавания, от една страна, на Европейския съюз или неговите държави-членки, или Европейския съюз и неговите държави-членки в съответните им области на компетентност, които произтичат от Договора за Европейския съюз и Договора за функционирането на Европейския съюз (наричани по-нататък ЕС като страна по споразумението), и позовавания на Корея, от друга страна;рамковото споразумение означават позовавания на Рамковото споразумение за търговия и сътрудничество между Европейската общност и нейните държави-членки, от една страна, и Република Корея, от друга страна, подписано в Люксембург на 28 октомври 1996 г. , или всяко едно споразумение, което го актуализира, изменя или заменя; имитническото споразумение означават позовавания на Споразумението между Европейската общност и Република Корея относно сътрудничество и административна взаимопомощ в митническата област, подписано в Брюксел на 10 април 1997 г. ВТОРА ГЛАВАНАЦИОНАЛНО ТРЕТИРАНЕ И ДОСТЪП НА СТОКИ ДО ПАЗАРАРАЗДЕЛ AОбщи разпоредбиЧлен 2. 1ЦелСтраните либерализират постепенно и реципрочно търговията със стоки в рамките на преходен период, който започва да тече от влизането в сила на настоящото споразумение съгласно разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение и в съответствие с член XXIV от ГАТТ от 1994 г. Член 2. 2Приложно поле и обхватНастоящата глава се прилага по отношение на търговията със стокиЗа целите на настоящото споразумение, стоки означава продукти по смисъла на ГАТТ от 1994 г. , освен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящото споразумение. между страните. Член 2. 3МитоЗа целите на настоящата глава, понятието мито обхваща всеки данък или всякакъв вид такса, налагани върху или във връзка с вноса на стоки, включително всякаква форма на допълнителен данък или допълнителна такса, налагана върху или във връзка с такъв вносСтраните разбират, че това определение не засяга третирането, което страните, в съответствие със Споразумението за СТО, могат да предвидят по отношение на търговска дейност, извършвана на база най-облагодетелствана нация. Понятието мито не включват никакви:а)такси, еквивалентни на вътрешни данъци, наложени в съответствие с член 2. 8 по отношение на сходна местна стока или по отношение на изделие, от което внесената стока е изработена или произведена изцяло или частично;б)данъци, налагани съгласно законодателството на страната, в съответствие с трета глава (Средства за търговска защита);в)плащания или други такси, налагани съгласно законодателството на страната, в съответствие с член 2. 10; илиг)данъци, налагани съгласно законодателството на страната, в съответствие с член 5 от Споразумението за селското стопанство, съдържащо се в Приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО (наричано по-нататък Споразумението за селското стопанство). Член 2. 4Класиране на стокитеКласирането на стоките, предмет на търговия между страните, е определеното в съответните тарифни номенклатури на всяка от страните, тълкувани в съответствие с Хармонизираната система от Международната конвенция по Хармонизираната система за описание и кодиране на стоките, съставена в Брюксел на 14 юни 1983 г. (наричана по-нататък ХС). РАЗДЕЛ БПремахване на митатаЧлен 2. 5Премахване на митата1. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящото споразумение, всяка страна премахва своите мита върху вноса на стоки с произход от другата страна в съответствие със своя график за премахване и намаляване на мита, включен в приложение 2-A. 2. За всяка стока базовата митническа ставка, по отношение на която следва да бъдат приложени последователните намаления съгласно параграф 1, се явява ставката, посочена в графиците, включени в приложение 2-A. 3. Ако в който и да било момент една от страните намали прилаганата от нея митническа ставка за най-облагодетелствана нация (наричана по-нататък НОН) след влизането в сила на настоящото споразумение, тази митническа ставка се прилага по отношение на търговска дейност, която попада в обхвата на настоящото споразумение, ако и дотогава, докато тя е по-ниска от митническата ставка, изчислена в съответствие с графика на тази страна, включен в приложение 2-A. 4. Три години след влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение, по искане на която и да било от страните, страните се консултират, за да обсъдят ускоряването и разширяването на обхвата на премахване на митата върху вноса на стоки помежду им. Решение относно ускоряването или разширяването на обхвата на премахване на митата върху вноса на дадена стока, взето от страните в Комитета по търговията, след провеждането на консултации, замества всяка една митническа ставка или поетапна категория, определени съгласно графиците на страните, включени в приложение 2-A за тази стока. Член 2. 6Запазване на статуквотоОсвен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящото споразумение, включително и в изрично установеното в графика на всяка от страните, включен в приложение 2-A, нито една от страните не може да увеличи което и да било съществуващо мито, нито пък да приеме каквото и да било ново мито по отношение на стока с произход от другата страна. Това не изключва възможността всяка от страните да увеличи дадено мито до степента, установена в нейния график, включен в приложение 2-A, след извършването на едностранно намаляване. Член 2. 7Управление и прилагане на тарифни квоти1. Всяка от страните управлява и прилага тарифните квоти (наричани по-нататък ТК), установени в допълнение 2-A-1 от нейния график, включен в приложение 2-A, в съответствие с член XIII от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , включително тълкувателните бележки към него, и Споразумението за процедурите по лицензиране на вноса, което се съдържа в приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО. 2. Всяка от страните гарантира, че:а)нейните процедури за управление на прилаганите от нея ТК са прозрачни, публично достъпни, навременни, недискриминационни, адаптират се към пазарните условия, обременяват търговската дейност в минимална степен и отразяват предпочитанията на крайните потребители;б)всяко лице на страна, което отговаря на правните и административни изисквания на страната вносител, има право да кандидатства за разпределение на ТК и кандидатурата му да бъде разгледана от страната. Освен ако страните не се споразумеят за друго по силата на решение на Комитета по търговията със стоки, всеки преработвател, търговец на дребно, ресторант, хотел, дистрибутор или заведение, предоставящи услуги във връзка с хранене, или всяко друго лице има право да кандидатства за разпределение на ТК и кандидатурата му да бъде разгледана. Всички такси, начислявани за услуги, свързани с кандидатстването за разпределение на ТК, се ограничават до действителните разходи за извършените услуги;в)с изключение на предвиденото в допълнение 2-A-1 от нейния график, включен в приложение 2-A, тя не разпределя каквато и да било част от ТК за група производители, не поставя закупуването на местно производство като условие за достъп до разпределение на ТК, нито пък ограничава достъпа на преработвателите до разпределение на ТК; иг)тя разпределя ТК по количества, които позволяват рентабилно превозване и съответстват във възможно най-голяма степен на исканите от вносителите количества. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в разпоредбите за всяка ТК и приложимата тарифна линия, съдържаща се в допълнение 2-A-1 от графика на страната, който е включен в приложение 2-A, всяко разпределение на ТК е валидно за всеки един артикул или комбинация от артикули, към които се прилага отделна ТК, независимо от спецификацията или качеството на артикула или комбинацията от артикули и то не е обусловено от крайното предназначение или размера на опаковката на артикула или комбинацията от артикули. 3. Всяка от страните посочва субектите, които са отговорни за управлението на нейните ТК. 4. Всяка от страните полага максимални усилия за управление на нейните ТК по начин, позволяващ на вносителите да усвоят в пълна степен количествата по тарифната квота. 5. Нито една от страните не може да постави реекспортирането на дадена стока като условие за кандидатстване за или усвояване на разпределенията на ТК. 6. По писмено искане на която и да било от страните, страните се консултират относно управлението от една от страните на нейните ТК. 7. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в допълнение 2-A-1 в нейния график, който е включен в приложение 2-A, всяка от страните предоставя на заявителите цялото количество по ТК, установено в това допълнение, считано от датата на влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение през първата година и на годишнината от влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение всяка година след това. В течение на всяка година, органът, управляващ квотите на страната вносител, публикува своевременно на своя предназначен за тази цел публично достъпен интернет сайт процентите на усвояване и оставащите налични количества по всяка ТК. РАЗДЕЛ ВНетарифни меркиЧлен 2. 8Национално третиранеВсяка от страните предоставя национално третиране по отношение на стоките на другата страна в съответствие с член III от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , включително тълкувателните бележки към него. За тази цел член III от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и тълкувателните бележки към него са включени в настоящото споразумение и представляват част от него mutatis mutandis. Член 2. 9Ограничения на вноса и износаНикоя от страните не може да приема или поддържа каквато и да било забрана или ограничение, различно от мита, данъци или други налози върху вноса на всяка една стока на другата страна или върху износа или продажбата за износ на всяка една стока, предназначена за територията на другата страна, в съответствие с член XI от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и тълкувателните бележки към него. За тази цел, член XI от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и тълкувателните бележки към него са включени в настоящото споразумение и представляват част от него mutatis mutandis. Член 2. 10Такси и други налози върху вносаВсяка от страните гарантира, че размерът на всички такси и налози от каквото и да било естество (различни от митата и от таксите, изключени от определението на понятието мито съгласно член 2. 3, букви a), б) и г), налагани върху или във връзка с внос, е ограничен до размера на приблизителната стойност на извършените услуги, не се изчисляват на адвалорна основа и не представляват косвен начин за закрила на местните продукти, нито облагане за данъчни цели на вноса. Член 2. 11Мита, данъци или други такси и налози върху износаНикоя от страните не може да поддържа или въвежда каквито и да било мита, данъци или други такси и налози, налагани върху или във връзка с износ на стоки за другата страна, нито каквито и да било вътрешни данъци, такси и налози върху стоките, изнасяни за другата страна, надвишаващи тези, които са налагани по отношение на сходни стоки, предназначени за продажба на вътрешния пазар. Член 2. 12Митническо остойностяванеСпоразумението за прилагане на член VII от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , което се съдържа в приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО (наричано по-нататък Споразумение за митническо остойностяване), е включено в настоящото споразумение и представлява част от него mutatis mutandis. Резервите и възможностите, предвидени в член 20 и параграфи 2—4 от приложение III към Споразумението за митническо остойностяване, не са приложими. Член 2. 13Държавни търговски предприятия1. Страните потвърждават техните съществуващи права и задължения по член XVII от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , тълкувателните бележки към него и Договореността относно тълкуването на член XVII от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , съдържащи се в приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО, които са включени в настоящото споразумение и представляват част от него mutatis mutandis. 2. Когато страна поиска информация от другата страна относно отделни случаи, свързани с държавни търговски предприятия, начина на функциониране на тези предприятия и ефекта от извършваните от тях дейности върху двустранната търговия, страната, към която е отправено искането, взема предвид необходимостта от гарантиране на възможно най-голяма прозрачност, без да се засяга член XVII, параграф 4, буква г) от ГАТТ от 1994 г. относно поверителната информация. Член 2. 14Премахване на секторни нетарифни мерки1. Страните изпълняват своите ангажименти, свързани със специфични за дадени сектори нетарифни мерки, прилагани по отношение на стоките в съответствие с ангажиментите, посочени в приложения от 2-Б до 2-Д. 2. Три години след влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение и по искане на която и да било от страните, страните се консултират, за да обсъдят разширяването на обхвата на техните ангажименти, свързани със специфични за дадени сектори нетарифни мерки, прилагани по отношение на стоките. РАЗДЕЛ ГСпецифични изключения, свързани със стокитеЧлен 2. 15Общи изключения1. Страните потвърждават, че техните съществуващи права и задължения по член XX от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и тълкувателните бележки към него, които са включени в настоящото споразумение и представляват част от него, се прилагат mutatis mutandis по отношение на търговията със стоки, попадащи в обхвата на настоящото споразумение. 2. Страните се договарят, че преди предприемането на всяка една от мерките, предвидени в член XX, букви и) и й) от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , страната, която възнамерява да предприеме мерките, предоставя на другата страна цялата свързана информация с цел търсенето на приемливо за страните решение. Страните могат да договорят всякакви средства, необходими за преустановяване на затрудненията. Ако в срок от 30 дни от предоставянето на такава информация не бъде постигнато споразумение, страната може да приложи мерките по този член по отношение на съответната стока. При наличието на изключителни и критични обстоятелства, изискващи предприемането на незабавни действия, които правят невъзможно предварителното предоставяне на информация или разглеждане, страната, която възнамерява да предприеме мерките, може да приложи незабавно обезпечителните мерки, необходими за справяне с положението, като веднага информира другата страна за това. РАЗДЕЛ ДИнституционални разпоредбиЧлен 2. 16Комитет по търговията със стоки1. Комитетът по търговията със стоки, създаден съгласно член 15. 2, параграф 1 (Специализирани комитети), провежда заседания по искане на някоя от страните или Комитета по търговията с цел обсъждане на всякакви въпроси, произтичащи от настоящата глава, и се състои от представители на страните. 2. Функциите на Комитета включват:а)насърчаване на търговията със стоки между страните, включително чрез консултации относно ускоряването и разширяването на обхвата на премахване на тарифите и разширяване на обхвата на ангажиментите, свързани със нетарифни мерки, съгласно настоящото споразумение и други въпроси по целесъобразност; иб)разглеждане на тарифните и нетарифните мерки, прилагани по отношение на търговията със стоки между страните и, ако е уместно, отнасяне на тези въпроси за разглеждане от Комитета по търговията,доколкото тези задачи не са били възложени на съответните работни групи съгласно член 15. 3, параграф 1 (Работни групи). Член 2. 17Специални разпоредби относно административното сътрудничество1. Страните се споразумяват, че административното сътрудничество е от съществено значение за прилагането и контрола на преференциалното тарифно третиране, предвидено съгласно настоящата глава, и подчертават своите ангажименти в борбата с нередностите и измамите в сферата на митата и свързаните с тях въпроси. 2. В случаите, в които страна е установила, въз основа на обективна информация, отказ на административно сътрудничество и/или нередности или измами, по искане на същата страна Митническият комитет провежда заседание в срок от 20 дни от искането, за да потърси спешно начини за разрешаване на ситуацията. Ще бъде считано, че консултациите, провеждани в рамките на Митническия комитет, изпълняват същата функция като консултацията по член 14. 3 (Консултации). ТРЕТА ГЛАВАСРЕДСТВА ЗА ТЪРГОВСКА ЗАЩИТАРАЗДЕЛ AДвустранни защитни меркиЧлен 3. 1Прилагане на двустранни защитни мерки1. Ако в резултат от намаляването или премахването на мито по силата на настоящото споразумение, стоки с произход от една от страните се внасят на територията на другата страна в такива увеличени количества, в абсолютно изражение или в сравнение с местното производство, и при такива условия, че причиняват или създават опасност от причиняване на сериозна вреда на местните производители на сходни или пряко конкурентни стоки, страната вносител може да приеме мерки, предвидени в параграф 2, в съответствие с условията и процедурите, определени в настоящия раздел. 2. Страната вносител може да предприеме двустранна защитна мярка, която:а)спира по-нататъшното намаляване на митническата ставка за вноса на съответната стока, както е предвидено в настоящото споразумение; илиб)увеличава митническата ставка за стоката до степен, която не надвишава по-ниската от следните две ставки:i)митническата ставка за НОН, прилагана по отношение на стоката, която е в сила към момента на предприемане на мярката; илиii)базовата митническа ставка, посочена в графиците, включени в приложение 2-A (Премахване на митата) съгласно член 2. 5, параграф 2 (Премахване на митата). Член 3. 2Условия и ограничения1. Всяка от страните уведомява другата страна в писмен вид за започването на разследване, описано в параграф 2, и се консултира с другата страна възможно най-рано преди прилагането на двустранна защитна мярка с цел разглеждане на информацията, произтичаща от разследването, и обмен на мнения относно мярката. 2. Всяка от страните прилага двустранна защитна мярка единствено след провеждането на разследване от нейните компетентни органи в съответствие с член 3 и член 4, параграф 2, буква в) от Споразумението за защитни мерки, което се съдържа в приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО (наричано по-нататък Споразумение за защитни мерки) и за тази цел член 3 и член 4, параграф 2, буква в) от Споразумението за защитни мерки са включени в настоящото споразумение и представляват част от него mutatis mutandis. 3. В рамките на разследването, описано в параграф 2, страната спазва изискванията на член 4, параграф 2, буква а) от Споразумението за защитни мерки и за тази цел член 4, параграф 2, буква а) от Споразумението за защитни мерки е включен в настоящото споразумение и представлява част от него mutatis mutandis. 4. Всяка от страните гарантира, че нейните компетентни органи ще приключат това разследване в срок от една година от датата на неговото започване. 5. Никоя от страните не може да прилага двустранна защитна мярка:а)освен доколкото и за какъвто период от време това може да бъде необходимо, за да се предотврати или поправи сериозна вреда и за да се улесни приспособяването;б)за период, надвишаващ две години, освен когато този период може да бъде удължен с до две години, ако компетентните органи на страната вносител решат, в съответствие с процедурите, установени в настоящия член, че мярката продължава да бъде необходима, за да се предотврати или поправи сериозна вреда и за да се улесни приспособяването, и когато са налице данни, че промишлеността се приспособява, при условие че общият период за прилагане на защитна мярка, включващ периода на първоначалното прилагане и всяко едно удължаване на този период, не надвишават четири години; илив)след датата на изтичане на преходния период, освен когато другата страна даде съгласието си за това. 6. Когато една от страните прекрати двустранна защитна мярка, митническата ставка е тази, която щеше да е в сила съгласно нейния график, включен в приложение 2-A (Премахване на митата), ако мярката не беше прилагана. Член 3. 3Временни меркиПри наличието на критични обстоятелства, при които евентуалното забавяне би причинило вреда, която трудно може да се отстрани, всяка от страните може да приложи временно двустранна защитна мярка след предварително решение, че са налице явни данни за това, че вносът на стока с произход от другата страна се е увеличил в резултат на намаляването или премахването на мито съгласно настоящото споразумение и за това, че този внос причинява сериозна вреда или съществува опасност да причини такава на местните производители. Продължителността на прилагане на всяка една временна мярка не надвишава 200 дни, като през това време страната спазва изискванията на член 3. 2, параграфи 2 и 3. Страната незабавно възстановява всички увеличения на тарифите, ако по време на разследването, описано в член 3. 2, параграф 2, не бъде установено, че са спазени изискванията на член 3. 1. Продължителността на прилагане на всяка временна мярка се разглежда като част от периода, предвиден в член 3. 2, параграф 5, буква б). Член 3. 4Компенсация1. Всяка от страните, която прилага двустранна защитна мярка, се консултира с другата страна с цел взаимно договаряне на подходяща компенсация за либерализиране на търговията под формата на отстъпки, които оказват еквивалентни по същество въздействия върху търговията или са в размер, еквивалентен на размера на допълнителните мита, които се очаква да бъдат наложени в резултат от прилагането на защитната мярка. Страната предоставя възможност за такива консултации не по-късно от 30 дни след прилагането на двустранната защитна мярка. 2. Ако консултацията по параграф 1 не доведе до споразумение относно компенсация за либерализиране на търговията в срок от 30 дни след началото на консултацията, страната, чиито стоки са обект на защитната мярка, може да преустанови прилагането на еквивалентни по същество отстъпки спрямо страната, която прилага защитната мярка. 3. Правото на преустановяване, посочено в параграф 2, не може да бъде упражнено през първите 24 месеца, през които е в сила двустранна защитна мярка, при условие че защитната мярка отговаря на разпоредбите на настоящото споразумение. Член 3. 5ОпределенияЗа целите на настоящия раздел:сериозна вреда и опасност от сериозна вреда се разбират в съответствие с член 4, параграф 1, букви а) и б) от Споразумението за защитни мерки. За тази цел член 4, параграф 1, букви а) и б) е включен в настоящото споразумение и представлява част от него mutatis mutandis; ипреходен период по отношение на дадена стока означава периодът от датата на влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение до 10 години след датата на завършване на процеса на намаляване или премахване на митата, в зависимост от конкретния случай за всяка една стока. РАЗДЕЛ БЗащитни мерки за селското стопанствоЧлен 3. 6Защитни мерки за селското стопанство1. Всяка от страните може да приложи мярка под формата на по-високо мито върху внос на селскостопански стоки с произход, изброени в нейния график, включен в приложение 3, в съответствие с параграфи от 2 до 8, ако съвкупният обем на вноса на тази стока през която и да е година надвишава критичното ниво, посочено в нейния график, включен в приложение 3. 2. Митото, посочено в параграф 1, не надвишава по-ниската от преобладаващата прилагана митническа ставка за НОН или прилаганата митническа ставка за НОН, която е в сила на датата, непосредствено предшестваща датата на влизане в сила на настоящото споразумение, или тарифната ставка, посочена в графика на всяка от страните, включен в приложение 3. 3. Митата, прилагани от всяка от страните съгласно параграф 1, се определят в съответствие с техните графици, включени в приложение 3. 4. Никоя от страните не може да прилага или поддържа защитна мярка за селското стопанство съгласно настоящия член и същевременно да прилага или поддържа по отношение на същата стока:а)двустранна защитна мярка в съответствие с член 3. 1;б)мярка съгласно член XIX от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и Споразумението за защитни мерки; илив)специална защитна мярка съгласно член 5 от Споразумението за селското стопанство. 5. Дадена страна прилага всяка една защитна мярка за селското стопанство по прозрачен начин. В срок от 60 дни след налагането на защитна мярка за селското стопанство, страната, която прилага мярката, уведомява другата страна в писмен вид и предоставя на другата страна съответните данни, свързани с мярката. По писмено искане на страната износител, страните се консултират относно прилагането на мярката. 6. Прилагането и действието на настоящия член може да бъде предмет на обсъждане и преразглеждане в Комитета по търговията със стоки, посочен в член 2. 16 (Комитет по търговията със стоки). 7. Никоя от страните не може да прилага или поддържа защитна мярка за селското стопанство по отношение на селскостопанска стока с произход:а)ако срокът, посочен в разпоредбите относно защитни мерки за селското стопанство, съдържащи се в нейния график, който е включен в приложение 3, е изтекъл; илиб)ако мярката увеличава митото в рамките на квотата върху стока, към която се прилага ТК, посочена в допълнение 2-A-1 от нейния график, включен в приложение 2-A (Премахване на мита). 8. Всякакви доставки от въпросните стоки, които са били на път по силата на договор, сключен преди да бъде наложено допълнителното мито съгласно параграфи 1—4, се освобождават от такова допълнително мито, при условие че могат да бъдат включени в обема на вноса на въпросните стоки през следващата година за целите на въвеждане в действие на параграф 1 през тази година. РАЗДЕЛ ВГлобални защитни меркиЧлен 3. 7Глобални защитни мерки1. Всяка от страните запазва правата и задълженията, които тя има съгласно член XIX от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и Споразумението за защитни мерки. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящия член, настоящото споразумение не предоставя каквито и да било допълнителни права, нито пък налага каквито и да било допълнителни задължения на страните във връзка с мерки, предприети съгласно член XIX от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и Споразумението за защитни мерки. 2. По искане на другата страна и при условие че тя има съществен интерес, страната, която възнамерява да предприеме защитни мерки, предоставя незабавно ad hoc писмено уведомление за цялата необходима информация относно започването на разследване за защитните мерки, временните констатации и окончателните констатации от разследването. 3. За целите на настоящия член се счита, че дадена страна има съществен интерес, когато тя е сред петте най-големи доставчици на внесените стоки през най-скорошния период от три години, което се измерва или като абсолютен обем, или като абсолютна стойност. 4. Никоя от страните не може да прилага по отношение на една и съща стока, по едно и също време:а)двустранна защитна мярка в съответствие с член 3. 1; иб)мярка съгласно член XIX от ГАТТ от 1994 г. и Споразумението за защитни мерки. 5. Никоя от страните не може да използва разпоредбите на четиринадесета глава (Уреждане на спорове) за каквито и да било въпроси, произтичащи от настоящия раздел. РАЗДЕЛ ГАнтидъмпингови и изравнителни митаЧлен 3. 8Общи разпоредби1. Освен ако не е предвидено друго в настоящата глава, страните запазват своите права и задължения съгласно член VI от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , Споразумението за прилагане на член VI от ГАТТ от 1994 г. , което се съдържа в приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО (наричано по-нататък Антидъмпингово споразумение) и Споразумението за субсидиите и изравнителните мерки, което се съдържа в приложение 1A към Споразумението за СТО (наричано по-нататък Споразумение за СИМ). 2. Страните се споразумяват, че антидъмпинговите и изравнителните мита следва да бъдат използвани при пълно съответствие с приложимите изисквания на СТО и следва да се основават на справедлива и прозрачна система по отношение на процедурите, засягащи стоки с произход от другата страна. За тази цел страните гарантират, незабавно след всяко едно налагане на временни мерки и във всеки случай преди взимането на окончателно решение, пълно и убедително разгласяване на всички съществени факти и съображения, които са в основата на решението за прилагане на мерки, без да се засяга член 6, параграф 6. 5 от Антидъмпинговото споразумение и член 12, параграф 12. 4 от Споразумението за СИМ. Разгласяванията се правят в писмен вид и дават на заинтересованите страни достатъчно време, за да представят своите коментари. 3. С цел да се гарантира максимална ефективност при работата по разследвания за антидъмпингови и изравнителни мита, и по-специално при разглеждане на подходящото право на защита, страните приемат използването на английски език по отношение на документи, които се предоставят във връзка с разследвания за антидъмпингови и изравнителни мита. Нищо в настоящия параграф не възпрепятства Корея да поиска разяснение, написано на корейски език, ако:а)значението на подадените документи не се счита за достатъчно ясно от разследващите органи на Корея за целите на разследване за антидъмпингово или изравнително мито; иб)искането е строго ограничено до частта, която не е достатъчно ясна за целите на разследване за антидъмпингово или изравнително мито. 4. При условие че това не забавя излишно провеждането на разследването, на заинтересованите страни се предоставя възможността да бъдат изслушани, за да изразят своите мнения по време на разследванията за антидъмпингови или изравнителни мита. Член 3. 9Уведомяване1. След получаване от компетентните органи на една от страните на заявление, придружено от всички необходими документи, за налагане на антидъмпингово мито по отношение на внос от другата страна и не по-късно от 15 дни преди започването на разследване, страната предоставя на другата страна писмено уведомление за получаване на заявлението. 2. След получаване от компетентните органи на една от страните на заявление, придружено от всички необходими документи, за налагане на изравнително мито по отношение на внос от другата страна и преди започването на разследване, страната предоставя на другата страна писмено уведомление за получаване на заявлението и организира среща с другата страна, за да се консултира с нейните компетентни органи във връзка със заявлението. Член 3. 10Вземане под внимание на обществените интересиСтраните полагат усилия да вземат предвид обществените интереси преди налагането на антидъмпингово или изравнително мито. Член 3. 11Разследване след прекратяване в резултат от преразглежданеСтраните се споразумяват да разглеждат със специално внимание всяко едно заявление за започване на антидъмпингово разследване относно стока с произход от другата страна, по отношение на която са били прилагани антидъмпингови мерки, прекратени през предходните 12 месеца в резултат от преразглеждане. Освен ако това разглеждане преди започване на разследването не покаже, че обстоятелствата са се променили, няма да бъде пристъпено към разследване. Член 3. 12Кумулативна оценкаКогато вносът от повече от една държава е едновременно обект на разследване за антидъмпингово или изравнително мито, всяка от страните проучва със специално внимание дали кумулативната оценка на ефекта от вноса на другата страна е подходяща в контекста на условията на конкуренция между внасяните стоки и условията на конкуренция между внасяните стоки и сходните местни стоки. Член 3. 13Стандарт de minimis, приложим за преразглеждането1. Всяка мярка, която е предмет на преразглеждане съгласно член 11 от Антидъмпинговото споразумение, се прекратява, когато бъде установено, че дъмпинговият марж, за който съществува вероятност да се проявява периодично, е по-нисък от прага de minimis, посочен в член 5, параграф 5. 8 от Антидъмпинговото споразумение. 2. При установяване на индивидуалните маржове съгласно член 9, параграф 9. 5 от Антидъмпинговото споразумение, не се налага каквото и да било мито по отношение на износители или производители в страната износител, за които е установено, въз основа на представителни износни продажби, че дъмпинговият марж е по-нисък от прага de minimis, посочен в член 5, параграф 5. 8 от Антидъмпинговото споразумение. Член 3. 14Правило за по-ниското митоВ случай че една от страните реши да наложи антидъмпингово или изравнително мито, размерът на това мито не следва да надвишава дъмпинговия марж или маржа на подлежащите на изравняване субсидии и той следва да бъде по-нисък от маржа, ако това по-ниско мито би било подходящо средство, чрез което да се премахне вредата, причинена на местните производители. Член 3. |
s6notesqueries10londuoft_63 | English-PD | Public Domain | But then he has the caracter of being a very haughty ill-natured gent : and y( he has such a way of distorting his fface (w»» though he cannot help) ye gent think it may affect some young ladds : for these two reasons he is not approved on, ye late master Mr. Crompton's huf- fing the ffaeofees being stil in their memory. However we are all extreamly obliged to you for thinking of us, and for proposeing so good a schollar, but more especially is, dear sir, your very humble servant HENRY GRESWOLD. ED. GORDON DUFF. Wadham College, Oxon. FRISIAN.— Mr. W. J. Thorns, the founder of " N. & Q.," besides his Anglo-Saxon studies, has always taken an interest in that neighbouring subject of Frisian, much neglected here. In- deed Maeso-Gothic has had a preference over it. Mr. Thorns advocated a Frisian Guild, and it will interest all students of our language to know that the Bible Society has just brought out the Gospel of St. Matthew in Frisian. To the members of the Dialect Society in particular this little tract will be acceptable. H. C, 466 NOTES AND QUERIES. [6«> S. X. DEC. 13, '84, DAMAGES IN BREACH OF PROMISE CASES. — The following extract from the Law Journal of November 22 should, I think, find a corner in the pages of " N. & Q.":- " The 10,000/. awarded to the plaintiff in Finney v Cairns (otherwise Garmoyle) is probably the largest amount of damages ever recorded in this country in an action for breach of promise of marriage. The nearest approach to it is 3.500Z., given in 1835 to a solicitor's daughter for the loss of the alliance of a solicitor who had inherited a considerable fortune from his father (Wood v. Hurd, 2 Bin?. N.C. 166). In 1866 the sum of 2.500/. was awarded to a milliner's daughter as com- pensation for losing a husband in the shape of a young gentleman with 900Z. a year (Berry v. Da Costa, 35 Law J. Rep., C.P. 191); but there were circumstances in the case tending to make the damages exemplary. In former times, apparently, it was more common for disappointed husbands to bring actions than now, and in the reign of William and Mary 400Z. was awarded for the loss of a lady worth 6,00(M. (Harrison v. Cage, Garth, 467)— the largest sum, we believe, awarded by unsympathetic jurymen to a male plaintiff. No doubt as large, and perhaps larger, sums than the present have been paid out of court; but we now have an assessment, agreed upon by all concerned and sanctioned by a jury, of a countess's coronet at 10,000/." In the Annual Register for 1824, in the " Chronicle" for December 22, will be found a short account of Foote v. Hayne. This was an action brought by the celebrated actress Maria Foote, afterwards Countess of Harrington, against " Pea - Green " Hayne for a breach of promise of marriage, and in which a verdict was given for the plaintiff with 3,OOOZ. damages. G. F. R. B. A LADY'S DESCRIPTION OF THE TELEGRAPH IN 1819. — In a journal kept by a lady of rank in 1819 occurs the following curious account of what she considered the process of telegraphing to be : " The merits of the telegraph are much discussed — a new invented machine, by the French, for the speedy communication of news, by means of seeing writing from a great distance, through a telescope, which saves much time and travelling expenses." I think the above may be worthy of a nook in "N.&Q." D. G. C. E. " GETT£ EN MOLLE." — Having had occasion to refer to Willshire's Introduction to Ancient Prints, at p. 188 I met with an extract from the diary of Abbot Jean le Robert in which the above expres- sion is used, which has puzzled many learned persons, as upon it partly rests the question whether books were printed with movable types in the Netherlands so early as 1446. The original runs : " Item. Voor een Doctrinale gette" en molle dat te Brugge door Marquart, den eersten schry ver van Valenciennes, in Januari XL5 [=1446] voor Jacquet liet halen. 20 Sols tournois," &c. This Hessels translates, " which I sent for from Bruges, by Marquart, the first writer of Valenciennes in Jan. XLV.," &c., with two commas. Now, if we translate " door " by '• through/' as I believe is allowable, the sense would be : " Item. For a Doctrinal which, when I was at Bruges, I sent for through Marquart, the first writer of Valen- ciennes"; or, if "den eersten schry ver" was, in 1446, equivalent to " van den eersten," then, "from the first writer of Valenciennes." More- over, Littre gives under " Moule," "Certain nombres de feuilles de ve"lin, on de parchemin, entre lesquelles on met les feuilles d'or et d'argent." All things being taken into consideration, it seems that those who maintain that the abbot simply sent for a manuscript on vellum, bound up into a book, are right. RALPH N. JAMES. CONTINUOUS PAGINATION. — It may be worth noting as a rare occurrence in modern books that the two volumes of Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor, just published by Mr. Elliot Stock, are paged continuously, the first page of text of vol. ii. being numbered 415. JOHN RANDALL. " INSULAR ARROGANCE." — It is amusing to observe how the travelling Briton frequently feels himself aggrieved by the stupidity of foreigners who persist in pronouncing names of places in their own countries according to their own manner. That this is no new feeling on the part of the English is, I think, beautifully manifested in the following extract from The History of the Straits, written in the middle of the last century by Col. James, of the Royal Artillery. The author says (vol. i. p. 62): — " Opposite to Gibraltar is the bay of that name, which the Spaniards, after their corrupt and abusive manner, pronounce Khibral- tar!" R. STEWART PATTERSON. Hale Crescent, Farnham. SUPERSTITION AMONG THE COOLIES. — The coolies from the Presidency of Madras on board ship resort to the following means to ensure fair wind and fine weather. Amongst themselves they collect small bits of money or any other valuables they may possess, which they tie up in a bag, and commission a sailor to take up and tie on to one of the masts, when they believe a god comes down in the night and takes it away as an offering. It, of course, always disappears, one of the sailors ascending after dark and bringing it down, to share the contents with his fellow sailors. Another method is to collect similar odds and ends and to cast them broadcast into the sea from the stern of the vessel. Both means, I am told, they believe will bring a favourable wind and fair weather. The earlier superstition is probably encouraged by he sailors, owing to the lucrative result to them« selves. ALPHA. MISPRINT. — This instance of the unconscious iiimour of "John Bull's neighbour" must be embalmed. It is clipped from the Catalogue Mensuel de Limes Rares et Curieux of a Parisian Bookseller: — Chaloographimania or the portrait ffh g.x. DEO. 13, '84.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 467 collector and Frintseller's Chronicle witz infatua- tions of every description London, 1814, in-8, v. 3." FRANK REDE FOWKE. 24, Victoria Grove, Chelsea, S.W. & turfed. We must request correspondents desiring information On family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. QUERIES CONCERNING BISHOP KEN. — The Monk and the Bird. — Can any one tell me to what source this legend is to be traced ? Archbishop Trench has written a poem on it. Cardinal Newman refers to it in his Grammar of Assent ; but neither recollects whence it came to him. The former thinks it may have been from Drexelius, but I cannot get at that writer in Torquay. For those who do not know it, I may add that the legend records how a monk who was perplexed by the thought of eternity was taught to understand it. Bishop Ken tells the story thus (I quote the last verse only) : — " The Bird, by her harmonious Note, Allured him to a wood remote ; Three centuries her song he heard, Which not three hours to him appeared, While God, to his dimsighted, doubtful thought, Duration boundless, un successive, taught." It is obvious that the answer to this question may throw light on Ken's range of reading beyond the books in French, Italian, Spanish which were once his, and the catalogue of which now lies before me. Confirmation under the Commonwealth. — When Ken was six years old, in 1643, episcopacy was abolished, and the use of the Prayer-book prohibited by the Long Parliament. Where and by what bishop was the boy likely to have been confirmed ? Bishop Skinner, of Oxford, is said by Bowles (as usual without a reference) to have been the only bishop who held ordinations during the Commonwealth, and Bathurst, afterwards Pre- sident of Trinity and Dean of Wells, to have been his examining chaplain. Are any bishops known to have confirmed at that period ; and, if so, what was the practice of the Anglican clergy at that time as to the age of candidates ? Mr. William Jones. — The Nonjuring bishops seem to have found that, even though they were not engaged in conspiracies, it was necessary, in sending their letters through the Post Office, to use the arts of conspirators. Ken's letters to the ex-Bishop of Norwich (Lloyd) are always addressed to Mrs. Hannah Lloyd. His own alias was Mr. William Jones. A search among old correspond- ence of that period might possibly bring to light letters so addressed that would turn out to be important. " Oblectamenta Pia" — A copy of this book was given to Ken, presumably by its author, L. D., by a friend who signs himself Timotheos -f, and who writes in terms of the most devoted attachment. Can any one tell me more of the book or its writer ? This batch of questions may, I think, suffice for the present. Your readers will, I am sure, be glad to hear that my search, or rather that of the kind friends who are helping me, has brought to light a rich mass of materials, unpublished sermons, letters, poems, meditations, and the like. E. H. PLUMPTRE. Carlsbad Villa, Torquay. "POTTIS POTILLERS": "BUSSELLS": " BUL- LIONS": "BAILES." — In a valuable manuscript, once belonging to Henry VIII., and composed in his time, are the following words, requiring ex- planation, viz., Pottis potillers — the then pottle- pots ? — busselhy on which sometimes armorial bear- ings are said to be engraved ; bullions, on which cups and other vessels are said to stand ; bailes, sometimes described as being in lions' mouths. Can any of your correspondents kindly explain the meaning of these words ? E. N. WORKS ON GARDENING. — Will some of your correspondents kindly give me information as to works or publications upon gardening ? I want some brief particulars of each of the more modern publications, say title, with name of author, date of publication, and, if available, brief summary of contents. What means would be most likely to provide me with details? Is there any dictionary or catalogue that would help me ? EDMUND J. BAILLIE, F.L.S. Chester. LADY HOWARD. — Information is desired as to a Lady Howard of whom there is a portrait in Aynho Park, Northamptonshire. She is painted holding an open letter in one hand, bearing the date Feb. or Jul. 28, 1721, and signed "Mary Chandos." A seal on the envelope of a coat of arms with a harp in one quartering ; supporters resembling lions and three crests. No more of the letter legible. L. C. DIGHTON'S CARICATURES.— Turning to the re- ferences concerning these caricatures, and replies as to whom they represent, some time ago, I find no mention of one of which we have a copy in the reference library of this gallery, in addition to one in the possession of my own family, viz., that of " A View of Holland," which represents my grandfather, Mr. Swinton C. Holland, a distin- guished merchant, partner with the original Baring Brothers, in which position he greatly assisted in negotiating their famous loans to the Bourbons on their restoration, 1814-5. He died suddenly in Messrs. Baring's office, January, 1827. The sketch is unsigned, but I believe it was drawu 468 NOTES AND QUERIES. [6<h s. X. DEO. 13, '84. on the Stock Exchange by Kichard Dighton. Can any one inform me whether there is any caricature of the first Lord Alvanley (Sir Pepper Arden) in the Dighton series ? L. G. HOLLAND. National Portrait Gallery. [See 3rd S. iv. 410 ; vi. 187 ; vii. 119, 188 ; ix. 370, 423 ; x. 13, 70, 99, 180, 413, 519 ; 4th s. vii. 418 : 5'h S. iii. 387, 452.] FYLFOT.— At 5th S. x. 436 ; xi. 154 there are two attempts to explain the origin of this heraldic term. One supposes fylfot to mean fowl-foot ; the other contributor suggests that it is equivalent to fele foot, i. e., many-footed. A third etymology has been proposed, namely, fler-fote, four-footed. It is impossible to be satis- fied with any one of these three explanations, as at present they are all mere guesses, unsupported by any evidence. We know nothing of the history of the word; we cannot even be sure that the word is in origin English. May I be allowed to repeat a query I sent six years ago ? Who first uses the word fylfot ? Is it to be found in any Middle English text ? A. L. MATHEW. MINIATURE OF FACE AND HAND. — I have a singular miniature of the close of the last century or beginning of the present, concerning which I should like information, if such can be obtained. It is in a handsome gold setting, with a solid hook to attach it to a chain, and is in size about 3 in. by 2j in. The face, which is in profile, is long, sharply cut, and handsome, with a certain resemblance to that of John Kemble. The hair, apparently powdered, is white, and falls over the forehead, less in the shape of a fringe than in thin locks or tufts ; the eyebrows are dark, and the eyes apparently blue. The face is clean shaven. Costume, adark buttoned coat with broadish collar and lappels, a white double waistcoat, a white linen or. muslin necktie, with no collar. What is most striking in the miniature, and should identify it, is a pictured hand on the obverse. This hand, which occupies about two inches of the obverse, is of abnormal length and slenderness, and might probably have been taken after death. The nails are also very long. The thumb and little finger seem disproportionately long. The wrist is clasped by a light narrow wrist- band of a full-sleeved shirt fastened by links of coral. The appearance of the whole is rather ghostly. A. C. S. BURNING OF WITCHES. — W. W., who edited the examination of the witches at " St. Osee's," Essex complains that witches in England could only be hanged. Eeg. Scot also, bk. ii. c. iv., where he holds W. W. up to scorn, says the same, while afterwards he speaks of their being burnt abroad. The Act 33 Henry VIII. c. 8, made witches as felons to suffer death or forfeiture, and without privileg of clergy or sanctuary. This Act was repealed by hat of 1 Edw. IV. c. 20, but a similar act, enter- ng more into detail as to the punishments to be n each case inflicted, was enacted 5 (not 1, as (ometimes stated) Eliz. c. 16. By what law and it what time was the execution of them by burn- ng ordained in Great Britain ? BR. NICHOLSON. ENGRAVERS' PROOFS OF THE PENNY POSTAGE STAMP. — The commission to engrave the first post- age stamp was originally given to Charles Heath; Dut, as he feared his eyesight was not good enough 'on such fine work, he handed it over to his son Frederick. The price agreed upon was, I am told, 60Z. The first plate was so lightly ngraved that it was impossible to electrotype it, so it was re-engraved in a much darker manner. About twenty years ago Mr. D. T. White presented me with six impressions, printed direct from the copper- plates ; these had been given to him many years before by Frederick Heath. I concluded at first that this set was unique, but was afterwards told that the collector who was in the habit of getting the earliest proofs of the annual plates from the engravers might have had some. (I forget his name, but my uncle, Mr. Kobert Graves, A.K.A., once told me, and also that he knew him well. This collector always wrote the particulars of each proof in a very neat hand at the bottom of the paper.) Curiously enough, this year I saw in a shop-window a sheet of four impressions, with this same collector's writing on it, and secured it at once. I should much like to know whether any other impressions exist, and also the above collector's name, if any of your readers know it. The following is a description of the impressions I have : — Cancelled plate :— 1. The etching with the background not filled in behind the hair and in front of the coronet ; 2. Duplicate of the above ; 3. Touched proof, with the unfinished parts put^in in indian ink ; 4. Finished proof, before any in- scription top or bottom ; 5. Duplicate of the above; 6. Finished proof, with the words " Postage, one penny," engraved at the bottom. Second plate :— 1. Etching with head left white; 2. Unfinished proof, with some white left behind the hair and neck ; 3. Finished proof, before any inscription top or bottom ; 4. Duplicate of the same. ALGERNON GRAVES. Roslyn House, Finborough Road. MOTHER HUBBARD. (See 2»d S. ix. 244.)— Some- times when one is tempted to send a question for insertion in your columns, it " gives one pause" to remember that the information desired may be something which nearly every one knows already. E. H. K., a letter from whom appeared in your issue of March 31, 1860, apparently feared that he was asking for such information, for he begins by the apology, " I am afraid that I am asking an 6th S. X. DEO. 13, '84.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 469 often-answered query." He then says, " I entrea you to tell me whether anything is known o ' Mother Hubbard ' or her husband, before th< publication of Spencer's [sic, with a c] Mother Hubbard [sic] tale, and the equally excellent, i not superior, Father Hubbard tales of Middleton.' Perhaps E. H. K.'s apology was nob necessary; for I think that his question, at any rate, has never been answered. If you think that the lapse o nearly a quarter of a century justifies me in re- peating the question, I should like to do so, with regard to Mother Hubbard (or Hubberd — an a is the more familiar in the nursery rhyme, but Spenser seems to have used the e spelling uni- formly, and that seems more reasonable for a word that rhymes with cupboard). As to Father Hub bard, I suspect that that name is simply made from the other. But the name Hubbard itself? I should like, also, to ask for light on the first title of Spenser's poem, viz., Prosopopoia. It is plainly TrpocrwTTOTroua, with the penultimate syllable pressed out in the Anglicizing. But did Spenser introduce the Anglicized form? Is it found in any other writer, either before or after 1591 ? And does Spenser mean by the word a masking or personating by the fox and the ape, who are the heroes of his tale, so that we might almost translate by Transformations ; or does he mean that the story is itself a Trpoo-WTTOTroua, that is, a dramatic tale? P.S. — Edmund Bolton, the author of Hyper- critica (? 1615), wrote a Latin poem on the taking of the body of Mary Queen of Scots from Peter- borough to Westminster Abbey (in 1612). Warton mentions a MS. draft of this in the British Museum (MSS. Cott,, Tit. A. 13, 23). The given to it is " Prosopopeia Basilica." J. W. THOMPSON. " A LETTER [RELATING TO MADRIGALS] written by Dr. Burney to Mr. Walker, Dublin, 1798." I should be glad if any reader of " N. & Q." could tell me where I can see a copy of the above. I have reason to believe it has never been printed. C. SOTER. 76, Oseney Crescent, Camden Road. AMYOT.— Where in London did the antiquary Thomas Amyot die ? He died Sept. 28, 1850. C. A. WARD. Haverstock Hill. GUIDO GUINICELLI.-— Where can I find a good account of the life and works of this eminent Italian ? Has any good translation of his books been yet published ? If so, by whom ? T. CANN HUGHES, B.A. Chester. 11 THE MAIN TRUCK ; OR, A LEAP FOR LIFE."— Under this rather sensational heading there ap- peared in the Saturday Magazine for May 16, name 1835, a sea tale purporting to be a sailor's yarn, which the editor gives as from the pen of Capt. Basil Hall. It is written with literary skill and technical knowledge ; and I am satisfied, from its internal evidence and peculiar expressions used, that it is by an American author, perhaps Feni- more Cooper or Washington Irving. Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." mention the real author with any degree of certainty ? H. Y. POWELL. BABMAES MEWS lies between Jermyn Street and St. James's Square, not far from Piccadilly Circus. What is the origin of the name ? E. W. Brompton. ARTHUR YOUNG, author of Six Weeks? Tour through the Southern Counties of England, &c. He was a son of the Rev. Dr. Young, Prebendary of Canterbury and chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. Can any correspondent obligingly inform me as to his family and arms ? I should be also glad to know what was the Christian name of his son, who purchased an estate in the Crimea, and whether he left any descendants. S. G. A NAVAL FLAG. — In more than one MS. coloured drawing of Elizabethan ships of the royal navy I have seen a flag on the ensign staff at the stern of the vessel. It is striped horizontally, and has no border. The stripes run thus: a centre stripe blue, then white, yellow, white, yellow, white, yellow — making three white and three yellow alternate stripes on each side of the blue. Can any one explain what this flag was, and what the colours signified ? The jack, in each case, is carried on the mainmast, and in one drawing it has a faint yellow border round the three outer edges. GEORGE F. HOOPER. Streatham. DEAN HALL, OF DURHAM:,— Can any one supply me with information concerning the ancestors and other relatives of this dignitary ? He was married n 1794 to the Hon. Anna Maria Byng, third daughter of the fifth Viscount Torrington. Had le any issue by this marriage ? C. W. S. MUNICIPAL AND ACADEMIC HERALDRY. — Have he works on the above topics by the Messrs. Hope, referred to in "N. & Q.," 6th S. i. 484, ever been published ? P. J. ANDERSON. Aberdeen. PORTRAIT OF Louis XIV. — I am the possessor f a portrait of this monarch when an infant, appa- ently between one and two years old. It has all he characteristic waxiness and vivacity of ex- pression of Mignard's painting. The infant is perfectly nude, with a jewelled order suspended from its neck, and is caressing a black cat. 470 NOTES AND QUERIES. [6* S.X.DEC. 13, '84. Perhaps MR. EALPH JAMES or others of your readers could kindly inform me if there exists a duplicate of this interesting portrait, and where. P. J. ROZENBAUM. GASKAKTH, GEEKIE, AND STINTON FAMILIES. — A member of each of these families was Vicar of All Hallows, Barking, during the eighteenth cen- tury. I possess all the printed information pro- curable about Stinton as found in Boase's History of Exeter College, and The Life of Bishop Porte- ous by Hodgson. Further particukrs desired. J. MASKELL. Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, S.W. AUTHOR OF ORATIONS WANTED. — Who was the author of Tres Oratiunculce habitce in Domo Con- I'occitionis Oxon, dated St. Mary's Hall, December, 1743 ? They were spoken on the occasion of con- ferring the honorary degree of D.C.L. on James, Duke of Hamilton ; George Henry, Earl of Lich- field ; and John, Earl of Orrery. If by the public orator of that date, who was he ? EDMUND M. BOYLE. THE INQUISITION. (6th S. x. 309.) Here is a list of books from notes made at various times. It is neither exhaustive nor discriminating, and may be incorrect in places, but may, never- theless, be of service : — Paolo (P.). Discorso dell' Inquisitione nella Venetia. 4to. 1689. The Bloody Inquisition of Spain. 8vo. 1656. Dellon's Account of the Inquisition atGoa (in French) Paris, 1684. Relation de 1'Inquisition de Goa. 12mo. Paris, 1687. Dellon's History of the Inquisition at Goa. Translated 4to. London, 1688. History of the Inquisition at Goa (in Dutch). 12mo Amsterdam, 1697. Proceedings of the Inquisition in Portugal. Svo. 1713 Geddes (Michael). Inquisition of Portugal. 8vo. 1714 Histoire des Inquisitions. 2vols. 12mo. Cologne, 1716 Piazza (H. B.). Inquisition in Italy. 4to. 1722. Martin (Isaac). Sufferings in the Inquisition in Spain 12mo. 1723 and 1724. Limborch (Philip). History of the Inquisition Translated by Samuel Chandler. 2 void. 4to. London 1731. Berriman (W.). Brief Remarks on Chandler's History (and other pamphlets). Dellon's Inquisition at Goa. 8vo. Dublin, 1732. Baker (J.). History of the Inquisition. 4to. 173 and 1736. Chandler (Samuel). History of Persecution. 8vo 1736. Memoira of Gaudentio di Lucca (Inquisition a Bologna). [By Bp. Berkeley ?] Svo. 1738. Coustos (John). Sufferings for Freemasonry in th Inquisition at Lisbon. Svo. 1746. Narrative of the Original of the Inquisition. 1748. Marchant (John). Bloody Tribunal. 8vo. 1756. Histoire des Inquisitions. 2 vols. 12mo. Cologne, 759. Rozelli. L'Infortune Napolitain— sa Prison dans Tin- uisition.' 2 vols. 12mo. [translated by Defoe]. 1761. Memoirs concerning the Inquisition. 8vo. 1761. Popish Cruelty Displayed, England's Bloody Tribunal, to. 1769. Marchant (John). Bloody Tribunal. Svo. Perth, 1770. Piazza. Account of the Inquisition. 4to. 1772. Relation de 1' inquisition de Goa. 12nio. 1788. Stockdale (J.). History of the Inquisition. 4to. 1810. Neil (A.). Vindication of Masonry, with an Account f the Sufferings of a Mason in the inquisition of Por- ugal. 8yo. 1810. Narrative of the Persecution of Joseph da Costa, a freemason, by the Inquisition at Lisbon, 1802. 2 vols TO. 1811. Buchanan (Claudius). Christian Researches [Inquisi- ion at Goa]. 8vo. Cambridge, 1811. Influence of the Spanish Inquisition. Translated from HI Espanol, a London journal. About 1811. Dellon's Inquisition at Goa. Translated, with an ccount of Arch. Bower's Escape from the Inquisition at Macerata. 8vo. 1812 and 1815. Informe sobre el Tribunal de la Inquisicion. 4 to. Cadiz, 1812. Discusion sobre cl Tribunal de la Inquisicion. 8vo. Cadiz, 1813. Chandler (S.). History of Persecution. New ed. by C. Atmore, with Buchanan on Inquisition at Goa (bk. iii.). 8vo. 1813. Wright's History of Inquisition. 8vo. 1816. Limborch's History, abridged. 8vo. 1816. Puigblanch (Ant.). Inquisition Unmasked. Trans, by W. Walton. 2 vols. Svo. 1816. History of the Inquisition. 8vo. 1817. Llorente (J. A.). History of the Inquisition of Spain. Translated. 8vo. 1826, 1828. Van Halen (J.). Narrative of Imprisonment by In- quisition at Madrid. 2 vols. 8vo. 1827. History of the Inquisition. 12mo. 1828. Escape of Fernand. do Alcantara from the Inquisition. 8vo. Oxford, 1841. Fereal (V.). Mysteres de 1'Inquisition. Svo. Pali*, 1845. Inquisition and Judaism. Lisbon, 1705. Translated by M. Mocatta. Svo. 1845. History of the Inquisition. 12mo. 1850. No Popery ! Horrors of the Inquisition. Nine leaves, 12mo. 1850. 35th thousand, 1851. Simpson. Inquisition Revealed. Svo. 1851. Davie (C. H.). History of the Inquisition. Svo. 1851. Achilli's Dealings with the Inquisition. Svo. 1851. Rule's Brand of Dominic, or Inquisition at Rome Svo. 1852. Hough ton (T.). Inquisition in all Ages. 12mo. Glas- gow, 1852. Gibbings (R.). Proceedings of Roman Inquisition against F. Manfredi. 8vo. 1852. History of the Inquisition. 2 vols. 12mo. 1855. Rule (W. H.). History of the Inquisition. Svo. 18G8 ; and 2 vols. Svo. 1874. The few books mentioned by Lowndes are in- cluded in the above. Other authors are quoted by Chandler and Buchanan, and by C. Nesse, Antidote against Popery, 1679, chap. iv. The Epistle of Juan Ptnz, 1560, was reprinted 1848. W. Lithgow's Travels, 1640, gives an account of his tortures by the Inquisition. There is a Life of Sixtus V.y Inquisitor General, 8vo., 1704 ; 6">S. X. DEC. 13, '84.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 471 Christian Martyrology, with the Rise and Pro- gress of the Inquisition, edited by A. Clarke, 4to., n.d. ' W. C. B. The following bibliography, appended to Dean Kitchin's article on the Inquisition in the Ency- clopedia Britannica, may be of use : — Kymerich (N.). Directorium Inquisitorum. Rome, 1537. Valdes(F). Edict establishing Procedure. Madrid. 1561. Paramo (L. de). De Orpine et Progressu Officii Sanctae Inquistionis. Madrid, 1593. Lirnboich (Philip von). Histoiia Inquisition'^. Am- sterdam, 1692. The Abbe Marsollier's Histoire de 1'Inquisition (based on Limborch). Llorente (J. A.). Historia Critica de la Inquisicion de EspaiU. Madrid, 1812-13. Gains. Kirchengeschichte von Spanien. llitisbon, 187G. Hoffman (P.). Geschichte der Inquisition. Bonn, 1878. Molinier. L Inquisition dins le Midi de iu France. 1830. The modern defenders of the Inquisition are: — Rodrigo (F. J. G.). Historia Verdadera de la In- quisicion. Madrid, 1876-7. Deti y Lara (J. M.). Li Iiiquisicion. Madrid, 1877. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. Hastings. The Student's Encyclopaedia gives the following list of works upon the Inquisition:— The histories of Nigrinus (1582) ; Paramo (1598) ; Marsolier (1613); Limborch (1692, the best of the old works); Rule (1874), — for the Inquisition in France, De la Mothe-Largon (1829); in Spain, Gonsalvi (1567), Arnold (1609), Bebel (1692), Puigblanch (English translation by Walton, 1816), De Maistre (Lettres sur I' Inquisition Espagnole, 1 822), Hefele (Ximenes, second edition 1851, trans, by Dalton, 1860); in Portugal, Herculano (1858); and at Goa, Dellon (1663). See also Brandt's Netherlands, M'Crie's jfyuin and Italy, Ranke's Popes, the works of Prescott and Motley, and Haureau, Bernard JJelicieux et I' Inquisition Albigeoise (Par. 1877). Precott's statements regarding the Inquisition have been reviewed by Arohb. Spalding, Miscellanea (1866). F. J. OVKRTON. Walsall. The best book on the subject is Limborch's, in two volumes quarto, translated by Samuel Chandler, 1731. It is an elaborate work, and seems to be thoroughly trustworthy. It has also some engraved illustrations that for their grace and draughtsmanship are worthy of Raphael. C. A. WARD. Ilaverstock Hill. FESTIVAL OF ST. MARY THE VIRGIN (6th S. x. 269, 376).— Your correspondent who signs J. T. F. quotes the festivals of St. Mary from " the Sarum and other calendars of the Roman rite." In a calendar of English use in a MS. Portiforium (penes me, as they used to quote) there is no entry of Visitatio in July 2. Neither does it appear iu the Winchester, nor the Exeter, nor the other old English calendars printed by Hanipson, nor id it iu the Runic calendar of the fourteenth century printed by Olaus Wormius, although the other five— Feb- ruary 2, "Kindelmess"; March 25, " Mariu M.i. fastu "; August 15, " Mariu missa "; September 8, " Mariu M. yfri "; and December 8, " Mariu messa " — occur. The festival of Visitation appears to have been instituted by Urban VI., A.D. 1389, and con- firmed by the Council of Basil, A.D. 1441 (Martene de Rit., 1737, vol. iii, cols. 579-80). William of Worcester in 1459 seems to have noted the observance of it by the Austin Friars at Yar- mouth as a novelty to him (ed. 1778, p. 375). In ordinary speech of Roman Catholics in Ireland the Assumptio S.M. is called '* Our Lady Day in August." THOMAS KKRSLAKK. Bristol. A PORTRAIT OP SHAKSPEARE (6th S. x. 367) — " Zucro," or " Zucchero," says the late Mr. Hain Friswell, in his Life- Portraits of Shakespeare (Low, Son & Co., 1864, p. 90), "could not well have painted our poet unless Shakespeare had sit to him abroad He left England in 1580, when Shakespeare was sixteen years old." In the admirable series of articles on the portraits of Shakespeare by Mr. J. Parker Norris, of Phila- delphia (Shakespeariana for July, 1884, Triibner & Co., p. 230), this learned historian and critic says that the so-called Zucchero portrait "was formerly in the possession of R. Cosway, R.A., at whose house Boaden saw it. C^sway c'aimed that it was an original portrait of Shakespeare. It was on panel, and on the back of the picture were the words, 1 Gugliem : Shakspere.' It could not have been painted by Zucchero, for it represents a mun of at least thirty years of age, and Shakespeare having been born in 1564, his portrait representing him of that ag? could not be the work of an artist who left England about 1530 Nothing further is known concerning the history of this portrait. Cosway did not give Boaden any information beyond his belief that it was an original picture by Zucchero. The picture is of life size, in an oval, and delicately painted. It represents Shakespeare leaning on his right elbow. His hand supports his head, and the eyes look directly at the observer. The eyes are very singular, being oblique and somewhat like a cat's. The hair is very thick and black, the beard full and dark, while an enormous collar, open very low at the neck, falls over the shoulders. The costume is very plain. On the table on which the poet leans his arm are some papers. Boaden thought it resembled Tor- quato Tasso more than Shakespeare, and the eyes alone are enough to condemn it as a picture of the great poet. A mezzotint was made from this portrait by Henry Green, which was coarsely done, and very unlike the original picture. W. Holl engraved a well-executed plate from the picture itself, which was published in Wivell's Inquiry in 1827." Boaden further states, in his Inquiry (R. Trip- hook, 1824, p. 63):— 472 NOTES AND QUERIES. S.X. DEO. 13, '84. " About a year before Mr. Cosway died, I called upon him to inspect the picture carefully again, that I might not be compelled to rely upon an impression made five- and-twenty years ago. He told me, on my pointing to its old position in his sitting-room, that he had lent it to a very amiable friend of hia. a female artist, who had requested leave to copy it. While we conversed on other topics, he sent his servant to that lady, with a desire that she would indulge him with it for a few minutes. He was greatly surprised to find that the fair artist had returned it to him a considerable time since ; but it had not been replaced in his parlour, and he in vain tried to conjecture what had become of it." Exit " Zuccaros." ESTE. This portrait could not have been painted by Frederic Zuccaro in 1612, for he died in 1609, and previous to his death had resided for some time in Kome. I quote from Fuseli's edition of Pinker ton's Dictionary of Painters. J. CARRICK MOORE. REV. ROBERT TAYLOR (6th S. T. 367).— This person, known as " the devil's chaplain," was born in 1792 ; educated at St. John's, Cambridge; B.A. 1813 ; and was Curate of Midhurst for five years. He renounced his errors ultimately, returned to the communion of the English Church, and prac- tised as a surgeon at Tours, where he died in 1844. See his obituary notice in Annual Register, 1844. For accounts of his two trials for blasphemy see Annual Register, 1827 and 1831. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. The Library, Claremont, Hastings. MR. HOOPER will find references to the author of The Ditgesis in " N. & Q.," 5th S. vi. 429 ; vii. 64, 212, 497. Thanks to Index volume for these references. When may we hope for General Index, say to end of Sixth Series ? ESTE. The Diegesis is said to have been published in ]833 ; and his Devil's Pulpit in 1831, and for this also he was imprisoned. Many of his books have been republished in America— his Astronomico- Theological Lecturts in New York so recently as 1857. In the Dtvil's Pulpit of 1831, in 2 vols. there is a sketch of the author's life. C. A. WARD. Haverstock Hill. LILLINGSTON FAMILY (6th S. x. 229, 292).— There i?, or was, in North Ferriby Church, Eas Yorkshire, a marble monument to Brigadier Luki Lillingston, died April 6, 1713, aged sixty, anc Elizabeth his wife, died October 18, 1699, agec fifty-eight. There are some fields near the village called " Lillingston Closes." EAST YORKSHIRE. CURIOUS SURNAMES (6th S. x. 209, 335). — Christ is not an altogether uncommon name in Hungary. We had a driver of the name once when visiting St. Martinsberg Abbey from Raab, anc it was rather startling to find that the Hungarian riend who accompanied us was saying to him now nd then the very words ascribed to the Wander- ng Jew, " Go faster, Christ ! " R. H. BUSK. SCOTTISH PROVERB IN "DoN JUAN" (6th S. x. 266, 315). — At the second reference PROF. SKEAT writes, " I have little doubt that there was a parallel form, ' Claw me, claw thee.' " I am able 0 quote the following passage for the use of the xpression: — " The curres which barke the most do seldome bite. Let coxcombs curry favour with a fee, Extoll their braines, with Claw me, 1 'I claw thee." 11. Hutton, Sahjrical Epiyram,*, 1619, p. 31; Follie's Anatomic, reprinted for the Percy Society, 3842. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. Cardiff. The idea of the proverb is as old as Horace at east: — '•' Frater erat Eomae consult! rhetor, ut alter Alterius sermone meroa audiret honores ; Gracchus ut hie illi foret, huic ut Mucius ille." Epist., ii. lib. ii. 87-9. W. F. HOBSON. Temple Ewell, Dover. In Ray's Collections of Proverbs the following occurs, " Ka me and I '11 ka thee," to which is added these parallels : " Da mihi mutuuin testi- monium" (Cic., Oral, pro Flacco) ; Lend me an oath or testimony ; Swear for me, and I '11 do as much for you ; or, Claw me and I '11 claw you ; Commend me and I'll commend you ; and " Pro Delo Calaurium," Neptune changed with Latona, Delos for Calauria. CONSTANCE RUSSELL. Swallowfield Park, Reading. The emendation claw is tempting, but it is wrong. Byron's phrase, according to Naus, was probably a Scottish one, commonly adopted in England in Elizabethan times under the forms fc, ka, hay, kawe. The word appears to be the Scottish ca (pronounced caw) — drive. Curiously enough, this proverbial use is not given in either edition of Jamieson's Dictionary. BR. NICHOLSON. CATHEDRALS (6th S. x. 244, 376). — Bristol Cathedral was once spoken of as "The College," but 1 fancy the name has quite fallen into disuse. Writing as a Bristolian by birth and life-long residence, I may say that the only persons I remember calling habitually the cathedral "The College," were my mother and her brother and sisters, who were either born or dwelt from in- fancy in the neighbourhood, and of whom the youngest died seven years ago, at the age of eighty- four. College Green, in which the cathedral stands, and College Street and College Place in the vicinity, preserve the name of the Augustinian foundation. In the present day " The College " 6"i S. X. Dza 13, '84.J NOTES AND QUERIES. 473 would be universally school at Clifton. to mean the grea C. T. B. Exeter Cathedral is usually referred to by th mass of Exonians as Peter — thus, " My watch i right by Peter." HARRY HEMS. Fair Park, Exeter. JANISSARY (6th S. x. 246,315).— Zenker (Turlcist Diet.} gives c'erik, arm^e, troupe, troupe auxiliaire T. P.; Kieffer, ' tcherik, troupes auxiliaires, P. Johnson (Pers. Arab. Diet.), charik, auxiliar) forces, P.; but this word, as well as yeni, is also found in the Uigur, on which language the Os manli-Turkish is, to some extent, based. Klap- roth's vocabulary of the Uigur has "tscherik Heerfuhrer, Krieger, Tat. tscherik "; and " yanghi neu, Tat. yangha." MR. Ross O'CONNELL'S re- mark was unnecessary. I did not claim the ety- mology as my own. I merely wished to correct what I considered an error. R. S. CHARNOCK. At the risk of being pelted with red herrings by MR. MAYHEW and your other correspondents, I venture to assert that this word is purely Persian, from jdn, life, and nisdri, a thrower away, from the verb niserden, to throw away, which makes nisdrum in the present tense, and nisdri, the noun, from it. A " thrower away of his life," corre- sponding nearly with our " forlorn hope," would be a title much more appropriate to these haughty soldiers than the " young lot," such as yeni-cheri would imply. J. BAILLIE. REPORTED SPEECH OF PRUSSIAN RULER (6th S. x. 429).— ALPHA asks for the name of the Prussian ruler whose speech he quotes. He was Frederick the Great, and he made the remark on seeing a scurrilous placard about himself on the wall. See Macaulay's essay, Life of Fred., p. 674. J. WASTIE GREEN. This saying belongs to Frederick the Great. Lord Macaulay relates the story in his essay: — " He once eaw a crowd staring at something on a wall. He rode up, and found that the object of curiosity was a scurrilous placard against himself. The placard had been posted up so high that it was not easy to read it. Frederick ordered his attendants to take it down and put it lower. ' My people and I,' he said, ' have come to an agreement which satisfies ua both. They are to say what they please, and I am to do what I please.' " Despotism tempered epigrams, truly. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. The Library, Claremont, Hustings. Gioco D'Oco (6th S. x. 249, 276, 393, 429).— I have to apologize for an error, inadvertently com- mitted, at the last reference. Peccavi ! I stated there that " there is no evidence, so far as I know, that it [the game of the goose] was played in Peacham's day." I might have known better, for in the same book (La Maison Academique, 1659) from which I quoted the description of the " jeu da hoca," the "jeu de 1'oye " is also described. This I had overlooked ; but, for the reasons I then gave, this does not impair the probable correctness of my theory that the "jeu du hoca," or giuoco d'oca, was the game to which Peacham intended to refer. It is not likely that he would call by au Italian title a game which, if he knew at all, he knew under its French or English name. JULIAN MARSHALL. BISHOP KEN (6th S. x. 426, 456).— DR. PLUMP- TRE'S entensive knowledge scarcely permitting him to ignore any printed facts in this matter, I am somewhat diffident in calling attention to the will of Izaak Walton, jun., as possibly throwing some light on the later history of the bloodstone ring bequeathed by Dr. Donne to Izaak Walton. The bequest I refer to runs as follows : " Imprimis, To my Dear and Loving only Sister Anne Hiwkins the Elder, all the Gold, whether Rings or broad Peices wch I have." The will bears the seal of the ring. This Anne Hawkins was the wife of Dr. Wm. Hawkins, Prebend of Winton, and Rector of Droxford, in Hants, obit. July 17, 1691. She died on August 18, 1715, leaving two children, William and Anne Hawkins. William left an only son, who left an only child Frances, who married in 1790 Thomas Knapp Blagden, a book- seller of Winton. No issue. Salisbury friends who recollect the many relics of Walton possessed by Dr. Hawes of the Close (1836) may be able to state whether he was in possession of the ring. TINY TIM. BENJAMIN WRIGHT (6th S. x. 447).— In Wai- pole's Catalogue of Engravers the following entry, under the name of Benjamin Wright, is given : ' A Roiall Progenie our most sacred King, James I., burteen medalions interspersed with roses of York and Lancaster, Lond., 1619, large half sheet, 23Z. 2s.; Lake." Anecdotes of Painting (1828), vol. v. p. 67. G. F. R. B. |
US-201815955830-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Magneto-caloric thermal diode assembly with an axially pinned magneto-caloric cylinder
ABSTRACT
A magneto-caloric thermal diode assembly includes a magneto-caloric cylinder with a plurality of magneto-caloric stages. Each of the plurality of magneto-caloric stages has a respective Curie temperature. The magneto-caloric cylinder also includes a plurality of insulation blocks and a plurality of pins. The plurality of magneto-caloric stages and the plurality of insulation blocks are distributed sequentially along an axial direction in the order of magneto-caloric stage then insulation block. One or more the plurality of pins extends along the axial direction between each magneto-caloric stage and a respective insulation block within the magneto-caloric cylinder.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present subject matter relates generally to heat pumps, such asmagneto-caloric heat pumps.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional refrigeration technology typically utilizes a heat pumpthat relies on compression and expansion of a fluid refrigerant toreceive and reject heat in a cyclic manner so as to effect a desiredtemperature change or transfer heat energy from one location to another.This cycle can be used to receive heat from a refrigeration compartmentand reject such heat to the environment or a location that is externalto the compartment. Other applications include air conditioning ofresidential or commercial structures. A variety of different fluidrefrigerants have been developed that can be used with the heat pump insuch systems.
While improvements have been made to such heat pump systems that rely onthe compression of fluid refrigerant, at best such can still onlyoperate at about forty-five percent or less of the maximum theoreticalCarnot cycle efficiency. Also, some fluid refrigerants have beendiscontinued due to environmental concerns. The range of ambienttemperatures over which certain refrigerant-based systems can operatemay be impractical for certain locations. Other challenges with heatpumps that use a fluid refrigerant exist as well.
Magneto-caloric materials (MCMs), i.e. materials that exhibit themagneto-caloric effect, provide a potential alternative to fluidrefrigerants for heat pump applications. In general, the magneticmoments of MCMs become more ordered under an increasing, externallyapplied magnetic field and cause the MCMs to generate heat. Conversely,decreasing the externally applied magnetic field allows the magneticmoments of the MCMs to become more disordered and allow the MCMs toabsorb heat. Some MCMs exhibit the opposite behavior, i.e. generatingheat when the magnetic field is removed (which are sometimes referred toas para-magneto-caloric material but both types are referred tocollectively herein as magneto-caloric material or MCM). The theoreticalCarnot cycle efficiency of a refrigeration cycle based on an MCMs can besignificantly higher than for a comparable refrigeration cycle based ona fluid refrigerant. As such, a heat pump system that can effectivelyuse an MCM would be useful.
Challenges exist to the practical and cost competitive use of an MCM,however. In addition to the development of suitable MCMs, equipment thatcan attractively utilize an MCM is still needed. Currently proposedequipment may require relatively large and expensive magnets, may beimpractical for use in e.g., appliance refrigeration, and may nototherwise operate with enough efficiency to justify capital cost.
Accordingly, a heat pump system that can address certain challenges,such as those identified above, would be useful. Such a heat pump systemthat can also be used in a refrigerator appliance would also be useful.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in thefollowing description, or may be apparent from the description, or maybe learned through practice of the invention.
In a first example embodiment, a magneto-caloric thermal diode assemblyincludes a magneto-caloric cylinder with a plurality of magneto-caloricstages and a plurality of insulation blocks. The plurality ofmagneto-caloric stages and the plurality of insulation blocks aredistributed sequentially along an axial direction in the order ofmagneto-caloric stage then insulation block within the magneto-caloriccylinder. Each of the plurality of magneto-caloric stages has arespective Curie temperature. The magneto-caloric cylinder furtherincludes a plurality pins. One or more of the plurality of pins extendsalong the axial direction between each magneto-caloric stage and arespective insulation block within the magneto-caloric cylinder. Aplurality of thermal stages is stacked along the axial direction betweena cold side and a hot side. Each of the plurality of thermal stagesincludes a plurality of magnets and a non-magnetic ring. The pluralityof magnets is distributed along a circumferential direction within thenon-magnetic ring in each of the plurality of thermal stages. Theplurality of thermal stages and the magneto-caloric cylinder areconfigured for relative rotation between the plurality of thermal stagesand the magneto-caloric cylinder.
In a second example embodiment, a magneto-caloric cylinder includes aplurality of magneto-caloric stages. Each of the plurality ofmagneto-caloric stages has a respective Curie temperature. Themagneto-caloric cylinder also includes a plurality of insulation blocksand a plurality of pins. The plurality of magneto-caloric stages and theplurality of insulation blocks are distributed sequentially along anaxial direction in the order of magneto-caloric stage then insulationblock. One or more the plurality of pins extends along the axialdirection between each magneto-caloric stage and a respective insulationblock within the magneto-caloric cylinder.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with reference to the followingdescription and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrateembodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serveto explain the principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including thebest mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is setforth in the specification, which makes reference to the appendedfigures.
FIG. 1 is a refrigerator appliance in accordance with an exampleembodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of certain components of a heat pumpsystem positioned in the example refrigerator appliance of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a magneto-caloric thermal diodeaccording to an example embodiment of the present subject matter.
FIG. 4 is a section view of the example magneto-caloric thermal diode ofFIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the example magneto-caloric thermaldiode of FIG. 3 with certain thermal stages removed from the examplemagneto-caloric thermal diode.
FIG. 6 is a section view of the example magneto-caloric thermal diode ofFIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the example magneto-caloric thermaldiode of FIG. 5 with an insulation layer removed from the examplemagneto-caloric thermal diode.
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the certain components of the examplemagneto-caloric thermal diode of FIG. 3.
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the certain components of amagneto-caloric thermal diode according to another example embodiment ofthe present subject matter.
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the certain components of amagneto-caloric thermal diode according to an additional exampleembodiment of the present subject matter.
FIG. 11 is an end, elevation view of a magneto-caloric cylinderaccording to an example embodiment of the present subject matter.
FIG. 12 is a side, elevation view of the example magneto-caloriccylinder of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is a side, elevation view of a magneto-caloric stage of theexample magneto-caloric cylinder of FIG. 11.
FIGS. 14 through 16 are schematic views of a method for forming themagneto-caloric stage of FIG. 13.
FIG. 17 is a section view of a magneto-caloric cylinder according toanother example embodiment of the present subject matter.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention,one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Eachexample is provided by way of explanation of the invention, notlimitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be madein the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit ofthe invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as partof one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a stillfurther embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present inventioncovers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.
Referring now to FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of a refrigeratorappliance 10 is depicted as an upright refrigerator having a cabinet orcasing 12 that defines a number of internal storage compartments orchilled chambers. In particular, refrigerator appliance 10 includesupper fresh-food compartments 14 having doors 16 and lower freezercompartment 18 having upper drawer 20 and lower drawer 22. Drawers 20,22 are “pull-out” type drawers in that they can be manually moved intoand out of freezer compartment 18 on suitable slide mechanisms.Refrigerator 10 is provided by way of example only. Other configurationsfor a refrigerator appliance may be used as well including applianceswith only freezer compartments, only chilled compartments, or othercombinations thereof different from that shown in FIG. 1. In addition,the magneto-caloric thermal diode and heat pump system of the presentdisclosure is not limited to refrigerator appliances and may be used inother applications as well such as e.g., air-conditioning, electronicscooling devices, and others. Thus, it should be understood that whilethe use of a magneto-caloric thermal diode and heat pump system toprovide cooling within a refrigerator is provided by way of exampleherein, the present disclosure may also be used to provide for heatingapplications as well.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of various components of refrigeratorappliance 10, including refrigeration compartments 30 (e.g., fresh-foodcompartments 14 and freezer compartment 18) and a machinery compartment40. Refrigeration compartment 30 and machinery compartment 40 include aheat pump system 52 having a first or cold side heat exchanger 32positioned in refrigeration compartment 30 for the removal of heattherefrom. A heat transfer fluid such as e.g., an aqueous solution,flowing within cold side heat exchanger 32 receives heat fromrefrigeration compartment 30 thereby cooling contents of refrigerationcompartment 30.
The heat transfer fluid flows out of cold side heat exchanger 32 by line44 to magneto-caloric thermal diode 100. As will be further describedherein, the heat transfer fluid rejects heat to magneto-caloric material(MCM) in magneto-caloric thermal diode 100. The now colder heat transferfluid flows by line 46 to cold side heat exchanger 32 to receive heatfrom refrigeration compartment 30.
Another heat transfer fluid carries heat from the MCM in magneto-caloricthermal diode 100 by line 48 to second or hot side heat exchanger 34.Heat is released to the environment, machinery compartment 40, and/orother location external to refrigeration compartment 30 using secondheat exchanger 34. From second heat exchanger 34, the heat transferfluid returns by line 50 to magneto-caloric thermal diode 100. The abovedescribed cycle may be repeated to suitable cool refrigerationcompartment 30. A fan 36 may be used to create a flow of air acrosssecond heat exchanger 34 and thereby improve the rate of heat transferto the environment.
A pump or pumps (not shown) cause the heat transfer fluid to recirculatein heat pump system 52. Motor 28 is in mechanical communication withmagneto-caloric thermal diode 100 and is operable to provide relativemotion between magnets and a magneto-caloric material of magneto-caloricthermal diode 100, as discussed in greater detail below.
Heat pump system 52 is provided by way of example only. Otherconfigurations of heat pump system 52 may be used as well. For example,lines 44, 46, 48, and 50 provide fluid communication between the variouscomponents of heat pump system 52 but other heat transfer fluidrecirculation loops with different lines and connections may also beemployed. Still other configurations of heat pump system 52 may be usedas well.
In certain exemplary embodiments, cold side heat exchanger 32 is theonly heat exchanger within heat pump system 52 that is configured tocool refrigeration compartments 30. Thus, cold side heat exchanger 32may be the only heat exchanger within cabinet 12 for cooling fresh-foodcompartments 14 and freezer compartment 18. Refrigerator appliance 10also includes features for regulating air flow across cold side heatexchanger 32 and to fresh-food compartments 14 and freezer compartment18.
As may be seen in FIG. 2, cold side heat exchanger 32 is positionedwithin a heat exchanger compartment 60 that is defined within cabinet12, e.g., between fresh-food compartments 14 and freezer compartment 18.Fresh-food compartment 14 is contiguous with heat exchanger compartment60 through a fresh food duct 62. Thus, air may flow between fresh-foodcompartment 14 and heat exchanger compartment 60 via fresh food duct 62.Freezer compartment 18 is contiguous with heat exchanger compartment 60through a freezer duct 64. Thus, air may flow between freezercompartment 18 and heat exchanger compartment 60 via freezer duct 64.
Refrigerator appliance 10 also includes a fresh food fan 66 and afreezer fan 68. Fresh food fan 66 may be positioned at or within freshfood duct 62. Fresh food fan 66 is operable to force air flow betweenfresh-food compartment 14 and heat exchanger compartment 60 throughfresh food duct 62. Fresh food fan 66 may thus be used to create a flowof air across cold side heat exchanger 32 and thereby improve the rateof heat transfer to air within fresh food duct 62. Freezer fan 68 may bepositioned at or within freezer duct 64. Freezer fan 68 is operable toforce air flow between freezer compartment 18 and heat exchangercompartment 60 through freezer duct 64. Freezer fan 68 may thus be usedto create a flow of air across cold side heat exchanger 32 and therebyimprove the rate of heat transfer to air within freezer duct 64.
Refrigerator appliance 10 may also include a fresh food damper 70 and afreezer damper 72. Fresh food damper 70 is positioned at or within freshfood duct 62 and is operable to restrict air flow through fresh foodduct 62. For example, when fresh food damper 70 is closed, fresh fooddamper 70 blocks air flow through fresh food duct 62, e.g., and thusbetween fresh-food compartment 14 and heat exchanger compartment 60.Freezer damper 72 is positioned at or within freezer duct 64 and isoperable to restrict air flow through freezer duct 64. For example, whenfreezer damper 72 is closed, freezer damper 72 blocks air flow throughfreezer duct 64, e.g., and thus between freezer compartment 18 and heatexchanger compartment 60. It will be understood that the positions offans 66, 68 and dampers 70, 72 may be switched in alternative exemplaryembodiments.
Operation of heat pump system 52 and fresh food fan 66 while fresh fooddamper 70 is open, allows chilled air from cold side heat exchanger 32to cool fresh-food compartment 14, e.g., to about forty degreesFahrenheit (40° F.). Similarly, operation of heat pump system 52 andfreezer fan 68 while freezer damper 72 is open, allows chilled air fromcold side heat exchanger 32 to cool freezer compartment 18, e.g., toabout negative ten degrees Fahrenheit (−10° F.). Thus, cold side heatexchanger 32 may chill either fresh-food compartment 14 or freezercompartment 18 during operation of heat pump system 52. In such amanner, both fresh-food compartments 14 and freezer compartment 18 maybe air cooled with cold side heat exchanger 32.
FIGS. 3 through 8 are various views of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200according to an example embodiment of the present subject matter.Magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 may be used in any suitable heat pumpsystem. For example, magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 may be used inheat pump system 52 (FIG. 2). As discussed in greater detail below,magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 includes features for transferringthermal energy from a cold side 202 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200to a hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200. Magneto-caloricthermal diode 200 defines an axial direction A, a radial direction R anda circumferential direction C.
Magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 includes a plurality of thermal stages210. Thermal stages 210 are stacked along the axial direction A betweencold side 202 and hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200. Acold side thermal stage 212 of thermal stages 210 is positioned at coldside 202 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200, and a hot side thermalstage 214 of thermal stages 210 is positioned at hot side 204 ofmagneto-caloric thermal diode 200.
Magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 also includes a magneto-caloriccylinder 220 (FIG. 8). In certain example embodiments, thermal stages210 define a cylindrical slot 211, and magneto-caloric cylinder 220 ispositioned within cylindrical slot 211. Thus, e.g., each thermal stage210 may include an inner section 206 and an outer section 208 that arespaced from each other along the radial direction R by cylindrical slot211 such that magneto-caloric cylinder 220 is positioned between innerand outer sections 206, 208 of thermal stages 210 along the radialdirection R. Thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220 areconfigured for relative rotation between thermal stages 210 andmagneto-caloric cylinder 220. Thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloriccylinder 220 may be configured for relative rotation about an axis Xthat is parallel to the axial direction A. As an example,magneto-caloric cylinder 220 may be coupled to motor 26 such thatmagneto-caloric cylinder 220 is rotatable relative to thermal stages 210about the axis X within cylindrical slot 211 with motor 26. Inalternative exemplary embodiments, thermal stages 210 may be coupled tomotor 26 such that thermal stages 210 are rotatable relative tomagneto-caloric cylinder 220 about the axis X with motor 26.
During relative rotation between thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloriccylinder 220, magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 transfers heat from coldside 202 to hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200. Inparticular, during relative rotation between thermal stages 210 andmagneto-caloric cylinder 220, cold side thermal stage 212 may absorbheat from fresh-food compartments 14 and/or freezer compartment 18, andhot side thermal stage 214 may reject heat to the ambient atmosphereabout refrigerator appliance 10.
Each of the thermal stages 210 includes a plurality of magnets 230 and anon-magnetic ring 240. Magnets 230 are distributed along thecircumferential direction C within non-magnetic ring 240 in each thermalstage 210. In particular, magnets 230 may be spaced from non-magneticring 240 along the radial direction R and the circumferential directionC within each thermal stage 210. For example, each of the thermal stages210 may include insulation 232, and insulation 232 may be positionedbetween magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 along the radial directionR and the circumferential direction C within each thermal stage 210.Insulation 232 may limit conductive heat transfer between magnets 230and non-magnetic ring 240 within each thermal stage 210. As anotherexample, magnets 230 may be spaced from non-magnetic ring 240 along theradial direction R and the circumferential direction C by a gap withineach thermal stage 210. The gap between magnets 230 and non-magneticring 240 within each thermal stage 210 may limit or prevent conductiveheat transfer between magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 within eachthermal stage 210.
It will be understood that the arrangement magnets 230 and non-magneticring 240 may be flipped in alternative example embodiments. Thus, e.g.,a steel and magnet ring may be thermally separate from non-magneticblocks, e.g., aluminum blocks, within each thermal stage 210. Operationmagneto-caloric thermal diode 200 is the same in such configuration.
As may be seen from the above, thermal stages 210 may include featuresfor limiting heat transfer along the radial direction R and thecircumferential direction C within each thermal stage 210. Conversely,thermal stages 210 may be arranged to provide a flow path for thermalenergy along the axial direction A from cold side 202 to hot side 204 ofmagneto-caloric thermal diode 200. Such arrangement of thermal stages210 is discussed in greater detail below.
As noted above, thermal stages 210 includes cold side thermal stage 212at cold side 202 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 and hot sidethermal stage 214 at hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200.Thus, cold side thermal stage 212 and hot side thermal stage 214 maycorrespond to the terminal ends of the stack of thermal stages 210. Inparticular, cold side thermal stage 212 and hot side thermal stage 214may be positioned opposite each other along the axial direction A on thestack of thermal stages 210. The other thermal stages 210 are positionedbetween cold side thermal stage 212 and hot side thermal stage 214 alongthe axial direction A. Thus, e.g., interior thermal stages 216 (i.e.,the thermal stages 210 other than cold side thermal stage 212 and hotside thermal stage 214) are positioned between cold side thermal stage212 and hot side thermal stage 214 along the axial direction A.
Each of the interior thermal stages 216 is positioned between arespective pair of thermal stages 210 along the axial direction A. Oneof the respective pair of thermal stages 210 is positioned closer tocold side 202 along the axial direction A, and the other of therespective pair of thermal stages 210 is positioned closer to hot side204 along the axial direction A. For example, a first one 217 ofinterior thermal stages 216 is positioned between hot side thermal stage214 and a second one 218 of interior thermal stages 216 along the axialdirection A. Similarly, second one 218 of interior thermal stages 216 ispositioned between first one 217 of interior thermal stages 216 and athird one 219 of interior thermal stages 216 along the axial directionA.
Each of the interior thermal stages 216 is arranged to provide a flowpath for thermal energy along the axial direction A from cold sidethermal stage 212 to hot side thermal stage 214. In particular, magnets230 of each of interior thermal stages 216 may be spaced fromnon-magnetic ring 240 of the one of the respective pair of thermalstages 210 along the axial direction A. Thus, e.g., magnets 230 of firstone 217 of interior thermal stages 216 may be spaced from non-magneticring 240 of second one 218 of interior thermal stages 216 along theaxial direction A. Similarly, magnets 230 of second one 218 of interiorthermal stages 216 may be spaced from non-magnetic ring 240 of third one219 of interior thermal stages 216 along the axial direction A. Hot sidethermal stage 214 may also be arranged in such a manner.
By spacing magnets 230 of each of interior thermal stages 216 fromnon-magnetic ring 240 of the one of the respective pair of thermalstages 210 along the axial direction A, conductive heat transfer alongthe axial direction A from magnets 230 of each of interior thermalstages 216 to non-magnetic ring 240 of an adjacent one of thermal stages210 towards cold side 202 along the axial direction A may be limited orprevented. In certain example embodiments, magneto-caloric thermal diode200 may include insulation 250. Magnets 230 of each of interior thermalstages 216 may be spaced from non-magnetic ring 240 of the one of therespective pair of thermal stages 210 along the axial direction A byinsulation 250. Insulation 250 may limit conductive heat transfer alongthe axial direction A from magnets 230 of each of interior thermalstages 216 to non-magnetic ring 240 of an adjacent one of thermal stages210 towards cold side 202 along the axial direction A.
Magnets 230 of each of interior thermal stages 216 may also be inconductive thermal contact with non-magnetic ring 240 of the other ofthe respective pair of thermal stages 210. Thus, e.g., magnets 230 offirst one 217 of interior thermal stages 216 may be in conductivethermal contact with non-magnetic ring 240 of hot side thermal stage214. Similarly, magnets 230 of second one 218 of interior thermal stages216 may be in conductive thermal contact with non-magnetic ring 240 offirst one 217 of interior thermal stages 216. Cold side thermal stage212 may also be arranged in such a manner.
By placing magnets 230 of each of interior thermal stages 216 inconductive thermal contact with non-magnetic ring 240 of the other ofthe respective pair of thermal stages 210, thermal energy flow along theaxial direction A towards hot side 204 may be facilitated, e.g.,relative to towards cold side 202. In certain example embodiments,magnets 230 of each of interior thermal stages 216 may be positioned todirectly contact non-magnetic ring 240 of the other of the respectivepair of thermal stages 210. For example, non-magnetic ring 240 of theother of the respective pair of thermal stages 210 may includeprojections 242 that extend along the axial direction A to magnets 230of each of interior thermal stages 216.
The above described arrangement of thermal stages 210 may provide a flowpath for thermal energy along the axial direction A from cold side 202to hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 during relativerotation between thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220.Operation of magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 to transfer thermalenergy along the axial direction A from cold side 202 to hot side 204 ofmagneto-caloric thermal diode 200 will now be described in greaterdetail below.
Magnets 230 of thermal stages 210 produce a magnetic field. Conversely,non-magnetic rings 240 do not produce a magnetic field or produce anegligible magnetic field relative to magnets 230. Thus, each of themagnets 230 may correspond to a high magnetic field zone, and theportion of non-magnetic rings 240 between magnets 230 along thecircumferential direction C within each thermal stage 210 may correspondto a low magnetic field zone. During relative rotation between thermalstages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220, magneto-caloric cylinder220 may be sequentially exposed to the high magnetic field zone atmagnets 230 and the low magnetic field zone at non-magnetic rings 240.
Magneto-caloric cylinder 220 includes a magneto-caloric material thatexhibits the magneto-caloric effect, e.g., when exposed to the magneticfield from magnets 230 of thermal stages 210. The caloric material maybe constructed from a single magneto-caloric material or may includemultiple different magneto-caloric materials. By way of example,refrigerator appliance 10 may be used in an application where theambient temperature changes over a substantial range. However, aspecific magneto-caloric material may exhibit the magneto-caloric effectover only a much narrower temperature range. As such, it may bedesirable to use a variety of magneto-caloric materials withinmagneto-caloric cylinder 220 to accommodate the wide range of ambienttemperatures over which refrigerator appliance 10 and/or magneto-caloricthermal diode 200 may be used.
Accordingly, magneto-caloric cylinder 220 can be provided with zones ofdifferent magneto-caloric materials. Each such zone may include amagneto-caloric material that exhibits the magneto-caloric effect at adifferent temperature or a different temperature range than an adjacentzone along the axial direction A of magneto-caloric cylinder 220. Byconfiguring the appropriate number sequence of zones of magneto-caloricmaterial, magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 can be operated over asubstantial range of ambient temperatures.
As noted above, magneto-caloric cylinder 220 includes magneto-caloricmaterial that exhibits the magneto-caloric effect. During relativerotation between thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220,the magneto-caloric material in magneto-caloric cylinder 220 issequentially exposed to the high magnetic field zone at magnets 230 andthe low magnetic field zone at non-magnetic rings 240. When themagneto-caloric material in magneto-caloric cylinder 220 is exposed tothe high magnetic field zone at magnets 230, the magnetic field causesthe magnetic moments of the magneto-caloric material in magneto-caloriccylinder 220 to orient and to increase (or alternatively decrease) intemperature such that the magneto-caloric material in magneto-caloriccylinder 220 rejects heat to magnets 230. Conversely, when themagneto-caloric material in magneto-caloric cylinder 220 is exposed tothe low magnetic field zone at non-magnetic rings 240, the decreasedmagnetic field causes the magnetic moments of the magneto-caloricmaterial in magneto-caloric cylinder 220 to disorient and to decrease(or alternatively increase) in temperature such that the magneto-caloricmaterial in magneto-caloric cylinder 220 absorbs heat from non-magneticrings 240. By rotating through the high and low magnetic field zones,magneto-caloric cylinder 220 may transfer thermal energy along the axialdirection A from cold side 202 to hot side 204 of magneto-caloricthermal diode 200 by utilizing the magneto-caloric effect of themagneto-caloric material in magneto-caloric cylinder 220.
As noted above, the high magnetic field zones at magnets 230 in each ofthermal stages 210 (e.g., other than hot side thermal stage 214) is inconductive thermal contact with the low magnetic field zone at thenon-magnetic ring 240 of an adjacent thermal stages 210 in the directionof hot side 204 along the axial direction A. Thus, the non-magnetic ring240 of the adjacent thermal stages 210 in the direction of hot side 204may absorb heat from the high magnetic field zones at magnets 230 ineach of thermal stages 210. Thus, thermal stages 210 are arranged toencourage thermal energy flow through thermal stages 210 from cold side202 towards hot side 204 along the axial direction A during relativerotation between thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220.
Conversely, the high magnetic field zones at magnets 230 in each ofthermal stages 210 (e.g., other than cold side thermal stage 212) isspaced from the low magnetic field zone at the non-magnetic ring 240 ofan adjacent thermal stages 210 in the direction of cold side 202 alongthe axial direction A. Thus, the non-magnetic ring 240 of the adjacentthermal stages 210 in the direction of cold side 202 is thermallyisolated from the high magnetic field zones at magnets 230 in each ofthermal stages 210. Thus, thermal stages 210 are arranged to discouragethermal energy flow through thermal stages 210 from hot side 204 towardscold side 202 along the axial direction A during relative rotationbetween thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220.
Magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 may include a suitable number ofthermal stages 210. For example, thermal stages 210 may include ninethermal stages as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. In alternative exampleembodiments, thermal stages 210 may include no less than seven thermalstages. Such number of thermal stages 210 may advantageously permitmagneto-caloric cylinder 220 to include a corresponding number of zoneswith different magneto-caloric materials and thereby allowmagneto-caloric thermal diode 200 to operate over a wide range ofambient temperatures as discussed above. Magneto-caloric thermal diode200 may have an odd number of thermal stages 210.
Each of magnets 230 in thermal stages 210 may be formed as a magnet pair236. One of magnet pair 236 may be mounted to or positioned at innersection 206 of each thermal stage 210, and the other of magnet pair 236may be mounted to or positioned at outer section 208 of each thermalstage 210. Thus, magneto-caloric cylinder 220 may be positioned betweenthe magnets of magnet pair 236 along the radial direction Ratcylindrical slot 211. A positive pole of one of magnet pair 236 and anegative pole of other of magnet pair 236 may face magneto-caloriccylinder 220 along the radial direction R at cylindrical slot 211.
Cylindrical slot 211 may be suitably sized relative to magneto-caloriccylinder 220 to facilitate efficient heat transfer between thermalstages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220. For example, cylindricalslot 211 may have a width W along the radial direction R, andmagneto-caloric cylinder 220 may having a thickness T along the radialdirection R within cylindrical slot 211. The width W of cylindrical slot211 may no more than five hundredths of an inch (0.05″) greater than thethickness T of magneto-caloric cylinder 220 in certain exampleembodiments. For example, the width W of cylindrical slot 211 may aboutone hundredth of an inch (0.01″) greater than the thickness T ofmagneto-caloric cylinder 220 in certain example embodiments. As usedherein, the term “about” means within five thousandths of an inch(0.005″) when used in the context of radial thicknesses and widths. Suchsizing of cylindrical slot 211 relative to magneto-caloric cylinder 220can facilitate efficient heat transfer between thermal stages 210 andmagneto-caloric cylinder 220.
Each thermal stage 210 may include a suitable number of magnets 230. Forexample, each thermal stage 210 may include no less than ten (10)magnets 230 in certain example embodiments. With such a number ofmagnets 230, may advantageously improve performance of magneto-caloricthermal diode 200, e.g., by driving a larger temperature differencebetween cold side 202 and hot side 204 relative to a smaller number ofmagnets 230.
Magnets 230 may also be uniformly spaced apart along the circumferentialdirection C within the non-magnetic ring 240 in each of thermal stages210. Further, each of thermal stages 210 may be positioned at a commonorientation with every other one of thermal stages 210 within the stackof thermal stages 210. Thus, e.g., first one 217 of interior thermalstages 216 may be positioned at a common orientation with third one 219of interior thermal stages 216, and hot side thermal stage 214 may bepositioned at a common orientation with second one 218 of interiorthermal stages 216. As may be seen from the above, the commonorientation may sequentially skip one thermal stage 214 with the stackof thermal stages 210. Between adjacent thermal stages 210 within thestack of thermal stages 210, each magnet 230 of thermal stages 210 maybe positioned equidistance along the circumferential direction C from arespective pair of magnets 230 in adjacent thermal stages 210.
The non-magnetic rings 240 of thermal stage 210 may be constructed of orwith a suitable non-magnetic material. For example, the non-magneticrings 240 of thermal stage 210 may be constructed of or with aluminum incertain example embodiments. In alternative example embodiments, thenon-magnetic rings 240 of thermal stage 210 may be constructed of orwith brass, bronze, etc.
Magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 may also include one or more heatexchangers 260. In FIG. 3, heat exchanger 260 is shown positioned at thecold side 202 such that heat exchanger 260 absorbs heat from cold sidethermal stage 212. A heat transfer fluid may flow between heat exchanger260 and cold side heat exchanger 32 via lines 44, 46 as discussed above.Another heat exchanger may be positioned hot side 204 such that a heattransfer fluid may flow between the heat exchanger and hot side heatexchanger 34 via lines 48, 50 as discussed above. The heat exchangers(including heat exchanger 260) may be solid-liquid heat exchangers witha port for heat transfer fluid. Alternatively, the heat exchangers couldbe direct to solid-gas heat exchangers.
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the certain components of amagneto-caloric thermal diode 300 according to another exampleembodiment of the present subject matter. As shown in FIG. 9,magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 includes numerous common componentswith magneto-caloric thermal diode 200. Thus, the description ofmagneto-caloric thermal diode 200 provided above is applicable tomagneto-caloric thermal diode 300 except as otherwise noted. Inaddition, magneto-caloric thermal diode 200 may include one or more ofthe aspects of magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 discussed below.
In magneto-caloric thermal diode 300, magneto-caloric cylinder 220includes a plurality of magneto-caloric stages 222. Magneto-caloricstages 222 are distributed along the axial direction A withinmagneto-caloric cylinder 220. Each of magneto-caloric stages 222 mayhave a different magneto-caloric material. For example, the respectivemagneto-caloric material within each of magneto-caloric stages 222 maybe selected such that the Currie temperature of the magneto-caloricmaterials decreases from hot side 204 to cold side 202 along the axialdirection A. In such a manner, a cascade of magneto-caloric materialsmay be formed within magneto-caloric cylinder 220 along the axialdirection A.
Each of magneto-caloric stages 222 may also have a respective lengthalong the axial direction A. In particular, a length LM1 of a first one224 of magneto-caloric stages 222 may be different than the length LM2of a second one 226 of magneto-caloric stages 222. It will be understoodthat each magneto-caloric stage 222 may have a different length in themanner described above for first one 224 and second one 226 ofmagneto-caloric stages 222 in certain example embodiments. However, inalternative example embodiments, one or more of magneto-caloric stages222 may have a common length with first one 224 or second one 226 ofmagneto-caloric stages 222.
Each of thermal stages 210 also having a respective length along theaxial direction A. The length of each of thermal stages 210 correspondsto a respective one of magneto-caloric stages 222. Thus, each of thermalstages 210 may be sized to match the respective one of magneto-caloricstages 222 along the axial direction A. The respective one ofmagneto-caloric stages 222 is disposed with each thermal stage 210.
The length of each of magneto-caloric stages 222 along the axialdirection A may be selected to assist with matching heat transfer power,e.g., such that each of magneto-caloric stages 222 accepts heat to oneadjacent magneto-caloric stage 222 and rejects heat to the otheradjacent magneto-caloric stage 222 along the axial direction A. Withineach magneto-caloric stage 222, the rejected heat may be slightly morethan the accepted heat based on stage efficiency, and the length of eachof magneto-caloric stages 222 along the axial direction A may beselected to complement the efficiency of each magneto-caloric stage 222.
As an example, the length of each of magneto-caloric stages 222 maycorrespond to a respective Curie temperature spacing between adjacentmagneto-caloric stages 222. In particular, the Curie temperature spacingfor the first one 224 of magneto-caloric stages 222 may be greater thanthe Curie temperature spacing for the second one 226 of magneto-caloricstages 222. Thus, the length LM1 of first one 224 of magneto-caloricstages 222 may be greater than the length of LM2 of second one 226 ofmagneto-caloric stages 222, e.g., in proportion to the differencebetween the Curie temperature spacing. As may be seen from the above,magneto-caloric stages 222 with larger Curie temperature spacing betweenadjacent magneto-caloric stages 222 may advantageously have an increasedlength along the axial direction A relative to magneto-caloric stages222 with smaller Curie temperature spacing between adjacentmagneto-caloric stages 222.
As another example, the length of each of magneto-caloric stages 222 maycorrespond to an adiabatic temperature change (i.e., the strength) ofthe magneto-caloric stage 222. In particular, the adiabatic temperaturechange of the first one 224 of magneto-caloric stages 222 may be lessthan the adiabatic temperature change of the second one 226 ofmagneto-caloric stages 222. Thus, the length LM1 of first one 224 ofmagneto-caloric stages 222 may be greater than the length of LM2 ofsecond one 226 of magneto-caloric stages 222, e.g., in proportion to thedifference between the adiabatic temperature changes. As may be seenfrom the above, weaker magneto-caloric stages 222 may advantageouslyhave an increased length along the axial direction A relative tostronger magneto-caloric stages 222.
As an additional example, the length of hot side thermal stage 214 alongthe axial direction A may be greater than the length of cold sidethermal stage 212 along the axial direction A. Thus, magneto-caloricstages 222 at or adjacent hot side 204 may be longer along the axialdirection A relative to magneto-caloric stages 222 at or adjacent coldside 202. In such a manner, magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 mayadvantageously configured to account for losses in magneto-caloricstages 222, e.g., where rejected heat is greater than accepted heat.
Magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 also includes multiple magneto-caloriccylinders 220 and multiple stacks of thermal stages 210 nestedconcentrically within each other. In particular, magneto-caloric thermaldiode 300 includes a first magneto-caloric cylinder 310 and a secondmagneto-caloric cylinder 312. Second magneto-caloric cylinder 312 ispositioned within first magneto-caloric cylinder 310 along the radialdirection R. Magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 also includes a firstplurality of thermal stages 320 and a second plurality of thermal stages322. First thermal stages 320 are stacked along the axial direction Abetween cold side 202 and hot side 204. Second thermal stages 322 arealso stacked along the axial direction A between cold side 202 and hotside 204. First thermal stages 320 are positioned within second thermalstages 322 along the radial direction R.
First and second thermal stages 320, 322 and first and secondmagneto-caloric cylinders 310, 312 are configured for relative rotationbetween first and second thermal stages 320, 322 and first and secondmagneto-caloric cylinders 310, 312. First and second thermal stages 320,322 and first and second magneto-caloric cylinders 310, 312 may beconfigured for relative rotation about the axis X that is parallel tothe axial direction A. As an example, first and second magneto-caloriccylinders 310, 312 may be coupled to motor 26 such that first and secondmagneto-caloric cylinders 310, 312 are rotatable relative to first andsecond thermal stages 320, 322 about the axis X with motor 26. Inalternative exemplary embodiments, first and second thermal stages 320,322 may be coupled to motor 26 such that first and second thermal stages320, 322 are rotatable relative to first and second magneto-caloriccylinders 310, 312 about the axis X with motor 26.
First thermal stages 320 define a first cylindrical slot 324, and firstmagneto-caloric cylinder 310 is received within first cylindrical slot324. Second thermal stages 322 define a second cylindrical slot 326, andsecond magneto-caloric cylinder 312 is received within secondcylindrical slot 326. Second cylindrical slot 326 is positioned inwardof first cylindrical slot 324 along the radial direction R.
First magneto-caloric cylinder 310 and first thermal stages 320 operatein the manner described above for thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloriccylinder 220 to transfer thermal energy along the axial direction A fromcold side 202 to hot side 204. Similarly, second magneto-caloriccylinder 312 and second thermal stages 322 also operate in the mannerdescribed above for thermal stages 210 and magneto-caloric cylinder 220to transfer thermal energy along the axial direction A from cold side202 to hot side 204.
Second magneto-caloric cylinder 312 and second thermal stages 322 arenested concentrically within first magneto-caloric cylinder 310 andfirst thermal stages 320. In such a manner, magneto-caloric thermaldiode 300 may include components for operating as multiplemagneto-caloric thermal diodes 200 nested concentrically. First andsecond magneto-caloric cylinders 310, 312 may have identical cascades ofmagneto-caloric materials along the axial direction A. Thus, e.g., firstand second magneto-caloric cylinders 310, 312 may have identicalmagneto-caloric materials along the radial direction R. By nestingsecond thermal stage 322 concentrically within first thermal stage 320,a total cooling power of magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 may beincreased relative to non-nested magneto-caloric thermal diodes.
First and second thermal stages 320, 322 may be arranged to provide aflow path for thermal energy along the axial direction A from cold side202 to hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 300 in the mannerdescribed above for magneto-caloric thermal diode 200. For example, eachof first thermal stages 320 includes magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring240, and each of second thermal stages 322 includes magnets 230 andnon-magnetic ring 240. Magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 may bearranged within first thermal stages 320 in the manner described abovefor magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 of magneto-caloric thermaldiode 200. Magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 may also be arrangedwithin second thermal stages 322 in the manner described above formagnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 of magneto-caloric thermal diode200.
Each non-magnetic ring 240 within first thermal stages 320 may be inconductive thermal contact with a respective non-magnetic ring 240within second thermal stages 322 along the radial direction R. Forexample, each non-magnetic ring 240 within first thermal stages 320 maybe integral (e.g., at least partially formed from a single piece ofmaterial) with the respective non-magnetic ring 240 within secondthermal stages 322 along the radial direction R. By placing eachnon-magnetic ring 240 within first thermal stages 320 in conductivethermal contact with the respective non-magnetic ring 240 within secondthermal stages 322, thermal energy flow along the radial direction Rbetween first and second thermal stages 320, 322.
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the certain components of amagneto-caloric thermal diode 400 according to an additional exampleembodiment of the present subject matter. As shown in FIG. 10,magneto-caloric thermal diode 400 includes numerous common componentswith magneto-caloric thermal diodes 200, 300. Thus, the description ofmagneto-caloric thermal diodes 200, 300 provided above is applicable tomagneto-caloric thermal diode 400 except as otherwise noted. Inaddition, magneto-caloric thermal diodes 200, 300 may include one ormore of the aspects of magneto-caloric thermal diode 400 discussedbelow.
Like magneto-caloric thermal diode 300, magneto-caloric thermal diode400 includes multiple magneto-caloric cylinders 220 and multiple stacksof thermal stages 210 nested concentrically within each other. Inparticular, magneto-caloric thermal diode 400 includes a firstmagneto-caloric cylinder 410 and a second magneto-caloric cylinder 412.Second magneto-caloric cylinder 412 is positioned within firstmagneto-caloric cylinder 410 along the radial direction R.Magneto-caloric thermal diode 400 also includes a first plurality ofthermal stages 420 and a second plurality of thermal stages 422. Firstthermal stages 420 are stacked along the axial direction A between coldside 202 and hot side 204. Second thermal stages 422 are also stackedalong the axial direction A between cold side 202 and hot side 204.First thermal stages 420 are positioned within second thermal stages 422along the radial direction R. First and second thermal stages 420, 422and first and second magneto-caloric cylinders 410, 412 are configuredfor relative rotation between first and second thermal stages 420, 422and first and second magneto-caloric cylinders 410, 412.
Second magneto-caloric cylinder 412 and second thermal stages 422 arenested concentrically within first magneto-caloric cylinder 410 andfirst thermal stages 420. In such a manner, magneto-caloric thermaldiode 400 may include components for operating as multiplemagneto-caloric thermal diodes 200 nested concentrically. First andsecond magneto-caloric cylinders 410, 412 may have different cascades ofmagneto-caloric materials along the axial direction A. Thus, e.g., firstand second magneto-caloric cylinders 410, 412 may have differentmagneto-caloric materials along the radial direction R. By nestingsecond thermal stage 422 concentrically within first thermal stage 420,a total temperature span of magneto-caloric thermal diode 400 relativeto non-nested magneto-caloric thermal diodes.
First and second thermal stages 420, 422 may be arranged to provide aflow path for thermal energy along the axial direction A from cold side202 to hot side 204 of magneto-caloric thermal diode 400 in the mannerdescribed above for magneto-caloric thermal diode 200. For example, eachof first thermal stages 420 includes magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring240, and each of second thermal stages 422 includes magnets 230 andnon-magnetic ring 240. Magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 may bearranged within first thermal stages 420 in the manner described abovefor magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 of magneto-caloric thermaldiode 200. Magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 may also be arrangedwithin second thermal stages 422 in a similar manner to that describedabove for magnets 230 and non-magnetic ring 240 of magneto-caloricthermal diode 200 except that the arrangement of second thermal stage422 may be reversed along the axial direction A.
In addition, the non-magnetic ring 240 in the one of first thermalstages 420 at cold side 202 may be in conductive thermal contact withthe non-magnetic ring 240 in the one of second thermal stages 422 atcold side 202 along the radial direction R. For example, thenon-magnetic ring 240 in the one of first thermal stages 420 at coldside 202 may be integral (e.g., at least partially formed from a singlepiece of material) with the one of second thermal stages 422 at coldside 202 along the radial direction R. By placing the non-magnetic ring240 in the one of first thermal stages 420 at cold side 202 inconductive thermal contact with the one of second thermal stages 422 atcold side 202, thermal energy flow along the radial direction R betweenfirst and second thermal stages 420, 422 at cold side 202.
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sermons0000alex_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | already finished? Is it not then possible, at least, that your future views and feelings may as widely differ from your. present. views and feelings, as the present from the past. And is it rational or right to seal up your own destiny and character ? Turn not away, then, from the gracious invitations of the gospel, merely because youdo not now feel the need of its protection, consolations, and rewards. Life is not-only short but full of change. If you could now look. back and see some golden opportunity of wealth and greatness lost forever, through a freak of childish levity, you would scarcely be consoled: by the reflec- tion that you thereby gained another hour of amuse- ment. But, oh, how inadequate is this to give the least idea of your feelings in that awful hour, when you shall see eternal life forever lost for the mere playthings of this passing scene. . Try. then to antedate experience, to anticipate as possible, feelings the most remote from those which you are now indulging. ‘For example, when I speak of consolation, there are some perhaps among you who could smile at the idea as entirely foreign from your present feelings. And when you look before you and imagine scenes of sor- row, they are mere fantastic images, on which your stronger feelings rest but fora moment. This may not be the case with all. There may be some here whose experience has made them prematurely old. There may be hearts among you whose deep foun- tains have been broken up and taught to gush already. Such need no admonition upon this point. The heart knoweth its own bitterness, and the stranger inter- meddleth not with its joys. But you who are with- 1 JOHN 3, 2. 163 out experience of real and deep-seated scrrow, look afar off at that strange phantasmagoria of darkened chambers, desolated houses, beds of pain, dying struggles, funeral rites, and broken hearts—and amidst all these behold that human form, and tell me whether you can realize yourself. Now, as to out- ward things, you may be far beyond the reach of such considerations as a motive to repentance, but you know not what an hour may bring forth. Whatever you are now, “it doth not yet appear what you shall be.” But your danger lies not merely in disregarding motives which you are to feel hereafter, but in blind- ly trusting to the performance of those which you ac- knowledge now. Imight go farther and excite your incredulity and even your contempt, by holding up, as possible, a total change not only in your feelings. and your principles, but even in your outward lives, a change which you would look upon as utterly im- possible, a change no less humbling to your pride than blasting to your hopes. I might startle you by holding up a mirror which, instead of giving back the smiling aspect that you now wear, the counte- nance of health and buoyant spirits, should confront you with a ghastly likeness of your present self, un- der the strange and hideous disguise of an exhausted gamester, a decaying libertine, a bloated drunkard, a detected cheat, a conscience-stricken murderer. Imight present you to yourself, surrounded by the wreck of fortune, family and character, seated amidst the ashes of deserted hearths and their extinguished fires, gaz- ing unmoved upon peaceful homes made desolate 164 ‘SERMONS. and fond hearts broken—the wreck, the refuse, the unquiet ghost of all that you are now. I might pre- sent all this, but you would shrink with indignation from the foul aspersion... You may be unfortunate, you may be changed, but this, but this you can never be, never! My heart’s desire and prayer to God is that you never may ; but what is your security? The mere intentions which you cherish now, to be ful- filled hereafter? Ah, my hearer, go to yonder silent dwelling-place of crime, and learn how many good intentions have been cherished in those now degraded and perhaps now despairing bosoms. Go to some one haunt of vice, and trace the miserable victims who as- semble there, back through their melancholy pro- gress to the time when their intentions were as good as yours, their external circumstances no less prom- ising. Go to the gibbet, to the yard-arm, to the hor- rid scene of horrid vengeance wreaked by man upon himself, and learn that even there the deadly fruit has often sprung up into a rank vegetation, from the seed of good but ineffectual intentions. It is high time for our youth to be aware that they who die upon scaffolds, and pine away in prisons, are not seldom such as once scornfully smiled at the suggestion of their ever being worse than they were then ; and asthey looked upon the kind friends and the multiplied advantages by which they were surronnd- ed, and then in upon the purposes of future good they were intending, would have blushed at their own cowardice or self distrust if they could have been brought to say, “It doth not yet appear what we shall be.” 1 JOHN 3, 2. 165 When I recall to mind the countenances, persons, manners, talents, attainments, hopes, and purposes of some whom I knew in early life, and then consider what they now are, my heart sickens at the sight of early promise, not because it is not infinitely lovely, but because the possibility of fatal change looms with a ghastly speculation through the eyes of these en- couraging appearances, as evil spirits may have glared upon spectators from the bodies of the men whom they possessed of old. From such anticipations, rendered more distress- ing by the growing frequency of such deterioration and of awful crime, the heart is forced to turn away in search of something to reanimate its hopes, and this is only to be found in the immovable belief that God’s grace is omnipotent, and Christ’s blood eftica- cious. To this the true philanthropist must cling, not only as the ground of his own hope, but as the only source of safety to the young around him; and when they earnestly inquire, as they sometimes do, how these fearful perils are to be avoided, instead of mock- ing them with prudential maxims of mere worldly policy or selfish cunning, let us lead. them at once to the only secure refuge, to the only Saviour, to the cross and to the throne of Jesus Christ. Turn ye to the strongholds, ye prisoners of hope! Press into yonder gateway! Cleave to those massive pillars! Bind yourselves with cords to the horns of yonder altar! And at every fresh heave of the ocean and the earth, take the faster hold of Christ’s cross and throne, and - you are safe. Whatever trials may await you here, a glorious compensation is reserved for you hereafter ; 166. SERMONS. fina! and eternal deliverance “from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God.” “Behold what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that we should be ees the sons of God!” But strange as the exaltation is, it is a real one. “‘ Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be; but we know that when he shall appear we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is!” Oh blessed sight! Oh glorious as- similation! We shall not only see him as he is, but shall be like him! Let this bright anticipation stim- ulate and cheer us! Let Christ be in us the hope of glory! But let every one that hath this hope in him, purify oe even as He is pure! Luxe ead 26.—The last Btate of that man is worse than the first. ‘ieeice of the most seranrkable: inventions and dis- coveries, by which the present age has been distin- guished, are of such a nature as to realize ideas which were once regarded as peculiarly visionary and ab- surd. The steam-engine, the daguerreotype, and the electric telegraph, are all of this description. To our fathers, these results would not only have appeared im- probable or impossible, but as belonging to that class of impossibilities which most resemble mere imagina- tive fictions. That man should be conveyed upon his ‘journey by the vapour of boiling water; that the sun should be constrained to do the painter’s work; and that words should be communicated instantaneously to any distance by a wire; are facts which, if predicted a few centuries ago, would not’ merely have been dis- believed as philosophically false, but laughed at as fabulous inventions, or the ‘dreams of a disordered fancy. And yet these realized impossibilities are now so familiar to our every-day experience, that we | scarcely think it necessary to distinguish between them and the most ordinary processes “of nature and 168 SERMONS. of art, to which the world has been accustomed for a course of ages. The power of steam, however highly valued, is now seldom thought of as more wonderful. than that of water, wind, or animal strength. The instantaneous operation of the light in delineating forms, seems scarcely more surprising than the tedious ~ process of the chisel; and an instantaneous message from the ends of the earth may one day seem as nat- ural and common-place an incident as oral communi- cation with our nearest neighbours. The use which I would make of this extraordinary change from a contemptuous incredulity to a faith so unhesitating as even to exclude surprise, is to illus- trate the position that a corresponding revolution may perhaps take place in morals and religion; that the time may be at hand when some of those religious doctrines, which are now rejected. by the mass of men, not merely as unscriptural or unphilosophical, but as fanciful and visionary, shall begin to take their place among realities too certain and familiar to be even wondered at as something strange. If such a revolu- tion of opinion and of feeling should indeed take place, there is no subject with respect to which we could expect its effects to be more striking than the subject of evil spirits ; their existence and their influ- ence on human conduct and condition. The predom- inant feeling with which these are now regarded, even by multitudes who hear the gospel, and profess to be believers in the Bible, is a feeling of tolerant con- tempt or compassionate indulgence,.such as we all entertain with respect to navigation through. the air, or the schemes of universal language, and such as our LUKE 11, 26. 169 favhers entertained with respect to those familiar facts of our experience already mentioned. If to this sug- gestion of a like change in men’s feelings and associa- tions with respect to demoniacal agency, it should be objected that religious truth affords no room for new discovery, being already fully made known in a com- plete and authoritative revelation, it may be replied that this is true of every thing essential to salvation or even to the full development of Christian charac- ter, but not of all things partially disclosed in Scrip- ture. As the intimations which we find there of the origin and structure of the universe do not preclude physical investigation and discovery as useless, or for- bid them as unlawful, because there are only inci- dental und subordinate subjects of Divine revelation ; so the knowledge, or at least the faith, of men as to the fearful doctrine of a devil and his angels, may, for the same reason, be regarded as susceptible of vast increase. great difference of clearness and minuteness in the statements on this subject. Even in those of the New Testament, however, there -s still the same appearance of reserve, the same entire absence of a disposition to indulge mere curiosity, by limiting the statement to such facts as seem required for some specific purpose. To the attentive reader there will everywhere be visible a marked peculiarity of tone and manner in the treatment of these matters which is well adapted and no doubt designed to keep the reader in perpet- ual recollection of the awful nature of the things re- ferred to, and of the fact that their complete develop- ment is yet to come. Some have inferred from this reserve, that expressions so obscure could not have been intended to convey important matters of belief, and that they ought therefore to be looked upon as strong oriental tropes or mere poetical embellishments. This may seem plausible enough when looked at in the general; but it is not susceptible of a continued and consistent application in detail. The further we pursue it, the more clearly shall we see what may be mentioned as a second characteristic of the teachings of the Bible on the subject. It is this, that while the revelation is reserved and partial, it is so made as to convey an irresistible im- pression of the literal reality of that which is revealed. Whatever different conclusion might be drawn from the language or the spirit of particular passages, it is impossible to view them all in a connected series without a strong conviction that these imperfect and obscure disclosures of an unseen world of evil spirits were intended to be strictly understood; that the LUKE 11, 26. 172 Bible does distinctly teach the agency of such a spirit in the great original apostacy and fall of our first parents, and his continued influence on fallen man, an influence which, although it exists at all times, was permitted while our Saviour was on earth, to mani- fest itself with extraordinary violence and clearness, in the form of demoniacal possessions, which affected both the minds and bodies of the victims, and afforded the subjects and occasions of some of Christ’s most signal miracles, designed not merely to relieve the sufferer, nor merely to display his superhuman power, but to signalize his triumph, as the seed of the woman, over the adverse party represented in the first promise of a Saviour, as the seed of the serpent, whose last desperate struggles, not for existence but for victory, were witnessed in those fearful cases of disease and madness which the gospel narrative ascribes expressly to the personal agency of demons, the history of whose dispossession and expulsion is so prominent a feat- ure in the life of Christ. There are here two errors to be avoided, that of denying the reality of these possessions, and that of supposing that the influence of evil spirits upon men was restricted to the time of our Lord’s personal ‘presence upon earth. It existed before. It continues still. Its nature and extent are undefinable at pres- ent and by us. We only know that it is not a co- ercive power, destroying personal responsibility, but a moral influence extending to the thoughts and dis- positions. The true view of the matter seems to be, that from the time of Eve’s temptation to the present hour a mysterious connection has existed between 172 . SERMONS. fallen man and fallen angels, the latter acting as the tempters and seducers of the former, the influence ex- erted being mental and insensible, or, so far as it is corporeal, inscrutable by us; but that at the time of Christ’s appearance, the physical effects were suffered to display themselves in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of manifesting his superiority to the powers of darkness, and showing forth his glory as the conqueror of the conqueror of mankind. Ifhe were now to re-appear, the same effect might be again pro- duced. The latent adversary might be forced to show himself, and manifest at once his fear and hatred, not only by the paroxysms of his victim, by his unearthly shrieks, and spasms, and foaming at the mouth, but by the repetition of that ery, so often heard of old, “ what have I to do with thee, thou holy one of God? art thou come to torment me before the time?” Or if the veil which hides the spiritual world could now be lifted even for a moment, we might stand aghast to see how large a portion of the moral history of sin- ners is determined by satanic influence; not such as to extenuate the sinner’s guilt, but rather to aggra- vate it by disclosing that his sins are committed in obedience to the dictates of such a master, and in compliance with the suggestions of such a counsellor. The drunkard and the libertine, and every other class of sinners, might. be then seen attended by their evil genius, smoothing the way to ruin and averting every better influence. The moral changes now experienced, might be then seen to have more than an ideal con- nection with the presence and absence of these hellish visitants. The apparent reformation of the sinner LUKE 11, 26. 173 might then be found to coincide with their departure, and his relapse with their return. Yes, and in many cases, the experience of such might be found to cor- respond, not merely in a figure, but in literal truth, with the fearful picture set before us in the text. By means of a vision supernaturally strengthened, we might actually see the evil spirit going out of this man and that man, now regarded as mere ordinary cases of reformation or conversion, and then returning with seven others worse than himself, so that the last state of that man is worse than the first. There is something fearful in the thought that such a process may be literally going on among us and around us; that from one’and another of these very hearts the evil spirit may have recently departed, and may be wandering in desert places, seeking rest and finding none, until, despairing of another habitation, he shall come back to his old house and find it swept and garnished, rendered more desirable by partial and temporary reformation, and taking with him seven others, he may even now be knocking for admis- sion, and woe to him who opens, for the last state of that man is worse than the first. But even granting what to some may seem too clear to be denied, that there is no such process liter- ally going on, and that our Saviour’s words contain a mere comparison drawn from a real or ideal case of demoniacal possession, and intended to illustrate a familiar fact in morals, that relapses into sin are al- ways dangerous, and often fatal ; we may still gather very much the same instruction from the parable as * if it were a literal description. Whatever horrors the 174 SERMONS. imagination may associate with the personal invasion and inhabitation .)f an evil spirit, is it really more dread- ful, to the eye of reason and awakened conscience, than the constant presence of an evil principle, not as a mere visitant, but as a part of the man himself? Is it not this, after all, which makes the other seem so terrible? The coming and going of good angels has no such effect on the imagination ; nor would that of neutral spirits, neither good nor evil. Apart from their moral effects, their presence or absence is a matter of indifference. And if the effects are wrought, it matters little whether they are literally brought about, in whole or in part, by the influence of demons, or only metaphorically so described. It mat- ters little whether our Saviour meant to represent the fluctuations of man’s spiritual state as actually caused by the departure and return of these invisible se- ducers, or only to describe their fearful import and result by mysterious figures borrowed from the world of spirits. The primary application of the words, as made by Christ himself, was to his own contemporaries—the Jewish nation—who for ages had been separated from the Gentiles; and from whom the demon of idolatry had been cast out at the Babylonish exile; but who now, in their malignant persecution and rejection of their born Messiah, seemed to be repossessed by devils far more numerous and spiteful than those by which they had been actuated in the worst days of their earlier history, or even those which they be- lieved themselves to be the gods of the heathen. Of such a people—so peculiarly distinguished, and yet so LUKE 11, 26. 175 unfaithful, who had proved untrue to a vocation so extraordinary ; and, while boasting of their vast supe- riority to the heathen, had outdone the heathen them- selves in crime, and were yet to sink as far below them in punishment—of such a people it might well be said, that their last state was worse than their first. The same thing is no less true of other communi- ties, distinguished by extraordinary providential fa- vours, and by flagrant abuse of their advantages. If we could watch the tide of national prosperity, in such a case, until it ebbed, it would require no great stretch of imagination to perceive the evil spirit, who had secmed to forsake a people so enlightened and so highly favored, coming back under the cloak of the returning darkness, from his wandering in the desert, not alone, but followed by a shadowy train, overleap- ing the defences which appeared impregnable to hu- man foes, or mysteriously gliding through the very crevices of fast-barred doors, and unexpectedly appear- ing in their ancient haunts, which all the intervening glory and prosperity have only seemed to sweep and garnish for its repossession by its ancient master and his new confederates, under whose united usurpation. and oppression the last state of that race, or society, or nation, must be worse than the first. But it is not merely to the rise and fall of whole ~ communities that these terrific images were meant to be applied. The same law of reaction and relapse controls the personal experience of the individual. This is, indeed, its most instructive and affecting ap- plication. The vicissitudes of nations, or of other ag: 176 SERMONS. gregate vodies, however imposing to the eye of the spectator, and however sweeping in their ultimate ef- fects, do not, and cannot so excite our sympathies as those which take place in a single soul, and by which the experience of communities and nations, after all, must be determined. It is not as the invaders of a country or besiegers of a city, that the evil spirit, with his sevenfold reinforcement, rises up before the mind’s eye in terrific grandeur. It is when we see him knocking at the solitary door from which he was once - driven in disgrace and anguish. The scene, though - an impressive one, is easily called up. A lonely dwelling on the margin of a wilderness, cheerfully lighted as the night approaches, carefully swept and garnished, and apparently the home of plenty, peace, and comfort. The winds that sweep across the desert pass it by unheeded. But, as the darkness thickens, something more than wind approaches from that quar- ter. What are the shadowy forms that seem to come forth from the dry places of the wilderness, and stealthily draw near the dwelling? One of the num- ber guides the rest, and now they reach the threshold. Hark! he knocks; but only to assure himself that there is no resistance. Through the opened door we catch a glimpse of the interior, swept and garnished— swept and garnished; but for whose use?—its right- ful owner? Alas! no; for he is absent; and already has that happy home begun to ring with fiendish laughter, and to glare with hellish flames ; and, if the weal or woe of any man be centred in it, the last state of that man is worse than the first. Do you look upon this as a mere fancy scene? LUKE 11, 26. 177 Alas! my hearers, just such fancy scenes are passing every day within you or around you, rendered only more terrific by the absence of all sensible indica- tions, just as we shrink with a peculiar dread from unseen dangers if considered real, and are less affected by the destruction that wastes at noon-day, than by the pestilence that walks in darkness. Come with me and let me show you one or two examples of fa- miliat spiritual changes which, if not the work of evil spirits, may at least be aptly represented by the im- ages presented in the text and context. To the eye of memory or imagination, there rises up the form of one who was the slave of a particular iniquity, which gave complexion to his character and life. It was, perhaps, an open and notorious vice, which directly lowered him in public estimation. Or, it may have been a secret and insidious habit, long successfully concealed or never generally known. But its effects were seen. Even those who were strangers to his habits could perceive that there was something wrong, and they suspected and distrusted him. He felt it, and in desperation waxed worse and worse. But, in the course of Providence, a change takes place. With- out any real change of principle or heart, he finds that his besetting sin is ruining his health, his repu- tation, or his fortune. Strong as the power of temp- tation, appetite, and habit is, some form of selfishness is stronger still.» The man reforms. The change is recognized at once. He is another man. After the first painful acts of self-denial, the change appears de- - lightful to himself. He seems once more to walk erect. A new direction has been given to his hopes VoL. 1.—8* 178 SERMONS. and his desires, and, like Saul, he rejoices that the evil spirit has departed from aim. At first he is afraid of its return, and keeps strict watch against the inroads of the enemy. By degrees he grows secure, and his vigils are relaxed. The temptation presents itself in some. form, so contemptible and little to be feared, that he would blush not to encounter it. He - does encounter it. He fights it. He appears to tri- umph for a moment, but is ultimately overcome. The next victory is easier. The next is easier still. He tries to recall the feelings which preceded and pro- duced his reformation; but the spell is over. He knows that they have once proved ineffectual to save - him, and he trusts in them no longer. Even the checks which once controlled him in his former course of sin are now relaxed ; he is tired of opposition, and seeks refuge from his self-contempt in desperate in- dulgence. Do you believe a change like this to be unusual in real life, or too unimportant to be fairly rep- resented by our Saviour’s fearful image of the dis- possessed and discontented demon coming back to the emancipated soul, and reasserting his dominion, till “the last state of that man is worse than the first ?” Another man passes through the very same pro- cess of reformation, but with different results. His watch against the inroads of his once besetting sin is still maintained. His jealousy and dread of it con- tinue unabated. The appetite seems to sicken and to die. He is indeed a new man, as to that one sin, and rejoices with good reason that the fiend has left him. As the habit of forbearance gathers strength, he LUKE 11, 26. ‘ 179 learns to trust in his own power of resistance. He naturally measures his morality by that sin which once so easily beset him. Freedom from that sin is to him a state of purity, and he flatters himself that he is daily growing better. But, alas! in his anxiety to bar one door against the enemy, he has left the rest all open. A successful breach is made in his de- fences by an unexpected foe; perhaps by one whom _ he had harbored and regarded asa friend. Before he is aware, he finds himself a new man in another sense. The evil spirit has returned, but in a different shape, and taking unopposed possession, is again his master. The reformed drunkard has become a game- ster; the reformed prodigal a miser; the reformed cheat a voluptuary. Such conversions are by no means rare—conversion wrought without the trouble- some appliances of prayer, or preaching, or the Holy Spirit. In all such cases the dominion of the new vice will probably be stronger than the dominion of the old one. The reaction and relapse from astate of self-denial is attended by an impetus which makes it- self to be perceived. The man, as it were, makes amends to himself for giving up his former sin by larger measures of indulgence in the new one. The limits which impeded his indulgence in the one are perhaps inapplicable to the other ; and, from one or the other of these causes, or from both, “ the last state of that man is worse than the first.” I have said, that in this case the anxiety to shut one door leaves the others open. Hence, it often hap- pens that_the soul is invaded, not by one new spirit, put by many. Imagining that abstinence from one 180 SERMONS. sin is morality, the man, of course, falls into cthers; and the conquest of the citadel is freque=tly effected by the combined force of the enemy. If you ask the evil spirit which at first has possession: What is thy name? you may receive for answer: Drunkenness, or Avarice, or Lust. But ask the same after the relapse, and the response must be: My name is Legion. Have you not seen in real life this terrible exchange of one besetting sin for several? Have you not known men, who once seemed vulnerable only at a single point, begin to appear vulnerable, as it were, at all points, perhaps with the exception of the one first men- tioned? Now, when this is the case, besides the power exerted by each appetite and passion on the soul distinctly, there is a debasing and debilitating influence arising from the conflict which exists be- tween them. Let the reformed libertine become at once ambitious, avaricious, and revengeful, and let these hungry serpents gnaw his soul, and it will soon be seen by others, if not felt by the miserable victim, that the evil spirit which had left him for a season has returned with seven others worse than himself; and, as we see them in imagination enter the dwelling swept and garnished for their use, we may read, in- scribed above the portal that shuts after them, “the last state of that man is worse than the first.” Let us now leave the regions of gross vice, with their seeming reformations and their terrible conver- sions from one sin to another, or from one to many, and breathe for a while the atmosphere of decent mor- als, under the influence of Christian institutions. Let me show you one who never was the slave of any vice, LUKE 11, 26. 181 and whose character has never been subjected to sus- picion. Such are always to be found among those who have enjoyed a religious education and the means of grace. Yet, so long as these advantages are unattended by a change of heart, the evil spirit still maintains possession. Methinks I see one who has long held a high place in the public estimation as a moral and conscientious person, but whose views are bounded by the sensible horizon, who sees nothing serious in religion, or deserving of profound regard. All is sunshine. Even death, while distant, has ‘no horrors, and the world beyond is blank. The past, the present, and the future are alike themes of jest and laughter. But the scene is changed. A sudden shadow falls across the countenance and heart. The laugher becomes grave. He indulges for the first ‘time in serious reflection. Without knowing whence his change of feeling comes, he yields to it, and it in- creases. The realities of life are seen in a new as- pect. What mere trifles seem momentous. Sin is no longer mocked at, and the grave looks dull and dreary. The question of salvation and the necessary means to it, begins to be considered, and the world begins to see that he who once was so light-hearted, has be- come, as they correctly term it, serious. The dura- tion of this state of mind is indefinitely variable. Most men experience it for moments or for hours, many for days or weeks, and some for months, or even years. In many cases it becomes habitual; the feelings are adjusted to it ; it proceeds no further, and is equiva- lent to a simple change of temperament. Nay, in some cases, while the appearance lasts, the feeling it- 182 _ SERMONS. self wears away. The shadows cast by some myste- rious object on the soul are gradually mitigated and reduced in depth, until the sun breaks through the intervening obstacle, and broad daylight returns. The sensation of this change is naturally pleasant. It is welcomed, it is cherished, till the ancient habits of the mind are reinstated in their full dominion. Even supposing that the change is unaccompanied by any moral renovation, and is merely an alternation or vicissitude of gaiety and sadness, the return to the for- mer state is not precisely what continuance in that state would have been. There is now a sensitive shrinking from all gloomy thoughts, a dread of soli- tude, an instinctive shunning of the ordinary means by which serious reflection is produced. In itself this state may be a pleasing one; but with respect to its effects, it is worse than the first. But some go further. Having passed through the change which I have just described—the change from levity to serious reflection—they reach a new stage of experience. Sin, which was heretofore a mere ab- straction, or at most the name of certain gross enor- mities, is seen in its true nature. The law of God is seen to be what it is. The conscience is awakened to a sense of guilt, a dread of wrath, and a consciousness of deserving it. Every act is now seen to have a moral quality. The man grows scrupulous. He who was once bold to commit known sin, is now afraid to per-, form even innocent actions. The burden of unex- piated guilt becomes oppressive, nay, intolerable. An undefined anxiety torments him. He feels that some great crisis is approaching. Earthly pleasures grow LUKE 11, 26. 183 insipid. The cares of life are child’s play. He be comes indifferent to life or death, except in reference to the great absorbing question of salvation or perdition. The intensity with which he seeks relief exhausts him. He begins to grow languid. His alarm sub sides into a stupid desperation. As this new sensa- tion creeps upon him, he is conscious of relief from, ‘he poignant anguish of his former state. The sooth- ing apathy ischerished. Strong emotion is excluded. Sin seems no longer so repulsive as it once did. Words begin to have their ancient meanings, and to awaken only old associations. One strong impression is effaced after another. Conscience slumbers. Hope revives. The noise of the world again rings in the ears. The dream is past; the spell is broken; and the once convicted sinner is himself again. He has recovered his reason; his false friends assure him— for they see not that the spirit of delusion which had left him for a season has returned and found his habi- tation swept and garnished, and shall dwell therein forever. Ah, sirs, whatever may have been the first condition of the man who has passed through ail these changes, there is little risk of error or exaggeration in saying that “ the last state of that man is worse than the first.” But the evil spirit does not measure the duration of his absence by any settled rule. He may return before the truth has made the least impression. He may wait untila serious state of mind has been in- duced, but come back before the soul has been con- vinced of sin. Or he may stay until a lively sense of guilt and danger has been wrought upon the mind, 184 SERMONS. whether the views entertained be false or true; and the anguish of distress, having reached its extreme point, instead of gradually sinking into cold insensi bility, is suddenly succeeded by its opposite—delight, joy, happy wonder. At this most critical and inter- esting juncture, when the soul seems ready to em- brace and rest upon the truth of God, the enemy re- turns, and substitutes a false hope for the true one; he encourages the false joy of a spurious conversion. In the rapture of the moment, all suspicion and all vigilance appear to be precluded, and the soul feeds upon its apples of Sodom till they turn to ashes. Then succeeds misgiving, unbelief, displeasure, shame, de- spondency, temptation, a new thirst for sinful plea- sure, weak resistance to the enemy, an easy conquest, stronger chains, a deeper dungeon, and eternal bond- age. He who once had his periodical returns of sen- sibility, and his convulsive efforts to be free, now lies passive, without moving hand or foot. But out of the deep dungeon where he thus lies motionless, an unearthly voice may be heard proclaiming, with a fiendish satisfaction, that “the last state of that man is worse than the first.” ” Even this, however, does not seem to be the far- thest length to which the soul, forsaken by the evil spirit, may be suffered to proceed. The man, from being gay, may -not only become serious, and from being serious, convinced of guilt and danger, and de- sirous of salvation, and from this state pass into a joy- ful sense of safety; but he may long remain there, and without suspecting where his error lies, may openly acknowledge his experience and his hopes, and LUKE 11, 26. 185 pass the bound which divides professing Christians from the world. Methinks I see one who has thus been forsaken by the evil spirit, not only brought into the church, but made conspicuous in it, set in its high places, drunk with its flatteries; but in the hour of his intoxicating triumph, as he lies unarmed and un- protected, in imaginary safety, the tramp of armed men is heard without, the sacred precincts of the church itself are suddenly invaded, his old master is upon him—has returned to his old home—he smiles to see it swept and garnished for his use. He takes ‘possession with his fellows, never more to be cast out. Even such are not beyond the reach of divine mercy, but it is not ordinarily extended to them, as appears from the images by which the state of such is repre- sented in the text. The oil is spent and the lamp extinct. The axe is laid at the root of the tree. Its fruit is withered, nay, it is without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots. Twice dead!—oh, fearful reflection; dead by nature—then apparently alive— and now dead by relapse and by apostasy. Twice dead and plucked up by the roots. Snrely such a catastrophe is terrible enough to be the work of one or even many devils, or whatever we may think as to their literal agency in bringing it about, it is terrible enough to be described by the figure which our Lord here uses, and emphatically summed up in those fear- ful words “ the last state of that man is worse than the first.” There is but one more view that I can take or give you of this painful subject. Looking back to the nonentity from which we all have sprung, and on to 186 SERMONS. the eternity which awaits us ail; tracing the down- ward progress of the lost, from bad to worse, from worse to worst, marking the aggravated guilt of each relapse into iniquity, after a seeming reformation and conversion, and remembering by whom and of whom it was said, “it were better for that man if he had never been born,”—we may take our stand between the gulf of non-existence and the gulf of damnation, and comparing the negative horrors of the one with the positive horrors of the other, may exclaim, as we see the sinner pass, through so short an interval, from nothing, into hell, “the last state of that man is worse than the first !” If what I have been telling you is true, true to na- ture, scripture, and experience, there is one applica- tion or improvement of the truth, which ought to be self-evident. I mean its application to the young, to the young of every class, and character, and station, but especially to such as are peculiarly environed by temptation, and yet prone to imagine, as a vast pro- portion of the young do really-imagine, that the wisest course, is to secure the pleasures of the passing moment, and reserve repentance for a distant future, thus contriving, by what seems to be a master-stroke of policy, to serve God and Mammon in succession. Instead of arguing against this resolution as ir rational and sinful, let me hold up before you the conclusion to which reason, scripture, and experience, with a fearful unanimity, bear witness that the only spiritual safety, isin present and immediate action ; that a purpose or a promise to repent hereafter, is among the most successful arts by which the evil LUKE 11, 26. 187 spirit drowns his victims in the deadly sleep of false security ; that previous indulgence in a life of sin, so far from making reformation easy, is almost sure to make it utterly impossible. You who are, even at this moment, on the verge of the appalling precipice beneath which millions have been dashed to pieces, stop, if it be but fora moment, and consider. The comparative innocence of childhood, the restraints of a religious education, the very resolutions you are forming for the future, may all be looked upon as in- dications that the evil spirit to whom you are by na- ture a hereditary slave, has, for the time, relaxed his hold upon you; hischain, though still unbroken, may be lengthened, but beware how you imagine that, without divine grace, you can ever break it. It may be that the unclean spirit has but left you for a time, and is even now wandering through dry places, seeking rest and finding none—roaming in search of arepose which is impossible, and gaining in malignity and craft-at every moment—mustering new strength of purpose, virulence of hatred, and capacity of tor- ment and corruption, to accelerate your fall, embitter your remorse, and deepen your damnation. At every access of temptation from without, and every move- ment of corruption from within, imagine that you hear the foul fiend knocking for,admission ; and dis- trusting the strength of your defenses, fly to Christ for aid. Without it you are lost. Without it your best efforts, in your own strength, are unavailing. |
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US-74903310-A_4 | USPTO | Public Domain | TABLE 15 Highly significant expression biomarker sets in IBD and IBS* Cohort sub set odds ratio and p-value IBD vs Normal IBS vs Normal OR = 23.0, p = 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ OR = 28.3, p = 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ (Fisher's 2-sided exact) (Fisher's 2-sided exact) genes in marker sets Expression level* Expression level* BLCAP + + UBE2G1 + + TH1L + CALM3 + HIST1H2BK + GPX1 n.a. NONO + RAP1A + *univariate ΔCt (inversely proportional to expression level) difference relative to Normal: “+” increased; “−” decreased; “+/−” no difference; n.a. = not significantly different Summary: The ability of the expression levels of these 10 genes, as measured by RT-PCR and normalized by Actin B expression, to individually distinguish between IBD and normal controls; IBD from IBS; IBS from Normal; and IBS&IBD from normal are shown in Table 16 (below). The p values for significant differences in expression levels for each gene, between each pair of subjects are shown. To the right of each p-value, the experimental values (the ΔCt) are shown as “+” (or “−”) to indicate a higher (or lower) ΔCt for one member of the subject pair relative to the other (see legend to Table 16). The ΔCt is inversely proportional to the expression level.
TABLE 16 Significantly different expression levels of individual genes Probe IBD vs normal IBD vs IBS IBS vs normal IBS&IBD vs normal RAP1A 4.22 × 10⁻¹⁶ + 5.24 × 10⁻⁵ + 6.25 × 10⁻⁷ + 8.24 × 10⁻¹⁵ + BLCAP 3.62 × 10⁻¹⁵ + 0.78 na 9.45 × 10⁻¹⁶ + <2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶ + TH1L 6.78 × 10⁻⁷ + 0.69 na 7.86 × 10⁻⁶ + 8.89 × 10⁻⁸ + UBE2G1 8.34 × 10⁻¹² + 0.003 − <2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶ + <2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶ + CALM3 3.57 × 10⁻¹⁰ + 0.24 na 9.79 × 10⁻⁷ + 1.19 × 10⁻¹⁰ + GPX1 0.099 na 0.007 − 0.34 na 0.45 na HIST1H2BK 0.069 na 1.02 × 10⁻⁶ − 3.85 × 10⁻⁹ + 1.89 × 10⁻⁴ + PPP2R5A 5.13 × 10⁻⁶ + 7.73 × 10⁻³ − 7.25 × 10⁻¹² + 1.38 × 10⁻⁹ + NONO 6.70 × 10⁻⁵ + 0.053 na 0.08 na 4.50 × 10⁻⁴ + HMGB1 4.61 × 10⁻¹⁰ + 0.47 na 0.16 na 4.24 × 10⁻¹⁰ + Legend: IBD vs normal: + = higher ΔCt in IBD relative to normal; − = lower ΔCt in IBD relative to normal IBD vs IBS: + = higher ΔCt in IBD relative to IBS; − = lower ΔCt in IBD IBS vs normal: + = higher ΔCt in IBS relative to normal; − = lower ΔCt in IBS IBS&IBD vs normal: + = higher ΔCt in IBS&IBD relative to normal; − = lower ΔCt in IBS&IBD All: na = not applicable because p-value is not significant In all cases, the ΔCt is inversely proportional to expression level. Therefore a lower ΔCt represents a higher level of gene expression and a higher ΔCt represents a lower level of gene expression.
While all ten genes were found to be statistically significantly associated with IBD or IBS, the individual genes are not highly accurate in discriminating the various subgroups. We investigated whether combinations of genes selected from the ten might enable clinically useful marker accuracies.
For each of the data subsets: IBD vs. normal control, IBS vs. normal control, IBS vs. IBD, and IBD& IBS vs. normal, we evaluated the accuracy of gene combinations using logistic regression. One skilled in the art will understand that given a set of measurements, such as the gene expression values for a particular set of genes, and given these measurements across a particular set of samples, such as a group of IBD samples and a group of ‘normal’ samples, there are many techniques for deriving from that data a ‘set of rules’ for classifying a sample as eg IBD or normal. Those skilled in the art will understand that an algorithm, including a weighting for each gene expression level, will follow from the logistic regression analysis, according to one method of the body of knowledge known as ‘supervised learning’, which is a sub-field of ‘machine learning’, which itself can be considered a sub-field of ‘data mining’. Supervised learning encompasses techniques for deriving algorithms, or rules, from data. One skilled in the art will understand that there are no clear boundaries between a standard statistical approach, and a ‘supervised learning’ approach, and that the classification formulas presented below could be considered as being derived from a supervised learning approach, but could also be termed a standard statistical approach.
The threshold for the classification score is zero in all cases. For IBD v Normal, IBD is greater than zero and Normal is less than zero; the IBS and Other were not used in determining the gene expression weightings. Similarly for IBS vs. Normal, IBS is greater than zero and Normal is less than zero, and the Other categories were not used in deriving the weightings. In the case of IBD vs. IBS, IBD is greater than zero and IBS is less than zero and the Normal and Other categories were not used to derive expression weightings. Finally, in the case of IBD and IBS vs. normal, a score greater than zero indicates either IBD or IBS; a score less than zero indicates Normal, and the Other category was not used to derive the weightings. Thus, the specific ups and downs of the expression levels of individual genes in the marker set do matter in the classifier, but not in a direct always-up or always-down manner with respect to the disease or non-disease status patient. Of more importance is whether the sum of the weighted expression values is greater than or less than zero. A specific gene may have increased expression in one correctly classified patient, and that same gene may have a decreased expression in another correctly classified patient if the score is “compensated” by appropriately weighted changes in the expression of other genes in the marker set.
The following exemplary gene weightings were applied:
IBD vs Normal
6-Gene RAP1A, BLCAP, UBE2G1, CALM3, GPX1, NONO: IBD Diagnostic Index: =(−16.5312+4.7721[dCt_(BLCAP)]−3.3249[dCt_(GPX1)]₊3.6521[dCt_(RAP1A)]−3.0221[dCt_(UBE2G1)]+3.0669[dCt_(CALM3)]+0.8405[dCt_(NONO)]) If (−16.5312+4.7721[dCt_(BLCAP)]−3.3249[dCt_(GPX1)]₊3.6521[dCt_(RAP1A)]−3.0221[dCt_(UBE2G1)]+3.0669[dCt_(CALM3)]+0.8405[dCt_(NONO)])>0 Then IBD Else Normal IBS vs Normal 4-Gene BLCAP, TH1L, UBE2G1, HIST1H2BK: Formula: =−22.1323+5.4337[dCt_(BLCAP)]+3.3187[dCt_(UBE2G1)]−4.1747[dCt_(TH1L)]+1.6902[dCt_(HIST1H2BK)] If [−22.1323+5.4337[dCt_(BLCAP)]+3.3187[dCt_(UBE2G1)]−4.1747[dCt_(TH1L)]+1.6902[dCt_(HIST1H2BK)]>0 Then IBS Else Normal IBD vs IBS 7-Gene RAP1A, UBE2G1, CALM3, GPX1, HIST1H2BK, PPP2R5A, BLCAP: Formula: (17.6564+ΔCt_(RAP1A)*5.7988−ΔCt_(UBE2G1)*5.6479+ΔCt_(CALM3)*3.4257−ΔCt_(GPX1)*2.5535−ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK)*2.1366−ΔCt_(PPP2R5A)*2.4503+ΔCt_(BLCAP)*3.0325) IF (17.6564+ΔCt_(RAP1A)*5.7988−ΔCt_(UBE2G1)*5.6479+ΔCt_(CALM3)*3.4257−ΔCt_(GPX1)*2.5535−ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK)*2.1366−ΔCt_(PPP2R5A)*2.4503+ΔCt_(BLCAP)*3.0325)>0 Then IBD Else IBS IBX vs Normal 6-Gene BLCAP, CALM3, GPX1, TH1L, RAP1A, NONO: Formula: (−13.5528+ΔCt_(BLCAP)*4.9346+ΔCt_(CALM3)*2.8244−ΔCt_(GPX1)*1.8043−ΔCt_(TH1L)*2.8452+ΔCt_(RAP1A)*1.2203+ΔCt_(NONO)*1.04) IF (−13.5528+ΔCt_(BLCAP)*4.9346+ΔCt_(CALM3)*2.8244−ΔCt_(GPX1)*1.8043−ΔCt_(TH1L)*2.8452+ΔCt_(RAP1A)*1.2203+ΔCt_(NONO)*1.04)>0 Then IBD or IBS Else Normal
We subsequently analyzed the biomarker performance based on expression levels of combinations of 3 of the 5 genes tested above (Examples 2D and 3B), whose combination differentiates between normal and IBS patients (BLCAP, TH1L, CALM3, HIST1H2BK, and UBE2G1). The classification matrix and diagnostic accuracy estimates of the combination for IBS v Normal, as well as exemplary gene weightings, are shown in Table 17.
TABLE 17 2 × 2 table combination IBS Normal fisher's accuracy sensitivity specificity PPV NPV BLCAP test > 0 81 19 OR = 19.39 81.6% 82.7% 80.6% 81.0% 82.3% TH1L test ? 0 17 79 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ CALM3 equation: −10.0504 + 8.4473* ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 5.4222* ΔCt_(TH1L) + 2.4570 * ΔCt_(CALM3) BLCAP test > 0 88 20 OR = 33.38 84.7% 89.8% 79.6% 81.5% 88.6% TH1L test ? 0 10 78 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ UBE2G1 equation: −16.4275 + 5.0435* ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 4.4467* ΔCt_(TH1L) + 4.1683 * ΔCt_(UBE2G1) BLCAP test > 0 82 16 OR = 27.62 84.2% 84.5% 83.8% 83.7% 84.7% TH1L test ? 0 15 83 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ HIST1H2BK equation: −17.5471 + 8.2126* ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 4.2986* ΔCt_(TH1L) + 2.1835* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) BLCAP test > 0 83 23 OR = 17.68 80.6% 84.7% 76.5% 78.3% 83.3% CALM3 test ? 0 15 75 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ UBE2G1 equation: −21.741 + 0.6081*ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 0.5865*ΔCt_(CALM3) + 3.933*ΔCt_(UBE2G1) BLCAP test > 0 83 25 OR = 15.86 79.6% 84.7% 74.5% 76.9% 83.0% CALM3 test ? 0 15 73 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ HIST1H2BK equation: −24.6537 + 4.4848* ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 2.1685* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 2.9207* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) BLCAP test > 0 83 27 OR = 14.30 78.6% 84.7% 72.4% 75.5% 82.6% UBE2G1 test ? 0 15 71 p = 3.0 × 10⁻¹⁶ HIST1H2BK equation: −27.6040 + 1.2774* ΔCt_(BLCAP) + 2.8181* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 1.7602* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) TH1L test > 0 81 24 OR = 14.43 79.1% 82.7% 75.5% 77.1% 81.3% CALM3 test ? 0 17 74 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ UBE2G1 equation: −19.4675 − 2.5799* ΔCt_(TH1L) + 0.9379* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 6.1263* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) TH1L test > 0 72 35 OR = 4.94 68.9% 73.5% 64.3% 67.3% 70.8% CALM3 test ? 0 26 63 p = 1.7 × 10⁻⁷ HIST1H2BK equation: −17.0992 − 1.3345* ΔCt_(TH1L) − 0.1432* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 2.3132* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) TH1L test > 0 84 24 OR = 18.13 80.6% 85.7% 75.5% 77.8% 84.1% UBE2G1 test ? 0 14 74 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ HIST1H2BK equation: −23.9436 − 2.0622* ΔCt_(TH1L) + 5.8134* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 1.4056* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) CALM3 test > 0 82 25 OR = 14.70 79.1% 83.7% 74.5% 76.6% 82.0% UBE2G1 test ? 0 16 73 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ HIST1H2BK equation: −26.9573 − 1.7284* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 4.4926 ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 2.016* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK)
We subsequently analyzed the biomarker performance based on expression levels of combinations of 5 of the 6 genes tested above (Examples 2A, 2B, and 3A), whose combination differentiates between normal and IBD patients (RAP1A, BLCAP, UBE2G1, CALM3, GPX1, and NONO). TABLE 18 2 × 2 table combination IBD Normal fisher's accuracy sensitivity specificity PPV NPV RAP1A test > 0 162 25 OR = 17.27 81.9% 85.7% 74.5% 86.6% 73.0% BLCAP test ? 0 27 73 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ UBE2G1 GPX1 CALM3 equation: −10.7716 + 3.2485* ΔCt_(RAP1A) + 5.4360* ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 3.4723*ΔCt_(UBE2G1) − 3.4642* ΔCt_(GPX1) + 3.3511* ΔCt_(CALM3) RAP1A test > 0 163 32 OR = 12.78 79.8% 86.2% 67.3% 83.6% 71.7% UBE2G1 test ? 0 26 66 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ GPX1 CALM3 NONO equation: −24.3638 + 3.2362* ΔCt_(RAP1A) + 0.4716*ΔCt_(UBE2G1) − 2.2953* ΔCt_(GPX1) + 2.3207* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 2.3578* ΔCt_(NONO) RAP1A test > 0 163 30 OR = 14.03 80.5% 86.2% 69.4% 84.5% 72.3% BLCAP test ? 0 26 68 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ GPX1 CALM3 NONO equation: −22.0546 + 2.9300* ΔCt_(RAP1A) + 1.8471 *ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 2.5939* ΔCt_(GPX1) + 2.0732* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 1.5925* ΔCt_(NONO) RAP1A test > 0 160 36 OR = 9.40 77.4% 84.7% 63.3% 81.6% 68.1% BLCAP test ? 0 29 62 p = 4.3 × 10⁻¹⁶ UBE2G1 CALM3 NONO equation: −26.4580 + 4.3570* ΔCt_(RAP1A) + 2.2414*ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 1.0652* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 0.2504* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 1.2175* ΔCt_(NONO) RAP1A test > 0 159 25 OR = 15.28 80.8% 84.1% 74.5% 86.4% 70.9% BLCAP test ? 0 30 73 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ UBE2G1 GPX1 NONO equation: −21.1203 + 4.7113* ΔCt_(RAP1A) + 3.8401*ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 1.7575* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) − 2.2260* ΔCt_(GPX1) + 1.2861* ΔCt_(NONO) BLCAP test > 0 165 31 OR = 14.67 80.8% 87.3% 68.4% 84.2% 73.6% UBE2G1 test ? 0 24 67 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ GPX1 CALM3 NONO equation: −9.0048 + 3.6181*ΔCt_(BLCAP) − 1.6280* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) − 3.6336* ΔCt_(GPX1) + 4.4814* ΔCt_(CALM3) + 0.8072* ΔCt_(NONO)
We subsequently analyzed the biomarker performance based on expression levels of combinations of 6 of the 7 genes tested above (Examples 2E and 3C), whose combination differentiates between IBS and IBD patients (RAP1A, UBE2G1, CALM3, GPX1, HIST1H2BK1, PPP2R5A, and BLCAP). The classification matrix and diagnostic accuracy estimates of the combination for IBS v IBD, as well as exemplary gene weightings, are shown in Table 19.
TABLE 19 2 × 2 table combination IBD IBS fisher's accuracy sensitivity specificity PPV NPV RAP1A test > 0 168 27 OR = 16.26 81.5% 86.2% 72.4% 85.8% 73.2% UBE2G1 test ? 0 21 71 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ CALM3 GPX1 HIST1H2BK PPP2R5A equation: 16.6895 + 5.155* ΔCt_(RAP1A) − 2.5462* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 4.8674*ΔCt_(CALM3) − 2.3979* ΔCt_(GPX1) − 2.8183* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) − 2.9778* ΔCt_(PPP2R5A) RAP1A test > 0 167 29 OR = 17.80 82.2% 88.4% 70.4% 85.2% 75.8% CALM3 test ? 0 22 69 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ GPX1 HIST1H2BK PPP2R5A BLCAP equation: 13.2115 + 4.4136* ΔCt_(RAP1A) + 4.8119* ΔCt_(CALM3) − 2.1923* ΔCt_(GPX1) − 3.0788* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) − 3.2874* ΔCt_(PPP2R5A) − 1.3537* ΔCt_(BLCAP) RAP1A test > 0 168 29 OR = 18.75 82.6% 88.9% 70.4% 85.3% 76.7% UBE2G1 test ? 0 21 69 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ GPX1 HIST1H2BK PPP2R5A BLCAP equation: 14.9114 + 6.8342* ΔCt_(RAP1A) − 6.6508* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) − 1.5818* ΔCt_(GPX1) − 1.3437* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) − 2.0964* ΔCt_(PPP2R5A) + 4.3897* ΔCt_(BLCAP) RAP1A test > 0 171 31 OR = 20.22 82.9% 90.5% 68.4% 84.7% 78.8% UBE2G1 test ? 0 18 67 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ CALM3 HIST1H2BK PPP2R5A BLCAP equation: 6.224 + 7.0296* ΔCt_(RAP1A) − 5.2346* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 1.0171* ΔCt_(CALM3) − 1.8810* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) − 2.1413* ΔCt_(PPP2R5A) + 2.7922* ΔCt_(BLCAP) RAP1A test > 0 166 29 OR = 16.93 81.9% 87.8% 70.4% 85.1% 75.0% UBE2G1 test ? 0 23 69 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ CALM3 GPX1 PPP2R5A BLCAP equation: 14.1274 + 5.8613* ΔCt_(RAP1A) − 7.1962* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 1.1262* ΔCt_(CALM3) − 2.1478* ΔCt_(GPX1) − 2.2727* ΔCt_(PPP2R5A) + 4.7122* ΔCt_(BLCAP) UBE2G1 test > 0 165 39 OR = 10.29 78.0% 87.3% 60.2% 80.9% 71.1% CALM3 test ? 0 24 59 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ GPX1 HIST1H2BK PPP2R5A BLCAP equation: 21.6433 − 3.1122* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 5.9519* ΔCt_(CALM3) − 3.2758* ΔCt_(GPX1) − 2.2307* ΔCt_(HIST1H2BK) − 1.2969* ΔCt_(PPP2R5A) + 1.5055* ΔCt_(BLCAP) RAP1A test > 0 164 29 OR = 15.40 81.2% 86.8% 70.4% 85.0% 73.4% UBE2G1 test ? 0 25 69 p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ CALM3 GPX1 HIST1H2BK BLCAP equation: 12.5376 + 4.5779* ΔCt_(RAP1A) − 6.7553* ΔCt_(UBE2G1) + 2.5618*ΔCt_(CALM3) − 2.1679* ΔCt_(GPX1) − 1.9711 * ΔCt
1. 2. The biomarker of claim 1, wherein the biomarker consists of between 6 and 25 probe sets.
3. The biomarker of claim 1, wherein the biomarker consists of between 6 and 15 probe sets.
4. The biomarker of claim 1, wherein the biomarker consists of between 6 and 8 probe sets.
5. A biomarker consisting of between 6 and 35 different nucleic acid primer pairs, wherein: (a) a first primer pair is capable of selectively amplifying a detectable portion of SEQ ID NO:3 (BLCAP), wherein each primer in the first primer pair consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:3 (BLCAP), or a full complement thereof; (b) a second primer pair is capable of selectively amplifying a detectable portion of SEQ ID NO:5 (UBE2G1), wherein each primer in the second primer pair consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:5 (UBE2G1), or a full complement thereof; (c) a third primer pair is capable of selectively amplifying a detectable portion of SEQ ID NO:6 (CALM3), wherein each primer in the third primer pair consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:6 (CALM3), or a full complement thereof; (d) a fourth primer pair is capable of selectively amplifying a detectable portion of SEQ ID NO:13 (NONO), wherein each primer in the fourth primer pair consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:13 (NONO), or a full complement thereof; (e) a fifth primer pair is capable of selectively amplifying a detectable portion of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2 (RAP1A), wherein each primer in the fifth primer pair consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2 (RAP1A), or a full complement thereof; and (f) a sixth primer pair is capable of selectively amplifying a detectable portion of SEQ ID NO:7 and/or SEQ ID NO:8 (GPX1), wherein each primer in the sixth primer pair consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 (GPX1), or a full complement thereof; wherein each of the between 6 and 35 different primer pairs consists of one or more primer pairs, wherein each primer consists of 15 or more contiguous nucleotides, or full complements thereof, for a different, and wherein each of the different primer pairs is optionally detectably labeled.
6. The biomarker of claim 5, wherein the biomarker consists of between 6 and 25 primer pairs.
7. The biomarker of claim 5, wherein the biomarker consists of between 6 and 15 primer pairs.
8. The biomarker of claim 5, wherein the biomarker consists of between 6 and 8 primer pairs..
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bub_gb_x5FAAAAAcAAJ_30 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | II, 4. 5.) u. weicht jedem guten Gedanken u. Antriebe zur Er: kenntniß aus. (S. Joh. XVIII, 58. Apoſtlg. XXIV, 25. XXVI, 24— 32.) Leid, Gram, Betruͤbniß, Trauer; 463 J. Leiden (Geneſ. L, 40. 1 Koͤn. XV, 35. ob. VIT, 20. Matth. V,5. 2 For. IX, 45.) Ungluͤck, Unrebt, Scha⸗ den; (Denkſpr. Ill, 50. XIE, 24, Eccli. XXXVIII, 46. 2 Kor. VII, 2. Offenb. IT, 41.) Traurigfcit u. Neue. (Serem. VII, 6.) Leiden, mit Unluft empfinden, erdulden, von einem Uebel be— troffen werden; (Pſalm. CIL 6. Denkſpr. XIX, 45. 4 Ror. XII, 26. ertragen, aushalten; (Œccli. I, 2.4. Jerem. X, 19. 4 Petr. II, 49.) ſich gefallen laffen. (fai. I, 44. Mar. IX, 40.) Leiden, (bas) alle Ereigniffe, wels che unfern Wuͤnſchen widerfprez chen und unangenehme Empfin⸗ dungen bervorbringens Wider⸗ waͤrtigkeiten, Truͤbſale, Krank⸗ heiten, Unfehtungen; (Job VI, 2. XIV, 1. Pſalm. XXXVII, Denkſpr. XVIII, 44. Hebr. II, 48. Verfolgungen um der Tugend u. des Chriſtenthums willen. (2 Kor. L 5. 7. Koloſſ. 1,24. Jat. V, 40.) Das Leiden Chrifti. (Philipp. III, 10. Hebr. II, 9.) IL Leiden muß der Menſch als Schickungen Gottes anſehen (Eccli. XI, 14. Amos III, 6.) und alé Beweiſe feiner Liebe, zu un: ferer Befferung. Denkſpr. ILE, 42. Bergl. Sob XX XVI, 7. 4 Ror. XI, 52.) wobl auch als Pruͤfungen. (1 Perr. I, 6.7, IV,42.) Man barf baber von bdenfelben nicht auf bie Safterbaftigfeit des Leis denden ſchließen. (S. Joh. IX, 4 — 3. Bergl. Fob XVI, 2— 44, XIX,2— 6.) Gie fübren uns zur Befferung, (Palm. CXVIIL, 67. 74. Job XX VI, 7 — . 40. 4 Petr. IV, 4. 2.) entfernen : ftus uns von der Anhaͤnglichkeit an das Irdiſche, (2 or. IV, 47. 48.) u. erquiden uns mit gôttlihen Wahrheiten. (Pfalm. CXVIII, 92 .—95. 2 Kor. VIII, 2.) Daber find Leiden zur Seligkeit noth— wendig: (Matth. VII, 44.) Chris dib mußte durch Leiden — u. zwar um unſeretwillen — in Leiden feine Herrlichkeit eingehen; (Luk. XXIV, 26.46. ©. fai. LIL, 5.) fie find alfo bas Kennzeichen eines wabren Nachfolgers Chrifti. (Matth. XVI, 24. ob. XVI, 35, 0 Tim. II, 42.) Man muf bden Leiden mit Ergebung in Got: tes Willen entgegenfehen, (Gccli.II,4. Hebr. XIE, 6.) und ibnen nicht ausweichen, noch ſich von benfelben abfchreden laſſen, (Matth. X, 58. DPbilipp. I, 27 — 50. 2 Tim.l, 8.) nach bem Bei: Âpiele Jeſu, (Matth. XXVIL 39.) u, deé Apoſtels Paulus. (Apo⸗ ſtelg. XX, 22 24. XXI, 43.) Man ertrage die Leiden im Ver— tranen auf Gott mit Demuth u. Geduld; EEccli. II, 2 — 8. S. Job XIX, 25 27. 2Kor. IV, 16. Epheſ. VI, 10 17.) mit ſtand⸗ baftem Muthe u. einer gewiſſen Freudigkeit; (DenÉfpr. III, 44. 12. 9 or. XII, 410. Vergl. Martb. V, 44.42. Luk. VI,22. Hebr. XII, 2.) mit Hinblick auf die ewige Be⸗ — (Roͤm. VIII, 48. 25-25. 0 Lim. 1V,6.8.) Na überffandez nem Leiden follen wir Gott dan: ken u.feine Treue erkennen, (Pſal⸗ men CVI, Lu. f. CXVIII, 49. 50. 1 for. X, 45.) u. ibn für die Zu— funft um nene Staͤrke bitten. (Jak. V, 45. Siehe Pſalm. XLV, 1, 2.) Leiden Chriſti iſt der Inbegriff der großen u. vielen Schmerzen, Kraͤnkungen, Peinigungen u. des Kreuztodes, welchem Jeſus Chriſtus zur Erloͤſung des menſchlichen Geſchlechtes ſich un—⸗ ter3og u. welches ſchou durch die Propheten vorhergeſagt war. (Pſalm. XXL Iſai. LIIL) Es war folhes ein unfhuldiges, (2 for. V, 21. 1 Petr. III, 18.) ein freiwilliges, (Joh. X, 45. 18. XIV, 54.) ein der ganzen Welt heilſames, (Joh. ILE, 46. 2 Kor. V, 14. 15.48. 4 Tim. II, Le 0 Lim. I, 40.) aber ſchweres Leis deu. (Matth. XX,22.) Jeſus litt an feinem Koͤrper; er wurde feinen Geinden dberliefert und 464 * . 89—50. Leiden gefangen, (Matth. XXVI, 47. b0.) dem Geſpoͤtt der Gerichtsdiener Preis gegeben und von ihnen ſchrecklich mißhandelt; (v. 67. 68. Luk. XXII, 65 65.) graus ſam gegeißelt, ſpoͤttlich mit Dor⸗ nen gekroͤnt u. dabei neuerdingé beſchimpft u. ſ. w., (Matth. XXVII, 26—50. Mark. XV,45 — 19.) hierauf unbarmherzig mit Naͤgeln an ein Kreuz gebefter, u. zwiſchen zwei Moͤrdern auf: gerichtet; (Matth. XXVII, 35 — 88: Mark. XV, 24 — 97.) an welchem er erft nad 3 qualvols len Stunden verſchied. (Mark. XV, 25.35. 54. 37:) Jeſus lit. au feiner Seele: ein treulofer Juͤnger verrieth ibn, (Matth. XXVI, 44 — 416. 25.) am Delz berge war feine Geele traurig bis in den Tod, (Marf. XIV, 84u.f.) u. fein Schweiß rann wie dide Blutstropfen herab; (Luf. XXIT, 45. 44.) fein Derg war durch die Flucht feiner Ver: trauten aͤußerſt becroffen, (v.45 — 53.) u. burd) die Verläugnung des Petrus ſehr gefträntr, (Marf. XIV, 67 72.) Er litt au feiner Ehre, ba das Sreug alé die ſchimpflichſte Todesſtrafe angeſehen wurde; u. ueben den ſchrecklichſten Schmerzen zugleich alle nur moͤglichen Laͤſterungen u. Kraͤnkungen. (Matth. XXVII, Mark. XV, 29 537.) Er litt Alles mit dem willigſten Gehorſam, (Matth. XXVI, 59. 42. Philipp. II, 8.) mit der groͤßten Geduld; (2 Theſſal. LÉ, 5. Offenb. I, 9.) mit der auſ— ſerordentlichſten Demuth u. Sanft⸗ muth; (Hebr. XII, 2. 4 Detr. II, 25.) mit der zaͤrtlichſten Liebe gegen die Menſchheit, ſelbſt gegen ſeine bitterſten Feinde. CCuk. XXII, 34. Joh. XIII, 4. 34. 55. : Epbef. V, 25.) Sein Kiden war für ibn der Weg zur Herrlich— keit, (Cuk. XXIV, 26, Yypoftig.ll, 56. Philipp. IL, 8. 9.) wobin auch feine Befenner ibm nads Leiben, Leim,£ebm. Leidenſchaften | folgen follen. (Rôm. VIII, 17.48. Koloſſ. I, 4 1 Perr.IV,15. S. Leidenſchaften find gewiffe Gez müthébewegungen, welche aus der Vorſtellung wabrer oder ein: gebildeter guter oder. boͤſer Ge— genffânde entfteben. Der Menſch ift wegen der durch die Suͤnde verdorbenen Natur zu bôfen Lei— denſchaften vorzuͤglich geneigt; (Geneſ. VI, 5. Roͤm. VII 25. Vergl. VI, 12. Jak. IV, 4. 2.) er kann ſolche aber, mit Gottes Hilfe, beſiegen. (Geneſ. IV, 7, Eccli.XVIII, 30.51. Vergleiche Deutr. X, 16.) Leier, das unter dem Namen Lyra bekannte Inſtrument batte 5 oder mehr Saiten, und wird im Hebraͤiſchen Kinnor ge— nannt, was ebenfalls eine Cy— ther bedeuten kann. (S. 1Koͤn. À, 5. 9 Koͤn. VI, 5.' 8 Koͤn. X, 12. lai. V, 42. Amos V, 23.) den Nießbrauch einer Sache auf einige Zeit verſtatten. (Exod. XII, 36. Deutr. XV, 8. Eccli. XXIX, 2.3. Luk. VI, 55.) 1) Thon, eine Erdart; (Leo. XIV, 42. 43. Job XXXVIIE, 44. fai. XXIX, 16.) gebrannter Thon, Toͤpferwerk; 4 6 (Dan. I, 55 u. f.) 2) Usphalt, Erdpech. (Genef. XI, 3. XIV,40. Exod. II, 3.) 3) Das Bild des gebrechlichen menſchlichen Koͤr—⸗ pers. (Job IV, 49. X,9. Vergl. IJ Iſai. XLV, 9. Jerem. XVIII, 6.) Man pflegte unter ben Lehm ge: hacktes Stroh zu mengen und beides mit den Fuͤßen zu treten, 2 J Lenden (Exod. XX VIII, 42. Lev. VI, 10.) 2) Aus Byſſus oder feiner es avptither Baumwolle gewebt; (Exod. XXV, 4.) wegen ibrer Zartheit u. Weiße aud Seide genannt, der Stoff der oberprie— ſterlichen u. koͤniglichen Kleidung. (Exod. XXXIX, 4, 41Chron. XV, 27. 9 Gbron. V,12. Eſth. VIII, 45. Ezech. XVI, 40.) 5) Aus Leinen verfertigte Tücher. (Mate thaͤi XX VII, 59, Marf. XV, 46u. a. D. Offenb. XV, 6.) Weiße Leinwand ift ein Sinnbild der Reinbeit u. Unſchuld. (Of: fenb. XIX,S8.) 4) Gin leinenes Oberkleid. (Marf. XIV, b1. 52.) Leiter; die gebeimnifvolle Leiter Jakob's in einer naͤchtlichen Er— ſcheinung, welche von der Erde bis an ven Himmel reichte u, auf welcher die Engel auf: und niederftiegen, (Geneſ. XXVIII, 12.) iſt ein ſichtbares Bild der goͤttlichen Vorſehung u. Fuͤrſorge fuͤr die Menſchen, namentlich auch mittelſt der Engel. (Pſalm. XC, 11) Lefum, Lafum, Stadt im Stamme Nephthali. Goſu. XIX, 55.) Lenden, gleihbedeutend mit Huͤf⸗ | ten. (Pſalm. XXXVII, 8. Job XL, 11.) Aus Femandé Leu: den fommen: von ibm bers flammen. (Genet. XXXV, 44. XLVI, 26. 3 Koͤn. VIII, 19.) N ocd in des Vaters Lenden ſeyn: ungeboren. (Hebr. VII, 5, 40.) Frucht ſeiner Lenden: Nachkommen. (Apoſtlg. II, 30.) an⸗ Um die Lenden thun: ziehen. (3 Koͤn. XX, 34. 52.) Die Lenden umgürten, odet ge gürtet ſeyn: veifefertig machen oder ſeyn — ruͤhrt von ber Ces wobnbeit ber, das Oberkleid auf= zuſchuͤrzen. (Exod. XII, 414. 8 fn. XVIII, 46 u. a. D.) Ueber baupt ſich bereit machen, an: fiden. (ob XL, 2. Jerem. I, 17. Luk. XII, 35. Epheſ. VI, 14.) 30 was eine Art Ziegel gab. Auf diefen Gebrauch beziehen ſich die Ausdruͤcke der Propheten, um ihre erhaltenen Aufiraͤge faßlich au machen. (fai. XLI, 25. Jer. XLIII, 9. Nah. III, 44.) Leinen, Leinwand, 9aus Lein oder Flachs verfertigt. (Lev. XIII, 47.59. Joh. XX, 5—7.) Leinene Beinkleider gebdrten zu der Amts⸗ kleidung des juͤdiſchen Prieſters. Woͤrterbuch d. h. Schrift. 1. Leopard 466 Das Innere, das Gemuͤth. (Iſai. XXI, 5. 1Petr. I, 45.) Leopard, Pardel, ein reißendes aber ſchoͤn gezeichnetes Thier; ſolche machten den Libanon un—⸗ ſicher. (Hohel. IV, 8.) Leſa, Laſa, Lechem, eine Stadt . am todten Meere an der aͤußer⸗ ſten Graͤnze; (Genef. X, 49.) éinerlei mit Ralirboe, na Andern mit Lais. Lernen, etwas flar erfennen, fenntniffe fammeln, Belehrun— gen aunebmen, . (Deutr. V, 4.6. Denkſpr. IV, 4. VI, 6. Matth. IX, 45. 1 Ror. XIV, 55.) auc) von unmittelbarer Offenbarung. Goh. VI, 45. Gal. I, 12.) SLefen. 4) Ginfanrmeln, einärn ten. (Ruth IL, 45 u. f. Luk. VI, 44.) 2) Die Schriftzeichen mit den Augen zuſammenfaſſen. (Exod. XXIV,7.) Die Leſekunſt wurde vor der Wegfuͤhrung vor⸗ zugsweiſe vom Stamme Levi betrieben; (Deutr. XVII, 48.) u. aufer ibnen von boben Perfonen. (Deutr. XVII, 49. 4 fn. V, 7. XXII, 8. 40 u. a. ©.) Letzt, von Dingen, melde Fein Andres nad fit baben. (Joh. VIL 57.) 3ur leften Zeit, in den letzten agen: einff, in Sufunft, am Œnde. (Deutr. IV, 50. Sfañ Il, 2. 4 Tim. LV, 1. APetr. J, 5. 20. Jak. V, 3.) Die Erſten und Letzten: die ganze ausfuͤhrliche Geſchichte. (1 Chron. XXIX, 29, 9 Chron. IX, 29. XIL,45.) Der Erſte und Letzte: Gott zur Pexeihs nung (einer Allmacht u. Ewig⸗ (fai. XLI, 4. Offenb. L 8. 17. Leuchte, Lampe, Licht. (Exod. XXVII, 20. Denkſpr. XX, 27.) Iſt ein Bild der Wachſamkeit; Leuchter Pſalm. XVII, 29. Denkſpr. XX, 29. XXI,4.) Leuchte, für Nachkommen. (4 Ron. VILLE, 19. 2 Chron. XXI,7.) Mit Leuch ten eine Stadt durchſu— en: fie vèllig ausplüuderu. (Soph. I, 45.) | Leuchten, Licht von ſich geben, J. ſtrahlen, glaͤuzen. (Exod. XXV, 57. Denfiprüche IV, 18. Eccli. XXXII, 7.) Wird gebraucht 4) vom thaͤtigen Glauben u. von den guten Werken und Lehren. (Matth. V, 15. 16. S. Eccli. XXXII, 20.) 2) Von der ewigen Gluͤckſeligkeit. (Dan. XII, 5. Matth. XIII, 45. Vergl. 1Kor. XV, 41.) Das Angeſicht er— leuchten über Jemand: ibm gnaͤdig ſeyn. (Pſalm. XXX, 47. LXVI, 2. CXVIII, 455.) Leuchter; beſonders iſt in der h. Schrift zu bemerken der ſchoͤn verzierte gediegene Goldleuchter in der Stiftshuͤtte, aus deſſen Stamm 6 Arme, jeder mit 5 Bechern u. ſ. w. hervorgingen; ſieben Lampen ſollten auf die ſieben Spitzen des Leuchters ge— ſtellt werden, und das Gewicht des Leuchters ſammt allem Zu—⸗ behoͤr ſollte einen Zentner betra—⸗ gen. (Exod. XXV, 51 —40. Lev. XXIV, 4.) S. Gewicht. Lam⸗ pe. Im Tempel Salomom's waren zehn ſolche Leuchter. (5 Rôn. VIE 49. 2 Chron. IV, 7. 20.) Gie wurden endlid nach Babylon gebracht, (Serem. LIE, 49.) aber wabrfheintid unter Cyrus wieder zuruͤckgegeben. (1 Esdr.V, 44. 45. VI, 5. Vergl. 4Makk. I, 25.) Nachdem À. An⸗ tiochus ſolche zum zweiten Male eraubt hatte, ließ Judas Ma: abaͤus neue verfertigen. (1 Makk. IV, 49. 50.) (Dentipr. XXXI, 8.) der fittli en Belehrung; (Ray. VI, 23, Palm. CXVIIL, 405. Offenb. XXI, 23.) eines glüdlichen 3u flandes u° des goͤttlichen Schu⸗ tzes. (Job XXI, 47. XXIX, 3. II. Leuchter. Das Geſicht des Propheten Zacharias von ei— nem goldenen £eudter follte wobl die Gortfebung und gluͤckliche Vollendung des Tem⸗ pelbaues andeuten. Gach. IV, ↄ. Dengemeinden Pot IT. Levis Stamm; Levi 11, 42.) Die fieben goldenen Leuchter des beil. Johan— mes find bas Bild der 7 Kir— von Klein—⸗ afien und bderer Bifhôfe, und gwar wie folhe ſeyn follren. (Offeub. I, 12. 45. 20. IE, 4. 5.) . Levi, der dritte Sobn des Paz triarhen Jakob von der Lia, welche ibn alfo nannte. (Geneſ. XXIX,54. 1 Chron.Il, 1.) Dur das Blutbad, welches er in Verbindung mit ſeinem Bruder Simeon unter den Sichemiten wegen ihrer Schweſter Dina anrichtete, (Geneſ. XXXIV, [4. 2.125 —51.) zog er ſich ſeines Vaters Verwuͤnſchung und die Weiſſagung zu, ſeine Rad: koͤmmlinge wuͤrden unter den Iſraeliten ohne Erbtheil zerſtreut leben. (Rap. XLIX, 5—7, Vergl. Num. XXVI, 62.) Er war der Abnberr eines Stammes. die Nach⸗ fommlinge des Levi und feiner drei Soͤhne Gerſon, Raatb u. Merari; (Genef. XLVE, 44. Exoùd. VI, 46 — 25, Num. ILE, 6. 47—20.) bei der Volkszaͤhlung des Moſes wurden 22,500 mânn: lien Geſchlechts befunden; (Kap. III, 24. 22. 27. 28. 35. 34.) ſie erhielten kein beſonderes Erb⸗ theil. (Deutr. X, 9.) Siehe Le⸗ viten. III. Levi, der Sohn des Alphaͤus, (Mark. IT, 44. Luk. V, 27. 29.) welchen man für eine Perſon mit dem h. Matthaͤus haͤlt. (Matth. IX, 9.) Leviathan; unter dieſem wird das Krokodill verſtanden. Es gab vorgebliche Zauberer, welche durch Beſchwoͤrungen des Levia— than's Wuth gegen dieſen oder jenen zu lenken glaubten. (Job III, 8.) Deſſen Schilderung giebt uns Job ſehr ſchoͤn. (Kap. XL, 20 —928. XLI.) Er bezeich— net Staaten, welche gegen die fraeliteu feindlich geſinnt wa— ren; bei Iſaias waͤhrſcheinlich 467 Leviten bas Bahbyloniſch⸗ Chalbäifhe Reich. (rai. XXVII, 4 Siehe Pfalm. LXXIL, 43.44. Czech. XXIX, 5.) | Leviraths-Ehe oder Recht, auch Pflichtehe genaunt, be: ffand barin, daß, wenn ein Mann Finderlo8 verftorben war, deffen Bruder die binterlaffene Wittwe beurathen mufte; den erftgebornen Sohn aus biefer Ehe fiel die Erbfhaft des erften Mannes zu, gleid) als babe je ner ibn gezeugt. (Gen. XX XVIII, 8.9.) Moſes milderte fpâter dieſes Geſetz inſoweit, daß der Bruder des verſtorbenen Man— nes vor Gericht erklaͤren durfte: „er wolle die Wittwe nicht.“ So wurde er ſeiner Verbindlich— keit los: ſie aber hatte das Recht, ihm einen Schuh vom Fuße zu ziehen u. ins Geſicht zu ſpeien mit den Worten: „ſo thut man einem Manne, der — Bruders Geſchlecht nicht ortpflanzen will.“ Man nannte ihn einen Barfuͤßer. (Deutr. XXV,b—11. ©. Ruth IV, 5 — 8. 140 = .) Leviten, die Nachkommen Le— vi's und feiner Soͤhue, (Exod. VI, 16 u.f.) unter denen auch Moſes u. Aaron waren. (v. 20.) Die Glieder der brei Stamm familien Gerfon, Kaath und Merari wurden ju Dienern u. Gebilfen der Prieſterſchaft und an bie Gtelle der dem „Herrn“ geweihten Erſtgebornen gewaͤhlt. (Num. EL 49. 50. IL, Gu. f. VIII, 16.18. S. Erod. XIIL, 2.) Gie wurden foͤrmlich eingemeibt; ihnen das Haar am Koͤrper ab: geſchoren, der Leib u. die Kleider gewaſchen, ihnen von den Stammfuͤrſten die Haͤnde auf» gelegt (gleichſam als ein Zeichen der Abtretung), ſie von Aaron dem „Herrn““ vorgeſtellt und Suͤndund Brandopfer fuͤr ſie dargebracht. (Num. VIIL, 6 — 20.) Ihre Amtsgeſchaͤfte zu 30 * Leviten 468 Moſes Zeit waren gewiffe niez dere Berrichtungen bei der Stifts⸗ büûtte; beſonders deren Fortſchaf—⸗ fung. (Num. III, 24. 25— 27. 31— 53. 36. 57. IV, 4 u. ft.) bre 3elre batten fie rings um ben Vorhof der Stiftshuͤtte; gleihfam die Leibwache Jeho— vas (Num. J, 55. III, 25. 29. 35.) Alle drei Klaſſen waren Aaron u. ſeinen Soͤhnen unters geordnet. (Num. VIII, 49. IV, 27. 53.) Den ſchweren Dienft waͤhrend des Zuges durd) bie Wuͤſte verrichteten fie vom 50ten bis zum boten Jahre. (Num. IV, 5. 25. 50. 43. 47.) Als aber bas Deiligthum einen beffimmten Ort erbalren batte, fo trateu an die telle des Tragens der Gtiftébürre leichtere Geſchaͤfte. 4 Chron. XXIII, 25. 26.) David ließ die Zahl der Kinder Levi aufnehmen, und fand deren 38,000 Mann; (4 Chron. XXIII, 3.) aus dieſen wurden 24,000 ſur die 24 Prieſterklaſſen abge— ondert, ſo daß jede Woche 1000 derſelben ihnen als Gez bilfen bei der Zubereitung der Opfer dienen follten. (v. 28.29, Rap. XXIV, 20 — 51.) 4000 bils deten die Tempelwache. (v. 5. 82. XXVI, 4— 49.) Anderen wurden die Tempelſchaͤtze anverz traut; (v. 20 u. f.) 6000 murden als. Borfteber u. Richter aller Orten angeftellt. (ap. XXIIT, 4. 2 Chron. XIX,8.411. XXXIV, 43.) 4000 ſollten fi bem beil. Gefange weihen; ibre Borfteber waren Aſaph, Heman uud Ethan, welche 24 ©bbne bat: teu, denen jedem 49 Sangmeifter beigegeben wurden, nebft welchen fie abmwechfeind die b. Muſik leiteten. (4 Cbron. XXIII, 5.50. XXV,1u.f, 2GCbron. V, 19.) Der Dienft begann nun mit bem 20ten Jahr. (1 Chron. XXIII, 24. 27.) Zum eigentlichen Prieſterthume konnten die Levi: ten nie gelangen; fie trugeu Leviticus zum Unterſchiede ein leinenes Gewand von weniger koſtbarem Stoffe. (2 Chron.V, 12.) Ihr Haupt-Einkommen war der Zehent von allen Fruͤchten des Landes, (Num. XVIII, 24.) auf: ſerdem der Antheil an den Gaft mablen bei Danfopfern. (Deutr. XII, 48.49. XVE, 44.) Nach der Eroberung Changan's erbielt der Stamm Levi dafelbft ad)t und biergig Staͤdte, von benen dreigebn in den Staͤmmen Juda, Simeou u. Benja— min für bie Priefter, die an Dern 35 in ben dbrigen Staͤm— men für bie Leviten beftimmt wurden; dabei waren Weiden u. Gaͤrten. (Num. XXXV, 2—8. Joſu. XIV, 3. 4. XXI, 1 u. f.) Go befamen die Staͤmme an den Seviren eine Art Aufſeher u. Ratbgeber: auferdem waren fie Rechtsgelehrte, Richter und Morlefer des Gefeses, welches thnen anvertraut wurde. (Deutr. XVIL Su.f. XXI 5. XXXLI 9 — 12, XXXIII, 8,9.) Leviten ftebt guweilen für den Grarmm Levi felbff. (Deutr. XXIV, 8. XXVIE, 44 4 Gbron. XXIV, 20 u. a. D. ©. auch Joh. I, 49.) €. Natbineer. | Levitenbäufer blieben in ben Staͤdten immer eiulbébar, auch im Salle, wenn das Raufjabr fon voruͤber mar, ba fie Fein Grundeigenthum befañen. (Lev. XXV, 29 — 54.) Leviticus. Daé IL. canonifche Buch deë A. T. oder das LII. Buch Moſes, heißt Leviticus, weil es durchaus von den Kir— chengebraͤuchen u. Einrichtungen des juͤdiſchen Gottesdienſtes und von den Verrichtungen der Prie— ſter u. Leviten handelt. Col ches zerfaͤllt ſchicklich in drei Theile. Im üiſten kommen die | verſchiedenen Gattungen der Opfer vor. (Rap. I— VIE) Im ten iſt die Rede von der Gin weihung gum Prieſterthume; Lia 469 von der geſetzlichen Reinigkeit u. Unreinigkeit bei Thieren und Menſchen⸗u. den dabei zu beob: achtenden Gebraͤuchen; von dem Verſoͤhnungstage; von großen Verbrechen u. deren Strafen; von einigen andern Geſetzen. (Ray. VIII XXIIL) Der 5te enthâlt die grofen Feſte u. das SGubeljabr und beren Gever; fvribt von den Geluͤbden und Zehenten; von mebren andern otteébienftlihen Anordnungen. Rap. XXIV — XX VIL.) Es umz faßte nur den Monat von Auf: richtung der Stiftshuͤtte (Exod. XL, 2.) bis zur Volkszaͤhlung. (Num. I, 4 u. f.) Lia, Lea, die âltere Tochter Las ban's, welche diefer betruͤglicher Weiſe dem Jakob ftarr ber gweiten (Rachel) gur Ebefrau gab; (Genef. XXIX, 46. 417. 25. 24.) Gott fegnete fie befonder8: denn fie gebar 6 Soͤhne: Ru— ben, Gimeon, Levi, Juda, Iſſachar und 3abulon und eine Tochter Dina; (v. 31 — 55. XXX,47— 91.) fie wurde in das Familienbegraͤbniß ibres ces begraben. (Ray. XLIX, 51. Sibanon, Laban, 4) (der Weiße, weil beffen Boden u. Felſen ziemlich weiß, u. deſſen Gipfel mit ewigem Schnee be: deckt ſind) iſt eines der hoͤchſten Gebirge an der Nordgraͤnze Paz laͤſtina's, groͤßtentheils zu Sy— rien gehoͤrig. Es beſteht aus zwei von der Muͤndung des Leontes an in vier verſchiedenen Abdachungen hinlaufenden Berg⸗ reihen, welche das große Thal Coleſy rien einſchließen. a) Die rechts liegende heißt von ihrer gleichlaufenden, ſich dem ſyri— riſchen Libanon gleichſam ent— gegenſtemmenden Lage Anti— libanus u. fuͤhrt, als ju Paz laͤſtina gebdrend, in ber Heil. nus. (Apoſtlg. VE 9, 40.) Licht Theil deſſelben heißt Hermon. Der Antilibanus bietet bei ſeiner Hoͤhe den ſteten Anblick einer Fruͤhlingsund YBinter: landfaft gugleid) dar: benn waͤhrend die nadren Felſengipfel in Schnee und in Wolken gez bülit find, wadfen auf den niez deren Gegenden Getreide, Oel— bâume, Yaumwollenftauden u. ſ. w., u. aud) in der b. Schrift werden. die Düfte Der gewuͤrz— reichen Kraͤuter u. der Wein des Libanon geruͤhmt. (Hohel. IV, 14. Oſee XIV, 7. 8.) Die Wal: dungen, welche auch reich an Wild find, (GHohel. IV, 8.) beſtehen mei— ſtens aus Cypreſſen, Tannen u. Fichten. b) Der (prifh : phbs nicife u. eigentliche £ibanon ſtoͤßt in Suͤden an Palaͤſtina, u. macht zugleich von hier nach Norden zu bis an den Eleuthe— tué die Graͤnze Phoͤnicien's aus. Von bem zu dieſem Lande gehoͤrenden Theil bezog der K. Salomon das beruͤhmte Ce— dernholz zu ſeinen Bauten. (5 Rôn. V,6.) S. auch Ceder. 2) Libanon ſteht für Palaͤcti— na, (Zach. X, 40.) u. wird oͤfters gebraucht als ein Bild der Pracht und Hoheit; (GJerem. XXIL, 25. XXIX, 47.) der Edel— ften u. Angeſehenſten; EEzech. XVII, 5. Zach. XL, 4.) befonders des juͤdiſchen Staats (Yiai. X, 34.) u. Koͤnigshauſes. Gerem. XXII, 6.) Libertiner waren Juden oder Neubekehrte derſelben, und wahrſcheinlich roͤmiſche Frei— gelaffeue oder deren Nach— kommen. Selbige haiten ju Jeruſalem eine Synagoge er— richtet zum Beſten derer, welche aus Rom u. uͤberhaupt aus Italien in jene Stadt reiſten. Die Libertiner hatten einen Streit mit dem h, Stepha— Schrift den Namen Libanon Libna. S. Lobua. uͤberhaupt: der mittlere hoͤchſte Lit; daffelbe wurde durch Gottes Licht 470 Allmacht bervorgerufen, als Sinfternif bie neue Sd: pfung bededte. (Genef. I, 3. 4.) Das Lit wird fuͤr den fduell: fteu u. feinften Stoff gebalten; es bezeichnet 4) die Urfache der Erleuchtung, Helle, beſonders Tageslicht. (Geneſ. I, 5. 18. Job XXVI, 40. Eccle. IT, 43. Weish. VII, 30. Joh. XI, 9.) 2) Die leuchtenden Himmelskoͤrper: Sonne, Mond und Sterne. (Geneſ. J. 44 — 46. Job III, 9, XXXI, 26.) 5) Einen ſtrahlen— den Glanz. (Apoſtlg. IX, 3. XII, 7.) 4) Das kuͤnſtliche Licht der Lampe. (Matth. V, 45. 46. Luk. XIE, 35. Im Morgenlande iſt man fuͤr das naͤchtliche Lichtbrennen ſehr . eingenommen die Zelte der Oro: fren werden nach Yerbâltnif des Manges mit mebr oder weniger Lichtern erleuchtet, u. in den Haͤuſern brennt man in allen Gemachern Licht. Das Lidt der Leuchten binwegneb: menu: von Einwohnern ein Land entleeren. (Serem. XXV, 10.) 5) Das SLebenslicht, Leben. (Job Lil, 46.20. XVIII, 48. Eccli. XXI, 40.) 6) Licht, Licht des Angeſichtes: Gnade, Guͤte; beſonders von Gott. (Job XXIX, 24. Pſalm. IV,7. XIII, 5. 4. Iſai. LX,4.) 7) Die Erleuch: tung von Oben; die Offenba rung; Die Aufklaͤrung durd) die Religion Chriſti; deren Lebrer. (Matth. V, 14.46. Joh. I, 4.5. 0. III, 49,21. VIII, 42. 2 for. 1V,4. VI 14 Epheſ. V, 8. 9.) 8) Der Berftand, (Matth. VI, 25.) 9) Licht ift ein Bild des Gluͤckes, der Freude u. Selig— keit; (Job XVIII, 5. XXX, 26. Pſalm. CXI, 4. Denkſpr. XIII, 9. Jerem. XIII, 46.) der Nach⸗ kommen. ©. Leuchte. Licht und Recht, Lehre und Wahr—⸗ heit. S. Urim u. Thumim. Engel oder Apoſtel des Lich— tes: ein Dieuer u. Befoͤrderer XV, 8. 2Petr. J, 49.) Geſchoͤpfe u. Werke; Liebe —— Anſtalten. (S. 2 Kor. ,14) Kinder des Lichts: die Rechtglaͤubigen. (Joh. XII, 56. Vergl. Joh. I, 5. 9.) Waf—⸗ fen bes Lichts: die noͤthigen Heilsmittel. GRöm. XIII, 42, Vergl. Weish. V, 49.) Fm Lib: te wandeln: in Chriſto, in der Gnade, nach ſeiner Lehre leben. (Iſai. IE, 5. 4 Joh. II, 9.) Finſterniß fuͤr Licht und Licht fuͤr Finſterniß hal— ten: allen Unterſchied zwiſchen Guten u. Boͤſen aufheben (fai. V, 20.) Licht der Menſchen iſt im ausgezeichnetſten Ver— ſtande Chriſtus, der Heiland der Welt. Malach. IV, 2. 5. Joh. J. 47. VII, 42, Hebr. 1,5. Vergl. Matth. IV, 46.) Liebe, Wohlwollen, Zuneigung, Freundſchaft. (Dentipr. XV, 17. ob. XV, 15.) J. Liebe Gottes gegen die Men: fhen: die Eigenſchaft, nach welcher er zur Foͤrderung der ſittlichen Vollkommenheit, alſo der moͤglichſt groͤßten Gluͤckſe⸗ ligkeit der Menſchen, alle An— ſtalten trifft u. erhaͤlt. Gott wird uns als die Liebe ſelbſt, als hoͤchſt guͤtig, barmherzig, gnaͤdig und gerreu dargeſtellt. (Exod. XXXIV, 6. Pſalm. LXXXV, 5u, f. Epheſ. II, 4. ‘4 Joh. IV, 8. 46.) Dieſe Liebe ift unendlid groß: fie er— ſtreckt ſich über Ulles, (Palm. XXXV,5.[6.]) über alle ſeine (Pialm. CXLIV,9. Weish. XV, 4. Rdm. XI, 32.) tiber alle Volker; (Deurr. X. 18. Joh. III, 16. Apoſtlg. X, 54.) über Hohe und Niedere, Reiche u. Arme; (ob XXXIV, 49. Denffpr. XXIL 2.) Gute u. Boͤſe; (Matth. V, 45. Luk. VI, 55.) obue Anſehen der Perjon. (Weish. VI, 8. Eccli. XXXV, 16 — 921.) Gie will uur das Wohl der Gefbdpfe, (Weish. I, 45. Klagl. IL, 55. Ezech. X VIIL, 22. .23. 32. 2 Petr. HE, 9.) fie bleibt Liebe ewig u. unberänberlich. (Palm. CXVII, 4—4. Iſai. LIV, 40.) a) Sie zeigt fid) befonders in Betreff der irdifhen Gluͤck— ſeligkeit der Menſchen: Gott unterwarf ihnen alle uͤbrigen Geſchoͤpfe, (Geneſ. I, 28. Pialm. VII, 6 — 8. Eccli. XVII, 4.) gab ihnen Sernunft, Sprache und andere wuͤnſchenswerthen Güter, (Eccli. XVII, 5. XXXIV, 20. Jerem. XXXIII, 44. Apoſtlg. XIV, 417.) u. ſorgt für deren Unterhalt. (Matth. VE, 25 — 34. b) Vorzuͤglich aber in Hinſicht auf das ewige Wohl: (Yob. III, 46.) er giebt uns bie nd: thige Erkenntniß und Gnade; (Eccli. XVI, 6. 7 u. f. 4 Ror. X, 45. Philipp. Il, 45. 1Theſſal. V, 14.) u. entiiebt aud) bem büfenden Suͤnder feine Siebe nicht. (Exod. XXXIV,6. on. IV, 2. Roͤm. II, 4.) I. Liebe gegen Gott; die aus der erkannten Guͤte Gottes ent: ſtandene anhaltende Geſinnung, vermoͤge welcher wir Gott gern erkennen, verehren u. ihm die— nen. (1Joh. II, 5.15. V, 5.) Dieſe Pflicht ward ſchon im. Moſaiſchen Geſetze als erſtes Hauptgebot befohlen: (Deutr. VI 4— 6. XI, 15.) und im Gnadengeſetze von Chriſto beſtaͤtigt. (Matth. XXII, 57. 58. Bergl. Roͤm. XII, 40. Gal. V,14) Die Beweggruͤnde dau fiuden wir in ben unendliben Bollfommenbeiten, in der Liebe Gottes zu uns und bderen Wir— fungen. (S. Luk. VI, 55. Roͤm. XI, 36. Offenb. IV, 11.) Deren Kennzeichen ſind: 4) daß ſie aus dem Junnerſten des Herzens eutſpringe und ungetheilt ſey; (Pſalm. XXXVI, 4. Matth. XXII, 57.) wobei alle unrecht⸗ maͤßige Liebe zum Irdiſchen bes . feitigt werden muß; (NRôm, VIII, 7. 1Joh. II, 45. Jak. IV, 4.) 2) fid aber auch âufers lich geige : (Deutr.VL, 5. Palm.. 471 Liebe L'XXIT, 28 u. f.) burd eine tiefe Ehrfurcht; (2 Rôn. VI, 44. 24. Luk. [,46 — 55. IT, 49.51.) durch ein inniges Bergnügen an feinen Cigenfbaften, (Pialm. VIII, 2. 40. XLVLGu.f. XCI, 5 — 0.) u. an ſeiner woblthätigen Re— teruug, (Palm, LXVI, 4. Rôm. V, 9— 12.) befonders aber durch die ſtete Erfuͤllung des goͤttlichen Willens. (Pſalm. CXVIII, 80.412.145.141. Eccli. III, 4. Joh. IV, 54. V, 50. XIV, 15. Hebr. XII, 28.) Die Liebe ift die erfte und nothiwe ns biafte aller Tugenben ; (KKor. XIII, 4.43.) fie treibr uné an: gum Geborfam; (Œccli. IE, 48. 1 Sob.Il, 5. III, 24, V, 48.) bez wirkt Gedulo und Grgebung ; (Denkſpr. III, 42. 9 or. IV, 17. Hebr. XIE, 6— 11.) madt uns die Naͤchſtenliebe willkommen, (1 Joh. IV, 7. 42. V, 1. 2.) und ſichert uns die Hoffnung zur Seligkeit. (Jak. II, 5.) IL. Liebe gegen Jeſum iſt eine weſentliche Pflicht des Chri— ſten; ſie wird ausdruͤcklich ge fordert: (Matth. X, 57. Joh. XIV, 24.25. 1Kor. XVI, 22.) Weil Ehriſtus unſrer inniaften und dankbarſten Liebe hoͤchſt wuͤrdig ift: wegen feines Lehr⸗ amtes u. feiner b. Lehre; (Joh. XV, 4. be XVII, 6. Hebr. III, 1.) wegen der freivilligen Ueber— nabme feines Leidens n. Erdul—⸗ dung feines Todes. (Joh. XV, 45. Rom. V,7. 2 For. V, 44. 1Joh. III, 46.) Diefe Liebe muß fi) dufern: burd dankbare Werthſchaͤtzung feiner Wohltha— . ten, Sehnſucht nach ſeiner naͤhe— ren Kenntniß und nach einer kuͤnftigen ewigen Vereinigung mit ibm. (Philipp. III, 7—9, S. 2 Kor. V, 8. Philipp. I, 23. A Petr.[,8.) Durch eine willige Befolgung feiner gdttlichen Lebre, (Joh. XIV, 15. 24 23.) dur Nachahmung feines beil. Bei— ſpiels; (4 Joh. IE, 6.) durch freus Liebe diges oͤffentliches Bekenntniß feines h. Namens und ſeiner h. Religion; (Matth, X, 52. 55. Roͤm. 1,16. 92 Lim. I, 8.) und durch-Hintanſetzung aller irdi— ſchen Vortheile aus reiner Liebe zum Heilande. (Matth. XIX, 29. S. Apoſtlg. V, 44 Philipp. II, 17. 50.) IV. Liebe gegen die Men— ſchen, gegen den Naͤchſten iſt eine Haupttugend, welche bas pflichtmaͤßige Verhalten gez gen Andere in ſich enthaͤlt: ins dem man den Naͤchſten wie ſich ſelbſt wegen Gott liebt. Sie gruͤndet ſich auf das natuͤr— liche Geſetz, (Matth. VII, 12.) auf den Zweck der Schoͤpfung, (Geneſ. I, 27. Epheſ. IV, 23.) auf die Pflichten des geſell— ſchaftlichen Lebens. (Roͤm. XII, 10.) Sie wird Jedem ausdruͤcklich gebo ten, (Matth. XXII, 59. 4 Theſſal. IV, 9. Vergl. Joh. XIII, 54. 4 Kor. XIV, 4. Gal. V, 45. Hebr. XIII, 4 u. f.) u. if Gott hoͤchſt gefaͤllig. de Lied = (à for. N, 8. 10. Gal. VI, 2.) ſo⸗ gar über Feinde u. Glaubens: gegner. (Matth. V, 40 — 48. Rôm. XIV, 1 — 5.) und deren Befferung be: zwecken. (Dentfpr. X, 42. Gal. VI,4.2. 1Petr. IV, 8.) Das erfte u. erbabenfte Beiſpiel der Naͤchſtenliebe gab uns Jeſus Li Li ſelbſt. (Epheſ. V, 2 4 Joh. III, 16.) ebesdienſt; ein ſolcher muß die erwaͤhnten Eigenſchaften ha— ben und ſeine Bergeltung von Gott ermarten, wie Tobias. (Ray. 1,19. 29. XII, 6— 45.) ebesmabl oder Agape; ſolche wurden von ben erften Chriſten . gum Seften der Armen gembdbn: £i (Matth. XXV, 40. Job. XI, 35. Roͤm. XIII, gu.f. 1Joh. II, 40.) Solche iſt zur ſittlichen Vollkommenheit u. aͤchten Froͤm⸗ migkeit unentbehrlich; (2 Petr. 1,7. S. 1Kor. XIII, 4. 2.) fie iſt ein Beweis unſerer Liebe zu Gott; (Denkſpr. XIV, 54. 4 Joh. III, 17. IV, 24. V, 4. 2.) ein Befoͤrderungsmittel unſers zeit— lichen Woyls; 50. XXE, 21. Luk. VI, 23.) und erwirbt uns ewigen Lohn. (Mat—⸗ thaͤi XXV, 54 u. f. Gal. VI, 9. 10.) Sie muß aufrictig und herzlich, (Roͤm. XII, 9: 4 Petr. I, 22. IV, 8. 1Joh. III, 18.) gang uneigennuͤtzig u. dienſtfer— tig ſeyn. (4 Kor. XIII, 4— 7, Epheſ. W, 52. Philipp. IE, 4. S. 1Joh. IL, 17.) Sie muß über alle Menſchen ſich erſtrecken: (Matth. V, 46. 47.) über alle Voͤlker; (Lev. XIX, 48.54. Deutr, X, 19.) dber Fehleude u. Günder; (Denkſpr. XIV, lid) nad) Empfang der b. Com— munion gebalten; unterblieben aber zuletzt wegen der vielen eins geriffenen Mißbraͤuche. (1 For, XI, 20.21. Sud v.12.) ebhaber bezeichnet in der b. Schrift 1) einen âchten Freund; (2 Chron. XX, 7. Denkſpruͤche XXVII, 6.) 2) Berebrer der ch: ten Weisheit. (Weish. VIII, 2.) 3) Leute, welche die Suͤnde, die Wolluͤſte lieben. (Luk. VI, 32. 2 Tim. III, 4.) 4) Die Buhlen Jeruſalem's: die Aegypter, als Verbuͤndete der Iſraeliten. (Jer. XXII, 20. 22. XXX, 44.) Lieblich, was Liebe, WBoblgefal: £i len erweckt; angenehm, anmu— thig. (Pſalm. LXXXIIT, 2. Hohel. _ 5 -Philipp. IV,-8 Koloſſ. , 6. : eblojigéeit ift Mangel an âchter Naͤchſtenliebe, welche durd) Haͤrte, Kraͤnkung u. ſ. w. fit aͤußert. (4 Joh. III, 17.) Solche mißkaͤllt Gott vorzuͤglich, EEccli. XXXV, 2125. Ofee IV, 4. 2.) u. wird beſonders von ihm ge— ſtraft. (Matth. XXV, 44 — 45.) . Lied, Gefang, beſonders Danku. Lobgeſang. (1Chron. XIII, 8. Offenb. XV, 5 u. f.) Job ſchreibt den Gebrauch des Geſanges den Soͤhnen Got— Lied tes (den Engeln) zu. (Kap. XXXVIII,7.) Im Alterthum wur⸗ den gute Lehren u. merkwuͤrdige Dinge in Verſen gefaßt, um ſolche auf die Nachwelt uͤberzu⸗ bringen. (Deutr. XXXI, 19. 24. 22. 30.) Daß die Dichtkunſt der Hebraͤer metriſch ſey, ergiebt ſich aus den alphabetiſchen Gedich— ten, (Pſalm. XXIV. XXXIII. XXXVI. CX. CXI. CXVIII. CXLIV. Denkſpr. XXXI, 40 — 51. Klagel. I—IV.) Die aͤlteſte . Spur der hebraͤiſchen Dichtkunſt findet ſich: Geneſ.IV, 25. 24. und in den Segenswuͤnſchen der ſterbenden Stammvaͤter. (Geneſ. XXVII, 28. 29. Kap. XLIX, Au. f.) Moſes war der aͤlteſte Dich⸗ ter nicht nur der Iſraeliten, ſon— dern aller Voͤlker; ſeine Lieder ſind die aͤlteſten und ſchoͤnſten Denkmale davon; (Exod. XV, 4 — 19. Deutr. XXXII, 1 — 44.) u. feine Thaten gaben Stoff zu Liedern, welche nod) ange nach ibm gefungen wurden. (Ffai. XLIII, 16,19. LI, 9.40. Siehe Pſalm. XVII, 8 — 16.) Nach ibm fang oie Prophetinn Debbora ihr begeiſtertes Siegeslied, (Richt. V.) und die Heldinn Judith ſpaͤter ein aͤhnliches. (Judith XVI, 1-24.) Inzwiſchen hatte die Dichtkunſt durch Samuel's Prophetenſchulen eine neue Rich⸗ tung erhalten, und ſeine di: ler beſangen wohl die Natur u. deren Urheber. (1Koͤn. X, 5.) David's Pſalmen und Lieder weihten die Dichtkunſt zum Ge⸗ brauche des oͤffentlichen Gottes— dienſtes; (Pſalm.XXIII. XXVIII. XXIXu.a.m. S. Matth. XXIII, 59. Apoſtlg.XVI, 25.) doch dich⸗ tete er auch andere Lieder. (2 Koͤn. 1, 47 —97, UE, 55u.f.) Der Wohlſtand unter Galomon's Regierung wirfte auch. auf die Dichtkunſt; von feinen 5000 Liedern (5 Koͤn. IV, 32.) ift jes do, aufer einigen Pſalmen, (LXXI LXXVI) nur bas Bôtterbuch d. 8. Schrift. I 473 Led | Hobelted BIS auf uns gekom⸗ men, Mod verdienen bemerft gu werben: bas Lied des E3es chias nad feiner Genefung;, (fai. XXXVIII, 9 — 20.) ber Gefang bder drei Gefaͤhrten Da— niel's im Feuerofen; (Dan. I, : 05 — 45. b1 —56.57— 90.) daë Lied des Zacharias; (Lui L 68— 79.) u. der Robgefang der h. Gungfrau Maria. (v. 46 — 55.) Indeſſen waren bie ſchoͤ⸗ uen Reden der Propheten entz ftanden, welche ebewfalls einen grofen dichteriſchen Schwung hatten. Die hebraͤiſchen Lieder wurden meiſtens in abwechſeln— den Choͤren geſungen; (Num. XXI, 417. 1Kdn. XVIII, 6. 7. 1Esdr. III, 44. 2 Esdr. XIE, 24.) u. bei verſchiedenen Gelegenhei— ten, 3. B. bei Beglraͤbuiſſen; (Amos VE, 40. : 4 Mafr. IX, 20. 04, Matth. IX, 25.) nad) dent Genuffe des Oſterlammes; (S. Matth, XXVI, 50. Mark. XIV, 26.) auch in den Berfammlun: gen bder erften Gbriften. (1 for. XIV, 26. Epheſ. V, 19. Koloſſ. III, 16.) II. Lied, hohes, bas XXIV. canonifde Buch des A. &. «genannt Sir Haſirim, d. b. bas vollfommenfte Lied, der vortrefflichſte Gefang, der Ge⸗ fang der Gefänge (Canticum Canticorum), für deffen er: faſſer Salomon beinabe allgez mein gebalten wird. Mad) der wabricheintihften Meinung tft bas Hohelied ein Hirtenge— fang, eine Efloge oder Idyl—⸗ le, und unter dem Bilde der menfcliden Liebe des Dirten zu feiner Geliebten wird Die erbabene geiftige Liebe Gottes au den Menſchen, oder Chris fti zu ber Rire, feiner Braut, bargeftellt. Die vier Hauptabſchnitte des Buches ents halten 1) zaͤrtliche Ergießungen der Liebe und des Verlangens nach bem Braͤutigam. (Rap. J.) 31 Lilie. Legen 2) Geſpraͤche zwiſchen dieſem n. der Braut. (Kap. IL.) 5) Wech⸗ ſelgeſpraͤche von dem abweſenden Braͤutigam. (Rap. IITI—1V.) 4) Beichreibung des Brâutigams u. der Braut — verfhiedene anz dere Gegenftände. (Rap. V— VIIL.) | Liegen, ruben: von Sblafenden, (4 Rôn. II, 2.) Kranken, (2 Koͤn. XII, 48.) u. Todten. (Genef. XLVII, 30.) Mieberfallen vor Gott; (Deurr. IX, 25. Joſu. VIL, 40. Dan. IX, 18.) zu Felde liegen; (Num. XXII, 5. 2 Koͤn. XI, 44.) fi befinden. (Koloſſ. IL, 5, 4 Gob.V, 49.) Ligurier, Lyncurer, ein Ebdels ſtein; ber erfte in bder britten Reihe auf dem Bruftblatte Ua: ron's; (Exod. XX VIII, 49.) man bâlt ibn am wahrſcheinlichſten für den Hyacinth, welcher eine gelbrothe, feurige Garbe bat. (Bergl. Offenb. XXI, 20.) 4) Unter biefer werden fowobl die Feldlilien verftan: den, welche int Morgenlande auf freiem Selbe wachſen, als auch die Rdnigslilie von urpurrothem Glange, aud) Ra iz erÉrone genannt. (SHobel. IX, 41. 2. 46. VI, 4. Œccli. XXXIX, 19. L, 8. Sfai. xXXXV, 1. Ofee XIV,6. Matth. VE, 28.) 9) Lis lienformige Bersierungen it bem Tempel. (3 Koͤn. VII, 19. 20. 26. 2 Cbron. IV, 5.) Sinbigéeit, Nachſicht, Guͤte, Sanftmuth. (1 for. XIII, 7, 2 For. X, 4. ©. Philipp. IV, 45. 1 Zbeffal. V, 14) Lindigkeit Gottes: Guͤte. GWeish. XIT, 18.) Links, gur Linken; der Gegen— fat von Rechts, Gach. IV, 3.) heißt oͤfters gegen Norden; (Geneſ. XIV, 15. Joſu. XIX, 27. Ezech. XVI, 46.) denn der Mor⸗ genlaͤnder wendet ſein Geſicht nach Morgen, nicht blos beim Gebete u. ſ. w., ſondern auch bei der Bezeichnung einer Him⸗ 474 £i haͤufig gebaut wird. Liſt melsgegend. Die linke Hand bedeutet in der h. Schrift auch bas Boͤſe: Suͤnde, Laſter u. bal., (Eccle. X,2, Son. IV, 44.) die ewige Verdammniß. nfen, eine befaunte Huͤlſen— frucht, welche im Morgenlande (2 fôn. XVII, 28. XXII, 44. Exec. IV, 9.) mit Oel u. Knoblauch ge— ſchmort, geben folche ein choco: ladefarbiges (rothes) Gericht; fuͤr ſelbiges verkaufte Eſau ſein Erſtgeburtsrecht. (Geneſ. XXV, Li 50 —54.) Es iſt ein Bild der Thorheit der Suͤnder, welche um einer aufſteigenden Vegier lichkeit willen fogar auf die ewige Seligkeit versichten, (Hebr. XII, 16 pyen, Lefsen, der bewegliche Rand des Mundes, haͤufig für Munbd felbft. (Fob XV,6. XVI, 6. Pſalm. XLIV, 3. Ofee XIV, 5.) Befledte Lippen: ſuͤnd—⸗ bafte Reden; (Sfai. VI, 5.) im Jubel ertbnende Lippen: Zrdbůchkeit. (Job Vin, 24.) Une gelaͤufige Sprache; beſchnittene Lippen: eine uns Erxod. VI, 12.) Frucht der Lippen: Ge— bet. Gſai. LVII 19. Hebr. XIII, 15. S. auch Iſai. XXIX, 45. Matth. XV, 8.) | Lift, Liſtigkeit, Feinheit in Cr: bunden. * 44. finbung der Mittel zur Erreis ung feines Zweckes, gewoͤhn⸗ li mit Taͤuſchung Anderer vers Golche iſt nur zur Berbinderung boͤſer Anſchlaͤge, zur Selbſtvertheidigung und im Kriege erlaubt. (Gen. XX, 4 — 413, XXVI, 6 — 9. XXXVII., 24. 22. Joſu. VIII, 49 u.f. 1 bn. XXIV, 44 — 15.) Dagegen if Lift sur Bereitelung guter Zwecke u. zum Schaden Underer fteté unerlaubt; baber im mofaifchen Geeie verboten, (Exod. XXI, Num. XXXV, 20 u. f.) und im Gnadengefese gemißbilligt. (Apoſtlg. XL, 40. Roͤm. I, 29 Lithoſtrotos a Rbeffal. II, 3.) S. Argliſt. Betrug. (1 Rdn. XVIII, 47. 2 Koͤn. XI, 6u. f. Jerem. V, 26. Matth. XXVL, 4 u. a. D.) Litboftroroë, ber erbabene mit Marmor aepflafterte Ort vor dem Ridthaufe, wo der rdmiiche Gtatthalter die Urtheile ſprach. (Joh. XIX, 45. 16.) GS. Gab: batba. Loamin, SLeumin, ein Sohn Daban'8 und Enkel Jekſan's. (Genef. XXV, 5. 4 Chron. I, 32.) Loammi, Lo-Ummi, der finn: bildlihe Name eines Sobnes des Propheten Oſe as, welcher an: deuten ſollte, Gott werde ſein Volk (die Juden) wegen des Hanges zur Abgoͤtterei verwer⸗ é fen. (Ofee I, 8. 9.) ausgedruͤckte günftige Urtheil über eine Perſon oder Sache. (Dents ſpruͤche XXXI, 30. Eccli. IX, 24. Roͤm. XIII, 3.) Einſicht und Weisheit, (Denkſpr. XII, 8. Eccli. XXXVII, 27.) Grommig keit u. Tugend verſchaffen uns Lob; (MBeiéh.IV, 4. Eccli. VII, 36.) man foll aber nach demfels ben nicht ftreben, (Matth. VI, 1— 6.16.) noch fit felbft lo: ben, (Denfipr. XX VIE, 2. 1 for. V,6. 2 for. X, 12. 48.) aufer in dringlichen Sâllen zur Selbſt— vertheidigung mit Befcheidenbeir, XIL, 6—9. 44.) am twenigften darf man bas Bbfe [oben, (Dents ſpruüche XXVIIL, 4. Eccli. XI, 2. XXVIL 8.) aber dagegen Gottes Beifall fuchen u. allem andern vorziehen. 2Kor. X, 18.) Lob Gottes iſt die freudige Em— pfindung u. das dankbare Be⸗ Fenntnifder in der Welt und an den Menſchen offenbar ge— wordenen Vollkommenheiten Got: tes; deſſen Ruhm u. Berberrliz chung. (3 Koͤn. VIII, 28. 2 Esdr. IX, 5. Pſalm. XXXIIL, 4. 0.) Dieber gebdrt aud der Aus— 475 0b, Loben, bas burd Worte £ (Apoſtlg. IV, 149. Lobna druck: Gelobt ſey Gott: Preis, Dank, alleinige Ehre werde Gott — wohl vornebmz lich gebraucht, wenn die Juden etwas Gotteslaͤſterliches hoͤrten; (S. Rôm.I, 25.) u. auch in Bez aug auf Chriſtus angewandt. (2 fôn. XXII, 47, 4 Ebron. XXIX, 10. SGobl,24. Matth. XXI,9. Roͤm. IX, 5. 9 For. I, 5. 4.) 3um Lobe Gottes fordert uns auf: deffen eigner Befehl, (Pfalm. XCI, 2 “: Roͤm. XV, 6. Epheſ. V,19. Koloſſ. III, 46.) feine bddften Bollfommenbeiten u. Werke, (Pfalin. XCV, 4 u. f. CXLIV, 5 u.f. CXLVI, 7 u. f.) feine Sübrungen u. Boblthaten. (Pfalm. CIIT, 4 u.f. CIV, 4 u.f. CXLIIT, 2. 5. 2 for. I, 35. 4. Evpbef. 1,3. 1Petr. I, 3) Wir follen ibn loben vom Grunde deë Herzens; (Palm. LVI, 8. Eccli. 1,54.) mit dem Munde; (Pfalm. XX XIII, 4.2, CIII, 53. Eccli. XXXIX, 41.) burd die That; (Amos V, 25. Matth. VII, 24. Joh. XV, 8.) bas gange Leben hindurch; (Palm. LXIL, 5. CXLIV, 4.2. Eccli. LI, 45.) mit Freuden. (Pſalm. LXIL, 6. Jak. V, 413.) — ang, Geſang zum Preiſe Gottes; Danklied. EIſai. LI, 3. 1Makk. XIII, 51.) Siehe Lied. Unter dem Lobgeſang iſt auch das Hallel zu verſtehen, wels ches die Juden in der Nacht des Paſſahfeſtes ſangen. (Matth. XXVI, 30: Mark. XIV, 26. Weish. XVIII, 9.) Es beſtand aus ſechs Pſalmen, (CXII — CXVII.) u. wurde in gewiſſen Abtheilungen geſungen, u. mit dem Segen beſchloſſen. (Pſalm. CXLIV,Ou.f.) Der CXXXV. Palm bief aud dns grofe Hallel. S. Alleluja. Lobna, Lebna, Libna, eine chanaanitiſche Kdnigsſtadt, zwiſchen Makeda u. Lais, welche Joſue eroberte; (Joſu. X, 29. 30. XII, 45.) fie wurde dem 31* Lobni, Libni, 1) Ein Sohn Lobni Stamme Juda zugetheilt, (Ray. XV,42.) u. darauf an die Les viten abgetreten. (XXI, 43.) Unter der Regierung des Koͤnigs %oram fiel Lobna ab, u. ergab fi wahrſcheinlich den Nachbar⸗ voͤlkern; (4 Kdn. VIII, 22. 2 Chron. XXI, 40.) in der Folge wurde fie von Sennaderib er: obert. (4 Koͤn. XIX, 8. fai. XXXVIL 8.) Gie war ber Ge: burtéort des Seremias, Schwie⸗ geroater des À. Joſias. (Jerem. LIL, 4.) Gerfon's, Enkel Levis, Stamm⸗ vater einer zahlreichen Familie. (Exod. VI, 47. Num. LIT, 18. XXVI,58. 1 Cbron. VI, 17.) 2) Gin Grofenfel Levis aus dem Geſchlechte Meraris. (1Chron. VI, 29. o Lobopfe:, eine Art der Dank— oder Greuvenopfer. (Leo. VIE 12 u.f. XXII, 29. Sebr. XIIE, 45.) Lobſprecher, Einer, melher Ans dern vorzuͤgliche Eigenſchaften aneignet; Salomon belehrt uns uͤber felbige, (Denkſpr. XXVIL, 24. Lobſchreiben, ein Empfehlungs⸗ brief, Zeugniß. (2 Kor. IL, 4.) Lobtbhal, Thal des Segens, ein Thal bei der Wuͤſte Thekue, von K. Joſaphat aus Dank— barkeit gegen Gott alſo genannt, weil deſſen Feinde dort ſelbſt ſich gerftorten. (2 Chron. XX, 26.) Locken, burd kuͤnſtliche Worte Jemanden zu verleiten ſuchen; wie die Laſterhaften, (Denkſpr. 1,10. XVI, 29.) die Irrlehrer, (2 Petr. IL 14.) die eigne boͤſe Luft thun; (Jak. I, 14.) herbei— rufen. (fai. V,26. Ofee Il, 14.) Lockvogel bezeichnet in der b. Schrift einen Verfuͤhrer. (Eccli. XI, 31. Jerem. V, 27.) : Lod, Lydda, Stabt im Stamme Benjamin in ?der Ebene von Garoma am Mittelmeere, ungez faͤhr 5 Meilen von Jeruſalem. (4 476 Eoos (4 Chron.VIII, 42, 9 Esdr. XI, 55.) S. Lyd da. Lodvabar, eine Stadt in Ga: laad jenfeits des Jordans, der Aufenthalsort Miphiboſeth's, des Sohnes Jonathan's. (2 Koͤn. IX, Le 5. XVII, 27.) | | Log, ein Maf zu Slüffigfeiten, der zwoͤlfte Theil von einem Din, etwa ſechs Cierfhalen (ein Schoppen. (Leo. XIV, 40. 42.45.) S. Gomor. Pin. Lobn, was Jemand fuͤr geleiftete Dienfte von Andern bekommt. 4) Arbeitslohn. (Gen. XXIX, 45 XXX, 28.) Die b. Schrift befieblt, benfelben nicht vorzu— enthalten, (Les. XIX, 43. Deutr. XXIV, 44. ob. IV, 45.) ü. be: Drobt bie Uebertreter dieſes Ge: bots. (Jer.XXII, 45. af, V, 4.) 2) Unterbalt der Religionélebrer. (4 Ror. IX, 41—18. Gal. VE, 6. … 4Tim.V, 8.) 3) Diegdttlihe Berz geltung. (Iſai. XL, 40. Offenb. XXIL, 12.) a) Bergeltung des ” Guten; (2 Cbron. XV, 7. Palm. XVIII, 42. Matth. V, 42. 46. Luk. VI, 23.32— 335.) b) Ber: . geltung des Boͤſen. (Job XX, 29. Eccli. XIX, 3. fai. XVII, 14. 9 Petr. II, 42. 43.) c) Der Bergelter ſelbſt. Geneſ. XV, 1. Weish. Vs 16.) oitde, Lois, die mütterliche Grogmurter des Timotheus, vom h. Paulus ſehr geruͤhmt. (2 Tim. I, 5.) | Longinus foll ber Name des Roͤmiſchen Hauptmanns feyu, welcher dem Heilande die Seite £ eroͤffnete u. deſſen Gottheit be⸗— kannte. (Matth. XXVII, 54 u. a. O | Loos; die Entſcheidung durd das Loo8 ift ein uralter Gebrauc; man foll ſich dazu zweier Staͤb⸗ von Buchenholz (ſpaͤter von old) bedient haben, auf deren einem die Worte ſtanden: „fuͤr Jehova;“ der Prieſter nahw mit jeder Hand ein Staͤbchen aus einem verdeckten Gefdé — * Loos 477 u. dieſes entſchied. (Rhabdo⸗ mantie.) Befand ſich das Loos Jehova in der rechten Sand, fo war dieſes von guter Vorbedeutung. (Bergl, Denfipr. XVL,53. Pſalm. XV,6. Oſee IV, 12.) Das Looë wurde augez wendet in wichtigen Augelegen: heiten: bei Aemter-Austheilun⸗ gen; (Num. XVII, 2. ‘4 Chron. XXIV,5. XXV,8.) bei Bers theilung des Landes Chanaan; (Num. XXVI, 55.56. XXXII, 54. Joſu. XIV, 2.) bei Rechts⸗ ftreitigfeiren, in Ermangelung eines andern Entfheidungsgruns des ; (Denkſpr. X VIIL, 48. Matth. XXVIL 55. Bergl. Palm. XXI, 49.) in peinlihen Sachen zur Entdeckung eines Schuldigen; Goſu. VII, 44 — 18. 4 Koͤn. X1V,57—45.) beſonders wurde dazu auch das heilige Loos gebraucht, wenn Hochprieſter das Bruſtſchild trug, in welchem das Urim und Thummim eingegraben war, u. den „Herrn“ um Rath frug. (Exod. XXVIII, 50 u. à ©.) Daͤs Loos wurde geworfen am Verſoͤhnungsfeſte uͤber die zum Opfer beſtimmten zwei Boͤcke; Eev. XVI, 8— 10.) durch das Loos wurde Saul Koͤnig; Köon. X, 20. 24.) auch er: forſchte man durch Looſe, wel—⸗ che in eine Urne geworfen wur— den, die zu einem Unternehmen guͤnſtigen Tage; EEſth. III, 7.) daher die Juden das Hamans— feſt ſpoͤttiſch das Feſt der Looſe nennen. (Kap. IX, 26.) Gefangene wurden durch das Loos vertheilt, (Joel IL, 3. Nah. AIT, 40.) u. ſogar der Apoſtel Matthias Düurch Looſen gez waͤhlt. (Apoſtlg. I, 26.) Die Chaldaͤer pflegten durch Pfeile zu loofen: (Belomantie) fie frieben auf felbige die Namen der Staͤdte, welche fie anzugreis fen beabſichtigten, ſchaͤttelten ſolche in einem Koͤcher unterein⸗ X perſoͤnlichen naͤmlich der Lot ander, und zogen darauf einen wie ein Loos heraus. (S. Exec. XXI, 24. Abd. v. 44.) Lo-ruehamo, Lo⸗-riſamo, der ſinnbildliche Name einer Toch⸗ ter des Propheten Oſeas, un anzudeuten, daß Gott fort: an der verſtockten Iſraeliten nicht mehr ſich erbarmen werde. (Rap. L 6. 8.) | Loͤſchbrand, eine Feyerbrand bem Berldfden nabe, das Bild der gegen Juda friegenden Koͤnige. (Fi. VIL, 4.) Loͤſegeld, das Gelb, wodurch der Menſch von der Knechtſchaft, (Exod.XXI, 11.) von einer Strafe, (v. 29. 50.) oder von gewiſſen Verbindlichkeiten uͤberhaupt losgekauft wird. (Num. III, 46. 49.) Ein ſolches wurde für die Crffigeburt” entrichtet. (Exod. XIII, 13. Lev. XXVII, 27.) Alſo heißt auch eine Art Kopf— ſteuer, der Stiftshuͤtte gewid— met. (Exod. XXX, 12 — 46.) Lot, Loth, der Sohn des Ha— ran, Enkel Thare's u. Neffe Abraham's; er zog mit ſei— nem Großvater u. ſeinem Oheim aus Ur nach Chanaan, wo ſie ſich niederließen. (Geneſ. XI, 27. 51. XIE, 4,5.) Dort vermehrten ſich die Heerden Lot's u. Abraz ham's fo ſehr, daß wegen ent: ſtehenden Irrungen zwiſchen den beiderſeitigen Hirten jene freund ſchaftlich ſich trennten u. Lot au ſeinem Aufenthalte die frucht⸗ bare Gegend um Sodoma waͤhlte. (Rap. XIII, 5— 42.) In dem Kriege der benachbarten Fuͤrſten gegen ihren Oberherrn, den König von Elam, wurde auch Lot mit den Seinigen von Letzterem gefaͤnglich hinwegge⸗ fuͤhrt, aber durch Abraham befreit. (Kap. XIV, 42— 16.) Nachher erbielt Lot ben Beſuch von. zwei Engeln zu Godom, welche er gaſtfrei aufnahm, und um ſie vor den unzuͤchtigen Ge⸗ Lotan waltthaten der Einwohner zu ſchuͤtzen, letztern ſogar ſeine bei⸗ den Toͤchter anbot. (Kap. XIX, 1—9.) Die Engel verhinderten fernern Frevel u. kuͤndigten dem Lot den Untergang der ruchloſen Sodomiten an. Auf deren Be— fehl verließ er mit ſeiner Fami— lie eilends die Stadt und begab ſich nach Segor, welches um ſeinetwillen erhalten wurde; (v. 40—23.) ſeine Grau aber, welche wider das Berbot der Engel nach ben brennenden Staͤdten fid) umfchaute, wurde in eine Salzſaͤule vermanbdelt, (v. 24 — 26.) Siehe Salzſaͤule. Die Gchandthat, welche bdie beiden Toͤchter Lors mit ibm begingen, fait auf diefe zuruͤck: denn fie machten ibren Vater trunfen, fo daß er von nidts wuftes (v. 30— 56.) uͤberdies nennt ibn die b. Schrift den gerechten, Lot. (2 Petr. II, 7.) Bon feinen Toͤchtern ſtammen die Moabi ten und Ammontren, (v. 36 — 58.) genaunt die Kinder Lot. (Deutr. I, 9 Palm. LXXXII, 7 — 0.) Lotan, Lothan, ein Sohn Seir's des Horiters, Fuͤrſt von Edom. GEeneſ. XXXVI, 20. 4 Chron. I, 58.) Loͤwez; biefes ſtarke, mutbige u. fuͤrchterliche Thier, (Bergleiche Denfipr. XXX, 50. Eccli. XX VIT, 41.) gleichſam der Koͤnig der uͤbri⸗ gen, ift befonders in Arabien, aber auch in Paläftina ein heimiſch; (3 Ron. XII, 24. XX, 36. 4Koͤn. X VIE, 25. 26.) daher * bâufig ein Gegenftand der bibli ſchen Dichtkunſt. (Palm. X. 09. XVI, 12. fai. XI, 6.7. Jerem. II, 30 u. a. D.) Die Helden Gamfon, Banajas u. Da: 478 Lucifer pef und am Throne des Gao: mon. (5 Rôu. VII, 29. X,19. 20. 2 Chron. IX, 18.49.) Der Ldwe wird gebraucht als ein Bild: 4) der ©târfe u. Madt Got: tes; (Sob X, 46. Iſai. XXX VIIT, 45. Amos IL, 8.) 2) des Me f {ias, auf die Macht des Stam— mes %ubda bezuͤglich, aus wel: em er entſproß; (Offenb. V,5. X,5. Vergl. Geneſ. XLIX, 9. 10.) 5) des Teufel's und feiner Nachſtellungen; (1 Petr. V, 8. Berg. Palm. XXI, 14 u. f. 2 im. IV, 17.) 4) überbaupr der Staͤrke u. Macht; Mum. XXIII, 24. 2 Koͤn. I, 25. Ezech. XIX, 2.) 5) des Muthes, der Tapferkeit u. Eroberungsſucht; (Deutr. XXXIII, 20. 22. 2 Koͤn. XVII, 40. 1Chron. XII, 8.) 6) der brobenden (Gefabren und fuͤrchterlicher Feinde; (Palm. LVI. 5. Jerem. IV, 7. L, 17. Oſee XIII, 7. 8.) 7) eines Wuͤ— therichs, Boͤſewichts. (Job. IV, 10. 44. Denkſpr. XXVIII, 45. Eccli. IV, 55.) Das Bruͤllen des Loͤwen, deffen ſchreckliches Getdfe der Borbote des Raubes und der Vernichtung ft, wird befonders als ein Bild fhadenz frober gemalriger . Seinde ge— braucht; (fai. V,29. Jerem. Il, 45. Ezech. XIX, 7.) u. sur Bes zeichnung von Gottes Gtrafges rechtigkeit. (Jerem. XXV, 30. Ofee XI, 10. Joel III, 16.) Lbwengrube; folche bieiten die Koͤnige in der Naͤhe ibrer Pal: lâfte, und in denfelben wurden bisweilen Berurthetlte den Loͤwen preisgegeben. Der Prophet Daz niel mwarb in einer folchen Grube wunderbar erbalten. (Dan, VI, 16 — 23.24. XIV, 50 u. f.) Lomengäbne, ein Bild des vid Fâmpfren mit Ldmwen, und Berderbens. (Œccli. XXL, 2. 5.) uͤberwanden ſolche. (Richt. XIV, b.6. 41 fôdn. XVII, 54. 57. 2 Rdn. XXIH, 20. 1 Cbhron. XI, 22.) Loͤwengeſtalten waren im Tem⸗ Lucifer, der Morgenſtern; das Bild, unter welchem der Proph. Iſaias den Stolz u. den Fall des Balthaſar, Koͤnigs von Lucius Babylon, ſchildert. Einige Kir⸗ chenvaͤter erblicken darin auch den Fall des aufruͤhreriſchen Engels. (Rap. XIV, 4u. f. 12 ftern. Lucius. 1) Ein roͤmiſcher Con⸗ ſul, als die Abgeordneten der Makkabaͤer in Rom ein Em⸗ pfehlungsſchreiben an verſchie⸗ dene Fuͤrſten erwirkten. (1 Makk. XV, 16.) 2) Ein bekehrter Chriſt u. getreuer Freund u. Verwand⸗ ter des h. Paulus, Lehrer ‘u Antiochia. (Apoſtlg. XIII, à Roͤm. XVI, 24.) Er wurde ſpaͤter in ſeiner Vaterſtadt Cyrene Biſchof. | Lud, bder vierte Sohn des Sem, (Genef. X, 22. 4 Cbron.lI, 417. fai. LXVI, 49.) wahrſcheinlich der Stammvater der £ybdier in Kleinaſien. | Ludim, ber erfle Sohn bes Mefraim u. Enfel Cham's. (Genef. X, 13. 1 Gbron. I, 11.) vermutblid) ber Ahnherr der Lydier in Yfrifa. (Bergleiche Czech. XXX, 5.) Luft, der flüffige elaftifche Stoff, welcher uns allenthalben umgiebr, nur fuͤhlbar iſt, u. bderen Gin: u. Ausathmen das Leben aller Geſchoͤpfe erhaͤlt, der Luftkreis. (Genef. I, 6 — 8. Jerem. XIV, 6 u. f. 1Theſſal. IV, 47.) Die Juden nabmen Luftgeifter an. (Epheſ. IL, 2. VI,12.) Gtaub in die Luft merfen, war ein Zeichen des duferften Unwillens. |
12561329_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Remanded With Instructions..
|
github_open_source_100_8_19849 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const statusMonitor = require('express-status-monitor')
const cors = require('cors')
const bodyParser = require('body-parser')
const compression = require('compression')
const { Router } = require('express')
const { partialRight } = require('ramda')
const controller = require('./create-controller')
const httpLogger = require('./middlewares/http-logger')
const errorHandler = require('./middlewares/error-handler')
module.exports = ({ config, logger, response: { Success, Fail } }) => {
const router = Router()
router.use(partialRight(errorHandler, [logger, config]))
if (config.env === 'development') {
router.use(statusMonitor())
}
if (config.env !== 'test') {
router.use(httpLogger(logger))
}
router.get('/', (req, res) => {
res
.status(200)
.json(Success({
healthy: true
}))
})
const apiRouter = Router()
apiRouter
.use(cors({
origin(origin, callback) {
if (!origin || config.http.cors.includes(origin)) {
callback(null, true)
return
}
callback(new Error('Origin blocked by CORS'))
},
methods: ['GET', 'PUT'],
allowedHeaders: ['Content-Type', 'access_token']
}))
.use(bodyParser.json())
.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }))
.use(compression())
router.use(`/${config.version}`, apiRouter)
apiRouter.use('/feed', controller('feed'))
apiRouter.use('/post', controller('post'))
apiRouter.use('/me', controller('me'))
return router
}
|
US-1905264988-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Tension device for warp-beams.
No. 818,829. PATENTED APR. 24, 1906. G. KELLER. TENSION DEVICE FOR WARP BEAMS.
.APPLICATION` FILED JUNE 13, 1905.
WIT/VESSES:
NITED STAES PATENT OIiFIOE.
GOTTLIEB KELLER, OF NEr YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR TO KELLER MACHINE COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEIV YORK.
TENSION DEVICE FOR WARP-BEANIS..
Specification of Letters Patent.
Patented April 24, 190e.
Application filed June 13,1905. Serial No. 264,988.
To all whom it 717,614/ concern,.-
Be it known that I, GOTTLIEB KELLER, a citizen of the Republic of Switzerland, and a resident of the city of New York, borough of Manhattan, in the county and State of New York, have invented a new and Improved Tension Device for I/Varp-Beams, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact description.
The invention relates to tension devices for warp-beams-such, for instance, as shown and described in Letters Patent of the United States No. 801,595, dated October 10,1905.
The object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved tension device for warp-beams o1 warp-carrying spools arranged to permit minute and convenient reg-- ulation for producing the desired tension on the warp, according to the nature thereof, and to provide a long range of movement of the beam.
The invention consists of novel features and parts and combinations of the same, which will be more fully described hereinafter and pointed out in the claims.
A practical embodiment of the invention is represented in the accompanying drawings,
forming a part of this specification, in whichv similar characters of reference indicate corresponding parts in both views.
Figure 1 is a rear face view of the improvement; and Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same as applied to the warp-beam, the section being on the line 2 2 of Fig. 1.
One end of the warp-beam A is engaged by studs B, projecting from the rear face of a wheel C, preferably in the form of a ratchetwheel and provided with a transverse pin D, engaging the outer end of a spiral spring E, fastened with its inner end to a stud F, proj ecting from the peripheral surface of a wheel G, the hub G' of which forms a bearing for one end of the shaft A' of the warp-beam A, the other end of the shaft being journaled in the usual manner in a suitable bearing on the frame of the loom. The hub G is j ournaled in a bearing on a bracket H, held adjustable on one side I of the loom-fraiiie by the use of a bolt H', engaging the side I and extending through an elongated slot H2, formed in the bracket H.
The spring E is contained within a springcasing J, mounted to rotate on the hub G of the wheel G, and the rim of the said casing is provided with an annular flange J',havng a plurality of Aspaced transverse apertures J2, the top one of which is adapted to be engaged by a pivot-pin K of a pawl K, adapted to engage the teeth of the ratcliet-wlieel C.
The wheel G forms a resistance member for the spring E, and in order to give the desired resistance to this wheel a tension device L is provided, preferably consisting of a coilspring L', resting with one end on the outer face of the casing J and abutting with its other end on a washer L2, engaged by a nut L2, screwing on the threaded portion G2 of the hub G' of the resistance-wheel G. By screwing up or unscrewing the nut L3 more or less tension is given to the spring L', so that the resistance-wheel G is forced at its web with more or less force in contact with the inner surface of the casing J to give the wheel G more or less resistance--that is, to cause it to resist the turning action of the spring E.
As shown in the drawings, the washer L2 is preferably provided with a tongue L4, proj ecting into a longitudinal groove G2, formed on the threaded portion G2 of the hub G', to cause the washer L2 to turn with the hub G of the resistance-wheel G. The inward movement of the washer L2, and consequently the screwing-up motion of the nut L2, is limited by a stop-shoulder G4, formed on the hub G. (See Fig. 2.)
In order to wind up the spring E until the resistance of the resistance-wheel G is overcome, so that the latter turns with the wheel O and the warp-beam A, it is necessary to turn the casing J and for this purpose the rim thereof is provided with spaced apertures J2, adapted to be engaged by a Spannerwrench or like tool for turning the casing, and with it the tension device L and the wheel G, until the spring E is wound up to the desired degree-that is, to the tension required by tlie warp on the beam A. Ihen this has been done, a key N, fitted to slide in a bearing H3 on the bracket H, is engaged with one of a series of apertures J t, formed in the outer face of the casing J to hold the latter against rotation, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
The operation is as follows: I/Vhen the several parts are in the position as illustrated in Fig. 2, then the spring E is wound up to suoli a degree that it gives the desired tension to the warp on the warp-beam A, and when the loom is in action and the usual pull IOO ' the nut L3 to increase the resistance of the .wheel G relative to the-spring E, andwhen less tension onthe warp is required the nut L3 is Jcorrespondingly unscrewed on the threaded portion G2. As the casing J is held against turning. by thekey Niand the pawl K is in engagement with the teeth of the ratchet-wheel C, it is evident that the latter, as wellv as the warp-beam A, are held against accidentalreturn movement. When it is desired to let off the warp-beam for unwinding the warp a desired length, then the operator applies aspanner-wrench or like .tool to the apertures J3 to give suflicient turning movement to the casing J for convenient withdrawal of the key N to permit the whole'device to rotate with the warp-beam A-that is, the wheel C, casing J, resistance-wheel G,
spring E, vand tension device L'move together in unison withoutthe several parts changing their relative positions to each other-and whenthe warp` has been unwound the desired distance and it is again desired to restart it is'o'nly necessary `for the operatorV to engage the key N with `one of the apertures J4, so that the casing J is held against turning movement, and the turning of the warp-beam A can now proceed with the same amount of tension on as it had before and to whichv the device is set; In some cases it is desirable ato hold the casing J against turning while letting off the warp-beam A, andfin suchcases it is only necessary for the opera- `tor to throwrthe pawl K out of engagement with the ratchet-wheel C to allow the parts to turn in unison with'each other, withthe eX- Aception of the casing J, at the same time retaining, however, the tension of thespring E.
The pawl K should be at all times at the top of the casing within convenient reach of .the operator, yand for this purpose-I provide a plurality. of openings J 2 to receive the pivotpin K ofthe pawl.
They device shown and described is very simple and durablein construction, is not -liablefto get easily out of order, and any desired amount of tension can be given to the .warp-beam Arby winding upthe spring- E v correspondingly, and the tension-can beincreased or decreased while the machine is running byadjusting the tension device Lto.
increase or decrease the resistance given by the wheel G to the turning motion ofthe spring E.
Having thus described my invention, I
claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent- 1.k A tension device for warp-beams, com- `prising two rotatable members, a spiral spring connected at its ends with the said members, one of the membersv rotating with the warpbeam, an adjustable tension device for the other member, and means for locking the warp-beam member against return movement.
2. A tension device for warp-beams, comprising a warp-beam -member rotating with the warp-beam, -a resistance member lhaving independent rotating motion relative to the said warp-beam member, a spiral spring connecting the members with each other, and a tension device for governing the rotating movement' of thel saidv resistance member, anda releasable connection between the tension device and the warp-beam member.
3. A tension device Vfor warp-beams, comprising a warp-beam member rotating with the warp-beam, a resistance member having independent rotating motion Arelative to the said warp-beam member, a spiral spring connecting the members with each other, a tension device for governing the rotating movement of the said resistance member, a casing for the spring engaged by the said tension device, and a releasable connection between the casing and the warp-beam-member.
4. A tension device for'warp-beams, comprising a warp-beam member rotating with the warp-beam, a resistance rmember having independent rotating motionfrelative to the said warp-beam member, a spiral spring connecting the members with each other, a tension device for governing the rotating movement of the said resistance member, a rotatable casing for the said spring, and a releasable connection between the casing and the warpbeam member.
5. A tension device for warp-beams, comprising a warp-beam member'rotating with the warp-beam, a resistance member lhaving independent-rotating motion relative to the said warp-beam member, a spiral spring con- .'necting the members with each other, a tension devicet for governing the rotating movement ofthe said resistance member, a casing `for thesaid spring adapted to turn with the said resistance member, and means fork locking the casing against turning.
6. A tension. device for warp-beams, comprising a warp-beam member rotating fwith the warp-beam, a resistance member having independent rotating motion relative to the said warp-beam member, aspiral spring connecting the` members with eachother, a tension device for governing the rotating movement of the said resistance member, acasing for the said spring, and a pawl-and-ratchet connection ybetween the said casing and the said warp-beam member.
7. A tension device for warp-beams, com- IOO ISO
prising a ratchet-Wheel turning With the Warp-beam7 a resistance\vheel mounted to turn independent of the said ratchet-Wheel, a spiral spring connecting the ratchet-Wheel with the said resistance-Wheel, a revoluble casing for the said spring, and a pawl on the casing for engaging the said ratchet-Wheel.
S. A tension device for warp-beams, coinprising a ratchet-wheel turning with the Warp-beam, a resistance-Wheel mounted to turn independent of the said ratchet-Wheel, a spiral spring connecting the ratchet-Wheel With the said resistance-Wheel, a revoluble casing for the said spring, a pawl on the casing Vfor engaging the said ratchet-wheel, and a tension device for the said resistance-Wheel.
9. A tension device for Warp-beams, comprising a ratchet-Wheel turning with the warp-beam, a resistance-Wheel mounted to turn independent of the said ratchet-Wheel, a spiral spring connecting the ratchet-Wheel with the said resistance-Wheel, a revoluble casing for the said spring, a pawl on the casing for engaging the said ratchet-Wheel, and manually-controlled means Jfor locking the casing in position.
l0. A tension device for Warp-beams, comprising a ratchet -Wheel turning with the warp-beam, a resistance-wheel mounted to turn independent of the said ratchet-Wheel7 a spiral spring connecting the ratchet-Wheel with the said resistance-Wheel, a revoluble casing for the said spring, a pawl on the casing for engaging the said ratchet-wheel, and a tension device Vfor the said resistance-Wheel and engaging the said casing for winding up the spring on turning the casing.
11. A tension device for warp-beams, comprising a ratchet wheel turning with the Warp-beam, a resistance-Wheel mounted to turn independent of the said ratchet-Wheel, a spiral spring connecting the ratchet-Wheel with the said resistance-Wheel, a revoluble casing for the said spring, a pawl on the casing for engaging the said ratchet-Wheel, a tension device for the said resistance-Wheel and engaging the said casing for winding up the spring on turning the casing, and manually controlled means for locking the casing against movement.
In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specication in the presence ot' two subscribing Witnesses.
GOTTLIEB KELLER.
lVitnesses THEO. G. HosTER, J No. M. RITTER.
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US-23613551-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Adjustable mounting for optical apparatus
July 2 5 L. T. SACHTLEBEN 2,504,303
I ADJUSTABLE MOUNTING FOR OPTICAL APPARATUS Filed July 11 1951 2 SHEETS-SHEET 1 INVENTOR LAWRENCE T. SA EHTLEBEN ATTORNEY L. T. SACHTLEBEN ADJUSTABLE MOUNTING FOR OPTICAL APPARATUS July 29, 1952 2 SHEETSSHEET 2 Filed July 11, 1951 INVENTOR LANRENEEISAEHTLEBEN Q RNEY Patented July 29, 1952 ADJUSTABLE MOUNTING FOR OPTICAL APPARATUS Lawrence T. Sachtleben, Haddonfielcl, N. .L, assignor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application July 11, 1951, Serial No. 236,135
9 Claims.
This invention relates to an optical system and particularly to color-selective optical apparatus such as employed in some color television cameras.
The present invention pertains to an optical system for transferring light between an object plane and a plurality of separate image planes. A specific embodiment of the invention is in a color television system in which signals representing a plurality of the component image colors are to be developed simultaneously or substantially so. It is customary, in such systems, to provide a signal-generating tube for each of the component image colors. An example of a truly simultaneous color television system, employing a signalling channel for each of the color representative video signal trains, is shown in U. S. Patent 2,335,180, granted November 23, 1943 to Alfred N. Goldsmith and titled Television System. An example of a substantially simultaneous color television system, employing a single signalling channel, is described in an article titled A Six-Megacycle Compatible High-Definition Color Television System by RCA Laboratories Division, published in the RCA Review. vol. X, No. 4, December 1949, p. 504. Such a system also is the subject matter of a copending U. S. application of John Evans, Serial No. 113,384 filed August 20, 1949 and titled Color Television, now Patent No. 2,562,496, issued July 31, 1951. In this type of system, the different color representative video signal trains are multiplexed on a time division basic and transmitted over the single communication channel.
In order to direct light of the different component colors to the respective signal-generating tubes, it is necessary to employ apparatus by which to separate the light into its component colors. A particularly efficient device of this character is an arrangement of dichroic reflectors. Representative examples of color-selective apparatus of this character are shown in U. S. patents to Glenn L. Dimmiok 2,379,790, granted July 3, 1945 and titled Dichroic Reflectors and 2,412,496, granted December 10, 1946 and titled Color Selective Reflector.
In a three-color selective system of the character described, it generally is convenient to employ a crossed arrangement of the dichroic reflectors. In such an arrangement the dichroic reflectors are mounted so that they effectively bisect one another substantially at right angles. A crossed dichroic reflector of this type is shown and de-- scribed in the copending U. S. application of Alfred C. Schroeder, Serial No. 731,647, filed February 28, 1947. In a practical form, one of the reflectors is made as a full-length plate member and the other is made in two substantially equal half-length plate members for mounting with edges thereof virtually in contact with opposite faces of the full-length plate. In order that different portions of the image reflected by the two half-length plates be in register, it is necessary that they be mounted so as to be in substantially precise alignment and with their respective surfaces parallel and in the same plane. Furthermore, it is necessary that both of the half-length plates be mounted perpendicularly to the full-length plate so that the parts of the image reflected by the full-length plate be in register, irrespective of whether they are reflected before or after transmission through the half-length plates. Furthermore, in order for such color-selective optical apparatus to be successfully employed in color television systems of the character described, it is necessary that all of the plates have a high degree of surface flatness and parallelism. The plates also must be held in the mounting structure in such a manner that the flat surfaces thereof are not strained in any way which will change their configurations.
A crossed dichroic reflector of the type described permits light of one selected color to pass through both of the reflectors and reflects light of the other two colors in opposite directions in paths which are substantially perpendicular to the path of the transmitted light. Accordingly, when such a device is used in a television camera, it is desirable to mount the signal-generating tubes as nearly parallel to one another as practicable. Hence, in a preferred form of a color television camera, there also is provided a pair of auxiliary reflectors which may or may not be color-selective as desired and which are placed respectively in the perpendicular light paths so as to direct the reflected light generally in the same direction as that in which the transmitted light is directed. Consequently, in order to standardize and to effect substantial uniformity in the mounting devices for the signal-generating tubes, it is necessary to provide mountings for the auxiliary reflectors which will effect the desired re-direction of the light onto these tubes.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved adjustable mountings for substantially flat optical elements in a multiple light path system, such as in a color television camera.
Another object of the invention is to provide improved mountings for plane optical elements so as to permit adjustment of the positioning of these elements in two or more degrees of freedom.
A further object of the present invention is to provide improved adjustable mountings for the different parts of a crossed dichroic color-selective reflector of the character described so that the half-length plates are mutually parallel, coplanar, and also perpendicular to the full-length plate.
Still another object of the invention is to provide an improved dichroic plate mounting which places substantially no strain upon either surface of the plate and, therefore, does not tend to distort the plate surfaces.
The present invention, in one of its simplest forms, comprises a pair of supports for an optical plate, such as a dichroic reflector element. Each of the supports has a face formed thereon and each face is provided with a plurality, such as three, of resilient pads which protrude therefrom. The pads are located in corresponding positions in the faces of the respective supports so that, when the supports are fastened together with their faces opposite to one another, the correspondingly positioned pads form pairs of pads which grip the plate by pressing upon its opposite surfaces. The mounting in accordance with this invention may be provided additionally with a means for varying the pressure exerted by one of the pads of one or more predetermined pairs of said pads so as to adjust the positioning of the plate by pivoting it about one or more axes through other pairs of said pads.
In a particular embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a mounting for a crossed dichroic reflector having two pairs of somewhat similar supports of the type referred to. The face of each support preferably extends in one direction for at least the length of the dichroic member or members to be mounted thereby and in the other direction for approximately one-half of the width of the dichroic element. Also, each of the supports is provided with a set of the described resilient pads. the pair of supports associated with the two halflength plates, there is provided a set of the resilient pads for each of the half-length plates. The two pairs of supports, when fastened together so as to grip the different dichroic reflector plates, are additionally joined to form a unitary mounting for the crossed dichroic reflector plates. In order to achieve this result, each of the supports of the mounting is provided with a recess which is suitably placed to receive the portions of the plates extending from the other pair of supports. By this means the dichroic reflector plates are mounted so that no appreciable strain is placed upon the respective surfaces thereof which would tend to distort or fracture them.
The different supports of the mounting are provided with openings in the width dimensions thereof of such a character that, when the supports are fastened together, there are provided four light paths to the dichroic reflector. Also, in accordance with this invention the mounting is provided with one or more movable members, such as screws, which are located in such a manner that one or more of the resilient pads may be adjusted so as to adj-ustably position one or more of the dichroic reflector plates. By such means the desired relationship of the dichroic reflector plates to one another may be secured.
In the case of The novel features that are considered characteristic of this invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, itself, however, both as to its organization and method of operation, as Well as additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
Figure l is a diagrammatic representation of the general type of optical system in which a crossed dichroic reflector mounted in accordance with the present invention may be used;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a dichroic reflector mounting in accordance with this invention for employment in a system of the character shown in Figure 1;
Figure 2a is a fragmentary elevational view, partly in section, of the mirror mounting of Figure 2;
Figure 3 is a top view, to a somewhat enlarged scale, of the dichroic reflector mounting of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a plan view, to a somewhat enlarged scale, of the dichroic reflector mounting in accordance with this invention shown in Figures 2 and 3 with the top half thereof removed to show a plan view of the bottom half of the mounting; and,
Figure 5 is a vertical sectional view of the dichroic reflector mounting in accordance with this invention taken on the line 55 of Figure 3.
Reference first will be made to Figure 1 of the drawings for a brief description of a typical optical system in which a crossed dichroic reflector provided with a mounting in accordance with this invention may be used. For the purpose of illustrating the invention it is assumed that the dichroic reflector is used as the colored light separator in a color television camera apparatus. It will be understood, however, that neutral reflectors may be substituted for the dichroic reflectors to separate the light into different paths, if desired, without departing from the invention. In such a case, color selection may be accomplished by transmission filters placed in the respective light paths.
Light from the subject I I is directed by a suitable optical system, represented diagrammatically in this figure, by a lens I2, onto the video signal-generating apparatus including camera tubes I3, I4 and I5. A representative form of camera tube is an image orthicon such as described in a paper titled The Image Orthicon-A Sensitive Television Pick-Up Tube by Rose, Weimer and Law published in the Proceedings of the IRE, volume 34, page 424, July 1946. In this case, it is assumed that the camera tubes I3, I4 and I5 are to receive red, green and blue light respectively from the subject II so as to generate video signals representative of these three component colors.
Accordingly, a crossed dichroic reflector I6 is included in the light paths between the optical system I2 and the different camera tubes. In one color-selective arm, the dichroic reflector includes a full-length plate I! which is provided with a coating in accordance with the teachings of the previously referred to Dimmick patents so as to reflect red light and to transmit blue and green light. Accordingly, the red light derived from the subject I I is directed toward a mirror I8 which, in turn, reflects it toward the red camera tubes I3. In the other color-selective arm, the
crossed dichroic reflector also includes a pair of half-length plates [9 and which are provided with a color-selective coating of a character to reflect blue light and to transmit red. and green light. The blue light is directed toward a mirror 2| by which it is reflected toward the blue camera tube [5. The green light which is transmitted by both color-selective arms of the crossed dichroic reflector is directed toward the green camera tube l 4.
Preferably, although not part of the present invention, each of the dichroic deflectors should be in the form of two plates of glass, or equivalent transparent material, having the reflective coating on the inner face of one of the plates. In such a structure, both the reflected and transmitted light travel substantially equal distances in the glass, thereby equalizing or normalizing the astigmatism for all colors of light inherently introduced by the dichroic reflectors. Such a feature forms the subject matter of a copending U. S. application of J. E. Albright, Serial No. 191,068, filed October 19, 1950 and titled "Color Selective Optical System.
It is seen from a consideration of the arrangement of the crossed dichroic reflector elements that, in order for all parts of the blue image which is projected onto the blue camera tube l5 to be in register it is necessary that the two halflength plates I9 and 20 be mounted in such a Way that they are in substantially precise alignment and with their respective surfaces parallel and in the same plane. Also, it is seen that the red image is reflected by the full-length plate I? in such a way that part of it is reflected before transmission through the blue reflective halflength plate l9 and part of it after transmission through this plate. Therefore, in order that all parts of the red image be in register, it is necessary that the half-length plate I9 be mounted with maximum precision perpendicularly to the full length plate I1. Therefore, it also is required that the other half-length plate 20 be mounted perpendicularly to the full-length plate.
A mounting for the crossed dichroic reflector in accordance with this invention which is capable of providing the desired precision of the relationship between the dichroic reflector plates is shown generally in Figure 2 to which reference now will be made. In this figure, there is shown, not only the mounting for the crossed dichroic reflector plates, but also mountings which are provided for the reflecting mirrors l8 and 2| so as to properly direct the color-selected light images onto the respective camera tubes. The apparatus is supported on a base plate 22 with the dichroic deflector mounting 23 located substantially in the middle and the adjustable mountings 24 and 25 for the mirrors l3 and 2! respectively on opposite sides of the dichroic reflector mounting. The dichroic reflector mounting is generally cubical in form and comprises essentially four supports joined together to securely grip the dichroic reflector plates. The supports 26 and 21 comprise a first pair of supports by which to grip the full-length plate member of the dichroic reflector. In this view, only a small corner portion of the support 2'! is visible. It will be understood, however, that it is substantially complementary in form to the support 26 and is located generally at the rear of the mounting as viewed in this figure. The general form of the support 21 and its relationship to the support 26 will become more apparent from a consideration of other views of the device to be described subsequently.
The pair of supports 26 and 21 are fastened together by means of a plurality of screws such as 28 and 29 extending through clearance holes in the support 26 and into correspondingly located tapped holes in the support 21. Also, each of the supports 26 and 21 is provided with openings such as defined by the arcuate cut-away sections 3| and 32 of the support 26.
The mounting also includes a second pair of suports 33 and 34 which are provided with opposing faces extending substantially diagonally of the mounting. In this case, the diagonal faces are at right angles to the diagonal faces of the first, or lower, pair of supports 26 and 21. The second, or upper, pair of supports 33 and 34 are fastened together by means such as screws 35, 36, 31 and 38 extending through clearance holes in the support 34 into correspondingly located tapped holes in the support 33. The supports 33 and 34 also are provided respectively with arcuate openings such as 39 and 40 which, in cooperation with the openings 3! and 32 of the lower pair of supports, form a means of communication to the crossed dichroic reflector plates located internally of the mounting 23.
The lower and upper pairs of supports 2621 and 33--34, respectively, are fastened together so that the diagonally extending opposite faces thereof are substantially perpendicular to one another. The upper and lower sections of the mounting are fastened together by means of a plurality of screws which are not shown in this figure but are located respectively in counterbores such as 4|, 42 and 43 and extend further through clearance holes in the upper pair of supports into correspondingly located'tapped holes in the lower pair of supports.
In the perspective view of the mounting shown in Figure 2 there also are shown a pair of adjusting screws 44 and 45 extending at oblique angles through the upper support 33 to bear upon respective resilient pads (not shown in this figure) forming the means by which the half-length dichroic reflector plates are gripped. This feature of the invention will be described in greater detail subsequently with reference to other figures of the drawing.
Each of the reflecting mirrors l8 and 2| is supported by the same sort of mounting. Accordingly, only the mounting used to support the mirror 2l' will be described. This mounting includes a turntable 46, which is movably attached to the base plate 22 by means of a, plurality of screws such as the screw 41 extending through arcuate slots such as slot 48 into respective tapped holes in the base plate. The mirror mounting also includes a substantially triangular plate 49 to which a, base, or horizontal, bracket 5| is secured by means such as rivets or screws 52. The mirror 2| is placed in the bracket and held adjacent its lower edge by a pair of fastening plates such as 53 which are removably attached to the bracket 5|. A vertical bracket 54 extending upwardly from the base bracket 5| is provided at its upper end with an extension 55 to which a removable fastening plate 55 may be attached so as to hold the mirror 21 adjacent its upper edge.
The triangular mounting plate 49 is provided with a plurality of rivets, or the like (see Figure 2a) the heads 5! of which are on the under side of the plate for bearing upon the upper surface of the turntable 46. Also adjacent to the rear edge of the plate 49 are one or more hold-down screws such as 58 extending through clearance holes in the plate 49 into correspondingly located tapped holes in the turntable 46. There also are provided twoadjusting screws 59 and 63 located adjacent the front point of the triangular plate 49. The screw 59 extends through a tapped hole in the plate 49 and has its end bearing upon the upper surface of the turntable 46. The screw as extends through a clearance hole in the plate 43 into a correspondingly located tapped hole hi the turntable 46.
The described mounting for' the mirror 2i permits suitable adjustment of the mirror to properly direct the light which is to be reflected by it from the dichroic reflector to the camera tube associated therewith. The mirror 21 may be rotated about a vertical axis by first loosening the screws, such as 4'! attaching the turntable 43 to the base plate 22, and then rotating the turntable and the mirror 2|. The arcuate slots 48 are made sufficiently long to provide the desired range of rotative adjustment. The adjustment of the light path from the mirror ill in the vertical direction is effected by tilting the triangular plate 43, and hence the mirror 2!, about a horizontal axis relative to the turntable 43 and base plate 22. This tilting is effected by suitable manipulation of the screws and 60. The screw 60, when loosened, permits the turntable 49 to be tilted by manipulation of the adjusting screw 59. If it is assumed that this is a right hand threaded screw, a clockwise rotation thereof, when viewed from the top, raises the front end of the plate 49, thereby tilting the mirror 2| rearwardly as viewed in this figure, whereby the reflected light path is elevated. A counter clockwise rotation of the screw permits a downward adjustment of the reflected light path when screw 63 is tightened.
Other details of the crossed dichroic reflector mounting are shown in the top view of the device of Figure 3 to which reference now will be made. The upper and lower pairs of supports are fastened together by means including a plurality of screws 6 l, 62 and 63, respectively, in the counterbores 4|, 42 and 43 previously referred to. Also, there is more clearly illustrated the manner in which the screws such as 28, 29 and 33 function to fasten the individual supports together in pairs. This view also indicates-the location of the openings in the other two sides of the mounting structure which are not visible in the perspective view of Figure 2. In addition to the openings 31-33 and 32-4E previously described, it is seen that another opening GA is provided in another one of the walls which is of a similar character to the previously described openings 3i-39 and 32-48. In the fourth wall of the mounting structure another opening formed and is defined by an outwardly extending substantially annular flange 35. As used in the television camera apparatus described in connection with Figure 1, the mounting of the present invention is of such a character that the opening defined by the flange 65 is placed in communication with an optical system, such as represented by the'lens l2 of Figure 1. The flange is designed to fit with the mounting structure for the optical system. The other openings 3i39 and 32-40 and 64 provide communication of the crossed dichroic reflector with the blue, green and red camera tubes, respectively, as arranged in Figure 1.
In Figure 3, there also is indicated by broken lines the manner in which the crossed dichroic reflector plates IT, [9 and 23 are mounted in the device embodying the present invention. The supports 33 and 34 comprising the upper pair of supports are fastened together by the described means including screws 35, 3S and 31 to support the half-length plates 19 and 20 between opposing faces of the supports. In this form of the invention the support 33 is provided with a recess 66 in the diagonal face thereof which is joined to the complementary and opposing face of the support 34. The recess has a length which is preferably slightly greater than the combined lengths of the half-length plates 19 and 20 plus the thickness of the full-length plate H. The depth of the recess 66 is made somewhat greater than the thickness of the plates i9 and 20 for a purpose to be made clearer in view of the following description. A spacer 61 having a thickness substantially equal to the depth of the recess may be inserted between the supports 33 and 34 to maintain the faces thereof parallel at all points.
.On either side of the center of the diagonal faces of the supports 33 and 34 there are embedded, respectively, therein a plurality of resilient pads for use in gripping the plates 19 and 2E}. The half-length plate 19 is gripped by a set of three pads 68, 69 and Ti! arranged in a right triangular formation in support 34 as more clearly shown in Figure 5. A similar arrangement of pads ll, 12 and I3 is provided in the diagonal face of the support 34 for mounting the halflength plate 20. The diagonal inner face of the recess 66 of support 33 is provided with correspondingly' located resilient pads which are designated by the same reference characters used to indicate the previously described pads of the support 34 and are distinguished therefrom by the addition of a prime. It is seen that, when the two supports 33 and 34 are fastened together in the manner described, the plates :3 and 29 are gripped between the opposite sets of resilient pads and securely held in position thereby.
Also, the full-length plate ll is mounted in a somewhat similar manner between the opposing diagonal faces of the supports 26 and 2?. In this case the support 26 has protruding from the diagonal face thereof three resilient pads l4, l5 and 16. Corresponding pads Z4, 75 and 18 are provided in the diagonal face of a recess 11 formed in the face of the support 2'! in a manner similar to the previously described pad mounting in the recess 66 of the support The pads 14 and 16 may be located in substantially the same horizontal line and the pads T5 at a somewhat lower point as indicated in Figure 5.
It is seen that al of the dichroic reflector plates are mounted between the diagonal faces of their respective pairs of supports by being gripped at three spaced points between the resilient pads protruding from the faces of the supports. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that there is substantially no strain placed upon the surface of any plate which would tend to distort it. At the same time, the mounting of the plates is sufliciently firm and rigid to prevent relative movement between the plates which would tend to cause misregistration of the different reflected color images.
It should be noted that, in order to minimize strain in all parts of the dichroic reflector plate structures, it is desirable to provide an additional feature in the case where the reflectors have the sandwich type of structure which previously has been indicated as a preferred form. Where such reflector structures are used, thin shims of transparent material, such as cellulose tape, may be placed between the two plates comprising the unitary dichroic reflector. These shims should be located in the areas in which the resilient pads grip the reflector. Thus, it is seen that a similar three-point contact between the inner faces of the two plates is effected, thereby minimizing the strain placed'upon these surfaces when the plates are assembled to form a unitary reflector.
It is seen, with particular reference to Figure 5, that each of the two pairs of supports, provided respectively to mount the fulland half-length plates, have a vertical thickness which is only slightly greater than one-half of the width of the. plates mounted therein. Accordingly, approximately one-half of each of the plates, in the dimension of its width, extends beyond the pair of supports in which it is mounted. Also, it is seen that the full-length plate I! is gripped by the pads in its lower half. Accordingly, the upper half of the full-length plate I! extends upwardly from thepair of supports 26 and 2']. The half-length plates l9. and 20, on the other hand, are gripped by the resilient pads in their respective upper halves. As a consequence, the lower halves of the half-length plates extend downwardly from the pair of supports 33 and 34. Accordingly, the lower pair. of supports 26 and 2'! are provided with diagonally extending channels 18 and 19 respectively. These channels are in substantial alignment when the supports 26 and 21 are fastened together and are perpendicularly related to the diagonal faces of the supports. Hence, when the two pairs of supports are fastened together the channels 18 and 19 receive the downwardly extending portions of the halflength plates l9 and 20. A similar pair of channels BI and 82 are provided respectively in the upper pair of supports 33 and 34 to accommodate the upwardly extending portion of the full-length plate l7.
The described mounting for the crossed dichroic reflector provides a fixed support for the full-length plate I! and adjustable supports for the half-length plates I9 and 20. Referring again to Figure 3 of the drawings, the adjusting screws 44 and 45 extend downwardly through the support 33, at an angle of approximately forty-five degrees to the plane of the half-length plates I 9 and 20, to respective positions in which the ends of the screws are in contact with the inner ends of the resilient pads H and 68, respectively. By an adjustment of the screw 44, whereby it is inserted deeper into the support, the additional pressure which is exerted by the pad H upon the half-length plate 20 causes it to be rotated in a clockwise manner about a vertical pivot comprising the pads 12 and 13. Retraction of the screw 44 produces a counterclockwise pivoting of the plate 20 effected by the resilience of the pads. Similarly, the adjustment of the screw 45 produces a pivoting motion of the half-length plate l9 about a vertical axis comprising the pads 69 and 10.
The mounting also is provided with one or more adjusting screws, such as the screw 83, extending through the support 33 to bear upon the pad 13' and making an angle of approximately forty-five degrees with the plate 20 when viewed from the top as in Figure 3. Adjustment of this screw effects a' rotation of the plate 20 about a horizontal axis comprising the pads H and 12. Also if desired, a somewhat similar adjusting screw 84 may be provided in the support 34. This screw bears against the inner end of the resilient pad 10 and makes approximately a forty-five degree angle with the plate I9 when viewed from the top as in the figure. Adjustment of the screw 84 causes a pivoting of the plate [9 about a horizontal axis comprising the pads 68 and 89. It has been found in practice that this latter screw is not necessary in all cases. Its inclusion, however, does provide an additional degree of adjustment which, in some instances, may be found advantageous.
Furthermore, it should be evident that it is within the scope of the invention to provide facilities, such as adjusting screws, by which to vary the pressure exerted by all three sets of the resilient pads gripping at least one of the half-length plates. By such means, precise coplanarity of the two half-length plates may be achieved so that the images reflected by these plates may be brought to a common focus.
From the foregoing description of an illustrative embodiment of the invention it may be seen that there is provided a mounting for a crossed dichroic reflector of the type having a full-length plate and two substantially half-length plates located at right angles to, and respectively on opposite sides of, the full-length plate and perpendioular thereto and by means of which the half-length plates may be adjusted for mutual coplanarity and parallelism and respective perpendicularity to the full-length plate. Also, the mounting provided by the instant invention is of an improved character whereby substantially no strain is placed upon any surface of the dichroic reflector plates of such a nature as to tend to distort them.
The present embodiment of the invention is particularly adapted for use in a color television camera of the character described. However, color selective optical systems of the character embodied in a crossed dichroic reflector are susceptible of use in systems other than color television systems, such as in photography for example. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the crossed dichroic reflector mounting provided by the instant invention is not to be limited for use in any particular system.
The nature of the invention may be ascertained from the foregoing description of an illustrative embodiment thereof. Its scope is set forth in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A mounting for a crossed dichroic reflector of the type having a, full-length first color-selective plate member and two substantially halflength second color-selective plate members located at right angles to and respectively on opposite sides of said full-length plate substantially in the middle thereof, all of said plates being of substantially the same width, said mounting comprising first and second pairs of supports, each of said pairs of supports having opposite faces provided respectively with a plurality of resilient pads protruding therefrom, each of said supports having a thickness equal approximately to at least one-half of the width of said plates, means to fasten said first pair of supports together to cause the pads thereof to grip said fulllength plate so that approximately one-half of said full-length plate in the dimension of its width extends beyond the supports in the dimension of their thickness, means to fasten said second pair of supports together to cause the pads thereof to grip said half-length plates so that approximately one-half of said half-length plates in the dimension of their width extend beyond said second pair of supports in the dimension of their thickness, each pair of supports being provided additionally with recesses, and means to fasten said first pair of supports to said second pair of supports so that the plate members gripped respectively thereby have the desired relationship to one another, the recesses in said supports being placed suitably to receive the extending portions of said plates.
2. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 1 wherein, each of said supports also has external sides in the dimension of its thickness, said sides having openings formed therein of such a character that, when said supports are fastened together, said mounting provides four light paths to said dichroic reflector.
3. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 1 wherein, at least one of said supports is provided with at least one movable member bearing on at least one of said resilient pads, said movable member being adjustable to move said associated pad relative to the others of said pads, thereby to adjust the position of the plate gripped by said moved pad relative to said other plates.
l. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 3 wherein, said movable member is located in one of said second pair of supports in a position to adjust the position of one of said half-length plates.
5. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 4 wherein, at least one of said movable members is provided for each of said half-length plates, whereby both of said halflength plates may be adjustably positioned relative to one another and also to said full-length plate.
6. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 1 wherein, each of said supports is provided with three of said resilient pads for each of said plates to be supported and at least one of said second pair of supports is provided with a plurality of movable members for one of said half-length plates, whereby the positioning of said plate may be adjusted in a plurality of degrees of freedom.
7. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 6 wherein, said movable members are two in number, thereby providing an adjustable positioning of said plate in two degrees of freedom.
8. A crossed dichroic reflector mounting as defined in claim 7 wherein, said movable members are screws threaded into holes formed in at least one of said second pair of supports and extending angularly to the surface of said half-length plates.
9. A mounting for a crossed dichroic reflector of the type having a full-length first color-selective plate member and two substantially halflength second color-selective members located at right angles to and respectively on opposite sides of said full-length plate substantially in the mid- 12 dle thereof, all of said plates being of substantially the same width, said mounting comprising a first pair of supports having opposing faces extending respectively in one direction for at least the length of said full-length plate and in the other directionfor approximately one-half of the width of said full-length plate, each of said first pair of supports also being provided with a channel having a width and a depth respectively equal approximately to the thickness and to one-half of the width of said half-length plates and extending perpendicularly from approximately the middle of said face, two sets of resilient pads mounted respectively in said first pair of supports so as to protrude from said faces in such a manner that corresponding pads of said two sets are directly opposite to one another, means to join said first pair of supports to cause said pads to grip said full-length plate and to place said channels in substantial alignment, a second pair of supports having opposing faces extending respectively in one direction for at least a distance equal to the combined lengths of said half-length plates plus the thickness of said full-length plate and in the other direction for approximately one-half of the width of said half-length plates. LAWRENCE T. SACHTLEBEN.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,140,576 Conrady et a1. May 25, 1915 1,299,431 Dawson 1 Apr. 8, 1919 2,128,791 Benford Aug. 30, 1938 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 137,176 Great Britain Jan. 8, 1920.
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6948646_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | *860OPINION
HAWKINS, Circuit Judge:
The issues in this appeal are at the intersection of federal regulation of interstate commerce and the antitrust laws. We are asked to determine what interest must yield when federal regulatory review leads to allegedly anticompetitive behavior: specifically, whether federal review of natural gas importation, transportation, and sales precludes antitrust claims for behavior underlying or leading to the regulatory result. We hold that it does and therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs-appellants in this class action are individuals and entities who received natural gas (“gas”) service from defendant Pacific Gas & Electric Company (“PG & E”) from February 1988 through October 1993. Within the plaintiff class are two types of gas customers: core customers and non-core customers. Core customers, according to plaintiffs’ complaint, “are residential and commercial customers without alternate fuel capability.” Plaintiff Mary Grogan is the class representative for the core customers. Non-core customers, by contrast, are large commercial and industrial consumers that are capable of purchasing gas from alternative sources. The County of Stanislaus (“County”) is a non-core customer.
Defendant-appellee PG & E is a public utility company that supplies natural gas to millions of commercial and residential customers in northern and central California. Defendant-appellee Pacific Gas Transmission Company (“PGT”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PG & E. PGT owns and operates a gas pipeline that extends from the Canada-United States border to California. Defendant-appellee Alberta & Southern Gas Company (“A & S”), a Canadian corporation, also is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PG & E. A & S is an aggregator and exporter of Canadian gas.
During the time period relevant to this lawsuit, defendant A & S negotiated contracts with a group of natural gas producers from Alberta, Canada, for the sale of gas to PG & E. Plaintiffs allege that the Alberta producers acted as a cartel, and that A & S and the cartel conspired to increase the price paid for gas above the prevailing market rate for Canadian gas.1
At the United States border, A & S sold the gas to defendant PGT, which owned the pipeline that transported the gas to California. At the California border, PGT sold the gas to PG & E. In addition to the price-fixing conspiracy, plaintiffs contend that defendants prevented PG & E’s competitors from gaining necessary access to PGT’s pipeline. Plaintiffs allege that PG & E purchased excessive quantities of cartel gas in order to “stuff’ the pipeline and prevent competitors from supplying gas to non-core customers in California. Plaintiffs further allege that PG & E caused its Utility Electric Generation Department (“UEG”) to elect core service, which effectively filled the pipeline and foreclosed access for non-core customers.
Plaintiffs assert the following claims for relief: (1) price fixing in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act, the Wilson Tariff Act, section 3 of the Clayton Act, and California’s Cartwright Act; and (2) denial of pipeline access in violation of the Sherman Act, the Wilson Tariff Act, the Clayton Act, and California’s Cartwright Act.2
Several levels of federal and state review scrutinized the gas purchase and transportation process described above. After review by Canadian agencies, the agreement for the import of gas from Alberta was subject to United States agency review. Two federal agencies regulate natural gas imports and *861sales: the Economic Regulatory Administration (“ERA”) and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”).
Under section 3 of the Natural Gas Act (“NGA”), ERA reviews foreign natural gas imports and must approve a proposed importation of natural gas unless the import “will not be consistent with the public interest.” 15 U.S.C. § 717b(a). ERA considers the competitiveness of the imported gas, the need for the gas, and the security of the gas supply. Pursuant to Department of Energy policy, the “primary consideration” is the “competitiveness of an import arrangement in the market served.” Pacific Gas Transmission Co. [PGT II], 1 E.R.A. ¶ 70,591 at 72,386 (1985). In a series of orders, ERA first granted conditional, then final approval to the proposed sale and importation from A & S to PGT. See id,.; Pacific Gas Transmission Co. [PGT I ], 1 E.R.A ¶ 70,574 at 72,321 (1984). ERA found that “PGT’s import arrangement is competitive and market responsive, and can be expected to remain so over the term of the underlying contract.” PGT II at 72,386.
In addition to ERA review, sections 4(c) and (d) of the NGA require sellers of natural gas in interstate commerce to file their rates with FERC. 15 U.S.C. §§ 717c(c), (d). In this case, FERC reviewed the price that PG & E paid to PGT for the gas to ensure that the price was “just and reasonable.” 15 U.S.C. § 717e(a). Though FERC may not redetermine the reasonableness or competitiveness of an import arrangement approved by ERA, it must independently ensure that Canadian and domestic sources of gas receive equal treatment. See TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. v. FERC, 878 F.2d 401, 407, 411 (D.C.Cir.1989).
Moreover, FERC administers several programs that provide transportation rights on PGT’s pipeline to non-core customers. For example, pipeline operators such as PGT could apply to FERC for an individual certificate of public convenience and necessity to transport natural gas on behalf of a non-core customer. See 15 U.S.C. § 717f. Though the certificates received only limited use because of the administrative burden they imposed, PGT did obtain certificates for at least nine shippers during the 1980s. Re Pacific Gas Trans. Co., 40 F.E.R.C. ¶ 61,193 at 61,-622 n. 29 (1987). The County does not allege that it ever sought access to PGT’s pipeline pursuant to this program.
In 1985, FERC adopted the “blanket certificate” program, intended to provide customers with greater access to gas transportation. See 50 Fed.Reg. 42408 (1985). The program authorized interstate pipelines to transport gas in competition with their own gas on a first-come, first-served basis. See 18 C.F.R. §§ 284.1-284.9, 284.221 — 284.227. PGT employed a lottery system to offer access under the blanket certificate program and received bids from customers for transportation access far exceeding available pipeline capacity. The County does not allege participation in the lottery, nor does it allege impropriety by PGT in conducting the lottery.
Non-core customers may also seek access through a program known as the “Section 311” shipper queue. See 15 U.S.C. § 3371(a). Under this program, interstate pipeline operators can transport gas for certain customers by submitting tariffs to FERC for approval. Although PGT received approval in 1987 to act as a section 311 shipper, the County does not allege that it sought access to this program.
In addition to federal regulation, a California state agency regulates the rates that utilities charge within the state. The California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) retrospectively reviews rates and the costs underlying those rates to ensure that the rates are “just and reasonable.” Cal.Pub. Util.Code § 451. The core/non-core distinction results from a 1986 CPUC program designed to ensure a consistent supply of gas for the core customers while allowing some purchasing flexibility to non-core customers. See Re New Regulatory Framework for Gas Utilities, 22 C.P.U.C.2d 491, 505, 1986 WL 215056 (1986). As part of the program, non-core customers could elect core service and be treated as core customers. Id. at 520-21.
Many PG & E customers chose to core-elect. In addition, PG & E elected core service for its UEG. As a result of the core-*862election program, non-core customers suffered a reduction in transportation capacity. In response to their complaints, however, CPUC determined that core election benefit-ted core and non-core customers by increasing PG & E’s bargaining power with Canadian producers. Re Natural Gas Procurement and System Reliability, 30 C.P.U.C.2d 545, 558-60, 1988 WL 391270 (1988). Thus, CPUC endorsed a PG & E strategy to maximize core-election by its non-core customers.
CPUC nonetheless implemented several programs designed to ensure transmission capacity for non-core customers. In 1990, CPUC required PG & E to allocate a portion of its pipeline rights to non-core customers. In 1991, CPUC adopted a program that required PG & E to make available to non-core customers any transportation capacity in excess of that required to serve core customers. The County, a non-core customer, does not allege that it sought to take advantage of either of these programs.
After plaintiffs filed their initial complaint in this matter, defendants filed a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, which the district court granted in part and denied in part. The district court granted plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint. Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, which added A & S as a defendant. The district court granted defendants’ renewed motion to dismiss on a number of grounds without leave to amend. We review plaintiffs’ timely appeal de novo. Oscar v. University Students Co-op. Ass’n, 965 F.2d 783, 785 (9th Cir.1992) (en banc).
ANALYSIS
The district court, in ruling on defendants’ motions to dismiss, held that the filed rate doctrine barred all of plaintiffs’ claims for damages.
Since the 1920s, the “filed rate” or “filed tariff’ doctrine has barred antitrust recovery by parties claiming injury from the payment of a filed rate for goods or services. Keogh v. Chicago Northwestern Ry. Co., 260 U.S. 156, 43 S.Ct. 47, 67 L.Ed. 183 (1922). The doctrine has been the target of criticism since its inception. Recently, the Supreme Court acknowledged criticism of the doctrine, but affirmed its vitality as a “rule [that] has been an established guidepost at the intersection of the antitrust and interstate commerce statutory regimes for some 6 1/2 decades.” Square D Co. v. Niagara Frontier Tariff Bureau, Inc., 476 U.S. 409, 423, 106 S.Ct. 1922, 1930, 90 L.Ed.2d 413 (1986).
In Keogh, a private shipper claimed that rates submitted to and approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission (“ICC”) pursuant to the Interstate Commerce Act had been fixed by a conspiracy that violated the Sherman Act. The shipper alleged that, as a result of the conspiracy, the rates were “higher than the rates would have been, if competition had not been thus eliminated.” Keogh, 260 U.S. at 160, 43 S.Ct. at 48. The Supreme Court rejected the shipper’s claim, agreeing with defendants that ICC approval of their rates conclusively established the rates as “reasonable and nondiscriminatory” Id. at 161,43 S.Ct. at 49.
Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. v. Northwestern Public Service Co., 341 U.S. 246, 71 S.Ct. 692, 95 L.Ed. 912 (1951), applied the filed rate doctrine to rates filed with the Federal Power Commission (FERC’s predecessor) and rejected a claim that defendant’s allegedly fraudulent conduct had led to illegal and unreasonably high rates. See id. at 251-52, 71 S.Ct. at 695. The Court held that:
the right to a reasonable rate is the right to the rate which the Commission files or fixes, and that, except for review of the Commission’s orders, the courts can assume no right to a different one on the ground that, in its opinion, it is the only or the more reasonable one.
Id.; see also Nantahala Power & Light Co. v. Thornburg, 476 U.S. 953, 962-63, 106 S.Ct. 2349, 2355, 90 L.Ed.2d 943 (1986) (describing Montana-Dakota). We apply the filed rate doctrine out of deference to a “congressional scheme of uniform ... regulation.” Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co. v. Hall, 453 U.S. 571, 579, 101 S.Ct. 2925, 2931, 69 L.Ed.2d 856 (1981) Otherwise, we would impermissibly “usurp[ ] a function that Congress has assigned to a federal regulatory body.” Id. at 582, 101 S.Ct. at 2932; see also Mississippi Power & Light v. Mississippi ex rel. Moore, *863487 U.S. 354, 371, 108 S.Ct. 2428, 2438, 101 L.Ed.2d 322 (1988); Nantahala, 476 U.S. at 964, 106 S.Ct. at 2355-56.
The filed rate doctrine applies both to federal antitrust actions and to state law-causes of action relating to rates established by federal agencies. See Arkansas Louisiana Gas, 453 U.S. at 580, 101 S.Ct. at 2931-32. To permit recovery under state law would allow a state court (or a federal court applying state law) to undermine the authority of a federal agency, id. at 582,101 S.Ct. at 2932-33, and would impermissibly contravene the Supremacy Clause. See id.
Here, the sale and transportation of natural gas from Canada to California cleared several levels of state and federal review: FERC reviewed the price that PG & E paid to PGT for the gas; ERA reviewed the import contract between A & S and PGT; and CPUC reviewed the retail prices that PG & E charged to its California customers. For purposes of the filed rate doctrine, the two levels of federal review are sufficient to bar the claims — state and federal — that plaintiffs press in this action.
Plaintiffs assert three types of antitrust claims: price fixing, “market preclusion” or denial of access, and state antitrust claims. We conclude that the filed rate doctrine bars all claims in this case, and we address each type of claim separately.
A. Federal Price Fixing Claims
Plaintiffs claim that defendants’ FERC-approved rates were the product of antitrust violations, and seek as damages the “overcharge” that resulted from the fixed prices. This is precisely what the filed rate doctrine prohibits. As we recognized in Cost Management Servs. v. Washington Natural Gas Co., 99 F.3d 937 (9th Cir.1996), a claim for damages based on a filed rate would be too speculative, because it:
would require a showing that a hypothetical lower rate should and would have been adopted by [FERC]. Whether or not the agency would have actually approved a different rate was a question best left to the agency itself, rather than the courts.
99 F.3d at 944.
Plaintiffs’ complaint, which seeks treble damages on the ground that alleged antitrust activities caused plaintiffs to pay an inflated rate for their gas, asks for that which Keogh and its progeny will not allow; “an award of treble damages is not an available remedy for a [plaintiff] claiming that the rate submitted to, and approved by, [FERC] was the product of an antitrust violation.” Square D, 476 U.S. at 422, 106 S.Ct. at 1929; see also H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 954 F.2d 485, 488 (8th Cir.1992) (“The filed rate doctrine prohibits a party from recovering damages measured by comparing the filed rate and the rate that might have been approved absent the conduct in issue.”).
Plaintiffs cannot meaningfully distinguish Square D, which concerned a Canadian conspiracy to fix rates for freight transportation occurring outside the purview of the ICC. Square D, 476 U.S. at 414, 106 S.Ct. at 1925. Plaintiffs in the instant case have characterized the activities of A & S and the alleged cartel as “beyond the U.S. border” and “outside the authority of domestic regulatory agencies.” Square D rejected such a “narrow reading” of the filed rate doctrine, id. at 417 n. 19, 106 S.Ct. at 1927 n. 19, adhering to Keogh’s rule that antitrust damages are not available for claims based on filed rates. See id. at 422,106 S.Ct. at 1929-30. The same result obtains here: the filed rate doctrine precludes antitrust claims seeking damages on the basis of filed rates.
B. Federal “Market Preclusion” Claims
The filed rate doctrine also bars plaintiffs’ claims that defendants’ gas purchasing agreements operated to deny plaintiffs access to the PGT pipeline, such that plaintiffs could not independently arrange to procure less expensive gas. Plaintiffs’ denial of access claims are, at core, a challenge to the quantity of gas that PG & E purchased from Canadian producers; because such quantities had received ERA approval and authorization, the claims cannot overcome the filed rate doctrine’s clear instruction that *864ERA-approved volumes are conclusively reasonable.
Application of the filed rate doctrine to ERA review is a matter of first impression. This case requires us to address a claim that the defendants’ import practices — which had received ERA review and approval — detrimentally affected plaintiffs’ ability to obtain less expensive natural gas. Guided by Supreme Court precedent, the complimentary jurisdiction of ERA and FERC, and the Supremacy Clause, we hold that ERA approval establishes an import volume as conclusively reasonable and thereby forecloses any challenge to importation volumes. As a result, plaintiffs in this litigation cannot complain that PG & E and PGT illegally “stuffed” their pipeline with cartel gas; ERA approval of those volumes of gas precludes any such complaint.
In Nantahala, the Supreme Court applied the filed rate doctrine to a FERC-ordered allocation of power and concluded that “the filed rate doctrine is not limited to ‘rates’ per se.” 476 U.S. at 966, 106 S.Ct. at 2357. Nantahala involved a decision of the North Carolina Supreme Court, which had affirmed an allocation of power by North Carolina’s Utility Commission (“NCUC”) that differed from a prior FERC allocation. The Nantahala Court held, on the basis of the filed rate doctrine, that FERC’s ordered allocation preempted a subsequent reallocation by NCUC. Id. at 972-73, 106 S.Ct. at 2360. According to the Supreme Court,
The North Carolina court’s ruling that Nantahala had purchased an unreasonably large quantity of high-cost power ... conflicts with FERC’s orders in the same manner as would a refusal to recognize a FERC-approved price as a reasonable cost for purposes of retail ratemaking.
Id. at 973, 106 S.Ct. at 2360.
Just as the North Carolina court in Nantahala was powerless to reject FERC’s allocation, we cannot allow plaintiffs’ claims to proceed given ERA’s authorization of PGT’s import volumes as “just and reasonable.”
Although plaintiffs correctly note that the Supreme Court in Nantahala left open the possibility that a claim concerning the quantity of power purchased might survive the filed rate doctrine,3 plaintiffs’ claims do not fall within this narrow question. The question not answered in Nantahala concerned rates filed with FERC, whereas this case concerns volumes filed with ERA. The difference is critical, and fatal to plaintiffs’ denial of access claims: because the volumes in the instant case had received ERA approval, they — like the filed rates in Keogh — are conclusively reasonable, and not subject to the challenge that plaintiffs raise. See Montana-Dakota, 341 U.S. at 251-52, 71 S.Ct. at 695-96 (right to reasonable rate nothing more than the right to filed rate). Nantahala concerned action by FERC only; here, because, along with FERC price approval, PG & E filed the particular quantity purchased with ERA the quantity was conclusively reasonable, and the Nantahala exception is not applicable.
Plaintiffs invoke a legion of cases in an attempt to bring their claims outside the filed rate doctrine, none of which has particular relevance here. Plaintiffs’ reliance on In re Lower Lake Erie Iron Ore Antitrust Litigation, 998 F.2d 1144 (3rd Cir.1993) is misplaced. In Lower Lake Erie, steel companies, trucking companies, and dock companies filed suit against railroad companies, alleging that the railroads “conspired ... to preclude potential competitors from entering the market of lake transport, dock handling, storage and land transport of iron ore.” Id. at 1151. At issue in Lower Lake Erie was “whether the railroads’ rate-making activity occurred within the legal framework of the [Interstate Commerce Act].” Id. at 1152. The district court in Lower Lake Erie dismissed, on the basis of the filed rate doc*865trine, the steel companies’ claims “based on the allegation that, absent the conspiracy, these plaintiffs would have paid lower rates for costs associated with the transportation of ore.” Id. at 1154.
The claims that survived dismissal in Lower Lake Erie have no relevance here. In that case, if the anticompetitive conduct had not occurred, an entirely new alternative— shipping by truck as opposed to rañ — would have been available to the steel companies. The railroads’ rates were only coincidentally implicated because “the steel companies were compelled to continue to pay the railroad fixed rates.” Id. at 1160. In the instant case, by contrast, no matter what the reality of the alleged anticompetitive behavior, plaintiffs here would still be paying PG & E’s rates. That those rates could theoretically be lower is precisely what compels application of the filed rate doctrine. Lower Lake Erie simply is not relevant.
Similarly unhelpful to plaintiffs are Cellular Plus, Inc. v. Superior Court, 14 Cal.App.4th 1224, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 308 (1993), and Clipper Exxpress v. Rocky Mountain Motor Tariff, 690 F.2d 1240 (9th Cir.1982). As explained in greater detail below, Cellular Plus concerns only state law causes of action and only those situations where no federal agency has exercised review. See 14 Cal.App.4th at 1240-43, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 308. Because two federal agencies exercised regulatory authority in the instant case, Cellular Plus has no relevance, particularly to this federal cause of action.
Clipper Exxpress likewise involved a set of facts that renders it irrelevant to our present inquiry. The plaintiff in Clipper Exxpress sought damages based on allegedly anticompetitive activities of defendants that, for two years, prevented plaintiff from filing a proposed rate with the ICC. 690 F.2d at 1246. Two principal facts guided our decision not to apply the filed rate doctrine in Clipper Exxpress: (1) the rate, because known and ultimately approved, would not require a court to speculate as to damages; and, (2) the plaintiff had no remedy before the ICC. Id. at 1266-67. That simply is not the ease here.
In the instant case, the only known rates are those that defendants filed with FERC, ERA, and CPUC. To determine the damages that plaintiffs seek would require us to engage in the speculation that Keogh and its progeny forbid. In addition, plaintiffs here sought to challenge defendants’ rates before state and federal agencies; that they received unsatisfactory results does not permit a court to step in and fashion its own remedy. The markedly different facts in Clipper Exxpress produced, appropriately, a markedly different result.
Finally, the three recent Ninth Circuit eases that plaintiffs contend have narrowed the filed rate doctrine have not done so in a manner helpful to their claims. See Central Office Telephone, Inc. v. AT & T, 108 F.3d 981 (9th Cir.1997); Columbia Steel Casting Co. v. Portland General Elec. Co., 103 F.3d 1446 (9th Cir.1996), as amended on denial of rehearing, 111 F.3d 1427 (9th Cir.1997); Cost Management Servs., 99 F.3d at 937.
Central Office Telephone involved a contract dispute. See 108 F.3d at 987-89. Defendant AT & T made promises that plaintiff claimed were not kept. We refused to apply the filed rate doctrine because “this case does not involve rates or rate setting.” 108 F.3d at 990. By contrast, the instant case only involves rates and rate setting, and requires that we apply the filed rate doctrine.
The unique facts of Columbia Steel prompted us to reject the defendant’s attempt to invoke the filed rate doctrine. See 103 F.3d at 1465. An agreement between two electric utilities divided the city into exclusive service territories. The plaintiff steel company was a customer of one utility, Portland General Electric, and was thwarted in its efforts to receive power from the other utility, Portland Power and Light. Id. at 1454. We refused to apply the filed rate doctrine because the case did not present a situation of hypothetical rate speculation. As we noted in Columbia Steel,
The conduct challenged in this case is not [Portland General’s] refusal to sell electricity to Columbia Steel at a lower rate. Rather, the challenged conduct is the non-competition agreement that prevented Columbia Steel from buying electricity at [Portland Power’s] lower rates.
*866Id. at 1465 (emphasis added). We cannot say the same for the conduct alleged here, which amounts to little more than a refusal to sell gas to plaintiffs at a lower rate.
Lastly, Cost Management Services does not rescue plaintiffs’ claims. Cost Management Services involved application of the “competitor exception” to the filed rate doctrine, an exception not helpful to any plaintiffs to the present action. See 99 F.3d at 945. The competitor exception does not aid the County or other non-core customers, who, though they might have competed with PG & E to purchase gas, did not take advantage of any of the programs for alternative access that FERC and CPUC offered. By failing to seek such alternative access, non-core customers paid the same filed rates for gas as core customers paid and cannot claim injury from exclusionary conduct unrelated to these filed rates.
Our conclusion that the filed rate doctrine bars plaintiffs’ denial of access claim receives additional support from plaintiffs’ complaint, which seeks as relief damages based on the difference between the rate paid for gas — a filed rate — and the rate potentially available from other Canadian producers. In reality, though framed as a challenge to access, this claim, too, is little more than a challenge to rates that FERC approved and filed for gas that PG & E imported, especially in light of plaintiffs’ failure to seek access to alternative suppliers of gas. The filed rate doctrine bars the denial of access claims.
C. State Law Claims
As noted above, the filed rate doctrine bars all claims — state and federal — that attempt to challenge a rate that a federal agency has reviewed and filed. In the instant case, FERC determined that PG & E’s wholesale prices were “just and reasonable,” and ERA established that PGT’s proposed import volumes were “in the public interest.” Accordingly, plaintiffs can challenge neither the price of the gas nor the volume of gas procured. It makes no difference that plaintiffs choose to bring some of their claims under state law; on the facts of this case, the filed rate doctrine acts to bar all the challenges that plaintiffs assert. See Arkansas Louisiana Gas, 453 U.S. at 580, 101 S.Ct. at 2931-32; Chicago & North Western Transp. Co. v. Kalo Brick & Tile Co., 450 U.S. 311, 326, 101 S.Ct. 1124, 1134-35, 67 L.Ed.2d 258 (1981). The district court properly dismissed the state law claims as barred by the filed rate doctrine.
Nor does Cellular Plus salvage plaintiffs’ state law claims. Cellular Plus distinguished Keogh and Square D, holding that California’s Cartwright Act “need not be interpreted as narrowly as the Sherman Act.” 14 Cal.App.4th at 1241, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 308. Cellular Plus concerned cellular telephone rates in California and involved no federal agencies and no federally filed rates. Cellular Plus merely declined to create a state filed rate doctrine where rates filed with the CPUC were not subject to federal review. See, e.g., id. at 1242,18 Cal.Rptr.2d 308 (“the instant action pertains to the cellular telephone industry and the [CPUC’s] regulatory authority ... whereas Keogh and Square D dealt with the ICC’s regulatory authority”).4
Throughout its discussion of the filed rate doctrine, the Cellular Plus court emphasized the absence of “any California decision similar to Keogh ” because Cellular Plus did not concern the preclusive effect of federally filed rates. See id. The rates in the instant ease received two levels of extensive federal review, and that federal review gives rise to application of the filed rate doctrine. Moreover, the challenge in Cellular Plus was to the retail prices filed in California, over which CPUC had authority; in the instant case, plaintiffs challenge the wholesale price paid in Canada, a price reviewed by ERA, filed with FERC, and not subject to question by CPUC. See, e.g., Nantahala, 476 U.S. at 966, 106 S.Ct. at 2357 (“a State may not conclude in setting retad rates that the FERC-approved wholesale rates are unrea*867sonable”). We conclude that Cellular Plus simply has no relevance here.
CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of all of plaintiffs-appellants’ claims on the ground that the filed rate doctrine bars such antitrust challenges to federally reviewed and filed rates.5
. A & S based the price it paid for gas on a "netback” formula, which arrives at a price by subtracting the cost of transportation from Alberta to California from the price of gas produced in the southwestern United States and transported to California. This is one of only two methods of price calculation that the Canadian regulatory structure permits. The other permissible method of price calculation requires the parties to submit to arbitration.
. The remaining claims — claims for injunctive relief — became moot when the contracts expired in October 1993 and are not before us on this appeal.
. The Supreme Court in Nantahala did not entirely foreclose the possibility of a claim based on allocation:
Without deciding this issue, we may assume that a particular quantity of power procured by a utility from a particular source could be deemed unreasonably excessive if lower cost power is available elsewhere, even though the higher cost power actually purchased is obtained at a FERC-approved, and therefore reasonable, price.
476 U.S. at 972, 106 S.Ct. at 2360 (emphasis in original).
. The Cellular Plus court gave a litany of reasons for its decision not to follow Keogh and Square D, see 14 Cal.App.4th at 1242, 18 Cal.Rptr.2d 308, and though several of those reasons make clear that Cellular Plus is readily distinguishable from the instant case, the most salient reason is the total absence of federal review.
. In light of our determination that the filed rate doctrine bars all of plaintiffs’ claims, we need not reach the merits of the other defenses that defendants have raised.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19850 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright Contributors to the Amundsen project.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
import * as React from 'react';
import { mocked } from 'ts-jest/utils';
import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
import { ResourceType } from 'interfaces';
import {
indexDashboardsEnabled,
indexFeaturesEnabled,
indexUsersEnabled,
} from 'config/config-utils';
import SearchItemList, { SearchItemListProps } from '..';
import * as CONSTANTS from '../../constants';
jest.mock('config/config-utils', () => ({
getDisplayNameByResource: jest.fn(),
indexUsersEnabled: jest.fn(),
indexDashboardsEnabled: jest.fn(),
indexFeaturesEnabled: jest.fn(),
}));
jest.mock('react-redux', () => ({
connect: () => (SearchItem) => SearchItem,
}));
const setup = (propOverrides?: Partial<SearchItemListProps>) => {
const props: SearchItemListProps = {
onItemSelect: jest.fn(),
searchTerm: 'test',
...propOverrides,
};
const wrapper = shallow<SearchItemList>(<SearchItemList {...props} />);
return { props, wrapper };
};
describe('SearchItemList', () => {
describe('getListItemText', () => {
let wrapper;
beforeAll(() => {
({ wrapper } = setup());
});
it('returns the correct value for ResourceType.table', () => {
const output = wrapper.instance().getListItemText(ResourceType.table);
expect(output).toEqual(CONSTANTS.DATASETS_ITEM_TEXT);
});
it('returns the correct value for ResourceType.user', () => {
const output = wrapper.instance().getListItemText(ResourceType.user);
expect(output).toEqual(CONSTANTS.PEOPLE_ITEM_TEXT);
});
it('returns the correct value for ResourceType.dashboard', () => {
const output = wrapper.instance().getListItemText(ResourceType.dashboard);
expect(output).toEqual(CONSTANTS.DASHBOARD_ITEM_TEXT);
});
it('returns empty string as the default', () => {
const output = wrapper.instance().getListItemText('unsupported');
expect(output).toEqual('');
});
});
describe('render', () => {
let props;
let wrapper;
let getListItemTextSpy;
let mockListItemText;
it('renders a SearchItem for ResourceType.table', () => {
({ props, wrapper } = setup());
mockListItemText = 'Hello';
getListItemTextSpy = jest
.spyOn(wrapper.instance(), 'getListItemText')
.mockImplementation(() => mockListItemText);
wrapper.instance().forceUpdate();
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere((item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.table);
const itemProps = item.props();
expect(getListItemTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(ResourceType.table);
expect(itemProps.listItemText).toEqual(mockListItemText);
expect(itemProps.onItemSelect).toEqual(props.onItemSelect);
expect(itemProps.searchTerm).toEqual(props.searchTerm);
expect(itemProps.resourceType).toEqual(ResourceType.table);
});
describe('renders ResourceType.user SearchItem based on config', () => {
it('when indexUsersEnabled = true, renders SearchItem', () => {
mocked(indexUsersEnabled).mockImplementation(() => true);
({ props, wrapper } = setup());
mockListItemText = 'Hello';
getListItemTextSpy = jest
.spyOn(wrapper.instance(), 'getListItemText')
.mockImplementation(() => mockListItemText);
wrapper.instance().forceUpdate();
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere((item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.user);
const itemProps = item.props();
expect(getListItemTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(ResourceType.user);
expect(itemProps.listItemText).toEqual(mockListItemText);
expect(itemProps.onItemSelect).toEqual(props.onItemSelect);
expect(itemProps.searchTerm).toEqual(props.searchTerm);
expect(itemProps.resourceType).toEqual(ResourceType.user);
});
it('when indexUsersEnabled = false, does not render SearchItem', () => {
mocked(indexUsersEnabled).mockImplementation(() => false);
({ wrapper } = setup());
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere((item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.user);
expect(item.exists()).toBe(false);
});
});
describe('renders ResourceType.dashboard SearchItem based on config', () => {
it('when indexDashboardsEnabled = true, renders SearchItem', () => {
mocked(indexDashboardsEnabled).mockImplementation(() => true);
({ props, wrapper } = setup());
mockListItemText = 'Hello';
getListItemTextSpy = jest
.spyOn(wrapper.instance(), 'getListItemText')
.mockImplementation(() => mockListItemText);
wrapper.instance().forceUpdate();
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere(
(item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.dashboard
);
const itemProps = item.props();
expect(getListItemTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(ResourceType.dashboard);
expect(itemProps.listItemText).toEqual(mockListItemText);
expect(itemProps.onItemSelect).toEqual(props.onItemSelect);
expect(itemProps.searchTerm).toEqual(props.searchTerm);
expect(itemProps.resourceType).toEqual(ResourceType.dashboard);
});
it('when indexDashboardsEnabled = false, does not render SearchItem', () => {
mocked(indexDashboardsEnabled).mockImplementation(() => false);
({ wrapper } = setup());
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere(
(item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.dashboard
);
expect(item.exists()).toBe(false);
});
});
describe('renders ResourceType.feature SearchItem based on config', () => {
it('when indexFeaturesEnabled = true, renders SearchItem', () => {
mocked(indexFeaturesEnabled).mockImplementation(() => true);
({ props, wrapper } = setup());
mockListItemText = 'Hello';
getListItemTextSpy = jest
.spyOn(wrapper.instance(), 'getListItemText')
.mockImplementation(() => mockListItemText);
wrapper.instance().forceUpdate();
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere(
(item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.feature
);
const itemProps = item.props();
expect(getListItemTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(ResourceType.feature);
expect(itemProps.listItemText).toEqual(mockListItemText);
expect(itemProps.onItemSelect).toEqual(props.onItemSelect);
expect(itemProps.searchTerm).toEqual(props.searchTerm);
expect(itemProps.resourceType).toEqual(ResourceType.feature);
});
it('when indexFeaturesEnabled = false, does not render SearchItem', () => {
mocked(indexFeaturesEnabled).mockImplementation(() => false);
({ wrapper } = setup());
const item = wrapper
.find('SearchItem')
.findWhere(
(item) => item.prop('resourceType') === ResourceType.feature
);
expect(item.exists()).toBe(false);
});
});
});
});
|
github_open_source_100_8_19851 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #ifndef _ML_VERTEX_BUFFER_HPP_
#define _ML_VERTEX_BUFFER_HPP_
#include <MemeGraphics/GL.hpp>
#include <MemeCore/ITrackable.hpp>
#include <MemeCore/List.hpp>
#include <MemeCore/IHandle.hpp>
namespace ml
{
/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
class ML_GRAPHICS_API VertexBuffer final
: public ITrackable
, public IHandle<uint32_t>
{
public:
VertexBuffer();
VertexBuffer(const VertexBuffer & copy);
~VertexBuffer();
public:
VertexBuffer & clean();
VertexBuffer & create(GL::Usage usage);
public:
const VertexBuffer & bind() const;
const VertexBuffer & unbind() const;
const VertexBuffer & bufferData(const void * data, uint32_t size) const;
const VertexBuffer & bufferData(const List<float> & data) const;
const VertexBuffer & bufferSubData(const void * data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset) const;
const VertexBuffer & bufferSubData(const List<float> & data, uint32_t offset) const;
public:
inline const void * data() const { return m_data;}
inline const GL::Usage & usage() const { return m_usage; }
inline const uint32_t & size() const { return m_size; }
inline const int32_t & count() const { return m_count; }
private:
mutable const void *m_data;
mutable GL::Usage m_usage;
mutable uint32_t m_size; // total length of contiguous data
mutable int32_t m_count; // number of vertices
};
/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
using VBO = typename VertexBuffer;
/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
}
#endif // !_ML_VERTEX_BUFFER_HPP_ |
3411197_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Mr. Justice Kiley
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is a chancery action to nullify the extension of a stock trust and to compel the sale of the trust property or a termination of the trust. Plaintiffs moved for a decree on the pleadings and stood by their motion after its denial. On defendants' motion the trial court dismissed the amended complaint for want of equity and plaintiffs have appealed.
October 29, 1935, the Bondholders Protective Committee of the Embassy Hotel submitted to the bondholders a plan for reorganization of the Hotel Corporation. With the plan was submitted a copy of a Securities and Exchange Commission's registration statement covering securities to be issued under the plan. Under the plan a new company, the Embassy Corporation, was to be formed to purchase the hotel property. The bondholders were to exchange their bonds for stock in the new company. A stock trust was proposed, for approval of the bondholders, to be created by agreement. The bondholders were in formed that a copy of the proposed agreement was on file with the depositary. Ballots were enclosed for a vote on the creation of the Trust. The plan was adopted and the creation of the Trust authorized.
The agreement was made August 15, 1935 "to secure continuity and stability of policy and management." Under its terms the bondholders could exchange their certificates of stock, received for the bonds in the Embassy Corporation, for stock trust certificates. By accepting the trust certificates the beneficiaries, among other things, became subject to the "terms, provisions and conditions" of the agreement. Article VII of the agreement is captioned "Termination." It provides that the agreement "shall, in any event," terminate August 14, 1945, subject to earlier termination by action of the trustees or direction of the beneficiaries representing a majority of the shares of capital stock. Referenda were required at the end of the first, fifth and seventh years of the Trust on the question of its continuation. Within thirty days after August 14, 1945, or after an earlier event as provided, the trustees were to deposit, with the Depositary, the Trust assets. Article VIII is designated "Miscellaneous." Section 7 provides the agreement "may be amended, altered or modified" by resolution of the trustees. Prerequisites for making changes effective were, not less than 10 nor more than 30 days notice to beneficiaries prior to the effect date of the proposed amendment and an affirmative vote of 51 per cent or more of the stock represented in the voting.
Defendants are successor stock trustees. At the time of suit there were 29,750 shares of stock outstanding. Of these 29,742 shares were represented by trust certificates. Plaintiffs within three years before suit acquired trust certificates for 762 shares. Under the agreement beneficiaries were entitled to withdraw from the trust their certificates of capital stock at any time. On the periodical referenda the vote cast ap pears to have been overwhelmingly in favor of continuing the Trust. The record is silent as to whether plaintiffs voted in a referendum. June 15, 1945 the beneficiaries were duly notified of a resolution of the trustees to extend the trust for 10 years. The notice called for the requisite affirmative vote. It appears that 16,410 voted for and 44 against the amendment.
It is the position of plaintiffs in their pleading and briefs that this extension is void.
At the trial there was no evidence since plaintiffs stood by their motion for a decree on the pleadings. We shall consider, therefore, only the admissions in the pleadings. Allegations of unfaithful acts or omissions on the part of defendants were denied.
In the re-organization plan the committee recommended that the stock be placed in a trust of 10 years duration unless earlier terminated. In the Securities and Exchange Commission's registration statement the substance of the Termination provision of the agreement was set forth. It was also stated, in the form of an answer to a question, that the maximum duration of the Trust would be "Ten years from August 15, 1935. . . ." The stock trust certificates provided that corresponding capital stock certificates "shall be due and deliverable" on August 14, 1945 or at such earlier date as the trustees shall determine or as otherwise provided in the Trust Agreement.
It is plaintiff's contention that in view of the foregoing representations, statements and provisions, power to extend the life of the Trust was not contemplated nor given in the agreement. In support of the contention they argue that placing the amending power under "Miscellaneous" instead of under "Termination" shows there was no intention that the power should include extending the term. They further argue that the representations, statements and provisions referred to and the fact that plaintiffs had not acquiesced in the extension, remove this case from the application of Morris v. The Broadview, Inc., 328 Ill. App. 267. Furthermore, they say in that case no point was made of the amending power being set up under a Miscellaneous article.
Plaintiffs by acquiring the trust certificates became subject to the provisions of the agreement. The agreement empowered the trustees to change its provisions. There was no qualification of the power expressed. The mere placing of the provision for the power under Miscellaneous does not remove Article VII of the Agreement from the scope of the power. Adding to this fact the representations and statements does not limit the power. We cannot say that in the 1935 Reorganization Plan it was necessary to advise the prospective beneficiaries of the amending power. It would seem consistent with prudence and fair dealing to have left out reference to the power at the time. Its use might not have been in prospect then.
We cannot say from a reading of the agreement that there is any implied limitation upon the power to amend. The provision for amendment in agreements of this kind is generally separated from the provision for termination. Since the power to amend included the termination clause, the phrase "in any event" in that clause was no obstacle. In Bechtel v. Rorick [65 Ohio App. 455], 30 N. E. (2d) 451. The amendment removed a sentence which included the phrase "in no event." The Ohio Court held the amendment valid. The main opinion upheld the amendment because there was no exception, in any provision, of any part of the agreement from the amending power; the termination clause referred to the agreement unamended; and plaintiffs there had a way out of the amended agreement. The Special Concurring opinion upheld the amendment because as to those who agreed to the extension it was a new agreement binding them, and as to the plaintiffs they could demand the return of their bonds. It is our view that the words, "in any event" in the agreement before us, do not add any force to the words "shall terminate." We, therefore, believe that the ruling in Morris v. Broadview controls our decision here. Friedberg v. Schultz, 312 Ill. App. 171; Helvering v. Stuart, 317 U. S. 154, cited by plaintiff, have no application in the instant case.
It is true that in Morris v. Broadview, Inc., the court found that the plaintiff had acquiesced in the exercise of the amending power. This was a practical construction which confirmed the principle applicable, i.e. persons free to contract may grant trustees the power to extend the trust in any manner and under any conditions.
Plaintiffs filed in this court a substitute motion to amend their complaint and brief. Defendants stated in oral argument that they did not oppose the motion. Plaintiffs point out in this new matter that the Embassy Corporation is a Delaware Corporation and that section 18 of the Delaware Corporation Act requires (Appon v. Belle Isle Corp., 46 Atl. (2d) 749) that an agreement to extend a voting trust be executed within one year prior to the term. They argue that in view of that statute under which "general power to amend . is governed," the implication is clear that the intention was to grant a limited amending power under the article "Miscellaneous." Without conceding the applicability of the Delaware statute or case, we conclude there is no merit in this argument. There is no objection to incorporating in an instrument a power which is given by statute so long as there is compliance with the statute. We cannot infer that because a statute gave the general power, Section 7 of the Miscellaneous clause gave but a limited power. The manner of expressing and locating the provision of the grant is discretionary with the framers. There is no question before us of unfair dealing with the beneficiaries in this respect.
There is no complaint that the prerequisites for amending were not fulfilled. Plaintiffs complain, however, that the defendants were advocates of the amendment in their own favor. There is no doubt that powers' granted trustees may not be used to further interests of the trustees to the detriment of the beneficiaries. Brown v. McLanahan, 148 Fed. (2d) 703. We think the term "in their own favor" used by plaintiffs, begs a question and is not warranted under the admissions in the pleadings. The trustees did advocate the approval of the amendment. They were, therefore, required to make full disclosure. Shapiro v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 328 Ill. App. 650. We cannot say from the pleadings that there was not a full disclosure of facts bearing on the referendum.
For the reasons given the decree is affirmed.
Decree affirmed.
Lews, P. J., and Burke, J., concur..
|
github_open_source_100_8_19852 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.modules.timeNotifications;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.GameHandler;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.chat.ChatConstant;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.chat.LocalizedChatMessage;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.chat.UnlocalizedChatMessage;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.ModuleCollection;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.TaskedModule;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.modules.bossBar.BossBar;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.modules.matchTimer.MatchTimer;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.modules.monumentModes.MonumentModes;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.module.modules.timeLimit.TimeLimit;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.util.ChatUtil;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.util.MiscUtil;
import in.twizmwaz.cardinal.util.Strings;
import org.bukkit.ChatColor;
import org.bukkit.event.HandlerList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
public class TimeNotifications implements TaskedModule {
private static int nextTimeMessage;
protected TimeNotifications() {
nextTimeMessage = TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit();
}
public static void resetNextMessage() {
if (TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() == 0) {
nextTimeMessage = (int) Math.round(MatchTimer.getTimeInSeconds());
} else {
nextTimeMessage = (int) Math.round(TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() - MatchTimer.getTimeInSeconds());
}
}
@Override
public void unload() {
HandlerList.unregisterAll(this);
}
@Override
public void run() {
if (GameHandler.getGameHandler().getMatch().isRunning()) {
double time = MatchTimer.getTimeInSeconds();
double timeRemaining;
if (TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() == 0) {
if (time >= nextTimeMessage) {
ChatUtil.getGlobalChannel().sendLocalizedMessage(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0}", new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIME_ELAPSED, new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.GREEN + Strings.formatTime(nextTimeMessage)))));
nextTimeMessage += 300;
}
return;
}
timeRemaining = TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() - time;
if (GameHandler.getGameHandler().getMatch().getModules().getModule(MonumentModes.class) != null) {
ModuleCollection<MonumentModes> modes = GameHandler.getGameHandler().getMatch().getModules().getModules(MonumentModes.class);
HashMap<MonumentModes, Integer> modesWithTime = new HashMap<>();
for (MonumentModes modeForTime : modes) {
modesWithTime.put(modeForTime, modeForTime.getTimeAfter());
}
List<MonumentModes> sortedModes = MiscUtil.getSortedHashMapKeyset(modesWithTime);
int timeBeforeMode = 1;
int showBefore = 60;
String name = MonumentModes.getModeName();
for (MonumentModes mode : sortedModes) {
if (!mode.hasRan()) {
timeBeforeMode = mode.getTimeAfter() - (int) MatchTimer.getTimeInSeconds();
name = mode.getName();
showBefore = mode.getShowBefore();
}
}
int timeLeft = TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() - (int) MatchTimer.getTimeInSeconds();
if (((timeBeforeMode > showBefore) || (name == null)) && (TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() > 0)) {
int percent = (int) ((100F * timeLeft) / TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit());
BossBar.sendGlobalBossBar(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0} " + ChatUtil.getTimerColor(timeRemaining) + "{1}", new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIMER), new UnlocalizedChatMessage(Strings.formatTime(timeRemaining + 1))), percent);
}
if (timeBeforeMode == showBefore || timeBeforeMode <= 0) {
BossBar.delete();
}
} else if (TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() > 0) {
int timeLeft = ((TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit() - (int) MatchTimer.getTimeInSeconds()));
int percent = (int) ((100F * timeLeft) / TimeLimit.getMatchTimeLimit());
if (percent == 0) percent = 1;
BossBar.sendGlobalBossBar(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0} " + ChatUtil.getTimerColor(timeRemaining) + "{1}", new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIMER), new UnlocalizedChatMessage(Strings.formatTime(timeRemaining + 1))), percent);
}
if (nextTimeMessage >= timeRemaining) {
if (nextTimeMessage <= 5) {
ChatUtil.getGlobalChannel().sendLocalizedMessage(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0} " + ChatColor.DARK_RED + Strings.formatTime(nextTimeMessage), new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIMER)));
nextTimeMessage--;
} else if (nextTimeMessage <= 30) {
ChatUtil.getGlobalChannel().sendLocalizedMessage(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0} " + ChatColor.GOLD + Strings.formatTime(nextTimeMessage), new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIMER)));
nextTimeMessage -= 5;
} else if (nextTimeMessage <= 60) {
ChatUtil.getGlobalChannel().sendLocalizedMessage(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0} " + ChatColor.YELLOW + Strings.formatTime(nextTimeMessage), new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIMER)));
nextTimeMessage -= 15;
} else {
ChatUtil.getGlobalChannel().sendLocalizedMessage(new UnlocalizedChatMessage(ChatColor.AQUA + "{0} " + ChatColor.GREEN + Strings.formatTime(nextTimeMessage), new LocalizedChatMessage(ChatConstant.UI_TIMER)));
if ((nextTimeMessage / 60) % 5 == 0 && nextTimeMessage != 300) {
nextTimeMessage -= 300;
} else if (nextTimeMessage % 60 == 0 && nextTimeMessage <= 300) {
nextTimeMessage -= 60;
} else {
nextTimeMessage = (nextTimeMessage / 300) * 300;
}
}
}
}
}
} |
9235069_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | OPINION
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge.
Arthur Armstrong appeals the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus following his state court convictions for robbery, rape, kidnaping and crimes against nature. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM.
I.
Armstrong's convictions arise from his participation in the abduction, rape and robbery of a young woman on the night of February 11, 1977. The victim testified that she was abducted by two men as she was exiting her vehicle. During much of the overnight ordeal, the victim's eyes were taped, but at times the tape loosened and she was able to see the identity of her abductors. The victim alleged that one of her abductors — later identified as Armstrong — had told her to call him "Nate." The testimony at trial indicated that "Nate" was one of Armstrong's nicknames. Upon her release the following morning, the victim reported the incident to the police. The victim identified Ronny Harris, Armstrong's co-defendant, as one of the perpetrators. Harris later pleaded guilty to abduction and robbery. The victim also made a photographic identification of Armstrong as the second abductor. Armstrong was indicted for armed robbery, rape, kidnaping and two counts of crimes against nature.
At Armstrong's jury trial, identification was a hotly contested issue. Specifically, Armstrong attempted to cast doubt on the victim's identification because her initial identification did not make reference to Armstrong's prominent gold teeth and because her eyes were taped during most of the ordeal. The trial testimony indicates that the defense attorney questioned the victim regarding the kind of adhesive that was used over her eyes and whether more than one strip of tape covered her eyes. Indeed, at one point the defense attorney referred to the tape covering the victim's eyes as a "mask." Another factor used to cast doubt on the victim's identification of Armstrong was that Armstrong's co-defendant denied that Armstrong had any involvement in the crimes. Additionally, Earline Harris House, Harris's sister and Armstrong's girlfriend at the time, testified that Armstrong was with her on the night of the incident and that during this visit her brother, Harris, by himself, brought the victim to her house and took her into his bedroom. Harris essentially testified that Armstrong could have had no involvement in the crimes committed against the victim because Armstrong was never in the presence of the victim. The evidence at trial, however, also demonstrated that the victim's necklace and a tennis racket, which the perpetrators stole, were recovered from Armstrong's possession. The jury convicted Armstrong on every count contained in the indictment, and the conviction was affirmed on direct appeal.
In July 1989, Armstrong filed a petition for post-conviction relief with the state court, arguing that trial counsel was ineffective for not challenging the photographic lineup and for not filing any pretrial motions. This petition was denied and the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. The Tennessee Supreme Court denied Armstrong's appeal. In June 1992, Armstrong filed a petition for habeas corpus relief in the district court, which held that Armstrong had failed to properly exhaust three out of his four claims for relief.
In April 1993, Armstrong filed a petition for state habeas corpus relief which was denied. According to Armstrong, on approximately August 27, 1993, his attorney discovered two reports prepared by Officer Donzaleigh Heard on different dates in February 1977, both of which contain statements indicating that the victim never had the opportunity to see her attackers clearly. Thus, Armstrong included in his appeal of the denial of his state petition for habeas corpus relief an allegation that the prosecution violated the disclosure requirements under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the denial, but noted that Armstrong's Brady violation claim should be presented in a state post-conviction proceeding. Thus, Armstrong filed for post-conviction relief with the state court in September 1995. After an evidentiary hearing, the state court denied Armstrong relief, crediting the testimony of the prosecutor at the original trial, David Raybin, that he had turned over all exculpatory evidence before Armstrong's trial. The Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed and the Tennessee Supreme Court declined review.
In March 1999, Armstrong, proceeding without the benefit of counsel, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus with the district court. Counsel was appointed in March 2000. In June 2002, Armstrong sought leave to file an amended petition for habeas corpus relief, which was granted. It is the June 2002 petition that is at issue in the instant case. In this petition, Armstrong argues that the state court erred in concluding that no Brady violation occurred and that if the district court found that the exculpatory materials were presented to Armstrong's original counsel, then his trial attorneys were constitutionally ineffective. The district court, on September 30, 2002, granted summary judgment in favor of Warden Morgan concluding that Armstrong had procedurally defaulted his ineffective assistance of counsel claim and that the state court's factual determination that Raybin disclosed the reports to Armstrong's counsel was entitled to the statutory presumption of correctness. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). This timely appeal followed.
II.
Because Armstrong's petition for habeas corpus review was filed after the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the Act governs this Court's review. Bowling v. Parker, 344 F.3d 487, 497 (6th Cir.2003). Under the Act, this Court reviews "de novo the legal conclusions of a district court denying habeas relief." Id. This Court, however, presumes that the state court's factual determinations are correct, "unless [they are] rebutted by clear and convincing evidence." Castleberry v. Brigano, 349 F.3d 286, 291 (6th Cir.2003); 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Pursuant to the Act, we may not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless we find that the state court's decision: (1) "was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law ." or (2) "was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts...." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
On appeal, Armstrong repeats his argument that the prosecution failed to disclose Brady material — i.e, two police reports containing material, exculpatory evidence. The first report, taken by Officer Heard, contains seven pages, but Armstrong claims to have received at the time of his trial only one page of this report. This report contains statements that the victim was blindfolded and never got a good look at her abductors and that they stayed behind her during the ordeal. The second report, also taken by Officer Heard, noted that the victim "did not get a good look at her assailants," and that having the victim "look at mug shots would have been useless." As discussed, Armstrong claims that he had not received these reports until 1993, when he requested a copy of his police file. We now analyze the merits of these very serious allegations of Brady violations.
Brady held that "the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. The Supreme Court has since held that material, exculpatory evidence must be disclosed even absent the defendant's request. See United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976). Evidence is "material" if "there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different." United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). On appeal, the parties appear to agree that Brady required the disclosure of these reports.
A Brady violation, however, only occurs if the prosecution failed to disclose the evidence to the defense. The state court, after conducting an evidentiary hearing on the issue, determined that the evidence was indeed disclosed to defense counsel before Armstrong's trial. This decision was based upon the testimony of David Raybin, the original prosecutor in the case, who testified that he had disclosed this information to the defense. Upon review of Armstrong's federal petition for habeas corpus relief, the district court afforded the state court's finding on this ground the statutory presumption of correctness. See Brown v. Davis, 752 F.2d 1142, 1147 (6th Cir.1985) ("factual findings of the state court are presumed to be correct" on federal habeas review).
On appeal, Armstrong argues that the district court erred in finding that he had failed to rebut by clear and convincing evidence the state court's factual determination that Raybin had provided Armstrong with the police reports. Alternatively, Armstrong argues that the district court erred in affording the state court's factual determination that Raybin had provided Armstrong with the police reports the statutory presumption of correctness.
We first address Armstrong's argument that the district court erred in finding that he had not rebutted by clear and convincing evidence the state court's factual determination that Raybin had provided Armstrong with the police reports. In support of his argument, Armstrong points to: (1) the trial testimony of Officer Heard indicating that her only involvement in the investigation of the case was that she took the initial description and report from the victim, when there was evidence indicating that that was not, in fact, her only involvement in the investigation of the case because she wrote a supplemental report approximately two weeks after she took the initial description and wrote the first report; and (2) the 1989 testimony of Raybin indicating that there was only one piece of exculpatory evidence — "the sheet" — which Armstrong argues is inconsistent with Raybin's 1996 testimony that all exculpatory evidence was disclosed and also demonstrates that only one sheet of Officer Heard's report was given to the defense. We find these arguments unpersuasive.
First, regardless of whether Officer Heard's testimony was arguably inconsistent with the facts surrounding her involvement in the case because there is evidence that she was more involved in the case than she testified to, this is not dis-positive of the genuine issue involved on appeal — whether Armstrong provided clear and convincing evidence to rebut the state court's factual determination that Raybin provided the defense with the exculpatory police reports. Simply put, Officer Heard's testimony and indeed her credibility, is irrelevant to the issue of Raybin's credibility and whether or not he disclosed both of Officer Heard's police reports to the defense.
Second, at the 1989 hearing on Armstrong's ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Raybin essentially testified that there was only one piece of evidence that he felt constituted Brady material and that he had given the defense "the sheet." During this 1989 testimony, Raybin essentially testified that he knew the standard under Brady for evaluating whether information needed to be disclosed to the defense and that he acted consistently with his disclosure duties. By viewing Raybin's testimony as a whole, one could argue that Raybin's testimony could be understood as an indication that he disclosed only the one sheet description of the perpetrators and nothing else, because he did not believe Brady required any more than that disclosure.
We conclude, however, that this testimony merely reflects Raybin's own assessment of the relevant weight of the evidence and not the amount of evidence that Raybin disclosed to the defense. Stated otherwise, even if Raybin believed that only one piece of evidence was exculpatory, that does not mean that he did not disclose more than that "one sheet." Indeed, even Armstrong's own trial counsel testified that Raybin had provided "open file" discovery. Thus, we do not believe that Raybin's 1989 testimony is inconsistent with his 1996 testimony. In any event, even were we to conclude that Ray-bin's 1989 testimony was arguably inconsistent with his 1996 testimony, such an inconsistency would not constitute "clear and convincing" evidence to rebut the state court's determination that Raybin provided the defense with copies of the police reports in question. Regardless of how we interpret Raybin's 1989 testimony and what implicit assumptions can be made from that testimony, in 1996 he testified clearly and directly that he gave the defense the police reports that Armstrong alleges were withheld. Under these circumstances, Armstrong has not met his burden of demonstrating clear and convincing evidence that the state court's factual determination was erroneous.
We next address Armstrong's alternative argument that the district court erred in applying the statutory presumption of correctness to the state court's factual determination that Raybin had disclosed the police reports at issue. Armstrong argues that because Raybin's 1996 testimony was inconsistent with his 1989 testimony and because the state court in making its finding did not have the benefit of analyzing and comparing Raybin's 1989 testimony with the 1996 testimony, the district court erred in relying upon the uninformed findings of the state court. Additionally, Armstrong argues that the state court's determination is not entitled to the statutory presumption of correctness because in making its finding it did not have the benefit of two medical reports containing notations that the victim's eyes were taped, thereby preventing her from seeing her abductors. Armstrong argues that these reports were withheld from the defense and discovered only after the state evidentiary hearing and that these reports impeach Raybin's testimony regarding the amount of exculpatory material. We find this argument unpersuasive.
First, as discussed, we cannot conclude that Raybin's 1996 testimony was inconsistent with his 1989 testimony. Second, given the fact that the same judge conducted both the 1989 and the 1996 evidentiary hearings and issued the accompanying orders, it is highly doubtful, contrary to Armstrong's assertion, that the "findings of the [state] court following the 1996 hearing would have been different" had it considered the inconsistency of Raybin's testimony. Finally, regarding Armstrong's argument that the medical reports impeach Raybin's credibility, we find no evidence to indicate that the medical reports were withheld during the initial trial. Rather, our review of the record indicates that the defense was fully aware of such reports; indeed, these reports were repeatedly referred to during the trial. See Joint Appendix ("J.A.") at 627 ("The staff hospital emergency room record was available to me.... "); J.A. at 628 (referring to the second report taken by the staff physician three hours after the initial report).
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's denial of Armstrong's petition of a writ of habeas corpus.
. On the objection of the prosecution to the terminology of "mask,'' the reference was changed to "tape."
. Notably, the district court opinion erroneously stated that the supplemental report was dated "February 12, 1997." The actual date of the supplemental report was February 27, 1977.
. Armstrong also argues that there is evidence that Raybin misled the defense about the content of the police reports. Specifically, Armstrong contends that Raybin told defense counsel that he had a statement from the victim indicating that one of her abductors took off the tape on her eyes while she ate, so she was able to see clearly the abductor's identity, but that this statement was not mentioned in the reports. Armstrong argues that the absence of any notation in the police reports about this statement demonstrates that the prosecution engaged in a practice of withholding evidence from his defense. The attorney's full statement, however, was that he remembered Raybin telling him that "he had a statement — or a least I remember him telling me...." This full statement explains the absence of such a statement in the police report; that is, the testimony leaves open the possibility that Raybin did not actually have an official statement from the victim on this point. Moreover, while we reject the factual basis of this argument, we also note that it is of no legal consequence to Armstrong's Brady claim, as the statement was not withheld from the defense, nor exculpatory..
|
github_open_source_100_8_19853 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright © Tanner Gooding and Contributors. Licensed under the MIT License (MIT). See License.md in the repository root for more information.
// Ported from um/propsys.h in the Windows SDK for Windows 10.0.20348.0
// Original source is Copyright © Microsoft. All rights reserved.
namespace TerraFX.Interop
{
public enum PROPDESC_RELATIVEDESCRIPTION_TYPE
{
PDRDT_GENERAL = 0,
PDRDT_DATE = 1,
PDRDT_SIZE = 2,
PDRDT_COUNT = 3,
PDRDT_REVISION = 4,
PDRDT_LENGTH = 5,
PDRDT_DURATION = 6,
PDRDT_SPEED = 7,
PDRDT_RATE = 8,
PDRDT_RATING = 9,
PDRDT_PRIORITY = 10,
}
}
|
1439378_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Banyubiru adalah desa yang berada di Kecamatan Negara, Kabupaten Jembrana, Provinsi Bali, Indonesia.
Demografi
Penduduk desa Banyubiru sampai dengan tahun 2016 berjumlah 7.386 jiwa terdiri dari 3.686 laki-laki dan 3.700 perempuan dengan sex rasio 99,62.
Referensi
Pranala luar
BPS Kabupaten Jembrana
Prodeskel Binapemdes Kemendagri
Situs Resmi Kabupaten Jembrana
Desa Mandara;Banyubiru.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19854 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Sunny Admin - Dashboard</title>
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<i class="fa fa-user text-success"></i> Nullam euismod dolor ut quam interdum, at scelerisque ipsum imperdiet.
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<a href="#">View all</a>
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{{-- @php
$authuser = DB::table('users')->where('id', Auth::user()->id )->first();
@endphp --}}
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<a href="#" class="waves-effect waves-light rounded dropdown-toggle p-0" data-toggle="dropdown" title="User">
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</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu animated flipInX">
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="#"><i class="ti-user text-muted mr-2"></i> Profile</a>
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<div class="dropdown-divider"></div>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="{{ route('logout') }}" onclick="event.preventDefault(); document.getElementById('logout-form').submit();">
<i class="icon ion-power"></i>{{ __('Sign Out') }}
</a>
<form action="{{ route('logout') }}" id="logout-form" method="POST" style="display: none;">
@csrf
</form>
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="#" data-toggle="control-sidebar" title="Setting" class="waves-effect waves-light">
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5584168_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Beck, P. J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) We are of the opinion that the court was authorized to grant the injunction upon the terms stated in'the order. While it may be a mere tres*375pass for a sheriff to turn one in possession of land out of possession, and while it is also true that ordinarily a court of equity will not enjoin the commission of a trespass but will leave the injured party to his common-law remedies, nevertheless this ease involves certain facts that make it proper for a court of equity to take jurisdiction and enjoin the purchaser at the sale and the sherifE until the question of title can be settled. Where an execution is levied on land, as in the present case, and a claim is filed, though no bond is given, and the claimant makes an affidavit in forma pauperis, it is the duty of the sheriff, under the statute, to return the claim to the superior court of the county in which the land lies. The claimant is not required to attach an abstract of title to the claim or to show title; and no discretion is left in the sheriff when the claim and the pauper affidavit are regular on their face and duly sworn to by the claimant, or, in certain instances, by his attorney or agent. The sheriff, at the hearing, introduced evidence tending to show that the claimant did not actually make oath to the claim and the pauper affidavit; but in an affidavit introduced by the claimant’ J. T. Dixon deposed that the claimant was informed by her attorney, who was present, that she would have both to “sign and swear to the affidavit, which she did.” Upon this testimony the court was authorized to find that the affidavit was sworn to. This evidence is corroborated by the fact that the attesting clause is regularly signed by the levying officer. The evidence as to the claimant’s making or failing to make the oath was conflicting, and the court’s finding upon that issue will not be disturbed. Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19855 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package dataType
import "fmt"
func initNumber(){
var valueDefault int
fmt.Println("int类型无初始化", valueDefault)
//int类型初始化
var valueInt1, valueInt2 int = 1, 2
fmt.Println(valueInt1, valueInt2)
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_19856 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | Serialiser = class()
local from = Xile.from
function Serialiser:init()
-- you can accept and set parameters here
end
--http://lua-users.org/wiki/TableSerialization
local function ins(tbl,...)
from({...}):copy(tbl)
end
local function userdata(v)
local d = {}
d.x = v.x
d.y= v.y
return d
end
function Serialiser:serialise(state,c)
local str = {}
c = c or ""
for k,v in pairs(state) do
local t =type(v)
if t ~= "function" then
if type(k) ~= "number" then
ins(str,c,k,"=")
else
ins(str,c)
end
if t == "table" then
ins(str,"{")
ins(str,self:serialise(v))
ins(str,"}")
elseif t == "userdata" then
ins(str,"{")
ins(str,self:serialise(userdata(v)))
ins(str,"}")
else
ins(str,tostring(v))
c = ","
end
--c = ","
end
end
return table.concat(str)
end
|
2504122_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 716 S.E.2d 760 (2011)
311 Ga. App. 646
LAUN
v.
AXA EQUITABLE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY et al.
No. A11A0843.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
September 13, 2011.
*761 Thomerson, Spears & Robl, Francesca MacChiaverna, Michael Jonas Thomerson, Savannah, for appellant.
Ford & Harrison, Michael Andrew Coval, Atlanta, for appellees.
ADAMS, Judge.
Dr. Frederick Laun, an orthopaedic and hand surgeon, seeks a declaratory judgment against AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company ("Equitable") and Disability Management Services ("DMS"). Laun claims that Equitable, which provides his disability income insurance, and DMS, Equitable's thirdparty administrator, improperly refused to change his disability insurance designation from sickness to injury, which would result in increased benefits. The Superior Court of Fulton County granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, and Laun appeals. Finding no error, we affirm.
Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56(c). We review a grant or denial of summary judgment de novo and construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Home Builders Assn. of Savannah v. Chatham County, 276 Ga. 243, 245(1), 577 S.E.2d 564 (2003).
Laun secured a disability income insurance policy with Equitable on January 28, 1983, when he was 40 years old. The policy provides monthly benefits for Laun in the event of a "total disability" that leads to "the complete inability of the Insured, because of injury or sickness, to engage in the Insured's regular occupation." It defines two types of total disability, and they are treated differently. "Accident Total Disability," defined as "total disability resulting from injury," provides lifetime benefits. On the other hand, "Sickness Total Disability," which includes "medical or surgical treatment of ... any sickness or disease," only provides benefits *762 through age 65. The policy states that "[t]otal disability caused or contributed to by [a policy-defined sickness] will not be considered accident total disability." (Emphasis supplied.)
In October 2003, Laun was diagnosed with bilateral basal osteoarthritis of the thumbs, a degenerative joint condition that caused him significant pain in the base of his thumbs during and after the performance of surgical work. He stopped performing surgery in November 2003, and on November 9, he submitted a claim for total disability. DMS approved the claim, classified the claim as "Sickness Total Disability," and began providing benefits to Laun in February 2004. At about the same time, Laun began to undergo surgery for his condition. He had surgery on his left thumb in November 2003, surgery on his right thumb in January 2004, and two additional surgeries in August 2004.
Then, on November 5, 2004, while he was still recovering from surgery and had not resumed his surgical practice, Laun fell and sprained his right wrist. Acknowledging, even before his wrist injury, that his chances of returning to work as a surgeon in the near future were "very minimal," and the chance of performing surgery in the years to come was "possible, but not probable," Laun closed his office to patients on November 30, 2004.
On December 13, 2004, Laun sent a letter to Equitable and DMS informing them of his wrist injury and his prediction that, if his condition did not improve, he would never be able to return to performing surgery, and he would expect to change his disability status from sickness to injury. On March 15, 2005, Laun requested that Equitable reclassify his disability under the accident total disability clause, explaining as follows:
... The base of my thumbs, at this time, have not improved sufficiently that I would be able to do my normal surgical procedures as an Orthopaedic and Hand Surgeon. It has been my hope, but not my expectation, that I would be able, at some time, to have the base of my thumbs recover sufficiently to allow me to perform surgery in some setting. At this time, I believe that my right wrist is what is the most incapacitating of my problems and[,] therefore, feel that I am entitled to file under the trauma clause of my contract with you....
He added that it had been "well over a year" since he had performed surgery, but he believed that the wrist injury "incapacitated [him] in ways that the [thumb condition] had not incapacitated [him]." Laun was 62 years old in 2005, and the sickness total disability benefits were to expire at age 65.
DMS wrote to Laun on April 7, 2005, asking for more information but indicating that he would probably not be eligible for reclassification to accident disability since he was already receiving total disability benefits. On May 22, 2006, DMS obtained an independent physician to review Laun's medical records in order to evaluate his claim. That physician concluded that 35% of Laun's total impairment is due to his right wrist injury and 65% is due to the thumb condition and subsequent surgical procedures. DMS wrote letters to Laun in June and September 2006 explaining that he was not eligible for reclassification as disabled under the accident provision because, at the time of his accident, he was already receiving total disability benefits for a sickness from which he had not recovered.
Equitable and DMS moved for summary judgment on the grounds that under the plain language of the agreement, Laun's disability could not be reclassified because his disability was caused and contributed to by the thumb illness and because he was not engaged in his occupation when he reportedly became disabled as a result of the wrist injury. The trial court granted the motion without written findings.
1. Laun argues his disability should have been reclassified from sickness total disability to injury total disability because the policy does not state that reclassification was prohibited, because his wrist bothered him more than his thumbs, and because he had hoped to return to surgical practice until he injured his wrist.
"`An issue of contract construction is at the outset a question of law for the court.' [Cit.] The first step is to look to the four corners of the instrument to determine *763 the intention of the parties from the language employed. [Cits.]" Livoti v. Aycock, 263 Ga.App. 897, 901-902(2), 590 S.E.2d 159 (2003). If the language of the agreement is "clear, unambiguous, and capable of only one reasonable interpretation, no construction is necessary or even permissible by the court." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Estate of Sam Farkas, Inc. v. Clark, 238 Ga.App. 115, 119-120(2), 517 S.E.2d 826 (1999).
The policy defines the relevant terms as follows:
INJURY. Injury means accidental bodily injury of the Insured occurring while this policy is in force.
SICKNESS. Sickness means sickness or disease of the Insured which first manifests itself while this policy is in force.
TOTAL DISABILITY. Total disability means the complete inability of the Insured, because of injury or sickness, to engage in the Insured's regular occupation....
...
ELIMINATION PERIOD. Elimination period means the number of days for which no benefits are payable at the beginning of a period of continuous total disability. The elimination periods for this policy are [30 days].
ACCIDENT TOTAL DISABILITY. Accident total disability means total disability resulting from injury.
SICKNESS TOTAL DISABILITY. Sickness total disability means total disability caused or contributed to by sickness or by any of the following: ... medical or surgical treatment of ... any sickness or disease. Total disability caused or contributed to by [sickness or disease] will not be considered accident total disability.
These provisions are not ambiguous with regard to how to classify a disability that results from both a sickness/disease and an injury.[1] The final quoted provision plainly states that a disability "caused or contributed to by [sickness or disease] will not be considered accident total disability." Thus, only disability resulting solely from injury can be classified as accident total disability; whereas disability resulting in whole or in part from sickness is classified as sickness total disability.
Laun argues that the last sentence quoted above does not apply "because Dr. Laun's wrist injury was not caused or contributed to by his osteoarthritis." (Emphasis supplied.) But this argument confuses the policy language at issue. The test is whether his total disability was caused or contributed to by his osteoarthritis. "[T]his court may not strain the construction of the policy so as to discover an ambiguity ... where none, in fact, exists." (Punctuation omitted.) State Farm, etc., Ins. Co. v. Staton, 286 Ga. 23, 25, 685 S.E.2d 263 (2009). This argument therefore fails. And Laun's argument that the policy does not prohibit him from having his status reclassified is a red herring. His disability cannot be reclassified unless the facts comport with the policy language.
2. With regard to the facts, although Laun attempts to create an issue of fact about whether his disability results solely from the wrist injury, his own testimony shows that he is disabled partly as a result of his thumb illness and partly as a result of his wrist injury. First, Laun admits that at the time he fell and sprained his wrist, he was totally disabled, unable to engage in his occupation, and receiving total disability benefits for his thumb illness. He further admits that "the left thumb still contributes" to his disability; that independent of the wrist injury, his left thumb condition does not allow him to resume his occupation; that the percentage of impairment attributable to his wrist injury is 23% and that the percentage attributable to his thumbs is 7% per thumb; that at the time he requested reclassification of his disability, one or more of his thumbs had not improved sufficiently so as to allow him to perform as an orthopaedic and hand surgeon; that at that time, the thumb condition and the wrist injury disabled him in different ways; and that as of May 2005, his *764 thumbs were not normal. He also characterizes his wrist injury only as "a worse problem" than his thumbs; as "more disabling than the thumbs"; as "my most disabling problem"; and as "greater than the thumb problems." Each of these characterizations implies that the thumbs are still a problem.
Despite all these comments and admissions, Laun argues strenuously that his current disability results solely from his wrist injury because he might not still be disabled if he had not suffered the wrist injury because he could have undergone additional thumb surgery and perhaps recovered sufficiently to practice his occupation in some capacity. He contends his right thumb is better than what it seems but that he cannot tell because of the injury to his wrist; "and if the wrist hadn't been injured, I would have had the left thumb [further surgically repaired] and hopefully be back at work." He added, "I haven't got the revision [to the left thumb] because it doesn't matter how good the thumb would get because I still couldn't work because of the wrist."
But even construing this evidence in favor of Laun, we conclude that under the plain meaning of the policy, Laun's disability was caused or contributed to by his thumb illness and, accordingly, that his disability cannot be classified as "accident total disability."
3. Our decision is not dependent on an interpretation of the policy's "elimination period," and, therefore, Laun's claim that the trial court misinterpreted that provision is moot. Also, Laun's claim that the trial court improperly relied on Pennsylvania law is without merit. The court's order does not state that it relied on Pennsylvania law, a trial court may consider law from other jurisdictions, and our opinion is not based on Pennsylvania law.
Judgment affirmed.
BARNES, P.J., and BLACKWELL, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] The parties do not dispute that under the policy Laun's thumb condition is a sickness or disease and that his wrist problem is an injury.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19857 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.web.webhdfs;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.QueryStringDecoder;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.CreateFlag;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission.FsPermission;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.HAUtilClient;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.security.token.delegation.DelegationTokenIdentifier;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.BlockSizeParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.BufferSizeParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.CreateFlagParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.CreateParentParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.DelegationParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.DoAsParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.HttpOpParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.LengthParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.NamenodeAddressParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.NoRedirectParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.OffsetParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.OverwriteParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.PermissionParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.ReplicationParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.UnmaskedPermissionParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.web.resources.UserParam;
import org.apache.hadoop.security.SecurityUtil;
import org.apache.hadoop.security.token.Token;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import static org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.protocol.HdfsConstants.HDFS_URI_SCHEME;
import static org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.web.webhdfs.WebHdfsHandler.WEBHDFS_PREFIX_LENGTH;
class ParameterParser {
private final Configuration conf;
private final String path;
private final Map<String, List<String>> params;
ParameterParser(QueryStringDecoder decoder, Configuration conf) {
this.path = decoder.path().substring(WEBHDFS_PREFIX_LENGTH);
this.params = decoder.parameters();
this.conf = conf;
}
String path() { return path; }
String op() {
return param(HttpOpParam.NAME);
}
long offset() {
return new OffsetParam(param(OffsetParam.NAME)).getOffset();
}
long length() {
return new LengthParam(param(LengthParam.NAME)).getLength();
}
String namenodeId() {
return new NamenodeAddressParam(param(NamenodeAddressParam.NAME))
.getValue();
}
String doAsUser() {
return new DoAsParam(param(DoAsParam.NAME)).getValue();
}
String userName() {
return new UserParam(param(UserParam.NAME)).getValue();
}
int bufferSize() {
return new BufferSizeParam(param(BufferSizeParam.NAME)).getValue(conf);
}
long blockSize() {
return new BlockSizeParam(param(BlockSizeParam.NAME)).getValue(conf);
}
short replication() {
return new ReplicationParam(param(ReplicationParam.NAME)).getValue(conf);
}
FsPermission permission() {
return new PermissionParam(param(PermissionParam.NAME)).
getFileFsPermission();
}
FsPermission unmaskedPermission() {
String value = param(UnmaskedPermissionParam.NAME);
return value == null ? null :
new UnmaskedPermissionParam(value).getFileFsPermission();
}
boolean overwrite() {
return new OverwriteParam(param(OverwriteParam.NAME)).getValue();
}
boolean noredirect() {
return new NoRedirectParam(param(NoRedirectParam.NAME)).getValue();
}
Token<DelegationTokenIdentifier> delegationToken() throws IOException {
String delegation = param(DelegationParam.NAME);
if (delegation == null) {
return null;
}
final Token<DelegationTokenIdentifier> token = new
Token<DelegationTokenIdentifier>();
token.decodeFromUrlString(delegation);
URI nnUri = URI.create(HDFS_URI_SCHEME + "://" + namenodeId());
boolean isLogical = HAUtilClient.isLogicalUri(conf, nnUri);
if (isLogical) {
token.setService(
HAUtilClient.buildTokenServiceForLogicalUri(nnUri, HDFS_URI_SCHEME));
} else {
token.setService(SecurityUtil.buildTokenService(nnUri));
}
return token;
}
public boolean createParent() {
return new CreateParentParam(param(CreateParentParam.NAME)).getValue();
}
public EnumSet<CreateFlag> createFlag() {
String cf = "";
if (param(CreateFlagParam.NAME) != null) {
QueryStringDecoder decoder = new QueryStringDecoder(
param(CreateFlagParam.NAME),
StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
cf = decoder.path();
}
return new CreateFlagParam(cf).getValue();
}
Configuration conf() {
return conf;
}
private String param(String key) {
List<String> p = params.get(key);
return p == null ? null : p.get(0);
}
/**
* Helper to decode half of a hexadecimal number from a string.
* @param c The ASCII character of the hexadecimal number to decode.
* Must be in the range {@code [0-9a-fA-F]}.
* @return The hexadecimal value represented in the ASCII character
* given, or {@link Character#MAX_VALUE} if the character is invalid.
*/
private static char decodeHexNibble(final char c) {
if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
return (char) (c - '0');
} else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') {
return (char) (c - 'a' + 10);
} else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') {
return (char) (c - 'A' + 10);
} else {
return Character.MAX_VALUE;
}
}
}
|
1312161_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | The opinion of the court was delivered by
Burling, J.
This appeal stems from a judgment of the Bergen County Court which we have certified prior to a review by the Superior Court, Appellate Division. Within its narrowest confines the case presents a question of fraud in a limited sense, i. e., withholding information concerning a prior marriage of the decedent in a proceeding to secure death benefits under the Workmen's Compensation Law. We must, however, take a broader view of the proceeding in order to impel a final determination of the primal meritorious question, namely, whether one claim can support two awards.
Various aspects of the controversy have been in litigation for 6V2 years. The observation is hardly a tribute to our collective endeavor to reach substantial justice through an immediate channel. Our rules provide ample opportunity for appellate courts to exercise a superintending control over litigation which has an occasional tendency to spread itself thin over an undue length of time and provokes an unnecessary usurpation of judicial manpower with its accompanying expense to litigants. Prompt penetrating adjudication by removing the feigned veils requires the cooperation of litigants and of hearers at the trial level. Satisfaction may be taken in the fact that similar cumbersome strategic adjective situations as exist in this case are the rare exception rather than the rule.
Wallace Minter, an employee of respondent Bendix Aviation Corporation, was killed in 1951. There is no dispute that the accident causing his death arose out of and in the course of his employment.
Several months later his alleged widow, Minnie Minter, filed a claim for dependency death benefits with the Workmen's Compensation Division. Bendix, in answer, denied that Minnie was Wallace's legal wife. An award was made which Bendix later conceded was justified upon the evidence before the Compensation Division, see Minter v. Bendix Aviation Corp., 26 N. J. Super. 268, 274 (App. Div. 1953), although at the time of the hearing it had some reason to believe that Minnie was not the decedent's lawful wife. Bendix did not seek a postponement of the agency hearing to fully investigate and develop this issue and no appeal was taken from the award.
After Minnie obtained her award (April, 1952) Bendix applied to the Division for a new trial and for a stay of the judgment on the basis of newly discovered evidence. This was denied by the Division which was in turn affirmed by the Bergen County Court and the Superior Court, Appellate Division, Minter v. Bendix Aviation Corp., 26 N. J. Super. 268 (1953). The latter decision was rendered on June 12, 1953, and the court noted that there was indeed another contender (Marilyn) for the award who had already filed her claim with the Compensation Division. (Marilyn's claim was filed in February, 1953. Bendix then sought a remand of the case which it had appealed to the Appellate Division in view of Marilyn's claim but this was denied and the noted decision was thereafter rendered.)
Bendix immediately filed an action of interpleader with the Superior Court, Chancery Division. The Chancery Division decided to withhold action on the interpleader pending the outcome of Marilyn's claim with the Compensation Division. A dismissal of the claim would moot the interpleader.
The hearing on Marilyn's claim took place on November 24, 1953. Bendix moved to dismiss her petition because of the previous award to Minnie, arguing that the Deputy Director lacked jurisdiction to proceed. (It would seem that at this point Bendix' motion should have included an application to open the judgment awarded to Minnie and thereby a comprehensive hearing could have been had with all interested parties participating, R. S. 34:15-58.) Bendix expressed concern over the possibility of a double liability but the motion was denied by the Deputy Director who thought that Marilyn was entitled to be heard. She obtained an award on December 23, 1953, the Deputy Director concluding :
"That the said dependents, Marilyn Sanderson Minter, as widow, and Wallace Edward Minter, the infant child, were the legal and total dependents of the decedent at the time of his accidental death on August 4, 1951, within the meaning of the provisions of R. S. 34:15-13."
It is to be noted that Minnie was not a party and did not participate in this proceeding nor did the Division talce any steps to reopen her case (R. S. 15 :31-58) after the award to Marilyn, although the Deputy Director recognized the inequity of "a double award arising out of one accident." Following Marilyn's award the Chancery Division dismissed the interpleader action brought by Bendix on the ground that it constituted a collateral attack against Minnie's judgment.
Bendix, meanwhile, had appealed Marilyn's award to the Bergen County Court. That court immediately recognized what we consider to be the overriding consideration in this case. Judge O'Dea stated:
"Under the Workmen's Compensation law (R. B. 34:15-13), there can be only one wife or dependent widow of a decedent employee entitled to an award at the time of accident or death. No man may have two wives. An employer under the act should not be required to pay dual claims to two widows of the same employee under dual judgments, of one single tribunal. When such a situation appears by judicial or actual notice, the interests of justice require that both claimants be heard by the tribunal, on notice to the other, the employer and any others in interest, to determine the single lawful claimant."
The court recognized that the Division had broad power over the control of its judgments, R. S. 34:15-57, 58, Estelle v. Board of Education of Borough of Red Bank, 14 N. J. 256, 261 (1954), and stated that "where a manifest injustice would result from the entry of a second judgment in the same tribunal for the same cause of action
then the same tribunal which has entered and retains control over the first judgment should stay further proceedings in both matters before it until the rightful claimant has been determined between the two." The direction of the Bergen County Court was to stay both judgments pending further consolidated proceedings in the Compensation Division to determine the rightful claimant.
In view of the direction of the Bergen County Court (rendered July 27, 1954) the Superior Court, Appellate Division, refused to consider for the present an appeal which Bendix had taken from the dismissal of its interpleader action. The ultimate issue, after all, was the same, and absent an appeal from the judgment of the Bergen County Court which might upset the path of final disposition marked out by Judge O'Dea there was little reason to address attention to interpleader.
Minnie, however, did not agree that her judgment should be opened, at least at the direction of a court which allegedly had no control over it. She moved the Bergen County Court to vacate that portion of its order pertaining to her judgment. This motion was denied and Minnie pursued an appeal to the Superior Court, Appellate Division.
The Appellate Division reversed, concluding that there was no basis upon which the Bergen County Court could stay Minnie's judgment. Minnie's judgment had never been appealed nor was Minnie a party to Marilyn's cause. Minter v. Minter, 35 N. J. Super. 439 (App. Div. 1955). Judge Clapp was careful to note that the order of the Bergen County Court so far as remanding Marilyn's cause and staying her judgment was not affected by the reversal:
Inasmuch as Minnie had successfully attacked the order of the Bergen County Court the'Appellate Division ordered argument upon the appeal which Bendix had previously taken from the dismissal of its action of interpleader in the Chancery Division. In the course of the oral argument Bendix charged that Minnie, when filing her claim with the Workmen's Compensation Division, knew of Wallace's prior marriage to Marilyn and had reason to believe that the latter was his lawful wife, all of which allegedly worked a fraud upon the tribunal. The Appellate Division, while affirming the dismissal of the interpleader action, thought Bendix was entitled to a further proceeding in the Compensation Division "to open Minnie's judgment on the ground of her fraud on the Compensation Division." Eclipse etc., Bendix Aviation Corp. v. Minter, 35 N. J. Super. 430 (App. Div. 1955). Bendix, over a span of three years, had obtained additional evidence which gave a color of merit to the fraud charge.
A hearing was requested of the Compensation Division by Bendix. Its petition, in effect, asked that both claims be re-examined and the matter concluded. The two Deputy Directors who were familiar with the extended litigation presided at the hearing. In their opinion the sole question was "whether Minnie at the time of her hearing for compensation in 1952 knowingly, willfully and intentionally testified falsely and perpetrated a fraud on the Workmen's Compensation Division Family relatives were witnesses; Minnie testified; and the Deputy Directors concluded that Bendix had "wholly and completely failed to establish by clear and convincing proof that Minnie Minter at any time knowingly and willfully testified falsely or that she was guilty of any fraud or false representation, or that she at any time perpetrated any fraud upon the Workmen's Compensation Division in her claim petition for death benefit compensation." Minnie's judgment was not disturbed. The Deputy Directors also examined Marilyn's judgment, not only because of Bendix' request but also in view of Judge O'Dea's direction to do so which, as previously noted, had not been affected by the reversal of the Appellate Division, Minter v. Minter, supra, 35 N. J. Super., at page 442. They concluded:
"We have not been presented with any proofs, nor have we been referred to any testimony in the prior records and proceedings, to warrant any change or modification in the previous findings or in the prior judgment in favor of Marilyn Sanderson Minter."
The Compensation Division, which had previously recognized the ultimate issue of double liability, was here confronted with antagonistic judgments over which they had complete control, yet no action was taken to afford either claimant the opportunity to contest the merits of the respective awards.
Bendix appealed the determination to the Bergen County Court. Judge Schneider reviewed the testimonial record on the fraud issue. The court thought there was sufficient proof to show that Minnie had knowledge of Wallace's prior marriage. Having denied this she was guilty of fraud. Further, the court stated, completely aside from the question of fraud, both claims could not stand. Only one of the two contestants could claim the widow's dependency benefits, and the court determined that Marilyn was the rightful claimant. Minnie's judgment was reversed; Marilyn's affirmed and Bendix was ordered to pay dependency death benefits to the latter and her infant son.
The instant appeal is taken from that portion of the judgment of the Bergen County Court which affects Minnie. Bendix filed a cross-appeal to the entire judgment "to make certain that the entire matter comes before the Appellate Court for complete and final disposition."
The fraud issue has necessitated a study of the testimonial record made before the Compensation Division. Two members of the decedent's family were produced by Bendix. One of them indicated that Minnie, upon a family visit to her some years ago, indicated an awareness of decedent's prior marriage. The other witness was not helpful on the issue. An affidavit (hearsay) of decedent's sister was submitted to show Minnie's knowledge. This evidence was far from convincing that Minnie knowingly or willfully testified falsely upon her prior hearing. From our study of the record it appears that she was a victim of circumstances which were created by the fraud of the decedent. An employee of Bendix who informed Minnie of the accident and death testified that Minnie acknowledged the existence of a prior marriage. Minnie denied these things, as did her sister. The Deputy Directors who heard the witnesses were categorical in their conclusion that Minnie did not knowingly give false testimony. They were completely persuaded of her truthfulness and credibility.
Certainly if Minnie had such knowledge (and we are not persuaded that she did) she was bound to disclose it to the Compensation Division; but Bendix was under no less an obligation. It had disputed in answer to Minnie's claim petition that she was the legal wife of the decedent but then failed to develop its case on this point until it appeared that two awards might be entered upon the same claim. Having taken issue Bendix was obliged to substantiate its denial with due diligence or at the very least to seek a continuance for that purpose. It failed to do so.
Bendix asks us to sustain the judgment of the Bergen County Court upon the grounds of "public policy," but we cannot dilute the principles of Shammas v. Shammas, 9 N. J. 321 (1952) to accommodate the overriding consideration in this case of double liability. In Shammas we said:
"All perjury is an affront to the dignity of the court and to the integrity of the judicial process, but the law is not without other effective means to punish the perpetrator of the crime. Cf. Swanson v. Swanson, 8 N. J. 169 (1951). Perjured testimony that warrants disturbance of a final judgment must be shown by clear, convincing and satisfactory evidence to have been, not false merely, but to have been willfully and purposely falsely given, and to have been material to the issue tried and not merely cumulative but probably to have controlled the result. Further, a party seeking to be relieved from the judgment must show that the fact of the falsity of the testimony could not have been discovered by reasonable diligence in time to offset it at the trial or that for other good reason the failure to use diligence is in all the circumstances not a bar to relief."
This brings us to the principal and determinative proposition; the dependency death benefit claim accorded a widow by statute can support but one award. There cannot be a double recovery upon the single claim. Industrial Commission of Ohio v. Dell, 104 Ohio St. 389, 135 N. E. 669, 34 A. L. R. 422 (Sup. Ct. 1922). The Compen sation Division has opened awards in the past to accommodate this overriding equity. See Shuler v. Eastern Foundry, 34 N. J. Super. 216 (Cty. Ct. 1955). There is no sufficient legal basis for refusing to do so here. This is not a case where a dependent (Marilyn), having knowledge of her rights, failed to diligently pursue her claim. Brklacic v. Industrial Commission, 63 Utah 582, 227 P. 1036 (Sup. Ct. 1924). Her claim was timely filed. R. S. 34:15-51. For this reason it is proper that we should vacate both awards, R. R. 4:62-2 (f), and direct a hearing to determine the rightful claimant.
To accomplish an effective disposition of the two claim petitions there should be a single and consolidated hearing. To place the claimants' standing beyond doubt, each should be admitted as an adversary party to the other's claim petition and appropriate answers should be filed by them, with resulting determinations to be made as to each claim petition. The issue requiring exploration is to determine which person is the rightful claimant. Proof of the remaining elements necessary to recovery may be obviated by stipulation as they seem not to be in dispute.
Counsel for Minnie Minter requests a direction to the Bergen County Court to allow a reasonable fee for services rendered in the interpleader proceedings in the Chancery Division and the appeal by Bendix to the Appellate Division, as well as an additional interpleader (which we have not previously mentioned for it was not pursued) filed by Bendix in the federal district court. R. R. 5:2-5 (f) permits an allowance to the prevailing party for services rendered "in the county court, the Appellate Division of the Superior Court, and the Supreme Court." This request is inherently fair. Minnie has prevailed upon the initial issue of fraud in the instant proceeding and the interpleader action instituted by Bendix was intimately related with that issue for it was there that the employer charged fraud and succeeded in obtaining a hearing upon that contention. Although the rule literally does not encompass services rendered in the Chancery Division of the Superior Court, its fundamental purpose to alleviate the financial burden of injured workers or their dependents in prosecuting compensation claims by competent counsel applies to this case. The brief foray in the federal district court may be disregarded for there the petition of interpleader was dismissed by the consent of all parties.
Eor the reasons heretofore expressed the following disposition is directed:
1. The entire judgment of the Bergen County Court (which has been brought before this court by the appeal and the cross-appeal) is set aside. The two death benefit awards entered by the Compensation Division are vacated as well as the award in the Division of counsel fees.
2. The cause will be remanded to the Bergen County Court for the entry of judgment affirming the judgment of the Workmen's Compensation Division so far as it deals with the alleged fraud of Minnie Minter and for an award of counsel fees to counsel and costs for Minnie Minter for services rendered upon the prior interpleader action in the Superior Court, Chancery Division, and the appeal therefrom to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, and for the appeal in the instant proceeding to the Bergen County Court and this court, such fee to be determined after hearing.
3. Thereafter, the Workmen's Compensation Division is directed to conduct a consolidated hearing upon the two claim petitions and to admit each claimant as an adversary to the other's claim petition and permit appropriate answers to be filed by them, and thereafter to make individual determinations as to each claim petition.
Costs on the instant appeal will be taxed against the respondent Bendix Aviation Corporation.
The mandate will issue in accordance with the above direction.
For reversal — Chief Justice Vanderbilt, and Justices Heher, Burling, Jacobs and Weintraub. — 5.
For affirmance — Fone..
|
github_open_source_100_8_19858 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import argparse
import torch
from torch.utils import data
from tqdm import tqdm
from tensorboardX import SummaryWriter
import smplx
import torch.optim as optim
import itertools
from loader.train_loader_infill import TrainLoader
from models.AE import AE
from utils.utils import *
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--gpu_id', type=int, default='0')
parser.add_argument('--save_dir', type=str, default='runs_try', help='path to save train logs and models')
parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, default=60, help='input batch size')
parser.add_argument('--num_workers', type=int, default=2, help='# of dataloadeer num_workers')
parser.add_argument('--lr', type=float, default=0.0001, help='learning rate')
parser.add_argument('--num_epoch', type=int, default=100000, help='# of training epochs ')
parser.add_argument("--log_step", default=500, type=int, help='log after n iters')
parser.add_argument("--save_step", default=1000, type=int, help='save models after n iters')
# path to amass and smplx body model
parser.add_argument('--amass_dir', type=str, default='/local/home/szhang/AMASS/amass', help='path to AMASS dataset')
parser.add_argument('--body_model_path', type=str, default='/mnt/hdd/PROX/body_models', help='path to smplx body models')
# settings for body representation
parser.add_argument("--clip_seconds", default=4, type=int, help='length (seconds) of each motion sequence')
parser.add_argument('--body_mode', type=str, default='local_markers_4chan',
choices=['local_markers', 'local_markers_4chan'], help='which body representation to use')
parser.add_argument("--conv_k", default=3, type=int)
parser.add_argument('--with_hand', default='False', type=lambda x: x.lower() in ['true', '1'], help='include hand or not')
parser.add_argument('--normalize', default='True', type=lambda x: x.lower() in ['true', '1'], help='normalize input motion representation or not')
parser.add_argument('--input_padding', default='True', type=lambda x: x.lower() in ['true', '1'], help='pad input motion representation or not')
# settings for network
parser.add_argument('--downsample', default='True', type=lambda x: x.lower() in ['true', '1'], help='downsample latent space or not')
# loss weights
parser.add_argument("--weight_loss_rec_body", default=10.0, type=float, help='weight for input reconstruction loss')
parser.add_argument("--weight_loss_rec_body_v", default=10.0, type=float, help='weight for input 1st-order reconstruction loss')
parser.add_argument("--weight_loss_rec_contact_lbl", default=1.0, type=float, help='weight for foot contact prediction loss')
args = parser.parse_args()
torch.cuda.set_device(args.gpu_id)
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
print('gpu id:', torch.cuda.current_device())
def train(writer, logger):
# amass_dir = '/local/home/szhang/AMASS/amass'
# body_model_path = '/mnt/hdd/PROX/body_models'
smplx_model_path = os.path.join(args.body_model_path, 'smplx_model')
# amass_train_datasets = ['HumanEva', 'MPI_HDM05', 'MPI_mosh', 'Transitions_mocap',
# 'ACCAD', 'BMLhandball', 'BMLmovi', 'BioMotionLab_NTroje', 'CMU',
# 'DFaust_67', 'Eyes_Japan_Dataset', 'MPI_Limits']
# amass_test_datasets = ['TCD_handMocap', 'TotalCapture', 'SFU']
amass_train_datasets = ['HumanEva', 'BMLmovi']
amass_test_datasets = ['TCD_handMocap', 'TotalCapture']
preprocess_stats_dir = 'preprocess_stats'
if not os.path.exists(preprocess_stats_dir):
os.makedirs(preprocess_stats_dir)
################################### set dataloaders ######################################
print('[INFO] reading training data from datasets {}...'.format(amass_train_datasets))
train_dataset = TrainLoader(clip_seconds=args.clip_seconds, clip_fps=30, normalize=args.normalize,
split='train', mode=args.body_mode)
train_dataset.read_data(amass_train_datasets, args.amass_dir)
train_dataset.create_body_repr(with_hand=args.with_hand,
smplx_model_path=smplx_model_path)
train_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(dataset=train_dataset, batch_size=args.batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=args.num_workers, drop_last=True)
print('[INFO] reading test data from datasets {}...'.format(amass_test_datasets))
test_dataset = TrainLoader(clip_seconds=args.clip_seconds, clip_fps=30, normalize=args.normalize,
split='test', mode=args.body_mode)
test_dataset.read_data(amass_test_datasets, args.amass_dir)
test_dataset.create_body_repr(with_hand=args.with_hand,
smplx_model_path=smplx_model_path)
test_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(dataset=test_dataset, batch_size=args.batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=args.num_workers, drop_last=True)
################################## set train configs ######################################
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers']:
in_channel = 1
elif args.body_mode in ['local_markers_4chan']:
in_channel = 4
model = AE(downsample=args.downsample, in_channel=in_channel, kernel=args.conv_k).to(device)
optimizer = optim.Adam(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad,
itertools.chain(model.parameters())),
lr=args.lr)
bce_loss = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss().to(device)
################################# load prox masks ########################################
prox_mask_dir_list = os.listdir('mask_markers') # ['MPH11_00034_01', 'MPH11_00150_01', ...]
prox_mask_list = []
for dir in tqdm(prox_mask_dir_list):
mask = np.load('mask_markers/{}/mask_markers.npy'.format(dir)) # 0: markers to mask out
n_clip = len(mask) // 120
for i in range(n_clip):
mask_clip = mask[(i*120):((i+1)*120)] # [T, 67]
all_markers_n = mask_clip.shape[0] * mask_clip.shape[1]
mask_markers_n = all_markers_n - mask_clip.sum()
mask_ratio = mask_markers_n / all_markers_n
if mask_ratio >= 0.05: # ignore clips with few masks
cur_mask_clip = np.repeat(mask_clip, 3, axis=1) # [T, 67*3]
prox_mask_list.append(cur_mask_clip) # [n_seq, T, 67*3]
prox_mask_list = np.asarray(prox_mask_list)
print('[INFO] prox masks loaded, get {} prox mask clips in total.'.format(len(prox_mask_list)))
################################## start training #########################################
total_steps = 0
for epoch in range(args.num_epoch):
for step, data in tqdm(enumerate(train_dataloader)):
model.train()
total_steps += 1
[clip_img] = [item.to(device) for item in data] # clip_img: # [bs, 1/4, 1, T]
optimizer.zero_grad()
###### mask input
clip_img_input = clip_img.clone() # [bs, 1/4, d, T]
bs = clip_img.shape[0]
d = clip_img.shape[-2]
T = clip_img.shape[-1]
if epoch <= 20:
mask_marker_n = random.randint(1, 6)
mask_marker_id = torch.rand(bs, mask_marker_n) * 67 # all 67 markers
mask_marker_id = mask_marker_id.long() # [bs, mask_marker_n]
mask_row_id1 = mask_marker_id * 3
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers']: # for global traj and pelvis joint
mask_row_id1 = mask_row_id1 + 3 + 3
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers_4chan']: # for pelvis joint
mask_row_id1 = mask_row_id1 + 3
mask_row_id2 = mask_row_id1 + 1
mask_row_id3 = mask_row_id2 + 1
for i in range(bs):
clip_img_input[i, 0, mask_row_id1[i], :] = 0.
clip_img_input[i, 0, mask_row_id2[i], :] = 0.
clip_img_input[i, 0, mask_row_id3[i], :] = 0.
# mask contact lbls/distance if foot marker is masked
if 16 in mask_marker_id[i] or 30 in mask_marker_id[i]:
clip_img_input[i, 0, -4, :] = 0.
clip_img_input[i, 0, -2, :] = 0.
if 47 in mask_marker_id[i] or 60 in mask_marker_id[i]:
clip_img_input[i, 0, -3, :] = 0.
clip_img_input[i, 0, -1, :] = 0.
else:
# load prox masks, prox_mask_list: [n_seq, T=120, 25*3]
np.random.shuffle(prox_mask_list) # shuffle along n_seq axis
mask = torch.from_numpy(prox_mask_list[0:bs]).float().permute(0, 2, 1).unsqueeze(1).to(device) # [bs, 1, 67*3, 120]
# mask contact lbls if foot marker is masked
# is_mask_left: 1: keep left foot, 0: mask left foot
is_mask_left = (mask[:, :, (16 * 3):(16 * 3 + 1), :] == 1) * (mask[:, :, (30 * 3):(30 * 3 + 1), :] == 1) # [bs, 1, 1, 120]
is_mask_right = (mask[:, :, (47 * 3):(47 * 3 + 1), :] == 1) * (mask[:, :, (60 * 3):(60 * 3 + 1), :] == 1)
append_contact_mask = torch.cat([is_mask_left, is_mask_right, is_mask_left, is_mask_right], dim=-2) # [bs, 1, 4, 120]
append_contact_mask = append_contact_mask.float()
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers']:
append_mask = torch.ones([bs, 1, 3+3, T]).to(device) # for global traj and pelvis joint
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers_4chan']:
append_mask = torch.ones([bs, 1, 3, T]).to(device) # for pelvis joint
mask = torch.cat([append_mask, mask[:, :, :, 0:T], append_contact_mask[:, :, :, 0:T]], dim=-2) # [bs, 1, 208/211, T]
clip_img_input[:, 0:1] = clip_img_input[:, 0:1] * mask # [bs, 1/4, d, T]
if args.input_padding:
p2d = (8, 8, 1, 1)
clip_img_input = F.pad(clip_img_input, p2d, 'reflect') # masked
clip_img = F.pad(clip_img, p2d, 'reflect')
# forward
clip_img_rec, z = model(clip_img_input) # z: [bs, 256, d, T], clip_img_rec: [bs, 1, d, T]
# loss
clip_img_v = clip_img[:, :, :, 1:] - clip_img[:, :, :, 0:-1]
clip_img_rec_v = clip_img_rec[:, :, :, 1:] - clip_img_rec[:, :, :, 0:-1]
loss_rec_body = F.l1_loss(clip_img[:, 0, 0:-5], clip_img_rec[:, 0, 0:-5]) # with 1 row of pad
loss_rec_body_v = F.l1_loss(clip_img_v[:, 0, 0:-5], clip_img_rec_v[:, 0, 0:-5])
loss_rec_contact_lbl = bce_loss(clip_img_rec[:, 0, -5:], clip_img[:, 0, -5:])
loss = args.weight_loss_rec_body * loss_rec_body + args.weight_loss_rec_body_v * loss_rec_body_v + \
args.weight_loss_rec_contact_lbl * loss_rec_contact_lbl
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
####################### log train loss ############################
if total_steps % args.log_step == 0:
writer.add_scalar('train/loss_rec_body', loss_rec_body.item(), total_steps)
print_str = 'Step {:d}/ Epoch {:d}] loss_rec_body: {:.10f}'. \
format(step, epoch, loss_rec_body.item())
logger.info(print_str)
print(print_str)
writer.add_scalar('train/loss_rec_body_v', loss_rec_body_v.item(), total_steps)
print_str = 'Step {:d}/ Epoch {:d}] loss_rec_v: {:.10f}'. \
format(step, epoch, loss_rec_body_v.item())
logger.info(print_str)
print(print_str)
writer.add_scalar('train/loss_rec_contact_lbl', loss_rec_contact_lbl.item(), total_steps)
print_str = 'Step {:d}/ Epoch {:d}] loss_rec_contact_lbl: {:.10f}'. \
format(step, epoch, loss_rec_contact_lbl.item())
logger.info(print_str)
print(print_str)
################## test loss #################################
if total_steps % args.log_step == 0:
loss_rec_body_test, loss_rec_body_v_test = 0, 0
loss_rec_contact_lbl_test = 0
with torch.no_grad():
for test_step, data in tqdm(enumerate(test_dataloader)):
model.eval()
[clip_img_test] = [item.to(device) for item in data]
##### mask input
clip_img_input_test = clip_img_test.clone()
bs = clip_img_test.shape[0]
mask_marker_n = random.randint(1, 6)
mask_marker_id = torch.rand(bs, mask_marker_n) * 67 # U[0, n_markers), [bs, mask_marker_n]
mask_marker_id = mask_marker_id.long()
mask_row_id1 = mask_marker_id * 3
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers']: # for global traj and pelvis joint
mask_row_id1 = mask_row_id1 + 3 + 3
if args.body_mode in ['local_markers_4chan']: # for pelvis joint
mask_row_id1 = mask_row_id1 + 3
mask_row_id2 = mask_row_id1 + 1
mask_row_id3 = mask_row_id2 + 1
for i in range(bs):
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, mask_row_id1[i], :] = 0.
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, mask_row_id2[i], :] = 0.
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, mask_row_id3[i], :] = 0.
# mask contact lbls/distance if foot marker is masked
if 16 in mask_marker_id[i] or 30 in mask_marker_id[i]:
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, -4, :] = 0.
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, -2, :] = 0.
if 47 in mask_marker_id[i] or 60 in mask_marker_id[i]:
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, -3, :] = 0.
clip_img_input_test[i, 0, -1, :] = 0.
if args.input_padding:
p2d = (8, 8, 1, 1)
clip_img_input_test = F.pad(clip_img_input_test, p2d, 'reflect')
clip_img_test = F.pad(clip_img_test, p2d, 'reflect')
# forward
clip_img_test_rec, z = model(clip_img_input_test)
# reconstruction loss
clip_img_test_v = clip_img_test[:, :, :, 1:] - clip_img_test[:, :, :, 0:-1] # velocity
clip_img_test_rec_v = clip_img_test_rec[:, :, :, 1:] - clip_img_test_rec[:, :, :, 0:-1] # velocity
loss_rec_body_test += F.l1_loss(clip_img_test[:, 0, 0:-5], clip_img_test_rec[:, 0, 0:-5])
loss_rec_body_v_test += F.l1_loss(clip_img_test_v[:, 0, 0:-5], clip_img_test_rec_v[:, 0, 0:-5])
loss_rec_contact_lbl_test += bce_loss(clip_img_test_rec[:, 0, -5:], clip_img_test[:, 0, -5:])
loss_rec_body_test = loss_rec_body_test / test_step
loss_rec_body_v_test = loss_rec_body_v_test / test_step
loss_rec_contact_lbl_test = loss_rec_contact_lbl_test / test_step
####################### log test loss ############################
writer.add_scalar('test/loss_rec_body_test', loss_rec_body_test, total_steps)
print_str = 'Step {:d}/ Epoch {:d}] loss_rec_body_test: {:.10f}'. \
format(step, epoch, loss_rec_body_test)
logger.info(print_str)
print(print_str)
writer.add_scalar('test/loss_rec_body_v_test', loss_rec_body_v_test, total_steps)
print_str = 'Step {:d}/ Epoch {:d}] loss_rec_body_v_test: {:.10f}'. \
format(step, epoch, loss_rec_body_v_test)
logger.info(print_str)
print(print_str)
writer.add_scalar('test/loss_rec_contact_lbl_test', loss_rec_contact_lbl_test, total_steps)
print_str = 'Step {:d}/ Epoch {:d}] loss_rec_contact_lbl_test: {:.10f}'. \
format(step, epoch, loss_rec_contact_lbl_test)
logger.info(print_str)
print(print_str)
if total_steps % args.save_step == 0:
save_path = os.path.join(writer.file_writer.get_logdir(), "AE_last_model.pkl")
torch.save(model.state_dict(), save_path)
logger.info('[*] last model saved\n')
if __name__ == '__main__':
run_id = random.randint(1, 100000)
logdir = os.path.join(args.save_dir, str(run_id)) # create new path
writer = SummaryWriter(log_dir=logdir)
print('RUNDIR: {}'.format(logdir))
sys.stdout.flush()
logger = get_logger(logdir)
logger.info('Let the games begin') # write in log file
save_config(logdir, args)
train(writer, logger)
|
github_open_source_100_8_19859 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | .class public Lp/a/q$b;
.super Lp/a/q$a;
.source "SourceFile"
# annotations
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;
value = Lp/a/q;
.end annotation
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;
accessFlags = 0x8
name = "b"
.end annotation
# instance fields
.field public final e:I
.field public final f:Landroid/view/View$OnClickListener;
# direct methods
.method public synthetic constructor <init>(IILandroid/view/View$OnClickListener;Lp/a/p;)V
.locals 0
const/4 p4, 0x0
.line 1
invoke-direct {p0, p1, p4}, Lp/a/q$a;-><init>(ILzendesk/belvedere/MediaResult;)V
.line 2
iput p2, p0, Lp/a/q$b;->e:I
.line 3
iput-object p3, p0, Lp/a/q$b;->f:Landroid/view/View$OnClickListener;
return-void
.end method
# virtual methods
.method public a(Landroid/view/View;)V
.locals 2
.line 1
sget v0, Lp/a/a/f;->list_item_static_image:I
invoke-virtual {p1, v0}, Landroid/view/View;->findViewById(I)Landroid/view/View;
move-result-object v0
check-cast v0, Landroid/widget/ImageView;
iget v1, p0, Lp/a/q$b;->e:I
invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, Landroid/widget/ImageView;->setImageResource(I)V
.line 2
sget v0, Lp/a/a/f;->list_item_static_click_area:I
invoke-virtual {p1, v0}, Landroid/view/View;->findViewById(I)Landroid/view/View;
move-result-object p1
iget-object v0, p0, Lp/a/q$b;->f:Landroid/view/View$OnClickListener;
invoke-virtual {p1, v0}, Landroid/view/View;->setOnClickListener(Landroid/view/View$OnClickListener;)V
return-void
.end method
|
EC-0457.txt_40 | European Open Data | Various open data | MOTIVAZIONE
MOTIVAZIONE
„•
di un'azione pluriennale. La commissione per i bilanci desidera
nrpsentare^le incidenze finanziarie degli obblighi giuridici assunti in que
present
_ da auello proposto dalla Commissione delle
^o
rKlancff
G U s v i a m e n t i relativi agli obblighi
i n d i c i
c h f X o r t S o pagamenti nel coeso dell M e r e i à i o 1 9 7 7
sono
giuridici cne comp
h i ianCio Gli importi prevedibili per adempiere,
À T ìSa
ì9r 9 afli o S S h i giuridici assunti in conformità di tale
ne^
" -,
npIlo scadenzario. Diversamente da quanto ha fatco
provazbne dei bilanci per il 1978 è 1979.
--- 0O 0---
Questa azione costituisce una partecipaziope della Comunità a operazioni
internazionali di lolta contro il sottosviluppo nel quadro della Nazioni
Unite. Essa si accompagna alle azioni, di cooperazione già intraprese
fra queste due organizzazioni, specie
quelle del tipo della convenzio
ne CEE/UNRWA e dell'azione di emergenza delle Nazioni Unite.
La partecipazione degli Stati membri a un’azione di questo genere deve esse
re realizzata nel quadro comunitario e il contributo finanziario della CEE~
deve figurare nel suo bilancio.
O
A?'
ro
l)oc. 291/99
8 ottobre 1976
8 ottobre 1976
PROGETTO
DI BILANCIO GENERALE DELLE COMUNITÀ' EUROPEE
PER L'ESERCIZIO .197 7
Doc. 291/100
PROCI n o
1)1 liti ANCIO GENERAI I Di l l i COMUNI I A' EUROPI I
PER 1 ESERCIZIO . 1977
EMENDAMENTO N. , . 1.Q0
EMENDAMENTO N. .99. ..
SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
A) SPESE
A) SPESE
Titolo 9 - Cooperazione con i PVS e i paesi terzi
Capitolo 96 - Cooperazione con i paesi terzi
Titolo 9
Aggiungere un articolo 962 così redatto :
Capitolo 96
"Articolo 962: Cooperazione finanziaria con taluni paesi terzi"
- Cooperazione con i PVS e i paesi terzi
- Cooperazione con paesi terzi
Artìcolo 962
- Cooperazione finanziaria con taluni paesi terzi
Iscrivere uno stanziamento di 1.000.000
u.c.
B) ENTRATE
B) ENTRATE
C) COMMENTO
nulla
Aumentare le entrate di un importo corrispondente
MOTIVAZIONE
Nella risoluzione del 13 maggio 1976 (1) il Parlamento ha preso nettameli
C) COMMENTO
nulda
te posizione in favore dell'iscrizione in bilancio degli stanziamenti destinati
alla cooperazione finanziaria con i paesi terzi,particolarmente con quei paesi con
iquali la Comunità ha concluso accordi di cooperazione che prevedono :
MOTIVAZIONE
a) prestiti della BEI,
b) doni e prestiti speciali
E' probabile, visto il termine per la ratifica e l'applicazione dei va
Il Parlamento ritiene che questi doni e prestiti speciali debbano essere
finanziati dal bilancio comunitario e non tramite bilanci nazionali come si
ri accordi di cooperazione, che nell'esercizio 1977 non potrà essere effettua
verif_i
to alcun pagamento sulla base dell'articolo 962. Occorre tuttavia iscrivere ~
ca ancora per il FES. Il presente emendamento si prefigge quindi di ripristini
uno stanziamento di 1 milite, per far fronte a qualsiasi eventuale esigenza di
esborso.
re una linea di bilancio per queste azioni.
C'è da rilevare che per rendere il bilancio trasparente l'articolo 962 do_
vrebbe essere ripartito in varie voci corrispondenti ai vari protocolli finan
ziari conclusi o previsti con quasi 15 paesi terzi.Dal momento che la maggior
parte di questi accordi sono ancora allo stadio della trattativa,è preferibile
presentarli per l'esercizio 1977 in forma sintetica.Si raccomanda tuttavia alla
Commissione di presentarli in modo distinto per l'esercizio 1978.
(1) G.U. C 125
dell'8.7.1976, pa g . 30
-- oOo---
'O
Doc. 2.91 /1Q1
8 ottobre 1976
20 ottobre. 19.7.6 ..
PROGETTO
DI RILANCIO GENERATI DELLE: COMUNITÀ' EUROPEI
PER L'ESERCIZIO 1977
Doc. ?91 / 1.03
PROGETTO
DI BILANCIO GENERALE DELLE COMUNITÀ’EUROPEE
PER L’ESERCIZIO 1977
EMENDAMENTO N. .API
EMENDAMENTO N. .ÀQ3.
SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
A) SPESE
A. SPESE
Titolo 9
- CooperSzione con i PVS e i paesi terzi
Capitolo 96
- Cooperazione con paesi terzi
Articolo 962
- Cooperazione finanziaria con taluni paesi terzi
Titolo 10 - Altre spese
Capitolo 100 - Stanziamenti accantonati
B) ENTRATE
Aumentare gli stanziamenti di 50.000.000 u.c.
B . ENTRATE
Aumentare le entrate di un importo corrispondente
C) COMMENTO
Iscrivere il seguente commento
C. COMMENTO
:
Aggiungere un nuovo
paragrafo 8 bis.
Azione basata sull'articolo 238 del trattato CEE, sul regolamento CEE/
939/76 del Consiglio del 23 aprile 1976 relativo alla conclusione del proto
collo finanziario fra la CEE e Malta (G.U. L 111 del 28 aprile 1976) e sugli
accordi conclusi fra la Comunità economica europea, il Regno del Marocco, la
Repubblica Tunisina (doc. COM(76) 5/def. del 16 gennaio 1976) e la Repubbli
ca algerina democratica e popolare (doc. COM(76) 44/def. del 6 febbraio
1976),
nonché sugli accordi in fase di negoziazione o per i.
quali
saranno necessari
ulteriori negoziati nel quadro dell approccio
globale mediterraneo,e che potranno avere ripercussioni sul bilancio a decora
rere dall'esercizio 1977.
Stanziamento accantonato per gli aiuti alla costituzione di scorte di carbo
ne (articolo 322) di 50.000.000 u.c.
Gli stanziamenti iscritti in questa linea devono consentire 1 esecuzione
degli aiuti finanziari diversi da quelli della BEI previsti nei protocolli
finanziari e degli accordi stipulati con i paesi summenzionati.
Secondo il presidente della Commissione competente nel.mexito, e
cioè la commissione per l'energia e la ricerca, come del resto si evince
dalla lettera da esso inviata al presidente della commissione per i bilanci, lo
stanziamento necessario a far deccollare il programma si aggirerebbe intor
no ai 50 m.u.c.
Lo stanziamento d'impegno autorizzato per il 1977 ammonta a 20 m.u.c.
Lo scadenziario prevedibile dei pagamenti rispetto agli impegni si preseri
ta come segue :
m
u.c.
Pagamenti
Impeqni
1977
1978
1979 ed esercizi
seguenti
13.000.000
6.000.000
1.000.000
1977 : 20.000.000
Il presente commento riveste un carattere obbligatorio ai sensi dell'ar
ticolo 16 c) del Regolamento finanziario del 25 aprile 1973.
MOTIVAZIONE
La natura pluriennale dei protocolli finanziari e le operazioni cui daran
no origine rendono necessario programmare la ripartizione dogli stanziamenti su
vari esercizi, facendone degli stanziamenti d'impegno. L'importo di 20 m.u.c.
q
2rsjponds alle previsioni della Commi ssione.
-- oOo---
MOTIVAZIONE
La Commissione sta attualmente studiando metodi di finanziamento per
tale azione. Nel progetto dì emendamento n. 25 si propone di iscrivere una
voce "p.m." in tale linea di bilancio (articolo 322) di modo che, conforme
mente a una decisione di finanziamento di tale progetto, la Commissione
può chiedere che vengano iscritti gli stanziamenti del caso.
Tenuto conto di questa indicazione e considerata l'opportunità di
evitare bilanci suppletivi, tranne nel caso di spese imprevedibili, si pro
pone di iscrivere uno stanziamento di 50 m.u.c. al capitolo 100 "stanzia
menti accantonati" in modo da potere effettuare uno storno una volta che
siano stati decisi i metodi di finanziamento.
Inoltre, conformemente alle proposte presentate dalla Commissione
(doc. C O M (76) 20)
sull'attuazione degli orientamenti di politica energe
tica decisi dal Consiglio europeo nella riunione dell1 1 e 2 dicembre
1975,e tenuto conto del fatto che l'azione della comunità in tale settore
va di pari passo con l'azione intrapresa dalla CECA, l'autore propone che
la Commissione porti avanti la propria azione.conformemente agli indirizzi
scelti, di propria iniziativa,senza cioè aspettare che il Consiglio assuma
una posizione definitiva.
-- oOo---
yo
'o
PARLAMENTO EUROPEO
20 ottobre .1.976 ..
PARLAMENTO EUROPEO
V
Doc- .2.9.1/ A 04
8 ottobre 1976
PROGETTO
DI BILANCIO GENERALE DELLE: COMUNITÀ' EUROPEE
PER L’ESERCIZIO .19.77
Doc. 291/ 97 ì||^
PROGETTO
DI BILANCIO GENERALE DELLE COMUNITÀ' EUROPEE
PER L'ESERCIZIO .1.977
PROPOSTA DI MODIFICAZIONE N. .104.
EMENDAMENTO N. .9.7.,.
SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
ALLEGATO III
SEZIONE III - Conunissione
- Modificare così il titolo dell'allegato III:
"Operazioni di prestiti e mutui"
A) Spese
- Prestiti comunitari
Titolo 10 - Altre spese
Capitolo 100 - Stanziamenti accantonati
Aumentare gli stanziamenti di
Sopprimere il seguente paragrafo;
"nonché un pacchetto finanziario equivalente, in unità di conto monetarie
europee, a 3 miliardi di $ USA"
200.000.000 u.c.
- Prestiti Euratom
. Dopo le parole "sottoposte all-approvazione del Consiglio" aggiungere:
" a decorrere dal 18 dicembre 1974"
B) Entrate
Aumentare le entrate
. Sopprimere la seguente frase:
di un importo corrispondente.
"La decisione d'applicazione della decisione di base prevede per queste
operazioni un limite massimo iniziale di 500.000.000 di u.c. "
C) Commento
Aggiungere un punto 12 del seguente tenore:
"12. Stanziamenti accantonati per la revisione dei prezzi relativi al
FEAOG, Sezione Garanzia (titoli 6 e 7): 200.000.000
u.c. ".
MOTIVAZIONE
mine
Siccome si tratta dì un vero e proprio "allegato" al bilancio, il ter
documento" non si ritiene appropriato e deve essere quindi soppresso.
Allo stesso modo deve essere soppresso in un testo di bilancio qualsia'
si riferimento a un massimale di spesa fissato mediante regolamento.
MOTIVAZIONE
Il Parlamento ha ripetutamente insistito invano affinchè, mediante
l'iscrizione di stanziamenti accantonati, si eviti il ricorso sistema
tico a un bilancio suppletivo all'atto della fissazione annua dei pre^
zi agricoli.
Negli anni scorsi - con l'eccezione dell'esercizio 1976 - la Com
missione aveva previsto stanziamenti di riserva per un importo pari al
prevedibile aumento dei prezzi agricoli. Essa ha previsto tali stanzia
menti di riserva anche per l'esercizio 1977, ma il Consiglio li ha sop
pressi e la presente proposta di modifica ha lo scopo di ripristinarli
' PE ■ 46.164/PdM
-- oOo---
Questo progetto di emendamento nonché i progetti da n. 94 a n. 107
sono stati elaborati dal gruppo di lavoro ad hoc della commissione
per i bilanci presieduto dall'onorevole COINTAT; in seguito essi
sono stati lipresi dal relatore sul bilancio a nome della commissio
ne per i bilanci
D oc.2 9 1 / .93 ^ j | a
.8. ottobre. 1.97.6
PROGETTO
DI RILANCIO GENERALI: DELLE COMUNITÀ' EUROPEE
PER L'ESERCIZIO 19.77
EMENDAMENTO N. . .93..
-- oOo--SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
A) SPESE
B) ENTRATE
Capitolo
94
ìcolo 944 —
- Prestiti e mutui
PirGstifci. Euratom
C) COMMENTO
Iscrivere il seguente commento *
- Trattato CEEA (articolo 172, par. 4)
- Decisione del Consiglio del
Q ie sta linea rappresenta l'autorizzazione data alla Commissione dal
l'autorità di bilancio, per l'esercizio considerato, di contrarre prestiti
onde partecipare al finanziamento delle centrali nucleari di potenza.
L'importo massimo dei prestiti autorizzati, per l'esercizio conside
rato, è fissato a 500 MUC.
Questa linea è anche destinata a registrare le eventuali entrate con
nesse al diritto di ricorso della CEEA nei confronti di beneficiari dei pre
stiti Euratom.
L'allegato III alla sezione "Commissione" del bilancio generale
riporta
l'insieme delle operazioni in capitale nonché la gestione del relatrvo indebitamento.
II presente commento ha un carattere vincolante- ai sensi dell'arti
colo 16 c) del regolamento finanziario del 25 aprile 1973.
MOTIVAZIONE
Nella risoluzione del 13 maggio 1976 (1), il Parlamento si è chiara
mente pronunciato in favore dell'iscrizione a bilancio delle operazioni di
prestito in vista di;
- integrare queste operazioni nel processo normale di autorizzazione delle
entrate e delle spese comunitarie;
- permettere all'autorità di bilancio di fissare il volume massimo annuo
delle operazioni in capitale;
favorire, tramite la creazione di un bilancio in capitale, una compren
sione chiara e globale delle politica dei prestiti comunitaria.
La forma di iscrizione al bilancio che figura nel progetto di bilan
cio risponde soltanto parzialmente a questi obiettivi, specie per quanto
riguarda l'allegato "operazioni in capitale"; questo emendamento mira uni
camente a migliorare provvisoriamente detta presentazione che dovrà, pri
ma di essere approvata in forma definitiva, costituire l'oggetto di un
nuovo esame a carattere interistituzionale.
(1) C-.U. C 125 dell'8 giugno 1976
PF, 4 6 .1 5 3 / P d A ( / o 4 )
o
-5
•i?
V*
PARLAMENTO EUROPEO
<7
PRO GETTO DI BILA N CIO G E N E R A L E
Doc. 2.91 /94
8 ottobre. .1.97.6 ....
PROGLTK)
DI BILANCIO CENERAI!-; DELI! COMUNITÀ' EUROPEE
PER L'ESERCIZIO 1977
EMENDAMENTO N. . 94..
stabilito e rettificato dal Consiglio
per l ’esercizio 1977
em endato e corredato di proposte di m odificazione de! Parlam ento europeo
Nella seduta del 27 ottobre 1976 il Parlamento europeo in conformità delle disposizioni degli
artt. 203, parr. 4 e 5 del Trattato CEE, 177, parr. 4 e 5 del Trattato CEEA, e 78, parr. 4 e 5 del
Trattato CECA, ha approvato degli emendamenti e proposto delle modificazioni al progetto di
bilancio generale stabilito dal Consiglio per l’esercizio 1977.
SEZIONE III - COMMISSIONE
A) SPESE
Le rettifiche apportate dal Parlamento allo stato di previsione delle proprie spese ed entrate,
nonché gli emendamenti e le proposte di modificazione approvate dal Parlamento prevedono uri
aumento delle entrate e delle spese di 583.576.071 U.C.
B) ENTRATE
Capitolo
D E L L E CO M UN ITÀ ’ EU R O PEE
94 - Prestiti e mutui
Articolo 945 - Prestiti comunitari
C) COMMENTO
Iscrivere il seguente commento
- Regolamento CEE (n. 397/75 del Consiglio del 17.2.1975)
Questa linea rappresenta l'autorizzazione data alla Commissione dal
l'autorità di bilancio, per l'esercizio considerato, di contrarre prestiti
al fine di aiutare gli Stati membri che hanno difficoltà nella bilancia
dei pagamenti a causa del rincaro dei prodotti petroliferi.
L'importo massimo dei prestiti autorizzati per l'esercizio considera
to è fissato a 3.000 MUC.
Questa linea è destinata a registrare anche le eventuali entrate con
nesse al diritto di ricorso della CEE nei confronti dei beneficiari dei pre
stiti comunitari.
L'allegato III alla sezione "Commissione" del bilancio generale
riporta l'insieme delle operazioni in capitale nonché la gestione del
relativo indebitamento.
Il presente commento ha carattere vincolante ai sensi dell’articolo
16 c) del regolamento finanziario del 25 aprile 1973.
MOTIVAZIONE
Nella risoluzione del 13 maggio 1976 (1), il Parlamento si è chiara
mente pronunciato in favore dell’iscrizione a bilancio delle operazioni di
prestito in vista di:
- integrare queste operazioni nel processo normale di autorizzazione delle
entrate e delle spese comunitarie;
- permettere all'autorità di bilancio di fissare il volume massimo annuo
delle operazioni in capitale;
- favorire, tramite la creazione di un bilancio in capitale, una compren
sione chiara e globale della politica dei prestiti comunitaria.
La forma di iscrizione al bilancio che figura nel progetto di bilan
cio risponde soltanto parzialmente a questi obiettivi, specie per quanto
riguarda l'allegato "operazioni in capitale"; questo emendamento mira uni
camente a migliorare provvisoriamente detta presentazione che dovrà, pri
ma di essere approvata in forma definitiva, cosituire l'oggetto di un
nuovo esame a carattere interistituzionale.
Questo importo va maggiorato degli stanziamenti relativi al rimborso forfettario agli Stati
membri delle spese sostenute per la riscossione delle risorse proprie relative a tale importo.
A. ENTRATE
B. SPESE
Le entrate della Comunità sono valutate come segue:
L’ammontare delle spese autorizzate è stabilito, per ciascuna istituzione, come segue:
U.C.
Natura delle entrate
Titoli
U.C.
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
5.829.163.475
A
1
Risorse proprie
2
Eccedenze disponibili
3
Parte del gettito dei prelievi CECA versata in applicazione
dell’art. 20 del Trattato dell’8 aprile 1965
18.000.000
4
Trattenute effettuate sulle retribuzioni del personale
36.785.710
5
Contributi
9
Entrate varie
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Sezione 1 : Parlamento europeo
55.254.557
Sezione 11 : Consiglio
70.213.682
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
65.742.497
39.129.353
2.802.665.601
Sezione III : Commissione
v
(* }
immutato
8.578.086.845
Sezione IV : Corte di giustizia
12.143.150
immutato
8.726.680
TOTALE
8.734.470.819
8.715.698.234
(*)
- 18.772.585
Eccedenza da riportare all’esercizio successivo
TOTALE
8.715.698.234
/
(*) In applicazione delle disposizioni dei trattati tendenti a garantire l’equilibrio del bilancio, occorre prevedere un aumento delle entrate
corrispondente all’aumento degli stanziamenti derivanti dalle decisioni del Parlamento, tenendo altresì conto della proposta dì
modificazione approvata n. 109.
(*) !:;Ì " T t0 df r / Cnt0
stanziamenti deciso dai Parlamento (583.576.071 U.C.)va maggiorato degl, stanziamenti relativi al rimborso
forfettario agli Stati membri delle spese sostenute per la riscossione delle risorse proprie relative a tale importo
PARLAMENTO
Rettificato
come precisato dagli emendamenti
approvati dal Parlamento
nella seduta del 27 ottobre 1976
CONSIGLIO
COMMISSIONE
Conforme
FUNZIONAMENTO
Rettificato
come precisato dall’emendamento
approvato dal Parlamento
nella seduta del 27 ottobre 1976
RELATIVO ALLE ATTIVITÀ’
CORTE
DI G I U S T I Z I A
DI RICERCA E DI INVESTIMENTO
I. CENTRO COMUNE DI RICERCA
Conforme
II. SEDE E AZIONI INDIRETTE
Conforme
Conforme
SEZIONE I
PARLAMENTO
Alle condizioni previste dal suo regolamento interno, il Parlamento europeo ha stabilito uno
stato di previsione delle sue spese e delle sue entrate per l’esercizio 1977 nella seduta plenaria
del 18 giugno 1976. Tale stato di previsione è stato pubblicato sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale delle
Comunità europee n. C 159 del 12 luglio 1976.
Esso è stato rettificato nella seduta del 27 ottobre 1976. Tale stato di previsione ammonta
pertanto in entrate e spese a 65.742.497 U.C.
SEZIONE II
CONSIGLIO
Allegato I : Comitato economico e sociale
Allegato II : Commissione di controllo delle Comunità europee
Allegato Ili : Revisore dei conti della CECA
Conforme
SPESE
UC
( 'apilolo
Articolo
Denominazione
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Progetto emendato
c modificato
dai Parlamento
TITOLO 3
SPESE CONCERNENTI LE PERSONE FACENTI
PARTE DELL’ISTITUZIONE
so
MBIVI BRI DELL’ ISTITUZIQNE
100
Stipendi, indennità e assegni fissi annessi agli stipendi
757.900
immutato
5OS
Copertura dei riseli! di malattia e d’infortunio ed altri
oneri sociali
67.600
fi
¡0 2
indennità transitorie
298.700
fi
¡03
Pensioni
460.600
fi
¡04
Coefficiente correttore
928.300
”
2.513.100
fi
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO i 0
1i
PERSONALE
i 10
Funzionari e agenti temporanei che ricoprono posti
previsti dalla tabella degli organici
111
Altri agenti
112
Pensioni e indennità “ una tantum”
¡1 3
Copertura dei rischi d’infortunio e di malattie
professionali
8.416.400
1 14
Assegni e indennità varie
115
Ore di lavoro straordinario
1 16
Coefficienti correttori
117
Prestazioni di complemento
7.826.200
6.1 16.400
2.312.500
1.230.000
75.729.800
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 11
12
115.165.400
6 .0 0 0 .0 0 0
222.796.700
INDENNITÀ’ E SPESE RELATIVE ALL’ENTRATA
IN SERVIZIO A L L A CESSAZIONE DAL SERVIZIO
E Ai TRASFERIMENTI
120
Spese per ¡’assunzione del personale
121
Spese di viaggio (compresi i familiari)
¡2 2
indennità di prima sistemazione, di nuova sistema
zione e di trasferimento
624.000
201.800
1.423.000
222.962.700
UO
Capitolo
Denominazione
Articolo
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
1 23
Spese ili trasloco
1.342.100
124
Indennità giornaliere temporanee
865.800
125
Indennità in caso di collocamento in disponibilità, di
dispensa dall’impiego e di licenziamento
8.749.600
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 12
13.206.300
13
UC
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
Capiioio
14
Spese di missioni, di trasferta e altre spese accessorie
13.257.800
Sussidi straordinari
45.000
immutato
141
Foycrs e circoli per il personale
148.700
”
142
Ristoranti e mense
190.300
”
143
Servizio medico
431.800
”
145
Prestiti alla costruzione
149
Altre provvidenze
15
200
Acquisto di beni immobili
p.m.
immutato
201
Costruzione di immobili
p.m.
”
202
Altre spese preliminari alla costruzione o all’acquisto
di beni immobili
p.m.
??
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 20
p.m.
”
22.085.000
»
AFFITTO DI IMMOBILI E SPESE ACCESSORIE
21
140
1.000.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 14
1.111.800
immutato
2.111.800
210
Affitti
211
Assicurazioni
212
Acqua, gas, elettricità e riscaldamento
3.457.000
??
213
Pulizìe c manutenzione
5.427.000
»
214
Sistemazione dei locali
751.000
”
215
Sicurezza e sorveglianza degli immobili
1.160.000
219
Altre spese
151
152
Spese per l’organizzazione di tirocini nei servizi
dell’istituzione
621.500
immutato
Corsi di lingue, aggiornamento e perfezionamento
professionale, informazione del personale
491.500
??
Scambi di funzionari delle Comunità e delle ammini
strazioni degli Stati membri
160.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 21
TIROCINI E FORMAZIONE PROFESSIONALE
¡50
287.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 15
1.400.000
T O T A L E D E L T IT O LO 1
248.027.900
??
y
??
33.220.000
”
220
Macchine per ufficio
321.000
»
221
Mobilio
548.600
??
222
Materiale ed impianti tecnici
2.212.000
??
223
Materiale da trasporto
524.680
»
224
Noleggio di materiale, spese di gestione e prestazioni
relative al Centro informatico ed utilizzazione del
sistema di documentazione interna ECDOC
5.310.000
Spese di documentazione e di biblioteca
1.020.160
”
249.245.400
180.000
BENI MOBILI E SPESE ACCESSORIE
22
225
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 22
-16-
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
SPESE D’INVESTIMENTO IMMOBILIARE
immutato
SPESE PER IL SERVIZIO SOCIALE
296.000
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
FU N Z IO N A M EN TO
20
7.000.000
Denominazione
TITOLO 2 IMMOBILI, MATERIALE E SPESE VARIE DI
SPESE PER MISSIONI E TRASFERTE
¡30
Articolo
9.936.440
5.810.000
immutato
10.436.440
UC
UC
1
('upitolo
23
Progetto
'stabilito
dal Consiglio
Denominazione
Articolo
Capitolo
SPESE DI FUNZIONAMENTO AMMINISTRATIVO
CORRENTE
230
Cancelleria e forniture d’ufficio
3.605.000
immutato
231
Spese postali, telecomunicazioni.
7.057.000
li
232
Oneri finanziari
36.000
”
233
Spese di contenzioso
120.000
”
234
Danni e interessi
200.000
il
235
Altre spese di funzionamento
782.300
il
239
Prestazioni tra istituzioni
380.000
”
12.180.300
”
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 23
24
s p e si;
p er
r ic e v im e n t o
e
di
•
25
425.000
263
Studi di carattere economico e sociale previsti
dall’articolo 46 del trattato CECA
”
Riunioni e convocazioni in generale
4.650.000
li
251
Comitati
2.650.000
”
252
Comitati e commissioni CECA
500.000
”
Studi a carattere regionale intrapresi su richiesta degli
Stati membri
320.000
immutato
Studi e inchieste settoriali in materia di concorrenza
200.000
»
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 26
12.372.000
254
Azioni a favore della gioventù
100.000
255
Spese varie d’organizzazione e di partecipazione a
conferenze, congressi e riunioni
260.000
immutato
Spese di prcconsultazioni sindacali
100.000
”
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 25
26
8.535.000
190.000
Consulenze, studi e inchieste di carattere limitato
900.000
261
Studi e inchieste sulla congiuntura
1.692.000
262
Studi e inchieste globali di carattere comunitario
1.210.000
Cazzotta ufficiale
5.354.000
immutato
271
Pubblicazioni
3.100.000
”
272
Spese di informazione e di partecipazione alle
manifestazioni pubbliche
6.200.000
6.800.000
Informazione della gioventù
1.100.000
k
18 -
15.754.000
immutato
16.354.000
SOVVENZIONI DI EQUILIBRIO FINANZIARIO
282
289
Sovvenzione della CEEA per il funzionamento
dell’Agenzia di approvvigionamento
560.000
Sovvenzione per il funzionamento di un ufficio di
ravvicinamento delle imprese della Comunità
66.000
Istituto delle Comunità europee per l’analisi e la
ricerca economica
p.m.
650.000
immutato
630.000
immutato
immutalo
5.805.000
SPESE RELATIVE AL SETTORE AGRICOLO
310
311
312
Interventi comunitari nella lotta contro le epidemie
che minacciano il patrimonio zootecnico degli Stati
membri
207.000
immutato
Applicazione delle direttive del Consiglio in materia
veterinaria
"
I 10.000
immutato
Partecipazione della CEE alle misure relative alla
commercializzazione di materiali di moltiplicazione e
sementi
107.000
immutato
—
UC
( apilolo
Denominazione
Articolo
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
313
Rete comunitaria d’informazione contabile
1.074.000
314
Ricerca in agricoltura
3.625.500
80.000
UC
Progetto emendato
e modifieato
dal Parlamento
Ca pitelo
immutato
35
”
Articolo
Denominazione
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
PROTEZIONE DELL’UOMO E DEL SUO AMBIEN
TE
350
Radioprotezione
300.000
351
Protezione della salute, dell’aria e dell’acqua
440.000
315
Azioni di formazione di controllori FEAOG
316
Azione comunitaria nel settore della formazione
professionale degli agricoltori
40.000
100.000
352
Salute e sicurezza dei luoghi di lavoro
420.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 31
5.243.500
5.303.500
353
Studi e ricerche di medicina e della salute pubblica
40.000
354
Azione comunitaria in vista della protezione dell’am
biente
SPESE RELATIVE ALLA POLITICA ENERGETICA
32
320
321
Azioni nel settore degli idrocarburi
Prospezione delle risorse di uranio
8.000.000
p.m.
2.000.000
Organizzazione e umanizzazione dei compiti
359
Sovvenzione per il funzionamento della Fondazione
per il miglioramento delle condizioni di lavoro
2.600.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 35
5.590.000
329
Prestiti Euratom
p.m.
immutato
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 32
8.000.000
34.000.000
36
330
Spese per ricerche e investimenti
180.319.157
183.337.388
SPESE RELATIVE AL CONTROLLO DI SICUREZZA
34
p.m.
50.000
immutato
5.872.000
SPESE RELATIVE ALL’INFORMAZIONE SCIEN
TIFICA E TECNICA E ALLA GESTIONE DELL’IN
FORMAZIONE
(*)
SPESE PER RICERCHE E INVESTIMENTI
33
420.000
356
p.m.
immutato
370.000
Protezione e informazione dei consumatori
-
480.000
1.562.000
32.000.000
Aiuti per la costituzione di scorte di carbone
immutato
1.420.000
355
322
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
360
Acquisto di libri e abbonamenti
361
Diffusione, trasferimento e valorizzazione
conoscenze scientifiche e tecniche
362
175.000
immutato
460.000
il
delle
340
Sopralluoghi e altre missioni
290.000
341
Spese per tirocini
22.000
il
342
Prelievi di campioni e analisi
170.000
”
343
Materiale e lavori tecnici e scientifici
186.000
il
344
Spese per riunioni, convocazioni in generale
25.000
il
345
Costo del controllo materiale nel quadro della
protezione sanitaria degli agenti esposti a radiazioni
22.000
370
Azioni nel settore dell’informatica
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 34
715.000
371
Azioni nel settore dell’aeronautica
372
Azioni di ricerca settoriale
373
Intervento finanziario nei progetti di infrastruttura
dei trasporti
p.m.
il
Normativa tecnica in materia di costruzione auto
mobilistica
p.m.
il
immutato
363
Ricerche documentarie —Informazione e documenta
zione scientifica e tecnica
Brevetti
177.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 36
37
2.030.000
immutato
2.582.000
2.842.000
560.000
3.395.800
SPESE RELATIVE AI SETTORI INDUSTRIALI E
DEI TRASPORTI
374
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 37
(*) Per In ripartizione di questo articolo (denominazioni e stanziamenti) vedere gli emendamenti nn. 126, 127, 135, 132, 136e 133.
1.770.000
—
8.000.000
90.000
650.000
immutato
11.485.800
uc
ne
Capitolo
Capitolo
Articolo
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Denominazione
Articolo
MISSIONI SPECIFICHI; !)A l’ARTL
TlJZIONi;
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Progetto emendato
c modificato
dal Parlamento
TITOLO 4 RIMBORSI, AIUTI AGLI STATI MEMBRI E VARIE
a l t r i ; s p i s i ; d e r i v a n t i d a l l ’ e s e r c i z i o di
39
Denominazione
Progetto emendalo
e modificato
dal Parlamento
D EL L ’ ISTI40
p.m.
immutato
390
Azioni tli ricerca nel settore tecnologico
391
Azioni in materia di politica scientifica e tecnologica
392
Azioni in materia di istruzione
393
Spese relative alla conservazione del patrimonio
architettonico c allo sviluppo degli scambi culturali
394
Valutazioni tecniche a sostegno delle attività della
Commissione
830.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 39
3.005.000
3.105.000
TOTALE DEL TITOLO 3
211.629.657
252.465.688
1.500.000
”
675.000
p.m.
RIMBORSO FORFETTARIO AGLI STATI MEMBRI
D ELLE SPESE SOSTENUTE PER LA RISCOSSIO
NI; DIÌLLIÌ RISORSE PROPRIE
400
Belgio
401
Danimarca
402
Germania
403
Francia
404
Irlanda
405
1talia
406
Lussemburgo
407
Paesi Bassi
408
Regno Unito
100.000
im mutato
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 40
41
42
43
430
44
582.916.348
(*)
APPLICAZIONE DEL MECCANISMO FINAN
ZIARIO A NORMA DELLA DECISIONE DEL
CONSIGLIO DEL 17 MAGGIO 1976
p.m.
immutato
PRESTITI COMUNITARI
p.m.
»
IMPORTI COMPENSATIVI “ ADESIONI” CONCESSI
PER GLI SCAMBI INTRACOM UNI TARI
250.000.000
IMPORTI MONETARI COMPENSATIVI
440
441
Importi monetari compensativi per gli scambi intracomunitari
'_
Importi monetari compensativi per gli scambi extracomunitari
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 44
463.000.000
i
119.000.000
-
582.000.000
(*) (Ili stanziamenti da iscrivere al capitolo 40, i quali saranno determinati in funzione delle entrate derivanti dalle risorse proprie si
aggiungeranno all’aumento degli stanziamenti deciso dal Parlamento.
h
UC
(Capitolo
Articolo
Denominazione
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
TITOLO 5 FONDO SOCIALE E FONDO REGIONALE
50
NUOVO FONDO SOCIALE, SPESE PREVISTE
D A LL’ART. 4 DELLA DECISIONE DEL CON
SIGLIO DEL 1« FEBBRAIO 1971
500
Azioni a favore dei settori agricolo e tessile
13.000.000
immutato
501
Azioni a favore della gioventù
24.000.000
»
502
Azioni a favore dei minorati
5.000.000
55
503
Azioni a favore dei migranti
6.500.000
”
504
Azioni a favore dei settori e delle regioni colpite dalla
crisi
-
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 50
51
48.500.000
55
NUOVO FONDO SOCIALE, SPESE PREVISTE
D A L L ’ART: 5 DELLA DECISIONE DEL CON
SIGLIO DEL 1« FEBBRAIO 1971
510
511
52
Interventi diretti a migliorare la situazione dell’occu
pazione in talune regioni, settori economici o gruppi
di imprese
110.000.000
Azioni a favore dei minorati non suscettibili di
beneficiare di un sussidio a norma dell’art. 4
13.500.000
55
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 51
123.500.000
>'
440.000
55
172.440.000
”
FONDO SOCIALE - ESPERIENZE
STUDI PREPARATORI
520
,,
PILOTA E
Fondo sociale, esperienze pilota e studi preparatori
FONDO SOCIALE
SPESE PREVISTE DALL’ ART. 125. P A R A G R A F O ! LETTERA a), DEL
TRATTATO CEE
53
530
Fondo sociale
Spese previste dall’articolo 125,
paragrafo 1, lettera a), del trattato CEE
TOTALE DEL FONDO SOCIALE
UC
uc
C'apiloto
Articolo
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Denominazione
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
( apitolo
Articolo
550
L'ondo europeo di sviluppo regionale
400.000.000
500.000.000
60
AIUTO A LL E POPOLAZIONI DELLA COMUNITÀ’
VITTIME DI CALAMITA’
59
590
Aiuto alle popolazioni della Comunità vittime di
calamità
TOTALE DEL TITOLO 5
p.m.
572.440.000
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
CEREALI
600
Restituzioni per i cereali
458.000.000
immutato
601
Interventi per i cereali
301.000.000
?»
759.000.000
?»
30.000.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 60
702.440.000
RISO
61
610
Restituzioni per il riso
28.000.000
”
61 1
Interventi per il riso
1.000.000
?»
29.000.000
?»
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 61
62
l a t t e ; E PRODOTTI l a t t i e r o
ca sea ri
620
Restituzioni per il latte e i prodotti lattiere-caseari
794.900.000
”
621
Interventi per il latte scremato
888.200.000
”
622
Interventi per il burro e la crema
306.900.000
»
623
Interventi per altri prodotti lattiero-caseari
10.000.000
?»
629
Partecipazione finanziaria dei produttori lattieri
p.m.
”
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 62
2.000.000.000
”
GRASSI
63
28
Progetto emendato
c modificato
dal Parlamento
TITOLI 6 E 7 FONDO EUROPEO AGRICOLO D’ORIENTAMEN
TO E DI GARANZIA - SEZIONE GARANZIA
K )N D O EUROPEO DI SVILUPPO REGIONALE
55
1)cnominazionc
630
Restituzioni per l’olio d’oliva
1.000.000
?»
631
Interventi per l’olio d’oliva
289.000.000
”
632
Restituzioni per i semi di colza, ravizzone e girasole
5.000.000
»
633
Interventi per i semi di colza, ravizzone e girasole
107.000.000
”
634
Interventi per gli altri semi compresi nella voce 1201
della tariffa doganale comune
6.500.000
»
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 63
408.500.000
?»
ite
( apilolo
1)enomina/.ionc
Articolo
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
uc
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
zucchero
64
640
641
Articolo
70
Resi itti/, ioni per lo zucchero
161.800.000
Interventi per lo zucchero
158.200.000
TOTALIi DEL CAPITOLO 64
immutato
650
Restituzioni per la carne bovina
105.300.000
651
Interventi per l’ammasso di carne bovina
366.200.000
652
Altri interventi per la carne bovina
137.500.000
”
609.000.000
”
Restituzioni per il tabacco
4.000.000
immutato
701
Interventi per il tabacco
202.400.000
”
206.400.000
”
PESCA
710
Restituzioni per i prodotti della pesca
2.000.000
”
71 1
Interventi per i prodotti della pesca
8.000.000
55
10.000.000
”
p.m.
55
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 71
72
CARNI SUINE
66
Restituzioni per la carne suina
50.000.000
661
Interventi per la carne suina
30.000.000
TOTALE DEL CAPI POLO 66
80.000.000
-
670
Restituzioni per le uova
6.500.000
671
Restituzioni per il pollame
18.500.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 67
25.000.000
”
PRODOTTI ORTOFRUTTICOLI
68
680
Restituzioni per gli ortofrutticoli
45.000.000
681
Interventi per gli ortofrutticoli freschi
75.500.000
682
Interventi per prodotti trasformati a base di ortofrutticoli
6.000.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 68
126.500.000
730
Interventi per il lino e la canapa
¡3 .500.000
”
731
Sementi
20.000.000
”
732
Luppolo
8.000.000
”
733
Bachi da seta
1.200.000
”
734
Foraggi disidratati
15.300.000
”
735
Patate
p.m.
”
736
Carni ovine
p.m.
»
739
Altri
p.m.
55
58.000.000
55
”
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 73
RESTITUZIONI PER TALUNE MERCI DERIVANTI DALLA TRASFORMAZIONE DI PRODOTTI
AGRICOLI
74
”
740
VINI
69
690
Restituzioni per i vini
2.000.000
”
691
Interventi per i vini
110.800.000
55
692
Altre spese
11.200.000
immutato
TOTALE D E L CAPITOLO 69
124.000.000
Alcole
ALTRI SETTORI O PRODOTTI PER CUI ESISTE
ORGANIZZAZIONE COMUNE DEI MERCATI
73
UOVA E POLLAME
67
ALCOLE ETILICO DI ORIGINE AGRICOLA
720
660
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
700
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 70
”
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
TABACCO
71
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 65
Denominazione
320.000.000
CARNI ROVINE
65
Capitolo
Restituzioni per talune merci derivanti dalla trasformazione di prodotti agricoli
48.000.000
tic
( apilolo
Articolo
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
Denominazione
uo
( 'apitolo
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
Articolo
750
Importi compensativi “ adesione” concessi per gli
scambi intracomunitari
250.000.000
(*)
80
760
Stanziamenti per la liquidazione dei periodi
contabilizzazione anteriori al primo gennaio 1971
800
p.m.
780
Importi compensativi monetari per gli scambi intracomunitari
781
Importi compensativi monetari per gli scambi extra
comunitari
119.000.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 78
582.000.000
SPESE RISULTANTI DALL’APPLICAZIONE
TASSI DI CAMBIO DIVERSI
79
790
Progetti per il miglioramento delle strutture agricole
di cui all’articolo 13 del regolamento n. 17/64/CEE
6.000.000
56.000.000
98.300.000
102.300.000
di
immutato
81
AZIONI COMUNI NEL SETTORE DELLA RI
FORMA DELLE STRUTTURE AGRICOLE (A
SEGUITO DELLA RISOLUZIONE DEL CONSIG
LIO DEL 25 MAGGIO 1971)
IMPORTI COMPENSATIVI MONETARI
78
Progetto emendalo
e modificato
dal Parlamento
PROGETTI PER IL MIGLIORAMENTO DELLE
STRUTTURE AGRICOLE DI CUI A L L ’A R TI
COLO 13 DEL REGOLAMENTO N. 17/64/CEE
STANZIAMENTI PER LA LIQUIDAZIONE DEI
PERIODI DI C ONTABILIZZAZIONE ANTERIORI
AL PRIMO GENNAIO 1971
76
Progetto
stabilito
dal Consiglio
TITOLO 8 FONDO EUROPEO AGRICOLO D ’ORIENTAMEN
TO E DI GARANZIA - SEZIONE ORIENTA
MENTO
IMPORTI COMPENSATIVI “ ADESIONE” CON
CESSI PER GLI SCAMBI INTRACOMUNITARI
75
Denominazione
810
463.000.000
(*)
82
820
532.000.000
(*)
TOTALE DEI TITOLI 6 E 7
6.167.400.000
4.803.400.000
settore
della
riforma
delle
AZIONI COMUNI NEL SETTORE DELLA COM
MERCIALIZZAZIONE
E DELLA
TRASFOR
MAZIONE DEI PRODOTTI AGRICOLI (A SEGUI
TO DELLA RISOLUZIONE DEL CONSIGLIO DEL
25 MAGGIO 1971)
DI
Spese risultanti dall’applicazione di tassi di cambio
diversi
Azioni comuni nel
strutture agricole
83
Azioni comuni nel settore della commercializzazione
c della trasformazione dei prodotti agricoli (a seguito
della risoluzione del Consiglio del 25 maggio 1971)
!
immutato
AZIONI COMUNI IN PARTICOLARI SETTORI
830
Settore della pesca
5.000.000
”
831
Settore delle carni bovine
11.000.000
”
832
Settore ortofrutticoli
5.500.000
»
834
Settore struttura delle aziende agricole
835
Settore del vino
836
Settore del latte
;
”
8.000.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 83
(*) Conformemente alle proposte di modificazione approvato nn. 106, 105 c 112, sopprimere questi capitoli, articoli, voci nonché i relativi
stanziamenti. '
9.000.000
»
p.m.
”
29.500.000
»
rz~
tic
( ’a p i l o l o
Al t u o l o
I)cnomina/ionc
Ipogei lo
tir
( apilolo
Arinolo
Progcllo
stabilito
dal Consiglio
1)enomma/ione
STANZIAMENTI DliSTINATI ALLA COPERTURA
DELLE SI’ESIÌ PER AZIONI COMUNI E MISURE
PARTICOLARI
87
STANZIAMENTI
RISERVATI DURANTE GLI
ESERCIZI i’RECEDENTI PER IL FINANZIA
MENTO DELl.E SPESE DEI CAPITOLI DA 81 A 83
88
Progetto emendato
e modificato
dal Parlamento
TITOLO 9
COOPER AZIONE CON I PAESI IN
SVILUPPO (P.V.S.) - E I PAESI TERZI
92
immutato
p.llì.
MISURE PARTICOLARI
8')
890
Associazione di produttori di ortolrudicoli
891
Premi per la macellazione di vacche e la non
commercializzazione del latte
892
Premi per l’estirpazione di alberi frutti 1eri
893
Miglioramento del settore degli agrumi
894
Associazione di produttori nel settore della pesca
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 89
920
Aiuto alimentare ih cereali
87.200.000
140.990.000
921
Aiuto alimentari in prodotti latticro-cascari
88.500.000
105.670.000
922
Aiuto alimentare in zucchero
1.700.000
3.340.000
923
Aiuto alimentare in altri prodotti
924
Altro spese
93
p.llì.
157.800.000
930
”
21 1.800.000
94
1.000.000
178.400.000
immutalo
271.000.000
Coopcrazione linanziaria con i paesi in via di sviluppo
non associali
P.llì.
immutato
Promozione delle relazioni commerciali tra la Comu
nità e i paesi in via di sviluppo non associali
3.500.000
Azioni destinate a lavorile gli slorzi d’integrazione
regionale e soUorcgionale Ira i paesi in via di sviluppo
375.000
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 93
3.875.000
4.500.000
immutato
4.875.000
AZIONI SPECIFICI IL DI COOPERAZIONE FINAN
ZIARIA E TECNICA CON 1 PAESI IN VIA DI
SVILUPPO
940
941
942
943
Spese risultanti dalla convenzione conclusa tra la CEE
e l’ UNRWA
3.291.000
Azioni a lavoro dei cittadini di paesi d’oltremare non
associati
145.000
»
Aiuto alla gestione d’istituti di formazione a favore
dei cittadini dei paesi in via di sviluppo
1 10.000
-
Sovvenzione della CEE per il funzionamento cieli’As
sociazione europea per la cooperazione (AEC)
1.781.000
35
34
20.000.000
COOPERAZIONI, LINANZ1ARIA E TECNICA CON
1 PAESI IN VIA DI SVILUPPO NON ASSOCIATI
931
15.000.000
«lai P a r l a m e n t o
DI
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 92
15.000.000
e m odificalo
d a l ( ’o n s i gi i o
AIUTI ALIMENTARI
932
TOTALE DEL TITOLO 8
VIA
Progetto em endalo
stabilii«»
immutato
2.462.000
OC
tic
('apilolo
Ai ( i t o l o
044
045
Denominazione
Progcl lo
sibililo
e m odificalo
dal Consiglio
dal Parla m en to
Organizzazione di seminari nel quadro dell’aiuto allo
sviluppo
Aiuto ad azioni di coopcrazione con i paesi in via di
sviluppo realizzate da organismi non governativi
(ONU)
046
l'orinazione di giovani dirigenti per gli aiuti allo
sviluppo
047
Partecipazione comunitaria al Fondo internazionale
di sviluppo agricolo
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 94
Progetto em endalo
65.000
3.500.000
( apilo lo
D enom in azione
Progetto
Progetto e m en dato
stabilito
e m odificato
dal C o n siglio
dal P arla m e n to
TÌTOLO 10
A LTRE SPESE
immutato
-
Articolo
100
STANZIAMENTI ACCANTONATI
101
RISERVA PER IMPREVISTI
3 13 . 7 6 9 . 4 0 0
4 .0 0 0 .0 0 0
5 6 3 .2 6 9 .4 0 0
immutalo
...
p.m.
8.892.000
TOTALE DEL TITOLO 10
3 1 7 .7 6 9 .4 0 0
5 6 7 .2 6 9 .4 0 0
TOTALE GENERA LE
8 .5 7 8 .0 8 6 .8 4 5
(*)
9.573.000
A/IONI DI CIRCOSTANZA A FAVORE DEI PAESI
IN VIA DI SVILUPPO E DEI PAESI TERZI
05
050
051
Azione internazionale d’urgenza delle Nazioni Unite a
favore ilei paesi in via di sviluppo più colpiti dai
recenti movimenti dei prezzi internazionali
immutato
Aiuto comunitario a popolazioni vittime di catastrofi
800.000
”
TOTALE DEL CAPITOLO 95
800.000
”
Abbuoni d’interesse su prestiti concessi dalla Banca
europea per gli investimenti al Portogallo
15.895.000
”
Garanzia della CEE per i prestiti concessi dalla Banca
europea per gli investimenti al Portogallo
p.m.
”
COOPERAZIONE CON 1 PAESI TERZI
06
060
061
06 2
Coopcrazione finanziaria con taluni paesi terzi
063
Garanzia della CEE sui prestiti concessi dalla Banca
europea per gli Investimenti alla Jugoslavia
1.000.000
p.m.
immutato
TOTALE p E L CAPITOLO 96
15.895.000
16.895.000
TOTALE DEL TITOLO 9
207.862.000
303.143.000
1
(*) ! ’imporlo tic 11 ;m inoul o dorili stanziamenti deciso dal Parla mento (573.088.131 u.c.) va maggiorato degli stanziamenti relativi al rimborso
forfettario agli Siati membri delle spese sostenute per la riscossione delle risorse proprie relative a tale importo.
Al LEGATO l
A L L E G A T O 11
STATO DELLE SPESE E DELLE ENTRATE
RIGUARDANTE IL BILANCIO PER LE
ATTIVITÀ’ DI RICERCA E DI INVESTIMENTO
Rettificato
come precisato dagli emendamenti
approvati dal Parlamento
nella seduta del 27 ottobre 1976
UFFICIO DELLE PUBBLICAZIONI
Previsioni delle spese e delle entrate per l’esercizio 1977
Conforme
A U . / ¡ C A I O III
i
I
OPERAZIONI DI PRESTITI E MUTUI
SEZIONE IV
(' O R E E
cfr. emendamento n. 97
approvato dal Parlamento europeo
il 27 ottobre 1976
DI
GIUSTIZIA
Conforme
Î
I
!
f
i
f
I
I
!.
|
lifeoncircuitwi00whitgoog_2 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | For the ensuing year ho lived in the rudest style of log cabin on the north fork of the Sangamon (a very prosaic) river ; then his father abandoned even that and migrated east, in search of a better chance to live an indolent life ; and Lin- coln, being then a man for himself, was literally without a home of any sort : so he cast his lot with the few settlers in the rude hamlet of New Salem, where, amid poverty and pri- vation, he studied law under the shade of a tree, in some nook in a store, at the foot of a hay-stack, or where he could, and at night crawled into a loft to sleep, how he could. For six years he lived in a way of which he might almost say: "The foxes have holes, the birds of the air have nests, but I have no place to lay my head." Coming to Springfield under the circumstances stated ; he was at first there indebted to charity for a home ; his meals being procured from one friend, and his lodgings from another, until he could inde- pendently sleep on his own rude lounge, in his own dirty oflBce. After five years of this desultory life, he married, without a home to carry his theretofore pampered and proud-spirited bride, and he took lodgings in a cheap tavern, still standing, at the economical price of four dollars a week. •After a while, he purchased a small one and a half 20 LIFE ON THE CIRCUIT WITH LINCOLN. story residence in an humble part of the town, got him a horse, hired the village blacksmith to construct a buggy, procured a cow and built with his own hands the rude stable I have sketched elsewhere, and then for the first time in all his life — being then thirty-five years of age — he had a homCy and he did not enjoy it for more than half the time, being away on the circuit, living as best he could, for half the year. Mrs. Lincoln, during one of his three-months' absences, conspired with their next door neighbor, a carpenter, to raise the root and add another story ; which was done, and this house, modest enough even now, was the only real, genuine home that Lincoln ever had. I have narrated that he ex- pressed a solicitude to me what he should do with his house when he went to Washington : not wishing, as he expressed it, to sell himself "out of house and home," nor wishing to rent it to strangers, who would abuse it. But he finally leased it to Mr. Bowen, superintendent of the Great Western Eailway,who occupied it for several years ; then one Olroyd, a bookseller, took it and made a sort of Lincoln museum out of it ; and finally Eobert Lincoln presented it to the state, which properly made Mr. Olroyd its custodian. When Lincoln took leave of his home in February he had a secret presentiment that he would never see it again ; and he did not. In working his wonders in the moral, no less than in the physical, universe ; God works in a mysterious way, wholly incomprehensible to us. Thus, when in His good Providence, He desired to inter- vene between man and the broken law, and to redeem him from his fallen state, He chose as the Mediator and Eedeem- er, one born in a manger — ** a man of sorrows and acquainted * with grief" — ^the son of a humble carpenter of Nazareth ; and when, Hkewise, He desired, in His good Providence, to extirpate human slavery in this, the only boasted "free coun- THE EMANGIPATOB IN EMBBTO. 21 try on earth," He selected as the Etnancipator one bom in a rude log cabin — also "a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief " — the son of a humble carpenter of Elizabethtown. This man of lowly origin and obscure birth gave to the world the following account of his extraction and hneage : " I was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin county, Ken- tucky. My parents were both born in Virginia of undis- tinguished families — second families, I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams, and others in Mason county, Illinois. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, emigrated from Eockingham county, Vir- ginia, to Kentucky about 1781 or '2, where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians, not in battle, but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His an- cestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks county, Pennsylvania. An effort to identify them with a New England family of the same name ended in nothing more defin- ite than a similarity of Christian names in both f cimilies, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and the like.'* A more extended research than the great Emancipator was enabled to give, prosecuted by Hon. J. L. Nail, of Mis- souri, a grandson of Mr. Lincoln's aunt, Nancy Bromfield, reveals the following facts of genealogy to a moral certainty, viz : — that one Samuel Lincoln came from England in the year 1637, also that he bad a son named Mordecai, Sr. ; that he had a son whom he called Mordecai, Jr. ; that he had a son John who emigrated to Virginia ; and that he had a son Abraham, who was the father of Thomas — who was the father of our hero. The original Samuel had a brother John who came to America a Httle earlier, perhaps about 1633. Abraham, the grandfather, married 'one Mary Shipley in North Carolina, and his sons were Mordecai, Josiah and Thomas, and his daughters were Nancy (Bromfield) and Mrs. Krume. Of Lincoln's mother nothing is definitely known except that her mother married one Henry Sparrow, 22 LIFE ON THE CIBCUIT WITH LINCOLN. and that Lincoln's mother was reared in the family of Thomas and Betsy Sparrow — Thomas being a brother of the step- father. Abraham Lincoln had two uncles and two aunts on the paternal side, to-wit : Mordecai Lincoln and Josiah Lincoln, and the aunts respectively became Mrs. Crum and Mrs. Brumfield, all being of the highest respectability and charac- ter. On the 26th day of July, 1861, I called on Mr. Lincoln at the executive mansion, just as the cabinet meeting broke up, and put in his hands a long letter covering four or five pages of foolscap, written by a nun at the Osage Indian Mission, in Kansas, to Mr. Lincoln, whom she supposed and proclaimed to be, her first cousin; she had been bom of gentle blood, and reared in the convent school at Bardstown, Kentucky. Mr. Lincoln read this letter aloud in my hearing ; it was a social letter ; and gave a detailed and gossipy ac- count of uncle this, aunt that and cousin the other: congratu- lated him fervently on his high exaltation ; and piously com- mended him to the protection of the Holy Mother of God and the Saints. It was a fervent and excellent letter ; and when he had read it clear through, he said, ** She ain't my cousin, but she thinks she is," which he repeated, and added, "You see, Whitney, she thinks my father was Mordecai (or Josiah) Lincoln, whereas my father was Thomas ; and Mordecai (or Josiah) was only my uncle ; and he married a Mudd, and her father was a Mudd — a brother ; and her cousins were also my cousins, but she is not my cousin, though she thinks she is, and" (folding the letter carefully and putting it in a drawer) "I must write to her when I get time." The only other time I ever heard him speak of his relatives was on the occasion of his obtaining a release of young Tom Johnson, who stole the watch, as shown elsewhere, and then he merely said : " This boy is not my nephew, but when my father married the second time ; this wife had a boy of about my age, and we were raised together, slept together, and liked THE EMANCIPATOE IN EMBETO. 23 each other as well as actual brothers could do. This boy IS a son of him — my foster-brother." And likewise on the first day of Febmary, 1861, when he requested me to go with him to Coles county to see bis " mother," as he termed her. The name of Hanks was, in its origin, a derivative or corruption of the surname Henry, it being not uncommon in an early day to call Henry, " Hank," and from this very numerous family came one second only to the Virgin Mary, who gave to humanity the Saviourot mankind: she bestowing upon the world the emancipator of the black man from bodily slavery, and of the white man from political slavery. The Hanks are an humble race, but an estimable lady who was the wife of one of the recent Governors of Kansas de- scended from that family on the maternal side. The name " Lincoln" was doubtless in regular succession from the original English ancestry, but in the vocabulary of "the dark and bloody ground," as it was in Daniel Boone's day, it was not often written, and when it was, it was written usually as the Bcribe caught the sound, Link-hem or Link- hom. Abraham Lincoln tho last, seems always to have spelt it after the manner of his remote English ancestry. II. ECCE HOMO, * * * "A long, lank creature from Illinois, wearing a dirty linen duster for a coat, on the back of which the perspiration had splotched wide stains that resembled a map of the continent." —Edwin M. Stanton in 1858. William Stetson tells of frequently seeing Mr. Lincoln on the side- walk in front of his house, drawing a little cart in which was a child, his hands behind him grasping the tongue of the cart, his body bent forward for ease in drawing it; without hat or coat, and a pair of rough shoes on. Stetson wondered so rough a man lived in so fine a house. He used to come to my house to get milk or to borrow something, in his shirt sleeves, with old patched trousers hitched np somehow with one suspender, and a very shabby pair of slippers on. He always greeted me, "How d'ye, Jim?"— Gf>rRLY. During the first week of the battle of the Wilderness he scarcely slept at all. * * • i met him pacing back and forth, clad in an old wrapper, groat dark rings under his eyes, his head bent forward on his breast.— Cabpenteb. He was the instrument of God. The Divine Spirit which, in an* other day of regeneration, took the form of an humble artisan of Gali- lee, had again clothed itself * * in a man of lowly birth and degree. — La Opinion, Bogota, U. S. of Columbia. There are two different methods of treating this subject : the abstract and the concrete modes. By the first method would be presented the results of the observer's observation and experience, and, possibly also, the results of the observation and experience of others, so that the reader would not see the man himself, but the image and con- ception of the man as the narrator and other observers saw him. By the concrete method, would be presented to the men- tal view, the man himself as he appeared and acted, so as to enable the reader to deduce his own conclusions. 24 e>-'^/^&t+t.^V'''ti» ' ECCE HOMO. 25 The former might be more ornate and more satisfactory to the author, but the concrete mode would be more useful and more satisfactory to general readers, yet both methods must be used in order to please alL Do the very best we may, our defects of mental vision, our prejudices, hero-worship, sympathies and antipathies, all will handicap every effort to present an accurate mental likeness of Mr. Lincoln, or any other hero. I hold in my hand a photograph of Mr. Lincoln, taken in June, 1860, before barbers and tailors and biographers and whiskers had marked him for their own, and had wrought a transformation in his appearance, character and individuality. The wrinkles, lines, seams and protuberances are all here; so likewise the massive underjaw, indicative of firmness and unrlaunted purpose ; the faithful sun has trans- ferred the rugged lineaments and homely features to the camera, which in its turn has recorded them with fidelity, so that future generations, as well as his own contemporaries, may see him as he appeared in his own person, among men. Here is a similar picture, taken at the same time, by the same artist, but the wrinkles, folds and protuberances are lacking, for, alas ! the retoucher has been abroad in the land, and has abased nature in order to enthrone art. And the likenesses of Lincoln, so-called, which are in vogue mostly now, are even more hypocritical and comely looking, but they are not likenesses of Lincoln. In like manner, the biographer masks and disguises his subject until the product of his labors is a romance and not a biography. And many of the biographies, so-called, of Lin- coln, are no exception to the rule. The Apostle Paul, at Mars Hill, preaching to the Atheni- ans, proclaimed that he saw in their City an altar dedica- ted, **To the Unknown God:** and he thereupon declared to them, "Wliom therefore ye ignorantly worship, Him declare I unto you." But it will be reserved for another generation to produce 26 LIFE ON THE CIRCXnT WITH LINCOLN. a Paul who can truthfully say of Lincoln : "Whom therefore ye ignorantly contemplate and extol, Him declare I unto you." And all that I shall attempt to do, is to supply some miss- ing links of biography by oflFering a few sheaves from that hitherto ungamered field : — "Life in the Eighth Judicial Cir- cuit," and by adding some corollaries not hitherto discussed. The usual and ordinary belief is — that the career of the ultimately successful man is an uninterrupted and unbroken series of current successes, from zero to renown or affluence. In practice, however, it appears that the progress of the successful and unsuccessful, alike, is strewn with current misfortunes, humiliations, checks and disasters, and that the adventurer who shall have attained the goal of ultimate defeat may nevertheless have been highly favored of fortune in life's current journey, while the laurelled victor may have trodden the winepress of humiliation and defeat all his days but the last. Mr. Lincoln's career as a business man may be thus sum- marized : After practicing law, and living in the most frugal and economical manner for a quarter of a century, being his own hostler and errand boy, and attending to his own wood pile, cow and pig-pen himself, he had accumulated ten thou- sand dollars worth of property when he was elected as Presi- dent of the United States, and having consumed his floating capital in living during 1860, he was compelled to borrow every cent of money which he had in his pocket when he started to Washington, and which he ultimately repaid out of his earliest receipts from his Presidential salary. His career as a Politician may be thus exhibited : On April 21st, in the year 1832, he was elected to his first office — that of Captain of a Company in the Black Hawk war. In 1833 he ran for the legislature and was defeated, but he was elected currently thereafter for four successive legis- lative terms. ECCE HOMO. 27 In the year 1834 he was appointed by President Jackson as Postmaster of the inconsiderable hamlet of New Salem ; and by John Calhoun, to the exceedingly inconsequential oflSce of deputy surveyor of Sangamon County. In the year 1 844 he was an unsuccessful candidate for a nomination for Congress : and, in the year 184G, he was both nominated for, and elected to, a seat in Congress. In the year 1 849 he was an unsuccessful applicant for the oflSce of Commissioner of the General Land Office. In that same year he was successively tendered and dechned the positions of Secretary and Governor of Oregon territory. In 1854 he was elected to the legislature but declined to take his seat. In the same year he was a candidate and defealed for, the United States Senate. In 1858 he was again a candidate, and again defeated for, the United States Senate. And he was many times a candidate for Presidential Elec- tor, the last time being in 1856, and was uniformly defeated : and was voted for by the Whig party for United States Senator two or three times when that party had about one-third of the votes needful to elect. This embraces his entire political career up to 1860. Is it not a cheerless and disconsolate retrospect ? On January 5th, 1859, the day of Douglas* last election to the U. S. Senate by the legislature — I was alone with Mr- Lincoln from 2 o'clock p. m. till bed-time — and I feel author- ized to say that no man in the State was so gloomy, dejected and dispirited, and no man so surely and heartily deemed his life to have been an abject and lamentable failure, as he then considered his to have been. I never saw any man so radi- cally and thoroughly depressed, so completely steeped in the bitter waters of hopeless despair. The surroundings, even, were eloquent of flat, prosaic failure. I found him alone, and 28 LIFE ON THE CIRCUIT WITH LINCOLN. doing nothing but brooding over his griefs and discomfiture ; he was in his office, and this office, I will venture to assert* was the dingiest and most untidy law-office in the United States, without exception. My feelings were in unison with his, and our conversation was as cheerless and lugubrious as the sombre surroundings. Yet, in twenty-two months from that doleful day, this re- cipient of Fortune's frowns had sounded the highest note on the gamut of success; for 1,857,610 of the elite of the na- tion had elected him to be the ruler of forty millions of people. I first saw this wonderful man on the third day of June, 1854, on the Danville and Urbana State road, in front of an obscure country tavern called "Bailey's," near the line be- tween Vermillion and Champaign Counties, Illinois. Judge David Davis, Mr. Lincoln, Leonard Swett and David B, Campbell were together, returning home from the Danville Circuit Court. They were travelling in a two-seated open spring wagon, there being no railways in that region in those days; and an hour later, I saw the same distinguished party which contained a President and Emancipator of a whole race of men in embryo, a United States Senator, U. S. Supreme Court Judge and President of the Senate in embryo, the At- torney General of Illinois, and a candidate for Congress and for Governor in embryo, and who should by due right have been an U. S. Senator from Illinois for thirty years. It is somewhat singular, that I recollect each one of the other three, specifically ; but that, all that I recollect of Mr. Lincoln, is that he was there to make up the four individuals. The "Nebraska" bill (so called) had become a law, only five days before — and, as news was then transmitted, it is prob- able he had not then heard of its presidential approval ; and that portion of this great man's life, which affords material for the biographer, historian, essayist or lecturer, had not yet been reached in the cycle of time: but it was just about to down upon the world. For this grave political crime, if not indeed moral perfidy ; ECCE HOMO. 29 Douglas was, even then, being indicted in the public press, and when he came to his constituency after the adjournment of Congress in the succeeding August ; he was put on trial for his political life, which was all of life that had any charms for him. He opened his defence at Chicago in the succeeding Sep- tember, with indifferent success, and early in October, he came to the State fair at Springfield with the intent to cajole and captivate the rustic classes. It is entirely safe to say, that the democrats of Illinois were, almost to a man, inimical to this measure ; and that, at iSrst, they were paralyzed with astonishment, fear or indigna- tion, but when action became necessary, some followed their audacious leader, blindly ; others, fled from the field of politi- cal battle : while a few joined with the Whigs to rebuke and overthrow this political iconoclast ; these new allies informally consulted together as to who could most successfully combat the fallacies which they well knew Douglas to be an adept in, and which they also knew he would employ, to preserve har- mony and disciphne in his own ranks, and to debauch public sentiment on the moral question at stake. All spontaneously agreed on Lincoln ; bidding him, in the spirit of the commis- sion to the Andalusian Knight, in the medieval time : "Take thon the leading of the van; ''And charge the Moors, amain; 'There is not such a lance as thine, *'In aU the hosts of Spain.** They met first at Springfield and again at Peoria, and had an engagement at Lacon, but Douglas pretended to be ill, and urged Lincoln to not debate with him any more, by rea- son of his illness, to which the latter, in his goodness of heart, assented. This is the reason Lincoln gave me, although Hemdon gives a different reason. I next saw Lincoln on the Twenty-Fourth day of October, after the above incidents took place ; when he came to Urbana, to attend the fall Circuit Court. I saw him as 30 LIFE ON THE CIBOUIT WITH LINCOLN. he drove into town behind his own horse, which was an indifferent, raw-boned specimen, in his own blacksmith- made buggy — a most ordinary looking one. He was entirely alone; and might have passed for an ordinary farmer, so far as appearances were concerned. There were less than fifty cases on the docket of this Court of all kinds, and, in point of fact, there was but one jury trial ; and Lincoln was not in that. I think all in the way of Court business that Lincoln did, at that term, was to make a brief argument to the Court, in a Chancery case- While Court was in session Lincoln came straggUng, carelessly in ; his face divested of his usual melancholy garb, and apparently in an humor to take life easy and gaily for the present moment. I noticed his intellectual countenance, and especially his eyes, so clearly indicative of deep reflection, at the first glance. I mentally pronounced him to be a great man at once. I never saw any man who impressed me so highly, at first sight, as Abraham Lincoln. Of course I had learned of his propensity for story-telling : and I was not, consequently, greatly astonished, after he had listened for a while to the extremely prosy business, which engaged the attention of the Court, to have experimental knowledge of his ability in that line. That same evening he made a political speech, on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and its restoration, and I thought then, and have often thought since, that it was the greatest speech I had ever, up to that date, heard : and I have never heard any greater since, except from Lincoln. It was so clear, systematic and simple that I was enabled to rehearse it in substance from memory a month later at Monticello. I furnish a verbatim report of this speech. It is one of his best efforts. I well recollect of how kindly and cordially he aided and advised me about my business at Court, it being my first appearance at the bar. I did not feel the slightest delicacy ECCE HOMO. 31 in approaching him for assistance : it seemed as if he wooed me to close intimacy and familiarity, at once ; and this from no selfish motive at all — ^nothing but pure disinterested phil- anthropy and goodness of heart toward a young lawyer just commencing his career. He sat on the bench, for the judge, for awhile for that term ; and my first motion in Court was made before him. I remember with what benignity he acted in this time that tried the soul of a fledgling at the bar ; but how little did either he or I think that the hand that entered my first court order would eventually sign the death warrant of Amer- ican Slavery. Next day he made some arrangement about his horse and buggy, and took the train to fill an appointment somewhere up north-west. I saw him start for the train : being obliged to ride over two miles in an old dilapidated omnibus, he was the sole occu- pant of the nondescript conveyance he had somehow pro- cured, and had in his hand a small french harp, which he was making most execrable music with. I rallied him on this, to which, stopping his concert, he replied, "This is my band : Douglas had a brass band with him in Peoria, but this will do me :" and he resumed his uncouth solo as the vehicle drove off : and the primitive strains, somewhat shaken up by the jolting conveyance, floated out upon the air till distance intervened. He may be thus described : all descriptions are substan- tially the same. He was six feet and four inches in height, his legs and arms were disproportionately long, his feet and hands were abnormally large, he was awkward in his gait and actions. His skin was a dark, sallow color, his features were coarse : — his expression kind and amiable : — his eyes were indicative of iJeep reflection, and, in times of repose, of deep sorrow as well. His head was high, but not large : his forehead was broad at the base, but retreated, indicating marked perceptive qualities, but not great reflective ones : 32 LIFE ON THE CIKCUIT WITH LINCOLN. and in this phrenology is sadly at fault. He wore a hat measuring seven and one-eighth. His ears were large; his hair, coarse, black and bushy, which stood out all over his head, with no appearance of ever having been combed. His mobile face ranged, in modes of expression, through a long gamut : it was rare that an artist could catch the expression, and Lincoln's face was of that kind that the expression was of greater consequence than the contour of the features. When I first knew him his attire and phjsical habits were on a plane with those of an ordinary farmer : — his hat was innocent of a nap : — his boots had no acquaintance with blacking : — his clothes had not been introduced to the whisk broom : — his carpet-bag was well worn and dilapidated ; — his umbrella was substantial, but of a faded green, well worn, the knob gone, and the name **A. Lincoln" cut out of white muslin, and sewed in the inside : — and for an outer garment a short circular blue cloak, which he got in Washington in 1849, and kept for ten years. He commenced to dress better in the Spring of 1858, and when he was absent from home on political tours usually did so : after he became President he lijid a servant who kept him considerably "slicked up:" but he frequently had to reason Lincoln into fashionable attire, by telling him his appearance was **ofl&cial.'* He probably had as little taste about dress and attire as anybody that ever was born : he simply wore clothes because it was needful and customary : whether they fitted or looked well was entirely above, or beneath, his comprehension. When he first ran for the Legislature he presented this appearance : He wore a blue jeans coat, claw hammer style, short in both the sleeves, and in the tail : — in fact, it was so short in the tail he could not sit on it : homespun linen trousers, a straw hat and "stogy" boots. ^ Of course this was putting the best foot forward, but or- dinarily, in his youthful days, when not posing as a candi- date, he was dressed thus : ECCE HOMO. 33 "He wore flax and tow-linen trousers — about three inches too short : one suspender ; no vest or waistcoat. He wore a calico warmus, such as he had in the Black Hawk war: coarse brogans, color of the native hide; blue yarn stockings and straw hat, minus a band and turned up behind." Judge Mathenj informs me that when Lincoln first ran for the Legislature it was regarded as a joke ; the boys wanted some fun : he was so uncouth and awkward, and so iUy dressed, that his candidacy afforded a pleasant diversion for them, but it was not expected that it would go any further. It was found, however, during the can- vass, that Lincoln knew what he was about and that he had running qualities : so Matheny told him he was sowing seeds of success : and that next year he would win. And he did. Governor Yates told me that the first time he saw Lincoln was at New Salem, where he was lying on a cellar door, in the shade, reading. There were many odd -looking specimens of humanity in that region in those days, but Lincoln exceeded all in grotesqueness, oddity and a queer style of dress : but his conversation showed excellent sense. They went to dinner at Lincoln's boarding place, which was a rough log house, with a puncheon floor and a clapboard roof : the dinner was bread and milk. After the Bill had passed for the removal of the Capitol to Springfield, a vigorous attempt was made to reconsider it: and a General Ewing, a man of ability, fine address and pride of character, led this attempt. Lincoln was selected by the Sangamon delegation to champion their side, which he did with spirit and force : and Ewing, in his reply, turning to the Sangamon delegation, thus spurned Lincoln: **Gen- tlemen, have you no other champion than this coarse and vulgar fellow to bring into the lists against me ? Do you suppose I will condescend to break a lance with your low and obscure colleague?'* John W. Baddeley was a blunt Englishman who lived 34 LIFE ON THE CIKCUIT WITH LINCOLN. at Leroy in McLean County in an early day. He was entirely truthful, and with no disposition to exaggerate. He told me that a suit having been brought against him in the Circuit Court he employed John T, Stuart to defend it. When the time of Court came, at which his case was to be tried, an ungainly, awkward specimen of humanity, clad in homespun, ill-fitting clothes ; and with the appearance of a country rustic on his visit to the circus, sought him out eagerly, as he was putting up his team at the livery stable, and slyly and awkwardly handed him a note which read substantially as follows : '*Mr. Baddeley — Dear Sir — I cannot possibly attend the McLean Court at this term, and I have sent my partner, Abraham Lincoln, who will hand you this, to attend to the 'Fell' suit : he will try it well : please restate your case, and bring your witnesses to him, and you can pay him the balance of my fee, &c. (Signed) John T. Stuart." Baddeley, although Uving in the frontier, was a mer- chant, and still preserved much of the hauteur and aristo- cratic notions of an English gentleman. The Courts were altogether too democratic for him, at their very best : his idea of a Court of Justice was a Court with Judges with wigs and gowns — barristers ditto — tipstaves, &c., and his disdain at beholding the uncouth bumpkin before him, pos- ing as a barrister, and aspiring to oflSciate for him in the Aula Regis yYffi^ beyond all endurance: and he then and there, to the great edilScation of the stable boys, abased both Stuart and his astonished messenger without stint or limit : and then went to the hotel and employed McDougall, after- ward U. S. Senator from California, to defend his case. But Baddeley afterward became one of his staunch friends and admirers : he removed to Champaign and at each term of Court we would all visit his house, where he would entertain us with a sumptuous dinner, in regular old EngUsh style, all cooked by himself. He and his son were among my best clients and best friends. John T. Stuart told me £GGE HOMO. 35 that he recollected the incident well, and that Lincoln told him all about it. But although he could endure without resentment the yaporings of this irate suitor, it need not be supposed thai; he was a man to brook an unequivocal insult. Contrariwise^ one of his marked characteristics was his undaunted courage : it was not of the rash, aggressive and ostentatious kind which so conspicuously marked Jackson, yet he was an utter stranger to fear. When James Shields — afterwards a Senator from three States, and a general in two wars — demanded the author of a clever pasquinade written by the two ladies who afterward severally became Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Trumbull ; Lincoln promptly caused himself to be announced as the responsible party : and when a duel was forced on him to rehabihtate the injured honor of the gallant Shields, Lincoln unhesitatingly accepted: and carefully and methodically put himself in training: and wrote out the following '^Instructions" for the guidance of his second. Dr. Merry man. "The preliminaries of the fight are to be : Ist. Weapons: Cavalry broadswords of the largest flize, precisely equal in all respects, and such as are now used by the Cavalry Company at Jacksonville. 2nd. Position: A plank, ten fuet long, and from nine to twelve inches broad, to be fii-mly fixed on edge on the ground, as the line between us, which neither is to pass his foot over, upon forfeit of his life. Next, a line drawn on the ground, on either side of said plank, and parallel with it, each at the distance of the whole length of the sword and three feet additional from the plank: and the passing of his own such line by either party during the fight shall be deemed a surrender of the contest. 3rd. Time: On Thursday evening, at five o'clock, if you can get it so : but in no case to be at a greater distance than Friday evening, at five o'clock. 4th. Place: Within three miles of Alton, on theoppos- 36 LIFE ON THE CIRCUIT WITH LINCOLN. ite side of the river. The particular spot to be agreed upon by you. Any preliminary details coming within the above rules you aie at liberty to make at your discretion : but you are, in no case, to swerve from these rules, or to pass beyond their limits." Apropos of this duel : I tried, on one or two occasions, to draw him out on it : but he always parried the subject, as if he was ashamed of it, but Linder, one of our contemporar- ies, was more fortunate : being with Lincoln at Danville Court the latter picked up a lath and was going through the broad-sword manual, when Linder asked why he chose broad- swords in his proposed duel with Shields, to which Lincoln replied: "To tell you the truth, Linder, I didn't want to kill Shields, and felt sure I could disarm him, having had about a month to learn the broadsword exercise : and furthermore, I didn't want the damned fellow to kill me, which I rather think he would have done if we had selected pistols." But he had very little courage to confront the fair sex : on the contrary, he was very shy, bashful and awkward in presence of ladies : unless, and sometimes even if, he knew them very well. I recollect of his being invited to tea, at the same time my family was, at the home of Mr. Boyden, then Mayor of Urbana. He and I went together from Court, which he was holding for Judge Davis; and he got along so-so while I was present : but in a few moments I was called to the outer gate to speak with a client : and upon my return, Lincoln appeared as demoralized and ill at ease as a bashful country boy. He would put his arms behind him, and bring them to the front again, as if trying to hide them, and he tried apparently but in vain to get his long legs out of sight. And yet no one was present but Mrs. Boyden, and my wife and her mother. EOCE HOMO. 37 At another time, in 1858, when we were at Centralia, on the railway platform, waiting for a train, Victor B. Bell introduced a lady as one who was a great admirer of Henry Clay, and sought an introduction, because of his great advo- cacy of Mr. Clay informer years. Lincoln bowed as awk- wardly and under as much embarrassment as could be imagined — and then with extreme awkwardness put down his carpet bag, and shifting his umbrella to his other hand, and putting out his disengaged hand, said, **HoAvdo ! Howdo ! ! I don't know how to talk to ladies: Whitney can tell you that, etc.*' At another time, he was expected to arrive at Monti- cello from Bement on the occasion of a Mass Meeting at the former place. A procession went out to meet him, pnd I, being also there, walked out to see the procession. When I reached Lincoln's carriage, in which he sat alone, uneasy and extremely embarrassed at the crowds which lined the way, and were staring at him; he exclaimed, forgetful of surroundings, "There's Whitney ! Get right in here ; driver, stop a minute," etc., and he seized me by the hand with both of his, and drew me into the vehicle, when he said heartily : "I'm mighty glad you are here ; I hate to be stared at, all by myself ; I*ve been a great man such a mighty little time that I*m not used to it yet," and he certainly appeared to feel greatly relieved, at my presence. It may seem even more singular, but it is nevertheless true, that he generally felt somewhat embarrassed and abashed at confronting an audience to make a political speech. As late certainly as 1856, we were going together to a church at Champaign, one evening, where he was to make a political speech, when he said, "I do wish it was through." "Why so?" I inquired. He replied : "When I have to speak, I always feel nervous till I get well into it." I expressed sur- prise, to which he said, "That's so ; I hide it as well as I can, but it's just as I tell you." 38 LIFE ON THE CIKCUIT WITH UNOOLN. ^'This long, bony, sad man floated down the Sangamon river in a frail canoe in the spring of 1831." "Like a piece of driftwood, he lodged at last, without a history, strange, penniless and alone. In sight of the capitol of Illinois, in the fatigue of daily toil, he struggled for the necessaries of life. Thirty years later, this same unique and peculiar man left the Sangamon river, backed by friends, by power, by the patriotic prayers of millions of people, to be the ruler of the greatest Nation in the world," and four years thereafter, on the banks of the same river, he was borne to his grave, "Hallowed by tears, the purest ever shed; A Nation's sobs and tears, his funeral hymn — A Nation's heart, his mausoleum grand; A Nation's gratitude, Aia deathless fame. A Nation saved, his labors' vast reward." By what magic spell was this, the greatest moral trans- formation in all profane history, wrought ? What Genius sought out this "roving child of the forest," — this obscure flatboatman, — and placed him on the lonely heights of immortal Fame ? Why was this best of men made the chief propitiation for our National sins ? Was his progreBS causative or fortuitous ; was it logical or supernatural ; was the Unseen Power, or he himself, the architect of his fortune ? What moral can bo deduced from his melancholy life and untimely death ? III. LIFE ON THE EIGHTH CIECUIT. "Life on the circuit was a gay one. It was rich with incidents. * * Lincoln loved it.— Hemdon. The history of the life of Abraham Lincoln should be analyzed and separated, for purposes of consideration, into five several epochs, as follows, viz. : First — ^That portion which commences with his birth, on February 12, 1809. Second — That part which began about April 1st, 1830, when he stood in front of the Court House, in Decatur, Illi- nois, by the side of four yoke of gaunt oxen, and a rude wagon, in which was contained all the property that Lincoln and his father owned, in the world. TTiird — That portion which commenced about March 15, 1837, when he rode from New Salem to Springfield on a borrowed horse, and having as his sole property in the imiverse a pair of old saddle-bags, containing two or three law books and a few pieces of nondescript clothing, and with about seven dollars in his pocket ; and being kindly offered the use of one-half a bed, in a room over Speed's store, put his few goods there, and coming down, said, "Well, Fm moved." Fourth — That portion commencing on May 29, 1854, when he was trying an inconsequential replevin suit in Dan- ville, and President Pierce signed and made a law of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Fifth — ^Finally, that portion which commenced with taking the Inauguration Oath, and ended with his life. 39 i 40 LIFE ON THE CIRCUIT WITH LINCOLN. As I have before stated, I first saw Lincoln at "Bailey's" tavern, on the road from Danville to Urbana, in Illinois, on June 3d, 1854, or five days after the commencement of the fourth era, and my actual acquaintance with him commenced on October 24th, 1854, and lasted till about October 10th, 1861, or seven years. Duiing this fourth era of his life, he was undergoing training for the grandest mission ever entrusted by Providence to a single man, and it must of necessity be prolific of in- terest, generally to any scholar or patriot, and specifically to the student of American history. |
bpt6k5562602c_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Après France-Belgique Avez-vous remarqué uveo quelle désinvolture, les admirateurs des anciens ont changé de tactique et se sont mis à proclamer la gloire des nouveaux, après la victoire de la France? Ne jurant plus que . par les jeunes, les espoirs, les amateurs ! I Cette volte-face est assez amusante pour j être notée, quitte à reprendre leur antieni ne si jamais ces nouveaux, que l'on porte j un peu trop aux nues, et qui vont croire J que c'est arrivé, subissent une défaite : j « Je vous l'avais bien dit, il n'y a pas que les vieux qui tiennent bon, les autres, c'est un feu de paille, un éclair et c'est, tout s. Non ! remettons notre victoire il sa. juste place, elle a été pour tous une surprise qui a presque tenu du prodige. ]1 a fallu, en clTcl,que par un hasard vraiment providentiel, ces sélectionnés, pris un peu partout aient eu sensiblement le. même jeu ; que la volonté ,1c cran el aussi ce stimulant de vouloir faire mentir ceux qui ne les considéraient que comme les éternelles doublures des «inamovibles!, pour qu'ils déploient une ardeur intense, une activité inlassable, un courage admirable. Ajoutez, à cela, l'excès de confiance, avec laquelle est arrivée l'équipe belge, sur un terrain, allant jusqu'à autoriser le changement d'un joueur, en première mi-temps. El puis aussi, si le jeu des Belges très.scientifique, certes, mais parfois un peu lent qui a permis à la ofuriat) française d'annihiler les attaques adverses.' d'étouffer dans l'oeuf les combinaisons naissantes, el, vous aurez une explication de notre triomphe.. Ce n'est pas la première fois que onze joueurs jeunes, actifs, décidés sont, ar-" rivés à vaincre une équipe plus scientifique ; mais pour que notre victoire ail son juste retentissement, il ne faut pas en rester là. Ce match nous aura montré que nous possédons des joueurs de classe, capables, avec ce je ne sais quoi que donne l'habitude des rencontres internationales, de représenter efficacement nos couleurs aux Olympiades. Il faudra les suivre, les surveiller, les enrlaîner ensemble, afin qu'on ne considère pas une victoire française — chez nous et à l'étranger — comme un accident. J. DUCASSE. . — mi ip i^» Note très importante de la Commission sportive Calendrier des poules finales des équipes deuxièmes, quatrièmes et cinquièmes de division d'honneur. Celui des équipes troisièmes, ■par suite de malches à rejouer, qui paraîtra ultérieurement. Les matehes auront lieu sur le terrain du premier nommé. Equipes deuxièmes, poules de tête. Poule A : S.B.U.C. B.E.C.. B.A.C. Poule B : S.C.B., Cenon, S.A.B. 20 janvier. — Poule A : B.A.C. (2) contre B. E.C. .(2). Poule B : Cenon (2) contre S.A.B. (2). 10 février. — Poule A : B.E.C. (2) contre S. B.U.C. (2). Poule B : S.A.B. (2) contre S.C.B. (21. 9 mars. — Poule A : S.B.U.C. (2) contre B. A.C. (2). Poule B : S.C.B. (2) contre Cenon (2). Equipes deuxièmes. Poules de queue. Poule A : Monségur (2)-Pessac (2). Poule B : Floirac (2), V.G.A.M. (2), Girondins (2). 20 janvier.' — Poule A : Floirac (2) contre Girondins (2). Poule B : Néant. 10 février. — Poule A : V.G.A.M. (2) contre Floirac (2). Poule B : Monségur (2) contre Pessac (2L 9 mars. — Poule A : Girondins (2) contre V. G.A.M. (2). Poule B : Pessac (2) centre Monségur (2). Equipes quatrièmes. En équipes quatrièmes et par suite de forfaits, il tfy a pas de poules de queue. Poule A : S.B.U.C. (4) V.G.A.M. (4), Floirac (4). Poule B : S.C.B. (4), S.A.B. (4). 20 janvier. — Poule A : S.B.U.C. (4) contre Floirac (4). Poule B : Néant. 10 *jvrier. —. Poule A : Floirac (4) contre V. ' G.A.M. (4).. Poule B : S.A.B.(4) contre S.C.B. (41. 9 mars. — Poule A : V.G.A.M. (4) contré S. B.A.C. (4). Noire Concours de Pronostics Rappelons que la distribution des prix attribués jusqu'à ce jour et ce jour compris aura lieu le samedi 19 courant, à 18 h. 30, dans nos bureaux, 14, rue des des Pilicrs-de-Tutelle. Clubs .'. joueurs! Demandez aux heureux détenteurs des fameux ballons Officiel de la 3 F.A. 1919, 1920, i921, 1922, 1923 I ce qu'ils pensent de ces articles « hors pair ». Ce sont, ceux qui, après s'en être servis, les auront appréciés, qui vous renseigneront, le mieux. Or, il vous niraienl. fous : <t le Ballon Ducim officiel est absolument parfait. >> C'est ic plus beau cadeau que l'on puisse faire à un onze de classe, pour que se dispute régulièrement, un grand match. Nos nouveaux lauréats son! pour les pronostics des 6 et 13 lévrier. BALLON BORDEAUX Amical Club Cenonais : 29 réponses justes. BALLON CAMPAGNE Sport. Athlétique Cùle d'Argent: 1 réponse juste. BON DE 50 FRANCS A Jean Lamolhe, 42 réponses. Suivi de Camille Pons 41 et 30 réponses. Bec bat V. G. par 2 à 0. Soccers, N'hésitez pas à concourir. Concours lie Pronostics BON N°4 Pour les malches du 20 janvier. Résultats Combien y aura-t-il de réponses justes : Nom et adresse Club auquel on appartient (obligatoire). Signaure : Découper le bon et l'adresser à nos bureaux, 14, rue des Piliers-de-Tûlelle, avant dimanche. Bien mentionner sur l'enveloppe : « Concours de pronostics ». PculeB :.S.C.B. (4)' contre S.A.B. (i). Equipes cinquièmes. En équipes cinquièmes et par suite de forfaits, il n'y a pas de poules de queue, mais une poule de tête unique. Poule unique S.C.B. (5), S.B.U.C. (5), S. A.B. (5). 20 janvier. — S.A.B. (5) contre S.C.B. (5). 10 février. — S.B.U.C. (5) contre S.A.B. (5). 9 février. — S.C.B. (5) contre S.B.U.C. (5). Dernière heure. " " La Commission des règlements et qualifications ayant admis la réclamation du S.A. Arcachonnais contre la V.G.A.M.. le match de barrage Arcachon-V.G.A.M. n'aura pas lieu dimanche 20 courant, la V.G.A.M. ayant immédiatement avisé qu'elle faisait appel de cette décision, l'homologation définitive du match du 13 janvier 1924 : S.A.A. contre V.G.A.M.. est remis'ë>à^une date ultérieure. Le secrétaire de ïà Gqmmission Sportive, 1 Etienne GASQUBTON. NOTRE GALERIE Lettre ouverte à M. Grelard Ceux-la seuls qui ne connaissent le football et les foolballers que par la voie de la presse ou le spectacle des grandes rencontres qu'il convient de voir, eurent la surprise de s'apercevoir lors du dernier match dé sélection, au Sladium, que Bordeaux comptait, parmLles équipes de promotion, un joueur de classe de plus, d'une classe égale à celle des meilleurs cl d'un cran invraisemblable. Il est. certain que dans la masse du pu-; blic, qui porte le sport du football et qui en discute, il en est peu, qui en dehors de celle rencontre et de quelques autres, auraient consenti, telle brumeuse aprèsmidi de ces deux dernières saisons, à délaisser un poker ou un shimmy pour aller vous voir opérer, ' sur une pelouse lointaine, parmi les Coqs Rouges dont vous étiez le demi centre. Vous semblez physiquement peu fait pour celle place. Plutôt petit, assez léger, vous n'êtes nullement le «pilier» d'apparence athlétique imposante qu'est, ordinairement, dans les équipes, celui qui joue à celle place. Mais il n'est pas de règle, môme consacrée pour l'usage et le raisonnement qui ne s'infirme jusqu'à se trouver renversée. Cela s'est produit pour vous, comme je i'ai vu déjà s'aFfirinor pour le plus petit encore, Castaing Georges, demi-centre de l'équipe d;es lions Gars en 11)00, alors champion de France des patronages, el qui certes semblait, encore moins que vous, fait pour recevoir le choc d'un Maës alors opérant au Patronage de Paris. Petit et d'apparence peu athlétique vous l'êtes, niais musclé et râblé connue un fox avec une vitesse de réflexes étonnante, une souplesse extraordinaire .une décision ncr veuse el rapide et malgré cela contrôlée. En un mol, un équilibre rare entre une tète intelligente, et sachant rester froide, celle qualité d'influx instantané nerveux, qui csl l'apanage des petits et un système musculaire, amené, malgré son gabarit réduit, par une vie sportive à une vigueur qui vous donne l'égalité ou l'avantage contre quiconque. Vous avez en plus, ce jour de sélection., montré que vous jouissez, pour le moment, de cel équilibre fragile et heurcut qu'on appelle : la forme. Celle liaison parfaite entre la tète cl les jambes par laquelle le corps exécute une action pensée en môme temps qu'elle s'élabore dans l'esprit en fonction du jeu, sans réflexion., de façon instinctive, comme si le joueur enlevé à lui-même par ses dons subissait la suggestion de l'action opportune, sans effort, sans frïv^il cérébral, par une sorte de bonheur. bon rare, qui, joint à vos qualités déjà exposées, assure à voire action une vitesse, un coulé, une diversité et un imprévu qui rachètent de loin votre infériorité athlétique, plutôt apparente que réelle. Vous êtes un Coq Rouge. J'entends par là que, quoique vous avez quille cette saison les couleurs et l'emblème du patronage cher à feu M. Grossard, votre départ est Irop frais el vous y avez joué trop longtemps, pour que lous ceux qui vous connaissent l'aient oublié. Vous êtes un de ces joueurs de patro, dont l'équipe est formée dans le quartier, par des jeu. nés, qui jouent ensemble depuis l'enfance, se connaissent admirablement el dont la grande force réside dans l'entente et la camaraderie. Pépinières des grands clubs, ils forment et gardent latentes jusqu'à là maturité de leurs qualités les réalisations de joueurs comme vous qui, autrement, auraient dispersé et perdu leurs dons innés, dans leurs mutations successives entre les équipes inférieures des grands clubs d'où, il fau(r le constater, peu de révélations sortent. C'est peut-être une loi désastreuse qui pousse ainsi les joueurs qui se sentent des ailes de quitter leur vieux et petit club, pour ceux où la vedette est acquise par la voie des journaux et du public. ; Mais c'est un fait dont il ne peut vous ! être davantage tenu rigueur qu'à ceux | nombreux et qu'il est inutile de nommer qui remplissent les cadres des équipes en renom. C'est peut-être la loi du Sport. Pouvoir trouver dans une équipe d'autres éléments de qualité égale pour arriver à une intensité de jeu plus correspondante à ses moyens propres, est une raison légitime et sportive mais quand elle est la seule. Ce que je crois d'ailleurs pour vous. Pour l'instant el sur. votre forme, je ne puis que vous dire qu'une chose, car il y a peu de défaulsdans votre jeu. Méfiez-vous de vos qualités et de ceux qui vous louent. Songez que vous aurez plus de peine à maintenir la forme que vous détenez et qui me semble à son summum, que vous en avez eu pour l'acquérir. Par un travail constant et beaucoup de selfeonlrol vous resterez encore grâce à votre souplesse, un des meilleurs de nos régionaux, mais à forme égale, voire physique vous rendra difficile, je crois l'accession aux honneurs nationaux. C'est là cependant un honneur enviable que le vôtre et vous resterez en même temps par les qualités de votre action, un des footballers de noire ville, .dont le jeu souple, nuancé, intelligent et ardent séduira le plus le public. C'est aussi une grâce dont il faudra vous méfier. Cordialement vôtre, BÀNG. Championnats deia L.S.-0. DIVISION D'XOWNEUR TETE POULE A A GRADIGNAN B.A.e. c. B.E.e. Dimanche va commencer le premier match des poules finales. Le B. te. C. et ! 1.5 B. A. C. vont ouvrir le feu et cela promet une belle empoignade. Tous les ■ doux peuvent prétendre à la. victoire. Le B. E. C, qui a fait une jolie saison, vou; cira s'imposer définitivement, en restant j le plus près possible des leaders. Par : un intime écart, nous lui donnons la préj l'érenee. REPECHAGES j AU STAD1UM BASTID1EN S.A.B. c. Floirac Ces deux clubs, qui n'avaient pas obtenu de décision après 120 minutes <se jeu vonl s.'afïronlér à nouveau. D'après l'ensemble de la dernière partie, le S.A.B. a eu plutôt l'avantage, mais Floirac, qui traversait une crise, sera peut-être tout à fait demis dimanche. C'esl pourquoi le match esl loin d'être couru cl si le S.A.B. doit gagner, ce sera certainement par un très petit écart de points. PROMOTION A LA SECTION BURD1GAL1ENNE. -■1 S. B. (1) contre A. S. P. T. T. (1). DEUXIEME DIVISION POULE A AU BASTIDE OLYMPIQUE. -Baslidc Ôlt/mpique (lj contre Aquilon Club (Ij. POULE B A SAINT-AUGUSTIN. — Guyenne Sports (1) contre A. S. l'.-U. (Ij. POULE C A SAINT-GE.NES. — Sainl-Gcnès d) contre Pane Blanche (Ij. POULE D TERRAIN DE PASSERELLE SPORT. Passerelle Snorl (lj contre Bordeaux S. C (lj. POULE DE QUEUE A GRAVEY-MERIGNAC Girondins c. Pessac Sur le terrain des Girondins, ces deux jeunes clubs vont .se trouver aux prises. On peut se douter avec quelle ardeur ils lutteront, en pensant que la Promotion les guelle. Les Girondins auront l'avantage du terrain et c'est pourquoi nous on faisons timidement nos favoris. FINALE DU MEDOC A PAUILLAC Stade Pauillacais (1) contre S. A. Custelnaudais (1). Favori : Pauillac. FINALE GIRONDE MARITIME A ARES Arcs (1) contre Audcngc (l). Favori : Ares. FINALE SAUTERNA1S-GRAVES A CASTRES Langoiran (lj contre Villcnavc (ij. Favori : Villenave. FINALE ENTRE-DEUX-MERS A BASSE.*S. Bassons (1) contre La Sauve {!}. Favori : Bassens. A PESSAC MATCH DE BARRAGE Tocloucau (lj contre Gazincl (1). Favori : Tocloucau. A GAVA NET MATCH DE BARRAGE Tocloucau (2j contre Gazincl (2). A AUDENGE Andcrnos (2) contre Arcs (2). A LANGOIRAN ■ Saintc-Croix'du-Monl (2) contre Villcnavc (2). Bassens (2) contre La Sauve. (2). A PORCHERES Porchères (2) contre Castillon (2). Tous ces malches étant à décision, comporteront des prolongations cl doivent commencer à 14 h. 15. LES tlflTCHES DE SÉLECTIOH DES LHriDES-FYRÉrïÉES A BIARRITZ : Grand Match Possibles-Probables Dimanche prochain, 20 courant, à Biarritz, le lorrain d'Aguilera verra une rencontre sensationnelle, organisée par le district Landcs-PyrénéCB. En effet, il s'agit, du match PossiblesProbables, partie en vue de la formation de l'équipe représentative qui doiL défendre les couleurs du district, le 17 février prochain, contre son équipe aînée, c^lle du district do la Gironde. Nous usons espérer que la 'foule des grands jours se rendra en grand nombre n-r—ir>i " ——mv—rrtH if>v—»g>T— à Aguilera, pour applaudir ces vaillants <.'inni'pi/t:rs ot. où non.-; trouverons des ■'•' ur-; !■<»'.<•••< tels <|ii''es ;r;"'^ '■' ><A--- Foix, Bouneau, Bascaules de Mont-de-Mar san, Adam, î.arrogain, Josie Amespil de Sainl-Jean-de-Luz : Vergés, Sergent, Mères, Ducoureau, Pesqué de Dax pour ne citer que ceux-là. Le soleil aidant, nous pensons que le Comité du District Landcs-Pyrénées-Pyrénées enregistrera un succès el que la ville de Biarritz se souviendra de celte journée du ballon rond. — RIVES. MATCMES AMICAUX Stade Montois contre S. B. U. C. Terrain d'honneur du Bouscal. A la suite des malches nuls du dernier dimanche, le premier tour dois poules finales du championnat de la Ligue du S. O. est gravement compromis et aucun match de la poule B ne pourra avoir lieu. Les dirigeants du S.B.U.C. soucieux de la préparation minutieuse deleur équipe qui doit rencontrer le 27 courant, à Rennes, l'U. S. Servannaise en Coupe de France, ont. fait appel à l'excellente équipe du Stade Montons. Nul choix ne pouvait être plus judicieux Tous les sporlsmen connaissent la valeur des Landais, nouveaux venuts au football A MUSARD. Spopting-Clurj rrjuiouiêinfi contre G. B. B. Etant donné la valeur sensiblement égale des deux teams, celle partie sera disputée :et .nous ;promeld'êlre très intéressante. Angoulème : Mesplide ; Fort, Ledoux ; Bonneau ; Mazerai, Bernard, Milate, Deschamps, Démichcl cap. Dargeau, Chalot. Bègle;s : Abadie ; Airlgnac, Cabardos cap.; Albin, Poitou. Bousquet; Besnard, Ricard, Gorge, Candau, Philip. AUX CAVAILLES. — Union Sportive Bcychacaisc (1.) contre VAmical Club Cenonnais (2). Rendez-vous de l'U.S.B., au siège à 14 heures précises. A MERUGNAC. — Club Sportif des Dames de France (2) contre Stade Bordelais (5) A PESSAC. — Slade Pessacais (2) contre Club Sportif d6s Dames de France (lj. Belle partie-revanche en perspective. v CADAUJAC. — Floirac Club (5) contre E. S. Cadaujacaise (2). A YVRAC. — Bordeaux Sporting Club (2) contre Jeunesse d'Yvrac (1). Rendez-vous du B.S.C. à 13 heures, pla ce du Poril^ i et dont les progrès sont remarquables. Leur jeu scientifique et surtout, très rapide is'apparenle beaucoup à celui de nos représentants Cette partie promet d'être très dif^ulée, elle sera (S Jjlemenl un laxodWenl entraînement pour les sbucisleG et permettra de fixer un point de comparaison entre le foolball landais el bordelais. Le coup d'envoi est fixé à 14 II. 30 très précise. L'équipe du S.B.U.C. sera ainsi composée : Lautar, Christophe, Mentha, Monlezun Izetnberl, Arnaud, de Jamos, Baqué Moussa, Franciscat, Lafontan. A MONSEGUR. — Sporting Club Monség lirais (1) contre. Sporting Club de la liastidienne (1 ). Celle rencontre toute amicale, nous permettra d'apprécier à leur juste valeur les poulains de Goulié, qui celle année, ont eu peu d'occasion de nous montrer leur véritable classe. Nul doute que ce match retentissant n'atlire sur le terrain de Monlot tous les soccers de la région. Coup d'envoi à 2 heures 45. LA TRESNE. — A 13 h. 30 U.S.T. (2) contre Comblons (1): à 15 h. 30 U.S.T.(l) contre U.S. Ambarès (1), Celle belles équipe de Promotion 'supérieure à la nôtre ne gagnera pas sans s'employer à fond, car les locaux veulent se défendre honorablement, et qui nait. peut-être faire mieux. Aussi le public ne manquera pas de venir encourager nos joueurs par sa préisenco sur le Jerrain et non à côté, il ferait, ainsi preuve de sportivité. AU JARD. — V. G. A. M. (1) contre Ç^ji. S. G. (1). Bon entraînement de ces deux équipes. CENON. — Cenon Sport ($) contre S!ade Caillqi>oi* (1) t , SAHS LIS PÂTReiAGES Un seul match en première série, dimanche dernier, .et encore un match, dont le résultat était connu d'avance, el tous les pronostiqueurs — môme moi ! — ont vu juste. Les . Coqs Bouges ont. en effet, battu par 13 buis à rien, les Jeunes de Cadillac. C'est donc dans lès malches de secondeet TJ troisième série que résidait l'intérêt de cette nue journée, el uour n'être pas des exhibitions de s])0 pur football", bien scientifique, bien joué, les • pal 'pnrlies furent néanmoins ires intéressantes du i es lait surtout de l'acharnement avec lequel elles )jal furent disputées. i,.,] Patria .Sainte Croix battit l'Espérance de .■ Gradignan par 2 buts à 1; cette victoire n'a , ( rien d'étonnant, el, c'est, au contraire 1-excel, lente défense de Gradignan qui est a retenir Ce palro, qui avait dû déclarer plusieurs for"-' laits ces temps derniers, semble avoir repris ' de l'assurance un peu tard malheureusement. >" Les vainqueurs ont fait une très jolie partie-et J'J' iront certainement pas dit leur dernier mot •" quant au classement général. f Saint-Bruno ne prit également qu'un but «j d'avance sur l'Union Saint-.lean; ce fut une vieei loin?, chèrement acquise. , , .. h", 1 PS .Meuniers de Montaion firent le oesesy poir de l'Espérance de Bourg, qui dut s'en de revenir dans sa cité avec une défaite, mais qt ce sont bien les meilleurs qui ent gagné. _ la Comme au match aller l'Alliance ialençaise di 'et la Grosse Cloche firent match nul... et c est cl tout pour la journée.. Dimanche prochain, .les leaders des deux vi poules de première série seront aux prises, et D •de ces malches sortira le classement des deux n premiers de chaque poule. V La journée sera donc chaude, bien chaude G peut-être nous réservera-l-elle des surprises; a coup sûr, des émotions ^ DUpEYRAT 'd U. B. PS. O. t Ire série. y. 4 MEGRET. — Coqs Rouges contre I. Arlac Sport : arbitre : M. lzaguirre. Jolie partie en perspective. L équipe ; d'Arlac. composée d'éléments jeunes, ex'■ cessivemenl viles, peut et doit inquiéter sérieusement les Coqs. Vainqueurs di( manche dernier des Girondins, tes joueurs < d'Arlac ont droit à toutes les prétentions. i L'équipe des Coqs Rouges est bien conJ nue. au match aller elle ne battit Arlac que' dans le dernier quart d'heure, après avoir été souvent dominée. Qui gagnera? Les Coqs, mais de peu el à la condition qu'ils s'emploient à fond, et cela dès le début de la parlie. .•'11?A" ECUS. — Coqs Rouges (2) contre Arlac Sport (2); arbitre M. Mali large. Favori : les Coqs. A EONTAUDIN. — Cadets de NotreDame contre Jeunes de Lan gon ; arbitre: M. Lajus. ■ Match capital de la poule B. Le' match aller s'est terminé par un draw. Les deux clubs sont à égalité de points, le vainI queur sera donc premier. Les Cadets battus dimanche par le Stella, à Paris, dans la Coupe Nationale ont à côté de celle défaite de jolies victoires à leur actif. Les Langoîinais. qui sont surtout brillants sur leur terrain, n'auront pas l'avantage d'y jouer, et pourtant ils comptent, fermement triompher. Réussiront-ils? -le ne crois que ce n'est pas au-dessus de leurs moyens, et à moins qu'un match nul ne vienne encore laisser les choses en état, je crois à une victoire pénible, difficile, mais à une victoire quand même des Jeu' nés de Langon. A LANGÙN. — Jeunes de Langon contre. Cadets de Noire-Dame (2) ; arbitre M. Roca. Favori : Cadets. 2e Série A L1BOURNE. — Bleus de Lihourne contre Union Saint-Jean ; arbi.frc : M. Dessans. Favori : Les Bleus. A V1LLANDHAUT. — Preux de Villandruul contre Patronage Bazadais ; arbitre : M. Gourgucs. Parlie qui sera certainement 1res disputée, mais dont les Bazadais doivent sortir victorieux. A BOURG. ■— Espérance de Bourg contre Avenir de Pugac ; arbitre : M. Dubroca. Favori : Bourg. 3e série A MER1GNAC— Petits Gars' de SaintPierre contre Etoile S(iini-7<"crdinaiid ; arbitre : M. Cazaux. Grosse Cloche contre Hirondelle SainlItémg : arbitre': M. Pauly. Favori : Grosse Cloche. A OUEYRAC. — Pro Patria de Qucgrar. contre Genêts de Castclnau ; arbitre M. Delon. Favori : Genêts. AUTRES MATCHES Championnats régionaux, coup d'envoi à 14 heures. Dimanche 10 janvier, sur son terrain, an Hauf-Cenon. avenue de la Victoire, l'A.C.C rencontrera l'S.O.B. Bègles, parlie qui promet d'être des plus intéressantes à suivre L'S.O.B.B., au complet, n'a pas encore été battue celle année, par les équipes de la F. S.T. Çenon est vierge également, cl fera son posible pour y rester. Prendre tram Beychac, descendre am Ouatre-Pavillons. lourner à droite. ~ A CENON. — Terrain du Haut-Cenon avenue do la Victoire : A. C. Ccn'onais (2. contre VU. S. Beijchacaise (lj. Le Coq Français est en voix i *= II a entonné deux chants de victoire La France Bat la Belgique par 2 buts à zéro. Uiie équipe ayant le feu sacré, jouant uniC'est quement pour le plaisir et pour l'amour du leurs * sport, rachetant certaines maladresses de jeu bourg, ' par une activité inlassable, décidée à démentir grand j les pronostics qui la considéraient 1 foinme bourg battue avant le premier coup de pied dans le Le L ballon et voyant, enlin, la fortune lui sourire, | suite ( bien que ses" joueurs né courussent pas après f laissa le cachet, lut celle de France, première de l'anj joueur née 3924. victorieuse hier, de la célèbre équipe M. '. belge par 2 buts à zéro. • sont li Parmi les onze joueurs, huit nouveaux : les Lux, arrières Baumann et Bernard Lenoble; les deebr (e mis Domergue el Dupoix; les avants lsbecque, ayant: Accurd (remplaçant Boyer blessé au cours de webe: j la première mi-temps, el admis loyalement par Frai i le capitaine de l'équipe de Belgique), Régnier Cnnlli et Gross. Comme anciens : le gardien de but quïn; Chayriguès, le demi gauche Bonnardel et l'aMulle vaut ailier gauche Raymond Dubly, capitaine Les de l'équipe. Quant aux autres choisis : Dewadeux quez, Nicolas, Bard, Hugues, Macquarl, ilss'édis q laïenl récusés; ils étaient blessés, malades, in-' LA disponibles, pas "en train, fatigués... Quelle 2 J:. chance ! ' ' dent Les onze équipiers belges étaient déjà des I par vétérans du football international : aux buts, ' peu i Debie; à l'arrière Swartenbroeks, capitaine inadans movible, et Verbeek; comme demis, Fierens, est f( Van 1-Ialme, Schelslraele: enlin, à l'avant. Elsf, dans ! Gillis, Lurnoê, Thys et Baslin. le !<' ; 11 est arrivé, comme cela survient souvent class dans la vie, que les juniors français, considang durablement aidés par le jeu extraordinaire ligne du gardien de but, Chayriguès, qui aurait oerécha tainemenl sa place dans une bonne équipe n'ab professionnelle, ont battu les seniors belges... de ç e La Fédération qui lente de gouverner le footmen bail en France doit en être à la fois amusée plus e et humiliée; amusée en pensant à la tête des men . j absents, humiliée parce qu'elle méconnaît les per k" j joueurs de ses clubs. but. .'" Très confiante dans la victoire, l'équipe ]>elgc l'on '" eut d'abord la coquetterie de faire une belle ljsio 's démonstration,de jeu, suivant la formule anFrai 5. glaise : passant el shootant sans relâche: mais des ■)-' les shoots que Chayriguès suivait d'un oeil alplae IC tentif furent arrêtés par lui. furent amortis niar ,,, par les poteaux, ou bien finirent leur lancée Si "9 dans le vide ou en « coup de coin ». P'urt L'équipe française, rassurée sur la forme yer.< in éblouissante de son gaixlien de but, prétendit iuul le alors se faire connaître à son adversaire. Tanque dis que les arrières lwlges avaient à soutenir trat „c des demis un peu lents, les avants redoublécho rent leurs attaques, trop classiques toutefois mai en ce qui concerne celles de la triplette, pour j bilr qu'elles fussent efficaces. H fallait à ce moment j P c~ jouer les Gross. les Accaivl cl les Régnier, c'estJ bon ?•: à-dire se précipiter dans les buts à toute vij ges tesse... A ch Les Belges avaient laissé passer la fortune j se ux sans la saisir aux cheveux, tandis que Chayxev ,j_ riguès la tenait à bras-le-corps. poi [ 1" { Dés lors, les Français furent maîtres de la rie situation, sans toutefois la dominer nettement. roi ,1S Le premier but fut réussi un peu avant, la des Ile fin de la première mi-temps. Le ballon « cala -es touillé >• devant les buts belges, à la suite d'un eg< ils coup franc donné par Dupoix, parvint à Gross bm gC qui. placé un peu en retrait, donna un shoot sei ,r_ vigoureux: la balle termina sa trajectoire dans y n les filets belges. 1 Le second but lut marqué par Régnier, un me irs peu après le début de la seconde mi-temps. 1 ne i.,} ballon, dégagé par l'arrière belge VcrbècU, gP ^t, rebondit sur la tète d'isbecque. L'ailier Iranfis ile, çais se hâta de poursuivre la balle, l'attrapa .50 euï '"' temps cf. d'un centre magnifique, l'envoya |0 devant les buts de Debic. L'avant-centre franhc .,.. çais Régnier surgit, et d'un shoot rapide, à f;i, M anele droit, réussit le point. .. to On pcnsail alors que l'équipe belge allait j.f. •lonner un vigoureux coup de collier; il n'en Vn tut rien. Elle "donna même l'impression, vers c. la fin de la partie, d'être fatiguée, vieillie, iu nie usée, devant un, adversaire qui,redoublait d'arc d'arc deur et. qui d'élève, devenait professeur. in Ou porta alors en triomphe, au coup de sify, Uni. final. Chayriguès. Dubly, Gross... On auvu . I rail, pu mérite les onze joueurs sur le même y, ',"■' I pavois, tenu par les dirigeants de la FédéraPI rbiI lion, fidèles el. reconnaissants. On aurait, même c.t nu fai m une place a r arbitre. Anglais bien,, dis•■■cilliint. aimable, infatigable dans In course, n soidont les. yeux perçants ■ distinguaient foules f, 'es fautes el. dont de jugement savait, en disp ,.0J/_ cerner la gamme. {.( D" Ce qu'ils en pensent De Maurice Peilorkorn, dans « L'Echo dos Sports ».' 1: lint'' un ;l (,ii' c 1, répél("J que c'est, à force de voi' 1 " lonlé el de courage que les nouveaux ont su ' faire oublier les anciens. L'on pourrait ainsi T craindre que ne s'oit la une victoire sans ■ omllendemain. Elle a fort heureusement un sens 1. plus profond. Et l'on peut, dire, en vérité, que 1 la journée de dimanche a constitué une réacI grar. lion de l'instinct de consen:ation du football 1 1 ,' ]j français. | < Il n'y a pas de doute que nous étions vieI f limes d'une stagnation qui était bien proche i s parente du déclin. Les succès internationaux ; 1 qui sont bien, quoi qu'on dise, l'expression I ■nvoi de la vigueur sportive, ne s'allongeaient, guère { depuis quelque temps au palmarès français. Le. pessimisme gagnait du terrain et. lu. re, "■• a" nommée -de noire" football n'était pas brili.C.C lanle par le monde.'On a beau dire que les qui matches internationaux permettent les' résuli suitats les plus fantasques, il n'en est pas moins vrai que qui ne gagne jamais un match in.enIcrnalional' ne peut faire de progrès et ne peut Aauj. être considéré. ,„.a1e_ Gloi-o i la Province! •r. Paris qui a, depuis de longues années, apaux apaux sa contribution à la popularité du football, commençai!, il faut le reconnaître, à se relà'cher un peu. Le succès avait gâté trop J /•'•)'■ souvent ses grandes équipes. Et beaucoup de ,s ' ~> ses meilleurs joueurs éltiient blasés. Les uns, dont, je ne voudrais même pas parler ici, sonTgH-tJ. geaient à wionna.yer leur gloire et à vendre EB3S' leur talent en des circonstances où devrait seul intervenir l'idéalisme. Cela est inconcevable. Dans les pays d'Eujea rope où l'amateurisme est le moins respecté, L, etchez les pi'ofcssionnels anglais eux-mêmes, F" il ne vient à l'idée d'aucun joueur de proposer proposer marchandages de ce genre. Si l'intruLÏ1Y sion f'es .i0,'e,,rs nouveaux venus de province lUA dans l'éqiiipe nationale a pour e;ffet d'épurer l'atmosphère des matches internationaux, gloire à la province ! Et tant pis pour ceux MD6S. qui ont cru pouvoir tenir le raisonnement suivant suivant trop primitif : « Vous faites, vous Fédération. 1.00.000 francs de recettes pour un match international. Or, vous les faites grâce à moi, étoile qui vous prêle mon distingué concours. Tenez m'en compte en m'indemnisant lubs (je frais hypothétiques. » Les faits ont prouvé (d'ailleurs que ce raisonnement était faux, puis• que. sans les as, le record de la recette a été battu. sîEiS583 D'ailleurs la province ne s'est pas seulement distinguée par son esprit. Tons ses représen5X''' représen5X''' ont fait preuve d'une, bonne technique . è» de jeu: et le Plusconsolant, ce qui constitue Tjj? le meilleur critérium de leur valeur, c'est la $1 faculté d'adaptation nu jeu d'équipe que tous X, 00s joueurs ont montré, el cela face à une ?» équipe dont la plus belle qualité était précisé<j» ment la grande et parfaite homogénéité. a France B nat Luxembourg ? par 2 buts à 1. C'est devant plusieurs milliers de specta_^_ leurs que s'est disputé dimanche, à Luxem~~~ bourg, au terrain du Cercle Athlétique, le grand match international entre le Luxembourg et une équipe sélectionnée de la France. Le terrain n'était pas en très bon étal par 11— suite de la gelée qui le rendit très dm' et ne laissa ainsi aucun bon contrôle de la balle aux joueurs. mau M. Herreii, de Bâle, dirige la parlie et ce et d sont les équipes suivantes qui s'alignent : ]rloii Luxembourg. — arrière : Valîn, Meyer, Ginmaïs ebr (el-Kolb); demis': Koelz, Bousier, Stirn; Bien ayants : Massard, Feller, Hamilins, Leesch, frâg Weber. joli France. — but : Capronier; arrières : W'allel, nule Cnnllielou; demis : Moulône, Lanchon, Courhani (juin; avants : Barville, Denis, Gros, Blocquet, répi Muller. uues Les Luxembourgeois remplacent donc leurs nim deux meilleurs avants, Fêler el Langers, tanCes <lis que. chez les Français, Dufour manque. ra°i LA PARTIE. — Le coup d'envoi est donné à P°u 2 Ji. 5 pour les Luxembourgeois qui descén■ Iror. dent de suite, mais la balle esl mise au-dessus I j'ulti Ipar Massard. L'équipe française se reprend bon peu à peu el le jeu est cantonné quelque temps m 0] dans le camp luxembourgeois. La défense y u.ne est fort à l'ouvrage, mais se tire bien d'affaire ^!î° dans nombre de "situations critiques.. Surtout |'le! le keeper Wall in fait preuve de sa grande Jrf classe en arrêtant "-tout, a tout des shoots très ™.. dangereux de Denis et Muler. Par contre, la 'l,, ligne d'avants luxembourgeoise fait, quelques ??' échappées dans le camp adverse, mais elles ^y n'aboutissent à rien par suite du manque total de cohésion. Les Français dominent en ce mo-, g, ment largement. Leur jeu est plus précis et r(J plus vite. A la 27e. minute, Vnlm arrête faible^l •ment, une balle, Gros suit Wen. charge le Keem^ per et. la balle, franchit doucement la ligne de jui but. La France mène par 1 ù. 0. Peu après, j l'arrière luxembourgeois Ginler entre en colllle lision avec Gros, qui doit quitter le terrain. Les ei Français savent bien profiter de ce handicap ve! des visites el avant que Kolb ail pu prendre la ou' place de Ginler, les Français parviennent à p0 marquer un deuxième but par Denis. ur. i Sans perdre courage, les Luxembourgeois rej pu partent de plus belle et mettent la défense adt Bc : verse sérieusement à l'ouvrage. Wallet se voit ne [. infliger une penalty pour charge irrégulière au que Capronier dégage en corner. Malgré un {ji travail"splendide des deux arrières et de Lande chou, l'ailier droit, luxembourgeois Massard m, ; marque d'un shoot, irrésistible. Peu après l'arla Ibitre siffle le half-time. ai' Pendant le repos, le prince Félix de Luxemtr, bourg se fait présenter les deux équipes. Ce F! geste, esl très applaudi. ■ d; A la reprise le jeu est d'abord partagé. Puis la se dessine une nette supériorité du team ludi xembourgeois qui fait des efforts désespérés bl pour égaliser. Mais l'équipe française n'y veut le a rien entendre et défend avec une énergie fan [. rouche son avance. Les très rares échappées If a des avants français sont toujours étouffées par 1la tactique c"nff-sidc des arrières luxemboura n egois. Dans l'autre camp, les avants luxemj~ ;S bourgeois font de louables efforts pour égali" Aser, mais ils jouent trop individuellement pour " is y parvenir. ' Le lime nrirve. laissant une victoire péniblem ment acquise aux Français. " sCONSIDERATIONS. — L'équipe luxembour1", 's geoise » une fois de plus désillusionné ses par. !' ulisnns. l'homogénéité qu'on supposa manquait 'j >;i somplètement. L'absence d'iïllcr coûta la vieJ. >'n toire aux Luxembourgeois. Valin fil une parlie s nhonorable. Toutefois le premier but est à sa "( à charge. Des deux arrières; Meyer se distingua tout particulièrement, surtout, on deuxième mi1 "t temps, où il fut le-mcilleur hmome sur le teren rain. I.n ligne de demis fut honnête sans plus. c !.i's Clin/, les avants personne n'est "S. signaler par( iOi ticnlièrcmenl. -Tous fournirent, un jeu médiocre. 3 irc.hnz les Fronçais, Cnipwnier ne peut être j iugé sur ce match, ayant élé mis trop peu à 1 'ifl'ouvrage. Fn arrières. Wallet fil une partie mbrillante. Il fut bien secondé par Cnnlhclou. 1 ne ]ie la ligne intermédiaire Lanchon fut surtout ra(»ii évidence. Sachant bien se. pincer, il interne cepte avec facilité et distribue son jeu d'une mmanière intelligente. Moulône fut courageux, se, ainsi que Courqnjn. qui sependant ioua. parles fois en force. En avants tous sont, à féliciter, lisIls prntionaient un jeu décidé, vile et peu égoïste. Surtout, Muller et Denis sont h retenir. L'interview de Gros ans .Nous avons pu attraper le brillant joueur bastidien qui a bien voulu nous confier ses voimpressions. su J'ai gardé un excellent souvenir do celte insi partie qui a été très dure pour nous. Nous ans étions peu habitués au terrain qui était comens plètemenl gelé, au point que M. Jnndin se renne fusait à nous faire jouer. .Mais par esprit, spor. ^actifnous avons tenu à disputer nos chances, bail Bien nous en a pris, vous voyez, puisque nous avons gagné. Notre équipe, beaucoup plus lévicI gère, mais jouant avec coeur et. entente, a, par ichc i sa mobilité, tenu en échec, des adversaires aux : plus lourds "et surtout plus dms. Le premier jion ' but que j'ai marqué erf souillant In balle au ,ôre ''oui luxembourgeois nous a donné confiance. :nis. Vous savez le reste. Caprormier fut remarqua' re, ble. jrilAprès lui, mes deux niters, Bloque! et surles surles Denis avec qui ie me suis très bien enteniSulau, et notre arrière Vallel furent, d'après moi, oins 's meilleurs. Championnats de la L.S.-O. ■A'SUZON 8.H.B. et FiBirac-Glol) font match nul : 1 à i, après prolongation. Quand nous serons à dix, nous'recommencerons. Encore un match nul. Cela nous élon; ne ? Floirac était lu. Je.crois que Fleurian. ma: lin, a dû dire à. ses poulains : « Débrouillezvous à faire match nul, d'abord, parce que cela embêtera un peu la Commission Sportive, el que, à la troisième fois, l'adversaire, lassé, vous laissera gagner. » C'est une tactique !... ■ Et la V.u.A.M. a pris de la graine : voyez B.E. C. et S.A.A. Dimanche, donc, le S.A.B. et le Floirac-Club, devant un public clairsemé, mais enthousiaste, , alignèrent les deux onze suivants ■: ; S.A.B. : Lafragette, Dinclaux, Poivert. Tillcl, Lalànne, Defaix, uaverny (cap.); Paquet, Le1 chat, Redonnet, Bourbon. ' Floirac : Dumonteil. Castex, Boudon, Châlenet, Dupoiiy, Bardy,' Lalanne, Dupas, Poudens, Drago (cap.); Poulmarch. A 2 heures 5, M. Fournier siffle le coup d'envoi, donné pai' Floirac. Le Sport intercepte, et Paquet shoote en 6 moites. Un joli départ en passes redoublées de Poquè* et dé-Laverny . échoue, encore en 6 mètres. Le jeu s'égalise-, et dé nombreuses tcuches sont jouées. Sur un mauvais centré de Bourbon, Lalanne reprend, rMle el d'un shoot sec. envoie un peu au-dessus. Pessact Floirac a eu chaud. Belle échappée de Floirac. écouter maïs. Defaix pousse Poulmarch. Coup franc. vent a: Bien botté, mais faib;ement dégagé par Lal Bon frâgelte. Drago, qui a suivi, rentre le but d'un cais. — joli coup de tête. 11 y a à peine quelques miA GI nules de jeu. Le S.A.B. veut remonter ce tienne handicap et s'emploie à fond; il attaque sans 2 (un répit, lit à part quelques échappées el quelLa ( ques éclairs de joli jeu de Floirac, le Spcrt doquelau mine. Lalanne manque un joli but. Puis et l'bi c'est Bourbon qui d'un joli centré, oblige Dutroisiô monteil à mettre en corner. Sur dégagement, tenir. Poulmarch s'échappe; toute la. Igine s'ébranle minute trop vite; il va off-side. Paquet, toujours lui, Caudé: rate une belle occasion d'un cheveu. C'est le 1 couras bombardement des bois de FJcirac; mais Dunouve monteil ne laisse rien passer. Cependant, il eut Aussi, une véritable chance de reprendre au vol un blême shoot sec sur la barre. Puis les poulains de but. t Fleurian reprennent la direction des hostilités. Les Le jeune Dupas se fait remarquer, .mais rien semol n'aboutit, et cependant les arrières rouges se .sur ui placent très mal, et puis Lalanne, blessé, est caudéi sur la louche depuis près de vingt minutes. 1res d Quelques corners, et c'est la mi-temps. de 3 ; Deuxième mi-temps : Lalanne joue ailier de la gauche, mais ne sera pas d'une grande ulilipénal té pour son équipe. î^e Sport a le vent. Une jolie que li reprise de Dupas échoueen 0 mèlres. Aussiattaqi tô, riposte des rouges, el Dumcnteil concède buis. un corner, sans résultat. Une main de Castex môme lui vaut une pénalité. le cei: Le coup franc, bien botté, est magistralefuren ment bloqué par Zizi, qui est étonnant de brio lion. et d'à-propos. Le jeu s'anime. Les deux adsurto versaires veulent ou augmenter leur avance jolies ou combler le handicap. Quelques corners à Toi pour Floirac, et le Sport a nouveau domine. que ; Une jolie descente du S.A.B., bien amorcée pur vières 1 Paquet, échoue, sur une mauvaise reprise de eut c Bourbon, qui shoote en 0 mètres. Floirac doncoûte ne à fond; Dupas, Lalanne et Drago envoient tence au but. sans résultat; Lafragette arrête bien. Un exploit personnel ae Laverny avorte à _ deux mètres dès bois de Floirac. Tillet com[JQU met l'erreur d'ouvrir un peu trop souvent sur la gauche GÙ Lalanne ne peut rien faire. Les arrières du S.A.B. semblent voyager un peu Qfoll trop: Poivert esl même louché "par Dinclaux. ulull Floirac mène quelques incursions dangereuses dans le camp rouge, quand, 10 minutes avant. su la lin. Laverny. bien servi, s'échappe le long que de la louche, se rabat vers le centre, cl. dribvasti btant les arrières, marque un joli but. C'est nir, le malch nul. Après quelques essais ma'heubail, reux du Sport, la lin est sifllée dans le camp poui ; lloiracais. Frai Première prolongation. — Bardy est passé la h ailier gauche. Floirac attaque d'emblée. Joli éqm essai au but de Dupas. Le Sport, se reprend. quai Paquet se dépense sans compter, et Defaix fait men une défense formidable. Le jeu cafcuillc, el coUi l'on change de camp. cide Deuxième propagation. — Le S.A.B. veut. tess un but do plus, hélas ! il n'a réussi qu'aux les 0 mètres. Un coup franc pour Floirac. Dupouy desl passeà Lalanne (fui. d'un superbe coup.de A 7 pied, envoie sur lu barre. Floirac domine et so active lu train. Te nombreuses touches, quelplai, ' ques corners, et c'est la fin. Les deux adverluis Jj sairo.s s'expliqueront ù nouveau dimanche pro, cuu , chuin. Siu) f1 Considérations. — Avne un j^u ae chance, d'à' [' le Sport, Bordelais... sur "" Le handicap de Lalanne se. lit lourdement u» '• sentir. Laverny et Bourbon firent bien ce iiu'ils Sur reurent ; faire-. Paquet fut, comme toujours, bor l'animateur -de cette ligne. Léchai, dans un haï J mauvais jour. Defaix, infatigable, défendit leai a comme un lion, mais moins bon en attaque. Lui ie Tillcl, bien. Les deux arrières se pincent mnl et uet se gênent trop souvent, manque de conlianupi il ce réciproque, sans doute. Luîrauelte, sur. ire: rBennes combinaisons de In ligné d'avants sur ie mais trop sur place. laix, laix, Floirac. une équipe, pleine d'allant. .Ionce rjours dangereuse par sa vitesse. Bonne, ligue les r. d'avants 011 brille particulièrement, 'c jeuni» re sDupas. Lalanne m'a paru meilleur que PoulUni mardi. En demis, Dupouy sa dépensa sans Ce compter;. Bardy, souvent bouclé, et. Chàlcnc-t sui loin de faire oubrier Mnlgouva. Les deux ;rav: ,. l'ièrps, bons, suri oui Boudon', dont, lé dégage• cm ment est plus précis et, moins fantaisiste que mi celui de Castex. Pumcnleil, toujours t-rès ré«uriè ,„ lier, m'a. produit l'impression' d'être un des cie ''~ meilleurs pouls du Sud-Ouest. êti Bon arbitrage de M. Fournier. pe '"" YVAN de MIMERVA. lai £ A ARES. % ;us Y.8.H.1H. et s. p. flrcliacïiopais ]u léfont match nul : 2 à 2. pr >ar Assez de monde autour de la main courante dU ■es du coquet, terrain d'Ares, quand les équipes f0 ier font leur entrée sur le terrain. Arcachon se ,iC au présente au complet: à la. V.G.. il manque Bo'(;0 ce. dcl, Letouze, Fricux, lmherti, Maurice Duuiiv. {a uaLesvgamisies no se présentèrent même qu'a te dix. et il faut, au dernier moment, qu'Etienne d't urGnsqueton. quoique très sérieusement blessé ]1C ense désliabillc. i0 loi, La partie-fut, toute à l'avantage des médoI j' cains qui dominèrent, largement' leurs advera] ___ saircs, mais toutes leurs -lignes étant complè: de — tement dôsoi'ganisées manquèreul. de perçant. (i( C'esl cependant'les Arcachonnais qui rentréfa rent le premier but sur un bel effort forte] ment couronné de succès de ses centres. Les ai bleus et, verts égalisèrent peu après sur un contre, bien repris par Boyé et magistralement n converti. Ils dominent jusqu'à la mi-temps qui cr 1. arrive sans changement a la marque. y, , Après le repos, les hommes de Boyé s'inss, tallent dans le camp ennemi, mais,' sui' un n ces beau déplacement de jeu, les jaune et noir p sumarquèrent un nouveau but superbe. Leur aij( exlier gauche excellent joueur, mais pratiquant r un football spécial très dangereux, se fait plus, fA sieurs fois rappeler à l'ordre. La V.G. domiu ne toujours, mais nouvelle échappée des élèves b de Prdtt, qui marque irrésistib'ement un npu^ veau point, non accordé par l'arbitre pour c mains. Peu après, Boyé manque un penalty. ,i( rue Barzu est, en fin de compte, mis hors du terq ■niirain par l'arbitre. Nouveau pénality contre c Arcachon; Saignât le rentre* mais Lionel! étant parti trop tôt,-Saignai resboote de non-. 1 SES veau dans lesm ains du goai celle fois qui. £ pourtant (ce fut sa seule faiblesse nu cours r f| de la partiel^ laisse passer. Le demi centre t, Jt Arcachonnais, touché, quitte le jeu, La V.G. Bon arbitrage d'un membre du Stade Pessar cais. — P, B. A GRAVEY-MERIGNAC. — Section Burdigalienne (3) bat Caudéransise (3) par 6 buts à 2 (un penalty). -, La Caudéranaise se présente renforcée par quelques équipiers réserves « non brûlés«, et l'on pourrait croire que la toute équioe troisième sectionnisle aura un rude choc à tenir. 11 en fut bien autrement, car. après dix minutes de jeu. la Section cuvre le score. Les Caudéranais sourient. Les Sectionnîsles, en1 courages, repartent aussitôt el marquent un nouveau but. Cnudéran n'en revient nas ! Aussi, il se défend maintenant el en met terriblement .mais ne peut empêcher un nouveau but. S.B., 3: Caudéran, zéro. Les visiteurs redoublent d'erforl, la Section semble vouloir vivre sur son avance; aussi, sur un centré de l'ailier droit, l'avant centre caudéranais marque un oui imparable à 3 mètres des bois, et c'esl la mi-temps sur ce score •' de 3 à 1 en faveur de la, Section. Dès le début de la deuxième mi-temps. Caudéran obtient ..n penalty qu'il mraque, et l'on pourrait cretee que le score va être égalisé, mais la Section attaque à outrance et marquera 3 nouveaux buis. Les Caudéranais combinent trop uniformément el trop lentement surtout. En dem%, le centre Jacques se fit remarquer.' Les arrières furent bons, le goal, plutôt passable. A la Section, bonne partie de toute la ligne d'avants, surtout de la triplelte du centre, qui fit de jolies choses. En demis, le centre joua cem ne à l'ordinaire, c'est-à-dire bien; legauche, quoique à court de souffle, lit bien aussi. Les arrières furent excellents. Le goal, quoique bon. eut quelques hésitations, qui auraient pu 'ni coûter cher. M. Dubois arbitra avec compétence et impartialité celte jolie partie. ■■ .«. Coupe Nationale des Patronages ; A PARIS ' Stella Football CiuLi M Gadets ûe Jioîre-Dama > par 3 buts à 2. !■ Sur l'ancien hippodrome de La Courneuve, ' ' que la F.o.S.P.F. tnuisiorme actuellement eu vaste slude contenant ou plutôt, devant conlet nir, une fois lini, trente-cinq terrains de football, s'est disputée cette parlie qui comptait » pour la Loupe Nationale et ie championnat do rrunce des t'-alronuges. Lu commencement à é la lin, elle fut ardemment disputée pur deux i équipes assez près l'une de l'autre et prati1. quant un football qui, -par instant, fut léullc' ment intéressant à suivre. L'équipe qui, en il cours de partit, eut le moins à sculfrir des accidents remporta m victoire; victoire de jusil tesse d'ailleurs puisqu'elle ne fut ucquise dans x les cinq dernières minutes que pur un 1110y deste but. 1». Au coup de sifllel 'd'envoi, les deux ôauipcs •t so lont lnce. comptant chacune deux " remI remILe coup d'envoi échoit aux Borderluis, qui loul une courte incursion dans le > , cuiup adverse, qui est vile dégagé. Le jeu su siabj.isu quelque; jeu, et les deux lignes e, d'avunts exécutent alternativement descentes sur descentes, sans qu'uucune puisse donner il nu avantage marqué a l'un ou l'autre camp. 1s Sur une descente des Cadets, le centre avant s, bordelais, blessé, Ucit quitter le terrain,' loum m liiinuioup pour l'équipe. .Malgré cela, ies deux lit, teains continuent à faire jeu sensiblement égal. v. Lue uituquu dts Cadets, l'aile gauche centre, ni et c'est lo premier but.. Quelques instants IIaprès, sur un shoot plongeant de trente mùir. très, la ."Stella éga.isc. Lu 1111-teinps sera sifllée s. sur ce résultat. Dans l'ensemble, les Bordelais eurent, un bien -eger avantage au cours de iuce tinlc. Dès 1 edébul de la seconde mi-temps, ue les visiteurs semblent .vomoir forcer la victoini> re cl dominent, mais l'absence do shooleurs nidans la ligne d'avants empèuhora de conclure, ns Ce n'est qu'au but de vingt minutes que, ict sur penalty, lus Cadets reprendront l'avantage, ravantage qu'ils conserveront d'ailleurs jusqu'à ie• cinq minutes avant la lin, où une faute cornue mise dans AI surface de réparation par un ar."irien: bordelais, faute commise bien inconsies ciemmenf, mais trop auunrente pour ne pas être sanctionnée, mettra de nouveau les équipes à égalité. Entre temps, l'inler droit bordelais doit quitter le terrain, victime d'efforts réputés. Quelques instants avant la fin, les locaux réussiront, grâce a leur inter droit, le but de la victoire. |
github_open_source_100_8_19860 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.zqy.superui.core.arouter;
/**
* 作者: zhangqingyou
* 时间: 2021/6/7
* 描述:
*/
public class ARouterCode {
public class Req {
public final static int MANAGE_PROJECT_DETAILS_SELECT_LOCATION = 100;//项目详情-选择位置
public final static int MANAGE_ADD_PROJECT_SELECT_LOCATION = 101;//添加项目-选择位置
public final static int MANAGE_ADD_MONITOR_SELECT_LOCATION = 102;//添加监测点-选择位置
public final static int MANAGE_MONITOR_DETAILS_SELECT_LOCATION = 103;//监测点详情-选择位置
public final static int DEVICE_CONFIGURE_DETAILS_SELECT_LOCATION = 201;//蓝牙设备详情-选择位置
}
public class Res {
public final static int MAP_SELECT_LOCATION = -100;//项目详情-选择位置
}
}
|
britishcritican08boongoog_32 | English-PD | Public Domain | We are indebted to the reiterated observations of Buffon, Hunter, and other late writers on the subject of Vegetable Physics, for the discovery that it is owing to the internal heat and the act of vegetation, that trees will bear from thirty to thirty-five degrees of cold, without freezing; whereas, all the juices that circulate in arteries may freeze, and actually do freeze out of the tree, when the temperature is at -0, or one degree of cold. It has been proved, that the heat of the interior parts of vegetables varies according to the temperature of the air by which it is surrounded. Before this discovery was made, the attention of the Philosopher had been directed only to the influence of the external temperature, on which it was more easy to make remarks, and which, indeed, could hardly escape the notice of a discerning observer. But though it was left difficult to ascertain, in some manner, this external influence, than to discover the internal heat of vegetables, and to determine the mode in which it acts, and its gradations, it must, however, still be confessed, that a less progress has been made towards a solution of the former, than of the latter problem. The work which we here announce confirms this observation: it is a memoir that had been read in the Electoral Academy of Sciences at Erfurt, and which is now published separately on account of its superior importance. We are informed by the author that he was induced to make researches into this curious subject by the following considerations. Plants have not the same degree of heat, though placed in the same circumstances, from the time of their shooting to that of their flowering, and from their flowering to that of the maturity of their feed. When different plants shoot at the same time, we are not to conclude that they will likewise flower together, and still less that their grains or fruits will become ripe at the same epoch. It would therefore be important to discover in the natural history of plants, what are the sums of the heat, and of the days required by individual plants from the time of their first shooting to their flowering, and again from that period till the feeds are perfectly ripe. It is not indeed, by heat only that the growth of plants is influenced, since both the quality of the soil and the degree of watering, must likewise be taken into account. But when different plants, equally attended to, occupy the same soil, which is of a nature to suit them both, we can ascribe the difference of the time of their flowering and of their coming to a state of maturity to the different degrees of heat only. As, however, in a good soil a plant evidently requires a number of days, and, consequently, left heat to arrive at perfection, than when it is planted in bad ground, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain the fixed degree of heat required for a particular plant, since both the soil and the moisture vary so much; so that we are under the necessity of being satisfied with general statements only. The author made his observations with a calorimeter, on which were traced the relations of the heat to every situation of the mercury; adopting the position, admitted equally by Lambert and De Luc, that the heat of freezing is to that of boiling water as 928: 1274. These observations were made in the morning, at noon, and in the evening; after which, having added together the three sums, he took, as is usual, the mean heat of each day. To give our readers an idea of the method employed by our author, we will present them with an illustration of it on the After Chinensis L. This plant, which shot on the 19th of April, flowered on the 28th of July, and its first seed was ripened on the 12th of September. It is required to know how we are to proceed in order to acquaint ourselves with the history of its growth. Shot on the 10th of April. Sum of the heat, according to the register that was kept: 29,207 deg. Flowered 28th July: 126,620 deg. 28th July — 19th April — 100 days, and 126,620 — 29,207 = 97,422 d. So, from its first shooting to its flowering, are 100 days. Sum of the heat obtained 97,422 deg. Flowering on the 28th July - 126,629 deg. 28th July - 12th September = 46 days, and 171,628 - 126,629 = 44,998. So, from the maturity of the feed, reckoning back to the time of flowering, 46 days. Sum of the heat obtained 44,998, and 21,222 °= 97 8d. = mean heat for one day Going still further back, from the first shooting to the flowering, are 100 days! From the flowering to the maturity of the feed 46 days. Therefore, from the first shooting to the maturity, are 146 days. In the same manner it appeared, that the sum of the heat from the first shooting to the flowering, was 97,422 deg. From the flowering to the maturity 44,998 Sum of the heat obtained 142,420 deg. and - 7 - = 975 d. = mean heat of each day; so that, after Chimenses L., requires, according to this calculation, 146 days for its growth, from the period of its first shooting to that of the maturity of the feed, when the mean temperature of a day is 975 degrees. Oberkulturistische Literatur. Art. 60. Anleitung zur Obst- &c. Lippmann's Meteorologische Tabellen, Catoptrics & Dioptrics. By Abel Birnbaum. Large 8vo. Berlin. 1793. Having published several treatises on pure Mathematics, and on the different parts of Mechanics, the author now proceeds to Optics, and here offers to the world a work including all the principal discoveries that have been made in this science to the present time. In the preface, he gives an account of the origin and progress of this branch of mixed Mathematics, from the earliest ages to our own days, in which we are briefly informed of the improvements which have been made in the science of Optics by Anaxagoras, Euclides, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Alhazen, Vitellio, Maurolycus, Porta, Kepler, Galileo, Antony de Potvin, Descartes, Newton, Gregory, Cassini, Smith, Euler, Boscovich, Hertzel, etc. Notwithstanding the efforts of these great men, Mr. B. conceives that it is still possible to add a new degree of precision and evidence to several demonstrations in this important science. This is what he has actually done in a variety of instances; as, for example, in such as relate to the effect of compound microscopes and telescopes. He shows that it is unphilosophical to suppose, as has always been done, that the rays of light proceed from them in lines parallel to each other; on the contrary, he considers them as diverging, determines the points from which they diverge, and gives by this means a clear idea of the formation of the fictitious image, which the eye believes that it perceives, as well as of the distance and magnitude of that image. This work is divided into ten chapters or sections, bearing the following titles: — 1. On illumination, clearness, and on the distinction of colours. 2. On apparent magnitude, apparent distance, and apparent motion. 3. On shades, or shadows. 4. On the reflection of light, and on plane mirrors. 5. On spherically curved mirrors, and on mirrors with curved surfaces in general. 6. On the refraction of light. 7. On light broken by spherically curved surfaces and by lenses. 8. On the formation of simple lenses. 9. On telescopes and microscopes. 10. On the aberration of light, arising both from the dispersion of colour, and the spherically curved form of lenses and mirrors. To Professor Blumenbach, By M. D. E. L. U. C. Containing the History of the Earth, from the origin of all that is now observed upon it, to the production of the various species of Sand-flaws. Sir, Windsoe, September, 1793. I concluded my last letter with this proposition, deduced from the principal Geological phenomena, "that nothing of all that we see on our globe could have been operated, had not light been added to, and introduced among the other elements of which its mass consisted; but that as soon as this happened, the chemical operations which have produced the whole of the Geological phenomena, necessarily began." Thus then it is that nature herself already confirms that grand command of the Almighty, in the 8th chapter of Genesis, with which the Mosaic History begins, "Let there be light!" The operations that took place subsequently to this great epoch, till we come to the creation of man, recited in the same chapter, are there divided into six periods, called, in our translations, "Days"; and upon this word it is that unbelievers have founded their most specious objections against the Revelation. For, though they might be ever so little acquainted with Geology, it was easy to oppose many phenomena to a succession of such events as would have taken up only six of our days of 24 hours. But it is evident, from the text itself; that this interpretation is erroneous;— for, first, our days of 24 hours are measured by the revolutions of the earth on its axis, opposed to the sun as a luminous body; but the sun does not appear in this relation till the fourth of the days in question; consequently, they are not days of 24 hours, but certain portions of time of an indeterminate length.— And it is now long since interpreters and critics have observed, that the same word as that in the text is employed in this sense in other places in the book of Genesis, where the word morning is put for the beginnings and the word evening for the end of some period. Talk of the afternoon conformity of our Geological with the whole of this sublime history, in its precise order, and that the attentive reader may notice this argument (though from this time I shall confine myself to treating this subject only as it relates to natural history and physics) I shall divide the series of operations resulting from the introduction of light, into six parts, till we come to the appearance of man on our globe. First Period. I have proved, in my former letter, that previously to the addition of light to the other elements of which the mass of the earth is composed, everything was in a state of relative red; because affinity had not yet power to act; we can therefore, only consider this primitive mass as composed of various elements, without any union among themselves. This is the first step where nature checks the career of those speculators who seek immediately in the properties of matter, the formation of large bodies in space. For gravity, considered for one moment as a quality of matter, is a tendency incomparably too feeble to occasion two particles, moving and meeting together in space, to remain united to each other; each would continue in course, only with some deviation. Gravity retains particles near large bodies, by the accumulated effects of their tendency towards each particle of the whole mass, but it is necessary that this mass should have a previous existence as such, and gravity alone is incapable of producing it. Now we have no reason whatever to suppose that particles scattered in space have any other tendency, out the first such for particles as that which is commonly denominated the attraction of cohesion: for all known bodies, in which we find a coherence of their particles, are chemical productions operated in large bodies, which have required time, and consequently, light. Our immediate observations relative to this subject are only made on this globe; however, the same may be said with respect to the moon, since it has mountains and volcanoes, and it extends to all the larger bodies of our solar system, whose sphericity indicates a previous liquidity, but none of those effects could again have taken place without light added at a later period to the other elements, which were desolate of coherence. We shall see besides, from the series of Geological phenomena, that the mass of the earth must have been originally composed of simple particles, remaining together in a distinct mass solely through the influence of gravity, and which had consequently been united thus, by some cause unknown in Physics. The light first introduced into the mass of the earth did not proceed from any luminous body like the sun, for light not being productive of heat, but as it unites itself with the element of fire, it; the rays of the sun had fallen on this mass, they would only have been able to produce fire at the exterior part, in uniting with whatever they had there found of its element; after which their calorific effect, would become for ever null. This is their present effect; which, with respect to heat, is confined to the repairing of the fire which is decomposed in the course of other phenomena, as I shall in the sequel explain; and thus the first addition of light to the other elements of the earth must have been a penetration of this substance extending through the whole mass; and this is the event which cannot be referred to any known physical cause. I have already, in my former letter, shown the immediate effects of this addition, namely, the production of fire by the union of light with a particular element; the solidification of water by the union of fire with the elements thereof with other elements, and various chemical combinations of light; from this point then I shall set out with the series of operations proceeding from that first. 6. The element 01 water rcuded only down to a certain depth in the mafs of the earth, but there it was in great abundance : fo that foon after its liquefadion, it produced a confuted mixture of all the ele- ments, forming a heavy, turbid liquid, from which all the fubftances we fee on our globe were fuccefiively feparated. But before we med- dle with thefe operations, we rauft apply ourfelves to coniider the form which the mafs of the earth atfumed immediately after the liquefadkm of water. I have proved in my former letter, that before the production of our mineral strata, and therefore before the earth had any solid parts, it had visibly the same form as it has at present; of course it had the same rotatory motion. Now this also manifests a cause independent of matter; for it is impossible that a liquid mass, or one composed of incoherent particles, suspended in space, could have acquired this motion from shock. A body which should have impinged with a force sufficient to produce this effect on such a mass as the earth, supposing it to be solid, by striking it laterally, meeting with this incoherent mass, would have taken and carried away (without any resistance but that arising from the vis inertia) that portion it should have encountered in its passage; for the tendency of this portion towards the rest of the mass, through the influence of gravity, would have been soon compensated by its tendency towards the impinging body, to which it would have remained united; and the remainder of the first mass would have then recovered a spherical form, with some progressive motion, in the direction of the body towards which gravity would at first have impelled it while it was near; but it would have had no rotatory motion (at least not noticeably) because all the lesser partial motions would have been confounded and reduced to one by the return of the mass to its spherical form. Those who think that molten is essential to matter (the favourite hypothesis of Atheists) have endeavoured to explain the various motions of the planets, distinct from the effects of pravity, by the successive meeting and union of particles in motion, forming at last such masses; whose motions, composed of all the particular motions of their several parts till then, have happened to be such as we observe in these great bodies, namely, the progressive and rotatory motions. I have already mentioned that gravity is a tendency incomparably too feeble to cause the particles of matter to cohere; but I am willing here to grant it this power, and to confine my observations to motion. Every man of common sense will agree, and the Atheists themselves must allow, that this hypothesis of essential motion, is nothing more than an expression without meaning, till it be determined by an application. Application à un phénomène précis. Laissez, alors, appliquer à l'effet rotatoire mi-rariale de la terre – à son mouvement, lequel nous ne saurions expliquer par cette hypothèse, si nous voulons lui attribuer une cause physique; parce que nous avons juste vu, que nous ne pouvons considérer comme l'effet d'un corps. La hypothèse, que le mouvement est essentiel aux particules de la matière; nécessairement implique une invariable tendance de chaque particule à se mouvoir vers quelque point de l'espace, qui sera opposé à l'une de ses faces. Il will, je dis, se mouvoir invariablement vers ce point jusqu'à l'éternité, si laissé à sa liberté: c'est ce que nous devons comprendre par une essence quality de mouvement, ou else it's an empty phrase. Si deux de ces particules de même masse, rencontrent centricalement comme elles se meuvent dans des directions opposées et dans le même ligne, elles se stopperont l'une l'autre: cependant (selon l'hypothèse) leur mouvement ne sera pas détruit; il restera en lui-même (comme il est exprimé dans cette théorie); mais si elles se rencontrent obliquement, et l'une de l'autre, elles se suivront suivant une ligne moyenne entre les deux directions des deux particules, ce qui les faire tourner – ainsi, dans une masse comme la terre, qui est found à avoir un mouvement rotatoire et progressif, aucun particle n'a perdu son mouvement propre: et c'est la combinaison de tous leurs mouvements, à cause de la cohérence des particules, qui a produit ce que nous observons dans la masse. Here, then, as in all cases where we shall apply that hypothesis to a precise phenomenon, its falsity becomes palpable as immediately shows it; this is, that the earth, having assumed a liquid form, conformable to the rotatory motion impressed on a liquid, it must have been liquid, at least to a sufficient depth, when it first acquired this form. Now it is contrary to nature, that the particular motions of the particles can combine in a liquid so as to create in the mass a mean direction between those they had separately when they met, since one of the properties of liquids is the flight of coherence of their molecules; we ought, therefore, to suppose (contrary to all probability) that by the aggregation of all these particles in motion, a solid spherical was formed, precisely similar to what would have resulted from the rotatory motion acting on a liquid mass, and thus it would be, that the solid mass of the earth would have happened to turn on its axis, with its mountains and their craggy formations. Let us grant it still; but in that case, what would become of any piece broken off from one of these rocks? To examine this matter, let us go back to the hypotheses. Each particle retains necessarily its foster motion, that is to say, a certain velocity, following a certain direction relative to one of its sides: this is essential to it, and operates incessantly, even in the fine, where the motions are only counterbalanced. The fragment then will also be composed of a certain number of these particles, adhering to each other, preferring their properties of a certain velocity and direction, and producing in common a certain velocity and direction of the smaller separated mass, which it must obey, from the moment it shall be detached from the rock. But this motion, will it be the same as that of the mass of the earth? Shall the motions of all the fragments that have hitherto been detached from rocks, as well as those which are incessantly breaking off, accidentally coincide with each other, and with that of the grand mass? It would be absurd to suppose so. In following this latter course, I have now established, as the product of the first period of the operations of which we find the monuments on our globe; that after the addition of light to the other elements, proceeding from some cause that we cannot trace in Physics, a motion of rotation, of which we also find no cause in matter, occasioned this mast (having yet no solid parts) to assume spheroidal form it at this day has: — a liquid, heavy and turbid, occupied at that time the exterior part of that spheroid, to a certain depth, and the rest consisted only of incoherent masses. — This is the state of the Earth, whence I shall now proceed; and the conformity of the Geological monuments, with what ought to result from the causes now established, will at every step point out their reality. Second Period. Un setter falcon chimie must here be our only guide, as far as least affects the principles; and it is only a short time since it has furnished as with any certain lights on this head, which is the cause that all the systems formerly invented about the most ancient periods of our globe, have mutually destroyed each other, and vanished like dreams. The first essential step that has been taken in this line, is the discovery, that all the substances that compose our mineral strata, most have proceeded from chemical combinations in an aqueous liquid. M. de la Metallurgie was the first that published this idea in 1767 attributing our strong masses to a crystallization. M. de Saussure, after more general and precise observations, first conceived the idea, that all the substances which he had generally found composed of strata, have been formed by successive different precipitations from one and the same liquid. P. Pini has also demonstrated, that these operations must have taken place in an aqueous liquid. At length, M. de Dolomieu, after having acquired, in consequence of his own observations in different countries, in the Syterra of M. de Saussure, had added to it this material circumstance, in which I entirely agree with him, from my own observations, and the whole assembly of facts; that there is no operation now taking place in the sea, that bears the lightest analogy to those productions of mineral substances infused, which took place formerly in our globe. 14. It is, I say, to our progress in Chemistry that we owe these first remarks, from which at length has resulted a solid base in Geology, which, by supplying us with true general principles, have opened the way to new discoveries. I have treated of these principles in several of my Letters in the Journal de Physique; but as one of the most important has also been described by M. de Dolomieu, in his Memoir on Compound Stones and Rocks (in the same Journal, May 1792), I prefer citing him in his own words: — «In the Analysis of Rocks (he observes) it is of more consequence to distinguish and specify the sort of association that the constituent matters have among themselves, by the intervention of some fluid, or by substitution, than it is to ascertain the number and exact proportions of the substances discovered by the Analysis. For it is more the particular state of the combination, than the matters themselves, that determines and truly fixes the nature of the compounds. It is thus that the behavior (stones and the lightest are produced by combinations of the same sensible substances, which are destined and most tender; those the least liable to be acted upon by acids, and those most readily affected by them; those that are decomposed the most easily, and those that are most durable; those on which there is but a slow effect, and those which may be most rapidly fused. In a word, the stones the most dissimilar in external appearance, are found by analysis to consist of the same constituent parts; which proves, that Chemistry will be but a feeble assistant to Lithology, as long as it is confined to the weighing of the substances we extract, for determining their proportions, neglecting the most important circumstances in their combinations, those which have had the greatest influence in their production as such, and which are the cause of a certain form being really different from another, though the component matters may be nearly similar.» These general remarks are the result of a number of instances cited by M. This is what I understand by the formation of solid molecules in a liquid, an operation, the principles of which are very clear in physics; and the affinities which, as in this first step of every chemical precipitation, distinguishing in the same manner by M. de Dolomieu, are called, in his memoirs, the affinities of composition. 16. Thus it is that the precipitation of solids in liquids, mud, commences, before the time that we can perceive any effect; and thus are already formed molecules, capable of giving the same ponderable products in our analysis, shall, nevertheless, compose very different solids; and when we study the whole of those phenomena, together, we are led to think, that the ingredients, whose absence or presence contributes to determine this first process, are so minute as to escape absolutely our immediate observation, which conclusion is supported by all the geological phenomena. These solid most subsist have different strengths, as well as different chemical affinities, which act by determined faces; and thus it is that the solids that proceed from them have themselves either certain regular forms, as in crystals, or a certain grain and particular appearances in their fractures, as we find in all mineral substances. In the formation of those solids new affinities begin to act, of which the molecules already formed are the base; these are what M. de Dolomieu calls the affinities of aggregation. Now we are as yet incapable of saying, whether it is in this second operation, or in the preceding, that the sensible solids acquire the properties which we discover in them, by their analysis of producing or absorbing certain elastic fluids, which is true, by some of their effects, but the composition of which is still very obscure, as I have shown in my Letters in the Journal de Physique. Last, the crystallization is of two very distinct kinds, proceeding, like wise, from the nature of the first solid molecules formed in the liquids, even with the same substances, as far as can appear in our analysis. One kind of these aggregations produces immediately solids, more or less large and regular, namely, crystals, or confused crystallizations of different forms; the other kind produces nothing, at first, but powders or grains, which fall to the bottom of the liquid; and this divides itself, too, into two forts, in one of which the little solids remain disjointed, and, in the other, they have the property of consolidating in large masses, by resting at the bottom of the liquid in which they have been formed. It is this last kind of aggregation which has produced our stony mineral strata. Geological Literatur. Our chemical analysis are, doubtless, much superior to those that were made prior to our age; for now we not only collect all the coercible fluids (those that we may confine in vessels) which discharge themselves from the substances we analyze; but we are able to detect such of these fluids as, coming from without, unite themselves with them during the process: we distinguish these fluids from one another by fixed characters, and we determine, by weight, their quantities, either subtracted or added in the process; but we are still ignorant, at what period of the formation of the analyzed substance it has acquired the faculty of producing or absorbing these fluids; whether the fluid, which disengages itself during the analysis, really entered into the analyzed substance, such as they now are, at any period of its formation, or whether they are not new productions of the analysis itself. Whether the fluids that we find to be absorbed during the analysis are actually the same, similarly composed, which the original liquid must have parted with, in order to produce the solid we are decompounding; or whether some one of the products of the analysis it not a new compound formed by means of these fluids. And lastly, we are still ignorant, whether the fire and the light, which we detect by their properties, during their disengagement or absorption, but that we cannot confine nor weigh, are the only incoercible and imponderable substances, which are absorbed or disengaged during our analysis. Every chemical naturalift, who will examine, under all thofe points of view, the analy/es, which have hitherto been made of mineral fab- ftances, as well of our flrata themfeWes, as of their different <vrw, will, doubtlefe, be convinced that we are abfolutery incapable of de- termining all their ingredients, and the manner in which they are com- bined ; and we have a general proof of this incompetency, in that we are unable to recompute almoft any of the (ubftances, by recombining the ingredients indicated by the analyfis. It is, therefore, with great reason, that M. de Dolomieu has observed, in the passage cited above, "that chemistry will be but a feeble assistant to lithology, as long as it is confined only to the weighing of the substances we extract, for determining their proportions; and it is on the same ground that, separately, we have both arrived at this conclusion, very essential in geology; that, in the present state of things on our globe, we should seek in vain for a menstruum, in which our mineral substances have once been dissolved; since the whole mass of the earth, at that period, consisted only of simple elements, while, at present, we see nothing on it but compounds, excepting light gases, the only simple substances we are capable of observing. At first, then, there was no distinction of menstruum among substances to be folded: there existed only a chaos of elements, in a liquid, of which water was the base; and it is from this first mixture that all substances whatsoever, on which we at present make our observations and experiments, were successively separated. It is, therefore, only from the general principles in physics, which have been deduced from chemistry, added to the examination of our globe; and not from particular laws, at present observed to exist among the several substances; that we must trace those modifications of the elements, which formerly took place in the earth, and the monuments only of which remain to us; but these are such guesses, able enough to guide the naturalist. Geological Letters, 475 The first result of this series of combinations, was the simultaneous precipitation of the different crystalline forms of Granite, as well as several more homogeneous substances, which are intermingled with them. These first precipitations, as well as all that followed, were subject to suspensions and renewals; for, after the separation of a certain quantity of solid molecules, at the upper part of the liquid, occasioned by the disengagement of the elastic fluids, it required some time for this part of the liquid to recover the same density, by new ingredients ascending from the bottom. It is owing to these interruptions (often accompanied with some local changes in the liquid) that we frequently find such sensible differences in the size, colour, and proportion, of the different salts between strata of Granite, immediately incumbent on each other; and that its strata are even sometimes intermixed with other strata, formed of one only, or two, of the ingredients of granite, with other variations in the mode of consolidation. These first precipitations formed a very thick crust, entirely round the globe, which we have been able to discover from the grand chains of mountains, where portions of that crust have been thrown up by the cataclysmes, whose cause will be hereafter determined. We find no vestige of organized bodies in these strata; none, therefore, existed in the liquid at the time it thus covered the globe. Third Period After the liquid had parted with the substances, of which the strata of granite were formed, new kinds of elastic fluids were discharged from it; whence resulted new combinations of solid molecules, followed by precipitations, very different from the former; these are what produced the gneisses, the mafic, the primordial schists, and the different kinds of other strata we find intermixed with these. It is still principally in the grand chains of mountains, that we observe these collections of strata, and we most commonly find them resting one against the other, and all together against the granite. Such are the strata, which, (including granite) have for some time been distinguished as primordial, because they contain no vestige of organized bodies. Before Cipher to turn the text into something that resembles a coherent sentence: "To defend the necessary more present, the variety of their various mountain, and consequently higher elevation. Elevated parts of our globe, we find the same scene in the vast expanse of the mountain, and consequently her rocks, elevated parts of our globe, we find the same scene in the vast expanse of the mountain, and consequently her rocks, however, were formed at different periods, in different states, they are no longer! The original form, they are now and therefore it may be seen in the succession of various substances, which were it not for the operation of the same cause, we could not trace the second, therefore, by their alternate positions, from the formation to the appearance of our customs. Therefore, to point out these causes." Writ; namely, that which ever since the origin of the Earth, are acquainted with a mixed wealth, on a state. Safely, by the time, the inhabited into. Wait, produced Arizona and Mexico, among others, that for the interest, were of different species; and comparing produced them here and there, articulated, an here constellation parts, at first like the stars, the moon, and the sun. At last, like the economy, the system was produced by the chest, in the finding of the market, the agreement that broke an subsidized, down, and the event, a part of the supply, to the extent. At every stage, if confined, the framework drove out, which showing the use above. In addition, the threat of suffocation, themselves at the further, at the furthest fault, disengaging them from successive kinds of sediment. The fluid, subsiding slowly, into the crater, was gradually diminishing. Unexpectedly, a shortage quantity above was different in nature, as by the successive precipitations, the external liquid was more and more deprived of its primitive ingredients, there was produced each time some new species of elastic fluid within; and then again new combinations in the liquid above when these fluids ascended through the chest. 25. Such is the general fetch of the causes that operated in succession. For along time on the globe, internally and externally, there have all their foundations (by general analogy) in known phenomena; and I have already (how on, that we have no reason to expect, that the operations of those times can be explained by specific analogy with what we observe in the present state of the earth. These causes then have all the foundations a priori, of which they are susceptible; and I shall confirm them a posteriori, by showing the way in which they explain, in the same general terms, all we observe on our globe. 26. After divers catastrophes happening to the crust, it was entirely covered by the liquid; catastrophes during which such of its parts as had been supported by the partitions of the caverns retained their primitive level, thus forming chains of eminences or mountains, at the bottom of the liquid. An epoch at last came, when, in consequence of some very great subsidings of the pulverules, the foundations of the partitions of the caverns, being at the same time undermined through a great part of the globe, the crust sank down through its whole extent. This is the first grand revolution that has left a deep impression and strong marks on our globe; since it is that by which its surface first became divided into sea and dry land; for then the whole of the liquid, which remained outwards, gathered on the depressed part, and the rest of the crust remained at its level above the liquid. It was thus, then, that the first continents were formed, which were probably greater than ours; and though since then they have disappeared, we are at well certified of their existence in those times, as we are of any known ancient city mentioned in history, and the ruins of which remain: this I shall prove in its place. These continents had mountains formed under the waters by the catastrophes that I have just mentioned; and they continued a long time at the same level, partly because they were discharged of the weight of the liquid, and partly because by these means the liquid could no longer pass immediately into the pulvicles beneath, to undermine the rivers, and sap the bases of their partitions, which there supported the crust. 28. Besides that formation of large continents, other parts of the crust remained at their first level, in that portion of the globe to which the liquid retired, and there formed a number of islands and peninsulas. Vegetation then began to take place on these dry lands; but the vegetables of this period, in which the Sun did not yet shine on the earth, were very different from those that exist at present; we know this from the remains of them found buried in the posterity mineral strata: It is from them in particular that our beds of coal have proceeded, as I will explain in its proper place. 29. This epoch is still further remarkable, in that our present continents have been formed, such as they are, at the bottom of the sea that then existed. This bottom, confined at first only of the primordial strata, already much broken; principally because in the sinkings that the crust underwent, it was arrested on the tops of the mountains. When after their first subsiding, they ceased to sink further into the loose substancess. It broke off, I say, at these points, and thus formed the rudiments of our grand chains of mountains. At these points also the strata cracked in every direction, and their figures became the nests or seats of our metallic and mineral veins; as I will explain in time. A great part of the liquid then passed through all the figures into the interior parts of the globe; which circumstance contributed to sink the level relatively to the parts which had not yet sunk; at the same time that it produced in the interior fresh disturbances of the subcrust and new chemical operations. The dismantling tides, which before occupied the caverns, pressed by the subsiding of the crust and liquid, rustled out with the utmost impetuosity, through several crevices, detached and carried before them a multitude of fragments, which being shattered over the bottom of the sea and afterwards mingled with other substances, form those of our breccia or pudding stones, the distinct pieces of which are primordial jaws. Last, the external liquid becoming impregnated with these new substances, precipitations of a new species were prepared in its bottom. |
github_open_source_100_8_19861 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /-
Copyright (c) 2018 Chris Hughes. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Authors: Chris Hughes, Johannes Hölzl, Scott Morrison, Jens Wagemaker
-/
import algebra.gcd_monoid
import data.polynomial.derivative
import data.polynomial.ring_division
import ring_theory.euclidean_domain
/-!
# Theory of univariate polynomials
This file starts looking like the ring theory of $ R[X] $
-/
noncomputable theory
open_locale classical big_operators
namespace polynomial
universes u v w y z
variables {R : Type u} {S : Type v} {k : Type y} {A : Type z} {a b : R} {n : ℕ}
section integral_domain
variables [integral_domain R] [normalization_monoid R]
instance : normalization_monoid (polynomial R) :=
{ norm_unit := λ p, ⟨C ↑(norm_unit (p.leading_coeff)), C ↑(norm_unit (p.leading_coeff))⁻¹,
by rw [← ring_hom.map_mul, units.mul_inv, C_1], by rw [← ring_hom.map_mul, units.inv_mul, C_1]⟩,
norm_unit_zero := units.ext (by simp),
norm_unit_mul := λ p q hp0 hq0, units.ext (begin
dsimp,
rw [ne.def, ← leading_coeff_eq_zero] at *,
rw [leading_coeff_mul, norm_unit_mul hp0 hq0, units.coe_mul, C_mul],
end),
norm_unit_coe_units := λ u,
units.ext begin
rw [← mul_one u⁻¹, units.coe_mul, units.eq_inv_mul_iff_mul_eq],
dsimp,
rcases polynomial.is_unit_iff.1 ⟨u, rfl⟩ with ⟨_, ⟨w, rfl⟩, h2⟩,
rw [← h2, leading_coeff_C, norm_unit_coe_units, ← C_mul, units.mul_inv, C_1],
end }
@[simp]
lemma coe_norm_unit {p : polynomial R} :
(norm_unit p : polynomial R) = C ↑(norm_unit p.leading_coeff) :=
by simp [norm_unit]
lemma leading_coeff_normalize (p : polynomial R) :
leading_coeff (normalize p) = normalize (leading_coeff p) := by simp
end integral_domain
section field
variables [field R] {p q : polynomial R}
lemma is_unit_iff_degree_eq_zero : is_unit p ↔ degree p = 0 :=
⟨degree_eq_zero_of_is_unit,
λ h, have degree p ≤ 0, by simp [*, le_refl],
have hc : coeff p 0 ≠ 0, from λ hc,
by rw [eq_C_of_degree_le_zero this, hc] at h;
simpa using h,
is_unit_iff_dvd_one.2 ⟨C (coeff p 0)⁻¹, begin
conv in p { rw eq_C_of_degree_le_zero this },
rw [← C_mul, _root_.mul_inv_cancel hc, C_1]
end⟩⟩
lemma degree_pos_of_ne_zero_of_nonunit (hp0 : p ≠ 0) (hp : ¬is_unit p) :
0 < degree p :=
lt_of_not_ge (λ h, begin
rw [eq_C_of_degree_le_zero h] at hp0 hp,
exact hp (is_unit.map (C.to_monoid_hom : R →* _)
(is_unit.mk0 (coeff p 0) (mt C_inj.2 (by simpa using hp0)))),
end)
lemma monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv (h : p ≠ 0) :
monic (p * C (leading_coeff p)⁻¹) :=
by rw [monic, leading_coeff_mul, leading_coeff_C,
mul_inv_cancel (show leading_coeff p ≠ 0, from mt leading_coeff_eq_zero.1 h)]
lemma degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv (p : polynomial R) (h : q ≠ 0) :
degree (p * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹) = degree p :=
have h₁ : (leading_coeff q)⁻¹ ≠ 0 :=
inv_ne_zero (mt leading_coeff_eq_zero.1 h),
by rw [degree_mul, degree_C h₁, add_zero]
theorem irreducible_of_monic {p : polynomial R} (hp1 : p.monic) (hp2 : p ≠ 1) :
irreducible p ↔ (∀ f g : polynomial R, f.monic → g.monic → f * g = p → f = 1 ∨ g = 1) :=
⟨λ hp3 f g hf hg hfg, or.cases_on (hp3.is_unit_or_is_unit hfg.symm)
(assume huf : is_unit f, or.inl $ eq_one_of_is_unit_of_monic hf huf)
(assume hug : is_unit g, or.inr $ eq_one_of_is_unit_of_monic hg hug),
λ hp3, ⟨mt (eq_one_of_is_unit_of_monic hp1) hp2, λ f g hp,
have hf : f ≠ 0, from λ hf, by { rw [hp, hf, zero_mul] at hp1, exact not_monic_zero hp1 },
have hg : g ≠ 0, from λ hg, by { rw [hp, hg, mul_zero] at hp1, exact not_monic_zero hp1 },
or.imp (λ hf, is_unit_of_mul_eq_one _ _ hf) (λ hg, is_unit_of_mul_eq_one _ _ hg) $
hp3 (f * C f.leading_coeff⁻¹) (g * C g.leading_coeff⁻¹)
(monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hf) (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hg) $
by rw [mul_assoc, mul_left_comm _ g, ← mul_assoc, ← C_mul, ← mul_inv', ← leading_coeff_mul,
← hp, monic.def.1 hp1, inv_one, C_1, mul_one]⟩⟩
/-- Division of polynomials. See polynomial.div_by_monic for more details.-/
def div (p q : polynomial R) :=
C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹ * (p /ₘ (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹))
/-- Remainder of polynomial division, see the lemma `quotient_mul_add_remainder_eq_aux`.
See polynomial.mod_by_monic for more details. -/
def mod (p q : polynomial R) :=
p %ₘ (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹)
private lemma quotient_mul_add_remainder_eq_aux (p q : polynomial R) :
q * div p q + mod p q = p :=
if h : q = 0 then by simp only [h, zero_mul, mod, mod_by_monic_zero, zero_add]
else begin
conv {to_rhs, rw ← mod_by_monic_add_div p (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv h)},
rw [div, mod, add_comm, mul_assoc]
end
private lemma remainder_lt_aux (p : polynomial R) (hq : q ≠ 0) :
degree (mod p q) < degree q :=
by rw ← degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv q hq; exact
degree_mod_by_monic_lt p (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hq)
(mul_ne_zero hq (mt leading_coeff_eq_zero.2 (by rw leading_coeff_C;
exact inv_ne_zero (mt leading_coeff_eq_zero.1 hq))))
instance : has_div (polynomial R) := ⟨div⟩
instance : has_mod (polynomial R) := ⟨mod⟩
lemma div_def : p / q = C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹ * (p /ₘ (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹)) := rfl
lemma mod_def : p % q = p %ₘ (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹) := rfl
lemma mod_by_monic_eq_mod (p : polynomial R) (hq : monic q) : p %ₘ q = p % q :=
show p %ₘ q = p %ₘ (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹), by simp only [monic.def.1 hq, inv_one, mul_one, C_1]
lemma div_by_monic_eq_div (p : polynomial R) (hq : monic q) : p /ₘ q = p / q :=
show p /ₘ q = C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹ * (p /ₘ (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹)),
by simp only [monic.def.1 hq, inv_one, C_1, one_mul, mul_one]
lemma mod_X_sub_C_eq_C_eval (p : polynomial R) (a : R) : p % (X - C a) = C (p.eval a) :=
mod_by_monic_eq_mod p (monic_X_sub_C a) ▸ mod_by_monic_X_sub_C_eq_C_eval _ _
lemma mul_div_eq_iff_is_root : (X - C a) * (p / (X - C a)) = p ↔ is_root p a :=
div_by_monic_eq_div p (monic_X_sub_C a) ▸ mul_div_by_monic_eq_iff_is_root
instance : euclidean_domain (polynomial R) :=
{ quotient := (/),
quotient_zero := by simp [div_def],
remainder := (%),
r := _,
r_well_founded := degree_lt_wf,
quotient_mul_add_remainder_eq := quotient_mul_add_remainder_eq_aux,
remainder_lt := λ p q hq, remainder_lt_aux _ hq,
mul_left_not_lt := λ p q hq, not_lt_of_ge (degree_le_mul_left _ hq),
.. polynomial.comm_ring,
.. polynomial.nontrivial }
lemma mod_eq_self_iff (hq0 : q ≠ 0) : p % q = p ↔ degree p < degree q :=
⟨λ h, h ▸ euclidean_domain.mod_lt _ hq0,
λ h, have ¬degree (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹) ≤ degree p :=
not_le_of_gt $ by rwa degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv q hq0,
begin
rw [mod_def, mod_by_monic, dif_pos (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hq0)],
unfold div_mod_by_monic_aux,
simp only [this, false_and, if_false]
end⟩
lemma div_eq_zero_iff (hq0 : q ≠ 0) : p / q = 0 ↔ degree p < degree q :=
⟨λ h, by have := euclidean_domain.div_add_mod p q;
rwa [h, mul_zero, zero_add, mod_eq_self_iff hq0] at this,
λ h, have hlt : degree p < degree (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹),
by rwa degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv q hq0,
have hm : monic (q * C (leading_coeff q)⁻¹) := monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hq0,
by rw [div_def, (div_by_monic_eq_zero_iff hm (ne_zero_of_monic hm)).2 hlt, mul_zero]⟩
lemma degree_add_div (hq0 : q ≠ 0) (hpq : degree q ≤ degree p) :
degree q + degree (p / q) = degree p :=
have degree (p % q) < degree (q * (p / q)) :=
calc degree (p % q) < degree q : euclidean_domain.mod_lt _ hq0
... ≤ _ : degree_le_mul_left _ (mt (div_eq_zero_iff hq0).1 (not_lt_of_ge hpq)),
by conv_rhs { rw [← euclidean_domain.div_add_mod p q,
degree_add_eq_left_of_degree_lt this, degree_mul] }
lemma degree_div_le (p q : polynomial R) : degree (p / q) ≤ degree p :=
if hq : q = 0 then by simp [hq]
else by rw [div_def, mul_comm, degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv _ hq];
exact degree_div_by_monic_le _ _
lemma degree_div_lt (hp : p ≠ 0) (hq : 0 < degree q) : degree (p / q) < degree p :=
have hq0 : q ≠ 0, from λ hq0, by simpa [hq0] using hq,
by rw [div_def, mul_comm, degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv _ hq0];
exact degree_div_by_monic_lt _ (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hq0) hp
(by rw degree_mul_leading_coeff_inv _ hq0; exact hq)
@[simp] lemma degree_map [field k] (p : polynomial R) (f : R →+* k) :
degree (p.map f) = degree p :=
p.degree_map_eq_of_injective f.injective
@[simp] lemma nat_degree_map [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
nat_degree (p.map f) = nat_degree p :=
nat_degree_eq_of_degree_eq (degree_map _ f)
@[simp] lemma leading_coeff_map [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
leading_coeff (p.map f) = f (leading_coeff p) :=
by simp only [← coeff_nat_degree, coeff_map f, nat_degree_map]
theorem monic_map_iff [field k] {f : R →+* k} {p : polynomial R} :
(p.map f).monic ↔ p.monic :=
by rw [monic, leading_coeff_map, ← f.map_one, function.injective.eq_iff f.injective, monic]
theorem is_unit_map [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
is_unit (p.map f) ↔ is_unit p :=
by simp_rw [is_unit_iff_degree_eq_zero, degree_map]
lemma map_div [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
(p / q).map f = p.map f / q.map f :=
if hq0 : q = 0 then by simp [hq0]
else
by rw [div_def, div_def, map_mul, map_div_by_monic f (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hq0)];
simp [f.map_inv, coeff_map f]
lemma map_mod [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
(p % q).map f = p.map f % q.map f :=
if hq0 : q = 0 then by simp [hq0]
else by rw [mod_def, mod_def, leading_coeff_map f, ← f.map_inv, ← map_C f,
← map_mul f, map_mod_by_monic f (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv hq0)]
section
open euclidean_domain
theorem gcd_map [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
gcd (p.map f) (q.map f) = (gcd p q).map f :=
gcd.induction p q (λ x, by simp_rw [map_zero, euclidean_domain.gcd_zero_left]) $ λ x y hx ih,
by rw [gcd_val, ← map_mod, ih, ← gcd_val]
end
lemma eval₂_gcd_eq_zero [comm_semiring k] {ϕ : R →+* k} {f g : polynomial R} {α : k}
(hf : f.eval₂ ϕ α = 0) (hg : g.eval₂ ϕ α = 0) : (euclidean_domain.gcd f g).eval₂ ϕ α = 0 :=
by rw [euclidean_domain.gcd_eq_gcd_ab f g, polynomial.eval₂_add, polynomial.eval₂_mul,
polynomial.eval₂_mul, hf, hg, zero_mul, zero_mul, zero_add]
lemma eval_gcd_eq_zero {f g : polynomial R} {α : R} (hf : f.eval α = 0) (hg : g.eval α = 0) :
(euclidean_domain.gcd f g).eval α = 0 := eval₂_gcd_eq_zero hf hg
lemma root_left_of_root_gcd [comm_semiring k] {ϕ : R →+* k} {f g : polynomial R} {α : k}
(hα : (euclidean_domain.gcd f g).eval₂ ϕ α = 0) : f.eval₂ ϕ α = 0 :=
by { cases euclidean_domain.gcd_dvd_left f g with p hp,
rw [hp, polynomial.eval₂_mul, hα, zero_mul] }
lemma root_right_of_root_gcd [comm_semiring k] {ϕ : R →+* k} {f g : polynomial R} {α : k}
(hα : (euclidean_domain.gcd f g).eval₂ ϕ α = 0) : g.eval₂ ϕ α = 0 :=
by { cases euclidean_domain.gcd_dvd_right f g with p hp,
rw [hp, polynomial.eval₂_mul, hα, zero_mul] }
lemma root_gcd_iff_root_left_right [comm_semiring k] {ϕ : R →+* k} {f g : polynomial R} {α : k} :
(euclidean_domain.gcd f g).eval₂ ϕ α = 0 ↔ (f.eval₂ ϕ α = 0) ∧ (g.eval₂ ϕ α = 0) :=
⟨λ h, ⟨root_left_of_root_gcd h, root_right_of_root_gcd h⟩, λ h, eval₂_gcd_eq_zero h.1 h.2⟩
lemma is_root_gcd_iff_is_root_left_right {f g : polynomial R} {α : R} :
(euclidean_domain.gcd f g).is_root α ↔ f.is_root α ∧ g.is_root α :=
root_gcd_iff_root_left_right
theorem is_coprime_map [field k] (f : R →+* k) :
is_coprime (p.map f) (q.map f) ↔ is_coprime p q :=
by rw [← gcd_is_unit_iff, ← gcd_is_unit_iff, gcd_map, is_unit_map]
@[simp] lemma map_eq_zero [semiring S] [nontrivial S] (f : R →+* S) :
p.map f = 0 ↔ p = 0 :=
by simp only [polynomial.ext_iff, f.map_eq_zero, coeff_map, coeff_zero]
lemma map_ne_zero [semiring S] [nontrivial S] {f : R →+* S} (hp : p ≠ 0) : p.map f ≠ 0 :=
mt (map_eq_zero f).1 hp
lemma mem_roots_map [field k] {f : R →+* k} {x : k} (hp : p ≠ 0) :
x ∈ (p.map f).roots ↔ p.eval₂ f x = 0 :=
begin
rw mem_roots (show p.map f ≠ 0, by exact map_ne_zero hp),
dsimp only [is_root],
rw polynomial.eval_map,
end
lemma mem_root_set [field k] [algebra R k] {x : k} (hp : p ≠ 0) :
x ∈ p.root_set k ↔ aeval x p = 0 :=
iff.trans multiset.mem_to_finset (mem_roots_map hp)
lemma root_set_C_mul_X_pow {R S : Type*} [field R] [field S] [algebra R S]
{n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) {a : R} (ha : a ≠ 0) : (C a * X ^ n).root_set S = {0} :=
begin
ext x,
rw [set.mem_singleton_iff, mem_root_set, aeval_mul, aeval_C, aeval_X_pow, mul_eq_zero],
{ simp_rw [ring_hom.map_eq_zero, pow_eq_zero_iff (nat.pos_of_ne_zero hn), or_iff_right_iff_imp],
exact λ ha', (ha ha').elim },
{ exact mul_ne_zero (mt C_eq_zero.mp ha) (pow_ne_zero n X_ne_zero) },
end
lemma root_set_monomial {R S : Type*} [field R] [field S] [algebra R S]
{n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) {a : R} (ha : a ≠ 0) : (monomial n a).root_set S = {0} :=
by rw [←C_mul_X_pow_eq_monomial, root_set_C_mul_X_pow hn ha]
lemma root_set_X_pow {R S : Type*} [field R] [field S] [algebra R S]
{n : ℕ} (hn : n ≠ 0) : (X ^ n : polynomial R).root_set S = {0} :=
by { rw [←one_mul (X ^ n : polynomial R), ←C_1, root_set_C_mul_X_pow hn], exact one_ne_zero }
lemma exists_root_of_degree_eq_one (h : degree p = 1) : ∃ x, is_root p x :=
⟨-(p.coeff 0 / p.coeff 1),
have p.coeff 1 ≠ 0,
by rw ← nat_degree_eq_of_degree_eq_some h;
exact mt leading_coeff_eq_zero.1 (λ h0, by simpa [h0] using h),
by conv in p { rw [eq_X_add_C_of_degree_le_one (show degree p ≤ 1, by rw h; exact le_refl _)] };
simp [is_root, mul_div_cancel' _ this]⟩
lemma coeff_inv_units (u : units (polynomial R)) (n : ℕ) :
((↑u : polynomial R).coeff n)⁻¹ = ((↑u⁻¹ : polynomial R).coeff n) :=
begin
rw [eq_C_of_degree_eq_zero (degree_coe_units u), eq_C_of_degree_eq_zero (degree_coe_units u⁻¹),
coeff_C, coeff_C, inv_eq_one_div],
split_ifs,
{ rw [div_eq_iff_mul_eq (coeff_coe_units_zero_ne_zero u), coeff_zero_eq_eval_zero,
coeff_zero_eq_eval_zero, ← eval_mul, ← units.coe_mul, inv_mul_self];
simp },
{ simp }
end
lemma monic_normalize (hp0 : p ≠ 0) : monic (normalize p) :=
begin
rw [ne.def, ← leading_coeff_eq_zero, ← ne.def, ← is_unit_iff_ne_zero] at hp0,
rw [monic, leading_coeff_normalize, normalize_eq_one],
apply hp0,
end
lemma coe_norm_unit_of_ne_zero (hp : p ≠ 0) : (norm_unit p : polynomial R) = C p.leading_coeff⁻¹ :=
by simp [hp]
lemma normalize_monic (h : monic p) : normalize p = p := by simp [h]
theorem map_dvd_map' [field k] (f : R →+* k) {x y : polynomial R} : x.map f ∣ y.map f ↔ x ∣ y :=
if H : x = 0 then by rw [H, map_zero, zero_dvd_iff, zero_dvd_iff, map_eq_zero]
else by rw [← normalize_dvd_iff, ← @normalize_dvd_iff (polynomial R),
normalize_apply, normalize_apply,
coe_norm_unit_of_ne_zero H, coe_norm_unit_of_ne_zero (mt (map_eq_zero f).1 H),
leading_coeff_map, ← f.map_inv, ← map_C, ← map_mul,
map_dvd_map _ f.injective (monic_mul_leading_coeff_inv H)]
lemma degree_normalize : degree (normalize p) = degree p := by simp
lemma prime_of_degree_eq_one (hp1 : degree p = 1) : prime p :=
have prime (normalize p),
from monic.prime_of_degree_eq_one (hp1 ▸ degree_normalize)
(monic_normalize (λ hp0, absurd hp1 (hp0.symm ▸ by simp; exact dec_trivial))),
(normalize_associated _).prime this
lemma irreducible_of_degree_eq_one (hp1 : degree p = 1) : irreducible p :=
(prime_of_degree_eq_one hp1).irreducible
theorem not_irreducible_C (x : R) : ¬irreducible (C x) :=
if H : x = 0 then by { rw [H, C_0], exact not_irreducible_zero }
else λ hx, irreducible.not_unit hx $ is_unit_C.2 $ is_unit_iff_ne_zero.2 H
theorem degree_pos_of_irreducible (hp : irreducible p) : 0 < p.degree :=
lt_of_not_ge $ λ hp0, have _ := eq_C_of_degree_le_zero hp0,
not_irreducible_C (p.coeff 0) $ this ▸ hp
theorem pairwise_coprime_X_sub {α : Type u} [field α] {I : Type v}
{s : I → α} (H : function.injective s) :
pairwise (is_coprime on (λ i : I, polynomial.X - polynomial.C (s i))) :=
λ i j hij, have h : s j - s i ≠ 0, from sub_ne_zero_of_ne $ function.injective.ne H hij.symm,
⟨polynomial.C (s j - s i)⁻¹, -polynomial.C (s j - s i)⁻¹,
by rw [neg_mul_eq_neg_mul_symm, ← sub_eq_add_neg, ← mul_sub, sub_sub_sub_cancel_left,
← polynomial.C_sub, ← polynomial.C_mul, inv_mul_cancel h, polynomial.C_1]⟩
/-- If `f` is a polynomial over a field, and `a : K` satisfies `f' a ≠ 0`,
then `f / (X - a)` is coprime with `X - a`.
Note that we do not assume `f a = 0`, because `f / (X - a) = (f - f a) / (X - a)`. -/
lemma is_coprime_of_is_root_of_eval_derivative_ne_zero {K : Type*} [field K]
(f : polynomial K) (a : K) (hf' : f.derivative.eval a ≠ 0) :
is_coprime (X - C a : polynomial K) (f /ₘ (X - C a)) :=
begin
refine or.resolve_left (dvd_or_coprime (X - C a) (f /ₘ (X - C a))
(irreducible_of_degree_eq_one (polynomial.degree_X_sub_C a))) _,
contrapose! hf' with h,
have key : (X - C a) * (f /ₘ (X - C a)) = f - (f %ₘ (X - C a)),
{ rw [eq_sub_iff_add_eq, ← eq_sub_iff_add_eq', mod_by_monic_eq_sub_mul_div],
exact monic_X_sub_C a },
replace key := congr_arg derivative key,
simp only [derivative_X, derivative_mul, one_mul, sub_zero, derivative_sub,
mod_by_monic_X_sub_C_eq_C_eval, derivative_C] at key,
have : (X - C a) ∣ derivative f := key ▸ (dvd_add h (dvd_mul_right _ _)),
rw [← dvd_iff_mod_by_monic_eq_zero (monic_X_sub_C _), mod_by_monic_X_sub_C_eq_C_eval] at this,
rw [← C_inj, this, C_0],
end
lemma prod_multiset_root_eq_finset_root {p : polynomial R} (hzero : p ≠ 0) :
(multiset.map (λ (a : R), X - C a) p.roots).prod =
∏ a in (multiset.to_finset p.roots), (λ (a : R), (X - C a) ^ (root_multiplicity a p)) a :=
by simp only [count_roots hzero, finset.prod_multiset_map_count]
/-- The product `∏ (X - a)` for `a` inside the multiset `p.roots` divides `p`. -/
lemma prod_multiset_X_sub_C_dvd (p : polynomial R) :
(multiset.map (λ (a : R), X - C a) p.roots).prod ∣ p :=
begin
by_cases hp0 : p = 0,
{ simp only [hp0, roots_zero, is_unit_one, multiset.prod_zero, multiset.map_zero, is_unit.dvd] },
rw prod_multiset_root_eq_finset_root hp0,
have hcoprime : pairwise (is_coprime on λ (a : R), polynomial.X - C (id a)) :=
pairwise_coprime_X_sub function.injective_id,
have H : pairwise (is_coprime on λ (a : R), (polynomial.X - C (id a)) ^ (root_multiplicity a p)),
{ intros a b hdiff, exact (hcoprime a b hdiff).pow },
apply finset.prod_dvd_of_coprime (pairwise.pairwise_on H (↑(multiset.to_finset p.roots) : set R)),
intros a h,
rw multiset.mem_to_finset at h,
exact pow_root_multiplicity_dvd p a
end
lemma roots_C_mul (p : polynomial R) {a : R} (hzero : a ≠ 0) : (C a * p).roots = p.roots :=
begin
by_cases hpzero : p = 0,
{ simp only [hpzero, mul_zero] },
rw multiset.ext,
intro b,
have prodzero : C a * p ≠ 0,
{ simp only [hpzero, or_false, ne.def, mul_eq_zero, C_eq_zero, hzero, not_false_iff] },
rw [count_roots hpzero, count_roots prodzero, root_multiplicity_mul prodzero],
have mulzero : root_multiplicity b (C a) = 0,
{ simp only [hzero, root_multiplicity_eq_zero, eval_C, is_root.def, not_false_iff] },
simp only [mulzero, zero_add]
end
lemma roots_normalize : (normalize p).roots = p.roots :=
begin
by_cases hzero : p = 0,
{ rw [hzero, normalize_zero], },
{ have hcoeff : p.leading_coeff ≠ 0,
{ intro h, exact hzero (leading_coeff_eq_zero.1 h) },
rw [normalize_apply, mul_comm, coe_norm_unit_of_ne_zero hzero,
roots_C_mul _ (inv_ne_zero hcoeff)], },
end
end field
end polynomial
|
jahrbuch4552oberuoft_28 | German-PD | Public Domain | Bericht über Stand und Wirksamkeit des katholischen Gesellenvereins zu Linz von seiner Gründung im Monate März 1852 bis zum 1. Mai 1862. Linz, Feichtinger, 1862 ff. Octav. B. P. Bericht des oberösterreichischen Gewerbevereins über seine Thätig- keit im abgelaufenen Jahre. Linz, ab 1842. Gr.-Quart. Bericht des Linzer Gemeinderathes über seine Thätigkeit in den Jahren seit 1876 ff. Mus., H. G, 360 XX. Militärisches und Politik. Geognostiscli-3Ioiitaiiistischer Verein. G(5ologische Anstalt. Stau- ber, Ephemeriden. XXXIX. S. 385 bis 389. K. Jahresbericht und Schulprogramm des k. k. Staats -Obergymiinsiiiiiis in Freistadt, vergl. XXII. A. — des k. k. Obergymnasiunis in Kremsniünster. Kremsmünster, ab 1851 ib. — des k. k. Stuatsgymnasiums in Linz. Linz, ab 1852 ib. — des k. k. Staats-Oborgyninasiunis in Ried. ib. Handelsakademie Linz. Organisations-Statut. Jahr.-Ber. 1883 ib. Handelsgreniiiim Linz. .Jahr.-Ber. 1885 ff. 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Mit einer Einleitung: Die wichtigeren chronologischen und Personal- daten des Musealvereins. — Geschichtlicher üeberblick der Entwicklung des Museums Francisco-Carolinum. 1833 bis 1883. Festschrift. Linz, 1883. Die Sammlungen des Museums. Ebendaselbst. Ad. Winkler: Das oberösterreichische Museum Francisco-Carolinum in Linz. Bei Gelegenheit der Weltausstellung in Wien 1873 zu- sammengestellt vom Verwaltungsrathe der Anstalt. Linz, 1873. K. Relation des Ausschusses der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Linz. Linz, 1822 ff. M'i-. Statuten der (Jesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Linz. Linz, Huenur, 1841. Octav, 16 S. Mus. Bericht über das Wirken des Musikvereins in Linz während seines 50jährigen Bestandes 1821 bis 1871. Linz, 1871. Schulordnung des Musikvereins In Linz. Linz, 1868. Octav, 16 S. Mup. K. Vereine, Institute und Corpovationen. 363 Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein in Linz. Jahr.-Ber. und Aufsätze seit 1870. Jahresbericht der k. k. Oberrealschule in Linz, ab 1851. vergl. XXII. A. — in Steyr, ab 1863. ib. Jahresbericht des Vereins der ewigen Anbetung des AUerheiligsten Altarssacramentes und zur Ausstattung armer Kirchen Oberöster- reichs. (Pararaenten verein für Oberösterreich.) Linz, Pressverein, 1878, 1880. Octav, 20 S. Zur Geschichte des katholischen Pressvereins in Linz. Oberösterr. Pressvereinskalender, begonnen im I. Jahrg. 1882 und seither fort- geführt. K. Privatblindeninstitut Linz, vergl. Blindenanstalt. Bericht über die Entwicklung des Linzer Rudervereins „Ister" von seiner Gründung bis Ende Februar 1882. Linz, Wimmer, 1882. Gr.-Octav, 30 S. Jahresbericht des Linzer Rudervereins „Ister" über das abgelaufene Vereinsjahr 1882. — 1883: Octav, 18 S. — 1884 bis 1885: Quart, 40 S. K. k. priv. Kronprinz Rudolf bahn. Geschäftsbericht für 1868 ff. bis 1882. H. K. Satzungen des oberösterreichischen Sängerbundes. Linz, Feichtinger, 1863. Octav. Deutscher Sehulverein. Ortsgruppe Linz. (Nr. 30.) (Dr. A. Nicoladoni): Deutsche Festtage zu Pfingsten 1883 aus An- lass der 3. Hauptversammlung des Deutschen Schulvereins. Heraus- gegeben vom „Deutschen Club in Linz". Linz, 1883. Octav, vergl. XX. B., S. 341. Bericht des Vereins zur Förderung der Seidencultur in Oberöster- reich für die Periode vom 14. Mai 1860 bis 31. December 1861, nebst den Berichten über die am 30. December 1862 und 30. De- cember 1864 abgehaltenen Generalversammlungen. Linz, Huemers Wwe. & Danner, 1862 bis 1864. Octav. beig. B. P. Bericht über die Resultate der am 27. December 1848 stattgehabten ersten und der am 30. Jänner 1849 erfolgten zweiten Generalver- sammlung des Vereins zur Errichtung einer allgemeinen Spar- casse und einer damit in Verbindung stehenden Leihanstalt auf Handpfänder in Linz, sammt Mitgliederverzeichnis. Linz, Eurich, 1849, 52 S. — Bericht der dritten und vierten Generalversammlung. Linz, 1849. 16 S. ff. Rechnungsabschluss der Allgemeinen Sparcasse und Leihanstalt in Linz zu Ende des Jahres 1849. ff. Erscheint jährlich. Gr. -Quart. Eurich, dann Feichtinger. Denkschrift des 25jährigen Bestandes der Allgemeinen Sparcasse und Leihanstalt in Linz. Linz, Feichtinger, 1874. Gr.-Quart, 46 S. 364 XX. Militärisches und Politik. Spareasse-Jabresberielite, resp. Rechnungsabschlüsse: Statuten vom Gründungsjahre, auch für die folgenden Institute. Braunau, 1861 ff. Ber. Ef er ding, err. 1860. Ber. 1864 ff Enns, err. 1870. Bor. 1875 ff'. Florian, St., 1856. Ber. 1858 ff Freistadt, 1866. Ber. 1867 ff. Gmunden, 1859. Ber. 1859 bis 1870, 1872 ff. Grein, 1856. Ber. 1859 ff. Grieskirchen, 1872. Ber. 1873 ff. Grün bürg, 1878. Ber. 1879 ff. Haag, err. 1879. Jahr.-Ber. 1880 ff. Haslach, 1874. Jahr.-Ber. 1875 ff. Ischl, 1863. Jahr.-Ber. 1864 bis 1865, 1867 bis 1876, 1878 ff. Kirchdorf, 1868. Jahr.-Ber. 1869 bis 1870, 1872 ff Lembach, 1861. Jahr.-Ber. 1861 bis 1870, 1872 ft\ Leonfelden, 1877. Jahr.-Ber. 1877 ff. Linz, Allgem. Sparcasse, 1849. Jahr.-Ber. 1869 ff. — Stadt. Sparcasse, 1888 ff. Mattighofen, 1877. Jahr.-Ber. 1878 ff Mauerkirchen, 1858. Jahr.-Ber. 1861 bis 1862, 1864 ff. Mauthausen, 1866. Jahr.-Ber. 1866 ff. Mondsee, 1887. Jahr.-Ber. 1887 ff. Neufelden, 1872. Jahr.-Ber. 1872 bis 1875, 1878 ff'. Obernberg, 1872. Jahr.-Ber. 1872 bis 1873, 1875, 1877 ff. Otensheira, 1885. Jahr.-Ber. 1885 ff. Perg, 1865. Jahr.-Ber. 1865 bis 1866, 1868 bis 1874, 1876 ff Peuerbach, 1876. Jahr.-Ber. 1877 ft\ Ried, 1867. 1868 ff Rohrbach, 1869. Jahr.-Ber. 1869 ff. Schärding, 1863. Jahr.-Ber. 1863 ff. Schwanenstadt, 1872. Jahr.-Ber. 1873 bis 1874, 1876 ff. Steyr, 1857. Jahr.-Ber. 1859 bis 1870, 1872 bis 1873, 1875 ff. Urfahr, 1875. Jahr.-Ber. 1877 ff Vöcklabruck, 1867. Jahr.-Ber. 1868 bis 1870, 1872 ff Wels, err. 1861. Jahr.-Ber. 1861 bis 1870, 1872 bis 1873, 187;) ff. Weyer, 1872. Jahr.-Ber. 1873, 1875, 1877 ff. Windischgarsten, 1875. Jahr.-Ber. 1878 ff. K. k. ö.sterreicIii.selK» Staa(.sl)ahii<Mi. Vciwaltungsbcricht im Geschäfts- jahr 1882 ff. Wien. Stadtgomeindo Linz (Mus.), vergl. auch Geineiudt'iaili, .S. 359 : Armenstatut. 1876. Folio, 32 S. Armen Wesen. 1823. Octav, 70 S. Feuerordnung. 1816, 1851, 1861. Linz, 1875. Kl.-Octav, 12 S. Gemeindestatut für dit^ Stadtgemeindo Linz. 1867. Gr.-Quart, 24 S. E. Vereine, Institute und (Korporationen. 365 Gottesackerordnuiig. Linz, 1875. Kl.-Octav, 17 S. Marktordnung. Linz, 1876. Gr.-Octav, 12 S. Mus. Auszug aus dem Rechnungsabschlüsse der Stadtgemeiiido Steyr und der städtischen Versorgungsanstalten für das Jahr 1886 bis 1887. Steyr, 1887. 1 Hft. H. K. Bericht über die Thätigkeit des Steuog:raplieuvereins in Linz im Ver- einsjahr 1868/69 ff. Linz, Feichtinger. Gr.-Octav. Steyrerinühle, Papierfabriks- und Verlag-sgeschilft. Geschäftsberichte für 1875 ff. Verein der Techniker in Oberösterreicli. Jahresbericht für das Vereins- jahr 1881/82 ff. Linz, Feichtinger. Gr.-Octav. Statuten des Vereins gegen Thierquälerei in dem Erzherzogthume Oesterreich ob der Enns und in dem Herzogthume Salzburg. Linz, Eurich, 1846. Octav. Gab in den 50er Jahren eine eigene Zeitschrift heraus; vergl. S. 350. 1885 neu begründet. Erster Jahresbericht des Linzer Tliiersehntzv^ereins. Vereinsjahr 1885 bis 1886 ff Linz, Eurich, 1886. Gr.-Octav, 31 S. Neu gegründet 1885. Oesterreicliischer Touristenelub. Section Linz. Jahresberichte im Centralorgan. Krakowitzer Ferd., Dr.: Das Wirken der Section Graun den des Oesterreicliischen Touristenclubs während ihres 10jährigen Be- stehens 1877 bis 1887. Geschildert von ihrem derzeitigen Vorstande Dr. F. K. Gmunden, Selbstverlag. Gr.-Octav, 36 S. Jahresbericht des Linzer Turnvereins für das Vereinsjahr 1862/63 ff. Linz, Huemers Wwe. Quart, seit 1864 in Octav. Taubstuminen-Leliranstalt in Linz, vergl. XXIL A. Pezolt Ludwig und Hagn JuL: Rückblick auf die Thätigkeit des oberösterreichisch-salzburgischen Turngaues von seiner Gründung 1866 bis 1882. Salzburg, 1882. Gr.-Octav, 60 S. — Handbuch für den Turngau Oberösterreich-Salzburg, enthaltend die Bestimmungen für die deutsche Turnerschaft. Salzburg, Oellacher, 1888. Octav, 26 S. Verschönerungs verein der Stadt Linz und ihrer Umgebung, Jahres- berichte. Statuten des Linzer Veteranenvereins. Linz, Feichtinger, 1868. Gr.-Octav, 25 S. Mus. Zweiter Jahresbericht des Rieder Vincentiusvereins. Ried, Kränzl, 1856. B. P. Jahresbericht des Vincentius-Wohlthätigkeitsvereins in Linz und Urfahr für das Jahr 18. Jahresbericht des Oberösterreichischen Volksbildungsvereins 1874 ff. Linz, Wimmer. Gr.-Octav. Gibt seit 1886 den „Volksboten" heraus; vergl. S. 352. 1 366 XX. Militäriöolies und Politik. — XXI. Staatswissenschaftliches. Oberösterreiehiseher Volkseredit. Jahr.-Ber. für 1878 ff. Braunau, Stampfl, Gr.-Quart. Satzungen des Ersten Linzer Volksküchenvereins. Linz, Wimmer, 1887. Kl.-Octav, 8 S. Gibt Berichte über seine Wirksamkeit heraus. Volksverein, katholischer, für Oberösterrcich. Gab bis zum Erscheinen des „Volksboten" Vereinsgaben heraus ; vergl. Nachträge. Statuten der Vorsehussvereine nach Kaiffeisen. Linz, Feichtinger, 1888. KL-Octav, 20 S. Oesterreichisehe Waffenfabriks- Gesellschaft. Geschäftsbericht für 1871/72 ff. Hefte. XXL StaatsAA^^issenschaftliches. A. (jesundheitsverhältnisse, Ethnographie, Volks- bewegung. Ueber das Armenwesen in Oberösterreich. Arch. d. Mus. 13, 29/e, 34, 38/10, 39/106 und 122, 40/122. B. 8, Fase. 17; speciell das „Bettelwesen" 13, Fase. 38 bis 41. K. Armenwesen. Bekanntmachung des k. k. Mühlkreisamtes über das Armenwesen der k. k. Provinzialhauptstadt Linz. Linz, akad. Kunst-, Mus. u. Buchhdlg., 1823. Octav, 70 S. Mus. B. P. Armeninstitiits-Rechnun^ von Linz, 1823. „Linzer Ztg.", 30. April 1824. Stand der Armeninstitute im Mühlkreise, 1826. „Linzer Ztg." 1827, Nr. 20. Ausweise über Geburten und Trauungen in Oesterreich ob der Enns. 1825 bis 1829. Arch. d. Mus. 13. f. 30/e. K. Der Bader und Wundärzte Uandwerksordnung, erneuert unter Leopold L 1662 für Oberösterreich. Mscr. d. Mus. Nr. 186. K. Bergthaler Karl: Statistische Daten betreffend die Gebalr-, Fiudel- und Irrenanstalt zu Linz. Linz, Wimmer, (1864). o. J. Octav, 27 S. Bericht über das Spital l'flr mittellose Gesellen und Dienstboten in Frankenburg. „Gmundnor Wochenbl." 1855, Nr. 42. Die Bewohner des Gosauthales, nicht Bojer, sondern Khiltier. „Kaltenb. Zeitsch." 1837, Nr. 81. Htm. Bidermann: Die Romanen und ihre Verbreitung in Oesterreich. Graz, 1877. K. Dr. Veit v. Blischer: Sonderbare Fragen über 1714 zu Linz ge- borner zusammengewachsener Zwillinge. Ridler, österr. Arch. Bd. L, 1831. Nr. 85. K. ^ßr-' A. GesundheitsverhSltnisse, Ethnographie, Volksbewegung. 367 Observatio physica de Gemellis cum utroque latere usque ad umbi- licum concretis. Zwillingsgeburt einer Eva Maria Hagerin bei Linz vom 24. Mai 1714. Drucksch. in Folio, 3 S. Lateinische Ab- handlung von Med.-I)r. Vitus de B lisch er. Schliesst: ,Dabam ex Museo meo Lincii 2. Junii Anno 1714". Auf der vierten Seite in Kupferstich die Abbildung dieser Zwillingsgeburt; gezeichnet mit „J. Becker sc". Landes-Arch. M. IL Kr. Coinetsteru. Vnderricht / Von dem Wundergrossen Comet-Stern / So in diesem laufenden 1681isten Jahr mit Schröcken der gantzen Welt am Himmel erscheinet. Mit Fleiss zusammen getragen / vnd observirt worden von einem Priester der Societ. JESU. Gedruckt zu Lintz / Bej^ Job. Jacob Mayr , Im Jahr 1681. Quart. Titelblatt Kupfer. 17 Bl. Kr. Czoernig Karl, Freih. v. : Etliuo^rapliie der österreichischen 3Io- narchie. Mit einer ethnographischen Karte in 4 Blättern. Heraus- gegeben von der k. k. Direction der administrativen Statistik. Wien, Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1857. Kl.-Folio, 3. Bd. Ee. V. 12. B.P. Vergl. Petermanii, Mitth. 1858, S. 143, 298. Duftschmid Caspar: Beleuchtung der in Oberösterreich gegen die Kuhpockenimpfimg herrschenden Vorurtheile. Linz, 1808. Octav, 1 Bd. Dr. J. G. Egger: Medizinische Topographie und Ethnographie von Niederbaiern. Octav, 148 S. Naturhistorischer Verein in Passau. IV. 1860. Ehrlich Fr. C: Oberösterreich in seinen Volksverhältnissen. Eine gedrängte Darstellung derselben nach dem gegenwärtigen Stand- punkte mit Eückblicken auf die Vergangenheit. Unvollendet; die Materialien dazu kamen nach letztwilliger An- ordnung des Verstorbenen in meinen Besitz. Ficker A.: Beschäftigung und Erwerb der Bewohner des öster- reichischen Alpengebietes. Jahr.-Ber. d. Österr. Alp.-Ver. Bd. VII., pag. 221. Enthält auch über Bevölkerung des Gebietes und die Werke des Menschen Daten. — Der Mensch in den Alpen. Jahr.-Ber. d. österr. Alp.-Ver. 1867. K. Ueber die Vornahme der Fleischbeschau auf dem Lande. Linz, Feich- tinger, 1875. Kl.-Octav, 21 S. Hammerschmied J., Dr.: Die sanitären Verhältnisse und Berufs- krankheiten der Arbeiter bei den k. k. österreichischen Berg-, Hütten- und Salinenwerken und Forsten. Wien, 1873. Ref. Verh. geol. R. 1873, pag. 316. Auf Veranlassung des k. k. Ministeriums für Finanzen und Ackerbau. Der Boden im Verhältnisse zu den Epidemien. Hof 1er M. : V^olksniedizin und Aberglaube in Oberbaierns Gegenwart und Vergangenheit. Mit einem Vorworte von Fr. v. Hellwald. Mün- chen, 1888. Stahl. XIL, 244 S., 2 Tafeln. Für Oberösterreich sehr wichtig. Mus.-Jahr.-Ber. XLVIII. 26 368 XXI. Staatswissenschaftlicheä. J. G. A. V. Hoheneck: ProtocoUum über die Conüigions-Greuz- bewaelimig (Coiitumazanstalten) und Verpflegung der Gartgehor. 1713. 2 Folio-Bde. Mscr. Stand. Arch. in Linz. (Schlüsselberger Arch. Nr. 4.) K. Kurtze Infectioiis-Ordiiuiig für die Arme Nothleydendte Gemaindt auff dem Landt. Gedruckt in der Kayserlichen Haupt Statt Lintz / bey Maria Kürnerin / Wittib. Im Jahre 1649. Einblattdruck mit breiter Bordüre. (Land.-Arch. J. III. 105.) Kr. Vernewrte lufections- Ordnung der kayserl. Haubt-Stadt LINTZ im Ertz-Hertzogtbumb Oesterreich ob der Ennss. Wie sich mit Medicin / Wohnungen vnd andern / ein Jeder / sowohl Gesunder als Kranker / zuverhalten hat. Gedruckt zu Lintz / Bey Job. Jacob Mayr. Im Jahr / 1679. Gr.-Quart, 7 S. ' Kr. Karajan Th., E. v., Dr.: Das Findelwesen in Oesterreich. Vortrag. Ver. f. Landesk. Niederösterr. L, 83 bis 87, 95 bis 98. Kirchsteiger Math.: Grundsätze zur Errichtung und Verwaltung einer unter allen Zeitumständen dauerhaften Armenanstalt. Linz, 1818. Octav, 1 Bd. B. P. Kissling Adolf, K. v., Dr.: Beiträge zu einer Geschichte der Sanitftts- Aerliältnisse Oberösterreichs mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Pestinvasionen im 17. Jahrhundort. Mus.-Ber. 1887. Octav, 105 S. — Sanitätsbericht von Oberösterreich (1819 bis 1887). Heraus- gegeben vom k. k. oberösterreichischen Landessanitätsrathe in Linz. Linz, Wimmer, 1888. Gr.-Quart, 118 S. Mit vielen Karten. Knörlein Ant., Dr.: Beiträge zur Organisierung der landschaftlichen Heil- und Pflegeanstalt fttr Seelengestörte zu Xiedernhart. Linz, 1866. Gr.-Octav. 80 S. Mus. — Kurzgefasste Geschichte der Heilanstalten und des Medicinal- wesens in Linz. XV. Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 10. L.-B. 1855. K. Lamm er t G.: Volksmedizin und medizinischer Aberglaube in Bayern und den angrenzenden Bezirken. Mit bist. Einleitung u. 1 lithogr. Tafel. W^ürzburg, Julien, 1869. VL, 274 S. (Linner R.): Die Salubritätsverhältnisse der Stadt Linz vom tech- nischen Standpunkte. Linz, Feichtinger, 1868. Octav, 38 S. Einführung von Moorbädern in der nächsten Nähe von Lin/. Liir/cr „Tages-Post" 1883, Nr. 127. Elisabethbad in Urfahr. Jos. Müller, Arzt und medicinischer. Fachschriftsteller: Handbuch der Medicinalgesetze von 1740 bis 1800 in chronol. Ordnung. 1. bis 4'. Bd. Linz und Prag, Credner. Gr.-Octav. K. W. Obermüller: Die Alpenvölker. Hist.-ethnol. Forschungen. Wien, 1874. Octav. K. Onderka, Protoraedikus: lieber Medicinalreform in Oesterreich ob der Enns und Salzburg. Linz, Huemers Wwe.. IS'iS. Octav, 23 S. A. Gesuiulheitsverhältnisse, Kthnograplüe, Volksbewegung-. 369 Philos.- u. Med.-Dr. Pli. Persius v. Constorff: Kurzer und klarer Bericht, wie man sich zu Zeiten der Pestileiitz und anderen in Oesterreich gewöhnlichen Seuchen dafür vorsehen und bewahren solle. Lintz (Marie Kürnerin Wittib), 1649. Octav, 205 S. B. P. Neudruck, da PröU (Hauswesen etc. 1889) bereits 1621 dieses Werk anführt; ib. S. 11. Die Pest im Erzlierzogthume Oesterreieli und in der Steiermark im Winter 1679 bis 1680 (Ben Levi). Katholischer VVahrheitsfreund 1852, S. 52 und 65. Sclil. Pest-Amulet wider die Contagionskrankheiten, das ist ein so nutzbarer, als kleiner Unterricht, wie man zu Pestzeiten vor, in und nach der Gefahr sich zu verhalten habe. Steyr, 1739. Octav, 1. Bd. B. P. Pe.stbttchel, das ist kurzer und sehr nützlicher Bericht, wie man sich zur Zeit der Pest verhalten solle. Linz, 1679. Duodez. B. P. Taxe der in der umgearbeiteten österreichischen Provincial- Pharma- kopoe enthaltenen Arzneien für das Jahr 1808. Linz, 1808. Octav, 1. B. P. Prinzinger Aug. d. Ä.: Die 3Iarkomanneu- Bayern -Wanderungen. In Mitth. d. Anthropol. Ges. zu Wien. N. F. IV. (1884.) Htm. Pröhle H. : Aus dem Kaiserstaat. Schilderungen aus dem Volksleben in Ungarn, . . . Oberösterreich. Wien, 1849. Rabl Karl: Ueber die physische Beschaffenheit der Bevölkerung in Oberösterreich und Salzburg. Oesterr.-Ung. in Wort und Bild. Heft 61 (4), S. 111 bis 118. Ranke Johannes: Die Schädel der altbayrischen Landbevölkerung*. Beitrag zur Anthropologie Bayerns. I. Bd. pag. 227 bis 286, II. Bd. pag. 1 bis 77, 3 Taf., "^IIL Bd. pag. 108 bis 205, V. Bd. pag. 53 bis 249. — Beiträge zur physischen Anthropologie der Bayern. Hauptsächlich craniologische Studien altbayrischer Dörfer. 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Verordnungen, welche in Absicht auf das Leben und die Gesundheit der Menschen und Thiere vom Jahre 1740 bis 1800 ergiengen. Linz, 1812. Octav, 2 Bde. B. P. Sebastiani, Jesus Maria Josef: Bericht von der Pest, oder kurze Instruction, wie man sich in contagiosischen Suchten, und abson- derlich diess Jahr 1679 wider die grassierende Pest praeservative und curative verhalten soll. Linz, 1679. Duodez, 1 Bd. B. P. Sepp Bernhard, Dr.: Ein Volk von 10 Millionen, oder der Bayern- staram, Herkunft und Ausbreitung über Oesterreich, Kärnthen, Steiermark und Tirol. Kampfschrift wider Czechen und Magyaren. München, Kellerer, 1882. Octav, 248 S. — Die Zeuss'sche Hypothese über die Herkunft der Bayern. Eine kritische Untersuchung. Oberb. Arch. 41. Bd., S. 177 bis 222. Skoda, Professor: Referat über den Inhalt der Berichte ober den Kretinismus (in den Alpenländern der österreichischen Monarchie). 1862. Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wissensch. XLIV. 2. Abth., pag. 593 bis 602. Spenholz Andreae Philippi : Kurzer und klarer Bericht von der Natur und Eigenschaft der grausamen abscheulichen tyrannischen Sucht, der Pestilentz, wie dieselbige recht erkennet und ordentlich curiert werden möge, sammt angehängter Praeservation. Linz, 1639. Duodez, 1 Bd. B. P. Streinz Wenzel, Dr.: Leistungen und Vermögensstand der Heil- anstalten in Oberösterreich und Salzburg. Linz, 1838. Mus.-Bl. 1840, Nr. 3. K. — Systematische üebersicht über die seit den Jahren 1770 bis 1836 erschienenen Gesetze und Verordnungen im Bezüge auf das Sanitäts- m^' A. Gesundheitsverhältnisfse, Ethnographie, Volksbewegung. 371 wesen im allgemeinen und insbesondere für das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich ob der Enns und das Herzogthum Salzburg. Linz, Quandt, 1837. Median, 2 Bde. G. V. Swaton Johann: Sammlungen und Beobachtungen über die Limgen- fäule und Luiigeiiseuche der Rinder nebst ihrer Erkenntnis, Be- handlung und Heilung. Linz, 1834. Octav, 1 Bd. B. P. Blätter der Erinnerung an die erste Geiieralversainmluiig der ober- österreichischen Wundärzte zu Wels am 26. October 1863. Ge- sammelt und herausgegeben von Ant. Theod. Schweikof er. 1864. Verlag des chirurgischen Gremiums in Steyr. Gr. -Octav, 72 S. Ulrich Fab., Dr.: Das Sanitätswesen und die Volkskrankheiten des XVL Jahrhunderts im Lande ob der Enns. XVI. Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 11. L.-B. 1856. K. Unterricht fftr den ünterthan bey herrschenden Viehseuchen. Linz, V. Trattnern, 1799. Kl.-Octav, 18 S. Virchow Rud.: Der Riese Winkelniaier aus Oberösterreich. Berlin, 1885. Zeitsch. f. Ethnol. 17. Jahrg., Hft. VL S. 469 bis 472. K. üeber die A^olksbewegung (amtliche Kundmachungen über Geburten, Trauungen und Sterbefälle) in Oberösterreich und Salzburg. Linz, 1834, 1835, 1837, 1838. Arch. d. Mus. B. 7. MD. 56, 57. K. Ergebnisse der A^olkszählung* in der Landeshauptstadt Linz nach dem Stande vom 31. December 1869. Linz, Eurich. Kl.-Octav, 16 S. (30.538.) Mus. Ergebnisse der Volkszählung in der Landeshauptstadt Linz. Linzer „Tages-Posf* 1881, Nr. 56. Gibt vergleichende Zusammenstellung der Ergebnisse von 1822 bis 1880. W erlosch n ig Joannis Bapt. a Pernberg: Aomo^qacpia. Historia pestis, quae ab anno 1708 ad 1713 inclusive Transylvaniam, Hun- gariam, Austriam, Pragam et Ratisbonam, aliasque conterminas provincias et urbes progrediendo depopulabatur. Styrae, J. Grünen- wald, 1716. Octav, 1 Bd. ß. P. J. B. Werloschnig, de et in Pernberg, Welsii Physicus Ordinarius: Dissertatio de Feste. Lincii, 0. J. Z. (Radlmayr.) K. Die Dedication geschrieben von Dr. Fr. Pfeiffer in Dietach. 1713. Allerhand Resolution betreff der Wiederbelebungsversuche bei Schein- todten. Linz, 4. Juli 1769. Arch. d. Mus. B. 7. MD. 54. K. Winternitz L., Dr.: Einiges über Sanitätsverhältnisse und Sanitäts- dienst in Linz. Linzer „Tages-Post" 1876, Nr. 174, 175, 185, 186, vergl. Dr. Heyss ib. Nr. 181. Wolfsteiner Jos.: Volkskrankheiten und Volksmedizin in Ober- und Niederbayern. Bavaria L, 1. München, 1860. S. 444 bis 473, und ib. L, 2. S. 1023 bis 1032. Zeuss K. : Die Herkunft der Bayern von den Markomannen. München, 1839. Octav. 372 XXI. staatswissenschaftliches. Dr. T. V. Zillner: Ueber Idiotie, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Stadtgebiet Salzburg. 10 Steindrucktafeln. Nov. Act. AI. Caes. Leop. Caroh Tom. XXVIL, Jenae 1860. Prof. E. Zuckerkandl: Beiträge zur Craniologie der Deiitselien in Oesterreieh. Mittli. d. anthropol. Ges. in Wien. XIII. (III.), pag. 89. Hallstädter Cranien. Crypta bei Laufen. Altmünster. B. Rechtsgeschiclite, Ständewesen, Taidinge. Dr. E. H. Costa: Bibliographie der deutschen Reehtsgesehiehte. Braunschweig, Schwetschke & Sohn, 1858. 342 S. Im Nachlasse Dr. Habison's Ständewesen: Excerpte verschiedener Autoren über: historische Entwicklung, Gliederung, Erbämter und Landesstellen, Landeshoheit und Landrecht, Stellung des Adels. a) Rechtshistorische Werke und Abhandlungen. Abele V. Lilienberg: Metamorphosis Telae Judiciariae, oder: Seltzame Gerichts-Haendl, vnd noch seltzamere hierauff gerichtlich erfolgten Ausspruch. Mit Kupfertiteln. Lintz, 1651 bis 1652. Duodez. Kr. Achleuthner Leonhard : Taidinge des Stiftes Kremsmünster und der Herrschaften Pernstein und Scharnstein. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. LXIV., S. 367. K. — Abschrift eines Ehehaft -Taidings. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. XLVL, S. 3. K. Auerbach Christoph (zu Tillyspurg 1657): Jagd- und Waidtmanns- reeht. Mscr. Stift St. Florian. XI. 725. K. Gewidmet den Grafen von Tilly und Praidtenegg. Bacher: Das oberste Spielgrafenamt im Erzherzogthume Oesterreieh unter und ob der Enns. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XXXV., S. 200 bis 202. K. Bartenstein Job. Christoph, Freiherr v. : Kurze Nachricht von der innerlichen Beschaffenheit und Verfassung des Erz-IIerzogthums Oesterreieh Unter und ober der Enns. Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- und Staats-Arch. S. 17, Nr. 62. K. Bauern fein d Th.: Herzog Rudolfs IV. Beziehungen zu den öster- reichischen Privilegien. Steyr, Realsch.-Progr., 1872/73. K. Behamb Joannis Ferdinandi: Argutiae Juris Civilis . . . Quibus na- tura dominii definitione ac divisione positive et remotive exprimitur. Lincii, Typis J. J. Mayr, 1679. (Aa L, 22. B. P.) Kr. Benedict Lorenz: Praktische Darstellung der allgemeinen Verzehrungs- steuer auf dem Lande und in kleineren Städten, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Oberösterreichs. Wels, Haas, 1864. Octav, 1 Bd. B. P. B. Rechtsgeschichte, Ständewesen, Taidinge. 373 Bergmann Jos.: Untersuchungen über das älteste Mttiizrecht zu Enns, Linz und Freistadt. Wien, 1843. Octav. Sep.-Abdr. aus dem 101. Bande der Jahrb. f. Lit. K. — lieber die herzoglichen Münzstätten zu Enns, Linz und Preistadt. Anzeigebl. der Wiener Jahrb. d. Lit. 1843. Bd. CL, 1 bis 30. Theil der Abhandlung: „Untersuchungen über das älteste Münz- recht zu Lieding, 975, etc." Bischoff F., Dr.: Oesterreichische Stadtrechte und Privilegien. Wien, Braumüller, 1857. Octav, YIL, 208 S. — Bericht über ein schönes Eheliafttaiding von Salaberg in Ober- österreich, in dessen Berichten über die Weisthümer-Forschungen in Steiermark und Kärnthen. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. Bd. LXXXIX., S. 212 und 232. Chabert A. : Bruchstücke einer Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutsch-österreichischen Länder. Wien, 1852. Charmant Karl: Alphabetisch-chronologisches Hauptrepertoriuni der politischen Gesetze und Verordnungen für das Erzherzogthum Oester- reich ob der Enns und das Herzogthum Salzburg vom 1. Jänner 1779 bis 31. December 1833. Linz, 1837. 2 Bde. Chmel J. : Das Lehenbuch König Ladislaus Posth. für Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns. 1453 bis 1457. 431 Nummern aus dem k. k. Hof- und Staats-Arch. Notiz-Bl. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. Bd. IV., 1854. Nr. 1 bis 18. K. — Meissauisches Lehenbuch. Aus dem k. k. Hof- und Staats-Arch. Die oberösterreichischen Lehen von den Kuenring vor 1400, Seite 30, 31, 32, 44, 45, 46, 111, 112, 125, 141; c. 1400, Seite 270, 271, 272, 285, 286, 287, 288, 301, 302, 335, 336, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352. Notiz-Bl. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. 1857. Bd. VIL, Nr. 1 bis 22. K. — Hofinarch- und Landtgerichts-Puechl der Herrschaft Wartenburg im Lande ob der Enns. 1611. Notiz-Bl. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. 1854. Bd. IV. Nr. 21, S. 484 bis 496. K. Clam J. Gottfried v. : Von Aufnehmung der Landleut in beiden Erz- herzogthümern Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns. Matrikul der alt und neuen Landleut etc. de anno 1620 — 1662. K. Schlüsselberger Archiv Nr. 24 im ständischen Archiv zu Linz. Czerny Alb.: Ein Dokument über das Vorkommen von Einmauerung Lebendiger in Oberösterreich. 1873. XXXL Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 26. L.-B. Engelmayr Anton: Versuch zu einer systematischen Darstellung der im Lande ob der Enns im Unterthansfache bestehenden Vorschriften. Linz, 1824. Octav, 1 Bd. — Die Unterthansverfiissung im Erzherzogthume ob und unter der Enns. Wien, 1826. Octav, 3 Bde. B. P. 374 XXI. RtaHtswissenschaftliehes. Feil Jos.: lieber die Entwicklung des österreichischen StjTndewesens, der Verwaltungsorgaue, Gesetzgebung, Kleidertracht, Musik, Poesie und Kunst in Oesterreich. Wien, 1857. S. 156 bis 207. K. I. Bd. von Czörnigs Ethnographie der österreichischen Monarchie. Finsterwal der: Practica observantia ad consuetudines Austriae superioris. Salzburg, 1719. 3 Bde., Quart. Cz. Fl ecken au Tobias v. : Apologia Juris et Justitiae. Wieder Etzliche dieser Zeit selbstgewachsene Justitiarien. . . . Sambt eingeführtem ohnvorgreifflichen Guetachten / wie etwan der Gerichtlichen Processen Weitleuffigkeit abzuschneiden. Von Tobias v. Fleckenau. Lintz, Maria Kürnerin Wittib, 1643. Kr. Neuer Abdruck in Duodez und 66 Seiten des gleichen Buches in Quart vom Jahre 1688. Geiss Ernest: Die Reihenfolge der Gerichts- und Verwaltungs- beamten Altbayerns nach ihrem urkundlichen Vorkommen vom XIII. Jahrhundert bis 1803; I. Oberbayern. Oberb. Arch. Bd. 26, S. 26 bis 158; II. Niederbayern mit dem Innviertel, Salzburg, Nordtirol und den auswärtigen Besitzungen des Bisthums Freising. . . . XXIIL, S. 1 bis 108. Grimm Jakob: Weisthümer. Göttingen, 1842. Gr.-Octav, 6 Bde., vergl. auch Meiller, Wr. Akad. d. Wissensch., Oest. Gesch.-Arch. XII., S. 267 bis 304. Bd. III., pag. 679 bis 685: Weisthümer von Wildshut, Windhag, Reichenau, Helmonsödt. Hafferl A.: Ehehafttaiding von Neidharting in Oberösterreich. Sitz.- Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XLV., S. 390. K. Hassner Jak., Stadtschreiber von Freistadt: Relation an den Stadt- rath daselbst über die am 1. December 1614 im Amtsauftrage unternommene Reise nach Wien. Mscr. d. Mus. Nr. 147. K. „Facsimile" überschrieben; also Abschrift. Hasenöhrl Victor, Dr.: Ueber den Charakter und die Entstehungszeit des ältesten österreichischen Landrechts. Arch. f. K. österr. Gesch. XXXVL, 1866. S. 291 bis 334. Bereisungs-Relation des Sebaldus v. Haydn zu Dorffund des Lass. Willinger zu Saxen an die oberösterreichischen Stände. 1578. Aus dem Arch. zu Tollet, Cat.-Nr. 35. Arch. d. Mus., B. 10. K. Den Traunkreis betreffend. Höss Johann Nep. : Systematisch geordnete Darstellung der in Oester- reich ob der Enns und in Salzburg in Wirksamkeit stehenden Ge- werbsvorschriften, dann gesetzliche Bestimmungen über licenzierte und freie Beschäftigungen, über öffentliche Märkte, über das Zunft- wesen und über die Wanderung der Handwerksgesellen von J. N. H. Linz, Eurich & Sohn, 1835. Med.-Octav mit Register. 2 Bde. Hohen eck J. G. Ad., Freih. v. : Die löblichen Herren StAnde des Ertz-Herzogthums Oesterreich ob der Enns, als: Prälaten, Herren, Ritter und Städte. Passau, Mangold, 1727 bis 1747. Folio, 3 Bde. B. Reohtsgeschichte. Ständewesen, Taidinge. 375 Hohen eck J. G. Ad., Freih. v.: Grabmal der ständischen Freiheiten des Erzherzogtbums Oesterreich ob der Eiius. 1749. Mscr. im Schlüsselberger Arch. Nr. 95 des stand. Arch. in Linz. K. — Auszüge aus Original-Hochzeit- und Conduct-Ladschreiben. Arch. d. Mus. 16. Folio, 107. K. Hohen Zell er v. Hohenzoll Leonhard: Hier innbegriffen vnnd ver- leibte Sachen sein mit allem vleis zusamen geklaubt vnnd gezogen worden. Cod.-Mat. (i. Arch. v. Eiedegg.) Lincz, 1577, dar. Enthält kaiserliche Eesolutionen, meistens in Landtags- Ange- legenheiten Oberösterreichs von 1566 bis 1577. Verfasser war Pfleger des kaiserlichen Schlosses. Htm. Homeyer: Ueber die Heimat nach altdeutschem Recht, insbesondere über das Hantgemal. Abth. d. kais. Akad. Berlin, 1852. Haus- und Hofmarken der Alpenländer, auch Oberösterreichs ; pag. 120 bis 123. Hopfauer Josef, Verwalter des k. k. Provinzstrafliauses zu Linz: Abhandlung über Strafhäwser überhaupt mit Rücksicht auf die dies- falls in den deutschen Provinzen des österreichischen Kaiserstaates bestehenden Anstalten. Linz, C. Haslinger, 1814. Octav, 1. Bd. Im zweiten Theile eine genaue Beschreibung des Strafhauses zu Linz und seiner Einrichtungen. S. 133 bis 198. B. P. Hormayr H. v. : Leopold der Glorreiche. Stadtrecht für die Stadt und Bürgerschaft zu Enns, gegeben vor einem zahlreichen Adel von Oesterreich und Steyer auf seinem Heereszug wider die Araber in Spanien am 22. April 1211. In Horm. Taschenb. 1812. Htm. — Das grosse österreichische Hausprivilegium von 1156. München, 1832. Gr.-Quart. K. Hüttner K. Jos. (geb. zu Linz 1793, gest. 1822): Nebst anderen juridischen Schriften : Ausführliche Entwicklung der Lehre von der gesetzlichen Erbfolge in dem freierblichen Vermögen, nebst einer kurzen Geschichte derselben im Erzherzogihume Oesterreich. Wien, 1819. K. Hussak Hans: Zusammenstellung aus den Erwerb- und Einkommen- steuer-Vorschriften. 3. Aufl. 1887. Octav, 83 S. — Zusammenstellung aus den Gebäudesteuer- Vorschriften für Haus- besitzer. 3. Aufl. 1887. Octav, 48 S. — Zusammenstellung aus den Grundsteuer-Vorschriften. 3. Aufl. 1887. Octav, 57 S. Linz, Mareis. Jäger Alb., Dr.: Ueber die Privilegien der Babenberger. Zeitschr. f. öst. Gymn. 1854. — Ein Beitrag zur österreichischen Privilegiumsfrage. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XX., S. 3 bis 16. K. Kaltenbäck J. P. : Die Feuerordnung der Stadt Steyer vom 31. Oc- tober 1608. Wien, 1842. Octav. K. - Oesterreichische Rechtsbücher des Mittelalters. Wien, 1844. Lex.-Octav. Nur die erste Reihe, die Pantaidingb ücher, erschienen. 376 XXI. Staatswissenschaftliohe?. Kissling Karl, R. v., Dr.: Die Regulierung der bestehenden Wasser- bezugsrechte nach den Bestimmungen des Reichsgesetzes vom 30. Mai 1869, R.-G.-Bl. Nr. 93, und der Landesgesetze. Linz, Feich- tiiiger, 1870. Octav. — Die Iiiiiviertler Schulden. Rechtshistorische Abhandlung. Linz, Wimmer, 1865. Kockh Joannes Ludovicus: Oesterreichischer Lehenstractat. Linntz. Mscr. Mus. Nr. 112. K. Krakowizer Ferd., Dr.: Gemeindeordnung von Linz. — Kepertorium über die Beschlüsse des Landtages des Erzherzogthums Oesterreich ob der Enns. Linz, 1861 bis 1876 und 1877 bis incl. 1882. K. — Sammlung von Entscheidungen bezüglich der Volksschulen. 1872. Octav, 235 S. — Schulgesetze für Oberösterreich. Linz, Fink, 1873. Octav, 247 S. Lambel Hans, Dr.: Bericht über die im August 1868 in Oberöster- reich angestellten Weisthünierforschungen. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. LV., 482 und S. 553 bis 562; bezüglich des Jahres 1871: LXIX, S. 239, 241 bis 273. K. — Bitte, die Sammlung oberösterreichischer Weisthftmer betreffend: Mit einem alphabetischen Verzeichnisse der bereits bekannten ober- österreichischen Weisthümer. XXX. Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 26. L.-B. 1873. K. Lerchen feld: Die altbayrischen ständischen Freiheitsbriefe mit den Landesfreiheits-Erklärungen. Mit geschichtl. Erläuterungen und einem Wörterverzeichnisse. München, 1853. Lori Joh. Georg v.: Commentatio prima de origine et progressu juris Bojici civilis antiqui, qua historia juris patrii a prima Bojorum memoria usque ad initia seculi XIV. ex genuinis fontibus illustratur. München, 1748 (?). Luca de Ignaz: Zur VVassergeschichte des Landes ob der Enns. Wien, 1785. Octav. — Auszüge nach alphabetischer Ordnung der sämmtlichen Patente, Edicte, Circularien, welche vom Jahre 1740 bis 1771 in dem Lande ob der Enns erschienen sind. Linz, 1772. Quart. 1. Thl. A bis F. Unvollendet. Luschin v. Ebengreuth Dr.: Geschichte des älteren Gerichtswesens in Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns. Weimar, H. Böhlau, 1879. Octav, XIIL, 295 S. Landtaidinge, Hoftaidinge, Landrechten, Hofgericht, Landgerichte, Vogteigerichte. Dorf- und Mark tgeridit, Waldgericht, Patrimonialgericht, Berggericht, Lehengericlit, Ministerialengoricht, Stadt- und Markt- gericht, Judengericht, Münzgericht, Holmarschallgericht, Universitäts- gericht, geistliches Gericht. Mayrhofer Joseph Anton: Leitfaden zur Ausübung des richterlichen Amtes in Rechtsstreitigkeiten nach der allgemeinen Gerichtsordnung B. Kechtsgeschichte, Ständewesen, Taidinge. 377 und im Justizfache ergangenen Patenten und Hofresoluzionen und Deereten. Linz, 1793, 1794. Octav, 1 Bd. B. P. Mayrliofer Joseph Anton: Der Gandtprocess in den k. k. böhmisch- österreichischen Erbstaaten. Linz, 1793. B. P. Meiller Andr. v., Dr.: Oesterreichische Stadtrechte und Satzungen aus der Zeit der Babenberger. Arch. f. K. österr. Gesch. X., S. 87 bis 174. Stadtrecht für Ens S. 96 bis 99. Oesterreichisches Landrecht vor 1246 und ca. 1280 ebenda. Meixner Maxim. Emer.: Compendium chronologico-alphabeticum resp. Perpetuum: Aller von Anfang des 1764sten Jahres bis ins inclusive I771ste in dem Erzherzogthume Oesterreich ob der Enns ergangenen und von dieser Zeit forthin annoch remanierenden Patenten und Cireularien, .nach denen gehörigen Eubriquen und Materien, wohin dieselben einschlagen können, eingetheilt. Linz, Feichtinger, 1772. Folio, 1 Bd. B. P. Oberleitner K. : Die evangelischen Stände im Lande ob der Enns unter Maximilian IL und Rudolf IL 1564 bis 1597. Wien, Jakob und Holzhausen, 1862. Octav, 1 Hft. Ottenthai: Der Zehent nach österreichischem und canonischem Rechte. Linz, 1823. K. Pillwein B. : Die Bestätigung der Privilegien des Marktes Altheim im Innkreise durch Kaiser Josef IL und üttendorfs. Hormayrs Neues Arch. IL (XXI.) 1830. Nr. 83, S. 659 ff. K. Pinzker Ant., Canon.: Erläuterungen zum Gesetze vom 19. April 1885. Linz, Haslinger. Gr.-Octav, 22 S. Plenigen Dietrich, Rit. v., Dr.: Eigenhändiges Lehenbuch über die von ihm 1504 erkauften Lychawischen Lehen in den Gerichten Oettingen, Wildshut, Maurkirchen etc. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek in München, 1506. Folio, 194 Bl. Mscr. Nr. 3948. K. Prevenhueber Valentin: Historischer Catalogus, Darinnen neben Beschreibung vber das Ertz-Hertzogthumb Oesterreich ob der Ennss, desselben Landeshauptleuth, Verwalter, Vitzdomb etc. von 1204. biss auff gegenwertige Zeit, Sampt furgangnen denkwürdigen Veränderungen und Geschichten begriffen. Wienn, 1652. Sedez. Neue Auflage herausgegeben von J. Seyringer. Linz, 1710. Duodez. B. P. — Collectanea genealogica. Nr. 30. — Aenales Styrenses. Nr. 31. — Styra antiqua et praesens. Nr. 32. — Series der Landeshauptleute, Landesanwälte, Vicedome, Landschafts- schreiber, Landschaftsobereinnehmer, der Herrschaften, Klöster und Pfarreien in Oesterreich ob der Enns. Nr. 33. Schlüsselbergers Arch. im stand. Arch. zu Linz. K. Prischl Friedrich, Advocat in Wels, Dr.: Advocatur und Anwalt- schaft, Ihr Wesen, ihre Ziele und ihre Verhältnisse zu den ratio-» 378 XXI. staatswissenschaftliches. nelleii Grundlagen des Civilprocesses in vergleichender und geschicht- licher Darstellung. Berlin, Puttkammer und Mühlbrecht, 1888. Gr.-Octav, VIIL, 496 S. Prischl Friedrich, Advocat in Wels, Dr.: Der österreiehisehe Friedensrichter. Praktisches Handbuch für die Gemeinde-Vermitt- lungsämter. Linz, 1890. Octav, XXXIL, 339 S. Kr. Kapolter J. A.: Alphabetisches Haiidbiieh des Gesetzes vom 3. De- eeinber 1863 betreffend die Regelung der Heimatsverhältnisse in Oberösterreich. Eied, 1864. 1 Bd. H. K. — Alphabetisch geordnetes ^^achschlagsregister zum Gemeindegesetze und der Gemeinde -Wahlordnung für das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich ob der Enns vom 28. April 1864. Mit Beifügung des Einführungs- gesetzes vom 28. April 1864, des Geraeindegesetzes und des Ge- meindewahlgesetzes, der Verordnung der oberösterreichischen Landes- regierung vom 20. November 1830 betreffend die Grundsätze über das Verfahren bei Wasserbaulichkeiten. Eied, 1865. Octav, 1 Bd. B. P. Riehl W. Heinr. : lieber den Einfluss der alten Rechtszustäude auf Vollissitte und Volkswirtschaft. S. A. W. München, 1863. L, S. 571. Eockinger Ludwig, Dr.: üeber die Folgen der Theilungen Bayerns für seine Landesgesetzgebung im Mittelalter. S. A. W. München, 1869. L, S. 225. — Vorarbeiten zur Textesausgabe von Kaiser Ludwigs oberbayrischen Landrechten. Abh. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. in München. 1870. S. 1 bis 68. — lieber Recht und Rechtspflege in Bayern im XIIL Jahrhundert, näher: üeber die grösseren Landfriedensurkunden, welche im Laufe dieses Jahrhunderts in Bayern zustande kamen. S. A. W. München, 1866. L, S. 376. — Zur äusseren Geschichte der Entwicklung der bayrischen Landes- gesetzgebung von Kaiser Ludwigs oberbayrischen Landrechten bis in den Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts. S. A. W. München, 1867. IL, S. 637. Eosenthai Ed., Dr.: Geschichte des Gerichtswesens und der Ver- waltungs-Organisation Bayerns. Bd. I. vom Ende des 12. bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts (1180 bis 1598). Würzburg, A. Stuber, 1889. Eudhart Ign., Dr.: Geschichte der Landsdlnde in Bayern. Heidel- berg, Mohr & Winter, 1816. Octav, 2 Bde. (Schachel Veit): Formularien und Proceduren des land.slKiii])tinan- schaftlichon Gerichts zu Linz von Weisungen (de probationibus), Eechtsregeln und Gebräuchen in Oberösterreich. Mscr. d. k. Hof- Bibl. in München. Cgm. 1175. B. Reehts^eschichte, Ständewesen, Taidinge. 379 Schaff er Franz Josef: Die We^-, Brücken- und Fährten-Mautln or- schriften. Linz, 1874. Gr.-Octav, 102 S. — Das Ilausierg-esetz im Zusammenhange mit .... nachträgl. Er- läuterungen . . . Linz, 1874. Gr.-Octav, 45 S. Mus. Seile da Julius., Landesrath: Bericht des oberösterreichischen Landes- ausschusses über die Armenpfleg^e bei den Gemeinden. Linz, 1880. — Bericht des oberösterreichischen Landesausschusses über die Frei- theilbarkeit des Bodens. Linz, 1880. — Special-Entscheidungen in Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten. Linz, Mareis, 1868. 2. Aufl. Octav, 314 S. — Erläuterungen zur Genieindeordnung. Herausgegeben auf Veran- lassung des hohen oberösterreichischen Landesausschusses. Linz, Fink, 1884. Lex.-Octav XIL, 448 S. Scheda Julius, oberösterreichischer Landesrath: Das Heimatsrecht in den deutschen und nichtungarischen slavischen Ländern Oester- reichs. Wels, Johann Haas, 1861. Octav, VIIL, 86 S. — Praktisches Hilfsbuch in Betreff des selbstiindigen Wirkungs- kreises der Gemeinden in Oberösterreich und Salzburg. Wels, Jo- hann Haas, 1864. Zweite verm. Aufl. Octav, 287 S. Kr. Schmieder Pius, P.: Abschrift eines Rechts- und Ehehaft-Taidings- buches, renoviert 1628, aus dem Stiftsarchive zu Lambach. Sitz.- Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XLVIL, S. 3. Weisthümer von Thalham und von Lambach. LIL, S. 205. K. — Ueber die Lambacher Handschrift der Collectio tripartita. Arch. f. kath. Kirchenrecht. 1865. Bd. XIIL K. Schopf F. J. : Die Grundbuchsführung für die Provinz Oberösterreich und Salzburg. Linz, Eurich, 1836. Octav, 33 Bog. 2. Thl: Das gesetzliche Verfahren in Grundbuchssachen. Linz, Eurich, 1836. — Unterricht zur Anmeldung und Berechnung der Entschädigung für die in den Kronländern Oesterreich ob der Enns und Salzburg auf- gehobenen und aufzuhebenden Grundlasten und das hiebei zu be- obachtende Verfahren. Linz, 1849. Octav, 1. B. P. Schröder Rieh.: Abschriften von 38 österreichischen Fantaidingen aus dem Nachlasse von Jakob Grimm. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XLIX., S. 305. K. Schuster Heinr., Dr.: Pantaiding der Herrschaft Spielberg. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. LXX., S. 77. K. Pergament-Handschrift des Museums Francisco-Carolinum in Linz. — Ueberlassung der Abschrift des im Linzer Museum befindlichen „Ehehaft-ThädtingbuecheP' von Neidharting. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. Bd. LXXXV., S. 115. Seh Waben au A., R. v. : Die im Museum vorhandenen Taiding- und Statutarbücher. XXV. Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 1865. Schwerdling Joh. Nep. : Praktische Anwendung aller k. k. Verord- nungen in geistlichen Sachen (publico ecclesiasticis) vom Antritte 1 380 XXI. .Staatswissensohaftliehes. der Regierung weil. Maria Theresias bis 1. Mai 1788. Wien, 1788. Octav, 4 Tille.; bis 1. Jänner 1790, ib. 1790. Schwer dling Joh. Nep. : Praktische Anwendung .... unter der Regierung Leopolds II. in geistlichen Sachen .... ergangenen Ver- ordnungen. 5 Bde., ib. 1793. — Praktische Anwendung aller unter der Regierung Franz I. ergan- genen Verordnimg-en in geistlichen Sachen. Wien, 1816 bis 1829. 8 Bde. Siegel Heinr. : Die beiden ältesten Denkmäler des österreichischen Laudreehts und ihre Entstehung. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XXXV., S. 109 bis 131. — Bericht der Weisthümer-Commission. L., S. 6-4 bis 71. — lieber einen neuen Versuch, den Charakter und die Entstehungszeit des ältesten österreichischen Landrechtes festzustellen. LV., S. 3 bis 4 und S. 5 bis 12. Ebenso Ziegelauer. XXL, S. 71 bis 109; vergl. S. 381. K. Söllinger Beruh., P. : Pantaidingbuch des Stiftes Wilhering. Sitz.- Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. Bd. LXXL, S. 764. K. — lieber ein Pantaiding. Papierhandschrift des Marktes Hütting in Oberösterreich. 1884. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. Quart, 12 Bl. Bd. CVIIL, Hft. 1. K. Spaun Ant. v.: Roccocco- Justiz. Mus.-Bl. 1841, Nr. 22, 33. — Process um eine Ohrfeige. Beitrag zur Rechts- und Sittengeschichte des XVL Jahrhunderts. Mus.-Bl. 1840, Nr. 23, 24. Stahel Veit (Notarius und Stadtschreiber zu Freistadt) : Ain Gerichts- ordnung und Process, wie man in Bürgerlichen, rechtlichen und guetlichen Verhörsacheii im Ertzherzogthum Oesterreich ob der Ens verfahren möchte. Hof- und Staats-Bibl. in München. Folio, 515 Bl. Mscr. Nr. 1167, vom Jahre 1555. Kurzer Criminal-Process, Wie solcher durch den Edlen, Ehrnvesten vnd Wolgelerten Franciscura Starck von Didenhofen, Not. publ. gerichts Advokaten zu Liiitz Allen Landtgerichten .... zur Information. Lintz, Crispinus Vogtlander, Anno MDCXXX. Octav. Mus. Staub er Franz X., stand. Archivar: Chronologische Auszüge über die Wirksamkeit der Stände des Landes ob der Enns. Manuscript aus dem Jahre 1859, umfassend die Thätigkeit der Stände iu den Jahren 1186 bis 1852. Folio-Bd. im Landes- Arch., 672 S. Kr. — Historische Ephemeriden über die Wirksamkeit der Stände von Oesterreich ob der Enns. Linz, 1884. K. Streinn v. Schwarzenau Reichard: Landhandfest, oder Freiholten des löbl. Erzherzogthums Oesterreich ob der Enns, aus deren rechten Originalien und anderen alten Urkunden zusammengetragen. 1599. Mscr. d. Mus. Nr. 131, 1 und 2; abgedruckt in de Luca's Justiz- codex I. Bd., S. 126 fl'., vergl. auch Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. S. 20, Nr. 80. K. B. Rt'clitsg-eschiehte, Ständewesen, Taidinge. 381 Strnadt Jul. : Peuerbach. Ein rechtshistorischer Versuch. Mit einer Karte: Uebersicht des Gebietes des Grafen von Schaunberg, 1370, und Gaueintheilung zum Jahre 910. XXVII. Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 1868. L.-B. 22. Nachtrag zu dieser Abhandlung. 1869. XXVIII. Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. L.-B. 23, vergl. XV. A., S. 174. — Die Geburt des Landes ob der Eiiiis. Eine rechtshistorische Unter- suchung über die Devolution des Landes Oesterreich ob der Enns. Linz, 1886, vergl. XIV. C, S. 170. Stussan und Ehrenstein Ant. Max, Freih. v. : Kurze Nachricht von der Innerlichen Beschaffenheit und Verfassung des Erzlierzogthumbs Oesterreich unter und Ober der Enns. Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. S. 70, Nr. 172. K. Suttinger J. B.: Consuetudinarium Austriacuin ad Stylum judic. provincialis infra onasum accomodatum. 1663. Mscr. d. Mus. Nr. 136. K. Vanderbank Fr.: Ein Raubmord zu Freizeil im Jahre 1659. XXXL Jahr.-Ber. d. Mus. 26. L.-B. 1873. Winter G.: Urkundliche Beiträge zur Rechtsgescbiehte österreichischer Städte, Märkte und Dörfer vom 12. bis 15. Jahrhundert. Mit Per- sonen- und Ortsregister. Innsbruck, 1877. Octav; vergl. auch Sitz.- Ber. d. k. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Bd. LXXXV., S. 263, Bd. LXXXVL, S. 3, Bd. LXXXVIIL, S. 3. Wirmsberger Ferd. : Freiheiten und Rechte der Märkte Sarraing- stein, Struden und des Gerichts zu Hirschenau. 1859. Not.-Bl. d. Akad. d. Wissensch. Nr. 15, 16, 17. Zeibig, H. J., Dr.: Der Ausschusshmdtag- der gesainmten öster- reichischen Erbhmde zu Innsbruclc, 1518. Arch. f. K. österr. Gesch., Xm. 1854. S. 201 bis 366. Ziegelauer: Ueber die Entstehungszeit des ältesten österreichischen Landrechts. Sitz.-Ber. d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien. XXL, S. 71 bis 109. K. b) Acten und Archivalien. Verschiedene Acten (Schlüsselberger Archiv): Deputatsausraittlung für die Erzherzoge Ernst, Mathias und Maximilian. Nr. 94. 1. Landtagspropositionen der oberösterreichischen Stände. 1573, 1576, 1581, 1584, 1591, 1593 bis 1596. 1. c. 6. Rudolfs IL Resolution ddo. 10. Juli 1578 über die Beschwerden der Stände ob der Enns. 1. c. 7. Extract aus den Landtagspostulaten. 1700 bis 1726. 1. c. 9. Extract aus den Memorialien und den von den Ständen hierauf erfolgten Schlüssen. 1658 bis 1699 1. c. 11 und 1700 bis 1725 1. c. 12. 382 XXI. Staatswissenschaftliches. Beschwerde des Prälaten- und Ritterstandes, wie der Städte gQg^n den Herrenstand, wegen des Sessionsstreites. 1. c. 31. Resolution Max II., 5. März 1571, betreff des Titels „Edl, lieber Getreuer** für den Herrenstand. 1. c. 36. Verhandlungen der zwei oberen Stände. 1668. 1. c. 28. Verhandlungen des Herrenstandes. 1725. 1. c. 29. Verhandlungen des Ritterstandes. 1596 bis 1720. 1. c. 30. Verhandlungen über die Beschwerden zwischen den drei oberen Ständen und den Städtern. 1. c. 32. Stand. Arch. in Linz. K. Amtsunlerricht für beide löbliche Ständische CoUegien sammt dem Unterrichte über den Geschäften- Zug der Ständischen Aemter im Erzherzogthum Oesterreich ob der Enns. Linz (1790?). Octav, o. J. B. P. Eingabe des Franz Traunsteiiier, Benefiziaten des freih. Schifer'schen Spitals zu Eferding, an die Landstände. Wie über ein adelig Land- gut in Oberösterreich der Anschlag zu machen. Gerichtsprocess bei der Landeshauptmannschaft zu Linz. Hof- und Staats-Bibl. in München. Mscr. Nr. 1176 vom Jahre 1660. Folio, 225 Bl. Vorlage der Aiiwalldtsbrieffe der fünf Niederösterr. Lande und der fürstl. Grafschaft Görz zu Wien am 15. Jänner 1556 und deren Erledigung etc. Mscr. Mus. Nr. 127. K. Das Armengresetz für das Erzherzogthum Oesterreich ob der Enns. Linz, Feichtinger, 1880. Bairisehe Laiidesordiiiingr. 1553. Folio. B. P. Beschwerden und Resolutionen der oberösterreichischen Stände. 3 St. Arch. d. Mus. 12. f. 4/b. K. Ordnung. Was Gestalten / Man sich hinfüro in diesem Land / Sowohl gegen allerhandt auff der Allmosens-Samblung begriffene Leuth / Als auch / Wider anderes herumb vagierend- verdächtiges Gesindl zu verhalten habe. Lintz, J. J. Mayr, 1681. LandesrArch. G. XX. 15. Bettlerordnung. Kr. €anzIei-Buch, so von allerhandt Gericht und Gerichtspersonen handelt. Mscr. 274 Folio-S. u. Register. 17. Jahrh. (?). Aus dem Tolleter Arch., Cat.-Nr. 3. Arch. d. Mus. B. 9. K. Gutachten des Comites der oberösterreichischen Advocatenkammer über den Referentenentwurf der Civilproeessordnung. Linz, Eurich, 1867. Gr.-Octav, 90 S. Colleetanea Uistoriea. 5. Bd. K., 4., 29/a bis 32: Discours, wass die Löbl. Ständt des Erzherzogthumbs Oesterreich Ob der Enns, sunder- lich die 3 Politischen Euangelisch. Ständt bei Jetzigem gefehrlichen Zustandt fürnemblich zu bedenkhen, vnd ob Sy in die begehren, so von Hof aus an sy gesuecht werden, willigen oder sich davon endt- Bchuldigen wollen. Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. S. 45, Nr. 108; vergl. XV. A., S. 181. B. Rechtsgeschichte, Ständewesen, Taidinge. 383 Collectanea historica. 5. Bd. K., 10., 196/a bis 203/a: Etliche vnder- schidliche Quaestiones darauf das ganze wesen, was das Erztherzog- thumb Oesterreich ob der Enss nach entstandener Böheimischen vnrhue, in einem vnd anderm vorgenommen, beruhet. Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. S. 46, Nr. 108. — (Aus der Bibliothek des J. C. Grafen v. Oedt.) 16/a bis 16/b: Kaiser Rudolphi Confirmation vber gemainesLandtsFreyheiten den Stenndten in der Ober Enserischen Erbhuldigung vbergeben den 14. Julii (1578). 17/a bis 276: Actenstücke der Stände Oesterreichs ob der Enns, die Erbhuldigung und Bestätigung der Landesfreiheiten durch Erzherzog Ferdinand von Osterreich betreffend (1520). Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. Supplem.-Bd. S. 7, Nr. 25. 32/a bis 76/b: Angelegenheiten der evangelischen Landstände Oester- reichs ob der Enns. 1607, 1619, 1620. K. 78/a bis 123/b: Abhandlung über die Frage, wem die Regierung der österreichischen Länder nach dem Tode des Landesherrn bis zur Erbhuldigung des neuen Landesherrn zustehe? (Mit Rand- glossen von späterer Hand.) 125/a bis 170/a: Darlegung der oberösterreichischen Stände, dass ihnen in diesem Falle „die Administration, Defension und Be- stellung des Landts Notturfften" bis zur neuen Erbhuldigung zustehe. 174/a bis 215/b: Gegenbericht der Regierung. 219/a bis 233/b: Die ständische Deductionsschrift in dieser Ange- legenheit. (1619.) Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats- Arch. Supplem.-Bd. S. 8, Nr. 25. K. Ständische Collegieii : Verordneten- Co 11 egium. Ausschussraths-Collegium. Raitraths-Collegium. Stauber, Ephemeriden. V., S. 90 bis 103. K. Kaiserliches Coiifiriuatious-Diplom der Sessionsordnung der zwei oberen politischen Stände des Erzherzogthums Oesterreich ob der Enns mit Beifügung des Rudolfinischen Privilegiums von 1593. Wien, 28. De- cember 1702. Arch. d. Mus. 13. 39/7. K. Coiisuetudiiiaribueehsabsclirift. Bei der Löbl. Landteshaubtmannschafft in Oesterreich ob der Ennss. Absch. Arch. Schlägl. V. Stammt aus der 1. Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts; vergl. Suttinger. Formular allerlei gemainer Coiitractbrief und anderer Schriften. Im Stift Salzburg, Land zu Bayrn vnnd Oesterreich gebreichlich. 1550. Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. S. 131, Nr. 369. K. Coiitribution-Puecli. 1588. Mscr. d. Mus. Nr. 172. K. Die für 10 Jahre bewilligten Contributionen und Gravamina des ober- und unterüsterreichischen Prälatenstandes. Mus.-Jahr.-Ber. XL VIII. 27 384 XXI. staatswissenschaftliches. Coutribution-Acta vund Schriffteu. So zu denen ettlichen Herrn Prä- laten ob der Ennss übergebenen Contributions-Libell oder Beschrei- bung gehörig, Erst hernach fürgefallen vnnd hienach geschrieben werden sollen. Mscr. Mus. Nr. 125. K. Abthaillung der Clöster in Oesterreich ob der Ennss Contributionen, was Jedem derselben in Zuetrageuden Fällen pro rato zu bezahlen Gebüehrt. Ord.-Arch. Schlägl. V. Wurde 1691 gelegenheitlich der auferlegten Türkensteuer dem Abte Michael von Schlägl vom Abte Anselm zu Garsten gelieben und blieb seitdem im Besitze des Stiftes. Copialbuch der 1. f. Stadt Steyer in Oesterreich ob der Enns. Böhm, Handschftn. d. k. k. Hof- u. Staats-Arch. Supplem.-Bd. S. 101, Nr. 397. Collect. Austriaca. 15., 256/a bis 325/a. K. Kaiserliche Gunst- und Freiheitsbriefe, kaiserliche Rescripte, Dienst- schreiben, die Stadt betreffend, aus den Jahren 1629 bis 1687, 1713, 1478. 1479. |
careconsumptive00gardgoog_4 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | The caretaker must remember that nagging in all or any of its phases is quite as detrimental to the invalid's progress as almost any imprudences 98 The Care of the Consumptive or sins of omission can be ; and I fed assured that many doctors will agree with me in the opinion that the pulse and temperature are as frequently increased and elevated by ** nagging," Nagging " «o o or a small family row, as by overlook- ing an extra wrap or a glass of milk. For the pulmonary invalid who is confined to his room and in bed, the case is even worse, as there is no escape, and thus the presence of people who are continually ** rubbing '' the invalid the ** wrong way '' has more effect. They must be excluded from the room, even if they are the nearest and dearest. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes has, with his characteristically crisp and clever words, so expressed my meaning in his Professor at the Breakfast Table^ that I cannot refrain from quot- ing him : Be very careful how you trust one of these keys of the side door. The fact of possessing one renders those even who are dear to you very terrible at times. You can keep the world out of your front door or receive visitors only when you are ready for them, but those of your own flesh and blood, and of certain grades of inti- macy, can come in at the side door, if they will, at any hour and in any mood. Some of them have a scale of your whole nervous system, can play all the gamut of your sensibilities in semi-tones, touching the naked nerve-pulps as a pianist strikes keys of his instrument. Psychology of the Sick-Room 99 How often have we seen the above verified in the sick-room ! How often do we see the poor invalid writhe under the well-meant officiousness of some " terror of the sick-room," who will in- troduce friends to cheer you up when fever is high and sleep about won over ; if the windows are open they shut them with a crash, or vice versa. They have a cheerful way of referring to all relatives of the invalid who have died of con- sumption, and whose symptoms at a similar stage were much the same, fairly revelling iu the details of the case ; or, perhaps on some other occasion, they insist on a trial of some wonderful remedy that has, to their certain knowledge, cured the worst cases. Unfortunately, such a picture is not overdrawn, and even in this enlightened age a consumptive can often say with all sincerity, " Protect me fh>m my friends." The cheerful caretaker, one who forgets self, who is quick and yet avoids all friction, who is firm, patient, always having the steel hand well gloved in soft velvet, whose very presence is a wholesome tonic, and every word and act an un- conscious, hypnotic suggestion of health, — such people are " born and not made," and when lOO The Care of the Consumptive found in the howling wilderness of the unfit should be prized as above price. Emergencies The treatment of what may be called emergen- cies in the life of the pulmonary invalid should be left at once to the care of the attending physi- cian, who should always be sent for without loss of time ; but it is also important for the nurse or caretaker to know some simple methods of treat- ment, which can be used in the interval before the doctor arrives. Such simple methods are not only valuable in themselves, but reassure the nervous patient and give a sense of security, in- asmuch as they see that something is being done for their speedy relief. Probably the mpst dreaded occurrence in the life of a consumptive is an attack of pulmon- ary hemorrhage, or bleeding from the Hemorrhage ^ lungs. The suddenness of its occur- rence — often without warning, and frequently at times when the invalid is feeling better than usual, — the sense of suffocation, and the sight of the blood, combined with a knowledge of its possible danger, — all arouse even in the most stout-hearted and phlegmatic individuals a Psychology of the Sick-Room loi ^ lively sense of alarm and more or less nervous shock. The first thing therefore for the attendant to do is to reassure the patient. Keep cool and do not hurry ; you can in this way prevent excitement and keep the pulse from beating so fast. It should be borne in mind that by far the greater number of hemorrhages from the lungs are not dangerous to life, but, on the contrary, probably relieve some congested part of the lung. One should also remember that what appears like a large quantity of blood scattered over handker- chiefs, towels, etc., or mixed with a quart or more of water in a white basin, is in reality a very small amount, if it could be collected into one vessel. Very often no more blood is lost in this way than when a tooth is extracted or in a case of " nose-bleed." The general panic that ensues sometimes when the invalid has lost a little blood is deplorable : Enauing ofteti the whole house is in an uproar ; ^""'^ doors bang, people are running up and down stairs, the sick-room is in great con- fusion, the poor patieut is surrounded by a circle of anxious faces, the room is close and hot, and any remedy which chances to be suggested by 102 The Care of the Consumptive some bystander, — such as salt on the tongue, ergot/ etc., all of which are useless — will be im- mediately tried. The mental agitation, induced by the fuss, bustle, and alarm, is to the patient really much more injurious than being actually neglected. However, the first thing to do for a consump- tive when he begins to cough up blood is to send __ quietly for the doctor ; keep every one in Case of out of the room who has no business Coughing^ there ; cheer and reassure the patient by your calm manner ; do not allow any talk- ing, and keep the body half reclining, prop- ping up the patient with two or three pillows. If it is summer, throw the windows wide open, ' In regard to my statement as to the nselessness of ergot, I will say that my experience has shown that it is practically of no value. I gave ergot for six or seven years, and have seen no difference now that I have not used it for several years. Good authorities, however, recommend its use. Yet it has been proved that ergot, if anything, increases the blood pressure in the lungs, as it causes the contraction of the other vessels of the body, while those of the lungs are not contracted, as they have no muscular coats. Dr. Babcock, Trans. Am, Clim. Ass,, quoted from Opendrowsky and Soudois. Also from ihe/our7tal of the Am. Med. Ass., March lo, 1900. Dangerous Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Tuber- culosis, and its Management, Norman Bridge, M.D. Psychology of the Sick-Room 103 or if the weather is cold, have them opened enough to cool the room to 50° or even 40°, as cool air is useful. Now measures to stop the hemorrhage may be instituted. Give cracked ice to be dissolved in the mouth ; if at hand, ad- minister a dose of twenty drops of chlorodyne in a tablespoonful of cold water. Put a poultice of flaxseed three parts, and mustard one part,* on the body. (This should be put over the right side from two inches below the nipple to the end of the ribs, and from the spine to the middle of the body in front ; put this poultice on warm.) The poultice may also be made of flour eight parts and mustard one part. Pond's Extract is also said to be of service if the chlorodyne is not at hand. If one is trained in the use of hypoder- mic injections, one quarter morphine under the skin and no medicine by the mouth is probably more effective than anything else. After the hemorrhage has stopped, if there is con- ** ^^ When the stipation, give a cathartic, such as cal- Hemorrhage omel, one tenth grain, every half hour °^^ until ten are taken ; fluid citrate of magnesia, * Told me by Dr. Jacob Reed of Colorado Springs, who found it useful. It probably acts by contracting the inter- nal vessels, as found by Schneller's experience on animals. I04 The Care of the Consumptive half glass, may be given instead [unless the bowels have moved frequently (three times) dur- ing the previous twelve hours]. Keep the patient absolutely quiet ; give only liquid nour- ishment, cool or cold, and no stimulants. It is well also to instruct the invalid to avoid coughing as far as possible, and not to speak at all. A feverish state, due to some inflammation in the lungs, is generally felt during the course of even the mildest and most curable Fever case of consumption. In the morning hours there are often periods of chilliness, while in the afternoon there is apt to be an elevation of the patient's temperature ; the skin feels hot, the eyes often bum, and there may be some pain in the back or muscles, accompanied by drowsi- ness or languor. The best way to reduce the fever is to have an excess of outdoor air, and this may be obtained To Lower hy having the patient rest lying out- the Fever doors. If the fcvcr is very high, such as a temperature of over 102° or 103°, absolute rest must be insisted upon. The patient must be put to bed or lie on a sofa with loose clothing, being, if possible, outdoors, but if indoors, having the room cool and darkened. Only liquid food Psychology of the Sick-Room 105 1 should be taken, as digestion is apt to be poor at these feverish periods. If there is thirst, Vichy water, lemonade, or orangeade may be taken, or perhaps, if the patient pre- fers, cracked ice may be used. The skin can be sponged off ; to do this sponge a small part of the body only at a time, and do that under the clothes in order to avoid chill, drying each part before proceeding to another. For this purpose use a small, soft sponge (from which most of the water has been wrung out, leaving it merely damp), with water at a temper- ature of 65° F., or water and alcohol equal parts, or water and vinegar, or water and sea-salt in the proportion of one tablespoonful to a pint of water ; a small amount of cologne added to the water is more agreeable to some people. This sponging can be repeated every hour or so during the height of the fever, and discontinued when the fever goes down or the patient feels easier. The cold-air bath is of advantage if managed with care. The treatment is essentially as fol- lows : the patient, covered only with a coid-Air sheet, lies in a room with the temper- ^"^ ature about 45°-55''. The patient's temperature must be very carefnlly watched so that additional io6 The Care of the Consumptive covers may be put on in case it goes down. The air bath must not be attempted in a damp climate ; in dry mountain regions, with due caution regarding draughts, it is a valuable means of reducing high temperatures, without any danger if the proper precautions are observed. Severe coughing, especially coming on in par- oxysms during the night, is not an infrequent occurrence in cases of consumption, and, inasmuch as it tires the patient and causes loss of sleep, it should be relieved. The simple remedies are often of service ; but, as a rule, all cough syrups and the like should be avoided, as they tend to upset the digestion and retard lung drainage. Often a cup of hot milk or beef tea will bring relief by dislodging mucus near the throat ; inhaled steam, formed frran ^ water and oil of eucalyptus, or cam- phor, or pine tar, is also useful. Prepa- rations containing menthol, used in an atcmiizer, oramixtoreof twenty drops of spirits ammonia in a tablespoonful of water, or sometimes a swallow of whiskey, are all good on occasion. A small blister (the size of a quarter), placed on the chest on the side affected at about the third rib in the nif^e line, has brought relief. The narcotics^ Psychology of the Sick-Room 107 such as opium, morphine, or preparations con- taining them, should be used only by the advice of the physician. Numerous lozenges are use- ful, or flaxseed or slippery-elm tea, •*^^ Cough taken slowly, is often very soothing. If the cough comes from inflammation in the larynx and is very painful, swallowing being difficult, a little blister of cantharides, the size of a dime, on each side of the Adam's apple will re- lieve the suffering. In such a case the patient should take his food lying on the bed with the face hanging over the edge, and sipping the beverage through a tube. Sweating can often be avoided by waking the patient up, in cases of periodical attacks, before it occurs and giving him a cup of hot liquid food, rubbing the body with flannel, or sponging off carefully with vinegar and cayenne pepper or aromatic vinegar, taking the precaution not to expose more than one quarter of the body at a time and to have the room warm while the spong- ing is being done. A compress will effect the same result if it is skilfully applied ; a cloth dipped in warm water and wrung out is placed around the chest from just under the armpits to the margin or lower border of the ribs. This is io8 The Care of the Consumptive covered tightly with at least two thicknesses of flaunel, which extends two or three inches beyond the wet cloth and is fastened with safety-pins so as to exclude the air. This bandage or compress may be removed in the morning and the skin rubbed dry with a flannel cloth. Pain in the side is frequently complained of, and generally arises from pleurisy. A hot mus- Pain in ^^^^ piaster or simply mustard leaves, the Side qj. ^ hot- Water bottle, will be of service in lessening the pain if placed against the side. A strip of rubber plaster, drawn tightly around the painful side from the spine to the middle of the body in front under the nipple, lessens the movement and thereby relieves the pain. If the patient has persistent pain at the back of the head, which is accompanied by languor, Pain at the with temperature above or below nor- BackofHead jjj^l^ rest should be insisted upon, as there may be some increase of the disease which is about to develop. p CHAPTKR X CARE OF THE consumptive's CHILDREN WHILE, as I have mentioned elsewhere, the actual germ of consumption is very rarely inherited directly from the consumptive mother or father by the child before birth,' there is often inherited a special susceptibility of the tissues, a want of power to resist the tubercular disease or consumption, that should make us unusually careful regarding all details of hygienic manage- ment in these cases, so that we may insure to such children a healthy maturity. Precautions in regard to certain matters should begin from birth." If the father or mother is tubercular, strict care must be exercised in regard to all pos- sible sources of infection, as I have explained under that chapter. That is, the consumptive ' The Cause and n-eventiort of Httkisis, Milroy Lec- tures, 1890, Ransotne. * DoTibris has said: "If a woman threatened with phthisis marries, she may bear her first accouchement well ; a secoud with difficulty ; a third never." Osier, Practice 0/ Medicine, page 247. no The Care of the Consumptive parent must on no account allow the children to be exposed to the dangers arising from sputa dry- sources of i^S ^^ ^^^ handkerchief, on the floor, Infection ^j. ^^ ^^le grass outdoors, because if thus exposed, the sputa becomes mingled with the dust and air of the room, and may conse- quently gain access to the throat or lungs of a child. This is especially true when children are at the age when they crawl about on the floor, gathering the dust, and putting everything they see into their mouths ; they are thus far more apt to become infected than an adult who cannot be so directly exposed to this dust.* Then, too, children playing on the grass run a risk if this * Berliner klinische Wochenschrifty Nov. 20, 1899, quoted in the Phil, Medical Journal, March 3, 1900. ** VoUand is of the opinion that tuberculosis, particularly that form known as scrofula, is not due to the inhalation of bacilli, but to the ingestion of the germs by way of the mouth. He believes that children crawling upon the floor, or playing in the dirt or sand, contaminate their hands with the bacilli, and that the latter are then carried to the mouth and produce the disease. Proper hygiene therefore, demands not only that tuberculous sputum should be destroyed, but also that children be prevented from coming in contact with the floors with their hands, or that the floors be kept scrupulously dean. Mothers and nurses must be instructed as to the danger of dirty hands in children." Consumptive's Children 1 1 1 grass has been infected by careless expectoration. A consumptive parent will also run great risk of infecting the child if he uses the same handker- chief for the child without having boiled and thoroughly washed it first. A consumptive mother should never be allowed to nurse her child. A wet nurse should be pro- cured, or else artificial food used. Nursing Also, in feeding her child, the mother must be cautioned against using the same spoon, fork, or cup, as she would do in tasting the food before giving it to the baby, or from trying a rub- ber nipple to see if it will draw, etc., as her saliva may contain the germs of tuberculosis, and infection of the child with some form of tuber- culosis may possibly result. Kissing children on the mouth is also a dangerous thing ^ , Kissing to do. Having the child sleep in the same room with a consumptive, or in the same bed, is running a decided risk, that should by all means be avoided. The milk given a susceptible child ought to be of the best and to be taken from a dairy where the cows are frequently inspected for ■*■ Milk tuberculosis. If there is any uncer- tainty about this fact, the milk should be boiled 1 1 2 The Care of the Consumptive or pasteurized. The following directions, from Treatment of Consumption^ * pp. 82-86, are practi- cal and sensible : When the child reaches the age of six months, it is allowable to increase the food by the addition of small quantities of thoroughly well-ground oatmeal, or of such patent foods as Savory and Moore's, Mellin's, or the like, and at nine months to a year, varying somewhat accord- ing to circumstances, gravy from underdone mutton or beef, with bread-crumbs, may make the mid-day meal. At a year we strongly advise the administration of some underdone lean mutton or beef, pounded, chopped fine, or pulled to shreds by means of a couple of forks, and throughout the life of the child the amount of meat m the diet should be considerable.* * Harris & Beale, Philadelphia, 1895. * The following food tables, taken from J. P. Crozer Grif- fith's The Care of the Baby (Phila., 1899), may be useful, although they were not intended particularly for weak children. They are good guides to sensible feeding of the child, and in cases where the child has a tendency to scrofula, Russell's Emulsion of Mixed Fats can be added at stated intervals. It must be remembered that ignorant preparation and administration of food is fre- quently an important factor in producing tuberculosis. " Diet from One Year to Eighteen Months, Breakfast (6 to 7 a.m.).— (i) A glass of milk with stale bread broken in it; (2) oatmeal, arrowroot, wheaten grits, hominy grits, etc., made into a por- From 12 to ^-^^^^ ^^^j^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^U cooked for two hours at least ; (3) a soft-boiled or poached egg with bread broken in it, and a glass of milk. Consumptive's Children 113 Second Meal (10 a.m.). — A glass of milk. Dinner (1.30 to 2 p.m.). — Bread moistened with dish gravy (no fat), beef tea or beef juice, a glass of milk ; (2) rice or grits moistened in the same way ; (3) a soft- boiled ^%% and stale bread thinly buttered. Rice sago, or tapioca pudding, or junket, in small quantities as dessert with any of these diets. Fourth Meal (5 p.m.). —A glass of milk or some bread and milk. Fifth Meal (9 to 10 p.m.). — A glass of milk. Diet from Eighteen Months to Two Years, Breakfast (7 a.m.). — (i) A glass of milk with a slice of bread and butter, or a soda, graham, oatmeal, or similar unsweetened biscuit ; (2) a soft-boiled egg From 18 with bread and butter and a glass of milk ; Months to (3) porridge as described in previous list. a Years Second Meal (10 a.m.). — (i) Bread broken in milk ; (2) bread and butter, or a soda or other biscuit with a glass of milk. Dinner (2 p.m.). — (i) Boiled rice, or a baked potato mashed and moistened with dish gravy or beef juice, and a glass of milk ; (2) mutton or chicken broth with barley or rice in it, or **lieef food," bread and butter, and some sago or rice pudding made with milk; (3) a small portion of minced white meat of chicken, turkey, or fish, or minced rare roast beef, beefsteak, lamb, or mutton, some bread and butter, and a glass of milk. Fourth Meal (5 p.m.). — (i) Bread and milk ; (2) bread and butter and a glass of milk.'' Well-boiled milk and bread, or porridge with plenty of milk, should be given for breakfast and supper, and at other periods of the day the child should be encour- aged to take plenty of good milk. On the other hand, 114 The Care of the Consumptive pastry should uot be allowed, as certain to tend to indi- gestion, and sweets only of the simplest kinds per- Vegetable fitted. Fatty foods may be given if the Poods, child can take them ; few object to bacon, Milk, etc. but, as a rule, children at all inclined to be delicate cannot really digest meat fat, although they can take fat in milk, cream, butter, and cod-liver oil. We shall have more to say in a later chapter about cod-liver oil, but here we would advise small doses, viz., a tea- spoonful each morning a quarter of an hour after break- fast and another after dinner, to a child showing the slightest tendency to debility or marasmus. We must recollect, however, that the susceptibility we have to deal with is something much more subtle than rickets, which is a disease essentially due to improper feeding. Next to proper feeding comes the importance of plenty of air and light. In this respect a child is like a plant : , . ^ it cannot attain its full growth or develop- Air. Light . , . , .. , -. . , , ment without air and light ; and a tubercular child, or one potentially tubercular, requires them more than one more robust. Of course, the ideal condition for a child is to be brought up in the country, free from the smoky and murky atmosphere of a town, where the air is purer and the sun*s light less obscured than elsewhere. If, however, a country life is not practicable, care should be taken that a child has as much of open air as possible, and, when he gets a little older, anything in the nature of open-air games should be encour- Vacations aged. Whenever opportunity occurs, it is well to take such children into the country, or to the sea-side, for a change of air, even if it be for a few days only. Special advantage should be taken of the summer or autumn holiday to encourage outdoor tastes and habits. At the sea-side, the vast majority of children obtain rapid and marked benefit. Paddling in Consumptive's Children 115 sea-water with bare legs cannot be recommended, but regular bathing, and later on swimming, are by all means to be advocated, but watch must be kept to note the effects produced and to guard against incautious over- indulgence. Bathing in very cold water and staying too long in water at any temperature, especially on dull, chilly, or overcast days, are both apt to be followed by catarrhs, even to those in health, and still more frequently in the case of delicate children. So long as bathing is followed by a satisfactory "after- glow," very little harm is likely to follow, but if the child be found to be cold and shivering, such bathing should be promptly stopped. At the same time it should be recollected that such children are, as a rule, very apt to take " chills," which may seriously disturb the functions of the liver, so that warm clothing, with flannel ^ "' or woollen garments next the skin, are a sine qua non. As regards young children, it is a doubtful point as to whether they shall be taken out in cold, damp, vdndy weather. Bast and north winds, and north-east winds, frequently produce catarrhs and ** chills," and caution is therefore necessary to avoid clothing such complications. Warm gloves, woollen stockings, and good, well-made boots with stout soles should always be worn. Cold air is not, however, per se, a contra-indication to open-air exercise, and bright, sunny, frosty weather is, if proper precaution against catching cold be taken, decidedly beneficial. Next as regards the rooms in which children live by day and night. They should be large, lofty, and light, should have preferably a south aspect or, possibly, a west, never a north situation. The day nursery should be thoroughly well ventilated every evening after the child has gone to bed, with well- opened windows, and with the fire kept in for a time. ii6 The Care of the Consumptive In the same way, the night nursery should be aired dur- ing the day, but the temperature should not be very diflferent from the day room. On general sanitary prin- ciples, these nurseries should be well removed from water-closets and sinks. If the child survive and continue healthy during early years, the same kind of precautions have to be taken in boyhood or girlhood, but regular exercise with light dumb-bells, ordinary drilling, and such games as skipping, playing at ball, and such like, are of importance, both in expanding the chest and de- veloping the muscles. Later on, cricket, tennis, fives, rowing, and other outdoor games have the same good effect. It is unnecessary to specify the exact clothing to be worn by girls and boys ; the only general principles which should be observed are, that the articles of dress should be warm, should be made chiefly of woollen materials, and should be as light as possible. Again, one is asked as to boys who are potentially delicate, should they go to a boarding school, and later on to a public school ? The reply which should be made, of course, depends upon circum- stances ; but, speaking generally, supposing it is possible to insure that in a boarding school a proper supervision is exercised as to health, and that the school itself is well built, well situated, at the sea-side or in the real country, one may reply in the affirmative. Day schools are not to be recommended, since the number of pupils is out of proportion to the room accommodation, and the conse- quence is that the rooms, in which so many hours are spent per diem, are stuffy and ill-ventilated. That such is the case any one may convince himself if he go into a Board School room, in the construction of which atten- tion to ventilation and other sanitary requirements may be said to have been given, yet in such a room in a couple Consumptive's Children 1 1 7 of hours the atmosphere is dense and stuflfy. Whether at school or at home, too many hours' continuous work per diem, and too long lessons, should be deprecated. At last comes the question, supposing the school life has been passed through with success as far as health is concerned, as to the kind of occupation it is best to recommend, and this is one which can only be answered upon general principles, such as, that an open-air life is one to be preferred to one more sedentary, and that a country life is likely to maintain the health better than a town life. In the course of measles, whooping-cough, and influenza we have, in susceptible children, espe- cial dangers, since, during the course Measles, of these diseases, a bronchitis is apt to ®'*pp«» «*<^- leave some chronic injury likely to be followed by tuberculosis ; therefore it is best to be more careful during their convalescence. All children or infants with inherited tendency to consumption, who sleep with the mouth open even when not suffering from a cold, who snore at night, and look listless and pale, with a stupid expression, and always having the mouth open and the nose stopped up, probably have some obstruction to breathing, this obstruction being far back in the nasal passages. Such cases must be seen by a throat specialist, as such interference with breathing induces bad nutrition. Also, if 1 1 8 The Care of the Consumptive the tonsils are enlarged, or there are lumps on the neck under the ears, or a swelling along one part of the spine, or lameness in one leg, with pain and sudden cries at night, the doctor should see the child as soon as possible. The dry, irritating furnace heat, which is the only means of warming in many American Furnace houses, must be cautioned against. Heat jq-Q room ought to have a temperature of over 68° F., and in many instances some evapo- rating arrangement, such as hanging a wet cloth before the radiator, is advisable. Exercise, but not to excess, should be taken, and Exercitea there should always be plenty of venti- lation. Over-expansion of the chest should be avoided, as this merely tends to a possible re- action when, at some time, a sedentary life is taken up. Exercises which strengthen the heart are to be preferred. Cycling, which is now used to the exclusion of many other forms of exercise, is frequently a strain on the heart in the case of a delicate child. This exercise most be used with caution. Ver>- rapid wheeling (as in racing'^, climbing steep hills, and taking long trips sliouM be avoided. The handle-bars most Consumptive's Children 119 be placed well up and back to avoid the injurious and ** round-back effect '* so often seen in the young cycler. The whole treatment by which susceptible per- sons are strengthened against the inroads of tubercular bacilli is thus summed up by Dr. Arthur Ransome * : These measures are nearly all comprehended under the one word " Hygiene." They may be briefly summed up under the heads of: residence in a healthy locality, situ- ated, if possible, upon a dry and pure subsoil, elevated above the surrounding ground; abundance of nutritious, easily digested food, with a large allowance of fats ; an almost entirely open-air life, with as much sunshine as can be obtained ; suitable clothing, cleanliness, and bracing cold-water ablutions, innocent amusements, and exercise without fatigue. * Arthur Ransome, M.D., F.R.S., Researches on Tu- berculosiSy London, 1898. CHAPTER XI COLORADO Now we ought to be careful of the health of the inhabitants ; and this will depend, first, on the situation and aspect of the place ; secondly, on the use of good water, the care of which ought to be made a first object. For those things which we use most and often- est have the greatest influence on health ; and water and air are of this nature. Aristotlb. IN the following pages I have endeavored to the best of my ability to explain, in as clear and non-scientific a manner as possible, the methods to be employed and cautions to be observed by those pulmonary invalids who are seeking health in the high, dry plateaux near the Rocky Moun- tains. I have treated quite a number of invalids during my sixteen years in Colorado, and I have been more than once greatly surprised at the general ignorance displayed, by even the most intelligent and cultivated people, on Ignorance on ^ the Subject the subjcct of cHuiatic treatment, an ignorance which, alas, often defeats the most powerful and beneficial climatic influ- ences. An observation by Dr. Rush, written in 1 20 Colorado 1 2 1 1793, on the value of climatic treatment, gives a pregnant example of this : * * A change of climate must not be expected to produce its full effect in less than two years. A medical attendant must accompany the patient, if possible, to prevent his losing time in the pursuit of all sorts of remedies that will be recommended to him.'* Colorado's *area is over 100,000 square miles, nearly twice that of all New England. Of this region, the east- ern part, one third of the entire State, is a jj^^ state rolling plain, the eastern border of which is in Outline 3500 feet, and the western, where it touches the foothills, 4000 to 6000 feet above sea-level. The mountain system which covers the western two thirds of the State is too complex to admit. of brief description. It is enough here to say that behind the high ramparts of the front range, four great parks or valleys or mountain basins stretch north and south across the State, with an elevation, as to their rolling or level floors, of from 7000 to 9000 feet, and that between these and the State's western boundary are many mountain ranges and isolated peaks rising out of the wide plateaux. In and out of this 60,000 square miles of mountain, park, and table-land flow the Arkansas, the Platte, the Dolores, the Grand, the Bear, and other rivers. * In the following description of Colorado, I have copied liberally from Colorado : About its Climate^ edited in 1898 by J. C. Dana and Carroll E. Edson, M.D. ; also from The Colorado Springs Region as a Health Resort^ 1898, edited by Gilbert McClurg and myself. The facts stated can in my opinion be relied upon. — Th^ Author. 122 The Care of the Consumptive Along these riveis and tlieir tributaries are thousands of miles of Tallevs, some of them narrow can«ms and little more, many of them broad, fertile, and inviting. These valleys vary in eleration from 4000 feet to 8000 or 9000 lieet. Colorado climate is, of course, as varied in many of its aspects as is the surface of the State itself. On the mountain peaks, 14,000 feet above the sea, is perpetual snow, with scant Alpine vege- tation peeping forth in summer beside the drifts. In the lower valleys the climate is almost semi-tropical, and here delicious peaches, grapes, and similar fruits are easily and profitably grown. Between tiiese two ex- tremes are found climates of all degrees of temperature. Places at the same altitude, moreover, in different parts of the State, varying as to the trend of the valleys in which they lie and as to their exposure to the winds, vary also, and widely, as to their temperature and their attractiveness as places of residence. Three things common to all Colorado, however, must never be lost sight of— blue sky, sunshine, and dry air. ,„ ^^ All over the State it is true that, save in the Weather , . , , . , . ^ highest altitudes — say above 7000 feet, — on most days in midwinter it is possible for one to sit in comfort in the sunshine in any sheltered nook. It is almost perpetual sunshine, which has perhaps more to do with the exhilarating effect of Colorado's climate on both well and sick than any other factor. The Coloradoan visits his old home in Iowa, or Ohio, or Pennsylvania, or New England, or in the South, for a few weeks and returns to his adopted home. Why the and ** Did you have a pleasant time ? " is the j^ first question that greets him. And over Prienda ®°^ ^^er again comes the answer: **Oh, yes ; except for the weather. It was so damp and oppressive — or cold and cloudy all the time.*' Colorado 123 The climate of America as a whole is brilliant and sun- shiny, relatively to that of the world ; but the climate of the Eastern States, when compared with that of Colorado, is so cloudy and damp and depressing, that one who has lived here for a year or two feels most deeply when he returns there the lack of blue sky and cheering sun. The new life in the new country ; the swift passing of events ; the possibilities of advancement and of for- tune ; the stir incident to the beginning of things, — all these are attractive to many, and go far to compensate for the loss of old friends and for the breaking of home ties and for that shifting of the scene of one's life which is a hardship to most. But over and above all the attrac- tions of the newness and the swiftness of western things, is the attraction of the climate of our State ; and many who have come to Colorado for other reasons have been led to stay, because they feel that here, under our sun and the inspiration of our sparkling, dry air, their life would be happier, fuller, and more satisfactory than it could be under the too often clouded skies of the Bast and South. The sun in Colorado — in that great tract along and among the eastern foothills, in which are located Denver, Colorado Springs, Manitou, Pueblo, Trini- dad, Golden, Boulder, Fort Collins, and ^"g^^g'JIine Greeley ; in that region to which the tourist and invalid are most likely to come and in which they are likely to stay longest, — the sun here shines for about sixty-two hours out of every hundred that it is above the horizon. In Philadelphia the ratio is forty-nine. During the winter months, the trying time for the invalid, the difference is more striking still. In Colorado we have from December to March 56 per cent, of all possible sun- shine. In Philadelphia they get but 37 per cent.; a difference in Colorado's favor of over one half. In ten 1 24 The Care of the Consumptive years there were in Denver, on the average in each year, 314 clear or partly cloudy days. In Chicago, in the same period, there were only 251 ; in New York, 262. During the three winter months, the sun shines four out of every five days. Nor do these figures tell the whole story. One of the greatest advantages of this eastern belt along the front of the mountains is the early morning sunshine. There are no high mountain ranges for the sun to climb, as in so many high altitude resorts in other lands, but its first rays above the low eastern horizon are at once warm- ing and cheering. The sun is up before the invalid is awake, and the air is warmed for his outdoor life without a long wait until mid-morning. In Davos, Switzerland, the sun on January ist does not rise until 10 a.m. and sets at three in the afternoon, a possible sunshine of only five hours. In Denver on January ist the sun rises at half- past seven a.m. and does not set until after half-past four — more than nine hours of sunshine. Neither do the cloudy days preclude an outdoor life, as might be inferred. They do not bring the damp jand rawness of the Eastern and Middle States. To many there is a restfulness in a clouded day as a relief from the constant intensity of the blue sky. The dryness and rarity of the air make the sun's direct rays hotter and seemingly more penetrating here than in lower altitudes. Colorado sunshine The Temper- ^jjj ^ ^^le soil, soften the atmosphere, and ature, Actual "^ *..'/' 'i. a and Felt warm up every one who steps into it after a winter storm in far less time than will the sunshine which falls through the damp and heavy atmos- phere of the Bast. The dryness of the air of this great mid-continental table-land, and the consequent rapidity of evaporation, must be kept in mind in considering Color- ado's temperatures, would one gain an accu- rate understanding of the climate as one feels it. The Colorado 125 average July temperature of Denver is 72.1°. The sensi- ble temperature of the same month — the temperature, that is, reduced to eastern terms — is only 57". The Denver summer corresponds, as to the feelings of those who pass through it, to that of Manitoba, of the Thousand Islands, of the Adirondacks, or of the White Mountains (Captain Glassford). The summer heat is occasionally seemingly intense; but it is really little felt, causes very little inconvenience, and never any suffering. In the hottest of summer weather it is but a step from the sunshine into the shade, which is always cool. Sun- stroke is here unknown. The coolness in the shade in Colorado, due to the very rapid dissipation of heat by reason of the rarity of the air, is something often spoken of but not ^ , „.. ^ Cool ShftuC easily impressed sufficiently on those not familiar with it. It makes it possible for one to live with great comfort even during a summer when the gen- eral temperature, as shown by a thermometer exposed ty the direct rays of the sun, would seem to be almost un- bearable. |
github_open_source_100_8_19862 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package edu.routingAction;
import java.util.List;
import org.openflow.util.HexString;
import org.restlet.resource.Get;
import org.restlet.resource.ServerResource;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import edu.type.SwitchActionTuple;
public class RoutingActionResource extends ServerResource {
protected static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RoutingActionResource.class);
@Get("json")
public List<SwitchActionTuple> retrieve() {
IRoutingActionService routingAction = (IRoutingActionService) getContext()
.getAttributes().get(IRoutingActionService.class.getCanonicalName());
String srcDpid = (String) getRequestAttributes().get("src-dpid");
String srcPort = (String) getRequestAttributes().get("src-port");
String dstDpid = (String) getRequestAttributes().get("dst-dpid");
String dstPort = (String) getRequestAttributes().get("dst-port");
log.debug(srcDpid + "--" + srcPort + "--" + dstDpid + "--" + dstPort);
long longSrcDpid = HexString.toLong(srcDpid);
short shortSrcPort = Short.parseShort(srcPort);
long longDstDpid = HexString.toLong(dstDpid);
short shortDstPort = Short.parseShort(dstPort);
List<SwitchActionTuple> result = routingAction.getRoute(longSrcDpid, shortSrcPort, longDstDpid,
shortDstPort, 0);
if (result != null) {
return result;
} else {
log.debug("ERROR! no route found");
return null;
}
}
}
|
generaldictionar00pilkrich_19 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | Campana (Tommaso), a native of Bologna, and the pupil of Guido, whose style he imitated successfully, as ap- pears abundantly in two pictures illus- trative of the life of St. Cecilia, painted for the church of St. Michael, in Bologna. Campana (Pedro). This artist was born of Spanish parents at Brussels, in 1503. At an early age he went to Rome, where it is said he became a scholar of Raffaelle. Whether this be so or not, he certainly approved himself an orna- ment of the Roman school, and imitated the manner of Raffaelle with some success. In 1530, he was at Bologna, where he painted the triumphal arch erected for the reception of Charles V. On the in- vitation of that monarch, he went to Spain, and executed there many capital works, the chief of which are in the cathe- dral of Seville, particularly his famous pictures of the Nativity and Purification. In the church of San Lorenzo he painted a Descent from the Cross in a grand style. He died at Brussels in 1570. Camphuysen (Dirk Theodore Ra- phael). This painter was born at Gorcura in 1586. He was instructed by Diedric Goverts, whom he very soon sur- passed. H« studied nature with judgment, and his subjects were landscapes, mostly small, with ruinous buildings, huts of peasants, or villages on the banks of rivers, with boats, which he generally represented by moonlight. His pencil is tender and soft, his colouring transparent, and his skill in perspective is seen in the proportional distances of his objects. He painted with a thin body of colour, but pencilled with singular neatness and spirit. He practised in his profession only till he was eighteen, when he became tutor to the sons of the Lord of Nieuport, which nobleman afterwards made him his CAM ) secretary. He excelled in drawing with a pen, and the designs which he finished in that manner are exceedingly valued. One of his best performances, a view of a village on the bank of a river, with vessels passing and repassing by moon- light, was in the possession of the author of this book. The pictures of Camp- huysen, for the cause already stated, as well as for their intrinsic merit, are scarce and dear. Campi (Galeazzo). He was born at Cremona in 1475, and is said to have been a disciple of Boccaccino ; which however is questionable, on the ground of the disparity between the style of these two artists. In a picture of the Virgin and Child, by Campi, dated 1518, he ap- pears to have imitated Perugino though very unequally, both in the design and expression. His greatest performance is his own portrait, which obtained a place in the gallery of painters at Florence. By those who have critically examined that picture it is described as being designed in a more elegant style, with a bolder relief, and a greater knowledge of the chiaro-oscuro, than any of Jiis other works. He died in 1536. Campi (Giulo). This artist was the son of Galeazzo Campi, and born at Cremona in 1500. He was taught by Giulio Romano, and by his instructions acquired a noble style ; after which he went to Rome, where he improved him- self still more by studying the works of RafFaelle, and the remains of antiquity. By his native genius and assiduity he attained a distinguished rank among the artists of his time, and may justly be regarded as the founder of a school. In the church of St. Margaretta, at Cremona, are several of his pictures, and there are others at Mantua, all of which are mani- fest proofs of his fertile conception and vigorous execution. He died in 1572. Campi (Antonio) was the younger brother and scholar of Giulio. He was born at Cremona, and became both an architect and painter, but excelled in the former profession. Several of his paint- ings in fresco and oil, however, show that, had he devoted himself solely to that art, he would have been eminent in it. His principal pictures are St. Paul raising Eutychus, of which there is an engraving by Agostino Caracci, and the Nativity, an altar-piece in the church of St. Paolo, at Milan. Campi failed in his fresco paintings by the afifectation of imitating 8 CAM Corregio. His genius was greater than his judgment. Campi (Vincenzio), the younger son of Galeazzo Campi, excelled in portrait painting and still life, though he some- times attempted history. He died in 1591. Campi (Bernardino). This artist was of the same family with the preceding, and was born at Cremona in 1522. He successively became the disciple of Giulio Campi, and Hippolito Costa. The prin- cipal works of this master are at Mantua, Cremona, and Milan, where several of his compositions are in great esteem, particularly a picture of St. John in tlie Wilderness, preserved in the Ambrosian Library, which is mentioned with great honour to the artist, and said to be ex- tremely well executed. His manner re- sembles that of Giulio Romano in great- ness of design, a perfect delineating of the naked figure, magnificent architecture, power of expression, and felicity of com- bination. He died in 1584. Campidoglto (Micheij Angelo). — He was born at Rome in 1610, aud was particularized by the name of Campido- glio on account of an office which he held in the Capitol. He was a scholar of Fiovianti, and had a most happy talent for painting fruit and flowers ; which subjects he designed, and finished in a style superior to any artist of his time. His objects are well disposed, and judi- ciously chosen ; his pencil is free and firm ; his colouring strong, natural, and agreeable ; and, by proper masses of light and shadow, his pictures have a charming force and relief. He died in 1670. Campiglia (Giovanni Domenico). — This artist was born at Lucca in 1692, and studied at Florence, under Tommaso Redi, and Lorenzo del Moro ; after which he went to Bologna, where he received instructions from Giuseppe del Sole. He painted historical subjects and portraits, among which was his own, for the gallery at Florence. His principal employment was drawing after the antique, and for the engravers. He himself also etched, particularly portraits. Camping (Giovanni). He was born at Camerino about 1590, but studied the principles of painting at Antwerp, under Abraham Janssens. After remaining there some years, he returned to Italy, and for some time resided at Rome, where he painted several pictures, which pro- cured him an invitation from the court of CAN CAN Spain, and it is supposed that he died in that country. Campolo (Placido), a Sicilian artist, who was born at Messina in 1693. lie was the scholar of Sebastian Conca, at Rome, in which city he applied very diligently to the study of the ancient marbles, and the works of Raffaelle. On his return to his native place, he professed historical and portrait painting with great reputation. He died of the plague at Messina in 1743. Campoba (Francesco). He was born at Genoa in 1712, and had Donienico Parodi for his instructor. He became an able artist in history, as well for his com- position as his colouring. He died at Genoa in 1763. Canal, or Canaletto (Antonio). — This artist was born at Venice in 1697. His father was a scene-painter, and An- tonio was brought up to the same branch of the profession, in which he acquired a vividness of conception, and facility of execution, that subsequently enabled him to despatch a number of works in a short time. When young he went to Rome, where he painted views from nature, and the remains of antiquity. On his return to Venice he continued the same course, and drew several fine views of that city and neighbourhood. His finest perfor- mance was that of the great canal, but he introduced into his picture the Rialto, in the room of the present bridge, with the Basilic of Vicenza rising in the middle. Canaletto used the camera-obscura for accuracy of representation and of outline, but afterwards corrected its defects in the air tints. This artist, by the advice of Amiconai, came to England, and remained here about two years, during which he painted a perspective view of the inside of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, which is at Strawberry Hill. Several of his pictures are in Buckingham-house, which are even superior to his views of Venice. He died in 1768. His nephew and scholar, Bernardo Canaletto, after com- pleting his studies at Rome, went to Dresden, where he assumed the title of Count Bellotti. He practised both paint- ing and engraving, and died at Warsaw in 1780. Candari (Giuseppe). He was born at Rome in 1630, and died in 1682. He was deemed one of the best of the scholars of Carlo Maratti, whose style he closely followed. His works are mostly in the churches and public buildings of Rome. Candido, see Wit. Cane (Carlo). He was born at Gal- larate, near Milan, in 1618, and studied first under Melchior Gillardini, after which he became the scholar of Moraz- zone. He adopted the manner of the latter artist in his principal works; but besides historical subjects, he also painted landscapes and animals, with spirit and originality. He died at Milan in 1688. Cangiagio (Giovanni). A Genoese painter who was born in the Valley of Polcevera, near the capital of that state, in 1495. He was a disciple of Antonio Semini, and the contemporary of Pierino del Vaga and Pordenone, with whom he contributed to reform the Gothic style of painting which had long prevailed. Cangiagio, or Cambiaso (Lodovico). This eminent artist, who also went by the name of Luchetto, was born at Moneglia, near Genoa, in 1527. His manner was spirited, and his expedition such that he worked equally well with both hands ; by which unusual power he I executed more designs, and finished ' more grand works with his own pencil, and in a shorter time, than most other artists could do nvith several assistants. At the age of seventeen, he was employed in painting the front of an elegant house in fresco ; but at his entering on the scaffold, the other artists, who were Florentines, when they observed his youthful appearance, concluded he could be nothing more than a grinder of colours ; and therefore, as soon as he took up the palette and pencils, they determined to prevent him from using them, being apprehensive that he would spoil the work. But after a few strokes of his pencil, they formed a very diflFerent opinion, acknowledging their own mistake and his uncommon abilities. Cangiagio had three different modes of painting, at different periods of his life. His first was gigantic and unnatural ; in his second, which was his best style, he seemed con- scious of his own imperfection, and therefore consulted nature with greater attention, and digested his thoughts in sketches before he began to paint. The third was distinguished by a rapidity of pencilling, which he adopted to provide for the support of his family. In the royal collection at Paris is a Sleeping Cupid, as large as life, and likewise Judith with her Attendant, both painted by Cangiagio, in his best manner ; and in the Pembroke collection is a picture CAN 90 CAN reputed to be his work, representing Christ bearing his Cross. His performances are numerous at Genoa, and he was also employed at the Escurial, in Spain, where he died in 1585. CA^fGiAGio (Ohazio), the son and scholar of the last-mentioned artist, was born at Genoa. He accompanied his father to Spain, where Philip the Second conferred on him marks of distinction, and a liberal pension. Oanini (Giovanni Agnolo). This pain- ter was born at Rome, in 1617, and became thescholarof Domenichino, but afterwards of Barbalunga. He painted historical subjects with such credit as to be elected in 1 650 a member of the academy at Rome. Queen Christian of Sweden gave him several commissions, and he also painted some fine altar-pieces at Rome. He died in 1666. Cano (Alonzo), a Spanish artist who obtained the proud distinction of being called theMichelAngelo of Spain, because he excelled alike in painting, sculpture, and architecture. He was born in 1600 at Granada, where his father being an architect, brought him up to his own profession, but afterwards he applied himself to the study of sculpture, and made an uncommon progress in a short time. He next went to Seville, where he studied under Pacheco, and next under Juan del Castillo, in whose academy he executed many noble paintings for the public edifices in Seville, and at the same time gave specimens of his excellence in statuary, particularly a Madonna and Child, in the great church of Nebrissa, and two colossal figures of San Pedro and San Pablo. Count Olivarez invited bim to Madrid, where he was made royal architect, king's painter, and preceptor to the Prince, Don Balthazar Carlos of Austria. Here, as architect, he projected several additional works to the palaces, some public gates to the city, and a tri- umphal arch erected on the entrance of Mariana, second queen of Philip IV. — As a painter, he executed many celebrated compositions in the churches and palaces of Madrid. While in the height of his fame, an event happened which involved him in much trouble. Returning home one evening, he discovered his wife mur- dered, and his house robbed, while an Italian journeyman, on whom suspicion fell, had escaped. The magistrates having discovered that Cano had been jealous of this Italian, and was also attached to an- other woman, acquitted the fugitive, and condemned the husband. On this he fled to Valencia, and took refuge in a Carthu- "an convent ; but afterwards was so im- prudent as to return to Madrid, where he was apprehended, and put to the torture, which he suftered without uttering a word. The king, hearing of this, re- ceived him again into favour; and as Cano saw there was no safety out of the pro- tection of the church, he solicited the king's permission, which was granted, and he was named residentiary of Gra- nada. The chapter objected to his nomi- nation, but were obliged to submit, and their church profited by the appointment, in receiving from him many sculptures and paintings. The last years of his life he spent in acts of devotion and charity. When he had no money to bestow in alms, he would give a beggar a drawing, directing him where to take it for sale. To the Jews he bore an implacable anti- pathy. On his deathbed, he would not receive the sacrament from a priest, be- cause he had administered it to a convert- ed Jew ; and from another, he would not receive the crucifix in his last moments, because it was so bungling a piece of work that he could not endure the sight of it. In this manner died Alonzo Cano, in 1676. In his early days, as he was of a noble family, he disdained to accept pay for his productions, declaring that he worked for fame and practice, and that he considered himself as yet so imperfect in his art, that he could not in conscience admit of any recompense. As he advanced, however, he had no scruple in accepting the just reward of his merit ; and the following anecdote, related by Mr. Cumberland, will show his spirit in de- manding what was his due. A counsellor of Granada having refused to pay the sum of one hundred pistoles for an image of St. Antony of Padua, which Cano had made for him, he dashed the saint into jneces on the pavement of his academy, while the counsellor was reckoning up how many pistoles per day Cano had earned whilst the work was in hand. " You have been twenty-five days carving this image of St. Antony," said the counsellor, " and the purchase- money demanded being one hundred, you have rated your labour at the exorbitant price of four pistoles per day ; whilst 1, who am a counsellor, and your superior, do not make half your profits by my talents." — " Wretch 1" cried the enraged artist, " to CAN 91 CAP talk to me of your talents : I have been fifty years learning- to make this statue in twenty-five days !" and so saying, flung it -with the utmost violence upon the jjave- ment. The terrified counsellor escaped out of the house in terror. For this pro- fanation, however, of the image of a saint, Cano was suspended from his function by the chapter of Granada, and was not restored by the king until he had finished a magnificent crucifix, which the queen had ordered, but which he had long neglected. In Mr. Fuseli's opinion, Cano excelled as a painter, with the single exception of Velasquez, all his contemporaries, and yet seems to have owed his superiority entirely to nature. His design is correct, his arrangement happy, and his colour charming. As a sculptor, he gives evident proofs of having studied the antique, by the dignity of his forms, the grandeur of liis drapery, and elegance of taste. In architecture, he was too loaded, too ornamental, and swayed by the fashion of the day. With such talents he connected a whimsical character ; and, as the master of a school, scarcely left a pupil that rose above medi- ocrity. A catalogue of his nearly endless works may be found in Bermudez. Cantarini (Simone), an Italian artist, called, from his native place, Pesarese, was born in 1612. He was at first a pupil of Pandolfi, and afterwards of Guide, but more as a rival than a disciple. His overbearing violence, however, was such, that he was soon obliged to quit Bologna and repair to Rome, where for some time he studied RafFaelle and the antiques. On his return to Bologna, he professed to teach pupils, but not succeeding to his wish, he removed to the court of Mantua. His prospects now seemed to brighten, when another cloud came over him, oc- casioned Ijy his failure to give satisfaction in the portrait of the duke. Mortified and disappointed in his views, he went to Verona, where he died in 1648, not with- out susj)icion of having been poisoned by a painter of Mantua, whom he had injured. Cantarini, though inferior to Guide, approached very near him in ori- ginality of conception and power of execution. What he wanted in dignity he made up in gracefulness ; and if he was subordinate in knowledge, he had more correctness, and stood without a rival in the finishing of the extremities. The heads of his Saints have been called prodigies of beauty and expression. Sir llobcrt Strange had a picture of Cantarini's, Our Saviour standing on the Globe, attended by Cherubim, which he says is nothing inferior to Guido ; it is inimitably coloured, the composition extremely agreeable, and the whole apparently painted with great facility. Cantarini also etched with great spirit. Canti (Giovanni), a native of Parma, who, however, resided mostly at Mantua, and obtained great distinction by his land- scapes and battle-pieces. He also made occasional efforts in history, but with little success. He died in 1716. Cantofoli (Ginevha), a female artist, was born at Bologna, and was the pupil of Elizabetta Sirani. She practised his- torical painting with success ; and in the church of St. Procolo, in her native city, is a picture by her of the Last Supper, of which good judges speak favourably, as they also do of some other altar-pieces by her, particularly of St. Tommaso di Vil- lanuovo, in St. Giacomo Maggiore. Her personal history is unknown. Canuti (Domenico Makia). He was born at Bologna in 1620, and was in- structed by Guido, of whose school he was a brilliant ornament; so that even this great master could not forbear admiring the produce of his fine imagination, and very frequently commended the judgment and taste that were visible in his com- positions. He was employed in many magnificent works at Rome, Padua, and Bologna ; in the church of the Olivetans, at the latter place, is a Descent from the Cross, by him, represented as occurring by moonlight, the effect of which is ex- traordinary. This picture is called the Notte del Canuti. In the church of St. Bernardino is a noble piece of the Virgin and Saints; and in the palace of the Pepoli family are two saloons of his paint- ing, which are universally admired. Canuti also etched several plates in the style of Guido. He died in 1678. Capitelli (Bernardixo). This artist was born at Siena about 1617. He studied first under Alessandro Casolani, and next under Rutilio Maneti ; but he is less known as a painter than an engraver. He died about 1660. Capolongo (Antonio), a native of the city of Naples, who was a scholar of Giovanni della Lama, and lived about the year 1490. He painted the grand altar- piece in the church of St. Diego at Naples, the subject of which is the Immaculate Concep'.ion. There is also another pic- CAR 92 CAR ture in the church of St. Nicolo, of which judges speak well, representing the Virgin and Child with a glory. Cappella (Simon). This artist was born at Naples in 1591, but studied at Rome under AnnibaleCaracci; after which he returned to his native place, where he painted sacred subjects with great success. He died in 1641. Cappelli (Giovanni Antonio). He was born at Brescia, in 1664, and had for his first master Pompeo Ghiti; but on going to Bologna he became a pupil of Lorenzo Pasinelli, on leaving whom he went to the city of Rome, where he studied under Baccici. He painted historical sub- jects, and worked chiefly in fresco, with great reputation. Cappelli (Francesco). He was born at Sassuolo, in the duchy of Modena, and received .his education in the school of Corregio ; after which he settled at Bo- logna, where he was principally employed by private families ; whence it is that few of his performances are to be seen, except a Madonna in the church of St. Sebastiano, at Sassuolo. This picture is so perfectly Corregiesque, tliat it is to be regretted more from the same hand are not to be found. Cappellini (Gabbielle). He was ori- ginally a shoemaker, whence he obtained the name of II Caligarino. He was born at Ferrara, and was persuaded to attempt painting by Dosso Dossi, who perceived his genius, from his taste as a workman in his own craft. In the church of St. Francesco, at Ferrara, is a picture by him of St. Peter and St. James, and in that of St. Giovannino, a Madonna with Saints, painted in a noble style. Cappellino (Giovanni Domenico). This artist was born at Genoa in 1580. His master was Giovanni Battista Paggi, whose style he closely and successfully imitated, though he did not equal him in dignity. His best performances are the picture of the Death of St. Francis, in the church of St. Nicolo, at Genoa ; and a St. Francesco Romano, in that of St. Stefano. He died in 1651. Capukbo (Francesco), a Genoese pain- ter, who was the pupil of Domenico Fiasella, on leaving whose school he went to Rome and Naples, at which last city he became the scholar of Spagnoletto; but just as he was giving promise of rising eminence, he died of a malignant fever at Genoa. Cakacci (Annibale). By the con- current testimony of most writers, this illustrious artist was the son of a tailor at Bologna, and born there in 1560. He was the disciple of his cousin Lodovico, from whom he imbibed not only the best prin- ciples of the art of painting, but also an ambition to reach the utmost perfection in every branch of it ; for which purpose he studied the works of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese, at Venice, and those of Corregio at Parma. His early per- formances at Bologna afforded manifest proofs of extensive genius, surprised the ablest artists of his time, and raised a general expectation of that excellence to which he afterwards attained. The fame of the Caracci family having extended itself to Rome, Anuibalewasinvited thither by the Cardinal Farnese, who employed him to paint the famous gallery which goes by his name. It will be for ever the glory of Annibale, but it must likewise be the eternal disgrace of his patron, who rewarded such eminent talents, and the labour of ten years, in so meanly and so unworthily sordid a manner; for that wealthy ecclesiastic, influenced by the ad- vice of his favourite, Don Gio, presented the painter with only five hundred crowns, for a work which merited more than as many thousands. He went, with singular satisfaction, to Rome, as he had for a long time desired to see the antique statues, the basso-relievos, and also the compositions of Raffaelle; and the observations he made in that city induced him to change his Bolognese manner, which had very much of Corregio in it, to assume one that was more learned, but more dry, and less natural, both in design and colouring. It is observed, that the manner of all the Caraccis is the same ; the only difference that can be perceived among them seems to arise from their diversity of temper and disposition. Annibale had more fire, more boldness, and singularity of thought than the others ; and his designs were more profound, his expression more lively, and his execution firmer. His genius was better adapted to poetical and profane subjects than sacred, though, when he attempted the latter, he generally suc- ceeded. He forsook that of Bologna, and adopted the Roman manner entirely ; the former was soft and mellow, and the latter more exact, but less delicate in the colouring; so that the pencilling in the last works of Annibale is neither so tender nor so agree- able as in his first. He had an admirable genius for landscape ; the forms of his trees are fine, and in all his objects after nature, there is a character that distinguishes them strongly. He seems, however, not to have well understood the chiaro-oscuro, nor are his local colours commendable ; but, upon the whole, no painter seems to have been more universal, easy, or certain in every thing he did, nor more generally approved, than Annibale. In the gallery at Munich are two pictures of this master, for each of which jMaximilian I., Elector of Bavaria, is said to have paid forty thousand guil- ders. And at Loretto is preserved a piece by Annibale, representing the Birth of the Virgin, which is exceedingly beautiful. In the Dresden gallery is a noble painting of St. Roche distributing his Wealth to the Poor, by Annibale ; and the Earl of Carlisle has a most pathetic picture of this master, the subject of which is the Descent from the Cross. Annibale Ca- racci engraved about twenty plates in a style worthy of his talents. He died in 1609. Cabacci (LoDovico). He was born at Bologna in 1555, and became a disciple of Prospero Fantana; but rose to that high degree of reputation which he possessed, by studying the works of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese, at Venice; of Pas- signano, and Andrea del Sarto, at Flo- rence; of Giulio Romano at Mantua; and of Parmegiano and Corregio at Parma. But above all those masters he admired Corregio, and always endeavoured to imi- tate his manner. It is remarkable that, notwithstanding the pre-eminence which this great master attained, he was so un- promising at first as to receive the nick- name of the Ox from his fellow-students. If he had less fire in his compositions than Annibale or Agostino, he surpassed them in grace, grandeur, and sweetness. In re- ligious subjects particularh', he excelled them both ; and after the manner of his favourite, Corregio, he gave a won- derful grace to his Madonnas. Simplicity and elegance distinguish all his designs ; his touch is lively, his expression good, the airs of his heads are graceful, his figures are marked with a fine outline, and his general composition is sublime. In conjunction with Agostino and An- nibale, he laid the foundation of that school, which has been so highly celebra- ted, and even to this time distinguished by the title of the Academy of the Ca- racci ; and thither all students who gave hopes of their becoming masters resorted to be instructed in the true principles of painting. The Caracci taught freely those things that were proportionable to the ta- lents and qualifications of their disciples. They established well-chosen models of men and women; and Lodovico, having collected at Rome a number of fine casts from the best figures, some antique sta- tues, and curious basso-relievos, he sent them to Bologna. He also procured the most capital designs of great masters ; purchas- ed instructive books on all subjects rela- tive to the art; and had the assistance of a noted anatomist, Anthony de la Tour, who taught the pupils whatever was ne- cessary, relative to the jvmction of the bones and the insertion of the muscles. Thehappyeffectofthis institution isproved by the many great artists who were formed in it ; among whom were Guido, Domeni- chino, Albano, Lanfranc, Guercino, and others. At Bologna, in a chapel belong- ing to the church of La Madonna di Ga- liera, is a picture painted in fresco by Lo- dovico Caracci, representing an Ecee Homo, in which Pilate appears washing his hands. The design is excellent, the colouring good, and the whole has a fine effect. In the church of St. Leo- nardo, the grand altar-piece is by the hand of this master. The subject is the Martyrdom of St. Ursula and St. Leo- nardo, and is a grand composition, consist- ing of a number of figures in good atti- tudes, grouped with singular skill, and adorned with elegant draperies; the heads and hands being correctly designed, and in a good taste. But it is grown dark by time, as most of the paintings of Lodovico are now, which greatly diminishes their eflFect. In the same city is a capital pic- ture of St. John the Baptist, painted by this master. The dignity that appears in the whole figure is astonishing ; it com- mands reverence, attention, and love ; and the countenance looks inspiration. The graceful air and attitude, as well as the union of simplicity and dignity in the cha- racter, are heightened by the judicious mixture of strength and softness in the colouring. There are also many other ex- cellent pictures in Bologna by his hand. OAR 94 CAB particularly aTransfiguration, andthecon- version of St. Paul, and a great number are in the churches and religious commu- nities in all parts of Lombardy. Sir Joshua Reynolds says of Lodovico, that " his breadth of light and shadow, tlie simplicity of his colouring, and the solemn effect of that twilight which seems diffused over his pictures, is better suited to the grave and dignified subjects he generally treated, than the more artificial brilliancy of sun- shine which enlightens the pictures of Ti- tian." Lodovico etched a few engravings, from his own designs, in masterly style. He died in 1619. Cabacci (Agostino). This eminent artist was born at Bologna in 1558. He was the elder brother of Annibale, the disciple of Lodovico, and in many respects not inferior to either. At first he studied in the school of Prospero Fontana, and next under Passerotti ; but it was the in- struction of Lodovico that gave him the taste and knowledge by which he render- ed himself considerable. As well in the disposition as execution of the memorable Farnesian gallery, he assisted Annibale; but he had not the assiduity of his brother, and devoted much time to engraving, in which he was so excellent, that his etch- ings were almost as much valued as his paintings. Few of his pictures are to be met with, and it is thought that several of those which he did finish pass for the works of his brother Annibale. One of the most celebrated of his works is the Com- munion of St. Jerome, at the Certosa in Bologna, which he executed after his re- turn from Venice : it is designed and com- posed in a grand style, the draperies are broad and elegant, and in the heads there is a noble character. This fine piece form- ed part of the spoils carried off by the French, in their invasion of Italy. Another of his designs is in the ducal palace at Parma, but by the death of the artist it was left unfinished. It was, however, so highly esteemed by the duke, that he never would permit any other painter to work upon it, thinking it impossible to find a master equal to such an undertak- ing. The plates of this great artist are very numerous and valuable. Agostino died in 1602. Caracci (Antonio), called // Gobbo. He was the natural son of Agostino, and born at Venice in 1583. Having been in- structed by Annibale in the art of paint- ing, he appeared to have a lively and promising genius, and, even in the few things which he painted, gave such tokens of an enlarged capacity, as made the short- ness of his life to be much regretted. In all his compositions he displayed an excel- lent taste; and in those pictures which he finished, he showed the spirited touch and pencilling, as well as beautiful expression, of Annibale ; and if a judgment might be formed of his talents by those fresco paint- ings with which he enriched the three chapels belonging to the Church of San Bartolomeo nell' Tsola, it seems probable that he might perhaps have even surpassed the whole family of the Caracci. He died at Rome in 1618. Caracci (Francesco), called Fran- cescMiio. He was the brother of Annibale and Agostino, and the disciple of Lodovico Caracci; by whose precepts he proved in a short time an eminent designer of naked figures, and was accounted by his master superior to any of his other scho- lars in freedom of hand, correctness, and truth. But growing vain by the applauses he received for his real excellences, he ne- glected colouring, and thereby lessened his reputation, which otherwise he might have effectually established. He died in 1622. Francesco engraved some plates after the designs of Lodovico and Annibale. Caracciuolo (Giambattista). This artist was born at Naples in 1591. His first master was Francesco Imparato, whom he soon left to study under Michel Angelo Caravaggio, whose vigorous style and powerful light and shadow he follow- ed, till, on going to Rome, he altered his manner by contemplating the works oi Annibale Caracci. On his return to his native city, he painted several pictures so much in the Caraccian style, that they were by some mistaken for those of Anni- bale. The best of his works were a St. Cecilia, St, Antonio de Padua, the Death and Assumption of the Virgin, and a St. Carlo. He died at Naples in 1641. Caeaglio (Giovanni Giacomo), an Italian artist, was born at Verona about 1512. He was an excellent designer, and studied under Antonio Raimondi; but is chiefly known for his engravings. His drawing is correct, his heads have a fine expression, and the whole of his perform- ances exhibit great knowledge and taste. He was also much employed in engraving of gems. He died about 1560. Caravaggio, (Michel Angelo Ame- RiGi da). This extraordinary character was born in the village of Caravaggio, in the Milanese, in 1569. His father was a CAB 95 OAR mason, and employed him in making paste for the fresco painters at Milan ; and this connexion with the artists inspired him with a similar taste. Thus, without a teacher, he became a skilful painter, and at first applied to the taking of like- nesses, in doing which he adhered strictly to nature, which he followed with servile obedience, copying even her very defects, and appearing to despise all that was grace- ful or elegant. On being shown some fine antiques, he said, pointing to the bystand- ers, " See how many more models nature has given to me than all your statues ! " Then going into a public- house, he drew the portrait of a Gipsy so accurately that no defect could be found in it. Being of a quarrelsome temper, it was almost im- possible for any one, especially artists, to keep upon good terms with him ; so that it was no wonder he should have multiplied enemies wherever he came. He had not been long at Milan before he was obliged to remove from thence to Venice, where he adopted the style of Giorgione ; but his stay there was short, and he went to Rome in such poor circumstances that he was forced to work for Josepino, who employed him in painting fruit and flowers. This not being to his taste, he left that artist to execute figures for Prospero, a painter of grotesque. Prospero saw his merit, sounded his praises every where, and made considerable advantage by his labours. A picture, the subject of which was the Gamester, painted by Caravaggio, so highly pleased Cardinal del Monte, that he took the artist into his service, and re- warded him liberally. All the walls of the workroom of Caravaggio were blacken- ed, that the shades of objects might have no reflection, and all day long the light only entered from the uppermost window. Thus he succeeded in giving his pictures that dimness and force which at first sight excited surprise, and eclipsed the works of other masters ; and even Rubens acknow- ledged Caravaggio to be his superior in the chiaro-oscuro. He gave to all his ob- jects so striking and powerful a truth as could not be exceeded ; but these beauties disappeared in largecompositions, in which his manner was hard and repulsive. He placed all his figures in the same plane, without gradation or perspective ; and the light upon bis objects was uniformly the same. All the painters of the time com- bined at first against Caravaggio, objecting to him that he was not only devoid of genius and grace, but that he had not discernment nough to make a proper selection of ob- jects. This censure was just in the main ; for he made choice of porters as models, whom he drew without their heads, which he afterwards put on according to the cha- racters he had to represent, whether saints or heroes. The altar-pieces executed by him were in consequence often obliged to be taken down again, on account of their vulgarity: this was the case with a St. Matthew, who, instead of being a wrinkle- faced old man, was depicted as a jolly clown; and, what was worse, Caravaggio painted the Holy Virgin as a drunken drab. So capricious, however, was popular taste, that the manner of Caravaggio, which originally gave offence, afterwards became fashionable, and the body of artists follow- ed his example. When x\nnibale Caracci came to Rome, Caravaggio was so forcibly struck with his colouring, that he exclaim- ed, " God be praised ! at last I have found one painter in my lifetime." Notwith- standing this, he took occasion to quarrel with Annibale, and challenged him to fight, but the other very properly refused to measure weapons with such an anta- gonist. Caravaggio next challenged Jose- pino, who excused himself because his adversary was not a knight. To remove this difficulty he went to Malta, and there got himself dubbed a serving knight, or Cavaliere Serviente, which was a degree below the dignity of Josepino. Soon after this, Caravaggio having a dispute with a young gentleman at Rome, stabbed him, and again fled to Malta, where he procured the favour of the grand master by paint- ing an altar-piece in the church of St. John, and other pictures. For these he received a chain of gold and two slaves as attendants; but happening to have a dis- pute with one of the knights, he was thrown into prison, from whence he made his escape, and got first to Sicily, and next to Naples. Here he endeavoured to ap- pease the grand master by sending him a picture of John the Baptist, and at the same time he solicited his pardon of the pope, in which, through the interest of Cardinal Gonzaga, he succeeded. Upon this he ventured to return to Rome; but as he was leaving his inn, some persons attacked and severely wounded him in the face. This did not prevent his embarka- tion ; but on landing from the felucca, he was seized by a Spanish guard, who, mis- taking him for anotherperson, hurried him to prison. On recovering his freedom, and going to seek for his baggage, he found CAR CAR that some persons had carried it away, Thus, deprived of all he had in the world, he wandered about upon the shore, and at length in the extreme heat of the sun reached Porto Ercole, where his courage entirely forsook him; a violent fever ensu- ed, of which he died in 1609. The great excellence of Caravaggio as a painter consisted in truth of colour; and so faith- ful was he in his representation of what- ever objects he undertook, that he obtained the name of the Naturalist ; and Annibale Caracci used to say that he did not paint but grind flesh. At the Spada Palazzo is a picture of St. Anne with the Virgin by her side, employed in female work, but the figures are as mean as their dress. Another picture of the Virgin with two Pilgrims, at Loretto, has the same characteristics, but is vigorously executed in his peculiarly sombre manner. In the palace of the Borghesi was the Supper at Emmaus; a St. Sebastian in the Campidoglio ; and in the Pamphili collection, Hagar and Ish- mael. But his masterpiece is the Entomb- ing of Christ, formerly in the Chiesa Nuova at Rome, and afterwards at the Louvre.. Caravaggio (Polidoro Caldara da). This eminent artist was a native of the Milanese, and born in the village from whence he derived his name, in 1495. His origin was so low, that at Rome, whither he went for employment, he became a common labourer. Happening to be engaged in that humble occupation in the Vatican, where Maturino and Giovanni da Udina were employed in executing the designs of Raf- faelle, he was stimulated to imitate them. This attracting the notice of Raffaelle, he was encouraged by him to follow the pur- suit to which his genius led him, and he became one of the most distinguished dis- ciples of that school. He directed his attention principally' to the study of the antique sculptures, in imitating which he rose to pre-eminent excellence. Raffaelle in consequence appointed him to paint the friezes for his works in the Vatican ; and he discharged this honourable trust entire- ly to the satisfaction of his illustrious pa- tron and master. Polidoro was a rigid observer of the forms and costumes of the ancients, so that his works appeared with all the character of Athenian art, in the heads, draperies, and attitudes of his figures. |
github_open_source_100_8_19863 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright 2022 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// [START eventarc_custom_publish_csharp]
using Google.Cloud.Eventarc.Publishing.V1;
using Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes;
using CloudNative.CloudEvents;
using CloudNative.CloudEvents.Protobuf;
var commandArgs = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
var ProjectId = commandArgs[1]; // "your-project-id";
var Region = commandArgs[2]; // "us-central1";
var Channel = commandArgs[3]; // "hello-custom-events-channel";
Console.WriteLine($"ProjectId: {ProjectId}, Region: {Region}, Channel: {Channel}");
var publisherClient = await PublisherClient.CreateAsync();
//Construct the CloudEvent and set necessary attributes.
var cloudEventAttributes = new[]
{
CloudEventAttribute.CreateExtension("someattribute", CloudEventAttributeType.String),
CloudEventAttribute.CreateExtension("temperature", CloudEventAttributeType.Integer),
CloudEventAttribute.CreateExtension("weather", CloudEventAttributeType.String),
};
var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent(cloudEventAttributes)
{
Id = "12345",
Type = "example.v1.event",
Source = new Uri("urn:from/client/library"),
Subject = "test-event-subject",
DataContentType = "application/json",
Data = "{\"message\": \"Test Event using Client Library\"}",
Time = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow,
["somattribute"] = "some value",
["temperature"] = 5,
["weather"] = "sunny"
};
//Convert the CloudEvent to proto format using the proto converter
var cloudEventProto = new ProtobufEventFormatter().ConvertToProto(cloudEvent);
var request = new PublishEventsRequest
{
Channel = $"projects/{ProjectId}/locations/{Region}/channels/{Channel}",
Events = { Any.Pack(cloudEventProto) }
};
var response = await publisherClient.PublishEventsAsync(request);
Console.WriteLine("Event published!");
// [END eventarc_custom_publish_csharp]
|
US-201414330609-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes BCL2, BAK1, BAD, BAX, and BCL2L1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, HERC5, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, LY6E, SIGLEC1, and USP18. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, and IFIT1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes IFI27, IL-121R beta2, IL-15R alpha, IL-15, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), janus kinase 2, CXCL11 (T-TAC), TNFSF13B (BAFF), TRAF-type domain 1 (TRAFD1), SERPING1, CD274 (PD1-L), indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (INDO), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and caspase 5. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include at least genes complement factor B, insulin-like growth factor (IGF2BP3), cyclin A1, neuropilin 2, complement 1qB, complement 1qC, CD80, CD47, MMP14, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR adaptor molecule 2 (TICAM2), macrophage scavenger receptor-1 (MSR1), desmoplakin, PDGR receptor, CCL13 (MCP-4), CXCL13 (BCA-1), CCL19 (CCR7), IL-1 family 5, purinergic receptor P2×7, IRS1, caspase 3, and cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 (CDKL1). The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include alterations in any one or more of serum protein levels of adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, vWF, BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include alterations in any one or more of serum protein levels of adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, or vWF. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
The IFNα-inducible PD markers in an expression profile may include alterations in any one or more of serum protein levels of BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin. The IFNα-inducible PD markers in such an expression profile may further include at least one or more gene listed in Table 19 and/or 20 and/or 21, and/or 22, and/or 23, and/or 24, and/or 26, and/or 28 and/or 30.
An IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further include genes whose expression or activity is down-regulated in cells exposed to non-baseline IFNα levels. The genes whose expression or activity is down-regulated may be any of the genes that are identified in Table 31. The genes may include any one or more of SLC4A1, PRSS33, FCER1A, BACH2, KLRB1, D4S234E, T cell receptor alpha locus/T cell receptor delta locus, FEZ1, AFF3, CD160, ABCB1, PTCH1, OR2W3, IGHD, NOG, NR3C2, TNS1, PDZK1IP1, SH2D1B, STRBP, ZMYND11, TMOD1, FCRLA, DKFZp761P0423, EPB42, NR6A1, LOC341333, MS4A1, IGHM, SIGLECP3, KIR2DS2, PKIA, BLR1, C5orf4, MYLK, LOC283663, MAD1L1, CXCL5, D4S234E, FCRLA, KRT1, c16orf74, ABCB4, or GPRASP1. Any number of these genes may serve as PD markers in an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile. For example, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12 at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, or at least 50 down-regulated genes may be included in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile. The IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further include genes listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28.
The IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may include gene FEZ1, or may include genes FEZ1 and NOG, or may include gene NOG, or may include genes FEZ1, NOG, and SLC4A1, or may include gene SLC4A1, or may include genes NOG and SLC4A1, or may include genes FEZ1, NOG, SLC4A1, and D4S234E, or may include genes FEZ1, NOG, SLC4A1, D4S234E, and PRSS33. The IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may further include genes listed in Tables 19 and/or 20 and/or 21 and/or 22 and/or 23 and/or 24 and/or 26 and/or 28 and/or 30, and/or 31.
Down-regulated genes may have down-regulated expression or activity of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% that of control cells, e.g., cells of healthy volunteers or cells of control animals or cells not exposed to IFNα in culture.
Up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by any means known in the art. For example, up- or down-regulation of gene expression may be detected by determining mRNA levels. mRNA expression may be determined by northern blotting, slot blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, or gene chip hybridization techniques. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,744,305 and 5,143,854 for examples of making nucleic acid arrays for gene chip hybridization techniques.
Up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by detecting protein levels. The up- or down-regulated gene whose protein levels are detected may be any one, any two, any three, any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any twelve, any fifteen, any twenty, any twenty five, any thirty, any thirty five, or more of adiponectin, alpha-fetoprotein, apolipoprotein CIII, beta-2 microglobulin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19-9, eotaxin, FABP, factor VII, ferritin, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1ra, IL-3, MCP-1, MMP-3, myoglobin, SGOT, tissue factor, TIMP-1, TNF RII, TNF-alpha, VCAM-1, vWF, BDNK, complement 3, CD40 ligand, EGF, ENA-78, EN-RAGE, IGF-1, MDC, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, or thrombopoietin. Methods for detecting protein expression levels include immuno-based assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays, western blotting, protein arrays, and silver staining.
An IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile may comprise a profile of protein activity. Up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by detecting activity of proteins including, but not limited to, detectable phosphorylation activity, de-phosphorylation activity, or cleavage activity. Furthermore, up- or down-regulation of gene expression or activity of IFNα-inducible PD markers may be determined by detecting any combination of these gene expression levels or activities.
A candidate therapeutic for treating IFNα-mediated disorders may be identified by the methods encompassed by the invention. Candidate therapeutics may be any type of molecule including a small molecule or a biological agent. A candidate therapeutic identified by the methods encompassed by the invention may immediately be identified as useful as a therapeutic for a disease, disorder, or condition. Alternatively, a candidate therapeutic identified by the methods encompassed by the invention may need to be further tested and/or modified before selection for treating patients. Alternatively, a candidate therapeutic identified by the methods encompassed by the invention may, after further testing, be de-selected as a molecule for treating patients.
In methods that identify candidate therapeutics, cells comprising an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile are contacted with an agent. The cells may be any type of cells, such as commercially available immortalized cell lines that comprise an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, commercially available immortalized cell lines that have been treated with IFNα to induce an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, cells isolated from a patient having an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, or cells isolated from a healthy patient and treated with IFNα to induce an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.
Presence or absence of a change in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the cells is detected following contacting the cells with the agent. Presence of change may be any change in IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile including at least a 10% decrease in up-regulated expression or activity of at least 1 gene in the IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile, at least a 20% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 30% decrease of the at least up-regulated 1 gene, at least a 40% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 50% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 60% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 70% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 75% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least an 80% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least an 85% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 90% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 95% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 96% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 97% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 98% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, at least a 99% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene, or a 100% decrease of the at least 1 up-regulated gene. In methods of monitoring disease progression of a patient samples from the patient may be obtained before and after administration of an agent, e.g., an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity, or an agent that binds to and does not modulate type I IFN or IFNα activity, or a combination of agents that may or may not include an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity. Type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker expression profiles are obtained in the (before and after agent administration) samples. The type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker expression profiles in the samples are compared. Comparison may be of the number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers present in the samples or may be of the quantity of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers present in the samples, or any combination thereof. Variance indicating efficacy of the therapeutic agent may be indicated if the number or level (or any combination thereof) of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers decreases in the sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent relative to the sample obtained before administration of the therapeutic agent. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may decrease by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. The level of any given up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may decrease by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with decreased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Any combination of decreased number and decreased level of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may indicate efficacy. The sample obtained from the patient may be obtained prior to a first administration of the agent, i.e., the patient is naïve to the agent. Alternatively, the sample obtained from the patient may occur after administration of the agent in the course of treatment. For example, the agent may have been administered prior to the initiation of the monitoring protocol. Following administration of the agent an additional samples may be obtained from the patient and type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers in the samples are compared. The samples may be of the same or different type, e.g., each sample obtained may be a blood sample, or each sample obtained may be a serum sample. The type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers detected in each sample may be the same, may overlap substantially, or may be similar.
The samples may be obtained at any time before and after the administration of the therapeutic agent. The sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent may be obtained at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 12, or at least 14 days after administration of the therapeutic agent. The sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent may be obtained at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 weeks after administration of the therapeutic agent. The sample obtained after administration of the therapeutic agent may be obtained at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 months following administration of the therapeutic agent.
Additional samples may be obtained from the patient following administration of the therapeutic agent. At least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25 samples may be obtained from the patient to monitor progression or regression of the disease or disorder over time. Disease progression may be monitored over a time period of at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least 6 weeks, at least 7 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 4 years, at least 5 years, at least 10 years, or over the lifetime of the patient. Additional samples may be obtained from the patient at regular intervals such as at monthly, bi-monthly, once a quarter year, twice a year, or yearly intervals. The samples may be obtained from the patient following administration of the agent at regular intervals. For instance, the samples may be obtained from the patient at one week following each administration of the agent, or at two weeks following each administration of the agent, or at three weeks following each administration of the agent, or at one month following each administration of the agent, or at two months following each administration of the agent. Alternatively, multiple samples may be obtained from the patient following an or each administration of the agent.
Disease progression in a patient may similarly be monitored in the absence of administration of an agent. Samples may periodically be obtained from the patient having the disease or disorder. Disease progression may be identified if the number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers increases in a later-obtained sample relative to an earlier obtained sample. The number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may increase by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. Disease progression may be identified if level of any given up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker increases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. Disease progression may be identified if level of any given down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker decreases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with increased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. The number of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with decreased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Any combination of increased number and increased level of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may indicate disease progression. Alternatively, or in combination, any combination of decreased number and decreased level of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker may indicate disease progression. Disease regression may also be identified in a patient having a disease or disorder, not treated by an agent. In this instance, regression may be identified if the number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers decreases in a later-obtained sample relative to an earlier obtained sample. The number of type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers may decrease by at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10. Disease regression may be identified if level of any given up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker decreases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. Disease regression may be identified if level of any given down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD marker increases by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. The number of up-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with decreased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. The number of down-regulated type I IFN or IFNα inducible PD markers with increased levels may be at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35. Disease progression or disease regression may be monitored by obtaining samples over any period of time and at any interval. The invention also encompasses kits and probes. The probes may be any molecule that detects any expression or activity of any gene that may be included in an IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile.
The invention also encompasses methods of detecting IFN activity. These methods may employ cells comprising a polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene under the control of an interferon-stimulated response element. The cells comprising the polynucleotide sequence may be any cells amenable to transfection or transformation with a polynucleotide sequence and that can be maintained in culture. These cells include animal cells, bacterial cells, yeast cells, insect cells, or plant cells. These cells may be adherent or may grow in suspension. If the cells are animal cells, they may be from a known cell line such as HeLa, COS, NIH3T3, AGS, 293, CHO, Huh-7, HUVEC, MCF-7, C6, BHK-21, BNL CL 2, C2C12, HepG2, and ATDC5. Countless other cell lines are known and can be obtained by those of skill in the art. The cells may alternatively be primary cells that have or have not been immortalized.
The cells may comprise a polynucleotide sequence comprising a reporter gene under the control of an interferon-stimulated response element. The polynucleotide sequence may be stably integrated in the DNA of the cell or may be an extrachromosomal element that is stably or transiently in the cell. The polynucleotide may have been introduced to the cell as a naked polynucleotide molecule, a polynucleotide molecule complexed with lipids or other molecules, or a polynucleotide in a virus particle.
If the polynucleotide was introduced as a naked polynucleotide molecule, the polynucleotide may have been a linear or a circular molecule. Non-limiting examples of circular polynucleotide molecules include plasmids, and artificial chromosomes. These vectors may be cleaved with enzymes, for example, to generate linear polynucleotide molecules.
Furthermore, if the polynucleotide was introduced as a naked polynucleotide it may have been introduced into the cells by any of many well known techniques in the art. These techniques include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microinjection, and biolistic particle delivery. See, also, e.g., Loeffler and Behr, 1993, Meth. Enzymol. 217:599-618; Cohen et al., 1993, Meth. Enzymol. 217:618-644; Clin. Pharma. Ther. 29:69-92 (1985), Sambrook, et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989 and Ausubel et al., ed. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., N.Y. (1987-2001).
If the polynucleotide was introduced as a complex with lipids or liposomes, it too may have been introduced by one of many known techniques to the skilled artisan. Lipids or liposomes comprise a mixture of fat particles or lipids which bind to DNA or RNA to provide a hydrophobic coated delivery vehicle. Suitable liposomes may comprise any of the conventional synthetic or natural phospholipid liposome materials including phospholipids from natural sources such as egg, plant or animal sources such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol. Synthetic phospholipids also may be used, e.g., dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidycholine and corresponding synthetic phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylglycerols. Lipids or liposomes that may be conjugated with the vector are also commercially available to the skilled artisan. Examples of commercially available lipid or liposome transfection reagents known to those of skill in the art include LIPOFECTAMINE™ (Invitrogen), GENEJUICE® (Novagen), GENEJAMMER® (Stratagene), FUGENE® HD (Roche), MEGAFECTIN™ (Qbiogene), SUPERFECT® (Qiagen), and EFFECTENE® (Qiagen).
If the polynucleotide was introduced as a complex with other molecules it may have been compacted or in a nanosphere. Compacted polynucleotide complexes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,972,901, 6,008,336, and 6,077,835. Nanospheres are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,718,905 and 6,207,195. These compacted polynucleotide complexes and nanospheres that complex nucleic acids utilize polymeric cations. Typical polymeric cations include gelatin, poly-L-lysine, and chitosan. Alternatively, the polynucleotide may have been complexed with DEAE-dextran, or transfected using techniques such as calcium phosphate coprecipitation, or calcium chloride coprecipitation.
If the polynucleotide was introduced associated with a virus, the virus may have been any well known suitable virus for polynucleotide delivery. Example viruses that may be used as vectors include adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, retrovirus, herpes virus (e.g. herpes simplex virus), vaccina virus, papovirus, Sendai virus, SV40 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.
The polynucleotide sequence may include a reporter gene and an interferon-stimulated response element. The reporter gene may be any one of luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, β-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, β-glucuronidase, or secreted placental alkaline phosphatase. Variations of many of these reporter genes, e.g., green fluorescent protein and luceriferase, are known and can be readily identified and/or produced by those of skill in the art. Other reporter genes in addition to those listed will also be known to those of skill in the art and are readily available. Interferon-stimulated response elements are also known to those of skill in the art. They may be obtained from commercial vendors such as Stratagene, Clonetech, and Biomyx. They have also been reported in, for instance, Alcantara et al. (Nuc. Acid. Res. 30 (2002):2068-2075 and Kirchhoff et al. (Oncogene 18 (1999):3725-3736).
The cells employed in the assay may be incubated with a sample. The sample may be obtained from a patient, from a vendor with patient samples, or a control sample used for calibration or as a control. If the sample is obtained from a patient it may be any biological fluid or tissue, such as whole blood, saliva, urine, synovial fluid, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal secretions, sputum, amniotic fluid, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, total white blood cells, lymph node cells, spleen cells, tonsil cells, or skin.
Expression of the reporter gene is detected by any well known means in the art. The expression, even if “0” indicates IFN activity in the sample. One of skill in the art may further quantitate any level of expression of the reporter gene which may then correlate to level of IFN activity in the sample.
Applicants provide a set of non-limiting embodiments to describe some of the aspects of the invention.
EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1
A method of treating a patient having a type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder comprising:
administering an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity;
- - wherein the patient comprises a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile; - and wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.
Embodiment 2
The method of 1 further comprising detecting neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.
Embodiment 3
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1 IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.
Embodiment 4
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the agent is a biologic agent.
Embodiment 5
The method of embodiment 4 wherein the agent is an antibody.
Embodiment 6
The method of embodiment 5 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.
Embodiment 7
The method of embodiment 5 wherein the antibody is specific for one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtype but is not MEDI-545.
Embodiment 8
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the administering the agent alleviates one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.
Embodiment 9
The method of embodiment 5 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between approximately 0.03 and 30 mg/kg.
Embodiment 10
The method of embodiment 9 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg.
Embodiment 11
The method of embodiment 10 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.03 and 1 mg/kg.
Embodiment 12
The method of any one of embodiments 9-11 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 10%.
Embodiment 13
The method of embodiment 12 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 20%.
Embodiment 14
The method of embodiment 13 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 30%.
Embodiment 15
The method of embodiment 14 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 40%.
Embodiment 16
The method of embodiment 15 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 50%.
Embodiment 17
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder is one of lupus, psoriasis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, or idiopathic inflammatory myositis.
Embodiment 18
The method of embodiment 17 wherein the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder is lupus.
Embodiment 19
The method of embodiment 17 wherein the type I IFN or an IFNα-mediated disease or disorder is psoriasis.
Embodiment 20
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of at least IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 8, and 14.
Embodiment 21
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises transcripts of PD marker genes.
Embodiment 22
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises polypeptides expressed from PD marker genes.
Embodiment 23
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1
Embodiment 24
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2
Embodiment 25
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPST11.
Embodiment 26
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.
Embodiment 27
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.
Embodiment 28
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.
Embodiment 29
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.
Embodiment 30
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.
Embodiment 31
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.
Embodiment 32
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.
Embodiment 33
The method of embodiment 32 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1 and IFIT1.
Embodiment 34
The method of embodiment 33 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes OAS2 and OAS1.
Embodiment 35
The method of any one of embodiments 3 or 23-33 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.
Embodiment 36
The method of embodiment 1 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.
Embodiment 37
The method of embodiment 22 wherein the polypeptides are detected at increased levels in serum.
Embodiment 38
The method of embodiment 37 wherein polypeptides include cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3.
Embodiment 39
The method of embodiment 22 wherein the polypeptides are detected at decreased levels in serum.
Embodiment 40
The method of embodiment 39 wherein the polypeptides include EGF, thrombopoietin, and CD40 ligand.
Embodiment 41
A method of treating an autoimmune disease patient comprising a moderate or strong type I IFN or an IFNα PD marker profile comprising:
administering an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity;
- - wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.
Embodiment 42
The method of 41 further comprising detecting neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.
Embodiment 43
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1 IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.
Embodiment 44
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1
Embodiment 45
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2
Embodiment 46
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPSTI1.
Embodiment 47
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.
Embodiment 48
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.
Embodiment 49
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.
Embodiment 50
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.
Embodiment 51
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.
Embodiment 52
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.
Embodiment 53
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, and IFI27.
Embodiment 54
The method of embodiment 53 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1 and IFIT1.
Embodiment 55
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of at least IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 8, and 14.
Embodiment 56
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the agent is a biologic agent.
Embodiment 57
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the agent is an antibody.
Embodiment 58
The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.
Embodiment 59
The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is specific for one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtype but is not MEDI-545.
Embodiment 60
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the administering the agent alleviates one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.
Embodiment 61
The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between approximately 0.03 and 30 mg/kg.
Embodiment 62
The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg.
Embodiment 63
The method of embodiment 57 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.03 and 1 mg/kg.
Embodiment 64
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 10%.
Embodiment 65
The method of embodiment 64 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 20%.
Embodiment 66
The method of embodiment 65 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 30%.
Embodiment 67
The method of embodiment 66 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 40%.
Embodiment 68
The method of embodiment 67 wherein the wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile by at least 50%.
Embodiment 69
The method of embodiment 41 wherein the autoimmune disease patient is a lupus, psoriasis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, or idiopathic inflammatory myositis patient.
Embodiment 70
The method of embodiment 69 wherein the patient is a lupus patient.
Embodiment 71
The method of embodiment 69 wherein the patient is a psoriasis patient.
Embodiment 72
A method of neutralizing a type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile in a patient in need thereof, comprising:
administering an agent that binds to and modulates type I IFN or IFNα activity to the patient;
- - wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.
Embodiment 73
The method of 72 further comprising detecting neutralization of the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient.
Embodiment 74
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1, LY6E, IFI27, OAS1 IFIT1, IFI6, IFI44L, ISG15, LAMP3, OASL, RSAD2, and IFI44.
Embodiment 75
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the agent is a biologic agent.
Embodiment 76
The method of embodiment 75 wherein the agent is an antibody.
Embodiment 77
The method of embodiment 76 wherein the antibody is MEDI-545.
Embodiment 78
The method of embodiment 76 wherein the antibody is specific for one or more type I IFN or IFNα subtype but is not MEDI-545.
Embodiment 79
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the administering the agent alleviates one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder.
Embodiment 80
The method of embodiment 76 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between approximately 0.03 and 30 mg/kg.
Embodiment 81
The method of embodiment 80 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg.
Embodiment 82
The method of embodiment 81 wherein the antibody is administered at a dose between 0.03 and 1 mg/kg.
Embodiment 83
The method of any one of embodiments 80-82 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 10%.
Embodiment 84
The method of embodiment 83 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient by at least 20%.
Embodiment 85
The method of embodiment 84 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient at least 30%.
Embodiment 86
The method of embodiment 85 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient at least 40%.
Embodiment 87
The method of embodiment 86 wherein the agent neutralizes the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile of the patient at least 50%.
Embodiment 88
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the patient is a lupus, psoriasis, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, or idiopathic inflammatory myositis patient.
Embodiment 89
The method of embodiment 88 wherein the patient is a lupus patient.
Embodiment 90
The method of embodiment 88 wherein the patient is a psoriasis patient.
Embodiment 91
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of at least IFNα subtypes 1, 2, 8, and 14.
Embodiment 92
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises transcripts of PD marker genes.
Embodiment 93
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises polypeptides expressed from PD marker genes.
Embodiment 94
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI27, SIGLEC1, RSAD2, IFI6, IFI44L, IFI44, USP18, IFIT2, SAMD9L, BIRC4BP, DNAPTP6, OAS3, LY6E, IFIT1, LIPA, LOC129607, ISG15, PARP14, MX1, OAS2, OASL, CCL2, HERC5, OAS1.
Embodiment 95
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFIT1, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI6, IL6ST, IRF2, LY6E, MARCKS, MX1, MX2, OAS1, EIF2AK2, ISG15, STAT2, OAS3, IFI44, IFI44L, HERC5, RAB8B, LILRA5, RSAD2, and FCHO2.
Embodiment 96
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SERPING1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI6, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, ISG15, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44, LAMP3, DNAPTP6, ETV7, HERC5, OAS2, USP18, XAF1, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and EPST11.
Embodiment 97
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes RTP4, RSAD2, HERC5, SIGLEC1, USP18, LY6E, ETV7, SERPING1, IFIT3, OAS1, HSXIAPAF1, G1P3, MX1, OAS3, IFI27, DNAPTP6, LAMP3, EPSTI1, IFI44, OAS2, IFIT2, and ISG15.
Embodiment 98
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes LAMP3, SIGLEC1, DNAPTP6, IFIT2, ETV7, RTP4, SERPING1, HERC5, XAF1, MX1, EPSTI1, OAS2, OAS1, OAS3, IFIT3, IFI6, USP18, RSAD2, IFI44, LY6E, ISG15, and IFI27.
Embodiment 99
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes DNAPTP6, EPSTI1, HERC5, IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, LAMP3, LY6E, MX1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, PLSCR1, RSAD2, RTP4, SIGLEC1, and USP18.
Embodiment 100
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, ZC3HAV1, ETV6, DAPP1, IL1RN, CEACAM1, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.
Embodiment 101
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes SAMD9L, IFI6, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS1, IFI27, OAS3, IFI44L, HERC5, IFIT1, EPSTI1, ISG15, SERPING1, OASL, GBP1, and MX1.
Embodiment 102
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI27, MX1, IFIT1, ISG15, LAMP3, OAS3, OAS1, EPSTI1, IFIT3, OAS2, SIGLEC1, and USP18.
Embodiment 103
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFI44L, and IFI27.
Embodiment 104
The method of embodiment 103 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises up-regulated expression or activity of genes MX1 and IFIT1.
Embodiment 105
The method of any one of embodiments 74 or 94-104 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile further comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.
Embodiment 106
The method of embodiment 72 wherein the type I IFN or IFNα-inducible PD marker expression profile comprises down-regulated expression or activity of genes NOG, SLC4A1, PRSS33, and FEZ1.
Embodiment 107
The method of embodiment 93 wherein the polypeptides are detected at increased levels in serum.
Embodiment 108
The method of embodiment 107 wherein polypeptides include cancer antigen 125, ferritin, tissue factor, and MMP-3.
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5698180_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | In an action, inter alia, to recover damages for fraud, the defendant Southern Star Mortgage Corp. appeals from an order of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County (Henry, J.), dated December 22, 2004, which denied its motion pursuant to CPLR 3211 to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against it.
Ordered that the order is reversed, on the law, without costs or disbursements, the motion is granted, the complaint is dismissed insofar as asserted against the appellant, and the action against the remaining defendants is severed.
As the appellant correctly contends, the plaintiffs failed to state a cause of action for fraud. “To make out a prima facie case of fraud, the complaint must contain allegations of a representation of material fact, falsity, scienter, reliance and injury” (Small v Lorillard Tobacco Co., 94 NY2d 43, 57 [1999]). Moreover, the plaintiff must show not only that he actually relied on the misrepresentation, but also that such reliance was reasonable (see Stuart Silver Assoc. v Baco Dev. Corp., 245 AD2d 96, 98 [1997]).
In this case, as relevant to the appellant, the plaintiffs’ alleged reliance on a mortgage preapproval certificate issued by the appellant was unreasonable in light of the clear, written provision thereof stating that the preapproval did not constitute a loan approval or commitment. Any alleged oral representations to the contrary do not call for a different result (see Old Clinton Corp. v 502 Old Country Rd., 5 AD3d 363 [2004]; Sulaiman Corp. v Asian Am. Food Corp., 285 AD2d 499 [2001]; Stone v Schulz, 231 AD2d 707 [1996]). Accordingly, the plaintiffs failed to state a cause of action to recover damages for fraud, and the appellant’s motion pursuant to CPLR 3211 to dismiss *530the complaint insofar as asserted against it should have been granted.
Furthermore, inasmuch as we are dismissing the only cause of action asserted against the appellant, we also dismiss the claim for punitive damages insofar as asserted against it (see McCormack v County of Westchester, 286 AD2d 24, 31 [2001]). Miller, J.P., Crane, Luciano and Rivera, JJ., concur.
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1531088_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Мі́лтон-Кінз () — унітарна одиниця зі статусом району () в Англії, в церемоніальному графстві Бакінгемшир, найпівнічніша територія регіону Південно-Східна Англія. Адміністративний центр — місто Мілтон-Кінз, в якому проживає 90% населення одиниці.
Історія
Район був утворений 1 квітня 1974 року за рахунок злиття міського району Блечлі, міського району Ньюпорт Пегнелл, міського району Вулвертон, сільського району Ньюпорт Пегнелл і частини сільського району Вінг. У новоутвореному районі було збудоване нове місто Мілтон-Кінз.
Мілтон-Кінз був одним з п'яти неметропольних районів графства Бакінгемшир. 1 квітня 1997 року він був перетворений в унітарну одиницю, яка не підпорядковується раді графства.
Географія
Мілтон-Кінз займає територію 308 км² і межує на південному заході з неметропольним графством Бакінгемшир, на північному заході з церемоніальним графством Нортгемптоншир, на сході з церемоніальним графством Бедфордшир.
Спорт
У місті Мілтон-Кінз базується професіональний футбольний клуб «Мілтон Кінз Донз», який у сезоні 2012-13 виступає у Першій футбольній лізі. Команда приймає суперників на стадіоні «Мілтон Кінз Стедіум» (22 тис. глядачів).
Посилання
Офіційний сайт унітарної одиниці
Боро Англії
Бакінгемшир.
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workscollecteda14spedgoog_4 | English-PD | Public Domain | [f. 3.] To make somew* of my sute and refer, towching y® place of y* to joyne Mars. eyther for my self or some other, and a [ To remember to be ready for argum^ in my La. Arb. cause before cau. J The place of the Mars, Probablj the Court of the Marshalsea, which had juris- diction to hear and determine causes between the serTants of the Kind's household within the verge of the Court — that is, within a circle of twelve mues round the King*s palace. A few months before, a man had been arrested for debt under the authority of this court (Coke, Bep. z. p. 69), upon which an action for false imprisonment was brought, on the ground that the parties were not servants of the King. The action was apparently still depending ; but the question may very likely have been referred to Bacon for his opinion. And, judging by the course which was ultimately taken, I suppose his opmion was tliat, the jurisdiction being questionable, and yet the limitation being inconvenient, it would be best to erect a new court with authority to hear and determine all causes between party and party within the verge, whether they were servants of the household or not. If so, the way he could '^ make somewhat of his suit and reference touching the place of the Marshalsea, either for himself or some other," would be by getting the appointment : which he afterwards did, ns we shall see when we come to his " Judicial Charge upon the Commission of Oyer and Determiner for the Verge/* The words in tlie margin (the last of which, if I read the letters right, I cannot guess ; .but it may possibly be meant for Cow., *. e, " Commission ") seem to con- tain a suggestion that two judges should be appointed, which was done ; for in the letters-patent which erected the new court two judges were nominated (Montague, * Life of Bacon,' p. cli.), himself and Sir Thomas Vavasor, then Enight Marshal of the Household. In the session of 1606-7 three bills for reformation of abuses in the Marshalsea Court were brought in ; one of which passed its third reading, and was sent up to the Lords (12th May, 1607) ; but as 1 do not find it among the statutes, I pre- sume it was lost in the upper house. My La. Arb. cause. The "Lady Arabella's cause** must not bo supposed to have had anything to do with Sir William Seymour, the discovery of her relation with him being of later date by a year and a half. It may possibly have been connected with a grant which she received the year before (S. P. Dom. 9th March, 1607) of " all sums paid into the Exchequer from the lands of Thomas Earl of Ormond," — or with that " bill put into the Exchequer, or some other court, con- cerning much land that by reason of pretended bastardy in Queen Elizabeth should descend to divers persons, of which Chamberlain "heard a muttering" in October, 1608, and in which she was named as " one of the cliief actors." In either of these there may have been some cause pending before the judges, in which the King was interested " in point of profit." But the cause in question was most likely a suit for the erection of a patent office, — which we know was moved about this time on her behalf. It was one of the innumerable projects for raising money, partly for the profit of the Crown, partly for the benefit of the public, chiefly for the benefit of the promoter — and supposed to be altogether at the expense of persons who were making unfair profits — in which these times were so prolific. "Whenever any trade took advantage of the market to sell dear, there was some one who could show that a restriction upon the rise of prices would be a gain both to people and King, and who would undertake, for a share in the King's gain, to enforce it. To sp. to my L. of Salsbury of 3 restitucions. Cote and cond* mony to y® cuntry. / Tythes owt of parishes to y® Church : fifteenthes levyed of Townes excepted to y* Townes. Note y® conceyt that hath been putt into y*^ Ks head^ that puri- tans are most for the union and the B^' against it. N. Sals, loveth not to have the B^ informed of any good affectio in y^ peop. to y® Sc. nat. charges/' a fifth part. By this it was eBtiinat«d that the King's revenues would be incr^sed, without any charge, by £1000 a year ; that *' the trayelling subject of all «>rts, as noblemen, judges, lawyers, gentlemen, linen-men, wooUen-men, hardware- men, and carriers, who are the upholders of all trades within this land, would in their travel be much eased, and thereby wares misht be sold in the country the cheaper ;" that the use of the common measure of the land would be enforced ; while the innholder and ostler would still receive " ten times more than ever any law heretofore allowed them." I do not find that this suit was granted, but that it was under consideration at this very time is proved by the endorsement of the paper (Lodge, iii. p. 236), from which I have extracted these particulars, — " A copy of that which the King's Ma- jesty is to be moved to sign touching oats. July, 1608/' It is in the form of a warrant for a Patent under the Great Seal, and the endorsement is said to be in the hand of the Earl of Shrewsbury. What Bacon had to say to Salisbury about it, and in what shape it was to come before the judges tlie next term, I do not know. We shall see a Uttle fui'ther on that to " beat down unfit suits with law " was one of the duties of an Attorney-General in which ho found Sir Henry Hobart weak or negligent. And this may have been one of them. This note and the next are crossed out. Cote and cond' money. See S. P. Dom. James I., vol. v. No. 71, from which it appears that complaint had been made of the misappropriation of coat and con- duct money paid in the late Queen's time ; which the Deputy-Lieutenants of certain counties in Wales professed to have expended in difierent ways for the benefit of the county. " Coat and conduct money " was money assessed upon the hundreds for the outfit of the levies they had to provide, and the expenses of conducting them to the place of rendezvous or embarkation. On the 1 2th of October, 1607, letters were sent from the Council to the Lord Lieutenants, etc., " for the sending of 600 soldiers into Ireland, with arms and apparel to be provided by the country, the conduct money after the rate of 8*^ a day for each man, 6' for the conductor, and 4^ for a coat, to be allowed upon certificate out of the Exchequer." See * Abstracts of the Eegisters of the Privy Council, 1650-1610,' Add. MSS. Brit. Mus. 11,402. See also * Vemey Papers' (Camd. Soc.) pp. 118, 127. fifteentkei levied of townes excepted. By 35 Eliz. c. 13, the subsidies thereby granted were to be levied " as well witliin the liberties, etc., and other what- soever places, exempt or not exempt, as without," any grant, et-c., to the contrary notwithstanding ;«but with an express proviso that all such exemptions should hold good in future. (See Stat, of the Bealm, iv. pp. 871, 882.) I fancy that the commissioners for subsequent subsidies, following the last precedent and not remembering the proviso, had continued to levy the fifteenths upon some of the towns that had a right of exemption. JBde. I cannot guess what this word is meant for, unless it be " Boards " — that is. Council Boards. Nor do I understand why Salisbury should have dishked "to have the Boards informed of any good affection in the people to the Scottish na- tion ;" unless he thought it might confirm the King in the notion that the Puri- t 4& LETTERS AND LIFE OF FRANCIS BACON. [Chap. II. My L. of Sa. is to be remembred of the great expectation wherewith he enters ; as that he will make the Ks paym^ certeu ; that he will remedy unlawfuU transportat. as ordoii. leather^ grayne : That he will lymite assynm^ of bonds; That he will deale moderately w*^ recusants ; That he will fauor the K». ten*". That he will moderate concelm*". That he will moderate ne^r Imposicions. [». 3, b.] To have ever in readyness matter to minister taulk w*** every of the great counsellors respectiv^^ both to induce familiarity and for countenance in publike place. Spec. Note amongst the pores of gayn thought of by my L. of Salsb. ^^* He wanteth Divites et Orbi tanqua indagine capi ; and matter of marchanding, w^** mixt w^** power of estate I concey ve may doe wonders. To Wynne cred. comparate to y® Att. in being more short, rownd and resolute. (All this is nothing except) (Thear is more) (Oportet isthsec fieri finis aute non dum). To foresee no imput. upon y* serv. of depopulacion ; Not se- tans were the best friends of the union, and so incline him to be too favourable to that party. It may be that those who "put into the King's head" that conceit, 'would take advantage of discussions in Council to work upon it. Coticelm*'. " Concealers " (says Cowell) " be such as find out concealed lands ; that is, sue!) lands as privily arc kept from the King by common persons, having nothing to show for them." It is obvious that the zeal of commiasioners for the discovery of such lands (who farmed the oiBee) would need moderating yeiy much. - New Impontions. Taxes upon goods imported and exported ; the imposition of which by the Crown without consent of Parliament, though held legal by the judses, was disputed in tlie Lower House, and became soon afler a principal battle- field between the King and the Commons. It seems to have been too late to remind Salisbury of what was expected of him in this department, for he had already, the month before, wliile lessening the existing impositions upon some commodities, laid new ones upon others to the amount of £60,000 a-year. (See a memorandum by Sir Julius Cssar, Lansd. MSS. 168, f. 307.) Divites et orbi tanquam indoffine capi. Tacitus, Annal. xiii. 43. Soma tes' tamenta et orbos velut indagine ejus capi. Compare Bacon's Essay on Riches. The fishing out of rich orphans was, I presume, with a view to the profit upon wardship. Spec. 1 The meaning of this marginal reference, which is repeated several times, 13. J I cannot conjecture to my satisfaction. It may perhaps have been the title and number of another note- book, into wliich a particular class of memoranda was to be transferred. Depopulacion. In a paper in Sir Julius Csesar's hand (Lansd. MSS. 168, fo. 318), dated 10th Oct., 1608, and headed '< The L. Tre despatches for this last summer for Exoheq. business," I find the subject of *' Depopulation : How much hath been paid of the fines imposed upon the depopulators, what behind, the causes, the remedies," assigned to Mr. Attorney, Mr. Solicitor, and Mr. Recorder. The " service of Depopulation," therefore, was the enforcement of the legal penal- ties for " depopxUating "-—that is, for turning arable into pasture. A commission to examine abuses touching depopulation had been issued to the Lord Chancellor and the Earl of Salisbury in May, 1608 (S. P. Dom.). I do not know how to 1608.] TEANSPORT. JUL. 25. 47 \ cundu cor raeu ; The Att. myldness would have made me not able to indure the envy; How y® Isams scaped^ — mostfarmes erected in my p^cinct. Hussy /Came/ Whitchcott/ Askew; they left me and went to y® Att. I tooke band for contynu- ance as well as for restitucion. To turn over by indent, y® Ks evidence in my hands this vacac. U- 4.] ^th ye privity of M' Chancellor. To insinuate more to my L. Treasor. and M' Chanc. for warr^. Mr. Att. great availes Solus : utlawries, confessions^ quo warrantoes. Latyne Informacions. Recouveryes, To remember the 2^ booke of y* Contractors : Coppyn : Phil- lippes. Watson &c. To take a note how many bookes of Tip. passe at every sittings y* I may see how I am used and chaleng him. Ciu. W' Spiller bring no. recus^ leases to y® Atturny. That as many leases in Beversion as passe the great scale be brought by WoUy to my self or y*^ Atturny. -Hollands sute and speaking w^ Skynner about it. Putting my L. of Salsb. in mynd of his promise towching build- inges and thereupo renuing HoUs sute. ♦ interpret the 'word " imput." I had myself read it import, and taken it to be short for ** importance ;" from which I inferred that Bacon was not disposed to encourage the proceedings in this matter ; though he bad always been for {discou- raging enclosures, and this appears to have been the object of the government. Mr. Chancellor, Sir Julius Ceesar, Chancellor of the Exchequer. This and the two following notes are crossed out in the MS. Copp^. Fhillipes. Watson. Sir Gborge Ooppin and Sir Thomas Watson were among the contractors for the sale of certain parsonages, tithes, etc., not comprised in his Majesty's entail (S. P., Nov. 11, 1607). Francis Phillips had a grant at their nom'inaiion of divers rectories, etc. (Do. 4th May, 1608.) Tip, William Typper, who had a commission from Elizabeth to discover the titles of Crown lands (S. F. Dom. James I., Sept. 1608), and appears to have been employed by the King in the same capacity (Do. 24th Sept. 1606, and 27th Ap. 1608). It was his business, I suppose, to discover and report cases for prosecution. These would have to pass through the hands of one of the law-officers, and the profits of the several offices would depend upon the number brought to each. Bacon seems to have suspected that the Attorney- General engrossed more than his fair share. Spiller. Henry Spiller, of the Exchequer, whose certificate was required be- fore any grants of recusants' fines were passed (S. P. O. Dom., Oct. 30, 1607 ; see also Dec. 29, 1603), of the true state of the recusants. Wolly. Perhaps Sir Francis Woolley, Clerk of the Pipe of the Exchequer, who appears to have had the drawing of grants of lands forfeited to the Crown. (S. P. O. Dom. 10 Nov. 1608, and 3 Sept. 1607.) Skynner. Probably Sir Vincent Skinner, officer of the receipts of the Ex- chequer. (Rymer, xvi. p. 497.) oSf " Holland's suit," or "yo. Tip." [young Tipper's?] mentioned in the next paragraph (which, together with the one which follows, is crossed out in the MS.), I have not been able to find any particulars. 48 LETTERS AND LIFE OF FRANCIS BACON. [Chap. IT. [f. 4, b.] Making use of yo. Tip. ante w*^ my L. Archb. and Salsb. the one for honor in regard of his place^ the other generally as res bonse famse. Perusing y° Ealenders against y"' next Term yet better, and calling for those that want, and thinking of other cowrses for increase of practize. Being armed against except, of incompatib. of both offices, and namely of practise in that Cowrt : Example of Chanc. M' of y* Rowles; my father L. Keep .and for 2 years Att. of y« Wardes ; Onsloe SoUicitor and Clerk of y® Duchy ; the M" of the Chanc. at first allowed that they mought practize ; Comenda and turnyng it to a jest — a dean and a fatt bene- fice : Non obstante as well as M"^ Recorder / Long stay 21 years to extinct envy : yf I should not have health whearby 4k to practise, some help (ad idem). [f. 5.] Taking a cowrse by y® Att. to have full pract. in y* Star- chamber. Taking a furder cowrse for practise in the Chancery. Chamber- laine ; Walto ; Eriquir the Clerkes. Register. Speak, again with Yelverton. Crookes Order for y® Ks bench. Except, of incompatib. " Exception of incompatibility " : that is, against the objection that the Solicitorship and the Clerkship of the Council in the Star- chamber, could not be held by the same person. The cases which follow are pre< cedents of one person holding more than one office. Sir Thomas Egerton (now Lord Ellesmere and Lord Chancellor) was made Lord Keeper in 1596, yet con- tinned Master of the Bolls for the rest of Elizabeth's reign. Sir Nicholas Bacon continued Attorney of the Wards for two years after he became Lord Keeper. Bichard Onslow was Solicitor-Oeneral in 1566, and continued (it seems) Clerk of the Duchy ; and the Masters in Chancery were at one time allowed to practise at the bar. Comenda, " Commendam " (says Cowcll) is a benefice that, being Toid is com- mended to the charge and care of some sufficient clerk, to be supplied, until it may be conyeniently provided of a pastor." Under this colour pluralities were giyen : a dean could hold a benefice in commendam. M* Recorder. Sir Henry Montague, who was Recorder of London, received a grant (11 Sept. 1607) of the office of one of the King's Learned Counsel (S. P.), and it may very likely have contained a clause of non ohstanie^ dispensing with some of his obligations as B>ecorder. As adviser and advocate of the corporation (which the BecoHer of London was, I presume, then, as he still is), his duty might in some cases clash with his duty as King's Cioimsel. 21 years. Bacon's memory was not very accurate in counting time. He had had to wait only nineteen years. Compare a similar error, vol. i. p. 350, 351. Chamberlaine, Perhaps Richard Chamberlaine, Clerk of the Court of Wards. (S. P. Dom., 24 Sept. 1604.) Yelverton. Henry Yelverton, an eminent lawyer and active member of Par- liament, hitherto on the popular side, who afterwards succeeded Bacon as Solicitor and Attorney-General. Crooke. Sir John Croke, Knt., Speaker of the House of Commons in 1601, Judge of the King's Bench in 1607. , 1<»8-] TRANSPORT. OTTL. 26. r 49 To be p'pared for M' Masons cause at Serg*« In next Term. To make use for collections and looking over the bookes of Wrytington, Lavyn. Hyll. qu. For p'sid** and antiquities to acquaint my self and take coUec- Spec. tions from S' Rob. Cotton ; Bowyear. ^^' To take Th. Jones for my businesse and SoUic. instead of Gr. Jones. To sett an order in Aliens cause against y* reading by Chamber- laine Gerard or some other. To give Ockleton satisfaction of 100^ in mony^ bycause I sawe his cowrse was for Cowrt and not the place of a Clerk. To have an ey to y« last conveyance for my wyves Jointure, ^ to send the deed to S' Jh. Brogr. and to see how it reacheth Spec. to the wood wK I had of pemberton. To moove my L. for the Cust. rot. yf Brogr. dye, except my L. [f. 6, b.] of Salsb. will have it. To he p^pared. This note is crossed out in MS. fTfyHnfft&n, Probably the person whom Baoon recommended (2 July, 1616) for the Solicitor's place in Ireland, as ** a gentleman of mine own breeding and framing, Mr. Edward Wyrthington, of Gray's Inn ; he is bom to £800 a year, he is the eldest son of a most severe jnsticer among the recusants in Lancasliire, and a man most able for law and speech, and by me trained in the King's causes. My Lord Deputy, by my description, is much in love with the man." He may haye been the same Edward Wrightington who (S. P. Dom. James I., 24 Sept. 1604) was once Clerk of the Wards. Syll. There was a William Hill, Auditor of the Exchequer (S. P. Dom., 21 May, 1603), and a Robert Hill, Cierk of Assignments (do. 2 ^oy. 1609). Bowyear. Robert Bowyer was Clerk and Keeper of the Bolls of Chancery, and all other records and rolls in the Tower. There is a letter to him firom Bacon in the Inner Temple Library, asking for the loan of a copy of certain collections con* coming the King's prerogatiye, etc. It is dated 27 Feb. 1608-9, and will appear in its place. AUen'e cause. Conld this be the cause between John Parker and Thomas' Allen, thus described in the Calendar of State Papers (Dom. James I., 1610 ?, p. 657) : — ** The latter haying promised to repay a loan of 4* and G^ made to him by the former, by giying him one grain of wheat for the first of the 86 button holes on his doublet and doubhng the amount for each of the others, the total is found to amount to 86,708 quarters of wheat, against the payment of which Allen remonstrates." Ckamberlaine. Perhaps Thomas Chamberlain, Sergeant-at-Law, afterwards Judge of the Court of Session of the County Palatine of Chester. (S. P. Dom. Jas. I., 28 Ap. 1616.) To gwe Oekleton, etc. This note is crossed out. I do not clearly understand the transaction. 1^ Jk, Brogr, Sir John Brograye, Attomery of the Duchy of Lancaster ; he was recommended by L. Keeper Puckering for preferment when the law offices were so long yacant in 1595 (see yol. L p. 257), and died in 1618. (Chamberlain to Garleton, 14 Oct. 1618.) OuH. rot. " Cueioe Boiulorum** (says Cowell) *' is he that hath custody of the Bolls or rscords of the sessions of the Peace, and (as some think) of the Commis- sion of the Peace itself." VOL. IV. B 50 LETTEES JtNB LIFE OP FRANCIS BACON. [Chap. II. Spec. To renew and parfite orders for my servants as things now ^^' stand. Spec. To be throughly seen and informed towching my off. of y* ^ Starrechamber that I inay just account^ and y* subject be well used, and y° Cowrt fynd an alteracion to y* better. To sett down in wryting tables and directions for the inferior places, some publike «ome private. To procure of my L. Ch. the establishm^ of some doutfnll but reasonable fees, and y^ alteracion of some cowrses of his which hynder the Cowrt, as casting owt perjuries, the orders for length of bills etc. To bring in use every Term to have somew* to moove concem- yng service of y« Ks at after dynner. [f. 6.] To correspond to Sa. in the Invent, of sutes and levyes of mony and to resp. poll e gem. for emp. cof. and alien, of y" peop. To have in mynd and use y« Att. weakenes* The exam, of -Wy off. ofy* Starrechamber. My office of Clerk of the Council of the Star- chamber : ** an office," says Coke, " of great account and trust ; for he is to receive, endorse, enter, keep, and certify the bills, pleadings, records, orders, rules, sen- tences, and decrees of the Court ; and I find that in former times men of great ac- count have had that office in this Court." (Institutes, part iv. chap. v. p. 66.) " Of latter times" (says Hudson, in his * Treatise of the Court of StarchamW) "the Clerk of the Court doth appoint also the examiners^ to take also the exami- nations of all the defendants and all the witnesses which are examined in that Court ;" but the appointment belonged, he says, originally and properly to the Lord Chancellor, and ought to be restored to him, "for that it lieth in the power of the examiner to acquit the oflTender and condemn the innocent j yea and to per- plex the Court by uncertain testimonies, or tire Uiem with frivolous discourse, if that officer be either corrupt or ignorant." " The sentences, decrees, and acts of this Court are engrossed " (says Coke, Inst. pt. IV. c. V. p. 63) in a fair book, with the names of the Lords and others of the King's Council and Justices tliat were present and gave their voices." And this, I suppose was the " booke of the Kallender of Orders " which was delivered to Bacon on the 19th of August, 1608 (Egerton Papers, Camd. Soc. p. 428), and appears to have been then complete from the beginning of Henry VII.*s reim to the 30th of Elizabeth. © e .y 6 To bring in use, etc. This note is crossed out. To correspond to Sa alien, of y' peop. Salisbury, being now Lord Trea- surer, had the difficult task laid upon him of gathering money enough into the Exchequer for the King's needs. One resource for this was " the invention of BUits,"--that is (if I understand it rightly) of offices for the discovery and reco- very of money duo to the Crown ; for the right of receiving which to his" own use the discoverer paid the Crown a rent. A considerable revenue was derived from these rents ; but the personal interest which the officer had in his work, though it made him active, was apt to make him grasping and vexatious, and so to create popular discontent. It was necessary therefore in these "suits and levies of money to remember and avoid that danger, and "to respect poUcy egeminor for replemshmg « empty coffers " on the one side, and for avoiding « iienation if the people" on the other. ^ y* AU, Sir Henry Hobart, who had succeeded to the office of Attorney-Gene- ral on the promotion of Coke to the Bench in July, 1606. Of the general ques- tion suggested by this note I have spoken fully in my introductory remarks, p. 34. 1608.] TR.iNSPOETAT. JUL, 25, 1608. 51 Fullers book ; the destroying of the serv. of depopulae. the exorbitant assur. to y« Cytye, in w^ so great estate was in- ^ gaged as y" K could not help himself by any other assur. And so my L. Dunbar pat. first at a stay, after but de bene esse. /The coldest exam. / weak in Ounters cause, weak w"* the Judges Arbe. cause / To full of cases and distinctions/ Nibbling solemly / he distinguisheth but apprehendes not. FuUet^M hook. This, I Buppose, was Nicholas Fallar's argument to proye that the Ecclesiastical Commissionen had no power by yirtue of their commission to imprison, to put to the oath ex qfflcio^ or to fine any of his Majesty's subjects ; for which (delivered originally as a pleading in Court upon a writ of ffabeas Corpus, but afterwards printed) he was prosecuted by Archbishop Bancroft, imprisoned, and fined. See Fuller, * Church History,' a.d. 1610 ; who appears, however, to have been mistaken both as to the date of the proceeding and the issue. For he adds thai Nicholas Fuller died in prison t whereas it appears by a letter from Cham- berlain to Carleton, dated 8th January, 1607-8, that he was set free on the Monday preoedii^ i and we find him in the Parliament of 1610 in full activi^, as member for the Citj of London, and strong on the popular side. (See Pari. Deb. in 1610, Gamd. Soc.) I suppose that though the man, upon making certain submissions or retractations, was set at liberty, his book was reserved for examination and censure. Some question, in which he was concerned, there certainly was still depending ; for I find from the abstract of the Privy CouncU registers (Add. MSS. 11,402) that on the 10th of April, 1608, ** Mr. Fuller was Ucensed to practise at the Bar until his cause be heanl in the Star Chamber ; but to remain still restrained." ** His own weakness and want of judgment " (says Chamberlain, 5th Januair, 1607-8) "hath been his greatest enemy, lor having subscribed his submission and sent it to the Archbishop, b^ the persuasion of his wife and others, he hath afterwards sought to recall it, and feigned himself sick in bed when he should come to the tilt. His Puritan brethren, likewise, have not dealt well with him, in getting letters from. him of all the prooeedings, and copies of his argument, which they have printed to his great prejudice ; and in trut^ he were like to be shrewdly handled, but that they see him such a weathercock, that turns with every blast, and so in some sort Sity him/' On the 8th he reports again, " Mr. Fuller came forth of the Fleet on [onday, very frolic, and so joyful that he would not lose so much time from home as to go about, but would needs cross the river on foot," [the Thames was frozen at the time] *' having kissed the rod, and made his submission modo et form&r serv, of depojmlae. '* Service of depopulations :" see above, p. 46, note 5. It appears from that memorandum that Bacon thought the service had been so mismanaged by the Attorney that no good could be done in it. assitr, " The exorbitant assurance to the City " must have been upon obtaining some loan from the City to the Crown. There was a commission to the Lord Treasurer and others (11th February, 1607-8) to treat with such persons as should lend money to the King, or undertake for such as was already lent ; and on the 80th of March, 1608, a warrant was issued to pay to Clement Edmondes, Secre- tary of the Citv of London, £133. 13#. 4rf. for drawing the assurance to be made by the King for great sums of money borrowed of the said city (S. P. Dom., James I.) : which was probably the occasion. My L. Dunbar pat. Probably one of the many grants bestowed upon the Earl of Dunbar, the fund for providing which was pledged to the City by the assurance above mentioned. Dunbar had a grant (9th December, 1605) of all duties on logwood, blockwood, etc. But I suppose a simple grant for the payment of monev (such as the warrant to pay him " 3000^ yearly over and above the sums delivered at New Year's tide," 27th January, 1608) would be called a " patent :" and might be charged upon some fund included in the assurance, and so become ** but de bene esse." Arbe. cause. The Lady Arabella's cause. See above, p. 44, note 2. w2 t 52 LSTT£BS AND LIFE OP FRANCIS BACON. [Chap. II. The penny ng of y" 2 Lawes concernyng recuBants. No gift with his penne in prodamacions and y® like. A great wys- dome to know quid praescribere quid permittere^ and to let nature woork : fault in Barwikes cause. The oomis. of de- populac. 8 refourmed ; So for Alehouses. M' Chancel, to speak w^ Tipper for bookes to be brought me as whose my L. Treas. were loth^ sed innuendo. [f. 6, b.] To advise some partic; Kalendar were made by Tipper, that yf he dye the service may not fayle, at lest his bookes now syned to be p'served to y® Ks use, but qu. w' they give light of the Title and the records vouched. Insinuate my self to become pryvie to my L. of Salsb. estate ; Noting it to Hickes and y* my L. hath been once or twise about it. Causing the waulkes about y^ wall to be sanded and made hand- so. against Hickes comyng. So the old waulkes w*^ rayles and swept : Plott to be made of my poole ; and the waulk through Pray wood and y« stand thear on the hill for pro- spect. To corresp. w**^ Salsb. in a habite of naturall but nowayes peri- lous boldness, and in vivacity, invention, care to cast and enterprise (but with dew caution, for this maner I judg both in his nature freeth y® standes, and in his ends pleaseth him best and promiseth most use of me. [f. 7.] To make profite of some thing in leas of y® Qs by Evans inform. Salsb. and Gary. I judg my standing owt and not favored by Northamp. must So for Alehouaes. It appears from the abstract of the Priyj Coundl. Begisters that on the 28th of February 1607-8, the Justioes were ordered " not to proceed in the matter of alehouses upon his M. letters and instructions lately sent unto them" ; that on the 4th of March other directions were sent to them ; and that on the Srd of April '* printed articles were sent, differing f]*om those that were sent before." (Add. MSS. 11,402.) Tapper, Sir Julius Caesar might drop a hint to Tipper (oonceminff whom see aboTe, p. 47, note 8) that if he brought ** books," that is, cases of defectiTe title, for opinion or prosecution to Bacon, it would be agreeable to Salisbury. Insinuate. This was no doubt with a view tp get on a more confidential footing with Salisbury, — one of many deyioes for that purpose, which seem to have been quite unsuccessful. The next note but one throws further light upon the relation between the two cousin*, and upon Salisbury's peculiar character and humour. T/ie wauJkes^ ofo. A note of improFements to be made at Gk>rhambury : which I suppose WHS acted on ; for the memorandum is crossed out. Crrtf. Pcihaps (.ieorije Lord Carew, who was the Queen's Beceiyer^General. North tmp. Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, lately made Lord Privy Seal. Bacon had been acquainted with him in his early life, through the Earl of Essex ; much to the alarm of his lAother, who believed Jiim to be a Papist. He t 1608.] TRANSPORT. JUL. 26, 1608. 53 needes to me good w^'* Salsb. specially comparative to the Att. / Note the Att. would fayn have had Northamt. Treas. ^ to avoyd him for Chancellor^ and discouvered as much. Some profite from y® Duchy for long service. Some profite by some barg. of morgaged lands spec, in poss. qu. by y* record'. To passe in dayes of Terme or CounseU of cowrs by my L. Chanc. and my L. Treasorer and to acquaint them ut videbit^ qu. of y^ state of Manxell and^Bacheler and Ockold for Fullers booke and what end. qu. of GuDters cause and what end. M^ to goe to my L. of Canterbury and interteyn him in good conceyt touching Sutt. will, and y" like to S' Jh Bennett, A After a Maceration taken in y« mornyng and woorking littell I rr 7 v t tooke a glister about 5 of clocke to drawe it down better^ Note * which in the taking found my body fiill and being taken but b^ex-^ temperate and kept half an howre wrought but slowly^ ncy ther treme heates for was a yerj well read man, and much admired in his day, both as a writer and a x dajes be- speaker. But his style, though full of art and ingenuity, and what was then con- fore and I sidered as elegance, is in my opinion essentially bad ; and I think it was only the had taken fashion of the time that made it endurable. He had taken a very active part, littell or no along with Cecil and Northumberland, in the secret correspondence with James phisike. during the latter years of Elizabeth ; had been rewarded with many offices and dignities since James's accession ; had made himself conspicuous in Parliament ; and after Salisbury's death, was, for the short time that he surviyed him, one of three who had the reputation of being the Gorernment. It seems from this passage that he was already great enough to be thought of for Treasurer and Chancellor. His ideas with regard to the policy of the time, especially in respect of the relation between the Crown and the Commons, were fundunentally opposed to Bacon's ; which accounts for liis not &youring him, — whicheyer of them stood aloof from the other. from y* Duchy, Among the items of his income (see further on p. 88) Bacon set down his *' Duchy fee as worth £20. It appears therefore that he had some work to do in the affairs of the Duchy of Lancaster ; but of what nature it was I do not 'know. He was probably one of the lawyers to whom legal questions relating to the reyenues were referred. y* Recorder, Sir Henry Montagu, Becorder of London, I suppose, though I do not know what he had to do with mortgaged lands. Nor do I well understand what the words ** Bjpec. in poss." are short for. and what end, ^is and the next note are crossed out. Sutt. wiU. ** Sutton's will," I suppose. Thomas Sutton, founder of the Charterhouse, though still liying, was already known to intend to bestow his wealth on some grait work of public charity, and his design was so far mature that in the following year he obtained an Act of Parliament empowering him to erect a hospital at Hallingbury Bouchers, in Essex. As a matter which was so soon to come before Parliament, those who took an interest in it would be dis- cussing it at this time, and endeayouring to entertain men in authority " in good Conceit" with their yiews. But I shall haye a fitter occasion to speak fully of Bacon's ideas on the subject. ^ Jh. Bennett, Sir John Bennett, knighted 28rd July, 1603, Judge of the Prerogatiye Court at Canterbury, and Chancellor to .the Queen and to the Arch- bishop of York. (Nicholhs i. 206.) 54 LETTEBS AND LIFE OF i»ANCIS BAOON. [Chap. II. did I find that lightness and cooling in my sydes which many tymes I doe, but soon after I found a symptome of melancholy such as long synce w*** strangness in beholding and dark- somness, oflFer to grone and sigh, whereupon fynding a malign humor stirred I tooke 8 pilles of aggregative corrected accord- ing to my last description^w** wrought within 2 howres with- out gryping or vomite and brought much of y* humor sulphu- reous and feetide,then though my medicine was not fully settled I made a light supper without wyne, and fownd myself light and at peace after it. I tooke a littell of my Troc. of Amon. after supper and I tooke broth ymediately after my pill. [f. 8.] To proceed w*** some builders in y* beginning of the next Terme. To proceed w"* some Informers upon S' Steph. Proct. discouvery in the beginnyng of the next Terme. To remember the cause of y® Stannaryes before the Judges at Serg*' Inne next Terme. To wryte some treatise of advise towching prohibicions and juris- dictions of Cowrts, to see by S' Rob. Cotton Lamberts booke thereof or othere collections. Troe, of Amon. Trochises (pills) of Almond, I suppose. Builders. In the note of Exchequer business mentioned above (p. 46, last note) I find under the title " Builders :" " A view to be taken of the new and disorderly builders not yet compounded with, and order to be given for the prin- cipal rich ones to be called into the Star Chamber, and the rest to be referred to the Commissioners," — which service is assigned to Mr. Solicitor, Mr. Recorder, and Sir G-. More. (Lansd. MSS. 168, p. 818.) This note is crossed out in the MS. S^ Steph. Prod. From a paper in Sir Julius Cresar's hand (Lansd. MSS. 168, fo. 809) it appears that on the 28th of June, 1608, Salisbury " gave order for the present prosecution of Sir Stephen Proctor^s project against lewd informers," etc. Kis project was in the form of " a suit preferred to the King's Highness concern- ing the fines, forfeitures, issues, and amerciaments inquirable before the Justices of the Peace and Clerk of the Market, to bring the revenue better in charge and more plentifully into tlie King's colTers, and also to reform many grievances in the commonwealth." (Lansd. MSS. 167, fo. 18.) Concerning which see Bacon's '* Cer- tificate touching the Projects of Sir Stephen Proctor," further on in this volume. Stanntiryes. Probably some question relating to the jurisdiction of the " Court of the Stannaries,'' which rested upon custom. A cause of this kind was heard and decided by all the Judges, in Michaelmas Term, 1606. (Coke Inst. iv. 46.) And on the 81st of December, 1607, the Lord Warden of the Stannaries was directed to inform officers in Devon and Cornwall, at assize and general sessions, that the Qovemment matters of the Stannaries and Duchy of UomwaU would be executed by their own officers ; and certain of the King's and Prince's Council were a]^pointed at the same time to inform the Lord Chief Justices concerning the mamtenance of the privileges of the Stannaries. (S. P. Dom., James I.) The cause that was to come before the Judges at Serjeant's Inn next term (1608) would probably be connected with this proceeding, but I do not know the par* tioulars. The note is crossed out in the MS. LamberCs booke thereof. William Lambarde was keeper of the rolls and of the records in the Tower during the latter years of Elizabeth. The book here lUuded to was, I presume, the * Archeion, or a Discourse upon the High Courts 1608.] TRANSPORT. JUL. 25, 1608, 55 To remember the Argum^ in y* K. B. in Moyle and Ewars case and to be well prepared in it to turn y' Cowrt. Qu. of y« D. of Lenox ac. fac. To remember Daubignyes pat. of 1000^ per An. Hamelton. To remember the cause of the Caussy of Chester and to think of some fitt yssue of y* cause. So likewise to advise some cowrse for the Counsell of y'^ Marches and the North, for the Admiralty, Cowrt of requests, and y* Eccles. Jurisdict; qu of limitation by Parlam*. To think of matters against next Parlam* for satisfaction of K. [f. 8, b] and people in my partic. otherwise w*^ respect ad Poll e gem. of Justice in England,"— a poethumous work, published in 1635. The settling and defining of the jurisdictions of Courts was one of the subjects which Bacon was always intending to take in hand. Sir Robert Cotton was probably the pos- sessor of Lanibarde*8 MS. ^ Moyle and Ewars case. A suit in the Exchequer Chamber between Edward Ewer, plaintiff, and Thomas and John Moyle, defendants, concerning the title of his Ma*y*« Manor of Caversfield, Co. Bucks. (See Lansd. MSS. 167, fo. 232.) This note is crossed out in the MS. Sc.fac. "Scire facias,*' I suppose: a legal proceeding, connected possibly with a dispute to which the Duke of Lenox was a party, (see S. P. Dow., James I., 2l8t July and 27th October, 1607), as to the value of certain woods growing upon rectory lands, which had been over-Talued. This note ia crossed out. Dauhignyes pat. Esme Stuart, Lord D'Aubigny, had a grant of concealed lands entailed on the Crown,^ to the amount of £1000 per annum, for the surrender of which he received, in February, 1608-9, £18,000. (See S. P. Dom., James L, 28rd August 1606, August (?) 1607, 3rd February 1608-9.) This note relates no doubt to some proceeding connected with this grant ; to wliich legal objections had been made. Caussy of Chester. Obstructions in the navigation of the river Dee by wears, etc., had been complained oi^ and on the 29th of August, 1607, commissioners were appointed to inquire into the case, and take the necessary measures for setting it right. On the IGth of December, certain erections, and among them the " cawaey and flood-gates near Dee-bridge," were presented as obstructions which ought to be removed. The Mayor and citizens opposed the decree, pleading that the causey had been there for 500 years and never complained of, and that the decree had been unfairly procured. The case was laid before the Judges 13th February, 1608 (1608-9, 1 suppose), who appear to have concurred in the objec- tion ; and another decree was issued, some time in 1609, for the salvation of the causeway. (See Harl. MSS. 1003.) I think 1 have seen somewhere a legal opinion of Bacon's upon the case, but 1 cannot at present find the reference, and this will probably be enough here. This note is crossed out. |
github_open_source_100_8_19864 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* @param {string} s
* @return {boolean}
*/
var repeatedSubstringPattern = function (s) {
return (s + s).slice(0, -1).slice(1).includes(s);
};
|
github_open_source_100_8_19865 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*++
Copyright (c) 1999 Microsoft Corporation
Module Name:
umrx.h
Abstract:
This module defines the types and functions which make up the reflector
library. These functions are used by the miniredirs to reflect calls upto
the user mode.
Author:
Rohan Kumar [rohank] 14-March-1999
Revision History:
--*/
#ifndef _UMRX_H_
#define _UMRX_H_
#include "align.h"
#include "status.h"
//
// Unreferenced local variable.
//
#pragma warning(error:4101)
IMPORTANT_STRUCTURE(UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT);
IMPORTANT_STRUCTURE(UMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT);
//
// The BUGBUG macro expands to NOTHING. Its basically used to describe problems
// associated with the current code.
//
#define BUGBUG(_x_)
//
// The argument signatures that are used in a lot of the reflector and miniredir
// functions.
//
#define UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENT_SIGNATURE \
PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT AsyncEngineContext, \
PRX_CONTEXT RxContext
//
// The arguments that are passed to a lof of the reflector and miniredir
// functions.
//
#define UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENTS AsyncEngineContext,RxContext
//
// The global list of all the currently active AsyncEngineContexts and the
// resource that is used to synchronize access to it.
//
extern LIST_ENTRY UMRxAsyncEngineContextList;
extern ERESOURCE UMRxAsyncEngineContextListLock;
//
// The ASYNCENG_HISTORY structure which is used to keep track of the history
// of AsyncEngineContext structure.
//
#define UMRX_ASYNCENG_HISTORY_SIZE 32
typedef struct _ASYNCENG_HISTORY {
ULONG Next;
ULONG Submits;
struct {
ULONG Longs[2];
} Markers[UMRX_ASYNCENG_HISTORY_SIZE];
} ASYNCENG_HISTORY, *PASYNCENG_HISTORY;
//
// This macro defines the flags of the AsyncEngineContext strucutre.
//
#define UMRX_ASYNCENG_DEFINE_CTX_FLAG(a, c) \
RX_DEFINE_FLAG(UMRX_ASYNCENG_CTX_FLAG_##a, c, 0xffff)
typedef enum {
UMRX_ASYNCENG_DEFINE_CTX_FLAG(ASYNC_OPERATION, 0)
} UMRX_ASYNCENG_CONTEXT_FLAGS;
//
// The prototype of the ContextFormatRoutine specified by the Miniredir.
//
typedef
NTSTATUS
(*PUMRX_ASYNCENG_CONTEXT_FORMAT_ROUTINE) (
PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT AsyncEngineContext,
USHORT FormatContext
);
//
// The prototype of the continuation routine specified by the Miniredir.
//
typedef
NTSTATUS
(*PUMRX_ASYNCENG_CONTINUE_ROUTINE) (
UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENT_SIGNATURE
);
//
// The prototype of the format routine specified by the Miniredir.
//
typedef
NTSTATUS
(*PUMRX_ASYNCENG_USERMODE_FORMAT_ROUTINE) (
UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENT_SIGNATURE,
PUMRX_USERMODE_WORKITEM_HEADER WorkItem,
ULONG WorkItemLength,
PULONG_PTR ReturnedLength
);
//
// The prototype of the precompletion routine specified by the Miniredir.
//
typedef
BOOL
(*PUMRX_ASYNCENG_USERMODE_PRECOMPLETION_ROUTINE) (
UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENT_SIGNATURE,
PUMRX_USERMODE_WORKITEM_HEADER WorkItem,
ULONG WorkItemLength,
BOOL OperationCancelled
);
//
// The various states of an AsyncEngineContext.
//
typedef enum _UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT_STATE {
UMRxAsyncEngineContextAllocated = 0,
UMRxAsyncEngineContextInUserMode,
UMRxAsyncEngineContextBackFromUserMode,
UMRxAsyncEngineContextCancelled
} UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT_STATE;
//
// The AsyncEngineContext strucutre that is shared across all the miniredirs.
// It contains information common to all the miniredirs.
//
typedef struct _UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT {
//
// The header below is a common header which is present at the start of all
// the data strucutres manipulated by the RDBSS and the MiniRedirs. It is
// used for debugging purposes and for keeping track of the number of times
// a node (data structure) has been referenced.
//
MRX_NORMAL_NODE_HEADER;
//
// This listEntry is used to insert the AsyncEngineContext into the global
// UMRxAsyncEngineContextList list.
//
LIST_ENTRY ActiveContextsListEntry;
UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT_STATE AsyncEngineContextState;
//
// Is this context handling a synchronous or an asynchronous operation?
//
BOOL AsyncOperation;
//
// If this is an AsyncOperation, then RxLowIoCompletion is called only if
// this is set to TRUE. Some operations like CreateSrvCall are Async but
// do not need LowIoCompletion to be called.
//
BOOL ShouldCallLowIoCompletion;
//
// Was IoMarkIrpPending called on the Irp that is being handled by this
// AsyncEngineContext?
//
BOOL ContextMarkedPending;
//
// The system tick count when this context was created. This value is used
// in timing out requests that take more than a specified time.
//
LARGE_INTEGER CreationTimeInTickCount;
//
// The RxContext data structure that is passed in by the RDBSS. It describes
// an Irp while it is being processed and contains state information that
// allows global resources to be released as the Irp is completed.
//
PRX_CONTEXT RxContext;
//
// The context ptr that saves the incoming (from RDBSS) state of
// MRxContext[0] (which is a field of the RxContext data structure).
//
PVOID SavedMinirdrContextPtr;
//
// Pointer to IRP used to call down to the underlying file system.
//
PIRP CalldownIrp;
//
// The I/O status block is set to indicate the status of a given I/O
// request.
//
union {
IO_STATUS_BLOCK;
IO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatusBlock;
};
//
// The work item which is queued to be completed.
//
RX_WORK_QUEUE_ITEM WorkQueueItem;
//
// Flags that set and indicate the state of the AsyncEngineContext.
//
USHORT Flags;
BOOLEAN FileInformationCached;
BOOLEAN FileNotExists;
BOOLEAN ParentDirInfomationCached;
BOOLEAN ParentDirIsEncrypted;
//
// The continuation routine which is to be called for this I/O request.
//
PUMRX_ASYNCENG_CONTINUE_ROUTINE Continuation;
//
// List of shared memory allocations for this context. All are freed when
// this context is freed.
//
LIST_ENTRY AllocationList;
//
// The UserMode structure.
//
struct {
//
// The work entry thats inserted into the Queue of the
// UMRdrDeviceObject.
//
LIST_ENTRY WorkQueueLinks;
//
// The routine that formats the arguments of the I/O request which is
// reflected to the usermode.
//
PUMRX_ASYNCENG_USERMODE_FORMAT_ROUTINE FormatRoutine;
//
// The routine that is called (to do some final cleanup etc.)just before
// an I/O operation that was sent to the usermode gets completed.
//
//
PUMRX_ASYNCENG_USERMODE_PRECOMPLETION_ROUTINE PrecompletionRoutine;
//
// The event used to signal a thread waiting for a MID to be freed up.
//
KEVENT WaitForMidEvent;
//
// The serial number set before sending this conttext to the user mode.
//
ULONG CallUpSerialNumber;
//
// The MID value of the context.
//
USHORT CallUpMid;
union {
struct {
//
//
//
PBYTE CapturedOutputBuffer;
};
//
//
//
ULONG SetInfoBufferLength;
};
} UserMode;
//
// The context passed to the function called in the context of a worker
// thread.
//
PVOID PostedOpContext;
//
// The completion status of a posted operation. Operations get posted to
// worker threads created by RDBSS.
//
NTSTATUS PostedOpStatus;
//
// This is set to the global serialnumber (for this operation) of RxContext.
//
ULONG SerialNumber;
//
// Used to keep track of the history of the operations on the AsynEngCtx.
//
ASYNCENG_HISTORY History;
//
// This is set to the CurrentIrp in RxContext which points to the
// origination irp.
//
PIRP RxContextCapturedRequestPacket;
} UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT, *PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT;
#define SIZEOF_UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT sizeof(UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT)
//
// The API of the reflector library exposed to the miniredirs. These are the
// only functions of the library that the miniredirs should use to reflect
// the requests to the user mode.
//
NTSTATUS
UMRxInitializeDeviceObject(
OUT PUMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT UMRefDeviceObject,
IN USHORT MaxNumberMids,
IN USHORT InitialMids,
IN SIZE_T HeapSize
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxCleanUpDeviceObject(
PUMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxAsyncEngOuterWrapper(
IN PRX_CONTEXT RxContext,
IN ULONG AdditionalBytes,
IN PUMRX_ASYNCENG_CONTEXT_FORMAT_ROUTINE ContextFormatRoutine,
USHORT FormatContext,
IN PUMRX_ASYNCENG_CONTINUE_ROUTINE Continuation,
IN PSZ RoutineName
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxSubmitAsyncEngUserModeRequest(
UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENT_SIGNATURE,
PUMRX_ASYNCENG_USERMODE_FORMAT_ROUTINE FormatRoutine,
PUMRX_ASYNCENG_USERMODE_PRECOMPLETION_ROUTINE PrecompletionRoutine
);
BOOLEAN
UMRxFinalizeAsyncEngineContext(
IN OUT PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT *AEContext
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxAsyncEngineCalldownIrpCompletion (
IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject,
IN PIRP CalldownIrp,
IN OUT PVOID Context
);
typedef
NTSTATUS
(*PUMRX_POSTABLE_OPERATION) (
IN OUT PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT AsyncEngineContext
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxPostOperation (
UMRX_ASYNCENGINE_ARGUMENT_SIGNATURE,
IN OUT PVOID PostedOpContext,
IN PUMRX_POSTABLE_OPERATION Operation
);
PBYTE
UMRxAllocateSecondaryBuffer (
IN OUT PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT AsyncEngineContext,
SIZE_T Length
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxFreeSecondaryBuffer (
IN OUT PUMRX_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT AsyncEngineContext,
PBYTE Buffer
);
VOID
UMRxReleaseCapturedThreads (
IN OUT PUMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT UMRdrDeviceObject
);
VOID
UMRxAssignWork (
IN PUMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT UMRdrDeviceObject,
IN OUT PUMRX_USERMODE_WORKITEM_HEADER InputWorkItem,
IN ULONG InputWorkItemLength,
IN OUT PUMRX_USERMODE_WORKITEM_HEADER OutputWorkItem,
IN ULONG OutputWorkItemLength,
OUT PIO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatus
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxResumeAsyncEngineContext(
IN OUT PRX_CONTEXT RxContext
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxImpersonateClient(
IN PSECURITY_CLIENT_CONTEXT SecurityClientContext,
IN OUT PUMRX_USERMODE_WORKITEM_HEADER WorkItemHeader
);
NTSTATUS
UMRxReadDWORDFromTheRegistry(
IN PWCHAR RegKey,
IN PWCHAR ValueToRead,
OUT LPDWORD DataRead
);
#define UMRxRevertClient() PsRevertToSelf()
//
// Macro definitions used by the reflector and the miniredirs.
//
//
// Check to see if we have a correct AsyncEngineContext node.
//
#define ASSERT_ASYNCENG_CONTEXT(__p) \
ASSERT(NodeType(__p) == UMRX_NTC_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT)
//
// This macro is used to do the async completion for read/write/locks. Note
// that the call to lowiocompletion will try to complete the irp thereby
// freeing the user's mdl. We use this macro so that there will be only one
// version of this code. When we combine the start routines, this will be
// unmacroed.
//
#define UMRxAsyncEngAsyncCompletionIfNecessary(AECTX, RXCONTEXT) { \
if (ContinueEntryCount > 1) { \
BOOLEAN FinalizationComplete; \
if (FALSE) { DbgBreakPoint(); } \
(RXCONTEXT)->StoredStatus = NtStatus; \
RxLowIoCompletion((RXCONTEXT)); \
FinalizationComplete = UMRxFinalizeAsyncEngineContext(&(AECTX)); \
ASSERT(!FinalizationComplete); \
} \
}
//
// This macro allows one to execute conditional debugging code.
//
#if DBG
#define DEBUG_ONLY_CODE(x) x
#else
#define DEBUG_ONLY_CODE(x)
#endif
//
// The heap is shared between kernel and user but only the kernel component
// allocates and frees into the heap.
//
typedef struct _UMRX_SHARED_HEAP {
LIST_ENTRY HeapListEntry;
PBYTE VirtualMemoryBuffer;
SIZE_T VirtualMemoryLength;
PVOID Heap;
ULONG HeapAllocationCount;
BOOLEAN HeapFull;
} UMRX_SHARED_HEAP, * PUMRX_SHARED_HEAP;
//
// NodeType Codes.
//
#define UMRX_NTC_ASYNCENGINE_CONTEXT ((USHORT)0xedd0)
//
// This strucutre defines the fields which the reflector and the miniredir can
// share and is encapsulated in the miniredirs device object. The miniredirs
// device object may contain some other fields which are specific to its
// operation.
//
typedef struct _UMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT {
//
// The RDBSS's device object structure.
//
union {
RDBSS_DEVICE_OBJECT;
RDBSS_DEVICE_OBJECT RxDeviceObject;
};
//
// The max size of the heap that can be allocated.
//
SIZE_T NewHeapSize;
//
// List of shared heaps created by worker threads.
//
LIST_ENTRY SharedHeapList;
//
// Used to synchronize the heap allocation/deletion, creation/destruction.
//
ERESOURCE HeapLock;
//
// Mid atlas and its management and synchronization.
//
struct {
PRX_MID_ATLAS MidAtlas;
FAST_MUTEX MidManagementMutex;
LIST_ENTRY WaitingForMidListhead;
};
struct {
//
// The Queue of the device object where the requests which need reflection
// wait.
//
KQUEUE Queue;
//
// Used to synchronize the KQUEUE insertions.
//
ERESOURCE QueueLock;
//
// The timeout value used by the worker threads when waiting on the
// KQUEUE for requests to be taken to user mode.
//
LARGE_INTEGER TimeOut;
//
// Used to release the worker threads which are waiting on the KQUEUE.
// Once the worker threads are released, no requests can be reflected.
//
LIST_ENTRY PoisonEntry;
//
// Used to signal the thread (which comes down with an IOCTL to release
// the worker threads) waiting for all the worker threads to be
// released.
//
KEVENT RunDownEvent;
//
// Number of worker threads waiting on the KQUEUE.
//
ULONG NumberOfWorkerThreads;
//
// Number of workitems (requests to be reflected) in the queue.
//
ULONG NumberOfWorkItems;
//
// Are the worker threads still willing to take the requests.
//
BOOLEAN WorkersAccepted;
} Q;
//
// Always incremented and assigned to the AsyncEngineContext's serial
// number.
//
ULONG NextSerialNumber;
} UMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT, *PUMRX_DEVICE_OBJECT;
#endif //_UMRX_H_
|
1344419_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Cosmisoma lineellum adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Cosmisoma, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Referensi
TITAN: Cerambycidae database. Tavakilian G., 25 Mei 2009.
Cosmisoma.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19866 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.hz.learnspring.mongodb.repository;
import com.hz.learnspring.mongodb.domain.Product;
import org.springframework.data.mongodb.repository.MongoRepository;
/**
* 商品 Repository 接口类
*
* @Author hezhao
* @Time 2018-08-03 08:59
*/
public interface ProductRepository extends MongoRepository<Product, String> {
// 继承了 MongoRepository 会默认实现很多基本的增删改查，省了很多自己写dao层的代码
// 不需要写实现
Product findByName(String name);
}
|
654513_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Maristane Dresch (Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, 9 de outubro de 1971) é uma atriz brasileira. Sua carreira artística começou como modelo, e sua estréia como atriz foi no teatro, no espetáculo Batom ao lado de Fúlvio Stefanini e Luís Gustavo. Em 1998 foi indicada ao prêmio Mambembe como atriz coadjuvante/secundária pelo espetáculo O Outro Lado do Sol. Sua estréia na TV foi na novela Pérola Negra, depois desse trabalho, a atriz participou da novela Meu Pé de Laranja Lima da Rede Bandeirantes e ganhou notoriedade no filme Bellini e a Esfinge, ao lado de veteranos como Fábio Assunção e Malu Mader, esse foi o trampolim para o sucesso. Depois de quatro anos longe da TV, Flávio Colatrello Jr., diretor geral da telenovela Essas Mulheres da Rede Record, convidou Maristane para participar da nova produção, que relançou Maristane ao mundo da TV com um papel pequeno, mas de relativa notoriedade, como a prostituta Laura. Ainda no teatro foi assistente de direção de Bibi Ferreira em Sua Excelência, O Candidato e de Marco Ricca em Shopping and Fucking. Em maio de 2007 participa da novela Pé na Jaca e em agosto faz Renata arquiteta do Grupo Cavalcanti ao lado de Glória Pires e Tony Ramos em Paraíso Tropical, na Rede Globo. Em fevereiro de 2008, Maristane assinou contrato com o SBT para atuar na novela Revelação, na qual vive a personagem Cláudia. Em 2009, foi escalada para viver a personagem Yasmin na novela Vende-se um véu de noiva no SBT.
Televisão
Filmografia
Ligações externas
Modelos do Rio Grande do Sul
Naturais de Lajeado (Rio Grande do Sul)
Atrizes do Rio Grande do Sul
Modelos femininos do Brasil.
|
658494_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 枚方市立西牧野小学校（ひらかたしりつ にしまきのしょうがっこう）は、大阪府枚方市西牧野二丁目にある公立小学校。
地域の人口の増加に伴い、従来の枚方市立殿山第二小学校および枚方市立北牧野小学校（廃校）の校区を再編する形で、1975年に枚方市大字阪881番地の1（現在地・当時の住所表示）に開校した。枚方市は枚方市立小倉小学校との統合。もしくは枚方市立磯島小学校と統合後、枚方市立渚西中学校との小中一貫校の設置を検討している。
通学区域
枚方市 渚内野3・4丁目、三栗1丁目，牧野阪1丁目，西牧野1-4丁目、牧野北町。
交通
京阪本線 牧野駅。
関連項目
大阪府小学校一覧
外部リンク
枚方市立西牧野小学校
にしまきの
学校記事.
|
1305239_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Ectatina adalah genus kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Genus ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang dalam genus ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Referensi
TITAN: Cerambycidae database. Tavakilian G., 25 Mei 2009.
Ectatina.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19867 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/sh
# Parameters
wasAdminUserName=$1 #User id for admimistrating WebSphere
wasAdminPwd=$2 #Password for administrating WebSphere
wasRootPath=$3 #Root path of WebSphere
wasProfileName=$4 #WAS ND profile name
wasServerName=$5 #WAS ND server name
db2ServerName=$6 #Host name/IP address of IBM DB2 Server
db2ServerPortNumber=$7 #Server port number of IBM DB2 Server
db2DBName=$8 #Database name of IBM DB2 Server
db2DBUserName=$9 #Database user name of IBM DB2 Server
db2DBUserPwd=$10 #Database user password of IBM DB2 Server
scriptLocation=$11 #Script location ends in a trailing slash
# Variables
createDSFileUri="$scriptLocation"db2/create-ds.py
createDSFileName=create-ds.py
jdbcDriverPath="$wasRootPath"/db2/java
# Copy jdbc drivers
mkdir -p "$jdbcDriverPath"
find "$wasRootPath" -name "db2jcc*.jar" | xargs -I{} cp {} "$jdbcDriverPath"
jdbcDriverPath=$(realpath "$jdbcDriverPath")
# Get jython file template & replace placeholder strings with user-input parameters
wget -O "$createDSFileName" "$createDSFileUri"
sed -i "s/\${WAS_SERVER_NAME}/${wasServerName}/g" "$createDSFileName"
sed -i "s#\${DB2UNIVERSAL_JDBC_DRIVER_PATH}#${jdbcDriverPath}#g" "$createDSFileName"
sed -i "s/\${DB2_DATABASE_USER_NAME}/${db2DBUserName}/g" "$createDSFileName"
sed -i "s/\${DB2_DATABASE_USER_PASSWORD}/${db2DBUserPwd}/g" "$createDSFileName"
sed -i "s/\${DB2_DATABASE_NAME}/${db2DBName}/g" "$createDSFileName"
sed -i "s/\${DB2_SERVER_NAME}/${db2ServerName}/g" "$createDSFileName"
sed -i "s/\${PORT_NUMBER}/${db2ServerPortNumber}/g" "$createDSFileName"
# Create JDBC provider and data source using jython file
"$wasRootPath"/bin/wsadmin.sh -lang jython -username "$wasAdminUserName" -password "$wasAdminPwd" -f "$createDSFileName"
# Restart server
"$wasRootPath"/profiles/"$wasProfileName"/bin/stopServer.sh "$wasServerName" -username "$wasAdminUserName" -password "$wasAdminPwd"
"$wasRootPath"/profiles/"$wasProfileName"/bin/startServer.sh "$wasServerName"
|
github_open_source_100_8_19868 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source.
* Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc., and individual contributors
* as indicated by the @author tags. See the copyright.txt file in the
* distribution for a full listing of individual contributors.
*
* This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
* Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
* 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
*/package org.jboss.as.controller.client.helpers.standalone.impl;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;
import org.jboss.as.controller.client.helpers.standalone.DeploymentAction;
/**
* Implementation of {@link DeploymentAction}.
*
* @author Brian Stansberry
*/
public class DeploymentActionImpl implements DeploymentAction, Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 613098200977026475L;
private static final InputStream EMPTY_STREAM = new InputStream() {
@Override
public int read() throws IOException {
return -1;
}
};
public static DeploymentActionImpl getAddAction(String deploymentName, String fileName, InputStream in, boolean internalStream) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.ADD, deploymentName, fileName, in, internalStream, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getAddAction(String deploymentName, String fileName, Path in) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.ADD, deploymentName, fileName, in, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getAddContentAction(String deploymentName, Map<String, InputStream> contents) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.ADD_CONTENT, deploymentName, contents, true, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getAddContentFileAction(String deploymentName, Map<String, Path> files) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.ADD_CONTENT, deploymentName, files, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getDeployAction(String deploymentName) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.DEPLOY, deploymentName, null, (InputStream)null, false, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getExplodeAction(String deploymentName, String path) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.EXPLODE, deploymentName, path, (InputStream)null, false, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getRedeployAction(String deploymentName) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.REDEPLOY, deploymentName, null, (InputStream)null, false, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getUndeployAction(String deploymentName) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.UNDEPLOY, deploymentName, null, (InputStream)null, false, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getReplaceAction(String deploymentName, String replacedName) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.REPLACE, deploymentName, null, (InputStream)null, false, replacedName);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getFullReplaceAction(String deploymentName, String fileName, InputStream in, boolean internalStream) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.FULL_REPLACE, deploymentName, fileName, in, internalStream, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getFullReplaceAction(String deploymentName, String fileName, Path in, boolean internalStream) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.FULL_REPLACE, deploymentName, fileName, in, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getRemoveAction(String deploymentName) {
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.REMOVE, deploymentName, null, (InputStream)null, false, null);
}
public static DeploymentActionImpl getRemoveContentAction(String deploymentName, List<String> fileNames) {
Map<String, InputStream> contents = new HashMap<>(fileNames.size());
for(String file : fileNames) {
contents.put(file, EMPTY_STREAM);
}
return new DeploymentActionImpl(Type.REMOVE_CONTENT, deploymentName, contents, false, null);
}
private final UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID();
private final Type type;
private final String deploymentUnitName;
private final String oldDeploymentUnitName;
private final String newContentFileName;
private final InputStream contentStream;
private final Map<String, InputStream> contents;
private final Map<String, Path> files;
private final boolean internalStream;
private DeploymentActionImpl(Type type, String deploymentUnitName, String newContentFileName, InputStream contents, boolean internalStream, String replacedDeploymentUnitName) {
this.type = type;
this.deploymentUnitName = deploymentUnitName;
this.newContentFileName = newContentFileName;
if(newContentFileName != null && contents != null) {
this.contents = Collections.singletonMap(newContentFileName, contents);
this.files = Collections.emptyMap();
} else {
this.contents = Collections.emptyMap();
this.files = Collections.emptyMap();
}
if(contents != null) {
this.contentStream = contents;
} else {
this.contentStream = null;
}
this.oldDeploymentUnitName = replacedDeploymentUnitName;
this.internalStream = internalStream;
}
private DeploymentActionImpl(Type type, String deploymentUnitName, String newContentFileName, Path file,String replacedDeploymentUnitName) {
this.type = type;
this.deploymentUnitName = deploymentUnitName;
this.newContentFileName = newContentFileName;
boolean useableFile = file != null && Files.exists(file) && Files.isRegularFile(file);
if (newContentFileName != null && useableFile) {
this.files = Collections.singletonMap(newContentFileName, file);
this.contents = Collections.emptyMap();
} else {
this.files = Collections.emptyMap();
this.contents = Collections.emptyMap();
}
if (useableFile) {
try {
this.contentStream = Files.newInputStream(file);
} catch (IOException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}
} else {
this.contentStream = null;
}
this.oldDeploymentUnitName = replacedDeploymentUnitName;
this.internalStream = true;
}
private DeploymentActionImpl(Type type, String deploymentUnitName, Map<String, InputStream> contents, boolean internalStream, String replacedDeploymentUnitName) {
this.type = type;
this.deploymentUnitName = deploymentUnitName;
this.newContentFileName = null;
this.contentStream = null;
this.contents = contents;
this.files = Collections.emptyMap();
this.oldDeploymentUnitName = replacedDeploymentUnitName;
this.internalStream = internalStream;
}
private DeploymentActionImpl(Type type, String deploymentUnitName, Map<String, Path> files,String replacedDeploymentUnitName) {
this.type = type;
this.deploymentUnitName = deploymentUnitName;
this.newContentFileName = null;
this.contentStream = null;
this.files = files;
this.contents = Collections.emptyMap();
this.oldDeploymentUnitName = replacedDeploymentUnitName;
this.internalStream = true;
}
@Override
public UUID getId() {
return uuid;
}
@Override
public Type getType() {
return type;
}
@Override
public String getDeploymentUnitUniqueName() {
return deploymentUnitName;
}
@Override
public String getReplacedDeploymentUnitUniqueName() {
return oldDeploymentUnitName;
}
public String getNewContentFileName() {
return newContentFileName;
}
public InputStream getContentStream() {
return contentStream;
}
public Map<String, InputStream> getContents() {
return contents;
}
public Map<String, Path> getFiles() {
return files;
}
public boolean isInternalStream() {
return internalStream;
}
}
|
6360642_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Grambow kan syfta på:
Geografi
Tyskland
Grambow, Nordwestmecklenburg, ort och kommun, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
Grambow, Vorpommern, ort och kommun, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,.
|
github_open_source_100_8_19869 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # Copyright © 2019 Province of British Columbia
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""All of the configuration for the service is captured here.
All items are loaded,
or have Constants defined here that are loaded into the Flask configuration.
All modules and lookups get their configuration from the Flask config,
rather than reading environment variables directly or by accessing this configuration directly.
"""
import os
import sys
from dotenv import find_dotenv, load_dotenv
# this will load all the envars from a .env file located in the project root (api)
load_dotenv(find_dotenv())
CONFIGURATION = {
'development': 'admin.config.DevConfig',
'testing': 'admin.config.TestConfig',
'production': 'admin.config.ProdConfig',
'default': 'admin.config.ProdConfig'
}
def get_named_config(config_name: str = 'production'):
"""Return the configuration object based on the name.
:raise: KeyError: if an unknown configuration is requested
"""
if config_name in ['production', 'staging', 'default']:
config = ProdConfig()
elif config_name == 'testing':
config = TestConfig()
elif config_name == 'development':
config = DevConfig()
else:
raise KeyError(f"Unknown configuration '{config_name}'")
return config
def _get_config(config_key: str, **kwargs):
"""Get the config from environment, and throw error if there are no default values and if the value is None."""
if 'default' in kwargs:
value = os.getenv(config_key, kwargs.get('default'))
else:
value = os.getenv(config_key)
# assert value TODO Un-comment once we find a solution to run pre-hook without initializing app
return value
class _Config(): # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
"""Base class configuration that should set reasonable defaults for all the other configurations."""
PROJECT_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
SECRET_KEY = 'my secret'
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
# POSTGRESQL
DB_USER = _get_config('DATABASE_USERNAME')
DB_PASSWORD = _get_config('DATABASE_PASSWORD')
DB_NAME = _get_config('DATABASE_NAME')
DB_HOST = _get_config('DATABASE_HOST')
DB_PORT = _get_config('DATABASE_PORT', default='5432')
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = f'postgresql://{DB_USER}:{DB_PASSWORD}@{DB_HOST}:{int(DB_PORT)}/{DB_NAME}'
SQLALCHEMY_ECHO = _get_config('SQLALCHEMY_ECHO', default='False').lower() == 'true'
# Normal Keycloak parameters.
OIDC_CLIENT_SECRETS = os.getenv('PAY_OIDC_CLIENT_SECRETS', 'secrets/keycloak.json')
OIDC_SCOPES = ['openid', 'email', 'profile']
OIDC_VALID_ISSUERS = [os.getenv('PAY_OIDC_VALID_ISSUERS')]
# Undocumented Keycloak parameter: allows sending cookies without the secure flag, which we need for the local
# non-TLS HTTP server. Set this to non-"True" for local development, and use the default everywhere else.
OIDC_ID_TOKEN_COOKIE_SECURE = os.getenv('PAY_OIDC_ID_TOKEN_COOKIE_SECURE', 'True').lower() == 'true'
PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME = 'https'
TESTING = False
DEBUG = True
class DevConfig(_Config): # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
"""Dev config."""
TESTING = False
DEBUG = True
class TestConfig(_Config): # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
"""In support of testing only used by the py.test suite."""
DEBUG = True
TESTING = True
# POSTGRESQL
DB_USER = _get_config('DATABASE_TEST_USERNAME', default='postgres')
DB_PASSWORD = _get_config('DATABASE_TEST_PASSWORD', default='postgres')
DB_NAME = _get_config('DATABASE_TEST_NAME', default='paytestdb')
DB_HOST = _get_config('DATABASE_TEST_HOST', default='localhost')
DB_PORT = _get_config('DATABASE_TEST_PORT', default='5432')
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = _get_config(
'DATABASE_TEST_URL',
default=f'postgresql://{DB_USER}:{DB_PASSWORD}@{DB_HOST}:{int(DB_PORT)}/{DB_NAME}'
)
class ProdConfig(_Config): # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
"""Production environment configuration."""
SECRET_KEY = _get_config('SECRET_KEY', default=None)
if not SECRET_KEY:
SECRET_KEY = os.urandom(24)
print('WARNING: SECRET_KEY being set as a one-shot', file=sys.stderr)
TESTING = False
DEBUG = False
|
2326903_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 297 F.Supp.2d 1063 (2003)
UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Jimmy SANTIAGO N74164, Petitioner,
v.
Charles HINSLEY, Warden, Respondent.
No. 03 C 9029.
United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.
December 18, 2003.
Jimmy Santiago, Tamms, IL, Pro se.
Chief of Criminal Appeals, Illinois Attorney General's Office, Chicago, IL, for Respondent.
MEMORANDUM ORDER[1]
SHADUR, Senior District Judge.
Jimmy Santiago ("Santiago") has submitted a 28 U.S.C. § 2254[2] Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus ("Petition"), using the form provided by this District Court's Clerk's Office and both filling in its blanks and supplementing his responses with handwritten materials. Complaint Part II ¶ 4 and Santiago's extended handwritten elaboration of that response reflect that he has just filed a second post-conviction petition in the state court system, so that the Petition presents a combination of assertedly exhausted and admittedly nonexhausted claims.
*1064 Because the Petition is thus a socalled "mixed petition," until a few years ago the seminal decision in Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 522, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982) would have called for its dismissal. But the landscape has changed substantially as the result of the 1996 legislation in this area of the law, even though 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2) still preserves that dismissal option if the unexhausted claims are nonmeritorious (see Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 183, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001)(Stevens, J., concurring)). What our own Court of Appeals (like a number of others) teaches in the different situation in which, as here, a petitioner files contemporaneously in both a state court (as to nonexhausted claims whose merits are unresolved) and the federal court (via a mixed petition) is to stay the federal action "while the state court decides what to do" (Freeman v. Page, 208 F.3d 572, 577 (7th Cir. 2000), citing earlier Seventh Circuit caselaw to the same effect). Indeed, Freeman, id. went on to say that dismissal of the petition in that case would have been reversible error.
This Court therefore orders that this action be stayed. As to one other issuewhat should be done with the presently unexhausted claims during the stay periodthis Court is of course aware of decisions that read Rose as precluding the stay of a mixed petition and hence as requiring the current dismissal of the unexhausted claims (see, e.g., Ford v. Hubbard, 330 F.3d 1086, 1097-98 (9th Cir. 2003)). But our Court of Appeals has not had occasion to opine on that subject, and it should be remembered that the entire Rose rationale was framed in the context of what was necessary to permit a district court to consider all facets of the habeas petition before it ruled on the merits currently. That of course is the antithesis of a stay of the petition, so it does not necessarily follow that Rose continues to require that treatment under the now-existing legislation. Note that if that were done, it would require Santiago to refile the presently-unexhausted claims in this action once the state court has done its work, relying on a relation-back doctrine essentially to pretend that the claims had been on file here all along. This Court eschews that formalistic and fictitious alternative: In the absence of a different directive from our Court of Appeals, it will simply leave the unexhausted claims in the Petition during the pendency of the stay.
This action is being taken at the very outset, even before this Court has had the opportunity to examine the timeliness or untimeliness of the current Petition as to the already exhausted claims. This Court will explore that subject by seeking to obtain some necessary information that has not been furnished in or with the Petition itself. And if that process were to disclose that some action other than the presently-ordered stay may be called for, this Court would be prepared to take a fresh look at the matter. In the meantime, this action is set for an informational status hearing at 8:45 a.m. May 25, 2004, for which purpose the Illinois Attorney General's office is expected to make arrangements for Santiago to be available by a telephone call to his place of confinement.
NOTES
[1] Although this order was prepared and ready for issuance on December 16 (the same day this Court received a copy of the Petition, just a day after it had been received in the Clerk's Office), this Court held off on its issuance because the in forma pauperis application was still being processed clerically in that office (it seems likely that only an original application had been submitted, so that no Judge's copy could be delivered to chambers along with the Judge's copy of the Petition itself). This Court is still awaiting a copy of that application two days laterand more importantly, the modest $5 filing fee (of which petitioner was probably unaware) assures that either (1) the application will be granted if petitioner has no funds at all or (2) if there are funds in petitioner's inmate trust fund account, the application will be denied but payment of the filing fee can be made immediately. Under the circumstances this Court will not delay issuance any further.
[2] All further references to Title 28's provisions will simply take the form "Section.".
|
racheletlatragd00janigoog_13 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Cette tragédie de Bajazet fut inspii-ée à Racine par la conver sation de quelques vieux diplomates qui avaient passé leur vie à Constantinople et qui avaient vu , d'aussi près qu'on le pouait voir, le sérail du Grand Seigneur, cet auti*e palais de Versailles, mais un palais mystérieux, terrible, où le maître se cache aussi bien que l'esclave, et dont personne, étranger, chrétien, nuisulman, indigène, ne |)eut approcher sous peine de mort. Ce que ces hommes avaient appris des nururs orientales, de ces intrigues, de ces san glantes amours, de ces meuilivs de ïvère à fi'èi'e, ils revenaient le conter à Paris, mais ils le racontaient à voix basse, et coimiie on raconte les choses impossibles. D'ailleurs c'était à peu près l'époque où Galland, le savant orientaliste, découvrait avec une 252 MADEMOISELLE RÂCHEL • persévérance presque poétique ce long poëme des 3/ille et une Nuits, dans lequel se noanifeste le génie arabe en ce qu'il a de plus imprévu et de plus charmant. iinsi Racine , jeune encore , et rempli de ces belles passions qu'il a jetées dans ses vers, prêtait une oreille atten tive à ces histoires. Il en pouvait admirer à la fois les deux aspects : le côté sombre et sanglant, le côté amoureux et fleuri; ici des meurtres sans fin, la volonté d'un seul qui est la loi universelle, l'obéissance de tous , la fatalité qui joue en même temps le rôle de bourreau et le rôle de victime, et tout à côté les fleuves, les palais, les vallons, les montagnes, les riches étofles, les diamants et les perles. Le rêve et le conte, les enchantements de l'esprit et des sens. Le moyen de résister à cette double séduction pour un poëte tragique et pour un poète amoureux! aussi bien Racine n'a1il pas manqué à cet univers poétique et sanglant qui s'ouvrait devant lui. Il s'est enquis d'abord et avec toutes sortes de sollicitudes de l'histoire de cet empire mystérieux et si reculé, que l'éloignement du pays répare en quelque sorte la proximité des temps ! Pour cette œuvre que rêvait son génie, il ne s'est pas contenté d'ouvrir les livres écrits par les historiens plus ou moins fidèles, il s'en est rapporté surtout à la conversation des hommes qui venaient de ces lointaines contrées ; il demandait à chacun quelques détails : comment était faite cette royauté fabuleuse , héroïque et sanglante des successeurs de Mahomet ; par quels sentiers inconnus l'esclave de la veille devenait maître du lendemain ; comment s'exécutait cette justice adorée à genoux ; par quelles violences s'étaient signalés les janissaires? par quelle vigueur ils avaient été domptés. Ainsi éveillée par ces discours, comme Voltaire rêvera plus tard la Ilenriade^ cette rare et sincère imagination s'arrête enfin au récit d'un meurtre récent commis naguère dans les murs du sérail, le meurtre de Bajazet, frère du sultan Amurat, par le sultan Amurat lui-même. Tel était Véloignement^ à entendre parler les vieillards qui ont approché de Henri le Grande qu'au xvn* siècle, ET LA TRAGÉDIE. Î53 la France ni l'Europe ne savaient rien de cet horrible meurtre; seulement quelques amis de M. le comte de Cézy, ambassadeur du roi à Constantinople, lorsque cette aventure tragique ensan glanta le sérail , se souvenaient fort bien d'en avoir entendu racon-: ter quelques détails par M. de Cézy lui-même, et ces détails qu'ils avaient appris de la bouche même de l'ambassadeur, ils les rappor taient à Racine. M. de Cézy « avait été instruit des amours de « Bajazet et des jalousies de la sultane. Il vit même plusieurs fois « Bajazet, à qui on permettait de se promener à la pointe du sérail, « sur le canal de la mer Noire. M. le comte de Cézy disait que c'était (( un prince de bonne mine. » Voilà sous quelle inspiration Racine entreprit sa tragédie de Bajazet. Voilà donc ce qui vous explique comment il a deviné, lui, le premier, et bien mieux qu'aucun historien , les détours du sérail et de la politique de ces contrées lointaines, voisines des fables, en l'an de grâce 1670. Que si vous disiez à Racine que son héros était bien jeune pour arriver aux rares honneurs de la tragédie ^ il vous répondait naïvement que ce sont des mœurs et des coutumes toutes différentes; que les personnages turcs, quelque modernes qu'ils soient, ont de la dignité sur le théâtre; on les regarde de bonne heure comme anciens. En même temps il se retranchait fièrement derrière le vieil Eschyle, le père de la tragédie grecque, qui fait parler de son vivant la mère de Xerxès. Or, Eschyle était homme de guerre, il assistait à côté de son frère Cynégire à la bataille de Marathon. 2;i4 MADEMOISELLE RACIIEL Vous entendrez répéter aux vieilles Leçons de rhétorique et d'his totre que Racine a pris sa tragique aux poètes de la Grèce antique... A quelle tragédie a-t-il pris Androniaque? A quelle tragédie antique a1il emprunté Burrhus, Néron, Agrippine? Dans quel livre écrit a-t-il découvert Bajazet et TOrient?... Il a découvert Constantinople et Bajazet, comme Shakespeare a découvert Venise et Desdémone. Ainsi le travail historique de cet excellent génie est sans limites dans toutes les œuvres qu'il a laissées ; il a découvert les Turcs comme il a découvert les Juifs; il aurait tout aussi bien découvert les Grecs et les Romains, les enfants d'Euripide et de Corneille. S'il est plus curieux à suivre dans Bajazet, c'est qu'en vérité la tentative était nouvelle et qu'il n'avait été devancé par personne. Enfin il devait ouvrir ce noble sentier à Voltaire qui y devait trouver Orosmane , à Montesquieu , esprit goguenard un instant, esprit sublime le reste de ses jours, qui devait y trouver les Lettres persanes. Et voilà comment, dans une nation bien faite, tous les chefs-d'œuvre de l'esprit, et même les plus divers, se tiennent par un lien invisible et sacré. Entrez donc, puisque Racine lui-même vous en ouvre les portes, dans cet impénétrable sérail des empereurs ottomans , où nul n'est entré avant lui. A peine ouvert, ce palais vous paraît rempli d'une terreur immense, et vous sentez tout de suite qu'il ne s'agit plus ici de ces grèves désertes , de ces palais ouverts à tous, de ces temples sans murailles au milieu desquels se passe incessamment la tragédie antique. A la (in donc vous êtes véritablement enfermé entre quatre murs. Cette porte par laquelle vous êtes entré, un muet l'a refermée et peut-être nulle force humaine ne saurait l'ouvrir. Dès la pre mière scène aussi nous partageons cette terreur d'Osmin, le confident d'Acomat, Tout brave qu'il est, Osmin n'entre pas sans terreur dans ces murailles sacrées ; il se demande avec effroi quelle est donc la révolution qui s'est faite , et par quel miracle ils sont là, debout, dans cette enceinte, son lieutenant et lui, quand à peine oseraient-ils y entrer à genoux. ET LA TRAGÉDIE. î55 Cette terreur est des plus naturelles. Le poëte qui pouvait se montrer en ce moment pour vous décrire, à la façon du récit de Théraraène, tout ce qu'il a appris de ces mystères, cède la place à un Turc qu'il a découvert, et ce Turc s'appelle Acomat, Vous pénétrez ainsi , peu à peu , dans les ténèbres de ce drame. Enfm donc voilà Byzance qui s'anime à ces sombres lueurs. Ce n'est pas assez d'avoir découvert l'Orient, il faut encore découvrir les hommes qui l'habitent. Ce n'est pas assez de nous montrer le sérail, le mur intérieur, le palais , la forteresse , le poëte veut nous montrer aussi les âmes en peine qui habitent cet enfer. Voici donc, écrite en tivsbeaux vers, la destinée des empereurs ottomans : tout -puissants tant qu'ils sont victorieux, méprisés à la première défaite; maîtres du soldat s'ils vont en avant, égorgés s'ils re(*ulent; volontés de fer, et cependant iilnérables a un certain endroit du cœur. Or, c'est le vieil Acomat qui nous explique toutes ces choses. Acomat , c'est le musulman sceptique. Cet homme doute ; et du doute à la révolte, il n'y a qu'un pas. Il sait comment s'égorgent ces maîtres terribles; il sait aussi comment les sucx^esseurs de Mahomet font étrangler les visirs et comment s'accomplissent ces révolutions de palais, révo lutions muettes, silencieuses, implacables. Nous marchons ainsi de découvertes en découvertes , et déjà nous devinons ces passions cachées , quand enfin paraît l'auti-e héixis de la tragédie, Hoxane, une des plus dilïiciles créations... la plus diflicile création du génie de Racine. Cette fois, en effet, à propos de cette femme au cœur de tigre, Racine oublie ( il fait bien ) les chastes et correctes habitudes de sa poésie. Il n'a plus rien à voir avec ces belles princesses de la Grèce ou de Rome, Junie, Hermicme ou Béivnice, nobles cœurs, tendres cœurs, passions violentes quelquefois, mais tendres toujours au milieu même de leur violence ; simples et touchantes beautés qui ont passé, malg^ elles et malgré le [KH^te, pai' les salons em^hantés du palais de Louis XIV. Non, il ne s'agit plus wtte fois de ce rantinuel 256 MADEMOISELLE RÂCHEL combat de l'amour contre le devoir, de la passion aux prises avec le malheur; ce n'est plus Andromaque éplorée et protégeant de ses larmes le fils d'Hector, ce n'est plus Junie consolant Britannicus, ce n'est plus Bérénice disant adieu à ce grand empereur qu'elle aime ; ce ne sont plus ces princesses élégantes, aussi célèbres par leurs malheurs que par leur naissance, par l'éclat de leur nom que par la grandeur de leur amour. Il s'agit d'une esclave achetée au marché des esclaves; il s'agit non pas d'une chaste fille de seize ans qui pleure comme Iphigénie cette seizième année en fleurs que le prêtre va traîner à l'autel, mais d'une femme soumise aux caprices d'un maître absolu qui la couvre de coups et de baisers. Adieu, cette fois, à la timide pas sion qui soupire tout bas , qui se cache et qui se perd pour ne pas dire un mot qu'elle brûle de dire et qu'elle n'ose pas prononcer. Il s'agit d'un amour sans frein, sans retenue et sans respect ; passion violente, excitée, et doublement, par le soleil et par l'esclavage. Enfin cette femme n'a point de larmes; elle tient en main un poignard. Cette femme n'attendra pas que l'homme qui lui plaît lui dise : Je t'aime! elle ira violente, insensée et furieuse, au-devant de cet homme, et sans môme songer k se faire belle et parée, elle dira à cet homme : Il faut que tu m'aimes, je veux que tu m'aimes ! « L'amour ou la mort ! » Tel était ce hennissement que le poëte avait pris à tâche, ô la tâche illustre! d'entourer de sympathie.... et pourtant ne pensez pas que pour arriver plus sûrement à des eflets violents, imprévus, le grand poëte imposera la moindre violence à sa poésie... il fera parler Roxane elle-même, sans gêner en rien cette admirable langue qu'il a trouvée, sans gâter cette simple ordonnance du drame antique , à laquelle il ne veut ajouter ni retrancher. Plus vous étudierez ce rôle de Roxane, et plus vous comprendrez quel grand art il a fallu pour tirer ce parti superbe et touchant d'une pareille femme en restant, comme l'a fait Racine, dans les plus scrupuleuses limites de l'art, du bon sens et du goût. ET LA TRAGÉDIE. 257 Cette Roxane est avilie autant qu'on peut l'être; elle est avilie à la fois par l'amour que lui porte Amurat, par l'amour que lui inspire Bajazet, par l'amour que Bajazet lui refuse. Cette femme est amoureuse à l'orientale, avec sa tête, avec son orgueil; elle est sans retenue, elle est sans pudeur; les passions du cœur, les passiojis de l'âme, eût dit Descartes, qui sont la grande excuse de l'amour, ne sont pour rien dans l'amour de Roxane. Elle est insolente, inintel ligente et misérable. Elle veut Bajazet... il lui faut la main ou la tête de cet homme ! Voilà dans quel syllogisme licencieux ou terrible se démène cette étonnante et tout d'abord inacceptable tragédie... Et pourtant que de pitié, que de larmes ! Vous pleurez sur Roxane elle-même. 0 puissance irrésistible de l'amour, et même de l'amour dégagé de ces adorables prétextes dont Racine l'entourait ! Ainsi vous avez dans tout le cours de ces cinq actes deux héros si nets, si franchement dessinés, qu'ils vous font oublier les autres sujets qui les entourent. Roxane telle qu'elle est, furibonde, insolente, impitoyable, c'est bien la femme avilie et non pas déshonorée du sérail. Roxane, elle ne sait pas même ce que c'est que l'honneur. Acomat, le soldat de sang-froid , le politique, dédai gneux de tout ce qui n'est pas le pouvoir, c'est bien l'homme de l'Orient qui se défend du despotisme par le despotisme , l'homme intelligent qui se défend par la ruse contre la force. Quel homme, Acomat! emphatique avec Roxane, dévoué et goguenard avec Bajazet, simple et bon avec Osmin son ami, par lant à chacun son langage, donnant au prince les conseils du politique éprouvé, à la femme les consolations d'un homme adroit, ne disant son dernier mot qu'à son confident , et encore attendant pour le dire, ce dernier mot , que le conQdent lui ait fait ce dernier serment : Si vous mourez, je meurs ! Il ne se dément pas un seul instant dans tout le cours de ce drame, et même il va si loin que parfois il touche à la comédie... Est-ce en effet probable ? 0 Maho met ! que va dire Acomat quand il verra le galant Bajazet perdre la couronne et la vie parce qu'il ne veut pas épouser Roxane? 47 158 MADEMOISELLE RÂGHEL Enfin quelle n'est pas la douleur du vizir quand il se voit, lui blanchi dans le conseil et à la guerre, la dupe de ces folles querelles de l'amour ! Comme il se console vite quand il apprend que cet innocent Bajazct est justement amoureux d' Atalide que lui , Aco mat, il devait épouser!... Molière lui-même n'a pas créé un per sonnage plus vrai, plus naturel et plus conséquent avec ses propres idées. Donc admirons cette Roxane qui bondit dans ce drame comme une lionne au mois de mai , pendant que le vieux tigre Acomat la suit à la trace sans se détourner d'un seul pas, tant il est sûr de marcher à. son but. Ainsi Roxane, Acomat, Osmin lui-même, il n'y a rien à leur dire : ils sont bien dans leur rôle , ils sont vraiment les enfants du Coran et de la fatalité : mais les deux autres, les deux amou reux, Bajazet, Atalide, êtes-vous sûr que véritablement ils appartiennent à ces mœurs à part, qui font que les Turcs sont regardés de bonne heure comme anciens? A cette objection, qui semble détruire l'unité de ce beau drame, il est facile de répondre que le poëte, avec ses trois personnages principaux, le vizir, la favo rite, l'esclave, avait épuisé toutes les ressources que lui offrait cette histoire. Songez que dans ce sérail oîi nous venons de pénétrer il né s'agit pas de rencontrer tous les personnages que nous fournit le drame antique : le père, la mère, le prêtre, le soldat, le dieu, le héros, le roi, le peuple, la jeune fille et son amant, le confident et la confidente, le monde épique, en un mot, tel que l'a fait Homère, le monde de l'histoire tel que l'a fait Thucydide ou Tacite. N'oubliez pas que la scène se passe à Constantinople , que disje?... elle se passe entre quatre murs fermés à tous, et dans ces murs, trop heureux encore que le maître en soit absent. En effet , si le sultan Amurat était de retour, vous n'auriez ni Roxane, ni Acomat, ni la favorite, ni le vizir, vous n'auriez que le maître... à savoir, cette volonté froide, immobile et cachée, imposant sa force à la façon du rocher qui tombe et qui tue. Ce personnage unique , il est tout, il peut tout, il veut tout; nul ne le voit, nul ne l'entend. ET LA TRAGÉDIE. t59 son nom est mystère... Essayez d'en faire un drame! Il a donc fallu éloigner Amurat, la volonté suprême et le dieu caché dans le nuage, aQn que cette tragédie de Bajazei fût possible. Alors, quand le sultan est bien loin, il n'est resté que Roxane et Acomat, la sultane et le vizir qui se révoltent... Les autres personnages n'ont pas le droit de vivre et d'agir. Bajazet lui-même, le héros de cette incroyable tragédie, il est un esclave, et rien de plus, que l'an promène quelquefois à la pointe du sérail , en attendant que vienne l'ordre de l'égorger. Rien n'est plus vrai : Bajazet n'appartient pas à la famille des Ottomans; Atalide est tout à fait une de ^s élégantes passions écloses sous le regard bienveillant et charmé de mademoiselle de La Vallière; le poëte n'avait pas d'autres héros sous la main , mais, une fois ces deux héros acceptés, quelle poésie et quelles vives tendresses ! Quels touchants retours de cette passion inépuisable qui se porte de celui-ci à celle-là ! quel intérêt cet amour ne jette-t-il pas sur ces deux enfants, perdus dans la passion de Roxane et dans l'ironie ambitieuse d' Acomat! Jamais peut-être un poëte, quel qu'il soit, n'a poussé plus loin la grâce, l'esprit, la passion^ l'art de tout dire et la douleur. Ce ne sont pas des Turcs, dites -vous. Tant mieux donc, car avec cette femme qui se veut faire aimer la menace à la bouche, avec ce vizir qui jette sur ce drame le mépris qu'il a dans le cœur pour tout ce qui n'est pas l'ambition, quelle triste tragédie on eût faite, et le triste amusement, si nous n'eussions vu que des Turcs : un Bajazet turc, c'est-à-dire un enfant sans idées, sans volonté, occupé seulement de plaire à sa maîtresse; une Atalide turque, c'est-à-dire quelque jolie fille du sérail, comme nous les montre Byron quand don Juan, caché sous les habits d'une esclave grecque , voit défiler sous ses yeux éblouis l'essaim joyeux des odalisques. « Ce joli bataillon de dames de tous les pays, sou ci mises au caprice d'un seul homme, défilant très-modestement, « d'un pas grave et solennel, ce sont : Katinka, Dudu, Haïdée, a celle-ci brune et pleine de feu , celle-là blanche et vermeille , la 260 MADEMOISELLE RÂCHEL (( troisième , Vénus endormie. » Et qu'eût fait Racine le poëte avec ces fantaisies orientales? Nous eût -il raconté avec le sans gêne de Byron « ce qui se passe sous le ciel des lits à quatre colonnes et « à rideaux de soie faits pour les riches et pour leurs femmes , qui y « reposent dans des draps aussi blancs que tout ce que les poètes « comparent à la neige que le vent éparpille dans les airs? » Non , la tâche de Racine ne pouvait pas être cette tâche ironique et licencieuse que s'impose l'auteur de doii Juan : comme aussi jamais Racine n'eût consenti à faire du descendant de Mahomet un bouffon tel que lord Byron l'a rêvé : « Sa Hautesse était un homme « d'un port grave ; son turban lui venait jusqu'au nez et sa barbe « jusqu'aux yeux. » I^ grande poésie du xvii* siècle ne se serait guère accommodée de ces mascarades et de ces licences. Pourtant, à moins de voir l'Orient sous son côté profane et licen cieux , comme Byron , à moins de pénétrer dans le sérail , comme fait don Juan , à moins de réveiller, la nuit, par ce grand cri , si peu terrible et si charmant, ces belles esclaves demi -nues, couchées çà et là comme des fleurs de climats différents dans un parterre exo tique, à moins de nous les montrer avec leurs draperies flottantes, leurs cheveux en désordre, les yeux pleins d'un feu mouillé, le sein nu , le pied nu , il était impossible que le poëte Racine n'appelât pas à son aide ces chastes , innocentes et pures amours de Bajazet et d'Atalide , bien que ces amours fussent un peu françaises. Tous les poètes de ce monde ne font pas le même métier; au xvii* siècle, il n'y a pas un poëte qui eût consenti à faire le métier ET LÀ TRAGÉDIE. 264 de lord Byron, quand lord Byron écrivit son admirable, amusant, grotesque, goguenard et licencieux poëme de don Juan ! Racine a donc fait tout ce qu'il devait faire; il a conservé à sa tragédie orientale un grand caractère honnête et sérieux ; il a pénétré tant qu'il a pu dans le sérail, mais il n'est pas entré dans les petits appartements. D'ailleurs il avait besoin du jeune Bajazet pour se rassurer lui-même contre Acomat ; il avait besoin d'Atalide afin de se protéger contre Roxane. Ceux qui disent : Mais cette tragédie serait plus amusante, si elle ressemblait au poëme de lord Byron , si elle simit l'Orient par tous les pores ! ceux-là ne savent pas c^ qu'ils disent. Que signifie : une tragédie amusante? Et comptez-vous pour votre amusement ces portes fermées, ces hautes murailles, ces déguisements, cet homme sous les habits d'une femme, ces brode ries, ces gazes, ces parfums, ce harem qui dort? Vains plaisirs des yeux ! Amusements d'une heure et puéril secret dont tout le monde est instruit, que votre valet de chambre vous raconte, mot à mot, envous déshabillant le soir! Savez-vous rien de moins amusant qu'un tableau de Raphaël? Amusant! à quoi bon? je vous prie. Raphaël , sur une toile heureuse et calme, vous montre un enfant, une femme, un vieillard. Têtes sereines, à peine entou rées d'une auréole. Chefs-d'œuvre impérissables justement parce qu'ils n'amusent pas, parce qu'ils touchent. Méfiez-vous des chefs d'œuvre qui vous amusent, vous en verrez bien vite la fin. Ainsi est faite la tragédie de Racine : c'est un de ces clairs chefs d'œuvre faits tout exprès pour la contemplation des esprits élevés, des cœurs honnêtes, des têtes calmes. Mais aussi, plus le chef d'œuvre est écrit simplement , plus se cache le poète derrière son drame, et plus le comédien doit être habile, et plus il doit pénétrer fièrement dans le secret de ces compositions superbes qui ne donnent rien au hasard. Ce n'est plus seulement un poëte dont on récite les vers, c'est un drame entier qu'il s'agit de révéler au vulgaire; et pour le bien deviner, ce drame, il faut tant de soins, d'attention, d'intelligence et de génie! On conçoit trè&-bien que Tauleur drama 262 MADEMOISELLE RACHEL tique, aussitôt qu'il jette en son œuvre éclatante tout ce qu'il a dans l'esprit et dans le cœur , et qu'il n'a rien de caché pour son comé dien, pour son auditoire, finisse par produire un drame où le comédien a peu de chose à faire, où l'auditoire a peu de chose à deviner. Mais un poëte qui s'enveloppe dans sa majestueuse poésie et qui se cache au fond de la passion qu'il exprime ; un poëte qu'il faut découvrir même dans ses compositions les plus limpides, un pareil homme, pour être à sa propre hauteur, a besoin d'inter prètes dignes de lui. Voilà justement pourquoi les chefs-d'œuvre de notre vieille scène tragique ne peuvent pas se passer de comédiens excellents. Plus ils ont été faits pour l'immortalité, et plus il faut que les comédiens qui les jouent soient à la hauteur des passions qu'ils j'eprésentent. Pour me raconter une iilgaire histoire, un comédien excellent serait trop bon, et le premier comédien venu, pourvu qu'il s'agite et me réveille, va suffire à ce drame ouvert à tous les vents, et dont les mystères les plus terribles finissent toujours par s'expliquer de la façon la plus naturelle ; mais les véritables mys tères poétiques, les mystères de l'âme humaine, et les seules décou vertes qui vaillent la peine que l'on s'en inquiète, il nous faut, pour ceux-là, des comédiens intelligents, merveilleux, inspirés, dignes enfin de toucher à ces rares et délicates œuvres de l'esprit humain qu'un souffle peut ternir. Le grand mérite et le grand talent de mademoiselle Rachel, c'est qu'elle touchait d'une main réservée, ingénue et toute filiale, à ces œuvres délicates. On eût dit un bel enfant qui tient un oiseau dans sa main; plus d'une fois l'enfant a laissé partir l'oiseau , tant il avait peur de l'étouffer. Sans nul doute le rôle de Roxane appartenait à mademoiselle Rachel par le droit de sa naissance, mais il fallait le conquérir, et qui donc pouvait espérer, parmi les gens de goût, que cette enfant trouverait, par intuition, ces rages soudaines, ces fureurs cachées et ce mot terrible: Sortez! sortez! qui est une condamnation capitale... Elle ne le trouva pas le pre ET LÀ TRAGÉDIE. 263 mier jour ; il errait sur sa lèvre , il ne sortait pas de son cœur. Pouvaitelle aussi comprendre, jeune et sans expérience, au moment des débuts, les étranges paroles que dit Acomat à Roxane en parlant des charmes de Bajazet. Les charmes de Bajazet ! Tout le caractère de Roxane est contenu dans ce mot de Racine ; mais les plus vieilles comédiennes, après la vie la plus agitée et la plus vagabonde, il arrive assez souvent, les déchirées et les malheureuses, qu'elles ne comprennent pas le sens de ce mot étrange les charmes ^ appliqué à un homme. Comment donc mademoiselle Rachel, cette enfant si frêle et ce petit corps brisé, cette poitrine naissante, ce souffle mquiet, pouvaient-ils suffire à représenter la puissante lionne qui a nom Roxane, impérieuse et fière, amoureuse, absolue, qui veut des baisers ou du sang, esclave et reine à la fois , insolente et lâche , aussi prête à dévorer son amant qu'à l'adorer? Non, cette enfant, dans les premiers jours de Bajazet^ ne pouvait pas suffire à tout ce rôle, elle ne devait pas le com prendre... Au premier coup d'œil (le premier jour) que le public a jeté sur la jeune Roxane, il comprit que cette enfant n'arriverait pas ainsi, tout d'un coup, à représenter la terrible sultane. En ce moment, quand on cherchait la scène du sérail, on ne trouvait qu'une étrangère égarée et perdue en ces terribles murailles où elle ne sait que faire et que devenir. Même ce profond regard de Rachel , cet œil qu'elle jette si profondément dans le drame qui se joue, il était distrait et préoccupé. Son bon sens lui disait déjà qu'elle n'irait pas jusqu'à la fin de sa tâche. Elle a cependant joué le premier acte avec ce grand air qu'elle portait en toutes choses. Elle n'était pas encore aux prises avec Acomat, non plus qu'avec Bajazet, et ces premiers transports d'une femme heureuse lui convenaient à merveille. Au second acte , qui déjà devient difficile, la jeune tragédienne eut recours à cette ironie qui la soutenait fort au quatrième acte d'Andromaque. Elle n'a pas vu que l'ironie de la sultane qui peut 264 MADEMOISELLE RÂCHEL tuer, sans dire pourquoi, l'amant qui Tinsulte, n'a rien de œmmun avec le mépris d'Hermione entre les mains de Pyrrhus. Hermione, abandonnée, se défend comme elle peut, à la façon d'une princesse qui n'a pour se protéger que son esprit à défaut de sa beauté; mais Roxane, elle ne s'amuse pas à faire de l'ironie, elle n'a pas de temps à perdre. Elle commande, et c'est assez. Entendre est obéir , dit le proverbe turc, et Roxane sait son pro verbe. Au troisième acte, quand, victime elle-même d'une erreur incon cevable, la sultane se croit aimée, quelle n'est pas sa douleur indignée en entendant ces froides et dédaigneuses paroles de celui qu'elle aime! Â ce moment, mademoiselle Rachel redoublait, mais en vain, d'indignation et de colère, sa colère était trop tendre encore et trop voisine de la douleur. En vain son regard, son attitude et son geste allaient au delà des limites, elle n'atteignait pas encore à ce désordre, à l'émotion , à la misère, au désespoir de cette aban donnée, et ce ne fut que bien plus tard, quand elle l'eut joué vingt fois sur cinquante représentations (la vingtième fois au béné fice de madame Menjaud devant une recette de 10,962 fr.), qu'elle finit par atteindre à ces fièvres : Écoutez, Bajazet, je sens que je vous aime... elle disait cela à tout briser. A la dixième représentation de Bajazet, mademoiselle Rachel, parmi tant de victoires qu'elle, avait déjà remportées, remporta sa plus grande victoire peut-être, et peu de comédiennes se peuvent vanter d'une conquête égale à celle-ci. Nous laisserons à ce récit la forme et l'accent même qu'il avait le premier jour. ET LA TRAGÉDIE. «65 LE SPECTATEUR INCONNU. L'affiche annonçait Bajazet et la foule était grande autour du théâtre. On a beau dire, toutes les foules se ressemblent ; plus ou moins parée , la confusion est la même. Que le tumulte porte des gants jaunes ou qu'il n'ait pas de gants, c'est toujours le tumulte. Nous laissions la foule se faire jour des pieds et des mains; nous avions une petite place réservée à l'orchestre, non loin des loges de baignoires; nous étions bien sûrs d'entendre tout à l'aise les vers de Racine. Donc nous attendions patiemment sous la vaste galerie, quand nous vîmes passer, mais d'un pas si timide et d'un air si con traint, si malheureux, un pauvre petit homme en habit noir, en bas bleus et en gros souliers! Mais qu'importe l'apparence? Pour peu que vous soyez habitué à saluer de près les grandeurs de la terre, vous savez que ce n'est pas à ces dehors qu'il faut s'arrêter. Regardez votre homme en face, et, si vous Tosez, regardez-le au front, dans les yeux, si vous pouvez, soudain disparaîtra cette misère extérieure. Cette enveloppe vulgaire deviendra magnifique. C'est toujours l'histoire du lis de Salomon; seulement le lis de Salomon, dont la magnificence est toute en dehors, sera vaincu toujours par la beauté de l'âme, la vertu et le génie. Soudain mon ami , qui était à contempler une femme jeune et belle, se sentit frappé par le vertige que jettent autour d'eux ces hommes si raines dont l'ombi-e seule commande le respect, et, me serrant vivement le bras : « Tiens, dit-il, regarde-le, c'est lui! » Eh ! c'était lui. Je le reconnus pour l'avoir vu un jour causant doucement avec le plus grand philosophe voltairien de ce temps-ci. Il allait donc, il venait, il hésitait, il revenait sur ses pas, la main droite dans la poche de son habit. Évidemment une lutte étrange se passait dans l'âme de cet homme, el c'était peuU-être la pre 266 MADEMOISELLE RAGHEL mière fois de sa vie qu'il se rencontrait à cette heure dans le bruit, dans la lumière et dans les vices du PalaisRoyal. « Pauvre homme! dis-je à Théodose, où s'est-il donc fourvoyé? Ne voistu pas qu'il cherche son chemin et que ce serait charité de lui offrir le bras , de le mettre sur sa route et de le ramener dans sa maison? » Du même pas j'allais pour le rejoindre, quand Théo dose me dit tout bas : « Ne croistu pas, insensé, que tu vas apprendre quelque chose à celui-là? Il connaît la ville mieux que toi. S'il est ici, ce soir, à cette heure, c'est qu'il y veut être. Cet homme sait tout et il peut tout. Il est de ces gens qui se lèvent dans la tempête aux cris de leurs disciples, qui disent en se réveillant : Gens de peu de foi! et qui soufflent sur la mer pour la calmer. Non, par Dieu, je n'irai pas l'aborder à c^tte heure, il faut qu'il soit poussé à ces alentours par un grand motif. » Comme nous parlions ainsi, Théodose et moi, notre homme errait, comme une âme en peine, autour du ThéâtreFrançais. A la fin le théâtre se remplit, la foule cessa de murmurer autour des murailles, le long couloir fut rendu à la circulation, notre homme avait disparu dans l'ombre. « J'avoue, s'écria Théo dose un peu découragé, que j'avais une bonne pensée et qu'il m'en coûte d'y renoncer. Mais aussi tu verras qu'avec notre espion nage maladroit nous lui aurons fait peur. » Et, comme je le regardais d'un air étonné : «Ah! s'écriat-il, te voilà bien; tu vas te récrier que c'est impossible, qu'il ne peut pas venir en ce lieu de perdition, lui, l'ardent a[>6ire de tant de vérités, fausses et vraies. En vérité, vous autres, gens du monde, vous êtes de plaisantes gensf Quand l'envie vous prend de lire Bour daloue ou Massillon, vous les lisez avec toutes sortes de ravissements ineffables ; sur votre table de travail , ou plutôt de loisir, vous placez Bossuet à côté d'Horace et de Molière, sans demander au grand Père de l'Église gallicane si ce voisinage lui convient. Apprenez -vous, par hasard, qu'un grand orateur parle dans la chaire chrétienne , vous allez l'entendre, et aux premières places ET LA TRAGÉDIE. 267 encore. Si par hasard les premiers souvenirs de voire enfance reli gieuse vous reviennent en mémoire à certains grands jours , et que vous sentiez le besoin de prier Dieu à l'autel commun , vous allez à la messe à l'heure de midi , et là vous respirez l'encens tout à Taise; vous entendez, aux accens tonnants de l'orgue, psalmodier les beaux psaumes ; quand vous passez, le suisse frappe de sa halle barde les dalles sonores, et c'est vous que le vieux prêtre bénit le premier de ses mains vénérables ; tout cela est très -bien fait , et nul n'a rien à y voir... Qu'un des prêtres de cette Église hospitalière vienne à frôler un de vos théâtres, aussitôt vous voilà pâles d'effroi ; aussitôt vous reculez d'horreur; aussitôt vous vous écriez : C'est impossible ! Plaisantes gens que vous êtes ! Comme si le bon Dieu n'avait pas fait pour tous tous les chefs-d'œuvre! Comme si les vers de Racine ne devaient pas remplir toutes les oreilles et toutes lésâmes! Au contraire, quand par hasard un des saints de cette planète vous demandera sa part de vos fêtes poétiques, faites -lui place et le laissez venir. Tenez -vous debout, quand il arrive, comme les jeunes gens de Sparte devant les vieillards. En vérité , ajoutaitil avec un profond soupir de regret, c'est grand dommage que nous ne l'ayons pas arrêté en son chemin, il était poussé là par la tragédie de Racine, sois-en sur. Certes, nous eussions dû l'attendre et lui offrir une de nos places : je serais allé avec lui à l'orchestre, et toi tu aurais fait sentinelle à la porte, afin que nul ne fit semblant de le voir! Aussi bien je n'entrerais pas au théâtre, et c'est toi qui me liras les vers de Racine pour me punir. » Et déjà nous parlions et nous allions pénétrer dans ce corridor sombre qui conduit aux jardins de madame Pix?vost, lorsciu'au milieu même de la sombre allée. Théodose , dont l'œil est |)erçant , découvrit notre homme égaré, qui, cette fois, marchait d'un air résolu. Dans le nouveau trajet qu'il avait fait, il avait pris son cou rage à deux mains, et s'était dit à lui-même : J'irai!... Il a dans son âme des lamentations dignes de Jérémie, mais ces lamentations sont en sens inverse; et quand Ninive dort paisible ment sous l'égide de son Roi, il la réveille en lui disant : Révolte toi!... Cet homme si frêle, qu'un soufile va le renverser^ une fois qu'une pensée sera sortie des profondeurs de son cerveau, si vous voulez qu'il la rappelle ou qu'il la démente, cette idée funeste, rien n'y fera, ni le pape, ni le roi, ni l'empereur, ni personne; il répondra , lui aussi : « Ce qui est écrit est écrit ! » Son orgueil est plus vivace que celui de Satan; il a, plus que Satan, le génie et l'éloquence. Homme singulier, il a montré tous les courages, à ce point qu'il a eu le courage de l'humiliation en plein Vatican. Prosterné aux pieds du pontife, il pouvait se relever cardinal et prince de l'Église, il a mieux aimé se relever toujours révolté et plébéien. C'est pour tant le même homme qui hésite et qui tremble et qui recule devant une demi douzaine de comédiens du ThéâtreFrançais! A la fin, il entre; il est entré; nous le suivons, il ne voit plus personne. Le contrôleur a pourtant la cruauté de le tenir debout pendant une grande minute, tant il est étonné de ce nouveau venu, qu'il n'a vu nulle part, même dans ses rêves. Pourtant, à tout hasard, le contrôleur porte la main à son chapeau et le salue plus bas encore (jue s'il s'agissait de M. Alexandre Dumas la veille d'un succès. Une fois sous le vestibule, notre homme est aussi à l'aise que s'il était k l'église. Il n'est jamais entré dans un théâtre de sa vie, et d'un coup d'œil il en devine l'agencement. Son habit touche en passant la statue de Voltaire, et le malin vieillard, réveillé en ET LA TRAGÉDIE. t69 sursaut, regarde avec un sourire plein de respect cet étrange spec tateur dont l'aspect lui impose: « J'ai vu cet hommelà quelque « part, se dit Voltaire; il ressemble à s'y méprendre à J.-J. Rous « seau déclamant contre l'inégalité des conditions; il me paraît « aussi éloquent et encore plus convaincu. » Et vous avez raison, Monseigneur, car, s'il y eut jamais en ce monde une image vivante de J.-J. Rousseau, la voilà ! C'est le même souffle et c'est la même respiration ! C'est la même colère et ce sont les mêmes instincts plébéiens! C'est la même parole habilement mélangée d'atticisme et de bourgeoisie ! 0 le plus grand disciple de Rousseau , et qui s'est redoutablement escrimé dans un beau livre contre la profession de foi du Vicaire savoyard ! Cependant , à mesure que l'inconnu montait le premier étage du théâtre, l'escalier résonnait sous ses pas. Ce pas était puissant et solennel , comme les pas de la statue du Commandeur. Sur le pas sage de notre homme, toute conversation commencée était inter rompue. Les femmes se pressaient contre la muraille, les jeunes ûlles étaient sur le point de faire le signe de la croix. Bien plus, l'ouvreuse de loges, interrogée plus tard sur cet étrange phénomène, nous a avoué en tremblant que, poussée par une curio sité indicible, elle avait voulu entr' ouvrir doucement cette porte, mais la porte avait résisté comme eût fait une porte de chêne et de fer scellée dans le nmr, la clef s'était brisée dans la serrure, en même temps le vasistas qui était ouvert s'était voilé tout d'un coup d'un grand voile rouge, et la pauvre femme avait eu les yeux brûlés. Nous cependant. Théodose et moi, nous nous étions assis à l'orchestre, non loin de la loge fatale; sur le devant de cette loge qui était tout ouverte, on ne voyait rien , et cependant personne ne 270 MADEMOISELLE RACHEL demanda à y entrer; on comprenait qu'il y avait quelqu'un et quelque chose là dedans. C'était comme qui dirait le vide , mais le vide rempli! A voir ce grand trou obscur on avait froid. Cette loge souterraine était à notre gauche; à l'heure qu'il est, nous avons encore le côté gauche paralysé, Théodose et moi. Quand l'homme fut assis, il fit un signe imperceptible, que nul ne vit , et qui soudain cloua tout spectateur à sa place. Au même instant la toile se leva , noD pas lentement et solennellement, comme fait la toile du Théâtre -Français, mais tout d'un coup, comme fait une chose ailée qui s'enfuit et qui a peur. Aussitôt la tragédie commença. Je vous ai dit peut-être qu'on jouait Bajazet^ et sans nul doute, pour le spectateur inconnu on ne pouvait rien choisir de plus extraordinaire. En effet, cet homme est si complètement un savant que dernièrement il a vendu tous ses livres, comme désor mais un bagage inutile. Dans toutes les œuvres de Racine une seule le pouvait étonner, et cette œuvre était Bajazet. Qui dit le contraire? Il eût reconnu la Phèdre de Racine pour l'avoir rencontrée dans la tragédie antique... il sait par cœur les trois poètes grecs, lui qui sait tout. Il eût reconnu ce Néron qui commence à dévorer le monde, lui qui a étudié avec un soin acharné et presque complai sant la décadence des empires; Mithridate ne l'eût pas étonné, il a l'instinct de toutes les révoltes, même des révoltes généreuses. Vous pensez qu'il eût été facilement charmé par Esther, par Athalie^ par ces chastes échos de l'amour, des désirs, des espé rances et des lamentations des prophètes : mais Bajazet, Bajazet joué devant cet homme, avouez que le hasard est singulier! Ce sont des mœurs que nul n'a vues, excepté Racine; c'est une langue que personne n'a parlée, excepté Racine; ce sont des amours à épouvanter les amoureux de Racine lui-même, ces tendres cœurs qui ne comprennent que les faiblesses élégantes. Sans compter que Mahomet règne sans partage dans ce drame. On sent le Coran dans Bajazet autant que l'on retrouve la Bible dans Athalie! Voyez donc ce qui est arrivé ce soir! Notre homme n'avait cru ET LA TRAGÉDIE. î71 entrer que dans un théâtre , il était entré dans une mosquée. Que disje? il était entré dans un harem. Je n'ai jamais mieux senti que ce jourlà la nouveauté étrange, infinie, du Bajazet de Racine. J'en ai tiré cette conclusion, à laquelle je n'avais guère pensé jusqu'à présent, que le spectateur qui est à vos côtés entre pour beaucoup dans l'émotion dramatique. Ainsi donc , l'empereur Napoléon prêtant l'oreille à la tragédie de Corneille, sa tragédie d'adoption; Louis XIV assistant à la déifi cation de mademoiselle de La Vallière dans les tragédies* de Racine; le peuple de 1789 battant des mains aux maximes libérales de Voltaire ; les derniers courtisans de Louis XV assistant aux licences erotiques du Mariage de Figaro^ voilà ce que j'appelle des représen tations complètes où tout se tient, l'auditoire et le poëte. Vérité facile à trouver, et que je ne comprends qu'à dater du jour oîi , par un heureux hasard , j'ai assisté à la représentation de Bajnzet à côté de ce prêtre catholique, de cet illustre chrétien , de cet ennemi formidable du souverain pontife. Oui , c'est cela : à entendre ces chefs-d'œuvre dans la foule vulgaire, loin des hommes et des générations qui les ont inspirés, loin des grands hommes qui les ont adoptés par droit de conquête , comme avait fait l'em pereur Napoléon pour Cinnd^ ces chefs-d'œuvre perdent la moitié de leur valeur et de leur lustre. Le bourgeois déteint sur ces grands drames, dont il ne cherche pas le sens caché, dont il ne comprend que la péripétie finale , où il n'arrive que parce que c'est la mode et la fureur de Theure présente, où il ne viendra plus demain, quand cette mode sera passée. Ainsi sépan^ de son entourage légitime, de son grand homme ou de son grand peuple, la tragédie la plus belle n'est plus qu'un tableau magni fique privé de son cadre. Donc , à l'entendre seulement avec ce rare spectateur de plus caché dans la salle, Bajazet a changé de figure; l'Orient s'est révélé tout à fait. Nous avons vu apparaître le sérail tout entier, les haines, les jalousies, les rivalités, les muets qui servent de tn MADEMOISELLE RACHEL bourreau, la sultane qui aime, et se fait aimer le poignard sur la gorge , le vieux vizir qui ne comprend pas que Ton fasse d'une femme autre chose que le jouet d'un instant, jouet qu'on brise quand il déplaît, ou que l'on revend le lendemain au même mar ché d'esclaves , en perdant quelque chose sur l'achat primitif. |
github_open_source_100_8_19870 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*jslint browser: true,
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sn84024707_1892-08-25_1_2_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | ANOTHER RUSH AT THE Because we have just received several car loads of Dry Goods, Clothing and Shoes, which were bought at recent Sheriff sales in the North at from 40 to 60c. on the dollar and are offering them to our customers at the same rate. Now, while other merchants complain of “Hard Times,” our Store is crowded with customers from the morning till night. Come and see the Great Bargains in Clothing, Dress Goods, Flannels, Pant Goods, Gingham, Etc. Heavy brown Cotton, yard wide, at 5c.; Ladies’ Shoes, good quality, 98c. pair; Men’s Suits from $3.98 to the Finest Dress Suits; Carpets, Hats, Trunks and thousands of articles too numerous to mention, that we are offering at SLAUGHTER PRICES. Don’t pay big prices when you can come to our Store and buy the same goods and save 40 cents on every dollar you buy. “A Dollar Saved is a Dollar Made.” Respectfully Yours, 8 & 10 North Augusta St., ST-ATTODI T, R. L THOMAS, Contractor For Tin, Slate and all Kinds of Roofing, Glazed Cornice Work, Heating Aparatus, Plumbing and Steam Fitting. Repair Work a Specialty. Estimates Furnished on Short Notice Office: On Church St. Bridge, next Door to Clifton Forge Lumber and Building Association. Jail 21 Mississippi his Opportunity! DOX'T MISS biS 'Yours, Read. The majority neglect their opportunities, and from that cause live in poverty and die in obscurity. Harrowing: despair is the lot of many, as they look back on lost, forever lost, opportunity. Life is passed. Interchangeable out. He up and doing. Improve your opportunity, and secure prosperity, prominence, peace. It was said by a philosopher, that “the Goddess of Fortune offers a golden opportunity to each person at some period of life; embrace the chance, and sheponrs out her riches; fail to do so and she departs, never to return.” How shall you find the golden opportunity? Investigate every chance that appears worthy, and of fair promise; that is what all successful men do. Here is an opportunity, such as is not often within the reach of laboring people. Improved, it will give, at least, a grand start in life. The golden opportunity for many is here. Money to be made rapidly and honorably by any industrious person of either sex. All ages. You can do the work and live at home, wherever you are. Even beginners are easily earning from $10 per day. You can do as well if you will work, not too hard, but industriously; and you can increase your income as you go. You can give spare time only, or all your time to the work. Easy to learn. Capital not required. We start you. All is comparatively new and really wonderful. We instruct and show you how, free, failure unknown among our workers. No room to explain here. Write and learn all free, by return mail. Unwise to delay. Address at once. If. Ballctt & Co., Box d&O, Portland, Maine. E. D. Patterson. J. L. Hardisty. PATTERSON & HARDISTY, Painting, Paper Hanging, Decorating, Sign-Painting & Graining. THE MECHANICS OF THIS TIMES are both practical and experienced workmen, and invite the opportunity to compete for work in their line. Estimates furnished on application. Shops and Office at Grove & Co.’s Drug Store, Main Street. Address Patterson, HAIRSTY, Oct. 1, Curron Topo, VA. MOORE & HIBBERT, General Engineers & Iron Engineers, Mineral and Mineral lands examined and reported on. Mines and mineral lands bought and sold. Assays of all minerals made by a competent and skilled Assayer. Office and Laboratory over Post-office, Staunton, VA. References A. S. Upson, President Upson Cut and Holt Co., Unionville, Conn.; G. H. Ou, Treasurer Northern Chief Iron Company, Oshkosh, Wis.; Thos. Bardon, Real Estate, Ashland, Wis.; W. C. Silverthorn, Secretary Northern Chief Iron Company, Wausean, Wis.; C. T. Rand, Secretary Aurora Mining Co., Cleveland, Ohio; Hon. John Haggart, Postmaster General, Ottawa, Canada; S. M. Post, Staunton, Va. |
anuniversalhist31swingoog_30 | English-PD | Public Domain | *. 6. £^*/JenghtzKh!n.* ..- nired thither, fent by Shidajhu, to acquaint the Khin, that, a cafe he would forget what was paft, his matter would in >erfon wait on him. Skidafiu made this ftep for fear the ' yiungls fhould attack his fort of Arbaka, to which he had re* ired after hi$ defeat. The envoy, however, was well re- rived at the court of Jengbtz Khan, who, in an audience, aid to him : " You may allure your mailer, that I will no * more think of what is paft between him and me ; and that * I will grant him my protection (S)." Yet the lail order he gave before he died was, that Shidajbu, as foon as he came io court, fhould be put to death; which order was accord* Agly executed on him, his children, and his attendants, on bar arrival there eight days after f, as will be fet forth in its place6. Let us now return to xhtCbinefe hiftorians. JENGHIZ Khan> having thus put an end to the kingdom ftr JSmU'j tf Hya, after it had continued near 200 years under its ovmfobaej** princes, intended alfo to complete the conquefl of the empire of the Kin. But the beginning of the year 1 22.7, be fell £ck» on the mountain before-mentioned ; and, finding death ap- proach, on the 1 8th of Juguji (T), fent for the generals of the army, and declared prince Toleyy his fourth ion, regent of the empire, till the arrival of his brother Oktay, .whom he nominated for his heir and fucceflbr. Then, recommend- ing union among them, he faid, with xegard to the war againft the Kin : that, as the beft of their troops guarded Tong-quan, and they were alfo matters of the mountains to the fouth, it would therefore be difficult to attack and van- quish them, without the affiftance of the Song (or Chinefes) ; who, being their mortal enemies, Jhe advifed his officers tt> demand a paflage through their territories, in order to attack the Kin .• that, entering by the cities Tong and Teng (U), they fhould march direftly and befiege Ta-fyang FA (X) : that this would oblige the Kin to call their troops from Tong- * La Croix, p. 375, & feqq. I Sec vol. VII. (S) AbulgbaxiKbdm fays, the theSeti to hive been a place full Khan received the envoy with of fountains, lakes, and hills. »ttfh civility, and difmifled him (U ) Tong-cbcw and Teng-by- With all forts of good words ; en, cities of Ho -nan > depending but pot himfelf under no pofi- on Nan-yang Fuf and bordering tive promife, with regard to his on the province of Hu-quangi jailer. by which, and $b$n>fi9 he ctun- (T) One hiftory puts his felled them to enter Ho-nan. death fcven days later, at a Gaubil. place called Sali-chwen ; the (X) At prefent Kay Jong Fu, tyintft word Cbwtn, denoting capital of honan^ yuan; i_ \ 46* Ht/lcry ef tbs Mogul crMwtf Empire. B.Ut A. D. fuan ; and that, as they would be fatigued by the length of 1227. the journey, they might be attacked with advantage. Hzrfdf * 7j --* fpoken thefe words, he died, aged fixty-fix (Y), after a rdp to/ <&*/£. <£ twenty-two years ; and was buried by Toley , fo the caye tf Ki-nyen (Z), a mountain to the north of the great J&K, « fendy defart, m Tartary*. ' ' The hiftorians of the* weft of Jfia give a: fbmewhat (Eff rent account of his death and fepulcfire. According to die phyfidans afcribed his ficknefs to die bad air of the countries, where he had for a long time refided j and to grief which the death of his (on Tufbi bad occasioned. Bss lafi His ilinefs having feized him near a foreft in the road words. Citing, the camp was ordered to remain there ; and Jt _ _ Kh&riy judging, by the pains he felt, that his life was in da? ger, notwithstanding all the care taken by bis phyfitiaos tad * aftrologers, refolved to diipofe of his dominions, and name i fu<peflbr. To this purpofe he ordered his fons, and tl children, with the other princes of the blood, to come 11 his prefence : then, raifmg himfeff upright, with that majd look which had always gained him both awe and refpeft, tdf them, * he found himielf departing ; and added, "Iieavejd u the greateft empire in the world : but, if you will preferf «* it, be always united ; for if difcord fteals in amongft yot' " be affured that you will be all ruined." After this, S afked thofe who ftood by, Whether it was not proper thatli fhould riiake choice of a prince who was capable to go*af fo many kingdoms after him > Hereupon his fons and gnpi'l fons fell on their knees, and faid ; " Yeu are our father aaf] 44 our emperor,' and we are your flaves j it is for us to bar u down our heads when you honour us with your com- " mands, and to execute them/' Oktay »*- The princes then rifing from the ground, he named price* | wnattd. Oktay for his fucceflbr, and declared him the Khan of Khaas,J by the title of Khaan ; which he gave him, and which his] * Gausil, p. 51, & feq* ' (Y) All the Cbinefe hiftorfes (Z) TteCbinife MftorytfAt ! agree as to years ok this Khan's Mungis fays, that this cave wtf age and reign. JbuTghdzi KhSn the ufual burying-place ef Jtf. fay», he lived fixty-fcvc years, ghfa Kbin\ fucceffbrs. Severrf I and reigned twenty -five in qua- Mungl lords, of his pofterity, ** \ lity of xhfa : La Croix agrees Pe-Ai*g, *ffir»ed the place rf | with him as to the years of hit his burial to be on the asoontar reign, bqt affigM feventy-thrce called Han. Lat. 470 54^ Jooj. for thofc #f his age, <£ 3' woft of Pg-tix*. fucctf icCefftrs have retained (A). They aH bowed the knee a A: D. stond time, and cried, "What the great JengMz Kb&n or- 1*27- daias is juft ; we will all obey him; and: if he pleafes to ^*nf**4 command us even to frifs the rod, with which we have me* rited to be chaftifed, we will do it without difputing it* he emperor gave to Jagatny, Mawar&'lnabr (or Great Buk+ iria)} and feveral other countries, by a written inftrument, > prevent any difference that might arife between him and fee reft of his heirs ; and the dominions fo granted took the tae of UHts Chagatay, that is, the country of Chagatay. x [e alfo commanded Kara/bar Nevi&n to accotapany thia rfece into his new dominions, and purine Jaldh'ddin, in cafe e ventured to invade them. The laft order Jcngbtz Kbin gave tes concerning SbidaJkuK k It was no difficult matter to conceal his death ; becaufe HidmrUrfl then, any great perfon among the Mungls is fick, fome fignaj tptfta-topof the houfe, to give notice that none fhould ifit him ; and centinels .are placed at a good diftance from fceir lodgings, to hinder any from approaching, but thofe who re fent for (B). After thk execution, JenghH KhfaCs death to puMifhed, which threw all the court into extreme for* &w(C). His bodfwts interred with great toagnjficence, in ♦ place which he had chofen for the |>urpofe t it was under a ery beautiful tree, where, in-hfe return from the chace, a «r days before he fell fick, he had refted hhnfdf with much iaisfa^ion. A very noble mpnttoent was afterwards erefted flcr his grave : and the people, who came to vifit the tomb^ fcmtfed other trees round it, in ftch -delicate of der, 'as ren* bed it in time one of the fine* fepulchres in the world (D); Hift<* * La Croix, p. 378, 9c feqq. (A) Some authors fay, there pat to death MiJafiu, with * Ms 00 change made in^the title good number .of iis foldim. If Khan; «ad poflibly not : for and carried the jreftjntoflavery, laubil fays, Kohan, or Kalian, ' (C) HU fans fpent three J the Mungl word which an- months in mounting, according werstothatofHan(orKhan). to JbZIghazi Khan; and La fee SoucUt, Obferv. Math\ &c. Croix fays, that the news of hi* ^ 18S. death being tpread att over th* (B) Abulghdzi Khan fays, empire, the court was filled with wt fte fons tSS-Jmgfot kh£»> Khans, and fcreat forth, both >urfuant to his order, kept his, tributary and allied, Who carat leath concealed ; and, paving to comfort the aiHided princes; iffembled a great army, went and that this refort of fovereign* toJ befieged Tangnt j which lafted at leafl fix mbnths. railing into their hands, after a (D) According to Abulghasd rerv obftinate rcfiftance, they Kkany this place was called Bur- kb£n> 464 HiftoryofJki Mogul afMungJi Empire. B.H1 A. D. Historians make no mention of men bang flain at the grave cf 1218. this monarch j nor is this barbarous cuftom countenanced tf kr***** any law : yet it is certain that this inhumanity was exerriM at the funerals of the emperors who fucceeded him, H» attendants, who accompanied the funeral pomp, put todesak thofe whom they met in the way, in a perfuafion (£) thattkf were predeftinated to die at that time ; and even cat the thraaf of the fineft horfes. cbara8er JENGHIZ Khdn$ befides all the virtues requiCtel| Wf*»i«s; great conquerors, had a genius fit for forming grand cap prifes, a confumqiate wifdom and prudence to carry thai on; a natural eloquence of fpeech to perfuade; apatkoi proof agadnft all difficulties, and able to furmount all obftacH His temperance was admirable, and his underftanding hrg^ ^ with a penetrating judgment, which made him always chocfc the beft of whatever was propofed in an infbant : yet it tool be confefled, fays our author, that he was cruel and bbodj and treated his enemies with too much rigour*. The pal genius of this prince appears in fome meafur,e from the (fife Eline which he eilablidied among his troops; whereof* ave already given an account k. When he was about taw andpru- the field, every one of his fubje&s knew how much he* dtnce: to furnilh towards the equipage of the army. He pumfal vice and crimes with as much rigour as he rewarded vim and commendable aftions, He was not fatisfied to cboqi Arong men for the wars, it was neceflary alfo that tk fhould difcover fome parts ; and out of the braveft of tbq he made his officers. He ufually appointed the beft foow among the captives to take care of the horfes ; and empbj* the dulleft to look after the fheep. So many good 1 gave him an eafy conqueft over the neighbouring where there was not the like difpofition. He was accuftomed, once a year, to aflemble all his officers, as civil as military, and examine whether they had the requifite for the well difcharge of their employments; failing to beftdw large praifes where they were due J. bisrtH- JENGHIZ Kh&n, with regard to his religion, \ gion: deift; as hath been already obferved. The firft timelxa tered China, he gave orders to exclude the Bonzas from bdfl| 1 La Croix, p. 382, & feq. Abu'lch. p. 145, k M P* 346» 353* l Abu'lgh. p. 146, & fcq. lhan Kaldini and that all his (E) Rather under* pitta* tfefcendants, who died in thofe for it does not appear that * provinces, have been interred Mungh believed preddbmtfi there. &5* jRdfg* <?f JengfiizKhan. -465 lay way concerned in either the army or the couit : for A.' D. be was inclined to deftroy them ;*becaufe, fays the Cbinefe 1227. hiftory of this prince, it was difficult to fay exaftly in what *"-"%*■■■* bjs religion (F) confifted. JENGHIZ Khdn had a great number of wives (G);His Dttany of whom bore the title of emprefs. All thefe wives <wiw» nrere diftinguifhed by their palaces : and thefe palaces, called QrM$ or Ortu, were to the number of four. The firft and noft considerable of the emprefles was Hyu-chent daughter of Te-iriy lord of the Hoftkirat (or KmgoratJ tribe : whole fons, Qktay and Toley, were therefore preferred to the reft. The Khan excluded the princes of the family, born of Cbinefe women, from inheriting the crown m4 This is all that has been tranfmitted to us from the Cbinefe hiftory concerning the wives of jengbfa Kh&n. The more weft era hiftorians mention five, who were efteemed itbove all the reft. The firft, Guzi Suren (H), daughter of the Khan of the Naymans, who was his firft wife. The fecond* Purta Kujtn (I), {laughter of the Khan of Kongorat, the fame with Hyu-chen> before-mentioned. The third, Ob&ljin, of Ovijuhijin, daughter of Vang KbAn, king of the Kara-iti. ^The fourth, Kubku Khatun (K), daughter of the emperor of JCitay : and the fifth, Kulan Khatun (L), daughter of Daira* fm> a Mungl Khan, of the Merkit tribe : which lady Was an extraordinary beauty \ 1 JENGHIZ Kh&n had a great number of children ; but andcbil- khe Cbinefe hiftory mentions only fix ions and three daugh- ^fr- iers. Cbucbi (Juji> or Tufbi), the eldeft fbn, Was a great * Gaubil; p. 53. n Mirk. Marakesh. ap. La Croix, ;*!39 1 (F) From hence the author (I) Or B*rta Kujtn, as in jOf that hiftory feems to have Abulgk&xi Khan, wh6 ranks hor [Wen of the fed of Fo : for the as the firft wife. Religion of Jfnfbiz Khan feems (K) Abu Igbdzi Khan names not to have differed from that of her Kizu, or Kiju, and placed ((utftijius, with refpedl to the her the fecond. Deity. - (L) Ab&lgbdzi 'Kh&n, befides ; (G) TadhJallah fays, he had the three before-mentioned, near 500, befides concubines, names Milu and Singan for the LaCroi*. fourth and fifth: which two ( (H) In Abulgbdzi Kbans laft were, he fays, defcended hiftory the is called Karizu> or from a Tat at family, and two [KaHju, and ranked as his third fitters; the fecond of whom he r*ife. He makes her alfo the married after the death of the Widow of fayyan, Khan of the &r$L Caymans. Mod. Hist. Vol. IV* Hh / captain; j His/a* mourite fans: their em* ploymcnts. tanvs of Jenghiz Khan ; captain ; afttve, full of lire, and delighting in war. Chop tay (or Jngatay, and ZagatayJ, was univerfally bekwed fcr his wifdom and affability. Ogotay (Ugodayy or Oktay), r* endowed with much prudence and greatnefs of foul : to courageous, and loved juftice. Toiey (or Tuti) was bclowd by his father, and - generally efteemed by the Mungls. Of Ulucbc and Kolye-kyen, the two laft (M), nothing remarkakk occurs. The three princefles were married to Idlkut, Khintf the Igdrs, Poyaho, and Po*tu, as hath been already obfcndb and the heirs of thefe three fons-in-law of the Kh*n ufiaty married the daughters of the Mttngl emperors °. The weftcrn Jfiatic hiftoriam afcribe the firft four fonsof Jenghiz Khan to Purta Kujin (or Hyu-chen) ; whereas the Chinefe hiftory makes her the mother of only two of that Thefe four alone feem to have been vefted with power aol Command ; the reft, who are fcarcely mentioned, thought prindes of the blood alike, had only fome petty govertnws or lordfhips conferred on them. Tujbi, or Juj?9 Kbhn mafter huntfman of the empire (N), the moft confifaalk poft in it ; as hunting was the prime exercife among tfe Mungh. He chofe Zagatay% or Jagniayy to be chief jad£ and gave him the title of direftor of the Taffa, cr \nt\ which were put into writing. Ohtayy from his wifdom » prudence, was detm *d worthy of the poft of chief coanB- lor (O) ; . nor did his father undertake any thing of mootf without conrulting him. All military affairs were comnanal to TuH's (or Tauiay's) care ; the generals depended on, in received thfc Grand Khan's orders, from him. P Before we conclude the reign of this conqueror, it is ia* cumberit on us to perform our proinife % to infert the Ytfe or laws, above-mentioned ; which were made by him, sol eftabiifhed in a dyet held for that purpofe, at Karakonm, fi the year 1205 : they are in fubftanceas follow. ** 1. To believe, that there is but one God, the Gear " of hdaven and eurth ; who alone gives life and doi, Gaueil, p. 5* Abu'lgh. p. 9 t p Mir*, ap. La Croix, p. 14* * Sec p. 154. (M) According to Abuigldxi Khdn% the Muu&i emperor, be- •fides his four Tons by Purta Ku- jin, had five others by the reft of his wives; but he mentions not their names. (K) Abiil^hdxi Khan fays, he governed the ceconomyJ his facher's court. (O) According to the &* author, Oh ay had the managf meat of the treafury, and w ccived the; accounts of ik J* vcrnors of province >. «' ricta C. > ketg* *f j cnghi* Kh&rt, H riches ind poverty, who grants and denies whatfoevw he " pleaies; and who has over all things an ablojutc jxwer." T EMU J IN feems to have published this law (P; mere- ± [y to Ihew his belief of the Deity t 'for, far from ordaining my puntthment or p^rfecution againft thofe who were of other religions, he forbad modelling any perfon on account of his faith ; leaving every body at liberty to profefs that which he liked beft, on condition that he believed there was but one God : for even fome of his own children and princes of his blood wore Chr\fliansy Jew, and Mohammedans. 'I 2. That the heads of fcfts, the religious, the criers of u the temples, and thole who waili the dead, (houid, as * well as phyficians, be exempted from all public offices. " 3, That none whatfoever mould, under pain of death, at /» *pidume to caufe himfdf to be proclaimed Grand Khan, polity £ without having firft been duly elefted by the Khans, com- * manders, and other Mogul lords* lawfully anemblcd in a " general- dyet. "4. That no heads of tribes fliould ufe any titles of ft honour, which they affected to have, in irritation of the * Mohammedans ; or that any ihould give to his futceflbr u any title but that of Khaan, with two a's. He defircd f? alfo, that, for the future, all his fubjects ihould flile him' * fimply Khan." This was ever after obferved by all who (poke to Jiim : but in writing to him, they always added fome Gther of his titles, as moft powerful, invincibic, er. 1 " 5. That peace mould never be maJc with any king* * prince, or people, till they were intirely fubdued* " 6. That the troops mould always be divided into tens, amf ** hundreds, thoufands, and ten thoufands ; as very commo- <wat/afep P dious for the fpeedy raifmg of forces, and making de- * tachments. " 7. That the foldiers, when going to take the field, M mould receive their arms front the officers, and return " them at the end of the campaign : that they ihould keep " their arms clean, and in good condition, and mew them " to their commanders when preparing to give battle* (P) Although this, law had giver's intention. The terre* been long obicrved by the T«- ftrial god was phc;d in th i r tars in its purity, and is at this h jufea, in form of an ima^e« day by many of them ; ytt iu- and cohered with felt, and perftirion by degiees introduced named hatigay\ accompanied idolatry, by a diilin&ion be- with others, which they faid tween a celeilial and a tcr reft rial Were the images of his wife an4 God ; which was pretended ch.ldren. La Croix. not to be contrary to their law- £ h * •■ 8. That haaeflj, Hiftory of the Mogul tr Mungl Empire. B.IIL " 8. That none, on pain of death, prcfumcd to piDagc the enemy, before the general grants leave : bat that the " meaneft foldier fhould have the fame advantage as thq " officer ; and remain matter of all the booty he was fbool " poflefled of, on condition he paid to the Khan's receiver " the duties or (hare fpecified by the laws. game cud " 9*. That from the month which, with us, is March* meats, " Oftober, no perfon fhould take flags, deer, roebucks, ban Xl wild afles, nor certain birds ; to the end that -die am " and foldiers might find fuffictent game during the wimsj " in the huntings they were obliged to make." As Temtjk was fenfible, continual exercife was neceflary to keep foldxtt in good order, he appointed hunting, as molt proper for tta purpofe. " 10. That in kilting beafts none fhould cut the thnntf " but, tying the legs, rip up the belly, and pluck out tk " heart. - " 1 1. That the blood and entrails of beafb might beeatn.; Before this the Moguls were forbidden to eat them : bat | Temtyin was returning one time from an expedition, wherdl ' provifions fell fhort, the foldiers met with a great quao&if ot entrails, left by people, who had newly killed beafts take in hunting ; and, bang prefled by hunger, eat them, d - Khan himielf partaking ; who, confidering how ufeful tk food might be to his troops on the like occafions, took the prohibition* by a law. / •_ 12. The privileges and immunities granted to Tori were regulated in the manner already related. vtduflry « i j. To banifti idlenefs out of his dominions, he J** a " all his fubjefts to ferve the public in fome kind or *' They who went not to the wars, were to work fo ' " days, at certain feafons, on the public ftructures ; or & " fome other work for the flate : and one day in the wed " was to be employed particularly in the fervice of the Khan. ."14. The law againft thieving was, that hewhoAok • " an ox, or any thing of equal price, fhould be punHhot " with deaths and their bodies cut afunder, in the middk, «* with a hanger : that thofe who were guilty of Idler thefa " fhould receive feven, feventeen, twenty-feven, thjrty-fercn, " and fo on to feven hundred blows, with a cudgel, in prtn • f * portion to the value of the thing ftolen.*' But this punift- ment might be bought off, by paying nine times the valot The exaftnefs with which this law was obferved fecured M the Grand JChan's fubjefts from being robbed r. f La Crotx, p 80, Si feqq. > ' s . ' .:' « 15. That $. ' Reign of JengWz Khan. 469 rc, *S- THET.were forbidden ta ufc for fervants any of A. D. their ova nation : to the end they might addift themfelves *?27-: to -war, and be obliged to take care of the captives they V*""V"—^, hould make, whom they were to preferve for their own-^TT'' • fervice. • *» . ^« * 16. It was forbidden, on pain of death, to all Moguls md Tatars, to give meat or drink, or to lodge or clothe,. mother perfon's flave, without permiffion from his mailer.* All perfons who fhould meet with a fugitive Have, were likewife obliged, under the fame penalty, to feiae and bring him back to his mafter." 17. By the law concerning marriages it was ordained,,sum*£iy That the man fliould buy his wife ; and not marry with any: maid to whom he: was a-kin, in the firft or fecond de-. gree : but in all other degrees it was permitted ; fa that a man might marry two own fillers. Polygamy was per- mitted, and the free ufe of their women flaves.'* Tl}i$. kftr occafioned that great liberty which every man took, to ve as many wives and flaves as he cpuld maintain. " 18. 'Adulterers were condemned to death; and a man.*<&/"*fr was permitted, to kill them when furp'rifed in the' aft.?. wording tQ Marco Polo, the inhabitants of Kaindu mur-> Ured againft this law ; becaufe it was>a cuftom with them. offer their wives and daughters to their friends when they me to fee -them, in token of refpeft and affection. They dented (everal petitions to Temvjtn ; intreating, that they ^ght not be deprived of this privilege. The prince, yield- g to their importunities, l$ft them to their fhame, and (fated what they defired : but, at the fame time, declared,. at he looked on thofe people as infamous. " 19. To cultivate amjty among his. fubjefts, he extend- .poflbumou* ed the. ties .of relationfhip very far. He permitted two. contra^ families to unite, although they had no children living ; by writing a contraft between the fon of one and daughter of the other, though both dead, and performing the cere-. mony in their names ( QJ). After this they were reputed married, and the families became truly allied, as if they had been really married. " 20. It was forbidden, under fevere penalty, for any perfons to walh themfelves, or even their clothes, in run* (QJ This cuftom is ftill in ufe they throw it into the fire ; be- fflong the Tatars ; but mixed ing perfuaded, (hat all this is rith^perftttiauscircumftancesi carried by the fmoke to theip utcr drawing the figures of the children, who thereupon marry retended married couple, and in the other world. Z* Crnixx • tone animals, on the contract, H h 3 * ning 470 Uifory of /^MoguUrNfungl Empire. B.HL A D. *f ning w uers, daring the tine it thundered.** Thunder, ia mf- autient MoguliJ}an9 and the neighbouring countries, wash i— "V"— ' dreaded by the people, becaufe it often did them mifchk( fe*r °/ that, as fopn as the noife of it was heard, they threw urn «iaw*r* felves defperately into rivers and lakes, and were ofirt drew ed, Temtfjin, finding that he loft many of his bet foldiers by this extraordinary fear, made this law, by they were made to believe, that, by difturtring the TOeri they caufed exhalations which occafioned the thunder ; ia that it would not do them half fo much harm, if they vWi drew from any water. All obferve this law ftill, except the Mohammedan Tatars, who look upon It as a fuperffifa coftom, which contradicts one of the principal injun&kfflsc . their religion, which is to walh in any water ; and vidw which waihing they cannot be faved. "21. Spies, falfe witnefles, fodomites, and fixccrcrs{RJ " were condemned to be put to death. checks on "'22. He publiftied moft fevere ordinances agaiaft go governors. " vernors who failed of doing their duty : but prmdpl " ly thofe who commanded in far diftant parts, If AS " conduft was blameable, they were puniflied with dcri V and if their fault was but flight, they were obliged ton u% pair in perfon, ^r juftify themfelves, before the CM " Khan." Which muft have been extraordinary checks. Yki Yafla Many other laws were publi/hed, which are not fjrfdft revs- in the authors before us (S) : but thefe, which were do* renad* fefs the principal, remained in full vigour during the fd£U Temujtn, and his fucceflbrs. Thn&r Beg, or TamtrUm, bifl felf, who was born 1 1 1 years after this prince, caufed Afll tq be obferved through all his empire ; and the KHm TdUti as well as others, to this day, religioufly keep them. rakejhi affirms, that they were all the contrivance of Grand Khan himfelf : but others fay, they were only co from thofe which the orientals heretofore afcribed to fi the fon of Jafihet, the great anceftor of all the i dfTatary*. ^ • La Croix, p. 84, & feqq. (R) ^et there were forcerer* writer* only ; fince, in dris » in the time of JenghH Kbav, count of the Tag*, he Has«J and his immediate fucceiTors ufe alfo 01 Europeans, W(M (if we may believe the miffconers well diftinguifhing one fort W and other writers)* as well .as the other- There is a coW row. - • tion of laws in the Levant, «j (S) Z> Crcix fays,- in the au- muled, Taffa JeBgbte thors which he had franflated : hut La Croix had *ot feen it but he can nardly mean oiienul BO Ci, % Jan^jbiz Kh&nV fw&jfrrh BOOK IV, the Hiflory of Jenghiz KhanV Sutcejfers in Moguleftan, or the Country of the Moguls. CHAP, I, $be Reign of Oktay KMn, fecond Emperor of the Mungls. AS foon as Jenghfa Kh&n was dead, Toby, or Tuli>idKba*§ who was regent in Oktay** abfence, fent officers to Oktay. notify the fame to the princes of his houfe, and ge- nerals of the army. Mean while the war againft the Kin tfas carried on with more vigour than ever : He-chew (A), in Shen-Jt, had held out a long time, animated by the bravery of Chin-in9 the governor ; who at length, finding the dry ready to be forced by the enemy, advifed his wife to provide I for her fafety: that lady anfweredfltefolutely, that, as (he had fhared with him the honours and pleafures of life, fhe , j would die with him, and immediately took poifon. Her two ; fcns, and daughter-in-law, followed her example. Chin-in, \ rfter caufing them to be interred, flew himfclf, and the city ; was taken. The Kin, commanded by a prince of the blood, defeated the Mungh, and killed 8oqo of them in the begin- , ning of the year 1 22$. The regent, after he had buried his father, went to meet He is ac- Okiay. However, the grandees and generals not knowing knvwltgtd% but Toley intended to make himfclf emperor, dared not give , that title to his brother. After waiting at the river Kerlon till the arrival of Jagatay (B), the princes of the imperial houfe unanimoufly agreed to adhere to Jenghiz Kbdn's will ; and, by the advice of Teh Chu-tfay, a general aflembly of the (A) This city was called Si twenty leagues (birth Qflin-tau Ho-cbnjL-, or Ho- chew of thfr Fu. Gaubil. we&, to djftinguilh it from the (B) One hiftory fays t'lat Oi- other cities of, that name. At tay would have given up the prefent it is called Min-cb*wt empire to Jagatay, but that he being a copfxderable fortrefs, *ould not accept of h. Gaub. • H h 4 great 47* JcnghfeKWi Succeffors B.IV. A. p. great lords and princes was appointed to meet at Karahrm 1229. (C), on the «d of Augufi 1229. That day being come, ^"VW Jagatay and Toley, attended by the princes of their houfc, the chiefs, of tribes, and generals of the army; went, and kneeling before Oktay's tent, with a loud voice wifhed a long and happy reign to prince; Ofyay ; a ceremony never ufed be- fore on the fame occaiion by the Mungls. The new emperor nlade Yelu Ckd-tfay his prime minifter, and imparted eray* thing to his brother Toley ; thofe two princes having had aa intire afFeftion for each other \ • • -. with much The weftern hiftorians of JJia, on the fubjeA of Oktaj's unwilling- fucceffion, fay:, that, in 627 , two years after lengbtz KfM% *'/*• death, his fons Jagatay Khan and Taulay Khan, with the children of his fon Juji, being aflembled in prefence of ail the great officers of the Mogul empire, Bdgatay ' Noyan, and Jljiktey Noyfai two of the principal court lords, caufed the laft difpofitions of the late emperor to be publicly read; and\ purfua,nt to the tenor of them, required JJgaday (or Oktay] Khdn to accept of the fovereignty : but he declined it; faying, that, as he had a paternal uncle and two brother* living* he would rather that one of them would take that tjuft upon him (D). But after the aflembly had fpun out forty days, without bein»able to unfix the resolution of Uga* day Khan ; his brother^ determined to comply with their father's will at any rate, laid hold of him by the arms, and placed him in fome meafure, whether he would or not, in the imperial throne. The new Khan, having been oWigd, in this manner, to fnbmit to the officious real of his Bro- thers, and all the grandees of (late, gave a great feaft to tho whole aflembly, and diflributed magnificent prefents to thofe who were at it. After this, he applied himfelf effectually to remedy all the irregularities which had crept into the govern* jnent during the two years (E) interregnum b. • Gaubil, hift. Gentch. Kan. p. 53, & feqq. b Abu'lgk. hift. Turks, &c. p., 148, & feq. (C) By the Chim/es called not aft as fovereign, • till the Bo-tin. Gaubil informs us in dyet ordained by the law had this place, that there was a been held ; and they had eia- diflertation at the end of his hi- mined whether he was capable ilory of the Mungl emperors, to of reigning, prove that Ho4in is the fame (E) La Croix fays, thepab- with Karakorom, the capital of lie affairs did not (offer duriag ~lenghi% Khan's empire: but no this interregnum, Jagetty, the 1 uch thing has been published. guardian and expounder of tha ( D) According to La Croix \ laws, made them to be obferved p. 3 %i . Oktay proteltcd he would with fo greaj exaftneis. Whs* :. i; » In Mogulcftln. 47 3 When Skew-fu, the emperor of Kin (who reigned in JK- A. D. yr), understood that Oktay was feated on the throne of 1229-. \a Mungls, he "fent envoys into Tartary, who, under pre- J-^r^-J roce of complimenting him on his advancement, propofed Wari9^ editions of peace : while Oktay, refolving to continue the1*** nr, would not hearken to them ; and ordered his great jeieral Cbela->mhen (F) to inveft King-yang*f&, in Shen-fi. tut this place being well fortified, and furniftied with pro- ifions, that general did not think lit, in the depth of Win- er, to lofe his time before it. The Chinefe hiftory aflures us, that, when Oktay afcended he Jhrone, the Mungls had neither fixed hws nor cuftomr or government (G). The officers appointed to rule the fe-1 feral countries, put people to death at pleafure, and often naflacred whole families. Hereupon Yelu Chtt-tfay drew up aws, which the emperor caufed to be rigoroufly obferved. Thii prince refolved to inform himfelf concerning the coun- Taxet ries which were fubjeft to him in Tartary, China, and Obit fettled. pert : and this year they began to fettle the quantity of filk, noney, and grain, which the Chinefe families, or the inhabitants rf Kitay under his obedience, were to pay annually. They Skewife afcertained the number tf horfes, oxen, and iheep, which the Mungls were to be taxed at; and the males above. fifteen years of age were numbered in the weftern parts of tke empire, in order to determine- what they ought to* pay : for . which purpofe Oktay- feht a Chinefe, well verfed in bufi- ne&, to examine into the ftate of thofe conquered countries. THs prince, from the firft, gained the love of fes Chinefe fabjefts, by giving to Sbe-tyen-che, and Lyew-ke-ma, the Command of the Chinefe troops in Pe-cheAi and Shan~t<mg.. Thefe two lords, with Ten-fhe, were declared generals of the army. They had diftinguiflied themfelves under M4hAU% and their troops yielded in nothing to thqfe of the Mungls. Amcng the officers of the tribe of <%ue»lye (or KaraAi), Prime nu% whofe lord was brother of Tqley (or Vang Kb&n), prince of niflers* (F) He was of the Chalar, or cially as the Mungls themfelves Jalayr tribe, and one of the mad have had a hand in com- four intrepid s, mentioned be- poling them ? Or do the writers fore, p. 338. fuppofe they had no laws, be- (G) If Jenghix Khan had caufe they had not the Chinefir enabled laws with that folemni- Or laftly, do they mean that ty which is mentioned by the the Mungls had no particular weftern Jfiatic writers4, how is fet of political laws, diftinft it poffible the Chinefe jhiftorians from tYifiTaffa ofjengbiz Khan. foujd be ignorant of it, efpe- thof$ . Jenghfz Rhan^ Stvetfors B.1V( thofe people (H), waa Chin-hay % a lord recommcndable fa his valour, integrity, and wifdom. He drank with Jtngkl\ yKhin the water of die river Pan-chum i was in all his battle with th$ confederate Tatar princes j and followed him in hi • expeditions, both into Kit ay and the weft of Jfia> whotl acquired great reputation. Oktay chofe this iUuftrkxis pe fon not only to be one of his generals, but alio, as mm of Irate, in conjunction with Telu Chi-tfay. DMJi$n . At this time the country of Kin-cha (or Kipj&k\ tftbttm- others to the north, north-eaft, and north-weft, of thefij fire. fan fea, were governed by Pat* (or Batu), eldeft foi c Qhuchi (or Juji) ; and Jagatay, held a great part of the id em conquefts : while other princes of the imperial fssu ruled over the great regions of Tartary^ and elfewhere. & all thefe princes depended on Oktay ; and the feveralgen rals; governors, commi&oners, and others, who ferved nj der them in their refpe&ive departments, were recalled, tor cd out, or changed, at the pleafure of the emperor c. Ti distribution is pretty conformable to what the weftern hift rians relate : they fay, that Jenghiz Kbdn, in his life-da divided his dominions among his children ; and that, aft his death, they remained in the fame fituation : thatfl Jbdk (or Kij>j*k)9 remained .to Batu .* that Jagatay had i his fliare Great BukSdria, with Karazm and Turkejtin Tuli had Khorafdn, Ptrfta, and India : and that all the r fell to Oktay; toamely, Mogulifidn, Katay (or Kitty), tfee other countries eaftward to the Tartarian fead. Ijt the fame year, the kings of Mulay (I) and Indu/la* < in perfon to Karaforem, to make, their court to Oktay. lord alfc of the country and city of Iftyalano (K) came to c GAUiiL,ubi fapr.p. 56, & feq. * La Croix, hiftG*^ p. 385, (H) He fucceeded his brother where Tilcy made gre* rmga as prince of theKara-ifs, having while hi§ father befcgedW- joined Jtngbix. Khan's party, £a*. GauliU I* «ems » when he found his brother Toley mean the country 01" the AT;*- had undertaken to deftroy that bedah (called alfo I)wba?iV\ conaueror 5 family, and gave aflaffin*}, in Mazfndtrd* *» his aaughtcr in marriage to his Kuhtfidn. fowth ion Uley, or T«J/. His (t) This, probably, k # name was Akiaput su> is men- farayn9 or hfurayn^ in ifarr tioned hereafter _/^ ; for Isfahan is the £&*# {I) Mu lay is the kingdom \void fox IJfdldn. Goth. 4 ' JENCHll C* i*. . In Mogoleft^n. 475 . JENCH1Z Khan, after his return from 'the weft (L%; A. D. Jindhag himfelf without a provifion either of rice or filkv 1.330. v feveral of the great lords would perfuade him, that the coa~v— *v—*J quered knds in Kitay could be of no ufe, unlefs the inha- Stateoftb* bitants were all deftroyed ; but that, in. cafe, thofe ufelefs 'rf0™* people were once out of the way, their country might be turned into paftures, which would prove of vaft advantage. This furnifhed Teh CMt-tfay with a proper occafion to let the. Mungls fee: the knowlege he was" maftejr of. He explained to Jengbiz Khan the method which ought to be taken to ren- der the conqueft of China ufefoL Although, faid this mini* Her, we have only, a fraali part of that ^empire, yet if things. be well ordered, the cultivated lands, the fait, . the iron, the profit of the rivers, and other commodities, might produce to the .emperor, fifty van- of fyang (M), or Tatls, forty van of tan in rice, and 800,000 pieces. of filk; all which might be done, without incommoding -the people. - , JENCHIZ Khan was furpri/ed at this difcourfe of Ytht Regula- Chtt-fjay ; and thenceforth underftood that a conqueror ought ticmpur- to think of fomething elie than to render himfelf famous by pofidi the mailacre of enemies : , that indeed he £hould-have. warriora to Hght ; but that there was need of magiftrates to govern, peafants to till the ground, merchants to carry on trade, of- ficers to take care of the revenue of the empire, and likewife men of learning, t Prince Oktay, who had relifhed the dif- courfe of that fage miniftcr ftill better than his father, as fcon as he became emperor, committed to his care the ma- nagement of the taxes. Teh divided Pe-che-liy Shan-tcng, Shan-/t> and Lyau-tong, into ten departments, each of which ' , bad a cuftom-houfe in the principal. city : the other citie9 were made fubordthate to that, and magiftrates appointed to govern the people. OKTAY took pleaftrre in acquainting himfelf with the W<^ the rules of good government: he wns defirous alfo to know blijhed. the ancient hiftory of China \ and even that of fCong-fu-tfe, or Konfujius, and Chew-hong. * TJie mi riifter. gratified his A*D- prince in all he fought for ; and his regulations, with regard 2^ to the cftift#ms, were publifhed.. They began to put them in execution the beginning of the next year. 400 pounds of felt yielded 40 lyang : they took a tenth out of wine, filk, rice, and corn, for the emperor ; and one thirtieth part for (L) By weftern countries the (M) Van is to,ooo, and a Cbinefa underftand all thofe to Lyang about fix {hillings ani. the weft of Hami (or Khaml)^ eight pence Engliy. • *&&Turfdu. lefler 47^ Jenghiz Khan** Sucaprs B. IV. A. J>. lefter wares. After thefe orders were iflhed, Oktay went with 1 *3 * • his brother Toky to make a great hunting on the river Orkr ^ ~~>*~m-J hon ; and in fummer they removed to the river Tamir*. |
HKOXOWCRTXOESG6YME4CHI7HGQF4VDWV_1 | German-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Hall . Patriot . Wochenblatt zur Beförderung gemeinnütziger Kenntnisse und wohlthatiger Zwecke . 22 . S t ü < k . I . Beilage . Dienstag , den 6 . Juni 1843 . Inhalt . Polytechnische Gesellschaft . — Königlicher ServiS . — Hallischer Getreidepreis . — 20 Bekanntmachungen . Chronik der Stadt Halle . 1 . Polytechnische Gesellschaft . Die Verloosung betreffend . Ä ? it Bewilligung der Hohen Ministerien wird auch diesmal ein Theil der zur Ausstellung gebrachten Ge - iverbserzeugnisse verloofct werden . Zu dem Preise von S Sgr . bieten wir dem Publikum koose an . Bei den Kaufleuten Herrn Becker auf dem Strohhofe , He « ring in der Steinstraße , Heynemann , Kitzing am Markte , La Baume in der Leipziger Straße , Näumann in der Ulrichsstraße , Politz in der Klaus straße , Schmidt in der Leipz . Vorstadt , Werther am Markte , Zeiz in der Ulrichsstraße , Förster in Glaucha , in der Papierhandlung von Hesse , bei dem Knopfmacher Lange in der Leipziger Straße , Drechsler Glück in der Rathhausgasse , Buchbinder Wei ,. 713 Hallisches Patriot , Wochenblatt , Weinack und Mcchanikus Nietzfchmann auf dkni Neumarkte sind Loose zu haben . Halle , den 1 . Juni > 843 . Die polytechnische Gesellschaft , v . Bassewitz . Schadeberg . 2 . Königlicher Scrvis des hier garnisonirenden Militairs für den Monat Mai < : . ist den 6 . 7 . und 8 . Kuj . während dcn Büreaustunden in Empfang zu nehmen . Halle , dcn 6 . Juni 1843 . Die Servis - Deputation . 3 . Hallischer Getreidepreis . Nach dem Berliner Scheffel und Preuß . Gelde . Den 3 . Juni 1843 . Weihen 2Thlr . 12Sgr . K Pf . bis 2Thlr . t ? Sgr . K Ps . Roggen 2 - 15 » ^ - - 2 - 20 - — - Gerste 1 - 17 - k - - 1 - 20 - — - Hafer 1 - 12 » 6 - - 1 - 15 - — - Herausgegeben im Namen der Armendircction vom Diaconus Dryandcr . Bekanntmachungen . Von heute ab sind Briefe nach Göttingen am Sonntage , Montage , Mittwoch , Donnerstage und Freitage bis spätestens 1V Uhr Vormittags , und ferner am Montage und Freitage bis 8 Uhr Abends Hierselbst zur Post zu geben . Halle , den 1 . Juni 1843 . Rönigl . Ober - Poftamr . Göschel .. Bekanntmachungen . 719 Zum Bau der Provinzial - Irrenanstalt bei Halle sind folgende Materialien erforderlich , welche dem Min destfordernden verdungen werden sollen : 200,000 Stück Mauersteine , 1S0 Mispel Kalk , 400 Schachtruthen Sand , 4527 Kubikfuß geschnittenes kiefernes Bauholz , 10,872 lüZuß Zoll starke liefern « Bretter , 8933 mFuß l Zoll starke < lo . clo . 3832 Stück kieferne Latten von 1 ^ und 2j Zoll Stärke und 14 Z Fuß Länge . Zur Verdinzung derselben habe ich einen Termin auf Dienstag den 20 . Juni Vormittags um 9 Uhr in meinem Grichäftszimmer auf dem Bauplätze der Pro . « inzial - Irrenanstalt anberaumt , wozu Unternehmungs lustige mit dem Bemerken eingeladen werden , daß die LicitationS - Bedingungen im Termine bekannt gemacht werden , auch gegen Erstattung der Copialien vorher von mir zu erhalten sind . Bauplatz der Provinzial - Irrenanstalt bei Hall « , den 31 . Mai 1843 . Der Wasserbaumeister Steu dener . Im Auftrag der Erbin des verstorbenen Nadlermei - sters GrSschel soll 1 ) das an der Promenade « ub Kr . 1862 Hieselbst sehr günstig gelegene und neu ausgebaute Wohnhaus , 2 ) verschiedene Mobilien , darunter ein vollständiges Nadlerhandwerkszeug und ein bedeutender Vorrath von Drahtstiften , Dienstags den 13 . Junic . Nachmittags 3 Uhr in jenem Hause selbst meistbietend verkauft werden . Von dem Kaufgelde kann die Hälfte hypothekarisch stehen blei ben . Halle , den 3 . Juni 1843 . Der Iustizco mmissar Gödecke . Ich empfing wieder eine Sendung frischer süßer Messinaer Apfelsinen , wovon ich das Dutzend von 16 E > gr . hjg i Tdlr > empfehle . Ioh . Mayele in den drei Königen .. 720 Bekanntmachungen . A u c r j o n . Montag den 12 . d . M . Nachmittag 2 Uhr u . f . Tages werden aufhiesigem Rathhause das sämmtliche Eiftn - geräth eines verbrannten FrachtfuhrmannSwagens : 4 große eiserne Reife , 4 Buxen , 4 eiserne Achsen , Hemmschuh , Ketten : c . , ferner 3 neue gemusterte Sophabezüge von Haartuch , Gold » und Silbergeschirr , Meubles , Haus und Küchengeräth , Kleidungsstücke , Betten und Wäsche , und die zur Krahmerschen ConcurSmasse gehörigen Waarenvorrälhe : 1 Anker 17 Q . t , Zamaica Rum , 64 Fl . Graves , 1 Eimer Rheinwein , 1 Faß Branmwein , Liqueur , Essig , Syrup , eine Rolle Varinas , 6 Rollen und 72 K Portorico , 4 Ctr . div . Rauchtabake , Kaffee , Wollen « und Baumwollengarn , Nähseide , L9fKIagd - schrot , 68 Eisen - und Messingdrach , 62 Stück Spa ten und Schippen , 1 Faß Schwefel , 22 ltz Leim , meh rere große und kleinere Waagschaalen und Gewichte , t große Lastwaage mit Gewichten , eine Partie leere Säcke und Fässer u . a . Waaren mehr , gerichtlich verauctionirt werden . Gräwen , Auctions - Commissar . Markranzeige für Damen . Der Schnürleibfabrikant Mafch aus Berlin , Zerusalemer Straße Nr . 4 , empfiehlt sich einem hohen Adel und hochgeehrten Publikum mit einem vollkommenen Lager von gut und bequem sitzenden Schnürleibern neue ster Form mit und ohne Elasticität zu den allerbilligsten Preisen . Dasselbe besteht in 1 ) Pariser , 2 ) Englischen , L ) Wiener , wie auch Morgen - und Kinderleibchen , und mehrere andere Sorten , auch mehrere Sorten feine Drell - leibchen von 2V Sgr . an , so wie Steppröcke , Morgen - mützchen das Dutzend von Einen Thaler an . Sein Stand ist vor dem Waisenhause . Man bittet genau auf die Firma zu achten . ^ Noch eine Kiste fette große K ' ppelsche Bücklinge bei Bolye . Es ist wieder frischer Gips im Gasthof zum golde nen Pflug zu haben .. Bekanntmachungen . Für Herren empfiehlt der Schneidermeister Geny aus Berlin sein aufs vollständigste assortirtes Lager fertiger Herren - Klei dungsstücke , bestehend in Oberröcken , Leibröcken , Bein kleidern in BuckSking und den feinsten decatirten Tuchen , den completen Anzug von 8 Thlr . an bis 24 Thlr , We sten in Seide und Pique von Thlr . an , Sommer - anzüge in eleganter Fa ^ on und den besten Zeugen , den completen Anzug von 3 Thlr . 16Sgr , an , Kinderauzüge in ganz geschmackvollen Formen , Herren - HauS - und Reiseröcke von 2 ^ Thlr . an , ächt englische Mackintoshe von 4 Thlr . an . — DaS Verkaufslocal ist Rannische Straße Nr . 607 . Lorenz Schwarz auS Niederorschel bei Nordhausen beabsichtigt den bevor stehenden Hallischen Markt zum ersten Mal mit seinen eigenen Fabrikaten zu dezieben ; sie bestehen in roher , gefärbter und gebleichter Leinwand , rohe , gebleichte und gedruckte Nessel . Der Verkauf geschieht nur in ganzen Stücken oder Weben . Er verspricht seinen geehrten Ab nehmern die billigsten Preise und bittet um geneigten Zu spruch . Sein Stand ist im Gasthof zur goldnen Rose , Rannische Straße Nr . 639 , beim Gastwitth Hrn . Funk . C . G . Teichmann , vormals Kühn , Strohhutfabrik aus Dresden , wird dlesm il zu Halle alle ihre schönen Waaren zu sehr billigen Preisen verkaufen , und um die geehrten Damen zu veranlassen , die Befriedigung ihrer Bedürfnisse von Hüten bis dahin möglichst aufzuschieben , empfehlen sie daher vorläufig eine sehr schöne Auswahl Strohhüte in italienischen , Bast - und feinsten Schweizer Stroh . Der Stand befindet sich in der weißen Waarenreihe . Friedrich Schorle aus Naumburg empfiehlt sich zum bevorstehenden Markt mit Seife und Lichten .. 722 Bekanntmachungen . Verkauf von fertigen Herren - Anzügen im Hause des Buchbinders Herrn Weinack am Franckenöplatz Nr . 508 . Auf meine ergebene Anzeige mich beziehend , genüge ich dem Wunsche meiner geehrten Kunden , und bringe diesmal zum Markt , wo ich aber nur 2 ^ Tag , und zwar bis zum S . Mittags verweile , ein sehr geschmack . volles Lager , als : Mantel s 8 Thlr . , Tuchröcke ^ 6 Thlr . , Sommerröckc s 2 Thlr . , Pallerors und Äonjours » 3 Thlr . , Beinkleider von schwerem Stoff s 3 Thlr . , in Sommerstoff » 26 Ggr . , und Gummi - Beinkleider , fertige elegante besten s 1 Thlr . Mackintoshe und Jagd - , - Haus - und Schlafröcke s Z Thlr . , und ver kaufe daher zu so enorm billigen Preisen , wofür kaum das Zeug herzustellen sein dürfte . Auch wird auf Bestel lung das Maaß genommen und in ein paar Tagen die Sachen ki - sn ^ o hierher gesendet . Diese kostbaren Kleidungsstücke sind in eigner Fabrik unter Leitung eines WerkführerS aus London höchst nobel und dauerhaft gefertigt . Berliner Haupt - Fabrik von Adolph Behrens . Neues Etablissement . Einem hochgeehrten Publikum die ergebenste Anzeige , daß ich unter heutigem Dato auf hiesigem Platze in der großen Markerstraße nahe am Markt ein Handschuh - , Cravatten - , Galanterie - und Wollenwaaren - Geschäft eröffnet habe . Ich verspreche äußerst billige und reelle Bedienung und bitte um gütigen Zuspruch . Halle , den l . Juni 1343 . Robert Aoch .. Bekanntmachungen , 723 Da ich mein Band - und Mode waaren - Geschaft aufgebe , so verkaufe ich sämmtliche Waaren , um damit ganzlich zu räumen , 50 Procent unter dem Fabrik preise . Vorzüglich empfehle ich eine Auswahl von französi schen seidenen Bändem von ^ Sgr . an die Elle , schmale und breiie seidene Zeugs von 12 ^ Sgr . bis 26 Sgr , die Elle , H bisbreiie ächre wollene Moiree , glatt und fa « zon ! rt , K breite karrirte Merinos , ächte sranzösische Nousseline Isine - Kleider , s Stück 2 Thlr, , schma le und breite Kattune , D , Z und Z breite gestreifte weiße Köperzeuae , ^ lange abgepaßte weiße Pigue - Röcke , Z breiten Gardinen - Mull nebst Franzen , mehrere Sor ten Futterzeuge , ß und ^ breite feine weiße Waaren , Zbis große seidene Tücher in schwarz , bunt und jaspirt , 6 Ellen lange seidene I ^ c > ng - 8ks > vls in schwarz und Lkins , H bis ^ große Lama - Tücher , weiße und bunte Taschen tücher , englischen weißen Zwirntüll . Für Herren . Verschiedene Sorten Westenzeuge , H und breites seines Tuch in Stücken und Resten , weiße gewebte Un terhosen und Jacken , ^ große ganz seidene Taschentücher . Warschauer wattirteSchlafröcke , dergleichen Conuoirröcke . B . Helfft aus Halberstadt . ^ ^ ^ Das Berkanfslocal befindet sich Rannische Straße Nr . 501 parterre beim Schlosiermeister Herrn Kautzsch . Eine freundliche ausmeublirte Stube und Kammer nahe am Markte ist mit Inbegriff der Aufwartung sür den jährlichen auffallend billigen Miethszins von 14Thlr . von jetzt oder Zohannis ab an einen einzelnen Herrn zu vermiethen . Auskunft ercheilt die Putzhandlung von Porsche auf dem Markt Nr . 230 .. 724 Bekanntmachungen . Die Strohhutfabrik W . Lentz aus Berlin empfiehlt sich zum jetzigen Markt mit einem Lager Stroh - Hüte sowohl in italienischen als deutschen Geflechten für Herren , Damen und Kinder , Korbtsachen , Tischdecken , so wie alle in dieses Fach einschlagenden Artikel zu den billigsten Preisen . Der Stand ist in der Reihe der weißen Waaren . Neu erhaltene Waaren , bestehend in ächtfarbigen Kattunen ä Elle von Sgr . bis 4 Sgr . , starken Beinkleiderzeugen in Baumwolle » Elle 2 ^ Sgr . , in Leinen 4 Sgr . , den allerneuesten Noii58elin < 1s Isine H breit » Elle 6 Sgr . , die aller neuesten Umschlagetücher in ganz Wolle groß das Stück zu Ix Thlr . und noch viele andere Sachen zu bil ligen Preisen . Auch zeige ich ergebenst an , daß ich keine Bude auf dem Pfingstmarkt habe . - H . Silberberg , große Ulrichsstraße . Rirschen - Verpachtung . Die diesjährige Kirschen - Erndte auf den Bäumen der Plantage an der Chaussee von Halle nach Ammen « dorf soll nächste Mittwoch den 7 . Juni 0 . Nachmittags 3 Uhr im Hause der veiwitiwet m Frau PostHalter Sachße , große Brauhausgasse Nr . 348 , in 3 Parcellen oder im G ^ nzm , meistbietend gegen sogleich auf der Stelle zu lei stenden baaren Courant . ,ahlung und unter den imTermine bekannt zu machenden Bedingungen verpachtet werden . Halle , den 31 . Mai 1843 . A . N ) . Rößler . Verloren . Sonnabend den 3 . Zuni Morgens ist auf dem Wege vom Gasthofe zum Kronprinzen bis nach dem Bahnhofe eine Papierrolle mit zehn Exemplaren des Portruiis von Fräulein Mej 0 verloren gegangen . Der ehrliche Finder wird gebeten , selbige gegen eine angemessene Belohnung Rannische Straße Nr . 642 parterre abzugeben .. |
github_open_source_100_8_19871 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace City\DemoBundle;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Bundle\Bundle;
class CityDemoBundle extends Bundle
{
}
|
sn90059649_1910-06-10_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Da Gaardejer Jens Hansen of Ulsted forleden Aften fjørte gjennem Ulsted ved Aalborg, blev Hestene skyog løbelsk. Vognen ved på Vejen og slog sig ihjel på Stedet. Fjerritslev Kro er af Ejeren Tølbøll biddtilnæn Midc Kr-oforpagter nør til for 108,000 Kr. Beboerne blev reddede i yderste (Øje-j ^rilP blik. Redskaberne og Indboet brænd e e i n e æ n e 7 e e o y e Udhusene til Gaarden på Aor--. hllweide ^ropnetec »vil rra et 4.00, L1°s C'. W 1 IK -vJ M,6er I Sonderj^llsnd. Gaarden „Flintegåd" ved 2,600 Mk. aarlig for en Svendborg er af Ejeren, Gaardejer Aar. Stenbak, solgt til Proprietor T. Seclicv, Kolding. Til Ejendommen Dø=| Gaardejer K a La r er 130 Tdr. Land. Bescrtning og e n fra Sønderballc har solgt Invent Armedfølger. 5Mbesummen' )iu Gaard med fuld Bescrtning til er 57,300 Kr. Overtagelse 11. Juni. Landmand Nørgaard fra Simmersted. Til Gaarden hører 29 Hektar med et Nettoudbytte af 012 Mark. Gaardejer i Allentp Nat ved Peter Andersens Gaard ved Holbæk er forleden I.:w-Tiden fuldstændig udenbrændt. Bygge 2 Kalve og nogle Høns. Ilden inc-' v it v 6 o g. -ven 10-aarige ucs opstaaet ved Gnister fra Toget. I tjenestekarl tilitv sørensen fra Nedre førligt være. Nedre førligt være. L. T. Petersens Gaard paa Aastrup Mark net. Faaborg. Der indebrænde 4 Plage, 5 Svin og nogle Kalve. Alt Ind buet brændt. Ilden menes opstået fra Stückenmotor. Gaardejer Th. Hansens Gaard i Grevinge er brændt. Formodes at fårstående fra Stückenmotor. Gaarden Rosen i Haderslev. Han følte sig fuldt ud font preussisk Embedsmand, beder det. Men det udelukkede ikke, at han var retfærdig. I en Samtale, tidt udtalte, mtimtorc sfn,iflenbcl. "debrm.dtc 1 Wt 1 »3 „Ha. jci forftonr itogfc cum. jaa hvad I mi ske maa lide. Chr. N. Christensens Gaard i Maade ved Esbjerg er totalt ned-. brændt. Der indebrændte 5 Kreatu- mcn ti( gIa6ct3 derved er jo intet at gjøre." E n a a ø v e a gor Iængcve n, 2(,tkr flf 3 lo ttri„a z^benraa bringes til lunn 0gjnn ni ngerne og alt Indboet samt Maski-^ ^ercil ijfiitge derop, da ogsaa han har iter og Redskaber brændte, -ter in- mjnpt lu m*na» ,0,,, 1 cict' 6a"$ dmie" gammel, var "•-•lineret [or -.500 «t ,3 Aar. Han blev tørst i Trejerne^ ou5lli(, Forleden opstod der Ud taget til tiaiijf .Hiijar, men Wiels Thøgersens Gaard paa Her-, Nmner med en Infanterist, og den skind Mark ved Aarhus. Alle Fol-^ afdøde deltog som saadan i Forsvaret- og da Ejeren^ nf Danmark i Krigen 1864. Han vaagnede, var Udhusene til Tels ont^ slap u saa ret hjem fra Krigen, men spændte af Flammerne. Det lykke- har siden lidt af Følgerne af de An des dog at redde største Telen as 23e= stræmjelser, han var udsat for i Unin sæwingen. Eu Munkedaler-Hingst,' ene ved Dybbøl og paa Als. For alle Svinene og det meste Fjerkræ sin Deltagelse i Krigen modtog han indebrændte. Stuehuset reddedes. den danske Medaille. Han var alle Gaardejer Vonsilds Gaard i Tage en trofast dansk Mand. Horslunde ved Nakskov er nedbrændt.^ Ilden opstod i Vaskehuset. Alt le=f Ten y ske o e n i n s v e n e e U n a e s e a n o e e r- z 0 k æ e e e s E e e n s 1 3- a a i e n e A s o n ø s k o e o Datter gik ind i Stalden og løste 2| i Skibelund K a t. Ten Heste og nogle Kreaturer. Alt Ind- tyske Forenings Formand, Tr. Juris, bo og Inventar brændte. Hcthn, og en Snes andre tyske Em- Fhv. Provst og Sognepræst til '°r hos den gjæstsri Forstander Fa Ringsted og Benløse, Dr. theol. Fre-' c°6 1 derik Vilhelm Andersen er nfgoaet' «r. det §W.g 6« rettet Se ved Døden, 89 Aar gammel. Provst Andersen var en i kirkelige Kredse meget begyndt og anset Præst og The olog. 7K%rnr1 t/aon afeaaet oeb JDøbm 75 Jor( Middag i Vejen Stationskro og kjM. gommel. Ten °sd-de der bar en Præstesøn og Broder til Pastor Prtorj »eb grue Kirke, havde været B°g. k ti[6 SoIgt tl)r. ^eterje«. Cl lieibiændt med at tjære. Mejerist Niels Qlsen. Mnrersvend Peter Ri-zsen Krap. Holbwk: Lud. .en opiwi i^-tuehuzet. le'en e^ Karl Aohan Goldbech. Bogholder, vlka Zchon. ^owgras Jacobsen. Es. In tilid, oOO Kr. Jänner, er asgået ved Tøden ester længe Christian. Resnrawr Iøden Svi-! 8«fWt: Organist Vilhelm August hvoras-tnchu^et var over 100.l ar Tids Svagelighed i en Alder af n i a u e ø e I bedsmænd foretog forleden en Ud- Dødsfald. Ejerinden af flugt fra Rødding nord for Grænseti Tirsbæk, Lensgrevinde I. C. C.' til Skibelund Krat, hvor man holdt Schack, født von Krogh, er død, 85 Rast paa Festpladsen og besaa Minde År gammel. stenene. Derfra fjørte Selflabet til Postmester i Taastrup C. G.' Skov Højskole, men Dr. Hahn saad Müller er afgået ved Døden, 62 "ede aabenbart den gode Samvittig År gammel. I heds Mod til at standse og se inden- Kjøbenhavn og F.rcderigsberg. Malersvend Valdemar Emil Lyndgaard. Pensionist Johannes Ortb. Fisker Laurits Henrik Nielsen. Enfiefer Thora Juliette Schulenburg. Avnh ntrtS S«i uretfærdigste Angreb mod de danske Højskoler, at benytte denne nemme Lejlighed til at lære den største af vore Højskoler at kjende, idet Selskhet fjørte forbi Askov, om end ganske Efter længere Ttds sygdom er Hofboghandler V. Prior i Kjøben-.«•. LL Dr. Hahn og hans Følge im St. Regjering. Den bele den lange Aaræke haft Lokale kjendte Sivkro ved Hellevad er af på Kjøbmagergade. Ejeren, Christiansen, der er tysksin det, solgt til den preussiske Regjering og over 100,000 Mark. Dens Vær „Den Haand, font gynger Bug- di anslaas til at bære henved 80, gen, cr den Haand som regjerer Ber- 000 Mk. Efter lang Søgen har Reiden." I Hjemmet er det Moderen, Mringen fundet en Forpagter til „ru.mu Domænen, en der til sydfra indvan- 6cn e u kaldt paa for at hygger, (om stal give 1,000 stelle med de Syge og Lidende. Mbj forpagtning. en Flaske af Dr. Peters Kuriko bebj Om den preussiske Regjerings Haartden er hun forberedt for de fle-. Kjøb af Sivkro skriver „Hejmdal": ste paakommende Tilfælder. Hver »Det har længe været almindelig eneste Moder burde læse et (Eksem*' 6efjeni)t,xat Sælgeren, der i tnange =. Plar af „Vejlederen Det vtl Mv?. Forstander og tilige et meget virk arahs ved Henvendelse, fomt ®r. Peter Fahrney & Co., 19 har hast vanffekgt ved at holde 25 So. Hoytte Ave., Chicago, III. Gaarden. Et Forsag paa at over- røeMem af Den i»fte Sarenmg, v "c, hnfyfalicifaiit Gavl Theodor Thoina- strnp: Anna kydeteltseier Bankfuldmægtia hnlbe ntaattet lade Fa- Tvorftnndpit At Svnvifmtdptt iftct Forstanden. At Forstanden "1 a* Oliver ^ølfcr' ....... -nuxMygemtitmiut I"111 fine Doimtzfy. Gartner Jacob Ja-' ler I. P. Mathle,en. Bfter Skovby: ved Lemvig er totalt nedbrændt.' Il -korstenen alle Byg-' uhelbredelig sindssyg. Nit forleden debnrn^te ll! o 17 jireaturer. har svigtet gaderen. skal vwre en 3fomiH1cnm.itl.r dn.V: Arnold Pedersen. 0. ifrg. Sens. Bankfüldmägtig Oliver d'An- dil Kathrine Petersen. Johanne Kad'An-! Gnfcfru «".? wlbcu Pj z Enke Euuna. Pens. Brand- Anne Marie S-rgensen. Mal- -l 0 Veteran. Gaard- Sergent Einar Strandberg, bjerg: Enkesrn Henriette Holst. Tinsen os Stob- Formand Hansens Hustru -abine VMge Pedersen. Ane Marl- Beck. Iincic, $etli 9j 6i)tteiie. 2 in ,( )ic oiubgniit. R[,v. ^nco6 nrnberfen. Ftw. Gaard ,^niv5 Larsen. Enkefru Frede rit'fe Jeanette Jenseli. Fhv..sijob mand Heinrich Alfred Weeke. ^imt mager Lars Peter Petersen. Inge niør Hans Christian Clorius. Frk. Mathilde Marie Jacobsen. Pens. Maskinmester i Marinen Svejstrnps^ Hustru Vilhelmine. Detailhandler aitsen. Hasle: Jensens Hustru Marie. Handels- kel sen. Svaneke: agent Niels Peter Larsen. Fourage handler Niels Peter Jørgensen. Fhv. Skomager Gottfred Erik Engelbrecht. Enke efter Baadsmand Lund Selma. Enke Karen Marie Aorstrøm. Smed Harald Claudi Rasmussen. Tetail handler Linds Hustrust Gustasva. Fhv. Nattevagt Vald Emar Alexander Thiele. Pens. Lygtetænder Niels Nielsen. Enkefru Frantzine Marie Spanenberg. Kontorist Lars Chr. Jensen. Havariekspt. Frederik Carl Thorsager. Fhv. Kjøbmand AnderS Peter Hansen. Sct. Josephssøster Louise Agnes (Marie Gerlach). Fhv. Lokomotivfører Peter Martinus Radich. Baneformand Friedrich Wilhelm Blimel. Agent Ove Rasmus Jensen. Enkefru Maren Kirstine Villefrance. Fhv. Kjøbntand Anders Peter Hansen. Handelsrejsende E. C. Maylands Hustrtt Inger. Enke fru Emma Christophersen. Malermester I. Brantsens Hustru Maren. Togfører Nielsens Hustru Karoline. Malersvend Hans Anders Jørgensen. Kapelmester Volffs Hustru Amalie. Dorthea Hansine Jensen. Snedker Svend Edvard Lauritz Olsen. Enke Mathilde Helene Borgstrøm. Skomager Ole Nielsen. Barber Anton Sens Hustru Anna. Enke Maren Kirstine Hansen. Frk. Marie Vilhelmine Braff. Udenfor Kjøbenhavn. W vinde økonomiske Vanskeligheder ved Herdahl. Fhv. Vognmand A. Ol-! „Jim," siger jeg, „er Du gal? at udlcegge en Rentegaard glippede, sens Hustru Karen. Birkerød: Fhv. Hvad fluide bevcrge Manden til det? Gaarden blev saa dyr, at den ikke Lærer Julius Peter Christiansen. Vi kjender ham jo flet ikke." fandt Naade for Rentegaardskomis- Ordrup: Fhv. Bagerm. Johan Vil-j „Jeg siger, vil Du vedde, Bob? sionens Øjne. Det lykkedes derfor helm Jensen. Pens. Lærer H. P. Seks Dollars mere skal Dit ikke heller ikke at finde en Kjøber, og da Rasmussen. Herløv: Gdr. Morten tabe, siden vi er saa gode Venner." nu uholdbarere. Efterretningen om, rie Nielsen ut Iimt har solgt til Regjeringen,'Niels Peter Thorsen. Svendborg: tommer derfor likke uventet. Han var^ Snedkermester Fritz Selk. Faaborg: nødt til at sælge. Og som tysksin-^ Anna Elisabeth jensen. Tved: Ane det vil han naturligvis helst sælgej Marie Eriksen. Aakerlnnd Ferup: til Regieringen, thi en Regierings- Kirsten Sche Kadik: Snedker handel i vore Dage er i Reglen bet, i Diide i Danmark. Christiansen derefter saa sig nød- Nielsen. Hellerup: Enke Bodel Met-! „Top!" siger jeg. „Her er min Odense: Bagermester Haand." Vi gik nu ind i Guldsmedebutiken. is Ejer straks lod sig til Syne for betjene os. Jim lod i Begyiidei som om han slet ikke lagde Mær kovsby: Gaardejer! ke til denne Herres Tilstedeværelse. mester Hans Lund. Vinderup: Karl man kaldte en Præstehandel i gamle Niels Korsgaard. Aarhus: Hol 'age/ ger Sehiby. Kjøbinand Jacob Tand. Birgitte Ankersen. Brændstrup: Jensine Kummel. Horsens: Kjøbmand Christian Tramm. Forpagter H. C. Thaanum. Addit Mark: Niels Beck. Sødover Mark: Hans Jakobsen Brøgger. Jennum: Hans Peter Beiskær. Skagen: Agnes Kirstine Brøndum. Aarhus: Fru Johanne Feilberg. Andrea Sørensen. Randels: Ruders: Rudolph Hauschultz. Niels Hvidgarver Gustav Peter Malmberg. Thomsen. Dagmar Spangberg. Ham for Dem Bob Saunders Frk. Sigrid Karoline Roos. boghandler Hans Vilhelm Skuespiller Jacques Wiehe. Snedkermester A. C. Schous Hilstru Lassen. Aalborg: Klara Agathe Charlotte. Enke Hedvig Toldassistent Lin.k. JerSlen Maskinsmed J,r. „rtill jni'rcclit. Enke Auk. Cscnfcu. Piborg: Fhv. Baget atræhber-i -'"iter Aalkj.rr. Msrdrnp: sen. Anders Knudsen. Avnbøl: Asmus, jeg plejer ellers at kalde ham Bob Prior.| Moe. Gammelgab: Marie C. Mi-' Smokers, fordi han er faadan en væl^ Fhv.! ehelfen. Htwervad: Marie Kristine^ dig Tobaksryger. Mit Notitt cr Jensen. Toldbodarbejder Chr. Fer- H^m: Kirsten Vestergaard. Aar mand Stuhr. Frk. Emmy Peter-' bus: AhimMcrseit. Jens Harlev sen. Fru Agnes Augusta Holst. Fhv.' Ped ersen, søfyrbøder Carl Chris. Proprietær Peter Chr. Fibiger. Mu-' stiausen. Overlærer M. S. Krag. rer Jens Jacobsen. Professorinde Harlev £t: Vitha Hansen. Hessel Johanne Andrea Winstrup. Frk. balle: Karen Marie Nielsen. Aal Caroline Watt. Billetkassererske borg: Skomagermester C. Madsen. Enke Beathe Kirstine Hansen. Smed- Gaardejer Carl Anker Christiansen. missær Thomsens Hustru Karen. Ta- Gertrud Margrethe Larsen. Belve petserer Andersens Hustru Amin. j Kre' skov: Troels Ferdinand Enke Beathe Kirstine Hansen. Smed- Lund. Kolding: Mette Katrine desvend Niels Peter Kirkeby. Enke Terp. Jensine Hansen. Martin Pe Anna Margrethe Wahl. Frk. Ingrid dersen. Otting: Else Marie Ibsen. Fabricius Bjerre. Enkefru Mar- Tøndering Møllegaard: Lyder Niel grethe Dorothea Griebel. Fhv. To- M. Skive: N. P. Jensen. Boul- Anna Græsen. Odense: Bo- *"ulIic thrine AnderM. Gyrstinge^ Møl- sacoti Ja-' ler I cobfen. Fhv. Provst Frederik Vil- Partikulier Jens Larsen Grim. Sla helm Andersen. Cigarmager Harald_ gelse: Marie Kirstine Nielsen. Bog Theodor Hansen. Elna Johann Son.! binder Jul. Chr. Glud Sørensen. Artist Hans Christian Hein. Enke. Herringløse: Karen Kristensen. Hav- Følglandning Niels Christensen. Røv bæk pr. Sat'skjøbing: Tømrer Han len Hustru Margrethe. Bornholm: Net'sø: Kjøbinand M. Holms Enke Petrea. Rønne: Sine Marie ^imd. Svaneke: Jakob Jørgensens Hustru Marie. Vestermarie Plantage: Fhv. Skovløber H. I. Kristi- Modelsnedker Mik Fisker Chr. Mogen- (Et UadDeninaf. Af Andreas Briter. Oiikel Bob var i sit prægtigste Hü mør og fortalte muntre Historier fra fin Ungdom, da han som Guldgraver samlede sig en Formue i Minerne. Han holdt meget af at fortælle, og naar han faaledes sad og lod Møden løbe, medens han af og til tog et Drag as fin korte Shagpibe, følte han sig saa lyklig som en Konge. „Jeg havde en Kainerat," fortalte Onkel, „en rigtig Gtlt og for Resten den braveste Fyr, jeg har kjendt. Som han kunde fortælle Historier, ja, og lave Historier og hitte paa ly stige Streger. Han hed Jim Smart og svarede god Til sit Navn en smart Aankee as den rette Slags. Pokkers Fyr, den Jim! Vi havde opholdt os nogen Tid i New York, Jim og jeg, og vi fik da Lyst til at prøve Guldminerne. Det var' Bestemmelsen, at vi stulde tage derud den næste Dag, og vi slentrede nu Amt i Arm op og ned ad Broadway som et Par rigtige Løver. Ja, vor Dragt var just ikke vider elegant, for det er jo ikke nødvendigt til Guld gaverarbejde, men i Amerika fluer man ikke Hunden paa Haaren, og vi var lige velsete for det. Saa siger Jim pludselig, ligesom vi standser foran en Guldsmedebutik: „Bob," siger han, skal vi spise til Middag nu, for det er paa Tiden?" „Javel, Jim," siger jeg, „lad os gaa hjem til vort Logis." „Nej," siger Jim, „vi vil spise her hos Guldsmeden. Jeg vædder, at han giver os en god Middag, naar Skodsborg: Komis Axel Hans Peder sen. Komis Axel Hans Peder sen. Komis Georg Petersen Hopp. Skovshoved: Pens. Karethmager v. Statsbanerne C. P. 'Frederiksen, vi blot goctr ind og præsenterer sagde Guldsmeden lidt ittaalmo-dig, men ikke forundret, thi i Nem Aork er man vant til ikke at for undre sig otier noget. „De ønsker at sælge Guld?" „Ja," svarede Jim, „det ønfler vi." (Bvre vi havde noget, tænkte jeg, og det tænkte han vist ogsaa). „Hvor meget kan man omtrent faa for et Stykke faa stort som saa?" Jim pegede paa sit Hoved. „Saa stort?" sagde Guldsmeden, idet hans smaa Øjitc funklede af Be gjærlighed. „Saa stort et Stykke Guld! Ja, det kan vi tale nærmere om, mine Herrer. Maa jeg bede Dem behage at træde indenfor, faa kan vi tale om Sagen." Vor høflige Vært førte os nu ind i et smukt Værelse, hvor et godt Mid dagsbord stod dækket. „Jessie," raabte han ud i Køkke net, „lad os faa to Kuverter til og en Flaffe Vin, jeg har faaet fremmede." Vi lod Maaltidet og den gode Vin smage os Godt. Jim fortalte lystigt op om Guldgraverlivet og kom med den ene Vittighed efter den anden, sa Guldsmeden kom i det prægtigste Humør og syntes rent at have glemt Guldspunken. „Jessie, en Flaffe Vin till" rcmtite han, og vi drak paa hans Sundhed, medens han ønskede os til Lykke med Forretningen. Da vi omsider igjeit stod i Butiken og sagde Guldsmeden Farvel, lod han, som om han pludselig kom i Tanker om vort ZErinde. "Ja, det er sandt, mine Herrer, jeg stå altså ha den Guldklump! Set 600 Dollars hvomaar vil De sende mig den?" "I skulde bare have set," sagde Onkel Bob, "hvilket fiffigt Ansigt Gavtyven satte op, hvor han kneb det en jede til! Snu Hund, hvad?" Ja, ser De, min Herre," svarede Hoved det kan slumpe sig, at vi faor saa store Klumper som s. Eks. mit Hovede det kan slumpe sig, at vi faar dem større, og der kan være Sandsynlighed for. at vi faar dem mindre, men vi får i hvert Fald uti de Dem vor Søgning, naar vi blor er saa heldige at finde nogle af disse hersens Klumper, bande sam og sto re skal De få." "Der var en Mand i Butiken, som blev laiig i Ansigtet," sluttede Onkel Bob, "men bild Jer nu borikke ind, at det var Bob Saunders, for det var det ikke. Jeg tabte med Fornøjelse mine seks Dollars til Jim, det kan For Resten narrede vi slet ikke Guldsmeden, men undte ham ærligt og redeligt vor Søgning., skjønt vi aldrig fandt får store Kl. "Ummer som mørksom" Hoved." Abraham Lincoln "Biter de bedste Kider ved" vort Folks Histori i Amerika. 1 Bind. Elegant og stærkt indbunden $5.00 portofrætter, 24 store Gruppebilleder (med over 1200 mindre Portrætter), ca. 100 Billeder af Bygninger, gamle Landmærker etc. Bf national Interesse, samt mange specielle Tegninger, Prospekter, Kort, m. m., med Beskrivelse af den danske indvandring: til Amerika fra 1619 til 1860. ved Prof. P. S. Vre, suppleret af Pastor R. Anderskx'S interessante oss lysninger om den ældre danske Indvandring: til ostlijre Stater. Endvidere indeholder 1ste Bind ri^t illustrerede Afhandlinger om Dansk Amerikanernes Liv o«- Virksomhed paa forskjelliye Omraader, skrevet af Fag mænd prs a liver sit Felt, samt en paalidelig Historie om vore Landsmænds Dcla^rtiyhctl i tie forskjellige religiose Samfund i Amerika, alle illustreret. Pub. 99 Tidligere udkommen 11 720.—724 Fpa del "DANSKE I AMERIKA" har mødt den mest velvillige Omale Alle Pressen herovre saa vel som i Danmark, og omtales som et Værk af enestaaende Betydning, som bør ejes af enhver Dansk-Amerikaner, der har Interesse for sit Folks Historie. Dette Pragtværk vil være DEN BEDSTE GAVE, hvormed De kan glæde Venner og Frænder her som hjemme, da Værket i Tekst og Billeder repræsenterer HELE Amerika. Subskriptiorisbetingelser: 1. Værket mokonsnær i 18 a 20 Hofter a 50 LANDSMÆND" 12 Fortællinger af CARL HANSEN. Heftet IS Cents. Smukt indbunden $1.00 Prærkölle" Pris i smukt Omslag EN NOVELLE-CYCLUS —AF— WILHELM BERGØE 845 Sider, elegant indbunden $1.50 Fra Piazza Del Popolo hører til en af den danske Literature bedste Frembringelser paa Romanens Omraade. Forfatterens Stil er saa glimrende, og hans Fortællemaade saa fængslende, at Inter essen vedligeholdes lige til Bogens allerside Kapitel, og han har slynget Bogens Begivenheder saaledes ind i hinanden, at Interes sen ikke taber sig paa et eneste Punkt. Han bevæger sig med lige stor Frihed imellem Kunstnerne i Rom og Livet i det solrige Syd som i de danske Bøgeskove og i det glade, letsindige Kjøben havnerliv. Romantiken og Realismen gaar Haand i Haand, og der findes i hele den danske Literatur neppe noget, der kan maale sig med Forfatterens Skildring af de uhyggelige Begivenheder, der ka rakteriserede "Kolera-Aaret". Da Bogen udkom, vakte den umaadelig Opsigt ikke alene paa Grund af de glimrende Skildringer, der fuld tud kan maale sig med det bedste, som den nyere danske Literatur kan opvise, men for en stor Del fordi Forfatteren i de fleste af Hovedpersonerne har skildret kjendte Personligheder, hvis Identitet han har gjort saa lidet til at skjule, at de lettelig blev gjenkjendt af hele den daværende literære Verden. Denne pirrende Tiltrækningskraft har Bo gen tabt i Årnes Løb, men dens mange andre store fortrinlige Egenskaber har stillet den paa en Plads i den danske Literatur, hvor den saagodtsom ikke har noget Sidestykke. "Fra Piazza Del Popolo" gav paa en Gang Wilhelm Bergsøe Plads mellem Danmarks Forfattere af første Rang, og Bogen vil til alle Tider staa som noget af det bedste den danske Literatur kan opvise paa det prosaiske Omraade. Sendes portofrit mod Indsendelse af BelObet til USTEM I w l.' n i THE WO 100 Prospekt frä hele Verden på Postkort, elegant kolorerede. Pris 30c. 100 elegant kolorerede forskjellige Prospekt Postkort, Landskaber, Blomster, komiske etc. Pris 50c. 25 Prospekt Postkort med Dyrebilleder fra Afrika, en interessant Naturhistorie. Pris 20c Portofrit tilsendt ved Modtagelse af Beløbet 1 Frimærker eller Money Order. 'i 1 historiske Op Cents. Hvad der ud kommer over 18 Hefter leveres frit. 2. Værket kan endnu sitres til en reduceret Pris af $7.00. ved Ind betaling af $4.00 for første Bind, (O Hefter), og Tlosbieløbct, $3.00 in den isite jan. 1911. 3. tiller mor! Indsendelse af fS o leveres. Værket elegant og stærkt indbunden i 2 Bind. hvoraf Islin Bind sendes portofrit 1 il hvilken som helst Adresse her eller i Dan mark. og 2riet Bind saasnart det udkommer. 4. 1ste Bind alene, stærkt og elegant indbundet, $5.00. 2det Bind udkommer i Hefter, med Fortsættelse af de enke*te Afsnit i Værkets Part II samt med det store Afsnit om KOLONIERNES HISTORIE, med Indberet nærkte fra de danske Kolonier i Amerika, og med statistiske Oplys nærkte paa den nærkte U. S. Census i 1910. PROVERHEFTE SENDES FRIT. AGENTER ØNSKES. Spredte Studier 1 em-dansk Koloni gjen nem 15 Aar. 75Cents a MINN. 730 So* 4th Straeti „'4 4 jS. |
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|
github_open_source_100_8_19873 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # Generated by Django 2.1.4 on 2019-03-20 07:21
import datetime
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion
from django.utils.timezone import utc
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('profile', '0010_course_product'),
]
operations = [
migrations.CreateModel(
name='ContentItem',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('date', models.DateField()),
('description', models.TextField()),
('course', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='profile.Course')),
],
),
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='agendaitem',
name='datetime_end',
),
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='agendaitem',
name='datetime_start',
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='agendaitem',
name='time_duration',
field=models.DurationField(),
preserve_default=False,
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='agendaitem',
name='time_start',
field=models.TimeField(),
preserve_default=False,
),
]
|
2023/32023R1803/32023R1803_CS.txt_22 | Eurlex | CC-By | Model oceňování pořizovacími náklady
56
Po prvotním uznání oceňuje účetní jednotka, která si zvolila model oceňování pořizovacími náklady, investiční nemovitý majetek:
a)
v souladu s IFRS 5 Dlouhodobá aktiva určená k prodeji a ukončované činnosti, pokud splňuje kritéria klasifikace aktiv určených k prodeji (nebo je součástí skupiny aktiv určených k vyřazení klasifikovaných jako určená k prodeji);
b)
v souladu s IFRS 16, pokud je držen nájemcem jako aktivum z práva k užívání a není určen k prodeji v souladu s IFRS 5, a
c)
v souladu s požadavky IAS 16 na model oceňování pořizovacími náklady ve všech ostatních případech.
PŘEVODY
57
Účetní jednotka převede nemovitost do nebo z investičního nemovitého majetku pouze tehdy, pokud došlo ke změně v užívání. Ke změně v užívání dochází tehdy, pokud nemovitost splňuje nebo přestane splňovat definici investičního nemovitého majetku a pokud existuje důkaz o tom, že došlo ke změně v užívání. Změna záměrů vedení týkajících se užívání nemovitosti sama o sobě nepředstavuje důkaz o změně v užívání. K příkladům důkazů změny v užívání patří:
a)
zahájení užívání nemovitosti vlastníkem či zahájení rekonstrukce směřující k takovému užívání v případě převodu investičního nemovitého majetku na nemovitost užívanou vlastníkem;
b)
zahájení kroků směřujících k prodeji v případě převodu investičního nemovitého majetku do zásob;
c)
ukončení užívání nemovitosti vlastníkem v případě přeúčtování z nemovitosti užívané vlastníkem na investiční nemovitý majetek a
d)
zahájení operativního leasingu poskytovaného jiné straně v případě přeúčtování ze zásob na investiční nemovitý majetek.
e)
[zrušeno]
58
Když se účetní jednotka rozhodne k vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku bez rekonstrukce, pokračuje ve vykazování dané nemovitosti jako investičního nemovitého majetku, a to až do okamžiku jejího vynětí (vyřazení z výkazu o finanční pozici), a nereklasifikuje ji jako zásoby. Stejně tak pokud účetní jednotka zahájí kroky k tomu, aby stávající investiční nemovitý majetek nadále v budoucnu užívala jako investiční nemovitý majetek, nemovitost zůstává investičním nemovitým majetkem a není v průběhu podnikání těchto kroků reklasifikována jako nemovitost užívaná vlastníkem.
59
Odstavce 60 až 65 se zabývají záležitostmi uznávání a oceňování, které se aplikují, pokud účetní jednotka používá model oceňování investičního nemovitého majetku reálnou hodnotou. Pokud účetní jednotka používá model oceňování pořizovacími náklady, nemění se v důsledku převodů mezi investičním nemovitým majetkem, nemovitostmi užívanými vlastníkem a zásobami účetní hodnota převáděné nemovitosti, a nemění se tedy pořizovací náklady takové nemovitosti pro potřeby oceňování a zveřejňování.
60
V případě převodu investičního nemovitého majetku, vedeného v reálné hodnotě na nemovitost užívanou vlastníkem nebo zásobu, se pro následné vykazování podle IAS 16, IFRS 16 nebo IAS 2 považuje za domnělé pořizovací náklady nemovitosti reálná hodnota dané nemovitosti k datu změny ve způsobu jejího užívání.
61
Pokud se nemovitost užívaná vlastníkem stane investičním nemovitým majetkem, který bude veden v reálné hodnotě, účetní jednotka musí uplatňovat IAS 16 pro vlastněnou nemovitost a IFRS 16 pro nemovitost drženou nájemcem jako aktivum z práva k užívání až do data změny ve způsobu jejího užívání. S veškerými odchylkami mezi účetní hodnotou nemovitosti podle IAS 16 nebo IFRS 16 a s její reálnou hodnotou k uvedenému datu zachází účetní jednotka stejným způsobem jako při přecenění podle IAS 16.
62
Až do data, ke kterému se stane nemovitost užívaná vlastníkem investičním nemovitým majetkem vedeným v reálné hodnotě, účetní jednotka odepisuje nemovitost (nebo aktivum z práva k užívání) a uznává veškeré ztráty ze znehodnocení, které se vyskytly. S veškerými odchylkami mezi účetní hodnotou nemovitosti podle IAS 16 nebo IFRS 16 a její reálnou hodnotou k uvedenému datu zachází účetní jednotka stejným způsobem jako při přecenění podle IAS 16. Jinými slovy:
a)
jakékoliv výsledné snížení účetní hodnoty nemovitosti je uznáno v hospodářském výsledku. Avšak v případě, že na danou nemovitost připadá určitá částka fondu z přecenění, je snížení uznáno v ostatním úplném výsledku a snižuje fond z přecenění ve vlastním kapitálu;
b)
k jakémukoliv zvýšení účetní hodnoty se přistupuje následujícím způsobem:
i)
v rozsahu, v němž zvýšení hodnoty kompenzuje předchozí ztrátu ze znehodnocení dané nemovitosti, je zhodnocení uznáno v hospodářském výsledku. Částka uznaná v hospodářském výsledku nesmí přesáhnout částku potřebnou k dosažení účetní hodnoty, která by byla stanovena (po odpočtu odpisů hmotných aktiv) v případě, že by nebyla uznána žádná ztráta ze znehodnocení;
ii)
jakákoliv zbývající část zhodnocení je vykazována v ostatním úplném výsledku a zvyšuje fond z přecenění v rámci vlastního kapitálu. V případě následného vyřazení daného investičního nemovitého majetku může být přírůstek z přecenění zahrnutý do vlastního kapitálu převeden do nerozděleného zisku. Převod přírůstku z přecenění do nerozděleného zisku se neúčtuje výsledkově.
63
V případě převodu ze zásob na investiční nemovitý majetek, který bude veden v reálné hodnotě, se veškeré rozdíly mezi reálnou hodnotou nemovitosti k tomuto datu a její předchozí účetní hodnotou uznají v hospodářském výsledku.
64
Přístup k řešení převodů ze zásob na investiční nemovitý majetek, který bude veden v reálné hodnotě, je konzistentní s prodejem zásob.
65
Když účetní jednotka dokončí výstavbu nebo rekonstrukci investičního nemovitého majetku, která je prováděna vlastní činností a která bude vedena v reálné hodnotě, uznají se veškeré rozdíly mezi reálnou hodnotou dané nemovitosti k datu dokončení a její předchozí účetní hodnotou v hospodářském výsledku.
VYŘAZENÍ
66
Investiční nemovitý majetek se musí vyjmout (vyřadit z výkazu o finanční pozici) v případě vyřazení nebo v případě, že je trvale vyňat z užívání a z jeho vyřazení se neočekávají žádné budoucí ekonomické užitky.
67
K vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku může dojít v důsledku prodeje nebo jeho použití pro finanční leasing. Datem vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku, který byl prodán, je datum, kdy příjemce získá kontrolu nad investičním nemovitým majetkem v souladu s požadavky na určení, kdy je splněn závazek k plnění v souladu s IFRS 15. IFRS 16 se použije při vyřazení z důvodu použití nemovitosti pro finanční leasing a při prodeji a zpětném leasingu.
68
Pokud účetní jednotka v souladu se zásadou uznání uvedenou v odstavci 16 vykáže v účetní hodnotě aktiva náklad na výměnu části investičního nemovitého majetku, přestává uznávat účetní hodnotu vyměněné části. U investičního nemovitého majetku, zaúčtovaného s použitím modelu oceňování pořizovacími náklady, nesmí být vyměněnou částí ta část, která byla odepisována zvlášť. Pokud účetní jednotka nemůže stanovit účetní hodnotu nahrazené komponenty, může použít pořizovací náklady náhrady jako vodítko ke stanovení pořizovacích nákladů nahrazené komponenty v době, kdy byla pořízena nebo zhotovena. Reálná hodnota investičního nemovitého majetku může na základě modelu oceňování reálnou hodnotou již zohledňovat skutečnost, že část, která má být vyměněna, ztratila svou hodnotu. V ostatních případech může být obtížné rozeznat, o kolik má být reálná hodnota z titulu vyměňované části snížena. Pokud to není prakticky proveditelné, je alternativou ke snižování reálné hodnoty vyměněné části zahrnutí nákladů na výměnu do účetní hodnoty aktiva a poté přehodnocení reálné hodnoty tak, jak by bylo požadováno u přístaveb, které nejsou výměnami.
69
Zisky nebo ztráty, vzniklé z odstavení nebo vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku, se určí jako rozdíl mezi čistým výtěžkem z vyřazení a hodnotou vedenou v účetnictví a uznají se v hospodářském výsledku (pokud IFRS 16 v případě prodeje a zpětného leasingu nestanoví jinak) v čase odstavení nebo vyřazení.
70
Částka protihodnoty, která má být zahrnuta do zisku nebo ztráty vyplývající z vynětí investičního nemovitého majetku, se určí v souladu s požadavky na určení transakční ceny v odstavcích 47–72 IFRS 15. Následné změny odhadované částky protihodnoty zahrnuté do zisku nebo ztráty musí být zaúčtovány v souladu s požadavky na změny transakční ceny v IFRS 15.
71
Na závazky, které zůstávají účetní jednotce po vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku, použije účetní jednotka ustanovení standardu IAS 37 nebo přiměřeně dalších standardů.
72
Odškodnění od třetích stran za poškozený, ztracený nebo předaný investiční nemovitý majetek se uzná v hospodářském výsledku v okamžiku, kdy se tato kompenzace stane pohledávkou.
73
Znehodnocení nebo ztráty investičního nemovitého majetku, související nároky na/platby odškodnění od třetích stran a následné pořízení nebo výstavba náhradního aktiva za stávající aktivum jsou samostatné ekonomické události a jsou vykazovány následujícím způsobem:
a)
znehodnocení investičního nemovitého majetku se uznává v souladu s IAS 36;
b)
odstavení nebo vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku se uznává v souladu s odstavci 66–71 tohoto standardu;
c)
odškodnění od třetích stran za poškozený, ztracený nebo vydaný investiční nemovitý majetek se uznává v hospodářském výsledku v okamžiku, kdy se tato kompenzace stane pohledávkou;
d)
pořizovací náklady aktiv obnovených, koupených nebo vystavěných jako náhrada za stávající aktivum se určují v souladu s odstavci 20–29 tohoto standardu.
ZVEŘEJNĚNÍ
Model oceňování reálnou hodnotou a model oceňování pořizovacími náklady
74
Spolu s ustanoveními standardu IFRS 16 se dále použijí níže uvedená zveřejnění. V souladu s IFRS 16 poskytuje vlastník investičního nemovitého majetku všechna zveřejnění uložená pronajímateli o leasingu, do kterého vstoupil. Nájemce, který drží investiční nemovitý majetek jako aktivum z práva k užívání, poskytuje všechna zveřejnění uložená nájemcům v souladu s IFRS 16 a zveřejnění uložená pronajímatelům v souladu s IFRS 16 u každého operativního leasingu, do kterého vstoupil.
75
Účetní jednotka zveřejní:
a)
zda používá model oceňování reálnou hodnotou nebo model oceňování pořizovacími náklady;
b)
[zrušeno];
c)
v případech, kdy je klasifikace obtížná (viz odstavec 14), kritéria používaná pro odlišení investičního nemovitého majetku od nemovitosti užívané vlastníkem a od nemovitosti určené k prodeji v běžném podnikání;
d)
[zrušeno];
e)
do jaké míry je reálná hodnota investičního nemovitého majetku (jak je oceněn nebo zveřejněn v účetní závěrce) založena na ocenění provedeném nezávislým znalcem, který má odpovídající a uznávanou odbornou způsobilost a předchozí zkušenosti v oceňování nemovitostí obdobného druhu a v obdobné lokalitě, jako jsou oceňované nemovitosti. Pokud nebylo žádné takové ocenění provedeno, musí být tato skutečnost zveřejněna;
f)
částky uznané v hospodářském výsledku pro:
i)
nájemné z investičního nemovitého majetku;
ii)
přímé provozní náklady (včetně oprav a údržby) vzniklé z investičního nemovitého majetku, který generoval nájemné v průběhu období;
iii)
přímé provozní náklady (včetně oprav a údržby) vzniklé z investičního nemovitého majetku, který negeneroval nájemné v průběhu období, a
iv)
kumulativní změnu reálné hodnoty uznanou v hospodářském výsledku v případě prodeje investičního nemovitého majetku ze skupiny aktiv používajících model oceňování pořizovacími náklady do skupiny aktiv, ve které se používá model oceňování reálnou hodnotou (viz odstavec 32C);
g)
existenci a výši omezení realizovatelnosti investičního nemovitého majetku, případně omezení úhrady výnosů či výtěžků z vyřazení;
h)
smluvní závazky k nákupu, výstavbě nebo rekonstrukci investičního nemovitého majetku, případně jeho opravám, údržbě či rozšiřování.
Model oceňování reálnou hodnotou
76
Účetní jednotka, která používá model oceňování reálnou hodnotou upravený odstavci 33–55, zveřejní navíc k informacím zveřejněným podle odstavce 75 sesouhlasení účetních hodnot investičního nemovitého majetku na začátku a ke konci období, které obsahuje:
a)
přírůstky; zvlášť zveřejní ty přírůstky, které pocházejí z akvizic, a ty, které pocházejí z následných výdajů uznaných v účetní hodnotě aktiva;
b)
přírůstky pocházející z akvizic prostřednictvím podnikových kombinací;
c)
aktiva klasifikovaná jako určená k prodeji nebo zahrnutá ve skupině aktiv klasifikovaných jako určená k prodeji v souladu s IFRS 5 a ostatní vyřazení;
d)
čisté zisky nebo ztráty ze změn reálné hodnoty;
e)
čisté kurzové rozdíly vznikající z přepočtu účetní závěrky do jiné měny vykazování a z přepočtu zahraničních operací do měny vykazování dané vykazující jednotky;
f)
převody do a ze zásob a nemovitostí užívaných vlastníkem a
g)
ostatní změny.
77
Pokud je ocenění investičního nemovitého majetku podstatně upraveno pro účely účetní závěrky, například proto, aby se předešlo dvojímu započítávání aktiv nebo závazků, které jsou uznávány jako samostatná aktiva a závazky, jak je popsáno v odstavci 50, zveřejní účetní jednotka sesouhlasení původních hodnot a upravených hodnot obsažených v účetní závěrce, přičemž zvlášť vykáže celkovou sumu veškerých uznaných závazků z leasingu, které byly zpětně přidány, a veškeré další podstatné úpravy.
78
Ve výjimečných případech uvedených v odstavci 53, kdy účetní jednotka oceňuje investiční nemovitý majetek s použitím modelu oceňování pořizovacími náklady podle IAS 16 nebo v souladu s IFRS 16, se v sesouhlasení vyžadovaném odstavcem 76 zveřejní hodnoty vztahující se k tomuto investičnímu nemovitému majetku odděleně od hodnot vztahujících se k ostatnímu investičnímu nemovitému majetku. Navíc musí účetní jednotka zveřejnit:
a)
popis investičního nemovitého majetku;
b)
vysvětlení, proč není reálná hodnota spolehlivě měřitelná;
c)
pokud je to možné, pásmo odhadu, uvnitř kterého vysoce pravděpodobně leží reálná hodnota, a
d)
při vyřazení investičního nemovitého majetku, který nebyl veden v reálných hodnotách:
i)
skutečnost, že účetní jednotka vyřadila investiční nemovitý majetek, který nebyl veden v reálné hodnotě;
ii)
účetní hodnotu tohoto investičního nemovitého majetku k datu prodeje a
iii)
částku uznaného zisku nebo ztráty.
Model oceňování pořizovacími náklady
79
Ke zveřejnění informací požadovaných odstavcem 75 přidává účetní jednotka, která používá model oceňování pořizovacími náklady upravený odstavcem 56, ještě další údaje:
a)
použité odpisové metody;
b)
doby životnosti nebo používané odpisové sazby;
c)
hrubou účetní hodnotu a oprávky (spolu s kumulovanými ztrátami ze znehodnocení) na začátku a na konci období;
d)
sesouhlasení účetní hodnoty investičního nemovitého majetku k začátku a konci vykazovaného období s tím, že se uvedou:
i)
přírůstky s odděleným zveřejněním těch přírůstků, které pocházejí z akvizic, a těch, které jsou důsledkem následných výdajů uznaných jako aktivum;
ii)
přírůstky pocházející z akvizic prostřednictvím podnikových kombinací;
iii)
aktiva klasifikovaná jako určená k prodeji nebo zahrnutá ve skupině aktiv klasifikovaných jako určená k prodeji v souladu s IFRS 5 a ostatní vyřazení;
iv)
odpisy hmotných aktiv;
v)
uznaná částka ztrát ze znehodnocení aktiv a částka zrušených ztrát ze znehodnocení, v průběhu období podle IAS 36;
vi)
čisté kurzové rozdíly vznikající z přepočtu účetní závěrky do jiné měny vykazování a z přepočtu zahraničních operací do měny vykazování dané vykazující jednotky;
vii)
převody do a ze zásob a nemovitostí užívaných vlastníkem a
viii)
ostatní pohyby;
e)
reálnou hodnotu investičního nemovitého majetku. Ve výjimečných případech popsaných v odstavci 53, ve kterých účetní jednotka nemůže spolehlivě stanovit reálnou hodnotu investičního nemovitého majetku, musí zveřejnit:
i)
popis investičního nemovitého majetku;
ii)
vysvětlení, proč není reálná hodnota spolehlivě měřitelná, a
iii)
pokud je to možné, rozmezí odhadů, ve kterém reálná hodnota nejpravděpodobněji leží.
PŘECHODNÁ USTANOVENÍ
Model oceňování reálnou hodnotou
80
Účetní jednotka, která dříve aplikovala IAS 40 (z roku 2000) a poprvé se rozhodne klasifikovat a účtovat některé nebo všechny způsobilé majetkové nároky držené na základě operativního leasingu jako investiční nemovitý majetek, uzná dopad takového rozhodnutí jako úpravu počátečního stavu nerozděleného zisku v období, ve kterém bylo toto rozhodnutí poprvé učiněno. Navíc:
a)
pokud účetní jednotka již v dřívějších obdobích otevřeně zveřejnila (v účetní závěrce nebo jinak) reálnou hodnotu těchto majetkových nároků (stanovenou způsobem splňujícím definici reálné hodnoty uvedené v IFRS 13), pak se účetní jednotce doporučuje, ale není od ní vyžadováno, aby:
i)
upravila počáteční zůstatek nerozděleného zisku za nejstarší prezentované období, v němž tuto reálnou hodnotu zveřejnila, a
ii)
přepracovala a znovu vykázala srovnávací informace za tato období a
b)
pokud účetní jednotka v minulosti nezveřejnila informace popsané v písmenu a), pak nemusí přepracovat a znovu vykázat srovnávací informace, ale musí pouze tuto skutečnost zveřejnit.
81
Tento standard vyžaduje přístup, který se liší od přístupu vyžadovaného standardem IAS 8. IAS 8 nepožaduje přepracování a opětovné vykázání srovnávacích informací jen tehdy, pokud takové přepracování a opětovné vykázání je neproveditelné.
82
Při prvním použití tohoto standardu účetní jednotkou zahrnuje úprava počátečního zůstatku nerozděleného zisku rovněž reklasifikaci veškerých částek vedených v přírůstku z přecenění investičního nemovitého majetku.
Model oceňování pořizovacími náklady
83
Standard IAS 8 se použije na veškeré změny v účetních pravidlech, které jsou učiněny v okamžiku, kdy účetní jednotka poprvé použije tento standard a pro oceňování si vybere model oceňování pořizovacími náklady. Účinek změny v účetních pravidlech zahrnuje i reklasifikaci každé částky vedené v přírůstku z přecenění investičního nemovitého majetku.
84
Požadavky odstavců 27–29, týkající se prvotního ocenění investičního nemovitého majetku získaného směnou aktiv, se použijí prospektivně pouze na budoucí operace.
Podnikové kombinace
84A
Dokumentem Roční zdokonalení pro cyklus 2011–2013, vydaným v prosinci 2013, byl doplněn nový odstavec 14A a nový nadpis před odstavcem 6. Účetní jednotka použije tuto změnu prospektivně pro akvizice investičního nemovitého majetku od počátku prvního období, v němž přijala uvedené změny. V důsledku toho nelze upravit zachycení akvizic investičního nemovitého majetku v minulých obdobích. Účetní jednotka však může rozhodnout, že změnu použije na individuální akvizice investičního nemovitého majetku, které pořídila před začátkem prvního ročního období, jež započalo k datu účinnosti nebo po datu účinnosti, pouze pokud má k dispozici informace potřebné k uplatňování změny na uvedené dřívější transakce.
IFRS 16
84B
Účetní jednotka, která používá IFRS 16 a jeho příslušné změny tohoto standardu poprvé, je povinna použít přechodná ustanovení v dodatku C IFRS 16 na svůj investiční nemovitý majetek držený jako aktivum z práva k užívání.
Přeúčtování investičního nemovitého majetku
84C
Dokument Přeúčtování investičního nemovitého majetku (Změny IAS 40) vydaný v prosinci 2016 změnil odstavce 57–58. Účetní jednotka použije tyto změny na změny v užívání, k nimž dojde na začátku nebo v průběhu ročního období, v němž účetní jednotka tyto změny použije poprvé (den prvotního použití). V den prvotního použití účetní jednotka opětovně posoudí klasifikaci nemovitosti držené k tomuto dni, a případně tuto nemovitost za použití odstavců 7–14 reklasifikuje, aby zohlednila podmínky existující k danému dni.
84D
Bez ohledu na požadavky odstavce 84C je povoleno, aby účetní jednotka použila změny odstavců 57–58 retrospektivně v souladu s IAS 8, a to výlučně tehdy, je-li to možné bez použití zpětného pohledu.
84E
Pokud účetní jednotka v souladu s odstavcem 84C reklasifikuje nemovitost v den prvotního použití, je povinna:
a)
zaúčtovat tuto reklasifikaci za použití požadavků odstavců 59–64. Při použití odstavců 59–64 je účetní jednotka povinna:
i)
vykládat odkazy na den změny v užívání jako odkazy na den prvotního použití a
ii)
uznat veškeré částky, které by byly v souladu s odstavci 59–64 uznány do hospodářského výsledku, jako úpravu počátečního zůstatku nerozděleného zisku ke dni prvotního použití,
b)
zveřejnit částky reklasifikované v souladu s odstavcem 84C z investičního nemovitého majetku a na investiční nemovitý majetek. Účetní jednotka zveřejní tyto reklasifikované částky v rámci sesouhlasení účetní hodnoty investičního nemovitého majetku na začátku a konci období v souladu s požadavky odstavců 76 a 79.
DATUM ÚČINNOSTI
85
Účetní jednotka použije tento standard pro účetní období počínající 1. ledna 2005 nebo později. Dřívější použití je podporováno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije tento standard pro období počínající před 1. lednem 2005, tuto skutečnost zveřejní.
85A
IAS 1 Sestavování a zveřejňování účetní závěrky (ve znění novely z roku 2007) upravil terminologii užívanou v rámci IFRS. Dále upravil odstavec 62. Účetní jednotka použije tyto změny pro roční období počínající dne 1. ledna 2009 nebo později. Pokud účetní jednotka aplikuje IAS 1 (ve znění novely z roku 2007) dříve, aplikují se tyto úpravy dříve.
85B
Odstavce 8, 9, 48, 53, 54 a 57 byly změněny, odstavec 22 byl zrušen a nové odstavce 53A a 53B byly doplněny prostřednictvím Zdokonalení mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví vydaných v květnu 2008. Účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny prospektivně pro roční období počínající dnem 1. ledna 2009 nebo později. Účetní jednotce je povoleno aplikovat změny na nedokončený investiční nemovitý majetek od jakéhokoli data před 1. lednem 2009 za předpokladu, že reálné hodnoty nedokončeného investičního nemovitého majetku byly stanoveny k těmto datům. Dřívější použití je povoleno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije změny pro dřívější období, tuto skutečnost zveřejní a zároveň použije změny odstavců 5 a 81E IAS 16 Pozemky, budovy a zařízení.
85C
IFRS 13, vydaný v květnu 2011, změnil definici reálné hodnoty v odstavci 5, změnil odstavce 26, 29, 32, 40, 48, 53, 53B, 78–80 a 85B, a zrušil odstavce 36–39, 42–47, 49, 51 a odst. 75 písm. d). Účetní jednotka uplatní tyto změny, jakmile aplikuje IFRS 13.
85D
Dokumentem Roční zdokonalení pro cyklus 2011–2013, vydaným v prosinci 2013, byly vloženy nové nadpisy před odstavec 6 a za odstavec 84 a byly vloženy nové odstavce 14A a 84A. Účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny pro účetní období počínající 1. července 2014 nebo později. Dřívější použití je povoleno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny pro dřívější období, tuto skutečnost zveřejní.
85E
Standardem IFRS 15 Výnosy ze smluv se zákazníky, vydaným v květnu 2014, byly změněny odst. 3 písm. b), odstavce 9, 67 a 70. Účetní jednotka použije tyto změny, jakmile použije IFRS 15.
85F
IFRS 16, vydaný v lednu 2016, změnil rozsah působnosti IAS 40 tak, že do definice investičního nemovitého majetku zahrnul jak vlastněný investiční nemovitý majetek, tak investiční nemovitý majetek držený nájemcem jako aktivum z práva k užívání. IFRS 16 změnil odstavce 5, 7, 8, 9, 16, 20, 30, 41, 50, 53, 53A, 54, 56, 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 74, 75, 77 a 78, doplnil nové odstavce 19A, 29A, 40A a 84B a související nadpis a zrušil odstavce 3, 6, 25, 26 a 34. Účetní jednotka použije tyto změny, jakmile použije IFRS 16.
85G
Dokument Přeúčtování investičního nemovitého majetku (Změny IAS 40) vydaný v prosinci 2016 změnil odstavce 57–58 a vložil nové odstavce 84C–84E. Účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny pro účetní období počínající 1. ledna 2018 nebo později. Dřívější použití je povoleno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny pro dřívější období, tuto skutečnost zveřejní.
85H
IFRS 17 vydaný v květnu 2017 změnil odstavec 32B. Účetní jednotka uplatní tuto změnu, jakmile použije IFRS 17.
ZRUŠENÍ STANDARDU IAS 40 (VE ZNĚNÍ Z ROKU 2000)
86
Tento standard nahrazuje standard IAS 40 Investiční nemovitý majetek (vydaný v roce 2000).
MEZINÁRODNÍ ÚČETNÍ STANDARD 41
Zemědělství
CÍL
Cílem tohoto standardu je stanovit účetní řešení a zveřejnění související se zemědělskou činností.
ROZSAH PŮSOBNOSTI
1
Tento standard se používá pro účetní zobrazení následujících oblastí, pokud souvisejí se zemědělskou činností:
a)
biologická aktiva s výjimkou rostlin přinášejících úrodu;
b)
zemědělské produkty v okamžiku sklizně a
c)
státní dotace spadající do působnosti odstavců 34 a 35.
2
Předmětem tohoto standardu nejsou:
a)
pozemky spjaté se zemědělskou činností (viz IAS 16 Pozemky, budovy a zařízení a IAS 40 Investiční nemovitý majetek);
b)
rostliny přinášející úrodu související se zemědělskou činností (viz IAS 16). Tento standard se však používá pro úrodu z těchto rostlin přinášejících úrodu;
c)
státní dotace vztahující se na rostliny přinášející úrodu (viz IAS 20 Vykazování státních dotací a zveřejňování státní podpory);
d)
nehmotná aktiva využívaná v souvislosti se zemědělskou činností (viz IAS 38 Nehmotná aktiva);
e)
aktiva z práva k užívání vznikající na základě leasingu pozemků spjatých se zemědělskou činností (viz IFRS 16 Leasingy).
3
Tento standard se aplikuje na zemědělské produkty, což jsou produkty sklizené z biologických aktiv účetní jednotky, a to pouze v okamžiku sklizně. Poté je aplikován IAS 2 Zásoby nebo jiný využitelný mezinárodní účetní standard. To znamená, že tento standard se nezabývá zpracováním zemědělských produktů po sklizni, například zpracováním vinných hroznů na víno vinařem, který hrozny vypěstoval. Přestože takové zpracování může být logickým a přirozeným pokračováním zemědělské činnosti a probíhající události mohou nést určitou podobnost s biologickou přeměnou, není další zpracování zahrnuto do definice zemědělské činnosti v tomto standardu.
4
Následující tabulka uvádí příklady biologických aktiv, zemědělských produktů a výrobků, které jsou výsledkem zpracování po sklizni:
Biologická aktiva
Zemědělské produkty
Výrobky, které jsou výsledkem dalšího zpracování po sklizni
Ovce
Vlna
Vlněná příze, koberec
Stromy v pěstěném lese
Pokácené stromy
Kmeny, stavební dříví
Dojnice
Mléko
Sýry
Prasata
Poražené kusy
Párky, uzená šunka
Rostliny bavlny
Sklizená bavlna
Příze, oblečení
Cukrová třtina
Sklizená cukrová třtina
Cukr
Rostliny tabáku
Sklizené listy
Usušený tabák
Čajovníkové keře
Sklizené listy
Čaj
Vinná réva
Sklizené hrozny
Víno
Ovocné stromy
Sklizené ovoce
Zpracované ovoce
Olejové palmy
Sklizené ovoce
Palmový olej
Kaučukovníky
Sklizený latex
Výrobky z kaučuku
Některé rostliny, například čajové keře, vinná réva, olejové palmy a kaučukovníky, obvykle splňují definici rostliny přinášející úrodu a spadají do působnosti IAS 16. Nicméně úroda, která se pěstuje na rostlinách přinášejících úrodu, například čajové listy, hrozny révy vinné, plody olejových palem a latex, spadá do působnosti IAS 41.
DEFINICE
Definice spojené se zemědělstvím
5
V tomto standardu se následující pojmy používají v tomto významu:
Zemědělská činnost je účetní jednotkou řízená biologická přeměna a sklizeň biologických aktiv určených k prodeji nebo k přeměně na zemědělské produkty nebo na další biologická aktiva.
Zemědělský produkt je sklizený produkt z biologických aktiv účetní jednotky.
Rostlina přinášející úrodu je živá rostlina:
a)
která se používá při produkci nebo dodávkách zemědělských produktů;
b)
od níž se očekává, že ponese úrodu po více než jedno období, a
c)
u níž je málo pravděpodobné, že bude prodávána jako zemědělský produkt, s výjimkou příležitostného/vedlejšího prodeje šrotu.
Biologické aktivum je živé zvíře nebo rostlina.
Biologická přeměna zahrnuje procesy růstu, degenerace, produkce a rozmnožování, které způsobují kvalitativní nebo kvantitativní změny v biologickém aktivu.
Náklady prodeje jsou přírůstkové náklady, které se vztahují přímo k vyřazení aktiva, kromě nákladů na financování a daně ze zisku.
Skupina biologických aktiv představuje agregaci podobných žijících zvířat nebo rostlin.
Sklizeň představuje oddělení produktu od biologického aktiva nebo přerušení životních procesů biologického aktiva.
5A
Rostlinami přinášejícími úrodu nejsou:
a)
rostliny pěstované proto, aby byly sklizeny jako zemědělský produkt (například stromy pěstované pro dřevo);
b)
rostliny pěstované pro produkci zemědělských produktů, pokud existuje více než vzdálená pravděpodobnost, že účetní jednotka, kromě příležitostného/vedlejšího prodeje šrotu, bude rovněž sklízet a prodávat tuto rostlinu samu jako zemědělský produkt (například stromy, které jsou pěstovány pro plody i dřevo), a
c)
jednoleté plodiny (například kukuřice a pšenice).
5B
Pokud se už rostliny přinášející úrodu nepoužívají k tomu, aby přinášely úrodu, mohou být pokáceny/posečeny a prodány jako šrot, např. k užití jako palivové dříví. Tento příležitostný/vedlejší prodej šrotu by nebránil tomu, aby rostlina odpovídala definici rostliny přinášející úrodu.
5C
Úroda pěstovaná na rostlinách přinášejících úrodu je biologickým aktivem.
6
Zemědělská činnost zahrnuje rozmanitou řadu činností: například chov dobytka, lesnictví, pěstování jednoletých nebo víceletých plodin, obdělávání ovocných sadů a plantáží, pěstování květin, vodní hospodářství (včetně chovu ryb). V této rozmanitosti existují určité společné rysy:
a)
Schopnost přeměny. Živá zvířata a rostliny jsou schopná biologické přeměny;
b)
Řízení změny. Řízení usnadňuje biologickou přeměnu zlepšením nebo přinejmenším stabilizací podmínek nutných k realizaci daného procesu (například úrovní výživy, vlhkostí, teplotou, hnojením a světelnými podmínkami). Takovéto řízení odděluje zemědělskou činnost od jiných činností. Například využívání zdrojů vzniklých ve volné přírodě (jako jsou mořský rybolov a odlesňování) není zemědělskou aktivitou a
c)
Měření změn. Změna v kvalitě (jako jsou například genetické vlastnosti, hustota, zralost, tuková vrstva, obsah bílkovin a síla vlákna) nebo v kvantitě (například potomstvo, hmotnost, metry krychlové, délka nebo průměr vlákna a množství pupenů) způsobená biologickou přeměnou nebo sklizní je měřena a sledována jako rutinní řídící funkce.
7
Biologická přeměna vyúsťuje do následujících typů výsledků:
a)
změny aktiv, které se odehrávají v procesech i) růstu (přírůstek množství nebo zlepšení kvality zvířat a rostlin), ii) degenerace (úbytek množství nebo zhoršení kvality zvířat nebo rostlin), nebo iii) rozmnožování (vznik dalších zvířat nebo rostlin), nebo
b)
získání zemědělských produktů, jako je latex, čajový list, vlna a mléko.
Obecné definice
8
V tomto standardu se následující pojmy používají v tomto významu:
Účetní hodnota je částka, v níž je aktivum uznáno ve výkazu o finanční pozici.
Reálná hodnota je cena, která by byla získána za prodej aktiva nebo zaplacena za převod závazku v řádné transakci mezi účastníky trhu k datu ocenění. (Viz IFRS 13 Ocenění reálnou hodnotou.)
Státní dotace jsou definovány v IAS 20.
9
[zrušen]
UZNÁVÁNÍ A OCEŇOVÁNÍ
10
Účetní jednotka uzná biologické aktivum nebo zemědělský produkt tehdy a pouze tehdy, pokud:
a)
ovládání aktiva účetní jednotkou je výsledkem minulých událostí;
b)
je pravděpodobné, že budoucí ekonomické přínosy spojené s aktivem budou plynout účetní jednotce, a
c)
reálnou hodnotu nebo pořizovací náklady aktiva lze spolehlivě určit.
11
V rámci zemědělské činnosti může být ovládání aktiva prokázáno, například vlastnické právo ke skotu cejchováním nebo jiným způsobem označení skotu při jeho koupi, narození, nebo odstavení. Budoucí prospěch je běžně určitelný oceňováním podstatných fyzických vlastností.
12
Biologické aktivum je oceněno při prvotním uznání a ke konci každého účetního období v reálné hodnotě snížené o náklady prodeje, kromě případu popsaného v odstavci 30, kdy reálná hodnota nemůže být spolehlivě určena.
13
Zemědělské produkty sklízené z biologických aktiv účetní jednotky jsou v okamžiku sklizně oceňovány reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje. Toto ocenění k datu sklizně je pořizovacím nákladem v případě, že se aplikuje IAS 2 Zásoby nebo jiný vhodný standard.
14
[zrušen]
15
Stanovení reálné hodnoty biologického aktiva nebo zemědělského produktu může být usnadněno vytvořením skupin biologických aktiv nebo zemědělských produktů podle podstatných vlastností; například stáří nebo kvality. Účetní jednotka vybere vlastnosti shodující se s vlastnostmi, které jsou využívány trhem jako základ pro stanovení ceny.
16
Účetní jednotky často uzavírají smlouvy o prodeji svých biologických aktiv nebo zemědělských produktů k budoucím datům. Ceny sjednané v těchto kontraktech nejsou nutně relevantní pro stanovení reálné hodnoty, neboť reálná hodnota odráží obvyklé tržní podmínky, za kterých kupující a prodávající účastníci trhu uzavírají transakce. Reálná hodnota biologického aktiva nebo zemědělského produktu se tudíž nepřizpůsobuje ceně sjednané v dané smlouvě. V některých případech může být smlouva o prodeji biologického aktiva nebo zemědělského produktu smlouvou nevýhodnou, jak ji definuje IAS 37 Rezervy, podmíněné závazky a podmíněná aktiva. IAS 37 je na nevýhodné smlouvy aplikován.
17–21
[zrušeny]
22
Účetní jednotka nezahrnuje žádné peněžní toky související s financováním aktiv nebo obnovou biologických aktiv po sklizni (například náklady na obnovu výsadby stromů v pěstovaném lese po jeho vytěžení).
23
[zrušen]
24
Pořizovací náklady se mohou v některých případech přibližovat reálné hodnotě, zejména pokud:
a)
od vynaložení počátečních pořizovacích nákladů se odehrála malá část biologické přeměny (například u sazenic zasazených těsně před koncem účetního období nebo u nově pořízených hospodářských zvířat) nebo
b)
se předpokládá, že vliv biologické přeměny na cenu je nevýznamný (například v počátečních stádiích růstu borovice pěstované v třicetiletém produkčním cyklu).
25
Biologická aktiva jsou často fyzicky spojena s pozemkem (například strom v pěstěném lese). V takovém případě nejspíš nebude existovat samostatný trh s biologickými aktivy, která jsou pevně spojena s pozemkem, aktivní trh může ale v tomto případě existovat s aktivy kombinovanými, to jest s biologickým aktivem, s neobdělaným pozemkem a s hodnotou zlepšení půdy jako jedním celkem. Účetní jednotka může použít informace týkající se kombinovaných aktiv ke stanovení reálné hodnoty biologických aktiv. Například, aby byla zjištěna reálná hodnota biologických aktiv, může být reálná hodnota neobdělaného pozemku a hodnota zlepšení půdy odečtena z reálné hodnoty kombinovaných aktiv.
Zisky a ztráty
26
Zisk nebo ztráta, která vznikla při prvotním uznání biologického aktiva oceněného reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje a ze změn v reálné hodnotě snížené o náklady prodeje biologického aktiva, je zahrnuta do hospodářského výsledku v období, ve kterém vznikla.
27
Ztráta může vzniknout při prvotním uznání biologického aktiva v důsledku toho, že náklady prodeje jsou odečítány při určení reálné hodnoty snížené o náklady prodeje biologického aktiva. Zisk může vzniknout při prvotním uznání biologických aktiv, například v okamžiku narození telete.
28
Zisk nebo ztráta vzniklá při prvotním uznání zemědělského produktu reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje je zahrnuta do hospodářského výsledku v období, ve kterém vznikla.
29
Zisk nebo ztráta může vzniknout při prvotním uznání zemědělského produktu, který je výsledkem sklizně.
Nemožnost spolehlivého stanovení reálné hodnoty
30
Existuje předpoklad, že reálnou hodnotu biologického aktiva lze spolehlivě stanovit. Tento předpoklad však může být vyvrácen jen při prvotním uznání biologického aktiva, pro které nejsou k dispozici kotované tržní ceny a alternativní odhady reálné hodnoty jsou zjevně nespolehlivé. V takovém případě je biologické aktivum oceněno jeho pořizovacími náklady sníženými o oprávky a ztráty ze znehodnocení. Jakmile je reálná hodnota biologického aktiva spolehlivě měřitelná, účetní jednotka jej ocení reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje. Jakmile splní dlouhodobé biologické aktivum kritéria pro to, aby bylo klasifikováno jako držené za účelem prodeje (nebo je zahrnuto ve vyřazované skupině, která je klasifikována jako držená za účelem prodeje) v souladu s IFRS 5 Dlouhodobá aktiva držená za účelem prodeje a ukončené činnosti, předpokládá se, že reálnou hodnotu je možné spolehlivě stanovit.
31
Předpoklad v odstavci 30 může být vyvrácen pouze při prvotním uznání. Účetní jednotka, která dosud oceňovala biologické aktivum reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje, pokračuje v oceňování reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje až do vyřazení aktiva.
32
Zemědělský produkt oceňuje účetní jednotka v každém případě v okamžiku sklizně reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje. Tento standard zastává názor, že reálná hodnota zemědělského produktu v okamžiku sklizně může být vždy spolehlivě měřitelná.
33
Při určení pořizovacích nákladů, oprávek a kumulovaných ztrát ze znehodnocení bere účetní jednotka v úvahu IAS 2 Zásoby, IAS 16 Pozemky, budovy a zařízení a IAS 36 Znehodnocení aktiv.
STÁTNÍ DOTACE
34
Nepodmíněná státní dotace, která se vztahuje k biologickému aktivu oceňovanému reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje, se uzná do hospodářského výsledku výlučně v okamžiku, kdy se stane splatnou.
35
Jestliže je státní dotace, která se vztahuje k biologickému aktivu oceňovanému reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje, podmíněná, včetně případu, kdy státní dotace vyžaduje, aby účetní jednotka nevykonávala přesně stanovenou zemědělskou činnost, uzná účetní jednotka státní dotaci do hospodářského výsledku výlučně v okamžiku, kdy jsou splněny podmínky se státní dotací spojené.
36
Lhůty a podmínky státních dotací se různí. Dotace může například požadovat, aby účetní jednotka hospodařila v konkrétní lokalitě po dobu pěti let, a pokud účetní jednotka hospodaří po dobu kratší než pět let, musí celou dotaci vrátit. V tomto případě nebude dotace uznána do hospodářského výsledku, dokud neuplyne pět let. Avšak jestliže podmínky dotace připouštějí ponechat si část dotace odpovídající časovému úseku, který uplynul, uzná účetní jednotka tuto část do hospodářského výsledku po uplynutí časového úseku.
37
Pokud se státní dotace vztahuje k biologickému aktivu oceňovanému pořizovacími náklady sníženými o oprávky a kumulované ztráty ze znehodnocení (viz odstavec 30), aplikuje se IAS 20.
38
Tento standard vyžaduje jiné řešení než IAS 20, pokud státní dotace souvisí s biologickým aktivem oceňovaným reálnou hodnotou sníženou o náklady prodeje, nebo jestliže státní dotace vyžaduje, aby účetní jednotka nevykonávala přesně stanovenou zemědělskou činnost. IAS 20 je aplikován pouze na státní dotaci související s biologickým aktivem oceňovaným pořizovacími náklady sníženými o oprávky a kumulované ztráty ze znehodnocení.
ZVEŘEJNĚNÍ
39
[zrušen]
Obecně
40
Účetní jednotka zveřejní celkový zisk nebo ztrátu dosaženou v běžném období při prvotním uznání biologických aktiv a zemědělských produktů a ze změn v reálné hodnotě snížené o náklady prodeje biologických aktiv.
41
Účetní jednotka poskytne popis každé skupiny biologických aktiv.
42
Zveřejnění vyžadované v odstavci 41 může podat slovní formou nebo číselnými údaji.
43
Účetní jednotka je vybízena k tomu, aby poskytla kvantifikovaný popis každé skupiny biologických aktiv, ve kterém rozliší podle potřeby biologická aktiva určená ke konzumaci a biologická aktiva plodící nebo zralá a nezralá biologická aktiva. Účetní jednotka může zveřejnit například účetní hodnotu konzumovatelných biologických aktiv a plodících biologických aktiv po skupinách. Účetní jednotka může dále oddělit účetní hodnotu zralých a nezralých aktiv. Informace poskytované v tomto rozčlenění mohou být užitečné při odhadování časového rozvržení budoucích peněžních toků. Účetní jednotka zveřejní, na jakém základě byla tato klasifikace provedena.
44
Konzumovatelná biologická aktiva jsou taková aktiva, která jsou sklízena jako zemědělské produkty nebo prodávána jako biologická aktiva. Příkladem konzumovatelných aktiv jsou hospodářská zvířata určená pro produkci masa, hospodářská zvířata chovaná na prodej, ryby v sádkách, plodiny jako je kukuřice a pšenice, úroda na rostlině přinášející úrodu a stromy rostoucí pro užití na stavební dřevo. Plodící biologická aktiva jsou odlišná od konzumovatelných biologických aktiv; například hospodářská zvířata, která produkují mléko, a ovocné stromy, ze kterých se sklízí ovoce. Plodící biologická aktiva nejsou zemědělskými produkty, ale jsou pěstována za účelem přinášení produkce.
45
Biologická aktiva mohou být rozdělena na zralá a nezralá biologická aktiva. Zralá biologická aktiva jsou schopna sklizně (pro konzumovatelná biologická aktiva) nebo jsou schopna přinášet pravidelnou úrodu (pro plodící biologická aktiva).
46
Účetní jednotka popíše v účetní závěrce, pokud nezveřejňuje na jiném místě v publikovaných informacích:
a)
druhy činností, které se vztahují ke každé skupině biologických aktiv, a
b)
nefinanční výši nebo odhad fyzického množství:
i)
každé skupiny biologických aktiv v účetní jednotce na konci období a
ii)
zemědělských produktů sklizených v průběhu období.
47-48
[zrušeny]
49
Účetní jednotka zveřejní:
a)
existenci a účetní hodnotu biologických aktiv, u kterých je omezeno vlastnické právo, a účetní hodnotu biologických aktiv sloužících jako zástava na zajištění závazků;
b)
částku závazků vyvolaných přírůstkem nebo nákupem biologických aktiv a
c)
strategii řízení finančních rizik souvisejících se zemědělskou činností.
50
Účetní jednotka vykazuje vypořádání příčin změn v účetní hodnotě biologických aktiv mezi počátkem a koncem běžného období. Vypořádání zahrnuje:
a)
zisk nebo ztrátu pocházející ze změn reálné hodnoty snížené o náklady prodeje;
b)
zvýšení způsobená nákupem;
c)
snížení zapříčiněná prodeji a klasifikací biologických aktiv jako držených k prodeji (nebo zařazených do vyřazované skupiny, která je klasifikována jako držená k prodeji) v souladu s IFRS 5;
d)
snížení způsobená sklizní;
e)
zvýšení v důsledku podnikových kombinací;
f)
čisté kurzové rozdíly vyvolané převodem účetní závěrky do odlišné prezentační měny a převodem zahraničních operací do prezentační měny vykazující účetní jednotky a
g)
jiné změny.
51
Reálná hodnota snížená o náklady prodeje biologických aktiv se může změnit v důsledku fyzických změn a změn cen na trhu. Oddělené zveřejnění vlivu fyzických a cenových změn je užitečné pro hodnocení výkonnosti v běžném období a pro odhad budoucího vývoje, zvláště pokud se jedná o víceletý produkční cyklus. V takových případech se podporuje, aby účetní jednotka zveřejnila, podle skupin nebo jiným způsobem, hodnotu vlivu fyzických změn a hodnotu vlivu změn cen na celkovou změnu reálné hodnoty snížené o náklady prodeje, která je zahrnuta v hospodářském výsledku. Tato informace je obecně méně užitečná, pokud je produkční cyklus kratší než jeden rok (například u chovu kuřat nebo pěstování obilnin).
52
Biologická transformace je příčinou celé řady typů fyzických změn – růstu, degenerace, produkce a rozmnožování, každá z nich je pozorovatelná a měřitelná. Každá z těchto fyzických změn má přímý vliv na budoucí ekonomické užitky. Změna v reálné hodnotě biologického aktiva vyvolaná sklizní je rovněž fyzickou změnou.
53
Zemědělská činnost je často vystavena klimatickým, nákazovým a ostatním přírodním rizikům. Dojde-li k události, jejímž důsledkem je významná položka výnosů nebo nákladů, povaha a částka dané položky se zveřejní v souladu se standardem IAS 1 Předkládání účetní závěrky. Jako příklad takové události je možno uvést vypuknutí virového onemocnění, povodeň, kruté sucho nebo mráz a napadení hmyzem.
Dodatečná zveřejnění pro biologická aktiva, která nejsou spolehlivě ocenitelná reálnou hodnotou
54
Jestliže účetní jednotka oceňuje biologická aktiva na bázi pořizovacích nákladů snížených o oprávky a kumulované ztráty ze znehodnocení (viz odstavec 30), na konci období pro tato biologická aktiva účetní jednotka zveřejní:
a)
popis biologických aktiv;
b)
vysvětlení, proč není reálná hodnota spolehlivě měřitelná;
c)
pokud je to možné, pásmo odhadu, uvnitř kterého vysoce pravděpodobně leží reálná hodnota;
d)
použitou metodu odpisování;
e)
doby použitelnosti nebo používané odpisové sazby a
f)
hrubou účetní hodnotu a oprávky (spolu s kumulovanými ztrátami ze znehodnocení) na začátku a na konci období.
55
Pokud účetní jednotka oceňuje v průběhu běžného účetního období biologická aktiva pořizovacími náklady sníženými o oprávky a kumulované ztráty ze znehodnocení (viz odstavec 30), zveřejní odděleně každý zisk nebo ztrátu uznanou při vyřazení těchto biologických aktiv a rovněž uvede její vypořádání požadované v odstavci 50. Navíc bude toto vypořádání zahrnovat následující částky, které souvisí s danými biologickými aktivy a jsou zahrnuty do hospodářského výsledku:
a)
ztráty ze znehodnocení;
b)
zrušení ztrát ze znehodnocení a
c)
odpisy.
56
Stane-li se reálná hodnota biologických aktiv, které byly dříve oceňovány pořizovacími náklady sníženými o oprávky a kumulované ztráty ze znehodnocení, během běžného období spolehlivě měřitelnou, účetní jednotka zveřejní o takových biologických aktivech:
a)
popis biologických aktiv;
b)
vysvětlení, proč se stala reálná hodnota spolehlivě měřitelnou, a
c)
účinek změny.
Státní dotace
57
Účetní jednotka zveřejní v souvislosti se zemědělskou činností, kterou se tento standard zabývá:
a)
podstatu a rozsah státních dotací uznaných v účetní závěrce;
b)
nesplněné podmínky a ostatní závazky připojené ke státní dotaci a
c)
podstatná snížení očekávané úrovně státních dotací.
DATUM ÚČINNOSTI A PŘECHODNÁ USTANOVENÍ
58
Tento standard nabývá účinnosti pro účetní závěrky za období počínající 1. ledna 2003 nebo později. Dřívější použití je podporováno. Pokud bude účetní jednotka aplikovat tento standard v obdobích předcházejících 1. lednu 2003, tuto skutečnost zveřejní.
59
Pro tento standard nejsou zavedena přechodná opatření. Tento standard bude přijímán ve shodě s IAS 8 Účetní pravidla, změny v účetních odhadech a chyby.
60
Odstavce 5, 6, 17, 20 a 21 byly změněny a odstavec 14 byl zrušen prostřednictvím Zdokonalení mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví vydaných v květnu 2008. Účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny prospektivně pro roční období počínající dnem 1. ledna 2009 nebo později. Dřívější použití je povoleno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije změny pro dřívější období, tuto skutečnost zveřejní.
61
IFRS 13, vydaný v květnu 2011, změnil odstavce 8, 15, 16, 25 a 30 a zrušil odstavce 9, 17–21, 23, 47 a 48. Účetní jednotka uplatní tyto změny, jakmile aplikuje IFRS 13.
62
Dokumentem Zemědělství: Rostliny přinášející úrodu (Změny IAS 16 a IAS 41), vydaným v červnu 2014, byly změněny odstavce 1 až 5, 8, 24 a 44 a vloženy nové odstavce 5A až 5C a 63. Účetní jednotka použije tyto změny v ročních obdobích začínajících 1. ledna 2016 nebo později. Dřívější použití je povoleno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny pro dřívější období, tuto skutečnost zveřejní. Účetní jednotka použije uvedené změny retrospektivně v souladu s IAS 8.
63
Ve vykazovaném období, v němž je dokument Zemědělství: Rostliny přinášející úrodu (Změny IAS 16 a IAS 41) použit poprvé, nemusí účetní jednotka zveřejnit kvantitativní informace požadované podle odst. 28 písm. f) IAS 8 za běžné období. Účetní jednotka nicméně zveřejní kvantitativní informace požadované podle odst. 28 písm. f) IAS 8 za každé minulé vykazované období.
64
IFRS 16, vydaný v lednu 2016, změnil odstavec 2. Účetní jednotka uplatní tyto změny, jakmile použije IFRS 16.
65
Dokumentem Roční zdokonalení standardů IFRS pro cyklus 2018–2020 vydaným v květnu 2020 byl změněn odstavec 22. Účetní jednotka použije tuto změnu k oceňování reálnou hodnotou na začátku nebo po začátku prvního účetního období počínajícího 1. ledna 2022 nebo později. Dřívější použití je povoleno. Pokud účetní jednotka použije tuto změnu pro dřívější období, musí tuto skutečnost zveřejnit.
MEZINÁRODNÍ STANDARD ÚČETNÍHO VÝKAZNICTVÍ 1
První přijetí mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví
CÍL
1
Cílem tohoto standardu je zajistit, aby první účetní závěrka účetní jednotky podle IFRS a její mezitímní účetní závěrka za příslušnou část období, k němuž se taková účetní závěrka vztahuje, obsahovaly vysoce kvalitní informace, které:
a)
jsou pro uživatele transparentní a srovnatelné v rámci všech prezentovaných období;
b)
poskytují vhodné východisko pro účetnictví podle mezinárodních standardů účetního výkaznictví (IFRS) a
c)
lze získat s náklady, které nepřevyšují prospěch.
ROZSAH PŮSOBNOSTI
2
Účetní jednotka použije tento standard:
a)
ve své první účetní závěrce podle IFRS;
b)
případně v každé mezitímní účetní závěrce, kterou předkládá podle IAS 34 Mezitímní účetní výkaznictví za část období, za které se sestavuje její první účetní závěrka podle IFRS.
3
První účetní závěrka účetní jednotky podle IFRS je první roční účetní závěrka, v níž účetní jednotka použije IFRS na základě výslovného a bezvýhradného prohlášení o shodě s IFRS, které je v této účetní závěrce uvedeno. Účetní závěrka podle IFRS je první účetní závěrkou účetní jednotky podle IFRS, pokud účetní jednotka například:
a)
předložila svoji poslední předchozí účetní závěrku:
i)
podle národních požadavků, které nejsou ve všech ohledech v souladu s IFRS;
ii)
v souladu s IFRS ve všech ohledech, avšak účetní závěrka neobsahovala výslovné a bezvýhradné prohlášení o shodě s IFRS;
iii)
obsahující výslovné prohlášení o shodě s některými IFRS, avšak nikoliv se všemi;
iv)
podle národních požadavků, které nejsou v souladu s IFRS, přičemž na zaúčtování položek, které nejsou národními požadavky upraveny, použila některé IFRS;
v)
podle národních požadavků, přičemž došlo k sesouhlasení některých částek s částkami stanovenými podle IFRS;
b)
sestavila účetní závěrku podle IFRS pouze pro interní potřebu, aniž by tato závěrka byla zpřístupněna vlastníkům účetní jednotky nebo jiným externím uživatelům;
c)
sestavila podle IFRS soubor výkazů pro účely konsolidace, avšak nesestavila úplnou účetní závěrku, jak je vymezena v IAS 1 Sestavování a zveřejňování účetní závěrky (v revidovaném znění z roku 2007), nebo
d)
účetní závěrku za předchozí období nezveřejnila.
4
Tento standard se použije, když účetní jednotka poprvé použije IFRS. Nepoužije se, pokud účetní jednotka například:
a)
přestane předkládat účetní závěrku podle národních požadavků, kterou dříve předkládala spolu s další sadou výkazů účetní závěrky, která obsahovala výslovné a bezvýhradné prohlášení o shodě s IFRS;
b)
předložila v předchozím roce účetní závěrku podle národních požadavků a tato účetní závěrka obsahovala výslovné a bezvýhradné prohlášení o shodě s IFRS;
c)
předložila v předchozím roce účetní závěrku, která obsahovala výslovné a bezvýhradné prohlášení o shodě s IFRS, i když auditoři vyjádřili ve své zprávě auditora k této účetní závěrce výhradu.
4A
Bez ohledu na požadavky odstavců 2 a 3 platí, že účetní jednotka, která použila standardy IFRS v předcházejícím účetní období, ale jejíž nejnovější předchozí roční účetní závěrka neobsahovala výslovné a bezvýhradné prohlášení o souladu s IFRS, musí buď použít tento IFRS nebo použít standardy IFRS retrospektivně v souladu s IAS 8 Účetní pravidla, změny v odhadech a chyby, jako kdyby tato účetní jednotka používat standardy IFRS nikdy nepřestala.
4B
Pokud se účetní jednotka rozhodne nepoužít tento IFRS v souladu s odstavcem 4A, použije účetní jednotka přesto vedle požadavků na zveřejňování z IAS 8 požadavky na zveřejňování z odstavců 23A–23B IFRS 1.
5
Tento standard se nepoužije pro změny v účetních pravidlech uskutečněných účetní jednotkou, která již IFRS používá. Takovéto změny jsou předmětem:
a)
ustanovení týkajících se změn v účetních pravidlech v IAS 8 Účetní pravidla, změny v účetních odhadech a chyby a
b)
konkrétních přechodných ustanovení v jiných IFRS.
UZNÁVÁNÍ A OCEŇOVÁNÍ
Počáteční výkaz o finanční pozici podle IFRS
6
Účetní jednotka k datu přechodu na IFRS sestaví a prezentuje počáteční výkaz o finanční pozici podle IFRS. Ten představuje východisko pro účetnictví podle IFRS.
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9981908_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Das Landschaftsschutzgebiet Düpke nordwestlich Frielinghausen mit 4,6 ha Größe liegt im Gemeindegebiet von Eslohe. Das Gebiet wurde 2008 vom Kreistag des Hochsauerlandkreises mit dem Landschaftsplan Eslohe als Landschaftsschutzgebiet (LSG) ausgewiesen. Das LSG wurde als LSG vom Typ C, Wiesentäler, Schutz bedeutsamer Extensivgrünländer, ausgewiesen. Im Gemeindegebiet Eslohe gibt es auch ein LSG vom Typ A, Allgemeiner Landschaftsschutz, 35 Landschaftsschutzgebiete vom Typ B Ortsrandlagen, Offenland- und Kulturlandschaftsschutz und 42 weitere vom Typ C. Das LSG gehört zum Naturpark Sauerland-Rothaargebirge bzw. bis 2015 zum Naturpark Homert.
Beschreibung
Im LSG liegen das Wiesental der Düpke nordwestlich von Frielinghausen. Der Bachlauf wird randlich von Feuchtgrünlandresten begleitet.
Schutzzweck
Die Ausweisung erfolgte zur Erhaltung, Ergänzung und Optimierung eines Grünlandbiotop-Verbundsystems in den Talauen und den Magergrünland-Gesellschaften in den Naturschutzgebieten, damit Tiere und Pflanzen Wanderungs- und Ausbreitungsmöglichkeiten behalten, und dem Erhalt der Vorkommen geschützter Vogelarten sowie dem Schutz artenreicher Pflanzengesellschaften.
Rechtliche Vorschriften
Wie in den anderen Landschaftsschutzgebieten im Gemeindegebiet besteht im LSG ein Verbot, Bauwerke zu errichten. Vom Verbot ausgenommen sind Bauvorhaben für Gartenbaubetriebe, Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Die Untere Naturschutzbehörde kann Ausnahmegenehmigungen für Bauten aller Art erteilen. Wie in den anderen Landschaftsschutzgebieten vom Typ C im Landschaftsplangebiet Eslohe besteht in diesem LSG ein Umwandlungsverbot von Grünland und Grünlandbrachen in Acker oder andere Nutzungsformen. Eine Erstaufforstung und eine Anlage von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen ist verboten. Eine maximal zweijährige Ackernutzung innerhalb von zwölf Jahren ist erlaubt, falls damit die Erneuerung der Grasnarbe vorbereitet wird. Dies gilt als erweiterter Pflegeumbruch. Beim erweiterten Pflegeumbruch muss ein Mindestabstand von fünf Metern vom Mittelwasserbett eingehalten werden.
Wie in allen Landschaftsplangebieten vom Typ B und Typ C im Gemeindegebiet besteht das Gebot, das LSG durch landwirtschaftliche Nutzung oder durch Pflegemaßnahmen von einer Bewaldung freizuhalten.
Siehe auch
Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Hochsauerlandkreis
Literatur
Hochsauerlandkreis – Untere Landschaftsbehörde: Landschaftsplan Eslohe. Meschede 2008, S. 56 ff.
Dupke nordwestlich Frielinghausen.
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bpt6k29812245_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | 42" annéeLundi 28 et Mardi 29 Octobre.Mlle officielle ^'Annonces légales.Lundi 28 et Mardi 29 Octobre 1878. — N. 86SBUREAUX 24, PLACE DAUPHINE, 24LES ABONNEMENTS datent dee 1er et 16 de chaque motsLes lettres doivent être affranchies,ABONNEMENT?TROIS MOIS. SIX MOB. BU AN. paris. ..... 14 fr. 28 fr. 56 fr. départements. 16 32 64Port en sus pour les pays sans échange postal.JOURNAL DES TRIBUNAUXDE LA JURISPRUDENCE, DES DÉBATS JUDICIAIRES ET DE LA LÉGISLATIONSOMMAIRE JURIDICTION CIVILE. — Cour d’appel de Bordeaux (2e cf..Rapport à succession. Avantage indirect. Estimation. Partage d’ascendant. Partage cumulatif. Action en desvision. Estimation. Décès du survivant. — Tribunal civil de Chartres (ire ch.). Citation en justice de paix. Huissier résidant hors du canton. Validité. juridiction criminelle. — Cour assises de la Seine.Un père accusé de tentative de meurtre sur son fils. Question subsidiaire de coups et blessures ayant entraîné une incapacité (je travail de plus de vingt jours. Provocation. — Cour d’assises de Vaucluse (Carpentras). Faux en écriture publique. Usage de pièces fausses. TIRAGE DU JURY. PARIS. DÉPARTEMENTS. ÉTRANGER.JURIDICTION CIVILE COUR D’APPEL DE BORDEAUX (2> chambre).Présidence de M. Vaucher. Audience du 8 mai 1878, RAPPORT A SUCCESSION. — AVANTAGE INDIRECT. —ESTI-MATION. — PARTAGE D’ASCENDANT. — PARTAGE CUMULATIF. — ACTION EN RESCISION. — ESTIMATION. — DÉCÈS DU SURVIVANT. Pour apprécier l'avantage indirect résultant d’unevente d’immeuble consentie à un accessible, il y a lieu d’estimer la valeur de l’immeuble eu égard à son état et à sa valeur au jour même de la vente (iCode civil, art. 853). Dans le cas d’attaque, pour cause de lésion ou pouratteinte à la réserve, d'un partage cumulatif de biens paternels et maternels, ces biens, confondus en une masse unique, doivent être estimés, sans distinction d’origine, eu égard à leur état au moment du partage et leur valeur au décès seulement du survivant des père et mère (Code civil, art. 922). Le Tribunal civil de Bordeaux avait statué en ces termes, le 8 février 1876 :« Attende qu’il est de jurisprudence constante que les partages entrevis faits par les ascendants peuvent toujours être attaqués par les cohéritiers, pourvu que ceuxci ne les aient pas ratifiés depuis la mort du de cousus ;» Que dans la cause il n’est ni établi, ni même allégué qu’aucune ratification de cette espèce soit intervenue depuis le décès des auteurs communs;» Au fond : » Attendu qu’en l’état le Tribunal ne trouve pas dans les documents du procès les éléments qui lui permettent de statuer, quant à présent, sur le mérite des attaques dirigées par les demandeurs, soit à l’encontre de l’acte de vente du 3 mai 1845, soit à l’encontre du partage du 7 mars 1850 ;n Que c’est, dès lors, le cas de recourir à une expertise réclamée du reste par lesdits demandeurs ;» Attendu qu’aux termes de l’art. 1080 du Code civil, l’avance des frais d’expertise doit être faite par ceux qui attaquent le partage fait par l’ascendant ; qu’en outre, et à raison des circonstances particulières de la cause, il y a lieu d’ordonner la consignation desdits frais par les demandeurs;» Attendu que les dépens devront être réservés en fin de cause ;» Par ces motifs, 3 Le Tribunal, avant dire droit au fond, dit et ordonne que par un ou trois experts il sera procédé : 1° à la recherche de tous les biens immeubles ayant dépendu tant de la communauté ayant existé entre Guillaume Eyquem et Marie Jousseaume, son épouse, auteurs communs, que de la succession de chacun d’ex, en y comprenant ceux qui ont fait l’objet de la vente du 3 mai 1845 et du partage du 7 mars 1850, et en déterminant quels sont ceux de ces immeubles qui dépendent de la communauté et de -chacune des successions susdites ; 2° à l’estimation de ;chacun des bips de tCflacppe de ces catégories, en prenant pour base,descelle estimation l’état où ils étaient le 3 mai 1845 pour ceux objets de la vente dudit jour, et le 7 mars 1850 pour ceux compris dans l’acte de partage anticipé alors intervenu, et leur valeur à l’époque du décès de Guillaume Eyquem, soit le 21 août 1870, pour les immeubles acquêts et pour ceux à lui propres, et le 8 septembre 1873, date du décès de Marie Jousseaume, sa veuve, pour ceux dépendant de la succession de celle ci; 3° à la vérification du point de savoir si lesdits immeubles dans leur ensemble sont ou ne sont pas parteviables en nature sans perte de valeur eu égard ^ux droits des parties;» Dit que les experts sont autorisés à recueillir tous les renseignements et à s’entourer de toutes les notoriétés de nature à faciliter leurs opérations et à en assurer utilement le résultat, pour, sur le rapport desdits experts dressé et au Tribunal rapporté, être requis et statué ce qu’il appartiendra ;D Dit enfin et ordonne que les époux Dessalas, Pasquis et .Co.ur.os, demandeurs, seront tenus, conformément à l’art. 1800 du Code civil, de faire l’avance et la consignation au greffe de sommes suffisantes pour faire face aux frais de l’expertise. »Appel par Arnaud Eyquem ; appel incident par les époux Dessales.Pour Arnaud Eyquem, on a soutenu, quant à la vente de 1848, qu’elle ne pouvait être considéréecomme une donation déguisée; que l’estimation de l’immeuble compris dans cette vente ne pouvait alors être faite que pour savoir s’il y avait eu quelque avantage indirect (G. civ., 845) ; qu’il fallait alors estimer l’immeuble vendu d’après son état et valeur au jour même de la vente ; que cependant le Tribunal, tout en ne statuant pas sur le sort de la vente j de 1845, avait donné mission aux experts de n’apprécier la valeur qu’au jour du décès des vendeurs; que cette décision était en contradiction avec les réserves mêmes du jugement. quant au partage d’ascendant, qu’il avait toutes les apparences d’un partage cumulatif, comprenant en un ensemble indivisible tous les biens immeubles, tant propres qu’acquêts, des époux Eyquem ; qu’ils devaient alors être estimés, sans distinction d’origine, à une même époque, c’est-à-dire au décès du survivant, ainsi que la Cour do cassation l’a récemment décidé, etc., etc.La Cour de Bordeaux, après avoir entendu en leurs plaidoiries m's hobereau et de sème, avocats, et sur les conclusions idem. Vavocat général peyrecave, a rendu l’arrêt suivant :« Sur l’appel principal d’Arnaud Eyquem : » Attendu que cet appel a pour but : 1° de faire, dès à présent, déclarer valable et définitive la vente qui lui a été consentie par ses père et mère le 3 mai 1845 et de faire ordonner que les experts nommés estimeront les biens qui en ont fait l’objet d’après leur état et valeur au jour de la vente; 2° de faire ordonner que tous les biens compris dans le partage d’ascendants du 7 mars 1850 devront être estimés, sans distinction d’origine, eu égard à leur état au moment de la donation-partage et à leur valeur à l’époque du décès du dernier vivant des donateurs;» Attendu, quant au premier chef de demande, que, pour statuer en pleine connaissance de cause sur la validité et les effets de l’acte de vente du 3 mai 1845, il peut être utile de savoir quelle était au moment même où cet acte était passé, la valeur des biens vendus ;» Qu’il y a donc lieu d’ordonner que les experts en feront l’estimation eu égard tant à leur état qu'à leur valeur au 3 mai 1845;» Qu’en outre, pour prévenir toutes les éventualités ei rendre, dans tous les cas, une nouvelle expertise inutile, il convient de donner également mission aux experts d’estimer ces mêmes biens eu égard à leur état au jour de la vente et à leur valeur au 8 septembre 1873, date du décès de la veuve Eyquem ;» Attendu, quant au second chef dudit appel, que, par l'acte du 7 mars 1850, les père et mère des parties ont fait entre leurs six enfants la donation-partage de toua 1. ors biens, dont ils n’ont fait qu’une seule et unique masse y» Que cet acte forme donc un tout indivisible et que, pour savoir si le partage opéré contient, au préjudice de quelques-uns des enfants, soit une lésion de plus du quart, soit une atteinte à leur réserve légale, on doit apprécier es partage dans son ensemble et comparer la va leur respective des biens compris dans chaque lot, sans se préoccuper de leur origine;b Qu’il y a donc lieu d’ordonner que les biens paternel» et maternels seront également estimés par les experts, eu égard à leur état au jour du partage et à leur valeur au 8 septembre 1873, jour du décès du survivant des zona tours;o Sur l’appel incident des époux Dessales ; » Attendu qu’il n’est pas, dès à présent, justifié que le partage d’ascendants du 7 mars 1850 ait été fait en violation des règles prescrites par les art. 826 et 832 du Code civil, et que les immeubles donnés fussent partageasses en nature commodément et sans perte de valeur, conformément aux droits des parties ;» Qu’il était donc nécessaire de donner aux experts la mission de vérifier si chacun des enfants co-partagés pouvait ou non recevoir sa part en nature dans lesdits immeubles, et qu’il y a lieu de confirmer sur ce point la décision des premiers juges;b Attendu enfin qu’il convient, tout en maintenant lft disposition qui prescrit aux époux Dessales de faire, en exécution de l'art. 1080 du Code civil, l’avance des frais de l’expertise que leur demande rend nécessaire, de fixer le délai dans lequel la consignation de ces frais devra être opérée ;» Par ces motifs, « La Cour, » Faisant droit de l’appel interjeté par Arnaud Eyi que;b Emendant, en ce qui concerne la mission donnée aux experts nommés ;n Dit que ces experts devront estimer les biens qui ont fait l’objet de la vente du 3 mai 1845 consentie à Arnaud Eyquem, par ses père et mère, eu égard à leur état au jour même de la vente, et à leur valeur, tant au méso jour qu’à la date du 8 septembre 1873;d Ordonne également que lesdits experts estimeront les biens compris dans le partage d’ascendants du 7 mars 1830 eu égard à leur état au moment du partage, et à leur valeur au décès de la dame Marie Jousseaume, veuve Guillaume Eyquem, sans distinction de l’origine et de la provenance desdits biens ;» Et, sans s’arrêter à l’appel incident relevé par les époux Dessales de ce même jugement, ordonne que dans ses dispositions, n’ayant rien de contraire à celles qui précèdent, la décision attaquée sortira son plein et entier effet, etc. bVoy. Cass., 27 juillet 1874 ; 15 mai 1876 et 26 décembre 1876.TRIBUNAL CIVIL DE CHARTRES (lre chambre). ! Présidence de M. Courtois. Audience du 23 août 1878. (Correspondance particulière du Droit, journal des Tribunaux.) CITATION EN JUSTICE DE PAIX. —HUISSIER RÉSIDANT HORS jDU CANTON. — VALIDITÉ. La citation donnée devant un juge de paix, par unhuissier résidant hors du canton, constitue une infraction, mais cette infraction ne saurait entraîner la nullité de la citation et, par voie de conséquence, la nullité du jugement. (C. pr. civ., art. 4 et 1030 ; L. 25 mai 1838, art. 16.) Les époux M... avaient fait procéder en vertu d’une ordonnance de M. le juge de paix du canton de Voves, à la saisie de la récolte pendante sur un lot de terre qu’ils avaient loué aux époux L...Me X..., huissier à Chartres, avait procédé à cette saisie et, par le môme acte, il avait cité en validité devant M. le juge de paix de Voves qui, par uu jugement par défaut avait accueilli la demande.Appel fut interjeté devant le Tribunal civil de Chartres par les époux L..., qui ont conclu à la nullité de l’exploit délivré par M* X... et à la nullité do la procédure, par application des art. 4 du Code de procédure et 16 de la loi de 1838.Conformément aux conclusions de m. calmar, procureur de la République, et après un long délibéré, le Tribunal a statué de la manière suivante :« Attendu qu’il est constant que l’huissier X..., ayant par le même exploit fait une saisie da récoltes pendait tes sur racines, sur la lot de terre affermé par les époux M... aux époux L..., a donné à ces derniers une citation à comparaître devant le juge de paix du canton de Voves, avait droit d’exploiter pour ia saisie, mais ne l’avait plus pour la citation ; ; b Qu’il commettait dans ce dernier cas une infraction aux art. 28 du décret du 14 juin 1813,4 du Code de procédure civile et 16 de la loi du 25 mai 1838;» Attendu, en effet, qu’aux termes des deux primera articles précités, le droit de citer devant le juge de paix appartenait aux huissiers choisis par ce magistrat parmi les huissiers de son canton et à défaut ou en cas d’insuffisance parmi ceux d'un des cantons les plus voisins; qu’aux termes du troisième article précité, le monopole créé par le choix du magistrat a disparu, le droit de citer devant le juge de paix, ayant été donné concurremment à tous les huissiers du canton, mais à eux exclusivement;» Attendu que l infraction est certaine, et que l’unique équation à résoudre et celle de savoir si cette infraction de l’huissier a annulé l’exploit du 13 juillet dernier et, par voie de conséquence, tonte la procédure qui a suivie;» Attendu que les nullités sont de droit étroit, et du droit où il y a lieu de restreindre et non d’étendre ies défenses ou prescriptions du législateur;» Attendu que s’il est de doctrine et de jurisprudence udence que l’art. 1030 du Gode de procédure civile, qui dit qu’auqu’un exploit ou acte de procédure ne pourra être déclaré nul, si fa nullité n’en est pas prononcée formellement par la loi, réservant, dans le cas où la loi n’a pas prononcé la nullité, une condamnation à l’amende contre l’officier ministériel, et que si ledit article, visant seulement les nullités qui peuvent procéder de l’acte même, n’est pas applicable à celles qui pourraient être engendrées par le fait de l'officier ministériel coupable d’une infraction aux lois, limitant soit son attribution, soit le ressort dans lequel il peut exercer son ministère, ledit article 1030 est lui-même une application du principe général qu’en matière de nullité un texte précis est nécessaire ;» Attendu que si l’on remonte dans le passé jusqu’à l'époque de 1789, à la suite de laquelle le législateur a remanié et successivement modifié les attributions et limites d’exploiter des diverses classes d’huissiers, si on relit les nombreux décrets, lois et ordonnances relatifs à leurs attributions, on voit que le législateur ou s’est tu sur la pénalité, art. 27 de la loi du 19 vendémiaire an IV, ou a prononcé celle de l’amende, art. 13 du décret du G 27 mars 1791;n Que le législateur s’est tu encore, notamment au paragraphe intitulé : Droit d'exploiter, du décret organique du 13 juin 1813 ;» Que seul le décret des 21 septembre, 13 novembre 1791 porte que les citations devant les Tribunaux de conciliation de la ville de Paris ne peuvent, à peine do nullité, être faits que par des huissiers attachés à un juge de paix de cette ville ;» Que la peine de l’amende prononcée par le législateur quand il se tait sur la nullité, est exclusive de cette dernière ;» Que le cas unique de nullité, figurant au décret des 21 septembre, 13 novembre 1791 fournit au lieu d’un argument contraire, un argument favorable à la non nullité de l’exploit par application de l’axiome : Qui digit de uno de aller rebat ;u Que c’est là une exception motivée sans doute par l’intérêt exceptionnel qui s’attache à toutes choses concernant la ville de Paris ;» Attendu qu’il fait voir, au contraire, que le législateur a hésité en principe à frapper de cette peine grave, une nullité d’exploit, des infractions qui n’empêchent pas le but d’être atteint, l'appel devant le juge, et que les délimitations par le législateur, entre les huissiers .de leur droit d’exploiter, ont toujours été dictées moins en vue des pallies que pour réglementer la concurrence que les huissiers peuvent se faire dans l’exercice de leur ministère;» Attendu que la décision explicite et toute opposée, prise par le législateur dans un cas analogue, à l’égard d’une autre classe d’officiers ministériels, les notaires, est un argument pour une solution dans le sens de la nonnullité de l’exploit du 13 juillet dernier;» Qu’aux termes de l’art. 6 de la loi du 25 ventôse an II, contenant organisation du notariat, il est défenduà tout notaire d’instrumenter hors de son ressort à peine d’être suspendu de ses fonctions et d’être destitué en ca< de récidive;» Que le législateur ne s’est pas contenté des peines contre la personne du notaire, en cas d’infraction à cet# défense, qu’il y a ajouté, comme il l’a fait aussi en dix autres cas soit d’infraction à d'autres défenses, soit de non accomplissement de prescriptions, la peine delà nullité si l’acte n’est pas revêtu de la signature de toutes les parties, et la peine de la perte de l’authenticité que lçs notaires donnent aux actes passés devant eux, si l’acte epr taché de contravention a été signé par toutes les parties, cet acte ne valant plus que comme écrit sons signatures privées, sans préjudice, s’il y a lieu, des dommages-intérêts contre le notaire contrevenant;» Qu’ici le législateur n’a pas seulement frappé l'officier ministériel, qu’il a aussi frappé l’acte;» Que rien de pareil, sauf l'exception contenue en la loi des 6-27 mars 1791, n'a été édicté contre les exploits entachés de la contravention d’avoir été signifiés en dehors des limites assignées à l’huissier, uPlaidants : m* perron, pour les époux L.Y* poirier, pour les époux M...IÜMBICTION GMMEŒLLBCOUR D’ASSISES DE LA SEINE Présidence de M. de Laborie.Audience du 28 octobre 1878. UN PÈRE ACCUSÉ DE TENTATIVE DE MEURTRE SUR SON FILS.— QUESTION SUBSIDIAIRE DE COUPS El BLESSURES AYANT ENTRAINE UNE INCAPACITÉ DE TRAVAIL DE PLUS DE VINGT JOURS. — PROVOCATION.Claude Minard, âgé de quarante-cinq ans, à Etaules (Yonne), cimentier, demeurant rue des Entrepôts, 2, à Saint-Oucn (Seine), comparait devant le jury.11 est accusé de tentative de meurtre sur la personne de son fils. Celui-ci étant intervenu dans une scène entre son père et sa mère, et ayant ou recours à des violences, Minard a tiré sur lui un coup de re* volter.Vêtu d’un paletot gris, Minard est petit, trapuravec des cheveux châtains et une épaisse barbé rousse". Le visage est coloré, d’une expression douce, mais rusée.M. le greffier blondbau donne lecture de l’acte d’accusation qui est ainsi conçu :Minard, cimentier, demeurant à Saint-Ouen, est marié et père de quatre enfants, Il travaille peu, a des habitudes d’intempérance, est d’un caractère violent et exerce fréquemment des brutalités envers sa femme que les voisins représentent comme laborieuse.Le dimanche 23 juin, mécontent qu’elle redorés de !•.{ tuyauter une chemise, l’accusé entra dans une colère furieuse, brisa divers objets, et comme sa femme tuenaçau de le quitter, il voulut mettre le feu aux effets qu'elle se proposait d’emporter ; sa femme éteignit le feu. Il saisit un couteau qu’on lui enleva, et comme il continuait de casser la vaisselle, son fils Hippolyte, âgé de seize aûs voulut l'arrêter. Minard prit une bûche et chercha à en porter à ce jeune homme un coup que celui-ci parvint à éviter. La mère lança un coup de pied à son mari pois s’étant trouvée mal, elle fut emmenée chez le concierge par ses enfants. L’accusé se renferma alors dans son logement. Son fils Hippolyte alla prendre dans l’écurie u» gros marteau en fer pour enfoncer la porté, mais HippdL lite lança en ce moment le marteau qui atteignit légèrement son père à l’épaule, puis il se réfugia dans fée uni L’accusé s’empara alors d'un revolver et, par la fenêtre' en menaça son fils. Celui-ci l’ayant défié de s'en servir l’accusé ajusta et tira deux coups ; le second seul fît fen et atteignit le jeune Minard à la partie extérieure et m? prieure de la cuisse gauche. La balle n’a pu être extraite et le blessé n'a quitté l’hôpital que le 18 juillet; sa plaie à peu près cicatrisée, n’entraidera pas d’ailleurs de cicatrices graves.L’accusé prétend avoir agi en cas de légitime défense, mais la lutte avait cessé et son fils, réfugié dans l'écurie ne cherchait qu’à se protéger contre la fureur de son père. Minard ajoute qu’aveuglé par le sang à la suite du coup de marteau qu’il avait reçu, il a tiré an hasard, mais les voisins Vont vu viser deux fois et affirment que le saK de l’accusé n’a coulé qu’à la suite des coups de bâton que sa femme, en voyant son fil s renversé par le coup de fen a porté à son mari. i *Après cette lecture, les témoins se retirent et M le président interroge l’accusé : .f ?iD. Vous seriez paresseux, violent et adonné à l'ivrognerie? — R. Je travaille autant que je peux.D. Vous frappiez votre femme. Un jour vous lui avez donné des coups de pied dans l’estomac? R. JamaisD. Une autre fois, étant pris de vin, vous Paver rL nagée d’un pistolet? R. Non. itvezme-D. Vous avez aussi menacé votre propriétaire M Bédelà R. Ce n’est pas vrai. 5 ^D. En quittant sa maison, vous lui deviez un terme Vous avez brisé des portes et fait des dégâts dans le logement?— R. Les portes étaient fermées avec des cadenas appartenant aux locataires. La maison était très-mal tenue et je n’y ai fait aucun dégât.D. Arrivons au fait. Le 23 juin vous avez cherché querelle à votre femme pour un motif futile, vousiWamqi. nagée d’un couteau, et comme elle faisait ses paquet* rieur vous quitter, vous avez voulu mettre le tou à ces paquets. Votre fils est intervenu, vous l'avez également menaça votre femme a voulu le défendre, elle s'est évanoui/ ma jM,LE DROIT, JOURNAL DES TRIBUNAUX: « 28 ET 29 OCTOBRE 1878.Votre fils a été prendre un marteau dans l’écurie, il est revenu et il a eu le tort grave de vous lancer cet objet qui vous a atteint légèrement. Puis il s’est réfugié dans l’écurie. Alors vous avez pris votre revolver chargé et tous l’en avez menacé, il vous a dit : « Tire donc ! t et vous avez fait feu sur lui par deux fois. Le premier coup a raté, le second a atteint votre lias à la cuisse. — R. Je ne me suis jamais servi de couteau. quant au revolver, il est vrai que j’ai eu le malheur de le prendre et de Vrer, mais je n’ai pas visé et je n’ai fait feu qu’une fois.D. Deux témoins vous contredisent. Vous auriez dîme dit, après le premier coup : c Gredin, tu as de la chance ! e —4. R. Je n’ai prononcé aucune parole. D’ailleurs, je n’avais pas conscience de mes actes. Il n’y a eu qu’une Cié'.o nation.D. Vous prétendez que vous étiez en cas de légitime défense ; mais on ne se défend que contre un péril imminent., et votre fils était dons l’écurie quand vous avez tiré ser lui. — R. Mon fils était sur la porte de l’écurie et il jne menaçait.D. Vous dites aussi que vous ne distinguiez rien, que vous étiez aveuglé par le sang; mais vous n’avez été blessé à la tête que par le coup de bâton de votre femme, lequel coup a été postérieur à l’acte qui vous est reproché. Vous soutenez cependant que vous n’avez pas visé, et que vous étiez placé à 1 mètre 50 de la fenêtre? —R. C’est la vérité.D. Malheureusement pour vous, il a été constaté qu’à celte distance de la fenêtre vous n'auriez pu atteindre votre fils que dans le haut du corps? — R. Je soutiens que je a’ai pas visé.D. Bien que la blessure de votre fils ne soit pas grave, là balle n'a pu en être extraite. On a saisi chez vous un Véritable arsenal : quatre pistolets chargés, de la poudre et des balles# des cannes à épée ? — R. Jamais je ne m’en suis servi.D. Si ce n’est contre votre fils ?— R. Je rentre tous les jours fort tard ; c’est pourquoi je conservais ces armes. D'ailleurs, elles sont presque toutes inoffensives. Les enfants peuvent les manier; un chiffonnier ne les ramasserait pas. La poudre est utile dans mon métier, et celle trouvée chez moi provient presque toute de cartouches prussiennes.D. Continuez-vous à alléguer que votre femme attirait des jeunes gens chez elle et qu’elle se livrait à la débauche? R. Elle recevait des individus qui me déplaisaient.D. On a saisi chez vous une lettre d’une blanchisseuse qui aurait été votre maîtresse ? — R. Je n’ai jamais reçu cette lettre qui ne pouvait m’être adressée.Linterrogatoire est terminé. On entend les téttioinsïFemme mignard, quarante et un ans, marchande de mouron. Le témoin est très-ému. —Mon mari était un charmant garçon. Le 16 juin il avait chargé son pistolet pour la fête; le 23 juin, cela l’a pris comme un coup de feutre.Le témoin éclate en sanglots et ne peut continuer sa déposition.M. le président donne lecture de la déclaration dans l’instruction de la femme Minard, qui implore en pleurant l’acquittement de l’accusé : ci Mon mari, mon pauvre mari! e répète-t-elie en s’affaissant sur la barre.Eugène mignard, seize ans.—Le 23 juin, une scène s’étant élevée entre mon père et ma mère, j’ai été pris de crainte pour le sort de celle-ci; je suis allé chercher un marteau dans l’écurie et j’ai lancé ce marteau contre mon père. Puis, je suis redescendu et je me suis caché dans l’écurie, d’où j’ai injurié mon père et je lui ai lancé des pierres. C’est alors que mon père a tiré sur moi. Ii n’a tiré qu'une fois.blondin, dix-neuf ans, fumiste. — Le père Minard avait bu, il n’avait pas la tête a lui. Il a d’abord porté à son fils un coup de bûche que celui-ci a paré avec la mais. Après le coup de revolver, Mme Minard a frappé son mari à la tête avec un bâton.M. le président donne lecture des dépositions de trois témoins absents, qui confirment les faits relevés par l'accusation.Femme menu, concierge. — Mme Minard venait d’être amenée chez moi, bouleversée par l’émotion, quand j’ai entendu un coup de pistolet. Alors, Mme Minard est sortie, a pris un bâton, a couru sur son mari et l’a frappé a la tête.Minard n’était pas laborieux. En trois mois, il n’a travaillé que trois fois. Sa femme, au contraire, était toujours occupée ; le fils se conduisait bien. Le 23 juin, Minard n’avait pas l’air d’un homme ivre. Les disputes étaient fréquentes entre les époux.Femme hollande, lingère. — Avant que le fils Minard ne lançât la masse de fer contre son père, celui-ci avait une égratignure près de l’œil. J’ai vu le fils lancer contre son père un marteau énorme, et j ai vu le père atteint. 11 m'a dit : « Je vous prends à témoin qu’ils veulent nK'as^assiner. »BÉDEL, propriétaire, rue de la Chapelle, à Saint Ouen. — ^.u mois de décembre dernier, j’ai donné congé à Minard, qui était mon locataire. Après ce congé, ses nieraces furent telles que je n’osais rentrer dans ma maison. Èn soir, chez un marchand devin, il m’a menacé d’un coup de revolver. J’ai poursuivi son expulsion, avant de partir, ils ont brisé les portes du logement et fait de nombreux dégâts.l’accoisé. — C’est M. Bédel qui m'a menacé de me prendre par la peau du cou et par une autre, pour me jeter par la fenêtre.Le témoin maintient sa déclaration. 11 ajoute que le •Ctymyissaire de police avait dû assister l’huissier pour expulser Minard, qui est parti devant un terme.Paul broüarubl, docteur en médecine. — J’ai été chargé d’examiner la blessure du fils Minard. Cette blessure n’était ni profonde, ni grave, cependant U balle n’a pu en être extraite. Elle s’est logée dans les muscler de la partie postérieure du haut de la cuisse, où elle ne peut déterminer aucun accident. jojo, le docteur de beaunois a conclu dans le même sens.gaSTINE-renbtte, armurier. — Le revolver dont s’est servi l’accusé est une arme défectueuse avec laquelle on ue peut viser utilement.L’audition des témoins est terminée. '3171e président avertit le ministère publie et la défense qu’il posera au jury, comme résultant des débats, jti question subsidiaire de coups et blessures ayant occasionné une incapacité de travail de plus de vingt jours.Me LÉON lit des conclusions tendances à ce que soit posée au jury la question de provocation. *M. le président déclare que la question sera posée conformément à la loi.M* l’avocat général onfkoy de brésille soutient I f accusation sur la question subsidiaire et repousse la M question de provocation. Jil® néon présente la défense et demande au jury de déclarer non coupable.Le jury rapporte un verdict négatif sur la question de tentative do meurtre, affirmatif sur la question subsidiaire de coups et blessures et sur celle de provocation.En vertu de ce verdict, la Cour, après en avoir délibéré, condamne Minard à six mois d’emprisonnement.COUR D’ASSISES DE VAUCLUSE (Carpentras). Présidence de M. Faudon. Audiences des 24 et 25 octobre 1878. (Correspondance particulière du Droit, journal des Tribunaux.)FAUX EN ÉCRITURE PUBLIQUE. — USAGE DE PIÈCESFAUSSES. Cette affaire, qui se rattache aux élections du 14 octobre 1877, a attiré un public nombreux. Dès avant l’audience toutes les places sont occupées.A leur entrée dans la salle les accusés reçoivent de nombreuses marques de sympathies.La Cour entre en séance, après le tirage au sort du jury et les formalités préliminaires, M. le greffier donne lecture de l’acte d’accusation qui est ainsi conçu :Une information a été dirigée devant le Tribunal d’Apt sous l’inculpation de fraudes électorales contre les membres du bureau électoral de la commune de Murs qui ont dirigé les opérations du scrutin du 14 octobre 1877.Mais l’information dégagea bientôt leur responsabilité, sauf celle du maire Théodore Viens, et du secrétaire Etienne Vergier, en établissant que les opérations électorales s’étaient accomplies avec régularité, et qu’ils étaient inconscients des actes criminels se rapportant à ces opérations, mais commis seulement le lendemain des élections.Les faits suivants ont été établis à la charge des acc. rusés:Les listes électorales de la commune de Murs comprenaient, au 14 octobre dernier, 222 électeurs inscrits. 178 émargements furent portés sur la liste électorale au cours du scrutin ; 207 bulletins (dont 104 au nom de M. Sylvestre et 103 au nom de M. Naquet) furent trouvés dans l’urne.Le procès-verbal des opérations, relatant ces divers chiffres, fut dressé séance tenante et en double original par le sieur Reynaud, instituteur, secrétaire de la mairie et signé par tous les membres du bureau. Reynaud remit l’un des originaux au gendarme estafette, qui le porta aussitôt à la sous-préfecture et garda le second pour les archives de la mairie.Il clôtura aussi la liste d’émargement par cette mention : « Clos et arrêté au nombre de 176 votants, »Le lendemain, 15 octobre dans la matinée le nommé Berlingue, porteur de contraintes employé depuis quelbues jours comme agent électoral par le sous-préfet d’Apt se présentait au domicile du maire en lui remettant de la part du sous-préfet une lettre ou note l’invitant à se rendre immédiatement à la sous-préfecture. Cette lettre ou note fut complétée par des instructions orales dont Berlingue était chargé qui prescrivaient au maire d’apporter à la sous-préfecture des imprimés en blanc de procès-verbal d’élection après les avoir fait signer par les assesseurs de la veille.Le maire chargea aussitôt son garde champêtre de mander chez lui quelques-uns des assesseurs qui vinrent, et signèrent en blanc deux procès-verbal d'élection sur l’assurance qui leur fut donnée, que ces signatures étaient réclamées par le sous-préfet.Les dernières signatures furent recueillies par l’un des assesseurs lui-même, et lorsqu’elles figurèrent toutes (au nombre de six) sur les imprimés, le maire partit avec son fils pour la sous-préfecture où Berlingue devait l’emmener « entre onze heures ou midi, mort ou Rivant » suivant l’expression du témoin.Le sous-préfet Montagne venait de partir pour Avignon, Viens père et son fils ne virent que son secrétaire, le sieur Lambert. Celui-ci dit au maire (Viens père) que le procès-verbal des opérations électorales de la commune constatant 207 bulletins trouvés dans l’urne et 176 émargements était de nature à faire casser l’élection, et il l’invita, d’après les instructions du sous préfet, à refaire ce procès-verbal à l’aide des imprimés qu’il apportait. Lambert déclina le soin de cette rédaction en alléguant seulement que son écriture était trop connue. Alors Viens fils consentit à rédiger, sous sa dictée, un procès-verbal constatant que le nombre des émargements était de 207.Lambert fit ensuite observer qu’il devenait nécessaire de faire porter par le secrétaire du bureau (Etienne Vergivré, 31 émargements de plus sur la liste électorale restée à la mairie, puisque le nombre des votants émargés n’était que de 176. « Je le ferai faire, » répondit Viens père.Le procès-verbal régulier des opérations électorales, dressé le 14 octobre par le sieur Reynaud, secrétaire de la mairie, fut alors mis en pièces et jeté au feu par Viens père, en présence de Lambert et de son fils, et le faux procès-verbal fut adressé à la préfecture de Vaucluse par les soins de la sous-préfecture pour servir au recensement des voles et à la proclamation de l’élection.Avant la fin de la journée, Viens père, revenu à Murs, appelait chez lui Etienne Vergier et lui remettait la liste électorale, obtenant que Vergier inscrivit sur cette liste 31 émargements frauduleux. Mais la mention de clôture, écrite de la main de Reynaud et constatant seulement 176 émargement, exigeait une observation pour établir la concordance.Elle lut, au dire de Viens père, l’œuvre de Lambert à qui il adressa la liste d’émargement le 16 octobre. Cette liste lui revient le 17 falsifiée par la substitution des mots deux cent sept aux mots cent septante-six qui, dans la formule de clôture, précédaient le mot votants.Ces faits sont établis par les aveux complets auxquels Viens père et fils et Vergier se sont enfin déterminas en se voyant abandonnés par Montagne et Lambert qui ont pris la fuite sous le coup du mandat d’arrêt et se trouvaient à l'étranger.L'un ei l’aire ont été, avant leur disparition, entendus mais seulement comme témoins et confrontés : Lambert avec Viens père et bis, et Montagne avec son agent Berlinge. Mais ia confrontation de Lambert avec Viens père et fils a lait éclater sa culpabilité en établissant toutes les circonstances de sa participation à l'établissement du faux procès-verbal et le détail des instructions par lui données pour Ja falsification de la liste des émargements. _Montagne a reconnu avoir donné à Berlingue la mission d’amener a la sous-préfecture le maire de Murs, mais il nie l’avoir chargé de dire au maire d’apporter avec lui des procès-verbal d’élection signés en blanc.Berlingue a, maintenu dans tout leur entier ses décarations accusatrices. quant à la matérialité du faux sur la liste d’émargement par la substitution des mots a deux cent sept » aux mots « cent septante-six, » elle est établie par la vue seule de cette liste. Mais une expertise en écriture n’a pas suffi pour en déterminer l’auteur, qui ne peut être que Vergier, si, comme le prétend Lambert, la liste des émargements n'a pas été envoyée à la sous-préfecture. Enfin, sur 31 émargements tous reconnus frauduleux par leur auteur, 24 ont donné lieu à une enquête qui en a établi la fausseté.En conséquence, les susnommés sont accusés de s’être rendus coupables, savoir :1° Charles-Antoine-Marius Viens : D avoir, à Apt, le 15 septembre 1877, soit par contrefaçon ou altération d’écriture ou de signature, commis le crime de faux en écriture authentique et publique, en inscrivant frauduleusement, sur deux imprimés institués és 1 un et l’autre : ci procès-verbal des opérations de l’assemblée électorale de la commune de Murs, les fausses mentions : 1° que le bureau électoral ayant arrêté la liste d’émargement a constaté que le nombre des votants s’est élevé à 207 ; 2° que le nombre des bulletins trouvés dans l’urne est égal au nombre des émargements, alors qu’eu réalité la liste d'émargement arrêtée par le bureau le 14 octobre, lors de la clôture du scrutin, constatait que le nombre des votants avait été de 176, chiffre inégal par conséquent à celui des bulletins trouvés dans l'urne qui avait été de 207;2° Charles-théodore Viens, de s’être, à Apt, le 15 octobre 1877, rendu complice du crime de faux en aidant ou assistant avec connaissance l’auteur de l’action dans les faits qui l’ont préparée ou facilitée, ou dans ceux qui l’ont consommée ;3° Ledit Charles-théodore Viens, d’avoir, à Apt, le 15 octobre, étant fonctionnaire public, commis un crime de faux en écriture authentique et publique par les mêmes moyens que ceux énoncés au n° 1 ci-dessus, en apposant frauduleusement au pied des imprimés suscités, sa signature avec la qualité de président du bureau électoral ;4° Ledit Charles-théodore Viens : D'avoir, dans l’arrondissement d’Apt, le 15 octobre 1877, étant fonctionnaire public, détruit, détourné, soustrait ou supprimé des actes dont il était dépositaire en , cette qualité, ou qui lui avaient été remis ou communié tués à raison de ses fonctions, savoir : les deux originauxdu procès verbal des opérations de l’assemblée électoral*, de la commune de Murs, dressé par le bureau immédiatement après le scrutin du 14 octobre 1877 ;5° Jean-Etienne Vergier : D’avoir, à Murs, depuis le 15 octobre 1877, par les mêmes moyens que ceux énoncés au n° 1, commis le crime de faux en écriture authentique et publique, en in écrivant faussement et frauduleusement snr la liste électorale la mention d’émargement consistant en son paraphe de secrétaire du bureau électoral, au regard des noms de trente et un électeurs portés sur la liste, mais n’ayant point pris part au vote du 14 octobre 1877 ;6° Ledit Charles-théodore Viens : De s’être, à Murs, depuis le 15 octobre 1877, rendu complice du crime de faux ci-dessus imputé à Vergier, et d’un deuxième crime de faux commis sur la liste électorale par des individus demeurés inconnus, en substituant faussement et frauduleusement les mots ; deux cent sept aux mots : cent septante-six, dans la formule de clôture de ladite liste électorale ayant servi à constater le nombre •les votants lors du scrutin du 14 octobre 1877, et ce, pour avoir provoqué l’auteur ou les auteurs de ces deux crimes de faux à les commettre par don, promesse...;7° Joseph-Louis-Toussaint Montagne : De s’être,à Apt, au cours d’octobre 1877, rendu coupa ble du crime de faux en écriture authentique et publique et destruction des titres susrelatés, c immisça par Marius Viens, Théodore Viens, Etienne Vergier et des inconnus, fait en provoquant à ces actions, par don... soit en donnant des instructions pour les commettre ;8° Ledit Montagne : D’avoir, à Apt ou en tout autre lieu, depuis le 15 octobre 1877, fait usage de l’acte faux, fabriqué frauduleusement par Marius Viens, et signé frauduleusement par Théodore Viens, en soumettant cet acte comme sincère à l’autorité supérieure (préfecture de Vaucluse), sachant qu’il était faux ;9° Marius-Charles-Gustave Lambert, de s’être, à Apt, le 15 septembre 1877, rendu complice de ces mêmes crimes soit en aidant ou assistant avec coin distance les auteurs de ces crimes dans les faits qui les ont préparés, facilités ou consommés, soit en provoquant auxdits crimes, soit en donnant des instructions pour les commettre.M. le président rappelle aux accusés les charges relevées par l’acte d’accusation, et après un interrogatoire habilement conduit, dans lequel les accusés reconnaissent à peu près tous les faits, on passe à l’audition des témoins.renard, secrétaire de la mairie. — A fait le procèsverbal des opérations. Le bureau a été surpris de voir que le nombre des votants ne concordait pas avec le nombre des bulletins trouvés dans l’urne. Ou n’a pas modifié le nombre de voix obtenues par chacun des candidats. Mon procès-verbal portait : Naquet, 103 voix; Sylvestre, 104, comme celui qui est argué de faux.carlingue a porté le billet adressé par Montagne à Viens.alpha, maréchal, a fait partie du bureau, il sait qu’il y a eu 176 votants. On leur a fait signer le lendemain un procès-verbal en blanc, sous prétexte que le premier n’était pas régulier.m. le procureur de la république. — Comment s’est fait le dépouillement? — R. Le président a compté les bulletins, j’étais près de lui; il avait fallu faire évacuer la salle. Ily avait des bulletins doubles au nom de M. Namuet, comme au nom de M. Sylvestre.Pancrace verdier. — On nous a fait signer un procèsverbal en blanc ; il y a eu dans l’urne 207 bulletins, tandis qu’il n’y avait eu que 176 votants. I y avait des bulletins doubles de l’un comme de l’autre candidat.m. le président. — Dans l’infuiœation vous aviez dit que vous ne vous rappeliez pas ce détail?Benjamin verdier fait une déposition à peu près identique.b. VAYSOX raconte la journée du 11 octobre à Murs. — Nous étions, dit-il, gênés pour surveiller les opérations du scrutin. Le soir quelques personnes firent du bruit, malgré mes protestations on nous expulsa. Le lendemain je demandais à Vergier quel avait été le nombre des votants, il me répondit qu’il y en avait eu 176. Nous allâmes> à la mairie, on nous communiqua la liste d’émargement et l’adjoint me dit que M. Sylvestre avait obtenu 130 voix et M. Naquet, 103. Je témoignais mon étonnement de ce résultat. Rentré chez moi je recueillis la déclaration de 116 électeurs qui m’affirmé:ent avoir voté pour M. Naquet.Les deux témoins suivants font une déposition identique.On appelle ensuite les témoins à décharge. M. floues, procureur général à Orléans, n’ayant paspu se rendre, s’est excusé par une lettre que M. le président verse au procès.M. Henri cossard, procureur général à Dijon, donne les meilleurs renseignements sur la famille Montagne et sur l’accusé Louis Montagne,qui, pouvant se dispenser de partir pendant la guerre, s’était cependant engagé et avait bravement gagné l'épaulette de lieutenant de mobiles.Deux autres témoins, compagnons d’armes de Louis Montagne, déposent dans le même sens.La parole est alors donnée à u. casabianca, procureur de la République, chargé de soutenir l’accusation.mv barcii.on présente la défense de Théodore Viens, de Marius Viens et de Vergier; m* panier celle de Lambert, et mc baragncn celle de Montagne.M. le président résume les débats et le jury se retire dans la salle do ses délibérations. 11 en sort au bout d’un instant avec un verdict négatif à l’égard do tous les accusés.M. le président ordonne leur mise en liberté. ( A la sortie, la foule, plus nombreuse encore qu’aux autres audiences, attend M. Montagne et ses amis, et les accueille avec les marques de la plus vive sympathie.TIRAGE DU JURY Voici la liste des jurés désignés par le sort pour les assises de la Seine qui s’ouvriront à Paris, le 5 nov ombro 1878, sous la présidence de M. le conseiller Desmaze.jurés titulaires. — MM.: Godant, avocat au Conseil d’Etat, rue de Bréa, 12; Fossey, cartonnier, me Thévenom, 12; Pailleron, homme de lettres,quai Malaquais, 17; Nuizeux, marchand boucher, rue de Flandre, 98 ; Deribeaucoup, négociant, boulevard Magenta, 108 ; Collot, négociant en vins, rue des Carrières, 10, à Vincennes ; David, propriétaire, rue de la Villette, 23. à Pantin ; Godillot, étudiant, rue Rochechouart, 54; Hugot, propriétaire, avenue Alphand, 11, à Saim-Mandé ; Chattet, épicier, rue Corbeau, 17 ; Bouchet père, entrepreneur de peinture à l’Hay ; Petit, employé à la préfecture de la Seine, rue Clignancourt, 13; Collin, fabricant d’instruments de chirurgie, rue de l’Ecole-de-Médecine, 6; Alvernit, constructeur d'instruments en verre, rue Sorbonne, 10; Lefébure, négociant en vins, avenue des Batignolles, 95, à Saint-Ouen ; Bonnamant, arche tente, rue le Dai turque, 53 ; B ose, archéographe, rue Séguier, 3 ; Goglet, décorateur sur faïence, rue du Gaz, 9 ; Confôron, marchand ne cuirs, rue du Cloître Saint-Jacques, 3; Golombes, propriétaire, boulevard Bmeau, 50, à Neuilly ; Aubertin, marchand de comestibles, rue d’Al imago, n. 119 ; Corlieu, négociant en poterie d’étain, rue Françoi -Miron, 10; Dantant, propriétaire, rue dn Raincy, 3, à Villemomble; Briot, professeur à la Faculté des sciences. boulevard Saint-Michel, 46; Baron , entrepreneur de erruerrie, rue du P tit-Champ. 8; Rouart. ingénieur civil, rue Oberkampf, 151 ; Desfontaiues, dit Menissier, entrepreneur de pavage, rue des Trois Couronnes, 37; Dora âge, marchand de meubles, rue Sainte-Anne, 59; Châtelain, marchand de bois, boulevard Latour-maubourg, n. 18; Donnet, négociant épicier, rua Bronzac, 4, à Accueil ; Lecœuvre, ingénieur, boulevard Voltaire, 62; Raison, horloger, rue des Fontaines, 35 ; Besson, artiste peintre, rue Billault, 28; Bouvret, rentier, boulevard de l Eglise, 11, a B urg îa-Reine ; Moreau, négociant, rue Mong**, 118 ; Blanpain, homme de lettres, rue Jeanne, 7.jurés SUPPUTANTS. — MM. Gantoy, négociant, rue d’Hautevibe, 61 ; Benedetti (comte), rentier, rue d’Astorg, 25; Lemaître, maître de lavoir, boulevard deClichyi n. 62 ; Lambert-Deschamps de Morel, capitaine adjudant" major retraité, rue de Bourgogne, 73.Nous prions ceux de nos abonnés dont l'abonnement et pire le 31 octobre 1878, de vouloir bien le relouceler le plus promptement possible, afin que Renvoi dé xur journal ne subisse aucune interruption. Nous tes engageons à accompagner leur demande duit bande imprimée.Le prix de f abonnement asti être envoyé franco à M. le gérant du journal LE DROIT, soit en un mandai à vue sur Paris, soit en un mandat de poste,Paris, 28 Octobre 1878. collecte du jury. — La collecte du jury de là deuxième session d’octobre s’est élevée à la somme de 144 fr., qui a été répartie ainsi qu’il suit par M. de Laborie, président : Œuvres de Saint François-Régis, 32 fr.; Prévenus acquittés, 32 fr.; Sainte Rosalie, 20 fr. ; Apprentis de Nazareth, 20 fr. ; de la Persévérance, 20 fr.; Orphelins des deux sexes, 20 fr.vols. — arrestations. — Ce matin à trois heures trois quarts, les gardiens de la paix ont arrêté rue du Temple deux individus qui se sauvaient à toutes jambes en emportant deux grandes boîtes de fer blanc, pleine do lait qu’ils avaient enlevées au moment où elles venaient d’être déposées sous dos porte-cochères par des marchands laitiers en gros.Ce sont des jeunes gens de vingt et vingt et un ans, l’un ouvrier teinturier, l’autre employé de commerce. Ils oui été mis à la disposition du commissaire de police du quartier Saiut-Merri.Au bazar de l'Ilotcl-de-Villc on a arrêté deux picsrockets espagnols, un vieillard et une jeune fille qui enlevaient les porte-monnaie avec une merveilleuse d’dextérité.Après constatations, tous ces voleurs ont été envoyés au Dépôt.LES ABSINTBEÜRS. — LA FAUVETTE DBS TERNES. Un jeune homme de dix neuf ans, ouvrier déménageur au service d’un entrepreneur de la rue de Mos* cou, émerveillait ses camarades par des vocalises exécutées d’une voix limpide et vibrante, qui juj avaient fait donner le surnom de « la fauvette des Ternes. » Son nom était inconnu.Malheureusement ce tenorioo ignoré avait ht passion de l’absinthe, et il employait à la satisfaire prie> —— 'LE DROIT, JOURNAL DES TRIBUNAUX; — 28 ET 29 OCTOBRE 1878.ÉTRANGERque tout son gain. Rentrant hier, après un nouvel excès, chez son patron, il s’est couché dans l’écurie, où, une heure plus tard, on le trouvait sans vie. Les constatations ont établi que sa mort était due à une congestion cérébrale résultant d’un excès alcoolique.En l’absence d’indication d’identité, le corps de « la fauvette des Ternes » a été envoyé à la Morgue.La nuit dernière, un autre absinthe, le nomme R..., terrassier, mettait en révolution, en enfonçant les portes, une maison de la rue Ilaxti. Les locataires, éveillés en sursaut voulant s’emparer de lui, il s’arma d’une carabine chargée et amorcée et d’un long stylet, menaçant de mort tous ceux qui l’approcheraient.Les gardiens de la paix, qu’on avait été chercher, ont dû soutenir une lutte terrible contre ce furieux atteint de folie alcoolique et ne s’en sont rendus maîtres qu’avec la plus grande difficulté.Il a été écroué au poste à la disposition du commissaire de police du quartier.maison de jeu clandestine. — Des rapports parvenus à la police indiquaient une maison de la rue Pigalle comme donnant asile à un tripot clandestin. Agissant en vertu d’un mandat du préfet, des agents y ont pénétré vers minuit et ont trouvé autour d’un tapis vert une trentaine de personnes jouant à la roulette et à d’autres jeux de hasard. On a saisi les enjeux, mais ils ne consistaient qu’en jetons en os et centimes auxquels on avait attribué une valeur de convention.Plusieurs individus suspects sur lesquels on a trouvé de fortes sommes, ont été arrêtés par les agents.DÉPARTEMENTS ANGERS. «— On écrit de cette ville : Un incident qui, fort heureusement, n’a pas eu de conséquences graves pour les voyageurs a retardé, vendredi, pendant plus d’une heure le train n° 27, partant d’Angers à trois heures. Entre la gare de la Possonnière et celle de Saint-Georges, le mécanicien pris de boisson est soudain tombé à coups de pied et à coups de poing sur son chauffeur.Par suite de l’incident, le train est resté en détresse à la gare de Saint-Georges. La gendarmerie a été requise et le mécanicien a été emmené au poste ; mais il a fallu le lier et le garrotter tant il était encore excité sous l’empire sans doute des vapeurs alcooliques.Le malheureux chauffeur a la figure dans le plus triste état, ayant reçu un coup de pied en plein visage.SAINT-NAZAIRE. — Dans les derniers jours de septembre, la police découvrait à Saint Nazaire, dans une cave de la rue Méans, une famille composée de la mère et de cinq enfants en bas âge.La femme Leboulicot, c’est le nom de cette mère dénaturée qui, soutenue par la charité publique, en linge, en vêtements, en argent, vendait les dons quelle recevait et dépensait en sucrerie, en chocolat et café, le produit quelle en retirait. Le reste du linge, en quantité considérable, pourrissait dans un coin, sans quelle eût le courage d’en vêtir ses enfants.Ces pauvres petits malheureux, couverts de haillons, étaient dévorés vivants par la vermine.L’un d’eux a été trouvé mort clans du varech pourri, par le commissaire de police.La. vermine avait dévoré une partie du cuir cheveu. Son cor js était couvert d’ordure et de fumier.Près de ce cadavre, sa sœur, âgée de trois mois, couchée dans la même saleté, était expirante et rongée vivante, comme son frère.Remise à des personnes charitables, elle ne tardait pas à succomber quelques jours après.Les trois autres enfants étaient pour ainsi dire dans le même état.Le Tribunal de Saint-Nazaire traduisait vendredi à sa barre la femme Leboulicot, et donnant raison à la vindicte publique, la condamnait à deux ans d’emprisonnement.NEW-YORK. — On nous écrit de cette ville, en date du 14 octobre :La justice américaine a, en ce moment, sur les bras, une affaire mystérieuse qui met à une rude épreuve l’habileté des magistrats instructeurs.Le Droit a rendu compte de la découverte accidentelle à Staten-Island, dans la banlieue de New-York, d’un baril contenant les restes mutilés d’une femme jeune et probablement jolie, qui avaient été inhumés à fleur de terre, à l’entrée d’un petit bois. L’autopsie révéla que la mort avait suivi de près un accouchement avant terme. On croyait être en présence de la victime d’un avortement. Cette supposition, si plausible quelle elle fût, a contribué à égarer pendant trois semaines les recherches de la justice, rendues fort difficiles d’ailleurs par l’état avancé de décomposition où se trouvait le corps.Enfin, un indice d’abord négligé vient de mettre sur les traces du coupable.Le jour même où l’on fit la funèbre trouvaille, un vieillard déclara avoir vu, tandis qu’il était occupé à la cueillette du cresson, dans le bois de Si 1 ver Lake, un jeune homme qui creusait un trou à l’endroit même où fut trouvé le cadavre, quelques jours plus tard. Interrogé sur l’emploi qu’il comptait faire de ce trou, le jeune homme répondit qu’il voulait y enterrer un grand chien de Terre-Neuve pesant cent livres. La police, lorsque cette circonstance lui fut rapportée, était alors lancée sur une fausse piste par une prétendue reconnaissance du cadavre; elle ">'attacha pas d’importance au dire du vieillard.L’enquête était virtuellement abandonnée et le cadavre inhumé, sans qu’on eût même jugé nécessaire de garder le baril comme pièce à conviction, lorsque le corner a reçu la visite d’un habitant de Stapleton, sur la dénonciation duquel on a arrêté dans son domicile, à New-York, un jeune homme d’origine allemande, nommé Reinhardt. Cette arrestation a amené une nouvelle enquête et les révélations les plus inattendues.Reinhardt a tenu pendant plusieurs mois, à Staten Island, une boutique de confiseur. Il avait pour compagne une jeune femme, nommée Mary-Ann Denan, qu’il avait épousée peu de temps auparavant, mais dont il était déjà fatigué. La jeune femme, dans un état de grossesse avancée, se plaignait souvent d’être en butte aux violences de son mari. Vers la fin de juillet, elle disparut tout à coup, et Reinhardt répandit le bruit de son départ pour New-York.Il Il quitta lui-même Staten Island pour venir vivre ici avec une autre jeune femme qu’il avait épousée trois semaines auparavant.D’après l’accusation, Mary-Ann Degnan, dont il est impossible de découvrir les traces, a été tuée par son mari, soit pour cacher une tentative d’avortement, soit pour faire table nette de ce premier mariage et de ses suites. Le corps, coupé en trois morceaux à l’aide d’un bistouri, a été entassé dans un baril et emporté sur une brouette jusqu’au bois ou il fut enterré, puis découvert par une circonstance fortuite. L’auteur de la dénonciation était un des voisins de Reinhardt. Il affirme l’avoir vu conduire une brouette dans la direction du bois. Reinhardt lui a dit qu’il allait porter un baril plein de poteries à sa sœur, mais le fait est déclaré faux par celle-ci. Le vieillard de Silver Lake reconnaît aussi dans Reinhardt le jeune homme qui voulait « enterrer un terre-neuve. » Enfin, on a trouvé dans le domicile de l’accusé divers objets ayant appartenu à Mary-Ann Degnan, et les parents de celleci ont reconnu les cheveux et la chemise trouvés dans le baril comme étant bien les cheveux et la chemise de cette malheureuse jeune femme. En présence de ces témoignages accablants, il n’est guère douteux que le mystère de Silver Lake ne soit aujourd’hui éclairci.Cette affaire a fourni un curieux exemple des vices du système d’instruction en usage aux Etats-Unis. Les recherches ont été faites séparément par le corner (magistrat du comté) et par la police municipale ; les faits découverts par celle-ci il’étaient pas communiqués au corner, et c’est grâce au hasard que cette rivalité inintelligente n’a pas assuré l’impunité au coupable. De pareils conflits sont malheureusement fréquints ici. On a dû aussi à l’affaire de Silver Lake d’apprendre la disparition mystérieuse de cinq jeunes filles enceintes, sans que la police ait trouvé jusqu’à présent le mot de ces cinq énigmes î Cela jette un jour bien singulier sur certains côtés des mœurs américaines.On peut en dire autant du crime extraordinaire qui occupe en ce moment la justice du Connecticut. Une femme ayant à se plaindre de son amant, un nommé Bassett, a raconté que celui-ci avait, au mois de mai dernier, commis un assassinat dans les circonstances suivantes :Un certain Jolm Rufus passait devant la maison de Bassett. Celui-ci qui le connaissait un peu, l’invita à dîner, le grisa, et pendant son sommeil, lui plaça sous les narines un linge imbibé de chloroforme. Au bout de quelques minutes, John Rufus mourait étouffé. Bassett ne trouva dans ses poches que quelques pièces d’argent, mais son but était de faire argent du cadavre. Il s’adressa au docteur Sandford, du collège médical de Yale, à New-IIaven. Le docteur n’avait pas besoin de « sujet, n il ne fit pas « l’affaire. » Bassett se procura alors un baril dans lequel il enfonça le cadavre, et il alla l’enfouir dans un endroit désert, à onze malles de là. C’est là que les restes de John Rufus ont été retrouvés.Bassett, arrêté sur cette dénonciation, a affirmé que c’est sa maîtresse elle-même qui, après avoir participé au crime, a conduit une voiture où se trouvait le baril avec le corps chez le docteur Sandford ; il ajoute que cette femme avait déjà fourni des cadavres à ce médecin, et que c’est uniquement peur avoir « un sujet » que le crime a été commis. On est généralement disposé à ajouter foi aux dires de Bassett, et les deux complices passeront en jugement.N’est-il pas fort curieux de voir le professeur d’ru collège médical avoir ainsi des relations avec des assassins sans avertir la police de leurs agissements suspects? Le laisser-faire américain a rarement été poussé plus loin.C’est aussi un sinistre fruit du laisser-faire que l’individu qui vient d’être pendu au Texas.On a exécuté vendredi dans cet Etat, à Giddings, un jeune homme de vingt-six ans, le nommé William Longley, qui n’avait pas assassiné moins de trente deux personnes, sans parler des nègres et des Indiens qu’il tuait, a-t-il dit « pour le plaisir de la chose, seulement pour les voir gigoter. » Son premier crime avait été commis à l’à de quinze ans, et, à partir de ce moment, le jeune assassin ce livra complètement à la vie d'un bandit classique. Après avoir opéré au Texas et au Kansas, il passa dans l’Arkansas où il s’unit à un célèbre chef de bande.Un jour, Longley est pris, lynché, pendu à un arbre du chemin. Un des lâcheurs s’imagine de se servir du corps, ballotté par le vent comme d’une cible. Une balle coupe la corde près du cou, casse deux dents au pendu mais lui sauve la vie, absolument comme dans les mélodrames. Pour remercier celui à qui il était redevable de cette délivrance involontaire, Longley s’empara de lui, à quelque temps de là, et le pendit bel et bien.Un jour, fatigué des aventures, le bandit se range. Il tient d’abord un cabaret, puis se fait élire à un emploi public mais le naturel reprend bientôt le dessus. Longley tue trois hommes. On l’arrête encore ; une somme de 20,000 dollars en faux billets qu’il offrit à propos à un juge, lui fait rendre la liberté.Une autre fois, de complicité avec deux directifs, il convient de se faire passer pour un certain Morris dont la tête était mise à prix pour 1,500 dollars. Ses complices touchent la prime, délivrent le prétendu prisonnier et partagent l’argent avec lui.A la suite d’une série de crimes, dont le détail remplirait dix colonnes, Longley a été pris, jugé et condamné à être pendu. L’exécution s’est faite devant une foule énorme. Le condamné, calme, un cigare à la bouche, a adressé aux assistants l’allocution suivante :« J’ai peu de choses à vous dire. |
10201163_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | ALEXANDER, Chief Justice.
This suit was brought by Super-Cold Southwest Company against A. Z. Elkins in County.Court at Law No. 2 of Dallas County to recover on a promissory note and to foreclose a chattel mortgage lien upon one Model 72-13 S Bottle Cooler, a refrigerating device. The defendant alleged a total failure of consideration, and the jury sustained that contention. The trial court, however, upon proper motion rendered judgment for the plaintiff non obstante veredicto. The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and rendered judgment for the defendant. 157 S.W.2d 946. This Court granted a writ of error on alleged conflict of decision.
The chattel mortgage executed by the defendant was in the nature of a sales contract. After setting out the installment payments to be made and other terms of the sale, the contract provided as follows: "No agreement except what is embodied herein shall be binding upon the parties hereto and it is declared that this contract and the above mentioned promissory note contains all agreements, representations, covenants and warranties, express or implied, relative to the operation and sale of said property, and the price thereof and the payment therefor." The defendant alleged as follows:
" that at the time of said sale and the execution of said note, and in consideration thereof, plaintiff warranted said Refrigerator to perform well and guaranteed that it would give perfect satisfaction to the defendant, but that if it did not come up to the requirements and needs for which it was to be used, then in that event the plaintiff would take same up and deliver back to defendant the note which defendant had given to plaintiff as the purchase price.
"That said Refrigerator was and is utterly worthless and of no value to defendant, of all which plaintiff then and there had notice."
Upon the trial the defendant introduced parol evidence to prove that plaintiff's agent orally warranted the refrigerator as alleged by the defendant. The plaintiff objected to this evidence, on the ground that it constituted an attempt to vary the terms of the written contract by oral testimony. Only one issue was submitted to the jury, and that was whether or not there was a total failure of consideration, and the jury answered that issue in the affirmative.
There was no allegation whatever on the part of the defendant nor proof to the effect that by reason of fraud, accident, or mistake the written contract contained anything not agreed to by the parties, or that any promise, representation, or warranty was omitted therefrom. Nor was there any allegation or proof that the parties were induced to sign the contract by reason of any fraudulent representation, artifice, or trick, 'or that at the time it was signed they did not know, or were prevented from knowing, what it contained. Notwithstanding the fact that the written instrument expressly provided that it embodied all of the terms of the contract between the parties, including warranties, express or implied, relative to the operation of the refrigerator, the defendant contends that he is not liable for the purchase price of the refrigerator because of certain oral representations and warranties not included in the contract, which were alleged to have been made by the vendor at the time the sale was made.
In the case of Distributors Investment Co. v. Patton, 130 Tex. 449, 110 S.W.2d 47, this Court had under consideration the exact question here presented. There the contract provided, in effect, as this one does, that the written contract embodied the entire agreement between the parties, and that no agreement except that embodied in the written contract should be binding on the parties. There was no allegation of fraud in inducing the parties to execute the contract. In that case this Court held that proof of oral representations and warranties made prior to the execution of the written contract, and not embodied therein, was inadmissible. This is necessarily the law, for otherwise a party could destroy the value of a written contract by the mere proof of contemporaneous parol agreements. The very purpose of putting the agreement in writing is to definitely settle its terms and to exclude all oral understandings to the contrary. The alleged oral warranty that the refrigerator would work satisfactorily, and that if it did not the vendor would rescind the contract, is in direct conflict with the written instrument, wherein it was provided that there were no warranties, either express or implied, other than those set out in the written instrument. The holding of this Court in the above-cited case is decisive of the question herein presented. See, also, Avery Co. of Texas v. Harrison Co., Tex.Com.App., 267 S.W. 254; Wright v. Couch, Tex.Civ.App., 54 S.W.2d 207; Willis v. Adams, Tex.Civ. App., 138 S.W.2d 855.
We are also of the opinion that the defendant's defense of total failure of consideration cannot be sustained because the evidence conclusively established that he received the refrigerator in question and used it in his business for some time, and that it had at least some substantial value. The defendant himself testified that at one time he had a sale for the refrigerator. Under these circumstances it cannot be held that there was a total failure of consideration. Chastain v. Gilbert, Tex.Civ.App., 145 S.W.2d 938; L. D. Powell Co. v. Sturgeon, Tex.Civ.App., 299 S.W. 274.
Since there was not a total failure of consideration, and there was no warranty as to the fitness of the refrigerator, the trial court properly rendered judgment for the plaintiff non obstante veredicto.
The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed, and that of the trial court is affirmed..
|
github_open_source_100_8_19874 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <vcl.h>
#pragma hdrstop
USERES("Python_cb3.res");
USEPACKAGE("VCL35.bpi");
USEUNIT("Sources\Core\PythonGUIInputOutput.pas");
USEUNIT("Sources\Core\PythonEngine.pas");
USERES("Sources\Core\PythonEngine.dcr");
USEUNIT("Sources\Core\MethodCallBack.pas");
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma package(smart_init)
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Source du paquet.
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
int WINAPI DllEntryPoint(HINSTANCE hinst, unsigned long reason, void*)
{
return 1;
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
github_open_source_100_8_19875 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
*
* Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
*
* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
* in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
* * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
*/
#include <stddef.h>
#ifndef GRPC_INTERNAL_CORE_CENSUS_AGGREGATION_H
#define GRPC_INTERNAL_CORE_CENSUS_AGGREGATION_H
/** Structure used to describe an aggregation type. */
struct census_aggregation_ops {
/* Create a new aggregation. The pointer returned can be used in future calls
to clone(), free(), record(), data() and reset(). */
void *(*create)(const void *create_arg);
/* Make a copy of an aggregation created by create() */
void *(*clone)(const void *aggregation);
/* Destroy an aggregation created by create() */
void (*free)(void *aggregation);
/* Record a new value against aggregation. */
void (*record)(void *aggregation, double value);
/* Return current aggregation data. The caller must cast this object into
the correct type for the aggregation result. The object returned can be
freed by using free_data(). */
void *(*data)(const void *aggregation);
/* free data returned by data() */
void (*free_data)(void *data);
/* Reset an aggregation to default (zero) values. */
void (*reset)(void *aggregation);
/* Merge 'from' aggregation into 'to'. Both aggregations must be compatible */
void (*merge)(void *to, const void *from);
/* Fill buffer with printable string version of aggregation contents. For
debugging only. Returns the number of bytes added to buffer (a value == n
implies the buffer was of insufficient size). */
size_t (*print)(const void *aggregation, char *buffer, size_t n);
};
#endif /* GRPC_INTERNAL_CORE_CENSUS_AGGREGATION_H */
|
github_open_source_100_8_19876 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const gulp = require("gulp");
const concat = require('gulp-concat-util');
// merge the web component factory libraries the user has installed
gulp.task("default", () => {
return gulp.src('./wcfLibraries/**/package.json')
.pipe(concat('.wcflibcache.json', {
process: function (src, filePath) {
return (src + ',');
}
}))
.pipe(concat.header('['))
.pipe(concat.footer('{}]'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('./'));
}); |
github_open_source_100_8_19877 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/sh
uci -q batch <<-EOF >/dev/null
delete ucitrack.@vlmcsd[-1]
add ucitrack vlmcsd
set ucitrack.@vlmcsd[-1].init=kms
commit ucitrack
delete firewall.kms
add firewall rule
rename firewall.@rule[-1]="kms"
set firewall.@rule[-1].name="kms"
set firewall.@rule[-1].target="ACCEPT"
set firewall.@rule[-1].src="wan"
set firewall.@rule[-1].proto="tcp"
set firewall.@rule[-1].dest_port="1688"
commit firewall
EOF
rm -f /tmp/luci-indexcache
exit 0
|
665701_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Joe Perry (født 10. september 1950 i Lawrence i Massachusetts) er en amerikansk gitarist og låtskriver. Han er rangert som nummer 84 på Rolling Stones liste over de hundre beste gitaristene gjennom tidene.
Perry vokste opp i den lille byen Hopedale, der faren var regnskapsfører og moren var gymlærer. Han dannet et band med Tom Hamilton som ble kalt The Jam Band. Perry og Hamilton etablerte Aerosmith sammen med Steven Tyler i 1970, med unntak en pause fra 1979 til 1984.
I denne «pausen» dannet Joe Perry gruppen The Joe Perry Project. Siden 1979 har Perry gitt ut seks soloalbum (fem med The Joe Perry Project, og et rent soloalbum).
I 1985 giftet Perry seg med Billie Paulette Montgomery Perry. De har fått to barn; Tony og Roman.
Referanser
Eksterne lenker
Gitarister fra USA
Medlemmer av Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (gruppemedlem)
Personer fra Lawrence.
|
dHePPwfvFh4_1 | Youtube-Commons-Whisper | CC-By | Donald Trump has publicly criticized Elon Musk, and Elon Musk has responded by saying that Trump's age makes him unfit for office, and that he should hang up his hat and sail into the sunset. But is this true? Should people age out of eligibility for political office and other power positions? And what would that mean for the future? Let's explore more in this episode of Lifespan News. There may be no more polarizing figures in modern America than Donald Trump and Elon Musk, and now they're openly talking about one another. During a recent rally in Alaska, Trump went after Musk while discussing the ongoing saga regarding the sale of Twitter. Afterwards, Musk took to that very platform to say, I don't hate the man, but it's time for Trump to hang up his hat and sail into the sunset. Clarifying what he was referring to, Musk added, Trump would be 82 at end of term, which is too old to be chief executive of anything, let alone the United States of America. This might come as news to the likes of Warren Buffet, the 91-year-old oracle of Omaha. But what Musk is really criticizing here isn't Trump's fitness for office, but his chronological age. And historically, chronological age has been correlated with biological age, but these are very different concepts. Chronological age is pretty straightforward. And unless you're a time traveler or spend your days moving at extremely fast speeds, your chronological age is just the amount of time that has passed since you've been born. For Trump, it's currently 76. For Musk, it's 51. Biological age is more complicated. In simple terms, your biological age is determined by what chronological age your body appears to be when analyzed. Another way to think of it is if scientists had no idea when you were born, the age that they determined you were after studying you would be your biological age. And this might be different than your chronological age. You could be identified as younger or older than you actually are, based on your biology and how you function. So what is your biological age? Well, unlike chronological age, there's no clear answer. It depends on what we measure. There are many ageing clocks and some of them may give you very different answers. |
bim_eighteenth-century_a-series-of-experiments-_1775_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | 7 ? "AS. T n Ka *X%\ : * p 8 *. ww . a % w , A 1 . '* , N * % ay 4 4 I FER l : « e = v oO PH OS P * 1 — K Ek 1 N } : \ 2 | |. \ * c * "gp". I 0 - * 8 - * * . wat 4 A — {> F y 8 * — a 1 1 3 — 9 „ * ” * os: mY 7 8 2 Wee 18 1 + ' U I "I 1 - a" OY | C9 8 E R 1 E 8 EXPERIMENTS P HOS P HORI PRIS MATIC COLOURS They are found to exhibit in di Dank. By B. wilsoNCF-Ki R. S. 3nd Member of the RoYaL AcaDemy at Uesar. TOGETHER WITH, A TransLaTion of Two Memoirs, from the Boro AcTs, upon the ſame Subject, By J. B. BECCART, Profeſſor of Philoſophy at Bor oom. 1 LONDON, 985 Printed for J. DopsLey in Pall-Mall, T. Brcxxr in the Strand, and G. KsARSLY in Fleet-Street; Meſſ. DotLond in St. Paul's Church-Yard, and Mr. SMITH in the Strand, Opticians, M DCC LXXV, . 9 1 N - - — — 4 <> wh 9 » 4 | do * 2 10 - dy a — 4 F 4 oo | 1 7 He j L & —4 f 5 4 — 7 cs 5 \ : * 9523 # o 2 my " * , bs %/ 5 + 2 * - * % 5 * * Fi E 4 = 4 TT 4 * \ we ! OY * » ed. * - * Ly _— * 4 + * 43 + . \ o —- ” : * * : 1. 1 * — _———— . <0 GR ode "pts les > F | _ NEW EXPERIMENTS RELATING 10 P H O S PH O R I, AND THE PRISMATIC Colours They exhibit in the DARK. 8 — HE Bologna ſtone, which has been ſo much ſpoken of for it's pro of ſhini in the dark, and which was firſt diſcover by accident, engaged the attention of many ex- cellent chymiſts and experimental philoſophers to examine the nature of it's com * and ſearch for the moſt advantageous method of calcining it, and making it luminous. | In conſequence of their diligent reſearches, we find very different and ingenious proceſſes in various | A learned 121 learned works: and particularly in the Berlin acts, by the celebrated M. Marggraaf; who in analyſing the heavy fuſible ſpar, and others of the like kind, produced ſome very fine phoſphori. But no one that J have ever yet met with has been more ſug- ceſsful, or has made a greater figure in experimeũts upon this ſubject, than the learned Beccari.of Bo- a. This excellent obſerver, by great patience and. induſtry, joined to very great abilities in philo- ſophical enquiries, * made many new diſcoveries, which he publiſhed in two memoirs in the Bologna, _ for the years 1744 and 1747, upon this ſub- from which it- appears that the family of- Choſphor have been by him extended to an amazing number. Some ſhining with a. * and others with a leſs light, er having expoſed to the ſun, for. a few ſeconds,. _ 2 removed ſaddehly into the dark. The moſt brilliant. phoſphori which he diſ- covered, were from linen, paper, ſome earths, ſtones, gums, and even the human ſkin: others, when they were pr 2 dried or roaſted. Thoſe memoirs containing ſo many curious facts, and this undertaking of mine Lig a kind of ſequel to- his diſcoveries, .T have thought, it not improper to publiſh a tranſlation of them at the end of this work: as they may ſerve to illuſtrate ; each other, and render the whole « oF. this enquiry more ea(y. to be underſtood. The. t 3 The apparatus 518 by Beccari at firſt, for bringing bodies ſuddenly from the light into the dark, did not, as he acknowledges, anſwer the end required ſo well as the ſecond he made I have had the fatisfaction of trying both me- thods, and found that the latter was, on many accounts, more eligible, and better calculated for the purpoſe. But as the duration of the phoſphoric light, mentioned by him, was ſhorter conſiderably than what I have obſerved, I am inclined to think: that one difference, at leaſt, aroſe from a difference in the degree of darkneſs obtained, between the kind of box he made uſe of; and the ſmall cleſer J employed, the dimenſions of which being about ſix feet by five and a half. | It was painted black, or covered with black baize in every part; and had two doors that were five or fix inches broader and longer than the ſpace to enter at. There were two cuttaim of black cloth over the hole where the hand waggocca- ſionally put out, to expoſe bodies to the Tight; the outer one conſiſted of three doubles, and the inner one of as many. All theſe were. conſiderably larger than the aperture, which was about fifteen inches diameter, and opened to the South. There were ſmall leaden weights faſtened to the bottom of each curtain, to preſerve them in their places when the hand was drawn. into the oom. And, that I might breathe the air freely, arid continue longer in the cloſet without any inconvenience, _— | there (41 there were fixed two curving pipes, about three inches diameter; one communicating with the ex- ternal air from the top of the room, and the other with the external air from the bottom. The cloſet, in which I made theſe experiments, was in the houſe, of Edward Delaval, Eſq; which ſtands in an open fituation on the fide of the Thames, at Weſt- minfter. 4 In my firſt experiments I adhered ſtrictly to the rule laid down by Beccari, of preparing the eyes for obſervation, by continuing in the dark a full half hour before an experiment was attempted to be made. But I now find that a much ſhorter time is ſufficient, at leaſt, for my purpoſe, and with my eyes; unleſs the bodies to be examined afford a very feeble light. ſhine pretty well in the dark, and with an equable light throughout, after it had been expoſed to the ſun,. fun, tells us, that he laid a ſheet of it upon a gridiron, and underneath it placed ſome burning coals ;. that, when the paper had been heated enough, he expoſed it to the light, and then re- moved it into the place of obſervation, where he found the paper ſhining with an uncommon light: and that on thoſe parts of the paper which had been covered with the bars there was an appearance of darkneſs, which exhibited the out- lines of the bars terminated with the greateſt pre- cifion. | The ſame ingenious author mentions afterwards another experiment, where he laid a pretty thick plate of braſs upon the paper, which had been vioufly made fo hot, that it could hardly be Id in the hand, but yet it was not fo hot as to hurt the paper: when the plate had made the paper ſufficiently warm, he expoſed it to the light as before, and afterwards removed it into the dark. That part of the paper which the plate had touched appeared to him of an extraordinary brightneſs ; and ſhewed the figure of the plate perfectly de- fined: the other part of the paper exhibited the uſual light, evenly diffuſed over every part of it. This extraordinary effect of heat upon paper induced me to purſue it further. Accordingly I had recourſe to what IT thought a more convenient method, - as it ſeemed better calculated to vary the degrees of heat. This was nothing more than a common ſmoothing iron, ſuch as the women em- &f ( NT RY 10m « 1 6 | ploy 61 ploy upon linen, into which 1 occaſionally put a red hot heater. | ran 1 One day, in the month of Auguſt, when the ſun was ſhining, I placed the ſmooth ſurface of the heated iron on a quarter of a ſheet of white paper which laid upon a table, and continued it there for three or four ſeconds. After that, I placed the paper in the cylinder of the firſt apparatus deſcribed by Beccari, and in the manner he had done. On N this paper to the ſun for two or three ſeconds, and then removing it into the dark ſuddenly, by turning the cylinder back again, a light appeared ſo very bright, that I thought ſome accident had happened to the apparatus; and that, in conſequence of ſome fracture, the light of the ſun had ſhone through it upon the paper. After examining every part, and finding that all was ſecure, I repeated the experiment many times, without warming the paper afreſh ; when I was ſoon ſatisfied, - that the extraordinary brightneſs on the paper was manifeſtly phoſpho- ric, and exhibited the exact ſhape of the iron. The other part of the paper ſhone alſo, but fo Faintly, that it looked like a ſnade compared with that ſplendid appearance. 112. . Upon warming the paper again with the ſame iron, and repeating the experiment, by expoſing it to the light, 1 placed the iron upon a part of the luminous appearance for about two ſeconds, By this treatment, as much of the phoſphoric light ag, the iron covered, and no more was totally extin- | guiſhed. ˙wwb xt guiſned. This extraordinary effect, which dces not appear to have been obſeryed by Beccari, ra- ther excited my attention; and ſtill the more ſo upon finding, that, When I expoſed the paper again ta the ſun, dhe brightneſs was reſtored. F therefore varied the experiment, by applying, the ſame iron, when it was cold, to the luminous part of the paper. Accordingly, immediately be the li; F* t was renewed, placed the iron on the bs part, and continued it there, in different trials, from two or three, to eight or ten ſeconds, without having any effect upon the light. I had then the curioſity to try the effects of — bodies upon the. illy minated paper, when ok were in the ſame ſtates, both as to heat and. And firſt with e to heat: Having heated a ſmall piece ef gold, I laid it in the middle of the luminous part of the paper for two or three ſeconds; and after removing it T'obſerved*a dark ſpot exactly the ſize of the gold, which became luminous again by pong t-49: the light., * Siber, and other metals, when they were made ally hot, produced the ſame effect. I then heated a piece of marble ; and after that,, a ſtone of the grit kind; alſo glas, and two or three different bre of wood; each of thoſe had the ſame effect upon the luminous part of the: „as the heated iron, &c. Inow repeated the experiment wich all theſe | ſubſtances, when they were in a cold ſtate, but. not: (8) not one of them had any effect upon the luminous appearance. Now as all thoſe bodies were applied in contact with the paper, I varied the experiment again, by ſuffering thoſe bodies to approach no nearer to the luminous part of the paper than about the 3oth part of an inch. |. For this purpoſe I provided myſelf with a circu- lar rim of braſs, which was open in the middle. This I laid upon the phoſphoric light of the paper, and then placed the heated iron upon it; and though I varied the times of continuing the iron upon the braſs, yet it had no effect upon the lu- minous part; except where the braſs was in con- tact with the paper, and there it appeared more or leſs dark in proportion to the heat which the different s of the braſs had acquired from the iron, Having now ſeen the effects of different appli- cations of heat upon the phoſphoric light, I was ſollicitous to obſerve the effects of fluids, when in the fame ſtate, upon the ſame luminous appear- Mee, IT . iy 4 * IP? uy _ To this end, whilſt the paper continued ſhining, I dipped a part of it in boiling water. This treat- ment preſently extinguiſhed the luminous appear- ance. Upon expoſing the paper again to the ſun, though in it's moiſtened ſtate, the ſplendor revived : but then it was not quite ſo bright, as before it's immerſion in the water. ws In very hot oil the phoſphoric light did not diſ- appear fo ſoon: on expoſing it again to the 122 . ; DIO9I 68 13. FEITWv* YC ES * the - 95 JI. the paper ſhone ſomething brighter, than when moiſtened with water. "Theſe different fluids, in their cold ſtate, had but little effect upon the luminous appearance, or upon the duration of it. And I find ſince, that the learned Mr. Du Fay had obſerved the ſame thing, by plunging other ſubſtances in cold water. In the e Fog theſe experiments, I was a little ſurprized with a ſingular appearance. For when the hot oil was brought into dhe cloſet, where I had continued for a conſiderable time, I obſerved that the oil, as well as the baſon which held it, were both diſcernible ; and likewiſe ſeveral objects that happened to lie near, without the aſſiſtance of any light from without. | | Beſides this fingular appearance I made another obſervation upon an effect the heated iron produced: though I have found ſince, the learned Marggraaf has deſcribed the fame appearance which he had obſerved with the fuſible ſpar, when expoſed to a heated plate of iron. It was this: after the iron had made the lumi- nous part of the paper dark, I continued it upon the paper for eight or ten ſeconds more. In con- ſequence of this, a new phoſphoric light was pro- duced, without expoſing the paper afreſh to the ſun. The brightneſs of this light was about equal to half of that 1 light which the ſun uces on paper. On examining the r in — open rg. there appeared — a 8 yellowiſh tinge in 9 parts where the men "$7.8 2190 - been Ly [ 10 ] been in contact. And perhaps it may be worth while to obſerve, that this paper, notwithſtanding the tender tinge, would ſhine very well in the dark, upon preſenting it again to the ſun. ul 1 found — the paper happened to be burnt conſiderably darker, fo that it bordered upon blackneſs, it would not produce any light by being expoſed to the ſun. Dr. Prieſtley, in his hiſtory of Beccari's diſ- coveries, has mentioned a very remarkable experi- ment. He tells us that Beceari found, that paper, after it had been made red bol, and cooled again, | was an excellent phoſphorus . I'muſt own, that | upon the ſtricteſt reſearch into the work to which | he refers, I have not been able to find any ſuch i | account. Nor do I conceive in what manner paper ol can have been made red: hot, and afterwards cooled, | without being reduced to es. I ſhonld never- | theleſs be greatly obliged to the learned hiſtorian | who relates the- experiment, for an explanation of ! his meaning, if he can point -out the paſſage to 1 which his elaborate work refers. Linen, 4 Beccarius himſelf ſuſpected that many other changes in cc the int. rnal ſtructure of bodies were made by the light of the „ ſun, and he was —— that ſeveral ſubſtances 1 had the << property of imbibin t, were much injured by them in « that reſpect. He found that peper, after it had bam made red << hot and cooled again, was an excellent phoſphorus of this. « kind; but he was ſatisfied, notwithflanding his firſt ſuſpicions. to the contrary, that it was greatly injured by being eipoledꝰ < to the light.” | een Dr, Prieftley's Hiſt. of Viſipn, Light, and Colours, p 382. Ten] | Linen, treated in the ſame manner-as the paper was in all the preceding experiments, afforded very nearly the ſame 222 except that the hoſphoric light upon ſome ſine linen was conſidera- by brighter than upon. a coarſer kind ; and that the duration of the light was very near twice as long. And yet Juhave met with ſome inſtances where exceeding coarſe linen has afforded @ very bright light, which laſted full as long as the finer fart. I now laid aſide the cylinder, upon finding ſeveral inconveniencies ariſing, from the uſe of it: and in it's place I put the pthes us, conſiſting of. - the black curtains only. TH continued to em- ploy during the whole time of my reſearches : but | ith this difference, that I as obliged to ſhut my eyes at all times whilſt Fexpoſed the bodies to the ſun, on account of the light which entered the cloſet by the unavoidable opening of the curtains. Sugar not only ſhines very well in the dark, but may be made a much finer phoſphorus by a proper application of heat. I ſound this by expoſing it in contact with the ſmooth part of the heated iron; which was not hot enough to melt the ſugar, but 2 ſufficient to leave a whitiſh gloſs upon it's acc. * I endeavoured to increaſe this brightneſs further 2 by a variety of means, and iculacly by melt- | ing very {mall quantities thereof upon a card, with the aſſiſtance of the heated iron; but they did not anſwer my expectations. However, m frequent attempts produced a very ſingular ˖ | B 2 which 12 which in it's conſequences turned out to be of conſiderable uſe in my reſearches. | The ſmoothing iron I made uſe of, by repeated experiments, and thoſe for ſeveral days together, was grown foul with the ſugar, and perhaps other matter, ſticking to it ; ſome of which were melted, and others not. I neverthelefs continued to uſe it in the ſtate it was. And one day, in reſſing the iron upon a card where a little pow- dered ſugar had been previouſly laid, and which- was melted by the heat from the iron, I obſerved, after drawing the card in from the light, a moſt beautiful green appearance in ſeveral parts of the card, and exccedingly brilliant; it reſembled moſt the colour of a very fine emerald in the light of the ſan. Perhaps the novelty of it might prejudice me, and induce me to think it brighter than it really was. The duration of it was as long as the white light in other parts of the card. When the n colour vaniſhed, I renewed it many times, and for four or five days afterwards, by only ex- poſing the card again to the ſun. Several times j, Patra F made the fame expe- riment upon two or three other cards with equal ſucceſs. But I ſoon ſound that it was not always in my power to produce it, notwithſtanding I made uſe of every means I could think of in numberlefs attempts. All theſe trials ſatisfied me, that the green, produced above, muſt have de- pended upon ſome circumſtances I am not yet acquainted with, © Beccari 113 Beccari has obſerved, that ſugar. would ſhine, not only upon it's ſurface, but within it's ſub- ſtance throughout. 1 found the obſervation true, by breaking it, and even pounding it ; for all the parts continued equally luminous. 1 I then plunged in cold water ſome freſh, en- lightened lumps, without. being able to obſerve any alteration in their ſplendor. . The duration of. this light in the water was nearly as long as that from other lumps which were out of the water. In this place I muſt obſerve, that the phoſ- phoric light ceaſes before the ſugar is intirely diſ- ſolved; and though hot water diſſolves ſugar much ſooner, I could nevertheleſs perceive a * for two or three ſeconds; and this appearance I con- jecture was owing to the water, and perhaps the heat, not being able to penetrate it immediately. White ſugar- candy ſhines alſo in cold and 4 water, after it has been expoſed to the light, 1 for a longes time reſpectively. And though loaf- ſugar, and ſugar- candy, have been immerſed in cold water for a few ſeconds, they will, even in their moiſt ſtate, ſhine afreſh upon expoſing them again to the * | 3 Among a variety of experiments upon vegeta- bles, . Ader 5 — brea 3 . is a little toaſted; ſhines very well. But I do not find that the light thereof penetrates, farther than the ſurface of it; becaule, on 9805 * the new ſurfaces, are totally dark. Bread I. find will chine in the dark without being toaſted We | L 14 ] the light is rather weak, and that may be the reaſon why Beccari had not obſerved it. The light which gum arabic affords anſwers fully Beccari's deſcription of it. Gum copal ſhines leſs than gum arabic, except when it is very well dried by a fire, and then 1 fonnd it to be a very good phoſphorus. Both theſe gums I obſerved ſhine nearly as well in cold water, end almoſt for as long a time as in air. Cotton is no inconſiderable phoſphorus; at leaſt, it is as good as paper wo go yer the applica- tion of heat. | HAVING finiſhed what I had to obſerve upon the vegetable kingdom, we ſhall now attend a little to the animal kingdom. I find that common joiners glue ſhines conſide- rably better than bread untoaſted; but, upon ex- poſing glue to the fire, till it was extremely well dried and ſo as to ſwell and change it's colour to a lightiſh yellow, I obſerved it gave a very fine yel- lowiſh light, which would ſhine in cold water for a conſiderable time, and nearly | as een a8 in air. N are ſome bones that Rise . bene an others, and ef; if happen to properly dried: — tb — . — I muſt obſerve, thar there are others which do not afford ny light that I could perceive.- | Hair, and wool, are 4110 ſubjeet oe though not in any great degree; but even theſe differ alſo in that — for ſome hair, as well as 5 ſome _ c * — * 4 — 2 .. 5] ſhine better than others: but wool in general ſhines conſiderably brighter than hair, | Feathers give a little phoſphoric light; the white appear the beſt ; the yellow ones next; red and green the leaſt; but the quill part ſhines in general better than even the white of the feathers. There are few ſhells but what ſhine, and ſome fo conſiderably, that they exceed the light which paper affords : for example, oyſter- ſhells, cockles, and what is called the'ſkuttle-fifh.”! I have tried a great many other ſabſtances in the animal kingdom, but I decline giving any ac- count of them, as Beccari hath obſerved the ſame, in a very able manner, EY more that are ee curious. | IN regard 10 the minced Liegdoms Becca has given us a great variety of very fine phoſphori. His diligence has been ſo great in this diviſion of nature, that I had very little hopes of adding any thing oonſiderable, which might be worthy of notice. However, I was 2 to purſue my obſervations upon fuch ſubſtauces as were the moſt phoſphoric : but not without fome expectations that chance, and induſtry, would in time daſcover fomething more deſerving: my attention, than barely n ped the brilliant phoſphori. . Contrary to Becccaris plan, the feſt objeR 1 in view was to examine the gems; notwith- ſtanding they had bren diligently attended to by him, Du Fay, and others. Among 26 Among thoſe that are phoſphoric, there are many diamonds, and ſome of different colours, which ſhine very well, and appear lucid through- out. There are others, and thoſe very fine, that give little or no light, which agrees with the ob- ſervations made by Mr. Boyle, Du Fay, Bec- cari, &c. | However, I had a ſingular opportunity, by the favour of Lord Pigot, of examining in the dark his exceeding fine diamond, it being the moſt valuable one in this kingdom from it's water and fize, and weighing two hundred grains. The great luſtre and magnitude of it, though anſet, were flattering circumſtances that it would produce a confiderable phoſphoric light. But our expec- tations were greatly diſappointed by making the xperiment. For inſtead of perceiving a brilliant phoſphoric appearance, we only were able to ob- ſerve light enough from it to pronounce it's pre- ſence, after it had been expoſed to the ſun. The degree of this light did not exceed that produced from the red and green feathers mentioned be- The ſame noble Lord, _ was extremely obliging and ready to promote the enquiry I had in had, produced a large brilliant yi ng which was alſo. unſet. This diamond gave no better light than the former. „ene But a large yellow diamond, ſet in a ring, and which belonged to the ſame nobleman, produced a very good light, that laſted ſeveral 1 ne n S * [ x7 ] Some diamonds of leſs value, which were alſo ſet, and ſome of different colours, were phoſphori : but ſome ſhone better than others. Two rubies, a ſaphire, topaz, and aqua ma- rine, which were very large and fine of their kind, ve no light. | The opal gave a pretty good lighe, but a _ emerald only an indifferent one. 5 The cat's eye made as indifferent an appear- ance : but a very large pearl in Lord Pigot's col- lection ſucceeded better: the light of which be- ing nearly equal to that which — gives with- out heat, and the duration of it was about Me ſeconds. | Beſides theſe gems, I was favoured with ſeve- pf more of conſiderable value by Lord Seaforth : rticulafdy, a yellow diamond that was ſet — parently, which gave a moderate light, thou 1 it rained heavily at the time of ob it. 7 mention the circumſtance of tranſpareney, becauſe the yellow diamond belonging to Lord Pigot deſcribed above, had a forl underneath it. MARBLES have been obſerved by Beecari to ſhine with a conſiderable degree of light: but 1 find that Portland ſtone, and a whitiſh ſtone of the grit kind, which is very common, and found in England, ſhine a great deal better than mand, or even alabaſter, or lime- ſtone. Some mortar from an ancient part of the Tower of London exceeded the grit ſtone, and even chalk; though it had been in the fire for ſome time. The t 3 light Fi 84 light diffuſed over the ſurfaces of thoſe bodies did not appear to penetrate any farther: for, upon ſcraping or ſcratching them, there was a total darkneſs underneath. 1 | _ Flints, I found, differ very much in the degrees of phoſphoric light they afford; the cleareſt kind having the advantage: and thoſe ſeem to ſhine internally as well as externally. I have made the the ſame obſervation upon many ſpars and ſome cryſtals. | | | RPDS ö 2 5 A very fine ſpecimen of ſpar from Derbyſhire, of a cubic. form, ſhone as bright as ſugar in it's improved ſtate by heat. And when I plunged it. in cold water, the light continued very nearly as long as in air. But in hot water this was not the caſe: for the light diſappeared in a quarter of the time. This ſpar, beſides many others, as well as various other ſubſtances, and eſpecially if they happen to be of an inflammable nature, ſhine in the dark, merely by the application of heat. It is the ſame with a kind of greeniſh ſpar or fluor from Sweden. This fluor, expoſed to the light, ſhines full as well as ſugar in it's common ſtate. But what appears remarkable, is, that though it may not be one of the moſt brilliant phoſphori, yet it's light continues above ſix minutes. This ſeems contrary to Beccari's rule, which ſays, that bodies ſhine the longer, the brighter they are: now ſome of the brighteſt. phoſphori that I have bitherto. obſerved, do not. laſt above thirty ſe- conds. r 2 Tutty, [19] Tutty, Beccari obſerves, will ſhine on the convex, and not on the concave part; I mention this laſt cir- cumſtance as I find the concave part does give a light; but then it is a feeble one c red with the other. White arſenic- affords a Veht almoſt as binge as per in its common ſtate. | Corroſive — gives a * light confi- derably. The. flowers of zinc produce a better light than corroſive ſublimate: and ſometimes the colour of it is inclinable to the orange. IN examining all the calcareous bodies I could think of, 1 obſerved in general, that they produced about a middle degree of light between the brighteſt and fainteſt phoſphori I have yet met with. The light of moſt of them, however, was increaſed by calcining them in a crucible; and in ſome more than in others: particularly lime-ſtone, chalk, and oyſter-ſhells. Among the laſt I ſometimes imagined there were faint appearances of colours. In two or three ſpecimens I am certain of having obſerved an orange colour, and a very tender blue. But not meeting with the ſame appearance on others, after repeated . gave add hon that time. | 1 7 AMONG the neutral alte e mdacicds borax as ſhining with a conſiderable degree of light, but has not told us, whether it Was refined or not. The phoſphoric light from either the native or refined borax, I have not found the leaſt remark- able, The latter has the advantage over the other: C 2 | but [+20] but even that, is not brighter than what ſugar affords without the application of heat. | When borax is calcined, the light is a good deal improved: but not near ſo much as when it is cal- cined with chalk, The ſplendor this compoſition affords, when it is, properly made, is very great indeed; and very near being equal to the moſt brilliant phoſphori I have yet met with. It was- after a variety of trials, and without ſucceeding, that I thought of putting a lump of borax into an iron ſhovel, and afterwards a large ſurface of a lump of chalk upon the borax while it was melting. In a little time part of the chalk incorporared with the borax, and formed a kind of calx, which ſpread from under the chalk in large feather-like forms, cutling up- wards. The heat was continued only till all the borax was reduced to a calx. The upper ſurtage of this calx was the part that ſhone ſo bright. The under ſurface being conſiderably leſs bright: and the chalk "itſelf, that was -untouched by the borax, gave only the light that is common to it, which appeared as a pretty ſtrong ſhade, compared with the very great ſplendor of the calx on it's upper ſurface. | | After this I combined borax with many other ſubſtanees, ſuch as gypſum, oyſter-ſhells, lime- None, ſulphur, &c. but the light they afforded was I then examined the ſedative falt, both by cal- ciuation and ſublimation: as likewiſe the foſſil L 21 J. alcali. Each of thoſe gave a light nearly equal in point of brightneſs: and very near equal to borax calcined alone. In the courſe of theſe experiments I was ob- ſerving the p jy 19907 effects of different pieces of amber, ſome hich were poliſhed and others not. The poliſhed ones gave a much better light than the others; but even thoſe were not quite ſo bright as paper without the application of heat. And having the heated iron at hand, I placed one of the poliſhed pieces upon it. In a very little time a xeddiſh incaſe light appeared to dart from one end of the amber to the other : but this light ſeemed inſtantaneous, and reſembled very much the electric light. At the ſame time there was a kind of crackling noiſe attending it: which created a ſuſpi- cion that the amber had been injured by the heat. But, upon examining it in the open day, I could not perceive the leaſt alteration. I repeated this experiment with a large lump of amber, which was not poliſhed, and obſerved an appearance very like the former; but then this light did not extend ſo far; owing 1 ſuppoſe o the irre- gular ſurface not permitting the iron to be in con W NN ſo 275 a 1 ___- WHILST Sol. of Copper. 1.25 WHILST I continued buſy in making theſe kind of experiments, and with other ſubſtances that were of an unctuous and ſulphureous nature, I till kept in my remembrauce the extraordinary green light which had been obtained from ſugar. The weather being ſettled, and very fine, I at- tempted once more to try whether I could not ſucceed in making it by ſome other means. And as I knew that copper, in certain circumſtances, would produce a green colour; I naturally had recourſe to that. ſubſtance, notwithſtandin g the diſcouragement I met with from the experiments and obſervations made by Beccari and others upon metals in general: and though I had no pretenſion .to any ſkill in chemiſtry, I had a mind to try what a ſolution of copper in aqua fortis would do, when united with a calcareous ſubſtance. oo; _ Accordingly, I put a ſmall quantity of aqua fortis, not exceeding five. drops, on a piece of copper, and continued it there near twenty ſe- conds. I then waſhed the ſolution off - ſuddenly with half an ounce of freſh aqua fortis. Upon -one ounce and a half of calcined oyſter ſhells, -part of which happened to be in 1 and part not, I poured the aqua fortis thus impreg- nated with copper, and let it ſtand about ſixteen hours; not for any particular reaſon, but that it happened to be moſt convenient for me on account of other buſineſs. I then poured off what the oyſter-ſhells had not taken up, and put the ſhells, which were in a paſte-like form, into a crucible, and preſſed the maſs down very cloſe. After this, I put [ 23 ] 0 T put the crucible into a ſea - coal fire, which was pretty hot, and continued it there near forty mi- nutes. On taking it out, and letting it cool, the whole maſs came eaſily out of the crucible, and appeared of a dirty greeniſh hue externally. This maſs I preſented to the light ſeveral times, and drew it into the dark as often, without obſerving any thing more than a weak, greyiſh, dirty light ;- though every part of the furface was properly ex- ſed, and carefully examined. I then broke 2 ittle off from the maſs at the end, which had been next the bottom of the crucible, when there appeared a largiſh lump of oyſter-ſhell, and more white than any other part in the open day. In regard to the purple I had ſome doubts, and therefore will not infiſt upon it's, being there. The whole ſpace thoſe colours occupied was more thah half an inch in length, and about one quarter in breadth. In [ 24 ] In confequence of this curious and accidental appearance of the colours, I redoubled my induſtry to diſcover the cauſe of it. The firſt ſtep I took was to examine the parts of the calx, where the colours appeared with a magnifying glaſs, and particularly thoſe next the confine of the red, where they were in greater abundance than in any other part. In making my obſervations, ſome parts that gave the phoſphoric red crumbled away by the lighteſt touch; for theſe obſervations were made on the ſixth da after the colours appeared ; and which probably would not have been the cafe on the firſt day, the whole maſs being then firmer and more compact. Some of theſe colours continued fix days at leaſt, but not near fo diſtin& as on the 1| and ad days; for the yellow, green, and blue, were conſiderably fainter than the red. On the 8th day they had all vaniſhed, and a white, yellowiſh light occupied their place; and this light was rather brilliant than otherwiſe. I have been very circumſtantial in deſcribing this experiment, becauſe I apprehended a great deal would depend upon it. On the loſs of this curious ſpecimen I was very induſtrious to replace it by repeating the experiment. But ex- rience ſoon taught me that it was not fo eaſy as * firſt apprehended. | However, in my ſecond attempt I took an equal quantity of the ſame ſolution, and poured it upon an equal quantity of oyſter-ſhells from the ſame parcel I had taken the former. The maſs, after being preſſed down in the crucible as before, was placed „ 25 aced in the fire for an equal time, and then expoſed to the light, after I had broke a little off from the bottom of the maſs, as I had done in the other experiment, but no colours appeared ; and what light there was ſeemed rather faint, and of a greeniſh duſky white. I then broke the whole maſs into a number of parts, and obſerved the ſame hue throughout. 2 7 1 l I varied the experiment many ways without ſucceſs. Sometimes the light from different maſſes in the different experiments appeared in colour like the new ſurfaces of broken ſteel. At laſt I begun to imagine, that larger ſolid parts of the ſhells might perhaps be neceſſary to produce the appearance of colours. But before I made the trial, I had an inclination to ſee what effe& other metals would produce when treated in the ſame manner as I had done the S In one ounce of aqua regia I diſſolved one leaf sol. of of gold, and poured the ſolution upon ſome of bold. the ſame calx. The maſs was preſſed down in a crucible, and expoſed to a pretty ſtrong fire for ten minutes. On taking the maſs out of the crucible, the whole lump appeared of a purpliſh hue by day light, and gave only a very little phoſ- phoric light, rather inclining to the purple. I then broke it into ſeveral pieces, notwithſtanding which, every, piece had the ſame purpliſh-hue in the open day, except two or three ſolid lumps, about the ſize of a pea; and thoſe appeared more white, and freer from the purple tinge. On ex- D poſing [ 26 ] poſing thoſe to the light, arid drawing them back into the dark, a yellowiſh white light appeared; and round about them, to a ſmall diſtance, the light was fainter ; but it had a little red and blu- iſh hue. The general effect upon my eye, at a row diſtance, was a kind of tender flame co- r Theſe pieces becoming moiſt in three or four days, I expoſed them again to the fire for ten minutes more. By this treatment, thoſe folid parts gave a very good red throughout, no traces of the other colours being left. But this red was not near ſo intenſe as the former one with Sol. of Hlver, Sol. of copper, Upon expofing thoſe ſpecimens in the fire for ten minutes more, all the red appearance vaniſhed, and a paliſh white light ſucceeded. | A ſolution of a leaf of filver in aq. fortis, mixed with powdered ſhells as before, produced, in a ſolid part of the ſame ſhells, a faint reddiſh purple and a little yellow, with more blue than yellow: The general effect of thoſe colours at a greater diſtance, was not unlike the opal: but it did not haſt above twelve ſeconds. After that a pale bluifh' white light took place. | | - Theſe laſt experiments gave me ſome further encouragement to try larger pieces of ſhells. Ac- cotdingly, having procured ſome calcined ſhells that were pretty thick; I broke them into con- venient pieces for the purpoſe of putting them into a ſmall crueible. The ſeyeral pieces were afterwards examined in the dark, after they had been expoſed to the fun. In conſequence of employing thoſe ſolid ſhells, I ob- tained a view of the object I ſo eagerly had fought after: for there appeared a variety of fine ſpeci- mens of colours on moſt of thoſe ſolid pieces. The red and blue appeared moſt lively; next to them the yellow and green: as to the purple, it was ſtill very doubtful. Leſt I might be led into any error in thoſe Cal. ella. appearances from the ſhells themſelves being the cauſe of them, without the addition of any foreign mixture, I examined a large parcel of them, that had been ly calcined in a crucible with a view to other experiments. Among thoſe I found a few, as I have obſerved before upon another occaſi- on, that did give a faint W e. co- | lours ; bat the red rather inclined to the orange. | of Theſe I 1aid afide, and made NR AI | gn white light. It. may not be improper to add, in this an obſervation or two that I made reſpecting the crucibles, in which the ſhells; were calcined, and upon the ſhells themſelves after calcination. By ſome accident, or perhaps by the fare itſelf, the crucibles were ſometimes cracked. The ſhells, in this caſe, were generally more coloured _ 2 . wnen [ 28 ] when the crucible was not injured. Another ob- ſervation was, that thoſe edges and corners of the ſhells, which happened to touch the fide of the crucible, frequently gave an orange coloured phoſphoric light. The novelty of this curious Sol. of new ſurfaces' were ex appearance did not, however, interrupt the other experiments I had in view. | { | I gave a preference to calcined oyſter-ſhells for the baſis of my work, in conſequence of a great variety of experiments, which had been previouſly made upon many other calcareous bodies. |