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2023/Cover note_847/Cover note_DA.pdf_1 | Eurlex | Open Government | CC-By | 2,023 | None | None | Danish | Spoken | 2,769 | 5,921 | 6149/23 bsa
COMPET.1 DA
Rådet for
Den Europæiske Union
Bruxelles
,
den
7.
februar
2023
(OR.
en
)
6149
/
23
MI 86
ECO 17
ENT 24
UNECE 3
Interinstitutionel sag:
2023/0024(NLE)
FØLGESKRIVELSE
fra:
Martine DEPREZ, direktør, på vegne af generalsekretæren for E
uropa
-
Kommissionen
modtaget:
7.
februar
2023
til:
Thérèse BLANCHET, generalsekretær for Rådet for Den Europæiske
Union
Komm. dok. nr.:
COM(2023) 58 final
Vedr.:
Forslag til RÅDETS AFGØRELSE om den holdning, der skal indtages
på Den Europæiske Unions ve
gne i Verdensforummet for
Harmonisering af Køretøjsforskrifter under De Forenede Nationers
Økonomiske Kommission for Europa om forslag til ændring af FN
-
regulativ nr
. 13
-
H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 67, 78, 105, 110, 116, 117, 121, 125,
131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150,
152, 157 og 164, om et forslag til ændring
af R.E.5
Hermed følger til delegationerne dokument COM(2023) 58 final.
Bilag: COM(2023) 58 final
DA DA
EUROPA
-
KOMMISSIONEN
Bruxelles, den 7.2.2023
COM(2023) 58 final
2023/0024 (NLE)
Forslag til
RÅDETS AFGØRELSE
om den holdning, der skal indtages på Den Europæiske Unions vegne i
Verdensforummet for Harmonisering af Køretøjsforskrifter under De Forenede
Nationers Økonomiske Kommission for Europa om forslag til ændring af FN
-
regulativ
nr. 13
-
H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 67, 7
8, 105, 110, 116, 117, 121, 125, 131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150,
152, 157 og 164, om et forslag til ændring af R.E.5
DA 1 DA BEGRUNDELSE
1. FORSLAGETS GENSTAND
Dette forslag vedrører en afgørelse om fastlæggelse af den holdning, der skal indtages på
Unionens vegne i verdensforummet for harmonisering af køretøjsforskrifter under De
Forenede Nationers Økonomiske Kommission for Europa (WP.29) for så vidt angår
vedtagelsen af ændringer i eksisterende FN -regulativer og eksisterende globale tekniske FN -
forskrifter.
2. BAGGRUND FOR FORSLAGET
2.1. Overenskomsten af 1958 og parallelaftalen
Formålet med overenskomsten under De Forenede Nationers Økonomiske Kommission for
Europa ("FN/ECE") om indførelse af ensartede tekniske forskrifter for hjulk øretøjer samt
udstyr og dele, som kan monteres og/eller benyttes på hjulkøretøjer, samt vilkårene for
gensidig anerkendelse af godkendelser, der er meddelt på grundlag af sådanne forskrifter
("Overenskomst af 1958 som revideret"), og aftalen om etablering af globale tekniske
forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, der kan monteres og/eller anvendes på
hjulkøretøjer ("parallelaftalen"), er at udarbejde harmoniserede forskrifter, der skal fjerne de
tekniske hindringer for samhandel med motorkøretøj er mellem de kontraherende parter i
FN/ECE. De har også til formål at sikre, at motorkøretøjer har et højt sikkerheds - og
miljøbeskyttelsesniveau.
Overenskomsten/aftalen trådte i kraft for EU henholdsvis den 24. marts 1998 og den 15.
februar 2000. De forv altes begge af WP.29.
2.2. Verdensforummet for Harmonisering af Køretøjsforskrifter under De Forenede
Nationers Økonomiske Kommission for Europa
WP.29 er en enestående ramme for globalt harmoniserede forskrifter for køretøjer. WP.29 er
en fast arbejdsgrup pe under FN's institutionelle ramme med et særligt mandat og en særlig
forretningsorden. Den fungerer som et globalt forum for åbne drøftelser om forskrifter for
motorkøretøjer og gennemførelsen af Overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret og
parallelaftalen. E thvert af de Forenede Nationers medlemslande og enhver regional
organisation for økonomisk integration, der er oprettet af De Forenede Nationers
medlemslande, kan deltage fuldt ud i aktiviteterne i WP.29 og kan blive kontraherende part i
aftalerne om køret øjer, der forvaltes af WP.29. EU er part i overenskomsten/aftalen1.
Der afholdes møder i FN/ECE WP.29 tre gange om året, i marts, juni og november. I takt med
den tekniske udvikling kan WP.29 på hvert møde vedtage:
nye FN -regulativer
nye FN -resolutioner
nye globale tekniske FN -forskrifter
1 Rådets afgørelse 97/836/EF af 27. november 1997 om Det Europæiske Fællesskabs tiltrædelse af
overenskomsten under FN's Økonomiske Kommission for Europa om indførelse af ensartede tekniske
forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, som kan monteres og/elle r benyttes på hjulkøretøjer,
samt vilkårene for gensidig anerkendelse af godkendelser, der er meddelt på grundlag af sådanne
forskrifter ("Overenskomst af 1958 som revideret") ( EFT L 346 af 17.12.1997, s. 78).
Rådets afgørelse 2000/125/EF af 31. januar 20 00 om indgåelse på Det Europæiske Fællesskabs vegne
af aftalen om etablering af globale tekniske forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, der kan
monteres og/eller anvendes på hjulkøretøjer ("parallelaftalen") (EFT L 35 af 10.2.2000, s. 12).
DA 2 DA ændringer af FN -regulativer og resolutioner i henhold til Overenskomsten af 1958 som
revideret samt
ændringer af globale tekniske FN -forskrifter og resolutioner i henhold til parallelaftalen.
Forud for møderne i WP.29 drø ftes disse ændringer på teknisk niveau i specifikke
hjælpeorganer under WP.29.
WP.29 kan efterfølgende vedtage forslag:
ved kvalificeret flertal af de tilstedeværende kontraherende parter og afstemning om
forslagene i henhold til Overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret eller
ved konsensusafstemning blandt de tilstedeværende kontraherende parter og afstemning om
forslagene i henhold til parallelaftalen.
Forud for hvert møde i WP.29 fastlægges den holdning, der skal indtages på Unionens vegne,
ved en rådsafgøre lse i henhold til artikel 218, stk. 9, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions
funktionsmåde (TEUF), til:
nye FN -regulativer, globale tekniske FN -forskrifter og FN -resolutioner samt
ændringer, supplementer og korrigenda hertil.
2.3. Den påtænkte retsakt fra WP.29
Mellem den 7. og 9. marts 2023 kan WP.29 på sin 189. samling vedtage:
forslagene til ændringer af FN -regulativ nr. 13 -H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 65, 67, 78, 105, 110, 116,
117, 121, 125, 131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150, 152, 157 og164 samt
et forslag til ændring af FN's konsoliderede resolution nr. 5.
3. DEN HOLDNING, DER SKAL INDTAGES PÅ UNIONENS VEGNE
WP.29 -systemet styrker den internationale harmonisering af standarder for køretøjer.
Overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret spiller en central rolle for opn åelsen af dette mål.
Fabrikanterne i EU kan anvende et fælles sæt regulativer om typegodkendelse, vel vidende at
produktet vil blive anerkendt af de kontraherende parter som værende i overensstemmelse
med deres nationale lovgivning.
Dette har gjort det mul igt at ophæve over 50 EU -direktiver ved forordning (EF) nr. 661/2009
om den generelle sikkerhed af motorkøretøjer og erstatte disse med de tilsvarende regulativer,
der er udarbejdet i henhold til overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret.
Europa -Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 2018/8582 følger en lignende
fremgangsmåde. Ved denne forordning fastlægges der administrative bestemmelser og
tekniske krav til typegodkendelse og omsætning af alle nye køretøjer, systemer, komponenter
og separate tekniske enheder. Ved nævnte forordning indarbejdes regulativer vedtaget i
medfør af overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret i EU -typegodkendelsessystemet, enten som
krav ved typegodkendelse eller som alternativer til EU -lovgivningen.
Når WP.29 har vedtaget et forslag til et nyt FN -regulativ eller til ændringer af et FN -regulativ
meddeles de kontraherende parter af FN/ECE's eksekutivsekretariat den tilsvarende retsakt.
Retsakten træder i kraft, medmindre et blokerende mindretal af de kontraherende parter gør
2 Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 2018/858 af 30. maj 2018 om godkendelse og
markedsovervågning af motorkøretøjer og påhængskøretøjer dertil samt af systemer, komponenter og
separate tekniske enheder til sådanne køretøjer, om ændring af forordnin g (EF) nr. 715/2007 og (EF)
nr. 595/2009 og om ophævelse af direktiv 2007/46/EF (EUT L 151 af 14.6.2018, s. 1).
DA 3 DA indsigelse inden for 6 måneder. Derefter kan hver kontraherende part gennemføre retsakten i
sine gældende nationale bestemmelser. I EU er gennemførelsen afsluttet efter
offentliggørelsen af retsakten i Den Europæiske Unions Tidende.
Det er nødvendigt at fastlægge Unionens holdning til følgende retsakter:
– forslagene til ændringer af FN -regulativ nr. 13 -H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 67, 78, 105, 110,
116, 117, 121, 125, 131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150, 152, 157 og 164 med henblik på
at ajourføre bestemmelser om:
– bremsesystemer på personbi ler
– dæk til personbiler og påhængskøretøjer dertil
– montering af lygter og lyssignaler
– støj fra køretøjer i klasse M og N
– montering af lygter og lyssignaler på køretøjer i klasse L3
– LPG -køretøjer
– bremsesystemer (køretøjer i klasse L)
– køretøjer til transport af farligt gods
– CNG - og LNG -køretøjer
– tyverisikrings - og alarmsystemer
– dæk, rullemodstand, rullestøj og vejgreb på vådt underlag
– identificering af betjeningsorganer, kontrollamper og indikatorer
– førerens fremadrettede synsfelt
– avancerede nødbremsesystemer på tunge køretøjer
– støjsvage køretøjer til vejtransport
– elektroniske stabilitetskontrolsystemer
– lyssignalanordninger
– vejbelysningsanordninger
– retroreflekterende anordninger
– avancerede nødbremsesystemer på lette køretøjer
– systemer til automatisk vognbaneas sistance samt
– pigdæks ydeevne i sneglat føre.
WP. 29 planlægger at stemme om disse forslag på samlingen fra den 7. -9. marts 2023.
Det er desuden nødvendigt at fastlægge Unionens holdning til:
– forslag til ændring af den konsoliderede resolution om fælles specifikation for
lyskildekategorier (R.E.5)
– en oversigt over bedste praksis for lagring af systemer til automatiseret kørsel (ADS)
samt
– forslag om ajourføring af tabel 1 i rammedokumentet om automatiserede/selvkørende
køretøjer.
DA 4 DA Unionen bør støtte de ovennævnte retsakter, fordi de er i fuld overensstemmelse med
Unionens politik for det indre marked for så vidt angår bilin dustrien og med Unionens
politikker om transport, klima og energi.
Alle disse retsakter har en yderst positiv indvirkning på EU -bilindustriens konkurrenceevne
og på international handel. At stemme for disse retsakter vil fremme den teknologiske
udvikling, give stordriftsfordele, forhindre en opsplitning af det indre marked og sikre, at
bilstandarderne anvendes ensartet i hele Unionen.
I betragtning af, at Unionen ikke anvender de ensartede forskrifter i FN -regulativet om
særlige advarselslamper, er det ik ke nødvendigt at fastlægge Unionens holdning til forslaget
om ændring af FN -regulativ nr. 65, som behandles inden for rammerne af FN/ECE WP 29.
Ekstern ekspertbistand er ikke relevant i forbindelse med dette forslag. Forslaget vil imidlertid
blive behandle t af det tekniske udvalg for motorkøretøjer.
4. RETSGRUNDLAG
4.1. Proceduremæssigt retsgrundlag
4.1.1. Principper
I henhold til artikel 218, stk. 9, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde (TEUF)
vedtager Rådet afgørelser om "fastlæggelse af, hvilke holdninger der skal indtages på
Unionens vegne i et organ nedsat ved en aftale, når dette organ skal vedtage retsakter, der har
retsvirkninger, bortset fra retsakter, der supplerer eller ændrer den institutionelle ramme for
aftalen".
Begrebet "retsakter, der har retsvirkninger" omfatter retsakter, der har retsvirkninger i medfør
af de folkeretlige regler, der gæ lder for det pågældende organ. Begrebet omfatter også
instrumenter, der ikke har bindende virkning i henhold til folkeretten, men som "vil kunne få
afgørende indflydelse på indholdet af de regler, der vedtages af EU -lovgiver"3.
4.1.2. Princippernes anvend else på det foreliggende tilfælde
WP.29 er et organ, hvor de kontraherende parter i FN/ECE drøfter gennemførelsen af
Overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret og parallelaftalen.
De retsakter, som WP.29 skal vedtage, er retsakter, der har retsvirkninger.
FN-regulativerne i den påtænkte retsakt får bindende virkning for Unionen. Sammen med FN -
resolutionen vil de kunne få afgørende indflydelse på indholdet af EU -retten om
typegodkendelse af køretøjer.
De påtænkte retsakter supplerer eller ændrer ikke den inst itutionelle ramme for
overenskomsten.
Det proceduremæssige retsgrundlag for den foreslåede afgørelse er derfor artikel 218, stk. 9, i
TEUF.
4.2. Materielt retsgrundlag
4.2.1. Principper
Det materielle retsgrundlag for en afgørelse i henhold til artikel 218, stk. 9, i TEUF afhænger
hovedsagelig af formålet med og indholdet af den påtænkte retsakt, hvortil der skal indtages
en holdning på Unionens vegne.
3 Domstolens dom af 7. oktober 2014 i sag C -399/12, Tyskland mod Rådet , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2258,
præmis 61 til 64.
DA 5 DA En påtænkt retsakt kan have et dobbelt formål eller bestå af to elementer, hvoraf det ene kan
bestemmes som det primære, mens det andet kun er sekundært. I dette tilfælde skal den
afgørelse, der vedtages i henhold til artikel 218, stk. 9, i TEUF, have et enkelt materielt
retsgrundlag, nemlig retsgrundlaget for det primære eller fremherskende formål eller element.
4.2.2. Princippernes anvendelse på det foreliggende tilfælde
Hovedformålet med og indholdet af den påtænkte retsakt vedrører tilnærmelse af
lovgivninger. Det materielle retsgrundlag for den foreslåede afgørelse er derfor artikel 114 i
TEUF.
4.3. Konklusion
Retsgrundlaget for den foreslåede afgørelse bør være artikel 114 i TEUF sammenholdt med
artikel 218, stk. 9, i TEUF.
DA 6 DA 2023/0024 (NLE)
Forslag til
RÅDETS AFGØRELSE
om den holdning, der skal indtages på Den Europæiske Unions vegne i
Verdensforummet for Harmonisering af Køretøjsforskrifter under De Forenede
Nationers Økonomiske Kommission for Europa om forslag til ændring af FN -regulativ
nr. 13 -H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 67, 78, 105 , 110, 116, 117, 121, 125, 131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150,
152, 157 og 164, om et forslag til ændring af R.E.5
RÅDET FOR DEN EUROPÆISKE UNION HAR —
under henvisning til traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde, særlig artikel 114
sammenholdt med arti kel 218, stk. 9,
under henvisning til forslag fra Europa -Kommissionen, og
ud fra følgende betragtninger:
(1) Ved Rådets afgørelse 97/836/EF1 tiltrådte Unionen overenskomsten under De
Forenede Nationers Økonomiske Kommission for Europa (FN/ECE) om indførelse af
ensartede tekniske forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, som kan monteres
og/eller benyttes på hjulkøretøjer, samt vilkåre ne for gensidig anerkendelse af
godkendelser, der er meddelt på grundlag af sådanne forskrifter ("Overenskomst af
1958 som revideret"). Overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret trådte i kraft den 24.
marts 1998.
(2) Ved Rådets afgørelse 2000/125/EF2 tiltrådte Unionen aftalen om etablering af globale
tekniske forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, der kan monteres og/eller
anvendes på hjulkøretøjer ("parallelaftalen"). Parallelaftalen trådte i kraft den 15.
februar 2000.
(3) Ved Europa -Parlamentets o g Rådets forordning (EU) 2018/8583 fastlægges der
administrative bestemmelser og tekniske krav til typegodkendelse og omsætning af
alle nye køretøjer, systemer, komponenter og separate tekniske enheder. Ved nævnte
forordning indarbejdes regulativer vedtage t i medfør af overenskomsten af 1958 som
revideret ("FN -regulativer") i EU -typegodkendelsessystemet, enten som krav ved
typegodkendelse eller som alternativer til EU -lovgivningen.
1 Rådets afgørelse 97/836/EF af 27. november 1997 om Det Europæiske Fællesskabs tiltrædelse af
overenskomsten under FN's Økonomiske Kommission for Europa om indførelse af ensartede tekniske
forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, som kan monteres og/eller benyttes på hjulkøre tøjer,
samt vilkårene for gensidig anerkendelse af godkendelser, der er meddelt på grundlag af sådanne
forskrifter ("Overenskomst af 1958 som revideret") ( EFT L 346 af 17.12.1997, s. 78).
2 Rådets afgørelse 2000/125/EF af 31. januar 2000 om indgåelse på D et Europæiske Fællesskabs vegne
af aftalen om etablering af globale tekniske forskrifter for hjulkøretøjer samt udstyr og dele, der kan
monteres og/eller anvendes på hjulkøretøjer ("parallelaftalen") (EFT L 35 af 10.2.2000, s. 12).
3 Europa -Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 2018/858 af 30. maj 2018 om godkendelse og
markedsovervågning af motorkøretøjer og påhængskøretøjer dertil samt af systemer, komponenter og
separate tekniske enheder til sådanne køretøjer, om ændring af forordning (EF) nr. 715/2007 og (EF)
nr. 595/2009 og om ophævelse af direktiv 2007/46/EF (EUT L 151 af 14.6.2018, s. 1).
DA 7 DA (4) I henhold til artikel 1 i overenskomsten af 1958 som revideret og para llelaftalens
artikel 6 kan FN/ECE's verdensforum for harmonisering af køretøjsforskrifter (WP.29)
vedtage forslag til ændring af FN -regulativer, FN's globale tekniske forskrifter og FN -
resolutioner samt forslag til nye FN -regulativer, globale tekniske FN -forskrifter og
FN-resolutioner om godkendelse af køretøjer. Endvidere kan FN/ECE WP.29 i
henhold til disse bestemmelser vedtage forslag til tilladelser til at udarbejde ændringer
af globale tekniske FN -forskrifter eller til at udarbejde nye globale tekniske FN-
forskrifter og kan vedtage forslag om udvidelse af mandatet for globale tekniske FN -
forskrifter.
(5) Fra den 7. til den 9. marts 2023 kan WP.29 på den 189. samling i FN/ECE's
verdensforum for harmonisering af køretøjsforskrifter vedtage forslag til ænd ringer af
FN-regulativ nr. 13 -H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 67, 78, 105, 110, 116, 117, 121, 125, 131, 138,
140, 148, 149, 150, 152, 157 og 164 samt et forslag til ændring af FN's konsoliderede
resolution nr. 5.
(6) FN-regulativerne vil få bindende virkning for Union en. Sammen med FN -
resolutionerne vil de få afgørende indflydelse på indholdet af EU -lovgivningen om
typegodkendelse af køretøjer. Derfor bør den holdning, der skal indtages på Unionens
vegne, om vedtagelsen af disse forslag fastlægges i WP.29.
(7) Med henb lik på at afspejle den opnåede erfaring og den tekniske udvikling bør der
foretages ændring eller supplering af kravene til visse aspekter eller karakteristika, der
er omfattet af FN -regulativ nr. 13-H, 30, 48, 51, 53, 67, 78, 105, 110, 116, 117, 121,
125, 131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150, 152, 157, 164 og FN's konsoliderede resolution
nr. 5.
VEDTAGET DENNE AFGØRELSE:
Artikel 1
Den holdning, der skal indtages på Unionens vegne på den 189. samling i FN/ECE's
verdensforum for harmonisering af køretøjsforskrifter , som finder sted fra den 7. til den 9.
marts 2023, er at stemme for de forslag, der er anført i bilaget til denne afgørelse.
Artikel 2
Denne afgørelse er rettet til Kommissionen.
Udfærdiget i Bruxelles, den […].
På Rådets vegne
Formand.
| 13,673 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76072784 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Stack Exchange | Attie, BMitch, Forivin, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1347519, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2879085, https://stackoverflow.com/users/596285 | English | Spoken | 973 | 1,802 | How to use multiple tools in one Gitlab CI job without custom docker images?
I have a couple of Gitlab CI jobs that use multiple cli tools. For example I might need to use java, nodejs, python, docker and git in the same job. This means I have two options:
Use one of the official images (node, openjdk, python, docker:dind, git) and download+install the other tools in the container every time the job runs.
I don't like this because the process of downloading and installing these tools is really redundant, slow and a waste of resources.
Create a custom image based on one of the official images and install the other tools in the image.
I don't like this because maintaining such a custom image takes a lot of time and effort especially if you want to keep everything at the latest version and it gets worse and worse the more tools you try to jam into a single image. Stability can also be an issue because some tools prefer running on an Ubuntu-based image and others might prefer an alpine base image.
Ideally, there would be a way to use multiple docker images in the same job that share a volume and arbitrarily run commands in the context of any container you want.
I know that I can specify service images on a job like this:
my_job:
image: node:latest
script:
- echo "Hello World"
services:
- name: mysql:latest
alias: mysql
- name: redis:latest
alias: redis
and then access them over the network, addressing them by using the alias as the domain.
But that wouldn't be of much help in case of an official image like node because these images don't host any network services.
Any ideas how this can be done? Is there some sort of best practice?
(I know that in some cases it would be possible to split that one job into multiple jobs that each run a single command, passing the output as an artifact to the next job, but that can quickly become inefficient and hard to read.)
Edit: Moved some of the ideas I had into the answer.
It's pretty common to build and maintain your own image. You even have a CI server there to do it.
That is true and you are totally right about that, but if you want to always use the latest versions for most of the tools and you are using a lot of tools within one image, you will end up having to do a lot of manual maintenance work (for example because new dependencies are required for later versions or dependencies are conflicting).
This page is likely very relevant for you... particularly: What services are not for and Shared /builds directory
@Attie Thank you, that is very valuable information!
I came up with a complex workaround that covers most of the basics. If you add this to the top of your .gitlab-ci.yml, you can run commands in the context of any service:
.remote_exec_server: &remote_exec_server
- "sh"
- "-c"
- |
mkdir -p "$CI_PROJECT_DIR" && cd "$CI_PROJECT_DIR"
while true; do
nc -l -p 83 -e sh -c '{
IFS="|" read -r stdin_base64 cmd_base64
stdout_file=$(mktemp)
stderr_file=$(mktemp)
echo -n "$stdin_base64" | base64 -d | sh -c "$(echo "$cmd_base64" | base64 -d)" > $stdout_file 2> $stderr_file
echo "${?}|$(cat $stdout_file | base64 -w 0)|$(cat $stderr_file | base64 -w 0)"
rm -f $stdout_file $stderr_file
}'
done
.remote_exec_client: &remote_exec_client |
# Usage: svc_run SERVICE_NAME COMMAND [COMMAND_PARAMS]... # (Supports stdin, stdout, stderr and exit code)
svc_run() {
local stdin_base64=$(base64 -w 0)
local host="$1"; shift
local cmd_base64="$(echo "$*" | base64 -w 0)"
echo "${stdin_base64}|${cmd_base64}" | nc $host 83 | {
IFS='|' read -r exit_code stdout_base64 stderr_base64
echo "$stdout_base64" | base64 -d
echo "$stderr_base64" | base64 -d 1>&2
return $exit_code
}
return $?
}
Data is shared via the /builds directory automatically. (Thanks to @Attie for pointing that out.)
Now you can create jobs that can access any of the services. Here is a proof of concept demonstrating the use of python, nodejs and java from the same job:
(Note the use of command: *remote_exec_server on every service.)
variables:
CI_DEBUG_SERVICES: "true" # Show services output in GitLab CI log
before_script:
- *remote_exec_client
helloworld:
image: alpine:3.17.3
services:
- name: node:18.16.0-alpine3.17
alias: node
command: *remote_exec_server
- name: python:3.11.3-alpine3.17
alias: python
command: *remote_exec_server
- name: amazoncorretto:8-alpine3.17-full
alias: jdk
command: *remote_exec_server
script:
# Python test
- svc_run python python --version
- echo 'print("Hello, world from python!")' | svc_run python python
# Java test
- svc_run jdk java -version
- echo "public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(\"Hello, World from Java!\");
}
}" > HelloWorld.java
- svc_run jdk "javac HelloWorld.java && java HelloWorld" # compile and execute a java program from the given source file
# NodeJS test
- svc_run node node -v
- svc_run node npm -v
- echo 'console.log("Hello, world from nodejs!")' | svc_run node node
# Advanced NodeJS test
- echo '{"scripts":{"test":"mocha test.js"},"devDependencies":{"mocha":"^10.2.0"}}' > package.json
- echo "const assert = require('assert');
describe('My Test Suite', () => {
it('should pass the test', () => {
assert.strictEqual(2 + 2, 4);
});
});" > test.js
- svc_run node npm install
- svc_run node npm run test
Limitations
One disadvantage (due to my limited shell scripting knowledge) is that stdin and stdout/stderr aren't streamed in real time, meaning a long running command will not produce any output, until it completely finished execution.
The remote execution server/client relies on netcat (nc) which unfortunately isn't preinstalled in all docker images. I've only tested it with alpine-based images and that seems to work fine so far. One way to work around that might be to copy a statically built version of nc into the builds directory in the before_script and tell the server to wait for it to exist.
Please note that GitLab CI services are not officially meant to be used that way.
| 44,785 |
https://github.com/Victory/vPromise/blob/master/test/adapter.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,016 | vPromise | Victory | JavaScript | Code | 49 | 128 | var vPromise = require('../vPromise.js');
var adapter = {
resolved: vPromise.resolve,
rejected: vPromise.reject,
deferred: function () {
var resolve;
var reject;
var vP = new vPromise(function (_resolve, _reject) {
resolve = _resolve;
reject = _reject;
});
return {
promise: vP,
resolve: resolve,
reject: reject
};
}
};
module.exports = adapter; | 23,080 |
sn83045211_1918-07-29_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,918 | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,427 | 9,062 | nBTffBIBrWV'V. iW 'Si!',".JS'fr'V' "T4J'--t,,,!h57 W3m2mmmtHu, : ' .S rV Vfi'JMr, M7 :. F v-r ii 'Wrf S-! erawT "JrWaSr i&W":,x -" " ' .Ift'.j. 'tiVTCXTTTO PTTtiTjn LETffil? PHILA DEtPTTT A'. MONDAY. JULY 29. 1&18 . .-.J 'W-M. ( , - T M -.- .. -W- . -W - " -w . . v Off , MONEY ! MONEY ! A yj. ni jbaZedtiQrffijPorfQf t Author of Polly anna" it -1 -t'vflJ. Iras f dT 4 "StSr' '. Wfffnr, IBIS, Bl Kifaiior ;. J'oricr ana V'l V Me PMle J.flfff'f Co. rMrmtufon of HoitoMon AfijNn Co. XII RIohts flewrterf. CHAPTER I : .t.r'O ' P.. f. C..7. tl litltnn iK:2iLLr ' ""' - ." JITHEKE was a lliougntiui nown on $vAithfes of the man who was the KfimMtkKt of twenty million dollars He ? a tall." spare man. with n fringe t-'rttMIh-brovvn nair encircling a nam - JMt. -Hie blue eyes. fled Juat now In . fc adv case tmon a low of pon- li aarnus law books across the room. :'i,rJ'r friendly and benevolent In direct Kfc.Wtradlctlon to the bulldog, never-let- t t ....... .-.. 1 1. I .... f . I. r.ltfa ln S-.feKtow the firm rather thin llp i'.Vif&STThe lawyer, a vouthfully alert nnn aixty yearn, inmiy urav no iu ki" should think there rrere' I trlid 'tifli once I eot that philanthropic bean In my bonnet, and I pae thousand", ten of thousando to 'em Then I Rot to wonderliiK where the money went fnrxpected'y the lawyer chuckled You never dirt like to InveM with out InveMlRatlnp, Fulton," he oh observed With only a shruc fur ar answer thf other plunsed on ".Vow. understand I'm not avlnft that orRanlted charity ln t all rfEht. and doesn't dn cood, of course tfelthrr am I prepared to propose nnythlnc to take Its place And mavhe the two or three I dealt with were particularly addicted to the ort of thine I oblrrtert to But. honertly. Ned. If jou'rt lost heart and friends and money, and were Just read.v to chuck the whole shootlnK -OSIilr n mustache, sat Idly watching, () , ,0ud you like to become iWAw; yt with ees that looked so in-, ,rfti(1. number twenty-three iWiWSilV 't JIC-V "erncd o "f'f" , ' ihmitnil ssven hundred and forty-one. iiK'r..,u"f., B.. .. . fiT.i-. ..i;. in I ticketed and riockMod. and nuiv appor- "xii '-T3 Vj.ibkci urEii I'uiiiii- ni tin,. v........ i Aa.A.i Kff ,m m i-..T-..n!nA r - ftr rin PWPit"llhmj ,,"nrn,rtoPdo with ' h" " Mo that', 'while a do,en snecta HiSSM.!?1 nm ' SOlnB to do wltn watched you belnK r enned UP I li; T lawver'a Ustenlnit Pveia"" reaulated and wound up with a W&8&. to? a mome". ,h'K -cr ." U,y made of irt w njjjrt and no more 'Tr Afllii.llCDB UU IllC uoca uiuw. -- ! v J ?-'J?eme the answer .... IvS .''"Spend it yoursel'. I hope fo- eom tjf.'-.t.'L. Xtr Stnnlpv f! Pulton was cullty of ShS5fc)htUB and an uplifted pvebrnw cl Sft1,'T!ianks. Very prett and I appre- j u :SvvCJAte u, 01 course hui i i-.m i c.. fti?iL.Ut one suit of clothes at a time, nor pW.Aa.. Kiif nryt, fllnMpr uhlcll llV tie W .1 V RS,JUt now consists of xomehodv health Bipcuil ana noi w.ner iw-''n " ,; Hone-don t really wnai jou mieni mi' ura.k --.r... nt lt"lt Ml BSvPsrVThe lawyer frowned E??r'A-ShUCks. Kulton" he epntula'ed PfsttWlth nn Irritable twist of hl hind 'I ft-tlHjugril Detter ot you man mi -'v-'!uw.r rich man's 'one-suit one-dliT r iJ&ffi-bed.at.a-time' hard-luck . 'orv f5,K"iont suit your style Better cut It I n- tike It The lawyer Huched "I Know , but mv dear fellow what M-onlrt vnii have? Surely, unorganized charity" and promiscuous rIvIiik 1 on o rh vet I've tried thnt wev (no rhrURRcd the other "There was a time when every Tom, nick and Harrv. with a rundown shoe and a ragged toat. could count on me for .1 ten-spot b Jut holdinK out his hand nn questions aked Then serlous-eved little woman . t. lnU n.a nna lilt' t ll O t tllA It1 rii 'in i'iiu '11 ...it ...... ...- . ...- -.. .1 .1 1 . ..V.telt. nf -1 .nllllnnnlra ' was not otilv a curse to .inv communIt nut a corruption to the whole State I 1-.I-. .. .1.. I. ...II,. li..-.ll.tArl flirt tlfltliin lll'l FlC -Il- l int. irviunvu Hi' "'."'". as veil bless her ' And I thought I was do'ns aoo 1 ' ' What t id iv to voir mere was ..-.r3yv Wm ,& nmV ' '" . ' ..r,,,, ',; . a whimsical smile in the a.ver's ees r&AW.& S.V.$Z I -1 u"nu,nr 'V foil.jnl Bl SS? " i. .1 iii.i, 1. left n' those ten-"po;s m o-ir 1 iai 1 rani" Vf Ml nivseir the little that Is len o , . ' ..,.,, ., ,.. im .,,i,i nf t7f .?MAtire k ' . , d.n. I1.H Irtl... A" O 1 Jt unci rnorr 11 in ' ."", shed that keenly scnitinlsInK clance. 4. "What was 11. Fulton" A ivlilm-vt tH' ''rfcbblt. or a wedce of m'tice pi" '10' 'Ik' ;' ..mother used to moke"' Why. ran al've lyou re uareiv over niiy. yer n-rr "i- It's only a little matter of Ird'sefon VThere nre a lot o cood dnvs aid nod 5.. The millionaire made a vvrv fnc" V-W.""V.ev llkelv If I sUrv Ve the llis- ;F".Cults. But. se'rlouslv Ned. I'm In .!' - rrK ': ' nh some o' them were all ileht of )urse. mid 1 inado those IHtics 011 the 1 spot nut the other- t tell ou. ed m"!iev tint Is" t earnel Is the , most rlsk thins 111 the world If I'd I left hrlf thnve wretches nlone they d hive braved up aiul helped themselves and made men of themselves, mavhe I As It was well. ou never can tell as 'to the lesults of a yo-mllcd 'Rood' no tion from mv ri,ilence I should sa.v 1'iev are everv whlt as d neerous as the ill ones The lawver laimhert outr ciit Vo. I rton'f th'nk 1 p " 'n 1 iiyvTWlS-.,. .. A...l.ll. tl.tt T nn m-rnsa 1'Olinrr I MliTh; I..I nlirht mt lm hin I I mv ,,Iir fello'v. tints Just felrbVTcrf'hfmo h- "hn-tncfl here the n.nl1 chr.iltv come. In &l,e' Ta'k nbUt yUr m1U,,l'"!Dth.Jves"? know-rase No 2,.T' ",rt'ri t know Too had ten bad '" I And' th'it's all ri?ht. of course. Relief fc5lm-m- vvell that's what oe mM- of some sort Is absolutelv neces-arv &T.nheri ert l U set me .0 thlnk'n- I Uut I'd like to see a little w-rm sVm- S3rtae. when I Ket throur'v wltl, ; ; o ... some wav .ive b v. v .nj lKjv?r5inr .' The lawyer's llns came 10- igv - - - K lt1 Htn.l(. 'Vmie not KVMe your will, I believe " K??,v:jt "KO. ureaaea 11. pomeu-jw rm n i&S'tijtfcew a man'li flRht Fhy of a little mimr F9iiS.Mi that. Isn't it? And when we're su S33lfMy particular where It Knrs while M3 Hvlng" &&"TtK I know, you're not the only fAtMH. .XDu nave relatives phiucw un ,-.. Uwnlst." '?&M-VSIptMng nearer than cousins, th'rd rf BHJsWw without a will " ?11i'?feiMWhv don't you marry Wr2'3.SliA. mll'lnnnlra rpnentetl i"ft of a moment before the wry '&t'&i"l'fli not . marryintr man. I never did ij.tyi muvii iui wmii-u . n,. Sufficient enough to think that a woman Was aware of the importance of being A woman in love who might be To know her own heart and the Sufficient care to hand the millions over to With whom that falls in love with them. Striking me as though the necessary Back to their father's heart, They didn't answer the call. "You know them," said father, "I Look at the coins they've been To fret the money. "You know them," said father, "I Do not appeal to me, somehow. Oh, Of course it ought to, but it just does not To all. Maybe if I was a college To myself; but well, I had to dig for What education I got Very well, charities, then there Is no miscellaneous organizations that Is to be called abruptly at the other's up- I can name. Organizations: Good heavens. RIVET-DRIVING RECORD Repairs, "VMOiir xiuurs Tr? 11 lilt? I ciiusyi winia jrfiu in iiUJr & Jones Company of Gloucester cordination "The report given out by the company. "Now eight-hour-day riveting record "When Lawrence Helmer, "Over; a row, somewhere on his hands "Then why don't you try it yourself?" "Not I?" His gesture of dissent was implicit "I have tried it. In a way." And failed. That's why I'd like some time else to tackle the job. And that brings me right back to my original intention. I'm wondering what my money will do when I'm done with it. I'd like to have one of my own kin have it if I were sure of him. Is a nicer proposition. Ned, and it's capable of most anything? "It is. You're right." "What I can do with it, and what some one else can do is to circulate it wisely, even harmlessly, exactly what one could call a howling success. What ever I've done, I've always been able for not doing something else. If I gave a costly entertainment, I was accused of show ostentation. If I didn't give it, I was accused of not putting money into debt. If I donated to a church, it was called conscience money." nnd If I d'dn't donate to It. thev slid I vvis ineiii i ul miserly So much for wlnt I v d' ue I wis iust wondering what the otl er fi 1'niv'd do with It" "Whv worry'' Twon't he jour fault "Iliit it vv II -If 1 rive II to h'm rireat Scott Ned' Think what money does for folks fomet'tnef folks that rrn I uivl to I ' hook at Hltby; and .ook nt that poor little Mnrston girl, throwing herself away on that worthless scamp of a (lowing who's nnly after her money, ns evervnouy (nut ncrseir) i knows And If It doesn't make knaves nnd martyts of them, ten to one It i does make fools of 'em They're worse than .i kid with a dollar on cltcli" , I day; and thev use Just about as much HHHHBliili mil it ti II I i rt ' v ' ' IU'1C 1 TYTi1 V "W f I i ini-lTp i M mk SC -IKmttOf , T nt Yi f r n"-CTTMirriir 'kffiiwsf CaWKVii rt 1 1 WAslW Iu VJffipMiU 1 r jltI Ell I III I III DHHBisBBBhCHI H'liT Va lftf43rrPT9. Jvfy5&j2mS RtiiirmS:mlflf(lrrt ! I f' ( ( 1 VTQVvnNNNT-lilPi H IllllliJ 111 9PVlK9Hi HlllluU JyMrm3tBsm.j6noXVAwsm mmmM hwsm lwp- immmmigiiwm,mmg&xan swMmI ' lliDlf j sfflwfSf 41 v " Imi UwmwmBSm urn K "Now, what am I going to do with my. money?" sense spending their pile, too You should have heaid dad tell about his pals in the eighties that struck it rich in the gold mines One bought up every gtocei) store In town and Ihstlttlled a huge free grili-hac for the populace: and another dlopped his hundred thou sand H the d ce lmx before It was a week old I womlei what th se cousins of mine back l"at are like " "If vou'ie feu fill, better take "ase No L'l.Tll." smllel the lan.vel "llm-m , I s'uppo'e so," ejaculated the other Kiimlv getilmr to his feet "Well. I must be off it's biscuit time. I see. A moment later the door of the lavatory was opened to him. Immediately, however, it opened to admit him again. He was the maddened, and finding he was the youngest boy who ushered him in, called a curious citizen. The man at the great flit-topped desk gave a surprised inquisition. "Hullo, Fulton. Those biscuits must be agitating with you," he laughed. "Mind telling me their name?" "Ned, I've got a scheme I think I can carry it out." Mr. Stanley O. Ful. Ton stiode across the room and dropped, ped himself into the waiting chair "Hem'inher those cousin back Hast" "Well, I'm going to find out which of 'em I want for my heir" "Another case of investigating before investing, eh?" "Exactly" "Well, that's like on what's it, a little detective work? Closing to get nctunlnti with them, I suppose, and see how they treat you. Then you can sire them up at to cents and tit its. Had dropped the gorden plum into the lap of the worth man, eh?" "Yes, and no but in the way you say I'm going to give them say five or a hundred thousand apiece, and ' "Give it to them now" "Sure, how'm I going to know how they'll spend money till they have it to spend?" "I know, I am" "Oh, I've planned all that. Don't warrant Of course you'll have to fix it up for me. I shall use instructions with you, and when the time comes all you have to do is to carry them out." The lawyer came erect in his chair. "Leave instructions! But you, yourself?", "Oh, I'm going to be there, if Hillerton?" "Yes, where the cousins live you know. Of course I want to see how it works." "Humph!" I suppose you think you find out with you watching the eye every move." The lawyer had said back in his chair, an ironical smile on his lips. "Oh, they won't know me, of course, except at John Smith." John Smith. The lawyer was fitting erect. "Yes, I'm going to take that name for a time." "Nonsense. Fulton! Have you lost your ens?" "No." The millionaire told him impelingly. "Really, my dear Ned, I'm disappointed in you. You don't seem to realize the possibilities of this thing." "Oh, yes, I do perhaps better than you, old man," interrupted the other with an expressive glance. "Oh, yes, I do, I never saw them, and they never saw me. I'm going to give them a tidy little sum of money apiece, and then have the fun watching them spend it. Any harm in that, especially as it's no one's business what I do with my money?" "No, no. I suppose not if you can carry such a wild scheme through." "I can, I think I'm going to be John Smith." "Nice distinctly" name!" "I chose a colorless one on purpose. I'm going to be a tolle-less person, you see." "Oh, Addie, do you think Mr. Smith (I. Kulton, multimillionaire)." with hln plctuied Thcc- In half the papets mil magazines ft"ii the Atlant c to ihe Pile tic. can hide t'.at face behind a color. ess John South'." "Maybe not Hut he can hide It behind a nicy little close-cropped limit!" The millionaire stroked his smooth chin ie flectlvely. "Humph! How larg Is Itillerlon?" "Might or ten thousand Nice little New K.nRlJlid town, I'm told." "Htn-in. And your et business In Hilletton, that will enable you to he the observing fly nn your cumins' walls?" "Yes. I've thought that all out. too and that's another brilliant stiokc. I'm going to be a getiealog.st I'm going to be at woik tracing the tHal1"!0!! fainll.v their naine lh Uialsdell I'm writing a book which necessitates the collection of n endless amount of data. Now how about that fly'o chances of observation, eh?" ' "Mighty iJoor, If he's swattedand that's what he will be I Xe.w Kngland housewives are death on flics, I under stand " "Well I'll risk this one." "You poor fellow!" There were ex asperation and amusement In the law yer's eyes, but there wan only mock sympathy In his voice. "And to think Irv known you all these years, and never suspected It, Fulton I" Th man who owned twenty millions still smiled Imperturbably. "Oh. yes, I know what you mean, but I'm not crazy. And really I'm Interested in renealogy, too, and I've been thlhk Ing for (tome time I'd go digging about the roota of my ancestral tree, ti have dug a little, In years gone. My mother was a Blasdell, you, know ''Her grandfather was brother to some ancester of these Hlllerton Bla'sdells; and I really am interested in collecting Blalsdell data. So that's all straight. I shall be telling no one. And think of the opportunity it gives me! Besides, I shall try to board with one of them. I've decided that. "Upon my word, a pretty little scheme!" "Yes, I knew you'd appreciate it, the more you thought about it." Mr. Stanley O. Fullon, blue eyes twinkled a little. With a disdainful gesture, the lawyer brushed this aside. "Do you mind telling me how you happened to think of it yourself?" "Not a bit. 'Twas a little booklet got out by a trust company." "It sounds like it!" "Oh, they didn't succeed exactly this. I'll admit! but they did suggest that, if you were fearful as to the way your heirs would handle their inheritance, you could create a trust fund for their benefit while you were living, and then watch the way the beneficiaries spent the income, as well as the way the trust fund itself was managed in this way you could observe the effects of our gifts, and at the same time be able to change them if you didn't like results. That gave me an idea. I've just developed it. That's all I'm going to make my cousins a little rich, and see which, if any of them, can stand being very rich." "But the money man, how are you going to drop a hundred thousand dollars into three men's lops, and expect to get away without an investigation as to the why and wherefore of such a singular procer." "That's where our part comes in," smiled the millionaire blandly. "Besides, to be accurate, one of the laps is a petticoat one." "Oh, indeed! So much the worse." In the midst of this, it is where I come in, is it? Well, and suppose I refuse to come in? "Regretfully, I shall have in employment another attorney." "Humph! Well?" "But you won't refuse." The blue eyes opposite were still twinkling in the first place, you're my good friend, my best friend. You wouldn't be seen letting me start off on a wild goose chase like this without you guiding hand at the helm to see that I didn't come a-cropper. "Aren't you getting our metaphors a little mixed?" This time the lawyer's eyes were twinkling. "What? Well, maybe. But I reckon you get my meaning. Besides what I want to do is a mere routine of running business. With you, you're off for South America, say, on an exploring tour, I leave the train papers with instructions that on the first day of the sixth month of my absence, I being under the control of you, you're to open a certain envelope and act according to instructions within simplest thing in the world, man. Now, isn't it?" "Oh, very simple as you put it?" "Well, meanwhile, I'll start for South America alone of course; and so far as mine concerned, that ends it." "If on the way, somewhere, I determine suddenly." On a change of design, that is none of our affair. If, said a month or two, a client, inoffensive, gnatifying by the name of health arrives in Hilton on the legitimate and perfectly responsible business of looking up a family pedigree, that also is none of your concern. With a sudden laugh, the lawyer fell back in his chair. "By Jove, Kulton, if I don't believe you'll pull this absurd thing off!" There! Now you're talking like a sensible man, and we can get somewhere. Of course, I'll pull it off! Now here's my plan. In order best to judge how my esteemed relatives conduct themselves under the sufficiency of wealth, I must see them first without it. Of course, I plan to be in Hilterton some months before our letter and the money arrive. I intend, indeed, to be on the friendliest terms with every Blasdell in Hilterton before that time comes." "But can you? Will they accept you, without references or introduction?" "Oh, I shall have the best of references and introductions. Bob Chalmers is the president of a bank there. Remember Bob? Well, I shall take John Smith in and introduce him to Bob some day. After that, Bob's introduce John Smith. See? All I need is a letter, as to my integrity and respectability, I reckon, so my kinsmen won't suspect me of designs on their spoons when I ask to hoard with them. You see, I'm a millionaire, retiring gentleman, and I don't like noisy hotels." With an explosive chuckle, the lawyer clapped his knee. "Fulton, this is absolutely the richest thing I ever heard of! I'd give a farm to be a fly on your wall and see you do it. I'm blessed if I don't think I'll go to Hilterton myself to see Bob." By George, I will go and see Bob!" "Of course," agreed the other serenely, "why not? Beside. It will be the most natural thing in the world business. You know, in fact, I should think you really ought to go. In connection with the bequests." "Why, to be sure," the lawyer frowned thoughtfully. "How much are you going to give them?" "Oh, a hundred thousand dollars," the lawyer replied. "That ought to do for a man's money." "Oh, well, I want them to have enough. You know, for it is a real test of what they would do with wealth. And it must be cash on securities. I want them to do their own investing." "But how are you going to fix it? What excuse are you going to give?" "What excuse are you going to give?" "What do you mean?" "I'll warrant you have! I'll believe anything of you now. But what are you going to do afterward when you've found out what you want to know? Won't it be something of a shock when John Smith turns into Mr. Stanley at Fulton? Have you thought of that?" "Yes, I thought of that, and I will confess my ideas are a little hazy. In spots. But I'm not worrying. Time enough to think of that part. Roughly, my plan is this now. "There'll be two letters of instructions: one to open in six months, the other to be opened in. I want to give myself plenty of time for my observations, you see." The second letter will really give you final instructions as to the settling of my estate, my will. I'll have to make some sort of one. I suppose." "But good heavens, Stanley, you're the lawyer came to, a helpless pause. His eyes were startled. "Oh, that's just for emergency, of course in case anything happened. What I really intend is that long before the second letter of instructions is to be opened. Mr. Stanley O. Fulton will come back from his South American explorations. He'll then be in a position to settle his affairs to suit himself and make a new will. Understand?" "Oh, I see no - there's John Smith. How about Smith?" The millionaire smiled musingly and shook his chin again. "Smith? Oh, well, Smith will have finished collecting Blasdell data, of course, and will be off to parts unknown. We don't have to trouble ourselves with Smith any longer." "Fulton, you're a wizard," laughed the lawyer. "But now about the cousins. Who are they? You know their names, of course." "Oh, yes. You see, I've done a little digging already some years ago looking up the Blasdell family. (By The way that came in fine town, when the town was in fine condition, and an occasional letter from Boh, kept me posted as to deaths and births in the Hillerton Blakes. I always meant to hum them up some time, they being my nearest kin and kin. Well. In the building of the boats to beat the boch, Helps to adjust the hold of the boch, which enlivens many rallies at shipyard. Man and his job, trickett, heater, comprising one gang, is a total of 3121 rivets in thirty minutes. The total of 825 in one hour, which also holds the record in the shipyard, is a total of 827 rivets. A. Bourner tells of a sliding shipworker to find himself trapped in a shipyard. The Pusey & Jones Company ran a competition among their riveters this week, as they find they secure great success. A. Bourner, a shipworker, another chance after he has failed in one department may help him to "And himself" and get a chance. The one sec. 1. Alfred C. Bourner, superintendent of the Merchants' Shoe Company, at Harriman, said, "There are men everywhere who have never been able to get themselves into the right niche, who never appear to be adjusted to the right line of work; in other words, who have not found their occupation. In this great industrial America, of ours, we have been looking for skilled workers ready-made, just as men and women look around for garments to wear. What we want we want right now. But we are living in an age whose demands are enormous, whose pressure is terrific, whose pressure is terrific, being drained by the exigencies of carrying on a war, the magnitude of which confuses the mind as we try to think of millions in men, and billions in money. Unskilled substitutes are having hard time of it trying to do work for which they have not been trained, but which they can do most of them. If there is shown patience on the part of those that know, who can teach an unskilled man to become a skilled worker." "Many human mistakes have been fitted into right grooves wherein they not only could run smoothly, but could and did produce gratifying results. In other words, either by the discovery of latent ability brought out sometimes by accident or on the advice of interested friends, they found themselves," were lifted out of the dump heap of life's discord into suitable aphere of usefulness and influence. "It costs good money in every industrial plant to hire and start men. They can be discharged in a moment of vexation by their foremen, and many potential industrial success has been given outside the gate who ought to have to do his bit, and many men become for the week, with average of 471 rivets each eight hours. While J. Miller was third with $5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, Train will leave Gloucester this morning at 5:30 on the return trip. The cars are called from Philadelphia for a five-cent fare. In has greatly relieved the congestion on the trolley road. fv IpttlV HUIIb'3 KUUMiU )HWB8OTCU' ' JJ-illllsW ,JJtL " fJMrWam'W'siJi'WJU jik j -w-ww-wawj r f . . . . a t MnBlinW fM TT5.vSiiiij; ' 1 IWUrwie -...' ' --..- 1 Res inol 3J the tested skin treatment r J- -ratte ses mw . .;iwfe84H!j&.-j eUv'-, j-.rali:iriattwcBg-gasa , "Rcsinol is what you want for your skin-trouble Rcsinol to stop I the itching and burninfe Resinol to lieul the trouble. This gentle l ointment has been ?o effective for years in treating cciema, ring worn, itching, burning rashes, and I torrs, that it has become a stand- 1 nrd skin treatment. It contains nothing thnt could irritate the i tenderest skin." i Your druggist Will also tell you that Resinol Ointment is excellent for relieving the smart, itch, and bifrn of mosquito-bites, .and insect stings. It soothes and cools skins burned by wind or sun. All deal ers sell Resinol Ointment. , Men who use Reainol ShnVlng Stick find soothing lotions unnccea mry. to Thirty 'a Week Finished at -""? torkship Village I nave Deen place on more man the bomm for the New York i workers at Vorkshlp Village If lower end of Camden They be finished at the rate of from Mo thirty each week, and by the 01 nrpiemuer, h la uninru. wn nait or tne nomes win pe r occupancy. there are zwo nomes to oe cd. but they will not be oc- - Ifore the streets, are la'd out It improvements nmsnea dv ine Camden, the work on which Is nached. Tne aoipDuuaing nrm tav the houses ready ao that (.ooupieo, oy vctooer. .i.v'il;'i'i i . i ." m l'S Tl- . .. Traced to an arbitrary head of department or leader or under foreman, "How necessary is the cooperation of foremen goes without saying, for in order to carry out such a scheme of conserving man-power, transfers to other work will have to take place, and when the respective foremen are willing to agree to such transfers being made, the writer has no doubt regarding the possibility of reducing the enormous figures of labor turnover, and the retention of hundreds of men who will be increasingly valuable with their length of service." PRIZES FOR SUGGESTIONS Merchants' Shipyard to Reward Employees for Useful Ideas "You will be paid for suggestions that will aid shipbuilding" Announcement in the foregoing Words has been posted in the Merchants' Shipyard, at Harriman, and probably at others. To the shipworkers it means opportunity to distinguish themselves in their work, and at the same time help them win the war. The men are to write in detail, if they wish to know the shipbuilding industry. MERCHANTS' SHIPYARD NOTES, SHIPYARD TRAINING DEPARTMENT GROWS Live Bits of News About Active Workers Miss Edith Cox, stenographer at the Merchants' Shipyard V. M. C. A., at Harriman, enjoys the boat trip to Wilmington, but she says if she had to go it alone it might be different. "Mike" Regan, Shipway No. 3, Merchants' yard, has been identified as one of the characters. In "One More American," a film shown at the yard, "V" re. Recently, the cupidity of the shipyard at Harriman's yard at Harriman's yard is a testament to the resilience of the shipyard. Men at the Merchants' Shipyard, Harriman, are doing their best to keep in the right path. John Helnecken, of the construction department, is expected to be neat. It is understood that the new and larger quarters needed for useful adjuncts to Chester Plant are needed for useful adjuncts to Chester Plant. The training department at the Chester Shipbuilding Company's plant has moved into new and larger quarters in the riggers' loft. This is where the men in the skilled branches gather now and then to boost their skill, also where the foreigners gather at times to tackle the various subjects that tend to Americanize them. A teacher, for example, takes his problem from the shipways right into the schoolroom and the men in charge of this instruction so over it with him and help him to solve it. Nothing could be more practical than these little clerks and caulkeis and others do all their studying in these rooms with their respective teachers right there to set them straight when necessary. F. R. Barrett, A. M. Fisher and A. K. Ritter instruct the shipfitters; T. V. Metzgerott and T. X. Haines, the pipe fitters; Thomas Keating, the riveters; J. B. Pegg, the Electricians, and W U. Williams, the chlppers, and caulkers. The training department is under the direction of J. W L. Hale, who is assisted by J. F. Scheckler and W. B. Schulze. The night school is in charge of F H Baker, Jr. Here the foreigners of a. Most every nationality takes their lessons in English and other subjects. Cooperative plans are gone over with J.H. Loughran, the Instructor in charge of this section, who is assisted by William M. Bailey. Dredges Working in Schuylkill Dredging operations to deepen the channel of the Schuylkill River to a mean low water depth of thirty feet are now in progress between the mouth of the river and Passyunk avenue bridge, under the supervision of United States Water for Lawns. Water for Munition Factories THERE IS NOT ENOUGH FOR BOTH The water works cannot meet the present demand and war work in factories and munition plants is being hampered. If you are a true American, you will stop all waste of water and all unnecessary use. LUXURY vs. PATRIOTISM ?h 8hU H WjTMmh$M?, Iff :i ky HD MULIICr KVW1HSSJ SI. MVMV ... ". m '...k.....L&. i intra? mm Jf" acxai Rtre sa t"S";T 2. | 34,450 |
lightnaturepurs00bartgoog_21 | US-PD-Books | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | The light of nature pursued | None | English | Spoken | 8,107 | 10,066 | 2. Yet it still remains a question whether we ought to satisfy ourselves^ much less can please everybody even with this last definition ; fur it may be asked. What merit is there in following the bent of inclination or torrent of example when they chance to carry us in a right course ? Does not the province of virtue lie solely in controlling the passions and surmountmg difficulties ? at least, is she not stronger and more conspicuous in the con- quest of an adversary than when she has none to contend with ? When we see a man bear slfmder and reproadi with a becoming patience, does it not heightai our opinion of him to hear that he was of a warm violent temper, bred up in a country remarkable for being choleric Bnd testy ? Remember the story of Zopyrus, the physiognomist, who, pretending to know people's characters by ihar faces, some of Socrates' scholars brought him to their master, whom he had never seen before, and asked him what he thought of that man. Zopyrus after examining his features pronounced him the most debaudied, lewd, cross-grained, selfish old feUow he had ever met with : upon which the company burst out a laughing. Hold, says Socrates, do not run down the man ; he is in the right, I assure you : for I was all he sajrs of me by nature, and if you think me otherwise now, it must be because I have in some measure corrected my nature by the study and practice of philosophy. Now does not this story manifest a higher pitch of virtue in Socrates than he could have attained had his stars be- mended him with the happiest turn of constitution ? To these queries I shall answer, there is a particular species of virtue, which we may call the habit of following the dictates of judgment in pre- ference to the impulse of fiEmcy or appetite, and therefore may well enough fall within our definition, and if it were possible to be attained in full per-, fection would subdue all other desires, so that it could not then consist in opposition, having none to struggle against. As old Gripe said to his son, my boy, got money ; if you can, honestly ; howerer, get mon^ : so would I say to anybody that wiU hear me. Acquire good qualities by your desire of rectitude, if you can ; however, acquire tbem. Yet notwithstanding what I have been saying here, I think we ought to make the love of rectitude our principal care, to strengthen it as much as in us lies, and keep it in continual exerdse by rectifying the frailties of our nature and turning those incUnatioiis that still point towards an im- proper object. 3. The stoics, as far as I understand of them, would allow none other virtue besides this of rectitude : therefore they held all exercises of virtue and all offences equal and alike, robbing an orchard as criminal as breaking open a house or betraying the most important trust. For they said that right action without regard to consequences being the sole proper object of doire, so that the wise man would not forbear housebreaking out of fear or shame or because it hurt his neighbour or any other consideration, except because it was wrong, every departure from this rule showed a want of such desire or at least an influence of other desires : he that quits his rule of right to steal a cauliflower, shows that he has not an abhorrence of wrong-doing purely as such, therefore when he travels the right road it is by accident, and if he abstains from robbing a house there must be some other motive that withholds him. I think diis doctrine of the equality of crimes is now quite out of doors, and therefore we need not trouble our- selves any further about it. But they held some other tenets that we still hear of now and then, as that virtue is good in itself and only desirable, that it is the ultimate good, making the possessor invariably happy ; and 1 think some of them denied that it could be acquired, but must be im- planted by nature, or that the party possessing it could ever lose it. 4. As to the unaoquirableness of virtue, this somewhat resembles Whit- field's day of grace, which being not yet come or being once past, no man can attain to righteousness. But if we look back upon human nature, there will appear no colour to suppose ourselves bom with an idea of right or that it ever comes upon us at once. Our senses first put us in action, and upon observing what objects please them we get a desire of those objects : in our fur&er progress we find it often necessary to make long preparation for obtaining the things we desire, but the measures we take sometimes succeeding and sometimes failing, we learn by observation to , form rules (or our conduct, and thence get the idea of right, by which we understand no more than that such a measure will lead us surely to any purpose we have at present in view : thus if we would obtain the fevour of t3rrants, obsequiousness and flattery may be the right way. But this is not rectitude considered as a virtue, which we know nothing of until having experienced that our desires thwart one another, that it is expedient to restrain them, and that the exercise of such restraint in adherence to the dictates of judgment meets with commendation from others and the appro- bation of oar own breast : we then look upon the Honestum as a mark directing us to what will conduce most to our happiness, and at length as an object of immediate desire ; and when this view appears in the highest pitdi of colouring imaginable, and becomes steady so as never to vary nor Digitized by VjOOQIC 218 VIRTUE. fade, then, ii ever the case happais, I conceive a man completely possessed of the virtue of rectitude. Thus we see the desire of Honestum is a trans- lated desire, drawn originally from oar odiers l^ a prudent regard for die greater ntui^er of them in preference to any particular one that may solicit at present. Nor can it be doubted without contra^Bcting experience, that a man's progress in virtue may be qui<dEened by instructioQ, eidiortation, example, and his own industry, or that after hairing in some measure attained it he may receive further improvement by the same means. There may be a particular time wherein virtue first mamfeats ha-sd£, and so there is in the manifestation of most other habits and aeqiiirementt. If you oon* verse every day with a man from his beginning to learn any art or language, you will become able in some one moment to pronounce lum a master of it : yet for all that, his skill was growing gradually all along from hia first entrance upon the rudiments ; nor perhaps did he make a larger progress in that day when you took notice of it than in any other before, or thim he will do again by further use and practice afterwards. And as we gain habits by use so we may lose them again by disuse : therefore it is a very dangerous position which some have maintained dxat the saint can never sin ; it were mudi safor to take Saint Paul's caution. Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall. 5. Whether virtue be good in itself may be determined by 'referring to the last chapter but one, wherein it appears that satisfaction, the only in* trinsic good, Jies in our perceptions : action is only good as it applies die proper objects for raising those perceptions, and virtue, which is a habit or disposition of mind, is good only as it leads into sndi actions; so that virtue stands two removes from the summum bonom. There are some pleasures fully contenting the mind 'which come upon us by the operatioti of external (Ejects without any care of our own to procure tiiem : if we could have a continual and uninterrupted supply in tlus manner we should have no use for volition at all. and were our •appetites so rightiy set as to put volition upon everything most beneficial for us we should have aa little use for virtue, whi6h is good for nothing else but to rectify the dis- orders of our nature ; but that is enough to make its velae inestimi^le though not intrinsic. But it will be said, there is a satisfootion in the very exercise of virtuous actions : this I grant ; but then it must be to those who have a taste for virtue ; and there is the like satisfaction in gratifying every other taste. The virtuoso finds it when catching a curioos buttei^, the proud finds it when flattery soothes his ear, the covetous when driving an advantageous bargain, the vindictive when taking mgasures to satiate his revenge. Perhaps you will say there is a secret misgiving and compano- tion attending the performance of unwarrantable actions : I believe there would be in you or me, because I hope we have sotaie seeds of virtue in.ns; but the consummate villain, who has none of these, foela no remorse to embitter, no reluctance to lessen, the pleasure of any wickedness his viciom inclinations prompt him to ; so then in this respect he has the advantage of us. But it is the foirest way to compai-e both parties in those instances wherein they gratify their respective desues. If you and I can. 6. Were virtue the ultimate and only desirable good, she would have nothing dse to do besides conterai^ting her own beauties : she could never urge to action ; because action must proceed upon a view to some end, and if that end were not desirable the action were nugatory ; but such contem- platicm is so far from being our only good that one may question whether it be a good at all, I grant the satisfaction fdt in acting right makes one conmderable part of virtue's value, but then it must be such as arises spon- taneoudy, not forced upon the thought. Should a man do nothing all day long but reflect with himself. How I love rectitude ! how happy am I in the posiBCSsion of virtue ! you would hardly think the better of hu character for this practice. Sudi contemplations as these, I hat thrice a week, I pay tithe of mint, annise, and cummin, I give alms of all I possess, are more likely to engender spiritual pride and bring mischief upon a man than to prove hk virtue or insure his happiness. Bendes, the confining virtue to the satisfaction of possessing her destroys her very essence, whidi consists in the efficacy she has to set us upon exerting our active powers, which cannot move without an aim at something better to be had than gone with- out : and when the good man enters upon an undertaking, though the satis- facticm of doing right might urge him to resolve upon it, yet our capacities are too narrow to admit df his carrying this reflection throughout ! when he comes to the performance he will be too busy in pursuing his measures to think of anything else ; but must fix his desire trtyoi time to time upon the several objects as he goes akmg. He reaps none other benefit from the rectitude of his design, during ys engagement in the execution of it, than that his oonsdence does not check, nor his moral sense disturb him, which is a mere negative benefit. flames, but miut arise upon some other account. I would not willingly drop a word to abate our love of virtue, for I think it cannot glow too strong, so long as we preserve it pure and genuine : but you know I have distin- guish^ between love and fondness. Let us not then be so fondly enamoured with our mistress as to allow nothing valuable elsewhere, for there are other objects desirable previous to her recommending them : nay, she her- self would never have become desirable had it not been for them ; for why should I ever desire to do right, or whence come by a satisfaction in so doing, unless from a persuasion that it is better for me, that is, productive of more good, to act right than wrong ? 7. We will now examine whether virtue will make the possessor com- pletely and invariably happy ; or, in modem language, whether of the two kinds of evil, ph3rsic»l and moral, the latter alone be really such, and the former only in imagination. For my part, I can see none original evil, be- sides the physical ; were there none of that in nature there could be no such thing as moral evil, for we could never do amiss if no hurt could ever redound from our actions, either to ourselves or anybody else. Could you steal a man's goods without endamaging his property, without depriving him of somethmg useful, without taking off the restraint of honesty from your own mind, or shaking the authority of those rules which keep the world from disorder and confusion, why need jrou scruple to do it? Were it possible to murder a man without pain, without abridging him of the enjoy- ments he might expect in life, or might assist in procuring for other people, and without setting an example that might occasion the murdering of others not so circumstanced, where would be the immorality of the deed ? But since these are wild and impossible suppositions, and that moral evil con- stantly leads some way or other, directly or remotely, into physical, there- fore it is an evil most strenuously to be avoided. 8. The question we are now upon commonly produces another, namely, whether pain be an evil, or only rendered so by opinion : because it being never pretended that virtue woidd exempt a man from all pain, while this remained an evil, she could not perform her engagement to insure him per- petual happiness. In the first place, let us observe that pain appears an evil to young children, before they can be supposed to have contracted any erro- neous opinion, so there remains no doubt of its being sometimes an evil not of our own making ; and if we may afterwards render it harmless, merely by thinking it so, then it will follow that we can change the nature of things by our opinion of them, which surely no philosopher will assert. The truth seems to be, that we may sometimes help ourselves against the pungency of pain, not by pulling out its sting, but by turning it aside from us. It was observed at the dosfc of the chapter of sensation, that our frame is of a very complicated texture, the influence of objects passing through many stages before they arrive at ^e seat of perception, where only they can aflect us : now if pam can be stopped in any part of its passage, we shall receive no hurt from it. The mind sits retired in kingly state : nothing external, not even the bodily organs, can approach her, but they deliver their message to die mental organs, and if ih&Be officers do not transmit it to the royal audience, it is the same as if never delivered. But the mental organs do not stifle messages out of wantonness, they only drop them when engaged by something else picked up in the flEunily : therefore when painful sensationB do not gall; it is by means of some other idea occupying our notice, and sheltering us from their sharpness. Certain it is, we can all upon occasion support a 'small degree of pain without uneasiness : young lacUes will bear Digitized by VjOOQIC VIRTUE. 2-21 it for their shape, a beaa for the neatness of his foot, a common labourer for his sustenance ; sometimes diversion will beguile it, business luU it asleep, fear banish it, revenge despise it, wilfulness, eagerness after pleasure, or the love oi rectitude, overpower it. In like manner, affliction may be rendered easy by suggesting topics of con- solation, or encouragements for enduring it, or diverting the thoughts into another diannel. But it does not prove a burden not galling in its own nature, because you can shrink away your shoulder from it, or thrust in something soft between : and while yon can thus keep off the pressure of the burden, it is no wonder you are of opinion it is easy. Therefore we may admit it true that pain is no evil to those who do not think it so, be- cause they think it none who do not feel the smart : but opinion must follow fact, and cannot make it ; nor can you alter your opinion, without an ap- pearance, at least, of evidence, but merely by willing it. However, it may be c^ excellent service to entertain a good opinion, if you can, beforehand, for nothing like a strong assurance to help us in exerting our strength for i4>plying the proper means to relieve ourselves : when Virgil said of his com- petitors for the naval prize, that they could because they thought they could, he did not mean that success was nothing more than opinion, but ^t their confidence spurred up their activity to a higher pitch than they could ever have raised it without. If any man can attain so ardent a desire of rectitude as shall overbalance all attadcs of pain, it is happy for him ; but he may allow us, who have not such an efiectual remedy in store, to call it an evil : and if he can master it so fiBur as to keep it from stinging him, yet I suppose it will require his whole efforts, so that he will have none to spare for other occasions wherein he would wish to employ them, and in this light it deserves some bad appellation : let him choose his term to express it by. 9. The desire of rectitude, like other translated desires, cannot subsist without continual exercise in actions tending to the gratification of it : therefore virtue alone, how completely soever possessed, cannot insure hap- piness; as being unable to insure its own continuance without the concur- rence of fortune supplying (^portunities of exerting it, which are the food necessary for keeping it alive and vigorous. This probably induced some of the most extravagant zealots for virtue to maintain the lawfulness of suicide, when fortune was so averse that there was no sustenance for virtue to be had. And even in its most flourishing state, it gives more or less delight in proportion as things fall out well or ill : for how much soever the virtuous man may comfort himself under disappointment of his endeavours to serve his neighbour with the reflection that he had done his best, yet I suppose he would have been still better pleased had the success answmd his inten- tion : and if he sees a distress he knows not how to relieve, will he not feel an additional joy upon the proper means being put into his hands ? Could he say to any one imploring his assistance, Ijook ye, friend, I'll do my best to serve you, because it is right, but I do not care twopence whether you reap any benefit from my services or no : were he capable of saying this, it is hard to conceive how he could have any spice of benevolence, and as hard to conceive, how without benevolence his virtue could be complete. So that were there two persons alike consummately virtuous, the one destitute of all materials or abilities for doing good to mankind, the other amply pro-. Digitized by VjOOQIC 222 VIRTUE, vided with botii, tiuB latter would pass his life more hi^pily than the former. Besides, as we have remarked before, there are many right actions requisite for the sustenance and scqpport of nature, whereto we are prompted by appetite ; in these virtue has no conoem unless negatively to forbear re- straining us from them : if the moral sense does not check, if the demon does not warn, this is all that appetite desires, for she wants no assistant nor conductor ; and he mast be of an uncommon make, different from all other men, who will never eat when hungry, nor lie down when sleepy^ until urged by the motive of its being right. Now, during the performance of these actions, the virtuous man must be happy, or else he woidd have gape in his hairiness, whidi it would be wofrd heresy to allow ; but during such performance, he receives no benefit from his virtue, her influence being 8uiq>ended, for he does the same and feels the same as the sensualist : tiierefore he is beholden in part at least to na- ture for his happiness in giving him appetites, the sources of these enjoy- ments, and to fortune for supjdying him wi^ materials for satisfying his appetites. 10. But how mighty matters soever may be justly ascribed to perfect virtue in the highest idea we can form of it in ^peculation, I fear such per- fection is not attainable among the sons of men : the highest pitdi we can rise to will not set us above all approach of evil ; pain mH gall, labour wiU fatigue, disappointment will vex, affliction will torment, when they cannot overcome us ; so that we owe more of our enjoyment to nature and fortune than to virtue. There are people with a very moderate porticm of virtue^ no more than just to keep dear of turbulent passions and destructive vices, who, being placed in an easy situation of life, pass it more agreeably than others of far superior merit, forced to struggle perpetually with disease, poverty, contradiction, and chstress. Much less will it qipear upon an im- partial survey, that every man's share of ei^yment in the world bears an exact proportion to the measure of his virtue. Nor yet do the strongest instances of virtue prove alwa3rs the scenes of greatest enjoyment : for we must remember that uneasiness sets our activity at work as well as satis- faction, and the love of right sometimes operates by the uneasiness of de*' parting from it. If we have desires which we cannot banish from our thoughts urging us strongly to do wrong, but the moral sense threatens with shame, remorse, and mischief, it acts as an obhgation, laying us under a necessity of fulfilling it : and we have shown in the j^raper plaee that necessity always throws the mind into a state of aneasmess. For aught I know this might be the ease of Regulus. I would not detract from his merit, nor pretend to dive into the exact situation of his thoughts ; there- fore shall suppose what I conceive possible in theory, that he might feel so strong a satisfaction of mind as overbalanced the pain of the tenters. But suppose another person, not quite so happily disposed, yet he might have a violent abhorrence of infamy, sdf-reproadi, and breach of foith, and the uneasiness of falling under what his soul i^)hoiTed might prevail upon him to undergo any torments for escaping it : he might still expect un- easiness in the tentered cask, neverthdess, might choose it as the lesser evil, and in so doing he would act right, and what all men of honour and probity would applaud him for ; yet this less evil remains still an evil, and he, while under it, in a state of suffering. Nor is it a just inference, that whatever all wise men approve, and the moral sense cleariy reconmiends, must necessarily be an act of enjo3nnent ; for wise men and the moral sense regard the whole of things, therefore will recommend a present diminution Digitized by VjOOQIC VIRTUE. 223 of hiqipiDeas, for a greater incretae of it to be obtained thereby. We may BometiiiieB fortify ourselTeB against pain and self-denial by the dread of in- fiuny or compunction, and holding the force of om* obligations strongly in view* when we cannot raise an immediate satisfaction in onr proce^hng : therdfore, it is for the interests of Tirtne that we should, npon occasion, pot oorselTes into the iron hand of necessity; she will pinch ns sorely while she has ns imder her dutdies, and all that time we shall be very virtuoos, and yet very uneasy. 3 1.. Thus we see that virtue cannot secure us nninterrupted enjoyment, Sotr there are other causes contributing to procure it ; but tiiough the oon- ditign of me^i does not always answer to their degree of virtue, yet I con- ceive every particular man will be more or less happy in proportion as he acts vight. Life has been oompln^ to a game, and we know the cards will bcait anybody, bat be that plays them carefnUy will do more with the same cards than another who throws diem out at random. The gifts of nature, education, and fortune, are the cards put into our hands : all we have to do, is to manage tiiem well by a steady adherence to our judgment. Tlierefore virtue, taken in tiie largest senae, ae including every right oon-. duct, as well upon smaU as great occasions, may wdl be styled Sie only thing desirable, bs drawing fdl other good things in our power after it ; for &ugh fhere be oth^ers valuable, yet Seek ye rigfateousness first, and aU these shdQ be added unto ye. In common- language, a thing is called de- sirable for its consequences ; therefore this, on which all good consequences we can procure dep^d, may well deserve that epithet : we may have other deffires, but they need be only sudi as arise of their own accord, or the pre- sent occasion requines, but upon this alone it behoves us to take pains in fixing our desire, because it will direct ns to encourage or restrain our other desires as shall be most for our benefit And HungB are said to be good in themselves, when they have a natural tendency to our advantage, withont Teg»rd to reward or pleasure, or other adventitious benefits attend- ing them ; so virtue may be termed good in itself, although bringing no honour nor profit, nor anything else we desive, because it wiU lead us into a right behavionr most oondoc^e to purposes we shall hereafter desire, and formsh ns with pleasing reflections that will abundantly repay the trouble we are At in porsuing it. In like manner, Happy, in vulgar expectation, as when Milton pronounced the sleeping pair happy, does not stand confined to die instant time of speaking, but like an estate whidi denominates the owner rich, dunigh at present quite low in pocket, it relates to the whole stock of ei^oyments belonging to a man. lHus virtue, which we may look npon as an estate, yielding an income of happiness, may well entitle the possessor happy, aldiou^ the rents may not happen just now to come in : and» as a man, having his aH, amounting to a hundred pounds, in his pocket, would be gkd to exchange oondition widi one of large fortune whom he finds at a distance from home without ready money or credit ; so a pmdent man, deficient in virtue, would think it a haf^iness to be placed in the oondition of- oac possessing it in an eminent degree, diough at that time not in a state of enjoyment. pier to receive an injury than to do one : but, as some of his followers, ancient and modern, men of deeper thought than judgment, have strained them to an extravagance, I was willing to endeavour restoring them to their proper and genuine signification. Hiis is one of those transmutations spoken of in the introduction, whereby valuable and excellent truths, which have been debased into error and fedsehood, may be transmuted bade again into their original sterling. 12. I apprehend several advantages accruing horn our resting the merit of virtue upon this true and sohd basis, its usefulness : for if you talk of an essential and independent goodness, few can discern it ; if you appeal to the judgment of the wise, many think themselves wiser ; if you tell them that every act of virtue affords greater immediate enjoyment than the practice of vice, they will not believe you, nor do I know how they should, as it contradicts their experience ; so you will have your principle to battle for, before you can deduce anything from it. But we proceed upon a pos- tulatum that will readily be granted, for nobody can deny that he had ra^er have his desires gratified than crossed : we need only exhort men not to forget tiieir absent friends, nor to neglect such desires as they may have at another time, for the sake of one or two at present uppermost in their thoughts : so the door stands open before us, and we shall be willingly admitted to go on in showing the necessary connection of virtue with gra- tification. A second benefit of referring virtue to use is, that it helps us to rectify our notions of it, to interpret our rules, and teaches us whidi of them to prefer when they appear to dash : for our moral sense, though the best guide we have, is not always to be trusted ; education, custom, preju- dice, and human frailty, will sometimes set it to a wrong point, and when suspidons of this kind arise, there is no surer way of trying the justness of them than by examining whether the courses we find oursdves prompted to tend more upon the whole to the increase or diminution of happiness. Many of our rules may be understood variously, but when this is Uie case, that construction, whidi appears evidently the most condudve to general convenience, ought to be chosen as the truest : nor is it scarce possible to apply a rule always properly, or know what circumstances require an ex- ception, without understanding the drift and design of it : and when two of them interfere, we can never determine the prdference so wdl as when we can cleariy discern which of them it would be most dangerous to break through. For a third advantage of frequently tracing out the good conse- quences of virtue, we may reckon that it will give us a better liking of her, and greater confidence in the rules she dictates ; for by consideration and continual observation of their tendency, we shall often discover an expe- dience we could not at first descry, and shall more readily entertain an opinion of the like expedience in other cases where we cannot discern it. AVhatever practices have the general approbation of mankind or our moral sense urges ns earnestly to, Uiough seeming needless or inconvenient in our present apprehension, will then carry a strong presumption, suffident to persuade us of their being beneficial, and we shall pursue them by de- sire, not necessity ; that is, not as an obligation but as our interest This seems the readiest way to conduct us to a love of virtue for her own sake, for having once gotten our thorough confidence and esteem, wherever she appears she will become our ultimate point of view, which we shall follow without looking for anything bejrond^ and this we may do without siqiposing her the ultimate end of action, for we have seen before that these two are often different. Digitized by VjOOQIC 225 CHAP. XXX, PRUDENCE. I GAYS warning in the introduction, that I might •ometimes seem to shake the main pillars of morality, but should never do it, unless when I conceived them slid off their original basis, in order to restore them to a solid and durable foundation. I hope I have not been found failing of my promise; for though in the last preceding chapters, we have appeared sometimes to turn our backs upon rectitude, and take the gratification of every man's tastes and inclinations for our ultimate end, yet, at the dose of them, we have left virtue in a recommendable light sufficient to engage the attention of every reasonable person, as being justly entitled to be caUed good in itself, the one thing desirable, and capable of making the possessor happy, in the proper and genuine meaning of those expressions, when not strained to unwarrantable lengths, but understood as common sense would lead us to underdtand them. We have likewise endeavoured to ascertain the province of virtue, which does not extend to everything right ; for our appetites prompt us to many right things, the sensualist doing the same in some instances as the righteous: therefore, the office of virtue lies in watching over their motions and instigating to such right actions, from which our other inclinations would lead us aside. But this description of virtue being thought too general, your ethic writers have distinguished her into four principcd branches. Prudence, Fortitude, Temperance, and Jus- tice, which they caU cardinal virtues, from a Latin word signifying a hinge, these four being the main hinges whereon all inferior virtues and particular rules of conduct hang. The first of these in order they reckon Prudence, as being the chief, and, in efiect, comprehending the other three, which relate to the removing three certain obstacles in our nature most apt to dis- turb and stop us in the exercise of prudence. 2. Before we enter upon a particular consideration of this cardinal virtue, it will be necessary to observe, that there are two kinds of prudence which may be distinguished, as evils have been, into physical and moraL The former consists in knowing the best measures to be taken upon any occasion, and depends upon sagacity, quickness, and strength of parts, or upon experience, instruction, or the opportunities we have had of advancing our knowledge : this we may reckon a valuable endowment, but can by no means be ranked under any class of virtues, for we find it conspicuous in persons overwhelmed with yice and debauchery. But moral prudence, with which alone we have concern at present, consists in making the best use of such lights as we have, not in the number or clearness of tiiem ; for virtue lies scdely in the ri^t application of our powers, and may reside with those of the narrowest as well as the largest extent. Were a man wholly void of moral prudence, to be invested with it at once in the most eminent degree conceivable, he would not become a whit the more knowing for the acquisition : it is true, at the year's end, he might advance considerably in knowledge, because he would omit no opportunity of improving it, but he would not instantlv discern a single truth more than he did before, unless, perhaps, by dispelling the mists of some passion that might just then pre- vent him from taking notice of what he knew well enough already. VOL. I. Q Digitized by VjOOQIC 226 PRUDENCE. 3. If we survey the transactions of mankind, we shall find there is a dfs- cretion much more valoable than knowledge, as being more generally serviceable and carrying on the affairs of life more completely and clearer of mistakes. Your men of fine sense, having lost their common sense, get nothing by the exchange : they will work wonders sometimes in matters hs^ pening to suit their talents, but know not, or regard not, how to apply nor conduct them, or commit some egregious blunder that overthrows all the good they have done : they perform excdlent service under propel- direction, but plunge into some quagmire when left to themselves : they can give the best advice to others, but through dome whim or oddity let their own aflkirs run to ruin. On the other hand, we see persons of very moderate capacities, who, by a discreet management of them, pass their life with more comfort to themselves and credit among their neighbours, than others of far superior endowments. They know the extent of their talents, and do not aim at things beyond their reach. They regard the propriety of their design as well as of the measures of executing it ; no less carefully considering what they shall do than how they shall compass it. They attend to all the notices of dieir judgment, never fondly fixing upon any one point to the overlook- ing of others. They are ductile and flexible, never striving obstinately against the stream, but ready to seize every light that 6hall break in upon them, and to lav by their design or change their measures as occasion varies; yet steady to their purpose, so as not to waver with every sudden start of fancy. Willing to play a small game, rather than stand out, and always making some progress when they cannot run extraordinary lengths : yet not backward to quicken their pace and enlarge their schemes, when- ever they find it safe and feasible. Their conduct is uniform and consbtent throughout : if they cannot perform great undertakings, what they do is complete and free from fatal mistakes, one of which may do more mischief than a great deal of sagacity and diligence can afterwards repair. 4. Now this discretion discoverable iti the ordinary behaviour of some persons is not the moral prudence we seek after, yet seems to be the root giving birth to it, and communicates its own complexion and flavour to the fruit : for persons having practised this happy manner of proceeding in the common affairs of life, wUl follow the same when they come to have an idea of virtue ; they will use their whole understanding, regard all the rules of rec- titude, and proceed upon a judicious love, not a fanciful fondness for virtue, regarding all her interests so as to hurt none of them by too eagerly pur- suing others. It i? a virtue, says Horace, to escape vice, and the first step to wisdom is made by getting clear of folly : and we know where else it is recommended not to confine our eyes so closely to what things we ought to have done as to overlook what things we ought not to have left undone : therefore they will be more solicitous to avoid acting Mrrong, than to act remarkably right, nor think that the omission of common duties can be cona- pensated by works of supererogation. I do not say that moral prudence is incompatible with great accomplishments; on the contrary, it will im- prove them to the utmost, employ them most usefully in services whereto they are fitted, and appears most conspicuous in the management of them : nevertheless it may subsist without them, or be wanting where they abound, being a distinct quality of itself. It does not always accompany the most glowing zeal, nor give birth to the most shining performances : as Horace says, we may pursue virtue too intensely, that is, when we pursue her with passion, not with judgment. It is not the disquisitions of the closet, excel- lent discourses, or profound speculations upon the nature of right and Digitized by Google PRUDENCE. 227 wrong, nor yet single acts, how exemplary soever, bnt the general tenor of a man's t;ondact that denominates him Tirtuoos. Inmost common instances it is easy to see at a glance what is the best step to be taken, the diaracters of our duty being printed so large, that he that runs may read them : and if men would use themselves constantly to follow their present judgment, when d^ and vivid, they would make greater progress towards rectitude than by any other exercise of their faculties whatsoever. 5. It is not easy to pronounce upon actions, or distinguish precisely, when they proceed from the virtue of prudence, and when not ; for we have seen the rectitude of actions consists either in their condncivenes to the purpose intended, or in thc^ conformity to rule : but men sometimes act very right upon wrong principles* cnr adhere to their rule, because no temptation starts up in their thought to draw them aside : in neither of which cases ^ir pru- dence can be inferred from their acting prudently ; for tfadr taking the right course is luck rather than virtue. Nor are we complete judges even of our own prudence, because having no better method of estimatmg it than by re- flecting back npojk our past conduct, we cannot retain in mind the secret motives that may have actuated us, much less tell what unlucky turn of ima- gination might have led us another way. Therefore, as I said before, we may judge best of ourselves or others from the general tenor of conduct, rather than from any particular parts of it how shining soever. Yet this will not insure us against mistakes, for our leading principle or ruling passion, as it is called, which gives the general turn to our actiotis, may have been inculcated by others, or taken up upon hazard, and we been led by good fortune into a right course of behaviour, without having ever exaihined whether it had that tendency, or.dLscemed the reasonableness whereon it was founded. 6. Neither is it an easy matter to settie the exact idea of this cardinal virtue we are speaking of, so tiiat we may know what to look for when we go to pass our judgment. It is not knowledge, nor acuteness of parts, nor deamess of understanding, nor largeness of information, nor goodness of principles instilled ; for it should l^ soteething entirely our own : but all these depend upon other causes. It inay seem, at first sight, to lie in the exercise of our reasoning faculties, because most of the miscarriages in life proceed from inconsiderateness and hasty determination ; but then it lies as much in quicknesa of following the lights ai reason, whenever they shine out dear : for to stand thinking whei^ we should be acting, or hunt after specu- lations when something lies ready at hand for us to do, were not mudi less imprudent than never to think at all. Since then it is so difficult to de- scribe, and when we seem to have laid our finger upon it stiU it dudes cur grasp, let us endeavour to place it in several lights, that, one may 6U|^ly what shall appear wanting in another. I concdve, then, prudence will enable him that has it completdy to keep the mental organs open and watchful, hearing the whispers of the moral sense amid the clamours of passion, and q2 Digitized by VjOOQIC 228 PRUDENCE. discerning the feeblest glimmerings of reason through the glare of fancy ; so that every object in the prospects glancing before him, whether the scene contain more or fewer of them, will be seen in its true shape, and his notice will instantly torn upon that which is most proper. For our doings being all made up of single momentary acts, volition perpetually foUowing &ie fresh ideas thrown up by imagination, must take their denomination from that of their component parts : therefore if the steps be prudently taken, the whole progress must needs be so too : but if they be not, we may still chance to steer the right course while nothing occurs to mislead us ; but our success will be owing to the goodness of our lights rather than to the soundness of our eye. Nor does this vigilance or openness of the mental eye depend wholly upon industry and the intense application of our optics : they help to improve it when deficient, or on the contrary may sometimes do hurt by confining it to one narrow point ; but when once acquired, it becomes a habit operating spontaneously, rather using application as an instrument to effect its purposes than wanting it as a spring to put itself in motion. Who- ever could attain this habit completely would never act in the dark nor at random ; for though his lights mi^t be faint, he would distinguish which of them were the clearest, he would find an opportunity for doing something in every situation of circumstances, and would discern what is feasible as well as what is desirable. It would direct him which of his several facul- ties to exercise, when to deliberate and when to execute, when to suspend his judgment and when suspension were needless, wh^i to exert resolution and when to comply with the occasion, when to bestir himself, and when to receive whatever ideas occur. In short, he would act with the same uni- form tenor throughout, as well in trifles as matters of importance, and though he might sometimes take wrong measures through ignorance, his every motion would be right with respect to his degree of knowledge or present information. 7. In another light we may consider prudence as a disposition of mind to regard distant good equally with present pleasure, estimating both accord- ing to their real not apparent magnitude : like the skill we have of discern- ing a grown person twenty yards off to be larger than a child sitting in our lap, although the latter take up more room in our eye. Nature first moves us by sensations of pleasure or pain: experience soon teaches us that pleasurable sensations will not always come of themselves, but we must do something to make provision for obtaining them ; hence spring our desires and passions. Upon further experience we learn that desire often leads into mischief, this gives rise to the moral sense admonishing to restrain desire when pointed the wrong way : but there being an ease in gratifying and a trouble in crossing it, the contest in these cases lies between expe- dience and pleasure, and to choose constantly the former is an effect of prudence. For as worldly prudence engages a man upon every occasion to improve his fortune rather than get a little ready money in hand, so moral prudence will incline him always to prefer that which is best before that which will immediately please his senses or gratify his desire or his in- dolence. 8. The third light wherein I shall endeavour to place our virtue is that of a readiness in foUowing the dictates of reason ; but by reason we must not understand here the act of reasoning ; for that, in many cases, might be im- prudent, but those treasures which we have shown elsewhere reason deposits in the storehouse of ideas, that is, such notices occurring from time to time to our judgment as were formerly the produce of carefid consideration, or Digitized by VjOOQIC PRUDENCE. 229 have been examined and approved thereby. The bare possession of these treasorefl renders a man more knowing and many times a more usefol mem- ber of the commonity> becanse the deed does the service, not the internal dispontion of the performer; but it is the readiness in following them instantly opon their appearance that constitutes him a perfectly prudent man. For our active power must take some turn every moment, and if the present judgment does not operate, the turn will be taken imprudently, though no damage may hi^pen to ensue. This readiness depends upon a happy cast of imagination, representing the dictates of reason as satisfactory ; for volition ever moves towards that point where satisfeurtion appears connected, and is not influenced by a conviction of the understanding until it becomes a persuasion too and an object of desire : therefore prudence is no more than a steady, .habitual deure of acting reasonably, generated by a thorough persuasion that in so doing we shall act most ^r our advantage ; for nothing else can give birth to such a desire, because all desires not natural must derive by translation from those that are. | 11,302 |
https://github.com/webiny/website/blob/master/src/components/why-webiny/webiny-unlocks/webiny-unlocks.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | website | webiny | JavaScript | Code | 163 | 454 | import React from "react";
import WebinyUnlocksSection from "./webiny-unlocks-section";
import numberOne from "../../../assets/why-webiny/number-one.svg";
import numberTwo from "../../../assets/why-webiny/number-two.svg";
import numberThree from "../../../assets/why-webiny/number-three.svg";
import numberFour from "../../../assets/why-webiny/number-four.svg";
import { OrangeText } from "./webiny-unlocks-section.styled";
const unlocksSectionData = {
title: (
<>
<OrangeText>Webiny unlocks</OrangeText> significant business benefits
</>
),
};
const tilesData = [
{
image: numberOne,
title: "Reduce infrastructure costs",
description:
"Cut infrastructure and operations costs by 60% to 80% compared to running on VMs.",
},
{
image: numberTwo,
title: "Scale when you need it",
description:
"Online sales, product launches, marketing events. Performant capacity that’s automatically provisioned when it’s most needed.",
},
{
image: numberThree,
title: "Streamline the creative process",
description:
"Have teams focused on what they’re better at. Engineering delivering new features, creators building amazing digital experiencies.",
},
{
image: numberFour,
title: "Future-proof",
description:
"A product that scales as you grow, and adapts to meet today’s and future needs.",
},
];
const WebinyUnlocks = () => {
return <WebinyUnlocksSection unlocksSectionData={unlocksSectionData} tiles={tilesData} />;
};
export default WebinyUnlocks;
| 9,199 |
https://openalex.org/W3200637627 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,021 | Circuits and Synapses: Hypothesis, Observation, Controversy and Serendipity – An Opinion Piece | Alex Thomson | English | Spoken | 18,045 | 31,076 | Circuits and Synapses: Hypothesis,
Observation, Controversy and
Serendipity – An Opinion Piece Alex M. Thomson* More than a century of dedicated research has resulted in what we now know, and
what we think we know, about synapses and neural circuits. This piece asks to what
extent some of the major advances – both theoretical and practical – have resulted from
carefully considered theory, or experimental design: endeavors that aim to address a
question, or to refute an existing hypothesis. It also, however, addresses the important
part that serendipity and chance have played. There are cases where hypothesis
driven research has resulted in important progress. There are also examples where a
hypothesis, a model, or even an experimental approach – particularly one that seems
to provide welcome simplification – has become so popular that it becomes dogma
and stifles advance in other directions. The nervous system rejoices in complexity,
which should neither be ignored, nor run from. The emergence of testable “rules”
that can simplify our understanding of neuronal circuits has required the collection of
large amounts of data that were difficult to obtain. And although those collecting these
data have been criticized for not advancing hypotheses while they were “collecting
butterflies,” the beauty of the butterflies always enticed us toward further exploration. REVIEW REVIEW
published: 16 September 2021
doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.732315 published: 16 September 2021
doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.732315 Keywords: neurone, axon, dendrite, neocortex, NMDA, transmitter, history *Correspondence: Received: 28 June 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Published: 16 September 2021 Received: 28 June 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Published: 16 September 2021
Citation:
Thomson AM (2021) Circuits and
Synapses: Hypothesis, Observation,
Controversy and Serendipity – An
Opinion Piece. Front. Neural Circuits 15:732315. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.732315 A number of scientists starting with Hooke, 1665 are credited with contributions to the theory
that living organisms comprise one or more cells; that the cell is the basic unit of life; and that cells
are derived from pre-existing cells. In 1838 Schwann extended the theory from plants to animals
and – based on the work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and many others – His (1887) and Forel (1887)
applied it to neurones – the neurone doctrine. However, when Cajal began to study the structure
of the nervous system in 1887, the central nervous system (cns) was widely believed to comprise a
diffuse protoplasmic network or reticulum (von Gerlach, 1871). Edited by:
Guanxiao Qi,
Julich-Forschungszentrum,
Helmholtz-Verband Deutscher
Forschungszentren (HZ), Germany Reviewed by: y
Dirk Feldmeyer,
Julich-Forschungszentrum,
Helmholtz-Verband Deutscher
Forschungszentren (HZ), Germany
J. Nicholas Betley,
University of Pennsylvania,
United States Cajal’s description of his first sight of cerebral cortex stained with Golgi’s method is explanation
enough for his dedicating the rest of his life to the study of the nervous system: ‘Against a clear background stood black threadlets, some slender and smooth, some thick and
thorny, in a pattern punctuated by small dense spots, stellate or fusiform. All was sharp as a sketch
with Chinese ink on transparent Japan-article. And to think that that was the same tissue which when
stained with carmine or logwood left the eye in a tangled thicket where sight may stare and grope for
ever fruitlessly, baffled in its effort to unravel confusion and lost for ever in a twilit doubt. Here, on
the contrary, all was clear and plain as a diagram. A look was enough. Dumbfounded, I could not
take my eye from the microscope.’ (Sherrington, 1935, quoting Cajal, 1899-1904; Mazzarello, 1999) *Correspondence:
Alex M. Thomson
[email protected] *Correspondence:
Alex M. Thomson
[email protected] Citation: ’ Golgi then introduced the ideas upon which the neurone
theory – as formulated by Waldeyer (1891) – is based: that the
neurone is an embryological unit; that the neurone – even in the
adult – is one cell; and that the neurone is a physiological unit. He
then continues: ‘From the whole of these facts, the neuronal doctrine of His
and of Forel, accepted by many neurologists and physiologists, is
derived as an inevitable postulate. However, it must be said that
some of the physiological inferences drawn... have been contended,
and naturally cannot be considered as unimpeachable dogmas. Present-day science... has not the right to foretell the future... We
cannot reject, a priori, the possibility that the inextricable forest
of the brain, the last branches and leaves of which we imagine
ourselves to have discerned, does not still possess some enigmatic
system of filaments binding the neuronal whole, as creepers attach
the trees of tropical forests. This is an idea which, appearing to us
with the prestige of unity and of simplicity, has exerted and still
exerts, a powerful attraction for even the most serene of spirits. True, it would be very convenient and very economical from the
point of view of analytical effort if all the nerve centres were made
up of a continuous intermediary network between the motor nerves
and the sensitive and sensory nerves. Unfortunately, nature seems
unaware of our intellectual need for convenience and unity, and
very often takes delight in complication and diversity.’ ‘... From the physiological point of view, the neuron theory
finds its most perfect expression in the so-called theory of
dynamic
polarization,
which
van
Gehuchten
(1891,
1908)
had already outlined, and which my distinguished colleague
Ramón y Cajal developed and supported in a most complete
manner.’ ‘The fundamental points of the doctrine may be summed
up like this: the transmission of nerve impulses is conducted
from the protoplasmic extensions [dendrites] and the cell body
towards the nerve extension [axon]; consequently, each nerve
cell possesses a receiving apparatus constituted by the body and
the protoplasmic processes, a conducting apparatus – the nerve
process – and a transmitting or discharging organ. The protoplasmic
processes should, therefore, act as conductors towards the cell body,
and the nerve process should act as a conductor away from it. Citation: September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 1 Synapses and Circuits Thomson Cajal (1906) began his Nobel Lecture, “The structure and
connexions of neurons,” the next day, by summarizing his early
work: Cajal (1906) began his Nobel Lecture, “The structure and
connexions of neurons,” the next day, by summarizing his early
work: Nearly 20 years later, On November 11, 1906, Golgi (1843-
1926), who had still not abandoned the Reticular Hypothesis,
began his Nobel Lecture (Golgi, 1906) entitled “The neuron
doctrine – theory and facts” – with gloves off: ‘We applied Golgi’s method, firstly in the cerebellum... and so on
of embryos and young animals, and our observations revealed,
in my opinion, the terminal arrangement of the nerve fibres. These fibres, ramifying several times, always proceed towards the
neuronal body, or towards the protoplasmic expansions around
which arise plexuses of very tightly bound and rich nerve nests. The pericellular baskets and the climbing plexuses, and other
morphological structures, whose form varies according to the nerve
centres being studied, confirm that the nerve elements possess
reciprocal relationships in contiguity but not in continuity. It
is confirmed also that those more or less intimate contacts are
always established, not between the nerve arborizations alone, but
between these ramifications on the one hand, and the body and
protoplasmic processes on the other. A granular cement, or special
conducting substance would serve to keep the neuron surfaces very
intimately in contact.’ [One of many perspicacious predictions
made by Cajal] ‘It may seem strange that, since I have always been opposed to the
neuron theory – although acknowledging that its starting-point is to
be found in my own work – I have chosen this question of the neuron
as the subject of my lecture, and that it comes at a time when this
doctrine is generally recognized to be going out of favour.’ ‘At a point of time that the results of black staining had hardly
started to become generally known, while I had already for about
10 years achieved results much better in terms of clarity than
those which had attracted attention elsewhere, the idea that cells
and nerve cells formed an anatomical unit became much more
acceptable to the mind in a far more objective way than that made
possible by previous studies. Citation: The author himself has successively, as one knows successively
modified his theory, either for adapting it to some particular
topographical arrangements of the point of origin of the nerve
process, or to harmonize it with data resulting from more intensive
studies....’ Cajal could, however, also be dogmatic and was not
consistently generous to Golgi and the other “anti-neuronists”: ‘...I shall therefore confine myself to saying that, while
I admire the brilliancy of the doctrine which is a worthy
product
of
the
high
intellect
of
my
illustrious
Spanish
colleague, I cannot agree with him on some points of an
anatomical nature which are, for the theory, of fundamental
importance...’ ‘... The irresistible suggestion of the reticular conception... (the form of which changes every 5 or 6 years) has led
several physiologists and zoologists to object to the [neurone]
doctrine... All their allegations are based on the findings
by incomplete methods showing far less than those which
have served to build the imposing edifice of the neuronal
conception.’ Before turning to Cajal’s defence of the neurone doctrine,
it is worth noting that Cajal would not – at least not as
quickly – have made the observations summarized in his
own lecture without Golgi’s silver staining method, or “black
reaction” (first publicized in 1873) – one that was severely
criticized for many years as being unreliable. The method
is unreliable – fortunately – since were it to stain every
neurone in a slab of tissue equally, it would be practically
impossible to distinguish any structure within it. It is also
conceivable that Golgi would not have shared the Nobel Prize for
Medicine or Physiology in 1906 had Cajal not used his method
so successfully. ‘... my recent researches... done with a more revealing process
than those used by the anti-neuronists, proves in the most
incontrovertible fashion the lack of foundation for the hypothesis
of the discontinuous development of nerve fibres.’ ‘Like many scientific errors professed in good faith by
distinguished scientists the link theory is the result of two
conditions: one subjective, and the other objective. Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org DALE’S HYPOTHESIS “Dale’s hypothesis” is another well known and popular example
of a statement that is cited frequently as a “law” [though
admittedly it is more commonly called a law in theoretical
and psychological, than in physiological or pharmacological
publications]. This “law” is supposed to state that every axon
terminal of a given neurone releases only one and the same
neurotransmitter. ‘The distinguishing feature of the spinal cord is the extreme
complexity in which the processes, dendrites and axons, of its
constituent cells are arranged; and we may infer that the special
powers of the cord are in large measure dependent on this
complexity. We may suppose, and indeed we probably must
suppose, that what takes place in a particular cell is determined also
by the intrinsic nature of the cell... for instance two impulses of a
like nature impinging on two cells by means of similar synapses
may produce in one cell an event of one kind, and in the other an
event of another kind (Foster and Sherrington (1897).’ We should, however, look first at what Sir Henry Dale actually
wrote: “It is to be noted, further, that in the cases for which direct
evidence is already available, the phenomena of regeneration
appear to indicate that the nature of the chemical function,
whether cholinergic or adrenergic, is characteristic for each
particular neurone, and unchangeable. When we are dealing
with two different endings of the same sensory neurone, the
one peripheral and concerned with vasodilatation and the
other at a central synapse, can we suppose that-the discovery
and identification of a chemical transmitter of axon-reflex
vasodilatation would furnish a hint as to the nature of the
transmission process at a central synapse? The possibility has
at least some value as a stimulus to further experiment.”
(Dale, 1934) ‘Nowhere
in
physiology
does
the
cell-theory
reveal
its
presence
more
frequently
in
the
very
framework
of
the
argument, than at the present time in the study of nervous
reactions.’ ‘...If there exists any surface or separation at the nexus
between neurone and neurone, much of what is characteristic
of the conduction exhibited by the reflex arc might be more
easily explicable. At the nexus between cells if there be not
actual confluence, there must be a surface of separation. Citation: The first is the
regrettable but inevitable tendency of certain impatient minds,
to reject the use of elective methods, such as those of Golgi and
of Ehrlich which do not lend themselves easily to improvisation;
the second is the exclusive application of processes simple and
convenient...’ September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 2 Synapses and Circuits Thomson Cajal also has a word of caution for those who criticize without
sufficient foundation: evidence of Wallerian secondary degeneration is clear in showing
that that process observes strictly a boundary between neurone and
neurone and does not transgress it. It seems therefore likely that the
nexus between neurone and neurone in the reflex-arc, at least in the
spinal arc of the vertebrate, involves a surface of separation between
neurone and neurone... ‘To sum up: from the entirety of the observations which we have
just shown, and from many others... the doctrine of neurogenesis
of His is clearly revealed as an inevitable postulate. We mourn
this scientist who, in the last years of a life so well filled,
suffered the injustice of seeing a phalanx of young experimenters
treat his most elegant and original discoveries as errors.’
Wilhelm His, who might conceivably have shared the prize
had he lived, had died in 1904 (See also López-Muñoz et al. (2006); Shepherd (2016). ‘In view, therefore, of the probable importance physiologically of
this mode of nexus between neurone and neurone it is convenient
to have a term for it. The term” introduced has been synapse.170”
(Sherrington, 1906, citing Foster and Sherrington, 1897).’ Nor did either Cajal or Golgi cite Sherrington’s demonstration
of antidromic conduction (1897) which might be interpreted
as contradicting the theory of dynamic polarization. However,
while not an attractive habit, not citing those who provide
evidence that conflicts with your own, or those who might
be credited with an earlier discovery or hypothesis, is not
unique: Sherrington had not cited William James (1890)
who proposed that nervous pathways always run one way –
from sensory cells to motor cells. As science becomes more
competitive (a horrible concept to apply to the pursuit
of
knowledge)
and
grant
awarding
agencies
and
“high
impact” journals demand “originality,” some of our peers
become increasingly disinclined to give due credit (unless
they think one of the authors will be reviewing their article
or application). Citation: Interestingly, neither Golgi nor Cajal mentions the concept
of the “synapse” as introduced by Charles Sherrington (1897,
1906), though it supports the neurone doctrine. Students are
recommended to read and learn from these articles. Sherringtom
did not call his ideas hypotheses, or doctrines, he simply
followed a train of thought founded upon his own ground-
breaking work and his understanding of the literature. His
insight was remarkable – if his arguments a little verbose: ‘...If we assume, and we seem to be entitled to assume, that each
filament arising as a division either of a dendrite, or an axon may
serve as the path of a separate nerve impulse, the constitution of
the grey matter may be regarded as offering opportunities for the
most complex dispersion of nervous impulses, that the impulse as
it passes... into the dendrite of another cell, starts. . . an impulse
having characteristics different from its own...’ ‘...The ganglion of the sympathetic system is somewhat more
complex since we have reason to think that the cells may have
much branched dendritic processes and that a nerve fibre entering
a ganglion may end by synapsis with one of the cells. But even this
falls far short of the complexity of the arrangements in the spinal
cord...’ Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL
TRANSMISSION? the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or
refutability, or testability.’ In brief, Karl Popper’s first four points
state that confirmations or verifications for nearly every theory
can be found – if we look for them, but that a “verification”
should only be accepted if the expected result would have refuted
the theory. A theory that could not be refuted by a feasible and
predictable observation or experiment is therefore “unscientific.” Eccles was soon propounding electrical hypotheses for both
central excitation (Eccles, 1945) and inhibition (Brooks and
Eccles, 1947; Eccles, 1947). For nearly two decades Eccles argued
that synaptic events were not mediated by chemical, but by
electrical transmission. By the early 1950’s, however, he had
accepted that synaptic transmission was chemically mediated –
at some synapses: first at the motor end-plate, then in several
autonomic ganglia and their end organs. During this period,
chemical transmission and the extraordinary work done by some
of our most talented scientists were frequently relegated to the
periphery – in more ways than one. In was, however, Eccles et al. (1954) who finally demonstrated that the axons of motoneurones,
which release acetylcholine at the motor end-plate, also release
acetylcholine from their collaterals to excite Renshaw cells in the
spinal cord. Dale had not raised his supposition to the level of a
“principle.” It was Eccles who coined the term “Dale’s Principle, ”
in that article. In the preface to his elegant monograph Mircea Steriade, an
equally fierce critic and loyal friend to those lucky enough to
know him, wrote: ‘The evolution of work on extremely simplified
preparations has reached the point where some investigators are
not shy to jump from single-cell properties to global brain functions,
such as arousal and sleep, paroxysmal events of the epileptic type,
and even conscious thinking’ (Steriade, 2001). It appears to have been Popper’s ideas that encouraged his life-
long friend, John Eccles, to continue to propose hypotheses and
to challenge the alternatives: “From 1945 onward I was deeply
under the influence of Karl Popper, who stressed the necessity
to formulate clear hypotheses and then test them by rigorous
experiment.” (Eccles, 1982). Sir John Eccles was possibly more
often and more spectacularly wrong than any life scientist before
or since. DALE’S HYPOTHESIS At the
nexus between efferent neurone and the muscle-cell, electrical
organ, etc., which it innervates, it is generally admitted that there
is not actual confluence of the two cells together, but that a
surface separates them; and a surface of separation is physically a
membrane...’ Dale made a supposition that could be invalidated by experiment;
one that could act as a stimulus to further experimentation. One
wonders whether Dale had the opportunity to read Karl Popper’s
“Logik der Forschung” (1933–4) circulating as a typescript at that
time. We will return to Popper soon. ‘... in the neurone-chains of the gray-centred system of
vertebrates histology on the whole furnishes evidence that a surface
of separation does exist between neurone and neurone. And the September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 3 Synapses and Circuits Thomson ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL
TRANSMISSION? However, along the way he collected an impressive
selection of honors, achieved a tour de force with the first
intracellular recordings from central mammalian neurones,
provided evidence in favor of chemical transmission at central
excitatory synapses, and finally refuted his own electrical “Golgi-
cell hypothesis” (Brooks and Eccles, 1947) of central synaptic
inhibition (Brock et al., 1952a,b). Eccles had not, however, accepted that central synaptic
inhibition was chemically mediated – not yet. Since, acetylcholine
and “a substance related to adrenaline” were the only accepted
neurotransmitters in mammals, to refute the suggestion that
central inhibition was chemically mediated it was sufficient
to demonstrate that neither was responsible for the reflex
inhibitions so elegantly demonstrated by Eccles’ mentor, Sir
Charles Sherrington. Moreover, a number of respected and
influential scientists agreed with him. Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org ELECTRICAL OR CHEMICAL
TRANSMISSION? they ‘appear to be able to explain practically everything that
happened within the fields to which they referred.’ While his
friends thought this constituted the strongest evidence in favor of
these theories, Popper believed it was their greatest weakness. His
preference was for theories that could – like Einstein’s “Theory
of Relativity” – be refuted by a single observation; an observation
that was well within the capabilities of astronomers at that time
(given a convenient eclipse): ‘... the impressive thing about this case
is the risk involved in a prediction of this kind. If observation shows
that the predicted effect is definitely absent, then the theory is simply
refuted.’ Dale’s work was central to the identification of pharmacological
tools that could aid the investigation of synaptic transmission. g
y
It is perhaps unfortunate that the tools then available were
largely limited to those that affect cholinergic and adrenergic
transmission. For example, John (Jack) Eccles challenged the
ventral root potentials elicited by dorsal root volleys in the
hemisected spinal cord of the frog with acetylcholine (ACh) and
prostigmine (a cholinesterase inhibitor) in vitro. On obtaining
negative results, he concluded: “these observations refute the
hypothesis that ACh mediates synaptic transmission in the frog’s
spinal cord.” And, assuming that his results constituted evidence
against any chemical transmission in the spinal cord, he went
further: “The present observations likewise accord with the
electrical hypothesis of transmission...” Popper later reformulated the ideas he had first considered
during the winter of 1919-20 in seven points, summarizing them
thus: ‘... the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or
refutability, or testability.’ In brief, Karl Popper’s first four points
state that confirmations or verifications for nearly every theory
can be found – if we look for them, but that a “verification”
should only be accepted if the expected result would have refuted
the theory. A theory that could not be refuted by a feasible and
predictable observation or experiment is therefore “unscientific.”
One wonders how many of the theories pertaining, for example,
to the basis of consciousness, that aging scientists sometimes like
to propose (safe in the knowledge that they will not be refuted in
their life-time), theories that will ensure lasting fame if supported,
would be deemed “unscientific” by Popper. Popper later reformulated the ideas he had first considered
during the winter of 1919-20 in seven points, summarizing them
thus: ‘... KARL RAIMUND POPPER AND
HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN RESEARCH Old habits die hard, however, and, having refuted one
hypothesis, the authors immediately postulated another, perhaps
equally unlikely hypothesis: ‘Since it may be assumed that
the resting motoneurone is in a steady state for potassium
and chloride, any alteration in the permeability to these ions
would have no effect on the membrane potential (Hodgkin,
1951). It would thus appear that the simplest explanation of the
hyperpolarization produced by an inhibitory transmitter substance
would be that it caused a net outward flux of sodium ions,
which most probably is attributable to stimulation of the sodium
pump.’ An announcement from the Physiological Society for this year’s
Rob Clarke Awards calls for project proposals that include a
hypothesis. It is not at all clear what they mean by this. Let
us turn to Popper who is often cited as the originator of the
concept of “hypothesis driven research.” In many ways he was,
but he was very precise in what he meant by it. He most certainly
did not favor investigations undertaken to provide support for a
hypothesis. Popper decried the enthusiasm his friends displayed
for the theories propounded by Marx, Freud and Adler because September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 4 Synapses and Circuits Thomson particularly worthy of our gratitude is Bernard Katz who also
joined AV Hill, in 1935. Of his mentor and the time he spent
working with him, Katz wrote: Refuting this hypothesis with the most obvious experiment –
blocking the sodium pump – would have posed significant
problems, both practical and in terms of interpretation. This
new hypothesis could however, have been challenged by further
reference to the article by Hodgkin, which he cites (Hodgkin,
1951): ‘Katz & I used the constant field theory of Goldman
(1943) to calculate the resting potential of Lolio (Hodgkin and
Katz, 1949)... Other evidence indicated that relative value of the
permeability coefficients was approximately: PK : PNa : PCl = 1
: 0.04 : 0.45, and a theoretical resting potential of 59.5 mV. was
obtained on this basis.’ ‘It was an outstanding piece of good luck to have been taken on as
an apprentice to A.V. Hill; it was the decisive influence on my life
and career... He was the person from whom I have learned more
than anyone else, about science and about human conduct... A.V. KARL RAIMUND POPPER AND
HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN RESEARCH on "The Mechanism of the Muscle." At the end
of his talk, a serious-looking elderly member of the audience got up
and asked disapprovingly what practical use the speaker thought
there was in his research. Professor Hill considered for a moment
whether he should enumerate the many cases in which immense
and obvious benefit to humankind had come from discoveries
and experiments that were made purely to satisfy the intellectual
curiosity of the investigator, but now I let him tell his own story: Popper’s fifth and sixth points largely expand upon the first four,
but his final point is worth repeating in its entirety: 7. Some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are
still upheld by their admirers – for example by introducing ad hoc
some auxiliary assumption, or by reinterpreting the theory ad hoc
in such a way that it escapes refutation. Such a procedure is always
possible, but it rescues the theory from refutation only at the price of
destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status. Dale’s supposition is an example. When evidence began to
emerge that some neurones release more than one transmitter,
the various statements derived from Dale’s original supposition
required only the addition of “or substances” to encompass the
new data. It was, however, a long time before some quite eminent
scientists accepted the evidence that, although they released the
same transmitter(s), not all terminals of a single axon behave in
the same way in other respects. However, once they had seen the
evidence in their own labs, they became new converts, happy to
claim what had once been heresy, as their own. y f
g
y
“To prove to an indignant questioner on the spur of the moment
that the work I do was useful seemed a thankless task and I gave
it up. I turned to him with a smile and finished, "To tell you the
truth we don’t do it because it is useful but because it’s amusing."
The answer was thought of and given in a moment: it came from
deep down in my soul... the newspapers next day... came out with
headlines "Scientist Does It Because It’s Amusing!" And if that is
not the best reason why a scientist should do his work, I want to
know what is.... KARL RAIMUND POPPER AND
HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN RESEARCH Hill was the most naturally upright man I have ever known... To be
associated with a man of his stature at a formative period of one’s
life is indeed a great gift of fortune’ (Katz, 1978). Many who had the opportunity to know Bernard Katz would say
the same of him. One brief story exemplifies both his humility
and his pleasure in accepting an intellectual challenge. In his
retirement, UCL provided him with a word processor on which
he was expected to write his memoirs. This task, it appears, did
not appeal, but in a shop in nearby Tottenham Court Road he
found a program that would play chess on the word processor
(chess had occupied many hours during his student days). Sir
Bernard was not seen at coffee for several days. Locked away
in his office he tackled the question: how many future moves
could the program compute? Having solved that problem – only
eight – he could beat it every time and returned, reluctantly, to
the lecture he was to give to the Physiological Society (Katz, 1986,
recommended reading). Although he fought his electrical corner long and hard, Eccles
was prepared to put his own ideas to the test (or at least to
try to refute alternative hypotheses) and, when the evidence
became overwhelming, to accept that alternative (Eccles, 1982). Not everyone is prepared to put their own hypotheses to the test. Eccles must, however, have enjoyed watching the accumulation of
evidence in favor of gap junctions between neurones. In 1982 he
wrote: ‘... the rejection of electrical transmission was correct for all
synapses in the controversy, but electrical transmission has made
a "come back," even in the vertebrate CNS, with the recognition of
a special type of synapse, the gap junction.’ By the time he died
in 1997 connexins had been identified in the brain, and their
involvement in brain development (e.g., Nadarajah et al., 1997)
and synchronization of neuroendocrine cells in parturition and
lactation (Micevych et al., 1996) had been proposed (Bennett,
1997; Bennett and Pereda, 2006, for commentary). Also typical, was the way in which he began his history of
neuroscience in biography, for the Society for Neuroscience some
10 years later (Katz, 1996): ‘In October 1924 my great friend and teacher, A.V. Hill, made his
first visit to America... The first evening after his arrival... he gave
a public lecture... KARL RAIMUND POPPER AND
HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN RESEARCH With this faith in the ultimate usefulness of all
real knowledge a man may proceed to devote himself to a study
of first causes without apology, and without hope of immediate
return.” Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org HYPOTHESIS-DRIVEN OR
OBSERVATION? Thus far, Fatt and Katz (1950a) had extended existing knowledge
by determining the electric charge that passes through the end-
plate membrane during the transmission of one impulse and had
thrown some light on the mechanism by which this transfer of
ions is brought about. However, no as yet formulated hypothesis
could have inspired them to drop what they were doing to
investigate “biological noise” (Fatt and Katz, 1950b, 1951). The 1952 article* (Fatt and Katz, 1952) suggests no theoretical
basis upon which the experiments might have been based;
no suggestion is made that the outcome could have been
predicted from any existing knowledge or theory. The brief
introduction simply reads: “The present study arose from the
chance observation that end-plates of resting muscle fibres are the
seat of spontaneous electric discharges which have the character
of miniature end-plate potentials. The occurrence of spontaneous
subthreshold activity at an apparently normal synapse is of
some general interest, and a full description will be given here of
observations which have been briefly reported elsewhere.” It was not hypothesis-driven research that had resulted in the
discovery of miniature end-plate potentials, or of the vesicles
that released the transmitter. It was observation, with an eye
trained to recognize what might be important, followed by
meticulous experimentation to explore the properties of what
had been observed. Chance had brought together those who
had the theoretical and technical expertise needed, when the
equipment required to study the phenomenon in sufficient detail
was available and at a time and in places where exceptional
minds were at work. *Note: It may be of interest to younger readers that at that
time, a publication in “Nature” was seen as a preliminary report,
the limited space available for the description of methods was
particularly decried. If a finding was to be taken seriously, the
rapid publication in “Nature” had to be followed by a full account
in a more “respectable” journal. Otherwise, it was assumed to
have been an incomplete, or unrepeatable result. THE “QUANTAL HYPOTHESIS” g
Katz returned to UCL in 1946, where, in the summer of
1948 Paul Fatt joined him. Armed with new technology and
glass microelectrodes (Graham and Gerard, 1946; Hodgkin
and Nastuk, 1949; Ling and Gerard, 1949) they began the
now legendary intracellular recordings from the motor end-
plate. Young scientists could still learn a great deal from their
meticulous analysis of the limitations of their technique and
equipment and the efforts they made to understand and mitigate
them (Fatt and Katz, 1951). It was undoubtedly this attention
to detail that allowed them to make – and to convince the
scientific community of – the discovery that was to change our
understanding of synaptic transmission for ever. del Castillo and Katz (1953) and Boyd and Martin (1956)
applied the “Quantal Hypothesis” to the neuromuscular junction
and then to spinal motoneurones (Katz and Miledi, 1962,
1963), attracting a number of suggestions as to the structural
elements that might underlie the release of discrete packages of
transmitter – “quanta”, but physiologists had to wait for electron
microscopists to reveal the membrane-bound vesicles clustered
close to the presynaptic membrane in a wide variety of axon
terminals – and to recognize them for what they were (Palade
and Palay, 1954, 1955; de Robertis and Bennett, 1955; Palay,
1956; Birks et al., 1960, and many others). One is reminded
of Ted Jones, friend and support to many, describing the
informal meetings in Oxford’s Department of Human Anatomy
in the 1960s, when recently printed micrographs were passed
around and ideas about what on earth they might be looking
at were discussed. Incidently, these early ultrastructural studies
also demonstrated that one of arguments against chemical
transmission – that the synaptic cleft was too wide to account
for the brief delays recorded – had been due to the failure of
silver impregnation techniques to label the entire presynaptic
terminal (Gray and Guillery, 1961). The synaptic cleft was not
1 µm wide – as silver staining of neurofibrils observed with the
light microscope suggested – but some 30 to 50 times narrower –
only 200-300Å in diameter. A HISTORICAL DIGRESSION In the 1930’s Germany’s loss became Britain’s gain, with
outstanding scientists like Marthe Vogt, Heinz Schild and
Wilhelm Feldberg who came to London to work with Dale at
the National Institute for Medical Research, Edith Bülbring, who
joined Joshua Burn’s department at the Pharmaceutical Society
of Great Britain (soon to become The School of Pharmacy) and
Hermann (Hugh) Blaschko who joined AV Hill at University
College London. Sir Henry Dale had inspired many physiologists
to study synapses and amongst them several émigrés. Perhaps In the prewar years Katz also collaborated with Alan Hodgkin
and Andrew Huxley at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, to
study action potential (AP) propagation and neuromuscular
transmission in invertebrates (eg. Katz, 1936, 1949). Just before
and during the early months of the war he worked on
neuromuscular transmission with Stephen Kuffler in Sydney,
before joining the Royal Australian Air Force, as a radar officer. Radar introduced him to the most up to date electronics,
an advantage shared by Andrew Huxley [radar control of Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 5 Synapses and Circuits Thomson anti-aircraft guns for British Anti-Aircraft Command] and Alan
Hodgkin [airborne centimetric radar system for Royal Aircraft
Establishment]. This and the sometimes unofficial acquisition of
military supplies, were to prove critical in future developments. Tiny currents, or changes in potential could be amplified,
displayed on a cathode ray oscilloscope and photographed,
instead, for example, of firing a smoked glass slide past a needle
attached to a galvanometer to record action currents. It is worth
noting that most notable physiologists were also competent-,
some often inspired, engineers. resulted from injury discharge at the nerve endings, paid little
attention. This underlines the point made earlier. Confidence
in your technique is vital, and not because you have acquired
the latest, shiniest piece of equipment or software, or followed
a protocol recently described by a giant in your field, but because
you have tested the ability of your system to record biological
events faithfully, under conditions that you and your peers can
understand – and reproduce. Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA With GABAA receptors blocked, the
division of simple cell receptive fields into “on” and “off” regions
was lost, orientation selectivity was reduced, while directional
sensitivity could even be eliminated. Inspired by this work and building upon the pioneering studies
of Barlow (e.g., Barlow et al., 1957) in retinal ganglion cells,
and Hubel’s preliminary studies in the lateral geniculate nucleus
(LGN), David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel began investigating the
receptive field properties of neurones in striate cortex (Hubel
and Wiesel, 1959). Just as the somatosensory cortex contained
a somatic map, visual area V1, appeared to contain a map of
the retina. The cortical cells were not, however, very responsive
to stimuli that would have activated retinal ganglion, or LGN
cells (light and dark spots). It was not until the shadow of the
edge of a slide being loaded into the projector happened to
pass through the receptive field of a cell near their electrode,
that a strong response was elicited. The dark edge was clearly
oriented appropriately for that cell. One wonders how many
times a slide was loaded, but the cell(s) near the electrode
failed to respond because they preferred a different orientation. Serendipity – without which orientation selectivity might not
have been discovered – had intervened once again. In his Nobel Lecture Hubel (1981) suggested that inhibitory
connections might be necessary to explain direction selectivity
in complex cells. He did not, however, cite Benevento et al., or
Sillito, but a study of retinal ganglion cells (Barlow and Levick,
1965). Similarly, although he cited Hendrickson et al. (1981) for
the periodic pattern of cytochrome oxidase staining in layers II
and III, he did not mention that they had also found glutamic
acid decarboxylase (GAD) positive axon terminals colocalized
with the cytochrome oxidase. Wiesel (1981) in what he did at
least call a biased account, did not mention inhibition at all. According to a PubMed search, Benevento’s 1972 article has been
cited fifty times and Sillito’s 1975 article 199 times, but not it
appears, by Hubel or Wiesel. In 1962, they presented a simple circuit that could explain
the orientation preferences of what they named “simple cells.”
They proposed that many lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells –
with approximately circular receptive field “on” centers and
“off” surrounds that are arranged along a straight line on the
retina – deliver excitatory input to a single cortical cell. INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA While
physiologists
and
pharmacologists
were
exploring
synaptic transmission in vitro, physiologists working in vivo
were discovering how elegantly the different parts of the body Katz had observed events like these miniature end-plate
potentials (m.e.p.p.s) in Kuffler’s laboratory while recording from
the surface of isolated muscle fibers, but, suspecting that they September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 6 Synapses and Circuits Thomson inhibition in motor control; the exquisite diversity of “short axon
neurones” described in neocortex long before by Cajal and many
others since; and the growing evidence that these were indeed
inhibitory neurones, many still considered cortical inhibition as
existing simply to prevent the generation of epileptiform activity. and different somatosensory modalities were represented in the
somatosensory cortex (Mountcastle et al., 1955, 1957). In 1957
Vernon Mountcastle wrote: “These data... support an hypothesis
of the functional organization of this cortical area. This is that
the neurons which lie in narrow vertical columns, or cylinders,
extending from layer II through layer VI make up an elementary
unit of organization, for they are activated by stimulation of the
same single class of peripheral receptors, from almost identical
peripheral receptive fields, at latencies which are not significantly
different for the cells of the various layers.” and different somatosensory modalities were represented in the
somatosensory cortex (Mountcastle et al., 1955, 1957). In 1957
Vernon Mountcastle wrote: “These data... support an hypothesis
of the functional organization of this cortical area. This is that
the neurons which lie in narrow vertical columns, or cylinders,
extending from layer II through layer VI make up an elementary
unit of organization, for they are activated by stimulation of the
same single class of peripheral receptors, from almost identical
peripheral receptive fields, at latencies which are not significantly
different for the cells of the various layers.” It was not until a decade later, that Benevento et al. (1972)
made intracellular recordings in striate cortex and found that
“...in many cells a striking quantitative change of inhibition was
seen when the orientation of the stimulus or the direction of
movement was changed...” This indicated that inhibition is also
orientation- and direction-sensitive. Adam Sillito (1975) then
demonstrated the effect of this inhibition. The GABAA receptor
antagonist, Bicuculline, applied iontophoretically modified the
receptive field properties of neurones in the cat striate cortex,
sometimes dramatically. INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA The
resultant receptive field of that cortical cell would be an elongated
“on” center, with “off” flanks of the same orientation. In that
model, reduced firing, when an inhibitory part of the receptive
field is illuminated, results not from inhibition in the cortex,
but from cessation of tonic excitation – the inhibition having
already occurred at a lower level, in the retina and/or LGN
(Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). No more need be added than to repeat the advice to young
academics given by two distinguished historians, Cantor and
Schneider (1967): “You must be especially careful about historical opinions that
are so commonplace that they have been accepted as inviolable
truth and inevitable assumption. The more fashionable and cliché
ridden an historical judgment, the more traditional a general
inference, the more you must be on your guard. Such cliches
influence all dependent judgments on a particular era and inhibit
a fundamental reconsideration of basic trends and movements.” This article and many more from the same group made
significant contributions to what we know about of receptive
fields in the several visual areas. However, the more widely
recognized Hubel and Wiesel’s work became, the more necessary
it was for anyone hoping to publish recordings in visual cortex
to categorize their cells according to Hubel and Wiesel’s criteria –
before doing anything else. This was a tall order for intracellular
recordings in vivo at that time. Hubel and Wiesel did consider
a scheme in which direct inhibitory connections replaced the
direct excitatory connections in their model (replacing the
corresponding LGN neurones with “on” instead of “off” center
cells and vice versa). However, the simple scheme based solely on
cortical excitation was so compelling and deliciously simple that
a role for local inhibition in fine tuning was rarely contemplated
by any in the field. Despite the demonstrable importance of ‘Unfortunately, nature seems unaware of our intellectual need for
convenience and unity, and very often takes delight in complication
and diversity’ (Cajal, 1906). If complication and diversity do
not delight your soul, it is possible that neuroscience is not
the field for you. Leaping forward in time, but not location, Binzegger et al. (2004)
developed a quantitative description of the synaptic circuitry
of cat area 17 (V1 equivalent), using Peters’ rule (Peters and
Feldman, 1976; Peters and Payne, 1993). Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA Simplified circuits like these still form the basis for some
models of the “canonical microcircuit” (e.g., Niell and Scanziani,
2021: Figure 1) despite evidence that some components are
either extremely rare, or nonexistent, while others are more
powerful than predicted. In particular, it is extremely difficult to
find evidence for the interlayer, excitatory feedback loops, often
popular with circuit modelers, which do not appear to exist in
any functionally relevant form. Reciprocal innervation between
spiny excitatory cells within layer 4, particularly those that both
receive excitation from, or provide excitation to, another cell, is
however, common enough to satisfy some models. Among the
lowest hit rates reported are for those connections that might
(if they existed) form within column excitatory-excitatory “back
projections” from layer 3 to layer 4 and from layer 5 to layer 3
as well as for synapses made by layer 6 CT (corticothalamic) cell
axons with other deep layer pyramidal cells, which preferentially
innervate interneurones (Thomson, 2005 for review). In contrast,
the highest “hit rate” reported for excitatory cell to excitatory
cell connections is for the descending connections from layer
3 pyramidal cells to large layer 5, intrinsically burst-firing
pyramids: higher than 1:2 if the two apical dendrites are adjacent. The large layer 5 cells rarely if ever return the favor, however
(only one from a L5 spiny cell with unusual structure, of hundreds
tested over many years). Note: For those who have not followed the field, connections
involving only one synapse, whether excitatory, or inhibitory, have
been found to be rare when all of the relevant portions of the
axonal and dendritic arbors are recovered. Studies that do not record and identify both of the neurones
contributing to a synaptic connection also fail to capture finer
detail. Are the synapses made by the axons of type A cells
on type B cells distributed randomly, or restricted to certain
postsynaptic compartments? Do they target basal or apical
dendrites preferentially? Does it matter? How many synapses
does a type A cell deliver to a type B cell and does the relative
position of the two cells influence this number, or the position
of the synapses? Are the physiological properties of each type
of synaptic connection (classified by the class of pre- and
postsynaptic neurones) unique? INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA They analyzed the
elegant three dimensional reconstructions of neurones they had
filled with horse radish peroxidase in vivo, as well as thalamo-
cortical axons of X and Y lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
relay cells and equivalent data from other groups, and a wealth
of published anatomical and statistical data. When compared September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 7 Synapses and Circuits Thomson with estimates based on stereological analysis (Beaulieu and
Colonnier, 1985), large discrepancies allowed them to confirm
previous findings (e.g., Lund, 1988; Lund et al., 2003; White, 2007;
for reviews), that substantial excitatory inputs, from subcortical
structures and other cortical regions, provide many of the
boutons in layers 4 and 6. For local connections, estimates of
those involving each class of potential pre- and post-synaptic
neurones were based on the number of boutons supplied by
one population and the number of possible targets (based
on dendritic length) presented by the other – assuming no
selectivity. Any part of any dendrite in a given layer, is assumed
to be as likely to be innervated by an axon with boutons in that
layer, as any other (excepting only the axonal initial segment
targets of chandelier cells and somata being the exclusive domain
of presynaptic basket cell axons). confirmed at the EM level. At that time, this challenge was met
by only a few particularly gifted and determined anatomists,
Peter Somogyi and Jim Deuchars (e.g., Gulyás et al., 1993;
Deuchars and Thomson, 1995; Thomson et al., 1995; Buhl
et al., 1997; Tamás et al., 1997). These studies demonstrated that
most, and in many cases all, of the close membrane appositions,
between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic dendrite, had the
ultrastructure expected of synapses. The following sequence of
events is not unusual: one or two groups go to great lengths to
satisfy both their own standards and the criticisms leveled when
they produce data that conflicts with dogma. However, once
this has been achieved, reviewers no longer demand the rigor
expected before. In this case, it allowed other groups to dispense
with demanding histological procedures and use detergents to
make the processing easier. Apart from the loss of accurate
information about axonal and dendritic diameters, now that
historical archives are being discarded, perhaps the major loss
here is that few young scientists see how beautiful peroxidase-
labeled neurones really were before their lipid membranes were
disrupted with detergents like Triton. INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA The simple answer to all of the
above, so far as it has been studied, is yes (Thomson and Morris,
2002; Thomson and Lamy, 2007; Thomson, 2010 for reviews). Following this and similar studies it was for a while widely held
that each excitatory connection involved only one synapse, so that
all inputs had equal weight. It was also thought that the single
synapse could be made anywhere on the postsynaptic dendritic
tree within range. This idea, it seemed was preferable to having
to consider how more selective innervation patterns might arise,
or how this additional complexity might be modeled. However,
comparisons of single axon EPSPs showed wide variations in
time course and amplitude. Simply presenting data like these and
proposing that it might result from additional complexity could
not dispel these attractive notions, direct evidence was necessary. To determine how many synapses actually contribute to
a given connection and where on the postsynaptic dendritic
tree they are, it was necessary to obtain good biocytin fills of
both cells, and Avidin-HRP recovery of both – without using
detergents to aid penetration of HRP through membranes. This
allowed the putative synapses identified as close membrane
appositions at the light level, to retain enough integrity to be Following this and similar studies it was for a while widely held
that each excitatory connection involved only one synapse, so that
all inputs had equal weight. It was also thought that the single
synapse could be made anywhere on the postsynaptic dendritic
tree within range. This idea, it seemed was preferable to having
to consider how more selective innervation patterns might arise,
or how this additional complexity might be modeled. However,
comparisons of single axon EPSPs showed wide variations in
time course and amplitude. Simply presenting data like these and
proposing that it might result from additional complexity could
not dispel these attractive notions, direct evidence was necessary. Recently,
the
technical
advances
that
have
allowed
multiple
neurones
to
be
recorded
simultaneously,
have
found similar patterns of selectivity (Perin et al., 2011;
Jiang et al., 2015). To summarize: not only interneurones,
but excitatory neurones are extremely selective, and not
only in terms of which cells they will innervate, but where. For example, L4 spiny cell inputs to L3 (and L4) pyramidal
cells terminate on relatively proximal portions of basal, but
not on apical oblique dendrites. Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA By their similarity
to previous observations, these most probably resulted from
the asynchronous activation of voltage dependent events in
more than one fine terminal branch. Neither the all or
none nature, time course, nor the shape of the proximal
and intermediate, voltage-dependent events indicated a more
significant contribution by NMDA-receptors than that of
depolarizing the dendrite to threshold. Unfortunately, time and
the unexpected absence of the PI at critical points prevented more
detailed investigation of these interesting phenomena (Thomson
unpublished, 2011–2015). 2. The presynaptic neurone should possess an enzymatic
mechanism for its synthesis. 3. An enzyme that can render the substance inactive rapidly
should be present. 4. The substance applied to the postsynaptic neurone should
elicit the same response as the endogenous transmitter. 5. During stimulation the substance should be detectable in
the extracellular fluid. 6. Pharmacological
agents
that
interfere
with
synaptic
transmission should affect the response to the exogenous
substance, similarly. Glutamate was found to be the most potent excitatory
compound present in the crayfish nervous system (Kravitz
et al., 1963b; Gerschenfeld, 1973), and spots that responded
to iontophoretically applied glutamate coincided with the
sites at which the natural transmitter acted (Takeuchi and
Takeuchi, 1964). Moreover, glutamate had a selective uptake
system (Iversen and Kravitz, 1968) which could replace for the
inactivating enzyme of criterion 3. Similar studies presented
γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) as a strong candidate for an
inhibitory transmitter in lobster (Kravitz et al., 1963a; Otsuka
et al., 1966 Iversen and Kravitz, 1968, also Woodward, 1984). In the late 1950’s, Curtis et al. (1959a,b, 1960, 1961)
demonstrated that β-alanine, γ-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA)
and glycine had depressant effects on spinal neurones, while their
corresponding dicarboxylic acids, aspartic and glutamic acids,
were powerfully excitatory (for review: Curtis and Watkins, 1965;
Watkins and Evans, 1981). Although the synapses from any one presynaptic excitatory
cell are located at similar electrotonic distances from the
soma, they do not cluster, but distribute across multiple
dendritic branches. Quantal EPSPs from a single axon therefore
sum linearly at the soma: in layer 5 (Thomson et al.,
1993), layer 4 (Bannister and Thomson, 2007), layer 6
(Mercer et al., 2005; West et al., 2006; Thomson, 2010),
layers 3-6 (Brémaud et al., 2007), and in CA1 (Deuchars
and Thomson, 1996). Moreover, none has a probability of
release near one. INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA This despite considerable
overlap in the three dimensional space occupied by the two
types of dendrite. In contrast, layer 3 inputs to the same
cells terminate more distally (97 versus 69µm) on both
apical and basal dendrites (Feldmeyer et al., 2002, 2006;
Bannister and Thomson, 2007; Spruston, 2008, for review). Moreover, in visual cortex, synapses from neurones with
spatially overlapping receptive fields are more likely to be
close neighbors on a layer 3 dendritic branch than chance To determine how many synapses actually contribute to
a given connection and where on the postsynaptic dendritic
tree they are, it was necessary to obtain good biocytin fills of
both cells, and Avidin-HRP recovery of both – without using
detergents to aid penetration of HRP through membranes. This
allowed the putative synapses identified as close membrane
appositions at the light level, to retain enough integrity to be September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 8 Synapses and Circuits Thomson would predict (Iacaruso et al., 2017). Though the preferred
orientation of local inputs was not found to predict their
spatial relationship (Chen et al., 2013; Cossell et al., 2015;
Iacaruso et al., 2017) neighboring synapses from callosal
and local axons did have similar orientation preferences
(Lee et al., 2019). as yet unidentified chemicals. However, before a new transmitter
could be accepted by the scientific community a number of
criteria – based on what was known of existing systems – had to
be satisfied: 1. The substance should be present in the presynaptic
neurones in question. Simultaneous activation of clustered inputs was found
to be vital for the activation of voltage dependent events
in layer 3 pyramidal dendrites. Near simultaneous EPSP-
like events in no less than 7 or 8 closely neighboring
dendritic
spines
(focal
uncaging
of
RuBi-glutamate)
was
required to elicit all or none voltage-dependent events (Biró
et al., 2018 for methods). Fast, probably Na+ spikes were
activated in proximal dendritic compartments. At intermediate
distances from the soma relatively fast, all or none, TTX
insensitive (probably Ca2+) events were elicited. These were
sometimes also activated by fast dendritic spikes, but were
always terminated rapidly by a phrixotoxin-2-sensitive, AP-4-
insensitive K+ conductance (probably Kv4.2, or Kv4.3). When
distal sites were stimulated – slower, often more complex
events were recorded from the soma. INFLUENTIAL HYPOTHESES CAN
RESULT FROM SERENDIPITOUS
OBSERVATIONS, BUT NEVERTHELESS
RESULTS IN FIERCELY DEFENDED
DOGMA The clustering of synapses from different
presynaptic neurones with similar input preferences must
increase, therefore, the chance that these voltage dependent
events will be activated. Some of the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids identified
by JeffWatkins et al., were certainly present. The problem was
not whether they were there, but that there was just too much of
them, in all sorts of cells, involved in multiple metabolic pathways
and with significant quantities in cerebrospinal fluid. They might
be said to satisfy criteria 1 and 4, but their mere presence was
not accepted as relevant to synaptic transmission. Moreover, no
enzyme to destroy them could be identified at the synapse. In any
case, how could such ordinary, ubiquitous, chemical compounds
mediate such exquisitely precise transmission? To many it was
unthinkable. In his excellent book, McLennan (1963) found their
actions well worthy of mention, but only went as far as suggesting
that they might have some humoral function in regulating the
level of excitability in the c.n.s. Salmoiraghi et al. (1965) also
appear open minded, in that they considered having to satisfy all
six criteria at once, a tall order. They nevertheless list their own
three criteria, which approximate to criteria 1, 2 plus 3, 4 plus
6, and 5, above. A PRIME EXAMPLE OF HYPOTHESIS
DRIVEN RESEARCH, OR THE DOGGED
PURSUIT OF AN ANSWER .Again, however, this seems to be a non-specific response, so that
none of these acids can be regarded as transmitter substances... The
physiological significance of the effects of glutamate and GABA,
which occur in quite high concentrations in parts of the nervous
system, is obscure.’ JeffWatkins (2006) later described how he came to work
with David Curtis: ‘... with a PhD in chemistry, I faced a
big problem – what actually to do for the rest of my life.... It struck me with immense force that thought, feelings and
‘instructions for behaviour’ were all generated within a mass
of pinkish grey gelatinous substance inside our heads, made
entirely of chemicals!! [at Yale] One of my American friends... suggested that I get in touch with a renowned Australian
compatriot of mine, J.C. Eccles. I did. Professor Eccles was
most enthusiastic about the prospect of a chemist joining
his physiological laboratory in Canberra and promptly offered
me a job as a Research Fellow to work with David Curtis,
on chemical transmitters in the brain. Interestingly, Eccles
himself had only just begun to believe in them, but had
now become a most enthusiastic convert from his long-held
previous conviction that all central synaptic transmission was
electrical. At the age of 26 my future direction in life was
established.’ Whether or not these receptors had a physiological role,
they did have unusual and interesting characteristics which
attracted attention. Responses to NMDA increased when [Mg2+]
was reduced below physiological concentrations∗(Davies and
Watkins, 1977; Evans et al., 1977; Ault et al., 1980; Scatton
and Lehmann, 1982), or when the neuronal membrane was
depolarized from rest (MacDonald et al., 1982; Dingledine, 1983;
Flatman et al., 1983). By the structure-activity relations of those compounds that
excited neurones, those that inhibited, and those that blocked
these actions competitively, it became clear that there was more
than one type of EAA receptor. By the late 1970s three glutamate
receptor types had acquired the names of their most selective
known agonists: NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), Quisqualate∗
and Kainate-receptors. ∗Note: Basic “Ringer’s solution” – as often used in amphibian
preparations – does not contain magnesium. CHANCE, SERENDIPITY AND THE
NMDA RECEPTOR ∗Note:
The
quisqualate
receceptor
was
renamed
when
a
more
selective
agonist
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) was synthesized by Tage Honoré
(Honoré et al., 1982; Watkins et al., 1990a,b), AMPA receptor, or
AMPAR, and later still GluR. ∗Note:
The
quisqualate
receceptor
was
renamed
when
a
more
selective
agonist
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) was synthesized by Tage Honoré
(Honoré et al., 1982; Watkins et al., 1990a,b), AMPA receptor, or
AMPAR, and later still GluR. The causal link between magnesium block and an unusual
voltage-relation
only
became
apparent
when
two
labs
simultaneously,
though
quite
independently,
discovered
that Mg2+ blocks the NMDA receptor channel in a voltage
dependent manner (Mayer et al., 1984; Nowak et al., 1984). Mayer and Westbrook (1984b) had already shown that the
anomalous response of cultured spinal neurones to glutamate
was due to the involvement of two conductances. One showed a
conventional voltage relation, the other – which was blocked by
APV – was voltage-sensitive. To investigate the ions involved in
this unusual conductance was a logical next step. This simple division of ligand-gated glutamate receptor-
channels (ionotropic receptors) into three distinct types was –
as we will see – more than enough for many to deal with
in the 1980s, when we did not know that within the decade
things were to become a lot more complicated. When the
technical expertise of Peter Seeburg was combined with Hannah
Monyer’s imagination and clinical insight, these receptors were
found to exist in different forms, depending on the subunits
they contained and which splice variants were expressed; a
diversity that correlated with brain region and developmental
stage (Sommer et al., 1992; Monyer et al., 1994, for reviews). Nor was this the end of the story; soon metabotropic glutamate
receptors (mGluR’s) with different coupling mechanisms and
their own pharmacology entered the stage (Schoepp and Conn,
1993; Pin and Duvoisin, 1995, for review). But, to return to the
simpler world of the 1980s. Not so the parallel discovery in Philippe Ascher’s lab. The
Parisian story has more to do with serendipity than with any
specific idea or plan, as Philippe Ascher explained (Ascher, 2014): ‘With Linda Nowak, the new postdoc who had arrived from Ann
Arbor, we decided to try primary cultures of mice cortical neurons. We had no hood, no incubators, and, for a whole year, we obtained
the cultures from laboratories within walking distance—those of
Jeanine Koenig or Alain Prochiantz. Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org A PRIME EXAMPLE OF HYPOTHESIS
DRIVEN RESEARCH, OR THE DOGGED
PURSUIT OF AN ANSWER We left the identification of central neurotransmitters when
only cholinergic and adrenergic transmission were recognized. Although these systems have many important functions in the
cns, by the 1950’s it had become clear that most fast information
transfer was not mediated by either. The hunt was on for novel
excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters – driven by the
hypothesis that central synaptic transmission was mediated by Even as late as the early 1970’s doubters probably still
outnumbered adherents. In an otherwise excellent text book Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 9 Synapses and Circuits Thomson There had been interest in the possible clinical relevance of
the NMDA receptor since the dissociative anesthetics ketamine
(“Big K”) and phencyclidine (PCP or “Angel Dust”) were found
to block NMDA receptors selectively (Anis et al., 1983). These
drugs induce anesthesia and a potent central analgesia, as well
as hallucinations (Canadian Medical Association, 1969), and
persecutory ideation (Domino and Luby, 1981; Jasinski et al.,
1981; Caracci et al., 1983; Javitt and Zukin, 1991). However,
NMDA receptors became truly fashionable when Stephen Kehl
demonstrated that the selective NMDA receptor antagonist,
DL-2-amino- 5- phosphonovalerate (APV, or AP-5) prevented
long term potentiation (LTP) of the field potential elicited by
high frequency stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural
pathway (Collingridge et al., 1983). However, they – like everyone
else who had tried thus far – failed to demonstrate even partial
block by APV of an EPSP in the mammalian cns. Despite the
effects of admittedly less selective antagonists on spinal reflex
pathways in the frog and cat (Watkins and Evans, 1981, for
review), many influential scientists remained convinced that
NMDA receptors were only involved in unnatural or pathological
activity – not in normal synaptic transmission. recommended to physiology students (including the author of
this piece), Aidley (1971) wrote: ‘Curtis et al. (1960) found that glutamic, aspartic and cysteic
acids cause excitation of spinal interneurones and motoneurones
. . .Again, however, this seems to be a non-specific response, so that
none of these acids can be regarded as transmitter substances... The
physiological significance of the effects of glutamate and GABA,
which occur in quite high concentrations in parts of the nervous
system, is obscure.’ Curtis et al. (1960) found that glutamic, aspartic and cysteic
acids cause excitation of spinal interneurones and motoneurones
. . CHANCE, SERENDIPITY AND THE
NMDA RECEPTOR We wanted to see single
channels opened by neurotransmitters, and I think that we September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 10 Synapses and Circuits Thomson before it can open (Henderson et al., 1990). At first, since the
glycine concentrations measured in brain are far higher than
those required to saturate it, this glycine site was thought to be
permanently saturated and not therefore suitable as a therapeutic
target. However, iontophoretically applied glycine was found
to augment NMDA receptor mediated EPSPs in brain slices
(Thomson et al., 1989), responses to EAAs acting at NMDA
receptors in the thalamus in vivo (Salt, 1989) and in neocortical
slices in vitro (Thomson, 1990a, b). Since activity at this glycine
site can be modified by a range of partial agonists as well as
by manipulating glycine and D-serine transporters (GlyT1 and
arginine-serine-cysteine transporter-1, Asc-1, respectively), these
studies have triggered interest in therapies for conditions ranging
from schizophrenia to post traumatic stress disorder. selected glutamate because it was the cheapest drug to start with. For many weeks we did not see any response, until I remembered
an article in which JeffWatkins et al., had described a “non-
competitive” effect of magnesium ions (Mg2+) on the glutamate
receptors selectively activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA
receptors). We prepared a Mg2+-free ringer and readily observed
that glutamate induced a large noisy current in the whole-cell mode
and the expected single channel currents in outside-out patches. Adding Mg2+ reduced the whole cell current and introduced a
negative resistance around resting potential.’ selected glutamate because it was the cheapest drug to start with. For many weeks we did not see any response, until I remembered
an article in which JeffWatkins et al., had described a “non-
competitive” effect of magnesium ions (Mg2+) on the glutamate
receptors selectively activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA
receptors). We prepared a Mg2+-free ringer and readily observed
that glutamate induced a large noisy current in the whole-cell mode
and the expected single channel currents in outside-out patches. Adding Mg2+ reduced the whole cell current and introduced a
negative resistance around resting potential.’ In 1984, I was merely a bystander in the EAA field when Tony
Angel sent his Ph.D. student, Chris Pollard, to learn how I made
intracellular recordings from in brain slices (Angel and Pollard,
1985). CHANCE, SERENDIPITY AND THE
NMDA RECEPTOR Chris wanted to record from neocortex rather than
hypothalamus, where I was working, so we had a go. Cortical
pyramidal cells were much easier to record than suprachiasmatic
neurones and became the test system for my rig. I became
intrigued by some of the EPSPs elicited in cortical pyramidal cells
by “minimal stimulation” of the underlying white matter, which
exhibited an unconventional voltage relation and produced
an apparent increase in input resistance. I might have stopped
there, but by happenchance I had heard Mark Mayer present
his recent findings with Gary Westbrook to the Physiological
Society (Mayer and Westbrook, 1984a). I checked the abstract
and began to suspect that these EPSPs might be mediated by
NMDA receptors. A testable hypothesis had been provided
by chance, and since I knew the groups in London studying
EAA pharmacology, the necessary agonists and antagonists
were available. The resultant submission (Thomson et al., 1985;
also Thomson, 1986) received two extremely brief reviews,
both insisting on rejection. One stated that it was obvious that
NMDA receptors would be activated by synaptic glutamate
release and the results were not therefore novel. The other wrote:
“These results go against the firmly held convictions of most of
the people in this field” and should not, therefore, be published. That study might have ended there, but our Nature editor
enclosed a brief note with the referees’ reports: ‘The referees’
comments are enclosed for your amusement. The paper is accepted
for publication.’ p
p
A simple explanation for the apparent lack of NMDA
receptor involvement in the Schaffer collateral, commissural
pathway during low frequency stimulation, while high frequency
stimulation induces NMDA receptor-dependent LTP, only
became apparent when synaptic connections between CA1
pyramidal cells were found to have a strong NMDA receptor
mediated component. The axons of CA1 pyramids are confined
to stratum oriens and alveus as are the CA1 pyramid-pyramid
synapses on basal dendrites, and are not activated by electrical
stimulation in stratum radiatum – unless CA1 pyramidal cells
fire. Coactivating these synapses with minimal Schaffer EPSPs
resulted in lasting enhancement of the latter (Radpour and
Thomson, 1991; Thomson and Radpour, 1991; Deuchars and
Thomson, 1996). Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org SERENDIPITY HAS ALSO LED TO
TECHNICAL ADVANCES For the questions about receptor-channels they wanted to answer,
Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann had very good reason to develop
patch clamp techniques and knew theoretically what would
be required for single ion channel openings to be recorded
faithfully. For 5 years, however, they did not succeed until chance
intervened: “We made many systematic attempts to overcome the seal
problem (manipulating and cleaning cell surfaces, coating pipette
surfaces, and reversing charges on the glass surface, etc.) with little
success... By about 1980, we had almost given up on attempts
to improve the seal, when we noticed by chance, that the seal
suddenly increased by more than two orders of magnitude when
slight suction was applied to the pipette. The resulting seal was in
the gigaohm range, the so-called “Gigaseal”... And the rest, as they
say, is history. Just as EM level confirmation of multiple synapses from a
single axon was required to refute the firmly held convictions
of many in the field, painstaking iontophoretic controls were
required to convince others that the concentrations of NMDA
receptor antagonists used in this study could be considered
selective at synapses – thereby, apparently, removing the
requirement for other labs to repeat these controls. Neher does, however, point out one of the limitations of the
technique: A few years later, another serendipitous discovery was made
in Philippe Ascher’s lab (Johnson and Ascher, 1987, 1992). Neurones and patches responded much more vigorously to
NMDA in medium that had been “conditioned” by contact with
the neuronal culture. The conditioned medium – they surmised –
must contain something that augments responses to NMDA. It turned out to be glycine, acting at a strychnine-insensitive
co-agonist-site. Both glutamate and glycine (or suitable analogs
thereof) must bind to their respective sites in the NMDA receptor “The cell-attached measurement... leaves the cell largely intact,
and allows one to observe channels open and close, or to record
action potentials extracellularly... Excised patches constitute the
other extreme, where membrane patches are removed from their
natural environment for optimal control of solution composition
on both sides of the membrane. The whole-cell recording method
is at an intermediate position in this respect. It does provide
excellent control over membrane potential, if cells smaller than September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 11 Synapses and Circuits Thomson who think that they know what these results mean and merrily
extrapolate from incomplete information. SERENDIPITY HAS ALSO LED TO
TECHNICAL ADVANCES The use of such
protocols can perhaps be forgiven when the question is simple,
such as who connects with whom? For example, when 8 neurones
communicating through anything up to 56 possible connections
(64 if autapses are considered) are recorded simultaneously. All the resultant connections have to be tested, along with
the electrophysiological characteristics of each neurone (with
another fixed protocol). There is no time in which to investigate
any cell or connection in the detail required to reveal the
exquisitely fine tuning of information transfer that differs from
one type of synapse to another (Thomson, 2000; see also Südhof,
2014, 2018 if you enjoy complexity). 20 µm in diameter are used. However, the chemical composition of
the internal medium is neither undisturbed, nor is it under good
control. We found that small mobile ions typically exchange by
diffusion between pipette and cell in a few seconds... Molecules
of intermediate size, like second messengers, typically “wash-out”
or “load” into cells within 10 seconds to a minute, and small
regulatory proteins may take several minutes and longer for
complete equilibrium.” (Neher, 1991). Whole cell electrodes made discontinuous single-electrode
voltage clamp of neurones feasible and for a time EPSCs and
IPSCs were all the rage, EPSPs and IPSPs were passé, despite
the well-earned reverence for Wilfred (Wil) Rall’s pioneering
application of cable theory to dendrites (Rall, 1959). In time,
however, it began to be understood, not only that rapid changes
in voltage in long dendrites could not be adequately clamped, but
that neurones do not operate in current, but in voltage mode. Neuronal modelers must have sighed with relief when they no
longer had to add to their model the properties and limitations
of the discontinuous clamp as well as those of the neurone, in
all its complexity. Even more importantly perhaps, protocols like these stifle
exploration and adventure – little that is unexpected is likely
to be found, because you can, as Popper warned, only find
what you look for. I appreciate that PIs are anxious to obtain
as much “reliable” and repeatable data as the next quality
article requires, while inexperienced experimentalists may be too
nervous to try something that has not been tried and tested,
or that might contradict dogma. READ THE METHODS SECTION Comparison of
cell and synaptic properties recorded under these conditions and
those obtained from 450-500µm thick slices obtained from adult
rats (and cats), and recorded in an interface chamber at 35◦C,
showed that the basic properties of each type of cell and synapse
studied were broadly comparable in the two cases, but that every
voltage-gated and synaptic event was close to four times slower in
cool, juvenile slices (Ali et al., 2007). Be careful, therefore, to read
the Methods sections thoroughly (even if they are relegated to a
supplement, or appear in another article) before combining data
from more than one study in your model. READ THE METHODS SECTION Infrared, differential interference contrast microscopy enhances
visualization of somata and proximal dendrites in brain slices,
allowing whole cell pipettes to be positioned on selected
neurones. The introduction of mouse lines in which neurones
are fluorescently labeled according to the expression of specific
markers allows labeled neurones to be identified in vitro (and
indeed, in the superficial neocortical layers in vivo). These
approaches make recordings from single cells, pairs and groups
of neurones much easier, especially for the novice, and the low
resistance of the pipettes reduces noise. A V Hill also looked into the future for young scientists
with concern. His department had flourished when science was
inexpensive and much equipment was built in house, but he
foresaw the time when sums out of the reach of those without
substantial external funding would be needed. It was still possible
for young scientists to strike out independently in the 1980’s, if
they were prepared to build, adapt or at least design, most of the
equipment themselves. Universities still had excellent electronic
and mechanical workshops and many scientists had a wide range
of manual, as well as intellectual skills. Back then, even an “off
the shelf,” deluxe electrophysiological rig might have cost a few
thousand pounds. State of the art now runs into hundreds of
thousands, not to mention the cost of maintaining mouse lines,
or the reagents needed for cutting edge biochemistry. How many
young scientists will be able to use the skills gained in a well-
funded, state of the art lab, when – if ever – they attempt to strike
out on their own? We may think we are helping our students and
postdocs by providing them with luxuries we never had, building
labs in which it is easier for them to obtain the data for high
impact publications – but are we? However, this approach requires the slices to be submerged,
which in turn typically requires thinner slices (≤300 µm thick)
to be obtained from juvenile rodents (though see Jiang et al.,
2015) and recorded at temperatures close to 20◦C. SERENDIPITY HAS ALSO LED TO
TECHNICAL ADVANCES Some of the most productive
electrophysiological labs are in danger of becoming factories,
designed to generate what the “field” expects, with humans
relegated to prescribed tasks that might soon be within the
capabilities of an automaton. One can, however, hope that when
the requisite information has been saved, the more adventurous
will be encouraged to play, to find out, “What happens
if...?” Neurophysiologists should not leave all the adventures
to biochemists. REFERENCES Beaulieu, C., and Colonnier, M. (1985). A laminar analysis of the number of round-
asymmetrical and flat-symmetrical synapses on spines, dendritic trunks, and
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cortical inhibition in the visual cortex. Nat. New Biol. 238, 124–126. doi: 10. 1038/newbio238124a0 Ali, A. B., Bannister, A. P., and Thomson, A. M. (2007). Robust correlations
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synaptic connections involving layer 4 pyramidal cells in adult rat and cat
neocortex. Cereb. SUMMARY Hypotheses used as summaries of what we know – or think we
know – can be useful and some significant advances have been
made by trying to refute a hypothesis – usually one proposed
by someone else. It is also the case that time has been wasted
and dead ends reached in attempting to support, or comply
with, an inadequate hypothesis. What much of the foregoing
illustrates is that in many cases, we would not have reached
the point at which an important, testable hypothesis could be
proposed unless someone had made a chance observation, or
collected a butterfly; one that they did not ignore as an artifact, or
choose not to pursue because it contradicted current ideas. These
observations are made and developed when and where the right
environment exists, where exploration is encouraged and where TRANSLATION A number of simplifications have arisen from the modern habit of
applying rigid protocols. For example it is now commonplace for
a synaptic connection to be labeled “depressing,” or “facilitating,”
on the basis of responses to presynaptic action potentials at
a single, fixed interspike interval. Moreover there are many In addition to the appalling concept that scientists should
compete (the dreadful image of some future reality television
show springs to mind), “translation” has entered the jargon
associated with funding. As it becomes more difficult for the In addition to the appalling concept that scientists should
compete (the dreadful image of some future reality television
show springs to mind), “translation” has entered the jargon
associated with funding. As it becomes more difficult for the September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 12 Synapses and Circuits Thomson awarding agencies to justify the increasingly expensive “basic”
research they fund, if they cannot claim that at least some of it will
drive new commercial, technical, medical or societal advances;
aspiring applicants are encouraged to provide evidence that their
project will “translate” into something useful. Are we not allowed
to do it because it is fun anymore, or because we want to test
some crazy idea. Meanwhile, “Big Pharma” has found that the
research it was doing in neuroscience just does not pay, and has
cut much of the funding in this area, leaving future adventures in
the treatment of many neurological disorders to venture capital. Is it still practical to think as AV Hill did? we can question any idea that is becoming widely accepted as an
inevitable truth; it can become dangerous. FUNDING “With faith in the ultimate usefulness of all real knowledge a man
may proceed to devote himself to a study of first causes without
apology, and without hope of immediate return.” The author thanks those who have funded the research from the
author’s lab mentioned here over the past 40 years: Beit Memorial
Foundation; Medical Research Council; Wellcome Trust; and
Human Brain Project. The author declares that this study also
received funding from Novartis Pharma. The funder was not
involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation
of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it
for publication. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and
has approved it for publication. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank David West, without whom none
of this would have been possible and Diana Flynn, Vicki Walker,
Timothy Sykes, Scheherazade Radour, Jim Deuchars, Patrick
Ogun-Muyiwa, Afia Ali, Hannah Pawelzik, Pete Bannister, David
Hughes, Oliver Morris, Sarah Kirchhecker, Hayley Trigg, Antoine
Brémaud, Karen Eastlake, Nicola Botcher, Joanne Falck, and
Audrey Mercer who have made significant contributions to the
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90222-p Publisher’s Note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of
the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in
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terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution
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is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Thomson, A. M., and Lamy, C. (2007). Functional maps of neocortical local
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10.1023/a:1024117908539 September 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 732315 Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org 16 | 46,477 |
biographiehommes05mich_27 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,816 | Biographie des hommes vivants; ou, Histoire par ordre alphabétique de la vie publique de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs actions ou leurs écrits | Michaud, Louis Gabriel, 1773-1858 | French | Spoken | 6,494 | 10,075 | IV. Chant des vengeances , intermtde, e.^écuié sur leThéàt're-des-Arls, le 19 flo réal an VI. Y. Chant de quene, imprimé chez Didot en 1800. i. La Matinée, idjlle, par M. R. D.L., 181S, in-S°. , avec musique. B. ]I ROUGIER DE -LA BERGERIE (Le baron Jean-Baptiste), né à Bon Meuil, département de l'Indre, en 175g, membre de la société d'agriculture de Paris, fut représentant de la corannme de 1789, et président du district de St. Fargeau. — Konimé, en septembre 1791, député de l'Yonne à la législature, il y professa les principes de la révolution, mais avec mesure et modulation. Le 22 octobre 1791, au moment où on agita la question relative à l'émigration, il présenta un projet de décret tendant à déclarer déchus de leurs droits à la couronne les princes français qui refuseraient de rentrer sous un délai fixe; à faire le procès à tous les fonctionnaires publics qui avaient quitté leur poste; et à priver du droit de citoyen tout individu qui changerait de domicile. Le 28 mars 1792, il dénonça M. de Castellane, évêque de Mende, comme auteur des troubles de la Lozère; et, le 13 mai, proposa d'exiger un nouveau serment des prêtres insérés, et de les incarcérer en cas de refus. Il avait été chargé, en février précédent, d'une mission à Roye, où des troubles s'étaient élevés à l'occasion des subsistances. M. Rougier de la Bergerie, occupé pendant le reste de la révolution d'économie rurale, s'est distingué par des travaux importants dans cette partie. Il fut nommé en 1800 préfet de l'Yonne, et en exerça longtemps les fonctions. En 1811, Napoléon le fit priver, parce qu'il s'occupait plus de littérature que d'administration. Depuis ce temps il n'a plus exercé de fonctions publiques. Il est chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, depuis 1804. Il a de lui : I. Recherches sur les principaux abus qui s'opposent aux progrès de l'Agriculture, 1788, in-8°. II. Traité d'Agriculture pratique ou Annuaire des Cultivateurs du département de la Creuse et des pays circonsituants, in-8°. III. Rapport général sur les étangs, 1796, in-8°. IV. Essai politique et philosophique sur le commerce et la paix considérés sous leurs rapports avec l'agriculture, 1797, in-8°. Observations sur l'institution des Sociétés d'agriculture, 1799, in-8. Mémoire sur la culture, le commerce et l'emploi des chanvres et lins de France pour la marine et les arts, 1798, in-12, imprimé par ordre de l'Institut. Mémoires et Observations sur l'abus des déforestations et la destruction des bois et forêts, avec un projet d'organisation forestière, 1804, in-4. Les Géorgiques françaises, poème en prose, 1805, 2 vol. in-8. Histoire de l'agriculture française, 1815, in-8. Les Forêts de la France, leurs rapports avec les climats, la température et l'ordre des saisons, avec la prospérité de l'agriculture et de l'industrie, 1817, in-8. Ouvrage présenté à la chambre des députés en 1817. M. Rougier est encore auteur du tome X du Cours d'Agriculture de Rozier et des Annales d'Agriculture. Son fils fut nommé auditeur au conseil d'État le 12 février 1809, et chevalier de la Légion d'honneur le 25 décembre 1805. ROUILLÉ-D'ORFEUIL (Le baron) entra fort jeune dans la carrière de la magistrature, devint maître des requêtes et ensuite intendant de la province de Champagne. Eminent aux proscriptions de la révolution, il accepta, sous le gouvernement impérial, la place de sous-préfet à Orléans le 13 janvier 1814, et, le 29 juin 1814, fut appelé à la préfecture d'Eure-et-Loir. Il devint conseiller d'État le 29 juin 1814, et après le retour de Bonaparte en 1815, il fut révoqué à la préfecture d'Orléans mais il perdit encore cet emploi après le second retour du Roy. En 1818, il obtint des lettres patentes confirmatives du majorat de baronnie transmis dans sa famille. Il est encore aujourd'hui conseiller d'État honoraire. C. C. BOURGUignon (Le baron Louis-) de, né à Lindernau, en mars 1745, d'une famille originale d'Écosse, qui fut obligée de se réfugier en Prusse, par suite de son attachement à la cause de Charles Ier. Il siégea au parlement de Brétagne dès 1780. Commissaire du Roi à Lindernau en 1780, il fut député du Finistère à l'assemblée législative en 1791, et prit la parole le 21 octobre sur la question relative aux prêtres insérés, se déclara en faveur de la tolérance, et demanda qu'il fut fait une adresse au peuple pour le ramener à son sens commun. Le 2e même mois, il prouva qu'une loi générale sur les emprisonnements ne s'accordait avec aucun principe de liberté; que l'état n'avait de compte à demander qu'aux fonctionnaires publics, et à l'intérêt de la couronne, dont l'absence pourrait compromettre les intérêts du roi. Il refusa de siéger à la Convention, se réunit au marquis de Puissaye, le général Wimpfen, à Caen, et dirigea les Détons dans l'entreprise la Montagne, qui échoua à Paris-sur-Seine. (Puisaye Puissaye). M. de Roujoux fut aussi mis hors la loi par décret spécial, et vint à s'échapper. En 1796, il exerça les fonctions de commissaire du gouvernement près le tribunal criminel de Quimper, et fut nommé, en 1797, membre conseil des anciens, où il fit des rapports sur les prises maritimes, et pàja un tribut d'éloges aux armées françaises à l'occasion de leurs victoires en Italie. En 1799, il siégea au tribunat, vota pour l'établissement des tribunaux spéciaux, combattit, comme orateur de son corps, le projet de loi présenté au corps législatif sur la procédure criminelle, et repoussa qu'en s'occupant de la dégager des entraves qui la arrêtaient, la marche devait stipuler, aussi les intérêts de la société, blessée en plusieurs points de ce projet. En 1802, il vota pour l'adoption du nouveau Code civil. En 1803, l'année suivante, il fut nommé préfet de Saône-et-Loire, et obtint par ses soins la construction aux frais de l'état, d'un pont à Tournus, à Cluny et à Mâcon. En 1805, il reçut l'habit de son département le pape Pie VII, qui passa la semaine sainte à Chalon. Sa Sainteté y fit le jour de Pâques, la cérémonie annuelle d'hommage à la ville et à l'univers. En 1808, M. de Roujoux fut créé baron. Dans le mois de mars 1813, il des préparatifs de défense contre les armées alliées. Le roi ne le nomma à aucun emploi, mais lui accorda une pension. Après le retour de S. M., en 1815, M. de Roujoux fut successivement préfet à l'asile-Clamart et à l'Eure-et-Loir, et perdit encore une fois cet emploi après la seconde chute de Napoléon. Il a cessé de sa pension. Roujoux (l'G). DE, fils du précédent, né à Longeville-sur-Mer le 6 juillet 1779, après avoir fait ses études à l'École polytechnique, fut attaché, en 1780, à l'état-major du contre-amiral, traversa, en qualité de capitaine général à l'île de la Guadeloupe pour y rétablir l'ordre, et chargé de rendre compte au premier consul du résultat de la mission du contre-amiral. Quelques morceaux de poésie le firent connaître des sociétés littéraires. Une Statistique du département de Saône-et-Loire qu'il prépara, mit en importunicité avec le ministre de l'intérieur, et, en 1805, il obtint la sous-préfecture de Dole dans le Jura. Une discussion avec le maire de cette ville lui fit mandater au conseil d'état, en 1807. La décision qui intervint, ambiguë pour le fond, ne fut pas pour la loyauté de son caractère. En 1811, il passa à la sous-préfecture de Saint-Paul en Artois. La même année, il publia : Essai sur l'histoire des inventions dans les sciences et les beaux-arts, depuis les temps antiques jusqu'à nos jours, Paris, Didot, 3 vol. in-8. Nommé, en 1812, préfet du Tarentin, en Catalogne, M. de Roujoux donna tous ses soins à l'assainissement de la ville de Gérone, qu'un siège de sept mois venait d'accabler de toutes les calamités. Il y fut atteint du typhus, et n'échappa qu'à grand-peine aux ravages de cette maladie. En 1813, on lui confia, outre son département, celui de la Sévigne, dont le chef-lieu était Poiverca. Il retourna en France avec l'armée du maréchal Soulet, en février 1814. Après l'entrée des Bourbons, il remplit pendant l'interrègne de 1815 les fonctions de préfet des Pyrénées orientales, et il était, en 1816, un des propriétaires du Journal Général de France. PAULAIS, professeur de physique expérimentale, a publié: I. L'ampleur historique des propriétés et phénomènes de l'air, 1783, in-8. II. Description et usage d'un cabinet de physique expérimentale, par M. Sigaud de Lafond, seconde édition, revue, corrigée et augmentée, 1785, 2 vol. in-8. III. Essai sur différentes espèces d'air fixe ou des gaz, par Sigaud de Lafond, nouvelle édition, revue et augmentée, 1789, in-8. IV. Description des machines électriques à disposition, 1785, in-8. ROULLIER (Auguste), docteur en médecine, médecin des armées et correspondant de la société du magnétisme, se fixa à Paris, fut longtemps prisonnier de guerre en Angleterre. Il a publié une Exposition physiologique des phénomènes du magnétisme animal, et du somnambulisme, contenant des observations sur l'emploi de l'un et de l'autre dans le traitement des maladies aiguës et chroniques, 1817, in-8. ROUPPE (Nicolas-Jean), né à Rotterdam, habitait Bruxelles en 1796, au moment de la réunion à la France, dont il se montra un des plus zélés partisans, et fut nommé aussitôt après cette réunion commissaire du gouvernement près l'administration du département de la Dyle. Ce fut après la suppression de cette place, en 1800, que le département, voulant lui donner un témoignage public de sa reconnaissance, fit frapper une médaille en son honneur. Il fut aussitôt nommé membre du conseil de préfecture, puis maire de Bruxelles à la faveur du consentement du conseil-général. M. Rouppe dénonça au tribunal, en décembre 1801, l'arresté du ministre de la police Fouché, relatif à un arrêté qui ordonnait de faire transférer au château de Ham, deux négociants de Bruxelles, prévenus d'exportations prohibées par la loi. Cet arrêté, selon lui, était contraire au Code des délits et des peines, qui veut que les causes de l'arrêtention et la loi soient rapportées dans un mandat d'arrêt. L'ordre du ministre étant ainsi qualifié d'arbitraire, le maire avait fait mettre en liberté les deux négociants dont il défendait les droits. Il fut mandé à Paris par le conseil-d'état et destitué, puis jeté dans la prison du Temple, d'où il sortit par la protection de Lucien Buonaparte. Kommé depuis juge de paix par ses concitoyens, il vit sa nomination annulée, et reçut l'ordre de s'éloigner à vingt lieues de Bruxelles et de Paris. Quand il avait été nommé maire, comme cette place n'est point salariée, et qu'il a peu de fortune, les habitants de Bruxelles s'étaient cotisés pour lui faire un revenu. Avant d'être mandé à Paris, il fit imprimer un Mémoire apologétique de sa conduite, dans lequel le préfet de la Dyle, Doidel de Pontecoulant, et les ministres mêmes étaient peu ménagés. Lorsqu'il revint de son dernier exil en 1810, il fut nommé receveur des contributions à Bruxelles. B. M. ROUSSEAU (Le baron Antoine Alexandre), né le 17 septembre 1756, entra au service dès sa jeunesse, s'éleva aux premiers grades et commandait l'île de Cadzand en 1809, lors de l'expédition tentée par les Anglais contre l'île de Walcheren. Sa contenance ferme impressionna à l'ennemi, et contribua à faire échouer cette tentative. Il fut nommé général de division en 1811, et chevalier de Saint-Louis le 19 juillet 1814. Après le 20 mars 1815, il fut inspecteur général d'infanterie dans les 12e, 13e, et 22e. divisions militaires, et reçut sa retraite au mois d’octobre de l’année. — Le baron Guillaume Rocsseau, né le 28 novembre 1772, fut nommé commandant de la Légion d’honneur le 30 août 1813, et général de brigade le 21 décembre même année. En 1814, il reçut du Roi la croix de Saint-Louis. Pendant les cent jours de 1815, il commanda le département du Morbihan, où il eut à combattre les troupes royales qui s’y étaient organisées. Cependant, il sut allier la prudence à la fermeté et concilier les sentiments d’humanité avec les mesures qui lui étaient commandées. Il est en demi-activité de service depuis le licenciement de l'armée. C. C. ROUSSEL (Le baron François) Et la campagne d’Italie en 1809 contre les Autrichiens, et se distingua au passage de la Piave et du Tagliamento. Dans la campagne de Russie, il se fit remarquer à la bataille de la Moskova et de Koulour en France, il se signalait dans un combat près de Sens. Le 8 avril, il adressa du quartier-général Duplessis-le Chenet, son adhésion aux actes du sénat contre Buonaparte et sa famille. Nommé chevalier de Saint-Louis, le 19 juillet suivant, il reprit du service en 1815, et commanda la 1ère division de réserve de cavalerie à l'armée de la Moselle. Il fut mis à la retraite à la fin de 1815. C.C. OUSSELIN-CORBEAU DE SAINT ALBIN (Omer-Charles-Alexandre), chevalier de la Légion-d'honneur, né en 1775 d'une famille des provinces méridionales de la France, n'avait pas encore vingt ans en 1794, à l'époque des condamnations révolutionnaires, et ne put alors être l'un des jurés du tribunal qui les prononçait. On verra qu'il fut au contraire jugé par ce tribunal ; ce qui n'a pas empêché que les auteurs d'une autre Biographie, le confondant avec un individu du même nom, aient dit que M. Ronsselin avait été membre du tribunal révolutionnaire. Il avait réfuté, en 1796, la même assertion de la part d'un journaliste, en lui écrivant : « Vous vous occupez bien de ma célébrité, citoyen journaliste, ayez d'avoir la bonté d'être exact. Au lieu de juge, c'est jugé que j'ai été au tribunal révolutionnaire. Vous êtes trop attaché à l'orthographe et à la vérité pour persister à me priver d'un accent si important pour mon histoire. » En 1798, M. Rousselin, attaché comme chef de division au ministère de l'Intérieur avec M. Garat, avait continué de remplir les mêmes fonctions avec Paré, celui-ci ayant été arrêté, lors de la catastrophe de Danton, M. Rousselin suit son sort. Il mérita la haine de Robespierre, qui ne pardonna pas à un jeune homme qui avait été attaché à une de ses victimes, de lui rester fidèle après sa mort. Le 25 mai 1794, M. Rousselin fut arrêté sur la motion de Robespierre et de Couthon, comme ayant voulu sauver un conspirateur (c'est ainsi qu'ils qualifiaient Danton, naguère leur ami). De la Conciergerie, M. Rousselin fut traduit au tribunal révolutionnaire, le 2 thermidor an 2. Ici, dit Prudhomme dans son histoire, on s'attend à voir succomber Rousselin sous l'accusation intentée par Robespierre et Couthon ; il est acquitté par le tribunal révolutionnaire, qui acquittait si peu. Le jugement qui acquitta Alexandre Rousselin fut alors regardé comme un miracle, et eu quelque sorte comme un premier soupir du 9 thermidor ; en signalant sur un point l'affaiblissement du pouvoir de Robespierre, il fournit un de ces traits qui donnent l'explication des événements les plus remarquables. M. Rousselin fut arrêté et allait être embarqué de force, lorsqu'il parvint à s'échapper et à se réfugier en Provence, près de sa femme, appartenant à l'une des familles du pays. La marquise de Monpiiez, sa belle-mère, est celle qui, lors de l'arrestation de Georges et de Moreau, fut arrêtée avec tant d'éclat par Bouinparle, pour avoir reçu de Louis XIII une correspondance de Louis XIII, et qui déploya dans les fers une fermeté si héroïque. C'est alors qu'il reprit le nom de Saint-Albin, nom de son père, ancien colonel d'artillerie, voulant éluder ainsi la persécution toujours plus accrochée au nom de Rousselin, après que l'on avait accepté sa démission de considération. La restauration trouva Saint-Albin dans cet état d'exil et l'enraya. Il dit à ceux de son parti qui le trouvaient trop heureux de ce changement de gouvernement : « Je dois au retour du Roi la liberté de me promener, et je ne suis point ingrat. » N'ayant pas d'autre engagement politique, lors du 20 mai, M. de Saint-Albin crut trouver sa sûreté dans une existence rapprochée du nouveau gouvernement. Rapelé à l'intérieur par le ministre Carlot, il paraît avoir été spacieusement chargé de l'instruction publique. Il a eu beaucoup de part à l'établissement de l'École centrale, dont les bases furent jetées durant les dix derniers jours, dans des exposés insérés dans l'Histoire et qui furent singulièrement remaniés. Démis de ses fonctions à la suite de ces évènements, sources de tant d'émotions faites, M. de Saint-Albin paraît chercher dans les lettres les consolations que ne donnent pas les révolutions. On dit cependant qu'il est un des principaux auteurs du Journal du Commerce, ci-devant le Constitutional. On attend de lui que les compositions historiques sur les temps les plus modernes. Il est de ceux qui ont vu de près les évènements, et qui peuvent raconter ce qu'ils ont vu. ÉOUSTILÉ (François Michel), né à Paris en 1763, est le fils d'un capitaine de la garde nationale de cette ville, qui, après avoir servi sous Louis XI avec courage, fut condamné par le tribunal révolutionnaire, et périt sur l'échafaud en 1794. Élevé par son oncle, un précurseur du barreau, M. Roussinale n'y parut au moins qu'après la révolution du 18 brumaire. Dans le temps de sa débût, il défendit Carbon, dit le petit Français, dans le procès de l'explosion de la rue Saint-Nicolas. Cet accusé, convaincu d'avoir fabriqué celle machine infernale, avait pour avocat M. de Limoelan, contumax, dont il était le domestique, fut condamné et exécuté. M. Roussinale fut plus heureux dans le procès de George, où il défendit le sieur Lapost, maçon, qui avait construit les cachettes, et Rubini de la Grimace, qui furent tous deux acquittés. Bon.iparle le nème, en 1811, substitut du procureur impérial, et il fut d’abord chargé d'examiner et d'arrêter les innombrables faillites qui se manifestèrent à cette époque. Il y réussit tant que les mesures qu'il oppressa ont été suivies depuis. Il occupa encore cette place à l'époque de la première restauration, et il déploya surtout ses sentiments avec beaucoup de force en portant la parole dans les procès de Méhémet, de Bouvier, Dumolard et autres. Dans le mois de septembre 1814, on découvrit qu'une conspiration se tramait pour ramener Buonaparte en France. Des émissaires étaient chargés de porter la correspondance à l’île d'Elbe, Celui-ci parlaient sans avoir rien sur eux : les lettres étaient adressées à Marseille, porte restante ; ils les prenaient en arrivant dans cette ville, et se rendaient à Gênes, sur l’un des deux navires spécialement destinés à ces voyages ; de là ils reliaient à l’île d'Elbe. Tout le monde connaissait cette manœuvre, et l'on se rappelle que les ministres seuls ne la connaissaient pas. Deux de ces émissaires avaient été arrêtés sur un ordre signé par M. de Blacas, et déposés dans les prisons de Meaux et de Corbeil ; et de là ils avaient écrit au Roi, tant en vers qu'en prose, pour demander leur grâce. Cependant, les lettres que ces hommes devaient prendre en se rendant à Marseille, avaient été saisies. M. Roussille, en qualité de substitut du procureur du Roi, fut chargé de suivre cette affaire dont les plaintes et dénonciations furent remises à M. Gaitlier de Charlemagne, l’un des juges d'instruction de Paris. On a révelé un troisième individu qui convint qu'il revenait de l'île d'Elbe, et qu'il avait même parlé à Buonaparté. Cette information technique allait déconcerter la conspiration, et Buonaparté, sans doute, n'eût jamais remis le pied en France. M. Dambray convint à suivre M. Roussial pour qu'on lui communique la procédure. La police prétendit qu'elle avait, de son côté, découvert cette conspiration et que l'instruction faite par le juge instructeur entrerait en sa matière; et une procédure de cette importance était envisagée pour fournir des renseignements à la police!!! Dienôt ou déclara qu'il n'y avait pas lieu à suivre, et les accusés furent mis en liberté. M. Rousmaille s'engagea en mars 1815 comme volontaire royal, quoique’il eût vingt-cinq ans, qu’il fût père de famille et maréchal. Après le 20 mars, il refusa de signer l'adresse que le tribunal faisait à la dynastie, et il fut destitué avec M. de Rémusat, président, et plusieurs autres magistrats, par un décret du 25 du même mois, conçu en ces termes : « Les magistrats ci-après nommés, n'ayant point reçu leur institution à vie, et ayant perdu notre confiance par la conduite qu'ils ont tenue dans les derniers évènements, cesseront sur le champ leurs fonctions, etc. » Pendant les cent jours, deux des personnes comprises dans la conspiration dont M. Roussial avait été chargé de suivre l'instruction, publièrent une brochure intitulée : De la libellé individuelle sous le gouvernement des Bourbons, dans laquelle ils dénonçaient ce magistrat à l'opinion publique. C'est de cet ouvrage que nous avons extrait les faits relatifs à cette affaire. Le sieur Méliès s'est ainsi vengé autant qu'il l'a pu en dénonçant plusieurs fois M. Roussial pendant l'restre empire, dans son journal intitulé le Patriote de 89. M. Roussial, averti à temps qu'il devait être arrêté, quitta Paris, et il n'y retourna que le 29 juin, au moment où les alliés commençaient à l'investir. Le 6 juillet, il se rendit à Arnouville, au devan du Roi, et le soir, en revenant à Paris, portant la cocarde blanche, il fut arrêté, conduit successivement dans plusieurs corps-de-garde, faillit deux fois être fusillé, et il échappa à ce dernier vainqueur que par sa fermeté. M. Roussial reprit alors sa place, en vertu de l'ordonnance du 12 juillet. Lors de l'organisation du tribunal fut en octobre 1813 par M. Barbé de Rémusat, alors garde-des-sceaux, il n'y fut pas convenu. M. Roussial réclama et ne put obtenir justice. On a imprimé, de M. Roussinale, plusieurs plaidoiries fort éloquentes. A. ROUSSY, de la famille noble des Rigaud, fut sous-préfet à Annecy, puis nommé en 1814 par le Roi, préfet des Ardennes, et conserva cette place jusqu'au 20 mai 1815. Après le retour de S M., dans le mois de juillet, il fut d'abord administrateur provisoire, puis préfet du département de la Vendée. Il perdit cette place en septembre 1816. Depuis, il est resté sans fonctions. RODSTAN, dont on a prétendu que l'origine n'était rien moins qu'asiatique mais que d'autres ont dit être réellement né à Erivan en Arménie, fut attaché à un corps de mameloucks depuis la guerre d'Égypte. Des services particuliers et très importants, dit-on, mais qui ne sont point connus, lui méritèrent, de la part du général Napoléon Bonaparte, une confiance sans réserve et l'attachement le plus intime. Il l'accompagna en France et y suivit sa fortune. Lorsqu'il monta sur le trône, Napoléon continua de l'avoir sans cesse auprès de sa personne, et, dans presque toutes les revues, son mamelouk paraissait à ses côtés auprès de lui : il est certain remarquable que cet homme n'occupait aucun grade dans le corps des mamelouks de la garde impériale. Jamais personne n'approcha de plus près de Bonaparte; jamais favori n'excita moins d'enthousiasme et n'abusa moins de sa faveur. Ce pendant, et malgré tous les liens qui l'attachaient à son maître, Roustan ne le suivit pas lors de l'exil à l'Île d'Elbe, après son abdication. Quelques journaux ont pari étonnés de ce qu'on appelait son ingratitude, Roustan répondit que des raisons particulières s'étaient opposées à ce qu'il eût accompagné son bienfaiteur dans sa retraite ; qu'il s'était marié en France, et qu'il vivait heureux au sein de sa famille. Il paraît qu'il persista dans ces sentiments ; car il ne fut point question de lui pendant les cent jours, et il ne fut point de ceux qui suivirent Bonaparte à Saint-Charles. Il a une propriété dans les environs de Dreux. C. C. A56 O tJ ROUVRAY (Frédéric Gêseau de Keverseaux), chevalier de Saint-Louis, dont le père, ancien mousquetaire, puis lieutenant des maréchaux de France, a péri sur l'échafaud révolutionnaire (Voy. Gêseau, dans la Biographie universelle, XIX, -). Il a publié : 1. Réflexions politiques sur les moyens d'affermir le retour de la monarchie en France, 1815, in-8. 2. Un Émigré à ses concitoyens, en réponse à diverses brochures avec ou sans nom d'auteur, 1814, in-8. 3. La Paix de l'Autriche avec la France, et la Paix de la France avec elle-même, 1814, in-8. 4. Rapport attribué au duc d'Autriche, réfuté, 1815, in-8. ROUX (Louis), prêtre, fut député de la Haute-Marne à la Convention nationale, où il vota la mort de Louis XVI en ces termes : « Un tyran disait qu'il faudrait que le peuple romain n'eût qu'une tête, pour l'abattre d'un seul coup : Louis Capet a, autant qu'il était en lui, exécuté cet atroce désir. Je vote pour la mort. Vengeur d'un peuple libre, je n'aurai qu'un regret à former, c'est que le même coup ne puisse frapper tous les tyrans. » Sur le second appel, il dit : « Je ne veux supporter seul toute la responsabilité. Je dis : non.» Il vota aussi contre le sursis. M. Roux fut attaché longtemps aux principes que supposent de sensibles discours; il travailla beaucoup dans les comités, entre autres dans celui de constitution, et se porta même le défenseur du comité de salut public. Il se signala aussi par son zèle contre la religion, dans le département des Ardennes, notamment à Sedan. À l'époque du 31 mai, il fit décréter les articles conseillants, comme le seul moyen de salut public. Le 15 septembre, il fit destituer et arrêter Lecouteux, Lanoraye et deux autres administrateurs de l'Oise, comme opposants aux réquisitions de grains. Il fut envoyé, peu de temps après, dans ce département, pour faire exécuter les lois sur les subsistances. Sa mission s'étant étendue au département des Ardennes, il parut vouloir entraver les opérations de son collègue Massieu, et fut lourdement dénoncé et applaudi aux Jacobins pour sa conduite à Sedan, dans le courant de 1794. Le 9 thermidor mit un terme à ces débats. Roux parvint aux conseils de gouvernement, et chercha alors à se venger de Massieu et de ses partisans. Il fit décréter celui-ci d'arrestation, après le 1er prairial (20 mars 1792), et traduire les autres au tribunal criminel des Ardennes, qui les condamna à mort. Il changea en suite de conduite avec les circonstances, et se réunit aux anciens Montagnards, dès qu'il vit que les sectionnaires de Paris voulaient aller au-delà du but tracé par les thermidoriens. Après le 13 vendémiaire, il fut nommé membre de la commission des cinq, créée pour présenter des moyens de sauver le public, et fit même plusieurs rapports en son nom. Mais Thamblaudeau ayant fait anéantir cette nouvelle institution, M. Roux passa au conseil des cinq-cents, et s'y montra constamment dévoué aux intérêts du directoire. Il en sortit le 30 mars 1797, et fut employé au ministère de l'intérieur, en qualité de sous-chef. La destitution de Quinelle entraîna la sienne, il fut quelque temps sans place, passa enfin à la commission des émigrés, et de là aux archives du ministère de la police, d'où il fut encore renvoyé après la démission de Fouquié. Il vécut longtemps ignoré dans la capitale, mais ayant reparu au Champ-de-Mars, il se trouva compris dans la loi contre les régicides, et quitta la France en 1816. Il est mort à Ivry le 22 septembre 1817, après avoir reconnu ses égarements et s'être réconcilié avec l'église. Il s'était marié pendant la révolution. B. M. ROUX (Philibert-Joseph), chirurgien en chef adjoint de l'Hôpital de la Charité de Paris, professeur de clinique chirurgicale, est né à Auxerre le 26 avril 1780. Il étudia les éléments de la chirurgie dans sa ville natale, sous son père, homme d'un talent distingué, et fut employé, en 1795, aux armées. Etant venu à Paris en 1797, il fut élève de Bichat, et l'un des disciples auxquels cet homme célèbre accorda le plus de confiance et d'attachement; il l'associa à ses travaux anatomiques et littéraires. M. Roux eut part à la composition de l'Anatomie descriptive de son illustre maître, et publia après la mort le cinquième et dernier volume de ce livre remarquable. En 1801, il remporta le premier prix à l'école pratique. Il avait vingt-deux ans lorsqu'il succéda dans ses cours publiques, qu'il commença longtemps avec distinction. En 1806, M. Roux fut nommé chirurgien en second de l'hôpital Beaujon, en 1810, il passa à la place qu'il occupe à la Charité. En 1813, il ouvrit un concours à la faculté pour disputer la chaire de médecine opératoire, où l'on vit (à part les autres les meilleurs professeurs) les juges regretter de n'en avoir qu'une à donner. Ce fut RI. Dupuytren qui obtint la place; et les juges regrettèrent de n'en avoir qu'une à donner. On a de lui: I. Mélanges de chirurgie et de physiologie, in-8°, Paris, 1809. Ce volume renferme plusieurs mémoires d'un haut intérêt, sur divers points importants, et jusqu'alors peu éclaircis de pathologie chirurgicale. II. De la résection des portions d'os mises dans les articulations, soit dans les articulations, soit hors des articulations, in-8°, Paris, 1812. Cet ouvrage fut composé à l'occasion du concours pour la chaire de médecine opératoire; mais il est resté comme classique. III. Oeuvres choisies de médecine opératoire, 2 vol. in-8°, Paris, 1813. IV. Mémoire et Observations sur la réunion immédiate de la plaie après l'amputation des membres dans leur continuité, in-8°, Paris, 1814. V. Observations sur lui strabisme divergent de l'œil droit, guéri sur un sujet adulte qui en était affecté depuis son enfance, in-8. Paris, 1814. Cette mémoire est d'autant plus curieuse que M. Roux est lui-même le sujet de son observation, et que c'est sur lui qu'il a expérimenté. VI. Relation d'un voyage effectué à Londres, en 1804, ou Parallèle de la chirurgie anglaise avec la chirurgie française, précédé de Considérations sur les hôpitaux de Londres, in-8. Paris, 1815. M. Roux a lu, en 1817, un mémoire étendu et d'une haute importance sur les divers procédés employés pour l'opération de la chancrice; il est encore inédit. Ce chirurgien a donné une édition des Maladies des voies urinaires de Desville. Il est un des rédacteurs du Dictionnaire des sciences médicales. ROUX (Gaspard), médecin, professeur à l'hôpital militaire d'instruction de Lille, est né à Moulins le 2 août 1780. Il fut l'un des élèves les plus distingués de l'école de médecine de Paris, et y reçut le titre de docteur en 1802. Son acte inaugural, qui fut le marginal dans le temps, a pour titre : Dissertation sur la rougeole simple. M. Roux, en sortant des bancs, alla exercer la médecine dans la petite ville de Seurre, en Bourgogne. En 1807, il fut attaché aux armées, et il y servit jusqu'en 1815. C'est à cette époque que, sur la réputation que ses ouvrages lui avaient acquise, le conseil de santé lui fit donner la place qu'il occupe aujourd'hui. M. Roux est l'auteur de : I. Traité sur la rougeole, in-8°, Paris, 1807. L'auteur ayant eu, pendant cinq années de pratique à Seurre, l'occasion d'observer plusieurs épidémies de la rougeole, et profitant de son expérience, a refondu sa dissertation inaugurale, et en a fait un ouvrage qui est fort estimé. II. Traité des fièvres adynamiques, in-8°, Paris, 1813. Cet ouvrage contient des observations recueillies avec soin dans les hôpitaux militaires. M. Roux a composé un traité fort étonnant sur les fièvres ataxiques, qu'il a observées dans les hôpitaux. Cet ouvrage est encore inédit. ROUX (Vital), né à Relly, vers 1770, fut négociant à Lyon, et vint suivre la même profession à Paris, où son expérience et ses connaissances dans le commerce le portèrent successivement à divers emplois importants, notamment à celui de régent de la banque de France. Il fut nommé, en 1802, membre de la commission chargée de rédiger un projet de code de commerce, et il eut une grande part aux travaux de cette commission : ce qui lui valut la croix de la Légion-d'honneur. Depuis cette époque, il a été nommé membre de la chambre de commerce de Paris, où il a fait plusieurs rapports sur des questions importantes, entre autres sur les jurandes et corporations. M. Roux a fourni à la Biographie universelle, l'article Arkwright. Il est aussi l'auteur d'un ouvrage intitulé : De l'influence du Gouvernement sur la prospérité du commerce, 1801. On trouve dans les Œuvres de Delille de jolis vers adressés à M. Vital-Roux. ROUX-FAZILLAC (Pierre), ancien chevalier de St-Louis et administrateur du département de la Dordogne, fut député à l'assemblée législative et ensuite à la Convention nationale, où il vota la mort de Louis XVI, sans appel et sans sursis : c'était un général un révolutionnaire des plus prononcés ; il fit différents rapports à la législative et à la Convention, sur l'éducation et sur les postes. En avril 1798, il fut envoyé dans les places de la frontière du Nord, et il put suivre les Girondins avant et après le 3 mai. Dans le courant d'août, il fut l'un des commissaires chargés de faire exécuter la levée en masse. Après la session, il fut nommé Administrateur de son département, mais le directoire le déstitua à l'approche des élections de l'an VI (1798), dans la crainte qu'il ne revînt au corps législatif. Lorsque Pierre Roland fut nommé au ministère de l'intérieur, il choisit M. Roux-Fazillac pour l'un de ses chefs de division, et celui-ci en remplit les fonctions jusqu'au moment où le ministre fut forcé de donner sa démission. Il se retira alors à Périgueux, où il vécut paisiblement jusqu'en 1816. Il quitta alors la France comme républicain, et se réfugia en Suisse. On a de lui : I. Recherches historiques et critiques sur l'homme au masque de fer, où l'auteur prétend prove, sur des matériaux authentiques, que ce personnage mystérieux était un ingénieur du duc de Manchester, nommé le comte Matthioly. II. Histoire de la guerre d'Allemagne pendant les années 1756 et suivantes, entre le roi de Prusse et l'impératrice d'Allemagne et ses alliés, traduite en partie de l'anglais de Lloyd, et en partie rédigée sur la correspondance originale de plusieurs officiers français, et principalement sur celle de M. de Montazet, lieutenant-général envoyé par la cour de France dans les années de l'impératrice, 1809. Athénaise, né à Albert, diocèse d'Amiens, en février 1769, fut élevé par des parents religieux, fit ses études d'une manière distinguée à Paris, aux collèges de Lizieux et d'Harcourt, fut nommé souvent à la distribution des prix de l'Université, et obtint le premier prix de français en 1787. D'abord destiné au barreau, il commença son stage en 1788, et remporta cette même année le prix proposé par l'académie de Rouen pour son Éloge de cardinal d'Estates, imprimé à Paris, 1788, in-8. On trouve sur M. Roux de Laborie ce passage dans les Mémoires de Charmontel, tome 3 : « Le jeune lion invaincu (qui avait pris soin de nous lier avec M. Desèze) était ce Laborie, comme dès l'âge de dix-neuf ans par de bons écrits qu'on eût attribués sans peine à la maturité de l'esprit et du goût. Nouvel ami qui, de son plein gré, et par le mouvement d'une âme ingénieuse et sensible, était venu s'offrir à moi, et que j'avais bientôt appris à estimer et à chérir moi-même. Dans cet aimable et heureux caractère, le besoin de se rendre utile est une passion habituelle et dominante. Plein de volonté pour tout ce qui lui semble honorable, la vitesse de son action égale celle de sa pensée. Je n'ai jamais connu personne aussi économique du temps : il le divise par minute, et chaque instant en est employé utilement pour lui-même, ou plus souvent encore utilement pour ses amis. » Il paraît qu'au commencement de la révolution, M. de Laborie eut une velléité de se consacrer à l'instruction publique et même à l'état ecclésiastique, car il entra en novembre 1789 à l'instruction de l'Oratoire de Paris, et y resta jusqu'après le milieu de 1790. À l'époque du 10 août 1793, il était secrétaire de M. Bigot de Sainte Croix, ministre des affaires étrangères. Compromis par les papiers trouvés chez ce ministre, il se réfugia en Angleterre, où il passa quelques mois. A l'époque du 18 brumaire ( 1799)51' fut fiiit chef du secrétariat des relations ex térieures. A la fin de 1800 , il fut impli qué avec MM. Bertin ( voy^ez Bertiji l'aîné ) dans une conspiration de roya lisme, et fut exilé en 1801 jusqu'en i8o4 n avait une part dans le Journal des Débats depuis son origine, et en avait même été fondateur avec M. Ber-" tin-Devaux 5 mais il la perdit avec ses co-propriétaires par la confiscation de ce journal en avril 181 i. Il prit alors la profession d'avocat, et fut mis sur le ta bleau. Il n'a jamais plaidé; mais il a fait des mémoires dans un grand nombre def causes importantes, entre auli'es dans le procès intenté aux entrepreneurs de la Biographie un iif. [P^oy. Prijubomme). M. de Laborie fut nommé, en avril 181 4 j secrétaire-général adjoint du gouverne iiieiii provisoire. Le jour même de l'ar rivée de l'empereur de Russie à Paris, il apporta vers dtnx heures après midi à IVl. Micliaud, 1,1 fnmeuse déclaration de ce priiire , et, avant sept heures, il y en avait dix mille exemplaires «j'imprime» ROU «t «'eux mille remis dans la chambre de S.. M r. {f^oy. Talletrand ) On sait que renipcreur Alexandre les montra alors conmie la preuve de ses volontés et «le ses engagements irrévocables , à M. de Caulaincoui t, qui Venait négocier en fa veur de Buon;iparte. Quand celui-ci lut à Fontainebleau les noms de ceux qui composaient le gouverneuienl pl■o^ i— soire, il dit , en voyant le nom de M. de Laborie : Celui-ci était payé pour cela. » M. Roux a suivi le Roi à Gand en 1815, et y a fait, avec M. Bertin l'aîné, le Moniteur universel, que S. M. fit publier comme journal officiel. L'entrée en France avec le Roi, M. de La borie fut nommé le 4 août 1815 par le collège électoral de la Somme, le septième des sept députés que ce département envoya à la chambre de 1815. Il fit le 1er février 1816, et se fit remarquer au nom d'une commission, par rapport à la proposition de M. de Blangy, tendant à améliorer le sort des écrivains. Ce rapport fit beaucoup de bruit, et par le fond des questions qu'ils contenaient, et par la loi nouvelle dont elles étaient traitées. M. Roux de La borie prononça un second rapport, au nom de la même commission, après la clôture de la discussion, pour répondre aux adversaires du projet, le 4 février 1816. Ce rapport, très long, abordait encore plus de mouvement et de chaleur que le premier. M. Roux prononça le 18 mars une opinion sur le budget, qu'il termina par un tableau remarquable de la session, et par une profession de foi de la chambre de 1815, et, le 23 avril, il parla encore sur le rapport de M. de Kergorlay, qui proposait de rendre les biens non vendus au clergé; ce que l'assemblée résolut, le 28 avril 1816. Aux élections de 1817, M. Roux de La borie fut présenté comme candidat par les deux collèges électoraux d'Amiens et de Doullens; il eut pour être député quinze voix, et il lui en manqua dix pour être réélu. Il se reprit depuis l'exercice de la profession d'avocat, et continua de rédiger des mémoires dans les affaires importantes. | 21,517 |
https://github.com/SerejkaSJ/fiasko_bro/blob/master/test_fixtures/encoding_repo/utf8_with_bom/file_in_utf8_with_BOM.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | fiasko_bro | SerejkaSJ | Python | Code | 8 | 20 | '''File saved in UTF-8 with BOM'''
"Hello World!"
| 10,848 |
https://openalex.org/W2098281303 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,013 | Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-Fabp) Modifies Intestinal Fatty Acid Composition and Adenoma Formation in <i>ApcMin</i>/+ Mice | Sekhar Dharmarajan | Turkish | Spoken | 440 | 1,767 | Supplementary Table S3 Supplementary Table S3 Supplementary Table S3 Comparison of relative abundance of TG species between genotypes. Data are reported as mean ± SEM
and p values calculated using two-tailed Student t test. Comparison of relative abundance of TG species between genotypes. Data are reported as mean ± SEM
and p values calculated using two-tailed Student t test. Supplementary Table S3 Relative abundance (%)
TG Species
ApcMin/+
L-Fabp−/− ApcMin/+
p value
16:0,18:2,18:2
9.34 ± 0.54
7.44 ± 0.68
0.06
16:0,18:2,18:1
9.04 ± 0.41
8.57 ± 0.35
0.41
16:0,18:1,18:1
8.99 ± 1.05
11.54 ± 0.85
0.09
18:1,18:1,18:1
8.97 ± 0.44
10.56 ± 0.81
0.14
18:1,18:2,18:1
7.80 ± 0.47
10.25 ± 0.42
0.004
18:2,18:2,18:1
5.40 ± 0.34
6.87 ± 0.79
0.15
16:0,16:0,18:2
4.82 ± 0.31
3.63 ± 0.18
0.01
16:0,16:0,16:0
4.39 ± 0.56
4.90 ± 0.92
0.66
18:2,18:1,18:0
4.25 ± 0.67
2.63 ± 0.11
0.03
16:0,16:0,18:1
4.17 ± 0.27
4.08 ± 0.15
0.77
16:0,18:2,18:0
3.59 ± 0.42
2.22 ± 0.23
0.02
18:1,18:1,18:0
3.46 ± 0.31
3.14 ± 0.24
0.44
18:2,18:2,18:0
3.27 ± 0.59
1.79 ± 0.22
0.03
18:2,18:2,18:2
2.87 ± 0.36
4.02 ± 0.65
0.18
16:0,18:1,18:0
2.42 ± 0.22
2.10 ± 0.18
0.28
16:0,16:0,16:1
1.67 ± 0.24
1.62 ± 0.22
0.88
16:0,16:1,18:1
1.66 ± 0.28
2.04 ± 0.21
0.30
16:0,16:1,18:2
1.34 ± 0.15
1.39 ± 0.07
0.78
20:2,18:1,16:0
1.30 ± 0.27
0.47 ± 0.05
0.01
20:4,18:2,16:0
1.09 ± 0.20
0.52 ± 0.10
0.02
16:1,18:1,18:1
1.03 ± 0.13
1.22 ± 0.15
0.39
18:1,18:0,18:0
0.99 ± 0.43
0.66 ± 0.18
0.46 16:1,18:1,18:2
0.97 ± 0.15
1.18 ± 0.08
0.22
16:0,18:1,18:3
0.75 ± 0.01
0.78 ± 0.06
0.70
18:2,18:0,18:0
0.72 ± 0.38
0.47 ± 0.08
0.47
16:1,16:1,18:1
0.59 ± 0.11
0.81 ± 0.04
0.07
18:3,18:1,18:1
0.59 ± 0.04
0.67 ± 0.06
0.28
16:0,18:2,18:3
0.55 ± 0.03
0.55 ± 0.06
0.98
16:0,18:1,20:4
0.52 ± 0.08
0.34 ± 0.05
0.09
16:1,18:2,18:2
0.49 ± 0.02
0.49 ± 0.04
0.99
20:4,18:0,16:0
0.47 ± 0.10
0.20 ± 0.05
0.03
18:3,18:2,18:1
0.42 ± 0.03
0.70 ± 0.12
0.06
16:1,16:1,18:2
0.42 ± 0.02
0.49 ± 0.03
0.12
16:1,16:0,18:0
0.42 ± 0.02
0.37 ± 0.03
0.24
16:0,16:0,20:4
0.40 ± 0.07
0.20 ± 0.04
0.03
18:3,18:1,18:0
0.37 ± 0.05
0.25 ± 0.02
0.06
16:1,18:0,18:1
0.37 ± 0.04
0.32 ± 0.04
0.38
16:0,16:1,16:1
0.36 ± 0.07
0.39 ± 0.11
0.87
18:3,18:2,18:0
0.22 ± 0.06
0.22 ± 0.05
0.95
20:0,20:0,14:2
0.20 ± 0.09
0.14 ± 0.02
0.47
16:1,16:1,18:0
0.19 ± 0.01
0.19 ± 0.01
0.66
20:2,18:2,16:0
0.14 ± 0.01
0.09 ± 0.02
0.04
18:2,18:2,20:0
0.11 ± 0.03
0.12 ± 0.003
0.77
16:1,16:1,16:1
0.10 ± 0.03
0.09 ± 0.02
0.77
16:0,16:1,18:3
0.09 ± 0.02
0.10 ± 0.02
0.73
16:1,18:3,18:0
0.02 ± 0.01
0.02 ± 0.01
0.89 | 2,294 |
https://github.com/kanishkg/lab/blob/master/lua_tests/language_region_colors_test.lua | Github Open Source | Open Source | CC-BY-4.0 | 2,021 | lab | kanishkg | Lua | Code | 151 | 561 | local asserts = require 'testing.asserts'
local test_runner = require 'testing.test_runner'
local region_colors = require 'language.region_colors'
local set = require 'common.set'
local tests = {}
function tests.shuffledFloors_shouldFailIfNoRegionsDefined()
local colorer = region_colors.createShuffledFloors({})
asserts.shouldFail(function () colorer() end)
end
function tests.shuffledFloors_shouldFailIfMoreRegionsThanColors()
local colorer = region_colors.createShuffledFloors({'color1'})
asserts.shouldFail(function () colorer{regions = {'region1', 'region2'}} end)
end
function tests.shuffledFloors_shouldMapSingleColorToSingleRegion()
local COLOR = 'color1'
local REGION = 'region1'
local EXPECTATION = {floor = COLOR}
local colorer = region_colors.createShuffledFloors{COLOR}
local result = colorer{regions = {REGION}}
asserts.tablesEQ(result[REGION], EXPECTATION)
end
function tests.shuffledFloors_shouldReturnResultsForAllRegions()
local COLORS = {'color1', 'color2', 'color3'}
local REGIONS = {'regionA', 'regionB', 'regionC'}
local colorer = region_colors.createShuffledFloors(COLORS)
local result = colorer{regions = REGIONS}
for _, region in ipairs(REGIONS) do
assert(result[region])
end
end
function tests.shuffledFloors_shouldReturnValuesFromGivenColors()
local COLORS = {'color1', 'color2', 'color3', 'color4'}
local REGIONS = {'regionA', 'regionB', 'regionC'}
local COLOR_SET = set.Set(COLORS)
local colorer = region_colors.createShuffledFloors(COLORS)
local result = colorer{regions = REGIONS}
for _, region in ipairs(REGIONS) do
assert(COLOR_SET[result[region].floor])
end
end
return test_runner.run(tests)
| 11,134 |
https://github.com/KSU-Mobile-Dev-Club/Calculator/blob/master/app/src/main/java/edu/ksu/cs/mdc/calculator/MainActivity.kt | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Calculator | KSU-Mobile-Dev-Club | Kotlin | Code | 423 | 1,119 | package edu.ksu.cs.mdc.calculator
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.EditText
import android.widget.TextView
import kotlin.math.roundToInt
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
private var equation : String = ""
private var result : String = ""
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
/**
* Called by buttons for numbers and operators.
*
* Fills the equation variable and displays it.
*/
fun buttonPress(view: android.view.View) {
val btn : Button? = view as? Button
val btntext : String? = btn?.text.toString()
this.equation += btntext
val display : TextView = findViewById(R.id.calculator_textview)
display.setText(this.equation)
}
/**
* Called by hitting the = button.
*
* Displays the result of the equation.
*/
fun equalsButtonPress(view: android.view.View) {
val pieces = convertToMath(this.equation)
val display : TextView = findViewById(R.id.calculator_textview)
display.setText(calculate(pieces))
}
/**
* Called by the equalsButtonPress method to find the result of the equation.
*
* @param equationParts A List of Strings consisting of numbers and operators.
*/
private fun calculate(equationParts : List<String>) : String {
var answer : Double = equationParts[0].toDouble()
var x : Int = 1
var temp : String = equationParts[2]
val size : Int = equationParts.size
while (x < size) {
when (temp) {
"+" -> {
answer += equationParts[x].toDouble()
temp = equationParts[x]
}
"-" -> {
answer -= equationParts[x].toDouble()
temp = equationParts[x]
}
"*" -> {
answer *= equationParts[x].toDouble()
temp = equationParts[x]
}
"/" -> {
answer /= equationParts[x].toDouble()
temp = equationParts[x]
}
else -> equationParts[x].also { temp = it }
}
x++
}
return answer.toString()
}
/**
* Called by pressing the C button.
*
* Resets the state of the calculator to starting conditions.
*/
fun clearButtonPress(view: android.view.View) {
this.equation = ""
this.result = ""
val display : TextView = findViewById(R.id.calculator_textview)
display.setText(this.equation)
}
/**
* Called by pressing the Backspace button
*
* Removes the last character from the equation.
*/
fun backspaceButtonPress(view: android.view.View) {
this.equation = this.equation.dropLast(1)
val display : TextView = findViewById(R.id.calculator_textview)
display.setText(this.equation)
}
/**
* Converts the single String equation into a List<String> of
* separated numbers and operators.
*/
private fun convertToMath(equation: String): List<String> {
var converted : List<String> = mutableListOf()
var x = 0
var piece : String = ""
while (x < equation.length) {
if (equation.elementAt(x).isDigit()) {
piece += equation.elementAt(x)
if (x == equation.length - 1) {
converted += piece
}
} else if (equation.elementAt(x) == '.') {
piece += equation.elementAt(x)
if (x == equation.length - 1) {
converted += piece + "0"
}
} else {
converted += piece
piece = equation.elementAt(x).toString()
converted += piece
piece = ""
}
x++
}
return converted
}
} | 29,516 |
https://github.com/Erhannis/StaticGenerator/blob/master/src/staticgenerator/SGFrame.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,014 | StaticGenerator | Erhannis | Java | Code | 823 | 3,626 | /*
* To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/
package staticgenerator;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.awt.datatransfer.DataFlavor;
import java.awt.datatransfer.Transferable;
import java.awt.datatransfer.UnsupportedFlavorException;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.awt.image.RenderedImage;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.swing.JFileChooser;
import mathnstuff.components.ImagePanel;
/**
*
* @author MEwer
*/
public class SGFrame extends javax.swing.JFrame {
public ImagePanel ipImage;
/**
* Creates new form SGFrame
*/
public SGFrame() {
initComponents();
ipImage = new ImagePanel();
jSplitPane1.setRightComponent(ipImage);
}
/**
* This method is called from within the constructor to initialize the form.
* WARNING: Do NOT modify this code. The content of this method is always
* regenerated by the Form Editor.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
// <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Generated Code">//GEN-BEGIN:initComponents
private void initComponents() {
jSplitPane1 = new javax.swing.JSplitPane();
jPanel1 = new javax.swing.JPanel();
cbPalette = new javax.swing.JComboBox();
btnGenerate = new javax.swing.JButton();
spinScale = new javax.swing.JSpinner();
jLabel1 = new javax.swing.JLabel();
btnToClip = new javax.swing.JButton();
btnToFile = new javax.swing.JButton();
setDefaultCloseOperation(javax.swing.WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
jSplitPane1.setDividerLocation(200);
cbPalette.setModel(new javax.swing.DefaultComboBoxModel(new String[] { "BW", "Greyscale", "Color", "Sampled" }));
btnGenerate.setText("Generate");
btnGenerate.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
btnGenerateActionPerformed(evt);
}
});
spinScale.setModel(new javax.swing.SpinnerNumberModel(Integer.valueOf(1), Integer.valueOf(1), null, Integer.valueOf(1)));
jLabel1.setText("Scale");
btnToClip.setText("To Clipboard");
btnToClip.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
btnToClipActionPerformed(evt);
}
});
btnToFile.setText("To PNG");
btnToFile.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {
btnToFileActionPerformed(evt);
}
});
org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout jPanel1Layout = new org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout(jPanel1);
jPanel1.setLayout(jPanel1Layout);
jPanel1Layout.setHorizontalGroup(
jPanel1Layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.LEADING)
.add(jPanel1Layout.createSequentialGroup()
.addContainerGap()
.add(jPanel1Layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.LEADING)
.add(jPanel1Layout.createSequentialGroup()
.add(jPanel1Layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.LEADING, false)
.add(cbPalette, 0, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
.add(btnGenerate)
.add(spinScale))
.addPreferredGap(org.jdesktop.layout.LayoutStyle.RELATED)
.add(jLabel1))
.add(btnToClip)
.add(btnToFile))
.addContainerGap(38, Short.MAX_VALUE))
);
jPanel1Layout.setVerticalGroup(
jPanel1Layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.LEADING)
.add(jPanel1Layout.createSequentialGroup()
.addContainerGap()
.add(cbPalette, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE)
.addPreferredGap(org.jdesktop.layout.LayoutStyle.RELATED)
.add(jPanel1Layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.TRAILING)
.add(spinScale, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE)
.add(jLabel1))
.addPreferredGap(org.jdesktop.layout.LayoutStyle.RELATED, 194, Short.MAX_VALUE)
.add(btnToFile)
.addPreferredGap(org.jdesktop.layout.LayoutStyle.RELATED)
.add(btnToClip)
.addPreferredGap(org.jdesktop.layout.LayoutStyle.RELATED)
.add(btnGenerate)
.addContainerGap())
);
jSplitPane1.setLeftComponent(jPanel1);
org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout layout = new org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout(getContentPane());
getContentPane().setLayout(layout);
layout.setHorizontalGroup(
layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.LEADING)
.add(jSplitPane1, org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, 711, Short.MAX_VALUE)
);
layout.setVerticalGroup(
layout.createParallelGroup(org.jdesktop.layout.GroupLayout.LEADING)
.add(jSplitPane1)
);
pack();
}// </editor-fold>//GEN-END:initComponents
private static final int PALETTE_BW = 0;
private static final int PALETTE_GREYSCALE = 1;
private static final int PALETTE_COLOR = 2;
private static final int PALETTE_SAMPLED = 3;
private void btnGenerateActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {//GEN-FIRST:event_btnGenerateActionPerformed
int palette = PALETTE_BW;
if ("BW".equals(cbPalette.getSelectedItem())) {
palette = PALETTE_BW;
} else if ("Greyscale".equals(cbPalette.getSelectedItem())) {
palette = PALETTE_GREYSCALE;
} else if ("Color".equals(cbPalette.getSelectedItem())) {
palette = PALETTE_COLOR;
} else if ("Sampled".equals(cbPalette.getSelectedItem())) {
palette = PALETTE_SAMPLED;
//TODO Do
}
int width = ipImage.getWidth();
int height = ipImage.getHeight();
int scale = (Integer)spinScale.getValue();
BufferedImage bi = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
for (int y = 0; y + scale <= height; y += scale) {
for (int x = 0; x + scale <= width; x += scale) {
int color = getColor(palette);
for (int y0 = 0; y0 < scale; y0++) {
for (int x0 = 0; x0 < scale; x0++) {
bi.setRGB(x + x0, y + y0, color);
}
}
}
}
ipImage.setImage(bi);
}//GEN-LAST:event_btnGenerateActionPerformed
private Random r = new Random();
private int getColor(int palette) {
switch (palette) {
case PALETTE_BW:
return 0xFF000000 + (0x00FFFFFF * r.nextInt(2));
case PALETTE_GREYSCALE:
return 0xFF000000 + (0x00010101 * r.nextInt(0x100));
case PALETTE_COLOR:
return 0xFF000000 + (0x00010000 * r.nextInt(0x100))
+ (0x00000100 * r.nextInt(0x100))
+ (0x00000001 * r.nextInt(0x100));
case PALETTE_SAMPLED:
//TODO Do
default:
return 0xFF000000;
}
}
private void btnToClipActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {//GEN-FIRST:event_btnToClipActionPerformed
if (ipImage.getImage() != null) {
writeToClipboard(ipImage.getImage());
}
}//GEN-LAST:event_btnToClipActionPerformed
private JFileChooser fileChooser = new JFileChooser();
private void btnToFileActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {//GEN-FIRST:event_btnToFileActionPerformed
if (ipImage.getImage() != null) {
if (fileChooser.showSaveDialog(this) == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {
File file = fileChooser.getSelectedFile();
BufferedImage bi = (BufferedImage)ipImage.getImage();
try {
ImageIO.write(bi, "png", file);
} catch (IOException ex) {
Logger.getLogger(SGFrame.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
}
}
}
}//GEN-LAST:event_btnToFileActionPerformed
/**
* Copies an image to the clipboard.
* Copied from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7834768/setting-images-to-clipboard-java
* @param image
*/
public static void writeToClipboard(Image image)
{
if (image == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Image can't be null");
ImageTransferable transferable = new ImageTransferable( image );
Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard().setContents(transferable, null);
}
static class ImageTransferable implements Transferable
{
private Image image;
public ImageTransferable (Image image)
{
this.image = image;
}
public Object getTransferData(DataFlavor flavor)
throws UnsupportedFlavorException
{
if (isDataFlavorSupported(flavor))
{
return image;
}
else
{
throw new UnsupportedFlavorException(flavor);
}
}
public boolean isDataFlavorSupported (DataFlavor flavor)
{
return flavor == DataFlavor.imageFlavor;
}
public DataFlavor[] getTransferDataFlavors ()
{
return new DataFlavor[] { DataFlavor.imageFlavor };
}
}
/**
* @param args the command line arguments
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
/* Set the Nimbus look and feel */
//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc=" Look and feel setting code (optional) ">
/* If Nimbus (introduced in Java SE 6) is not available, stay with the default look and feel.
* For details see http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/lookandfeel/plaf.html
*/
try {
for (javax.swing.UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo info : javax.swing.UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels()) {
if ("Nimbus".equals(info.getName())) {
javax.swing.UIManager.setLookAndFeel(info.getClassName());
break;
}
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(SGFrame.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
} catch (InstantiationException ex) {
java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(SGFrame.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
} catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(SGFrame.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
} catch (javax.swing.UnsupportedLookAndFeelException ex) {
java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(SGFrame.class.getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
}
//</editor-fold>
/* Create and display the form */
java.awt.EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
new SGFrame().setVisible(true);
}
});
}
// Variables declaration - do not modify//GEN-BEGIN:variables
private javax.swing.JButton btnGenerate;
private javax.swing.JButton btnToClip;
private javax.swing.JButton btnToFile;
private javax.swing.JComboBox cbPalette;
private javax.swing.JLabel jLabel1;
private javax.swing.JPanel jPanel1;
private javax.swing.JSplitPane jSplitPane1;
private javax.swing.JSpinner spinScale;
// End of variables declaration//GEN-END:variables
}
| 23,522 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Stocker | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Manfred Stocker | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred Stocker&action=history | German | Spoken | 102 | 212 | Manfred Stocker (* 24. November 1966 in Niederösterreich; † 19. April 2006 in Hamburg) war ein österreichischer Koch.
Manfred Stocker kam Anfang der 1990er Jahre nach Hamburg und lernte bei Heinz Otto Wehmann im Landhaus Scherrer und Josef Viehhauser (Le Canard) sein Kochhandwerk. Ab 1999 führte er sein eigenes Restaurant „Stocker´s“ im Hamburger Stadtteil Altona.
Bekannt wurde er als Fernsehkoch und Laiendarsteller in zahlreichen deutschen Fernsehproduktionen. Gelegentlich war er auch Darsteller in Produktionen des Altonaer Theaters.
Manfred Stocker starb mit 39 Jahren an Lungenkrebs.
Weblinks
Nachruf im Hamburger Abendblatt
Koch (Österreich)
Gastronom
Fernsehkoch (Österreich)
Person (Hamburg)
Österreicher
Geboren 1966
Gestorben 2006
Mann | 50,458 |
hal-03437328-effective_putinar.txt_2 | French-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | 2,023 | On the Effective Putinar’s Positivstellensatz and Moment Approximation. Mathematical Programming, Series A, 2022, ⟨10.1007/s10107-022-01877-6⟩. ⟨hal-03437328v4⟩ | None | English | Spoken | 7,637 | 13,672 | Moreover since S ⊂ [−1, 1]n we have D(y) ≤ 2 n for y ∈ [−1, 1]n. Then: √ √ √ 2 n 2 n D(y) ≤ 2 n = ∗ G∗ ≤ ∗ G(y) G G 12 for all y ∈ C. √ 2 n Finally, taking c = max(c0, G∗ ) we obtain: D(y) ≤ cG(y) for all y ∈ [−1, 1]n. Remark. In Theorem 2.11 we prove that in regular cases the Łojasiewicz exponent is 1. On the other hand we don’t give a precise estimate for the constant c, even if we can revisit the proof of Lemma 2.9, Lemma 2.10 and Theorem 2.11 to bound it in terms of the following parameters: • the max norm of the Jacobian of the g: we could bound this parameter bounding the norm of g; • the min norm of the Gram matrix of the ∇g: this measures how close are the gradients to be linearly dependend; • the minimum of G(y) on the complementary in [−1, 1]n of a small neighbourhood of S: this measures how close are the g to have a common zero outside of S; • the convergence rate to 0 of the Taylor remainder h(z). A detailed analysis of these parameters would also give an upper bound for c, but we don’t develop it for the sake of simplicity. Remark. On the contrary when the problem is not regular the bounds on the exponent Ł can be large. We have: Ł ≤ d(g)(6d(g) − 3)n+r−1 see [KS15, sec. 3.1] and [KSS16]. 2.3 Construction of a polynomial echelon function
In this section, we describe the polynomial echelon function hk,m used to perturb f. This echelon polynomial depends on a parameter δ ∈ R>0 controlling the width of the step (and defined in Section 2.2) and on a parameter k ∈ R>0 controlling the minimum of the function. To show that the degree and the norm of the perturbation polynomial depend polynomially on ε(f ) (in Section 3.1), we are going to bound the degree of the echelon polynomials in terms of δ and k. Consider the following function:
1 t ∈ [−1, −δ] 9(k−1) 27(k−1) 27(k−1) 7k−9 3 2 − 2d 3 k t − 2d 2 k t − 2dk t − 2k t ∈ [−δ, −δ + 3δ ] 9(k−1) 3 27(k−1) 2 9(k−1) H(t) = (10) t + 2d 2 k t + 2dk t + k+1 t ∈ [−δ + 3δ, −δ + 2δ 3 ] 2k d3k 9(k−1) 3 1 2δ t ∈ [−δ + 3, 0] − 2d 3 k t + k 1 t ∈ [0, 1] k
The piecewise polynomial function H(t) is a C2 cubic spline on [−1, 1]. Indeed an explicit computation shows that the functions H, H (1), H (2) are absolutely continuous, and moreover the piecewise 216(k−1) constant function H (3) is of total variation V = δ3 k. Finally notice that H is non-increasing on [−1, 1]. We approximate this function by a polynomial ∈ R[T ], using Chebyshev approximation (see Figure 2): Theorem 2.12 (Chebyshev approximation on [−1, 1] [Tre13]). For an integer u, let h : [−1, 1] → R be a function such that its derivatives through h(u−1) be absolutely continuous on [−1, 1] and its u-th derivative h(u) is of bounded variation V. Then its Chebyshev approximation pm of degree m satisfies: kh − pm k ≤ 4V.
πu(m − u)u 13
Figure 2: Polynomial Echelon Function
Proposition 2.13
.
There exists a univariate polynomial hk,m ∈ R[T ] such that: l q m 3 4(k−1) • deg hk,m = m with m = 6δ + 3 ; 3π • for t ∈ [−1, −δ] we have 1 − 1k ≤ hk,m (t) ≤ 1 + 1k ; • for t ∈ [0, 1] we have hk,m (t) ≤ 2k ; • for t ∈ [−1, 1] we have 0 ≤ hk,m (t) ≤ 1 + 1k. Proof. We construct a degree m Chebyshev approximation hk,m ∈ R[T ] of H such that 1 H − hk,m ≤, k (11) so that the last three points of the proposition are satisfied. As H, H (1) and H (2) are absolutely 216(k−1) continuous and H (3) has total variation V = δ3 k, by Theorem 2.12, it suffices to take m such 4V ≤ 1k, i.e. 3π(m−3)3 r r 6 3 4(k − 1) 3 4V k m≥ +3 = + 3, 3π δ 3π which proves the first point. The other points follow from Equation (11) and the definition of H in (10). 3
Effective Putinar’s Positivstellensatz
This section is devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.7. 3.1 From S to [−1, 1]n
Let hk,m be as in Proposition 2.13. We want to show that, for a suitable choice of k, m and s ∈ R>0, the polynomial: r X p = f −s hk,m (gi )gi (12) i=1 f ∗ is such that p ≥ 2 on [−1, 1]n. 14 Remark. Our construction of the perturbed polynomial p is similar to the one in [Sch05], [NS07], or [Ave13] where the polynomial h is a univariate (sum of) squares. That choice is simpler, but it P results in worst bounds for the degree and the norm of s ri=1 hk,m (gi )gi, than the one we obtain using the polynomial echelon function hk,m. These univariate SoS coefficients have also been used in [KS15], to prove that one can uniformly approximate positive polynomials on compact sets, using the proper subcone of the quadratic P module Q(g) where the SoS coefficient of gi is of the form j (hj (gi ))2, for hj univariate. They derive a Putinar’s Positivstellensatz and apply it to Polynomial Optimization problems. We describe the equivalent of the uniform approximation result in Theorem 4.1, with our coefficients hk,m ∈ Q(1 + T, 1 − T ).
Proposition 3.1.
Assume that the normalisation assumptions (2) are satisfied. If s> 6kf k ; δ (13) 2r − 2 + 1; δ 4rs k> ∗ ; f (14) k> then p = f − s (15) f∗ n i=1 hk,m (gi )gi ≥ 2 on [−1, 1]. Pr Proof. Let x ∈ A so that G(x) ≥ δ, i.e. min{g1 (x),..., gr (x), 0} ≤ −δ (see Section 2), and WLOG assume g1 (x) ≤ −δ. Notice that from Proposition 2.13 we have hk,m (g1 (x)) ≥ 1 − 1k and, if gi (x) ≥ 0, hk,m (g1 (x)) ≤ 2k. Moreover recall that kgi k ≤ 12 from the normalisation assumptions (2). Then: p(x) =
f (x) − s r X hk,m (gi (x))gi (x) i=1 r X 1 ≥ f (x) + sδ(1 − ) − s hk,m (gi (x))gi (x) k i=2 r −1 δ 1 δ 1 r −1 1 = f (x) + s (1 − ) + s( (1 − ) − ). ≥ f (x) + sδ(1 − ) − s k k 2 k 2 k k
From Equation (13) and Equation (14), we have respectively f (x) + s 2δ (1 − 1k ) > f∗ kf k 2 ≥ 2 and f∗ δ 1 r−1 2 (1 − k ) − k > 0, so that p(x) > 2 for x ∈ A. 3f ∗ f∗ By Equation (15), 4 − srk > 2. By the normalization assumptions (2) and as hk,m is upper bounded by 2k on [0, 1] (see Proposition 2.13), we therefore deduce that for x ∈ [−1, 1]n \ A p
(x)
= f (x) − s r X hk,m (gi (x))gi (x) ≥ i=1 3f ∗ 2 1 3f ∗ sr f ∗ − sr = − >. 4 k2 4 k 2 f
∗ This shows that p(x) > 2 for x ∈ [−1, 1]
n = A ∪ ([−1, 1]n \ A). Proposition 3.2. Let p be as in (12), with (13), (14), (15) and the normalization assumptions (2) satisfied. Let d(g) = maxi deg gi. Then kpk = O(kf k23Ł rcd(f )2Ł ε(f )−Ł ), 1 4 8Ł 4Ł+1 deg p = O(24Ł r 3 c 3 d(g)d(f ) 3 ε(f )− 3 ). 15 (16) (17) Proof. Let d = d(f ) = deg fq. We start bounding m in terms of ε(f ). l 3 4(k−1) m We can choose m = 6δ + 3 from Proposition 2.13, thus it is enough to bound k and δ. 3π ε(f ) From Lemma 2.5 we can choose δ = 1c ( 8d 2 )Ł = c−1 ε(f )Ł 2−3Ł d −2Ł. From Equation (13) we deduce that: kf k s = O( ) = O(kf kc23Ł d 2Ł ε(f )−Ł ). (18) δ From Equation (14) we deduce that k = O( δr ), while from Equation (15) (together with Equation (13)) we deduce that k = O( ε(fr )δ ): the latter has an higher order in terms of ε(f ), and finally: k = O(c23Ł rd 2Ł ε(f )−(Ł+1) ). l q m 3 4(k−1) Now we plug Equation (19) in m = 6δ 3π + 3 and obtain:
(19) 1 m = O( 2Ł Ł+1 4 1 8Ł 4Ł+1 1 1 k3 ) = O((c 3 r 3 2Ł d 3 ε(f )− 3 )(c23Ł d 2Ł ε(f )−Ł )) = O(c 3 r 3 24Ł d 3 ε(f )− 3 ). δ (20)
By the normalization assumptions (2), the properties of hk,m (Proposition 2.13) and Equation (18) we obtain:
kpk ≤ kf k + s r X i=1 1 1 hk,m (gi )gi ≤ kf k + sr(1 + ) k 2 ≤ kf k + sr = O(kf k + kf kcr23Ł d 2Ł ε(f )−Ł ) = O(kf kcr23Ł d 2Ł ε(f )−Ł ).
Similarly
,
using
Equation (20)
we have
: 1 4 8Ł 4Ł+1 deg(f − p) ≤ max{deg(hk,m (gi )gi ), i = 1,..., r} = O(d(g)m + d(g)) = O(24Ł r 3 c 3 d(g)d 3 ε(f )− 3 ), i where d(g) = maxi deg gi. P
We now show that f − p = s ri=1 hk,m (gi (x))gi (x) is in Q` (g), giving degree bounds for the degree ` that is necessary to represent f − p (see Proposition 3.7). Theorem 3.3 (Fekete - Lukács, [PR00]). Let f ∈ R[T ]d be a univariate polynomial of degree d. If f ≥ 0 on [−1, 1] then there exists s0, s1, s2 ∈ Σ2 such that f = s0 + s1 (1 − T ) + s2 (1 + T ), where the degree of every addendum is ≤ d + 1. In other words, Pos([−1, 1])d ⊂ Qd+1 (1 − T, 1 + T ). Proof. From [PR00] (see also [PS76, part VI, 46–47]) there exists polynomials hi such that f = h20 + h21 (1 −T ) + h22 (1 + T ) + h23 (1 − T 2 ), where the degree of every addendum is ≤ d. Now notice that 1 2 2 2 1 − T = 2 (1 + T ) (1 − T ) + (1 − T ) (1 + T ) to conclude. Our assumption is that Q(1 − kXk22 ) ⊂ Q(g), while we are trying to reduce to the case of [−1, 1]n. We show that we can move from the latter to the former with a constant degree shift in Lemma 3.4. Lemma 3.4. The preordering associated with the box [−1, 1]n is included in the quadratic module of the unit ball. In particular Od (1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}) ⊂ Qd+n (1 − kXk22 ). Proof. Notice that: X 1 1 1 ± Xi = ((1 − Xi2 + (1 ± Xi )2 )) = ((1 − kXk22 + Xj2 + (1 ± Xi )2 )). 2 2 j,i This implies that Qd (1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}) ⊂ Qd+1 (1 − kXk2 ). Since Q(1 − kXk2 ) is a preordering (i.e. it is closed under multiplication) we also have Od (1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}) ⊂ Qd+n (1 − kXk22 ). 16 Lemma 3.4 implies that we have a Putinar-like representation of polynomials strictly positive on the box as elements of the quadratic module of the ball. Lemma 3.5. Let Q(g) be a quadratic module such that 1 − kXk22 ∈ Q(g), and let f be a polynomial such that f > 0 on [−1, 1]n. Then f ∈ Q(g). Proof. Since f > 0 on [−1, 1]n, then f ∈ Q(1−kXk2 ) by Schmüdgen’s Positivstellensatz and Lemma 3.4. Now by hypothesis Q(1 − kXk2 ) ⊂ Q(g) and thus f ∈ Q(g). Lemma 3.5 shows that we can use a Schmüdgen theorem on [−1, 1]n, for instance Theorem 3.8, to prove that f ∈ Q(g), without having proved a general Putinar’s Positivstellensatz for Q(g) yet. Another alternative to prove the result would have been to notice that f > 0 on [−1, 1]n implies f > 0 on the unit ball, and then apply a Schmüdgen/Putinar theorem for Q(1 − kXk2 ). We are ready to show that the addenda h(gi )gi belong to Q(g), with degree bounds for the representation. Lemma 3.6. Let h ∈ Pos([−1, 1])m be a univariate polynomial of degree m. If the normalization assumptions (2) are satisfied and d(g) = maxi deg gi, then h(gi )gi ∈ Qd(g)m+`0 +2 (g), where `0 = min{k : 1 − gi ∈ Qk (g) ∀i = 1,..., r}. Proof. By Theorem 3.3, h ∈ Qm+1 (1 + T, 1 − T ), i.e. h = s0 + s1 (1 + T ) + s2 (1 − T ), where si is a SoS where deg s0, deg s1 + 1 and deg s2 + 1 are ≤ m + 1. Let di = deg gi. Notice that: • s0 (gi )gi ∈ Qdi (m+1)+di (g) = Qdi (m+2) (g) since s0 is a SoS of degree ≤ m + 1; • s1 (gi )(1 + gi )gi = s1 (gi )gi + s1 (gi )gi2 ∈ Qdi m+2 di (g) since s1 is a SoS of degree ≤ m; • s2 (gi )(1 − gi )gi = s2 (gi )(gi − gi2 ) ∈ Q(g). Indeed gi − gi2 = (1 − gi )2 gi + gi2 (1 − gi ), and since kgi k ≤ 12 we have (1 − gi ) ∈ Q(g) by Lemma 3.5. In particular let `0 be minimal such that for all i we have 1 − gi ∈ Q`0 (g). Then gi − gi2 ∈ Q`0 +2 (g) and finally s2 (gi )(gi − gi2 ) ∈ Qdi m+`0 +2 (g). This shows that h(gi )gi = s0 (gi )gi + s1 (gi )(1 + gi )gi + s2 (gi )(1 − gi )gi ∈ Qd(g)m+`0 +2 (g), where d(g) = maxi di. We now apply Lemma 3.6 to p to determine the degree of the representation of f − p ∈ Q(g). P Proposition 3.7. Let s ri=1 hk,m (gi )gi = f − p be as in (12). If the normalization assumptions (2) are 1 4 8Ł 4Ł+1 satisfied, then f −p ∈ Q` (g) when ` = O(24Ł r 3 c 3 d(g)d(f ) 3 ε(f )− 3 ), where c, Ł are given by Lemma 2.5. Proof. It is enough to prove that for all i we have hk,m (gi )gi ∈ Q` (g). Notice that hk,m (gi )gi ∈ 4 1 8Ł 4Ł+1 Qd(g)m+`0 +2 (g) for all i, see Lemma 3.6. From Equation (20) we can choose m = O(c 3 r 3 24Ł d 3 ε(f )− 3 ) P 8Ł 4Ł+1 1 4 and thus if ` = O(24Ł r 3 c 3 d(g) d(f ) 3 ε(f )− 3 ) we have s ri=1 hk,m (gi )gi = f − p ∈ Q` (g).
3.2 The Polynomial Effective Positivstellensatz
We will use an effective version of Schmüdgen’s Positivstellensatz for the box [−1, 1]n. Theorem 3.8 ([LS21]). Let f ∈ R[X], deg f = d and f > 0 on [−1, 1]n. Let fmin = minx∈[−1,1]n f (x) and fmax = maxx∈[−1,1]n f (x). Then there exists a constant C(n, d) (depending only on n and d) such that f ∈ Onr (1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}), where: s √ C(n, d)(fmax − fmin ) r ≥ max πd 2n,. fmin Moreover the constant C(n, d) is a polynomial in d for fixed n: C(n, d) ≤ 2π2 d 2 (d + 1)n n3 = O(d n+2 n3 ) 17
Our assumption is that Q(1 − kXk22 ) ⊂ Q(g), while Theorem 3.8 involves O(1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}). But we have already shown in Lemma 3.4 that we can move from the latter to the former with a constant degree shift. We are now ready to prove the main theorem. P Proof of Theorem 1.7. Let p = f − s ri=1 hk,m (gi )gi be as in Equation (12), with s, k, m satisfying Equation (13), Equation (14), Equation (15) and hk,m as in Proposition 2.13. In particular:
f∗ • p ≥ 2 on
[
−1
,
1]n
from Pro
position 3.1
;
• kpk = O(23Ł r c d(f )2Ł kf kε(f )−Ł )
from
Equation (16); 1 4 8Ł 4Ł+1 • deg p = O(24Ł r 3 c 3 d(g) d(f ) 3 ε(f )− 3 )
from Equation
(17). q We apply Theorem 3.8 to p: p ∈ On`0 (1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}), if `0 ≥ C(n,deg p)(pmax −pmin ). Recall also pmin from Theorem 3.8 that C(n, m) = O(n3 mn+2 ). We now deduce the asymptotic order of `0 :
s s C(n, deg p)(pmax − pmin ) 2kpk =O n3 (deg p)n+2 ( ∗ + 1) pmin f s 1 4 8Ł 4Ł+1 kf k23Ł rcd(f )2Ł ε(f )−Ł =O n3 (24Ł r 3 c 3 d(g) d(f ) 3 ε(f )− 3 )n+2 f∗ (4Ł+1)n+11Ł+5 1 2(4n+11)Ł n+5 4n+11 3 )2 =O (n3 2(4n+11)Ł r 3 c 3 d(g)n+2 d(f ) 3 ε(f )− 3 (4n+11)Ł n+5 4n+11 (4n+11)Ł (4Ł+1)n+11Ł+5 n+2 6 =O n 2 2 2 r 6 c 6 d(g) 2 d(f ) 3 ε(f )−, 3 (4n+11)Ł n+5 4n+11 n+2 (4n+11)Ł (4n+11)Ł n+5 (4Ł+1)n+11Ł+5 6 so we can choose
`0 = O(n 2 2 2 r 6 c 6 d(g) 2 d(f ) 3 ε(f )− ) and p ∈ On`0 (1 ± Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n}). Now, from Lemma 3.4 we have On`0 (1±Xi : i ∈ {1,..., n} ⊂ Qn`0 +n (1−kXk22 ). Moreover from Equation (2) we have that 1−kXk22 ∈ Q(g ). In particular if 1−kXk22 ∈ Q`1 (g) and thus Qn`0 +n (1−kXk22 ) ⊂ 5 Qn`0 +n+`1 (g), i.e. choosing ` = nO(`0 ) = O(n 2 2 2 r 6 c have p ∈ Q` (g). Finally notice that f = (f − p) + p and 4n+11 6 n+2 d(g) 2 d(f ) (4n+11)Ł 3 ε(f )− (4Ł+1)n+11Ł+5 6 ) we • p ∈ Q` (g) from the discussion above; • f − p ∈ Q` (g) from Proposition 3.7, since the degree of the truncated quadratic module in Proposition 3.7 is smaller than `. Then f ∈ Q` (g) with 5 ` = O(n 2 2 (4n+11)Ł 2 n+5 r 6 c 4n+11 6 n+2 d(g) 2 d(f ) (4n+11)Ł 3 ε(f )− (4Ł+1)n+11Ł+5 6 ). (21)
We simpl
ify
the
exponents
for readibility. Recall that
Ł
≥
1
and
c
≥ 1, and assume n ≥ 2. Under these assumptions the inequalities (4n + 11)Ł ≤ 10nŁ, n + 5 ≤ 6n, 4n + 11 ≤ 10n, n + 2 ≤ 2n and
(4Ł +
1)
n +
11
Ł +
5
≤ 14
n
Ł hold. Therefore we
deduce that f ∈ Q` (g) if ` ≥ O(n3 25nŁ r n c2n d(g)n d(f )3.5nŁ ε(f )−2.5nŁ ) = γ(n, g)d(f )3.5nŁ ε(f )−2.5nŁ, where γ(n, g) = O(n3 25nŁ r n c2n d(g)n ) ≥ 1. 5 (4n+11)Ł n+5 4n+11 n+2 (4n+11)Ł (4Ł+1)n+11Ł+5 6
Remark. From Equation (21), we have ` = O(n 2 2 2 r 6 c 6 d(g) 2 d(f ) 3 ε(f )− ), where c, Ł are defined in Definition 2.4. The exponents in Theorem 1.7 have been simplified for the sake of readability and are not optimal. 18 If the inequalities defining S satisfy a regularity condition we can simplify the bound, since Ł = 1 in this case (see Section 2.2). Corollary 3.9. Assume n ≥ 2 and let g1,..., gr ∈ R[X] = R[X1,..., Xn ] satisfying the normalization assumptions (2) and such that the CQC (Definition 2.7) hold at every point of S(g). Let f ∈ R[X] such that f ∗ = minx∈S f (x) > 0. Then f ∈ Q` (g) if ` = O(n3 25n r n c2n d(g)n d(f )3.5n ε(f )−2.5n ), where c is given by Theorem 2.11. 4 Convergence of Lasserre’s relaxations optimum
We begin with a short description of Polynomial Optimization Problems (POP) and of the Lasserre hierarchies to approximately solve them, and refer to [Las01], [Las15] for more details. Let f, g1,..., gs ∈ R[X]. The goal of Polynomial Optimization is to find: n o
f
∗ B
inf f (x
) ∈ R
| x ∈ Rn, gi (x)
≥ 0 for
i
= 1,...
,
s
=
inf f
(
x
)
: gi
(
x
)
≥
0
∀
i
∈ {1,...,
r}, (22)
x that is the infimum f ∗ of the objective function f on the basic closed semialgebraic set S = S(g). It is a general problem, which appears in many contexts and with many applications, see for instance [Las10]. We define the SoS relaxation of order ` of problem (22) as Q2` (g) and the supremum: n o ∗ fSoS,` B sup λ ∈ R | f − λ ∈ Q2` (g). (23) Now we want to define the dual approximation of the polynomial optimization problem. We are interested in an affine hyperplane section of the cone L`
(g) = Q` (g)∨ : n o (1) L` (g) = L ∈ L` (g) | hL|1i = 1.
With this notation we define the MoM relaxation of order ` of problem
(22)
as
L2` (g) and the infimum: n o (1) ∗ fMoM,` B inf hL|f i ∈ R | L ∈ L2` (g). (24) It is easy to show that the relaxations (23) and (24) are lower approximations of f ∗. Their convergenge to f ∗ as the order ` goes to infinity is deduced from Putinar’s Positivstellensatz. In particular the rate of convergence can be deduced from the Effective Putinar’s Positivstellensatz: see Theorem 4.3. The proof of this result is the purpose of Section 4. ∗ ∗ Remark. We have that fSoS,` ≤ fMoM,` ≤ f ∗ for all `. Thus the results of this section, stated for the ∗ ∗ SoS relaxations fSoS,`, are also valid for the MoM relaxations fMoM,`. A first step for the proof of Theorem 4.3 is to recognise Theorem 1.7 as a quantitative result of approximation of polynomials with polynomials in the truncated quadratic module. Theorem 4.1. Assume n ≥ 2 and let g satisfy the normalization conditions (2). Let Ł be the Łojasiewicz exponent defined in Definition 2.4 and let f ≥ 0 on S(g). Then for 0 < ε ≤ kf k, we have f − f ∗ + ε = q ∈ Q` (g) for ` ≥ γ 0 (n, g) d(f )3.5nŁ kf k2.5nŁ ε−2.5nŁ (25) where γ 0 (n, g) = 32.5nŁ γ(n, g) ≥ 1 depends only on n and g and γ(n, g) is given by Theorem 1.7. 19 Proof. Notice that f − f ∗ + ε > 0 on S(g) and ε(f − f ∗ + ε) = ε ε ε ≥ ≥ ∗ ∗ kf − f + εk kf k + |f | + ε 3kf k for ε ≤ kf k. Moreover deg f − f ∗ + ε = deg f = d(f ). By Theorem 1.7, we have f − f ∗ + ε = q ∈ Q
`
(
g
)
if ` ≥ O(n3 25nŁ r n c2n d(g)n d(f )3.5nŁ ( ε −2.5nŁ ) ) 3kf k = γ 0 (n, g) d(f )3.5nŁ kf
k
2.5nŁ ε−2.5n
Ł
where
γ 0 (n,
g)
=
32.5nŁ γ(n
,
g
)
=
O
(n3 25nŁ 32.5nŁ r n c2n d(g)n ) ≥ 1
depends only on n and g, and not on f, and γ(n, g) is given by Theorem 1.7. 3 4Łn+11Ł n+5 4n+11 n+2 Remark. From Equation (21), we have γ(n, g) = O(n 2 2 2 r 6 c 6 d(g) 2 ), where c, Ł are defined in Definition 2.4. The exponents of γ 0 (n, g) = 32.5nŁ γ(n, g) in the proof have been simplified for the sake of readability and are not optimal. Remark. Theorem 4.1 is a quantitive version of Weierstrass approximation theorem for positive polynomials on S, showing that a polynomial f ∈ Pos(S(g)) can be approximated uniformly on [−1, 1]n (within distance ε) by an element f ∗ + q ∈ Q` (g) for ` ≥ γ 0 (n, g) d(f )3.5nŁ kf k2.5nŁ ε−2.5nŁ. We are now ready to prove the rate of conve rgence for Lasserre hierarchies. ∗ Theorem 4.2. With the same hypothesis of Theorem 4.1, let fSoS,` be the Lasserre SoS (lower) approxi∗ ∗ mation. Then f − fSoS,
`
≤ ε for
`
≥
γ
0
(n
,
g) d(f )3.5nŁ kf k2.5nŁ ε−2.5nŁ.
(26) Proof. Notice that ∗ fSoS,` = sup{ λ ∈ R | f − λ ∈ Q2` (g) } = inf{ ε ∈ R≥0 | f − f ∗ + ε ∈ Q2` (g) }. By Theorem 4.1, for ` ≥ γ 0 (n, g) d(f )3.5nŁ kf k2.5nŁ ε−2.5nŁ, f − f ∗ + ε ∈ Q` (g). This implies that ∗ f ∗ − fSoS,` ≤ ε and concludes the proof. 1 Theorem 4.3. With the same hypothesis of Theorem 4.2 and γ 00 (n, g) = γ 0 (n, g) 2.5nŁ, we have 7 1 ∗ 0 ≤ f ∗ − fSoS,` ≤ γ 00 (n, g)kf kd(f ) 5 ` − 2.5nŁ. Proof. We apply Theorem 4.2 with ε ≤ kf k such that ` = dγ 0 (n, g)d(f )3.5nŁ kf k2.5nŁ ε−2.5nŁ e and 1 γ 00 (n, g) = γ 0 (n, g) 2.5nŁ. In conclusion Theorem 1.7 allows to prove Theorem 4.3, a polynomial convergence of the Lasserre’s lower approximations to f ∗. In comparison with [NS07, th. 8], where the convergence is logarithmic in level ` of the hierarchy, Theorem 4.3 gives a polynomial convergence to f ∗. In regular POP we can simplify the bound, since Ł = 1 in this case (see Section 2.2). 1 Corollary 4.4. With the same hypothesis of Theorem 4.2 and γ 00 (n, g) = γ 0 (n, g) 2.5n, we have 7 1 ∗ 0 ≤ f ∗ − fSoS,` ≤ γ 00 (n, g)kf kd(f ) 5 `
−
2.5n if the CQC (Definition 2.7) hold at every point of S(g). Proof. Apply Theorem 4.3 and Theorem
2.11. 20
Convergence of pseudo-moment sequences to measures
We are interested in the study of the truncated positive linear functionals L` (g) = Q` (g)∨, i.e. the (1) dual convex cone of the truncated quadratic modules, and in particular of its section Ld (g). This cone is used to define the Lasserre MoM relaxations (24). In the following we often restrict the linear functionals to polynomials of degree ≤ t, that is we consider the conesRL` (g)[t]. Notice in particular that, if μ ∈ M(S)[t] and q ∈ Q` (g) ∩ R[X]t then μ q = q dμ ≥ 0, since q ≥ 0 on S. In other words: M(S)[t] ⊂ L` (g)[t] for all `, i.e. our dual cone is an outer approximation of the cone of measures supported on S. To compare quantitatively these cones we consider their affine (1) (1) sections M(1) (S)[t] and L` (g)[t]. Recall that L` (g)[t] is a generating section of L` (g)[t] when t ≤ 2`, see Section 1.2. In this section, we prove Theorem 1.8, which shows the convergence of the outer approximation as ` goes to infinity, and deduce the speed rate from Theorem 1.7. To measure this convergence we use the Hausdorff distance of sets dH (·, ·). Before the proof of the main theorem, recall that in the finite dimensional vector space R[X]t, all the norms are equivalent: we specify in Lemma 5.1 a constant that we will need in the proof P of Theorem 5.7, for the following norms. For f = |α|≤t aα Xα ∈ R[X]t, as usual kf k = max |f (x)|, x∈[−1,1]n sX a2α. and kf k2 = |α|≤t q Lemma 5.1. For f ∈ R[X]t, we have kf k ≤ n+t t kf k2. Proof. Let x ∈ [−1, 1]n such that |f (x)| = kf k. Denote x̄ = (xα )|α|≤t and ā = (aα )|α|≤t. Then: kf k = |f (x)| = |ā · x̄| ≤ kāk2 kx̄k2 = kf k2 kx̄k2 using the Cauchy-Schwarz that |xα | ≤ 1 for all α since x ∈ [−1, 1]n, and q inequality. Finally notice q p n+t thus kx̄k2 ≤ dim R[X]t = n+t t, which implies kf k ≤ t kf k2. We recall a version of Haviland’s theorem that characterize linear functionals that are represented by measures supported on a compact set. Theorem 5.2 ([Sch17, th.17.3]). Let S ⊂ Rn be compact and let Pos(S)t = {f ∈ R[X] | deg f ≤ t, f (x) ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ S}. Then for a linear functional L ∈ R[X]∗t, L ∈ M(S)[t] if and only if hL|f i ≥ 0 for all f ∈ Pos(S)t. We slightly modify The orem 5.2 in order to consider only polynomials of unit norm. Corollary 5.3. Let P = {f ∈ Pos(S)t | kf k2 = 1} and let L ∈ R[X]∗t. Then L ∈ M(S)[t] ⊂ R[X]∗t if and only if hL|f i ≥ 0 for all f ∈ P. D f E Proof. Notice that hL|f i ≥ 0 ⇐⇒ L kf k ≥ 0. Then apply Theorem 5.2. 2 We interpret Corollary 5.3 in terms of convex geometry. The convex set M(S)[t] = { L ∈ R[X]∗t | ∀f ∈ P, hL|f i ≥ 0 } is the convex cone dual to P. Any f ∈ P is defining an hyperplane hL|f i = 0 in R[X]∗t, and an associated halfspace Hf = {L ∈ R[X]∗t | hL|f i ≥ 0} such that M(S)[t] ⊂ Hf. Corollary 5.3 means that T M(S)[t] = f ∈P Hf. We consider a relaxation of the positivity condition to prove our convergence. Definition 5.4. For ε ≥ 0 and P as in Corollary 5.3, we define C(ε) = {L ∈ R[X]∗t | ∀f ∈ P, hL|f i ≥ −ε}. Notice that by definition and Corollary 5.3 we have C(0) = M(S)[t]. We show now that C(ε) contains the truncated positive linear functionals of total mass one for a large enough order of the hierarchy.
5.5.
Let ` ≥ γ 0 (n, g) t 3.5nŁ n+t t 5nŁ 4 ε−2.5nŁ, where g satisfy assumption (2) and γ 0 (n, g) is given (1) by Equation (25). Then L` (g)[t] ⊂ C(ε). 12. From Theorem 4.1, we deduce that for Proof. By Lemma 5.1, for all f ∈ P we have kf k ≤ n+t t 5nŁ (1) 4 ` ≥ γ 0 (n, g) t 3.5nŁ n+t ε−2.5nŁ, we have f − f ∗ + ε = q ∈ Q` (g). Thus for L ∈ L` (g)[t] we obtain t (1) hL|f + εi = hL|q + f ∗ i ≥ 0. Therefore hL|f i ≥ −ε: this shows that L` (g)[t] ⊂ C(ε). The convex set C(ε) can be seen as a tubular neighborhood of M(S)[t]. We are going to bound its Hausdorff distance to the measures. We state and prove the result in the general setting of convex geometry, and finally use it to prove Theorem 5.7. T Lemma 5.6. Let C = H∈H H be a closed convex set described as intersection of half spaces H = {x ∈ RN | cH · x + bH ≥ 0}, where • kcH k2 = 1 for all H ∈ H; • H is the set of all the half-spaces containing C (of unit normal).
T If H(ε) = {x ∈ RN | cH · x + bH ≥ −ε} and C(ε) = H∈H H(ε), then dH (C, C(ε)) ≤ ε. Proof. By definition C ⊂ C(ε). Assume that this inclusion is proper, otherwise there is nothing to prove, and let ξ ∈ C(ε) \ C. Consider the closest point η in C of ξ on C, and the half space η−ξ H = {x ∈ RN | η−ξ · x + b ≥ 0} ∈ H defined by the affine supporting hyperplane orthogonal to η − ξ k k2 η−ξ passing through η (and thus η−ξ · η = −b). Notice that H ∈ H since H is defined by a normalized k k2 supporting hyperplane of C. (η−ξ)·(η−ξ) η−ξ η−ξ η−ξ Finally notice that η − ξ 2 = η−ξ = − η−ξ · ξ + η−ξ · η = −( η−ξ · ξ + b). Since ξ ∈ C(ε) k k2 k k2 k k2 k k2 η−ξ and H ∈ H, we have ( η−ξ · ξ + b) ≥ −ε, and thus 0 < η − ξ 2 ≤ ε. Then the distance between any k k2 ξ ∈ C(ε) \ C and its closest point η ∈ C is ≤ ε, which implies dH (C, C(ε)) ≤ ε. Theorem 5.7. Let Q(g) be a quadratic module where g satisfy assumption (2) and let 0 ` ≥ γ (n, g) t 3.5nŁ n+t t! 5nŁ 4 ε−2.5nŁ (1) with γ 0 (n, g) given by Equation (25). Then dH (M(S)[t], L` (g)[t] ) ≤ ε. Proof. By Corollary 5.3 we have: M(S)[t] = { L ∈ R[X]∗t | ∀f ∈ P, hL|f i ≥ 0}
=
∩f ∈P Hf, where Hf = {L ∈ R[X]
∗
t
|
hL
|
f i
≥
0}
with kf k2
=
1
and
f ∈ Pos(S)t. We check that the hyperplanes Hf with f ∈ P defining M(S)[t] satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 5.6: • The half-space Hf has a unit normal since kf k2 = 1; • Any supporting hyperplane of M(S)[t] defines an half-space Hf = {L ∈ R[X]∗t | hL|f i ≥ 0 with R f ∈ P. Indeed if f defines a supporting hyperplane of M(S)[t], then μ f = f dμ ≥ 0 for all R μ ∈ M(S)[t]. In particular for all x ∈ S we have f (x) = f dδx ≥ 0 (where δx denotes the dirac measure concentred at x). This proves that f ∈ Pos(S)t and, normalizing it, we can assume f ∈P. 22 Then from Lemma 5.6 we have dH (M(S)[t], C(ε)) ≤ ε. (1) Finally by Lemma 5.5 we deduce that L` (g)[t] ⊂ C(ε) and conclude that (1) dH (M(S)[t], L` (g)[t] ) ≤ dH (M(S)[t], C(ε)) ≤ ε. Notice that in Theorem 5.7 we are bounding the distance between normalized linear functionals and measures that may be not normalized (i.e. not a probability measure). In the following we solve this problem. We recall and adapt to our context [JH16, lem. 3] to obtain a bound on the norm of pseudomoment sequences. In particular we do not assume that the ball constraint is an explicit inequality, but only that the quadratic module is Archimedean. (1) Lemma 5.8. Assume that r 2 − kXk22 = q ∈ Q`0 (g). Then for all t ∈ N and ` ≥ 2t − 2 + `0, if L ∈ L` (g) we q Pt 2k have L[2t]
2
≤
n+
t
k
=0 r.
t
(1) Proof.
For
L
∈ L
` (g
),
let HLk
be
the Moment matrix of L in degree ≤ 2k
,
which is semi-definite qP k 2 2 positive
.
Let HLk F
be its Fro
benius norm, i
.
e. HLk F = |α|,|β |≤k Lα+β,
and
HL 2 its ` operator norm, i.e. the maximal eigenvalue of HLk. Notice that
by
definition we have L[2k] 2 ≤ HL
k F
and
q q HLk 2
≤ tr HLk, Moreover recall HLk F ≤ rank(HLk ) HLk 2. To obtain a bound on L[2k] 2, we are D E P P going to use tr HLk = |α|≤k L2α = L[2k] |α|≤k X2α
. As for k ≤
t
, (r 2 − kXk22 )( X X2α ) ∈ Q
2t−2+
`0 (g)
⊂
Q`
(
g
). |α|≤k−1 we have * + * X + * + X X 2 2 2 2α 2 2α 2α 0 ≤ L (r − kXk2 )( X ) =r L X − L kXk2 ( X ) |α|≤k−1 |α|≤k−1 |α|≤k−1 * X + 2 k−1 2α = r tr HL − L X − hL|1i = r 2 tr HLk−1 + 1 − tr HLk, |α|≤k that is, tr HLk ≤ r 2 tr HLk−1 + 1.
Since tr HL0 = L0 = 1, we deduce by induction on k that tr HLt ≤ and thus s s!!
t q n + t n + t X 2k [2t] t t t t tr HL ≤ r. L ≤ HL F ≤ rank(HL ) HL 2 ≤ 2 t t Pt k=0 r 2k k=0
Finally we are ready to prove Theorem 1.8, where we obtain the bound of the distance between normalized linear functionals and probability measures. Proof of Theorem 1.8. Let ε0 = 12 εt −1 n+t t to L. We first bound the norm of μ. As ` ≥ γ(n, g) 6 2.5nŁ 6nŁ t − 12 n+t t (1) ≤ 41, L ∈ L` (g)[2t] and μ ∈ M(S)[2t] be the closest point! 5nŁ 2 ε −2.5nŁ by Theorem 5.7 we have d(L, μ) ≤ ε0. 23 0 = γ (n, g) t 3.5nŁ n+t t! 5nŁ 4 (ε0 )−2.5nŁ, R μ Let μ0 = 1 dμ. We want to bound the distance between L and μ ∈ M(1) (S)[2t]. Notice that 0 d(L, 1 − μ0 μ μ μ 2. ) ≤ d(L, μ) + d(μ, ) ≤ ε0 + μ0 μ0 μ0 1−μ (27) 0 ε
Since L0 = 1, d(L, μ) ≤ ε0 implies 1 − ε0 ≤ μ0 ≤ 1 + ε0, and therefore μ 0 ≤ 1−ε 0. Moreover, using 0 Lemma 5.8 we have s!
n+t 0 μ 2 = μ − L + L ≤ d(μ, L) + kLk2 ≤ ε + (t + 1). t
Then from Equation (27) we conclude that s s s!!!
0 0 0 μ ε n + t ε ε n + t n+t 0 0 0 d(L, ) ≤ ε + (ε + (t + 1) )= + (t + 1) ≤ 2ε t = ε, μ0 1 − ε0 t 1 − ε0 1 − ε0 t t since ε0 ≤ 14, n ≥ 1 and t ≥ 1. Corollary 5.9.
With the
hypothe
sis
of The
orem 1.8
and the
CQC
(
De
finition 2.7
)
s
atisfied
at
every
point
of
S(g
), then (1) dH (M(1) (S)[2t], L` (g)[2t] ) ≤ ε 2.5nŁ −2.5n if ` ≥ γ(n, g) 62.5n t 6n n+t ε. t
Proof
. Apply Theorem 1.8 and Theorem 2.11.
In Theorem 1.8 we prove a bound for the convergence of Lasserre truncated pseudo-moments to moments of measures. The convergence, without bounds, can be deduced from [Sch05, th. 3.4] by taking as objective function a constant. On the other hand, we can deduce [Sch05, th. 3.4] from (1) ∗ Theorem 1.8, by considering the sections of L` (g)[t] given by hL|f i = fMoM,k. In the context of Generalized Moment Problems (GMP), general convergence to moments of measures has been studied in [Tac21]. The uniform bounded mass assumption in [Tac21] is trivially satisfied in the context of Polynomial Optimization, since L0 = hL|1i = 1: the convergence result of [Tac21] is thus more general than [Sch05, th. 3.4] and the one implied by Theorem 1.8. But we conjecture, and leave it for future exploration, that it is possible to extend the proof technique of Theorem 1.8 to the GMP and give bounds on the rate of convergence also in this extended context. Aknowkedgments. The authors thank M. Laurent and L. Slot for the discussion about Schmüdgen’s theorem on [−1, 1]n, A. Parusiński and K. Kurdyka for the useful suggestions on the Łojasiewicz and Markov inequalities and F. Kirschner for discussions on half space descriptions of convex bodies. The authors thank the anonymous referees for their suggestion, that helped improving the presentation and pointed out errors present in previous versions of the article.
References [Art27] Emil Artin. “Über die Zerlegung definiter Funktionen in Quadrate”. In: Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universitat Hamburg 5.1 (1927), pp. 100–115. [Ave13] Gennadiy Averkov. “Constructive Proofs of some Positivstellensätze for Compact Semialgebraic Subsets of R d”. In: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 158.2 (2013), pp. 410–418. [BCR98] Jacek Bochnak, Michel Coste, and Marie-Francoise Roy. Real Algebraic Geometry. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge / A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1998. isbn: 978-3-54064663-1. 24 [Ber99] Dimitri P. Bertsekas. Nonlinear Programming. Athena Scientific, 1999. isbn: 978-1886529-00-7. [DKL19] Etienne De Klerk and Monique Laurent. Convergence analysis of a Lasserre hierarchy of upper bounds for poly
nomial minimization on the sphere. 2019. [FF20] Kun Fang and Hamza Fawzi. “The sum-of-squares hierarchy on the sphere and applications in quantum information theory”. In: Mathematical Programming (2020). [GPR12] Blekherman Grigoriy, A. Parrilo Pablo, and R. Thomas Rekha, eds. Semidefinite Optimization and Convex Algebraic Geometry. MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2012. isbn: 978-1-61197-228-3. [Hil88] D. Hilbert. “Ueber die Darstellung definiter Formen als Summe von Formenquadraten”. In: Mathematische Annalen 32 (1888), pp. 342–350. [JH16] Cédric Josz and Didier Henrion. “Strong duality in Lasserre’s hierarchy for polynomial optimization”. In: Optimization Letters 10.1 (2016), pp. 3–10. [KK21] Felix Kirschner and Etienne de Klerk. Convergence rates of RLT and Lasserre-type hierarchies for the generalized moment problem over the simplex and the sphere. 2021. [KR99] András Kroó and Szilárd Révész. “On Bernstein and Markov-Type Inequalities for Multivariate Polynomials on Convex Bodies”. In: Journal of Approximation Theory 99.1 (1999), pp. 134–152. [Kri64] J. L. Krivine. “Anneaux préordonnés”. In: Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 12.1 (1964), pp. 307–326. [KS15] Krzysztof Kurdyka and StanisŁaw Spodzieja. “Convexifying Positive Polynomials and Sums of Squares Approximation”. In: SIAM Journal on Optimization 25.4 (2015), pp. 2512–2536. [KSS16] Krzysztof Kurdyka, Stanisław Spodzieja, and Anna Szlachcińska. “Metric Properties of Semialgebraic Mappings”. In: Discrete & Computational Geometry 55.4 (2016), pp. 786–800. [Las01] Jean B. Lasserre. “Global Optimization with Polynomials and the Problem of Moments”. In: SIAM Journal on Optimization 11.3 (2001), pp. 796–817. Las10] Jean-Bernard Lasserre. Moments, positive polynomials and their applications. Imperial College Press optimization series v. 1. London : Signapore ; Hackensack, NJ: Imperial College Press ; Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co, 2010. isbn: 978-184816-445-1. [Las15] Jean Bernard Lasserre. An Introduction to Polynomial and Semi-Algebraic Optimization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. isbn: 978-1-107-44722-6. [Łoj59] S. Łojasiewicz. “Sur le problème de la division”. In: Studia Math. 18 (1959), pp. 87– 136. [LPR20] Henri Lombardi, Daniel Perrucci, and Marie-Françoise Roy. “An elementary recursive bound for effective Positivstellensatz and Hilbert 17-th problem”. In: Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 263.1277 (2020). [LS21] Monique Laurent and Lucas Slot. “An effective version of Schmüdgen’s Positivstellensatz for the hypercube”. In: arXiv:2109.09528 [math] (2021). [MM22] Ngoc Hoang Anh Mai and Victor Magron. “On the complexity of Putinar–Vasilescu’s Positivstellensatz”. In: Journal of Complexity (2022), p. 101663. [Mot67] T. S. Motzkin. “The arithmetic-geometric inequality”. In: Inequalities (Proc. Sympos. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1965) (1967), pp. 205–224. [Mou18] Bernard Mourrain. “Polynomial–Exponential Decomposition From Moments”. In: Foundations of Computational Mathematics 18.6 (2018), pp. 1435–1492. 25 [MSED21] Victor Magron and Mohab Safey El Din. “On Exact Reznick, Hilbert-Artin and Putinar’s Representations”. In: Journal of Symbolic Computation 107 (2021), pp. 221– 250. [NS07] Jiawang Nie and Markus Schweighofer. “On the complexity of Putinar’s Positivstellensatz”. In: Journal of Complexity 23.1 (2007), pp. 135–150. [PD01] Alexander Prestel and Charles Delzell. Positive Polynomials: From Hilbert’s 17th Problem to Real Algebra. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Berlin Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag, 2001. isbn: 978-3-540-41215-1. [PR00] Victoria Powers and Bruce Reznick. “Polynomials that are positive on an interval”. In: Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 352.10 (2000), pp. 4677–4692. [PS76] George Pólya and Gabor Szegö. Problems and Theorems in Analysis II: Theory of Functions. Zeros. Polynomials. Determinants. Number Theory. Geometry. 1st ed. Classics in Mathematics . Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1976. isbn: 978-3-540-63686-1. [Put93] Mihai Putinar. “Positive Polynomials on Compact Semi-algebraic Sets”. In: Indiana University Mathematics Journal 42.3 (1993), pp. 969–984. [Pó28] G. Pólya. “Über positive Darstellung von Polynomen.” In: Vierteljahrsschrift Zürich 73 (1928), pp. 141–145. [Rez95] Bruce Reznick. “Uniform denominators in Hilbert’s seventeenth problem”. In: Mathematische Zeitschrift 220 (1995), pp. 75–97. [Roc97] R. Tyrrell Rockafellar. Convex Analysis. Princeton University Press, 1997. | 39,872 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8769870 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Category:Political history of Indonesia | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 408 | 1,489 | Category:Political history of Indonesia
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US-66767808-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,008 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,449 | 4,692 | Method for improving the ice-breaking properties of a water craft and a water craft constructed according to the method
ABSTRACT
A method of providing a watercraft, especially an icebreaker or a cargo ship, tanker or similar transport vessel, with improved ice penetration characteristics and a watercraft manufactured according to the method, which watercraft has a hull ( 1 ) with a first end ( 2 ) and a second end ( 3 ) and which is equipped at said second end with a propulsion arrangement, which provides the main propulsive thrust of the watercraft, while the watercraft moves with either end ahead, and the steering of the watercraft, whereby said second end ( 3 ) of the watercraft is shaped and designed so that it, as such, has efficient ice penetration characteristics. Said propulsion arrangement is chosen so as to include at least three propulsion devices, at least the majority of which are rudder propeller devices ( 4 ) and which are arranged at least at two different distances from said second end ( 3 ) of the watercraft so that when the watercraft moves in ice or ice build-ups said second end ( 3 ) ahead, the propeller with one or more propulsion devices located near said second end ( 3 ) of the watercraft is arranged to break ice and the propeller with one or more propulsion devices located farther away from said second end ( 3 ) of the watercraft is arranged to remove disintegrated ice or ice chunks away from the ice build-up.
The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1of providing a watercraft, especially an icebreaker or a cargo ship,tanker or similar transport vessel with improved ice penetrationcharacteristics, which watercraft has a hull with a first end and asecond end and which is equipped at said second end with a propulsionarrangement, which provides the main propulsive thrust of thewatercraft, while the watercraft moves with either end ahead, and thesteering of the watercraft, whereby said second end of the watercraft isshaped and designed so that it, as such, has efficient ice penetrationcharacteristics. The invention also relates to a watercraft inaccordance with the preamble of claim 7.
There is need and use for various kinds of transport vessels, tankers,service vessels etc. that, in addition to open water conditions, alsooperate in icy waters and nowadays to an increasing degree even inarctic conditions. In practise, in order to travel efficiently, a vesselrequires various bow designs that correspond to varying conditions. Forthis purpose, a concept has been developed, according to which the frontend and aft end of the watercraft are optimised for differentconditions, respectively. The concept is described e.g. in the patentpublication U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,917 and accordingly, the aft end of thewatercraft is shaped and designed to break ice more efficiently than theforward end of the watercraft so that in heavy ice conditions the vesselmoves in the aft direction, whereas in open water conditions the vesselmoves more efficiently in the normal forward direction. Apart from thedesign and reinforcement of the aft end of the hull itself it ischaracteristic of the concept that the main propulsion devices at theaft end of the watercraft comprise two turnable rudder propellerdevices, the propellers of which together with the lower part of the aftend, which is shaped suitably oblique, break the ice. In distinctionfrom a stationary propeller device, where the propeller rotates about ashaft fixedly supported by the hull of the vessel, the term rudderpropeller device relates in this specification to a propeller thattogether with its drive shaft may be turned around a separate shaft andwhich may be used for maneuvering the vessel without any separate ruddermeans.
When the aim is to apply said concept on larger cargo vessels, such astankers, the vessel requires also a fairly high propulsion power assuch. The rudder propeller devices according to modern technology have,however, their limitations as for the propulsion power, the poweroutputs in practise being about 20 MW per rudder propeller device. Therestrictions of rudder propeller devices with higher power outputs thanthis comprise e.g. the space required, weight and price.
The publication EP 1472135 discloses a propulsion arrangement, known assuch, suitable for large RoRo vessels comprising a stationary propellerdevice and rudder propeller devices placed on both sides thereof. Thissolution as such is advantageous in terms of costs and spaceutilisation, when the problem is the space required and providing asufficiently high propulsion power also for larger vessels. There is nomention whatsoever in the document regarding the suitability of thesolution for vessels that, in addition to open water, may also travel inheavy ice conditions.
Thus, vessels that are intended for use in varying conditions and thatwould be especially suitable also for use in heavy ice conditions, whichin this context include, in addition to thick flat ice, especially iceridges formed of pack-ice and ice build-ups, require a bow that issuitably shaped to apply better in open water conditions, sufficient icepenetration characteristics for hard ice conditions and in addition, asufficient propulsion power per se. Apart from the ability to break iceefficiently as such in terms of fuel economy, the ice penetrationcharacteristics include in this context also the ability in general totravel in heavy ice conditions, such as in pack-ice and through iceridges, which in addition to a suitable design of the structure, alsorequires sufficient rigidity. This is apparent e.g. when steeringthrough ice ridges and pack-ice for disembarking and/or embarking at abase located in arctic conditions.
The above-mentioned problems partially hold true also in case of actualicebreakers, which may need to move in open waters for a long timebefore having any real icebreaking tasks. Additionally, the bow inicebreakers is designed for optimum operation especially when breakingthick flat ice, and thus ice ridges and ice build-ups are considerablymore challenging, when moving forward. Even if a certain ability tobreak ice, also when the icebreakers move in the aft direction, isrequired in order to ensure movability and maneuverability for instancewhen moving and turning in an open channel, the ability of theicebreaker to break ice when moving in the aft direction is generallysubstantially worse than when travelling in the forward direction.
A purpose of the invention is to provide a solution to theabove-mentioned problems and thus to provide a watercraft, which may bean icebreaker or a vessel suitable for transporting various kind ofcargo, which watercraft is more suitable than before to be used in theabove-mentioned varying operating conditions, especially in heavy iceconditions, for instance when steering through an ice ridge, icebuild-up or pack-ice. The objects of the invention are primarilyachieved as disclosed in the appended claims 1 and 7, and more closelyas explained in the other claims. In this context the terms “first end”and “second end” of the watercraft have been used instead of “front end”and “aft end”, respectively, since the latter terms may give space forinterpretation, if the watercraft is used and it moves forward incertain operating conditions variably better with either end ahead.
According to the invention, said propulsion arrangement of thewatercraft is chosen so as to include at least three propulsion devices,at least the majority of which are rudder propeller devices and arrangedat least at two different distances from said second end of thewatercraft so that when the watercraft moves in ice or ice build-upswith said second end ahead, the propeller with one or more propulsiondevices located near said second end of the watercraft is arranged tobreak ice and the propeller with one or more propulsion devices locatedfarther away from said second end of the watercraft is arranged to movedisintegrated ice or ice chunks away from the ice build-up.
By means of the invention it is possible to improve substantially theability of both an icebreaker and a watercraft suitable for carryingvarious kind of cargo to move forward, particularly in hard pack-iceconditions and through ice ridges, with that end ahead, at which themain propulsive thrust of the watercraft is arranged in both directionsof motion. Moreover, this end of the watercraft is also applicable forbreaking fairly thick flat ice, which is useful in case of cargotransport vessels. The rudder propeller devices located closer to saidsecond end operate efficiently when breaking or disintegrating packedice masses. Similarly, when the propulsion device further ahead fromsaid second end is used for moving disintegrated and broken ice chunksand ice masses out of the way, it is possible to improve efficiently thetravel of both an icebreaker as well as another watercraft especially inpack-ice and ice ridges compared to prior art solutions.
The present solution does not affect the design of the opposite end ofthe vessel, but it may be made as such better suited for moving forwardefficiently in open waters or, in case of an icebreaker, optimised in aconventional way to suit for breaking thick flat ice. Moreover,depending on the actual operating conditions, i.e. the degree of openwater steering as compared to moving in icy condition, said opposite endmay also in cargo vessels be designed so that it may be used withadvantage even for breaking flat ice. Thus at the same time, thearrangement according to the invention may provide both an icebreakerand a watercraft with better qualifications as a whole for breaking bothflat ice and pack-ice.
In order to ensure efficient running of the arrangement in icyconditions, the propulsion devices located at different distances fromsaid second end of the watercraft are placed side by side in the lateraldirection of the watercraft.
One advantageous way to utilise a chosen propulsion arrangement is touse one or more propellers to break an ice build-up by blowing a waterstream thereto, whereby more of the common propulsive thrust of thepropulsion devices is still arranged to move the watercraft toward theice build-up to be broken and to move broken ice away from the icebuild-up.
The watercraft's propulsion devices intended for breaking ice arepreferably rudder propeller devices. This makes it possible to turn themand thus enables a more efficient operation and travel of the watercraftin heavy ice conditions. The use of rudder propeller devices in themanner according to the invention is not as such dependent on whetherthey are so-called pushing or pulling rudder propeller devices in thenormal operation of the watercraft. What is essential is the position ofthe propeller of the propulsion device at the moment, when it is used asdisclosed in the invention.
In a preferable practical embodiment the propulsion arrangement ischosen so that it comprises turnable rudder propeller devices arrangedat a distance from the longitudinal centre line of the hull, on both itssides, and a stationary propeller device arranged between the rudderpropeller devices, the distance of the propeller of which stationarypropeller device from said second end of the watercraft is clearlylarger than that of the propellers of the rudder propeller devices, whenthe watercraft moves in the ice said second end ahead. Thus, the rudderpropeller devices closest to said second end of the watercraft bitefirmly on the ice ridge, whereas the stationary propeller device fartheraway makes it possible to shape said end of the vessel in the midshiparea so that the ice breaking angles at the aft end may be keptfavourably flat for icebreaking. This solution allows the broken ice topass freely under the watercraft and further on to the channel behindthe vessel from impeding the moving of the vessel forward. In addition,the stationary propulsion device provides the vessel with an efficientthrust when it moves in open water free from ice.
Considering the above-mentioned factors, the rudder propeller devicesare preferably dimensioned so that they in all correspond at least ahalf of the total propulsion power of the watercraft.
In the following, the invention is explained by way of example withreference to the appended schematic drawings, in which
FIG. 1 shows the aft part of a watercraft according to the inventionseen obliquely from below; and
FIG. 2 depicts the watercraft according to FIG. 1 seen from below sothat both the front end and aft end are shown.
In the drawings the reference number 1 refers to the hull of thewatercraft. For the sake of clarity the first end and the second end ofthe hull of the watercraft are called here a front end 2 and an aft end3, respectively. In principle, the watercraft may be any cargo vessel oricebreaker intended to operate both in open water and in ice conditions.
According to the invention, the main propulsion arrangement of thewatercraft is placed at the aft end of the watercraft and in this caseit comprises two rudder propeller devices 4 and between them a propeller5 arranged at the end of a stationary shaft. Depending on the type andsize of the watercraft it may, in addition to the main propulsionarrangement, also be provided with propulsion devices arranged at thefront end, for instance tunnel propellers, if so required, to assist themoving of the watercraft in harbours and other narrow places.Principally however, the watercraft moves both ahead and astern, bymeans of said main propulsion arrangement according to the invention.
As shown in the figures, the rudder propeller devices 4 are placed inthe vicinity of the aft end 3 of the watercraft below a design waterline 6. The aft end 3 is in the vicinity of the design water line 6, andsomewhat above it, shaped oblique so that it is capable of breaking iceand allowing the movement of the watercraft against the ice so that therudder propeller devices 4 may bore into the ice with the propellerahead. Thus, as favourable an arrangement as possible is provided formoving in heavy ice conditions, especially in pack-ice and ice ridgesformed thereof. As shown further in the figures, the propellers of therudder propeller devices 4 are in this case located distinctly closer tothe aft end 3 of the watercraft than the propeller of the stationarypropeller device 5, which propeller, when the vessel moves the aft endahead, guides and takes broken ice chunks under the watercraft andfurther on to the channel formed behind the vessel and/or partially tothe sides, especially if flat ice is concerned.
According to the main principles of the invention, the propulsionarrangement of the aft end 3 of the watercraft comprises propellerdevices, in practise most suitably three propeller devices, which areplaced at two different distances from the aft end 3 of the watercraft.Accordingly, one or more rudder propeller devices 4 are arranged at theaft end 3 of the watercraft so that said propellers are located closestto the ice and thus participate in the icebreaking. Moreover, the aftend 3 is provided with one or more propeller devices, either rudderpropeller devices 4 or stationary propeller devices 5 for removingbroken ice chunks efficiently out of the way of the watercraft, whichdevices are located farther away from the aft end 3 than said propellersof the rudder propeller devices 4, when the vessel travels the aft end 3ahead in the ice. This is important, as in heavy ice conditions thebroken ice masses already as such disturb essentially the moving of thewatercraft in the ice field forward.
The figures show the most favourable embodiment of the invention, whichis provided with one stationary propeller device 5 for removing icechunks. In addition to this operation, said stationary propeller 5 isadvantageous, when the aim is to ensure a sufficient propulsion poweralso when steering ahead in the open water use of the watercraft. Withinthe scope of the inventive idea, however, even all propeller devices inthe propeller arrangement may be rudder propellers 4, and one option maybe an arrangement, which comprises only one rudder propeller 4 as theaftmost propeller for breaking the channel, when moving in the aftdirection, and two other rudder propellers 4 take care of the removal ofice chunks. The most advantageous propulsion arrangement in eachindividual case is chosen on the basis of the conditions, in which thewatercraft is assumed to be used.
While the aft end 3 of the watercraft is arranged according to theinvention so that its ice penetration characteristics are as good aspossible especially in pack-ice and similar heavy ice conditions, otherfeatures may be taken into better consideration when designing andshaping the front end 2 of the watercraft. An example of this isoperating in open water, but also moving forward e.g. in a field offlatter ice, since in practise the most optimum arrangements differ fromone another to a certain degree depending on whether the aim is tooptimise moving in flat ice or in pack-ice and in conditions with iceridges efficiently. When the watercraft moves ahead, the rudderpropeller devices 4 may preferably be turned half a turn so that theyare pulling propellers also in this situation.
The invention is not limited to the shown embodiment, but severalvariations are conceivable within the scope of the appended claims.
1. A method of providing a watercraft, especially an icebreaker or acargo ship, tanker or similar transport vessel, with improved icepenetration characteristics, which watercraft has a hull (1) with afirst end (2) and a second end (3) and which is equipped at said secondend with a propulsion arrangement, which provides the main propulsivethrust of the watercraft, while the watercraft moves with either endahead, and the steering of the watercraft, whereby said second end (3)of the watercraft is shaped and designed so that it, as such, hasefficient ice penetration characteristics, wherein said propulsionarrangement is chosen so as to include at least three propulsiondevices, at least the majority of which are rudder propeller devices (4)and arranged at least at two different distances from said second end(3) of the watercraft so that when the watercraft moves in ice or icebuild-ups with said second end (3) ahead, the propeller with one or morepropulsion devices located near said second end (3) of the watercraft isarranged to break ice and the propeller with one or more propulsiondevices located farther away from said second end (3) of the watercraftis arranged to move disintegrated ice or ice chunks away from the icebuild-up.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the propulsiondevices located at different distances from said second end (3) of thewatercraft are placed side by side in the lateral direction of thewatercraft.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein one or morepropellers are used for breaking an ice build-up by blowing a waterstream thereto, whereby more of the common propulsive thrust of thepropulsion devices is still arranged to move the watercraft toward theice build-up to be broken and to move broken ice away from the icebuild-up.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the watercraft'spropulsion devices intended for breaking ice are rudder propellerdevices (4).
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the propulsionarrangement is chosen so that it comprises turnable rudder propellerdevices (4) arranged at a distance from the longitudinal centre line ofthe hull (1), on both its sides, and a stationary propeller device (5)arranged between the rudder propeller devices, the distance of thepropeller of which stationary propeller devices from said second end (3)of the watercraft is clearly larger than that of the propellers of therudder propeller devices (4), when the watercraft moves in the ice saidsecond end ahead.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the rudderpropeller devices (4) in all correspond at least a half of the totalpropulsion power of the watercraft.
7. A watercraft with improved icepenetration characteristics, especially an icebreaker or a cargo ship, atanker or similar transport vessel, which watercraft has a hull (1) witha first end (2) and a second end (3) and which is equipped at saidsecond end with a propulsion arrangement that provides the mainpropulsive thrust of the watercraft, while the watercraft moves witheither end ahead, and the steering of the watercraft, whereby saidsecond end (3) of the watercraft is shaped and designed so that it, assuch, has efficient ice penetration characteristics, wherein saidpropulsion arrangement comprises at least three propulsion devices, atleast the majority of which are rudder propeller devices (4) and whichare arranged at least at two different distances from said second end(3) of the watercraft so that when the watercraft moves in ice or icebuild-ups with said second end (3) ahead, the propeller with one or morepropulsion devices located near said second end (3) of the watercraft isarranged to break ice and the propeller with one or more propulsiondevices located farther away from said second end (3) of the watercraftis arranged to move disintegrated ice or ice chunks away from the icebuild-up.
8. A watercraft according to claim 7, wherein the propulsiondevices located at different distances from said second end (3) of thewatercraft are placed side by side in the lateral direction of thewatercraft.
9. A watercraft according to claim 7, wherein the propulsiondevises intended for disintegrating and breaking ice are rudderpropeller devices (4).
10. A watercraft according to claim 7, whereinthe propulsion arrangement comprises turnable rudder propeller devices(4) arranged at a distance from the longitudinal centre line of the hull(1), on both its sides, and a stationary propeller device (5) arrangedbetween the rudder propeller devices.
11. A watercraft according toclaim 10, wherein the rudder propeller devices (4) in all correspond atleast a half of the total propulsion power of the watercraft..
| 6,170 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32438930 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Kategori:Konflikter i 957 | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 10 | 39 | Kategori:Konflikter i 957
Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Konflikter i 957 forekomst av Wikimedia-kategori | 47,010 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29428865 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,015 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 196 | 512 | The component is added to a parent component more than once error using GridBagLayout
I want to use GridBagLayout and GridBagConstraints in Java gui. When I try to use the window builder, I get the following message:
The topPanelConstraints component is added to a parent component more than once.
add(TitleLabel,topPanelConstraints);
add(HomeButton,topPanelConstraints);
don't know what am I doing wrong, thank you for your help.
I am using Java Kepler, execution environment JavaSE-1.8. Below is my code:
public class topPanel extends JPanel {
private JLabel TitleLabel;
private JButton HomeButton;
private JButton ExitButton;
public topPanel()
{
setBackground(new Color(51, 204, 0));
setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
GridBagConstraints topPanelConstraints = new GridBagConstraints();
TitleLabel = new JLabel("title");
TitleLabel.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 30));
TitleLabel.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
topPanelConstraints.gridx = 0;
topPanelConstraints.gridy = 0;
add(TitleLabel,topPanelConstraints);
HomeButton = new JButton("home");
HomeButton.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 18));
HomeButton.setBackground(new Color(224, 255, 255));
topPanelConstraints.gridx = 1;
topPanelConstraints.gridy = 0;
add(HomeButton,topPanelConstraints);
ExitButton = new JButton("exit");
ExitButton.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 18));
ExitButton.setBackground(new Color(224, 255, 255));
topPanelConstraints.gridx = 2;
topPanelConstraints.gridy = 0;
add(ExitButton,topPanelConstraints);
}
}
You can claim another GridBagConstraints var, then the messsage will not appear.
In fact, you can ignore this message; it appears because you used Window Builder to open this Java source code in UI design mode.
| 2,343 |
|
https://github.com/r1ckyrockz/reactn/blob/master/tests/use-global/undefined.test.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | reactn | r1ckyrockz | TypeScript | Code | 420 | 1,452 | import GlobalStateManager from '../../src/global-state-manager';
import useGlobal from '../../src/use-global';
import REACT_HOOKS_ERROR from '../../src/utils/react-hooks-error';
import { GlobalTuple } from '../../types/use-global';
import HookTest from '../utils/hook-test';
import { G, INITIAL_REDUCERS, INITIAL_STATE, R } from '../utils/initial';
import { hasHooks } from '../utils/react-version';
type P = [ ];
// T for Tuple
type T = GlobalTuple<G>;
const STATE_CHANGE: Partial<G> = {
x: true,
};
const NEW_STATE: G = {
...INITIAL_STATE,
...STATE_CHANGE,
};
describe('useGlobal()', (): void => {
let globalStateManager: GlobalStateManager<G, R>;
let testUseGlobal: HookTest<P, T>;
beforeEach((): void => {
globalStateManager =
new GlobalStateManager(INITIAL_STATE, INITIAL_REDUCERS);
testUseGlobal =
new HookTest(
(): T => useGlobal(globalStateManager),
);
});
// If Hooks are not supported,
if (!hasHooks) {
it('should require Hooks', (): void => {
testUseGlobal.render();
expect(testUseGlobal.error).toBe(REACT_HOOKS_ERROR);
});
return;
}
it('should return a tuple', (): void => {
testUseGlobal.render();
expect(testUseGlobal.value).toBeInstanceOf(Array);
expect(testUseGlobal.value).toHaveLength(2);
expect(testUseGlobal.value[0]).toEqual(INITIAL_STATE);
expect(testUseGlobal.value[1]).toBeInstanceOf(Function);
expect(testUseGlobal.value[1]).toHaveLength(2);
});
describe('value', (): void => {
it(
'should subscribe to related state changes',
async (): Promise<void> => {
expect(testUseGlobal.renders).toBe(0);
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ global, setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
expect(testUseGlobal.renders).toBe(1);
global.x;
await setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE);
expect(testUseGlobal.renders).toBe(2);
}
);
it(
'should not subscribe to unrelated state changes',
async (): Promise<void> => {
expect(testUseGlobal.renders).toBe(0);
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ global, setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
expect(testUseGlobal.renders).toBe(1);
global.y;
await setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE);
expect(testUseGlobal.renders).toBe(1);
}
);
it('should update with state changes', async (): Promise<void> => {
// Arrange
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ global, setGlobal ] = testUseGlobal.value;
expect(global).toEqual(INITIAL_STATE);
expect(global).not.toEqual(NEW_STATE);
// Act
await setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE);
// Assert
const [ newGlobal ] = testUseGlobal.value;
expect(newGlobal).toEqual(NEW_STATE);
});
});
describe('setter', (): void => {
describe('with callback', (): void => {
const CALLBACK: jest.Mock<void, [ G ]> = jest.fn();
it(
'should return a Promise of the new global state',
async (): Promise<void> => {
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ , setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
let set: Promise<G>;
set = setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE, CALLBACK);
expect(set).toBeInstanceOf(Promise);
let value: G;
value = await set;
expect(value).toEqual(NEW_STATE);
}
);
it('should update the state', async (): Promise<void> => {
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ , setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
await setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE, CALLBACK);
expect(globalStateManager.state).toEqual(NEW_STATE);
});
it('should execute the callback', async (): Promise<void> => {
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ , setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
await setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE, CALLBACK);
expect(CALLBACK).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
expect(CALLBACK).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
NEW_STATE,
globalStateManager.dispatchers,
STATE_CHANGE,
);
});
});
describe('without callback', (): void => {
it(
'should return a Promise of the new global state',
async (): Promise<void> => {
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ , setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
let set: Promise<G>;
set = setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE);
expect(set).toBeInstanceOf(Promise);
let value: G;
value = await set;
expect(value).toEqual(NEW_STATE);
}
);
it('should update the state', async (): Promise<void> => {
testUseGlobal.render();
const [ , setGlobal ]: T = testUseGlobal.value;
await setGlobal(STATE_CHANGE);
expect(globalStateManager.state).toEqual(NEW_STATE);
});
});
});
});
| 7,785 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21796117 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Cañada Pozo Cavado | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 41 | 102 | Cañada Pozo Cavado
Cañada Pozo Cavado
Cañada Pozo Cavado Geonames-ID 3907517
Cañada Pozo Cavado instans av flod
Cañada Pozo Cavado land Bolivia
Cañada Pozo Cavado geografiska koordinater
Cañada Pozo Cavado GNS-ID -698051
Cañada Pozo Cavado inom det administrativa området Santa Cruz | 10,325 |
https://github.com/corenel/lintcode/blob/master/algorithms/452_remove_linked_list_elements.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | lintcode | corenel | Python | Code | 189 | 555 | """
Remove Linked List Elements
---------------------------
Remove all elements from a linked list of integers that have value val.
Example:
- Input: 1->2->6->3->4->5->6, val = 6
- Output: 1->2->3->4->5
Reference:
- https://algorithm.yuanbin.me/zh-hans/linked_list/remove_linked_list_elements.html
- https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-linked-list-elements/
- https://www.lintcode.com/problem/remove-linked-list-elements/description
"""
from utils import ListNode
from utils.linked_list import generate_linked_list
import unittest
def remove_elements(head, val):
"""
Remove all elements from a linked list of integers that have value val.
:param head: head node of given linked list
:type head: ListNode
:param val: value to remove
:type val: int
:return: head node of removed linked list
:rtype: ListNode
"""
# basic case
if head is None:
return head
# dummy head
dummy = ListNode(None)
dummy.next = head
# traverse to remove nodes with given value
curr = dummy
while curr is not None:
while curr.next is not None and curr.next.val == val:
tmp = curr.next
curr.next = curr.next.next
del tmp
curr = curr.next
return dummy.next
class TestRemoveElements(unittest.TestCase):
def test_remove_elements(self):
def assert_operation(in_list, val, out_list):
linked_list = generate_linked_list(in_list)
head = remove_elements(linked_list.get_head(), val)
linked_list.set_head(head)
self.assertListEqual(out_list, linked_list.to_list())
assert_operation([1, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 6], 6, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
assert_operation([1, 1], 1, [])
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
| 31,949 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BH%20Tennis%20Open%20International%20Cup%202001%20-%20Doppio | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | BH Tennis Open International Cup 2001 - Doppio | https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BH Tennis Open International Cup 2001 - Doppio&action=history | Italian | Spoken | 76 | 159 | Il doppio del torneo di tennis BH Tennis Open International Cup 2001, facente parte dell'ATP Challenger Series, ha avuto come vincitori Dejan Petrović e Andy Ram che hanno battuto in finale Barry Cowan e Eric Taino 6-3, 6-4.
Teste di serie
Barry Cowan / Eric Taino (finale)
Dejan Petrović / Andy Ram (Campioni)
Edgardo Massa / Leonardo Olguín (semifinali)
Rik De Voest / Denis Golovanov (primo turno)
Tabellone
Collegamenti esterni
BH Tennis Open International Cup 2001 | 46,540 |
jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl.DIGCZAS002027_1890_225_3 | Polish-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Gazeta Narodowa. 1890, nr 225 | Kostecki, Platon (1832-1908). Red.,Starkel, Juliusz (1840-1918). Red. | Polish | Spoken | 645 | 1,497 | Buciki dla pań: Buciki dla panów: | Ze skóry Oroute . . . . złr. 3:25 | Ze skóry gemzowej p złr. 3705 p » cielęcej . . złr. 450 do 550| „ „ hamburskiej . « + an 360 n francuskiej złr. 5—| „ „ francuskiej . złr. 475 do 7:— W Ęf lakier. 4 „BAW 76 j lakier. zły. 575 + n warszawskicjdaw e i Tee V . . „ 3850 „ gemzowe . 3 do 3'50 „n franeuskie . . . „ 45 „n francuskie . złr. 4— Wielki wybór bucików i meszcików dla panienek, chło pcezyków i dzieel. Obfity wybór mesztów domowych i pantofli dia panów, pań i dzieci. Zamówienia z prowincji uskutecznia się odwrotna pocztą. ylko mały zapas <mommaamca | (iągnienie ` już LL losów złr. LO G losów 5 złr. BO ct. złr. wartości. 15. padziernika Losy po 1 złr. sprzedają we Lwowie: August Schellenberg, Sokal % Lilien, Jakób Stroh, M. Jonasz, Kitz % Stoff. Ktoby miał do sprzedania 1904 Tartak parowy używany, nie wielki, lecz w dobrym stanie, zechce się zgłosić osobiście lub listownie do kancelarji adwokata Dr. Józefa Retingera w Krakowie. Codzienny targ mięsny w Wiedniu ILI., Grossmariuthalle. 1887 | Arnoid Bauer mianowany rozporządzeniem Magistratu stołecznego miasta Wiednia pol A. zaprzysięgłym faktorem eca się do sprzedaży mięsa wołowego, cielęciny, barai wieprzowiny, niemniej bitych cieląt, "ada E By zapewniając najlepsze ceny i akuratne wypełnianie po leceń. Posyłki kolejowe przyjmuje bez opłaty frachtu. Z tegorocznego zbioru 1890. 1151 Moloritas czysto roślinny przetwór z orzechów włoskich. Główny skład rozsełkowy: Otto Franz, Wien VIL., Mariahilferstrasse Nr. 38. Koloritas nie jest żadnym środkiem powstałym z połączeń chemicznych tylko prze tworem uzyskanym za pomocą dystylacji z łupin zielonych orzechów włoskich, który nie tylko wzmacnia cebulki włosowe, dając im odpowiednie pożywienie, lecz nadto udzielając włosom paz kolor, daje w każdym względzie bardzo znakomite rezultaty. Cena : Ekstrakt orzechowy złr. 1:50 — olejek orzechowy złr. 1. Składy we LWOWIE: w aptece Piotra Mikolascha i Zygmunta Ruckera. W KRAKOWIE: Konst. Wiśniewski, apt. pod św. Florjanem i F. Stockmar apt. Najtańszymi i najlepszymi losami są bez zaprzeczenia 1910 EE Rocznie 3 ciągnienia. TE Najbliższe już 15. października. Główna wygrana złr. 20.000. Dalsze wygrane złr. 15.000 i 10.000. Po kursie dziennym 4 złr. S© ct. dostauig we wszystkich kantorach bankowych. PaF 10 medali zasługi. BE JAN IMNATOWICZ poleca niezawodne i wypróbowane środki do wytępienia owadów domowych mianowicie: Gry lorn wytruwa szwaby, karakony, stonogi, świerszcze, SZcZzypaw ki, karaluchy, prusaki itp. Flakon 30 et. MIKOTON niezawodny Środek do wytę pienia pluskw. Flakon 50 et. Proszek perski do wygubienia pcheł i t. p. owadów. FENILIN do wyniszczenia moli z zarod kami w sukniach, futrach i meblach. Flakon 60 et. Ziółka antimolowe do przechowywania futer. Pudełko 30 et. Papier antimolowy ochrania od moli futra, suknie, portiery, firanki i meble. Paczka 5, 10 et. Sztuka 3 et. Flakon 20, 30 ct. Papier na muchy satula 3 ot. 81 we Lwowie: przy ulicy Kopernika 1. 8, i przy ulie Halickiej róg Wałowej. ać. W Krakowie: Sukiennice 1. 20. Czerniowce: Rynek l 2. me ë M a a a GEN D LR. A DĄ GR, Z ED a (0a a D a > a ŚR o 2 a l a LR uE Już wyszedł z druku “ŒE HALICZANIN NOWOROCANK „SZCZOTKA! alendarz humorystyczny ilustrowany ma rok 1891 i zawierać będzie oprócz ezęści literackiej i wszystkich dotychczasowych informacyj także najdokładniejsze objaśnienia co do świeżo wprowadzonej taryfy Strefowej na kolejach państwowych i naj FZEYcVY_WaysY _y YYY YZ Tay Filie; Kraków, ul. Grodzka 34; Czerniowce, Hauptstrasse 9; Brzeżany, Brody, Drohobycz, Jarosław, Kołomyja, Przemyśl, Rzeszów, Suczawa, Sambor, Stani sławów, Stryj, Tarnów, Tarnopol. 1858 |. GCOSNEWAA WON. lon a ZANNIEERRENNNYWSWENCW |. |] Wydawca i odpowiedzialny redaktor Platon Kostecki. nowsze rozkłady Jazdy wszystkich kolei galicyjskich z podaniem cen i odległości w kilometrach pomiędzy poszczególnymi stacyami. w z Z drukarni i litografii Pillera i Spółki. (Telefonu Nr. 174 a.) nom mai PE z. | 3,685 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37579908 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | AL-zami, Cristik, Ryan Vincent, Sparky, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1974224, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3138436, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3184785, https://stackoverflow.com/users/594235 | English | Spoken | 259 | 426 | change csrf token after form submission in codeigniter
in my config file i have the following csrf setting:
$config['csrf_protection'] = TRUE;
$config['csrf_token_name'] = 'csrf_test_name';
$config['csrf_cookie_name'] = 'csrf_cookie_name';
$config['csrf_expire'] = 7200;
$config['csrf_regenerate'] = TRUE;
$config['csrf_exclude_uris'] = array();
problem with that is after form submission the session doesn't get deleted.If the session doesn't get destroyed after form submission ,it will create a security risk.I mean that's how it should work that i submit a form and after form submission the token gets deleted from session.
How i can solve this issue?
"i have the following csrf setting ... after form submission the session doesn't get deleted.If the session doesn't get destroyed after form submission ,it will create a security risk" ~ I think you're confusing sessions with CSRF protection.
csrf tokens are put in a session , am i right ?
I don't think so. Referring to the CodeIgniter docs, there is nothing about CSRF protection in the Session section, and nothing about sessions in the Security section. They are two different things. After all, you can submit different forms unlimited times during a single user session.
CSRF protection is to ensure the form came from you. It is possible to have multiple active forms with the same CSRF value in them. If you change it after the first form returns then any outstanding form will fail when it returns.
$config['csrf_regenerate'] = FALSE;
Could you explain how your answer addresses the problem(s) from the question? Code-only answers are not very useful, especially for further readers that stumble upon this post. Thanks!
| 44,575 |
d2219c0452a14984d4fd0f94b60c31d7 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,016 | Code des transports, article R1803-18 | LEGI | French | Spoken | 69 | 120 | L'Agence agit en faveur des personnes ayant leur résidence habituelle en Guadeloupe, en Guyane, à la Martinique, à La Réunion, à Mayotte, à Saint-Barthélemy, à Saint-Martin, à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, en Polynésie française et dans les îles Wallis et Futuna. Un arrêté du ministre chargé de l'outre-mer fixe les conditions dans lesquelles sont mises en œuvre ces actions lorsque l'Agence ne dispose pas de délégation régionale sur le territoire. | 9,196 |
https://github.com/BradenLinick/Dolphin/blob/master/Core/Object Arts/Dolphin/MVP/SingleSelectListBoxTest.cls | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | Dolphin | BradenLinick | Apex | Code | 195 | 595 | "Filed out from Dolphin Smalltalk 7"!
ListBoxTest subclass: #SingleSelectListBoxTest
instanceVariableNames: ''
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
classInstanceVariableNames: ''!
SingleSelectListBoxTest guid: (GUID fromString: '{8e5a59a5-f500-4d07-9ea2-b1019c9302b2}')!
SingleSelectListBoxTest comment: ''!
!SingleSelectListBoxTest categoriesForClass!Unclassified! !
!SingleSelectListBoxTest methodsFor!
testSelectionModeChange
| objects |
self deny: presenter view isMultiSelect.
objects := self objectsToTest.
presenter model addAll: objects.
self assert: presenter hasSelection not.
self assertIsNil: presenter selectionOrNil.
"Must trigger a selection change when switching to multi-select, as otherwise observers do not know the mode change has occurred."
self
should: [presenter view isMultiSelect: true]
trigger: #selectionChanged
against: presenter.
self assert: presenter hasSelection not.
self assertIsNil: presenter selectionOrNil.
self assert: presenter view selectionMode identicalTo: #multi.
self
shouldnt: [presenter view selectionMode: #toggle]
trigger: #selectionChanged
against: presenter.
self
shouldnt: [presenter view selectionMode: #multi]
trigger: #selectionChanged
against: presenter.
self
should: [presenter view isMultiSelect: false]
trigger: #selectionChanged
against: presenter.
presenter selection: objects second.
self assert: presenter view selectionsByIndex equals: #(2).
self should: [presenter view getMultipleSelections] raise: Error.
self
should: [presenter view isMultiSelect: true]
trigger: #selectionChanged
against: presenter.
"#115: Changing list box selection mode fails if there are selections"
self assert: presenter view selectionsByIndex equals: #(2)! !
!SingleSelectListBoxTest categoriesFor: #testSelectionModeChange!public!unit tests! !
!SingleSelectListBoxTest class methodsFor!
classToTest
^ListPresenter! !
!SingleSelectListBoxTest class categoriesFor: #classToTest!helpers!private! !
| 46,938 |
5511837_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 613 | 812 | Boaedmah, J.
The evidence tends quite strongly to show the relations between defendant and Cady to be that of innkeeper and guest. In that case, and even if the evidence were conflicting and *652doubtful, the finding of the referee would be justified and the defense sustained. If, however, their relation was that of boardinghouse keeper and boarder, the result, for two reasons, would not be changed or the judgment reversed.
The essential fact is the lien. Whether it be of the one kind or another is quite immaterial, and the variance should be disregarded. Cady v. Allen, 22 Barb. 388.
Perhaps it is a better reason that the plaintiff, upon the trial, did not object to the form, or sufficiency of the answer, to the materiality or pertinency of the evidence under the pleadings, to the right to recover under the pleadings and proofs, or to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the defense. Indeed, there is not an exception in the case, except to the findings, and refusals to find, of the referee. Under such circumstances the referee was at liberty to give to the defendant such relief as the whole case should entitle, him to. Had an objection been taken in the court below, an amendment, if necessary to confirm the pleadings to the proof, would have been granted of course.
This court, on appeal, may now do the same. Cady v. Allen, 22 Barb. 388; Bate v. Graham, 11 N. Y. 237; 7 Robert, 17; Code, § 173.
The rights of the defendant are bold and apparent. It would not be creditable to our laws if such rights were lost through a technicality in no wise affecting the merits. It is the first duty of courts to protect and enforce rights. . The forms and modes of procedure are only auxiliary thereto. They are the remedies, and should be made subservient to rights whenever it may be done without danger to the rights of others. For these reasons no valid objection is seen why such judgment may not be given by this court as the conceded facts in the case demand.
The court below, however, erred in holding that defendant, upon the facts proved, was entitled to recover the full value of the property in case a return was not had. The defendant was not the-general owner, but had only a special property which was limited by the amount of his lien. For this amount only was he entitled to recover in money. Rhoads v. Woods, 41 Barb. 471; Seaman v. Luce, 23 id. 240; Fitzhugh v. Wiman, 9 N. Y. 559; Dows v. Greene, 24 id. 638. That amount on the 28th day of May, 1872, was $93.98. The horse was kept by defendant from. May 28,1872, to June 18, 1872, three weeks, at $5 per week, making in all, June 19, 1872, when this action was commenced, and plaintiff took the property, *653$108.98. Interest on that amount, by way of damages to defendant, should be allowed from June 19, 1872, to the date of judgment, February 10,1873, which is $5.02, making the total value of defendant’s special interest in the property at the last date $114. Judgment should therefore be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event, unless the defendant shall stipulate to reduce the amount to be recovered in case a return of the property is not had from $350 to $114, and to amend the judgment accordingly, and if such stipulation be made and served within thirty days after notice of this decision, this judgment, as so amended, shall be affirmed without costs to either party of this appeal.
Judgment accordingly.
| 5,824 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl%20Pacha | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Ismaïl Pacha | https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismaïl Pacha&action=history | French | Spoken | 683 | 1,368 | Ismaïl Pacha () né le au Caire et mort le à Constantinople, est le wali puis le khédive d'Égypte et du Soudan du au .
Biographie
Fils d'Ibrahim Pacha et petit-fils de Méhémet Ali, Ismaïl étudia à Paris, notamment à l'École d'état-major.
Pendant le règne d'Abbas, il est le chef de l'opposition mais il adopte une position modérée sous le règne de son oncle Saïd Pacha qui lui donne le commandement de l'armée du Soudan.
Devenu vice-roi d'Égypte il entreprend une politique de conquêtes. Il annexe le Darfour (1867) mais est battu par l'Abyssinie (1874).
En 1869, il reçoit l'Impératrice Eugénie pour l'inauguration du canal de Suez. Parmi les festivités mondaines, les nombreux invités européens sont guidés sur les sites archéologiques par Auguste Mariette, directeur du Service de conservation des antiquités de l'Égypte et du musée de Boulaq.
Au cours de son règne, il continue l'effort de modernisation du Caire initié par son grand-père. S'inspirant notamment de Paris, Ismaïl a comme objectif une ville aux larges avenues. Cependant, à cause de contraintes budgétaires, seule une partie des projets qu'il lance aboutit, dans ce qui constitue aujourd'hui le quartier d'affaires du Caire. Ismaïl tente également de moderniser la ville en établissant un ministère des Travaux publics et en assurant l'approvisionnement en gaz naturel et l'éclairage de la ville. Il est également à l'origine de la création d'un théâtre et d'un opéra et le commandeur de l’opéra Aida de Verdi.
Le coût de ses campagnes militaires entraîne la ruine du trésor égyptien et l'insolvabilité du pays : il doit vendre ses parts du canal de Suez au Royaume-Uni (1875). Il doit même accepter que son pays passe sous concordat européen, que le ministre des finances soit un anglais M. Rivers Wilson et que le ministre des Travaux publics soit un français M. de Blignières. Ne supportant pas longtemps cette subordination, Ismaïl Pacha renvoie les deux plénipotentiaires. L'Angleterre et la France, aidées par le sultan Abd-ul-Hamid, le déposent le 26 juin 1879 en faveur de son fils Tawfiq Pacha.
Il part en exil en Italie puis en Turquie et meurt à Constantinople.
Il fut membre de la franc-maçonnerie et fonde la Société de géographie d'Égypte en 1875.
Parmi ses nombreux fils, deux autres dirigèrent le pays, sous les noms de Hussein Kamal Pacha (1914-1917) et Fouad (sultan de 1917 à 1922, puis roi jusqu'en 1936).
Décorations étrangères
Grand-croix de l’ordre impérial de Léopold (Monarchie austro-hongroise)
Grand-cordon de l’ordre de Léopold (Belgique)
Chevalier de l’ordre de l'Éléphant (Danemark)
Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur (France)
Collier de l'ordre de Salomon (Empire éthiopien)
Grand-croix de l’ordre du Rédempteur (Royaume de Grèce)
Grand-croix de l'ordre royal des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare (Royaume d'Italie)
Grand-croix de l'ordre de la Couronne d'Italie (Royaume d'Italie)
Chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre suprême de la Très Sainte Annonciade (Royaume d'Italie)
Grand-cordon de l'ordre de l'Osmaniye (Empire ottoman)
Grand-cordon de l'ordre du Médjidié (Empire ottoman)
Grand-croix de l’ordre de l’Aigle rouge (Prusse)
Chevalier de l'ordre de l'Aigle noir (Prusse)
Chevalier commandeur de l'ordre du Bain (Royaume-Uni)
Chevalier grand croix de l'ordre de l'Étoile des Indes (Royaume-Uni)
Grand-croix de l'ordre de l'Épée (Suède)
Grand-croix de l'ordre du Nichan Iftikhar (Royaume de Tunis)
Bibliographie
William McEntyre Dye, L’Égypte musulmane et l'Abyssinie chrétienne ou le service militaire sous le khédive, dans ses provinces et au-delà de leurs frontières, tel que les vécus le personnel américain, New York: Atkin & Prout, 1880.
.
Notes et références
Notes
Références
Liens externes
Sultan d'Égypte au XIXe siècle
Premier ministre d'Égypte au XIXe siècle
Pacha du XIXe siècle
Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur
Grand cordon de l'ordre de Léopold
Grand-croix de l'ordre impérial de Léopold
Chevalier grand commandeur de l'ordre de l'Étoile d'Inde
Grand-croix de l'ordre du Sauveur
Grand-croix de l'ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare
Grand-croix de l'ordre du Nichan Iftikhar
Chevalier grand-croix honoraire de l'ordre du Bain
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Osmaniye
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du Médjidié de 1re classe
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle noir
Naissance en décembre 1830
Décès en mars 1895
Décès à 64 ans
Décès à Constantinople
Histoire du Caire
Personnalité de la franc-maçonnerie égyptienne
Dynastie de Méhémet Ali
Monarque d'Égypte du XIXe siècle | 44,567 |
https://github.com/start-concurrent/start-concurrent.github.io/blob/master/full/chapters/11-inheritance/programs/Shark.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,023 | start-concurrent.github.io | start-concurrent | Java | Code | 15 | 35 | public class Shark extends Fish {
public void eat(Fish fish) {
fish.die();
feed();
}
} | 41,429 |
lessupercheries05qugoog_1 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,847 | Les supercheries littéraires dévoilées : Galerie des auteurs apocryphes, supposés, déguisés, plagiaires et des éditeurs infidèles de la littérature française pendant les quatre derniers siècles ; Ensemble les industriels littéraires et les lettrés qui se sont anoblis à notre époque | Quérard, Joseph Marie | French | Spoken | 8,387 | 9,919 | Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: + Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartient au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent, et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: + Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent, et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tous simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient présentement au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient présentement au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: + Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartement au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tous simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Ce livre étant relativement ancien, il n'est plus protégé par la loi sur les droits d'auteur et appartient à présent au domaine public. L'expression "appartenir au domaine public" signifie que le livre en question n'a jamais été soumis aux droits d'auteur ou que ses droits légaux sont arrivés à expiration. Les conditions requises pour qu'un livre tombe dans le domaine public peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre. Les livres libres de droit sont autant de liens avec le passé. Ils sont les témoins de la richesse de notre histoire, de notre patrimoine culturel et de la connaissance humaine et sont trop souvent difficilement accessibles au public. Les notes de bas de page et autres annotations en marge du texte présentes dans le volume original sont reprises dans ce fichier, comme un souvenir du long chemin parcouru par l'ouvrage depuis la maison d'édition en passant par la bibliothèque pour finalement se retrouver entre vos mains. Consignes d'utilisation Google est fier de travailler en partenariat avec des bibliothèques à la numérisation des ouvrages appartenant au domaine public et de les rendre ainsi accessibles à tous. Ces livres sont en effet la propriété de tous et de toutes et nous sommes tout simplement les gardiens de ce patrimoine. Il s'agit toutefois d'un projet coûteux. Par conséquent et en vue de poursuivre la diffusion de ces ressources inépuisables, nous avons pris les dispositions nécessaires afin de prévenir les éventuels abus auxquels pourraient se livrer des sites marchands tiers, notamment en instaurant des contraintes techniques relatives aux requêtes automatisées. Nous vous demandons également de: Ne pas utiliser les fichiers à des fins commerciales. Nous avons conçu le programme Google Recherche de Livres à l'usage des particuliers. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne procédez pas à des requêtes automatisées. N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée, quelle qu'elle soit, au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution. Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité. Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées. N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée, quelle qu'elle soit, au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution. Le filigrain Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité. Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées. N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée, quelle qu'elle soit, au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution. Le filigrain Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité. Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées. N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée, quelle qu'elle soit, au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution. Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité. Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. | 22,607 |
https://github.com/GlockTian/coding-questions-stored/blob/master/3LongestSubstringWithoutRepeatingCharacters/my_solution.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | coding-questions-stored | GlockTian | C# | Code | 65 | 206 | public class Solution {
public int LengthOfLongestSubstring(string s) {
int start = 0;
int end = 0;
int n = 1;
HashSet<char> window = new HashSet<char>();
if(String.IsNullOrEmpty(s)){
return 0;
}
if(String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s)){
return 1;
}
while(end < s.Length){
char c = s[end];
if(window.Contains(c)){
start = start+1;
end = start;
window.Clear();
}else{
window.Add(c);
end++;
}
if(n< end-start ){
n = end-start;
}
}
return n;
}
} | 24,790 |
https://github.com/theory/pg-semver/blob/master/src/semver.c | Github Open Source | Open Source | PostgreSQL | 2,023 | pg-semver | theory | C | Code | 2,394 | 7,247 | // -*- tab-width:4; c-basic-offset:4; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*-
/*
* PostgreSQL type definitions for semver type
* Written by:
* + Sam Vilain <[email protected]>
* + Tom Davis <[email protected]>
* + Xavier Caron <[email protected]>
*
* Copyright 2010-2023 The pg-semver Maintainers. This program is Free
* Software; see the LICENSE file for the license conditions.
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "access/hash.h"
#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
#if PG_VERSION_NUM >= 160000
#include "varatt.h"
#endif
#ifdef PG_MODULE_MAGIC
PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
#endif
/* IO methods */
Datum semver_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum hash_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
/* these typecasts are necessary for passing to functions that take text */
Datum text_to_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_to_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
/* this constructor gives access to the lax parsing mode */
Datum to_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum is_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum semver_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
/* these functions allow users to access individual parts of the semver */
Datum get_semver_major(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum get_semver_minor(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum get_semver_patch(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
Datum get_semver_prerelease(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
/* heap format of version numbers */
typedef int32 vernum;
/* memory/heap structure (not for binary marshalling) */
typedef struct semver {
int32 vl_len_; /* varlena header */
vernum numbers[3];
char prerel[]; /* pre-release, including the null byte for convenience */
} semver;
#define PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(n) (semver *)PG_GETARG_POINTER(n)
// forward declarations, mostly to shut the compiler up but some are
// actually necessary.
char* emit_semver(semver* version);
semver* make_semver(const int *numbers, const char* prerel);
semver* parse_semver(char* str, bool lax, bool throw, bool *bad);
int prerelcmp(const char* a, const char* b);
int _semver_cmp(semver* a, semver* b);
char* strip_meta(const char* str);
int tail_cmp(char *lhs, char *rhs);
semver* make_semver(const int *numbers, const char* prerel) {
int varsize = offsetof(semver, prerel) + (prerel ? strlen(prerel) : 0) + 1;
semver *rv = palloc(varsize);
int i;
SET_VARSIZE(rv, varsize);
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
rv->numbers[i] = numbers[i];
}
if (prerel) {
strcpy(rv->prerel, prerel);
} else {
rv->prerel[0] = '\0';
}
return rv;
}
semver* parse_semver(char* str, bool lax, bool throw, bool* bad) {
int parts[] = {-1, -1, -1};
long int num;
int len;
int i = 0;
int p = 0;
int atchar = 0;
int curpart = 0;
char next;
char* patch = 0;
char* ptr, *endptr;
bool dotlast = false;
bool started_prerel = false;
bool started_meta = false;
bool skip_char = false;
bool pred = false;
semver* newval;
*bad = false;
ptr = str;
len = strlen(str);
do {
next = (char)*ptr;
skip_char = false;
if (curpart < 3 && parts[2] == -1) { // Still figuring out X.Y.Z
if (next == '.') { // First, check if we hit a period
ptr++;
atchar++;
curpart++;
} else { // OK, it should be a version part number then
errno = 0;
num = strtol(ptr, &endptr, 10);
// N.B. According to strtol(3), a valid number may be preceded
// by a single +/-, so a value like 0.1-1 will end up being
// parsed incorrectly when in `lax` mode. It will in fact end
// up being 0.0.0 because {0, 0, -1} is coerced to {0, 0, 0}.
// Not fun enough? 0.0+2 becomes 0.2.0!
if (ptr == endptr || next == '-' || next == '+') { // Not a number
if (lax) {
// Since it's not a period, we have to assume it's a legit pre-
// related token. We'll skip to the next number part, but leave
// the pointers.
curpart++;
continue;
} else {
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': expected number/separator at char %d", str, atchar);
}
}
if (errno != 0 || num > INT32_MAX) { // Invalid or too big
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': version number exceeds 31-bit range", str);
}
if (!started_meta && next == '0' && num != 0 && !lax) { // Leading zeros
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': semver version numbers can't start with 0", str);
}
parts[curpart] = num;
atchar += (strlen(ptr) - strlen(endptr));
ptr = endptr;
}
} else { // Onto pre-release/metadata
if (!started_prerel && !started_meta && (next == '-' || (next != '+' && lax))) { // Starts with -
started_prerel = true;
if (next == '-') {
skip_char = true;
}
} else if (next == '+') {
if (started_meta) {
*bad = true;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': cannot have multiple + (plus) characters in metadata", str);
} else {
started_meta = true;
}
}
if (!patch && (started_meta || started_prerel)) {
patch = palloc(len - atchar + 1);
}
if (
!skip_char &&
(!started_prerel && next != '-') &&
(!started_meta && next != '+')
) { // Didn't start with -/+
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': expected - (dash) or + (plus) at char %d", str, atchar);
}
if (next == '.' && (dotlast || (atchar + 1) == len || i == 0 || (i > 0 && patch[i-1] == '+'))) {
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': empty pre-release section at char %d", str, atchar);
}
if (!skip_char && (next != '.' && next != '+' && next != '-' && !isalpha(next) && !isdigit(next))) {
if (lax && isspace(next)) { // In lax mode, ignore whitespace
skip_char = true;
} else {
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': non-alphanumeric pre-release at char %d", str, atchar);
}
}
if ((started_prerel || started_meta) && !skip_char) {
if (i >= 1 && (i == 1 || patch[i-2] == '.') && patch[i-1] == '0' && isdigit(next)) {
pred = true;
// Scan ahead.
for (p = len - atchar; p < len; p++) {
if (str[p] == '.') {
// We got to the end of this bit.
break;
}
if (isalpha(str[p])) {
// If there is a letter, it's okay to start with a leading 0.
pred = false;
break;
}
}
}
if (!started_meta && (pred && !lax)) { // Leading zeros
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': semver prerelease numbers can't start with 0", str);
} else if (pred && lax) { // Swap erroneous leading zero with whatever this is
patch[i-1] = next;
} else {
dotlast = (next == '.');
patch[i] = next;
i++;
}
pred = false;
}
atchar++;
ptr++;
}
} while (atchar < len);
for (p=0; p < 3; p++) {
if (parts[p] == -1) {
if (lax) {
parts[p] = 0;
} else {
*bad = true;
if (!throw) break;
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': missing major, minor, or patch version", str);
}
}
}
if ((started_prerel || started_meta) && i == 0) { // No pre-release value after -
*bad = true;
if (throw) {
elog(ERROR, "bad semver value '%s': expected alphanumeric at char %d", str, atchar);
}
}
if (started_prerel || started_meta) {
patch[i] = '\0';
}
newval = make_semver(parts, patch);
if (patch) pfree(patch);
return newval;
}
char* emit_semver(semver* version) {
int len;
char tmpbuf[32];
char *buf;
if (*version->prerel == '\0') {
len = snprintf(
tmpbuf, sizeof(tmpbuf), "%d.%d.%d",
version->numbers[0],
version->numbers[1],
version->numbers[2]
);
} else {
len = snprintf(
tmpbuf, sizeof(tmpbuf),"%d.%d.%d%s%s",
version->numbers[0],
version->numbers[1],
version->numbers[2],
((version->prerel)[0] == '+' ? "" : "-"),
version->prerel
);
}
/* Should cover the vast majority of cases. */
if (len < sizeof(tmpbuf)) return pstrdup(tmpbuf);
/* Try again, this time with the known length. */
buf = palloc(len+1);
if (*version->prerel == '\0') {
len = snprintf(
buf, len+1, "%d.%d.%d",
version->numbers[0],
version->numbers[1],
version->numbers[2]
);
} else {
len = snprintf(
buf, len+1, "%d.%d.%d%s%s",
version->numbers[0],
version->numbers[1],
version->numbers[2],
((version->prerel)[0] == '+' ? "" : "-"),
version->prerel
);
}
return buf;
}
/*
* Pg bindings
*/
/* input function: C string */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_in);
Datum
semver_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
char *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
bool bad = false;
semver *result = parse_semver(str, false, true, &bad);
if (!result) PG_RETURN_NULL();
PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
}/* output function: C string */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_out);
Datum
semver_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* amount = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
char *result;
result = emit_semver(amount);
PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
}
/*
* semver type send function
*
* The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same as the
* output function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we can change the
* binary format sent in future if necessary. For now, only version 1 is
* supported.
*/
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_send);
Datum
semver_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver *result = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
char *str = emit_semver(result);
char version = 1;
StringInfoData buf;
pq_begintypsend(&buf);
pq_sendbyte(&buf, version);
pq_sendtext(&buf, str, strlen(str));
pfree(str);
PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
}
/*
* semver type recv function
*
* The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same as the
* input function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we can change the
* binary format sent in future if necessary. For now, only version 1 is
* supported.
*/
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_recv);
Datum
semver_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
StringInfo buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
char version = pq_getmsgbyte(buf);
char *str;
int nbytes;
bool bad = false;
semver *result;
if (version != 1) {
elog(ERROR, "unsupported semver type version number %d", version);
}
str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
result = parse_semver(str, false, true, &bad);
pfree(str);
if (!result) PG_RETURN_NULL();
PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(text_to_semver);
Datum
text_to_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
text* sv = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
bool bad = false;
semver* rs = parse_semver(text_to_cstring(sv), false, true, &bad);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(rs);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_to_text);
Datum
semver_to_text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* sv = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
char* xxx = emit_semver(sv);
text* res = cstring_to_text(xxx);
pfree(xxx);
PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(res);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(get_semver_major);
Datum
get_semver_major(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* sv = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
int major = sv->numbers[0];
PG_RETURN_INT32(major);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(get_semver_minor);
Datum
get_semver_minor(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* sv = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
int minor = sv->numbers[1];
PG_RETURN_INT32(minor);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(get_semver_patch);
Datum
get_semver_patch(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* sv = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
int patch = sv->numbers[2];
PG_RETURN_INT32(patch);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(get_semver_prerelease);
Datum
get_semver_prerelease(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* sv = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
char* prerelease = strip_meta(sv->prerel);
text* res = cstring_to_text(prerelease);
PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(res);
}
/* Remove everything at and after "+" in a pre-release suffix */
char* strip_meta(const char *str) {
int n = strlen(str);
char *copy = palloc(n + 1);
int j = 0; // current character
strcpy(copy, str);
while (j < n) {
/* if current character is b */
if (str[j] == '+') {
break;
} else {
copy[j] = str[j];
j++;
}
}
copy[j] = '\0';
return copy;
}
// https://semver.org/#spec-item-11:
// Precedence for two pre-release versions with the same major, minor, and patch version MUST be determined
// by comparing each dot separated identifier from left to right until a difference is found as follows:
// identifiers consisting of only digits are compared numerically and identifiers with letters or hyphens
// are compared lexically in ASCII sort order. Numeric identifiers always have lower precedence than
// non-numeric identifiers. A larger set of pre-release fields has a higher precedence than a smaller set,
// if all of the preceding identifiers are equal. Example:
// 1.0.0-alpha < 1.0.0-alpha.1 < 1.0.0-alpha.beta < 1.0.0-beta < 1.0.0-beta.2 < 1.0.0-beta.11 < 1.0.0-rc.1 < 1.0.0.
#define TAIL_CMP_LT -1
#define TAIL_CMP_EQ 0
#define TAIL_CMP_GT +1
#define TAIL_CMP_KO 9
int tail_cmp ( char *lhs, char *rhs ) {
char *dot = ".";
char *l_last, *r_last, *l_token, *r_token;
if (!strcmp(lhs, rhs)) return TAIL_CMP_EQ;
l_token = strtok_r(lhs, dot, &l_last);
r_token = strtok_r(rhs, dot, &r_last);
if (l_token && !r_token) return TAIL_CMP_LT;
if (!l_token && r_token) return TAIL_CMP_GT;
while (l_token || r_token) {
if (l_token && r_token) {
int l_numeric = isdigit (l_token[0]);
int r_numeric = isdigit (r_token[0]);
if (l_numeric && r_numeric) {
int l_int = atoi (l_token);
int r_int = atoi (r_token);
if (l_int < r_int) return TAIL_CMP_LT;
if (l_int > r_int) return TAIL_CMP_GT;
} else if (l_numeric) {
return TAIL_CMP_LT;
} else if (r_numeric) {
return TAIL_CMP_GT;
} else {
int cmp = strcmp(l_token, r_token);
if (cmp) return cmp > 0 ? TAIL_CMP_GT : TAIL_CMP_LT;
}
} else if (l_token) {
return TAIL_CMP_GT;
} else if (r_token) {
return TAIL_CMP_LT;
}
l_token = strtok_r(NULL, dot, &l_last);
r_token = strtok_r(NULL, dot, &r_last);
}
return TAIL_CMP_KO;
}
int prerelcmp(const char* a, const char* b) {
int res;
char *ac, *bc;
ac = strip_meta(a);
bc = strip_meta(b);
if (*ac == '\0' && *bc != '\0') {
return 1;
}
if (*ac != '\0' && *bc == '\0') {
return -1;
}
res = tail_cmp(ac, bc);
pfree(ac);
pfree(bc);
return res;
}
/* comparisons */
int _semver_cmp(semver* a, semver* b) {
int rv, i, a_x, b_x;
rv = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
a_x = a->numbers[i];
b_x = b->numbers[i];
if (a_x < b_x) {
rv = -1;
break;
}
else if (a_x > b_x) {
rv = 1;
break;
}
}
if (rv == 0) {
rv = prerelcmp(a->prerel, b->prerel);
}
return rv;
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_eq);
Datum
semver_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(diff == 0);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_ne);
Datum
semver_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(diff != 0);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_le);
Datum
semver_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(diff <= 0);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_lt);
Datum
semver_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(diff < 0);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_ge);
Datum
semver_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(diff >= 0);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_gt);
Datum
semver_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(diff > 0);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_cmp);
Datum
semver_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
PG_RETURN_INT32(diff);
}
/* so the '=' function can be 'hashes' */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(hash_semver);
Datum
hash_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* version = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
uint32 hash = 0;
int i;
Datum prerel;
if (*version->prerel != '\0') {
prerel = CStringGetTextDatum(version->prerel);
hash = DirectFunctionCall1Coll(hashtext, C_COLLATION_OID, prerel);
}
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
hash = (hash << (7+(i<<1))) & (hash >> (25-(i<<1)));
hash ^= DirectFunctionCall1(hashint2, version->numbers[i]);
}
PG_RETURN_INT32(hash);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_larger);
Datum
semver_larger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
if (diff >= 0) PG_RETURN_POINTER(a);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(b);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(semver_smaller);
Datum
semver_smaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
semver* a = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(0);
semver* b = PG_GETARG_SEMVER_P(1);
int diff = _semver_cmp(a, b);
if (diff <= 0) PG_RETURN_POINTER(a);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(b);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(to_semver);
Datum
to_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
text* sv = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
bool bad = false;
semver* rs = parse_semver(text_to_cstring(sv), true, true, &bad);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(rs);
}
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(is_semver);
Datum
is_semver(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) {
text* sv = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
bool bad = false;
semver* rs = parse_semver(text_to_cstring(sv), false, false, &bad);
if (rs != NULL) pfree(rs);
PG_RETURN_BOOL(!bad);
}
| 50,516 |
bpt6k485498g_2 | French-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | Journal des débats politiques et littéraires | None | French | Spoken | 7,631 | 13,024 | M. Phérékydo a déclare, entre autres choses « Je n'ai jamais doute de l'importance ni de la sincérité de bonnes rotations existant entre l'itatic ct.ia Roumanie mais les événements actuels ont encore renforce les liens soUdes unissant les deux pays; Jours sympathies réciproques auront une importante et décisive conurmation dans un avenir qui est peut-être prochain.)' » ` LES HOSDDTÈS AUSTRO-SERBES ,¡ Les opérations Voici le cnmmuntquc de Fctat-major serbe, date du ]3 dcucmbrc Le H décembre, tes troupes serbes ont continue a poursuivre l'ennemi. Toute? tes tentatives des Autrichiens pour s'arrêter ont été brisées nos troupes s'avancent au-dc!:t delà ligne Mokhra-GordXavtika-Dobriva et continuent à débarrasser le pays des troupes ennemies qu'elles ont battues. Dans la direction de Belgrade et do Miadonovatz, les Serbes s'avancent avec succcs i'cnnemi se retire au sud-est d'Obrcnovatz. On ne signale rien de spécial sur les autres fronts. On annonce maintenant que, dans la journée du 11 décembre, tes troupes serbes ont fait prisonniers, sur les divers fronts des opérations. 7 ofnciers autrichiens et 3,188 soldats; eues ont pris deux drapeaux, 16 canons do campagne, 7 canons do montagne, obusicrs, une mifraitieusc, 5 affûts, une grande quantité de munitions pour l'artiHerie, "des caissons, des voitures~ des barques do pontonniers, etc. L'opinion à Vienne La presse viennoise garde un silence significatif en co qui concerne les hostilités en Serbie e!fe rapporte seulement que les « mouvements projetés des troupes continuent sans qu'il y ait beaucoup de combats ». De nombreux blessés sont arrivés à Budapest, venant de Serbie, d'où ils seront évacués sur d'autres centres de la Hongrie. L'optimisme des premiers-jours disparait; rapidement, particulièrement dans les hautes sphères hongroises. Au !ieu de discuter sur ce qu'Us feront quand t'Autriche-Hon~rie aura remporté la victoire, les AustroHongrois se demandent maintenant si, vaincus, ils ne seront pas traités trop durement. Plusieurs cas do petite vérotc ont été constatés a Vienne. Le bourgmestre de la capitale a publié une proclamation enjoignant au public de .se faire vacciner. Des établissements de vaccination sont ouverts dans tpus les quartiers do Vienne. Télégramme à M. Poincaré Le Président do la République, en remerciementdesféncitationsqu'i! avait adressées au prince héritier, a reçu ce télégramme « Monsieur le Président de la République, M En vons remerciant bien sincèrement do vos cordiales félicitations l'occasion des derniers succès do l'armée sorbe, je vous prie, Monsieur le Président, de croire à 1 admiration que nous ressentons en Serbie pour les brillants faits d'armes de la grande nation française et de notret~crtitude dans la victoire sur l'ennemi commun qui nous a provoqués. » ALxx~rtnn~'»:. )' ALEXANDRE SUR MER Sous-marins allemands devant Douvres Nons avons roproduitavant-hierdes informations relatives a une attaque qu auraient. dirigée contre Douvres des sous-marins allemands-.La censure s'est opposée à leur publication. Voici quelques détails rétrospectifs sur cette affaire Le premier sous-marin fut aperçu peu après 4 1). :!0 du matin. Un obus fut tiré par nne pièce des baHeries lourdes chargées de la protection du port le sous-marin disparut aussitôt. Doux heures plus tard, l'ennemi exécuta une deuxième tentative plusieurs sousmarins faisaient de grands efforts pour franchir l'entrée orientale du port. Une forte brume favorisait la tentative allemande. RévciUées par la canonnade qui accucitlait l'agresseur, un très grand nombre do personnes s'étaient assembjécssur les quais et assiatt'rent, très intéressées, à ce combat inattendu. La uottiHe des torpilleurs à son tour prit part aux opérations, au cours desqueiïes une centaine d'obus furent tirés par les batteries montées de la jetée. Les canonnicrs atnrment qu'un des sousmarins fut coulé et que les autres ont été touchés. L'escadriHo allemande comprenait six unités. D'autre part, r/?.Fc/<û/y J'c/e~t croit savoir que ce n est pas un, mais deux ou trois sous-marins ailemauds qui auraient été coulés a Douvres en essayant de forcer Icntrée du port militaire, mais l'Amirauté n'a toujours pas reçu confirmation de cette tentative. Et le ?';n)M émet l'hypothèse que les guetteurs du port de Douvres ont pu prendre des débris flottants pour des périscopes ennemis, cota d'autant p!us tacitement que la nuit était sombre et qu'il pleuvait viotcmment. Echec d'un sous-marin allemand Vendredi matin, le steamer Co/c/te~e; qui quittaitle Hook-van-HoHand pourse rendre à Hi.u'wiclu a été arrêté par un sous marin allemand qui lui a donné l'ordre de se rendre. Le capitaine du Co/c/tes/cr donna l'ordre a ses hommes de faire marcher le steamer à toute vitesse. En même temps, il manoeuvra son bâtiment de façon à ne présenter à Une torpille que la plus petite surface possible. Le sous-marin poursuivit. le Co~/i~ mai$ celù~ci, par utie série de ~ig-zags, lui échappa.' te sort du « Ks~laruhe D'après un télégramme reçu par ta CM~a/ A'cuM ~l</MCt/,et reproduit par le 7'tn!M, t6 croiseur allemand ~ar/.srK/te a pu échapper à la poursuite du G/tM~OM. Mais l'équipage d'un paquebot anglais, qu'it a pris peu après, a raconte que la poupe du A'or/H~ montrait des signes visibles de coups de canons reçus. M parait que quand le croiseur allemand s'échappa, il n'avait plus a bord qu'une tonne de charbon et alimentait ses chaudières au moyen de bois détache des cabines. Fort heureusement pour lui, il put remplir ses soutes du charbon qui était u bord du paquebot anglais qu'il coula ensuite. r~TT~GE~ Bulgarie COMM)SS)0'< MtXTE · Le gouvernement bulgare a accepte la proposition du gouvernement hellénique tondantoa la nomination d'une commission mixte composée d'ofnciors et chargée d'exa. miner les causes des petits conflits qui se produisent aux frontières gréco-bulgares. Italie UN NOUVEAU DHEADKOUGHT Le ministre do la marine a annoncé à la Chambre que !e quatrième dreadnought Cont/e-dt-Ca~ottf sera prêt au mois do février prochain. Les cinquième et sixième dreadnought ~n~'ffï-Dorf'a et D;f'o seront termines peu après. 1.E )!UDC:ET Le rapport de la commission géuérate du budget tixe les dépenses militaires extraordinaires a un total do 1,123,000,000 délire, dont 708,000,000 pour l'armée, 348,000,000 pour la marine, 61,000,000 pour les colonies et 6,000,000 pour les affaires étrangères. PLAtKTES AU.E~AKDES L'ambassadeur d'Allemagne a Rome a porte plainte devant les tribunaux italiens contre de nombreux journaux humoristiques, qui ont publié des caricatures qu'i) estime injurieuses a l'égard du kaiser. L'amb.assade d'Autriche a décide d'attendre le résultat de ces procès pour entamer, elle aussi, des actions judiciaires contre les publications qui critiquent avec violence l'empereur François-Joseph. Saint-Siège UKH At.LOCUttON MU PAPE Au cours d'une audience accordée hier dimanche au cercle « Religion et Patrie de Home, le Pape a prononce une allocution."L'amour de la religion et de la patrie sont indissolubles, a dit Henoit XV, et it ne faut jamais séparer dans son esprit ces deux affections.* Le Pape a exprimé te souhait do voir ]a religion compter de nouveaux triomphes on professant sincèrement ses dogmes, et l'honneur de la pairie grandir des actions saintes de ses enfants, animes pour elle d'un amour puisé aux sources pures de la foi. 'Suède, U?;E COKtKREXCE OË NA~SEK L'explorateur norvégien Fridtjof Nanscn a refait hier. n la demande des étudiants de Stockholm, sa conférence sur le droit et la tache des petites nations, que la presse européenne a reproduite. L'assistance était dos plus nombreuses on y remarquait le ministre des affaires étrangères, M. Watlenberg, et M. Brunchorst, ministre de Noryege à Stockholm. L'orateur s'est étové contre l'idée d'une culture unique et, a montré la nécessité, pour la culture mondiale, de l'existence indépendante des petits Ltats. La parole do M. Nansen a été accueillie par des applaudissements enthousiastes, particulièrement lorsqu'il a mis en relief les intérêts communs que possèdent, sous ce rapport, les peuples de la péninsule Scandinave. scanllinave. Brésil L'agence Uavas a reçu de Rio-de-Janeiro te télégramme suivant <r M. Wchceslao Urax, président de la République, a reçu M. Caillaux avec qui il a eu un entretien extrêmement cordial. » ÉCHOS Le baron Guillaume, ministre plénipotehtiaire de Belgique a Paris, a visité hier te refuge du Comité de secours franco-beige de la aaUe Wagram où il a félicité le docteur Lefcvre qui donne gratuitement aux réfugiés les soins les plus efficaces. 1/Académic des Sciences de Petrograd vient d'élire membre correspondant, M. Henry Sienidewicx. L'auteur de ~M t-'j~M est le premier Polonais appelé a faire partie de cette compagnie. A Aux combats d'Osches Ippécourt )cs et 0 septembre, l'artillerie de la tr* division de réserve de la troisième armée s'est particulièrement distinguée. A cette occasion, le colonel commandant l'artillerie a adresse à ses troupes un ordre du jour de félicitations dont nous détachons le passage suivant qui concerne le gendre de notre cminent collaborateur et ami M. André Liesse « AI. Paul Bissonnet, capitaine commandant an 38" régiment d'artillerie, a fait preuve d'une bravoure, d'un courage et d'une intrépidité a toute épreuve en dirigeant, avec beaucoup de calme, le tir de sa batterie sous un feu violent de l'artillerie lourde allemande; a maintenu son personnel sous ce même feu pendant te mouvement d'amener les avant-trains et n'a quitte le champ de bataille qu'après avoir subi de grandes pertes et avoir rassemble son personnel et tout son matériel s'est retiré en bon ordre et au pas, maigre la pluie de mitraille qui n'a cesse d'envelopper sa batterie. Les institutrices de Reims donnent depuis deux mois le plus bel exemple de dévouement: dès la fermeture des écoles, elles ont, sur l'initiative de M. l'inspecteur primaire Forsant, constitue une < œuvre de la Défense nationale M qui confectionne e des vêtements chauds pour ]es soldats et pour ies enfants desmobiiisés. A, Cn fameux savon. Si la Suisse atlemande n'éprouve à notre égard qu'une sympathie très Mitigée, il serait. impossible de compter nos amis en Suisse romande ou Suisse française. Ceux-ci, notamment à Mo.nt.reux et a'Lausanne, font vendre, au profit, de !a CroixRouge, certain savon dont ils proclament spiritueUement ]a stupéfiante vertu. En vérité, voi)à un.fameux savon! ("M/ ot'pc r<? SAVô~ `, ~K's' CO;M~/CK/ ~0!;)'0! 'M < /Mc/M'r afM.T i-t'T ~K MOKDE nXT;F'R ~p ve~~ aK /'ro/</ ~c /a CROIX-Ro~GE SUISSE ~Tcc/.S!'or reproduit ce petit prospectus que l'on distribue actuellement a foison en Suisse. Pour répondre au désir de nos lecteurs, ajoutons à ce que nous avons dit au sujet du B;<c//M de /t//MMre /JMMMC que, pouî contribuer à sa diffusion, on peut s'adresset soit à t'AUtance pour ]a propagation de !u Langue française, 186, boulevard Saint-Germain, soit a MAI. Léon Bruh), rue Lincoln, ouRebeHiau,i,ruedeSeine. C'est J'amn'al Touchard, grand-croix de la Legion-d'Honneur, ancien ambassadeur de France a Pctrograd, qui rempiace le regrette amirat Duperre à la présidence de la Société centrale des nsut'rages, dont il était depuis longtemps un. des plus hauts et zélés représentants. Le Sac de Phocee en Juin M4 M. Félix Sartianx, chargé par Je gouvernement, français d'une mission arc)téo)ogiquo à Phocée,relate, dans on émouvant article de la 7~ut;f </<< DeM-A/o~/M, les événements atroces qui se sont déroutés, au mois de juin dornicr, sur les cotes d'AsieMincure et qui ont été jusqu'ici couverts par le silence. De ces massacres commandes, de ces violences, de ces piHages méthodiques, M. Sartiaux a été 'Je témoin et il a tenu à peu que ses protestations courageuses ne l'en rendissent victime. Son récit a l'autorité de la chose vue et la valeur d'un document. Les horreurs qn'i) dénonce en rappellent d'autres plus récentes et s'y apparentent. «On ne peut pas, en effet, écrit-il, ne pas être frappé par ie paraitélisme dos sentiments et des faits que présentent les ravag'cs turcs en Asie-Mineure et la brutale agression des AUemands sur )a Belgique et le nord-est de )a Frauco c'est la mémo fourberie et la mëmodupiieité diplomatique, le même mépris du droit, t, !e mémo cynisme, le mémo métango'd'arroganceet do])Iatitude,Iemêmccs))rit<)e destruction à l'égard des antiquités et des œuvrcs'.d'art. » Lorsqu'en juin dernier on apprit en Huropë les sévices exerces contre la population grecque d'Asie-Mineure et l'exode qui en était la conséquence, les autorités ottomanes s'cfforcèrentdeIesnier.Le 18 juin, Halin) Paclia écrivait aux ambassadeurs des puissances a Constantinople:" l'ordre règne de la façon la pins absolue et,dans le passe. rien ne fut commis ni mis en pratique qui justifie, à quelque degré que ce soit, l'emploi des mots excès et persécution. » Or, le 11, des bandes turques avaient assaiiti )c.s villages environnant Phocée, tue et blesse un grand nombre d'habitants et les survivants fuyaient en panique. M. Sartiaux apprend que deux messagers turcs sont arrivés pour préparer l'exécution des ordres arrêtes trois semaines auparavant parle gouverneur du vitayet et que la nouvelle Phocée sera mise a sac pendant la nuit.dul2auI3.Lcs choses ont bien lieu ainsi '< Le premier coup de feu éclate vers huit heures du soir. J'entends les chocs sourds des haches et des crosses défonçant les portes de la maison attenantalamienne des cris de détresse,des hurlements de douleur alternant avec le crépitement de la fusillade. J'ai su peu de temps après que l'incendie avait été allumé au moyen de la pompe a incendie remplie de pétrole. Les agresseurs sont tous des paysans des villages turcs des environs. « Nous avons rcc.udes ordres, nous les exécutons, j' «Ils pillent, incendient, tuent froidement. sans haine, en quelque sorte avec méthode. QucDe est la main qui dirige ces malheureux? Les armes dont ils sont. pourvus sont des fusils de l'Etat, des fusiis. Martini et des mousquetons d'artillerie. » Les autorités locales sont évidemment de connivence. Prévenues par M. Sartiaux, elles n ont pris aucune mesure de protection. Ut il faudra à notre compatriote toute son énergie pour arrêter au seuil de sa demeure dont il a fait un refuge, l'audace des agresseurs. Les habitants ont fui leurs maisons c'est, pendant deux jours, )e piiïago éhonté, !c navrant exode de quatre miite Crées que des bateaux envoyés par un généreux Français, M. Guiffray.transporteutà à Satoniquo et au Pirée. «Seules les maisons juives ont été épargnées. Le fait et )f procédé, sontinstructifs otdoiventêtre notés. "La .nouvcUe Phocée avait, dans les mêmes conditions,subi le même sort que l'ancienne, sept joursauparavant.Mais la, «tafuite avait du être beaucoup plus difficile et p)us sanglante)' pour les (),MO Crées qui l'occupaient. Oue sont devenus les chétiens' "demandait-on au gouverneur M. Sartiaux, chargé par le consulat général de France d'enquêter sur ces faits. Al)! les chétiens, oui, c'est vrai, ils sont partis. ils sont partis. l'autre jour, jeudi dernier, mais de leur plein gré, personne ne les a forcée; j'ai des signatures qui le prouvent, sur un grand cahier. Il ne s'est rien passé. M « Vraiment! Eh bien, nous allons voir. » Et pendant que M. Sartiaux relevait les atrocités odieuses dictées parles dirigeants d'Union et Progrès, le ~rand-vixir terminait par ces mots la note qu'il adressait au ministre do Grèce a Constantinople. T LES CHAMPS BE BATAILLE LES HONGROtS Lorsqu'un des propriétaires du gouvernement de Lublin so plaignit au général de ) artillerie autrichienne Hozwadowski des violences et des sauvageries de 1 infanterie hongroise, ce dernier lâcha un juron, formidable.et répondit: «Je sais bien que ce sont des sacrés canailles, des romanichels armés et revêtus d'uniformes; je sais aussi qu'ils commettent des abus à votre égard, mais que voûtez-vous que j'y fasse? Ce qui fut !ô malheur et la tragédie de cette guerre, c'est que chaque batailton autrichien, chaque division agissant indépendamment, avait sa propre politique, sa tendance, sa méthode d'action, son opinion sur la question polonaise et aussi sa façon de se composer vis-a-vis de la population. Chacun des officiers installes dans les maisons polonaises formait d'autres horoscopes politiques et rétablissait une Pologne indépendante avec des limites tracées selon ses idées. Si bien que l'idée de la Pologne future devint enfin une formule vide et dénuée de sens, une phrase banale ne produisant aucun effet sur personne, et la Pologne future elle-même devint un paravent servant u masquer les abus, les violences et les pillages. Les officiers hongrois parlaient aussi du beau, du merveilleux avenir de la Pologne'). Dans leur idée, la guerre une fois unie la monarchie des llabsburgs se trouverait reunie en un seul vaste pays gouverne par cette même dynastie et portant le nom d'Autriche-lfohgrie-Pologne. On nous destinait a nouveau u devenir un état tampon, cette fois-ci afin de protéger l'Autriche contre la barbarie de FOricnt. Mais pour le moment ce grand avenir poJitique disparaissait dans un lointain brumeux sans avoir la plus petite influence sur la vie quotidienne. C'est probablement pourquoi les bataillons hongrois préférèrent une tendance plus détinio ot on peut dire plus pratique. Les soldats hongrois répétaient souvent par la bouche des SIovaks <* Nous sommes venus ici pour combattre les Dusses et pour nous venger (te 1 année 48! Un pénétrant au royaume de Pologne, .les bataillons hongrois croyaient se trouver en Hussie. Cette certitude régnait non seulement parmi les simples soldats, mais aussi parmi les ofliciers. Un général hongrois, reçu hospitaliërement dans la maison d un gentilhomme polonais, demanda dans un momontd'attendrissement Dites-moi, je vous prie,ya-i-il beaucoup de Polonais dans le voisinage? )' » On essaya de dissiper le malentendu il y en a eu même qui parlaient aux soldats hongrois de Hem et leur chantaient cette vieille chanson qui semble maintenant être l'écho d'un romantisme imprudent Le Hongrois et )c Polonais sont deux frères. Les ofuciers hongrois secouaient ta tête, promettaient de ne plus commettre cette erreur et son allaient pour continuer à se venger des Busses et do l'année 48. Sur leur passage les villages brûlaient et l'on entendait partout les coups de fusil tirés sur la population paisible et les cris do désespoir et de terreur. Le soir, les paysans regardaient les tueurs rouges des incendies en disant « Ce sont les Hongrois qui sont là 1 » Les Hongrois se mirent a incendier les villages du gouvernement de Lublin immédiatement après avoir franchi la frontière et longtemps avant la retraite do l'armée autrichienne. A Kielcxewice Gorne les soldats Itongrois incendièrent tout le viliage, en mettant le feu a chaque quatrième maison au moyen de paille et de pétrole. Personne n'osait essayer de sauver son bien. Tous ceux qui FEUILLETON DU JOURNAL DES DEBATS du i5 décembre 1914 [36 ) PAM ~MP~ PA~ J~OM~ D'A~VB~S D'un gé&te averti qui amuse son interlocuteur bénevote, Pam écoute les argu.mentsconnus: –Si tadyWard n'avait pas été mariée, jesuissûrc qu'itne lui serait, jamais Tenu à l'esprit..<{ aimer, ni mcme de remarquer cet au'reux capitaine Beustock! Ht, pour tout. dire, un ~seul oiseau dans to bois vaut mieux que dix oiseaux en voHcrc Pee! ectate de rire, surpris, âpres coup, comme ce)a lui arrive souvent, de s'être laissé entraîner a discuter un .sujet, de cette sorte avec cette gamine. EL qu'arnvc-L-i), s'il vous p!ait, jeune philosophe, quand l'un des deux amis en liberté se trouve seul mécontent, de son sorte), abandonne L'autre? Comme !a pauvre Mme Kennedy ? Eh bien vous voycx, elle est parfaitement, heureuse, et, père aussH i Rept'o~Me~H tM<e)'~e. tentaient d'emporter des meubles loin des maisons en fou ou de sortir le bétail des écuries étaient fusillés. Ce fut ators un affolement générai et la population entière ,~e mit M ~uir en abandonnant tout aux ~ammes. pm!que.~uhs seuiement pourtant réus~ sirent & fui!' Inaperçus g-fâce ~tt t6rra!& titOntagheux, car les Hongrois se tenaient caches de tous tes côtés et faisaient ta chasse aux malheureux M tirant sur leurs ombres. A Sobiesxcjany, prcs de KiedxWire, od trouva deux femmes assassinées dans tes tranchées autrichiennes. Elles furent ensevelies ensuite dans une fosse commune avec les corps des soldats tués. Près de llodel on retrouva aussi sous des meules de blé plusieurs corps de jeunes filles t'toMes et mutilées atrocement. Souvent aussi les Hongrois attachaient les femmes qu'ils venaient de violer en haut des meutes et y mettaient ensuite le feu. H semble, en écoutant les récits de ces horreurs, que ces barbares s'enivraient de t'odeur du sang, de la fumée et des hurlements de terreur (jui les excitaient comme le hachich et suggéraient a leur imagination toujours de nouvelles cruautés. Il y avait dans ces nuits terribles quelque chose que la terre polo*naisc n'avait pas vécu depuis longtemps. Les malheureuses victimes étaient surtout terrorisées par !a psychologie incompréhensible et inconnue do cette cruauté atteignant uu raffinement bestial et remplie de truuvaiHcs monstrueuses, n'ayant ni ta logique de la terreur ni te droit de la volupté. Dans la contrée que j'ai étudiée tout spécialement, les villages de Borow, MajdanjBorowski et Huta-Borowska forent brûles delà même façon que Kielczewice-Corno et Hystrzyca. Les Ilongrols incendiaient chaque maison en y mettant )e feu aux quatre coins. Un paysan de Majdan-Borowski, nomme Bienko, supplia a genoux qu'on épargne son bien. Pour toute réponse le soldat hongrois lui appuya le canon de sa carabine sur la poitrine et le tua net. Beaucoup de gens furent brutes Tifs dans leurs maisons. Chaque fois que les Hongrois découvraient des réfugies dans des tranchées, II les transperçaient de leurs baïonnettes et tiraient sur eux presque a bout portant. Tout ceci se passait quelques jours après le passage des officiers autrichiens qui rassuraient tout le monde en disant «C'est une guerre moderne, tout y sera réglé comme dans Une pendule et pas un cheveu ne tombera de la tête de qui que ce soit. )' Les insuccès des Autrichiens répandirent i'inquiétude et la démoratisation dans toute l'armée, affaiblirent l'ardeur des combattants et leur désir d'avance! Les soldats du Midi ressentireut vivement le froid des premières nuits de septembre. Les différences de nationaUtë se firent sentir, ainsi que les sympathies slaves, ou bien une entière indifférence politique. Au moment de cet écroulement psychologique, les officiers autrichiens s'efforcèrent d'expliquer d'une autre manière les défaites de leur armée. « L'artiHerie russe tire trop bien disaient-ils, des sbrapneHs pteuvent sur nos soldats des qu'Us apparaissent. U est évident que nous sommes entourés d'espions trouvons-les et nous serons vainqueurs." Et ils se mirent u la recherche des espions Les officiers allemands les cherchaient dans les châteaux, et les soldats hongrois perquisitionnaient dans les villages. Leurs instincts criminels ayant ainsi acquis l'apparence d'une conduite légale, i!s se baignaient presque dans le sa~g des victimes innocentes. En général, on décida de no pas avoir d'égards pour un pays mal disposé pour t'armée autrichienne et dont la population, au lieu d'organiser une révolution,.se contentait d'attendre les événements et refusait de croire aux appels autrichiens. Par conséquent, les Hongrois tuaient sans pMié tous ceux qui leur paraissaient suspects, Ils fouillaient les tranchées ou se cachaient les paysans et fusillaient comme espion, sans enquête ni jugement, tout homme avec des cheveux coupés ras. Dans le village de Piotrkow ils emmenèrent ainsi et fusillèrent 40 paysans, simplement parce qu'ils avaient des pantalons garnis de galons rouges qui rappelaient les uniformes des cosaques russes. Heureusement c& nouveau mouvement, avec les bataillon~ Hongrois comme bourreaux, était aussi lo premier signal de la terreur et de la déroute. Toute l'armée autrichienne se mit à reculer en désordre, laissant derrière elle les lueurs des incendies. Ils décidèrent de détruire à tout jamais le pays qu'ils se voyaient forcés d'abandonner. Les soldats hongrois témoigneront alors d'une lâcheté inouïe. Us fuyaient précipitamment, abandonnant les endroit'! qu'ils avaient transformés en lieux de terreur. Ailleurs des divisions entières s jetaient bas les armes sat)S combat et se rendaient. A Hatoszyn, au premier bruit des carabines russes, neuf fusiliers hongrois se ré Peet n'a pas pense à ce c~s très parti cu)ier. Mrs Kennedy est, une pauvre cervelle et vous conviendrez bien qu'il n'y a pas Dieu en soit toué beaucoup de femmes de son style? Quant à vos parents, ils constituent cette fatneuse exception qui doit toujours, dit-on, confirmer une r<'g)c. Us sont, je vous assure, à peu près seuts dans leur cas. Je n'ai jamais entendu parier d'une union comme ia leur sans apprendre tôt ou tard qu'elle a ma! tourne. Eh bien si j'aime un jour, vous en connaltrcx une autre, car, sûrement, je ne me marierai pas Je ne consentirai jamais a faire des promesses. Que vous ne pourriez pas tenir? Vous sentex-vous tellement inconstante' HHe rougit, prête n se fâcher de son ironie. Je ne sais pas si je serai constante, mais je sais bien qu'il m'est impossible de deviner a un moment quelconque ce que je penserai dix ans plus tard! Et le à son neuve! ami sont ceues de Burke. La grande écriture forte et droite de FAustratien lui ressemble toUement que Pam croit le voir devant etie, quand eiïe lit les courtes phrases nettes et sincères qui ont jai))ide son ca'ur, très visiblement picin d'cUe. Pourtant elle n'en est pas cmue et les Ht comme les phrases d'un roman dont elle ne serait pas t'héroïne. « Ou êtes-vous, Pam ? écrit-i). Pourquoi fugierent dans la demeure du cure, ainsi que dix soldats et un docteur. Y ayant pûnëtre, ils s'enfermèrent & double tour. Le cure testa sur la ~Kmdah et. se dit: Cela ira ?3!, car Us ~'«at Se défendre et ma cUfe ~~M détruite. < Mais tes o~eteM hoogfo~ t'ayant aperçu, étendirent tes Mains verit iui ett balbutiant « Drapeau btanc, dra* peau btahc Bientôt à Ha fenêtre de la cure fiottait uh vieux drap au bout d'un manche à balai. Le cure regarda au dehors et vit devant sa maison «n soldat russe regardant le drapeau improvisé avec intérêt –Qu'est-ce que c'est? Vois-tu, frère, dit le cure, j'ai ici vingt Hongrois qui veulent se rendre. En as-tu peur? Oui est-ce qui en aurait peur ? Je )es cherche, Ce disant, il se tourna vers le drapeau et cria d'une voix tonitruante: Sortez un a un, ftls de chien Ht co petit soldat du bataillon de Riazan mit ses mains dans ses poches sans môme préparer sa baïonnette. Les Hongrois apparurent un à un. Ils jetaient a terre, avec fracas, carabines, sabres, revolvers. Leurs visages étaient pâles et défaits. Le soldat tes compta tranquillement, leur ordonna de se mettre en rang et com manda –Una~ant.tnarche! Et en co moment les armées autrichiennes se trouvaient a quelques centaines de pas deIacuredeRatoszyn. ttïTnnn nt ït ~ïni'cM AuiuUnit&LAb~ Le Président de la République à Reims Le Président de la République a quitté Paris avant-hier pour Chalons-sur-Marne et de )à il s'est rendu hier en auto dans la ville de Reims. 11 était accompagne du gênerai Duparge, secrétaire générât de la Présidence, et du préfet de ta Marne. H s'est arrêté a l'h&tel de ville et s'y est longuement entretenu avec le maire de Reims, le docteur Lengtet, et avec les membres du Conseil municipal. H tes.a félicités du courage et du dévoue* ment dont ils ne cessent de faire preuve dans l'administration d'une cité qui est tous ~cs jours bombardée, I[ leur a dit qu'il avait gardé un souvenir reconnaissant du chaleureux accueil que lui avaient fait l'an dernier, en des jours de fête, les habitants de la cité rémoise et. qu'il avait tenu à leur apporter, en des jours d'épreuve, le témoignage de sa sympathie. Le maire a vivement remercié le Président de sa démarche, dont la partie de la population qui na pas évacué ia ville a été très touchée. M. Poincaré a remis au maire, pour )es pauvres de Reims, une somme de 5,000 fr. Le Président est ensuite allé, avec le docteur Lenglet, examiner en détailles ravages causés a la cathédrale par te tir systématique des batteries allemandes et il a été profondément ému à ia vue de ce qui reste de la vieille basilique. Apres être retourné l'hôtel de ville et avoir pris congé du maire, le Président est rentré directement à Paris. Le &ls de lord Hardinge bleasé Le fils de S. Ex. lord Hardinge, vice-roi des Indes, qui combat dans les rangs de l'armée anglaise en qualité d'officier, vient d'être assez sérieusement blessé. Il résulte de renseignements fournis par le vice-roi a notre collaborateur M. Pau! Bluysen, député de l'Inde, que les rapports des médecins sur l'état du jeune officier sont rassurants. H est permis d'espérer que dans quelques mois le vaillant blessé sera rétabli. Lord Hardinge ajoute qu'il est heureux « d'avoir envoyé en France la fleur de l'armée indienne. Il a la certitude que ces excellents soldats se battront ~ien et maintiendront leurs hautes traditions chevaleresques devant l'ennemi commun. Que Dieu donne la victoire complète aux Alliés dans un avenir prochain! a L'article de Paria $t l'Allemagne Nous recevons ta lettre suivante Monsieur Itt directeur, j'ai lu avec grand intorct la conférence faite par M. Berthelot sur l'articte de Paris. Il a montré avec précision les moyens de concurrence des Allemands. leurs procédés peur s'emparer des modelés français. Mais nosindustriels n'ontils pas travaillé eux-mêmes à facUiter cette triste besogne, notamment en engageant des employés allemands qui s'offraient a bas prix, s'insinuaient dans les meilleures maisons et y prenaient a lajsir toutes les Indications propres tt guider des concurrents pour le comptedesquels ils pratiquaient cet espionnage économique. Je puis citer un ne me permettez-vous pas d'atier plaider ma cause auprès de vous ? Caxatet veut bien vous fai,re tenir cette lettre mais H se refuse a me donner votre adresse. Pourquoi? C'est crue! je vous aime si profondément. » Et un autre jour. « J'ai vu votre grand-père. H va. bien, mais il est bien aeui, et s'ennuie an'reusement. Nous parlons souvent de vous. H vous aime bien, lui aussi. Pourquoi ne pas revenir?. Pourquoi surtout ne pas consentir à devenir ma femme?. )~ Laissez-moi vous emporterdans te! coin du monde qu'il vous plaira de choisir pour vous y laisser adorer uniquement. » Puis, brusquement; H avait annoncé son départ. Desauairps Importantes me rappeUent en Austra)ie. Je ne sais quand je pourrai revenir! Si vous pouviez comprendre a quci point je suis votre esctave, petite fiiïe insensiMe, vous auriez pitié de moi et vous me permettriez de vous revoir avant mon départ. Au fait, pourquoi pas,? Pam avait hésité un peu, puis s'était décidée à jeter à la poste un court biiïet qui lui posait son adresser Aprf quoi, du reste, eHe avait complètement oublié qu'il existait,reprise tout enticre par son rote d infirmière auprès de Pee!. 1~lvf~.t.Il~'·1~lfv Ce matin-ia eUe est particutièrement excitée en se rendant chez sonanu. EUc lui porte une précieuse nouveUe sa mère, exemple authentique. Un mécanicien engagea il y a peu d'années un dessinateur pourvu d'un accent iacile & reconnaître, qui detnahda un traitement fort modique, et. se mojttra bon ctîtptoy~. Le patron disait Ces allemands sont extraprdinaireë voil& un individu qui travaille très bien, et il se contente d'un salaire inférieur a ce que je p!tye d'habitude. Je voudrais bien en avoir d'autres comme celui-là! Un soir, on vit le dessinateur se diriger vers la sortie avec un routcau de papier sous !c bras. On eut l'idée de lui demander ce qu'il emportait la?– Je veux finir un calcul a !a maison, repondit l'autre. Quel zèle admirable! pensa le patron. Pourtant t il conçut un Soupçon et demanda a voir. L'homme emportait une série complète des dessins d'une machine nouvelle en construction, dont il avait pris copie. On le congédia sur-l'heure, et l'industriel jura qu'il n'en* gagerait plus jamais de dessinateurs allemands. Combien de maisons ont introduit chez elles, pour une misérable économie, des traîtres de ce genre ou même des individus qui, sans être soldes a ce) effet, retournaient en Allemagne après un séjour suffisant pour rapporter chez nos concurrents des notions précieuses. La leçon suffira-t-cl!o pour l'avenir? Laissez-moi dire que j'en doute. Agréez, etc. Une bonne mesure Le Comité ()u pt)t)'ona~f nntiona) des b)essés nous con)muni<{uo cette note iutét'essante C'est n une certaine distance, dans des centres sanitaires ou hospitaliers judicieusement choisis et spécialement aménages, qu'il est indispensable d'effectuer les interventions chirurgicales urgentes ou délicates. Ï)ans!a hâte de la mobilisation, nombre de nos chirurgiens )ea plus expérimentés, de leurs aides ou de leurs internes, avaient etc. soit envoyés au front, soit affectes a des hôpitaux éloignes a l'intérieur du pays. Pour rëmédtcr a cette situation e), procéder a une répartition nouveDo des stations chirurgicales, il était indispensable d'établir une sorte de répertoire des capacités, Ce travail préparatoire vient d'être cffec' tue par la direction du service de santé au ministère de la guerre. Une liste des chirurgiens connus a été envoyée aux autorités médicales militaires des armées. D'autre part, les autorites préfectorales et les directions régionales du service do santé ont été priées de dresser un état des chirurgiens du département et de la région. La confrontation do ces listes permettra de procéder rapidement à une meilleure distribution des chirurgiens dans les divers centres sanitaires. La direction générale du service de santé en affectera un à chaque ambulance et deux a chaque hôpital d'évacuation, t~ous les autres devront être judicieusement répartis dans les contres hospitaliers, soit de la zone des armées, soit de la zone de l'intérieur. On arrivera ainsi a utiliser les aptitudes chirurgicales pour le plus grand bien des blessés. L'Arbre de Noël des militaires convalescents L'OEuvre nationale des militaires convalescents, sous la présidence d'honneur de Mme la générale Pau et de M. Georges Berry, député de Paris, président, donnera le 30 décembre prochain un grand concert 't suivi de tombola, arbre de ISocl, au dépôt des militaires convalescents (caserne de Cliguancourt, porte do Clignancourt, à Paris). Plus de quinze cents militaires convalescents assisteront a cette matinée, qui aura lieu à trois heures, avec le concours des artistes les plus connus. Fauteuils réservés, 5 fr. fauteuils de première, 3 fr; fauteuils de deuxièmes, 3 fr. S'adresser au siège de l'œuvre, 25, rue Blanche. Pour les docteurs en pharmacie Au directeur du ./o!M; des Df6(;~ Le numéro 340 de votre journal, en date du 8 décembre courant, fait allusion à une circulaire parue dans l'0/<'fe/ do ce jour, dans laquelle les hommes du M~t'ce <nM'ï/)off'e pourront, dans les conditions légales, obtenir de l'avancement. Je vous serai donc très obligé, par l'intermédiaire de votre journa), d'attirer l'attention de M. le ministre de la guerre sur le cas d'un certain nombre de docteurs en pharmacie faisant partie des services auxiliaires. Ces pharmaciens, vu leur diplôme et leur titre de docteur, obtenu la plupart du temps a la suite de longues et patientes études, rendent de réels services dans les hôpitaux temporaires où ils 'ont été affectés. Pourquoi donc, a conditions Scientifiques égales, n'obtiendraient-ils ~as le grade de pharmacien aide-major de 2'' classe, alors que nn peu sounrante, la réclame Sa mère a besoin d'elle! Tout son visage est irradié de joie. Aujourd'hui du moins Peel ne pourra pas la regarder avec cette expression de pitié attendrie dont il ne peut se défendre chaque fois qu'il est question de ses parents. l!s désirent son retour, ils l'attendent Mais Peel dort~ étendu sur un rockingchair, dans le jardin et force lui est de contenir son impatience: elle s'assied à côte de lui sur le gazon et attend en l'observant. H a bruni depuis son arrivée a Torpington. Ses joues sont plus pleines, ses yeux ont repris leur vivacité etJa ligne bleuâtre qui les cerclait a disparu. Avant peu, il pourra reprendre ses travaux. on recommencera de parler de lui, et toute l'Angleterre discutera ses discours. Pam éprouve un peu d'orgueil a penser qu'elle est pour quelque chose dans sa guérison. S'en souviendra-t-ii?. Fn peu de regret lui vient a la pensée que ce charmant chapitre de sa vie va être achevé. ?c!'écoutez pas.restez. le rubis est faux Peel se soulevé à demi et passe sa main sur son front, s'évadant d'un cauchemar. Pam éclate de rire pendant qu'il reprend pied dans la réalité et s'excuse. Je faisais le plus au'reux des rêves, explique-t-il encore somnolent Burke vous enlevait dans ses bras comme une plume et vous emportai). Et vous vouliez qu'il vous laisse le fameux rubis de lady Roscdale? Non, dit-il en riant, vous l'aviez au doigt Ce rêve n'est rien, ainsi raconté, t )eurs collègues eu médecine, qui se trouvent dans le même cas, obtiennent te galon d'aide-major,et tes Étudiants en tnëdecine ayant. au moins douze inscriptions, celui de médecin auxiliaire (tirade d'adjudant.). Les docteurs en pharmacie, eux, sont s!(n* pies soldats et gf trouvent souvent sous les ordres de garçons de laboratoire qui, ayant servi, ont le grade de caporai ou sergent infirmier. Nous espérons que M. Je ministre, reconnaissant les services que rendent et peuvent rendre cette catégorie du personnel du service do santé, voudra bien résoudre la question de façon satisfaisante pour les. inté~ réssés. réssés. C'n ~HonH~ f~ Débats. Des jouets pour les Alsaciens*Lorraina M y a des petits enfants dans l'Alsace reconquise qui regardent émerveilles lés troupes françaises reprendre peu a peu notre bien. Le revo des parents devient, !a realite, et Joffre apportant le baiser de la France après quarante-cinq ans d'attente fut accuei)!i par !a voix de nos petits Alsaciens à l'accent rude et volontaire qui Je saluaient au cri de K Vive la France M et au chant de la .M(!c;a;M. Ne voulcx-vous pas, Parisiens et Parisicnncs~envoyer leur.petit Noël aux petits enfants d'Alsace? t. ne automobile leur apporterait le jouet de France par les soins do la Société d'Alsace-Lorraine de Besancon qui, des aujourd'hui, rassemb)e ]cs envois. Mme Marcellin-PcHet, 17, rue Louis-David, se charge également de les faire parvenir et sera reconnaissante et touchée pour te moindre jouet à elle adresse. La Fédération du Livre fait appel à la solidarité Le Comité centrât do la Fédération du Livre, voulhht continuer l'aide déjà apportée a toutes )es familles des adhérents, mobilisés et chômeurs, a décide d'adresser un chaleureux appel a )a solidarité de ceux qui restent dans leurs foyers et qui tra*Vaillent. t. 1 .1 A partir d'aujourd'hui, des bons de 5 fr. (sans intérêt) seront émis jusqu'à concurrence de 25,000 fr;; cet emprunt sera rembourse immédiatement après la guerre, par l'emploi des bons souscrits pour le payement des cotisations fédérales et par la vente des titres déposes a la Banque de France, qui dépassent plusieurs foijs le cluffre do l'emprunt. Dans les tranchées On nous communique la lettre suivante d'un membre d'une .de nos Sociétés de gymnastique de l'Indre « Nous étions dans une tranchée, 100 seulement. Vers 4 heures du matin, les Allemands MOUS ont attaques au nombre de 1,500. Nous avons tenu pendant une heure, jusqu'à la dernière cartouche; nous avons repoussé trois charges, mais a la quatrième, no pouvant plus tirer et n'ayant pas de baïonnette, il a fallu partir; mais, comme j'ai résiste plus longtemps,je me suis trouvé cerné, et. les Allemands sont tombes sur moi, m'ont désarme et n~ont fait prisonnier. I)s parlaient français; aussi ils ont voulu que je les Conduise vers une tranchée française en criant « Nous sommes Français, ne tirex pas! C'est ce que j<' fis, mais pas tout à fait comme ils me le demandaient. J'ai cric aux Français:" Fit! les poteaux, xigouillex-Ies c'est les Boches! » Les Français ont compris et les 100 Boches qui étaient là ont tous été tués. J'ai filé avec les Français. H Le lendemain, le capitaine m'a serré !a main en m'appelant son uls. 11 m'a présenté au co)onel,qui m'a fait raconter mon histoire et m'a fait déjeunera côté de lui. E. B. "so~afat: dragons. u Guerre et Marine La. classe 191 S Les jeunes gens de la classe 1915, ainsi que les ajournes des classes 1913 et 1914 du contingent do Seine, reconnus aptes au service arme, oui commencé a recevoir aujourd'hui leur ordre d'appel, qui leur est envoyé par )a poste a l'adresse donnée par eux lors de leur inscriptiou sur les tableaux de recrutement. Ceux qui ont change d'adresse depuis cette date, et qui auraient néglige de fatre connaître leur nouvelle adresse, doivent se présenter d'urgence a leur bureau de recrutement pour y retirer leur feuille de route. Ainsi quQ nous l'avons annonce, la mise en route d~ contingent de la classe 1915 aura lieu samedi prochain 19 décembre. Par décret, le lieutenant-colonel de gendarmerie hors cadres Jouffroy, comman mais je vous assume qu'il était affreüsement pénible.. Que faisiez-vous pendant qu'H m'emportait,? Moi?. C'est là qu'est le drame; je regardais simplement, sans pouvoir bouger Mais, au diable les rêves! Quoi de nouveau aujourd'hui, petite Ptun? Cette exceUente Mme Kennedy? EUe ne va pas très bien aujourd'hui c!!e a ses bons et ses mauvais jours, vous savex. Mais .<' t'a/s ;v/'oMf/e Mes ~c/'ey~s « /a /</< Je ce//e semH<ne Comment, vous partex ? ° Afamo/t G 6eso!'n f/c nio/. Mais, Pam, c'est affreux Qu'est-ce que je vais devenir sans vous ? `' Son exclamation si franchement égoïste fait rire la jeune fiUe, mais elle est nattée. –Vous êtes guéri maintenant, et vous n'a!!ex pas tarder u partir, vous aussi. C'est vrai. ta duchesse m'a découvert Heureusement, elle croit que j'arrive de France. EHc m'invite a les rejoindre à Lancastre le 20. Etes-vous vraiment obligée de partir avant, Pam ? $ KatureDement, puisque maman me rappetie. Lu sentiment de fierté vibre dans sa voix, et Peet en est remué, parce qu'il sent tout ce que cette fierté présente accuse de souurance dans te passé. En ce cas je n'ai plus qu'à souhaiter, de tout mon cœur, votre très prochaine réconciHation avec IdrdYotand, car je serais déso)é de ne plus vous revoir Oh' nous nous reverrons sûrement Vous souvenex-vous que je vous ai dit uh jour, à Monk-Yoland, que nous étions dant mitttaire du Palais de t'Etysëp, ~st pMntU cototie!, et ?1$ hora cadMs. L'0/ du 14 déeambM a pub'ié le d6. efet qui f6fo~me te sériée d~ i& trésor rie et des poster aux armées. L'ESPMT MBUC EN SUÈDE Le nouvel archevêque d'Upsal, M. Nathan Soederblom, vient de publier sa première lettre pastorale. Elle n'& point déçu les Suédois qui ont approuve l'élévation & cette dignité, unique paftni les luthériens, d un homme qui n'a pa$ encore 1 âge où d'ordinaire On est évëque, mais qui jouit en Suéde d'une très grande influence, surtout parmi les étudiants d'Upsal. Un ton noble et élevé, ardent et grave, règne dans ces pages; il y proche la joie du christianisme et cette face sous laquelle il envisage la religion lui permet d'examner toutes les questions qui se posent aujourd'hui ~u chrétien, question sociale, patrie, prédication, culte, école publique, rôle du prûtre dans l'enseignement. Alors intervient la guerre. L'archevêque avait déjà écrit cette première partie lorsque le conflit a éclaté il mettait aux prises trois nations qu'il connaissait et aimait t profondément, la France qu'il avait habiiée comme pasteur de la colonie suédois'' et où il a obtenu le grade de docteur de l'Université, l'Allemagne où il a, jusqu'au mois de juillet dernier, et pendant deux années, oc. cupé une chaire a l'Université de Lcipxig. l'Angleterre où plusieurs fois il a été appeté pour donner des conférences au mitieu des étudiants d'Oxford et où il était hautement apprécié. Il était en Allemagne, dit.ii, au moment où ta guerre a été déclarée. L'union et l'esprit de sacrifice qu'a montrés le peuple ailemand l'ont frappé; il s'est demandé si cet élan unanime ne venait pas de ce que « les défenseurs de la patrie n'avaient jamais marchandé lorsqu'tl s'agissait d'assurer la défense, pas ptus pour les souliers aux pieds des soldats que pour le science de leur cerveau. Us ont reçu généreusement exercice, discipline, équipements, vivres o. ). Ou fallait-il en chercher' la cause dans )a législation moderne ftdémocratiquc, sor'in e et économique de l'empire, dans la soDif'itude pour le travailleur manup), pour ie malade, le vieillard, et dans le système d'impôt qui, en accord avec un gouvernement fort, protège les faibles contre la pression de Mammon ? `t Les raisons n'en sont point la, d'âpres lui, puisque dans la suite, il a pu constater io même enthousiasme et la même rorce morale dans les trois grandes nations en guerre. Ces raisons sont impénéh-abtes, mais portent les mêmes fruits. !1 parie donc de l'esprit religieux dans ces trois pays. On peut deviner ici sa profonde sympathie pour la France. Tandis qu'il se contente de transcrire quelques paroles do théologien'; allemands ou anglais, il cite longuement un des derniers articles d'Albert de Mun sur l'Ame chrétienne de la France, t'ai t une description grandiose de la cérémonie du 2K septembre à Notre-Dame et enfin commente les réHexions d'un protestant (M. Rocheblave) parues dans le Jow/7< de Cc/te~e sous le titre <' Les curés sac au dos M peint la vaillance des prëtresmobHisés, la confiance qu'ils ont su inspirer à leurs camarades, la mort.héroïque d'un si grand nombre d'entre eux. « Pour nous, ajoute M. Sœderblom, ce spectacle est instructif. L'obligation du service militaire pour les prêtres est contraire aux lois de l'église catholique, mais de cela même l'église a tiré un gain. Nous apprenons ainsi combien il est bon que te prêtre, en toutes choses, porte les mêmes charges que ses frères dans la société. Il ne faudrait pas voir dans ces considérations l'expression d'un sentiment, peu flatteur pour nous, celui de la surprise de découvrir une France inconnue. L'archevêque a. trop pénétré cotre vie pour ne pas savoir que nous sommes autre chose que ce que nous montrons à la surface. II n'ignore pas que nous nous élevons facilement à un niveau moral supéneur. Nous devons aussi faire remarquer qu'en nous (tonnant une telle place dans sa lettre,sans abandonner la neutralité que lui impose sa situation o!<icielle, il va à rencontre des tendances très allemandes, je ne dirai pas de son parti, car il n'en a pas, mais de la plupart de ceux qui, comme lui, ont provoqué le mouvement national suédois des dernières années. ` Dans son désir de concorde et d'union, après avoir donné aux luthériens de Suède cette lettre si pleine d'amour de la concorde, il a pris l'initiative d'un appel en faveur de la paix adressé aux « évangéliques de Norvège, de Danemark, d'Allemagne, de Hollande, de France, de Suisse, d'Angleterre et des Etats-Unis. destinés ù nous revoir, mais que nous n'arriverions jamais nous entendre ? Eh .bien je me trompais, je m'entends très bien avec vous, et je vous aime bien i Et c'est très réciproque Voûtez-vous me faire une promesse, Pam? `t A vous ? '? Evidemment, pas au roi d'Angleterre Voulez-vous me promettre de ne prendre aucune décision importante, de ne vous lancer dans aucune aventure, sans m'en prévenir auparavant? Pam hésite une seconde, puis, loyalement, le regardant bien en face, elle lui tend sa petite main brunie au soleil. Je vous le promets. | 47,330 |
https://github.com/nartoan/DesigningTheUserInterface/blob/master/Web/Source/js/bootstrap-star-rating.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,016 | DesigningTheUserInterface | nartoan | JavaScript | Code | 313 | 979 | $(document).ready(function(){
$("#stars-default").rating();
$("#stars-green").rating('create',{coloron:'green',onClick:function(){ alert('rating is ' + this.attr('data-rating')); }});
$("#stars-herats").rating('create',{coloron:'red',limit:10,glyph:'glyphicon-heart'});
});
(function ($) {
$.fn.rating = function (method, options) {
method = method || 'create';
// This is the easiest way to have default options.
var settings = $.extend({
// These are the defaults.
limit: 5,
value: 0,
glyph: "glyphicon-star",
coloroff: "gray",
coloron: "gold",
size: "1.3em",
cursor: "pointer",
onClick: function () {
},
endofarray: "idontmatter"
}, options);
var style = "";
style = style + "font-size:" + settings.size + "; ";
style = style + "color:" + settings.coloroff + "; ";
style = style + "cursor:" + settings.cursor + "; ";
if (method == 'create') {
//this.html(''); //junk whatever was there
//initialize the data-rating property
this.each(function () {
attr = $(this).attr('data-rating');
if (attr === undefined || attr === false) {
$(this).attr('data-rating', settings.value);
}
});
//bolt in the glyphs
for (var i = 0; i < settings.limit; i++) {
this.append('<span data-value="' + (i + 1) + '" class="ratingicon glyphicon ' + settings.glyph + '" style="' + style + '" aria-hidden="true"></span>');
}
$('.ratingicon').mouseover(function () {
var starValue = $(this).data('value');
var ratingIcons = $('.ratingicon');
for (var i = 0; i < starValue; i++) {
$(ratingIcons[i]).css('color', settings.coloron);
}
}).mouseout(function () {
var currentRate = $(this).parent().attr('data-rating');
var ratingIcons = $('.ratingicon');
for (var i = ratingIcons.length; i >= currentRate; i--) {
$(ratingIcons[i]).css('color', settings.coloroff);
}
});
//paint
this.each(function () {
paint($(this));
});
}
if (method == 'set') {
this.attr('data-rating', options);
this.each(function () {
paint($(this));
});
}
if (method == 'get') {
return this.attr('data-rating');
}
//register the click events
this.find("span.ratingicon").click(function () {
rating = $(this).attr('data-value');
$(this).parent().attr('data-rating', rating);
paint($(this).parent());
settings.onClick.call($(this).parent());
});
function paint(div) {
rating = parseInt(div.attr('data-rating'));
div.find("input").val(rating); //if there is an input in the div lets set it's value
div.find("span.ratingicon").each(function () { //now paint the stars
var rating = parseInt($(this).parent().attr('data-rating'));
var value = parseInt($(this).attr('data-value'));
if (value > rating) {
$(this).css('color', settings.coloroff);
}
else {
$(this).css('color', settings.coloron);
}
})
}
};
}(jQuery));
| 35,137 |
https://github.com/everyevery/programming_study/blob/master/hackerrank/contest/project.euler/euler018/Euler018.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | programming_study | everyevery | Scala | Code | 76 | 278 | import scala.io.StdIn
object Euler018 {
def update(ps: collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[Int], ns: collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[Int]): collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[Int] = {
for (n <- ns.zipWithIndex) yield
if (n._2==0)
ps(0) + n._1
else if (n._2==ns.length-1)
ps(n._2-1) + n._1
else
ps(n._2).max(ps(n._2-1)) + n._1
}
def test(): Unit = {
val n = StdIn.readInt()
val tree = for (i <- 0 until n) yield StdIn.readLine().split(" ").map(_.toInt).toIndexedSeq
println(tree.tail.foldLeft(tree.head)(update).max)
}
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val t = StdIn.readInt()
for (_ <- 0 until t) {
test()
}
}
}
| 1,766 |
199600110099 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 1,996 | LE DON UTILE | ASSOCIATIONS | French | Spoken | 7 | 15 | relais génération dons enfants (artistiques, sportifs, etc.) | 9,197 |
https://github.com/epam/edp-ddm-starter-juel-function/blob/master/src/main/java/com/epam/digital/data/platform/el/juel/MessagePayloadJuelFunction.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | edp-ddm-starter-juel-function | epam | Java | Code | 211 | 804 | package com.epam.digital.data.platform.el.juel;
import com.epam.digital.data.platform.dataaccessor.sysvar.StartMessagePayloadStorageKeyVariable;
import com.epam.digital.data.platform.el.juel.dto.MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto;
import com.epam.digital.data.platform.storage.message.service.MessagePayloadStorageService;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
/**
* Class with JUEL function that resolves a message payload object
*
* @see MessagePayloadJuelFunction#message_payload(String) The function itself
*/
@Component
public class MessagePayloadJuelFunction extends AbstractApplicationContextAwareJuelFunction {
private static final String MESSAGE_PAYLOAD_FUNCTION_NAME = "message_payload";
private static final String MESSAGE_PAYLOAD_OBJ_VAR_NAME_FORMAT = "message-payload-juel-function-result-object-%s";
protected MessagePayloadJuelFunction() {
super(MESSAGE_PAYLOAD_FUNCTION_NAME, String.class);
}
/**
* Static JUEL function that retrieves message payload from storage
* <p>
* Checks if there already is an object with message payload in Camunda execution context and
* returns it if it exists or else reads message payload from storage
*
* @param bpmnElementId event or activity identifier
* @return message payload {@link MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto} representation
*/
public static MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto message_payload(String bpmnElementId) {
final var variableAccessor = getVariableAccessor();
final var messagePayloadResultObjectName = String
.format(MESSAGE_PAYLOAD_OBJ_VAR_NAME_FORMAT, bpmnElementId);
MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto storedObject = variableAccessor
.getVariable(messagePayloadResultObjectName);
if (Objects.nonNull(storedObject)) {
return storedObject;
}
var messagePayloadDto = getMessagePayloadFromStorage(bpmnElementId)
.orElse(MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto.builder().data(Map.of()).build());
variableAccessor.removeVariable(messagePayloadResultObjectName);
variableAccessor.setVariableTransient(messagePayloadResultObjectName, messagePayloadDto);
return messagePayloadDto;
}
private static Optional<MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto> getMessagePayloadFromStorage(
String bpmnElementId) {
var startEventId = getExecution().getProcessDefinition().getInitial().getId();
var storageService = getBean(MessagePayloadStorageService.class);
if (bpmnElementId.equals(startEventId)) {
return storageService.getMessagePayload(getStartMessagePayloadStorageKey())
.map(dto -> MessagePayloadReadOnlyDto.builder().data(dto.getData()).build());
} else {
return Optional.empty();
}
}
private static String getStartMessagePayloadStorageKey() {
final var execution = getExecution();
final var startMessagePayloadStorageKeyVariable = getBean(
StartMessagePayloadStorageKeyVariable.class);
return startMessagePayloadStorageKeyVariable.from(execution).get();
}
}
| 35,410 |
https://github.com/sody/greatage/blob/master/labs/greatage-inject/src/test/java/org/greatage/inject/proxy/TestProxyFactory.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | greatage | sody | Java | Code | 864 | 3,105 | /*
* Copyright (c) 2008-2011 Ivan Khalopik.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.greatage.inject.proxy;
import org.greatage.inject.Interceptor;
import org.greatage.inject.Invocation;
import org.greatage.inject.Key;
import org.greatage.inject.Marker;
import org.greatage.inject.internal.proxy.CGLibProxyFactory;
import org.greatage.inject.internal.proxy.InvocationImpl;
import org.greatage.inject.internal.proxy.JavassistProxyFactory;
import org.greatage.inject.internal.proxy.JdkProxyFactory;
import org.greatage.inject.services.ProxyFactory;
import org.greatage.inject.services.ServiceBuilder;
import org.greatage.util.DescriptionBuilder;
import org.greatage.util.ReflectionUtils;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
/**
* @author Ivan Khalopik
* @since 1.0
*/
public class TestProxyFactory extends Assert {
private ProxyFactory jdkProxyFactory;
private ProxyFactory cglibProxyFactory;
private ProxyFactory javassistProxyFactory;
@DataProvider
public Object[][] proxyFactoryData() {
return new Object[][]{
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterface>(
MockIOCInterface.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl1.class,
null,
"test1"
), "test", "test1"
},
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterface>(
MockIOCInterface.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl2.class,
null,
"test2"
), "test", "test2"
},
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterface>(
MockIOCInterface.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl2.class,
null
), "test", null
},
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterface>(
MockIOCInterface.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl3.class,
new MockInterceptor("invoke:")
), "invoke:test", "invoke:" + MockIOCInterfaceImpl3.MESSAGE
},
};
}
@DataProvider
public Object[][] proxyFactoryExtraData() {
return new Object[][]{
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterfaceImpl2>(
MockIOCInterfaceImpl2.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl2.class,
null
), "test", null
},
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterfaceImpl2>(
MockIOCInterfaceImpl2.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl2.class,
null,
"test5"
), "test", "test5"
},
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterfaceImpl3>(
MockIOCInterfaceImpl3.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl3.class,
new MockInterceptor("invoke:")
), "invoke:test", "invoke:" + MockIOCInterfaceImpl3.MESSAGE
},
};
}
@DataProvider
public Object[][] proxyFactoryWrongData() {
return new Object[][]{
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterfaceImpl1>(
MockIOCInterfaceImpl1.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl1.class,
null,
"test1"
),
},
{
new MockServiceBuilder<MockIOCInterfaceImpl4>(
MockIOCInterfaceImpl4.class,
MockIOCInterfaceImpl4.class,
null,
new MockIOCInterfaceImpl3()
),
},
};
}
@BeforeClass
public void setupProxyFactory() {
jdkProxyFactory = new JdkProxyFactory();
cglibProxyFactory = new CGLibProxyFactory();
javassistProxyFactory = new JavassistProxyFactory();
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryData")
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testCGLibProxyFactory(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder, final String expected1, final String expected2) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = cglibProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say("test"), expected1);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say(), expected2);
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryExtraData")
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testCGLibProxyFactoryExtra(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder, final String expected1, final String expected2) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = cglibProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say("test"), expected1);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say(), expected2);
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryWrongData", expectedExceptions = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testCGLibProxyFactoryWrong(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = cglibProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
proxy.say("test");
proxy.say();
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryData")
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testJavassistProxyFactory(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder, final String expected1, final String expected2) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = javassistProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say("test"), expected1);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say(), expected2);
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryExtraData")
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testJavassistProxyFactoryExtra(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder, final String expected1,
final String expected2) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = javassistProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say("test"), expected1);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say(), expected2);
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryWrongData", expectedExceptions = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testJavassistProxyFactoryWrong(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = javassistProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
proxy.say("test");
proxy.say();
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryData")
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testJdkProxyFactory(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder, final String expected1, final String expected2) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = jdkProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say("test"), expected1);
Assert.assertEquals(proxy.say(), expected2);
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryExtraData", expectedExceptions = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testJdkProxyFactoryExtra(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder, final String expected1, final String expected2) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = jdkProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
proxy.say("test");
proxy.say();
}
@Test(dataProvider = "proxyFactoryWrongData", expectedExceptions = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public <T extends MockIOCInterface>
void testJdkProxyFactoryWrong(final ServiceBuilder<T> builder) {
final MockIOCInterface proxy = jdkProxyFactory.createProxy(builder);
proxy.say("test");
proxy.say();
}
public static class MockServiceBuilder<T> implements ServiceBuilder<T> {
private final Class<? extends T> implementationClass;
private final Interceptor interceptor;
private final Object[] constructionParameters;
private final Marker<T> marker;
public MockServiceBuilder(final Class<T> serviceClass,
final Class<? extends T> implementationClass,
final Interceptor interceptor,
final Object... constructionParameters) {
this.implementationClass = implementationClass;
this.interceptor = interceptor;
this.constructionParameters = constructionParameters;
marker = Key.get(serviceClass);
}
public Marker<T> getMarker() {
return marker;
}
public boolean eager() {
return false;
}
public boolean intercepts(final Method method) {
return interceptor != null;
}
public Object invoke(final Method method, final Object... parameters) throws Throwable {
final InvocationImpl invocation = new InvocationImpl(build(), method);
return interceptor.invoke(invocation, parameters);
}
public T build() {
return ReflectionUtils.newInstance(implementationClass, constructionParameters);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
final DescriptionBuilder builder = new DescriptionBuilder(getClass());
builder.append("implementation", implementationClass);
return builder.toString();
}
}
public static class MockInterceptor implements Interceptor {
private final String message;
public MockInterceptor(final String message) {
this.message = message;
}
public Object invoke(final Invocation invocation, final Object... parameters) throws Throwable {
return message + invocation.proceed(parameters);
}
}
public interface MockIOCInterface {
String say(final String message);
String say();
}
public static class MockIOCInterfaceImpl1 implements MockIOCInterface {
private final String message;
public MockIOCInterfaceImpl1(final String message) {
this.message = message;
}
public String say(final String message) {
return message;
}
public String say() {
return message;
}
}
public static class MockIOCInterfaceImpl2 implements MockIOCInterface {
private final String message;
public MockIOCInterfaceImpl2() {
this(null);
}
public MockIOCInterfaceImpl2(final String message) {
this.message = message;
}
public String say(final String message) {
return message;
}
public String say() {
return message;
}
}
public static class MockIOCInterfaceImpl3 implements MockIOCInterface {
public static final String MESSAGE = "mock-message";
public String say(final String message) {
return message;
}
public String say() {
return MESSAGE;
}
}
public static class MockIOCInterfaceImpl4 implements MockIOCInterface {
private final MockIOCInterface delegate;
public MockIOCInterfaceImpl4(final MockIOCInterface delegate) {
this.delegate = delegate;
}
public String say(final String message) {
return delegate.say(message);
}
public String say() {
return delegate.say();
}
}
}
| 13,983 |
https://github.com/chrc/star/blob/master/server/src/modules/eda/enum/EDAChaincodeMethod.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | star | chrc | TypeScript | Code | 31 | 130 | /**
* Copyright (C) 2020, RTE (http://www.rte-france.com)
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
*/
export enum EDAChaincodeMethod {
CreateEDA = 'EDA.createEDA',
GetAllEDAs = 'EDA.getAllEDAs',
GetEDAById = 'EDA.getEDAbyId',
QueryEDA = 'EDA.queryEDA',
UpdateEDA = 'EDA.updateEDA'
}
| 17,511 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%A7%93 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 康姓 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=康姓&action=history | Chinese | Spoken | 13 | 307 | 康姓是中文姓氏之一，在《百家姓》排第88位，中国大陆第92大姓（2006年统计）。
源流
出自姬姓，衛康叔本來封於康邑，周公東征後，遷徙至衛國，子孫後以康為姓
出自子姓，宋康王子孫以康為姓
出自羋姓，楚康王子孫以康為姓
出自匡姓，宋太祖名匡胤，爲避諱，改匡姓爲主姓。政和間，又以主非人臣姓氏，故又改主姓爲康姓
出自滿族、蒙古族、回族、苗族、瑶族等少数民族漢化改氏
来自中亚的昭武九姓之一
臺灣康姓以台南市新化區為大宗，有大批居民姓康
参考
延伸阅读
K康
康 | 43,136 |
https://github.com/nyambati/azera-data/blob/master/generators/Receipt.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,017 | azera-data | nyambati | JavaScript | Code | 137 | 493 | const faker = require('faker');
class RecieptsNodeSeeder {
constructor(firebase) {
this.firebase = firebase;
}
random(min, max) {
return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min) + min);
}
model(user_id, category) {
const status = ['pending', 'accepted', 'rejected']
return {
imageUrl: faker.image.imageUrl(),
category,
user_id,
tags: `#${faker.lorem.word()}`,
stagus: status[this.random(0, 2)],
createdAt: this.firebase.database.ServerValue.TIMESTAMP,
updatedAt: this.firebase.database.ServerValue.TIMESTAMP
}
}
generate(numberOfReciepts) {
const categories = ['TeenCode', 'FIR', 'DIR']
const users = this.firebase.database().ref('/users');
const reciepts = this.firebase.database().ref('/receipts')
reciepts.remove();
users.once('value').then(snap => {
let usersArray = [];
let users = snap.val()
for (let index in users) {
usersArray.push(users[index].uid);
}
let number;
for (number = 0; number <= numberOfReciepts; number++) {
let cat = categories[this.random(0, 2)];
let user_id = usersArray[this.random(0, usersArray.length - 1)];
reciepts.push(this.model(user_id, cat));
}
if (number === numberOfReciepts + 1) {
console.log('Done generating Reciepts');
setTimeout(() => process.exit(), 4000);
}
})
.catch(error => console.log(error));
}
}
module.exports = RecieptsNodeSeeder;
| 37,704 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadrat%20%28k%C3%B6pcentrum%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Kvadrat (köpcentrum) | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvadrat (köpcentrum)&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 53 | 127 | Kvadrat är ett stort köpcentrum på Lura i Sandnes i Rogaland, och rymmer 155 butiker. Kvadrat öppnade 1984 i de tidigare lokalerna till Sandnes Støperi, men har genomgått flera tillbyggnader samt, 1998, en ombyggnad. Kvadrat är världens enda köpcentrum med egen musikkår, Kvadrat Musikkorps.
Externa länkar
Kvadrats hemsida
Köpcentrum i Norge
Sandnes kommun | 21,208 |
https://github.com/yc910920/tdesign-vue-next/blob/master/examples/calendar/demos/value.vue | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | tdesign-vue-next | yc910920 | Vue | Code | 17 | 53 | <template>
<t-calendar :value="value" />
</template>
<script setup>
const value = '1998-11-11'; // new Date(1998, 10, 11)
</script>
| 12,304 |
https://github.com/220328-uta-sh-net-ext/Daniel-Oszczapinski/blob/master/Project 0/RestaurantApp/RestaurantInfo/Review.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Daniel-Oszczapinski | 220328-uta-sh-net-ext | C# | Code | 210 | 506 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace RestaurantInfo
{
public class Review
{
public Review() { }
//Example of constructor overloading
public Review(int rating)
{
this.Rating = rating;
}
public Review(double rating, string note, string name, string username, double average, int RestId)
{
this.Rating = rating;
this.Note = note;
this.Name = name;
this.UserName = username;
this.Average = average;
this.RestId = RestId;
}
public int ReviewId { get; set; }
private int restId;
public int RestId
{
get => restId;
set
{
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value.ToString()))
{
restId = value;
}
else
{
throw new Exception("The Id cannot be empty");
}
}
}
public double Average { get; set; }
private double _rating;
public double Rating
{
get => _rating;
//For the setter, we are checking that the rating is between 1 and 5
set
{
if (value <= 0 || value > 5)
{
throw new Exception("Rating must be between 1 and 5");
}
this._rating = value;
}
}
public string Note { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public string UserName { get; set; }
//override Review's ToString Method for me here
//That outputs $"Rating: {review.Rating} \t Note: {review.Note}"
public override string ToString()
{
return $"Name:{this.Name}\tRating: {this.Rating}\t Note: {this.Note}\nAverage: {this.Average}";
}
}
}
| 28,826 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85782348 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Louisiana's 24th State Senate district | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 162 | 541 | Louisiana's 24th State Senate district
American legislative district
Louisiana's 24th State Senate district instance of United States of America state-level electoral district
Louisiana's 24th State Senate district Open Civic Data Division ID ocd-division/country:us/state:la/sldu:24
Louisiana's 24th State Senate district country United States of America
Louisiana's 24th State Senate district located in the administrative territorial entity Louisiana
Louisiana's 24th State Senate district Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11j068_rzw
Louisiana's 24th State Senate district Ballotpedia ID Louisiana_State_Senate_District_24, subject named as Louisiana State Senate District 24, MediaWiki page ID 413714
ലൂസിയാനയിലെ 24-ാമത്തെ സ്റ്റേറ്റ് സെനറ്റ് ജില്ല
ലൂസിയാനയിലെ 24-ാമത്തെ സ്റ്റേറ്റ് സെനറ്റ് ജില്ല രാജ്യം അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ
ലൂസിയാനയിലെ 24-ാമത്തെ സ്റ്റേറ്റ് സെനറ്റ് ജില്ല സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്ന ഭരണസ്ഥലം ലുയീസിയാന
ലൂസിയാനയിലെ 24-ാമത്തെ സ്റ്റേറ്റ് സെനറ്റ് ജില്ല ഗൂഗിള് നോളജ് ഗ്രാഫ് ഐഡി /g/11j068_rzw
Louisiana's 24° State Senate district
Louisiana's 24° State Senate district ID Open Civic Data Division ocd-division/country:us/state:la/sldu:24
Louisiana's 24° State Senate district stato Stati Unii de l'Amèrica
Louisiana's 24° State Senate district unità aministradiva de l'ełemento Louisiana
Louisiana's 24° State Senate district ID Google Knowledge Graph /g/11j068_rzw | 3,884 |
https://github.com/auroragraphics/rendering/blob/master/source/aurora/rendering/directx/loop.d | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSL-1.0 | 2,018 | rendering | auroragraphics | D | Code | 128 | 428 | module aurora.rendering.directx.loop;
version(Windows):
import core.runtime;
import core.sys.windows.windows;
import std.conv;
import std.utf;
import std.string;
import aurora.rendering.application;
private void initializeRenderLoop()
{
}
private void renderLoop()
{
}
extern (Windows) int WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
int result;
Application app = null;
try
{
Runtime.initialize();
auto args = to!string(lpCmdLine).split(" ");
auto appHandle = ApplicationHandle(hInstance);
app = new Application(args, appHandle);
app.Startup();
while (1)
{
//Use PeekMessage so we don't stall while waiting for a message
MSG msg = { };
if(PeekMessageW(&msg, null, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
if(msg.message == WM_QUIT) {
break;
}
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessageW(&msg);
}
}
app.Shutdown(0);
Runtime.terminate();
}
catch (Throwable e) // catch any uncaught exceptions
{
app.OnApplicationUnhandledException(e);
MessageBoxW(null, toUTF16z(e.toString()), toUTF16z("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
result = 0; // failed
}
finally
{
Runtime.terminate();
}
return result;
} | 39,329 |
https://github.com/JorgeRY/ProyectoBiblioteca/blob/master/public/js/prestamos.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | ProyectoBiblioteca | JorgeRY | JavaScript | Code | 1,178 | 6,122 | const frmPrestamo = $(`form#frmPrestamo`);
const frmCampos = {
id: $("#frm_id"),
lector_id: $("#frm_lector_id"),
lector: $("#frm_lector"),
ejemplar_id: $("#frm_ejemplar_id"),
libro: $("#frm_libro"),
fecha_prestamo: $("#frm_fecha_prestamo"),
fecha_devolucion: $("#frm_fecha_devolucion"),
estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id: $("#frm_estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"),
estado_del_prestamo_id: $("#frm_estado_del_prestamo_id"),
dias_de_prestamo: $("#frm_dias_de_prestamo"),
};
const modalDetalles = $(`#modalDetallesPrestamo`);
const frmDetallesPrestamo = $(`form#frmDetallesPrestamo`);
const frmDetallesCampos = {
lector: $("#modal_lector"),
libro: $("#modal_libro"),
estado_fisico_del_ejemplar: $("#modal_estado_fisico_del_ejemplar"),
estado_del_prestamo: $("#modal_estado_del_prestamo"),
dias_de_prestamo_text: $("#modal_dias_de_prestamo_text"),
fecha_prestamo: $("#modal_fecha_prestamo"),
fecha_devolucion: $("#modal_fecha_devolucion"),
};
const frmRegistrarSancion = $(`form#frmRegistrarSancion`);
const frmRegistrarSancionCampos = {
id: $("#modal_id"),
fecha_inicio: $("#modal_fecha_inicio"),
fecha_fin: $("#modal_fecha_fin"),
estado_de_la_sancion_id: $("#modal_estado_de_la_sancion_id"),
tipo_de_sancion_id: $("#modal_tipo_de_sancion_id"),
prestamo: $("#modal_prestamo"),
lector_id: $("#modal_lector_id"),
lector: $("#modal_lector_nombre"),
};
const txtTitulo = $(`#frmTitulo`);
const contenedorRegistrar = $(`#opcionesRegistrarPrestamo`);
const contenedorEditar = $(`#opcionesEditarPrestamo`);
const modalRegistrarSancion = $(`#modalRegistrarSancion`).on(
"hidden.bs.modal",
function () {
frmRegistrarSancion.get(0).reset();
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["id"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["fecha_fin"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["fecha_inicio"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector_id"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["prestamo"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["tipo_de_sancion_id"]
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["estado_de_la_sancion_id"]
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
}
);
const modalBuscarLector = $(`#modalBuscarLector`).on(
"show.bs.modal",
function () {
tblLectores.draw();
}
);
const modalBuscarReserva = $(`#modalBuscarReserva`).on(
"show.bs.modal",
function () {
tblReservas.draw();
}
);
const modalBuscarEjemplar = $(`#modalBuscarEjemplar`).on(
"hidden.bs.modal",
function () {
slcLibro.val(null).trigger("change");
if (tblEjemplares.ajax.url(url.limpiar).data().count() > 0) {
tblEjemplares.draw();
}
}
);
const tblPrestamos = $(`#tblPrestamos`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
{
text: '<i class="fas fa-sync-alt"></i>',
className: "btn-default",
action: function () {
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.datatable,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[4, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><a href="#frmTitulo" class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-editar-prestamo" title="Editar"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-fw fa-pen"></i></a><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-info mx-1 shadow btn-ver-detalles-prestamo" title="Detalles"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-fw fa-eye"></i></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "lector" },
{ data: "libro" },
{ data: "estado_del_prestamo" },
{ data: "fecha_prestamo" },
{ data: "fecha_devolucion", defaultContent: "No Devuelto" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblPrestamos.columns.adjust();
});
const tblEjemplares = $(`#tblEjemplares`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.ejemplares.replace("#", 0),
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[1, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-seleccionar-ejemplar" title="Seleccionar Ejemplar"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-check-circle"></i></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "libro" },
{ data: "estado_fisico_del_ejemplar" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblEjemplares.columns.adjust();
});
const tblLectores = $(`#tblLectores`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.usuarios,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[1, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-seleccionar-lector" title="Seleccionar Lector"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-check-circle"></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "name" },
{ data: "last_name" },
{ data: "rol" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblLectores.columns.adjust();
});
const tblReservas = $(`#tblReservas`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.reservaciones,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[4, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-seleccionar-reserva" title="Seleccionar Lector"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-check-circle"></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "libro" },
{ data: "lector" },
{ data: "dias_de_prestamo", render: addTextDays },
{ data: "fecha_de_reservacion" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblReservas.columns.adjust();
});
frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(moment().format("DD/MM/YYYY"));
const slcLibro = $("#slcLibro")
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione un Libro",
ajax: {
delay: 1000,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfSelect2,
processResults: formatResultOfSelect2,
url: function (params) {
return url.libros.replace("#", params.term || "");
},
},
})
.on("select2:select", function ({ params }) {
let data = params.data;
if (Boolean(data)) {
tblEjemplares.ajax
.url(url.ejemplares.replace("#", data["id"]))
.draw();
} else {
Swal.fire({
icon: "warning",
title: "Advertencia",
text: "Seleccione un Libro",
});
}
});
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider({
id: "frm_dias_de_prestamo-slider",
value: 1,
min: 1,
max: 14,
formatter: addTextDays,
})
.on("change", function () {
let dias = parseInt(this.value) || 0;
if (dias >= 0 && dias <= 14) {
frmCampos["fecha_devolucion"].val(
moment(frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(), "DD/MM/YYYY")
.add(dias, "days")
.format("DD/MM/YYYY")
);
}
});
const btnLimpiarForm = $("#btnLimpiarForm").on("click", function () {
frmCampos["id"].val(null);
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(null);
frmCampos["lector"].val(null);
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(null);
frmCampos["libro"].val(null);
frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(moment().format("DD/MM/YYYY"));
frmCampos["fecha_devolucion"].val(null);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"].val(null).trigger("change");
frmCampos["estado_del_prestamo_id"].val(null).trigger("change");
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"].bootstrapSlider("setValue", 1).change();
});
$(document)
.on("click", ".btn-editar-prestamo", function () {
let dataRow = tblPrestamos.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
contenedorRegistrar.addClass("d-none");
contenedorEditar.removeClass("d-none");
txtTitulo.text("Editar Prestamo");
frmCampos["id"].val(dataRow["id"]);
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(dataRow["lector_id"]);
frmCampos["lector"].val(dataRow["lector"]);
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(dataRow["ejemplar_id"]);
frmCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(
moment(dataRow["fecha_prestamo"]).format("DD/MM/YYYY")
);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.val(stringToArray(dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]))
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["estado_del_prestamo_id"]
.val(dataRow["estado_del_prestamo_id"])
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider("setValue", dataRow["dias_de_prestamo"])
.change();
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-ver-detalles-prestamo", function () {
frmDetallesPrestamo.get(0).reset();
let dataRow = tblPrestamos.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmDetallesCampos["lector"].val(dataRow["lector"]);
frmDetallesCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmDetallesCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar"].val(
dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar"]
);
frmDetallesCampos["estado_del_prestamo"].val(
dataRow["estado_del_prestamo"]
);
frmDetallesCampos["dias_de_prestamo_text"].val(
addTextDays(dataRow["dias_de_prestamo"])
);
frmDetallesCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(dataRow["fecha_prestamo"]);
frmDetallesCampos["fecha_devolucion"].val(
dataRow["fecha_devolucion"] || "No Devuelto"
);
modalDetalles.modal(`show`);
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-seleccionar-ejemplar", function () {
let dataRow = tblEjemplares.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(dataRow["id"]);
frmCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.val(stringToArray(dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]))
.trigger("change");
modalBuscarEjemplar.modal("hide");
}
})
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let dataRow = tblReservas.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(dataRow["ejemplar_id"]);
frmCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(dataRow["lector_id"]);
frmCampos["lector"].val(dataRow["lector"]);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.val(stringToArray(dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]))
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider("setValue", dataRow["dias_de_prestamo"])
.change();
modalBuscarReserva.modal("hide");
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-seleccionar-lector", function () {
let dataRow = tblLectores.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(dataRow["id"]);
frmCampos["lector"].val(
`${dataRow["name"]} ${dataRow["last_name"]}`
);
modalBuscarLector.modal("hide");
}
})
.on("click", "#btnCancelarEdicion", function () {
contenedorEditar.addClass("d-none");
contenedorRegistrar.removeClass("d-none");
txtTitulo.text("Registrar un Nuevo Prestamo");
btnLimpiarForm.trigger("click");
})
.on("click", "#btnRegistrarPrestamo", function () {
let formData = new FormData(frmPrestamo.get(0));
formData.append("_method", "POST");
$.ajax({
url: url.registrar,
data: formData,
cache: false,
processData: false,
contentType: false,
success: function ({ mensaje }) {
Swal.fire({
icon: "success",
title: "Hecho",
text: mensaje,
});
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
});
})
.on("click", "#btnEditarPrestamo", function () {
let formData = new FormData(frmPrestamo.get(0));
formData.append("_method", "PUT");
$.ajax({
url: url.actualizar.replace("#", formData.get("id")),
data: formData,
cache: false,
processData: false,
contentType: false,
success: function ({ mensaje }) {
Swal.fire({
icon: "success",
title: "Hecho",
text: mensaje,
});
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
});
})
.on("click", "#btnRegistrarSancion", function () {
let formData = new FormData(frmRegistrarSancion.get(0));
formData.append("_method", "POST");
$.ajax({
url: url.sancion,
data: formData,
cache: false,
processData: false,
contentType: false,
success: function ({ mensaje }) {
Swal.fire({
icon: "success",
title: "Hecho",
text: mensaje,
});
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
});
})
.on("click", "#btnIncrementar", function () {
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider(
"setValue",
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"].bootstrapSlider("getValue") + 1
)
.change();
})
.on("click", "#btnDisminuir", function () {
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider(
"setValue",
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"].bootstrapSlider("getValue") - 1
)
.change();
})
.on("click", "#btnModalSancion", function () {
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["id"].val(frmCampos["id"].val());
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["prestamo"].val(
`${frmCampos["libro"].val()} | ${frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val()}`
);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector_id"].val(
frmCampos["lector_id"].val()
);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector"].val(frmCampos["lector"].val());
modalRegistrarSancion.modal("show");
})
.on("click", "#btnBuscarLector", function () {
modalBuscarLector.modal("show");
})
.on("click", "#btnBuscarLibro", function () {
modalBuscarEjemplar.modal("show");
})
.on("click", "#btnBuscarReserva", function () {
modalBuscarReserva.modal("show");
});
$.ajax({
url: url.select2,
data: {
campos: [
"estados_fisicos_de_los_ejemplares",
"estados_de_los_prestamos",
"estados_de_las_sanciones",
"tipos_de_sanciones",
],
},
success: function (data) {
tblPrestamos.draw();
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Estado Fisico de la Ejemplar",
data: data["estados_fisicos_de_los_ejemplares"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["estado_del_prestamo_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Estado del Prestamo",
data: data["estados_de_los_prestamos"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["estado_de_la_sancion_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Estado del Sancion",
data: data["estados_de_las_sanciones"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["tipo_de_sancion_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Tipo de Sancion",
data: data["tipos_de_sanciones"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
},
});
btnLimpiarForm.trigger("click");
| 12,844 |
US-202117926038-A_3 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,021 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,962 | 11,558 | Comparative Example 6 Novel Mode of Action of Antibacterial PIM1
Propidium Iodide (PI) Staining
P. aeruginosa PAO1 was used in the PI experiments. Cells grown in MHB were harvested in mid-Log phase and resuspended in fresh MHB. PIM1 or colistin (positive control) was added at the indicated concentrations. After 1-hour incubation with the antimicrobials, the cell suspensions were sampled to determine cells numbers by plate counting. The remaining cells were washed with PBS and stained with PI (15 μg/mL) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Attune N×T Flow cytometry (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used to determine the percent of cells that had taken up PI (dead cells). A Zeiss LSM800 confocal microscope was used to image cells on a polylysine-coated petri-dish (MatTek Corporation, USA).
Monitoring Membrane Electric Potential
A membrane potential-sensitive dye, 3,3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (DiS-C3-(5)), was used to monitor membrane electrical potential (Δψ) in P. aeruginosa by using a previously reported procedure (Zhang, L. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 44, 3317-3321). P. aeruginosa PAO1 cells were harvested from mid-Log phase cultures by centrifugation and suspension in 5 mM HEPES buffer containing 100 mM KCl and 0.2 mM EDTA to permeabilize the outer membrane for DiS-C3-(5) entry. The bacterial suspension was then adjusted to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.02 and DiS-C3-(5) was added (final concentration 1 μM). The cell suspension (180 μL) was then added to each well of a 96-well plate, and the test compounds were added to the wells as indicated to bring the final mixture to 200 μL. Fluorescence was measured in each well every 2 min in a Spark 10M microtiter plate reader (Tecan, Switzerland) with excitation at 622 nm and emission 670 nm. Data were collected at 30 min after the addition of the test compound. Two independent experiments were conducted, and the data here are mean values±SD.
Cellular Uptake Protocol
Cellular uptake of PIM1-FITC was monitored as described elsewhere (Radlinski, L. C. et al., Cell Chem. Biol. 2019, 26, 1355-1364) with slight modifications. Briefly, cells grown in MHB were harvested in mid-Log phase, and suspended in fresh MHB containing PIM1-FITC at 1 MIC (the MIC of PIM1-FITC was the same as PIM1) for 30 min. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation, washed once with PBS, and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min. Fixed cells were washed twice with PBS, and then incubated with 5 μg/mL FM™ 4-64FX (Invitrogen™, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) for 10 min on ice. The cells were washed twice with PBS again, then sealed in slides using Fluoromount™ aqueous mounting medium (Merck & Co., USA), and subsequently imaged using a Zeiss Super Resolution System ELYRA PS.1 with an LSM 800 system.
Results and Discussion
The PIMs were designed to have moderately hydrophobic alkyl chains with cationic imidazolium moieties. Therefore, like antimicrobial peptides (Velkov, T. et al., J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 1898-1916), the activity of PIMs could possibly involve permeabilizing cell membranes. Moreover, as seen in Comparative Example 6, PIM1 has a mode of action distinct from that of colistin. To test this hypothesis, the uptake of fluorescent dye PI into PIM1− and colistin-treated P. aeruginosa was compared. Viable cells with intact cell membranes exclude PI. If the membrane is permeabilized, PI can enter cells. As expected, almost all cells treated with colistin were stained but most cells treated even with high concentrations of PIM1 excluded PI (FIG. 3 ). These results support the view that PIM1 activity does not involve membrane disruption as does colistin. In further support of this view, we used the lipophilic fluorescent dye DiS-C3-(5) to monitor the ALP in P. aeruginosa. While treatment with the proton ionophore gramicidin resulted in a dramatic increase in DiS-C3-(5) fluorescence, indicative of Δψ dissipation, PIM1 did not show such an effect (FIG. 4 ).
Since PIM1 does not disrupt membranes and does not dissipate Δψ, we speculated that PIM1 might be taken up by cells. Hence, the cellular uptake of a fluorescent derivative of PIM1, PIM1-FITC, was synthesized in Comparative Example 2, and taken to treat P. aeruginosa. As shown in FIG. 5A-B, PIM1-FITC entered cells. We hypothesized that, as is true of cationic antibiotics (for example gentamicin (GEN)), association with cells and antimicrobial activity of PIM1 might depend on Δψ. If so, activity should be high when P. aeruginosa is in alkaline environments, and reduced in acidic environments. In bacteria like P. aeruginosa, the proton motive force (PMF) remains relatively constant over a range of external pH values as does the cytoplasmic pH (mildly basic). The total PMF consists of the Δψ and the pH gradient across the cell membrane (ΔpH). Therefore, in mildly alkaline environments, the cytoplasmic and external pH values are similar, and PMF is primarily in the form of a Δψ. In acidic environments, the outside pH is lower than the cytoplasmic pH, and PMF is primarily in the form of a ΔpH. In fact, PIM1's MIC was dependent on external pH, and PIM1 showed poor antimicrobial activity at pH 5 (FIG. 5C). These findings suggest that PIM 1 uptake is Δψ-dependent.
Comparative Example 7 Influence of Valinomycin and Nigericin on MIC of PIM1 Against P. aeruginosa
Valinomycin, nigericin and PIM1 were dissolved in MHB. Stock solutions were added to wells in a microtiter plate to give a volume of 50 μL to which 50 μL of a Log-phase P. aeruginosa culture was added. The MIC₉₀ were determined as described in Comparative Example 3.
Results and Discussion
To gain further insights of the mode of action of PIM1, the influence of potassium ionophore (valinomycin) and sodium-potassium exchanger (nigericin) on PIM1 activity was investigated. At neutral pH, valinomycin reduces Δψ and nigericin collapses ΔpH (Farha, M. A. et al., Chem. Biol. 2013, 20, 1168-1178). The results obtained were consistent with our hypothesis. The MIC of PIM1 for P. aeruginosa was increased by valinomycin treatment but was not affected greatly by nigericin (FIG. 5D). Combining the results obtained here and in Comparative Example 6, we conclude that PIM1 is taken up by cells in a Δψ-dependent manner, but we cannot discern whether it is exerting its antimicrobial effects at the cellular membrane or in the cytoplasm.
Comparative Example 8 Influence of Metabolic Status on the Killing of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by PIM1
We used a previously reported method (S. Meylan et al., Cell Chem. Biol. 2017, 24, 195-206) to determine the effect of PIM1 and other antibiotics on the survival of stationary phase P. aeruginosa PAO1, except the stationary-phase cells were obtained by overnight growth in MHB, and we compared PIM1 with GEN. The results were compared to those with P. aeruginosa PAO1 harvested from MHB culture at the mid-Log growth phase. In addition, we tested the ability of an energy source to potentiate PIM1 killing of stationary-phase P. aeruginosa by addition of fumarate (15 mM) to the stationary-phase cells.
Results and Discussion
In general, antibiotics have limited activity against nongrowing bacteria. For P. aeruginosa, this is evident when comparing the bactericidal activity of antibiotics, such as GEN on stationary phase cells incubated in the presence and absence of an energy source (S. Meylan et al., Cell Chem. Biol. 2017, 24, 195-206; and K. R. Allison et al., Nature 2011, 473, 216-220). Based on our findings that PIM1 does not appear to disrupt membrane integrity and similar to GEN, it requires Δψ for activity, we hypothesized that its bactericidal activity on nutrient-deprived bacteria might be limited. In fact, stationary phase cells were much less susceptible to PIM1 killing (or GEN killing as a control) than they were to killing by colistin (FIG. 6A). Bactericidal activity of both PIM1 and GEN was restored when fumarate was supplied to the stationary-phase cells as an energy source (FIG. 6B). We conclude that, as is true of GEN and many other antibiotics, PIM1 will have limited utility as a bactericide against nongrowing bacteria. We also note that these experiments are consistent with our conclusion that PIM1 does not act by disrupting cell membranes and that it requires Δψ for activity.
Comparative Example 9 Laboratory Evolution of PIM1 Resistance
Laboratory Evolution Mutation Assay
The experiments on the evolution of spontaneous PIM1-resistance and ciprofloxacin-resistance involved sequential passage as described elsewhere (Ling, L. L. et al., Nature 2015, 517, 455-459). We used either P. aeruginosa PAO1 grown in MHB or MRSA LAC* grown in TSB. The inoculum for the initial transfer was 10⁷ cells/mL with varying amounts of antibiotics in 1 mL or 100 μL using 2 mL test tubes and 96-well plates for P. aeruginosa and MRSA, respectively. The larger volumes for experiments with P. aeruginosa were to increase the cell number because resistance did not emerge with smaller culture volumes of this species. The bacteria growth was monitored at 24 h intervals. Transfers were daily, and the inocula for transfers (100-fold dilution) were from the cultures with the highest level of antibiotics that allowed growth to an OD₆₀₀ of at least 0.2. For P. aeruginosa, the experiment was for 30 days. For MRSA LAC*, the experiment was terminated at 15 days. Isolates of MRSA LAC* were obtained from the last transfer, and stored as glycerol stocks at −80° C. for use in further studies.
Whole Genome Sequencing
Standard procedures were used to isolate genomic DNA from PIM1-resistant S. aureus mutants, and the DNA was prepared for sequencing by using an Illumina Nextera DNA Library Preparation Kit. DNA was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument (paired end sequencing). Sequences were mapped onto the genome of the parent strain MRSA LAC* (Bowman, L. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 2016, 291, 26970-26986), and CLC Genomics Workbench software was used to identify single nucleotide variations, small deletions and insertions. Large deletions were identified by manual sequence comparison. The DNA sequences have been deposited in European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and the accession number is PRJEB37791.
Results and Eiscussion
To evaluate the potential of designer PIMs as therapeutics and perhaps gain further insights into the PIM mechanism of action, we performed repetitive passaging experiments with escalating concentrations of PIM1 or ciprofloxacin (control) on P. aeruginosa and MRSA. With P. aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants emerged but PIM1-resistant mutants did not (FIG. 7 ). PIM1-resistant MRSA emerged at a rate similar to the emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants.
To gain insights into the nature of the PIM resistance phenotype in our evolved MRSA populations, we isolated the bacteria from the final passage. Out of the 21 isolates characterized, all of them showed a small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype, 15 had PIM1 MICs more than 128 times that of the initial strain, and the other 6 had PIM1 MICs 64-128 times that of the parent strain. We sequenced the genomes of the 15 isolates showing MICs>128 times than the unevolved strain (Shi, Z. et al., Polymer resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. European Nucleotide Archive. Deposited 14 Apr. 2020.). All but one had a mutation in a gene required for menaquinone biosynthesis (either a gene in the menA-F operon or ispD). Several isolates also had mutations in genes known to confer resistance to cationic peptides, specifically, vraG or vraF, graR or graS, or fmtC (Falord, M. et al., PloS One 2011, 6, e21323; Joo, H.-S. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2015, 1848, 3055-3061; and Yang, S.-J. et al., Infect. Immun. 2012, 80, 74-81) (Table 5). The genes coding for menaquinone synthesis were of particular interest because a relationship between menaquinones and PIM1 activity might provide some clue about the mode of PIM1 action. Therefore, we compared PIM1 susceptibility of a menD deletion mutant to its parent.
This menD mutant cannot make menaquinone (Lannergård, J. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52, 4017) and is growth-restricted to fermentation. Like our evolved PIM1-resistant isolates, this mutant has a SCV phenotype. This is a characteristic phenotype of menaquinone synthesis mutants (Von Eiff, C. et al., J. Bacteriol. 2006, 188, 687). The menD mutant showed an 8-fold increase in PIM1 resistance over its parent (MIC of 16 μg/mL vs 2 μg/mL for the parent). Thus, we believe that menaquinones or a functional electron transport system are involved in the susceptibility of MRSA to PIM1, but other factors must also be involved in the very high PIM1 resistance of our evolved isolates. We reasoned that either PIM1 directly interferes with the electron transport chain that leads to generation of toxic reactive oxygen species, or that during fermentative growth, PIM1 uptake is hindered and thus its antimicrobial activity is diminished.
TABLE 5 List of common relevant mutations in laboratory- evolved PIM1-resistant S. aureus LAC* mutants. Mutant Genes and mutations¹ 4945 ispD +1 A at A145 4946 ispD +1 A at A145, graR T37G 4947 menE ΔC101, graR T37G 4948 menE ΔC101, ispD G47A 4949 ispD G47A and +1 A at A145, menB G365A 4950 ispD G47A and +1 A at A145, menB G365A 4951 menE C941T, graR A31G 5103 menF G665T 5104 menD C860A, fmtC C287T 5105 menD ΔA1573, fmtC C148T 5106 menE C176T, fmtC G182A 5111 menE G615A, graR A551T, fmtC C148T 5112 ispD C619T, fmtC C884T, vraF T583C 5113 menA C55A 5114² rpoF G172T, cobI T356C, tarL G935A ¹All single base substitutions were non-synonymous mutations coding for either an amino acid substitution or a stop codon. ²Mutant 5114 is the only PIM1-resistant mutant for which we did not identify a mutation in a menaquinone biosynthesis gene.
Comparative Example 10 Efficacy of PIM1 Treatment in an Animal Infection
Mice were housed for one week in a 12-h light-dark cycle at room temperature prior to infection. Our skin infection model was as follows: wounds (diameter about 5 mm) on the shaved dorsal skin of female C57B/6 mice (8-9 weeks of age) were created by punch biopsy, and Log-phase cells of P. aeruginosa PAER were introduced into the wound (about 10⁶ CFU in 10 μL PBS) by pipetting. The infected wounds were immediately covered with Tegaderm (3M, USA). At 4 h post-infection, antimicrobial (PIM1 and Imipenem (Imp)) treatment was initiated by injection through the Tegaderm. After that, another layer of Tegaderm was applied. After a further 24 h, we removed a 1-cm² square tissue sample from the center of a wound, homogenized the sample and determined cell numbers by plate counting. Our protocol was approved by the Institutional Care and Use Committee of Nanyang Technological University (NTU IACUC, protocol A0362).
Results and Discussion
The ability of PIM1 to control a carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa murine wound infection was evaluated. As expected, the Imp-resistant strain of P. aeruginosa increased in numbers over the next 24 h in untreated or Imp-treated wounds. In comparison to untreated or Imp-treated wounds, P. aeruginosa numbers were slightly reduced when treated once with PIM1 at 0.1 mg/kg, and were substantially reduced by about four logarithms when treated once with PIM1 at a dose of 1 mg/kg or above (FIG. 8 ).
Comparative Example 11 Toxicity of PIM1 Treatment in an Animal Infection
For the systemic infection model, we first assessed toxicity of PIM1 (IP injection, 6 mg/kg) in female BALB/c mice (8-9 weeks of age) by following weight over a period of 14 days. Weights were recorded daily for 5 days.
Results and Discussion
The safety of PIM1 when delivered to mice by IP injection was tested, and evidence of acute toxicity was found. We observed a decrease in body weight over a period of 5 days after administration of a single dose (FIG. 9A).
Example 1 Synthesis of Precursor of Degradable PIM1D, (N, N′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(2-aminoacetamide)) (Diamine A) (FIG. 10A)
EDC.HCl (14.58 g, 76.1 mmol) and HOBt (10.70 g, 79.14 mmol) were added to a solution of Boc-Gly-OH (8.0 g, 45.66 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (25 mL), at 0° C. (ice water) with stirring over 30 min. 1,3-diaminopropane (1.28 mL, 15.22 mmol) kept at room temperature was added dropwise to the reaction mixture kept at 0° C. (ice water) over 10 min. Then, the reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and continuously stirred for 48 h. Water (50 mL) was then added and the product was extracted thrice with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) or DCM (150 mL) The extracts were washed with water (50 mL) thrice, and then washed once with brine (50 mL). The EtOAc or DCM layer was dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄ (approx. 50 g). Na₂SO₄ was then filtered away and the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation (20 min at 50° C., 120 rpm). The residue was dried under vacuum overnight at room temperature. The dried residue was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (30 mL) then kept at 0° C. (ice water) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 8 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min. After that, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The crude product was concentrated by rotary evaporation at 50° C. for 10 min at 120 rpm. Then, toluene (50 mL) was added and the solution was subjected to further rotary evaporation at 50° C. for 30 min at 120 rpm. The residue was purified by silica gel 60 column chromatography with successive eluents of (i) 30% methanol (MeOH) in dichloromethane (DCM, 500 mL) to remove impurities, followed by (ii) 2% TFA in MeOH (1000 mL), to yield the degradable diammonium TFA salt A (3.0 g, 7.20 mmol).
¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 25° C. [ppm]): δ 8.55 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 8.18 (brs, 6H), 3.53 (s, 4H), 3.14 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 1.54-1.63 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 25° C. [ppm]): δ 166.14, 159.58 (—CO—CF₃), 159.16 (—CO—CF₃), 158.74 (—CO—CF₃), 158.32 (—CO—CF₃), 123.24 (—CF₃), 119.29 (—CF₃), 115.33 (—CF3), 111.38 (—CF₃), 40.26, 36.73, 28.86.
Example 2 Synthesis of Degradable PIM1D
To obtain diamine A, Et₃N (1 mL) was added to a stirred solution of diammonium TFA salt A (400 mg, 0.96 mmol) in MeOH (4 ml) maintained at 0° C. (ice water). After stirring the reaction mixture for 30 min at room temperature, the volatiles were evaporated under rotary evaporator, and dried under vacuum at room temperature for 20 min to afford the degradable diamine, A. The obtained diamine A was immediately used for poly-Radziszewski reaction with diamine B to form biodegradable PIM 1D.
The synthesis of PIM1D was carried out as depicted in FIG. 10B. A first mixture of glyoxal (40 wt %, 349 mg, 2.4 mmol) and formaldehyde (37 wt %, 195 mg, 2.4 mmol) in glacial AcOH and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (3:1.25 mL) at 0° C. (ice water) was prepared. A second solution comprising of degradable Diamine A (181 mg, 0.96 mmol) and nondegradable Diamine B (127 mg, 1.44 mmol) in AcOH and THF (3:1.25 mL) at 0° C. (ice water) was also prepared. The first mixture was added dropwise to the second mixture over 10 min at 0° C. (ice water). Then, the reaction mixture (which was yellowish in color) was allowed to warm to room temperature, and the reaction mixture turned to a brown colour. After allowing the reaction mixture to sit for 24 h at room temperature, the final reaction mixture (around 10 mL) was directly transferred into a 1K Dalton cut-off Spectra/Por®6 dialysis membrane (Repligen, USA), and dialyzed against 5 L of acidified water (pH=3-4), and the acidified water was replaced 3 times over a 24 h duration. The polymer solution in the dialysis bag was transferred to a round bottomed flask, and water was evaporated with a rotary evaporator (70° C., 1 h, 120 rpm) to give a solid PIM1D in the round bottomed flask. To transfer the PIM1D for freeze-drying, water (5 mL) was added to polymer solution and the concentrated PIM1D solution was decanted into a small falcon tube (15 mL), then freeze-dried at −80° C. to afford pure PIM1D. To confirm the molecular weight and chemical structure of PIM1D, GPC and NMR characterization were performed.
Characterization
GPC showed narrow distribution of the final PIM1D compound. Chemical shifts at 9.62 ppm and 7.81 ppm in ¹H NMR spectrum in DMSO-d₆ confirmed the formation of imidazolium ring, while the signals at 1.59 to 5.06 ppm correspond to the alkyl chain in PIM1D. ¹³C NMR spectrum in DMSO-d₆ further confirmed the peak assignments: signals from 121.06 to 136.53 ppm indicate the imidazolium ring formation, signals from 25.78 to 52.77 ppm indicate the presence of alkyl chain, and signals at 164.99 and 167.05 ppm indicate the presence of amide carbonyls. These assignments were further confirmed via DEPT-135, COSY and HMQC analyses. In DEPT spectra, the amides' carbonyl group signals, which appeared at 167.05 and 164.99 ppm in ¹³C NMR, disappeared, and the signals corresponding to the C2-H, C4-H and C5-H protons of the imidazolium ring showed positive phase while the other signals for the CH₂ groups of the polymer chain showed negative phase. In COSY spectra, correlation of alkyl chain in polymer chain was observed, indicating their adjacent positions. However, correlations did not appear for the signals at 5.07 ppm and 4.57 ppm, confirming that the two nonequivalent —CH₂—CO— groups have no adjacent protons, indicating —CH₂— carbon of these groups is attached to N-atom of imidazolium ring. The HMQC spectrum further corroborates the assignments by showing correlation of protons and carbons in both imidazolium rings and alkyl chains of PIM1D.
Example 3 Optimization of the Reaction Conditions for PIM1D Synthesis
To optimize the effect of reaction conditions on the biological profile of PIM1D, specific reaction parameters in Example 2 were changed, including feeding ratio of diamine A to diamine B, temperature of reaction, reaction time, and etc. The biological profile of PIM1D was determined by its antibacterial activity and cell viability as described in Comparative Example 3.
Results and Discussion
The molar ratios of diamine A to diamine B (Table 6, entries 1-3) was varied to optimize the percentage of the degradable portion (diamine A). The results show that entry 3 (with 2:3 molar ratio of diamine A to diamine B in the feed) produced an optimized PIM1D with good antibacterial efficacy and lowest mammalian cell toxicity (Tables 7-8, entry 3). Table 6, Entries 1-2 (and corresponding entries 1-2, Tables 7-8), with lower degradable diamine feed ratio, resulted in PIM1Ds that were much more toxic but showed good antibacterial efficacy.
TABLE 6 Reaction conditions optimization for PIM1D synthesis from diamine A and diamine B. Molar ratios of Reaction and dialysis condition diamine Mol. Wt ¹H NMR A and Solvent Cut-off Data diamine ratio Temperature Reaction Dialysis Dialysis Counter “a” and Entry B AcOH:THF of reaction time membrane time ion “b” ratios 1 1:4 3:1.25 RT 24 hr 1K 24 hr Cl⁻ 10.1:89.9 2 1.5:3.5 3:1.25 RT 24 hr 1K 24 hr Cl⁻ 14.7:85.3 3 2:3 3:1.25 RT 24 hr 1K 24 hr Cl⁻ 21.5:78.5 4 2:3 3:1.25 RT 28 hr 1K 24 hr^(a) Cl⁻ 22.8:77.2 5 2:3 1:1 RT 1 hr 0.5-1K 44 hr Cl⁻ 20.6:79.4 6 2:3 1:1 RT 2 hr 0.5-1K 40 hr Cl⁻ 18.7:81.3 7 2:3 1:1 RT 18 hr 0.5-1K 48 hr Cl⁻ 18.0:82.0 8 2:3 1:1 RT 24 hr 0.5-1K 48 hr Cl⁻ 17.3:82.7 9 2:3 3:1.25 35° C. 24 hr 1K 24 hr Cl⁻ 20:80 10 2:3 1:0 RT 24 hr 0.5-1K 48 hr AcO⁻ ^(b,c) 22.3:77.7 11 2:3 3:1.33 RT 24 hr 0.5-1K 48 hr AcO⁻ ^(c) 25.4:74.6 12 2:3 3:1.33 RT 24 hr 0.5-1K 48 hr Cl⁻ 23.0:77.0 13 2:3 3:1 80° C. 16 hr 1K 24 hr Cl⁻ 23.6:76.4 14 2:3 3:1 RT 24 hr 1K 20 hr Cl⁻ 25.3:74.7 15 2:3 3:1 RT 48 hr 1K 20 hr Cl⁻ 27.0:73.0 16 2:3 3:1 60° C. 24 hr 1K 24 hr Cl⁻ 25.3:74.7 17 2:3 3:1 RT 24 hr 1K 22 hr Cl⁻ 24.2:75.8 *The reactions and purification under different conditions (as detailed in Table 1) were performed according to the typical experimental procedure given for PIM1D synthesis. ^(a)Reaction performed at bigger scale (4.8 mmol aldehydes scale). ^(b)Reaction was performed with high dilution (AcOH (10 mL) for 2.4 mmol of aldehyde). ^(c)Polymers containing acetate counter ions were obtained without using HCl during dialysis.
TABLE 7 Antibacterial activity of PIM1D synthesized under varying reaction conditions. GPC MIC₉₀ (μg/ml) Entry Mn Mw PDI Counter ion PAO1 MDR PAER MDR AB-1 MRSA USA300 1 3777 5360 1.41 Cl⁻ 2 4 8 4 2 2278 3235 1.42 Cl⁻ 2 4 8 4 3 1918 2620 1.36 Cl⁻ 2 4 16 8 4 2706 3330 1.23 Cl⁻ 8 8 16 ND 5 1010 1399 1.38 Cl⁻ 8 8 4 16 6 1061 1482 1.39 Cl⁻ 8 8 8 8 7 1077 1544 1.43 Cl⁻ 8 8 8 16 8 1133 1622 1.43 Cl⁻ 8 8 8 16 9 1689 2273 1.34 Cl⁻ 8 8 8 8 10 1287 1969 1.52 AcO⁻ 8 8 8 8 11 1365 2177 1.59 AcO⁻ 8 16 16 8 12 1468 2340 1.59 Cl⁻ 4 8 8 8 13 1919 2730 1.42 Cl⁻ 8 8 32 8 14 1673 2210 1.32 Cl⁻ 8 8 16 8 15 1643 2155 1.31 Cl⁻ 8 8 16 8 16 1767 2291 1.59 Cl⁻ 8 8 8 8 17 1856 2411 1.29 Cl⁻ 8 8 8 8 ND, not determined.
TABLE 8 Cell viability of PIM1D synthesized under varying reaction conditions. Cell viability (%) 3T3 cells HepG2 cells GPC Counter 1024 512 256 128 1024 512 256 128 Entry Mn Mw PDI ion μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml 1 3777 5360 1.41 Cl⁻ 3.90 4.17 5.16 9.96 ND ND ND ND 2 2278 3235 1.42 Cl⁻ 13.69 29.73 48.78 86.73 ND ND ND ND 3 1918 2620 1.36 Cl⁻ 70.81 90.30 91.84 98.96 ND ND ND ND 4 2706 3330 1.23 Cl⁻ ND 68.26 78.64 92.76 ND ND ND ND 5 1010 1399 1.38 Cl⁻ 60.17 67.09 73.33 81.90 51.97 62.81 70.54 87.35 6 1061 1482 1.39 Cl⁻ 68.51 81.77 90.75 94.16 75.65 88.61 94.59 98.49 7 1077 1544 1.43 Cl⁻ 94.95 95.23 97.77 99.60 88.75 98.43 99.45 101.60 8 1133 1622 1.43 Cl⁻ 86.96 92.87 98.25 98.30 97.58 99.42 99.69 101.66 9 1689 2273 1.34 Cl⁻ 65.55 80.57 92.69 100.69 74.62 81.98 87.69 94.31 10 1287 1969 1.52 AcO⁻ 66.94 90.62 98.27 101.53 20.73 83.74 98.18 98.61 11 1365 2177 1.59 AcO⁻ 89.70 97.10 99.11 100.40 96.46 99.20 99.12 99.55 12 1468 2340 1.59 Cl⁻ 65.05 93.99 100.96 101.04 21.91 91.46 97.77 98.53 13 1919 2730 1.42 Cl⁻ 96.71 97.10 98.02 98.99 19.65 89.42 97.93 99.19 14 1673 2210 1.32 Cl⁻ 90.61 94.48 98.83 100.21 93.96 98.62 98.81 99.70 15 1643 2155 1.31 Cl⁻ 53.01 66.93 85.93 99.20 74.51 84.57 92.48 99.21 16 1767 2291 1.59 Cl⁻ 94.37 94.49 94.73 96.55 65.67 89.81 93.27 94.65 17 1856 2411 1.29 Cl⁻ 82.08 94.35 94.25 97.32 92.81 95.54 96.47 97.93 ND, not determined.
Further reaction conditions optimization was conducted by varying solvent ratios, temperature, time of the polymerization reaction, dialysis membrane and dialysis time (Table 6, entries 4-17). The obtained compounds showed M_(n) in the range of 1 KDa to 2 KDa with narrow molecular weight distribution, and the final percentage of degradable diamine A (in the products) was in the range of 17% to 30% (Table 6, entries 4-17). All these compounds showed good antibacterial activity, with MIC₉₀ mostly in the range of 4-16 μg/mL against both MDR P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Table 7, entries 4-17). The biocompatibility was tested using 3T3 fibroblast cells and liver HepG2 cells, and the tested compounds (Table 8, entry 4-17) showed cell viability above 50% at all four concentrations (128 μg/mL to 1024 μg/mL). These results indicate that slight modifications of the reaction conditions in PIM1D synthesis do not greatly affect its biological properties (Tables 6-8, entries 4-17), and the biological profile of PIM 1D is not sensitive to molecular weight in the range of 1 KDa to 2 KDa. This tolerance to variations in reaction conditions would make the development of the compound into commercial products easier, thus it has great potential in varied antimicrobial agent applications.
Example 4 In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Biocompatibility of PIM1D
PIM1D and colistin were tested against a larger panel of MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by following the protocol in Comparative Example 3. In vitro biocompatibility of PIM1D and colistin were evaluated via MTT tests using 3T3, HEK293, HepG2 and A549 cells by following the protocol in Comparative Example 3.
Results and Discussion
Table 9 shows the physical and biological properties of varied batches of PIM1D in P. aeruginosa PAER, A. baumannii AB-1 (MDR), and S. aureus USA 300 (MRSA). Surprisingly, PIM1D showed potent antibacterial activity towards a larger panel of MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including intrinsically colistin-resistant B. Thailandensis 700388 (Table 10), MDR A. baummannii, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae that are top critical pathogens for which WHO demands new antibiotics (World Health Organization (WHO). Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics. 2017). We note that PIM1D is a potent anti-Mycobacterium compound as well. Overall, we demonstrated that PIM1D is an effective antibacterial agent and has broader spectrum activity than colistin.
TABLE 9 Physical and biological properties of varied batches of PIM1D in P. aeruginosa PAER, A. baumannii AB-1 (MDR), and S. aureus USA 300 (MRSA). MIC₉₀ (μg/ml) S. aureus Physical property P. aeruginosa A. baumannii USA300 PIM1D Mn PDI PAER AB-1 (MDR) (MRSA) Batch-1 1689 1.34 8 8 8 Batch-2 1673 1.32 8 16 8 Batch-3 1643 1.31 8 16 8 Batch-4 1767 1.59 8 8 8 Batch-5 1856 1.29 8 8 8
TABLE 10 MIC₉₀ and cytotoxicity of PIM1D against pathogens, mycobacteria and human cell lines. Concentration (μg/ml) Organism and genotype PIM1D Colistin Pathogenic bacteria (MIC₉₀) S. aureus USA300 (MRSA) 4 >128 S. aureus BAA40 (MRSA) 2 >128 E. faecalis 583 (VRE) 8 >128 E. coli 958 (MDR) 16 2 P. aeruginosa PAO1 8 2 P. aeruginosa PAER (MDR) 4 1 P. aeruginosa PAES (clinical) 4 2 P. aeruginosa PAK pmrB12 4 16 A. baumannii AB-1 (MDR) 4 2 A. baumannii X26 (EDR) 8-16 2 A. baumannii X39 (EDR) 8 4-8 A. baumannii X40 (EDR) 8 8 B. Thailandensis 700388 16 >128 K. pneumoniae SGH10 (clinical strain) 8 2 K. pneumoniae KPNR (MDR) 8 2 K. pneumoniae BAK085 (MDR) 8 2 K. pneumoniae M7 (MDR) 8 16-32 E. cloacae ECLOS (MDR) 4 16 E. cloacae CRE (MDR) 8 2 Salmonella enterica 13076 1 ND Mycobacteria (MIC₉₀) Mycobacterium abscessus (rough) 32-64 ND Mycobacterium abscessus (smooth) 32-64 ND Mycobacterium smegmatis 2 ND Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin 0.5 128 Human cell line (IC₅₀) Human fibroblast (3T3) >1024 >1024 Human liver (HepG2) >1024 >1024 Human kidney (HEK293) 716 64 Human epithelial (A549) 870 >1,024 ND, not determined, no data. MRSA, Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. MDR, multidrug-resistant. EDR, extensive drug-resistant.
PIM1D showed IC₅₀ values larger than 1024 μg/mL which are in a similar range as the antibiotics control, colistin (Table 10). Considering that the MIC₉₀ value of PIM1D against most bacterial strains was in the range of 8-16 μg/mL, it would have a large therapeutic window of more than 50. Therefore, PIM1D has potential to be developed into an antimicrobial agent.
Example 5 In Vivo Toxicity and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Degradable PIM1D
In Vivo Toxicity Study
The in vivo toxicity of PIM1D was assessed by monitoring mice weight and blood biomarkers over a period of 14 days. The BALB/c female mice (8-9 weeks of age) were randomly grouped into two groups: saline control and PIM1D-treated group. Each mouse in the PIM1D-treated group received PIM1D (15 mg/kg) daily for seven consecutive days via IP injection (accumulative dose of 105 mg/kg). The same volume of saline was intraperitoneally injected in saline control group. At day 1, day 3 and day 7, mice blood was withdrawn from submandibular vein to perform blood biochemistry assay using a Pointcare V3 Blood Chemistry Analyzer (MNCHIP, Tianjin, China) according to manufacturer's protocol (Zhang, K. et al., Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 4792). Similarly, mice blood in saline control group was collected and quantified for comparison. The mice condition were monitored closely till 14 days after first injection. The protocol was approved by Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee (AEWC, protocol AEWC-2018-07) of Ningbo University.
In Vivo Efficacy Study
Murine septicemia model was used to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of PIM1D. The experiment for mice septicemia infection model of MDR P. aeruginosa PAER and MDR A. baumannfi AB-1 was conducted within guidance of approved protocol by the Institutional Care and Use Committee of Nanyang Technological University (NTU IACUC). The experiments for murine septicemia infection model of wild type P. aeruginosa PAO1 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA USA300 were conducted following protocol reviewed and approved by Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee (AEWC) of Ningbo University. BALB/c female mice (8-9 weeks of age) were used to test the septic shock protection efficacy for all murine infection models. Exponential phase bacteria were washed twice with saline, and re-suspended into the same volume of saline. 300 μL bacterial suspension with varied concentration in 5% mucin was introduced into each mouse via IP injection to first determine the lethal bacterial dosage, and the determined concentration was then used in the following study. The use of mucin is to endow mice immunocompromised, as similar to hospitalized patients. At 2 h post-infection, mice (5 per group) were treated with a single dose of the test compound. Positive and negative control groups of mice were injected with, respectively, the same dose of antibiotics and the same amount of saline, at the same time point. Mouse survival was monitored over 7 days. In a separate set of mice, all mice were euthanized at 26 h post-infection. Peritoneal washes were then performed by injecting PBS (2.0 mL) into the IP cavity, followed by 1 min of abdomen massage. Then, around 0.5 mL of peritoneal fluid was recovered for CFU analysis. Bacterial loads were also evaluated in the spleen, liver and kidney of the animal. To check whether bacterial infection is established 2 h post-infection, mice which received the same bacterial inoculum were sacrificed, and the IP fluid as well as all organs (including kidney, liver and spleen) were harvested to determine CFU. Experiments on septicemia caused by MRSA were similar to those of P. aeruginosa except the mice were immunosuppressed by intraperitoneally injecting 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide at day 4 and day 1 (Chin, W. et al., Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 917). Treatments were given twice, at 2 h and 26 h after infection. Bacteria loads were from organs in mice that were sacrificed 50 h post-infection. Results and Discussion
Mice treated with PIM1D daily for seven days did not show a significant weight loss (FIG. 9A), and no sign of distress was observed. To gain further information on the potential for PIM 1D toxicity when delivered by IP injection, we analyzed blood chemistry and found that a number of markers sensitive to drug toxicity were unchanged by the initial dosing or even after the last dose of PIM 1D was delivered (FIG. 9B-D). This is a significant improvement over PIM1, where the animals showed marked weight loss and toxic effects following administration of said compound. Therefore, the retention of broad spectrum activity, coupled to a reduced toxicity makes PIM1D a promising antimicrobial compound.
In all septicemia models with different bacterial strains, bacterial cells spread into all organs including kidney, liver and spleen 2 h post-infection when treatment was initiated (see bacterial CFU count in “before treatment” group in FIG. 11A-D. For P. aeruginosa PAO1-induced sepsis shock, PIM1D treatment reduced bacterial burden by more than 3 Log orders in all organs harvested (kidney, liver and spleen) as compared to untreated control (FIG. 12A and FIG. 12A-C), and nearly complete bacterial clearance was observed in peritoneal space, exhibiting similar in vivo efficacy as Imp antibiotic control (FIG. 12C). Moreover, all mice treated with either Imp or PIM1D survived with no signs of distress during the 7 days of monitoring period, while mice without treatment all died (FIG. 11E).
Next, the in vivo efficacy of PIM1D in MDR P. aeruginosa (PAER)-induced peritoneal shock was evaluated. Mice which received a single dose treatment of PIM1D (15mg/kg) 2 h post-infection survived 100%, as compared to zero survival in untreated control or mice receiving the same dose of Imp treatment (FIG. 11F). Also, more than 99.9% bacterial reduction was found in all harvested organs (including kidney, liver and spleen) as compared to untreated control or Imp control, and almost complete bacterial eradication was shown in peritoneal space (FIG. 11B and FIG. 12D-F).
In sepsis model induced by MDR A. baumannii (AB-1), better bacteria reduction was observed for mice treated with single dose of PIM1D (15 mg/kg) than Imp control (15 mg/kg). Around 99.9% bacterial removal was found in harvested organs of mice treated with PIM1D as compared to untreated control, and more than 99.999% bacteria reduction was observed in peritoneal space (FIG. 11C and FIG. 12G-I). Moreover, mice which received PIM1D treatment showed 100% survival as compared to 80% survival in Imp-treated group, and 0% survival in mice group without treatment (FIG. 11G).
Mice blood collected from submandibular vein at day 1, day 3 and day 7 was analyzed using veterinary chemistry analyzer to evaluate ALT, AST and BUN levels, etc. Mice which received saline daily via IP injection were used as control. No significant change was found for ALT and AST levels, which represent the toxicity of liver, and negligible change was observed for BUN level, which represents kidney toxicity, over 7 days (FIG. 13A-H). These results demonstrate that the introduction of degradable moiety successfully reduced the in vivo toxicity of PIM series while maintaining its antibacterial potency in vivo.
Example 6 In Vivo Efficacy of PIM1D in Immunosuppressed Mice
Immunosuppression was induced by IP injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) at day 4 and cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) at day 1 into BALB/c female mice (8-9 weeks of age) before infection was introduced. The animal study protocols were approved by animal ethics and welfare committee at Ningbo University. The mice were infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA USA300 by following the protocol in Example 5. Two separate IP injections of 15 mg/kg of antibiotics (PIM1D and vancomycin) were given 2 h and 26 h post-infection. Mice organ harvesting and peritoneal washing were applied 50 h post-infection to determine bacterial burden.
Results and Discussion
The efficacy of PIM1D in MRSA-induced sepsis in immunosuppressed mice was evaluated to further show the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of PIM1D. More than 99% bacteria reduction was observed in all harvested organs of mice treated with PIM1D as compared to the untreated control, and showed superior bacterial clearance as compared to vancomycin treatment (FIG. 11D and FIG. 12J-L). In the peritoneal space, more than 99.99% bacterial reduction was exhibited, similar to vancomycin treatment control (FIG. 12L). For mice which received either PIM1D or vancomycin treatment, all mice survived in contrast to 0% mice survival in untreated group (FIG. 11H). Therefore, PIM1D spared immunosuppressed mice infected with MRSA USA300 from illness and lowered bacterial burden in affected organs.
Example 7 In Vivo Efficacy of PIM1D in Neutropenic Lung Infection Model
To demonstrate the in vivo efficacy in treating distal infection, PIM1D was used to treat neutropenic lung infection model caused by MRSA USA300 and K. pneumoniae (#13883).
Neutropenic Lung Infection Model
Immunosuppression was induced by IP injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) at day 4 and cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) at day 1 into BALB/c female mice (8-9 weeks of age) before infection was introduced. Lung infection was established by intratracheal delivery of MRSA USA300 or K. pneumoniae (#13883). The infected mice were treated with 20 mg/kg of PIM1D-CA (mixture of PIM1D and citric acid, 1:1 wt %; citric acid is added to minimize the accompanied toxicity) or antibiotics (vancomycin or colistan) via intratracheal delivery 2 h post-infection, while the mice in non-treated group that only received PBS. The mice were monitored for survival over one week. In a separate experiment, mice lungs were harvested 26 h post-infection and homogenized, followed by plating to check the bacterial burden. The animal study protocols were approved by animal ethics and welfare committee at Ningbo University.
Results and Discussion
In neutropenic lung infection induced by MRSA, single treatment of 20 mg/kg PIM1D-CA (1:1 wt. % mixture of PIM1D and citric acid) via intratracheal delivery reduced bacterial burden by more than 99.9% efficiency as compared to mice without any treatment (FIG. 14A). In addition, PIM1D-CA treatment was also superior to vancomycin at same treatment dosage. Besides this, infected mice with PIM1D-CA treatment showed 100% survival as compared to zero survival in infection control group and 40% survival for mice which received vancomycin treatment (FIG. 14B), demonstrating PIM1D's excellent activity in treating neutropenic lung infection caused by MRSA.
Considering PIM1D's broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, we also evaluated its efficacy in neutropenic lung infection caused by K. pneumoniae (#13883). Single intratracheal delivery of PIM1D-CA (20 mg/kg) reduced more than 99.9% K. pneumoniae in mice lung compared to infection control (FIG. 14C), as similar in colistin-treated mice. Also, both PIM1D-CA- and colistin-treated mice survived within one monitored week while no mice without treatment survived (FIG. 14D).
Advantages of PIM Over PIM1
The results in Examples 1 to 7 surprisingly demonstrate that PIM1D not only did not show evidence of toxicity but also retained significant antibacterial activity, and showed efficacy in treating murine sepsis infections in vivo. Therefore, together with its good biocompatibility, PIM1D is a superior antibacterial candidate to PIM1.
Comparative Example 12 Synthesis of PIM1 Bromide (PIM1-Br) Monomer
Imidazole (10.0 g, 146.9 mmol) was dissolved in THF. NaH (10.6 g, 440.7 mmol) was added portion-wise to the solution at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature. 1,4-dibromobutane (63.5 g, 294.11 mmol) (2.0 equiv.) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux (50° C.) for 5 h. (FIG. 15 ), to afford PIM1-Br monomer as an orange oil (15.1 g, 46%).
¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 3.10-1.23 (m, 4H, —CH₂), 3.43 (t, 2H, —CH₂), 4.06 (t, 2H, —CH₂), 6.90 (s, 2H, imidazole H), 7.04 (s, 2H, imidazole H), 7.49 (s, 1H, imidazole C2-H).
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US-202017069877-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,020 | None | None | English | Spoken | 8,128 | 9,615 | It is also considered that, in the case where the bandpass filter 115 is manufactured, the substrate is warped at the time of deposition. When such a warped component is incorporated into an image pickup system, resolution is reduced. Therefore, it is preferable to deposit bandpass films on both surfaces of the substrate because warpage on both the surfaces can be offset.
Although the emission surface of the second prism 107 and the bandpass filter 115 are isolated in FIG. 1A, the bandpass filter 115 may be joined to the emission surface of the second prism 107. This configuration is more preferable because a contact surface with air is reduced and therefore a risk of ghost flare can be reduced. Instead of separately forming the second prism 107 and the bandpass filter 115, a bandpass film may be deposited on the emission surface of the second prism 107. With this configuration, it is possible not only to reduce the above risk of ghost flare but also to remove a filter substrate. Therefore, further reduction in size and weight can be achieved.
The fluorescence image pickup element 117 will be described.
The fluorescence image pickup element 117 is provided at a latter stage of the bandpass filter 115 and is an image pickup element on which fluorescence extracted by the bandpass filter 115 is imaged. When the fluorescence extracted by the bandpass filter 115 is imaged on the fluorescence image pickup element 117, a fluorescence image is generated.
Herein, it is preferable to determine a fixed position of the fluorescence image pickup element 117 while shifting and adjusting the image pickup element 117 in a direction vertical to the optical axis so as to minimize an image shift of a fluorescence image from a visible light image generated by the visible light image pickup element 111. With this, in the case where a fluorescence image and a visible light image are superimposed, both the images can be positioned more easily. Note that, instead of the above adjustment of the position, the following method may be used: a fixed position of the fluorescence image pickup element 117 is determined and then a magnitude of an image shift of a fluorescence image from a visible light image, which is caused by tolerance of components, is specified; and a reading start position of a fluorescence image signal is shifted so as to minimize the magnitude of the specified image shift. When the method of adjusting the reading start position is used, the above adjustment processing can be omitted. This is advantageous in terms of costs.
The fluorescence image pickup element 117 may be a single-plate image pickup element having an RGB color filter such as a CCD or a CMOS.
The isolation distance Δ between the bandpass filter 115 and the fluorescence image pickup element 117 in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment will be described.
In the case where the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment is actually used, a publicly-known imaging lens is attached at a former stage of the image pickup device 10 (more specifically, at a former stage of the color separation prism 101), and visible light rays and fluorescence are imaged on the respective image pickup elements. At this time, an imaging position of visible light rays and an imaging position of fluorescence am different due to axial chromatic aberration of the imaging lens, and, in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment, a shift between the imaging positions caused by this axial chromatic aberration is completely corrected by setting the isolation distance Δ illustrated in FIG. 1A.
That is, in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment, the fluorescence image pickup element 117 and the visible light image pickup element 111 are arranged so that an optical path difference Δd between an optical path length of the fluorescence optical path imaged on the fluorescence image pickup element 117 via the color separation prism 101 and an optical path length of the visible light optical path imaged on the visible light image pickup element 111 via the color separation prism 101 corresponds to an amount of a shift between a fluorescence imaging position and a visible light imaging position (that is, a magnitude of the axial chromatic aberration), the shift being generated by the imaging lens attached at the former stage of the color separation prism 101. Specifically, the position of the fluorescence image pickup element 117 is controlled so that the isolation distance Δ illustrated in FIG. 1A is changed to be the optical path difference Δd.
Herein, the magnitude of the axial chromatic aberration caused by the imaging lens is changed in accordance with a configuration of an optical system of the imaging lens or the like and is different for each imaging lens. Therefore, in the case where the imaging lens attached at the former stage of the color separation prism 101 is not uniquely determined, it is important to control the isolation distance Δ in accordance with the imaging lens. In view of this, in such a case, the isolation distance Δ is set to be changeable and a fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 is provided in the image pickup device 10 as schematically illustrated in FIG. 1A to control a length of the isolation distance A.
As the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119, for example, an actuator such as a stepping motor or a piezoelectric element can be used, or a cam mechanism or the like can also be used.
When any one of an optical unit 11 including the color separation prism 101, the visible light image pickup element 111, and the bandpass filter 115 and the fluorescence image pickup element 117 is moved along the optical axis by the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119, the length of the isolation distance Δ can be controlled. At this time, the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 may move the position of the fluorescence image pickup element 117 along the optical axis after a position of the whole optical unit 11 is fixed, or the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 may move the position of the whole optical unit 11 along the optical axis after the position of the fluorescence image pickup element 117 is fixed.
A focusing method using the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 will be briefly described.
Publicly-known imaging lenses that are sold by various companies and are attachable to the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment have a focusing mechanism. When the focusing mechanism is used, a visible light image can be focused (that is, visible light rays can be focused on the visible light image pickup element 111). At this time, in the imaging lens, axial chromatic aberration is generally corrected only in the visible light wavelength band, and therefore axial chromatic aberration in the near-infrared fluorescence wavelength band is not corrected in many cases. In the case where only the visible light image is focused, a fluorescence image is blurred. In view of this, the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 described above adjusts relative positions of the optical unit 11 and the fluorescence image pickup element 117, thereby focusing the fluorescence image. With this, it is possible to focus the fluorescence image while the visible light image is in a focused state.
In the case where the kind of the imaging lens to be used by a user is uniquely determined, the following method may be used, instead of providing the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 in the image pickup device 10. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, after the magnitude Δd of the axial chromatic aberration of the imaging lens between visible light rays and fluorescence is measured, a fixation adhesion position of the fluorescence image pickup element 117 may be offset by Δd.
Note that a configuration and a method for changing the above isolation distance Δ are not particularly limited.
Heretofore, the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment has been described in detail with reference to FIG. 1A to FIG. 3.
Note that, in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment, it is also possible to achieve an optical configuration in which the positions of the visible light image pickup element 111 and the fluorescence image pickup element 117 are switched. In this case, it is necessary to form the dichroic film 103 so that light in the visible light wavelength band is allowed to transmit therethrough and light in the fluorescence wavelength band is reflected. It is also necessary to dispose the bandpass filter 115 at a latter stage of the first prism 105.
A light source for observing a measurement target object (for example, an affected part on which a fluorescent probe is accumulated) with visible light is not particularly limited, and it is possible to use a xenon lamp which is a general white light source. In this case, a radiation spectrum includes both an excitation wavelength of the fluorescent probe and the visible light wavelength band, and therefore it is only necessary to prepare a single light source, which is advantageous. However, the radiation spectrum of the xenon lamp also includes the fluorescence wavelength band, and therefore a component in the fluorescence wavelength band of the xenon lamp is imaged on the fluorescence image pickup element 117, thereby reducing a fluorescence contrast. Thus, in the case where the xenon lamp is used, in order to prevent such reduction in contrast, a filter having a spectral transmittance characteristic that blocks the fluorescence band is preferably disposed in a light source.
<2-Piece Camera System Including Image Pickup Device>
An example of a 2-piece camera system including the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram schematically illustrating an example of a configuration of a 2-piece camera system including the image pickup device according to the embodiment.
The 2-piece camera system described above can be achieved by using the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment described above. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the 2-piece camera system includes the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment and a camera control unit (CCU) 30.
Herein, a publicly-known imaging lens 20 is attached to the image pickup device 10, and both a visible light image and a fluorescence image are in a focused state by a focusing function of the imaging lens 20 and control of the isolation distance Δ in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment.
The image pickup device 10 independently generates a visible light image and a fluorescence image under image capturing control of the camera control unit 30 described below and outputs data of the generated captured images to the camera control unit 30.
The camera control unit 30 controls image capturing processing of the image pickup device 10 and superimposes the visible light image and the fluorescence image generated by the image pickup device 10 to generate a superimposed image. The camera control unit 30 can be achieved by any of various kinds of computers including a central processing unit (CPU), a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and the like. Note that an example of a detailed configuration of the camera control unit 30 will be described below.
The superimposed image generated by the camera control unit 30 is displayed as necessary on a display device 40 such as a display provided in the camera control unit 30 or the display device 40 such as a display provided outside the camera control unit 30. With this, a user of the 2-piece camera system can instantly grasp the superimposed image in which the visible light image and the fluorescence image are superimposed with satisfactory resolution.
Heretofore, an example of the configuration of the 2-piece camera system including the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment has been briefly described with reference to FIG. 4.
<Configuration of Camera Control Unit that can be Used for Image Pickup Device>
An example of a configuration of the camera control unit 30 that can be used for the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of a camera control unit that can be used for the image pickup device according to the embodiment.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 5, the camera control unit 30 that can be used for the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment mainly includes an image pickup device control unit 301, an image data acquisition unit 303, a superimposed image generation unit 305, a superimposed image output unit 307, a display control unit 309, and a storage unit 311.
The image pickup device control unit 301 is realized by, for example, a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, and a communication device. The image pickup device control unit 301 comprehensively controls the whole image capturing processing implemented in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment. In the case where the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 is provided in the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment, the image pickup device control unit 301 also controls the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119.
The image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment generates a visible light image and a fluorescence image at predetermined time intervals under the control of the image pickup device control unit 301 and outputs the generated images to the camera control unit 30 as necessary.
The image data acquisition unit 303 is realized by, for example, a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, and a communication device. The image data acquisition unit 303 acquires data of the visible light image and data of the fluorescence image output from the image pickup device 10 as necessary and outputs the data to the superimposed image generation unit 305 described below. The image data acquisition unit 303 may associate the acquired image data with a timestamp of date and time at which the image data has been acquired and store the image data associated with the timestamp as history information in the storage unit 311 described below.
The superimposed image generation unit 305 is realized by, for example, a CPU, a ROM, and a RAM. By using the visible light image and the fluorescence image output from the image data acquisition unit 303, the superimposed image generation unit 305 implements superimposing processing of the visible light image and the fluorescence image while positioning the visible light image and the fluorescence image, thereby generating a superimposed image in which those images are superimposed on each other. Note that processing for generating a superimposed image, which is implemented by the superimposed image generation unit 305, is not particularly limited, and a publicly-known image processing technology is applicable. The superimposed image generation unit 305 outputs data of the generated superimposed image to the superimposed image output unit 307 described below. The superimposed image generation unit 305 may associate the data of the generated superimposed image with a timestamp of date and time at which the image data has been generated and store the data associated with the timestamp as history information in the storage unit 311 described below.
The superimposed image output unit 307 is realized by, for example, a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an output device, and a communication device. The superimposed image output unit 307 outputs the superimposed image generated by the superimposed image generation unit 305. More specifically, the superimposed image output unit 307 may output the data of the generated superimposed image to various kinds of image servers or the like provided outside the camera control unit 30 or may record the data in a publicly-known recording medium. The superimposed image output unit 307 may display the generated superimposed image on various kinds of display devices via the display control unit 309 described below in real time.
The display control unit 309 is realized by, for example, a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an output device, and a communication device. The display control unit 309 performs display control when the superimposed image generated by the superimposed image generation unit 305 is displayed on an output device such as the display included in the camera control unit 30, an output device provided outside the camera control unit 30, or the like. With this, a user of the image pickup device 10 can instantly see a desired superimposed image.
The storage unit 311 is realized by, for example, a RAM, a storage device, or the like included in the camera control unit 30 according to the embodiment. In the storage unit 311, for example, various kinds of data to be used by the camera control unit 30 according to the embodiment to control the image pickup device 10 are recorded. The storage unit 311 records, as appropriate, various parameters to be stored when the camera control unit 30 according to the embodiment performs some processing and progress of the processing, various kinds of databases and programs, or the like.
The image pickup device control unit 301, the image data acquisition unit 303, the superimposed image generation unit 305, the superimposed image output unit 307, the display control unit 309, and the like can freely perform read/write processing of data in the storage unit 311 that stores such various kinds of information.
Heretofore, an example of the function of the camera control unit 30 according to the embodiment has been described. Each of the structural elements described above may be configured using a general-purpose material or circuit or may be configured by hardware dedicated to the function of each structural element. Further, all the functions of the structural elements may be performed by a CPU or the like. Accordingly, the configuration to be used can be changed as appropriate in accordance with the technical level at the time of carrying out the present embodiment.
Note that a computer program for realizing each function of the above camera control unit 30 according to the embodiment can be prepared and mounted on a personal computer or the like. It is also possible to provide a computer readable recording medium in which such a computer program is stored. The recording medium is, for example, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a flash memory. For example, the above computer program may also be distributed via a network, instead of using the recording medium.
<Microscope Image Pickup System Including Image Pickup Device>
A microscope image pickup system 1000 including the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram schematically illustrating an example of a configuration of a microscope image pickup system including the image pickup device according to the embodiment.
The microscope image pickup system can be constructed by combining the image pickup device 10 described above (more specifically, the 2-piece camera system including the image pickup device 10) and a microscope optical system.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 6, the microscope image pickup system 1000 includes the image pickup device 10, the CCU 30, the display device 40, and a microscope optical system 50.
Herein, the image pickup device 10, the CCU 30, and the display device 40 have configurations similar to the configurations thereof included in the 2-piece camera system described above and therefore have similar effects. Thus, hereinafter, detailed description thereof will be omitted.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 6, the microscope optical system 50 includes a light source 501, a stage 503, an objective lens 505, a revolver 507, and a lens barrel 509, and the lens barrel 509 mainly includes an eyepiece lens 511, an imaging lens 513, and a beam splitter BS.
Illumination light emitted from the light source 501 is reflected by a mirror M or the like as appropriate to be guided to a sample S placed on the stage 503. The objective lens 505 forms a magnified image of this sample. The beam splitter BS provided in the lens barrel reflects a part of the image of the sample imaged by the objective lens 505 and guides the part to the eyepiece lens 511. The guided image of the sample is emitted to be substantially afocal by the eyepiece lens 511. With this, an observer of the microscope optical system 50 can observe the magnified image of the sample with the naked eye.
Meanwhile, the imaging lens 513 provided in the lens barrel 509 images the image of the sample transmitted through the beam splitter BS on the visible light image pickup element 111 and the fluorescence image pickup element 117 of the image pickup device 10.
The revolver 507 has a function of holding the objective lens 505 on an observation optical axis of the microscope, and the lens can be switched to another objective lens 505 attached to the revolver 507 by operating a rotating mechanism of the revolver 507.
A generation amount Δ of axial chromatic aberration between visible light and fluorescence is changed when the objective lens 505 is changed as described above.
Hereinafter, a focusing method using the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 will be briefly described. A visible light image can be focused by moving the stage 503 or the objective lens 505 upward and downward in an optical axis direction to change a working distance. At this time, in the objective lens 505, axial chromatic aberration is generally corrected only in the visible light wavelength band, and therefore axial chromatic aberration in the near-infrared fluorescence wavelength band is not corrected in many cases. In the case where only the visible light image is focused, a fluorescence image is blurred. Therefore, the fluorescence image is focused by the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 described above. With this, it is possible to focus the fluorescence image while the visible light image is in a focused state.
Those captured images generated as described above are output to the CCU 30, and the CCU 30 superimposes the images to thereby generate a superimposed image. The generated superimposed image is displayed on the display device 40 under the control of the CCU 30.
Heretofore, the microscope image pickup system 1000 including the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment has been briefly described with reference to FIG. 6.
<Another Example of Configuration of Image Pickup Device>
The image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment described above is attachable to, for example, various kinds of medical endoscopes such as a rigid endoscope and various kinds of industrial endoscopes. Hereinafter, a medical endoscope will be exemplified and a configuration of the image pickup device 10 attachable to the medical endoscope will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B. FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are explanatory diagrams each of which schematically illustrates another example of the configuration of the image pickup device according to the embodiment.
In the case where the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment is connected to various kinds of endoscopes such as a rigid endoscope, as illustrated in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, a coupler optical system 25 in which axial chromatic aberration has been corrected at least in the visible light wavelength band is attached as an imaging lens at a former stage of the image pickup device 10. With this, an aerial image of a measurement target object (for example, an affected part on which a fluorescent probe is accumulated) generated by the endoscope can be connected to the image pickup device 10.
As illustrated in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, a visible light image focusing mechanism 121 is provided for the coupler optical system 25 in the image pickup device 10 to be attached to the endoscope. The visible light image focusing mechanism 121 is a mechanism for moving only the coupler optical system 25 in the optical axis direction to focus a visible light image on the visible light image pickup element 111.
As the visible light image focusing mechanism 121, for example, an actuator such as a stepping motor or a piezoelectric element can be used, or a cam mechanism or the like can be used.
Note that, in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, the configurations of the image pickup device 10 excluding the visible light image focusing mechanism 121 are similar to the cases illustrated in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, except that the optical unit 11 in FIG. 7A further includes the coupler optical system 25. Therefore, hereinafter, detailed description thereof will be omitted.
<Endoscope Image Pickup System Including Image Pickup Device>
An endoscope image pickup system 2000 including the image pickup device 10 illustrated in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B will be briefly described with reference to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram schematically illustrating an example of a configuration of an endoscope image pickup system including the image pickup device according to the embodiment.
The endoscope image pickup system can be constructed by combining the image pickup device 10 described above (more specifically, the 2-piece camera system including the image pickup device 10) and an endoscope optical system.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 8, the endoscope image pickup system 2000 includes the image pickup device 10 illustrated in FIG. 7A or FIG. 7B, the CCU 30, the display device 40, and an endoscope optical system 60.
Herein, the image pickup device 10, the CCU 30, and the display device 40 have configurations similar to the configurations thereof described above and therefore have similar effects. Thus, hereinafter, detailed description thereof will be omitted.
The endoscope (rigid endoscope) optical system 60 includes an objective lens 601, a plurality of relay lenses 603, and an eyepiece lens 605 in order from an object side (subject side). The objective lens 601 forms an aerial image of a subject, and the relay lenses 603 performs unmagnified relay imaging of the formed aerial image multiple times. Thereafter, the eyepiece lens 605 performs afocal imaging of the last aerial image, and thus the aerial image can be observed with the naked eye.
Herein, the endoscope (rigid endoscope) is mainly for observing an aerial image with the naked eye, and therefore, in order to image the aerial image generated by the endoscope optical system 60 on the image pickup element of the image pickup device 10, the coupler optical system 25 serving as the imaging lens is disposed between the eyepiece lens 605 and the image pickup device 10.
A focusing method using the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 and the visible light image focusing mechanism 121 will be briefly described.
In the endoscope image pickup system 2000 according to the embodiment, first, the visible light image focusing mechanism 121 moves only the coupler optical system 25 in the optical axis direction to thereby focus a visible light image. In the coupler optical system 25, axial chromatic aberration is corrected only in the visible light wavelength band as described above, and therefore a fluorescence image is not appropriately focused and is blurred. After the visible light image focusing mechanism 121 focuses the visible light image, the fluorescence image focusing mechanism 119 changes the isolation distance Δ between the optical unit 11 to which the coupler optical system 25 is integrally attached and the fluorescence image pickup element 117, thereby focusing the fluorescence image. With this, it is possible to focus the fluorescence image while the visible light image is in a focused state.
Those captured images generated as described above are output to the CCU 30, and the CCU 30 superimposes the images to thereby generate a superimposed image. The generated superimposed image is displayed on the display device 40 under the control of the CCU 30.
Heretofore, the endoscope image pickup system 2000 including the image pickup device 10 according to the embodiment has been briefly described with reference to FIG. 8.
(Hardware Configuration)
Next, the hardware configuration of the camera control unit (CCU) 30 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is a block diagram for illustrating the hardware configuration of the CCU 30 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
The CCU 30 mainly includes a CPU 901, a ROM 903, and a RAM 905. Furthermore, the CCU 30 also includes a host bus 907, a bridge 909, an external bus 911, an interface 913, an input device 915, an output device 917, a storage device 919, a drive 921, a connection port 923, and a communication device 925.
The CPU 901 serves as an arithmetic processing apparatus and a control device, and controls the overall operation or a part of the operation of the CCU 30 according to various programs recorded in the ROM 903, the RAM 905, the storage device 919, or a removable recording medium 927. The ROM 903 stores programs, operation parameters, and the like used by the CPU 901. The RAM 905 primarily stores programs that the CPU 901 uses and parameters and the like varying as appropriate during the execution of the programs. These are connected with each other via the host bus 907 configured from an internal bus such as a CPU bus or the like.
The host bus 907 is connected to the external bus 911 such as a PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect/Interface) bus via the bridge 909.
The input device 915 is an operation mechanism operated by a user, such as a mouse, a keyboard, a touch panel, buttons, a switch and a lever. Also, the input device 915 may be a remote control mechanism (a so-called remote control) using, for example, infrared light or other radio waves, or may be an externally connected apparatus 929 such as a mobile phone or a PDA conforming to the operation of the CCU 30. Furthermore, the input device 915 generates an input signal based on, for example, information which is input by a user with the above operation mechanism, and is configured from an input control circuit for outputting the input signal to the CPU 901. The user of the CCU 30 can input various data to the CCU 30 and can instruct the information processing apparatus 10 to perform processing by operating this input apparatus 915.
The output device 917 is configured from a device capable of visually or audibly notifying acquired information to a user. Examples of such device include display devices such as a CRT display device, a liquid crystal display device, a plasma display device, an EL display device and lamps, audio output devices such as a speaker and a headphone, a printer, a mobile phone, a facsimile machine, and the like. For example, the output device 917 outputs a result obtained by various processings performed by the CCU 30. More specifically, the display device displays, in the form of texts or images, a result obtained by various processes performed by the CCU 30. On the other hand, the audio output device converts an audio signal such as reproduced audio data and sound data into an analog signal, and outputs the analog signal.
The storage device 919 is a device for storing data configured as an example of a storage unit of the CCU 30. The storage device 919 is configured from, for example, a magnetic storage device such as a HDD (Hard Disk Drive), a semiconductor storage device, an optical storage device, or a magneto-optical storage device. This storage device 919 stores programs to be executed by the CPU 901, various data, and various data obtained from the outside.
The drive 921 is a reader/writer for recording medium, and is embedded in the CCU 30 or attached externally thereto. The drive 921 reads information recorded in the attached removable recording medium 927 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory, and outputs the read information to the RAM 905. Furthermore, the drive 921 can write in the attached removable recording medium 927 such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, or a semiconductor memory. The removable recording medium 927 is, for example, a DVD medium, an HD-DVD medium, or a Blu-ray (registered trademark) medium. The removable recording medium 927 may be a CompactFlash (CF; registered trademark), a flash memory, an SD memory card (Secure Digital Memory Card), or the like. Alternatively, the removable recording medium 927 may be, for example, an IC card (Integrated Circuit Card) equipped with a non-contact IC chip or an electronic appliance.
The connection port 923 is a port for allowing devices to directly connect to the CCU 30. Examples of the connection port 923 include a USB (Universal Serial Bus) port, an IEEE1394 port, a SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) port, and the like. Other examples of the connection port 923 include an RS-232C port, an optical audio terminal, an HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) port, and the like. By the externally connected apparatus 929 connecting to this connection port 923, the CCU 30 directly obtains various data from the externally connected apparatus 929 and provides various data to the externally connected apparatus 929.
The communication device 925 is a communication interface configured from, for example, a communication device for connecting to a communication network 931. The communication device 925 is, for example, a wired or wireless LAN (Local Area Network), Bluetooth (registered trademark), a communication card for WUSB (Wireless USB), or the like. Alternatively, the communication device 925 may be a router for optical communication, a router for ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), a modem for various communications, or the like. This communication device 925 can transmit and receive signals and the like in accordance with a predetermined protocol such as TCP/IP on the Internet and with other communication devices, for example. The communication network 931 connected to the communication device 925 is configured from a network and the like, which is connected via wire or wirelessly, and may be, for example, the Internet, a home LAN, infrared communication, radio wave communication, satellite communication, or the like.
Heretofore, an example of the hardware configuration capable of realizing the functions of the CCU 30 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure has been shown. Each of the structural elements described above may be configured using a general-purpose material, or may be configured from hardware dedicated to the function of each structural element. Accordingly, the hardware configuration to be used can be changed as appropriate according to the technical level at the time of carrying out the present embodiment.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
In addition, the effects described in the present specification are merely illustrative and demonstrative, and not limitative. In other words, the technology according to the present disclosure can exhibit other effects that are evident to those skilled in the art along with or instead of the effects based on the present specification.
Additionally, the present technology may also be configured as below.
(1) A medical imaging device including: a color separation prism that has a dichroic film configured to split light into first light belonging to a visible light wavelength band and second light belonging to a fluorescence wavelength band; a fluorescence image sensor that is provided at an output side of the color separation prism and that is configured to image at least part of the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film; a visible light image sensor that is provided at the output side of the color separation prism and that is configured to image at least part of the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film; and a bandpass filter that is disposed between the color separation prism and the fluorescence image sensor, wherein the fluorescence image sensor and the visible light image sensor are arranged such that an optical path difference between an optical path length of a fluorescence optical path for the second light imaged on the fluorescence image sensor via the color separation prism and an optical path length of a visible light optical path for the first light imaged on the visible light image sensor via the color separation prism corresponds to an amount of a shift between a fluorescence imaging position and a visible light imaging position, the shift being generated by an imaging lens positioned at an input side of the color separation prism, and wherein the fluorescence imaging position is an imaging position of filtered second light, which results from passing the second light through the bandpass filter, such that the amount of shift is based on the filtered second light. (2) The medical imaging device according to (1), wherein each of the fluorescence image sensor and the visible light image sensor is fixed such that the optical path difference corresponds to the amount of the shift. (5) The medical imaging device according to (3)-(4), wherein the fluorescence image focusing actuator controls the isolation distance by moving the bandpass filter in an optical axis direction with respect to the fluorescence image sensor. (6) The medical imaging device according to (3)-(5), wherein the fluorescence image focusing actuator controls the isolation distance by moving the fluorescence image sensor in an optical axis direction with respect to the bandpass filter. (7) The medical imaging device according to (1)-(6), wherein the dichroic film splits incident light into the second light belonging to a predetermined fluorescence wavelength band, light of a band of longer wavelengths than the predetermined fluorescence wavelength band, and light belonging to a band of shorter wavelengths than the predetermined fluorescence wavelength band. (8) The medical imaging device according to (1)-(7), wherein the color separation prism is a prism comprising a first prism on which the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band and the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band are incident, the first prism functioning as the visible light optical path through which the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band is guided, and a second prism functioning as the fluorescence optical path through which the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band is guided, to each other, wherein the first prism and the second prism are joined to each other via the dichroic film, wherein the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film moves straight in the second prism to be vertically incident on the bandpass filter, and wherein the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film is totally reflected in the first prism and is then imaged on the visible light image sensor. (9) The medical imaging device according to (1)-(8), further including a 3-color separation prism configured to split the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band emitted from the color separation prism into three colors of an R component, a G component, and a B component. (10) The medical imaging device according to (1)-(9). wherein the dichroic film has transmittance of 90% or more in a wavelength band from 780 nm to 880 nm and has transmittance of 10% or less in a wavelength band from 400 nm to 720 nm. (11) The medical imaging device according to (1)-(10), wherein the bandpass filter has transmittance of 90% or more in a wavelength band from 820 nm to 850 nm and has transmittance of 10% or less in a wavelength band from 400 nm to 805 nm and in a wavelength band from 860 nm to 1000 nm. (12) A medical microscopic system including: a microscopic optical lens assembly including at least an objective lens and an imaging lens; and an imaging device configured to capture a magnified image of an object, wherein the imaging device includes a color separation prism that has a dichroic film configured to split light into first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band and second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band, a fluorescence image sensor that is provided at an output side of the color separation prism and that is configured to image at least part of the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film, a visible light image sensor that is provided at the output side of the color separation prism and that is configured to image at least part of the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film, and a bandpass filter that is disposed between the color separation prism and the fluorescence image sensor, wherein the fluorescence image sensor and the visible light image sensor are arranged such that an optical path difference between an optical path length of a fluorescence optical path for the second light imaged on the fluorescence image sensor via the color separation prism and an optical path length of a visible light optical path for the first light imaged on the visible light image sensor via the color separation prism corresponds to an amount of a shift between a fluorescence imaging position and a visible light imaging position, the shift being generated by an imaging lens positioned at an input side of the color separation prism, and wherein the fluorescence imaging position is an imaging position of filtered second light, which results from passing the second light through the bandpass filter, such that the amount of shift is based on the filtered second light. (13) The medical microscope imaging system according to (12). wherein each of the fluorescence image sensor and the visible light image sensor is fixed such that the optical path difference corresponds to the amount of the shift. (14) The medical microscope imaging system according to (12), wherein the fluorescence image sensor is provided such that an isolation distance from the bandpass filter is changeable, wherein the imaging device further includes a fluorescence image focusing actuator configured to focus the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film on the fluorescence image sensor, and wherein the fluorescence image focusing actuator controls the isolation distance in accordance with the imaging lens attached at the input side of the color separation prism such that the optical path difference corresponds to the amount of the shift. (15) The medical microscope imaging system according to (14), wherein a coupler optical lens assembly, in which axial chromatic aberration has been corrected at least in the visible light wavelength band, is provided as the imaging lens at the input side of the color separation prism, wherein the fluorescence image sensor is provided such that the isolation distance from the bandpass filter is changeable, wherein the image sensor further includes a visible light image focusing actuator configured to focus the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film on the visible light image sensor, wherein the visible light image focusing actuator moves the coupler optical lens assembly in an optical axis direction to focus the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film on the visible light image sensor, and wherein the fluorescence image focusing actuator controls the isolation distance such that the optical path difference, obtained when the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band is focused on the visible light image sensor, corresponds to the amount of the shift. (16) The medical microscope imaging system according to (14)-(15), wherein the fluorescence image focusing actuator controls the isolation distance by moving the bandpass filter in an optical axis direction with respect to the fluorescence image sensor or moving the fluorescence image sensor in an optical axis direction with respect to the bandpass filter. (17) The medical microscope imaging system according to (12)-(16), wherein the color separation prism is a prism comprising a first prism on which the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band and the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band are incident, the first prism functioning as the visible light optical path through which the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band is guided, and a second prism functioning as the fluorescence optical path through which the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band is guided, to each other, wherein the first prism and the second prism are joined to each other via the dichroic film, wherein the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film moves straight in the second prism to be vertically incident on the bandpass filter, and wherein the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film is totally reflected in the first prism and is then imaged on the visible light image sensor. (18) The medical microscope imaging system according to (12)-(17), wherein the dichroic film has transmittance of 90% or more in a wavelength band from 780 nm to 880 nm and has transmittance of 10% or less in a wavelength band from 400 nm to 720 nm. (19) The medical microscope imaging system according to (12)-(18), wherein the bandpass filter has transmittance of 90% or more in a wavelength band from 820 nm to 850 nm and has transmittance of 10% or less in a wavelength band from 400 nm to 805 nm and in a wavelength band from 860 nm to 1000 nm. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
- - 10 image pickup device - 20 imaging lens - 30 camera control unit (CCU) - 40 display device - 50 microscope optical system - 60 endoscope optical system - 101 color separation prism - 103 dichroic film - 105 first prism - 107 second prism - 111 image pickup element for capturing visible light image - 113 infrared cut-off filter - 115 bandpass filter - 117 fluorescence image pickup element - 119 fluorescence image focusing mechanism - 121 visible light image focusing mechanism - 1000 microscope image pickup system - 2000 endoscope image pickup system
1. A medical imaging device comprising: a color separation prism that has a dichroic film configured to split light into first light belonging to a visible light wavelength band and second light belonging to a fluorescence wavelength band; a fluorescence image sensor that is provided at an output side of the color separation prism and that is configured to image at least part of the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film; a visible light image sensor that is provided at the output side of the color separation prism and that is configured to image at least part of the first light belonging to the visible light wavelength band separated by the dichroic film; and a bandpass filter that is disposed between the color separation prism and the fluorescence image sensor, wherein the fluorescence image sensor and the visible light image sensor are arranged such that an optical path difference between an optical path length of a fluorescence optical path for the second light imaged on the fluorescence image sensor via the color separation prism and an optical path length of a visible light optical path for the first light imaged on the visible light image sensor via the color separation prism corresponds to an amount of a shift between a fluorescence imaging position and a visible light imaging position, the shift being generated by an imaging lens positioned at an input side of the color separation prism, and wherein the fluorescence imaging position is an imaging position of filtered second light, which results from passing the second light through the bandpass filter, such that the amount of shift is based on the filtered second light.
2. The medical imaging device according to claim 1, wherein each of the fluorescence image sensor and the visible light image sensor is fixed such that the optical path difference corresponds to the amount of the shift.
3. The medical imaging device according to claim 1, wherein the fluorescence image sensor is provided such that an isolation distance from the bandpass filter is changeable, further comprising: a fluorescence image focusing actuator configured to focus the second light belonging to the fluorescence wavelength band separated by the dichroic film on the fluorescence image sensor, and wherein the fluorescence image focusing actuator controls the isolation distance in accordance with the imaging lens attached at the input side of the color separation prism such that the optical path difference corresponds to the amount of the shift.
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allensindianmail-1882jan_217 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 8,409 | 16,184 | CorrzE,—The bulk of the 3,639 bags Costa Rica by auction to-day was withdrawn, a small part selling at 54s. to 603. 6d. - CoTton.—The market is extremely flat, and the sales only amount to about 500 bales, including Tinnevelly at 534d., and Coconada at 43d. per lb. Forward delivery, American, December-January, 6 3-64d. per Ib. for middling 1.m.c. Jure.--The market has been steady, with moderate business during the week. Hipes.—At the public sales East Indie sold unevenly. Cape at easier rates, Fripay EvENING. Inp1aAn Tga.—Supplies have been light this week, 13,500 packages only having come to auction. Demand continues steady, and the ten- dency, of prices has been in favour of sellers, especially for fine descriptions, selling from 2s, 3d. to 3s. 3d. per Ib. Corrgz.—There hasinot been any further charge in prices to-day. The supplies consisted chiefly of foreign. 4,722 bags partly Tound buyers—ordinary mixed to good erdinary Costa Rica at 37s. to 458. ; ordinary mixed to good ordinary Guatemala, at 39s. to 43s. 6d. ; pale greenish at 51s. 6d. to §3s. ; middling grayish, at 61s., low middling to middling grayish Honduras, at 56s. 6d. to 61s. 64. ; and ordinary to ond ordinary pale and greenish Central American at 383, to 438. 251 half-bales Mocha bought in ross, to 122s. per cwt. Ricz,—A cargo of 760 tons Rangoon off the coast sold at 7s. 134d. per cwt. y JuTz continues steady. To-day about 3,000 bales sold to arrive; 2,000 bales for Dundee, at {10 per ton. CorTon.—We have to report a stagaent market, and no business worth repoitiog has been transacted. Monpay Evgnine. Corron.—There has been an improved tone in our market to-day, and prices for American futures are about 1-16d. per Ib. higher. Sale’, since Friday, about 1,500 bales, including Tinnevelly, at 534d. ; Western, at 456d. ; Coconada, at 434d. ; Bengal, at 4 1-16d.; and rough Bengal, at 5d. per lb. Forward delivery, American, Feb.- March, 6 13-644. per Ib. for middling I.m.c. HOME BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATGAS. i BIRTHS. CooreR—Oct, 27, at The Vicarage, Cleygate, Esher, the wife of C. P. Cooper, Esq., of Bombay, a son, Grirve—Oct. 28, at 47, Buccleuch-street, Dumfries, the-wife of James G. Grieve, Akyab, British Burmab, a son, st Uborn. MARRIAGHS. ‘BENNET—BLAK&—Oct, 26, at Nowton, Bury St. Edmunds, Edward Charlies Harrison, eldest son of the late Edward Bennet, of Copdock, Suffolk, to Constance Gage, eldest daughter of William Gage Blake, Nowton Hall,’ Bury St. Edmunds. i CLUTTERBUCK—-MULLINS—Oc', 25, at Stoke-next-Guildford, Lewis Augustus Clutterbuck, Commissariat and Transport Staff, younger son of the late Lieut. Col. Edward Clutterbuck, H.E.I.C.S., to Annie Rachel Mullins, eldest daughter of Colonel John Mullins, Royal (late Madras) Engineers. ‘OLRIGE—KeaTinc—Oct. 26, at St. John’s, Bathwick, Bath, Herbert E. R. Wolrige, M.R.C.S, and L.R.C.P., of East Knoyle, Wilts, sn of the late James Wolrige, Esq., of Southsea, to Annie Louiss, daughter of Lieut, Col. A, Keating, Ketired List Madras Army. Stewart Fraser, third son of the late Capt. Eiward Fraser, com- mandant Bengal Sappers and Miners, aged 31. GorRDON—June 11, at his residence, Windsor, N.S.W., Pelham H. Gordon, aged 38, eldest son of Major General N. I. Gordon, late 31et Madras Light Infantry. Murray—Oct. 26, at Limpley Stoke, Mary Risdon Murray, wife of J. S. Murray, Commander in the Peninsular and Oriental Company’s Service, widow of Captain Alfred Henderson White, late 3rd Dragoon Guards, aged 42. PooLe—Oct. 26, at Pool Quay, Welshpool, aged 30, Martins Sloper Bndrew, second son of the late Charles Andrew Poole, 9th Bengal val. RAWLINSON—Oct, 11, at sea, Guy Spencer Comyn, the eldest and dearly-loved child of Spencer R. Rawlinson, Captain Madras Staff Corps, in his fifth year,. SHACKELL—Oct, 23, at ,Peachley, Bournemcuth, the Rev. Henry William Shackell, late Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and C.M.S. Miss‘onary, N.W., India, eged 49. TrRoTTER—Oct. 30, suddenly, at The Lodge, Gatton Poiot, near Redhill, Surrey, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Trotter, late of H.M, Indian Forces, aged 80. INDIAN BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. BIRTHS. ANGELOW—Oct. 4, at Chunar, the wife of Lieut. Colonel R. F. Anvgc-low, Bengal Staff Corps, a son. ARUNDEL—Oct. 4, at Madras, the wife of A. T, Arundel, Esq, Madras Civil Service, a son. : BaKER—Oct. 4, at Chakrata, the wife of Henry Edward Baker, Esq.. Royal Welch Fusiliers, 2 son. BrauFort-Oct. 23, at Malatac Hiil, Bombay, the wife of A. F, Beaufort, a daughter. BrsT—Oct. 4, at Tranquebar, the wife of J. W. Best, Madras Civil Service, a son. BIGNELL—Oct. 4, at Ajmere, the wife of R. A. D’O, Bignell, 2 son. BLEECK—Oc*. 3, at Calcat'a, the wife of Wm. Bleeck, a danghter. BucKLanD—Sept. 27, at Darjiling, the wife of C. E. Buckland, Bene gal Civil Service, a daughter. CARRUTHERS—October 2, at Puna, the wife of Captain J. Carruthers, Bombay Staff Corps, a son. Craic—Oct. 7 at ‘*The Towers,” “Middle Colata, the wife of George G. Cra‘g, a daughter. Davis—Oct. 6, at Calcutta, the wife of Emile Edward Davis, a son. DeCourcy—Sept. 26, at Sibsaugor, the wife of M. C, DeCourcy, Esq.y Manager Morar Tea Company, Limited, a son. DEVINE —Oct, 10, at Baroda, the wife of General James Devine, Com- manding his Highness the Gaekwar’s Troops, a daughter, DuxsrorD—Oct. 5, at Delhi, the wife of H. S, Dunsford, Punjab Police, a daughter. Forses—Sept. 27, at Meerut, the wife of T. T. Forbes Esq., Bare rister-at-Law, a daughter. Fox—Oct. 7, at Calcutta, the wife of 1. Hoyne Fox, P.W.D., a son, FRENCH—Oct, 4, at Madras, the wife of Arthur Clough French, a son. Hotvicn—Sept. 30, at Mussoorie, the wife of Major Holdich, R.E.,a son, Hoprson—Oct. 2, at Nagpur, the wife of Mr. D. Hopson, Comptrcller’s Office, a son. INGLis—Oct. 24, at Mussoorie, N.W.P., the wife of Colonel R. H. Inglis, 6th Bengal Native In‘antry, a son. JorDAN—Oc'. 5, at Howrah, the wife of William Jordar, a daughter. KeeLan—Sept. 2%, at Allahabad, the wife of E. J, Keelan, Executive Engineer, T. S. Railway, a son, Lanc—Oct. 10, at No, 2, Grant‘s Buildings, the wife of J. M. Lang, a son, Monro—Sept. 24, at Madras, the wife of Alexander Monro, Esq., Inspector of Schools, a daughter, 5 Morgrav—Oct, 9, at Amr.o‘i, Berar, the wife of Mr. J. Moreau,a son, OBBARD—Ost. 5, at Nagpur, the wife of Mr. R. Obbard, B.C.S., a daughter. ‘ PALLIS—Oct. 27, at Bombay, the wife of Alexander Pall's, Esq., a daughter, s Puriiirs—Sept. 30, at Oudh, the wife of Capt. W. E. Phillips, roth Royal Hussars, a caugh er. : e PupumjzE—Sept. 24, at Puna, the wife of Sorabjee Pudumjee, Bom- bay Civil Service, a son. i " Rreves—Oct. 7, at the Residency, Kolhapur, the wife of Major Reeves, Pulitical Agent of Kolhapur and Southern Mabratta Country, a gil.. RuENtUs—Oct, 5, at Bangalore, the wife of Mr. Arnold Rhenius, Postal Dep3riment, a son.. RracH—Oct. 6, at Calcutta, the wife of William Risch, a son. RIcHARDSON—Oct, 3, at Breach-Candy, the wife of W. Richa:dson, a daughter. = i Rick«TTs—Sept. 21, at Bhadrak, Balasore, the wife of W. R. Ricketts, a daughter. Ropinson—-Oct. 3, at Vellore, India, the wife of Surgeom Merk Robinson, I.M.S., a son. e i RussELL—Oct. 9, at the Chalet, Malabar Hill, the wife of Louis P. Russell, E:q., Barristereat-Law, a daughter, Simron—Oct. 2, at Naini Tal, the wife of Lionel B. Simeon, excar tive engineer, P.W.D., a daughter, SmiptT—Oct, 8, at Calcutta, the wife of A Smidt, a daughter, SurrH—-Sept. 25, at Patoa, the wife of Walter Fell Smith, district superintendent of police, Dacca, a daughter. Nov 1, 1882.} ALLEN’S INDIAN MAIL. 1063 _ STARK—Oct, 3, at Rajmahal, the wife of A. W. Stark, a daughter (still-born). STEvens—Sept. 11, the wife of Lizutenant Co’onel G, B, Stevens, 13th N.I., a daughter. SWAINE—Sept. 25, at Banchee, Chota Nagpore, the wife of Surgeon F, R. Swaine, M.B., Bengal Medical Service, a daughter. THORBURN—Sept. 20, at Shekhbudin, Dehra Ishmail Khan District, the wife of S. S. Thorburn, C.S., a son. TuRNER—Sept, 15, at Culculta, the wife of Moatagu Cornish Turner, a son, p 7 UNGER—Sept. 7, at Goojranwalla, the wife of A. Unger, Permanent Way Inspector, Punjab Northern State Railway, a son. WALKER—Sept. 19, at Bandikui, the wife of Mr. A, Walket, Locomo- tive Foreman, R. M. Railway, a daughter. WHITge—Sept. 28, at Roorkee, the wife of Charles White, of the Government Telegraph Department of Allahabad, a daughter. WINTLE—Sept. 25, at Gorathpur, N.W.P., India, the wife of Henry Edmund Wintle, Esq., 2 daughter. WiseMan—Sept. 24, at Bo-ee-bunder, the’ wife of Alexander Brown Wiseman, Fereman Shipwright, Fraser and Miller, Catnac Iron Werks, a daughter, Younc+—Sept. 21, at Morar, Gwalior, the wife of Julian Henry Young, Esq., Bengal Staff Corps, a son. 2 MARRIAGES. BEAUFORT—Divetr—Oct. 26, at the church of St. Paul, Umballa, Punjab, by the Rev. F. Montgomery, Chiplain of Abbotabad, as- sisted by the Rev. F, Knox, Chaplain of Umballa, Captain Francis Beaufort, Royal Artillery, to Adela Hastings, youngest daughter ofthe late Edward Divett, of Bystock, Devon, M.P. for Exeter, BERRILL—CONCANNON—Sept. 30, at Mussoorie, John Melville Berrill, District Supt. of Police, Central Provinces, to Alice Eva, youngest daughter of J. W. Concannon, Esq., late Deputy Magistrate and J.P., N.W. Provinces. CONNELL—THOMSON—Sept. 25, at Mussoorie, D. Connell, son of W. Connell, House Proprietor and Agent of Murree and Rawal Pindi, to Lucy Thomson, datighter of Captain Thomson, late of 1st Bengal Cavatty. CRAWLEY— SHERLOCK—O.t, 3, at Bareilly, George Burridge Crawley, Exq., Lieut., B.S C. 13th N.i., to Kate Ousel-y, second daughter of the late Surgeon-Major H. Sherlcck, A.M.D. CROMMELIN—MARSHALL—Oct. 3, at Ajmere, Grace J. Marshall, daughter of the lite Frederic C, Marshall, of the P. W.D., to Charles A.R. Crommelin, of Indian State Railways. ExHaAM—Kwnaccs—Sept. 30, at Chaubutta, Richard Exham, E q., A.M.D., to Edith Alice Constance, daughter of Surgeon-Major H. Knagg-, A.M. JoHNSTONE—JOHNSTONE—Oct. 11, at All Saints’ |Church, Malabar Hi'l, by the Rev, F. L. Sharpin, M.A., Donald Campbell Johnstone, Esq,, Bengal Civil Service, and ‘son of Major-Genéral H. C. Jobn- stone, C.B., late of the Bengal Staff Corps, to Mary Hutchinson, daughtet of William Johnstone, Esq., of Lenzie, Lanatk, N.B, MACKINNON—RappocK—Oct, 2, et Mussoorie, Vincent Arthur, youngest son of the late John Mackinnon, to Lilian Mary, eldest daughter of Surgeon-Major C. E. Raddock, I.M,D. MaAssy—BATTERSBY—Sept. 25, at Cawnpore, William George Marsy, Royal Artillery, to Harriet Teresa, widow of the late Surgeon W. E. Battersby. Satmon—Dyson—September 30, at Baokipore, Alexander Mac Donald Salmon, to Emily Seabrook, daughter of Thomas Dyson, Bank of Bengal. SHILSTONE—SPALDING—Oct, 4, at St. Andrew’s Church, by the Rev. Thomas H. Greig, W. N. Shilstone, to Margaret Spalding. SippLe—DaLe—Oct. 2, at Lahore, Mr. James Lear Siddle, S. P. and D, Railway, to Sophia Alex :ndra Dale, daughter of the late Francis A. Date, of Chels:a, St. Luke’s, Conductor, Indian Commissariat Department. STEWART—MurrAy—September 20, at Bareilly, Edward Stewart, Barrack Department, to Eleanor, daughter of Captain J. Murray, Barrack Mastes. SwEETING—Hanson—Oct 3, at Christ Church, Mhow, by the Rev. E. M. Mils, Chaplain, Thos. Sweeting, son of the late Ed. Sweeting, Esq., Bombay Ordnance, to Catherine Anne Hanson, daughter of the late Fred. Hanson, Esq., Bombay Ordnance. SwirE—Woon—Oct. 6, at Kirkee, by the Rev. W. Jones, Henry Swire, Lieut. Royal Dublia Fusiliers, to Elaine, daughter of the late Colonel Wood, R. E. SymMez—Bripwe_t—Sept. 20, at Benares, Charles Mulock Syme, D.P.W., to Fiorence Theresa Bidwell. TAIT—STEtLeE - Sept. 30, at Trinity Church, Karachi, by the Rev. A. Spens, Chaplain, John Tate, M. Inst. C.E., Indian P, W. Dept., to Emma M. Steele, youngest daughter of Mrs, EB, M. Steele, St. Heliers, Jersey. - ‘TAPSELL—BAILEY—Sept. 12, at Puna, in the Methodist Hall, by the Rev, O. Shteoes-Chatl-s, Edward Tapsell, Survey of India, to Eliza- beth, third daughter of H. Bailey, Esq., late Superintendeut in the Bombay Police, Wuaray—Foorp—At Kamptee, C.P., by the Rev. J. Crochet, Herbert Wharry, Lieut. 23rd Regiment, W.L.L, to Mary Edith, daughter of Colonel Foord, Madras Staff Corps. WIcKMAN—PooLe—Oct 7, at Bombay, by the Rev. Cook, Lieut. William James Richard, tst Manches'er Regimen’, eldest son of the late Major E. T. Wickham, 6oth Rifles, to Mary Rose, youngest daughter of Joseph Ruscombe Poole, of Westun-super-Mere, Somet- setsbire. Wricut—Younc—Ocet, 5, at Nafoi Tal, Captain A. J. A. Wright, East Lancashire Regiment, to Emily Morton, daughter of the late Lieut.-Col. Harry Elliott Young, Bengal Army. DEATHS. ANDERSON—Oct. 7, at Bandoro, Mary Rosina, third daughter of the -D. late Emenuel Charles Anderson, of Bombay, and sister of Robert Huntridge Anderson, Pensioner, Government Preventive Service, aged 62 years aud 4 months, : BgLL-MaRTIN—At Umballa, of typhoid fever, aged 23, Edward Herbert De Tour Gonne Bell-Martin, Lieutenant 9th Lancers, only son of Colonel Bell-Martin, of Streamstown, county of Mayo, formerly of Ballinahinch Cestle, county of Galway, and late of the 9th Lancers and 7th Dragoon Guards, Burcess—Sept, 21, at Serampore, near Calcu'ta, of cholera, William Thomas, youngest son of the late H. W. Burgess, Esq., of Sloane- street, Chelsea, ~ Cooxe—Sept. 28, at Simla, Mrs, Lruisa A. Cooke, relict of the late Captain Kdward Cooke, aped 64 years. Davis—Oct. 5, at Darjiliog, William Parry tendent, B. C. P. z Dz CarvaLno—Oct. 7, at the family residence, *Mount-road, Miss Mary Carvalho, daughter of the late Dr. S. A. de Carvalho and great-grand-danghter of the late Sir Roger de Faria, aged 21 years aod. 3 months, deeply regretted by a large circle’ of relatives and riends, DuMBLETON—Sept, 29, at Allahabad, Mrs. Angelina Dumbletony widow of the late John Dumbleton, Esq., of the Customs, sged 76 years. Fox—Oct. §, at Calcutta, William Joakim Fox, youngest son of Captain J. W. Fox, aged 26, GALLWITz—Oct. 1, at Bandora, of heart diseass, Mr. Emile W Gall-. witz, aged 37 years. GRINTER—Sept, 29, at Raneegunge, Walter Grinter, aged 33 -yeats. Jonzs—Sept. 28, at Allahabad, of convalsions, the daughter of Mr. JV: Jones, Accountant, P.W.D., aged nine months and twenty jays. LACKERSTEIN—Oct. 5, at Calcutta, Christian Jamss Lackerstein, aged 74 years. LEDGARD—Sept, 24, at Jabelpur, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. G. Ledgard, S.P.G., Bombuy, aged 1 year and 10 months, LoNSDALE—Sept. 16, at Ootacamund, Gordon, son of William Lons- dale, aged 7 years an@7tonths. —_. Love—Sept. 29, at Calcutta, Mrs. Charlotte Love (widow of the late Captain William Love), aged 75 years. M‘KENNA—Sept. 14, atcidentally drowned, while bathing in the Maskeliya River, Ceylon, Edward A., second sutviving son of C. Ey M‘Keona, of 47, Leinster-gardens, W., in his zand year. Matpen—Sept. 22, at Karachi, May Stanley, youngest child of Major R. V. Malden, 1st Sind Horse, aged one year and four months. MITCHELL—Oct. 4, at Calcutta, Mr. A, B, Mitchell. PANDAY—Sept. 29, Mr. Dhunjeebhoy Pestonjte Pandry, aged 48, deeply regretted. ProupFooT —Oct. 4, at Bangalore, jane Hardie, eldest son of Cape tain J. G. Proudfoot and Janet, his wife, 2ad Infantry, Hyderabad Contingent, aged 12 years and 244 months. RowInson—Oct. 2, at Lahore, Florence Ellice, the child of Mr. J. A. Robinson, aged 11 years. Ru1TonsBAI—Oct. 11, near Nalakhana, Fort, Ruttonbai, wife of Manockjee Cooverjee Buckree, Shroff or Mehta, aged 60 years. SzyMouR—Sept. 26, at Burdwan, Benjamin Ssymour, Locomotivé Foreman, aged 52 years, Stark —Oct. 4, at Rajmahal,; Marie Christine, the wife of A. W. Stark. Turner—Sept. 23, at Calcutta, Frederick Cooper, infant son of Montagu and Bertha Tuner. TuTE—Oct. 3, at Dicagepore, Arthur William, youngest son of Ax thur Tute. * Ward—Sept. 10, at Shillong, Assam, of bronchitis, Gerald Hamilton Ridsdale, youngest child of William Erskine Ward, Bengal Civit Service, aged 3 years and 1 months, Watson—Oct. 11, at Igutpura, Grace Frances Watson, aged 14 months. Wesper—Sept. 28, at Deehret, John Webber, aged 43. Davis, District Superins SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. rane COmevanEnnverd ARRIVALS. HOME.—Oct. 19. A and W, C., Samarangs Fidia D., Rangoon. —21, Wellington, Bassein.—22. Doggry, Akyab 3 Duilio, Rangoon. 23. Martinini, Rangoon; Adela C., Rangoon; Pegli, Rangoon; National, Bassein; Monte A., Rangoon; Reéligionie Liberta, Akyab 5 Beraa, Bassein; Bartolomeo Mariani, Rangoon ; Dacca (s), Calcutta 5 Scotsman (s), Karachi; Giuseppe An‘onio, Basseln.—24. Hesperia (s), Bombay ; Jersey City (s), Java ; Cicer', Java ; Monarch (s), Calcutta; Lady Duff.ria, Moulmein; Cacin, Rengoon; County of Pembroke, Moulmeins Morna, Calcutta; Agusta, Basein.—25, Albet'go Gentili, Rangoon ; Justitia (s), Calcutta; Rossdhu, Calcutta ; Laty Palmerston, Calcutta; Hispania (.), Bomby; Tenasserim (s), Rangoon. BOMBAY.—Oct. 6. Punjaub {s), Bussorah; Chupra {s), suet India (s), Liverpool; Asia (s), Aden ; Clan Macleud (), London. Deer Hill (s), Cardiff.—9, Teutonia (s), Midillesbotough ; Hetmes (+), Card:ff ; Pachumba (s), Karachi.—11, Columbia {s), Liverpool s S' (s), Calcutta; Fearnvught, Liverpool.—rz. Colaba (s), Calcutta; Calder {s), Bussorah ; Toledo (:), Shields $ Amoor (s), Rangoon. CALCUTIA.—Oct, 2. Huntingtower (s), Cardiff; Madara (s), Bombay; Rajpootana (s), Singapore; Euphrates (s), Cannanote ; Cuconada (s), Rangoon; Cairnsmuie (s), Hong Kong; Columba, Cardiff; M. B. Tower, Freemantle.—3. Utopia (+), Glasgow.—4. Marton Hall (s), Bombay ; Cormorant (+), Natal ; St. George, Jatteiro 5 Rohilla, C. Cown; Angleser, Galles. Gonzo (s), London; C. Diummond (s), Liverpool; Recla (s), Bombay ; Joseph Ferens (s), 1064 ALLEN’S INDIAN MAIL. LNov. 1, 1882. Cardiff; Booldana (s), Bombay.—§. Siam (s), London ; City of Oxford {s), Liverpool; Navarino (s), London; Inch Boroo (s), London; ‘Viscount, Mauritius; Humayoon Shah, Muscat ; Mary Low, B, Ayres. —7. Ellora (s), Bombay ; Jeranos (s), Jeddah ; Paxo (s), Hong Kong ; Dunskeig, North Shields; Newman Hall, Janeiro; Victoria Cross, INewport; Catharine, - Capetown.—8. Baron Blantyre, Cardiff; Poseidon, Liverpool ; Star of France, London ; Boyne, Liverpool. MADRAS.—Oct. 3. Siam (s), London.—4. Bancoora (s), Bombay. —5. Malda (s), Bombay; Satara (s), Rangoon.—6, Rewa (s), Cal- seutta.—7. C, Macdonald (s), Aden.—S. Quetta (s), London,—9, Henzada (s), Calcutta, DEPARTURES. % HOME,.—Oct. 19. Cumberland, Natal ; Laju, Penang; California (s), Bombay ; City of Calcutta (s), Calcutta.—20. Ben Alder (s), Na‘al ; Joseph, Algoa Bay; Ilarmonia, “Singapore; Chinsura, Anjer.—21. Adele, Hong Kong; Hilda (s), Bombay ; Geo. Bewley, Java ; Impera- tor, Colombo; Armida, Colombo; Fratelli Arecco, Colombo; Fortunato, Rangoon; Genitori, Singapore.—22. Bretton Hall (s), Bombay.—23. Clan M‘Gregor (s), Calcutta; Manilla (s), Bombay ; Merkara (s), Batavia,—24. Wandering Jew, Hong Kong ; Carlisle, Rangoon.—25. Cholon (s), Singapore ; Abyssinian, Bombay. BOMBAY.—Oct. 6. Red Sea (s), Jeddah ; Irne Morris (s), E. Point; Kairos (s), E. Point ; Venetia (s), Trieste.—7. Sicily (-), Liverpool ; Vorwaerts (s), Trieste ; Scindia (s), Galle ; Africa (s), Galle.—8. Patna (s), London ; Lombardy (s), China,—9, Pearl (s), Veraval and Cutch, —Io. Sheikh (s), Calcutta ; Athens (s), Liverpool.—12. Notting Hill (s), Calcutta ; Chanda (s), Calcutta; Punjab (s), Persian Gulf. CALCUTTA.—Oct, 3. Steamers Henzida and Rewa.—4. Steamers Plainmeller, Knight of St. Patrick, Medea, Reliance, Bassein, and Medina.—Oct. 5. Rebecca.—6. City of Canterbury.—7. Kilwa,—8, Teheran, Coconada, and City of Agra. MADRAS.—Oct, 2, Navarino (s), Calcutta 3 Assyria (s), Bombay. —6. Cold tream, Mauritius; Rewa (s), London.—7. Bancora (s), Rangoon. x PASSENGERS ARRIVED. At Svez.—Per Thames, Oct. 17.—From Calcutta.—For Malta: Dr. and Mrs. Grant. For Venice: Lieut. Col. MacMullin, From Madras.— For Gibraltar: Capt. Thompson. For Loadon: Mrs. Sar- unt, Deputy Surgeon General Murray, Surgeon Major Price, Major uxmore. From Shanghai.—For Venice: Mr. W. Howie. From Hong Kong.—For London: Mr. W. Baxendale. From Ceylon.—For Brindisi : Mr. and Mrs, Jollis and child. AT. Brinpist.—Per Mongolia, Oct. 28,—From Bombay: Lieut. Col. Jenkins. + AT VENICE. —Per Mongolia, Oct. 31-—From Bombay : Mr. Pawsley, Messrs. A. and P. Jaunch, Mr. Manson, Col. H. Fraser. PASSENGERS DEPARTED. From Lonpon.—Per Shannon, Oct. 25.—For Calcutta : Col. and Mrs. Walton, Mr. and Mrs, Eddis and child, Mr. Myers, Mr. Glad- stone, Mrs. A’Beckett and four children, Misses Garrett, Mrs. Cross- thwaite and daughter, Mr. F, R. S, and Mrs, Collier, Mrs. Sherwin, Mrs, Joseph, Miss Balfor, Mrs. Woods, Mr, and Mrs. J. M‘Donald, Mrs, Davenport, Mrs, Martio, Miss Foracres, Mr. Warnach, Mr. Mackenzie, Mrs. Peal, Mr, and Mrs. L. Miller and friend, Mrs. Farrell, Mr. and Mrs. T. Dalton and child, Miss Dougal, Mr. Dods, Miss Bingham, Mrs. Crisp and children. For Bombay: Mr, and Mrs. T. Dalton and child, Dr. and Mrs, Johnsen, Major W. Atkins, Capt. Alexander, Mrs. and Miss Tweedie, Miss Davis, Mr. Kitts, Mr. J. Begbie, Mr. G. Vibart, Mrs, W. R. Buobary, Mr. W. Donkin, Mr. F. C. Chapman, Mr. N. Cockell, Miss Alcock, Mr. Seaton, Lieut, Hinde, Mrs. B. W. Blood. For Madras: Mrs. C, Madden, Miss E. Carr, Mr. and Mrs. Tuffnell, Col. Smalley, Mr. and Mrs. Emery, Misses Sibthorpe, Mr. C, E. Brasier, Mr. H. A. B, Wallis, Miss Joseph. From VENICE.—Pcr Zanjore, Oct. 27.—For Bombay: Mr. R. Simson, Major M. Alves, Mr, and Mrs, E. H. Hallum, Mr, J. Ross. From_ Brindisi: Surgeon Major A. Cameron, Mr. R. A. Holmes, Mr. and Mrs, Oldfield, Mr. Major, Hon. H. F, Prinsep, Mr. Birkmyre, Col. Hancock, Mr. Lushington, Mr. C. J. Groom, Hon. A. Wilson, Lord Yarborough, Mr, Fellowes, Mr. F. Mows, Messrs, J. A. Bryer, L, A.and J. B, Waller, Mr. Giro, Mr. Craik, Messrs. F, D. Mackenzie, D. Graham, Croft, Dallaporta, Sergiades, Grundy, Mrs. Graham, Col. Sir R. G, and Lady Sandeman, Mr. Glenn, Mr. and Mes. S. Keay and two children, Messrs. Ernsthausen, A. W.. and C. Macdonald, A. F. Simpson, J. M. Dennan, G, Jardine, Dalrymple, Drysdale, Verschagen, Major Woodhouse, Mr. Edwards, Mr. H. King. For Port Said.—From Brindisi: Mr. J. M. Cook and son, Mr. and Mrs. Arundel. For Alexandria: Mr. Thornton, Mr, Hulme. From Brindisi: Mr. Pake- man, Mr. Benrose, Mr. W. Myers, Mr. Ismalun and three ladies, Baron Menasce, wife, and daugh‘er, Mr. Solam1, H, E. Goudard Pacha and three ladies, Mrs. and Miss Floyer, Mc. Charington, Mr. Van Konstein. From Bompay.—Per Venetia, Sept. 6.—For London : Lieut. W. H. Burn, Mr. W. T. Bray, Mr, J. M. Hosling, Mr. Thos Hobbs, For Venice: Col. R. A. Cole. From Bomsay.—Per Ganges, Oct. 13.—For London: Mrs, Hatham and child, Mr. T. R. Wynne, Mr. A. W. Stogdon, Mrs, Mitchell Smith, Lieut. Col. E. G. Jenkins, Mrs. Jenkins, Surgeon Major G. W. Maclean, Col. Clarke, Dr. Seward, Lieut, Col. H. Phillipps, Mr. F. Silcock, Mrs. Silcock, child, and infant, Mr. Cheyne, Miss Johason, Mr. A. D. Smeaton, Mrs. Smeaton, child, and infant, ‘Nabab Abbas, Hoossein Kholly Khan, For Brindisi: Col. Hastings Fraser, Mr. G. E, Maoson, Mr. Stuart, Mr. Trype. For Venice: Mrs. Sire Powsey, Mr. P. Jauch, Mr. A. Jauch, For Gibraltar: Major on, Major H. W. Shoubridge, Staff Corps, has been appointed Station Staff officer at Nowshera, e sii INDIAN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE. (From the Bombay Gazette. H. E. the Commander-in-Chief (General Hardinge) has left Puna for Matheran. His Excellency is expected to leave Bombay about Oct. 25, fora tour through Sind, which will extend as far as Quetta, Sir Frederick Roberts is about to undertake tour of inspec- tion. His Excellency intends to leave Ootacamund on Oct. 16, for Bangalore, ez route to Mysore, the French Rocks, and Mercara; and returning vé Pothanore on the 27t he will proceed to Calicut, Mulliapooram and Cannanore to inspect the troops at those stations, The Madras Chief will return to Ooty on Nov. 4, but will leave again on the 13th for Secunderabad, to be present at the camp of exercise of the Hyderabad Subsidiary Force, the Hyderabad Contingent, and His Highnoss the Nizam’s house- hold troops. From Secunderabad Sir Frederick goes back to Ootacamund, and is not expected at Madras till January. The troopship Sevafis sailed from Suez for Karachi on Oct. 6, with the 20th Punjab N.1., and the 29th Bombay N.I. After landing the above troops at Karachi the Seragzs will come on to Bombay, and may be expected there about Oct. 22. 7-1 R.A. embarked at Suez on Oct. 8 for Bombay in the Government transport steamers Galatia and Armenia, which are to arrive at Bombay on or about the 21st. On arrival the battery will be disembarked and despatched by rail to Deolaleoe en route to Rawulpindee. The strength of the battery is five officers, 108 European men, 158 native men, 100 followers, ten horses, and 220 mules, The Government of India have sanctioned the relief of No. 9 Battery, 1st Brigade, Scottish Division, at Quetta, by No. 7 Battery, 1st Brigade, Cinque Ports Division, from Bombay. The battery at Quetta will remain there until relieved. Major N. C. Dugdale, of the Rifle Brigade, who has been officiating as commandant of the Deolali Depét since the departure of Colonel Twentyman, will now be appointed permanently to the post. i Lieutenant Colonel W. T, Baker, commanding the Murree Depét, will shortly vacate his present appointment, on succeed- ing to the command of the 1st Battalion Suffolk Regiment. Captain J. Gordon, Leinster Regiment, at present station staff officer Murree, also leaves that station, being about to enter the Army Pay Department. Major V. Wing, R.H.A., proceeds from Dinapore to Banga- lore to join E-B. R.H.A.. Captain M. W. Saunders, No. 4 Battery 1st Brigade, North Irish Division, having completed the special duties on which he was employed at Simla, rejoins his battery at Rangoon. The step in the 19th Bengal Lancers, vice Biscoe, seconded, has been given in the regiment, promoting Majors Abbott and Bruce and Captain Young. Surgeon G. A. Emerson has been transferred from Multan to Caloutta for the officiating medical charge of the 17th N.I. It has been rumoured that a Camp-of-Exercise will be held this year at Mcerut; but the Allahabad paper is given to understand that no such camp will be formed. Captain F. R. Begbie, 1st Sikh Infantry, has beon nominated Adjutant of the 1st Punjab Volunteers. Captain Goldney, who succeeded Major Bailey as Adjutant of both the ist and 2nd Corps, will retain the adjutancy of the Simla Volunteers only. Biword bayonets, in lieu of the old short bayonets, are being issued to the Caloutta Volunteer Rifles this season. Tho Mounted Company of this volunteer regiment now has about a hundred members on its roll. It will probably have the honour of escorting His excellency the Viceroy from Howrah terminus to Government House on his arrival in Calcutta. Colonel C. Eccles will complete his five years’ command of the 1st; Battalion King’s Own Royal Lancaster (late 4th) Regt. on the 29th October, and so have to retire to half-pay. e command of this battalion will be given to Lieut.-Colonel Twentyman, Commandant of the Deolali Depét, but at present at home on leave, so that he will be at hand to take up the command immediately on its falling vacant. As Colonel Twentyman is seconded ro further promotion will take place, so that the Senior Major will have to wait till June, 1885, should no Lieutenant-Colonel leave the regiment before then. All Colonel Twentyman’s service has been in his present regi- iment, which he joined in December, 1855. Next April he will be forty-seven years of age. He served in the Abyssinian ex- edition and obtained his brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy for the alu campaign, when he was mentioned in despatches. The drill season fur the Volunteers both at Calcutta and Madras has commenced, and we suppose the Saturday afternoon parades in Bombay will be begun before the end of October. olonel Ross Church, Commandant of the Madras Volunteer Guards, is commencing the season by giving his men a round of squad and company drill to lick them into shape again after their rest—a very good plan. Lieut.-Col. Claridge, Madras Staff Corps, has retired under the disbandment order. The following officers of the Madras Army have alsoretired :—Lieut.-Col. Rose, Lieut.-Col, Jenkins, and Lieut.-Col. Vizard, Nov..1, 1882. J ALLEN’S INDIAN MAIL. 1065 MADRAS.—Oct. 10. COMMERCIAL INTE Ralliaghatta Jute.. = to = LLIGENCE. Bengal Mill a ro 0. = | Four percents + S onded Warehouse 3 to cents .. a iss n BOMBAY.—Oct. 9. Bowreah Cotten Mills 495 t0 — | Four and half per cents 1879 =. ore GOVERNMENT SECURITIES, Budge-Budge Jute Mi 1B eee aad aa eer cents 1873 (i893) |. 6h to 6H Boe Burekur zi 28 to | Four amd half per cents 18701085) .. 114 to a, dos Four pee Cate per Con woe Rs Re sok & s9% | Calcutta Docking. 28 to “SS | Four ard hall per cents 1871 a vL par to do. Hite fea Dies toa oe coy | Raeiecee™ enn et Fen yeaes sdudlcipal Bonds) *. ‘a Carew and Co. Cie roo 116 to — ES 120 to — EXCHANGE ON LONDON. BANKS. - Paid-up ae eae B ‘ 6§ to 66 jomBay, | Caucurta | Mapras ampyzaet gt BBD | eas, seme, |= rae 2 Tht eto . Tele. . laa Bank of 3t Bengal nn 185 to. 186 Po: Gao, ight | os 8 3 god. | 1s. 8 7324, 18. § gx6d. Bank of Madras ad ale ces a 18.8 3-32d. [-ts. 834d. Aaic ‘Sf tndia and China” &rco aioston= ia ac igh ts. 8 36d. 1s. 8 1-32d, | ts. 83-2 Chartered Mercantile .. 25 oe to — Do 3 do as s ne rs, 8§d. oc ar Be | Howrah Docking 165 (0 = | Doss Gmovsight| = fue 7x5. | us 8 736d Rational of aes bet ait | Howrah Mills 113 to 114 . y = - - Heer wai Steam Navigation rooo 1525 to 1530 “LAND COMPANIES 7 5 r Naw Gobba de. Ss Cee ee) 708. try | Labour Tree LO a ai oie me LONDON.-Oct. 31 eee gS | Landing apd Shipping <= +202. 6 to 67 CR yh ce o8 we on eo oe Ba a ; pacer ee) Port Canning Vs ee Tener ce nce too BS to 16 Sy ERENT aera ‘PRESS COMPANIES. Naini Tal Brewery, ++ ++ 93 to 8 aie) Akbar Cotton.» ++ e+ vs 2850 1,250 Nasaytt's Patent Press.. «+ seo Ge ea ‘ edt moe Beer eo rse8, = ‘Albert Ginning '500 428 ore Indigo Bi att pea 90: et — (4. India Enfaced Paper Pere tee 1238 to & 193% Albert, Karachi ae + Yoo 1,250 New eerbhoors Coat peal tee AS ee 94 to — | 4% Do. do 188 ol. bd pollo (small shares) .. riental Jute Manufacturing .. 100 =to — Do. g een err = es 475 | Qudhand Pohilkund Railway.. £19 «48 to '50 42 Be ge a8 pet sages ee Berar Cotton Ginning co | Rajmabal Stone =. -» 10290 f= | Bo Bonds fsscon Redeem. on pee New Indian. 289 | Ramkistopore Press too reo. to. ror | 4 Do. under £1,000 Ymonths'noti x3} eee Broach Cotton Ginning = - #82 | Raneegunge Coal Kicociation 1, 100 52 to — | 4 Do. Deb., Aug, 16°84, £1,0: a aT ine Carwar see 4 | Riverside fe 1 'j0 $e to gt | 8, Seylon, reds anak viet oat sea, reste tonto Colaba Bu eiecteaees Baas ares: Rustumjen Twine and Canvas. - — to = 25 ’ ollera Ginning oe o ;cott Thomson an 5 65 = ith - =s Batiste Spo wade | Scipde, Punjab & Delhi Bal Sooke garde, ‘ate ‘o. ST aah ieee tea 88 85500 21873 ebprre Jute Manufacturing .. 100 82 to 83 | 4% Do. French VoL 00 es Witon Et Breee eer ite, 008 so6 to > | 4% Straits Settlements Government Sod tee 395 Patent Prout cps, TOS RAILWAY DEBENTURES, Prince of Wales. Moo ake | > Aautpore Feral (as ANTES egos W Vas ier ail eon oc maie panne eee Sindand Punjab Gowen <<" 094320 Amicable (Assam)... + +7 Toe to = se ee Seema Bee. aes. areces a OO oe. oo. 5 = mluckie .. « - J erie.) 200) 113 to Volkart 1... no feo 620 Areattpore ( (Cachar) 6 too. negtte A Great Tgan Fong 4. ie to to 306. SPINNING AND WEAVI ; [1 OND 20 524 to 6€c i 4 percent. 100 03 to ros AkmeP INNING ANI BA NG COMPANIES. | Balasun (Dering) <= 400 a4 to Ste | South Indian, 4% percent... too 116 to ue Anmedaea Bip here ame 42s ree (Kangra) se Ot RAILWAYS, Alffed Manufacturing.. 6. se oo 46 Bengal (Cachar) .. «~ ++ 100 f to — |B 1B, &C. uy guar. §percent. 100 140 to 142 aided: Ce [ttm oe ES Bisecpbepleursperant fee 1 1 Ss jownugeur Mill Sal, ode ares +e ee 200 2y0 to a 7 x. A, T9: = Boker Gaked cL 000 “ Dov, contributory. "yoo aq £0. 135 Do-Ane. rer ann (eis) See tks Bomtey Sew Nils ous 7,000 gs | Borelli(Assam .. .. «+ 410 160 to 165 Do. Def Aun. Cap, Gua 4% — 136 to 140 teal India S. and W. Co... Seo goo Borsillah(Assam).. += ++ + F00 — to = Great I. Penin., guar.§p.c. .. 100 140 to t42 carla Mite aad hae 0 Burlchola (Cachar) ee ee 200 % to 6 | Madras, guaranteed 5 percent. 109 «25 to 127 Dy Spinning <2 ---ssy 8000 He | Genural Fora eaaie: ples ta vere Be. de Sy do: ears findustan aH ss. rr) 2 to g » 4G do. 100 118 to. 120 Hyderabad S = poe, 1090 | Chandypore (Cachar) SI g00 goo to = do. | 4% do. 100 lerabad pining « ste 600 jogo | Chota Nagpore. ae keg ee eae Oat & Rohieiund, gua.5p.c. 100 ta8 io ue peace, “ ee 370 | Cinnatollial rae i. 100 fo 19 = | Seind, Pun. & Delhi,gua.sp.c. zoo —r25. to. 2 Madras United.. oThhgioo0. ‘ational Spinning oe oe eel re 240 to ? gu: 200 120 to Ratenal Spam ee | Bee os ee ee TELEGRAPHS a Oriental .. eek ching (Assam) +. «+ 9° 3 to 6 | Basten ... Prince of Wales Spinning 62! SS £85, +), Debra Doo roo fo to = Do. 6p.c. Deb, Oct. 1883 100 Prince af Wales Fire Insurance =. ,000 ite ox ae 100 tot to ‘= He 5p. c. do, Aug., 1887 400 jolapore LN amsa esse cies : sees 100 t jo, 6 per cent. Pi is Sean ae Bae Pe es RAILWAY C zoo 45 to = 0. 6p. ¢. Deb. Feb, 891 100 Great Indian PRAdaIn Con Stock. nb-0 % Emme at) eal fis? Ba Tia" Seb gegee *S ig foo Shares. ss 0948 33 terre = Beavis Fepayable' 1500 y lo. we ne 654753 7 a $ 6 os ij Dwen ater, 8S) do. a x00 7 to «88 Bombay, Baroda, and Centat India are neat, | Hoolungoris (Asta) roo 10 to mr | Agra ie a Do Nev 4 Shares abies «St | Indian Terai Beer SP ga’. | Centered of todd pe ELLANEOUS. z ered of India, A., ican ous Be wi clalpers (Cacha) So Sip to “= | Ghantered Men off.” and C. = Boratay Burma Trading i 44500 oe fokai (Assam) x08) 23/00 = ant Kong and Shanghai .. 285 Tohan Guarantee Suretyshic = te Ta a lacherra (Cachar) Lee ers bostatas of Toda ce SM Karachi Landing andSbipoing <- 400 as | Kangra Vay ah eee one tal Corporation 4. «+ GeeacherandCo 8. se §00 465 | Kunchanpore (Cachar) or MISCELLANEOt er and Co. sy 95 x 100 35 to — os ns) 298 ‘urseong and Darjiling 25030. tot “Agricultural of Mauritius : — Kure’: contributory Re er ae Barnagore Jute Bactasy, : H CALCUTTA.—Oct. 9 urseong and Terai 00) tp ke ylon Company .. al 7 8. Kuttal oe Re HS Do, % GOVERNMENT SECURITIES. Ealatoora eS Se abe cee Spee Bos yA 4. Promissory Nee ae we RS 99 2 to 59 jew (Dayjling) Oe seg. 7o to = | Gredit Foncier ot Mau a 4% of 1870 (1885) 1 100 8 tp — BS Locka a conte 95 to Glenrock Gold Miaing .. °: 40 Of 18y1, reduced to'4 p.c. Pald off Lope Aetdid shire Ch aE ae eee. | teen Agency 2 4% of 1878-79 (18099 * te 106 oto 106 2 | Luckimpore(Assam) .. «. £10 Oe Sara flier oh She sa eines "10 4%_ of 1879 (1893) ewLoan}) 3. MISCELLANEOUS COMPANI S: Singgo ee ig) ea sd Ba BILLS. = = ht. 0 da Se Tow x 33 = | cutee. fas 7 5. 3 Ba ry et asta Vali ( Gat ing) a to m5 Madras i ™ 7 rynede by Ao te ‘ukvar OSSiing = mbay 18, 7 r5-26d. | 15. + to So fing ae 206 to — | Colombo iF dues: | TAS: e - launtius .. | 1s. 7 15-16, um 7d. 1066 ALLENS INDIAN MATL. ‘ oe [Nov. 1, 1682. THURSTON &CO.,| BILLIARD TABLE MANUFACTURERS. | PRIZE MEDAL, SYDNEY, 1879, | - “FIRST AWARD.” Established 1814, By Appointment, 16, CATHERINE - STREET, STRAND, LONDON. j H.M’S INDIAN TROOPSHIPS. SEASON, 1882 A. PROGRAMME of the movements of | “A the shove, and oy jaformation relative to the learing, an ant of aggage, Ce, be obtatted, ince ef charge, vpom applictiow ta CURTISS and SONS, 88, 89, and 94, BROAD-STREET, Portsmouth. Officers’ Baggage Collected, Warehoused, Insured, Shipped, Cleared, and Forwarded to al parts upon receipt of instructions. ‘Letters or Telegrams for Officers, homeward bounds | if addressed to the care of Curtiss and Sons, Shippin; Agents, Portsmouth, will be promptly delivered on board | free of charge. ' HE ROYAL PANTECHNICON, | GUN WHARF-ROAD, Portsmouth, i CURTISS and SONS, Proprietors. \ ‘Expressly constructed for Storing Officers’ Baggage, Houschold’ Furniture, Carriages, &¢., at less thas hell | ordinary rates, in thoroughly , well-ventilated, | lock-up rooms. oc, Several Fire-proof Strong Rooms and Vaults for Plate, | Deeds, Jewellery, Wine, . _-Household Removals conducted to and from all parts ofthe United Kingdom and Continent in lock-up vans. stimates free CURTISS and SONS, Chief Offices : £8, 90, 94, nd 96, BROAD-STREET, Portsmouth, GARDEN AND SON, 200, PICCADILLY, LONDON, Ww, HARNESS, CIVILIAN and MILITARY SADDLERY, REGIMENTAL GOODS, ACCOUTREMENT, AND HELMET MANUFACTURERS, — Specialities in Service Belts, pattern of Lieut. Gen. Sir, Samuel James Browne, K.C.$1. (V.0,)yand their own new Sword-proof Bridles. EAST INDIA & COMMISSION AGENTS. GARDEN and SON also keep a carefully selected stock of BREECH - LOADING GUNS and RIFLES, with every recent improvement,also EXPRESS RIFLES, -with very low trajectory, and extreme accuracy in shooting, suitable either for large or small game, LARGE BORE RIFLUS. Intia, &., Salde Martini, Westley Richards, and other Sporting Rifles, EEVOLVERS of the latest and most approved patterns. SWORDS made to order and thoroughly proved by Machine on the premises. Every Description of Sporting Apparatus on Sale, ODERN SOCIETY, e: week, price M°: Peony, contains NOTES, ARTICLES, STORIES, &c., selected from all the Society Journals’ including Truth, The World, Life, Vanily Fair, Whitehall Review, and the Comic Papers of the cre week, Also useful intelligence'not to be found else= here Five Shillings worth for One Peony. "Every onc 101 it. is! on atl lay at - const, Flect-street, London, I.-C, Pe Sree " To'be had at Smith’s Bookstalls, at all Railway Stations in town and country. OME Seon AN con ae pe heen ; .' ‘Wide-wel BOOTS and SHOES are the most comfortable. “All sizes n torensure perfect fit for either narrow or broad feet. Geadl-your Name and Address, and we will forward Bert ee, oi Mlustrated Catal: of Gentlemen's Boots, Ma Shiy by the Fi eS press, by the best French and English Address : 5 {> 9, BooxsELugns’-row, STRAND, 4 elect 150 additional the Club. The Entrance remain at present Ten Pumping Machin Hydraulic Presses, Recommended \V/ANDERERS’ CLUB, PALL-MALL, President. —Lord Headley. : Vice Presidents — W. R. Benson, Esq. Colonel Lockwood, late 2oth Hussars. This Club has 1,450 Members. The Committee will fembers to complete the strength of The Wanderers’ Club was established in 2874 in Pall- Mall, opposite the Travellers’ Club, for the association of Members of Town and Country Society and Gentlemen resident abroad or returning from India and the Colonies. ‘The subscription for Town Members is Eight Guineas, Country Members, Four Guineas ; Foreign Members, Two Guineas; abroad on her Majesty's Service, Qne Guinea. Guineas, i ‘Address to the Secretary. WYNNE AND CO,, ENGINEERS, ESSEX.STREET WORKS, STRAND, LONDON, MaxEEs oF QWYNNE'S PATENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, TURBINE WATER WHEELS (GIRARD’S CELEBRATED PATENTS). | Artesian Well-Boring Tools, &c. Gwynne and Beale’s Patent Gas Exhausters and Blowers, Boilers of all powers and forms. tor Docks, Canals, Harbours, &c. ifts, Pumps, and Iron Bridges, Caissans, Houses, and Stores. Pumping Engines for supply of Towns, Factories, Canals, states, &c. Engines, Portable and Fixed, of all powers. Irrigation Pumps of all sizes and forms.. ‘This Machinery has had thirty Prize Medals at the Intemational Enaitons ofthe Past Cites and Countries t. CONTRACTS ‘(0 THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT. Established Thirty Years. Uustrated Catalogues, with 210 Engravings, forwarded on receipt of rs. in stamps.. ASPAODYNE. by, the Faculty in cases of Diarrhea or English Cholera, Spasms, and Flatulence. COPY OF LETTER FROM MAJOR BRINGHURST. SpriNGFIELD Lopes, Chelmsford, Sept. 19, 880. Dear S1r,—In answer to your letter with respect to the Cholera and Diarrhoea Medicine, Aspacdyne, I can per fectly vouch for its efficacy in such cases, mendation of the late Sir John years since, I took it with very gree | that time quite agree that it ought to be more known.—I iS By the recom- ‘yrell, more than twenty at Benefit, and since have never been without it inthe house, I am, dear J. H. BRINGHURST. Parcels Packed for India and Asia. Prepared only by R. S. STARKIE, Pharmaceutical Chemist, 126, Strand London, W.C. jir yours faithfully, RIDE TO KHIVA BY CAPTAIN FRED BURNABY, ; Ro Il Horse Guards, oa Sai jays page 13 :—‘‘ Two pairs of boots lined with fur were also taken: and for fiose—nith ‘Which it is as well to be supplied when travelling in out-of-the-way places—some quinine and Cockle’s Pills, the latter a most invaluable medicine, and one which I’ have used on the natives of Central Attica with the greatest possible success. In fact, the marvellous effects produced upon the mind and body ofan Arab Sheik, who was impervious to all native medi- cines, when I administered to five COCKLE’S PILLS oer will never fade from my memory ; and a friend of mine, who passed through the same district many months after- wards, informed me that my farce as a ‘ medicine man’ had not died out, but that the marvellous cure was even then a theme of conversation in the bazaar.” SEE BURNABY’S RIDE TO KHIVA, Travels and Adventures in Central Asia. OCKLE’S ANTIBILIOUS PILLS THE OLDEST PATENT MEDICINE, In boxes_at 1s. 14d., 25, od., 4s. 6d, and x18, CocKLE’s ANTIBILIOUS PILLS In use EIGHTY-TWO YEARS. 18, NEW ORMOND-STREET, LONDON. SHESE FAMOUS PILLS PURIFY the BLOOD, act soothingly on the LIVER and STOMACH, giving TONE, ENERGY, and VIGOUR to these great MAIN SPRINGS of LIFE. Are wonder. faily efficacious in all ailments incidental to FEMALES,*and in cases of WEAKNESS ang DEBILITY, a powerfal invigorator of the system, HENRY 8. KING & C00., 65, CORNHILL, & 45, PALL-MALL, London, BRANCHES, KING, KING, & Co. wn -. Bombay. KING, HAMILTON, & CO... CALCUTTA, HENRY. S. KING & CO, we ‘CYPRUS, KING, BAILLIE, & CO, LiverPoor. AGENTS AT MapRAS-ARBUTHNOT & CQ MALTA AGENCY, 20, STRADA VALLETTA. : ConpucTeD By Messrs. TURNBULL, Juny anD SOMERVILLE, WiTH AGENTS AND CORRESPONDENTS IN ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD. BANKING AND AGENCY DEPARTMENT. CURRENT ACCOUNTS are opened for the convenience of Constituents at home and abroad upon the termsusually adopted by London Bankers, DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS are opened in sums of £100 and upwards, on the following terms, viz:—5 PER CENT, PER ANNUM, subject to 12 months’ notice of withdrawal; 4 PER CENT. PER ANNUM, subject to 6months’ notice of withdrawal SALES AND PURCHASES are effected in British and Foreign Securities, in East India Loans, and in every description of Stocks dealt in on the Stock Exchange, ‘. BILLS OF EXCHANGE on India, Europe, the United States, and Canada are purchased and sold at the best current rates, and tel phic re= mittances of Money made to all parts of India, CIRCULAR NOTES AND LETTERS OF CREDIT are issued free of charge for the use of Travellers. The ncy of persons conoected with India and the Colonies, or holding Foreign-office ap- ointments, is undertaken on the usual terms, and includes the collection of Pay, Pensions, &c., the realisation of Dividends and Coupons, the receipt and forwarding of Letters, and information ree garding the rules of the Services, with advice apon general subjects when required. SUPPLY DEPARTMENT. Orders are executed for every description of NAVAL and MILITARY APPOINTMENTS and CLOTHING, MESS SUPPLIES, includ+ ing Wines, Provisions, Plate, Glass, China, Cutlery, &c., Arms, Accoutrements, Band Instru- ments, and Clothing, and all kinds of household and personal requisites, at the lowest prices for cash in hand, A comprehensive ILLUSTRA-. TED CATALOGUE will be forwarded on application. No orders for goods will be exe cuted at Catalogue prices unless accompanied by aemittances for their cost. Special attention isgiven tothe regular despatch of Newspapers and Periddicals. Subscripti are payable in advance, and a Price List will be sent on application, New and Second-hand Books are supplied to Clubs and private individuals on advantageous terms : also Stationery for office and private use. PASSAGE AND FORWARDING DEPARTMENT. This Department undertakes the selection of Berths by mail or other Steamers, suitable vessels being recommended and Passages secured at Owners’ rates. No commission is charged forengag’ ig passages, Intending Passengers ere invited to send their addresses-to Messrs, Hexry S, King and Co., who. will forward free of charge a copy of their ‘* Traveller's Guide.” Personal baggage Col- lected, Shipped, and Insured. Passengers leaving England receive the per- onal attention of Messrs, HENRY S. Kinc & Co., or their representatives. Passengers Homeward are received on arrival at the various Docks by the representatives of Messrs, Henry §. Kinc & Co., and especial attention is paid to ies, Children, and Invalids, esses, otal s. Stabe & re ie been. especially appointed as Baggege Aogents P, and O. SN. C., and their representatives will meet every steamer on atrival at Plymouth to receive instructions and to render such assists ance as passengers may require, Passengers’ Baggage and Packages not imme+ diately required may be stored in a dry Warehouse kept for that purpose, at a moderate rent, and’ facilities are afforded for examination when desired, Goods, Baggage, and Parcels of every descrip. tion are received for despatch to all pasts of World, or cleared and forwarded to their destinn- tion, in accordance with instructions. ' Forms of Declaration for Customs and‘Ine. -< surance are furnished on application. Nov. 1, 1882. ALLENS INDIAN MAIL 1067 WM. H. ALLEN & Co.'s| WM. H. ALLEN & CO.'S LIST OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. MSSTERTON ; OR, THROUGH SHADOW TO SUNLIGHT. By Unns. Crown 8vo., 6s. r Gu ARAT AND THE GUJARATIS. Pictures of Men and Manners taken from . By Bebrémji M. Malabéri, Author of ‘The Indian Muse in lish Garb,” ‘Pleasures of Morality,” “« Wilson. Viral ”? .&c., and Hditor ‘of the “Indian Spectator.” V0., OB. UNDER ORDERS. A Novel. By the Author of ‘The Invasion of India from Central Asia.” 2 Vols., Crown 8ve., 21a, FRANZ LISZT. ARTIST AND MAN. By L Ramann, Translated fromthe Geomet ‘by Miss E. Cowdery. 2 Vols, Grown ¥0., Zi. THE ROMANTIC LAND OF HIND. By H. Mussanif (Captain C. F. Mackenzie). Orown 8vo., 68. i AN ENGLISH ARABIC DIC- TIONARY. By F. Steingass, Ph. D. of the University of Munich. 8vo., 2fs, LIFE IN INDIA. By Major the Hon. Charles Dutton. Crown 8vo., 28, 6d. HINDI ‘MANUAL, Comprising a Literary and Provincial; Grammar of the Hindi Langu: Doth a complete “ayutax: exeecines am esions styles ot composition a logues of various subjects, and a comple’ vocabulary, by Frederick incott, MEAS. APTURING A LOCOMOTIVE. A History of Secret Service ia the late American War. By Rev. William Pittenger. Crown 8vo., with 13 Tlustrations, 6s. ON DUTY UNDER A TROPICAL SUN. Boing anme ical suggestions for the maintenance of health Rif iene See fort and the treatment of simple diseases; with remarks on clothing and equipment for the guidance af travellers in tropical countries. By MajorS. Leigh Hunt, Madras Army, and Alexander S. Kenny, M.R.C.S.E., A.K.C., Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy at King’s College, London, Author of “The Tissues and their Stractare.”” Grown 8vo., 43, ‘THE PATNA CRISIS; Or, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857. By William Tayler, late Commissioner of Patna, Third Edition. Foap., 28. HE EUPHRATES VALLEY ROUTE TO INDIA, in connection with the Central Asian and tian Question. By Sir William Andrew, C.LE., Author of ‘India and Her Neighbours.” 8vo., with Maps, 5s. FOREIGN SECRETARIES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO 1880, Vol. IL. By Perey M. Thornton. Con- tents:—Duke of Wellii . Lords Palmerstot Aberdeen, Granville, esbury, Russell, anc Clarendon. Foreign Polioy from Lord Palmerston’s death, 1865, to the fall of Mr. Gladstone’s Admin- istration. Administration of Lord Beaconsfield. Appendix and Notes, 8vo. With five Portraits. 85. AMAZOULU. The Zulu People, their Letters fro Toned asoristtr the ‘present ; t re crisis. By Thomas B, Jenkinson, B.A., sometime of Springvale, Natal, and Canon of Maritzburg. Crown 8yvo0., 6% Sones OF A LOST WORLD. By a New Hand. Crown 8vo., 68. Hick EDUCATION IN INDIA. A plea for the State Colleges, By Roper Lethbridge, C..E., M.A. Crown 8vo., ds. THiriy -EIGHT YEARS IN INDIA, From Juguanath to the Himalayas. By William Tayler, Esqy Retired B.O.8., late Commissioner of Patna, Vol. IL. with upwards of 100 Illustrations by the Author, and Portrait. 8yo. 258. LONDON : WM. H. ALLEN AND CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, NEW PUBLICATIONS. WITH THE BOERS. JN THE TRANSVAAL__AND "ORANGE FREE STATE IN 1880-81. By CHARLES L, NORRIS-NEWMAN, Special War Correspondent, and Author of ‘In Zululand with the British.” 8ve., with Maps, 148, HISTORY OF SHORTHAND: With a Review of its present condition and prospects in Europe and America. By THOMAS ANDERSON, Parliamentary Reporter, &c. Crown 8vo., with four Portraits and Illustrations of various styles, 128. 6d, ANED.) IN| THE FAR (80 PIONEERING EAS. a: and Journeys to California in 1849, and to the . White Sea in 1878. By LUDWIG VERNER HELMS. With Illustrations from Original Sketches and Photographs. 8vo., 18s, THE QUEEN'S SPEECHES IN PARLIAMENT. From Her Accession to the Present Time. A Compendium of the History of Her Majesty’s Reign told fronrthe Throne. Edited and Compiled by F, SIDNEY ENSOR, Author of “ Through Nubia to Darfoor.” Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d. TARJUMA-1 ALIF LAILA BA-ZUBA’N-I-URDU’ (DO JILD BA-HARFA’T-I-YU’ROP.) Romanized under the superintendence of J. W. H. TOLBORT, B.C.S., Barrister-at-law, Deputy Commissioner, Ambal4,and Edited byFREDERIC og el irs EGYPT: Political, Financial, | and Strategical, Together with An Account of its Engineering Capabilities and Agricultural Resources, By GRIFFIN W. VYSE, Late on Special Duty in Egypt and Afghanistan for H.M. Government. Crown 8vo., with Maps, 9s. SHADOWS OF THE PAST. | 24,602 |
sn86076999_1893-07-15_1_1_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,893 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,478 | 4,112 | RNMG Vju 43 CARSON CITY, NEVADA. SATURDAY MORNING. JULY 15, 1893 No S3 ORNINc. APPEAL Pui.l-.fheii every Imorniug excepted by. S. P. DAVIS Monday ! newripaper, ilevotel to pollt!rl general news aud local attalr( I Second stieet, opposite t ie fci.m-thtrii front of the fatate t aim.. s'jussfitinios baiks: If ne year by mail 1 3 Six montlis ... 5 Throe months 3 BUBSCBirriGKS MlST BE PAID IN ADVANCP. Ttie Appeal ill lie delivered to Jie citizeuscf Cars in at 25 eta I'er Week Entered at the Prwtofflce in Carson City a cond class matter. TLe fluman Electrical Forces ! How They Control the Organs SUN KWOTJG CHONG & CO., Merchant : : Tailors CARSON NEVADA of l 1 . O Tho t.Vcn!-?s! for;.-' of tru ciuUy auraciivc ucp.:rtoici;t of sciiueo, us it. exerts so marked !in influence on the health of the organs of the body. Nerve force is produced by the brain and conveyed by mwins of the nerves to the various organs of the Ixxly. tbus supplying the latter with the Vllilliiy iioetrsn i jf iaiiu- sure their health. Tho ptjeumoRastrio nerve, as shown here, may be said to be t lit most important oft lie entire nervo sys tem, as it supplies the hearty lungs, stomach, bowels, etc., with the nerve force necessary to keep them active and healthy. As will be seen by t ho cut the Ions? nervo descending from the base of the brain and terminating in the bow els is the pueumoijastric, while tho numerous lit tle branches supply the heart, lungs and tttoui ach with necessary vi tality. When the brain lxv.onies in any w:iy dis ordered by irritability nr exhaustion, the nerve force which it supplies is lessened, and the or gans receivinR the di minished supply are con sequently weakened. Physicians gent-rally the lmnortance of this organ itself instead of the cause of the trouble The noted specialist, t ranmin nines, ni. v., LL. B., has Riven the greater part of bis life to the study of this subject, and the principal discoveries concerning ft are due to his efforts. Dr. Miles' Kestorative Nervine, the unri valed brain and nerve food, is prepared on the Srinclnle that all nervous and many other ifticulties originate from disorders of the nerve centers. Its wonaerf ul success rnctirlnij these disorders Is testified to by thousands in every part of the land. Kestorative Nervine cures sleeplessness, nervous prostration, dizxiuess, hysteria, sex ual debility, St. Vitus dance, epilepsy, etc. It la free from opiates or dangerous drugs. It is sold on a positive guarantee by all drug gists, or sent direct by the Dr. Miles Medical Co., Elkhart, Ind., on receipt of price, $1 per bottle, nix bottles for $5, express prepaid. Finest cutters and fitters imported from San Fran cisco for the special purpose of fitting fashionable and street clothing at reduced rates. One thousand new patterns have arrived for the Fall and Winter traded and we can guarantee to suit your tastes. suits to order at $20, $22 .50, $25, and $30, the same as you have been paying $40 and $50 for. Cuttaways, Sacks, Prince Alberts and Frocks; also Fine Overcoats of Imported Goods, both sack and frock. Shirts of the latest pattern 75c to $1.50 made to order in stripes or plain. Give us a call, and we will guarantee all our work. SUN KWONG GHOXG & CO., si 7 . Carson, Nevada. fail fact. to recognize, but treat the 3 lie L-.. .Lug Photogiapher of the Pacific (;!-:. Mas removed to 121 Po.-.t Stn et. IRIDIUM PHOOGUAL'HS Our New Specialty; the latent achievement in Art. Photographs - in - Colors, Only $8.00 a Dozen. Tiie ''rift eftect evei produced in pit' i viaehv. A beautiful pres ent 1 . the holidays. Cabinets Boii'Uiiio and Paris Paueis pro duced by ih' Instantaneous pto- ce-s. Li.3 Size Crayon, $25, Fach. "Views of the Ptu-ific Coast scenery, from Alaska to Mexico tu2S. llIPPifi Appe"s Parisian Enamel . or the Crewtioa of a perfect Complexion, The lavorise Freacfc Cosmetic Appei's Complexion Cream Srf- cates Wrinkles, aad gives ta the Skin the Texture ot youth. tppel'S Skin BSeach. Eradicates all blemished, and diacolorattaas of the skia such as Tan, Saabara, Freckles, Swarthy and Eressy sppaaiaaoe of the face. Appefs Oriental Powder in Flesh, White, Piak and Cream shades, fftvea to the lace a beaattful dear and transparent ap pearance. Appei's Natural Blusf. The only Rouse true to aatare. when applied to the free ltrm.caaaot be deleted, putapin twutiwidet I.' ?ht tor Blondes, Dark tor Bruoeite. Th ?-il C;eit:o ti. Cm frncfefe. C;l. A puritaiat on lir to Cceata a eaatpbuiiua fxM ana goods vur emi ay ForSiia tf I. Positively Cured. TiiB Franco Germ Ripe. Sold on 30 Days' Trial GREENSFELDER & CO., 126 Kearney Street, SAN FRANCISCO, Pacific Coast Agents. Agents Wanted. my26 ' ' Fine -.- Haircutting AND SHAVING. By Anton Beneaato, opposite the the Government Building. The abov6 atyle a specialty. 18 Carsoii Water Works. rip UK RKMIRTOiatt OF i. I (k)ispny aia sapalied with watst rr.ui the fsieira Navada. By analysis thtf water is shown to be perfectly free lria all impiieities. Th mains of this Miapay having been laid la all tus principal streets or the city, tne wate s rendered available to all within U f city limits. Families, Motels, Erq Htablfee, etc. supplied on (avorxMi Urcss. , K vAF.SON WATER COlA.V f ,Ofl5e one bloc w at n( Mint. THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC GOUPANY fOMMESCIKO HITXOAY May v. 7, and until furtner notice. t lns will leave itno as ioiiows: 7.i)X A. M. Daily Atlantie Ex , J press train for Winnemucca Battle Mountain, Palisade, Ogden Jind East. Carries only first-class pas teueerv, through and local. Dining cars 'a Ogden. 7, t pr A. M. Daily Pacine Express 1J train for Truckee, Sacramento, Kenecia and San Francises, arriving; at 7'4S p. M, Connects at Saciamento at 4 30 p. ic. with the Los Angeles bipress for Fresno, Santa Barbra, Los Angeles, San Diego, ioat7:10 r. . icr Woodland ud Knieht's Land ing. 7.ir; A. M. D 1 Y Mixed Train for kee. 8:35 Verdi aaJ all stations to Trus- P. M. -Dally Atlantie Express train for WiDneniucca, Battle .Motijitaln. Palisade, Ofcden and t'.ast. Carries local firt class passen ers and throngn second class passen gers. 9.iK P. M EailyPactfle Express A train for Roseville J n't'n Sacra aiento and S Frauelsc via Uunici arriving at 10:4o a. m. Conntctsat Sac iimtnto with train leaving at 10;23 a. a, :r Stockton, I.athrop, San Jose aa FrKcfsco Fresno I,os Angeles San Dteea: and East, via New Orleans: at 11 :- 05 a. m. for Williams. Willowsand Ked- dingat 3 MJ r. a. for Red Blutrandat :,i0 p a. for Marrsville, Chico, Kedding, Port-land Paget Sound d East. IUICK TIME, CHEAP RATES! Pailv Express and Pasterger trains soak prompt connections with the ipvaral railroad linen in the East. Vuliman Palace Sleeping Cars and fovir isit' SleepingCars attached to all train . Cuniag Cars attached to fast aaail traias between Truckee and Og- een. rick et sold, sleeping car berths .e- jared, and ot tier lnlormatton. given on replication to the Co's Agt. at Keno where passengers calling in person can secure choice of routes, etc. Richard Cray, Ge. Traf. Mang. T.H. GOODMAN, Gen. Pass. Agt. pa Fmntiaco, Cal. J. A. LECVE BLACKSMITH ING CARRIAGE AND WAGON WORK HORSE SHOEING- Scientific Horse-rnotsing a specialty )nef Blo-k from Main 8t. north juBt from Oners House. ese oo.r-s opa rsi i : i gJti-S v (as it r, ? tH -l.'-sl-ais8 Wen m C ? 9 " a.- r- m S. TfcJ) . li t s s"i-3-, : l - t . r . b j'.via m - aa Ji i AIL. Nevada .IMPORTER AND DEA12R IN. Hardware and Agricdtural Implement The Old Reliable House, where yon can get Every thing you Want, and at Prices that will Make You Happy. Hardware s.no shelf goods, window3, uoors, blinds, crockery, gists ware, lamps and fixtures, table and pocket cutlery, stove iiuware, redwood shingles, laths, chinaware, chandeliers, bar fixtures, fancy goods, silve and plated goo Is, nickel and plain agate ware , plain and stamper tinware, guns, pistols, powder, shot, cart ridges, etc , bird cages, baskets, woo1 plows, reapers, mowers, binders, rakes, threshers, gai and water pipef etc., sheet Iron, galvanized wire, wagons, buggies, carts and buckboards, painted fence wire, galvanized fence wire, blasting. powder, wedges and sledges, pumps, hose and fauce'e, belt ing and rubber oods. CtSTASENT for Champion machines, Buckeye and other ma chines, Oliv er's Chilled Plows and other plows, Eureka Hose, Buck stoves, Medallion and Model Ranges, Heath & If 'lligan Pslats, Planet Jr. Horse Hoes, Cultivators and Seeders, and irany other goods in my line. Will fill all pecial orders at iow i '.ces. Tin ners amd plumbers constantly on hand to do woi r on shot m e . nichf Meyer & Sanger The - Sacramento - Saloon First Class WINE, LIQUOR, CIGARS The Best of Everjtihg Alwa s on Hand. Good Lnncli Kvery Day. mil T HlToKM SB Y " HOUSE Carson Citt.Nkt. rpHIS OD ESTABLISHED AXD WELL knows Hoiine is now opa erthsacevm niodaion of the .larciiii.- pualic, Th nom hare beea thorcng-hly reaora"ed and re-furn-shed. OPEN DAY AND NIGHT The largs dinin g room has bee a so arranged that parties, or families can beforclbbed wits in priTate, four cosy rooms haria ban fur titionea of for that parpos. The Bar will t applied with the bet of wines, liqocre and cigars. Fine Night Lunches a' Specialty! Thankful for pastf a vers I hope for a eoctinu anceof the saais 2 W. W. MOORE, Prop. THE BRIGGS HOUSE The Two Topular Hotels, the St. Charles and Muller House, Are now being run under one man agement. And known as the Briggs House. The accommodations and table will be of the best, and the Bar stocked with the best Wines Liqu ors and Cigars in the market. GILBERT BRIGGS, Prop. may 6 J. H. Cowing THK PIOXEZB Carriage and Sign Painter OP CARSON CITY. (Established 1860.) Prices to suit 1he Times. Shop Opposite Leete & Leary. a!2 Dr. L. A. Herrick, Homeopathic Physician. Gffice an J Residence on bloek back of City Drug Store. Diseases of Womta and Child rea a Specialty. j25 CARSON HAY YARD. HORSES BOARDEE THE DAY, WEEK OR M0NTB HA, J FEED AND GRAIN Rear of Dries baou Block. VfU. CATTON, Prop Russ House. montgomiet strket. San Franchco. $1.50, $2 00 and 6? .0 per Bay. IT aaHTAIKS The Hotel Cobc i is at all she hosts saa trai. t rirf, gsests taaaa from the boose, lice of chair J. S. YOUNG. Proa. JAMES HEARTY, Carpenter and Joiner. Jobbing promptly at Landed to. All work guaranteed. On King Street, near Main. 27 UHL & LEONHARD, Beef, Lamo Mutton, Veal, Sausage, Et Opposite Bullion & Exchauge Dank, Main 2"fcre mhl91 THE SILVER PLATFORM. The silver wing of the Repnbll can State Convention unanimous ly adopted the 'ollowlng platform: The convection endorses and adopts the platform of the Eepub licas State Convention, held at Va city on the 30 of April last, as fol lows; Resolved, That we condemn the Republican patty of the Eastern states and the administration o! President Harrison, insofar as they have failed to accomplish the com plete remonetization of silver, and to enact lawa providing for the free and unrestricted coinage of that metal. Resolved, That the restoration of silver to the place It p 'cupied previons to the passage oi the Mint Act of 1873, is essential to the prosperity of the country and paramount to all other political considerations. The legislation which robbed silver of Its money functions and denied to the owaar of silver bullion the right to bare the same coined into money upoa the some terms and conditions which apply to the cainage of gold, reduced the money of ultimate re demption or payment, about one half, and enabled the owners of money and obligations payable In money to monopolize tho coin oi the commercial world. Resolved, That the people ok Nevada are in favor of tho coin age of silver upon the same con ditions which apply to the coinage of gold, and they are opposed to elevating any person to office whs i not known to be unequivocally in favor f opening the Mints of the United States to the free and ur.l.mited coinage of silver. In view of th unsatisfactory at titude of President Harrison to thfl paiuaaount issue of the remoneti zation of silver, t'ais convention will make no neminationsfor Pres idential electors and the State Cen tral Committee to be appointed by this Convention ahall have no au thority to put in nomination elec tors. The Convention cordially en dorses the vigorous efforts f ear Senators and Representatives t secure the free and unlimited coin age of silver, and the educational work that they have done in pre senting the true issue between the money powers and the bondhold ers a nd laborers sad producers of wealth. And we favor the continuation of agitation and contention for the free and unlimited coinage of sil ver at the preseut ratio of 16 to 1, for their own benefit and for the bene&t of the people at large -miners, farmers, labor. erg and me chanics. The citizens of Nevada, repre sentatives of the various silver leagues, irrespective of past party affiliations, in convention assembl ed, do set forth the following dec laration of principles: Fleet. We demand the full re nioBeUzatian of silver and the fre and unlimited coinage thereof, at the present ratio of 16 to 1 Second. ir are radically and unalterably i . p-ed to the Nation al Republic l ui i Democratic par ties en the 4u:tion of the frss coinage of silver and we denounce tho action of their recent national conventions as inimical to the ma terial interests of the people of the United States, and especially to those of Nevada and all the other mining states and territories,. and we therefore repuJiate the nomi nees of their oorvention. Third. We pledge the nominees of this convention for Presidential electors t support no aa for President or Vice President of the United States who is not unequiv ocally in favor of free coinage as defined by this convention. We reseave to the silver leagaes of Nevada, in Convention assembled , the right of direeting said Pi evi dential electors for whom to cast their votes, should conringeuoies require. GEO. S NIXON. Chairman State Committee of Sil ver pe,ity. H. P. Flanxery, Sucrttary. GEORGE GOODMAN. 1 Patentee and Manufacturer Artificial - Stone, IN ALL ITS BRANCHES Sc.iilli.'iger's Patent Gar den Walk AND Side Wik a Specialty Office 307 MoBtg inery St, 8 iin, Jil agi. | 810 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37574225 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | Rich Scriven, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3063910 | English | Spoken | 83 | 185 | What does it mean that Package installation is disabled in this version of RStudio?
I'm trying to install tab plot package into R studio. My version is 0.98.1028 but
install.packages("tab plot")
Error in install.packages : Package installation is disabled in this version of RStudio.
I tried going on github but I'm not sure what to download.
Check https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/200554786-Problem-Installing-Packages
You have different approaches:
(1) Load and install the newest RStudio Version
(2) Download the current developer version of tabplot via:
library(devtools)
install_github("tabplot", username="mtennekes", subdir="pkg")
| 40,329 |
https://github.com/YangChenye/Python-Code/blob/master/Web/fake_uragent.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | Python-Code | YangChenye | Python | Code | 8 | 23 | from fake_useragent import UserAgent
ua = UserAgent()
print(ua.chrome) | 12,239 |
https://github.com/SakshiPradyumn/main/blob/master/src/main/java/seedu/address/logic/commands/itinerary/events/DeleteEventCommand.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | main | SakshiPradyumn | Java | Code | 226 | 738 | package seedu.address.logic.commands.itinerary.events;
import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
import java.util.List;
import javafx.collections.transformation.SortedList;
import seedu.address.commons.core.Messages;
import seedu.address.commons.core.index.Index;
import seedu.address.logic.commands.Command;
import seedu.address.logic.commands.CommandResult;
import seedu.address.logic.commands.exceptions.CommandException;
import seedu.address.model.Model;
import seedu.address.model.itinerary.event.Event;
/**
* Command to delete a single {@link Event}.
*/
public class DeleteEventCommand extends Command {
public static final String COMMAND_WORD = "delete";
public static final String MESSAGE_USAGE = COMMAND_WORD + ": Deletes a event from day list.\n"
+ "Parameters: INDEX (must be a positive integer)";
public static final String MESSAGE_DELETE_EVENT_FAILURE = "Failed to delete your event, "
+ "the index you specified is likely out of bounds!";
public static final String MESSAGE_DELETE_EVENT_SUCCESS = "Deleted your event : %1$s!";
private final Index indexToDelete;
public DeleteEventCommand(Index indexToDelete) {
this.indexToDelete = indexToDelete;
}
@Override
public CommandResult execute(Model model) throws CommandException {
requireNonNull(model);
// Assumes EnterDayCommand has been called first
// Reference to EventList in model is preserved in PageStatus
List<Event> lastShownList = model.getPageStatus().getDay().getEventList().internalList;
// Set when the trip list is first displayed to the user
SortedList currentSortedDayList = model.getPageStatus().getSortedOccurrencesList();
int rawZeroBasedIndex = currentSortedDayList.getSourceIndex(indexToDelete.getZeroBased());
if (rawZeroBasedIndex >= lastShownList.size()) {
throw new CommandException(Messages.MESSAGE_INVALID_GENERIC_INDEX);
}
// References preserved by PageStatus
Event eventToDelete = lastShownList.get(rawZeroBasedIndex);
try {
model.getPageStatus().getDay().getEventList().remove(Index.fromZeroBased(rawZeroBasedIndex));
if (eventToDelete.getExpense().isPresent()) {
model.getPageStatus().getTrip().getExpenseList().remove(eventToDelete.getExpense().get());
}
} catch (Exception ex) {
return new CommandResult(MESSAGE_DELETE_EVENT_FAILURE);
}
return new CommandResult(String.format(MESSAGE_DELETE_EVENT_SUCCESS, eventToDelete));
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object other) {
return other == this // short circuit if same object
|| other instanceof DeleteEventCommand;
}
}
| 34,756 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18109862 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Assistedmatrimony | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 11 | 36 | Assistedmatrimony
Assistedmatrimony instance of business
Assistedmatrimony
Assistedmatrimony nature de l’élément firme | 12,404 |
https://github.com/amit-mhrz/node/blob/master/views/index.ejs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | node | amit-mhrz | EJS | Code | 1,092 | 6,187 | <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width= device-width, initial-scale= 1.0">
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-Gn5384xqQ1aoWXA+058RXPxPg6fy4IWvTNh0E263XmFcJlSAwiGgFAW/dAiS6JXm" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/nouislider.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/dist/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- Header -->
<header>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<nav class="navbar bg-dark navbar-dark">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="#">
<div class="logo">
<h1><img src="/img/xische_logo.png" alt=""></h1>
</div>
</a>
<div class="content-right">
<div class="header__search">
<div class="form-group">
<span class="icon icon-search"></span>
<input type="text" placeholder="Search...">
</div>
</div>
<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
</div>
<div id="collapsibleNavbar">
<div class="nav-header">
<button class="close-nav">
<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>
</button>
</div>
<ul class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#">About</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#">Terms Of Use</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="#">Xische</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<!-- Content -->
<main>
<section class="section__filter">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-3">
<h2>CONTENT TYPE</h2>
<!-- <div class="filter__info filter__fade">
<p>Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry. Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry.</p>
</div> -->
<div class="filter__contentType filter__sticky">
<div class="select-wrapper">
<select>
<option>Innovation</option>
<option>Culture</option>
<option>Future</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="filter__contentType filter__fade">
<!-- <div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">
<div class="icon__holder">
<span class="icon icon-innovation"></span>
</div>
<div class="txt">
<p>Innovation</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
<div class="icon__holder">
<span class="icon icon-culture"></span>
</div>
<div class="txt">
<p>Culture</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
<div class="icon__holder active">
<span class="icon icon-future active"></span>
</div>
<div class="txt">
<p>Future</p>
</div>
</div>
</div> -->
<ul>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Innovation</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Culture</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Future</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-3">
<h2>CITY</h2>
<!-- <div class="filter__info filter__fade">
<p>Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry. Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry.</p>
</div> -->
<div class="filter__city filter__sticky">
<div class="select-wrapper">
<select>
<option>London</option>
<option>London</option>
<option>Toronto</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="filter__city filter__fade">
<ul>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> New York</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> London</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"> <span class="checkmark"></span> Toronto</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Vancouver</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"> <span class="checkmark"></span> Tokyo</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Vienna</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Stockholm</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-3">
<h2>FOCUS AREA</h2>
<!-- <div class="filter__info filter__fade">
<p>Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry. Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry.</p>
</div> -->
<div class="filter__city filter__sticky">
<div class="select-wrapper">
<select>
<option>Financial</option>
<option>London</option>
<option>Toronto</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="filter__area filter__fade">
<ul>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Lifestyle </label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"> <span class="checkmark"></span> Financial </label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Workforce </label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Government </label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Transportation </label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Environment</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Infrastructure</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-3">
<h2>IMPACT</h2>
<!-- <div class="filter__info filter__fade">
<p>Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry. Lorem ipsum is simply text of the type industry.</p>
</div> -->
<div class="filter__area filter__sticky">
<div class="select-wrapper">
<select>
<option>Services</option>
<option>London</option>
<option>Toronto</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="filter__area filter__fade ">
<ul>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Services</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Infrastructure</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Security</label></li>
<li><label class="check-box"><input type="checkbox"><span class="checkmark"></span> Experiences</label></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-3 filter__sticky">
<h2>DATE RANGE</h2>
<div class="filter__date">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<ul>
<li>
<div class="select-wrapper">
<select>
<option>2005</option>
<option>2006</option>
<option>2007</option>
</select>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>to</p>
</li>
<li>
<div class="select-wrapper">
<select>
<option>2005</option>
<option>2006</option>
<option>2007</option>
</select>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="content__bottom">
<!-- Range Slider -->
<section class="section__timeline filter__fade">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<div class="rangeSlider__content">
<div id="rangeSlider">
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<g id="Dates" transform="translate(158 20)">
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 7.04 20.0007)" fill="#1D1B23" font-family="'National-Regular'" font-size="12">2000</text>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Filters Applied -->
<section class="section__appliedFilters">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-4">
<div class="showing">
<p><span>12</span> Results</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-8">
<div class="appliedFilters">
<ul>
<li><a href="#">Future <span class="icon icon-close"><img src="/img/close.png" alt=""></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#">London <span class="icon icon-close"><img src="/img/close.png" alt=""></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#">Tokyo <span class="icon icon-close"><img src="/img/close.png" alt=""></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#">Financial <span class="icon icon-close"><img src="/img/close.png" alt=""></span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Products -->
<section class="section__products">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<% datas.forEach((data) => { %>
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3">
<div class="item__box">
<a href="<%= '/details/?id='+ data['Type'] %>">
<div class="item__img" style="background-image: url('<%= data['img'] %>')"></div>
<div class="item__desc">
<div class="item__case">
<p><span class="icon icon-case"></span><%= data['Type'] %></p>
</div>
<div class="item__txt same_height">
<h3><%= data['Title/Topic'] %></h3>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<% }) %>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</main>
<!-- Footer -->
<footer>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6">
<ul>
<li><a href="#"> Terms of Use </a></li>
<li><a href="#"> Documentation & Support</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-12 col-md-6">
<div class="copyrights">
<p>Copyright © Xische & Co. <%= new Date().getFullYear();%></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.12.9/umd/popper.min.js" integrity="sha384-ApNbgh9B+Y1QKtv3Rn7W3mgPxhU9K/ScQsAP7hUibX39j7fakFPskvXusvfa0b4Q" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-JZR6Spejh4U02d8jOt6vLEHfe/JQGiRRSQQxSfFWpi1MquVdAyjUar5+76PVCmYl" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/nouislider.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/app.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.matchHeight/0.7.2/jquery.matchHeight-min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/custom.js"></script>
</body>
</html> | 1,536 |
https://github.com/umbertocilia/hmvc/blob/master/moduli_orig/reports/controllers/User_reports.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | hmvc | umbertocilia | PHP | Code | 1,080 | 5,461 | <?php
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
require_once ("Secure_area.php");
require_once ("interfaces/Idata_controller.php");
class User_reports extends Secure_area implements iData_controller
{
public function __construct()
{
parent::__construct('user_reports');
$this->load->helper('report');
}
public function index()
{
$this->date_input();
}
public function user_all_report()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$config['base_url'] = site_url('reports/user_reports/user_all_report');
$this->load->library('pagination');
$config['total_rows'] = $model->count_all();
$config['per_page'] = $this->config->item('pagination_limit'); //Get page limit from config settings
$config['uri_segment'] = 4;
$this->pagination->initialize($config);
$data['controller_name']=strtolower(get_class());
$data['controller_path']=$this->router->fetch_module()."/".$this->router->fetch_class();
$data['form_width']=$this->get_form_width();
$data['report_function']='user_all_report';
$data['content_view']='reports/user_reports/manage';
$data['manage_table']=get_people_manage_report_table( $model->get_all( $config['per_page'], $this->uri->segment( $config['uri_segment'] ) ), $this );
$this->load->module("template");
$this->template->manage_tables_template($data);
}
public function user_active_report()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$config['base_url'] = site_url('reports/user_reports/user_active_report');
$this->load->library('pagination');
$config['total_rows'] = $model->count_totalActiveUsers();
$config['per_page'] = $this->config->item('pagination_limit'); //Get page limit from config settings
$config['uri_segment'] = 4;
$this->pagination->initialize($config);
$data['controller_name']=strtolower(get_class());
$data['controller_path']=$this->router->fetch_module()."/".$this->router->fetch_class();
$data['report_function']='user_active_report';
$data['form_width']=$this->get_form_width();
$data['manage_table']=get_people_manage_report_table( $model->totalActiveUsers( $config['per_page'], $this->uri->segment( $config['uri_segment'] ) ), $this );
$data['content_view']='reports/user_reports/manage';
$this->load->module("template");
$this->template->manage_tables_template($data);
}
public function user_deactvated_report()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$config['base_url'] = site_url('reports/user_reports/user_deactvated_report');
$this->load->library('pagination');
$config['total_rows'] = $model->count_totalDeactivatedUsers();
$config['per_page'] = $this->config->item('pagination_limit'); //Get page limit from config settings ;
$config['uri_segment'] = 4;
$this->pagination->initialize($config);
$data['controller_name']=strtolower(get_class());
$data['controller_path']=$this->router->fetch_module()."/".$this->router->fetch_class();
$data['report_function']='user_deactvated_report';
$data['form_width']=$this->get_form_width();
$data['manage_table']=get_people_manage_report_table( $model->totalDeactivatedUsers( $config['per_page'], $this->uri->segment( $config['uri_segment'] ) ), $this );
$data['content_view']='reports/user_reports/manage';
$this->load->module("template");
$this->template->manage_tables_template($data);
}
public function user_deleted_report()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$config['base_url'] = site_url('reports/user_reports/user_deleted_report');
$this->load->library('pagination');
$config['total_rows'] = $model->count_totalDeletedUsers();
$config['per_page'] = $this->config->item('pagination_limit'); //Get page limit from config settings
$config['uri_segment'] = 4;
$this->pagination->initialize($config);
$data['controller_name']=strtolower(get_class());
$data['controller_path']=$this->router->fetch_module()."/".$this->router->fetch_class();
$data['report_function']='user_deleted_report';
$data['form_width']=$this->get_form_width();
$data['manage_table']=get_people_manage_report_table( $model->totalDeletedUsers( $config['per_page'], $this->uri->segment( $config['uri_segment'] ) ), $this );
$data['content_view']='reports/user_reports/manage';
$this->load->module("template");
$this->template->manage_tables_template($data);
}
public function date_input()
{
$data = $this->_get_common_report_data();
$data['controller_name']=strtolower(get_class());
$data['controller_path']=$this->router->fetch_module()."/".$this->router->fetch_class();
$data['content_view']='reports/user_reports/date_input';
$this->load->module("template");
$this->template->manage_tables_template($data);
}
public function _get_common_report_data()
{
$data = array();
$data['report_date_range_simple'] = get_simple_date_ranges();
$data['months'] = get_months();
$data['days'] = get_days();
$data['years'] = get_years();
$data['selected_month']=date('n');
$data['selected_day']=date('d');
$data['selected_year']=date('Y');
return $data;
}
public function get_dob_date($data,$selected_month="",$selected_day="",$selected_year="")
{
//$data = array();
$months = array();
for ($k=1;$k<=12;$k++) {
$cur_month = mktime(0, 0, 0, $k, 1, 2000);
$months[date("m", $cur_month)] = date("M",$cur_month);
}
$days = array();
for ($k=1;$k<=31;$k++) {
$cur_day = mktime(0, 0, 0, 1, $k, 2000);
$days[date('d',$cur_day)] = date('j',$cur_day);
}
$years = array();
for ($k=0;$k<70;$k++){
$y=date("Y");
$years[$y-$k] = $y-$k;
}
$months['00'] = "00";
$days['00'] = "00";
$years['00'] = "0000";
$data['dmonths'] = $months;
$data['ddays'] = $days;
$data['dyears'] = $years;
if ($selected_month=="") {
$data['dselected_month']=date('n');
$data['dselected_day']=date('d');
$data['dselected_year']=date('Y');
}
else {
$data['dselected_month']=$selected_month;
$data['dselected_day']=$selected_day;
$data['dselected_year']=$selected_year;
}
return $data;
}
public function get_registration_date($data,$selected_month="",$selected_day="",$selected_year="")
{
$months = array();
for ($k=1;$k<=12;$k++) {
$cur_month = mktime(0, 0, 0, $k, 1, 2000);
$months[date("m", $cur_month)] = date("M",$cur_month);
}
$days = array();
for($k=1;$k<=31;$k++){
$cur_day = mktime(0, 0, 0, 1, $k, 2000);
$days[date('d',$cur_day)] = date('j',$cur_day);
}
$years = array();
for($k=0;$k<20;$k++) {
$y=date("Y");
$y=$y+5;
$years[$y-$k] = $y-$k;
}
$data['rmonths'] = $months;
$data['rdays'] = $days;
$data['ryears'] = $years;
if ($selected_month=="") {
$data['rselected_month']=date('n');
$data['rselected_day']=date('d');
$data['rselected_year']=date('Y');
}
else {
$selected_month;
$data['rselected_month']=$selected_month;
$data['rselected_day']=$selected_day;
$data['rselected_year']=$selected_year;
}
return $data;
}
/*
Returns user table data rows. This will be called with AJAX.
*/
public function search()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$search=$this->input->post('search');
$data_rows=get_people_manage_report_table_data_rows($model->search($search),$this);
echo $data_rows;
}
public function search_active()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$search=$this->input->post('search');
$data_rows=get_people_manage_report_table_data_rows($model->search_active($search),$this);
echo $data_rows;
}
public function search_deactvated()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$search=$this->input->post('search');
$data_rows=get_people_manage_report_table_data_rows($model->search_deactvated($search),$this);
echo $data_rows;
}
public function search_deleted()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$search=$this->input->post('search');
$data_rows=get_people_manage_report_table_data_rows($model->search_deleted($search),$this);
echo $data_rows;
}
/*
Gives search suggestions based on what is being searched for
*/
public function suggest()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$suggestions = $model->get_search_suggestions($this->input->post('q'),$this->input->post('limit'));
echo implode("\n",$suggestions);
}
public function suggest_active()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$suggestions = $model->get_active_search_suggestions($this->input->post('q'),$this->input->post('limit'));
echo implode("\n",$suggestions);
}
public function suggest_deactvated()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$suggestions = $model->get_deactvated_search_suggestions($this->input->post('q'),$this->input->post('limit'));
echo implode("\n",$suggestions);
}
public function suggest_deleted()
{
$this->load->model('reports/User_report');
$model = $this->User_report;
$suggestions = $model->get_deleted_search_suggestions($this->input->post('q'),$this->input->post('limit'));
echo implode("\n",$suggestions);
}
/*
Loads the user edit form
*/
public function view($user_id=-1)
{
// get all user details by user id
$data['user_info']=$this->User->get_info($user_id);
// dob of user
$dob=$data['user_info']->dob;
if ($dob=="0000-00-00" || $dob==""){
$d_o_b="0000-00-00";
}
else {
$d_o_b= date("Y-m-d", strtotime($dob));
}
$split_date = explode("-", $d_o_b);
$year = $split_date[0];
$month = $split_date[1];
$day = $split_date[2];
$data=$this->get_dob_date($data,$month,$day,$year);
// registration date of user account
$dateofregistration=$data['user_info']->register_date;
if ($dateofregistration==""){
$date_of_registration= date("Y-m-d");
}
else {
$date_of_registration= date("Y-m-d", strtotime($dateofregistration));
}
$split_date = explode("-", $date_of_registration);
$cyear = $split_date[0];
$cmonth = $split_date[1];
$cday = $split_date[2];
$data=$this->get_registration_date($data,$cmonth,$cday,$cyear);
$data['all_modules']=$this->Module->get_editable_modules();
$this->load->view("reports/user_reports/form",$data);
}
public function export()
{
$data="";
//create csv header row, to contain table headers
$header =$this->lang->line('profiles_first_name').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_last_name').",".$this->lang->line('login_username').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_phone').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_country').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_city').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_state').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_marital_status').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_date_of_registration').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_dob').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_address').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_comments').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_user_level').",".$this->lang->line('profiles_status');
//create query to select as data from your table
$export =$this->User->get_all_users();
$fields = $export->num_rows();
//Extract data
foreach ($export->result() as $data_row) {
$line = '';
$value=$data_row->first_name;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->last_name;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->username;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->phone_number;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->country_code;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->city;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->state;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->marital_status;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->register_date;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->dob;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->address;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
$value=$data_row->comments;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
if($data_row->user_level==1)
$value = $this->lang->line('profiles_user_level_admin');
else
$value = $this->lang->line('profiles_user_level_user');
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
if($data_row->active==0)
$value = $this->lang->line('profiles_active') ;
else
$value = $this->lang->line('profiles_deactivated') ;
$value = str_replace( '"' , '""' , $value );
$value = '"' . $value . '"' . ",";
$line .= $value;
//trim whitespace from each row
$data .= trim( $line ) . "\n";
}
//remove all carriage returns from the data
$data = str_replace( "\r" , "" , $data );
$file_name= date("d.m.Y");
//print "$header\n$data";
header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
header("Pragma: no-cache");
header("Content-type: application/x-msexcel");
header('Content-Type: text/csv');
header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$file_name.'.csv"');
print "$header\n$data";
}
/*
abstract method
*/
public function save($user_id=-1)
{
}
/*
abstract method
*/
public function delete()
{
}
/*
get the width for the add/edit form
*/
public function get_form_width()
{
return 650;
}
}
| 18,641 |
https://github.com/calmsacibis995/minix/blob/master/usr.bin/last/want.c | Github Open Source | Open Source | Unlicense | null | minix | calmsacibis995 | C | Code | 1,219 | 3,444 | /* $NetBSD: want.c,v 1.17 2012/03/15 03:04:05 dholland Exp $ */
/*
* Copyright (c) 1987, 1993, 1994
* The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
* may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
* without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
static struct utmp *buf;
static time_t seentime;
static void onintr(int);
static int want(struct utmp *, int);
static const char *gethost(struct utmp *, const char *, int);
static const char *
/*ARGSUSED*/
gethost(struct utmp *ut, const char *host, int numeric)
{
#if HAS_UT_SS == 0
return numeric ? "" : host;
#else
if (numeric) {
static char hbuf[512];
hbuf[0] = '\0';
(void)sockaddr_snprintf(hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), "%a",
(struct sockaddr *)&ut->ut_ss);
return hbuf;
} else
return host;
#endif
}
#define NULTERM(what) \
if (check ## what) \
(void)strlcpy(what ## p = what ## buf, bp->ut_ ## what, \
sizeof(what ## buf)); \
else \
what ## p = bp->ut_ ## what
/*
* wtmp --
* read through the wtmp file
*/
static void
wtmp(const char *file, int namesz, int linesz, int hostsz, int numeric)
{
struct utmp *bp; /* current structure */
TTY *T; /* tty list entry */
struct stat stb; /* stat of file for sz */
off_t offset;
int wfd;
char *ct;
const char *crmsg;
size_t len = sizeof(*buf) * MAXUTMP;
char namebuf[sizeof(bp->ut_name) + 1], *namep;
char linebuf[sizeof(bp->ut_line) + 1], *linep;
char hostbuf[sizeof(bp->ut_host) + 1], *hostp;
int checkname = namesz > (int)sizeof(bp->ut_name);
int checkline = linesz > (int)sizeof(bp->ut_line);
int checkhost = hostsz > (int)sizeof(bp->ut_host);
if ((buf = malloc(len)) == NULL)
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "Cannot allocate utmp buffer");
crmsg = NULL;
if (!strcmp(file, "-")) {
wfd = STDIN_FILENO;
file = "<stdin>";
} else if ((wfd = open(file, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) {
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s", file);
}
if (lseek(wfd, 0, SEEK_CUR) < 0) {
const char *dir;
char *tfile;
int tempfd;
ssize_t tlen;
if (ESPIPE != errno) {
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "lseek");
}
dir = getenv("TMPDIR");
if (asprintf(&tfile, "%s/last.XXXXXX", dir ? dir : _PATH_TMP) == -1)
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "asprintf");
tempfd = mkstemp(tfile);
if (tempfd < 0) {
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "mkstemp");
}
unlink(tfile);
for (;;) {
tlen = read(wfd, buf, len);
if (tlen < 0) {
err(1, "%s: read", file);
}
if (tlen == 0) {
break;
}
if (write(tempfd, buf, tlen) != tlen) {
err(1, "%s: write", tfile);
}
}
wfd = tempfd;
}
if (fstat(wfd, &stb) == -1)
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: fstat", file);
if (!S_ISREG(stb.st_mode))
errx(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: Not a regular file", file);
seentime = stb.st_mtime;
(void)signal(SIGINT, onintr);
(void)signal(SIGQUIT, onintr);
offset = stb.st_size;
/* Ignore trailing garbage or partial record */
offset -= offset % (off_t) sizeof(*buf);
while (offset >= (off_t) sizeof(*buf)) {
ssize_t ret, i;
size_t size;
size = MIN((off_t)len, offset);
offset -= size; /* Always a multiple of sizeof(*buf) */
ret = pread(wfd, buf, size, offset);
if (ret < 0) {
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: pread", file);
} else if ((size_t) ret < size) {
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "%s: Unexpected end of file", file);
}
for (i = ret / sizeof(*buf) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
bp = &buf[i];
NULTERM(name);
NULTERM(line);
NULTERM(host);
seentime = bp->ut_timefld;
/*
* if the terminal line is '~', the machine stopped.
* see utmp(5) for more info.
*/
if (linep[0] == '~' && !linep[1]) {
/* everybody just logged out */
for (T = ttylist; T; T = T->next)
T->logout = -bp->ut_timefld;
currentout = -bp->ut_timefld;
crmsg = strncmp(namep, "shutdown",
namesz) ? "crash" : "shutdown";
if (want(bp, NO)) {
ct = fmttime(bp->ut_timefld, fulltime);
printf("%-*.*s %-*.*s %-*.*s %s\n",
namesz, namesz, namep,
linesz, linesz, linep,
hostsz, hostsz,
gethost(bp, hostp, numeric), ct);
if (maxrec != -1 && !--maxrec)
return;
}
continue;
}
/*
* if the line is '{' or '|', date got set; see
* utmp(5) for more info.
*/
if ((linep[0] == '{' || linep[0] == '|') && !linep[1]) {
if (want(bp, NO)) {
ct = fmttime(bp->ut_timefld, fulltime);
printf("%-*.*s %-*.*s %-*.*s %s\n",
namesz, namesz, namep,
linesz, linesz, linep,
hostsz, hostsz,
gethost(bp, hostp, numeric),
ct);
if (maxrec && !--maxrec)
return;
}
continue;
}
/* find associated tty */
for (T = ttylist;; T = T->next) {
if (!T) {
/* add new one */
T = addtty(linep);
break;
}
if (!strncmp(T->tty, linep, LINESIZE))
break;
}
if (TYPE(bp) == SIGNATURE)
continue;
if (namep[0] && want(bp, YES)) {
ct = fmttime(bp->ut_timefld, fulltime);
printf("%-*.*s %-*.*s %-*.*s %s ",
namesz, namesz, namep,
linesz, linesz, linep,
hostsz, hostsz,
gethost(bp, hostp, numeric),
ct);
if (!T->logout)
puts(" still logged in");
else {
time_t delta; /* time difference */
if (T->logout < 0) {
T->logout = -T->logout;
printf("- %s", crmsg);
}
else
printf("- %s",
fmttime(T->logout,
fulltime | TIMEONLY));
delta = T->logout - bp->ut_timefld;
if (delta < SECSPERDAY)
printf(" (%s)\n",
fmttime(delta,
fulltime | TIMEONLY | GMT));
else
printf(" (%lld+%s)\n",
(long long)
delta / SECSPERDAY,
fmttime(delta,
fulltime | TIMEONLY | GMT));
}
if (maxrec != -1 && !--maxrec)
return;
}
T->logout = bp->ut_timefld;
}
}
fulltime = 1; /* show full time */
crmsg = fmttime(seentime, FULLTIME);
if ((ct = strrchr(file, '/')) != NULL)
ct++;
printf("\n%s begins %s\n", ct ? ct : file, crmsg);
}
/*
* want --
* see if want this entry
*/
static int
want(struct utmp *bp, int check)
{
ARG *step;
if (check) {
/*
* when uucp and ftp log in over a network, the entry in
* the utmp file is the name plus their process id. See
* etc/ftpd.c and usr.bin/uucp/uucpd.c for more information.
*/
if (!strncmp(bp->ut_line, "ftp", sizeof("ftp") - 1))
bp->ut_line[3] = '\0';
else if (!strncmp(bp->ut_line, "uucp", sizeof("uucp") - 1))
bp->ut_line[4] = '\0';
}
if (!arglist)
return (YES);
for (step = arglist; step; step = step->next)
switch(step->type) {
case HOST_TYPE:
if (!strncasecmp(step->name, bp->ut_host, HOSTSIZE))
return (YES);
break;
case TTY_TYPE:
if (!strncmp(step->name, bp->ut_line, LINESIZE))
return (YES);
break;
case USER_TYPE:
if (!strncmp(step->name, bp->ut_name, NAMESIZE))
return (YES);
break;
}
return (NO);
}
/*
* onintr --
* on interrupt, we inform the user how far we've gotten
*/
static void
onintr(int signo)
{
/* FIXME: None of this is allowed in a signal handler */
printf("\ninterrupted %s\n", fmttime(seentime, FULLTIME));
if (signo == SIGINT) {
(void)raise_default_signal(signo);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
(void)fflush(stdout); /* fix required for rsh */
}
| 7,570 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verahaugen%20%28bungtod%20sa%20Noruwega%2C%20Kvinnherad%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Verahaugen (bungtod sa Noruwega, Kvinnherad) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verahaugen (bungtod sa Noruwega, Kvinnherad)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 175 | 317 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Verahaugen.
Bungtod ang Verahaugen sa Noruwega. Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa Kvinnherad ug lalawigan sa Hordaland Fylke, sa habagatan-kasadpang bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Oslo ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Verahaugen.
Ang yuta palibot sa Verahaugen lain-lain. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Sandvasshorga, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Verahaugen. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Verahaugen may kaayo gamay nga populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Rosendal, km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Verahaugen. Hapit nalukop sa kasagbotan ang palibot sa Verahaugen. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Verahaugen, mga bungtod talagsaon komon.
Ang klima klima sa kontinente. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Pebrero, sa °C.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga bungtod sa Hordaland Fylke
Kabukiran sa Noruwega nga mas taas kay sa 500 metros ibabaw sa dagat nga lebel
sv:Verahaugen (kulle i Norge, Kvinnherad) | 45,265 |
https://github.com/Eyakhechine/projetweb-/blob/master/back/assets/productss.sql | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,023 | projetweb- | Eyakhechine | SQL | Code | 30 | 82 | CREATE TABLE `productss`
(`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`brand` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`category` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
`price` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`description` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)); | 5,178 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32519825 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Категория:Предприятия, основанные в 2013 году | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 22 | 66 | Категория:Предприятия, основанные в 2013 году
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Предприятия, основанные в 2013 году это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа | 33,485 |
2015/62014CJ0471/62014CJ0471_SL.txt_1 | Eurlex | Open Government | CC-By | 2,015 | None | None | Slovenian | Spoken | 2,615 | 6,156 | 62014CJ0471
SODBA SODIŠČA (osmi senat)
z dne 6. oktobra 2015 (
*
)
„Predhodno odločanje — Intelektualna in industrijska lastnina — Lastniška zdravila — Uredba (ES) št. 469/2009 — Člen 13(1) — Dodatni varstveni certifikat — Trajanje — Pojem ‚datum prvega dovoljenja za dajanje v promet v Evropski uniji‘ — Upoštevanje datuma sklepa o izdaji dovoljenja ali datuma uradne obvestitve o tem sklepu“
V zadevi C‑471/14,
katere predmet je predlog za sprejetje predhodne odločbe na podlagi člena 267 PDEU, ki ga je vložilo Oberlandesgericht Wien (višje deželno sodišče na Dunaju, Avstrija) z odločbo z dne 2. oktobra 2014, ki je prispela na Sodišče 15. oktobra 2014, v postopku
Seattle Genetics Inc.
proti
Österreichisches Patentamt,
SODIŠČE (osmi senat),
v sestavi A. Ó Caoimh, predsednik senata, C. Toader (poročevalka), sodnica, in E. Jarašiūnas, sodnik,
generalni pravobranilec: N. Jääskinen,
sodni tajnik: A. Calot Escobar,
na podlagi pisnega postopka,
ob upoštevanju stališč, ki so jih predložili:
—
za Seattle Genetics Inc. K. Bacon, barrister, ter M. Utges Manley, M. Georgiou in E. Amos, solicitors,
—
za grško vlado G. Alexaki in L. Kotroni, agentki,
—
za italijansko vlado G. Palmieri, agentka, skupaj M. Russo, avvocato dello Stato,
—
za latvijsko vlado I. Kalniņš, agent,
—
za litovsko vlado D. Kriaučiūnas in G. Taluntytė, agenta,
—
za Evropsko komisijo G. Braun in J. Samnadda, agenta,
po predstavitvi sklepnih predlogov generalnega pravobranilca na obravnavi 10. septembra 2015
izreka naslednjo
Sodbo
1
Predlog za sprejetje predhodne odločbe se nanaša na razlago člena 13(1) Uredbe (ES) št. 469/2009 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 6. maja 2009 o dodatnem varstvenem certifikatu za zdravila (UL L 152, str. 1).
2
Ta predlog je bil vložen v okviru spora med družbo Seattle Genetics Inc. (v nadaljevanju: Seattle Genetics) in Österreichisches Patentamt (avstrijski patentni urad) zaradi popravka datuma izteka veljavnosti dodatnega varstvenega certifikata (v nadaljevanju: DVC).
Pravni okvir
Pravo Unije
Uredba (ES) št. 726/2004
3
Člen 3(1) Uredbe (ES) št. 726/2004 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 31. marca 2004 o postopkih Skupnosti za pridobitev dovoljenja za promet in nadzor zdravil za humano in veterinarsko uporabo ter o ustanovitvi Evropske agencije za zdravila (UL, posebna izdaja v slovenščini, poglavje 13, zvezek 34, str. 229), kakor je bila spremenjena z Uredbo (EU) št. 1235/2010 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 15. decembra 2010 (UL L 348, str. 1, v nadaljevanju: Uredba št. 726/2004), določa:
„Nobeno zdravilo, navedeno v prilogi, ne sme biti dano v promet znotraj Skupnosti, če Skupnost ni izdala dovoljenja za [dajanje v] promet [(v nadaljevanju: DDP)] v skladu z določbami te uredbe.“
4
Na podlagi člena 10 te uredbe Evropska komisija izda DDP v skladu s to uredbo.
5
V skladu s členom 14(1) navedene uredbe „[je DDP b]rez poseganja v odstavke 4, 5 in 7 […] veljavno pet let“.
Uredba št. 469/2009
6
V uvodnih izjavah od 3 do 5 in od 7 do 9 Uredbe št. 469/2009 je navedeno:
„(3)
Razvijanje zdravil, še posebej tistih, ki so plod dolgotrajnih in dragih raziskav, se v Skupnosti in Evropi ne bo nadaljevalo, če ni ustreznih predpisov, ki določajo zadostno varstvo, ki bi spodbudilo tako raziskovanje.
(4)
Doba med vložitvijo patentne prijave za novo zdravilo in dovoljenjem za dajanje tega zdravila v promet je trenutno tako dolga, da je doba dejanskega patentnega varstva prekratka, da bi omogočila povrnitev naložb v raziskave.
(5)
Tak položaj vodi k pomanjkanju ustreznega varstva, kar škoduje farmacevtskim raziskavam.
[…]
(7)
Zagotoviti bi bilo treba enotno rešitev na ravni Skupnosti in s tem preprečiti heterogeni razvoj nacionalnih zakonodaj ustvarjajoč dodatna neskladja, ki bi verjetno ovirala prosti pretok zdravil v Skupnosti ter neposredno vplivala na delovanje notranjega trga.
(8)
Zato je treba zagotoviti dodatni varstveni certifikat, ki ga pod enakimi pogoji podeli vsaka država članica na zahtevo imetnika nacionalnega ali evropskega patenta za zdravilo, za katero je bilo podeljeno [DDP]. Posledično je uredba najustreznejši pravni instrument.
(9)
Trajanje varstva, ki ga zagotavlja certifikat, bi moralo biti tako, da bi omogočalo ustrezno dejansko varstvo. V ta namen bi moralo biti imetniku patenta in certifikata omogočeno skupaj največ 15 let trajanja varstva od trenutka, ko je bil[o] za zadevno zdravilo prvič izdano [DDP] v Skupnosti.“
7
Člen 3 navedene uredbe, naslovljen „Pogoji za pridobitev certifikata“, določa:
„Certifikat se podeli, če je v državi članici, v kateri je vložena prijava iz člena 7, na dan vložitve:
(a)
izdelek varovan z veljavnim osnovnim patentom;
(b)
že bilo izdano veljavno [DDP] izdelka kot zdravila, v skladu z Direktivo 2001/83/ES [Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 6. novembra 2001 o zakoniku Skupnosti o zdravilih za uporabo v humani medicini (UL, posebna izdaja v slovenščini, poglavje 13, zvezek 27, str. 69)] […];
(c)
za izdelek še ni bil podeljen certifikat;
(d)
dovoljenje iz točke (b) prvo [DDP] izdelka […] kot zdravila.“
8
Člen 7 navedene uredbe, naslovljen „Prijava za certifikat“, v odstavku 1 določa:
„Prijava za certifikat se vloži v šestih mesecih od datuma izdaje dovoljenja iz točke (b) člena 3 za dajanje izdelka v promet kot zdravila.“
9
Člen 13 Uredbe št. 469/2009, naslovljen „Trajanje certifikata“, v odstavku 1 določa, da „[c]ertifikat začne veljati s koncem zakonitega trajanja osnovnega patenta za obdobje, ki je enako obdobju, ki je poteklo med datumom, ko je bila vložena prijava za osnovni patent, in datumom prvega [DDP] v [Uniji], skrajšano za dobo petih let“.
Spor o glavni stvari in vprašanji za predhodno odločanje
10
Družba Seattle Genetics je imetnica evropskega patenta št. EP 1545613 (v nadaljevanju: osnovni patent) z naslovom „Konjugati auristatina in njihova uporaba za zdravljenje raka, avtoimunske bolezni ali infekcijske bolezni“. Osnovni patent, za katerega je bila prijava vložena 31. julija 2003, je bil izdan 20. julija 2011.
11
Družba Takeda Global Research and Development Centre (Europe) Ltd (v nadaljevanju: Takeda) je 31. maja 2011 v skladu s centraliziranim postopkom, določenim v Uredbi št. 726/2004, zaprosila za pogojno DDP za novo zdravilno učinkovino (Brentuximab vedotin) pod komercialnim imenom „Adcetris“, ki je bila razvita na podlagi osnovnega patenta.
12
Komisija je z izvedbenim sklepom C(2012) 7764 final z dne 25. oktobra 2012 o pogojnem dovoljenju za dajanje na trg na podlagi Uredbe št. 726/2004 za „Adcetris – Brentuximad vedotin“, zdravilo sirota za uporabo v humani medicini, v skladu s členi 3, 10 in 14 te uredbe družbi Takeda za to zdravilo izdala DDP pod številko EU/1/12/794/001. Člen 4 tega sklepa podrobneje določa:
„Čas veljavnosti dovoljenja je eno leto od dneva uradnega obvestila o tem sklepu.“
13
Družba Takeda je bila o navedenem sklepu uradno obveščena 30. oktobra 2012.
14
Tako datum sklepa o izdaji DDP za zdravilo Adcetris kot datum uradne obvestitve družbe Takeda o tem sklepu sta navedena v povzetku tega sklepa, ki je bil objavljen v Uradnem listu Evropske unije z dne 30. novembra 2012 (UL C 371, str. 8) na podlagi člena 13(2) Uredbe št. 726/2004.
15
Družba Seattle Genetics je 2. novembra 2012 pri Österreichisches Patentamt zaprosila za izdajo DVC na podlagi osnovnega patenta. Navedeni patentni urad je prijavi ugodil. Ob upoštevanju, da je datum prvega DDP v Uniji v smislu člena 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 datum Sklepa Komisije o izdaji DDP, v obravnavani zadevi je to 25. oktober 2012, je urad določil, da ta DVC preneha veljati 25. oktobra 2027.
16
Oktobra 2013 je družba Takeda DDP za zdravilo Adcetris prenesla na družbo Takeda Pharma A/S, pridobiteljico licence družbe Seattle Genetics.
17
Družba Seattle Genetics je 22. aprila 2014 zoper odločbo Österreichisches Patentamt vložila tožbo pri predložitvenem sodišču, s katero zahteva, da se DVC, ki ga je izdal navedeni urad, popravi tako, da bo njegova veljavnost potekla 30. oktobra 2027.
18
Družba Seattle Genetics je v zvezi s tem trdila, da bi datum prvega DDP v smislu člena 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 moral biti datum, ko je bila tožeča stranka uradno obveščena o sklepu o izdaji DDP za zdravilo Adcetris, to je 30. oktobra 2012. Zato bi datum izteka veljavnosti DVC moral biti 30. oktober 2027.
19
Kot je razvidno iz elementov spisa, ki je na voljo Sodišču, je Komisija v členu 3 izvedbenega sklepa C(2014) 6095 (final) z dne 22. avgusta 2014 o letnem podaljšanju pogojnega dovoljenja za dajanje v promet zdravila sirote za uporabo v humani medicini „Adcetris – Brentuximab vedotin“, ki je bilo odobreno s Sklepom C(2012) 7764 final in ki spreminja ta sklep, navedla:
„Podaljšano dovoljenje je veljavno eno leto od 30. oktobra 2014“.
20
Oberlandesgericht Wien je glede tožbe družbe Seattle Genetics ugotovilo, da se prakse patentnih uradov držav članic očitno razlikujejo glede določitve obdobja, za katero velja DVC, iz člena 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009.
21
V teh okoliščinah je Oberlandesgericht Wien prekinilo odločanje in Sodišču v predhodno odločanje predložilo ti vprašanji:
„1.
Ali je datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji] v skladu s členom 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 določen na podlagi zakonodaje [Unije] oziroma se to pravilo nanaša na datum, ko začne veljati dovoljenje v skladu z zakonodajo zadevne države članice?
2.
V primeru, da Sodišče Evropske unije potrdi določitev datuma v skladu s prvim vprašanjem na podlagi zakonodaje [Unije]: po katerem datumu se je treba ravnati – po tistem iz dovoljenja ali po tistem iz obvestila?“
Prvo vprašanje za predhodno odločanje
22
Predložitveno sodišče s prvim vprašanjem v bistvu sprašuje, ali je treba člen 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 razlagati tako, da je pojem „datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji]“ določen s pravom Unije, ali tako, da je ta pojem določen s pravom države članice, v kateri je obravnavano DDP začelo veljati.
23
V skladu z ustaljeno sodno prakso Sodišča iz zahteve po enotni uporabi prava Unije izhaja, da – če določba prava Unije glede opredelitve posamičnega pojma ne napotuje izrecno na pravo držav članic – je treba ta pojem v celotni Uniji razlagati avtonomno in enotno (glej v tem smislu sodbo Brüstle, C‑34/10, EU:C:2011:669, točka 25).
24
Vendar, čeprav v členu 13 Uredbe št. 469/2009 pojem „datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji]“, na katerega se ta člen sklicuje za določitev datuma izteka veljavnosti DVC, ni opredeljen, ta člen tudi ne napotuje na nacionalna prava glede pomena, ki ga je treba dati temu pojmu. Iz tega je torej razvidno, da je treba za uporabo te uredbe šteti, da navedeni člen 13 označuje avtonomen pojem prava Unije, ki ga je treba na njenem ozemlju razlagati enotno.
25
Ta ugotovitev je podprta tudi s ciljem navedene uredbe.
26
V zvezi s tem je treba spomniti, da ta uredba, kot je razvidno iz njenih uvodnih izjav 7 in 8, uvaja enotno rešitev na ravni Unije, saj uvaja DVC, ki ga lahko pridobi imetnik nacionalnega ali evropskega patenta pod enakimi pogoji v vsaki državi članici. Njen namen je tako preprečiti heterogeni razvoj nacionalnih zakonov, kar bi vodilo do novih razlik, ki bi ovirale prosti pretok zdravil v Uniji in bi zato neposredno vplivale na vzpostavitev in delovanje notranjega trga (glej v tem smislu sodbo Medeva, C‑322/10, EU:C:2011:773, točka 24 in navedena sodna praksa).
27
Če bi bilo pojem „datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji]“ mogoče opredeliti na podlagi nacionalnega prava, bi bil ogrožen cilj uvedbe take enotne rešitve na ravni Unije.
28
Glede na vse navedene ugotovitve je treba na prvo vprašanje odgovoriti, da je treba člen 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 razlagati tako, da je pojem „datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji]“ določen s pravom Unije.
Drugo vprašanje za predhodno odločanje
29
Predložitveno sodišče z drugim vprašanjem v bistvu sprašuje, ali je treba člen 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 razlagati tako, da je „datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji]“ v smislu te določbe datum sklepa o izdaji DDP, ali pa je treba navedeno določbo razlagati tako, da je to datum, ko je naslovnik tega sklepa uradno obveščen o tem sklepu.
30
Najprej je treba poudariti, kot je navedel generalni pravobranilec v točkah od 30 do 33 sklepnih predlogov, da ne besedilo navedene določbe v več jezikovnih različicah ne druge določbe te uredbe ne omogočajo nedvoumnega odgovora na to vprašanje.
31
Zato je treba navedeni pojem razlagati glede na cilj zadevne ureditve.
32
V zvezi s tem je treba poudariti, da je temeljni cilj Uredbe št. 469/2009, ki je med drugim naveden v uvodnih izjavah od 3 do 5, 8 in 9 te uredbe, uvesti zadostno trajanje dejanskega varstva osnovnega patenta, s čimer se njegovemu imetniku omogoči, da je po izteku veljavnosti svojega patenta še dodaten čas upravičen do izključnosti, zato da vsaj deloma nadoknadi zamudo pri gospodarskem izkoriščanju izuma, ki je nastala zaradi poteka časa med vložitvijo patentne prijave in prvo izdajo DDP v Uniji (glej v tem smislu sodbo Actavis Group PTC in Actavis UK, C‑577/13, EU:C:2015:165, točka 34 in navedena sodna praksa).
33
Ta ugotovitev je podkrepljena med drugim s točko 14 obrazložitvenega memoranduma k predlogu Uredbe Sveta (EGS) z dne 11. aprila 1990 o uvedbi dodatnega varstvenega certifikata za zdravila [COM (90) 101 final], v skladu s katero mora biti trajanje varstva, ki ga zagotavlja DVC, takšno, da omogoča „dejansko“ varstvo. V skladu s točko 50 tega obrazložitvenega memoranduma mora biti to trajanje dovolj dolgo, da ustreza ciljem tega predloga uredbe.
34
Ker je torej zakonodajalec Unije želel imetniku DVC zagotoviti zadostno in dejansko varstvo, trajanja dodatnega varstva ni mogoče izračunati brez upoštevanja določitve datuma, od katerega je upravičenec DVC dejansko lahko tržil svoj izdelek z DDP.
35
V zvezi s tem je treba ugotoviti, da imetnik DVC lahko svoj izdelek trži šele od datuma uradne obvestitve o sklepu, s katerim je dodeljeno zadevno DDP, in ne od datuma, ko je bil ta sklep sprejet.
36
Ugotoviti je treba, da, tako kot sta poudarila generalni pravobranilec v točki 39 sklepnih predlogov in Komisija, razen če se uporabi razlaga, ki ne bi bila skladna s ciljem Uredbe št. 469/2009, namreč imetniku DVC zagotoviti dejansko in zadostno varstvo, ni mogoče sprejeti, da se obdobje veljavnosti DVC skrajša zaradi procesnih dejanj, ki se odvijajo med sklepom o izdaji DDP in uradnim obvestilom o tem sklepu ter nad trajanjem katerih imetnik DVC nima nobenega nadzora.
37
Ta zadnjenavedena razlaga je še toliko tehtnejša, ker za sklepe Komisije o DDP, kot je Izvedbeni sklep C(2012) 7764 final, veljajo določbe iz člena 297(2), tretji pododstavek, PDEU, po katerem se o sklepih, v katerih je določeno, na koga so naslovljeni, uradno obvestijo naslovljenci, učinkovati pa začnejo s takšnim obvestilom.
38
Komisija je v skladu z zadnjenavedeno določbo v členu 4 Izvedbenega sklepa C(2012) 7764 final ugotovila, da je datum začetka učinkovanja DDP za zdravilo Adcetris 30. oktober 2012. Poleg tega je bil v členu 3 Izvedbenega sklepa C(2014) 6095 (final) kot datum začetka učinkovanja podaljšanja tega DDP uporabljen datum 30. oktober 2014.
39
Pri izračunu trajanja dodatnega varstva na podlagi člena 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 torej ni dopustno zanemariti obveznosti uradne obvestitve naslovnika sklepa Komisije o tem sklepu, kot je določena v členu 297(2), tretji pododstavek, PDEU in je pogoj za začetek učinkovanja tega sklepa.
40
Glede na vse navedene ugotovitve je treba na drugo vprašanje odgovoriti, da je treba člen 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 razlagati tako, da je „datum prvega [DDP] v [Uniji]“ v smislu te določbe datum uradne obvestitve naslovnika sklepa o izdaji DDP o tem sklepu.
Stroški
41
Ker je ta postopek za stranke v postopku v glavni stvari ena od stopenj v postopku pred predložitvenim sodiščem, to odloči o stroških. Stroški za predložitev stališč Sodišču, ki niso stroški omenjenih strank, se ne povrnejo.
Iz teh razlogov je Sodišče (osmi senat) razsodilo:
1.
Člen 13(1) Uredbe (ES) št. 469/2009 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 6. maja 2009 o dodatnem varstvenem certifikatu za zdravila je treba razlagati tako, da je pojem „datum prvega dovoljenja za dajanje v promet v [Evropski uniji]“ določen s pravom Unije.
2.
Člen 13(1) Uredbe št. 469/2009 je treba razlagati tako, da je „datum prvega dovoljenja za dajanje v promet v [Uniji]“ v smislu te določbe datum uradne obvestitve naslovnika sklepa o izdaji dovoljenja za dajanje v promet o tem sklepu.
Podpisi
(
*
) Jezik postopka: nemščina.
| 17,308 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR208%20%28Luxemburg%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | CR208 (Luxemburg) | https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CR208 (Luxemburg)&action=history | Dutch | Spoken | 75 | 131 | - Rue du Saint Esprit
- Rue de l'Eau
- Rue de la Reine
- Rue du Curé
|}
|}
De CR208 (Chemin Repris 208) is een voormalige verkeersroute in de stad en het land Luxemburg. De route had een lengte van ongeveer 170 meter. De route lag in het oude stadscentrum van Luxemburg en het wegnummer werd in 1995 opgeheven. Het wegnummer is sindsdien nog niet hergebruikt.
Straatnamen route CR208
Rue du Marché-aux-Herbes
208 | 8,948 |
https://github.com/zhaojun2066/lua-resty-gateway-eureka/blob/master/lua/gateway/core/json.lua | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | lua-resty-gateway-eureka | zhaojun2066 | Lua | Code | 70 | 218 | --
-- Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
-- User: jufeng
-- Date: 24/12/2019
-- Time: 下午2:52
-- To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
--
local require = require
local rapidjson = require('rapidjson')
local decode_json = rapidjson.decode
local encode_json = rapidjson.encode
local _M = {}
function _M.decode_json(str_data)
return decode_json(str_data)
end
function _M.encode_json(table_obj)
return encode_json(table_obj)
end
function _M.to_json_empty_array()
return encode_json(rapidjson.array())
end
function _M.to_json_empty_object()
return encode_json(rapidjson.object())
end
return _M
| 45,115 |
US-10592449-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,949 | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,298 | 6,512 | High-voltage system
Feb. 20, 1951 D, W, EPSTEIN ET AL 2,542,493
HIGH-VOLTAGE SYSTEM Filed July 2l, 1949 2 Sheets-Sheet l afer/90N 60N Q 4 /A/vf/vm/Ps sa@ Dfw/0 M4 505mm No Feb. 20, 1951 D. W. EPSTEIN ET AL 2,542,493
` HIGH-VOLTAGE SYSTEM Filed July 21, 1949 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 omfcr/ l S/G'NL @fn/mam DAV/D Ml 5557501/ HND FRfDm/K/-l /V/UULL Patented Feb. 20, 1951 HIGH-VOLTAGE SYSTEM David W. Epstein and Frederick H. N icoll, Princeton, N. J., assignors to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application July 21, 1949, Serial N0. 105,924
23 Claims.
The present invention relates to improvements in high voltage systems and more particularly to improvements in voltage generating circuits suitable for producing relatively high unidirectional potentials for use as electron discharge tube polarizing potentials.
In still more particularity, the present invention concerns itself with improvements in high voltage generating apparatus for use in connection with cathode ray tubes requiring beam accelerating potentials of a magnitude promoting undesirable losses in the form of corona discharge especially under low atmospheric pressure conditions.
Advances in the ield of electronics during the last decade or so have brought about the need for, more compact, reliable, efficient and safe means for developing relatively high potentials upwards of several thousand volts gor more for application in devices finding common use in the art and by the public. Y
'Ihis need for improved high voltage generation isA perhaps no better deiined than in that branch of electronics dealing with electronHV beam apparatus. For instance in radar, teleran, television, oscillographic test equipments, etc., use is frequently made of cathode ray equipment requiring unidirectional beam accelerating f potentials of considerable magnitude. In theioast, it has `been the practice to provide means for developing such potentials by rectiiication of high amplitude voltage pulses, RF type power supply units, high frequency vibrator packs, and rather straightforward power line frequency voltage step-up and doubling methods. A11 of these systems require the use of well-insulated transformer windings, well-constructed voltage rectiers for handling high peak potentials, and careful physical layout of the power supply wiring. This latter requirement becomes increasingly important as the magnitude of the voltage increases since corona discharge losses become proportionally more diilicult to control. Moreover, as the operating potential is increased, the personnel shock hazard is also increased, thereby demanding rather elaborate and costly shock prevention arrangements in order to insure adequate equipment operating safety.
The problems associated with high voltage systems such as, for example, arc-over and crona discharge are even more pronounced under conditions of reduced atmospheric pressure as brought about in the operation of airborne electronic gear. Properly designed high voltage systems, for example, suitable for supplying beam accelerating energy to a radar viewing tube at sea level could conceivably fail in operation at altitudes even as low as ten or twenty thousand feet.
It is therefore a purpose of the present invention to provide an improved system for developing high unidirectional potentials for use in connection with high vacuum electron discharge devices.
It is another purpose of the present invention to provide a new and improved arrangement for high voltage generating equipment used for the development of beam accelerating potentials for cathode ray devices.
Another object of the present invention resides in a high voltage power supply arrangement for use in connection with cathode ray tube equipments which measurably reduces corona discharge losses.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved form of high voltage power supply layout for use in supplying biasing potentials for vacuum electron discharge devices such as to permit successful operation of such devices and the equipment with which. they are associated under conditions of reduced atmospheric pressure without suffering undesirable insulation breakdown and corona losses.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a novel form of cathode ray tube construction which confines the generation of necessary high magnitude beam accelerating potentials to the vacuum chamber of the cathode ray tube proper thereby eliminating personnel shock hazards and rather elaborate and costly corona discharge control measures.
In one of its more general concepts, the present invention contemplates the use of an excitable alternating current voltage generating means and incorporated in the tube envelope of the discharge tube to which the high unidirectional potential is to be applied. Within the discharge tube envelope is also provided means for rectifying the high alternating voltage produced by the excitable voltage generating means, the output of the rectifier being connected with the tube structure requiring the high unidirectional potential. Suitable means is then positioned on the outside of the tube envelope in exciting relationship with the voltage generating means within the envelope, the exciting means being designed for operation at easily obtained and controlled operating potentials offering substantially little shock hazard to personnel.
In one of its more speciiic forms, the present invention applied, for example, to a cathode ray kinescope requiring beam accelerating potentials of several thousand volts or more, contemplates the use of a high voltage coil member located within the kinescope envelope. Integral with the kinescope tube structure is then placed a simple diode rectifier, in some instances having its electrodes exposed to the evacuated atmosphere of the envelope interior. A suitable filtering network may then be incorporated adjacent the diode structure to form an overall rectifying means whose output is connected with the beam accelerating electrode of the kinescope. The high voltage coil member may then be electromagnetically excited from outside the kinescope envelope by means of a driving coil connected with some source of relatively low potential alternating current power. Thus, the actual voltage applied to the kinescope accelerating electrode is not exposed to the outer atmosphere and hence reduces the possibility of corona discharge and injurious encounter by operating personnel,
Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the following description of the invention when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 shows one form of the present invention applied to a cathode ray tube of the electromagnetic deflection variety;
Figure 2 shows another form of the present invention applied to a cathode ray tube of the electromagnetic :deflection variety;
Figure 3 shows the present invention applied to a cathode ray tube of the electrostatic deflection variety in which the developed high voltage is used as second anode potential;
Figure 4 shows still further embodiment of the present invention as applied to a cathode ray tube wherein the developed beam accelerating potential energy is derived from a beam deflection circuit.
Turning now to Figure l, there is shown at I8 an envelope having a neck portion l2 and a target portion Il! for containing a cathode ray tube assembly such as, for example, an image reproducing kinescope. An electron gun at I6 produces a beam of electrons shown in dotted lines at I8, which beam is desirably accelerated by application of a high positive accelerating potential to the metal shield 28 (sometimes referred to as a beam accelerating electrode) This shield may be connected with the neck conductive coating 2l by means of wire conductors or spring contacts. As pointed out hereinabove, prior art systems, in providing the accelerating electrode with the high unidirectional accelerating potential, have generally developed the high voltage external to the envelope I and applied this voltage to the accelerating electrode 2i! by means of a connection to the electrode brought through the walls of the envelope l0. As noted this has resulted, especially at high altitudes, in occasion for high corona discharge losses, as well as irnpending danger to operating personnel.
According to the present invention, a high voltage coil member 22 is situated within the envelope l0, one end of the coil 22 being brought to ground potential through a seal 24 in the envelope. External to the envelope I8 is then placed a driver winding 26 magnetically coupled, as shown by the dotted flux lines 28, to the high voltage winding 22. The driver winding 26 may be connected with any suitable source of alternating power for inducing a voltage in the high voltage Winding 22. In the arrangement shown, the driver winding 26 is connected in the anode circuit of an oscillator tube 30, A tickler wind- 4 ing 32, properly phased and applied between the grid 3l! and cathode 36 of the tube 30, then provides a self-sustained oscillation of the vacuum tube, whose frequency is controllable by the variable capacitor 38.
Situated, also in accordance with the present invention, within the envelope il! is a rectifying device such as, for example, the diode 48 having an anode d2, cathode M, and heater 36. The upper extremity of the high voltage winding 22 is then connected to the anode c2 of the diode 40 so that alternating voltage'appearing across the winding will be rectified to develop a high unidirectional potential across the storage capacitor 48. The voltage thereby appearing across the capacitor 48 is connected directly to the accelerating electrode 28 of the cathode ray tube. Heater current for the diode 4Q may be conveniently obtained by providing an additional winding 50 magnetically coupled to the driver winding 26 and connected across the heater 6.
Operation of the arrangement shown in Figure l, in accordance with the present invention, will be seen to be rather straight-forward. The oscillator stage, incorporating the vacuum tube 3D, producing a variable magnetic iux by means of driver winding 26, will induce in the high voltage winding 22 a high voltage alternating current whose magnitude is a function of the turns ratio between the coil member 22 and the driver winding 25. This alternating voltage is then rectified by the diode 48 and applied as described to the accelerating electrode 28. The metallic shield either solid or porous not only serves as an accelerating electrode for the gun structure but also tends to prevent ux from the pick up coils from adversely influencing the beam.
Another convenient form of the present invention is shown in Figure 2 where the high voltage coil member 22a not only surrounds the electron beam I8, but the driver winding 26a and tickler winding 32a are also brought within the envelope I0 and oriented with their axes in alignment with the high voltage coil member 22a. In this instance, a simple diode structure such as 52 having an anode 54 and heater 56 may be employed such that the heater pick up coil 53, used for exciting the heater 5B need only be a small turn not necessarily surrounding the metal shield. This makes the construction of the diode 52 rather simple and permits the supporting members for the heater 55 to actually constitute the heater pick up coil 53. As shown in both Figures l and 2, conventional delection coils, such as 68 and 68a, as well as focussing coils 62 and. 62a, may be used for electromagnetic control of the electron beam i8. It will be noticed that the arrangement of Figure 2, although requiring no driving coil outside of the tube envelope, does require a plurality oi seals at Sli for communicating the coil termini to the oscillator vacuum tube 38a.
The arrangement of Figure 3 depicts another form of the present invention as applied to electrostatic deflection type of cathode ray tube. Here within the neck portion 65 of the envelope 68 are placed the high voltage coil member 26D and driver winding 32h magnetically coupled with one another and substantially concentric with the axis of the cathode ray gun 18. A heater voltage pick up winding 10 is also provided for excitation of the heater 'H (shown in dotted lines) of the cathode ray gun. Storage capacitor 16 is conventionally connected in storage relationship with the output of rectier 14. In the particular embodiment shown, the heater of the rectier 'I4 is connected with the anode T9 of the electrostatically focussed electron beam gun 18, the beam 8B of which is deflected by electrostatic deflection plate sets 82 and 841. The anode I9 is then grounded through the conductive coatn ing 69 inside the tube, the coating itself being grounded through the seal at S5. The high voltage coil member 2Gb is accordingly connected from the anode of diode 'I4 to the cathode 'i3 of the cathode ray gun whereby to establish the cathode i3 at a high negative unidirectional potential with respect to the anode i9. It is for this reason that the gun heater 'il is preferably heated by the coil i9, Storage capacitor 'I6 and bleeder resistor 83 are connected directly across the output of the rectier appearing between the anode 'i9 and cathode '13. A tap on the bleeder 83 provides a suitable voltage for application to the focussing electrode 9| located between the two sections of the anode.
As indicated in Figure 3, the driver winding 32h need not necessarily be associated with an oscillator as in Figures 1 and 2, but may receive alternating current energy from a steep wave front generator, such as Sii, productive of a pulse waveform such as Eil or any other suitable waveform, such as a square wave, having rapid rise and fall contour characteristics. Also, no truly high potential beam` accelerating energy is necessarily required in the arrangement of Figure 3. Thus, the present invention is shown to be useful in generating even the relatively low beam influencing potentials required by the electrostatic type gun i8. Although such voltages are usually lower than required by high velocity beam accelerating arrangements, its development by conventional methods may still present considerable problems especially at high altitudes. The leads to the diode heater 'l2 may be brought through the tube envelope and heated from an external source (such provision being shown in Figure 3) or the heater may be energized from a separate heater energization winding on the same basis as the cathode ray gun heater.
A still further adaptation of the present invention to a cathode ray electron discharge tube is illustrated in Figure 4 where the high voltage coil member 26o is oriented such as to actually surround the electron gun assembly 88. The neck po-rtion 9D of the cathode ray tube envelope 92 may be slightly enlarged to accommodate this positioning of the coil member 28C. The material in the vicinity of coil member 26e from which the tube envelope is made is preferably highly permeable to magnetic ilux such as, for example, glass. The driving coil 32e may then be placed concentric with the normal portion 90a of the neck 90, outside the tube envelope and thereby provide flux linkages with the high voltage coil member 29C. As shown, the diode 94, positioned within the envelope neck 9S, has its anode 96 connected with the high voltage terminal of the coil member 29e so as to develop at its filament 98, a high unidirectional potential which is applied to the conductive coat |99 leading to the beam accelerating electrode of the cathode ray tube. Suitable excitation of the filament 98 may be obtained from an auxiliary winding |02 also concentric with the electron gun structure and in magnetic coupling relationship with the driver coil 32e.
A convenient form of providing excitation to the driver winding 32e is shown in the embodilill ment of Figure 4. This form is especially suited to application in television receivers where, in order to establish minimum circuit cost, absolute reduction in circuit necessary components is desirable. Here the deflection output tube IM, driven by the deflection signal generator I 05, has directly included in its anode-cathode circuit, the driver winding 32e, as well as a deflection Winding, such as X-X of the deflection coil |98. A B boost damping arrangement comprising the diode H0, linearity inductance H2, and storage capacitor l M is shown in shunt with the winding X--X of the deiiection coil. This B boost damping arrangement is shown and described in more detail in a co-pending application by Simeon I. Tourshou, Serial No. 90,6i2 entitled Television Deection Power Recovery Circuit led April 30, 1949.
In the operation of the arrangement in Figure Zl, the current transient through the deflection winding X-X and driving winding 32e, produced during the deection lyback interval, causes a high peak voltage to be induced in the coil member 26o. As in the previous embodiment, the turns ratio between the coil member Ec and the driving member 32o is relatively large so that a high amplitude pulse representing the flyback transient will appear at the anode 9&5 of the diode 94 for rectication and application as accelerating potential to the accelerating electrode of the cathode ray tube.
In practice, it has been found that in order to minimize the adverse defocussing effects of the auxiliary windings, such as 29o and E92 as well as the driving Winding 32e, upon the beam produced by the electron gun 89, it is necessary to restrict the positioning of the coils to not more than l" to 11k in front of the cathode electrode 88u of the electron gun structure. Depending upon the exact conguration of the gun structure, this critical distance may vary somewhat.
It has been further found that care must be exercised in the choice of materials used in the construction of the coils residing in the evacuated chambers. This is necessary inasmuch as these coils must be subjected to the degassing temperatures required for processing and manufacturing the electron gun structure and tube. Any impurities in the wire insulation in making the coils within the envelope are likely to be volatilized or oxidized during the degassing process and result in contamination of the operating vacuum. In a co-pending U. S. application, Serial No. 102,092 entitled Method for Making Insulated Wire and Coils filed June 29, 1949 by Frederick H. Nicoll and David W. Epstein, such contamination is dealt with in more detail and a method for manufacturing coils suitable for this purpose is fully described.
Moreover, there has been found that the choice of dielectric for the storage capacitor, such as d (shown in Figures 1 and 2), 16 (shown in Figure 3) and H6 (shown in Figure 4) of the high voltage System disclosed by the present invention is also important since it too must withstand the high degassing temperatures of the tube structure. For this purpose, it has been found that barium titanate performs exceptionally well.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention, although having been described in connection with cathode ray beam apparatus, is not limited in its utility thereto. Other applications, such as in electron amplifying tubes and other special purpose discharge tubes requiring high voltagepotentals, also lend themselves to the practice of the present invention. Furthermore, it will be understood that, although the rectifying diode shown in the various embodiments of the present invention as having its elements exposed to the atmosphere Within the tube envelope, it is Well within the scope of the present invention to place a conventional high voltage rectier tube having its own envelope within the evacuated chamber in the positions equivalent to those shown above. In some instances, it is desirable to replace the heater type diode with a cold cathode type rectifier which replacement eliminates the need of additional lament excitation winding illustrated in the above embodiments.
From the foregoing description of the present invention, it is manifest that its utility is in no way limited to the inclusion of only the highvoltage pick-up winding and associated rectifying device in the evacuated envelope. It is clear from Figures 1 and 2 that the driver tube 30 might well be included in the evacuated envelope of the cathode ray tube I0. Its elements may or may not accordingly be subjected to the atmosphere of the evacuated envelope, depending upon manufacturing conveniences. The present in- Vention also contemplates the use of a highvoltage pick-up winding and rectifying element inside an evacuated envelope for use in conjunction With a driver winding, such as 26 in Figure 1, wherein the high unidirectional potential thereby developed is used for any purpose within the envelope or brought out through the envelope for use at some other circuit arrangement. If, for any reason, it is desired to increase the coupling between the driver winding and the high-voltage pick-up coil in any of the arrangements shown, it is, of course, obvious that a ferrite core structure could be employed to more concentratedly direct the paths of flux linkage. For example, in Figure 4 a ferrite core might well be incorporated in the neck portion of the evacuated envelope so as to be axially concentric with the coils 26a and 32o, thus increasing the magnetic coupling therebetween and increasing the unidrectional voltage developed by the diode 94.
Having thus described my invention, what we claim is:
l. An electrical device comprising in combination, an evacuated envelope having a magnetically permeable area in its surface, an electromagnetic pick-up coil fixed within said envelope and positioned adjacent said envelope permeable area, rectifying means positioned within said envelope and connected with said pick-up coil for developing a unidirectional potential in accordance with alternating voltage induced in said pick-up coil, and means connected with said rectifying means for utilizing the develop-ed unidirectional potential.
2. An electrical device comprising in combination, an evacuated envelope having stationed therein an electronic vacuum tube assembly including an electrode requiring a unidirectional operating potential, said envelope having a, magnetically permeable area in its surface, an electromagnetic pick-up coil fixed within said envelope and positioned adjacent said envelope permeable area, rectifying means positioned within said envelope and connected with said pick-up coil for developing a unidirectional potential in accordance with alternating voltage induced in said pick-up coil, and connections from the output of said rectifying means to said vacuum tube assembly electrode requiring a unidirectional operating potential.
3. In an electrical device employing an evacuated envelope having a magnetically permeable area in its surface with unidirectional voltage utilization means situated within said envelope, the combination of: a high voltage electromagnetic pick-up coil within said evacuated envelope and adjacent the magnetically permeable area in the envelope surface, voltage rectifying means positioned within said envelope and connected with said pick-up coil such to develop a unidirectional potential in accordance with any alternating current energy induced therein, and connections applying the output of said voltage rectifying means to said unidirectional potential utilization means.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said voltage rectifying means comprises a diode electron tube structure having a heater element and wherein there is additionally provided within said envelope a low voltage electromagnetic pick-up coil adjacent said rst pick-up coil, the output of said low-voltage pick-up coil being connected with said diode heater element for excitation thereof.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the elements of said diode electron tube structure are maintained in and exposed to the atmosphere of the evacuated envelope interior.
6. In an electrical device employing an evacuated envelope with unidirectional potential utilization means situated within said envelope, the combination of, a high voltage coil member mounted within said evacuated envelope, means for producing a high potential low current alternating voltage in said coil from a relatively low potential high current power source situated outside said envelope, voltage rectifying means positioned within said envelope and connected with said high voltage pick-up coil such to develop a unidirectional potential from the high potential alternating voltage produced therein, and connections from the output or said voltage rectifying means to the unidirectional potential utilization means situated within said envelope.
'7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said coil member high potential low current voltage producing means comprises magnetic coupling to a driver winding adjacent to and having fewer turns than said high voltage pick-up winding, said drivrr winding being adapted for connection to the low potential high current source.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said voltage rectifying means comprises a diode electron tube structure whose elements are mounted in and exposed to the atmosphere of the envelope interior.
9. In a cathode ray beam apparatus employing an evacuated chamber having situated therein electron beam generating structure requiring a relatively high unidirectional beam influencing potential, the combination of: a high voltage coil member mounted within the chamber', means for electromagnetically inducing into said high-voltage coil member high potential low-current alternating voltage from a relatively low potential high-current power source located outside said chamber, voltage rectifying means positioned within said chamber and connected with said high-voltage coil member such to develop a relatively high unidirectional potential from the high potential alternating voltage produced in said coil membor, and connections applying the unidirectional potential output of said rectifying means to a portion of the beam generating apparatus requiring the beam influencing potential.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said voltage rectifying means comprises a diode electron tube structure whose elements are mounted in and exposd to the evacuated atmosphere of the beam apparatus chamber interior.
l1. Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein the walls of said chamber have a magnetically permeable portion adjacent said high-voltage coil member and wherein said coil member electromagnetic voltage inducing means comprises a driver coil, of substantially fewer turns than said coil m-mber, positioned outside said chamber but adjacent said magnetically permeable wall portion thereof such to be in magnetic coupling with said high-voltage coil member.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 wherein the axes of both said driver coil and said highvoltage coil member are in substantial alignment with the axis of the electron beam generating apparatus.
13. Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said coil member electromagnetic voltage inducing means comprises a driver winding of substantially fewer turns than said coil member, said driver winding being positioned within said chamber and in magnetic coupling relati-onship with said coil member, the lead connections to said driver winding being vacuum sealed through the walls of said chamber for connective availability from without said chamber.
14. In a cathode ray beam tube having an evacuated chamber comprising a neck section and a target section, the neck section having situated therein a beam generating structure incorporating an electr-on emissive cathode, a heater for said cathode, while said target section having included therein a beam accelerating electrode requiring a relatively high unidirectional potential, the combination of: a high voltage coil member mounted within the target section of said chamber such that the coil axis is substantially in alignment with the extended axis of said beam generating structure, a driver winding within said chamber target section having its axis in alignment with said coil member and positioned for magnetic coupling therewith, connections outwardly available through the walls of said evacuated chamber for energizing said driver winding, a voltage rectifying means situ-ated within the chamber target section and connected with said high voltage coil member for producing a high unidirectional potential in accordance with alternating voltage induced therein by said driver winding, and connections from the output of said voltage rectifying means to the beam accelerating electrode in said target section.
15. Apparatus according to claim 14 wherein there is additionally provided a tickler winding magnetically coupled to said driver winding and said high voltage coil member, and connections through the walls of said evacuated chamber making available from without said chamber voltage pick-up induced in said tickler winding.
16. Apparatus according to claim l wherein there is additionally provided an electron vacuum tube oscillator circuit utilizing said tickler coil in its input circuit and said driver winding in its output circuit whereby energy developed by said oscillator circuit is transformed by said high voltage coil member and said rectifying means 10 to a high unidirectional beam accelerating potential.
17. In a cathode ray beam apparatus employing an evacuated chamber having a neck section and a target section, the neck section incorporating an electron beam generating structure including an electron emissive cathode while said target section incorporates abeam accelerating electrode demanding a high unidirectional potential, the evacuated chamber neck section having at least a portion thereof pervious to electromagnetic flux in combination, a high voltage coil member mounted within the evacuated chamber neck section adjacent the magnetically pervious portion thereof, voltage rectifying means positioned within said evacuated chamber and connected with said high voltage coil member such to rectify any alternating voltage induced in said coil member, and connections applying the output of said voltage rectifying means to the accelerating electrode in said evacuated chamber target section.
18. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein said high voltage coil member surrounds a portion of said beam generating structure and is positioned not more than 11/2" from the beam generating structure electron emissive cathode in the direction of the evacuated chamber target section.
19. Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein there is additionally provided a driver winding positioned on the outer surface of a concentric with the neck portion of said evacuated chamber so as to be in magnetic coupling relationship with the high voltage coil member mounted within the chamber and connections applying said driver winding to the output circuit of an electromagnetic beam deflection driver stage whereby said beam accelerating for said cathode ray beam apparatus is derived from the electromagnetic beam deflection driver stage.
20. A cathode ray beam apparatus having an evacuated chamber which embraces an electron gun assembly and a beam accelerating electrode, an excitable alternating voltage means positioned within said chamber, lvoltage rectifying means connected with the output of said alternating voltage generating means for producing a high unidirectional potential, connections from the output of said voltage rectifying means to said beam accelerating electrode, and means for exciting said voltage generating means from outside said chamber.
21. In a cathode ray beam tube having an evacuated chamber comprising a neck section and a target section, the neck section having situated therein a beam generating structure incorporating an electron emissive cathode, a heater for said cathode, a beam forming an accelerating electrode structure with an associated focussing electrode for directing an electrode beam into the target section, the combination of, a high voltage coil member mounted within the neck section of the chamber such that the coil axis is substantially in alignment with the extended axis of said beam generating structure, a driver winding within said chamber having its axis in alignment with said high voltage coil member and positioned for magnetic coupling therewith, connections outwardly available through the walls of said evacuated chamber for energizing said driver winding, a voltage rectifying means situated Within the chamber and connected with said high voltage coil member for producing a high unidirectional potential in accordance with alternating voltage induced therein by said driver winding, said voltage rectifying means having a positive output terminal and a negative output terminal, connections from said Voltage rectifying means positive output terminal to said beam accelerating electrode structure, and connections from said voltage rectifying means negative output terminal to said electron emissive cathode.
22. Apparatus according to claim 21 wherein a bleeder resistance is connected across the output terminals of said voltage rectifying means within said evacuated chamber, said bleeder resistance having a tap intermediate between its extremities and wherein there is a connection from said bleeder tap to said cathode ray tube focussing electrode.
23. Apparatus according to claim 21 wherein there is additionally provided a heater pick-up 12 winding magnetically coupled with said driver winding, the output of said heater winding being connected with said beam generating structure heater for energization thereof.
DAVID W. EPSTEIN. FREDERICK H. NICOLL.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,570,444 Mavrogenis Jan. 19, 1926 1,590,467 McCullough June 29, 1926 1,930,499 Zworykin Oct. 17, 1933 2,048,129 Loughridge July 21, 1936 2,436,393 Maggio Feb. 24, 1948.
| 25,046 |
https://github.com/jfuruness/lib_bgp_data/blob/master/lib_bgp_data/utils/base_classes/tests/test_parser.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,021 | lib_bgp_data | jfuruness | Python | Code | 381 | 1,122 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""This file contains tests for the parser.py file.
For specifics on each test, see the docstrings under each function.
"""
__authors__ = ["Justin Furuness"]
__credits__ = ["Justin Furuness"]
__Lisence__ = "BSD"
__maintainer__ = "Justin Furuness"
__email__ = "[email protected]"
__status__ = "Development"
import pytest
from ..parser import Parser
@pytest.mark.base_classes
class Test_Parser:
"""Tests all functions within the Parser class."""
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="New hire work")
def test_init_subclass(self):
"""Test the __init_sublcass method.
Make sure that all inherited classes are in the parsers list.
"""
def test__innit__(self):
"""Tests init function.
Should have a section.
Logging should be configured.
path and csv directories should be created and empty
should fail if _run not present, and vice versa.
"""
class Foo(Parser):
pass
with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
f = Foo()
# defaults
class Subparser(Parser):
def _run(self):
pass
sp = Subparser()
assert sp.kwargs['section'] == 'test'
assert logging.root.level == logging.INFO
path = '/tmp/test_Subparser'
csv_dir = '/dev/shm/test_Subparser'
assert not os.listdir(path)
assert not os.listdir(csv_dir)
# reset, otherwise logging can only be configured once
logging.root.handlers = []
# with kwargs
stream_level = logging.ERROR
path = './foo'
csv_dir = './csv'
sp = Subparser(stream_level=stream_level, path=path, csv_dir=csv_dir)
assert logging.root.level == logging.ERROR
assert not os.listdir(path)
assert not os.listdir(csv_dir)
def assert_cleanup(self, parser):
assert not os.path.exists(parser.path)
assert not os.path.exists(parser.csv_dir)
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="New hire work")
def test_run(self):
"""Tests the run function
One test where there is an exception - do not raise, but log
-test should still clean out dirs
One test should be where there is no exception
-tests should still clean out dirs
"""
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="New hire work")
def test_end_parser(self):
"""tests end_parser func
Make's sure that dirs are cleaned out. Don't worry about the time.
"""
def test_argparse_call(self):
"""Tests argparse call method.
See how __main__.py uses this function. Read the docstrings.
Attempt to have a class be able to be called with this. Make
sure that it works.
"""
# Add Foo_Parser to an existing parser file
# Run it, and assert its _run function is called
# this gets us up to /base_classes
p = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
p = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(p), 'bgpstream_website_parser',
'bgpstream_website_parser.py')
with open(p, 'r') as f:
og_cpy = f.read()
sample = 'sample.txt'
code = ("class Foo_Parser(Parser):\n\tdef _run(self):\n\t\t"
f"with open('{sample}', 'w+') as f: f.write('abc')")
with open(p, 'a') as f:
f.write('\n')
f.write(code)
os.system('lib_bgp_data --foo_parser')
with open(sample, 'r') as f:
assert f.read() == 'abc'
with open(p, 'w') as f:
f.write(og_cpy)
os.remove(sample)
| 37,030 |
https://github.com/ct2641/CAI/blob/master/CAI_Tools/include/problem_description.hpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-2-Clause | 2,021 | CAI | ct2641 | C++ | Code | 1,400 | 4,177 |
// This header file is divided into 5 "PART"s.
// Note that these three lines are all that's necessary
// to read in a PD and get the C-style struct:
//
// Problem_Description* thePD = new Problem_Description;
// Read_Problem_Description_From_File(thePD, filename);
// Problem_Description_C_Style* PD = thePD->As_Problem_Description_C_Style();
//
// Now PD can be sent to the Gurobi or Cplex code.
#pragma once
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include "nlohmann/json.hpp"
#ifndef PROBLEM_DESCRIPTION
#define PROBLEM_DESCRIPTION
/************ START PART 1 ************/
// These #defines are for compatibility
// with the ERfromPD code and with the
// C-style gurobi and cplex linking
// code.
#define MAXNUMVARS_C_STYLE 31
#define MAXINDPITEMS_C_STYLE 32
#define TOLERANCE_LPGENERATION (1e-14)
/************* END PART 1 *************/
namespace CAI
{
/************ START PART 2 ************/
// This PART is the struct from the
// old C-style PD (now renamed to
// "Problem_Description_C_Style")
// and the associated functions to
// initialize, free, and print it.
// Note that this is all within the
// CAI namespace.
// Problem_Description_C_Style
typedef struct
{
// RVs are self-explanatory
int num_rvs;
char** list_rvs;
// ALs are self-explanatory
int num_add_LPvars;
char** list_add_LPvars;
// Objective
// list_pos and list_value are both have size num_items.
// list_pos[i] and list_value[i] correspond.
// list_value[i] is the coefficient for the term represented by list_pos[i].
// for all i < (1 << numrvs), list_pos[i] represents H(set represented by the bits of i)
// Coeff*H(setA|setB) is represented equivalently as Coeff*H(setA U setB) - Coeff*H(setB)
// for all i >= (1 << numrvs), i represents AL with index (i - (1 << numrvs))
// num_items is the number of distince sets and ALs ended up with
int num_items_in_objective;
unsigned int* list_pos_in_objective;
double* list_value_in_objective;
// Dependencies
// list_dependency is an array of size 2*num_dependency.
// For each pair, [2*i] is a bit list of all vars in Dependent_Vars and Given_Vars
// and [2*i+1] is a bit list of all vars in Given_Vars only
int num_dependency;
int* list_dependency;
// Independences
// list_independence, list_type_independence, and list_num_items_in_independence are all size num_independence
// list_independence[i] has size list_num_items_in_independence[i]
//
// if type is (int)0, size is n+1.
// The first n are (1 << index) of corresponding var.
// list[n] is all those ORd together.
// if type is (int)1, size is n+2.
// The first n are (1 << index) of corresponding var ORd together with list[n].
// list[n] is (1 << index) for ALL the "given" list.
// list[n+1] is all those ORd together.
int num_independence;
unsigned int** list_independence;
char* list_type_independence;
int* list_num_items_in_independence;
// Constant Bounds
// All 5 lists are size num_constantbounds
// numitems is as in the objective function
// list_pos is as in the objective function
// list_value is as in the objective function
// list_type is (int)0 for >= and (int)2 for =
// all <= are changed to >= with negation
// list_rhs is just a constant
int num_constantbounds;
int* list_num_items_in_constantbounds;
unsigned int** list_pos_constantbounds;
double** list_value_constantbounds;
char* list_type_constantbounds;
double* list_rhs;
// Bounds to Prove
// All 5 lists are size num_constantbounds
// numitems is as in the objective function
// list_pos is as in the objective function
// list_value is as in the objective function
// list_type is (int)0 for >= and (int)2 for =
// all <= are changed to >= with negation
// list_rhs is just a constant
int num_bounds;
int* list_num_items_in_bounds;
unsigned int** list_pos_bounds;
double** list_value_bounds;
char* list_type_bounds;
double* list_rhs_2prove;
// Symmetries
// Each row is a permutation of indices
int num_symmetrymap;
char** list_symmetry;
// Sensitivities to analyze:
// All 3 lists are size num_sensitivity
// numitems is as in the objective function
// list_pos is as in the objective function
// list_value is as in the objective function
int num_sensitivities;
int* list_num_items_in_sensitivities;
unsigned int** list_pos_sensitivities;
double** list_value_sensitivities;
// Expressiones to query the values in the optimal solutions:
// The lists is size num__LPvariables_To_Query
// list_pos is as in the objective function
int num_queries;
int* list_num_items_in_queries;
unsigned int** list_pos_queries;
double** list_value_queries;
// Equivalence classes
std:: vector < std::vector <std::string> > equivalences;
} Problem_Description_C_Style;
// Sets everything to either 0 or NULL.
void Initialize_Problem_Description_C_Style(Problem_Description_C_Style* PD);
// Frees everything and sets it all back to either 0 or NULL.
void Free_Problem_Description_C_Style(Problem_Description_C_Style* PD);
// This function only exists to print out all variables
// in the Problem_Description_C_Style struct. It's
// meaningless except to check the current state of the
// struct and to compare two different instances.
void Print_Problem_Description_C_Style(Problem_Description_C_Style*);
/************* END PART 2 *************/
/************ START PART 3 ************/
// The classes in this part are
// all the classes used within
// the Problem_Description class.
class Variable {
public:
std::string Name;
// 'R' for Random, 'L' for Additional LP
char RL;
// Used to check that the permutations form a group.
unsigned int Index;
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json &j);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
};
class Term
{
public:
// Operation is in {"+", "-", "H", "I", "C", "V"}.
// "+" for a + sign,
// "-" for a - sign,
// "H" for an entropy term,
// "I" for a mutual information term,
// "C" for a constant term,
// "V" for a variable term.
std::string Operation;
//used if Operation is "H", "I", or "V"
double Coefficient;
//used if Operation is "H"
std::vector<Variable*> Entropy_Of;
//used if Operation is "H" or "I"
std::vector<Variable*> Given_Vars;
//used if Operation is "I"
//Information_Vars[0] is left of the ;
//Information_Vars[1] is right of the ;
std::vector<std::vector<Variable*> > Information_Vars;
//used if Operation is "V"
Variable* Var;
//used if Operation is "C"
double Constant;
Term();
Term(Term* t);
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json& j, const std::map<std::string,Variable*>& All_Variables_M);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
};
class Expression {
public:
std::vector<Term*> Terms;
Expression();
Expression(Expression*);
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json& j, std::vector<Term*>& All_Terms_V, const std::map<std::string,Variable*>& All_Variables_M);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
Expression* Form_For_Printing();
};
class Dependency {
public:
std::vector <Variable *> Dependent_Vars;
std::vector <Variable *> Given_Vars;
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json &j, const std::map<std::string, Variable*>& All_Variables_M);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
};
class Independence {
public:
std::vector <std::vector<Variable *> > Independent_Vars_Vecs;
std::vector <Variable *> Given_Vars;
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json &j, const std::map<std::string, Variable*>& All_Variables_M);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
};
class Bound {
public:
// 'C' for constant bound. 'P' for "to prove". 'S' for sensitivity
char cp;
// "=", "<=", or ">=".
std::string Type;
Expression *LHS;
double RHS;
Bound();
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json& j, std::vector<Term*>& All_Terms_V, const std::map<std::string,Variable*>& All_Variables_M);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
Bound* Form_For_Printing() const;
};
class Symmetry {
public:
std::vector <Variable *> Order;
std::string Key;
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json &j, const std::map<std::string, Variable*>& RandomM);
nlohmann::json As_Json() const;
};
class Cmd_Line_Modifier
{
public:
// Action is '+' or 'R' (replace)
std::string Key;
char Action;
nlohmann::json j;
Cmd_Line_Modifier();
Cmd_Line_Modifier(std::string k, char a, nlohmann::json jsn);
};
/************* END PART 3 *************/
/************ START PART 4 ************/
class Problem_Description {
private:
const std::string IllegalBeginningChars_Variables = "0123456789";
const std::string LegalChars_Variables = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
void Delete_Everything();
public:
Problem_Description();
~Problem_Description();
Problem_Description(const Problem_Description &) = delete;
Problem_Description& operator= (const Problem_Description &d) = delete;
void Clear();
std::vector <Variable *> All_Variables_V;
std::map <std::string, Variable *> All_Variables_M;
std::vector <Expression *> All_Expression_V;
std::vector <Bound *> All_Bounds_V;
std::vector <Term *> All_Terms_V;
std::vector <Variable *> RandomV;
std::map <std::string, Variable *> RandomM;
std::vector <Variable *> AdditionalV;
std::map <std::string, Variable *> AdditionalM;
Expression* Objective;
std::vector <Dependency *> Dependencies;
std::vector <Independence *> Independences;
std::vector <Bound *> Constant_Bounds;
std::vector <Bound *> Bounds_To_Prove;
std::vector <Symmetry *> Symmetries;
std::map <std::string, Symmetry *> SymmetryM;
std::vector <std::vector <std::string> > Equivalences2d;
std::vector <Expression*> Sensitivities; // new function added in Ver1
std::vector <Expression*> Queries; // new functions added in Ver1
int LP_display;
std::vector <Cmd_Line_Modifier*> Cmd_Line_Modifiers;
// Error checking functions. These functions will
// throw exceptions if they encounter errors.
void Check_Valid_Variable_Name(const std::string& s);
void Check_Valid_Expression(Expression* exp);
void Check_Equivalence() const;
void Check_Symmetry_Group() const;
void Check_First_Symmetry_Matches_RV_List();
// Json
void From_Json(const nlohmann::json &j);
nlohmann::json As_Json();
// While reading keys
void Key_RV(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_AL(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_O(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_D(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_I(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_S(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_BC(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_BP(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_EQ(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_QU(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Key_SE(const nlohmann::json& j);
void Get_Cmd_Line_Modifiers(char** argv, int argc, int startindex);
void Modify_Json_From_Cmd_Line_Before_From_Json(nlohmann::json& j);
void Run_Cmd_Line_Modifier_Commands();
// C-Style
Problem_Description_C_Style* As_Problem_Description_C_Style();
void Check_Valid_For_C_Style();
void Print_Old_Format(std::ostream& fout);
};
/************* END PART 4 *************/
/************ START PART 5 ************/
// These functions are the original
// reading in of Problem_Description.
int Get_Command(std::istream& Input_Stream, Problem_Description* pd);
void Command_SER(Problem_Description* pd, std::vector<std::string>& sv, int old_style);
void Command_DESER(Problem_Description* pd, std::vector<std::string>& sv);
bool read_json(const std::vector <std::string> &sv, size_t starting_field, nlohmann::json &rv, std::istream& Input_Stream);
void print_commands(FILE *f);
void Read_Problem_Description_From_File(Problem_Description* pd, std::string filename);
/************* END PART 5 *************/
};
// end namespace CAI
#endif
| 11,492 |
https://github.com/akmalul/sepulsa-nodejs-client/blob/master/test/game.test.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | sepulsa-nodejs-client | akmalul | JavaScript | Code | 288 | 1,213 | //@ts-check
const { expect } = require("chai");
const dotEnv = require("dotenv");
const moment = require("moment");
const delay = require("delay");
const {
Config,
Game,
GameSandboxEnum,
GameSandboxCustomerEnum,
StatusEnum,
ResponseCodeEnum
} = require("../dist/index");
dotEnv.config();
const USER = process.env.ALTERRA_USER;
const PASS = process.env.ALTERRA_PASS;
const URL = process.env.ALTERRA_URL;
describe("Game Class test", function() {
before("Config setup", function() {
this.cfg = new Config(URL, USER, PASS);
// this.cfg.debug = true; // use true for debugging
});
describe("Basic", function() {
it("should have proper create and query methods ", function() {
const instance = new Game(this.cfg);
expect(instance).to.exist;
expect(instance).to.be.an.instanceOf(Game);
expect(instance.createTransaction).to.exist;
expect(instance.createTransaction).to.be.a("function");
expect(instance.queryTransactionDetail).to.exist;
expect(instance.queryTransactionDetail).to.be.a("function");
});
});
/**
* Positive case
*/
describe("Positive case", function() {
this.timeout(7000);
before(function() {
this.succesOrderId = `gameok-${moment().valueOf().toString(36)}`;
});
it("should create transaction successfully", async function() {
const instance = new Game(this.cfg);
const requestData = {
customer_number: GameSandboxCustomerEnum["sbox-081234561001"],
product_id: GameSandboxEnum.sandbox,
order_id: this.succesOrderId
};
// console.log(requestData);
const result = await instance.createTransaction(requestData);
// console.log(result);
expect(result).to.not.have.property("error");
expect(result.status).to.be.eq(StatusEnum.pending);
expect(result.type).to.be.eq("game");
// console.log("transaction_id: " + result.transaction_id);
this.trxId = result.transaction_id; /// grab the transaction_id to query transaction details
});
it("should return success (pending) on transaction detail", async function() {
const instance = new Game(this.cfg);
const result = await instance.queryTransactionDetail(this.trxId); // query with transaction_id
// console.log(result);
expect(result).to.not.have.property("error");
expect(result.status).to.be.oneOf([ StatusEnum.success, StatusEnum.pending ]);
expect(result.type).to.be.eq("game");
});
});
/**
* Negative case
*/
describe.only("Negative case", function() {
this.timeout(7000);
before(function() {
this.failedOrderId = `gamefail-${moment().valueOf().toString(36)}`;
});
it("should create failed transaction", async function() {
const instance = new Game(this.cfg);
const result = await instance.createTransaction({
customer_number: GameSandboxCustomerEnum["sbox-081234562001"],
product_id: GameSandboxEnum.sandbox,
order_id: this.failedOrderId + "-inv"
});
console.log(result);
expect(result).to.not.have.property("error");
expect(result.status).to.be.eq(StatusEnum.pending);
expect(result.type).to.be.eq("game");
console.log(result.transaction_id);
this.trxId = result.transaction_id; /// grab the transaction_id to query transaction details
});
it("should return failed on transaction detail", async function() {
this.timeout(10000);
await delay(5000);
const instance = new Game(this.cfg);
const result = await instance.queryTransactionDetail(this.trxId);
console.log(result, "transDetail");
expect(result).to.not.have.property("error");
expect(result.status).to.be.oneOf([ StatusEnum.failed ]);
expect(result.response_code).to.be.eq(ResponseCodeEnum["failed"]);
expect(result.type).to.be.eq("game");
});
});
});
| 32,225 |
https://github.com/cpopescu/whispercast/blob/master/whisperlib/net/rpc/lib/server/rpc_server.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | null | whispercast | cpopescu | C | Code | 530 | 1,218 | // Copyright (c) 2009, Whispersoft s.r.l.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Whispersoft s.r.l. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: Cosmin Tudorache
#ifndef __NET_RPC_LIB_SERVER_RPC_SERVER_H__
#define __NET_RPC_LIB_SERVER_RPC_SERVER_H__
#include <whisperlib/common/sync/event.h>
#include <whisperlib/net/base/connection.h>
#include <whisperlib/net/base/address.h>
#include <whisperlib/net/rpc/lib/server/execution/rpc_execution_pool.h>
// This is the TCP server, listening and creating rpc::ServerConnections for
// every accepted client.
namespace rpc {
class Server {
public:
//enum { DEFAULT_PORT = 5678 };
typedef Callback1<bool> OpenCompletedCallback;
public:
Server(net::Selector& selector,
net::NetFactory& net_factory,
net::PROTOCOL net_protocol,
IAsyncQueryExecutor& executor);
virtual ~Server();
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Methods available to any external thread.
//
// Opens service on the given local address & port.
// To close the server use Shutdown().
// open_completed_callback: if NULL: This function is synchronous
// and blocks untill Open completes.
// non-NULL: This function is asynchronous,
// returns immediately and
// open_completed_callback will be called
// when Open completes.
//
// IMPORTANT: do NOT delete the rpc::Server from within
// open_completed_callback !
bool Open(const net::HostPort& addr,
OpenCompletedCallback* open_completed_callback = NULL);
// Test if the server is running.
bool IsOpen() const {
return net_acceptor_->state() == net::NetAcceptor::LISTENING;
}
// Close the server.
// Does nothing if the server is already closed.
void Shutdown();
private:
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Methods available only from the selector thread.
//
//
// Opens the server in Listen mode on the given local addr & port.
void OpenInSelectThread(net::HostPort addr);
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// net::NetAcceptor handlers
//
bool AcceptorFilterHandler(const net::HostPort& peer_address);
void AcceptorAcceptHandler(net::NetConnection* peer_connection);
private:
net::Selector& selector_;
net::NetFactory& net_factory_; // the factory used to create
// the TCP or SSL acceptor
net::NetAcceptor* net_acceptor_; // the acceptor (TCP or SSL)
IAsyncQueryExecutor& executor_; // the queries executor
synch::Event open_completed_; // signaled when the Open procedure
// is completed
synch::Event shutdown_completed_; // ......... Shutdown .............
// external function, called when Open procedure completed
OpenCompletedCallback* open_completed_callback_;
private:
DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(Server);
};
}
#endif // __NET_RPC_LIB_SERVER_RPC_SERVER_H__
| 10,110 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste%20des%20clubs%20de%20football%20en%20Alg%C3%A9rie | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Liste des clubs de football en Algérie | https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste des clubs de football en Algérie&action=history | French | Spoken | 751 | 1,338 | Cette liste recense les clubs algériens de football par wilayas évoluant ou ayant évolué en championnats nationaux algériens (Ligue 1 aux divisions inférieures).
Adrar
La Wilaya d'Adrar comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Chlef
La Wilaya de Chlef comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Laghouat
La Wilaya de Laghouat comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Oum Bouaghi
La Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Wilaya de Batna
La Wilaya de Batna comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Béjaïa
La Wilaya de Béjaïa comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Biskra
La Wilaya de Biskra comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Béchar
La Wilaya de Béchar comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Blida
La Wilaya de Blida comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Bouira
La Wilaya de Bouira comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tamanrasset
La Wilaya de Tamanrasset comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tébessa
La Wilaya de Tébessa comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tlemcen
La Wilaya de Tlemcen comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tiaret
La Wilaya de Tiaret comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tizi Ouzou
La Wilaya de Tizi Ouzou comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Alger
La Wilaya d'Alger comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Djelfa
La Wilaya de Djelfa comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Jijel
La Wilaya de Jijel comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Sétif
La Wilaya de Sétif comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Saïda
La Wilaya de Saïda comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Skikda
La Wilaya de Skikda comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Sidi Bel-Abbès
La Wilaya de Sidi Bel Abbès comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Annaba
La Wilaya d'Annaba comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Guelma
La Wilaya de Guelma comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Constantine
La Wilaya de Constantine comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Médéa
La Wilaya de Médéa comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Mostaganem
La Wilaya de Mostaganem comprend les clubs de football suivants :
M'Sila
La Wilaya de M'Sila comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Mascara
La Wilaya de Mascara comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Ouargla
La Wilaya de Ouargla comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Oran
La Wilaya d'Oran comprend les clubs de football suivants :
El Bayadh
La Wilaya d'El Bayadh comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Illizi
La Wilaya d'Illizi comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Bordj Bou Arreridj
La Wilaya de Bordj Bou Arreridj comprend les clubs de Football suivants :
Boumerdès
La Wilaya de Boumerdès comprend les clubs de football suivants :
El Tarf
La Wilaya d'El Tarf comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tindouf
La Wilaya de Tissemsilt comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tissemsilt
La Wilaya de Tissemsilt comprend les clubs de football suivants :
El Oued
La Wilaya d'El Oued comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Khenchela
La Wilaya de Khenchela comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Souk Ahras
La Wilaya de Souk Ahras comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Tipaza
La Wilaya de Tipaza comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Mila
La Wilaya de Mila comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Aïn Defla
La Wilaya de Aïn Defla comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Naâma
La Wilaya de Naâma comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Aïn Témouchent
La Wilaya d'Aïn Témouchent comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Ghardaïa
La Wilaya de Ghardaïa comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Relizane
La Wilaya de Relizane comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Timimoun
La Wilaya de Timimoun comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Bordj Badji Mokhtar
La Wilaya de Bordj Badji Mokhtar comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Béni Abbès
La Wilaya de Béni Abbès comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Ouled Djellal
La Wilaya de Ouled Djellal comprend les clubs de football suivants :
In Salah
La Wilaya d'In Salah comprend les clubs de football suivants :
In Guezzam
La Wilaya d'In Guezzam comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Touggourt
La Wilaya de Touggourt comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Djanet
La Wilaya de Djanet comprend les clubs de football suivants :
El M'Ghaier
La Wilaya d'El M'Ghaier comprend les clubs de football suivants :
El Meniaa
La Wilaya d'El Meniaa comprend les clubs de football suivants :
Notes et références
Algérie | 5,161 |
acompleteconcor01thomgoog_24 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,883 | A complete concordance to the Revised Version of the New Testament | Thoms, John Alexander | English | Spoken | 7,767 | 11,639 | 16. 15. which is e. among men is anabominatioa Act. 2. 33. by [or, at] the right hand of God e. 18. 17. chose our fathers and e, the people when 2 Cor. 10. 5. e. against the knowledge of God, and 11. 7. aliasing myself that ye mi^t be e. 12. 7. that I should not be e. overmuch Phil. 2. 9. Wherefore also God highly e, him EXALTETH. Luk, 14. 11 ; 18. 14. every one that e. himself ' 2 Cor, 11. 20. taketii you captive, if he e. himself 2 Ths. 2. 4. that opposeth and e, himself against EXAMINATION. Act, 25. 26. that, after e, had, I may have somewhat EXAMINE. Act. 22. 29. They...which were about to e. him 1 Cor. 4. 3. 1 judge [or, e.] not mine own self 9. 3. My ddtence to them that e. me is this EXAMINED. Luk. 28. 14. behold, I, having e. him Aet. 4. 9. if we this day are e, concerning a good 12. 19. when Herod.. .found him not, he e. the 22. 24. bidding that he should be e, by scourging 28. 18. who, when they had e. me, desired to set 1 Cor. 2. 14. they are spiritually judged [or, e.] 2. 15. he himself is judged [or, e.] of no man 4. 3. tiiat I should be judged [or, e,] of you exahineth] 149 [bxcusingp EXAMINETH, -ING. Act. 17. II. e. the scriptures daily, whether these 24. 8. by e, him thyself, to take knowledge 1 Cor, 2. 15. he that is spiritual judgeth [or, eJ] 4. 4. he that judgeth [or, e,] me is the Lord EXAMPLE, -S. Mat, 1. 19. not willing to make her a public e. John 13. 15. 1 have given you an e, tlutt ye also 1 Cor, 10. 6. Now these things were our e. [or, in these things they became figures of usj 10. II. happened.. .by way of e, [Gr., figure] Heb. 4. II. liiat no man fi^ after the same e. of Jos, 5. 10. Take, brethren, for an e, of suffering 1 PeU 2. 21. leaving you an e. that ye should 2 PeU 2. 6. having made them an e. unto those that Jvde 7. Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities about them... are set forth as an e, EXCEED. Mat 5. 20. except your righteousness shall e. the 2 Cor, 3. 9. ministration of righteousness e. in glory EXCEEDING. Mat. 2. 10. they rejoiced with e. great joy 2. 16. mocked of the wise men, was e. wroth 4. 8. devil taketh him into an e, high mountain 5. 12. Bejoice and be e. glad : for great is your 8. 28. coming forth out of the tombs, e. fierce 17. 23. And they were e. sony 18. 31. they were e. sony, and came and told 26. 22. they were e. sorrowful, and began to say 38. My soul is e, sorrowful, even unto deal^ Mrk. 6. 26. the king was e, sorry ; but for the sake 9. 3. his garments became glistening, e, white 14. 31. he spake e, vehemently. If I must die with 34. My soul is e, sorrowful, even unto death Luk, 18. 23. he became e, sorrowful 23. 8. when Herod saw Jesus he was e. glad Act. 7. 20. Moses... was e. fair [or, fair unto God] ^om. 7. 13. sin might become e. sinful 2 Cor, 4. 7. that the e, greatness of the power may 9. 14. by reason of &e e, grace of God in you 12. 7. by reason of the e, greatness of the Eph. 1. 19. the e. greatness of his power toward 2. 7. he might show the e, riches of his grace 3. 20. able to do e, abundantly above all that we 1 Tht. 6. 13. to esteem them e, highly in love for 1 Pet, 4. 13. ye may rejoice with e. joy 2 Pet, 1. 4. e. great promises ; that through these Jude 24. without blemish in e. joy i^. 16. 21. for the plague thereof is e. great 19. 7. Let us rejoice and be e. glad, and let us EXCEEDINGLY. ^at, 19. 25. they were astonished e, sapng. Who 27. 23. tbiey cried put e. saying, Let him be S4- feared e. saying. Truly this was the Bon of 3frl. 10. 26. they were astonished e. saying unto 15. 14. they cried out e. Crucify him ^ct. 6. 7. the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem e. 16. 20. These men... do e, trouble our city 26. 1 1, and being 6.mad againstthem.Ipersecuted 27. 18. as we laboured e. with the storm the next Pom, 6. 20. grace did abound more e, 2 Cor, 1. 8. we were weighed down e, beyond our 4. 17. more e. an eternal weight of glory 7. 13. in our comfort we joyed the more e, for Oal, 1. 1^ being more e. zealous for the traditions 1 Th». 2. 17. endeavoured the more «. to see your 3. 10. night and day praying «. that we may see « Tht, 1. 3. your faith groweth e. and the love of 1 Tim, 1, 14. grace of our Lord abounded e, with Heb. 12. 21. Moses said, I e, fear and quake. 18* 19. 1 exhort you the more e, to do this EXCELLENCY, -lES. 1 Cor, 2. 1, came not... with 6. of speech [or, word] Phil. 8. 8. loss for the e, of the knowledge of 1 Pet, 2. 9. e, of him who called you out of EXCELLENT. Luk4 1. 3. write unto tiiee. .. most «. Theophilus Act. 28. 26. Claudius Lysias unto the most e. gov- 24. 3. in all places, most e, Felix, with all thank- 26. 25. 1 am not mad, most e. Festus ; but 120111. 2. 18. the things that are e. being instructed 1 Cor. 12. 31. a still more e. way shew luntoyoa Phil, 1. 10. may approve the things that are e, Heb. 1. 4. inherited a more e, name than they 8. 6. obtained a ministry the more e. by how 11. 4. Abel offered... a moree. sacrifice than Cain 2 Pet. r. 17. a voice to him from the e, glory EXCEPT. McU. 5. 20. e. your righteousness shall exceed the 18. 3. e. ye turn, and become aa Uttle children 24. 22. e, those days had been shortened, no flesh 26. 42. if this cannot pass away e. I drink it Mrk, 7. 4. e, they wash themselves, they eat not 13. 20. e, the Lord had shortened the days, no John 3. 2. no man can do these signs. ..€. God be 8. 3. e. a man be bom anew, he cannot see^ c. e. a man be bom of water and the Spirit 4. 48. e. ye see signs and wonders, ye will not 6. 44. e. the Father which sent me draw him 12. 24. e, a grain of wheat fall into, the ground Act. 8. I. all scattered abroad... e* the apostles 15. I. e. ye be circumcised after the custom of 24. 21. 6. it be for this one voice, that I cried 26. 29. become such as I am, e. these bonds Rom. 9. 29. e. the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a 10. 15. how shall they preach, e. they be seat 1 Cor. 7. 5. e. it be by consent for a season 15. 36. soweth is not quickened, e. it die 2 Cor, 12. 13. e. it be that I myself was not a 2 Ths. 2. 3. e, the falling away come first, and 1 Tim. 5. 19. e, at the mouth of two or three 2 Tim. 2. 5« not crowned, e, he have contended EXCEPTED, -ING. 1 Cor. 15. 27. he is e, who [or, evidently e. him that] did subject all things unto him EXCESS. Mat. 28. 25. they are full from extortion and e. 1 Pet. 4. 4. into the same e. [or, flood] of riot EXCHANGE, -ED. Mat. 16. 26. what shall a man give in e. for his Mrk. 8. 37. what should a man give in e, for his Luk. 24. 17. [Gr. , what words are these that ye e,] Bom, 1. 25. for that they e. the trath of God for EXCLUDED. Rom. 8, 27. Where then is the glorying ? It is e. EXCUSE. Luk. 14. 18. all with one consent began to make e. John 15. 22. now they have no e, for their sin Rom. 1. 20. that they may be without e. 2. I. Wherefore tiiou art without e, 0 man 8. 9. are we in worse case than they ? [or, do we e, ourselves ?] EXCUSED, -ING. Luk. 14. 18, 19. 1 pray thee have me e. Bom. 2. 15. thoughts...accusing or else e. them 2 Cor. 12. 19. we are e, ourselves unto you. In fiXEGUTE] 160 [ete EXECUTE, -ED. Luk. 1. 8. while he e. the priest*8 office before John 5. 27. he gave him authority to e, judgement Bom, 9. 28. Lord will «. his word upon the earth Jude 15. to e. judgement upon iJl, and to convict EXERCISE. Mat. 20. 25. their great ones e. authority oyer Mrk, 10. 42. their great ones e. authority over Act, 24. 16. Herein do I also e. myself to have a 1 Tim, 4. 7. e. thyself unto godliness 4. 8. for bodily e, is profitable for a little EXERCISED. Beb, 5. 14. their senses e, to discern good and 12. 1 1, unto them that have been e, 2 Pet. 2. i4« having a heart e, in covetousness EXERCISETH, -ING. 1 Pet, 6. 2. flock of God...^. the oversight Rev. 13. 12. he e. all the authority of tiie first EXHORT. Act, 27. 22. now I e. you to be of good cheer : for Phil, 4. 2. 1 g. Euodia, and I e, Syntyche, to be^ of 1 Ths, 4. I. we beseech and e, you in the Lord 4. 10. But we e, you, brethren, that ye abound 18. Wherefore comfort [or, e,] one another 6. II. Wherefore e. [or, comfort] one another 14. we e. you... admonish the disorderly 2 Ths, 8. 12. that are such we command and e, 1 Tim. 2. I. I e. therefore, first of all that suppli- 6. I. Rebuke not an elder, but e, him 6. 2. These things teach and e, 2 Tim, 4. 2. e. with all longsuffering and teaching Tit. 1.9. he may be able both to e, in the sound 2. 6. the younger men likewise 6. to be sober- 9. e, servants to be in subjection to their 15. These things speak and e. and reprove Heb. 3. 13. but e, one another day by day, so long 13. 19. 1 e, you the more exceedin^y to do this 22. But I e. you, brethren, bear with the word 1 Pet, 6. I. The elders therefore among you I e. EXHORTATION, -S. Luk, 8. 18. With many other e. therefore preached Act, 4. 36. Son of e, [or, consolation] a Levite, a 13. 15. if ye have any word of e, for the people 15. 31. they rejoiced for the consolation [or, c] 20. 2. given them much e, he came into Greece 1 Cor, 14. 3. speaketh.. .edification <fc comfort [§ e.] 2 Cor, 8. 17. he accepted our e. but being himself Phil. 2. I. If there is therefore comfort [§ «.] in 1 The, 2. 3. For our e, is not of error 1 Tim, 4. 13. give heed to reading, to e, to teaching Heb, 12. 5. ye have forgotten the e. 13. 22. bear with the word oi e, EXHORTED, -ETH. Act, 2. 40. with many other words he testified, and e, them, saying 11. 23. he e, them all, that with purpose of heart 16. 32. themselves also prophets, e, [or, com- forted] the brethren with many words 16. 40. they comforted [or, e.] them, and departed 20. I. having sent for the disciples and e, them Bom, 12. 8. he that e, to his exhorting 1 Cor, 14. 31. all may be comforted [or, e,] 2 Cor. 8. 6. Insomuch that we e, Titus, that as he 12. 18. 1 e. Titus, and I sent the brethren with 1 Tim. 1. 3. As I e, thee to tarry at Ephesus EXHORTING. Act. 14. 22. e. them to continue in the faith, and Bom. 12. 8. he that ezhorteth, to his e, he that | 1 Ths. 2. II. «. you, and encouraging you, and Heb. 10. 25. but e. one another 1 Pet. 5. 12. written unto you briefly, e. and Jude 3. I was constrained to write unto you e. EXIST, -ING. 1 Cor. 11. 18. I hear that divisions e, among yon PhU, 2. 6. Christ Jesus : who, being [§ e. Gr., being originally] in the form of God EXORCISTS. Act. 19. 13. certain of the strolling Jews, e, took EXPECT. 1 Oor, 16. II. for I e. him with the brethren EXPECTATION. Luk, 8. 15. as the people were in e. and all men 21. 26. for fear and for e, of the things which Act, 12. II. from all the e, of the people of the 28. 6. when they were long in e, and beheld Bom, 8. 19. the earnest e, of the creation waiteth Phil, 1. 20. according to my earnest e, and hope Heb. 10. 27. but a certain fearful e, of judgemeut EXPECTED, -ETH. Mat. 24. 50. in a day when he e, not, and in an Luk, 12. 46. when he e, not, and in an hour Act, 28. 6. But they e, that he would have sw(^en EXPECTING. Act, 8. 5. e, to receive something from them Heb, 10. 13. from henceforth e, till his enemies EXPEDIENT. Mat, 19. 10. it is not e, to marry John 11. 50. it is e, for you that one man should 16. 7. It is e, for you that I go away 18. 14. it was e, that one man should die for the 1 Cor, 6. 12. but not all things are e, 10. 23. but all things are not e, 2 Cor, 8. 10. for this is e. for you 12. 1. 1 must needs glory, though it is not e. [t read. Now to glory is not «.] EXPERIENCE. Heb, 5. 13. without e. of the word of righteous- EXPERT. Act. 26. 3. especially because thou art e. [EXPIRING.] Luk. 21. 26. men fainting [or, e.] for fear, and EXPLAIN. Mat. 18. 36. e, unto us the parable of the tares EXPOUNDED. Mrk, 4. 34. privately to his own disciples he e. Act. 11. 4. Peter began, and e, the matter unto 18. 26. e, unto him the way of God more 28. 23. to whom he e, the matter EXPRESSLY. 1 Tim. 4. I. the Spirit saith e, that in later times EXTORT. Luk, 3. 13. e, no more than that which is appointed 8. 14. neither exact anything wrongfully [§ e. from no man by violence] EXTORTION. Mat. 28. 25. they are full from e, and excess Luk, 11. 39. your inward part is full of e, and 2 Cor. 9. 5. not of e. [or, covetousness] EXTORTIONER, -S. Luk, 18. II. e, unjust, adulterers, or even as this 1 Cor, 5. 10. or with the covetous and e. 5. II. or a reviler, or a drunkard, or an e. 6. 10. nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor e. EYE. Mat. 5. 29. if thy right e. causeth thee to sttun- 5. 38. iji e, for an e. and a tooth for a tooth m] 161 [fags Mat, 6. 22. The lamp of the body is the 6. if there- fore thine e, be single 6. 23. if thine e, be evil, thy whole body shall 7. 3. the mote that is in thy brother's e. but ...not the beam that is in thine owne. 4. Let me oast out the mote out of thine e, and lo, the beam is in thine own e, 5. the beam out of thine own e. and then... the mote out of thy brother's e, 18. 9. if thine e, oauseth thee to stumble^ pluck it out... it is good to enter... with one e. 19. 24. camel to go through a needle's e. than 20. 15. is thine e» evil, because I am good ? Mrk. 9. 47. if thine e. cause thee to stumble, cast it out: it is good to enter... with one e. 10. 25. camel to go ^ough a needle's e. Luk, 6. 41. the mote... in thy brother's e, but con- siderest not the beam.. .in thine own e, 6. 42. cast out the mote.. .in thine e....beam in thine own f ....beam out of thine own e. ...oaet out the mote in thy brotiier's e, 11. 34. The lamp of thy body is thine e. when thine e. is single 18. 25. to enter in through a needle's e, than for 1 Cor, 2. 9. things which e, saw not) and ear 12. 16. Because I am not the e, 17. If the whole body were an e. where were 21. the e. cannot say to the hand, I have no 15. 52. in the twinkling of an «. at the last 2 Pet, 1. 16. we were e. witnesses of his majesty Rev, 1. 7. every e. shall see him, and they which EYES. Mat, 9. 29. Then touched he their e. saying 9. 30. And their e, were opened 13. 15. their e. they have dosed ; lest haply they should perceive with their e. 16. hlessed are your e. for they see ; and 17. 8. lifting up their e, ihey saw no one, save 18. 9. rather than having two e, to be cast into 20. 33. Lord, that our e. may be opened 34. Jesus... touched their e. an(^ straightway 21. 42. it is marvellous in our e, 26. 43. found them sleeping, for their e* were Mrk. 8. 18. Having «. see ye not ? 8. 23. when he had spit on his e, and laid his 25. laid his hands upon his e. and he looked 9. 47. rather than having two e, to be cast into 12. II. it is marvellous in our e, 14. 40. found them sleeping, for their e, were Luk, 2. 30. for mine e, have seen thy salvation 4. 20. and the «. of all in the synagogue 6. 20. he lifted up his e. on his disciples, and 10. 23. Blessed are the e, which see the things 16. 23. in Hades he lifted up his e. being in tor- 18. 13. would not lift up.. .his e, unto heaven, but 19. 42. now they are hid from thine e. 24. 16. But their e. were holden that tibey should 31. And their e, were opened, and they knew John 4. 35. loft up your e, and look on the fields 6. 5. Jesus therefore lifting up his e. 9. 6. anointed his e, with the clay 10. How then were thine e, opened ? 11. an<Hnted mine e, and said unto me, Go to 14. Jesus made the clay and opened his e. 15. He put day upon mine e. and I washed 17. in that he opened thine e. 21. who opened his e. we know not : ask him 26. how opened he thine e. John 9. 30. yet he opened mine e, 9. 32. opened the e, ot a man bom blind 10. 21. Can a devil open the e. of the blind ? 11. 37. which opened the e. of him that was blind 41. Jesus Ufted up his e, and said, Father 12. 40. He hath blinded their e, . ..lest they should see with their e, and perceive 17. I. liifting up his e, to heaven, he said Aet, 8. 4. Peter, fastening his e, upon him, with B. 12. why fasten ye your e, on us 6. IV sat in the council, fastening their e, on 9. 5. when, his e, were opened, he saw nothing 18. feU from his e, as it were scales 40. she opened her e. and when she saw Peter 10. 4. fastening, his e. upon him, and being 11. 6k upon which when I had fastened mine e. 18. 9.. Paul.. .fastened his e. on him 14. 9. fastening his e, upon him, and seeing 26. 18. open their e. that they may turn 28. 27. and their, e. they have dosed ; lest haply they should perceive with their e, Bom^ 8. 1 8* no fear of God before their e. 11. 8. e. that they should not see, and ears 10. Let their e. be darkened, that they may OaZ. 3. I. before whose e. Jesus Christ was openly 4. 15. ye would have plucked out your e, and Eph, 1. 18. having the e. of your heart enlight- Heb, 4. 13. before the e. of him with whom we 1 Pet. 3. 12. Fpr the e. of the Lord are upon 2 Pet. 1. 9. lacketh...is blind [or, closing his e.] 2. 14. having e, full of adultery 1 Jno. 1. 1, which we have seen with our e, 2. II. because the darkness hath blinded his e, 16. the lust of the e, and the vain glory of Rev. 1. 14. his e. were as a flame of fire 2. iS, his e. like a flame of fire 8. 18. anoint thine e. that thou mayest see 4. 8. are full of e. round about and within 3. 6. seven e. which are the seven Spirits 7. 17 ; 21. 4. wipe away every tear from their e. 19. la. his e. are a flame of fire, and upon his EYE SALVE. Rev, 8. 18. and e, to anoint thine eyes EYESEBVIOB. Bph. 6. 6. not in the way of e, as men-pleasers Col. 3.. 22. not with e. as men-pleasers* R FABLES. 1 Tim. 1. 4. neither to give heed to /. and endless 4. 7. but refuse profane and old wives' /, And 2^ Tim, 4. 4. and turn aside unto/.. Tit. 1. 14. not giving heed to Jewish/. 2 Pet. 1, 16. we did not follow cunningly devised/. FACE* Mat, 6. 17. anoint thy head, and wash thy/. 11. 10. Behold, I send my messenger before thy/. 16. 3. know how to discern the /. of the heaven 17k 2. and his /. did shine as the sun, and his 6. they fell on l^eir/. and were sore afraid 18. 10. do always behold the/, of my Father 26. 39. he went forward a little, and feU on his/. 67. Then did they spit in his/, and bufifethim Mrk. I. 2. 1 send my messenger before thy/. 14. 65* aoad to cover his /. and to buffet jtum, and. FAOS] 152 [faith Luk, 1. 17. he shall go before hi8/.[f xead, come nigh before hie/.] 1. 76. the /. of the Lord to make ready his ways 2. 31. which thou hast prepared before the/, of 7. 27. Behold, I send mv messenger before tny /. 9. 51. he stedfastly set his /. to go to Jerusalem 52. sent messengers before his/, and they 53. beoanse his/, was as though he were 10. I. sent them two and two before his /. into 12. 56. to interpret [Gr., prove] the /. of the earth 17. 16. he fell upon his/, at his feet, giving him 21. 35. all them that dwell on the /. of all the John 11. 44. his /. was bound about with a napkin Act. 2. 25. 1 beheld the Lord always before my/. 8. 13. and denied before the/, of Pilate, when 6. 15. saw his/, as it had been the/, of an 7. 45. which God thrust out before tiie/. of 13. 24. first preached before his coming [Ghr., before the/, of his entering in] 17. 26. for to dwell on all the/, of the earth 20. 25. preaching the kingdom, shall see my/. 25. 16. the accused have the accusers/, to/. 27. 15. the ship was caught, and could not /. the 1 Cor, 18. 12. in a mirror darkly, but then/, to/. 14. 25. he will fall down on his /. and worship 2 Cor* 3. 7« could not look stedfastly upon the/. of Moses for the glory of his/. 8. 13. who put a veil upon his/, that the 18. But we all, with unveiled/, reflecting as 4. 6. of the gloiy of Gk>d in the/, of Jesus 8. 24. Shew ye... in the/, of the ohundies 10. 7. look at the things that are before your/. 11. 20. if he smiteth you on the/. GaL 1. 22. unknown by/, unto the churches 2. II. I resisted him to the f, because he stood Col. 2. I. for as many as have not seen my/, in 1 Ths. 2. 17. endeavoured.. .to see your/. 8. 10. praying... that we may see your/. 2 Th$. 1. 9. destruction from the/, of the Lord Heb. 9. 24. now to appear before tiiie/. of God for Jcu. 1. 23. his natural/. [Gr., the/, of his birth] 1 Pet, 8. 12. But the/, of the Lord is upon them 2 Jno, 12. to come unto yon, and to speak/, to /. 8 Jno, 14. and we shall speak/, to/. Jiev. 4. 7. the third creature had a/, as of a man 6. 16. Fall on us, and hide us from the/, of 10. I. and his face was as the sun 12. 14. from the/, of the serpent 20. 1 1, from whose /. I^e earth and the heaven 22. 4. they shall see his/, and his name shall FACES. Mut, 6. 16. for they disfigure their/, that they Luk, 24. 5. were affrighted, and bowed down their/. Rev, 7. 1 1, fell before the throne on their/, and 9. 7. their/, were as men's/. 11. 16. fell upon their/, and worshipped God FACTION. Phil, 1. 17. proclaim Christ of /. [§ or, but they that are factious proclaim Christ] 2. 3. doing nothing through /. or tlurough vain- Ja8, 8. 14. But if ye have bitter jealousy and/, in 8. 16. For where jealousy and/, are, there is FACTIONS. 1 Cor, 11. 19. there must be also heresies [or, /.] 2 Cor, 12. 20. jealousy, wraths,/, backbitings Oal, 5, 20. jealousies, wraths,/, divisions, heresies FACTIOUS. Bom, 2. 8. But unto them that are/, and obey Phil, 1. 17. proclaim Christ of faction [$ or, but tney that are/, proclaim Christ] Tit, 8. 10. A man that is heretical [or,/.] after a FADE, -ETH. Jos, 1. 1 1 . shall the rich man/, away in his goings 1 Pet. 1. 4. and undefiled, and that/, not away 6. 4. the crown of gloiy that/, not away FAIL, -ED. Luk, 16. 9. that when it shall /. they may receive 22. 32. supplication. ..that thy faith/, not John 2. 3. And when the wine /. Heb. 1. 12. And thy years shall not/. 4. 6. /. to enter in because of disobedienee 11. 32. for the time will/, me if I tell 18. 5. 1 will in no wise/, thee FAILBTH, -ING. Luk, 12. 33. a treasure in the heavens that /.not 28. 45. the snn*s light/. [Gr., the snn/.] 1 Cor, 18. 8. Love never/, but whether there be FAIN. Luk, 18. 31. for Herod would/, kill thee 15. 16. he would/, have been filled Act, 26. 28. thou wouldest/. make me a Christian 1 The, 2. 18. because we would/, have come onto Philem, 13. whom I would/, have kept with me FAINT. Mat, 16. 32. lest haply they/, in the way Mrk, 8. 3. they will/, in the way Luk, 18. I. ought always to pray, and not to/. 2 Cor, 4. I. even as we obtained mercy, we/, not 4. 16. Wherefore we/, not Oal. 6. 9. in due season we shall reap, if we/, not Eph, 3. 13. Wherefore I ask that ye [or, I] /. not [I I may not /.] at my tribulations^ Heb, 12. 5. nor/, when thou art reproved of him FAINT-HEARTED. 1 The, 6. 14. encourage the/, support the weak FAINTING. Luk, 21. 26. men/, [or, expiring] for fear, and for Heb, 12. 3. that ye wax not weaiy,/. in your bouIb FAIB. Mat, 16. 2. It will be/, weather: for the heaven Act, 7. 20. Moses.. .exceeding/, [or,/, unto God] 27. 8. a certain place called F, Havens Rom, 16. 18. by their smooth and/, speech they Oal. 6. 12. As many as desire to make a/, show FAITH. (Faith, Bt Faith, In Fatth, Thbouoh Faith.) Mat, 6. 30. not much more clothe yon, 0 ye of Uttle/. 8. 10. 1 have not found so great/, no, not in 26. Why are ye fearful, 0 ye of little/. 9. 2. Jesus seeing their/, said unto the siok 22. Daughter, l^ of good cheer ; thy /. hath 29. According to your /. be it done unto yon 14. 31. O tiiou of little/, wherefore didst then 15. 28. 0 woman, great is thy/. 16. 8. O ye of little /. why reason ye among 17. 20. Because of your little /. for...If ye have /. as a grain of mustard seed 21. 21. If ye have /. and doubt not 23. 23. judgement and mercy and/. Mrk, 2. 5. Jesus seeing their /. saith unto the sick 4. 40. why are ye fearful ? have ye not yet/. 6. 34. Daughter, thy/, hath made thee whole 10. 52. Go thy way ; thy/, hath made thee 11. 22. Have/, in God Luk, 5. 20. seeing their /. he said, Man, thy sins faith] 153 [faith Luk. 7. 50. Thy^. hath saved thee ; go in peace 8. 25. Where is joiir /. f 48. Daughter, tiiy/. hath made thee whole 12. 28. 0 ye of Uttle /. 17. 5. Increase our/. 6. If ye have /. as a grain of mustard seed 19. Arise, and go thy way : thy/, hath made 18. 8. shall he find/, [or, the/.] on the earth 42. thy/, hath made thee whole 22. 32. supplication for thee, that thy/, fail not Act, 3. 16. yea, the/, which is through him that 6. 5. a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit 7. the priests were obedient to the /• 11. 24. full of the Holy Ghost and of/. 13. 8. to turn aside the proconsul from the /. U. 9. seeing that he had/, to be made whole 22. exhorting them to continue in the/. 27. how that he had opened a door of/, unto 16. 5. the churches were strengthened in the/. 20.21. repentance toward Ck>d, and/, toward 24. 24. eonoeming tihe /. in Christ Jesus Rom. 1. 5. unto obedience of/, [or, to t£e/.] 1. 8. that your /. is proclaimed throuig^out the 12. each of ns by &e other's/, both yours 17. a righteousness of God by /. unto /. 3. 3. were without/, shall their want of/. 26. of him that hath /. [Gr., is of/.] in Jesus 27. Nay : bat by a law of /. 30. he shall justify the circumcision by/. 4. 5. his/, is reckoned for righteousness 9. To Abraham his/, was reckoned for right- 11. of the/, which he had while he was in 12. walk in the steps of that/, of our father 13. but through the righteousness of/. 14./. is made void, and the promise is made 16. For this cause it is of/, that it may be 16. which is of the /. of Abraham, who is 19. without being weakened in/, he considered 9. 3a even the righteousness which is of /. 10. 6. the righteousness which is of/, saith thus 8. that is, the word of /. which we preach 11. 20. and thou standest by thy/. 12. 3. dealt to each man a measure of/. 6. to the proportion of our [or, the] /. 14. 2. One man hath/, toeat all things : but he 22. The/, which thou hast, haye thou to thy- 23. because he eateth not of /. and whatso- ever is not of /. is sin 15. 26. unto obedience of /. [or, to the/.] 1 Cor, 2. 5. that your/, should not stand [Gr., be] 12. 9. To anotiier/. in the same Spirit 13. 2. if I have all /. so as to remove mountains 13. But now abideth/. hope, love, these 15. 14. your /. also is vain [or, void] 17. hath not been raised, your/, is vain 16. 13. Watch ye, stand fast in the/, quit you 2 Cor, 1, 24. we have lordship over your /. but 4. 13. But having the same spirit of/, according to that which is written 10. 15. as your/, groweth, we shall be magnified 13. 5. Try your own selves, whether ye be in the/ ^ol. 1, 23. nowpreacheth the/, of which he once 2. 20. &»f, which is in the Son of God, who 3. 2, 5. works of the law, or by the hearingof /. 7. they which be of /. the same axe sons of 9. So then they which be of /• are blessed 12. and the law is not of/, but. He that doetii 22. / in Jesus Christ might be given to them GiU, 8. 23. but before/, [or, the/.] came, we were... shut up unto the /. which should after 3. 25. now that/, is come, we are no longer 6. 6. but /. working through love 6. 10. them that are of the household of the /. Eph, 1. 15. 1 also having heard of the/, in the 4. 5. one Lord, one/, one baptism 13. we all attain unto the unity of the/, and 6. 16. taking up the shield of /. wherewith ye 23. and love with/, from Gk>d the Father Phil. 1. 27. striving for the/, of the gospel 2. 17. upon the sacrifice and service of your/. Col. 1. 4. having heard of your /. in Christ Jesus 2. 5. the stedfastness of your/, in Christ 1 Tha. 1. 3. your work of/, and labour of love 1. 8. but in every place your/, to Godward is 8. 2. to comfort you concerning your/. 5. sent that I might know your/. 6. brought us glad tidings of your /. and 5. 8. putting on the breastplate of /. and love 2 Ths. 1. 3. for that your/, groweth exceedingly 1. 4. for your patience and/, in all your 11. and every work of /. with power 2. 13. and belief [or,/.] of the truth 3. 2. for all have not/, [or, the/.] 1 Ttm; 1. 5. good conscience and/, unfeigned 1. 14. abounded exceedingly with /. ana love 19. holding /....shipwreck concerning the /• 3. 9. holding the mystery of the /. in a pure 4. I. some &all fall away from the /. 6. nourished in the words of the/, and of 5. 8. he hath denied the/, and is worse than 12. they have rejected tiieir first/. [§ pledge] 6. 10. have been led astray from the /. and 11. follow after righteousness, godliness,/. 12. Fight the good fight of the /. lay hold on 21. some.. .have erred concerning the/. 2 Ttm. 1. 5. of the unfeigned/, that is in thee 2. 18. and overthrow the /. of some 22. follow after righteousness, /. love, peace 3. 8. reprobate concerning the /. 10. foUow my teaching, conduct, purpose, /. 4. 7. 1 have kept the/. Tit, 1. 1, according to the/, of God*s elect 1. 4. Titus, my true child after a common /. Philem. 5. hearing of thy love, and of the/, [or, thy love and/.] which thou hast 6. that the fellowship of thy /. may become Heb, 6. I. repentance from dead works, and of /. 10. 22. with a true heart in fulness of /. 11. I./, is the assurance of things hoped for 6. without/, it is impossible to be well-pleas- 7. righteousness which is according to /• 12. 2. the author and perfecter of our /. 13. 7. issue of their life, imitate their/. Jos, 1, 3, knowing that the proof of your/. 2. I. My brethren, hold not the /. of our Lord ...with respect of persons [or, do ye, in accepting persons hold the /....glory?] 14. if a man say he hath /. but have not works f can /. save him ? 17. Even so/, if it nave not works, is dead 18. Thou hast/, and I have works : shew me thy/, apart from thy works, and I by my works will shew thee my/. 20. that/, apart from works is barren 22. that /. wrought with his works, and by works was f, made perfect faith] 154 [faithful Ja9, 2. 26. eYen so/, apart from works is dead 5. 1 5. the prayer of/, shall save him that is siok 1 Pet, 1. 7. tidat the proof of your /. being more 1. 9. receiving the end of your /. even the 21. so that your/, and hope might be in Qod 2 Pet, 1. I. obtained a like precious-/, with us 1 Jno, 5. 4. hath overcome the world, even our/. Jude 3. exhorting you to contend earnestly for the/. 20. building up ... on your most holy /. praying Bev, 2. 13. and didst not deny my/. 2. 19. and thy love and /. and ministry 13. 10. Here is the patience and the /.of the 14. 12. and the /. of Jesus Bt Faith. Act, 3. 16. And h. /. in his name 15. 9. cleansing their hearts h, /. 26. 18. that are sanctified h, /. in me Bom. 1. 17. a righteousness of God h, /. tmto/.... But the righteous shall live h, /. 3. 28. a man is justified h, f, apart from the 5. I. Being therefore justified 6. /. let us have 2. we have had our access 6./. into this grace 9. 32. Because they sought it not 6./. but as it 2 Cot, 1. 24. for h, /. [or, your/.] ye stand 6. 7. for we walk h, /. not by sight Gal, 2. 16. that we might be justified h, /. in 3. 8. God would justify the Gentiles h, /* II. The righteous shall live h. /. 24. that we might be justified 5. /. 5. 5. For we through the Spirit &./. wait for Heh, 4. 2. they were not united b, /. with them 11. 3. h, /. we understand that the worlds 4. h,f, Abel offered unto God a more excellent 5. h,f, Enoch was translated that he should 7. h, f, Noah, being warned of God 8. b. /. Abraham when he was called obeyed 9. b, /. he became a sojourner in the land 11, b. f. even Sarah herself received pow» 17. b,f. Abraham being tried offered up 20. b, /. Isaac blessed Jacob and Esau 21. b,f, Jacob when he was a dying 22. b, f. Joseph when his end was nigh 23. b, /. Moses wh^i he was bom 24. b. f. Moses when he was grown up 27. b. f. he forsook Egypt, not fearing the 28. b, /. he kept the passover, and the 29. b, /. they passed through the Bed sea as 30. b, f. the walls of Jerioho fell down after 31. 6. /. Bahab the harlot perished not Jas, 2. 24. and not only b. f. In Faith. Rom, 14. 1. But him that his weak in /. receive ye 2 Cor, 1. 24. by /. ye stand [§ in/, ye stUDd, fast] 8. 7. ye abound in everylidng, in/, and Gal, 2. 20. which I nowliveintheflesh,Ilivein/. Phil, 1. 25. your progress and joy in the/.[or,of /.] Col, 1. 23. if so be that ye continue in the /. 2. 7. stablished in your/, even as ye were 1 Ths, 3. 10. that which is lacking in your/. 1 Tim, 1. 2. unto Timothy, my true child in/. 1. 4. a dispensation of God which in/. 2. 7. a teacher of the Gentiles in /. and truth 15. if they continue in/, and love and 3. 13. great boldness in the /. which is in Christ 4. 12. in love, in /. in purity 2 Tim. 1.13. thou hast heard from me in /. and Tit. 1. 13. that they may be sound in the/. 2. 2. in /. in love, in patience Tit. 8. r5. Balute them that love us in /. Heb, 11 • 1 3* These all died in/, not having received Joi. 1. 6. Bat let him ask in/, nothing doubtmg 2. 5. as to the world to be rich in /. and hem 1 Pet. 6, 9. whom withstand stedfast in your /. 2 Pet. 1. 5. all diligence tn your/, supply virtue Thbouoh Faith. Rom, 8. 22. erentherighteousness of God through/. 8. 25. through/, by his blood [or, /. in his blood] 30. unoiroumdsion through/, [or, the/.] 3 1 . the law of none effect through/, [or, the/.] 4. 20. but Vaxed strong through /• giving Gal, 2. 16. by the works of the law save through/. 8. 14. receive thepromiseof the Spirit through/. 20. ye are all sons of God through/. Eph. 2. 8. by grace have ye been saved tiirough/. 8. 12. through our/, in him [or, the/, of him] 17. Christ may dwell in your hearts through/. PhiU 3. 9. but that which is through/, in Ghiist CoL 2. 12. ye were also rused with him through/. 1 The, 8. 7. we were comforted...tfarcyDgh youi/. 2 Tim. 3. 15. through f. which is in Christ Jesus Keb. 6. 12. of them who through/, and patience 11. 33. who through /. imbdued kingdoms 39. through their /. received not the promiBe 1 Pet. 1. 5. are guarded through /• FAITHFUL. Mat, 24. 45. Who then is the /. and wise servant 25. 21, 23. Well done, good and/, servant: thoa bast been /. over a few things Luk. 12. 42. Who then is the/, and wise steward [or, the /• steward, the wise man] 16. 10. He that is/, in a very little is/, also in 1 1. If therefore ye have not been /. in the 12. And if ye have not been /. in that which 19. 17. because thou wast found /• in very little Act, 16. 15. If ye have judged me to be/, to the 1 Cor. 1. 9. God is /. tiurough whom ye were 4. 2. that a man be found/. 17. who is my beloved and /. child in the 7. 25. obtained mercy... to be/. [§ trustworthy] 10. 13. but God is/ who will not suffer you to 2 Cor. 1. 18. But as God is/, our word toward Gal, S« 9. blessed with the/. Abraham Eph. 1.. I. aiid the/, in Christ Jesus 6. 21. the beloved brother and /. minister in Col. 1. 2. to the saints and/, brethren in Christ 1. 7. who is a /. minister of Christ on our 4. 7. the beloved brother and /. minister and 9. together with Onesimns, the /. and 1 Tht. 6, 24./. is be that eaUeth you, who will 2 The. 8. 3. But the Lord is/, who shaU stablish 1 Tim, 1. 12. for that he counted me/, appointing 1. 15. /. is the saying and worthy of all aocepta- 3. I. /. is the saying, If a man seeketh the 1 1 . not slanderous, temperate, /« in all things 4. 9. /. is the saying and worthy of all 2 Tim. 2. 2. the same commit thou to /. men who 2. 1 1 . /. is the saying : For if we died with him 13. if we are faithless, he abideth/. Tit. 1. 9. holding to the/, word which is according 8. 8. /. is the saying, and concerning thesethings Heb. 2. 17. a metoiful and/, high priest in things • 8. 2. who was /. to him that appointed him 5. And Moses indeed was/, in aU his house 10. 23. for he is/, that promised 11. II. since she counted him/. I 1 P€t. 4. igi oommit their 8onls...imto a /. Creator faithful] 155 [famv 1 Pet. 5. 12. By Silvanns, onr/. brother, as I ao- 1 Jno, 1. 9. If we confess onr sms, he is /. and 3 Jno. 5. Beloved, thon doest a/.work in whatsoever Rev. 1. 5. and from Jesns Christ, who is the /. 2. 10. Be thou /. unto death, and I will give thee 13. Antipas my witness, my /. one, who was 3. 14. These things saitii the Amen, the/, and 17. 14. called and chosen and/. 19. II. he that sat thereon, called F. and True 21. 5; 22. 6. these words are/, and tme FAITHFULNESS. Rom. 3. 3. make of none effect the/. oiGod Gal 5. 22. longsufifering, kindness, goodness, /. FAITHLESS. Mat. 17. 17. O/. and perverse generation Mrk. 9. 19. O /. generation, how long shaU I be Luk. 9. 41. O /. and perverse generation John 20. 27. and be not /. but believing 2 Tim. 2. 13. if we are/, he abideth faithful ; for FALL. Mat. 4. 9. if thou wilt/, down and worship me 7. 27. and it fell : and great was the/, thereof 10. 29. and not one of them shall /. on the 12. II. and if this /. into a pit on the sabbath 15. 14. if the blind guide the blind, both shall /. 27. the dogs eat of the crumbs which/, from 21. 44. but on whomsoever it shall/, it will 24. 29. and th« stars shidl fall from heaven Luk. 6. 39. shall they not both /. into a pit f 8. 13. and in time of temptation /. away 16. 17. than for one tittle of the law to/. | 18,519 |
https://github.com/ceekay1991/AliPayForDebug/blob/master/AliPayForDebug/AliPayForDebug/AlipayWallet_Headers/TAJsApiHandler4SaveImageToAlbum.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | AliPayForDebug | ceekay1991 | C | Code | 118 | 528 | //
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Sep 17 2017 16:24:48).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import "PSDJsApiHandler.h"
@class H5WebViewController, NSMutableDictionary, NSString, UIImage;
@interface TAJsApiHandler4SaveImageToAlbum : PSDJsApiHandler
{
H5WebViewController *_webViewController;
CDUnknownBlockType _callback;
NSString *_imageSrc;
UIImage *_image;
NSMutableDictionary *_imageCache;
}
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSMutableDictionary *imageCache; // @synthesize imageCache=_imageCache;
@property(retain, nonatomic) UIImage *image; // @synthesize image=_image;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *imageSrc; // @synthesize imageSrc=_imageSrc;
@property(copy, nonatomic) CDUnknownBlockType callback; // @synthesize callback=_callback;
@property(nonatomic) __weak H5WebViewController *webViewController; // @synthesize webViewController=_webViewController;
- (void).cxx_destruct;
- (void)image:(id)arg1 didFinishSavingWithError:(id)arg2 contextInfo:(void *)arg3;
- (void)saveImage:(id)arg1 context:(id)arg2;
- (_Bool)checkIsGifImageWithImageSrc:(id)arg1;
- (void)getImageWithSrc:(id)arg1 context:(id)arg2 callback:(CDUnknownBlockType)arg3;
- (void)saveImageSrc:(id)arg1 context:(id)arg2;
- (void)savedImageWithError:(id)arg1 withImage:(id)arg2;
- (void)doHandler:(id)arg1 url:(id)arg2 context:(id)arg3 callback:(CDUnknownBlockType)arg4;
- (void)handler:(id)arg1 context:(id)arg2 callback:(CDUnknownBlockType)arg3;
@end
| 41,425 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125572510 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Litla Lyrskjeret | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 8 | 25 | Litla Lyrskjeret
Litla Lyrskjeret nature de l’élément volcan | 46,631 |
https://github.com/AngelKode/Proyecto_Electivas/blob/master/js/personal_files/denominaciones/denominacion_electivas.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | Proyecto_Electivas | AngelKode | JavaScript | Code | 1,363 | 4,429 | let idRowTable = 0;
let allDataDenominacion = [];//Aqui guardaremos toda la información, para no tener que hacer otra petición
let dataRegisterToBeModified = {};
const setIDRow = (id,action) =>{
idRowTable = id;
//De acuerdo a la accion, vamos a llenar los datos del modal
setShownData(action);
}
const showNotification = ({message = "", type = "info", element = "body", offset = {x : 30,y : 75},placement = {from : "top", align : "right"}, icon = "ok"}) => {
$.notify({
message: message,
icon : `glyphicon glyphicon-${icon}`
},{
type: type,
allow_dismiss: false,
newest_on_top: true,
element : element,
placement: placement,
delay: 3000,
timer: 1000,
offset : offset,
animate: {
enter: 'animated fadeInDown',
exit: 'animated fadeOutUp'
},
template : `<div data-notify="container" class="alert alert-{0}" role="alert">
<span data-notify="icon"></span>
<span data-notify="message">{2}</span>
</div>`
})
}
const showWaitingForServerResponse = (message) => {
swal({
title: message,
text: "Espere un momento por favor...",
type: "info",
showConfirmButton : false
});
}
const closeAlert = () =>{
swal.close();
}
const addLocalDataDenominacion = (Register) => {
//Agregamos el nuevo registro
allDataDenominacion = [
...allDataDenominacion,
{...Register}
];
}
const updateLocalDataDenominacion = (newData) => {
//Lo agregamos al arreglo de todos los datos
allDataDenominacion.find(({Register},index) => {
if(Register.ID === idRowTable){
allDataDenominacion[index] = {...newData};
return true;
}
return false;
});
}
const setShownData = (action) => {
if(action === "update"){
//Obtenemos el registro relacionado con el ID
dataRegisterToBeModified = allDataDenominacion.find(({Register}) => Register.ID === idRowTable);
const {Register} = dataRegisterToBeModified;
const {Descripcion, Ejemplos, EjeTematico, Factor, Modalidad} = Register
//Actualizamos los elementos con los datos obtenidos del modal para actualizar
document.getElementById('updateEjeTematico').value = EjeTematico;
document.getElementById('updateModalidad').value = Modalidad;
document.getElementById('updateDescripcion').value = Descripcion;
document.getElementById('updateFactor').value = Factor;
document.getElementById('updateEjemplos').value = Ejemplos;
}else{
//Mostramos en la notificación el nombre de la denominación
swal({
title: "¿Desea eliminarlo?",
type: "warning",
showConfirmButton : true,
showCancelButton : true,
confirmButtonText: "Eliminar registro",
cancelButtonText: "Cancelar",
confirmButtonColor: "#DD6B55",
closeOnConfirm: true,
closeOnCancel: true,
}, function(isConfirm){
if(!isConfirm){
showNotification({
message : "El registro no se ha elminado",
type : "info"
})
}else{
deleteDenominacion();
}
});
}
}
const fetchData = () => {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
$.ajax({
method : 'GET',
url : "./php/denominaciones/fetchDataDenominacion.php",
success: (serverResponse) => {
//Convertimos a JSON la respuesta
const jsonResponse = JSON.parse(serverResponse);
//Obtenemos message y status, en caso de ser undefined, quiere decir que se hizo correctamente la peticion
const {message, status} = jsonResponse;
if(status === undefined){
//Obtenemos el data-table
const tablaData = $("#tabla_registros_denominaciones").DataTable();
//Recorremos cada registro y agregamos a la tabla
jsonResponse.forEach(({ID,EjeTematico,Modalidad, Descripcion,Factor,Ejemplos}) => {
const btnUpdate = `<div>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary waves-effect" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal_editar_denominaciones" onclick = "setIDRow(${ID},'update')">
<i class="material-icons">update</i>
<span>Editar</span>
</button>  `;
const btnDelete = ` <button type="button" class="btn btn-danger waves-effect" onclick = "setIDRow(${ID},'delete')">
<i class="material-icons">delete</i>
<span>Eliminar</span>
</button>
</div>`;
const btnGroup = btnUpdate + btnDelete;
tablaData.row.add([
EjeTematico,Modalidad, Factor, btnGroup
]).draw().node().id = `row_ID_${ID}`
//Agregamos los datos al objeto que contiene toda la información
addLocalDataDenominacion({
Register : {
ID : parseInt(ID),
Descripcion : Descripcion,
Ejemplos : Ejemplos,
EjeTematico : EjeTematico,
Factor : parseInt(Factor.substring(Factor.lastIndexOf('x') + 2, Factor.lastIndexOf('horas') - 1)),
Modalidad : Modalidad,
}
});
});
}else{
showNotification({
message : message,
type : status
})
}
resolve();
}
})
});
}
const verifyUser = () => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
$.ajax({
method : 'GET',
url : './php/api/SESSION_DATA_ADMIN.php',
success : (serverResponse) => {
const {status} = JSON.parse(serverResponse);
if(status === "OK"){
resolve(JSON.parse(serverResponse))
}else{
reject(JSON.parse(serverResponse))
}
}
})
})
}
const addNewDenominacion = () => {
const ejeTematico = document.getElementById('newRowEjeTematico').value;
const modalidad = document.getElementById('newRowModalidad').value;
const descripcion = document.getElementById('newRowDescripcion').value;
const factorHoras = document.getElementById('newRowFactor').value;
const factor = `1 x ${factorHoras} horas`;
const ejemplos = document.getElementById('newRowEjemplos').value;
//Verificamos que todos tengan datos
const values = [ejeTematico, modalidad, descripcion,factorHoras, ejemplos];
let isAllData = true;
values.forEach((value) => {
if(value.trim() === ""){
isAllData = false;
}
});
if(isAllData){
showWaitingForServerResponse("Agregando registro...");
$.ajax({
method : 'POST',
url : "./php/denominaciones/addDenominacion.php",
data : {
"EjeTematico" : ejeTematico,
"Modalidad" : modalidad,
"Descripcion" : descripcion,
"Factor" : factor,
"Ejemplos" : ejemplos
},
success : (serverResponse) => {
const jsonResponse = JSON.parse(serverResponse);
const {status, message} = jsonResponse;
let icon = "warning-sign";
if(status === "success"){
//Obtenemos el ID que se le asignó al registro
const {ID} = jsonResponse;
//Obtenemos la tabla
const tablaData = $("#tabla_registros_denominaciones").DataTable();
//Creamos los botones para el registro
const btnUpdate = `<div>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary waves-effect" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal_editar_denominaciones" onclick = "setIDRow(${ID},'update')">
<i class="material-icons">update</i>
<span>Editar</span>
</button>  `;
const btnDelete = ` <button type="button" class="btn btn-danger waves-effect" onclick = "setIDRow(${ID},'delete')">
<i class="material-icons">delete</i>
<span>Eliminar</span>
</button>
</div>`;
const btnGroup = btnUpdate + btnDelete;
//Agregamos el registro a la tabla
tablaData.row.add([
ejeTematico,modalidad, factor, btnGroup
]).draw().node().id = `row_ID_${ID}`;
//Creamos el objeto de datos del nuevo registro
const dataRegisterToBeAdded = {
Register : {
ID : parseInt(ID),
Descripcion : descripcion,
Ejemplos : ejemplos,
EjeTematico : ejeTematico,
Factor : parseInt(factor.substring(factor.lastIndexOf('x') + 2, factor.lastIndexOf('horas') - 1)),
Modalidad : modalidad,
}
};
//Agregamos ese nuevo dato al arreglo de datos
addLocalDataDenominacion(dataRegisterToBeAdded);
icon = "ok";
}
const waitTime = () => {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
const timeOutObject = setTimeout(()=>{
resolve(timeOutObject);
},800);
})
}
waitTime().then((timeOutObject) =>{
closeAlert();
//Mostramos la notificacion al usuario
showNotification({
message : message,
type : status,
icon : icon
});
$("#modal_alta_denominaciones").modal('hide');//Cerramos el modal
clearTimeout(timeOutObject);
});
}
});
}else{
swal({
title: "¡Cuidado!",
text: "1 o más datos faltantes. Chécalos:)",
type: "warning",
showConfirmButton : false,
timer: 2000
});
}
}
const updateDenominacion = () => {
//Obtenemos los valores a actualizar
const ejeTematico = document.getElementById('updateEjeTematico').value;
const modalidad = document.getElementById('updateModalidad').value;
const descripcion = document.getElementById('updateDescripcion').value;
const factorHoras = document.getElementById('updateFactor').value;
const factor = `${1} x ${factorHoras} horas`;
const ejemplos = document.getElementById('updateEjemplos').value;
//Verificamos que todos tengan datos
const values = [ejeTematico, modalidad, descripcion, factorHoras, ejemplos];
let isAllData = true;
values.forEach((value) => {
if(value.trim() === ""){
isAllData = false;
}
});
if(isAllData){
showWaitingForServerResponse("Actualizando registro...");
$.ajax({
method : "POST",
url : "./php/denominaciones/updateDenominacion.php",
data : {
ID : idRowTable,
EjeTematico : ejeTematico,
Modalidad : modalidad,
Descripcion : descripcion,
Factor : factor,
Ejemplos : ejemplos
},
success : (serverResponse) => {
//Obtenemos la respuesta del servidor
const {status, message} = JSON.parse(serverResponse);
let icon = "warning-sign";
//De acuerdo a la respuesta del servidor, mostramos la notificación
if(status === "success"){
//Actualizamos los datos de la tabla
//Obtenemos la referencia de la tabla
const tablaData = $("#tabla_registros_denominaciones").DataTable();
//Obtenemos el renglon
const oldRowToBeUpdated = tablaData.row(`#row_ID_${idRowTable}`);
//Obtenemos el dato del renglon
let oldDataToBeUpdated = oldRowToBeUpdated.data();
//Creamos el nuevo arreglo de datos
oldDataToBeUpdated = [
ejeTematico,
modalidad,
factor,
oldDataToBeUpdated[3]
];
//Actualizamos los datos en la DataTable y en el arreglo de todos los datos
oldRowToBeUpdated.data(oldDataToBeUpdated);
//Creamos el nuevo objeto modificado
dataRegisterToBeModified = {
Register : {
ID : idRowTable,
Descripcion : descripcion,
Ejemplos : ejemplos,
EjeTematico : ejeTematico,
Factor : factorHoras,
Modalidad : modalidad,
}
}
//Actualizamos el dato
updateLocalDataDenominacion(dataRegisterToBeModified);
icon = "ok";
}
const waitTime = () => {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
const timeOutObject = setTimeout(()=>{
resolve(timeOutObject);
},800);
})
}
waitTime().then((timeOutObject) =>{
closeAlert();
//Mostramos la notificacion al usuario
showNotification({
message : message,
type : status,
icon : icon
});
$("#modal_editar_denominaciones").modal('hide');//Cerramos el modal
clearTimeout(timeOutObject);
});
}
});
}else{
swal({
title: "¡Cuidado!",
text: "1 o más datos faltantes. Chécalos:)",
type: "warning",
showConfirmButton : false,
timer: 2000
});
}
}
const deleteDenominacion = () => {
const waitForPastAlert = () =>{
return new Promise((resolve) =>{
const timeOutObject = setTimeout(()=>{
showWaitingForServerResponse("Eliminando registro...");
resolve(timeOutObject);
},200);
});
}
waitForPastAlert().then((timeOutObject) => {
clearTimeout(timeOutObject);
})
$.ajax({
method : "POST",
url : "./php/denominaciones/deleteDenominacion.php",
data : {
ID : idRowTable
},
success : (serverResponse) => {
//Obtenemos la respuesta del servidor
const {status, message} = JSON.parse(serverResponse);
let icon = "warning-sign";
if(status === "success"){
//Actualizamos los datos de la data
const tablaData = $("#tabla_registros_denominaciones").DataTable();
//Eliminamos el registro de la tabla y actualizamos
tablaData.row(`#row_ID_${idRowTable}`).remove().draw();
icon = "ok";
}
const waitTime = () => {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
const timeOutObject = setTimeout(()=>{
resolve(timeOutObject);
},800);
})
}
waitTime().then((timeOutObject) =>{
closeAlert();
//Mostramos la notificacion al usuario
showNotification({
message : message,
type : status,
icon : icon
});
clearTimeout(timeOutObject);
});
}
});
}
$(document).ready(() =>{
verifyUser()//Verificamos que el que ingresa sea administrador
.then(() => fetchData())//Obtenemos los datos de las denominaciones
.then(() => {
//Quitamos la pantalla de carga al obtener todos los datos y mostrarlos en la tabla
setTimeout(function () { $('.page-loader-wrapper').fadeOut(); }, 50);
})
.catch(({message}) => {
$(".page-loader-wrapper").css("background","linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(106,81,92,1) 19%, rgba(104,36,68,1) 87%)")
//Mostramos una notificacion indicando que no hay sesión actual
swal({
title: message,
text: "Redirigiendo...",
type: "warning",
showConfirmButton : false,
background : '#fff',
});
setTimeout(() => {
//Despues de 2.5 segundos, redirigimos al usuario para que inicie sesión
window.location.replace("login_admin.html");
}, 2500);
})
})
| 47,615 |
https://openalex.org/W4376863458 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,023 | Pembuatan dan Implementasi Profil Institusi SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat Berbasis Web PC dan Web Mobile | Ananto Tri Sasongko | Indonesian | Spoken | 2,593 | 6,506 | Abstract Data from the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers (APJII) in 2019-2020 amounted to 73.7% of
Indonesia's entire 266 million population. The rapid progress of the internet is not only used to get information
but can also be used as a means of media promotion through creating websites. It's just that at SDIT AL FAJRI
CAHAYA UMAT, they haven't used the website as a media for presenting school profiles but by spreading
browsers, flayers, and promotions to the community around Cikarang. However, implementation in the
conventional way has many obstacles and problems, including lack of communication, inefficiency of time and
costs because you have to print browsers and layers, besides that due to limited promotional reach. To overcome
this obstacle, one solution is to implement a school profile website. The website has become a fundamental
requirement for an institution because it is one of the most influential media today. Many studies prove the website
is among the most effective media for presenting school profiles. Keywords: Web PC; Web Mobile; School Profile Abstrak Data dari Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) pada tahun 2019-2020 sebesar 73,7 % dari 266
juta seluruh penduduk Indonesia. Kemajuan internet yang sangat pesat tidak hanya dimanfaatkan untuk
mendapatkan informasi saja, tetapi bisa juga dimanfaatkan untuk sarana media promosi melalui pembuatan
website. Hanya saja di SDIT AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT belum mengunakan website sebagai media presentasi
profil sekolah melainkan dengan cara menyebar browser, flayer dan promosi ke masyarakat sekitar Cikarang. Akan
tetapi pelaksanaan dengan cara konvensional mempunyai beberapa banyak kendala dan masalah diantaranya
kurangnya komunikasi, tidak efesiensi waktu dan biaya karena harus mencetak browser dan flayer selain itu
dikarenakan jangkauan promosi yang terbatas. Dalam rangka mengatasi kendala ini, salah satu solusi yaitu dengan
mengimplementasikan website profile sekolah. Saat ini, website sudah menjadi kebutuhan yang mendasar sebuah
institusi karena merupakan salah satu media yang efektif di zaman sekarang. Sudah banyak penelitian yang
membuktikan bahwa website adalah salah satu media paling efektif mempresentasikan profil sekolah. Kata kunci: Web PC; Web Mobile; Profil Sekolah Direvisi : 04 Februari 2023 Direvisi : 04 Februari 2023 JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140 Pembuatan dan Implementasi Profil Institusi SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat
Berbasis Web PC dan Web Mobile
Ananto Tri Sasongko1*, Dendy K.Pramudito2, Edora3, Muhamad Ekhsan 4, Suwandi5
1,2,3,4,5Universitas Pelita Bangsa
*E-mail: [email protected] PENDAHULUAN Promosi sangat penting kita lakukan maka perancangan website untuk promosi harus kita
laksnakan terlebih dahulu keberadaan customer sangatlah penting. Ditambah dengan semakin
banyaknya orang yang bisa mengakses informasi lewat Internet, menurut data dari Asosiasi
Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) pada tahun 2019-2020 sebesar 73,7 % dari 266 juta 97 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi mbuatan dan Implementasi Profil Institusi SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat
Berbasis Web PC dan Web Mobile Ananto Tri Sasongko1*, Dendy K.Pramudito2, Edora3, Muhamad Ekhsan 4, Suwandi5
1,2,3,4,5Universitas Pelita Bangsa
*E-mail: [email protected] Diterima : 05 Januari 2023 Dipublikasikan : 28 Februari 2023 Diterima : 05 Januari 2023 Dipublikasikan : 28 Februari 2023 Diterima : 05 Januari 2023 Direvisi : 04 Februari 2023 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi Jawa Barat
Indonesia
-6
107 98 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140 https://lenteranusa.id/ Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140 seluruh penduduk Indonesia. Kemajuan internet yang sangat pesat tidak hanya dimanfaatkan untuk
mendapatkan informasi saja, tetapi bisa juga dimanfaatkan untuk sarana media promosi lewat
pembuatan website. Salah satu penyelenggara pendidikan di daerah Cikarang adalah sekolah SDIT AL
FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT Cikarang. SDIT AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT adalah salah satu sekolah dasar di cikarang timur, tepatnya
berada di Jl. Bugel Salam No.5 desa Sertajaya kecamatan Cikarang Kabupaten Bekasi Jawa Barat, profil
lebih lengkap bisa dilihat di Gambar 1. Selama ini untuk menjaring siswa didik baru dilaksanakan
kegiatan dengan cara menyebar browser, flayer dan promosi ke masyarakat sekitaran Cikarang. Akan
tetapi pelaksanaan dengan cara konvensional mempunyai beberapa banyak kendala dan masalah,
diantaranya memakan banyak waktu, kurangnya komunikasi dan memakan banyak biaya karena harus
mencetak browser dan flayer dan jangkaun promosi yang terbatas. Sekarang website sudah menjadi
kebutuhan yang mendasar sebuah institusi karena merupakan salah satu media promosi yang efektif di
zaman sekarang. Sudah banyak penelitian yang membuktikan bahwa website adalah salah satu media
paling efektif dalam penyebaran promosi. Oleh karena itu, dalam pengabdian ini akan dilaksankan
pembuatan dan implementasi media profile sekolah berbasis web pc dan web mobile di SDIT AL FAJRI
CAHAYA UMAT Cikarang Timur. Gambar 1. Profil Sekolah SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT
Profil SDIT AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT
Kec. Cikarang Timur, Kab. Bekasi, Prov. Jawa Barat
Tanggal unduh: 28-02-2023 07:04:28
Tanggal sinkronisasi: 2023-02-01 12:49:49.250
1
Nama Sekolah
:
2
NPSN
:
3
Jenjang Pendidikan
:
4
Status Sekolah
:
5
Alamat Sekolah
:
RT / RW
:
1
/
2
Kode Pos
:
Kelurahan
:
Kecamatan
:
Kabupaten/Kota
:
Provinsi
:
Negara
:
6
Posisi Geografis
:
Lintang
Bujur
1. Identitas Sekolah
SDIT AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT
69974642
SD
Swasta
Kp. Bugel Salam RT. 001 / RW. 002
17530
Hegarmanah
Kec. Cikarang Timur
Kab. Bekasi
Prov. METODE Program PKM ini dilaksanakan di Desa Sertajaya, Kecamatan Cikarang Timur kabupaten
Bekasi, dengan sasaran adalah staf SDIT AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT. Dengan adanya Pengabdian ini
diharapkan sekolah dapat meningkatkan pelaksaan promosi dalam penerimaan peserta didik baru di
sekolah melalui website profil sekolah, selain itu dilaksanakan pendampingan dan pelatihan dalam
proses pembuatan dan pengembangan website ini sehingga meningkatkan proses promosi sekolah ke
calon peserta didik baru. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan PKM pada mitra SDIT AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT di Kecamatan
Cikarang Timur ditampilkan pada Gambar 2 dengan penjelasan sebagai berikut: Gambar 2. Metode Pelaksanaan Pembuatan Profil Gambar 2. Metode Pelaksanaan Pembuatan Profil Metode pelaksanaan pada Gambar 1 di atas dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut: 1. Pembuatan web profil sekolah 1. Pembuatan web profil sekolah 1. Pembuatan web profil sekolah 2. Partisipasi staf SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat 3. Pelaksanaan pelatihan perbaruan informasi 4. Pemantauan dan evaluasi kegiatan 5. Penyusunan dan pembuatan laporan Pembuatan website profile sekolah yang memuat segala informasi tentang sekolah tersebut akan
memberikan manfaat pada sekolah. Pelatihan manajemen website diberikan kepada staf yang
bertanggung jawab untuk mengelola website tersebut. Aktivitas yang hendak dicapai adalah: 1. Memberikan pelatihan penggunan website sebagai media presentasi dan informasi. 1. Memberikan pelatihan penggunan website sebagai media presentasi dan informasi. 2. Memberikan pelatihan perancangan media informasi melalui website sekolah. 3. Menumbuhkan motivasi dan ketrampilan staf dalam membuat media profile dan promosi
melalui website. 3. Menumbuhkan motivasi dan ketrampilan staf dalam membuat media profile dan promosi
melalui website. 99 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ Berikut adalah langkah-langkah untuk membuat website profil sekolah SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat: Berikut adalah langkah-langkah untuk membuat website profil sekolah SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat: Berikut adalah langkah-langkah untuk membuat website profil sekolah SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat: Kondisi SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT 100 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140 https://lenteranusa.id/ Berikut adalah langkah-langkah untuk membuat website profil sekolah SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat: 1. Menentukan tujuan dan visi misi website: Sebelum memulai pembuatan website, pertama
menentukan tujuan dan visi misi website profil sekolah yang ingin dibuat. Hal ini akan
membantu dalam mengarahkan desain dan isi website yang akan dibuat. 1. Menentukan tujuan dan visi misi website: Sebelum memulai pembuatan website, pertama
menentukan tujuan dan visi misi website profil sekolah yang ingin dibuat. Hal ini akan
membantu dalam mengarahkan desain dan isi website yang akan dibuat. 2. Memilih platform website: memilih platform website yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan
kemampuan. Ada banyak platform website yang dapat digunakan seperti WordPress, Wix,
Squarespace, atau membuat website dari awal menggunakan HTML, CSS, dan JavaScript. 2. Memilih platform website: memilih platform website yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan
kemampuan. Ada banyak platform website yang dapat digunakan seperti WordPress, Wix,
Squarespace, atau membuat website dari awal menggunakan HTML, CSS, dan JavaScript. 3. Menentukan nama domain: memilih nama domain yang sesuai dengan nama sekolah. Memastikan nama domain tersedia dan telah didaftarkan (sditalfajricahayaumat.sch.id). 4. Membuat desain website: memuat desain website yang sesuai dengan visi misi sekolah. Memastikan desain website mudah dinavigasi dan mudah digunakan. 4. Membuat desain website: memuat desain website yang sesuai dengan visi misi sekolah. Memastikan desain website mudah dinavigasi dan mudah digunakan. 5. Menambahkan konten website: menambahkan konten website yang berisi informasi tentang
sekolah seperti sejarah sekolah, fasilitas sekolah, kurikulum, program sekolah, aktivitas
ekstrakurikuler, dan informasi kontak. 6. Menambahkan foto dan video: menambahkan foto dan video yang menarik untuk membuat
website lebih interaktif. 6. Menambahkan foto dan video: menambahkan foto dan video yang menarik untuk membuat
website lebih interaktif. 7. Menguji coba dan mempublikasikan: sebelum mempublikasikan website, memastikan untuk
melakukan uji coba dan perbaikan jika ditemukan kesalahan. Setelah itu, baru
mempublikasikan website dan mempromosikan melalui media sosial atau email. Gambar 3 di bawah ini merupakan kondisi SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT. 100
Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi
Gambar 3 di bawah ini merupakan kondisi SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT. Gambar 3. Kondisi SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT Gambar 3. Kondisi SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT Gambar 3. Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi PEMBAHASAN Dalam kegiatan apapun, evaluasi sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi keberhasilan kegiatan
tersebut. Evaluasi bisa dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah kegiatan yang telah dilaksanakan sesuai
dengan tujuan yang diharapkan, serta untuk mengetahui hal-hal yang perlu diperbaiki atau dioptimalkan
dalam kegiatan selanjutnya. Evaluasi untuk kegiatan PKM pembuatan website di SDIT ALFAJRI
CAHAYA UMAT bisa dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan umpan balik dari para peserta PKM, yaitu
guru-guru yang mengikuti pelatihan pembuatan website. Umpan balik tersebut bisa berupa pertanyaan,
saran, atau masukan yang membantu dalam mengevaluasi keberhasilan kegiatan PKM. Evaluasi juga
bisa dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi hasil akhir dari PKM, yaitu website yang telah dibuat. Evaluasi ini
bisa dilakukan dengan memeriksa apakah website yang dibuat sudah sesuai dengan yang diharapkan
dan sudah bisa diakses oleh masyarakat dengan mudah. KESIMPULAN Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat tentang " Pembuatan dan
Implementasi Profil Institusi SDIT Al Fajri Cahaya Umat Berbasis Web PC dan Web Mobile" di SDIT
AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT Cikarang, Kabupaten Bekasi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan tersebut
sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Selain itu, media website ini telah membawa dampak positif dalam upaya
peningkatan promosi dan informasi, seperti yang terbukti dari respon positif yang diberikan oleh dewan
guru dan kepala sekolah. UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH Kegiatan pengabdian ini terselenggara atas kerjasama kampus Universitas Pelita Bangsa dengan SDIT
AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT di Kecamatan Cikarang Timur. Kegiatan pengabdian ini terselenggara atas kerjasama kampus Universitas Pelita Bangsa dengan SDIT
AL FAJRI CAHAYA UMAT di Kecamatan Cikarang Timur. HASIL Pada bulan Desember 2022 hingga Januari 2023, kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat
dilaksanakan secara online dan melalui praktek pelatihan dengan menggunakan Zoom. Pelatihan yang
diadakan di SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT Cikarang mengenai penggunaan dan pengelolaan
website telah diterima dengan baik oleh guru dan satf SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT yang
mengikutinya. Kegiatan pelatihan ini dianggap bermanfaat bagi guru dan sekolah karena: Pertama,
memberikan informasi yang lebih detail tentang sekolah, yaitu fasilitas, keunggulan, dan prestasi yang
telah dicapai. Kedua, meningkatkan citra sekolah di mata masyarakat dengan memiliki website yang
profesional. Ketiga, memudahkan orang tua dalam mengakses informasi tentang sekolah melalui
website, sehingga tidak perlu datang ke sekolah hanya untuk menanyakan informasi. Keuntungan lain dari memiliki website sekolah adalah meningkatkan transparansi sekolah. Dengan adanya website, informasi tentang sekolah akan lebih terbuka dan transparan, sehingga
masyarakat lebih mudah memperoleh informasi yang diinginkan. Selain itu, website juga meningkatkan
akses informasi bagi masyarakat luas, karena informasi tentang sekolah bisa diakses oleh masyarakat di
luar lokasi sekolah. Berikut ini, pada Gambar 4, adalah tangkapan layar website profil sekolah SDIT ALFAJRI
CAHAYA UMAT dengan nama domain dan url https://sditalfajricahayaumat.sch.id Gambar 4. Halaman Depan Website Profil SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT Gambar 4. Halaman Depan Website Profil SDIT ALFAJRI CAHAYA UMAT 101 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Apjii. (2020). APJII Rilis Hasil Survei Pengguna Internet Indonesia Terbaru. Apjii. (2020). APJII Rilis Hasil Survei Pengguna Internet Indonesia Terbaru. Firgia, L., & Nurcahyo, A. C. (2021). Perancangan Dan Pembuatan Company Profile Berbasis Website
Sebagai MEdia Promosi Dan Informasi Pada Sekolah Tinggi Teologia Ekklesia Pontianak. J. Inf. Technol., 1(2), 35–40. doi: 10.46229/jifotech.v1i2.198. Firgia, L., & Nurcahyo, A. C. (2021). Perancangan Dan Pembuatan Company Profile Berbasis Website
Sebagai MEdia Promosi Dan Informasi Pada Sekolah Tinggi Teologia Ekklesia Pontianak. J. Inf. Technol., 1(2), 35–40. doi: 10.46229/jifotech.v1i2.198. Irsandi, J. S., Fitri, I., & Nathasia, N. D. (2020). Sistem Informasi Pemasaran dengan Penerapan CRM
(Customer Relationship Management) Berbasis Website menggunakan Metode Waterfall dan
Agile. J. JTIK (Jurnal Teknol. Inf. dan Komunikasi), 5(4), 346. doi: 10.35870/jtik.v5i4.192. Irsandi, J. S., Fitri, I., & Nathasia, N. D. (2020). Sistem Informasi Pemasaran dengan Penerapan CRM
(Customer Relationship Management) Berbasis Website menggunakan Metode Waterfall dan
Agile. J. JTIK (Jurnal Teknol. Inf. dan Komunikasi), 5(4), 346. doi: 10.35870/jtik.v5i4.192. 102 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi JLP : Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian
Volume 01 No 01 Januari 2023
E ISSN : 2985-6140
https://lenteranusa.id/ Rochman, M. I., Hanafri, & Wandira, A. (2020). Implementasi Website Profil SMK Kartini Sebagai
Media Promosi dan Informasi Berbasis Open Source. Acad. J. Comput. Sci. Res., 2(1), 46–51. doi: 10.38101/ajcsr.v2i1.272. Saian, S. D. S., Kakihary, N. L., & Wahyono, T. (2022). Pengujian Content Management System (Cms)
Sekolahku Menggunakan Metode Black Box Testing Dengan Teknik Boundary Value Analysis. It-Explore: Jurnal Penerapan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, 1(2), 100-113. Yahya, F. N.,Arwan, A., & Kharisma, A. P. Pengembangan Sistem Manajemen Proyek dan
Akun Hosting di Software House Berbasis Web (Studi Kasus Elecomp Software House). Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer e-ISSN, 2548, 964X. Zulkarnain, A. (2019). Penerapan Mobile-First Design pada Antarmuka Website Profil Sekolah
Menggunakan Metode Human-Centred Design (Studi Kasus: SMPN 21 Malang). Jurnal
Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi Asia, 13(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.32815/jitika.v13i2.408 103 Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi Jurnal Lentera Pengabdian : Ananto Tri Sasongko, Dendy K.Pramudito, Edora, Muhamad
Ekhsan, Suwandi | 22,722 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38411342 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,016 | Stack Exchange | gardenapple, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2397162, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5701177, niceman | English | Spoken | 490 | 779 | C# console app: how to prevent user from holding down a key when using a ReadKey() loop?
I'm writing a console app in C#, which reads user input using Console.ReadKey(). It has code that's similar to this:
while(true)
{
switch(Console.ReadKey(true).Key)
{
case ConsoleKey.Enter:
//code
case ConsoleKey.UpArrow:
//code
case ConsoleKey.DownArrow:
//code
case ConsoleKey.Escape:
//code
}
}
Now the problem is, if the user holds down any key for more than half a second, Windows registers it as multiple key presses. So if, for the example, the Enter key is held down for a second, the code that goes after case ConsoleKey.Enter: runs about ten times, and I don't want that.
How do I make it so that holding a button down registers as only one key press? Will I have to use Windows Forms for that? (currently my code only relies on the Console class).
@HenkHolterman If someone intentionally spams the button, I'm okay with that. I just don't want code running multiple times if they hold down the button for too long by accident.
If the goal is just to prevent entering keystrokes too fast, something like this might work:
DateTime lastPressedTime = DateTime.MinValue;
while (true)
{
var key = Console.ReadKey(true).Key;
if (DateTime.Now > lastPressedTime.AddSeconds(.5))
{
switch (key)
{
case ConsoleKey.Enter:
//code
case ConsoleKey.UpArrow:
//code
case ConsoleKey.DownArrow:
//code
case ConsoleKey.Escape:
//code
}
}
lastPressedTime = DateTime.Now;
}
However it will be annoying to the user if they are legitimately typing fast since it will discard anything that comes in quicker than 1/2 second from the last keypress.
If you really want to be sure they aren't just holding down the key too long, you need to monitor for a KeyUp event and only accept another keystroke after you have seen the KeyUp. It is easy using Winforms. It gets a bit more complicated with a Console application.
This question may give more ideas on what it would take to monitor for key state in a Console application: C# arrow key input for a console app
Actually I kinda like the first approach. It's not exactly what I was asking for, but after reducing the "key press cooldown" to 50 milliseconds I found that it works quite nicely for my program.
You can use the Timer class to read the key from the console only once per a period of time (say, 50 miliseconds or something). When a user press and holds a key it will still be readed several times but you can control how many times per second your code will be executed.
I think the OP wants to run code only once no matter how much the user holded down the key before releasing it
@niceman That is correct. I just want to make it so that holding down the button registers as only one key press, I don't want to set a "speed limit" to key presses or anything. I should probably clarify that in my question.
| 3,724 |
https://github.com/FmasterofU/OISISI_SSluzba/blob/master/src/rs/ac/uns/ftn/ssluzba/Main.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | OISISI_SSluzba | FmasterofU | Java | Code | 64 | 189 | package rs.ac.uns.ftn.ssluzba;
import rs.ac.uns.ftn.ssluzba.gui.controller.Data;
import rs.ac.uns.ftn.ssluzba.gui.view.MainWindow;
/**
* @author fmaster
* @implNote Starting point
*/
public class Main {
public static String version = "v1.1.0";
/**
* @implNote Practically doesn't do a single damn thing :)
* Well it does, Data initialization and starts up the MainWindow, version number
* @param args discarded
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
Data.init();
MainWindow.getInstance().setVisible(true);
}
}
| 20,400 |
2009051600996 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,009 | AJS ASSOCIATION DES JEUNES SENSFRINOIS. | ASSOCIATIONS | French | Spoken | 14 | 18 | intégrer les jeunes dans la vie du village en mettant en place des manifestations. | 18,912 |
https://openalex.org/W4322752913 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,023 | Validation of Aeolus wind profiles using ground-based lidar and radiosonde observations at Réunion island and the Observatoire de Haute-Provence | Mathieu Ratynski | English | Spoken | 18,519 | 35,677 | To cite this version: Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing, Jean-Pierre Cammas, et al.. Validation of Aeolus wind profiles using ground-based lidar and radiosonde observations at Réunion
Island and the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2023, 16 (4),
pp.997-1016. 10.5194/amt-16-997-2023. insu-03850451v2 Validation of Aeolus wind profiles using ground-based
lidar and radiosonde observations at Réunion Island and
the Observatoire de Haute Provence
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing,
Jean-Pierre Cammas, Yann Hello, Philippe Keckhut Validation of Aeolus wind profiles using ground-based
lidar and radiosonde observations at Réunion Island and
the Observatoire de Haute Provence
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing,
Jean-Pierre Cammas, Yann Hello, Philippe Keckhut Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Correspondence: Mathieu Ratynski ([email protected]) Correspondence: Mathieu Ratynski ([email protected]) Received: 23 August 2022 – Discussion started: 5 September 2022
Revised: 23 December 2022 – Accepted: 21 January 2023 – Published: 28 February 2023 Received: 23 August 2022 – Discussion started: 5 September 2022
Revised: 23 December 2022 – Accepted: 21 January 2023 – Published: 28 February 2023 Received: 23 August 2022 – Discussion started: 5 September 2022 term evolution of the satellite performance along with punc-
tual collocation analyses. On average, we find a systematic
error (bias) of −0.92 and −0.79 m s−1 and a random error
(scaled MAD) of 6.49 and 5.37 m s−1 for lidar and radioson-
des, respectively. Abstract. The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Aeolus
satellite mission is the first Doppler wind lidar in space, op-
erating in orbit for more than 4 years since August 2018 and
providing global wind profiling throughout the entire tro-
posphere and the lower stratosphere. The Observatoire de
Haute-Provence (OHP) in southern France and the Observa-
toire de Physique de l’Atmosphère de La Réunion (OPAR)
are equipped with ground-based Doppler Rayleigh–Mie li-
dars, which operate on similar principles to the Aeolus lidar
and are among essential instruments within the ESA Aeo-
lus calibration and validation (cal/val) program. This study
presents the validation results of the L2B Rayleigh clear hor-
izontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds from September 2018 to
January 2022. The point-by-point validation exercise relies
on a series of validation campaigns at both observatories:
AboVE (Aeolus Validation Experiment), held in Septem-
ber 2019 and June 2021 at OPAR and in January 2019
and December 2021 at OHP. The campaigns involved time-
coordinated lidar acquisitions and radiosonde ascents collo-
cated with the nearest Aeolus overpasses. During AboVE-2,
Aeolus was operated in a campaign mode with an extended
range bin setting allowing inter-comparisons up to 28.7 km. We show that this setting suffers from larger random error
in the uppermost bins, exceeding the estimated error, due to
lack of backscatter at high altitudes. To evaluate the long-
term evolution in Aeolus wind product quality, twice-daily
routine Météo-France radiosondes and regular lidar observa-
tions were used at both sites. This study evaluates the long- HAL Id: insu-03850451
https://insu.hal.science/insu-03850451v2
Submitted on 28 Feb 2023 L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
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publics ou privés. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. 1
Introduction Wind velocity is one of the fundamental meteorological vari-
ables describing the atmospheric state. Assimilating atmo-
spheric wind observations into numerical weather prediction
(NWP) models is crucial to understand the evolution and
structure of weather dynamics, air quality monitoring, fore-
casting, and climate and meteorological studies. Accurate
NWPs are essential for commercial activities such as agricul-
ture, fisheries, construction, transportation, energy develop-
ment, and daily life. Therefore, continuous global wind pro-
filing is essential for enhancing our understanding of atmo-
spheric dynamics and improving the accuracy of numerical
weather predictions (Houchi et al., 2010; Albertema, 2019;
Stoffelen et al., 2005, 2020). The wind measurements are conducted with a large vari-
ety of techniques: radiosondes (Houchi et al., 2010), wind
profiler radars (WPRs) (Rogers et al., 1993), ground-based
Doppler wind lidars (DWLs) (Chanin et al., 1989; Baum-
garten, 2010; Xia et al., 2012), sodars (Anderson et al., 1Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), UVSQ, Sorbonne Université, CNRS,
IPSL, Guyancourt, France 2Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de La Réunion (OSU-R, UAR3365), Saint-Denis, Réunion, France
anow at: Leibniz Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Kühlungsborn, Germany Mathieu Ratynski1, Sergey Khaykin1, Alain Hauchecorne1, Robin Wing1,a, Jean-Pierre Cammas2, Yann Hello2, and
Philippe Keckhut1 1Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), UVSQ, Sorbonne Université, CNRS,
IPSL, Guyancourt, France Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), UVSQ, Sorbonne Université, CNRS,
SL, Guyancourt, France Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Aeolus is a polar-orbiting satellite in
a sun-synchronous dawn-to-dusk orbit at about 320 km alti-
tude.The satellite’s payload consists of only one large instru-
ment, a Doppler wind lidar called ALADIN (Atmospheric
LAser Doppler INstrument), which is the first-ever Doppler
Rayleigh–Mie wind lidar (DWL) in space (Stoffelen et al.,
2005; Reitebuch, 2012; Kanitz et al., 2019a). ALADIN is a
direct-detection high-spectral-resolution wind lidar provid-
ing vertical profiles of the horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS)
wind velocity profiles at an angle of 35◦off-nadir from the
ground up to 30 km. While 30 km is the initially stated nom-
inal range, it is very rarely used, favoring smaller ranges of
observation. However, as with all satellite sensors, the remote
sensing technology and retrieval algorithm require a careful
assessment of the quality and validity of the generated data
products. Although corrections to several substantial bias
sources in the Aeolus L2B winds have been implemented
in the data processing (Rennie et al., 2021; Reitebuch et al.,
2020; Weiler et al., 2021b), a direct validation against high-
resolution measurements is required to identify any residual
biases in Aeolus’ L2B winds. Total bias is a measure of the
overall accuracy of a measurement, while residual bias mea-
sures the remaining error after accounting for known sources
of error. Both are important in understanding the reliability
and accuracy of a measurement. However, in this paper, we
discuss residual bias, as it takes into account the many cor-
rections that have been put into place in the baselines. To re-
flect and document changes in the baselines’ residual biases,
which are all merged in our large analyses, we will provide
an overview of our dataset’s subsets characteristics in Sect. 4. The paper is organized as follows: in Sect. 2, the radioson-
des, the ground-based lidars, and the designs and operation
principles of ALADIN are briefly described with a focus on
the commonalities and differences between the two wind li-
dar instruments and M10 radiosondes. In Sect. 3, an overview
of the two validation campaigns is given, and the procedure
of matching the different resolutions of the used datasets is
explained. An extensive statistical study is then proposed in
Sect. 4 through a statistical comparison of entire datasets
over the different regions and time periods, as well as a long-
term validation over both observatories. Additionally, single
case studies are presented to give further insight into the error
sources. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. ublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 998 2005), metal resonance lidars (She et al., 2004), microwave
radiometers (Rüfenacht et al., 2012), infrasound (Le Pichon
et al., 2005), aircraft and airborne lidars (Prudden et al.,
2018; Yan et al., 2015; Lux et al., 2020a), satellites (Eyre,
2020), and atmospheric motion vectors (Forsythe, 2007). The
DWL technique offers a broad altitude range from the lower
troposphere up to the lower mesosphere and a vertical reso-
lution of around 100 m. In that sense, the Doppler wind li-
dars overcome most of the other instruments in terms of both
vertical resolution and altitude range, making them a perfect
choice as reference instruments for satellite validation. Un-
fortunately, there are only a handful of them being operated
today. altitude Maido observatory at Réunion island, OPAR (Ob-
servatoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère de La Réunion). The
OHP has been a historical place for lidar observations of the
atmosphere for several decades (Hauchecorne and Chanin,
1980; Hauchecorne et al., 1991), while the Maido observa-
tory saw its first observation campaigns in 2013 (Keckhut
et al., 2015). Both stations are equipped with an extensive
suite of lidar instruments, including Rayleigh–Mie Doppler
lidars for wind profiling up to 70 km altitude using a double-
edge Fabry–Pérot interferometer (direct-detection method). This technique, pioneered by French Service d’Aeronomie in
1989 (Chanin et al., 1989), is implemented in the Rayleigh
channel of the Aeolus ALADIN instrument (Schillinger et
al., 2003), which is why the OHP and OPAR sites are con-
sidered to be important contributors to the Aeolus cal/val pro-
gram. Both AboVE-OHP and AboVE-Maido cal/val cam-
paigns involved time-coordinated radiosounding measure-
ments during the satellite overpass. On 22 August 2018, the European Space Agency (ESA)
launched the Aeolus satellite as part of the Living Planet
Programme. With an initial estimated lifetime of 3 years,
this mission is expected to pave the way for future opera-
tional meteorological satellites dedicated to observing the at-
mospheric wind field in order to advance the understanding
of climate processes and atmosphere dynamics (ESA, 2019;
Straume et al., 2020). Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Finally, the results are discussed in Sect. 5, followed
by the conclusions in Sect. 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars measuring the vertical wind profile (Baars et al., 2020; Mar-
tin et al., 2021). The speed and direction of the horizontal
wind are calculated using GPS position changes based on
the Global Climate Observing System Reference. According
to the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN), the
horizontal measurements of wind speed and direction uncer-
tainties are assumed to be between 0.4 and 1 m s−1 for the
wind velocity and 1◦for the wind direction (Dirksen et al.,
2014). While lidars sample air advected into the fixed lines
of sight, radiosonde measurements are made within the local
flow. Although these instruments might not sample the ex-
act same volume of air, their measurements are proven to be
highly correlated above 500 m (Kumer et al., 2014; Khaykin
et al., 2020), which makes the radiosondes fully suitable for
validation of ground- and space-based lidars. backscatter ratio (Souprayen et al., 1999). The Doppler shift
corresponds to the projection of the horizontal wind compo-
nents onto the line of sight of the laser, inclined off-zenith. g
The lidar makes use of a Quanta-Ray Pro290 Q-switched,
injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser emitting at 532 nm with a
repetition rate of 30 Hz, 800 mJ per pulse energy. The laser
beam is cycled successively between three lines of sight
with a cadence of 1–2–2 min for measuring the zonal and
meridional wind components, whereas the vertical pointing
is used for calibration. The OHP system includes three fixed
telescope subassemblies, each comprising a mosaic of four
50 cm mirrors: one is pointed toward the zenith, while the
others are tilted at 40◦off the zenith to the north and east di-
rections. The laser beam is steered by a galvanometric scan-
ner mirror with the three predefined positions. Measurements
are limited to nighttime or twilight conditions and the ab-
sence of optically thick clouds. After a series of technical
upgrades that started in 2013, the LIOvent lidar has become
an operational instrument with a capacity of wind profiling
up to 75 km (Khaykin et al., 2020) and was approved as a
climate monitoring instrument by NDACC in 2021. The RSs at OHP and Maido sites were flown under Totex
1200 gr balloons, drifting on average 160 km for OHP and
120 km for Maido. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars These values are considered when com-
puting the spatial offset (also referred to as distance to collo-
cation) between the Aeolus and measurements, defining col-
location criteria for comparisons of Aeolus and RS measure-
ments. In this study, the RS measurements were performed
with no specific spatial offset criterion in order to assess the
impact of the distance to collocation on the bias and random
error. The closest distance to collocation was 23 km, and the
farthest was 241 km. In 2012, another Doppler lidar (LiWind) was deployed at
the new tropical high-altitude Maido observatory of OPAR
(21◦S, 55◦E; 2200 m a.s.l.) on the island of Réunion. The
LiWind system at OPAR uses the same laser, detection, and
acquisition systems as the OHP wind lidar but features a
more compact design for the receiver assembly. The tele-
scope is made up of a single rotating 60 cm mirror, which
serves for both the emission and reception (Khaykin et al.,
2018). Compared to the OHP’s lidar, the smaller collective
area of LiWind instrument is compensated for by the station’s
higher elevation and the cleaner atmosphere above the Indian
Ocean. Both OHP and OPAR lidars provide wind measure-
ments with an accuracy of better than 1 m s−1 within the en-
tire range of Aeolus altitude coverage. Both instruments will
be referred to as ground-based lidar hereinafter. 2.2
Aeolus ALADIN instrument The payload of Aeolus satellite consists of a single instru-
ment – the Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument. The
instrument samples the atmosphere with a laser pulse and
measures the resulting Doppler shift on the returned sig-
nal, resulting from the different backscatters throughout the
different layers of the atmosphere. The frequency shift is
caused by the relative motion of the detected elements along
the sensor’s line of sight. This motion is correlated to the
mean wind in the observed volume. The measurement vol-
ume is determined by the vertical resolution, the width of the
laser footprint, and the ground integration length. The mea-
surements are repeated every 80 km. Each profile comprises
several measurements clustered through grouping identifiers
(de Kloe et al., 2016). The measurements are approximately
2.85 km (horizontal scale) apart from each other, and each
of them is separately analyzed for atmospheric scene clas-
sification (Rennie and Isaksen, 2020). The along-orbit in-
terval between individual profiles, obtained by aggregating
30 measurements to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, is
∼87 km. The measurements were classified using particle
backscatter coefficients or feature lookup algorithm as cri-
teria (Rennie et al., 2020) until 8 October 2020. Past that
point, the baseline 2B11 introduced for the Rayleigh chan-
nel (the change was already in place for the Mie channel in
2B07) a different classification method, based on a signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) threshold. The Level 2B product consists 2.1.1
Ground-based lidars The Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), located in
southern France (43.9◦N, 5.7◦E; 683 m above sea level), is
one of the Alpine stations of the Network for the Detection of
Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The LIOvent
Doppler lidar was deployed at OHP in 1993 and provided
the first lidar-based wind climatology in the middle atmo-
sphere (Souprayen et al., 1999). The lidar senses the hori-
zontal wind components by measuring the Doppler shift be-
tween emitted and backscattered laser light using a double-
edge Fabry–Pérot interferometer, FPI (Chanin et al., 1989),
which is the direct-detection technique implemented in AL-
ADIN’s Rayleigh channel. The spectral configuration of the
LIOvent FPI enables sensing the Doppler shift not only in
clear air but also in the presence of thin clouds or aerosol
layers; however, the measurement error increases with the The Aeolus Validation Experiment (AboVE) is a part of
the French contribution to the Aeolus calibration and valida-
tion (cal/val) program, which included a series of intensive
measurement campaigns at mid-latitude and tropical stations,
Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), and at the high- https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 999 2.3.1
Adaptation of the measurement grid Two significant aspects must be considered for adequate
comparison of the radiosonde wind profiles with the Aeo-
lus wind data. First, the two instruments’ different horizon-
tal and vertical resolutions necessitate an adaptation of the
radiosondes’ measurement grid to that of Aeolus. Aeolus’
data format consists of 24 vertical range bins that divide the
atmosphere, resulting in wind profiles that can be obtained
between 0 and 30 km, displaying a vertical resolution be-
tween 250 and 2 km (Reitebuch et al., 2014). The distribution
of these 24 range bins is defined through a dedicated range
bin setting (RBS). The main reason for adding or changing a
RBS is to address a specific need, such as better sampling at
specific heights. The RBS can therefore vary depending on
the latitude and the time, which is all adjusted operationally. In this study, we operate with the bins of varying sizes (from
500 to 1500 m) and a vertical range from the ground up to a
maximum altitude (varying between 17.8 and 28.7 km). The
radiosonde data have a vertical range up to 35 km, depend-
ing on the balloon burst altitude, and the vertical resolution
is approximately 5 m at the typical rate of climb of 5 m s−1. The ground-based lidars have a vertical range of up to 75 km
and a resolution of 120 m. We also apply the quality control guidance L2B threshold
from the Aeolus NWP impact experiments (Rennie and Isak-
sen, 2020), except we do not apply any HLOS estimated er-
ror threshold. The reason for this choice is to allow for more
data to be collocated and also to observe the satellite’s behav-
ior in the higher altitudes, where is it shown to have a higher
error. In this study, we present data from baselines ranging
from 2B02 and from 2B11 to 2B13, covering the period from
September 2018 to January 2022. During the Aeolus commissioning phase, it was noted
that pixels of ACCDs (accumulation charge-coupled devices)
with an increased dark current were present in the memory
zone of both ACCDs in the detector unit of ALADIN (Re-
itebuch et al., 2020; Kanitz et al., 2019b). These pixels are
called hot pixels, and their increased dark current can have a
time-variable magnitude. The results presented by Weiler et
al. (2019a) revealed that by May 2020 6 % of ACCD pixels
could be classified as hot pixels. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lida 1000 of four distinct wind observation types, selected using the
atmospheric classification performed in the processor chain
(Rennie et al., 2020). The method currently applied by ESA
is to use the Mie SNR threshold for classification of the
Rayleigh channel, which is determined as part of Level 1B
(L1B) processing (Reitebuch et al., 2014) and used as input
for L2B processing (de Kloe et al., 2016; Rennie et al., 2020). For this purpose, a predefined SNR threshold as a function
of height is used. If the SNR is greater than the threshold,
the particle scattering is dominant. Under the threshold, only
molecular scattering is assumed. Range bins allocated to the
same classification type are accumulated in the correspond-
ing observations. The four wind types consist of Rayleigh-
and Mie-derived winds and can be either categorized clear or
cloudy. The Rayleigh and Mie wind retrieval algorithms are
applied to their respective two classes of observations. minimum is of the utmost importance: it can greatly affect
the collocations between Aeolus and the reference instru-
ments, making them harder to estimate the nominal behavior
of the satellite (See Sect. 4.1). The wind is observed orthogonal to the satellite ground
track, pointing 35◦off-nadir, away from the Sun (Lux et al.,
2020a, their Fig. 5). (H)LOS means (horizontal) line of sight. A single wind component, called vLOS, is measured along
the satellite’s line of sight (LOS). The latter is then converted
into the HLOS wind speed by assuming that the vertical wind
speed w is negligibly small. Equations (1) and (2) allow ob-
taining the vLOS and HLOS based on the three Cartesian
wind components u (zonal wind), v (meridional wind), and
w (vertical wind). If w is assumed to be minor, the differ-
ence between vLOS and HLOS becomes proportional by a
factor of cos(9). The angle 9 represents the elevation of the
target-to-satellite pointing vector (55◦), and the angle θ is the
topocentric azimuth of the target-to-satellite pointing vector,
measured clockwise from north. Since the optimal performance of the ground-based
Doppler lidars is achieved in the clear-sky conditions, this
paper will only focus on the ALADIN Rayleigh clear data
analysis. Rayleigh clear stands for clear skies. According to
the Rayleigh approach, the winds are measured in regions
showing absence of strong Mie backscatter. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars The presence of
a high backscatter ratio would qualify the data as Rayleigh
cloudy, as for cloudy/particle-loaded skies. Rayleigh cloudy
products can also provide usable wind measurements. How-
ever, contamination of the Mie scattering must first be cor-
rected, which is still in the experimental stage and is not
within the scope of this study, therefore limiting our study
only to the Rayleigh clear product. The Level 2B product
provides an HLOS error estimation for each range bin in the
observation profiles. The validity flag (de Kloe et al., 2016)
ensures the validity of the products. vLOS = vHLOS cos (9) + wsin (9)
(1)
vHLOS = −usin (θ) −v cos (θ)
(2) (1)
(2) 2.1.2
Radiosondes The radiosonde (RS) wind measurements, based on a sim-
ple GPS tracking of the balloon position, offer high accuracy
and vertical resolution, and their inherent errors (e.g., instru-
ment errors) are minor compared to satellite instrument er-
rors. They are well suited to serve as a baseline dataset for
the actual atmospheric state to validate the Aeolus HLOS
winds. Radiosonde measurements are known to provide a
solid reference against which other measurements can be val-
idated (B. Sun et al., 2010; Krisch et al., 2017). Furthermore,
radiosondes also provide guidance for observational strate-
gies and requirements when collecting feedback from past
collocations campaigns with similar instrumentation (Iwai et
al., 2021; Baars et al., 2020; Martin et al., 2021). For each
launch, it can be assumed that the observation errors are not
correlated between the different radiosondes. It should be
noted that RSs have the problem of time and space drift in https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 2.3.1
Adaptation of the measurement grid Approximately 13 % of pix-
els will be concerned by this issue at the end of the mission’s
extended life in spring 2023, assuming the hot-pixel genera-
tion rate does not change (Weiler et al., 2019a). Meanwhile,
a hot-pixel correction has been in place for Aeolus data since
14 June 2019. Keeping the hot-pixel appearance rate under a Since the instruments have around 5000 measurement
points for the radiosondes down to 200 measurements points
for the ground-based lidars, compared to the satellite’s 24
(at best, if all the measurements have passed quality checks) Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling usin
Figure 1. AboVE-Maido-2 campaign overview with ascending and
descending Aeolus overpasses in cyan and red. The colored trajec-
tories represent the ascending phase of the radiosondes, with their
altitude shown through a color map. The straight colored strokes
represent lidar measurements from Aeolus and the ground-based li-
dar. The ascending node crossing configuration is specified for each
Aeolus overpass. Credit: base map source is Earthstar Geographics. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1001 Figure 2. AboVE-OHP-2 campaign overview with ascending and
descending overpasses in cyan and red. The colored trajectories rep-
resent the ascending phase of the radiosondes, with their altitude
shown through a color map. The straight colored strokes represent
lidar measurements from Aeolus and the ground-based lidar. Credit:
base map source is Earthstar Geographics. Figure 2. AboVE-OHP-2 campaign overview with ascending and
descending overpasses in cyan and red. The colored trajectories rep-
resent the ascending phase of the radiosondes, with their altitude
shown through a color map. The straight colored strokes represent
lidar measurements from Aeolus and the ground-based lidar. Credit:
base map source is Earthstar Geographics. Figure 1. AboVE-Maido-2 campaign overview with ascending and
descending Aeolus overpasses in cyan and red. The colored trajec-
tories represent the ascending phase of the radiosondes, with their
altitude shown through a color map. The straight colored strokes
represent lidar measurements from Aeolus and the ground-based li-
dar. The ascending node crossing configuration is specified for each
Aeolus overpass. Credit: base map source is Earthstar Geographics. ror. The MAD is preferable to the standard deviation because
it is less sensitive to outliers (Ruppert, 2011). We refer to the
scaled MAD as a random error. The standard deviation is
also used in specific cases. 2.3.2
Consideration of the different viewing geometries where 1.4826 represents the scale factor, i the index, and N
the number of samples. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, R,
between the HLOS Aeolus wind component and the HLOS
instrument component sample is calculated using Eq. (6),
where xi and yi represent the sample i point of Aeolus and
the instrument, respectively. x and y represent the mean wind
component of the datasets. The second significant aspect to consider when comparing
different instruments is the different viewing geometries. Be-
cause Aeolus only measures in one direction, it is necessary
for the other two instruments, the ground-based lidars and
the radiosondes, to project their measurements onto the same
line of sight. The HLOS wind component is computed as a
linear function of the zonal wind component u and the merid-
ional wind component v using Eq. (2), where θ (259.9◦/100◦
for OHP and 259.0◦/101◦for Maido, for ascending/descend-
ing orbits) is the topocentric azimuth angle, which is defined
clockwise from north of the horizontal projection of the tar-
get to the satellite pointing vector. Therefore, each observa-
tion site has its own azimuth angle value. R =
PN
i=1 (xi −x)(yi −y)
qPN
i=1(xi −x)2
qPN
i=1(yi −y)2
(6) (6) The scaled MAD is identical to the standard deviation
(Eq. 4) if the analyzed data follow a normal distribution. In
addition to the metrics presented above, a least-square line
fit to the respective datasets is performed to also provide the
slope and the approximated bias, which we refer to as the
intercept. 2.3.1
Adaptation of the measurement grid The bias, standard deviation, and
scaled MAD are calculated as measurements for a single profile, a downsampling of these
two reference datasets is required. Each Aeolus profile
is used as a reference for the collocated profiles downsam-
pling, meaning that the averaging grid is specific to each
satellite observation. In order to match the resolution of the
Aeolus measurements, we first average the reference mea-
surements between the bounds of each Aeolus bin. This
avoids the need for interpolation and ensures that the ref-
erence measurements are at the same resolution as the Ae-
olus measurements. The result will be a reference profile
downsampled to the corresponding numbers of Aeolus bins
present in the profile (∼21 on average, when considering the
validity flags). bias =
N
X
i=1
HLOSobservation−instrument(i),
(3)
SD =
v
u
u
t
1
N −1
N
X
i=1
(HLOSobservation−instrument(i) −bias)2,
(4)
scaled MAD = 1.4826 × median(|HLOSobservation−instrument
(i) −median(HLOSobservation−instrument (i))|),
(5) bias =
N
X
i=1
HLOSobservation−instrument(i),
(3) (3) SD =
v
u
u
t
1
N −1
N
X
i=1
(HLOSobservation−instrument(i) −bias)2,
(4) (4) scaled MAD = 1.4826 × median(|HLOSobservation−instrument (i) −median(HLOSobservation−instrument (i))|),
(5) (5) M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1002 Table 1. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-Maido-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. The cases of single collocations are also
included. The distance is calculated over the average position of each instrument. A more detailed table is provided in the Supplement. Table 1. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-Maido-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. The cases of single collocations are also
included. The distance is calculated over the average position of each instrument. A more detailed table is provided in the Supplement. Table 1. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-Maido-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. The cases of single collocations are also
included. The distance is calculated over the average position of each instrument. A more detailed table is provided in the Supplement. 3
AboVE campaigns overview 10 km of the lidar’s eastward line of sight in the lower strato-
sphere on Wednesdays. After this change, the ascending orbit
moved further away from the lidar’s eastward line of sight but
remained within a distance of 200 km. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars Date
RS
RS
RS
Lidar
Lidar
Lidar
Aeolus
distance
bias
MAD
distance
bias
MAD
orbit
(km)
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
(km)
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
type
25 September 2019
×
×
×
107.7
3.06
5.62
Descending
25 September 2019
38
0.55
3.79
46.2
−1.05
5.3
Ascending
26 September 2019
219.5
1.01
2.46
×
×
×
Descending
2 October 2019
43
−2.31
1.66
29.4
0.47
4.01
Ascending
3 October 2019
201.3
−1.2
3.27
206
−0.27
3.44
Descending
9 October 2019
22.7
−1.1
3.69
22.6
−2.93
3.67
Ascending
10 October 2019
221
0.56
4.22
221.2
3.34
3.79
Descending
13 November 2019
×
×
×
48.3
0.44
15.13
Ascending
22 January 2020
38.6
−2.46
4.12
×
×
×
Ascending
19 February 2020
×
×
×
26.20
−3.5
3.12
Ascending
28 October 2020
27.7
-1.96
2.62
28.10
−3.8
6.76
Ascending
13 January 2021
58.3
−2.38
7.32
×
×
×
Ascending
24 February 2021
66.5
0.46
6.36
40.1
−0.68
11.38
Ascending
2 June 2021
33.0
1.9
7.15
26.2
2.12
5.44
Ascending
3 June 2021
224.2
−0.94
5.81
206.9
−0.19
5.96
Descending
9 June 2021
33.1
2.52
6.75
40.5
2.22
9.05
Ascending
10 June 2021
241.4
1.09
6.05
222.3
0.2
7.26
Descending
16 June 2021
113.4
2.38
4.71
×
×
×
Descending
16 June 2021
34.6
1.46
5.11
49.7
0.95
4.07
Ascending
17 June 2021
216.2
0.12
7.77
193.2
−1.83
5.87
Descending
23 June 2021
118.6
−1.83
7.36
131.4
−0.84
6.58
Ascending
24 June 2021
141.7
0.82
5.58
127.6
1.41
4.19
Descending
29 September 2021
×
×
×
119.3
−4.28
13.11
Ascending
3 November 2021
×
×
×
122.6
−2.78
8.20
Ascending
1 December 2021
×
×
×
109.9
−1.48
6.51
Ascending 2.3.3
Statistical terms and methods The offset between Aeolus and the reference data, also re-
ferred to as bias, representing the systematic error of the Ae-
olus wind measurements, is studied alongside the scaled me-
dian absolute deviation (MAD), representing the random er- Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 3.1
AboVE Maido Date
RS
RS
RS
Lidar
Lidar
Lidar
Aeolus
distance
bias
MAD
distance
bias
MAD
orbit
(km)
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
(km)
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
type
6 January 2019
168.0
2.52
3.72
149.7
1.04
8.31
Ascending
7 January 2019
×
×
×
156.9
3.22
6.74
Descending
7 January 2019
86.2
−2.47
6.55
113.1
−0.14
5.32
Ascending
6 December 2021
78.3
−2.70
6.12
118.3
−3.24
9.29
Ascending
7 December 2021
76.2
−0.20
6.12
61.3
−6.81
5.01
Descending
12 December 2021
206.8
−5.05
9.55
195.2
−3.62
11.83
Ascending
13 December 2021
75.0
−3.35
3.82
94.6
−3.11
3.26
Ascending
14 December 2021
58.5
1.50
2.85
65.5
0.47
3.22
Descending
20 December 2021
74.5
−6.56
6.42
77.9
−6.53
6.59
Ascending
21 December 2021
61.8
−1.08
4.15
53.9
−1.34
4.56
Descending
10 January 2022
56.4
−1.23
8.16
103.4
0.06
7.28
Ascending
17 January 2022
40.4
−5.36
4.27
61.8
−4.50
4.35
Ascending
24 January 2022
42.4
0.69
4.56
64.1
0.61
4.45
Ascending set ranging from 54 to 241.4 km. During both campaigns, 19
Aeolus-collocated RS ascents were carried out, and 15 were
time-coordinated with ground-based lidar acquisitions. The
baseline, date, distance to collocation, bias, standard devia-
tion, and scaled MAD for both reference instruments, Aeolus
overpass time, and orbit type are provided in Table 1. ferent altitudes. The dataset presented consists of the com-
bined measurements from both cal/val sites, including all
time periods. For this analysis, we will study the mean bias
as a function of altitude, along with the number of collo-
cated data points in Fig. 3. Additionally, we will present
the Aeolus Rayleigh wind values plotted in Fig. 4 against
the corresponding values of the reference instruments down-
sampled to match the Aeolus height resolution (as discussed
in Sect. 2.3). We provide an overview of all the validation
cases in Tables 1 and 2. Concerning the two reference instru-
ments, a point-by-point comparison shows a mean bias of
0.1 m s−1 between the wind profile of the lidar and that of the
radiosonde, with a standard deviation of 2.3 m s−1. The Ae-
olus instrument settings and ground processing have signifi-
cantly changed during its mission. These will affect statisti-
cal properties like bias and standard deviation/MAD. In addi-
tion to the combined statistics, we provide in Table 3 a split-
ting of the results, presenting them separately for the differ-
ent baselines. 3.1
AboVE Maido Also, near-real-time and reprocessing results
are separated, i.e., baseline 11 (introduced in near-real-time
processing on 8 October 2020) and the baseline 11 results be-
fore that date (based on reprocessed Aeolus data). The split
is needed since the reprocessing used different calibration
data than the near-real-time processing, along with several
changes in the correction. The main refinements in the repro-
cessed dataset are improvements in the hot-pixel correction
by a more careful application of the method, along with using
the data of the day itself rather than the day before for the M1
telescope temperature correction. The newer baseline should
expect improved overall and local biases (ESA, 2021b). 3.2
AboVE OHP The AboVE-OHP campaigns took place from 6 to 14 Jan-
uary 2019 (AboVE OHP 1) and from 29 November to 14 De-
cember 2021 (AboVE OHP 2). Additional measurements
were conducted on 20 and 21 December 2021 and 10, 17, and
24 January 2022. The ANX 4.5 orbit, active during AboVE
OHP 1, allowed for collocations with both ascending and de-
scending orbits, within 100 to 150 km. The AboVE2-OHP
benefited from the satellite orbit modification: the ANX 2.0
orbit enables collocations within 50 km twice per week for
ascending and descending orbits as seen in Fig. 2. Simi-
lar to the AboVE-Maido-2 campaign, the measurements in-
cluded dusk-to-dawn coverage, shorter measurements, and
radiosondes ascents. The satellite’s AboVE2-OHP range bin
setting is the same as the AboVE-Maido-2 RBS, since the
goal is to compare the two regions’ datasets and differentiate
biases between the ones inherent to the setting and the ones
due to the geographical location. 3.1
AboVE Maido Thanks to coordination with ESA, the AboVE-Maido-2
campaign took advantage of specific settings planned in ad-
vance. A particularity of this campaign is its unique range bin
setting: the Réunion RBS. This specific setting raises Aeo-
lus’ top altitude to 28.7 km, which permits intercomparisons
higher into the stratosphere. This increase in vertical range is
possible at the expense of the resolution (see Sect. 2.3). It is
only activated when the satellite overpasses the vicinity of the
island. After the AboVE2-Maido campaign, the cal/val mea-
surement sessions at Maido were conducted once per month
until the end of 2021. The OPAR lidar lines of sight facing
east, south, and zenith are shown in Fig. 1. The eastward
line of sight is such that the lidar acquisition area is crossing
with that of Aeolus in the stratosphere (around 40 km alti-
tude), reducing the influence of the spatial offset. The mini-
mum spatial offset between Aeolus ascending phase and ref-
erence measurements was 22.1 and 22.6 km for the lidar and
radiosondes, respectively. At the same time, the descending
Aeolus orbits were much further away, with the spatial off- The AboVE-Maido campaigns took place from 25 Septem-
ber to 10 October 2019 (AboVE Maido 1) and from 31 May
to 24 June 2021 (AboVE Maido 2). Eleven additional mea-
surements were conducted outside the campaign’s dates. The
campaigns took place at the high-altitude Maido observatory
on the French island of Réunion. Calibration and validation
activities at the observatory included Doppler Rayleigh lidar
operation, ranging from early night measurements to dusk-
to-dawn observations (depending on the overpass’s time), to
cover both ascending and descending orbits as well as time-
coordinated radiosondes ascents during and in between the
overpasses. The ANX, or ascending node crossing, is the
point where the orbit of Aeolus intersects the x–y plane in
the Earth’s fixed coordinate system. During the campaign,
the orbit parameter for the ANX was changed from ANX 4.5
to ANX 2.0 (as shown in Fig. 1) to support the Aeolus trop-
ical campaign activities in Cabo Verde. This change resulted
in a shift in the orbit’s location relative to the observatory. Previously, the ANX 4.5 ascending orbit was located within https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
1003
Table 2. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-OHP-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. 3.1
AboVE Maido The distance is calculated over the average
position of each instrument. A more detailed table is available in the Supplement. Date
RS
RS
RS
Lidar
Lidar
Lidar
Aeolus
distance
bias
MAD
distance
bias
MAD
orbit
(km)
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
(km)
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
type
6 January 2019
168.0
2.52
3.72
149.7
1.04
8.31
Ascending
7 January 2019
×
×
×
156.9
3.22
6.74
Descending
7 January 2019
86.2
−2.47
6.55
113.1
−0.14
5.32
Ascending
6 December 2021
78.3
−2.70
6.12
118.3
−3.24
9.29
Ascending
7 December 2021
76.2
−0.20
6.12
61.3
−6.81
5.01
Descending
12 December 2021
206.8
−5.05
9.55
195.2
−3.62
11.83
Ascending
13 December 2021
75.0
−3.35
3.82
94.6
−3.11
3.26
Ascending
14 December 2021
58.5
1.50
2.85
65.5
0.47
3.22
Descending
20 December 2021
74.5
−6.56
6.42
77.9
−6.53
6.59
Ascending
21 December 2021
61.8
−1.08
4.15
53.9
−1.34
4.56
Descending
10 January 2022
56.4
−1.23
8.16
103.4
0.06
7.28
Ascending
17 January 2022
40.4
−5.36
4.27
61.8
−4.50
4.35
Ascending
24 January 2022
42.4
0.69
4.56
64.1
0.61
4.45
Ascending M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1003 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
1003
Table 2. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-OHP-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. The distance is calculated over the average
position of each instrument. A more detailed table is available in the Supplement. Table 2. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-OHP-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. The distance is calculated over the average
position of each instrument. A more detailed table is available in the Supplement. Table 2. Overview of the complete list of AboVE-OHP-1 and 2 Aeolus overpass collocations. The distance is calculated over the average
position of each instrument. A more detailed table is available in the Supplement. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 4.1
Statistical comparison of Aeolus with collocated
data The data below 5 km have a larger standard devi-
ation, which is consistent with what Guo et al. (2021) reports
on the increased wind speed differences in the 2–3 km range
for descending orbits. The same calculations were then re-
alized, only this time within the 5–22 km window (we refer
to it as the “altitude range method”). The results show that
removing the higher bins decreases the random error from
5.58 to 5.38 m s−1 for ascending profiles and from 4.99 to
4.77 m s−1 for descending profiles. One other method also
considered was to average every Aeolus profile within a win-
dow of 200 km around the observatory for each collocation,
aggregating two or three profiles on average (we refer to it as
the “average method”). With this averaging method, the ran-
dom error decreases from 5.58 to 3.67 m s−1 for ascending
profiles and from 4.99 to 3.38 m s−1 on descending profiles. The larger standard deviation in the lower troposphere might
be due to several reasons. First, the satellite’s lidar perfor-
mance is largely limited by received power; therefore, the
strong aerosol scattering in the boundary layer height will
lower the apparent molecular scattering signal, reducing the
inversion accuracy of HLOS wind from Aeolus (Tan et al.,
2017). Secondly, there is also a smaller sample studied in
that altitude region, which leads to an undersampling bias. The AboVE-OHP-2 lidar measurements were the only ones
that had extended coverage below 5 km, which significantly
reduced the number of data points in the lower troposphere. Figure 3. (a) The Aeolus minus the radiosonde HLOS wind dif-
ference made during all AboVE campaigns over each altitude bin. (b) The number of data samples over each altitude bin for the ra-
diosonde comparison. (c) The Aeolus minus the lidar HLOS wind
difference made during all the campaigns over each altitude bin. (d) The number of data samples over each altitude bin for the lidar
comparison. Red represents measurements of an ascending orbit,
while black represents measurements of a descending orbit. The
lines represent the average bias of each bin altitude, and the red
(black) shading is the standard deviation of the bias in each range
bin for ascending (descending) orbits. the ±5 m s−1 range, and the uppermost bins display similar
features in terms of magnitude to the radiosonde’s counter-
part. 4.1
Statistical comparison of Aeolus with collocated
data Within the dataset, distances to collocation vary between
22.1 and 207 km for ascending orbits and between 54 and
241.4 km for descending orbits. Therefore, the spatial offsets
are highly variable, depending on the orbit phase and the as- In this subsection, we statistically analyze the comparisons
before discussing Aeolus’ capacities and performance at dif- https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
Figure 3. (a) The Aeolus minus the radiosonde HLOS wind dif-
ference made during all AboVE campaigns over each altitude bin. (b) The number of data samples over each altitude bin for the ra-
diosonde comparison. (c) The Aeolus minus the lidar HLOS wind
difference made during all the campaigns over each altitude bin. (d) The number of data samples over each altitude bin for the lidar
comparison. Red represents measurements of an ascending orbit,
while black represents measurements of a descending orbit. The
lines represent the average bias of each bin altitude, and the red
(black) shading is the standard deviation of the bias in each range
bin for ascending (descending) orbits. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1004 Table 3. Overview of the different characteristics (Bias and MAD)
averaged (mean) for each instrument and baseline. The real-time
and reprocessed data are also separated because of varying calibra-
tion parameters. Baseline/mean
RS
RS
Lidar
Lidar
bias
MAD
bias
MAD
2B02
0.02
6.03
1.37
6.79
2B11 reprocessed
−0.71
3.70
−0.06
5.75
2B11 real time
−1.29
5.43
−2.24
9.07
2B12
0.83
6.26
−0.23
6.93
2B13
−2.33
5.60
−2.80
5.98 cending node crossing (ANX) setting: for ascending orbits,
the average distance to collocation is 67.4 km for radioson-
des and 79.1 km for lidars, whereas for descending orbits,
the averages are 161.4 and 147.5 km, respectively. Such a
difference does not allow for comparing the whole dataset
as a unified set of collocations. The reference measurements
were separated into ascending and descending orbital phases
to account for that disparity. Figure 3a and b show the mean bias as a function of al-
titude, with the shading representing the standard deviation. From 5 km to approximately 22 km, the bias lies within the
±5 m s−1 range but increases as soon as the upper bins mark
is reached. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 4.1
Statistical comparison of Aeolus with collocated
data Overall, there is not a better slope or a lower bias for Figure 4. (a) The Aeolus winds versus the radiosonde measure-
ments made during all the campaigns. (b) Frequency distribution of
the difference between Aeolus and radiosonde wind speeds for the
same dataset. Red represents measurements of an ascending orbit,
while black represents measurements of a descending orbit. (c) The
L2B Rayleigh clear winds versus the lidar measurements made dur-
ing all the campaigns. (d) Frequency distribution of the difference
between Aeolus and lidar wind speeds for the same dataset. Red
represents measurements of an ascending orbit, while black repre-
sents measurements of a descending orbit. cision decreases with air density (Khaykin et al., 2020). The
lack of data points in the 26–27 km range is a specificity of
the range bin setting, being the result of a compromise be-
tween height coverage and sample spacing. The various colors indicate if Aeolus had an ascending
(red) or descending (black) node, i.e., if it was done in the
evening or in the morning (local time), respectively. This sep-
aration between orbital phases is done because of the afore-
mentioned distance to collocation disparities. Nonetheless,
several long-term cal/val activities showed significant phase-
dependent differences in the determined biases of Aeolus
wind measurements (Wu et al., 2022; Iwai et al., 2021; Lux
et al., 2021; Baars et al., 2020; Rennie and Isaksen, 2020;
Krisch and the Aeolus DISC, 2020), further assessing the
need for an independent study on both cases. The correla-
tion plot of the Aeolus wind is shown in Fig. 4a, alongside
the retrieved linear regression. A linear trend is clearly seen
between the Aeolus and the reference radiosonde observa-
tions. The following coefficients are presented with confi-
dence bounds of 1 sigma. The Fig. 4a ascending trend line
has a slope of 0.96 ± 0.0 with an intercept (i.e., an approx-
imated bias) of −1.32 ± 0.38 m s−1, whereas the descend-
ing trend line has a slope of 0.94 ± 0.03 and an intercept of
−0.42 ± 0.56 m s−1. The slopes are statistically similar, but
the intercepts are not. Comparing this result with radioson-
des from other cal/val campaigns, Iwai et al. (2021) found
a slope of 1.01 and an intercept of 0.38 m s−1 in Okinawa. Baars et al. 4.1
Statistical comparison of Aeolus with collocated
data The results differ slightly from the radiosonde obser-
vations, particularly when applying the methods of altitude
range or average on the descending orbit collocations. In-
deed, removing the higher bins or averaging them decreases
the random error from 7.17 to 6.49 or 4.9 m s−1 (for re-
moving the higher and lower bins or averaging several pro-
files together, respectively) for ascending profiles. This ob-
servation also holds for descending profiles, where the ran-
dom error varies from 7.17 to 6.49 m s−1 using the altitude
range method and decreases to 3.96 m s−1 with the averag-
ing method. The result of these different methods over the
various parameters is reported in Table 5. Ground-based li-
dar comparisons suffer from a higher random error than their
radiosondes counterparts. The ground-based lidars show a
higher random error in the uppermost bins because its pre- The same observations still hold true for Fig. 3c and d, de-
picting the same increase in variance in the uppermost bins. Similarly, from 5 to around 22 km, the bias fluctuates within https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 1005 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars Figure 4. (a) The Aeolus winds versus the radiosonde measure-
ments made during all the campaigns. (b) Frequency distribution of
the difference between Aeolus and radiosonde wind speeds for the
same dataset. Red represents measurements of an ascending orbit,
while black represents measurements of a descending orbit. (c) The
L2B Rayleigh clear winds versus the lidar measurements made dur-
ing all the campaigns. (d) Frequency distribution of the difference
between Aeolus and lidar wind speeds for the same dataset. Red
represents measurements of an ascending orbit, while black repre-
sents measurements of a descending orbit. could be explained by the lower maximum height of compar-
ison, where we see the biggest shift towards negative biases
(Fig. 3). g
Because of its similar location and window of acquisition,
the lidar data share a lot of similar conclusions. In Fig. 4c,
the ascending trend line has a slope of 0.97 ± 0.03 with
an intercept of −1.41 ± 0.45 m s−1, whereas the descend-
ing trend line has a slope of 0.94 ± 0.04 and an intercept
of −0.83 ± 0.78 m s−1. The slopes are statistically similar
– same as for the intercepts. 4.1
Statistical comparison of Aeolus with collocated
data Comparing these results with
other cal/val studies using lidar data, Wu et al. (2022) found
overall negative biases with a slope of 1 and an intercept of
−0.12 m s−1, confirming the negative intercept we observe
for all scenarios. Chen et al. (2022) found slopes of 0.94
and 1.02 and intercepts of −0.89 and 0.4 m s−1 for the li-
dar large and small geographical range, respectively. Iwai et
al. (2020) found slopes of 0.98 and 1.03 and intercepts of
−0.88 and −0.52 m s−1 for the Kobe and Okinawa stations
respectively. Further detail on the results of Aeolus cal/val
statistics (including the slope, intercept, bias, scaled MAD,
standard deviation, and correlation coefficient) from various
campaigns can be found in Table 7. Figure 4b shows the nor-
malized frequency distribution of the deviation between the
Rayleigh clear and radiosonde wind observations. The distri-
bution follows a Gaussian pattern, meaning that, according
to the normal distribution law, almost 70 % of the samples
are within the 10 m s−1 absolute error margin. It also seems
that the probability of overestimating or underestimating the
wind product by Aeolus is equiprobable. When calculating
the mean value of this distribution, one gets −0.79 m s−1 as
the bias for the Rayleigh wind observations. If one uses the
median of the distribution for the bias calculation, one gets
a bias of −0.94 m s−1, which is a little more than the result
calculated from the mean. All these results are reported in Ta-
ble 4. The slope is close to 1 for both cases, which means that
Aeolus excels at resolving wind speed variations, even if a
special sparser RBS is used. Figure 4d depicts the normalized
frequency distribution of the deviation between Aeolus and
lidar wind observations. When calculating this distribution’s
average value for ascending orbit collocations (descending
orbit collocations), one gets −1.41 m s−1 (0.11 m s−1) as the
bias for the Rayleigh clear wind observations. If we use the
median of the distribution for the bias calculation, one gets
a bias of −1.05 m s−1 (0.16 m s−1). Putting these two to-
gether, the mean value becomes −0.92 m s−1 and the median
−0.48 m s−1. While close, there is a clear difference in bi-
ases based on whether it is using an ascending or descending
orbit in reference, further assessing the need to distinguish
both cases. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1006 Table 4. Overview of the different statistics regarding the biases in Aeolus with respect to the reference instruments. The data used include
all the collocations listed in Tables 1 and 2. ent statistics regarding the biases in Aeolus with respect to the reference instruments. The data used include
les 1 and 2. RS
Lidar
Ascending
Descending
Ascending
Descending
Mean
−1.43
−0.37
−1.41
0.11
Median
−1.9
0.56
−1.05
0.16
Global mean
−0.79
−0.92
Global median
−0.94
−0.48
Number of collocations
20
11
23
11 erence measurement locations. We can also observe a nega-
tive bias for all the comparisons using the standard all-data
method. This means that the satellite is prone to underesti-
mating the HLOS wind speeds. A previous study indicates
differences in the biases between the ascending and descend-
ing orbit phases, mainly occurring for the Rayleigh channel
in late summer and autumn (Martin et al., 2021). One rea-
son Sun et al. (2014) raised may be that the meteorological
conditions such as wind speeds, boundary layer height, air
temperature, and aerosol distributions differ from one orbital
phase to the other. However, none of these orbit-dependent
events were observed during our measurements. In addition,
Weiler et al. (2021b) showed that an important contribution
for orbital phase biases is the telescope temperature effect. Other studies indicate lidar comparison biases of 1.05 and
−0.35 m s−1 for Chen et al. (2022), −0.13 m s−1 for Wu et
al. (2021), and −0.81–0.48 m s−1 in Kobe and Okinawa re-
spectively for Iwai et al. (2021). For radiosonde compari-
son biases, we observe 2.12 m s−1 from Martin et al. (2021),
1.52 m s−1 from Baars et al. (2020), and 0.45 m s−1 from
Iwai et al. (2021). While the lidar comparisons biases are in
good agreement with what we observe, the radiosonde biases
show a greater variety in the outcomes, which might be due to
the pendulum-line motion of the suspended radiosonde dur-
ing the early stage of ascent (Kumer et al., 2014). of 5.37 m s−1 and a SD of 6.18 m s−1, which belongs to the
same range of results, if we account for the fact that we con-
sider a broader altitude range for comparison (see Table 5). For the lidars, other cal/val campaigns report scaled MADs
of 3.91 m s−1 (Wu et al. 2022), 5.21 m s−1, and 5.58 m s−1
for Iwai et al. (2021). M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars They also report SDs of 5.98 and
4.78 m s−1 (Chen et al., 2022), 4.76 m s−1 (Wu et al., 2021),
and 5.69 and 6.53 m s−1 (Iwai et al., 2021). Our results point
to a scaled MAD of 6.49 m s−1 and a SD of 7.25 m s−1, fur-
ther confirming other studies even if we observe bigger num-
bers, because of a wider altitude range comparison. It should
also be noted that we do not meet the mission requirements
(Ingmann and Straume, 2016), as seen in previous studies
(Baars et al., 2020; Iwai et al., 2021; Martin et al., 2021; Ren-
nie et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2022) with similar magnitudes and
values. The offset between the observed SD and the mission
requirement’s SD does not seem to change between the free
troposphere and the first kilometers of the stratosphere. The
uppermost region of observation is where we reach the high-
est difference between the observed and the required SD –
more than 4 m s−1. 4.1
Statistical comparison of Aeolus with collocated
data (2020) presents a slope of 0.97, which is consis-
tent with our observations, and an intercept of 1.57 m s−1 that Overall, there is not a better slope or a lower bias for
ascending orbits, which would go with the conclusion of
the absence of any representative statistical difference pre-
sented by Guo et al. (2021). The data even suggest that the
bias is lower for descending orbits, which would contradict
the fact that they have a larger spatial offset from the ref- https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 1006
M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
Table 4. Overview of the different statistics regarding the biases in Aeolus with respect to the reference instruments. The data used include
all the collocations listed in Tables 1 and 2. RS
Lidar
Ascending
Descending
Ascending
Descending
Mean
−1.43
−0.37
−1.41
0.11
Median
−1.9
0.56
−1.05
0.16
Global mean
−0.79
−0.92
Global median
−0.94
−0.48
Number of collocations
20
11
23
11 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars Furthermore, it is not only the distance between Ae-
olus and radiosonde that changes with time – the time differ-
ence between the two systems also changes with time and,
therefore, also with altitude. Figure 5. Wind velocity profiles measured by the radiosonde
(black) with the closest Aeolus Level 2B Rayleigh clear (blue) and
ground-based lidar (red) profiles. The lidar and radiosonde profiles
are shown with an adjusted resolution to the Aeolus range bin width. The lidar and radiosonde measurements are projected to the HLOS
of Aeolus. (a) 24 February 2021 (AboVE Maido 2), (b) 9 June 2021
(AboVE Maido 2), (c) 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP 2), and
(d) 20 December 2021 (AboVE OHP 2). The shading represents
the internal estimated error for each instrument. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1007 Table 5. Overview of the different comparison method and their relative outcome on the statistical metrics, depending on the instrument and
the orbit phase. The data used include all the collocations shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 5. Overview of the different comparison method and their relative outcome on the statistical metrics, depending on the instrument and
the orbit phase. The data used include all the collocations shown in Tables 1 and 2. RS
Lidar
Ascending
Descending
Ascending
Descending
All data
Slope
0.96
0.94
0.97
0.94
Y intercept
−1.32
−0.42
−1.41
−0.83
Correlation coefficient
0.86
0.92
0.85
0.92
Scaled MAD
5.58
4.99
7.17
5.06
Altitude range
Slope
1
0.97
1.03
1
Y intercept
−1.12
0.45
−1.8
1.17
Correlation coefficient
0.91
0.95
0.89
0.94
Scaled MAD
5.38
4.77
6.49
5.01
Average within 200km
Slope
0.98
0.92
0.99
0.93
Y intercept
−1.02
−1.35
−1.43
−1.61
Correlation coefficient
0.90
0.94
0.92
0.94
Scaled MAD
3.67
3.38
4.9
3.96 Table 6. Aeolus mission requirements on the bias and standard de-
viation (MR-100 and MR-110, Ingmann and Straume, 2016) com-
pared to the observed bias and standard deviation, depending on the
altitude level. Figure 5. Wind velocity profiles measured by the radiosonde
(black) with the closest Aeolus Level 2B Rayleigh clear (blue) and
ground-based lidar (red) profiles. The lidar and radiosonde profiles
are shown with an adjusted resolution to the Aeolus range bin width. The lidar and radiosonde measurements are projected to the HLOS
of Aeolus. (a) 24 February 2021 (AboVE Maido 2), (b) 9 June 2021
(AboVE Maido 2), (c) 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP 2), and
(d) 20 December 2021 (AboVE OHP 2). The shading represents
the internal estimated error for each instrument. Mission
Radiosonde
Lidar
requirement
(m s−1)
(m s−1)
limits (m s−1)
Bias
0.7
−0.79
−0.92
SD 2–16 km
2.5
5.04
5.69
SD 16–20 km
3
4.93
5.59
SD 20–30 km
5
9.19
9.41 observations to the ground-based lidar is different for each
height bin in the Aeolus wind profile. At the same time, the
radiosonde drifts along the direction of local wind, making
the distance between the Aeolus measurements and the ra-
diosonde vary during the balloon sounding as a function of
height. 4.2
Case-based analysis In this subsection, we further discuss Aeolus’ capacities and
performance with the help of four specific case studies. The
goal is to provide an overview of the measurements by choos-
ing representative collocations, each helping to show speci-
ficities present in the dataset. It shows that in the same condi-
tions (i.e., spatial/temporal offsets) Aeolus can behave very
differently. These measurements are part of a more extensive
statistical analysis presented in the above subsection. The
Fig. 5 shows the HLOS wind velocity profiles measured by
the radiosonde (black), the ground-based lidar (red), and the
space lidar (blue). The shadings represent the measurement
error for each data point, and the radiosondes’ uncertainty
is between 0.4 and 1 m s−1 (Dirksen et al., 2014), which is
smaller than the ground-based lidar (2.2 m s−1) (Khaykin et
al., 2020) and Aeolus (4.1–4.4 m s−1) (Martin et al., 2021)
uncertainties. For clarity, radiosonde wind speed uncertain-
ties are not plotted in Fig. 5. Since Aeolus takes measure-
ments 35◦off-nadir, the horizontal distance of the Aeolus Table 5 shows the previously mentioned data and the dif-
ferent methods for comparison. The all-data method means
that the instrument is collocated within the closest overall
Aeolus overpass. The altitude range method cuts the data
outside the 5 to 22 km range to account for possible RBS is-
sues and non-optimal satellite coverage area. The last method
aggregates every eligible profile (within the last 2 h) into
one, averaged, single collocation. The goal was to see if the
uppermost-bin issue would become insignificant after a cer-
tain amount of averaging, hence making the 22+ km range
data available for usage. So far, both methods show encour-
aging data, reducing the scaled MAD for both instruments at
any orbit type. Putting these numbers into perspective, for the
radiosondes, a scaled MAD of 4.84 m s−1 is found by Baars
et al. (2020), 3.97 m s−1 for Iwai et al. (2021), and 5.01 m s−1
for Martin et al. (2021). A standard deviation of 4.43 m s−1
(Iwai et al., 2021) is also reported. We report a scaled MAD https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
1007
Table 5. Overview of the different comparison method and their relative outcome on the statistical metrics, depending on the instrument and
the orbit phase. 4.2
Case-based analysis The data used include all the collocations shown in Tables 1 and 2. RS
Lidar
Ascending
Descending
Ascending
Descending
All data
Slope
0.96
0.94
0.97
0.94
Y intercept
−1.32
−0.42
−1.41
−0.83
Correlation coefficient
0.86
0.92
0.85
0.92
Scaled MAD
5.58
4.99
7.17
5.06
Altitude range
Slope
1
0.97
1.03
1
Y intercept
−1.12
0.45
−1.8
1.17
Correlation coefficient
0.91
0.95
0.89
0.94
Scaled MAD
5.38
4.77
6.49
5.01
Average within 200km
Slope
0.98
0.92
0.99
0.93
Y intercept
−1.02
−1.35
−1.43
−1.61
Correlation coefficient
0.90
0.94
0.92
0.94
Scaled MAD
3.67
3.38
4.9
3.96 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 4.2.3
Case study (c): 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 Figure 6 shows the time series of the standard deviation
of the difference between Aeolus Rayleigh clear HLOS wind
and Météo-France radiosonde launches at both sites. Outlier
detection was conducted on both time series using the scaled
MAD technique (outliers are defined as elements more than
3 scaled MADs from the median). Also shown in Fig. 6 are
the cal/val campaign observations. For this comparison, we
used only Aeolus data between 5 and 22 km to exclude the
uppermost bins characterized by the largest errors (Sect. 4.2). As previously mentioned, both sites have a similar average
distance to the collocation; however, the time offset is larger
for the Nîmes site by 2.5 h. As demonstrated in Sect. 4.1,
the distance to collocation does not significantly impact the
bias of the collocations. As such, this explains why both time
series share a very similar trend and show the same vari-
ations specific to mission events (FM-A laser power loss,
FM-B switch, etc.). We note that the standard deviation at
Nîmes is higher by 1.5 m s−1 on average compared to that at
Réunion. Because the distance to collocation is the same at
both sites, this higher random error can be explained by the
larger time offset. One can thus conclude that in terms of the
collocation criteria, the temporal offset is more critical than
the spatial offset when collocating satellite and ground-based Figure 6 shows the time series of the standard deviation
of the difference between Aeolus Rayleigh clear HLOS wind
and Météo-France radiosonde launches at both sites. Outlier
detection was conducted on both time series using the scaled
MAD technique (outliers are defined as elements more than
3 scaled MADs from the median). Also shown in Fig. 6 are
the cal/val campaign observations. For this comparison, we
used only Aeolus data between 5 and 22 km to exclude the
uppermost bins characterized by the largest errors (Sect. 4.2). The third case study is from the second and most recent
cal/val campaign conducted at the Observatoire de Haute-
Provence. The distance to collocation is under 70 km for both
instruments, and the time interval is less than 2 h. The mean
bias between Aeolus and the radiosonde is 1.5 m s−1, and
the mean bias between Aeolus and the lidars is 0.5 m s−1. 4.2.4
Case study (d): 20 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 Henceforth, what remains to be explained is the nature of the
oscillation, which does not correspond to any known phe-
nomenon. While the hot pixels could also play a part in this
phenomenon, explaining the increase in magnitude, they can-
not account for the oscillating nature (Weiler et al., 2021a). This collocation is a good example of the poor-behaving
measurements Aeolus can come across because the satellite
seems to miss what the lidar and the radiosonde see even
within close collocation criteria (40 min difference and both
instrument under 80 km). An oscillating perturbation is also
present on Aeolus’ profile as opposed to the reference data. Given the very close collocation, one could assume a negli-
gibly small geophysical bias, so that the three observations
would keep a general common trend. We look at an oscillat-
ing profile with significant offsets from the reference mea-
surement. That could be interpreted as a coupling between
both oscillations and hot pixels, meaning that these phe-
nomena can co-occur. The mean bias between Aeolus and
the radiosonde is −6.56 m s−1, and the mean bias between
Aeolus and the lidars is −6.53 m s−1. The standard devia-
tions are 6.84 and 7.12 m s−1, the scaled MADs are 6.42 and
6.59 m s−1, and correlation coefficients are 0.76 and 0.75. 4.2.2
Case study (b): 9 June 2021 (AboVE Maido 2) –
2B12 This collocation was taken at 14:33 UTC. Both instruments
were started 30 min prior, at around 14:00 UTC. The mean
spatial offset is 33 km for the radiosonde and 40.5 km for the
lidar. The mean bias between Aeolus and the radiosonde is
2.52 m s−1, and the mean bias between Aeolus and the li-
dars is 2.22 m s−1. The standard deviations are 11.21 and
11.54 m s−1, the scaled MADs are 6.75 and 9.05 m s−1, and
correlation coefficients are 0.83 and 0.84. It is found that the Aeolus wind profile in the atmospheric
boundary layer and the lower troposphere is in good agree-
ment except for the 22 km height and higher bins of the
Aeolus wind profile, which have a significant bias com-
pared with the radiosondes and lidar-retrieved HLOS wind. These exceptionally strong deviations are observed for most
AboVE-Maido-2 campaign collocations and happen specifi-
cally within the uppermost bins. The low molecular density
could explain the cause of the higher values observed at high
altitude levels. 4.3
Long-term validation This section aims to convey an idea of the evolution of Aeo-
lus’ performance over its mission cycle, starting in Septem-
ber 2018. For comparisons, Météo-France sites in Réunion
(21◦S, 55◦E) and Nîmes were used (43◦N, 4◦E). These
sites perform twice-a-day radiosonde launches at midnight
and noon, opening broader possibilities for potential collo-
cations. Both sites have an average of 120 km of distance to
collocation. The Réunion site has a time difference of 3 h on
average, whereas the Nîmes site has a 5.5 h time difference. 4.2.4
Case study (d): 20 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 We conclude that, because of this mission’s
specific RBS, the satellite does not resolve the higher alti-
tude ranges with enough precision since it does not receive
enough backscattering. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 4.2.1
Case study (a): 24 February 2021 (AboVE Maido
2) – 2B11 This collocation was taken at 14:32 UTC. Both instruments
were started 30 min prior, at around 14:00 UTC. The mean
measuring distance is 67 km for the radiosonde and 40 km
for the lidar. The mean bias of the radiosonde is 0.46 m s−1,
and the lidars’ is −0.68 m s−1. The standard deviation is 6.8
and 8.8 m s−1, the scaled MAD is 6.36 and 11.38 m s−1, and
correlation coefficients are 0.55 and 0.46. The figure depicts
a very specific pattern of oscillating nature. Although show- ing a similar trend to the other two instruments (with the
mean bias lower than |1| m s −1 for both reference instru-
ments), the ALADIN shows a very particular signature be-
tween 12 and 19 km. This observation could hint toward the
existence of oscillating perturbations, OPs. We could not find
any literature assessing the existence of similar phenomena. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1008 4.2.4
Case study (d): 20 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 4.2.3
Case study (c): 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 The colors are relative to the four baselines used: 2B02 (violet), 2B11 (blue), 2B12 (green), and 2B13 (yellow), in that order. 1009 Figure 6. Standard deviation of the difference between Aeolus Rayleigh clear HLOS wind and Météo-France Radiosonde HLOS wind
over time (a) at the Maido observatory and (b) at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. The Météo-France data were downsampled to Aeolus
vertical resolution and projected to the HLOS of Aeolus. For radiosonde and ground-based lidar collocations, the cal/val punctual collocations
are reported in the figure in blue and green markings. The black line represents the average value, and the shading represents its standard
deviation. The colors are relative to the four baselines used: 2B02 (violet), 2B11 (blue), 2B12 (green), and 2B13 (yellow), in that order. average value as well as its standard deviation, asserting that
the satellite maintained a good precision over the last few
months of 2022. wind measurements. While it might not be trivial to general-
ize these results to other stations with different weather and
wind regimes, the findings of this study may be relevant to
locations with similar characteristics. High standard deviation values could be due to hot pix-
els and OPs mentioned above present in the ACCDs. Previ-
ous research revealed that 6 % of the ACCD pixels are hot
pixels and that around 13 % of the pixels will be affected
at the end of the extended mission lifetime in spring 2023,
assuming that the hot-pixel generation rate does not change
(Weiler et al., 2021a). Corrections to several substantial bias
sources in the Aeolus L2B winds have been implemented,
including corrections to the dark current signal anomalies
of single pixels (so-called hot pixels) on the accumulation
charge-coupled devices (ACCDs), linear drift in the illumi-
nation of the Rayleigh/Mie spectrometers, and the telescope
M1 mirror temperature variations (Reitebuch et al., 2020;
Weiler et al., 2021b). Indeed, Fig. 6 confirms other studies
that claim that hot pixels, laser energy, and receiving path
degradation effects in ALADIN have been mitigated (Fe-
ofilov et al., 2022; Baars et al., 2020; Weiler et al., 2020). If this mitigation were not present, we would observe an in-
crease in the standard deviation at a much higher rate (Weiler
et al., 2021a). Unfortunately, due to potential calibration is-
sues, uncorrected biases might remain in Aeolus L2B winds
and may contribute to potential biases between Aeolus and
the Météo-France observed winds. 4.2.3
Case study (c): 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 The standard deviations are 2.84 and 4.02 m s−1, the scaled
MADs are 2.85 and 3.22 m s−1, and correlation coefficients
are 0.92 for radiosonde and 0.86 for lidar. The scaled MAD
is exceptionally low compared to other cases, showing that
ALADIN is still able to perform very well and deliver excel-
lent results, beyond the nominal lifetime of 3 years. Here, the
Rayleigh clear profile obtained by Aeolus is within a close
interval to the ground-based data, except for a sudden spike
appearing at around 23 km. Indeed, this spike, which is not
observed on the reference lidar, could be linked to Aeolus’
hot-pixel issue (Weiler et al., 2021a) since 24 hot pixels were
present in the Rayleigh channel (ESA, 2021a). As previously mentioned, both sites have a similar average
distance to the collocation; however, the time offset is larger
for the Nîmes site by 2.5 h. As demonstrated in Sect. 4.1,
the distance to collocation does not significantly impact the
bias of the collocations. As such, this explains why both time
series share a very similar trend and show the same vari-
ations specific to mission events (FM-A laser power loss,
FM-B switch, etc.). We note that the standard deviation at
Nîmes is higher by 1.5 m s−1 on average compared to that at
Réunion. Because the distance to collocation is the same at
both sites, this higher random error can be explained by the
larger time offset. One can thus conclude that in terms of the
collocation criteria, the temporal offset is more critical than
the spatial offset when collocating satellite and ground-based Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
1009 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
1009
Figure 6. Standard deviation of the difference between Aeolus Rayleigh clear HLOS wind and Météo-France Radiosonde HLOS wind
over time (a) at the Maido observatory and (b) at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. The Météo-France data were downsampled to Aeolus
vertical resolution and projected to the HLOS of Aeolus. For radiosonde and ground-based lidar collocations, the cal/val punctual collocations
are reported in the figure in blue and green markings. The black line represents the average value, and the shading represents its standard
deviation. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 4.2.3
Case study (c): 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 The black line represents the average value, and the shading represents its standard deviation. The colors are relative to the
four baselines used: 2B02 (violet), 2B11 (blue), 2B12 (green), and 2B13 (yellow), in that order. 1010 Figure 7. Bias between Aeolus Rayleigh clear HLOS wind and Météo-France radiosonde HLOS wind over time (a) at the Maido observatory
and (b) at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. The Météo-France data were downsampled to Aeolus vertical resolution and projected to the
HLOS of Aeolus. For radiosonde and ground-based lidar collocations, the cal/val punctual collocations are reported in the figure in blue and
green markings. The black line represents the average value, and the shading represents its standard deviation. The colors are relative to the
four baselines used: 2B02 (violet), 2B11 (blue), 2B12 (green), and 2B13 (yellow), in that order. the globe and Aeolus’ lifespan. We decided to use the same
statistical parameters and presentation that Wu (2021) pro-
posed, in order to keep a consistent comparison method over
several studies. Therefore, the statistical parameters include
the correlation coefficient, SD, MAD, bias, slope, and in-
tercept. We can compare our results to other instruments
that were not mentioned during previous sections, such as
ALADIN airborne demonstrators (A2D) (Witschas et al.,
2020; Lux et al., 2020a, 2022), airborne Doppler wind li-
dars (DWL) (Witschas et al., 2020, 2022), and wind profiler
radars (WPR) (Zuo et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2021; Belova et
al., 2021; Iwai et al., 2021). Close to Wu’s (2021) observa-
tions, we observe the same consistency and similarities with
the more recent studies. A non-negligible proportion of the
disparities between the measurements are caused by the va-
riety of comparison ranges, ranging from the boundary layer
to the mid-stratosphere. In addition to the standard deviation observed in Fig. 6,
the bias can offer another opportunity to assess the evolu-
tion of the satellite’s performance over time, which is shown
in Fig. 7. The evolution of the bias shows a structure very
similar to the previous figure, reducing its variability along
the newer baselines. The expected higher variability for the
OHP site is also observed, and the average value tends to be
slightly lower (−1 m s−1 for OHP to 0 m s−1 for Maido) in
the latest 2B13 baseline (December 2021). 4.2.3
Case study (c): 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 In addition, the Aeolus
L2B winds might be biased towards the ECMWF model, as
the M1 bias correction makes use of ECMWF 6 h forecasts
(Rennie et al., 2021), which might also lead to suboptimal
assimilation of Aeolus winds on ground comparisons (Liu et
al., 2022). For the Réunion time series (Fig. 6a), the October 2019
and June 2021 AboVE-Maido campaign data correspond
well with the Météo-France observations, whereas the lower
values could be explained by the campaign collocations with
reduced geophysical bias. Additional lidar observations at
Maido conducted outside the dedicated campaigns show in-
creased random errors, supposedly due to the larger time off-
sets for some of these collocations (cf. Table 1). The results
of the AboVE-OHP-2 campaign, displayed in Fig. 6b, show
random errors similar to or lower than those inferred from
the Météo-France radiosonde launches. As for the Réunion
series, the lower random errors can be explained by the re-
duced spatial and temporal offsets for the campaign colloca-
tions. Overall, a few conclusions can be shared across both sites
of observation. Over time, we observe a slight increase in
the standard deviation (+1 m s−1 on average between Jan-
uary 2020 and 2022). It is possible to split the time series
into different periods. The early FM-B period (July 2019 to
January 2020) shows the lowest random error and is consis-
tent across both observation sites. We refer to this period as
the “golden era” of Aeolus. Around mid-April 2020, the M1
bias correction introduced into the retrieval lowered the bias
significantly (Weiler et al. 2021b); however, it does not ap-
pear to have an impact on the random error. From this point
on, the disparity of the data stabilized, as well as their aver-
age value. The last months of the time series show a stable https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1010
M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
Figure 7. Bias between Aeolus Rayleigh clear HLOS wind and Météo-France radiosonde HLOS wind over time (a) at the Maido observatory
and (b) at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. The Météo-France data were downsampled to Aeolus vertical resolution and projected to the
HLOS of Aeolus. For radiosonde and ground-based lidar collocations, the cal/val punctual collocations are reported in the figure in blue and
green markings. 4.2.3
Case study (c): 14 December 2021 (AboVE OHP
2) – 2B13 This figure sug-
gests that the newer baselines help the bias converge to zero
but do not have a definitive impact on the variability of the
values. Additionally, the transition from reprocessed to real-
time reprocessed data, which occurred on 8 October 2020
(ESA, 2021b), does not offer any apparent enhancements. Therefore, it does not support the assumption of any bene-
ficial or detrimental changes to the data quality. Over time, we assess a very modest decrease in the pre-
cision of ALADIN measurements (Fig. 6) at both cal/val
sites. While studies claim that the effects have been mitigated
thanks to various corrections (Rennie et al., 2021; Reitebuch
et al., 2020; Weiler et al., 2021b), this might not compensate
for the increased error over time coming from hot pixels, the
temperature of the mirror, and laser-induced contamination. Uncorrected biases might remain in Aeolus L2B winds and
may contribute to potential biases between Aeolus and the
Météo-France observed winds (Liu et al., 2022). 5
Discussion In this paper, to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the
Aeolus retrieved wind results, double collocation techniques
using both radiosondes and ground-based lidars were con-
ducted. Due to the proximity of collocation and a similar
functioning principle, a statistical analysis of random error,
biases, and their evolution throughout the mission lifetime
was performed, from the observation sites of Haute-Provence
and Réunion. A total of 65 collocations were collected during
periods from baseline 2B02 to 2B13. The argument made in Sect. 4.3 is that the time offset is
more important than the spatial offset, in terms of impact on
the collocation quality. Therefore, it should be inferred from Similar to Wu’s (2021) initiative, we summarized the re-
cent comparison campaigns from the cal/val teams across https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars
10
ble 7. Summary of the recent comparison campaign validation results, following Wu’s (2021) referencing convention. 5
Discussion Rayleigh clear
Campaigns and instruments
R
SD
Scaled MAD
Bias
Slope
Intercept
m s−1
m s−1
m s−1
m s−1
Radiosondes (this study)
0.89
6.18
5.37
−0.79
0.95
−0.87
Ground lidars (this study)
0.77
7.25
6.49
−0.82
0.96
−1.12
AVATAR-T (Witschas et al., 2022)
0.52
7.7
7.1
−0.1
0.97
−0.2
AVATAR-I (Witschas et al., 2022)
0.91
5.6
5.5
−0.8
1
−0.8
WPR over Australia (Zuo et al., 2022)
0.92
6.22
5.81
−0.48
1.02
−0.44
USTC – LGR (Chen et al., 2022)
0.96
5.98
–
1.05
0.94
−0.89
USTC – SGR (Chen et al., 2022)
0.98
4.78
–
−0.35
1.02
0.4
Radiosondes (Martin et al., 2021)
–
–
5.01
2.12
–
–
VAL-OUC (Wu et al., 2022)
2B07/08
0.39
10.2
8.42
−1.23
1.12
−1.16
2B09/10
0.75
4.66
3.84
−0.98
0.97
−1.01
2B11
0.86
4.76
3.91
−0.13
1
−0.12
WindVal III /A2D improved (Lux et al., 2022)
–
7.4
7.4
−0.85
–
–
WindVal III/A2D (Lux et al., 2020a)
0.8
3.6
3.6
2.6
–
–
WindVal III/2 µm DWL (Witschas et al., 2020)
0.95
4.75
3.97
2.11
0.99
2.23
AVATARE (Witschas et al., 2020)
0.76
5.27
4.36
−4.58
0.98
−4.39
AboVE OHP (Khaykin et al., 2020)
0.96
3.2
–
1.5
–
–
RV Polarstern cruise PS116 (Baars et al., 2020)
–
–
4.84
1.52
0.97
1.57
MARA (Belova et al., 2021)
summer
0.82
5.8
–
0
1.1
0
winter
0.81
5.6
–
−1.3
0.87
−0.8
ESRAD (Belova et al., 2021)
summer
0.92
4.5
–
−0.4
1
−0.5
winter
0.88
5.2
–
−0.4
1
−0.6
WPR over Japan (Iwai et al., 2021)
2B02
0.95
8.08
7.35
1.69
0.98
1.75
2B10
0.9
7.89
7.08
−0.82
0.94
−0.74
CDWL in Kobe (Iwai et al., 2021)
2B02
0.98
6.17
4.92
0.46
1.05
0.61
2B10
0.96
5.69
5.21
−0.81
0.98
−0.88
CDWL in Okinawa (Iwai et al., 2021)
2B02
0.93
6.57
5.68
1.08
0.99
1.07
2B10
0.79
6.53
5.58
−0.48
1.03
−0.52
GPS-RS in Okinawa (Iwai et al., 2021)
2B02
0.99
4.55
4.77
1
0.99
1
2B10
0.99
4.43
3.97
0.45
1.01
0.38
RWP network over China (Guo et al., 2021)
0.81
6.82
–
−0.64
0.99
−0.64 M. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1012 based Doppler Rayleigh–Mie lidars from the observation
sites of OPAR in Réunion and OHP in Haute-Provence
(France). All 65 collocations were collected during periods
from baseline 2B02 to 2B13, spanning January 2019 to Jan-
uary 2022. In summary, we find a standard deviation of 6.18
and 7.25 m s−1 and a scaled MAD of 5.37 and 6.49 m s−1
for radiosondes and lidars intercomparisons, respectively. We
also find correlation coefficients of 0.82 and 0.77, slopes of
0.95 and 0.96, and y intercepts of −0.87 and −1.12 m s−1 for
radiosondes and lidars intercomparisons, respectively. The
biases and random errors observed are higher than those out-
lined in the mission requirements (Ingmann and Straume,
2016), as seen in Table 6: the bias is higher by an average
of 0.15 m s−1, and the standard deviation was exceeded at
every altitude level by 50 %, on average. eters; and the telescope M1 mirror temperature variations
(Reitebuch et al., 2020; Weiler et al., 2021b). In Sect. 4.1, we
observe a steep increase in the random error above 25 km,
which can be further observed in Fig. 5b. We believe that
this issue, specific to the high RBS profiles, is caused by the
lack of molecular backscatter. The lack of signal could result
in a higher random error, but the estimated error is shown
to still be within a narrow interval (±5 m s−1), compared
to its observed deviation from reference measurements. Al-
though bigger than what is shown for the previous altitude
bins, the retrieved measurement error for the uppermost bins
is strongly underestimated, along with the physical fact that
there are fewer molecules at higher altitude levels. In this study, we also refer to OPs, which might be a new,
unreferenced, phenomenon. Over the 65 collocations, the
phenomenon was observed five times. It is impossible to tell
how recurrent this perturbation appears, because it requires a
single profile-to-profile reference measurement, which is not
something done in Aeolus to models comparisons. We note
that applying a high-pass filter with the cutoff at 5 km verti-
cal wavelength smooths out all oscillations and provides an
estimation of the profile much closer to that of the reference
instruments. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars While this is a good patch, it is not possible to
apply such a filter on every wind profile, as it would proba-
bly also remove traces of physical events. One way to further
improve this method would be to see how the HLOS value
fluctuates from one bin to another. Since OPs tend to have a
fairly constant peak-to-peak amplitude and period, it should
be fairly easy to detect such patterns in the data. One way
to further track down this issue would be to retrieve the L1B
useful signal, as well as the SNR, to see if it could be linked
to bad behavior of the optical system itself. When collocating ground-based and satellite measure-
ments, the time criterion was found to be more prevalent than
the distance criterion in terms of choosing which one to fa-
vor, as shown in Sect. 4.3 of this study. However, it should
be noted that these results may not be applicable to all sta-
tions with different weather and wind regimes and are only
relevant to locations with similar characteristics. This study
also showed previously undocumented phenomena (oscillat-
ing perturbations, OPs, Sect. 4.2; excessive random error in
the uppermost bins above 25 km, Sect. 4.1). While the lat-
ter phenomenon can be mitigated through the use of aver-
ages between several adjacent profiles, the OP issue could be
addressed by application of frequency filters, which would
require further investigation. q
g
Within this study, we have noticed range-bin and tempo-
ral wind dependencies. For the uppermost bins (above 22 km
on average) enabled by the AboVE RBS, the random er-
ror is enhanced by 2–3 m s−1 for ascending and descend-
ing phases. This can be explained by the lower air density
there, reducing the molecular backscatter intensity. We note
that aggregation of two or more adjacent Aeolus profiles im-
proves the comparison by 70 %. For the larger spatial off-
sets, the method yields poorer results compared to the alti-
tude range method. Both methods lowered the scaled MAD
on any comparison category for any instrument. Similarly to
the results by Guo et al. (2021) and Zuo et al. (2022), we
do not observe any significant difference between ascending
and descending phases, which goes against previous obser-
vations about orbit-dependent characteristics (Rennie et al.,
2021; Martin et al., 2021). Guo et al. M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars (2021) showed slopes
of 0.91 and 0.96 and intercepts of 0.47 and −1.4 m s−1, re-
spectively. This is close to our observations. Detailing our
results, the comparison of ascending phase for radiosondes
collocations has a mean correlation coefficient of 0.77 and a
scaled MAD of 5.58 m s−1. In contrast, the descending phase
has a mean correlation coefficient of 0.91 and a scaled MAD
of 4.99 m s−1. The lidar collocations in ascending phase have
a mean correlation coefficient of 0.73 and a scaled MAD of
7.17 m s−1, whereas the descending phase has a mean corre-
lation coefficient of 0.85 and a scaled MAD of 5.06 m s−1. We observe a negative bias in most scenarios, except for
the altitude range method, where the descending orbit lidar
collocations show a positive bias. On average, the satellite
tends to underestimate the wind speed by around 1 m s−1. Several papers cited above (Sect. 4.1 and Table 7) report sim-
ilar observations. With this study, we have addressed the performance of
the ALADIN Rayleigh channel at a broad range of altitudes,
from the lower troposphere to the maximum altitude of 30 km
enabled by the AboVE-2 range bin setting. The performance
of the ALADIN Mie channel in the lower stratosphere re-
mains to be assessed using the lidar and radiosonde measure-
ments at Réunion. This site was to provide the most extensive
lidar observations of the 2022 Hunga Tonga volcanic erup-
tion plumes in the stratosphere (Baron et al., 2022), which
were sampled by the ALADIN Mie channels (Legras et al.,
2022; Khaykin et al., 2022). 5
Discussion Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars 1011 variations (Lux et al., 2022, 2018, 2020a); vibrations intro-
duced by the satellite platform, which affects the Q-switched
master oscillator cavity length (Lux et al., 2020b); photon
shot noise (Liu et al., 2006); micro-vibrations due to crit-
ical rotation speeds of the satellite’s reaction wheels (Lux
et al., 2021); mechanical disturbances generated by reaction
wheels of the class of those embarked on Aeolus (Le, 2017);
linear drift in the illumination of the Rayleigh/Mie spectrom- this result that the time criterion has to be favored over the
distance criterion when collocating different measurements. To do so, we showed how the distance to collocation had
small effects on the bias in Sect. 4.2 and how the time dif-
ference had a significant impact on the standard deviation in
Sect. 4.3. Some error sources were pointed out by previous
research, e.g., hot pixels and dark current anomalies (Weiler
et al., 2021a); Rayleigh wind errors introduced by angular https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, 2023 M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars Overall, we recognize evolutions in the L2B data qual-
ity throughout the satellite’s lifetime. Thanks to the regular
measurement campaigns and the use of twice-daily Météo-
France radiosondes, we managed to observe the long-term
evolution of the precision of the satellite based on the stan-
dard deviation of daily collocations made between the satel-
lite and the closest Météo-France station. As observed during
the AboVE-Maido validation campaigns, the mean random
error increases from 4.6 to 7.6 m s−1 between the AboVE-
1 campaign (October 2019) and the AboVE-2 campaign
(June 2021). For the AboVE-OHP campaigns, the mean
random error increases from 5.6 to 6.4 m s−1 between the
AboVE-1 campaign (January 2019) and the AboVE-2 cam-
paign (December 2021). This is consistent with the routine
observations using Météo-France’s radiosondes. The early
FM-B period, the golden era of Aeolus, shows the lowest
random error at both sites, which has been increasing ever
since. Special issue statement. This article is part of the special issue “Ae-
olus data and their application (AMT/ACP/WCD inter-journal SI)”. It is not associated with a conference. Acknowledgements. We gratefully thank the personnel of OPAR
station (Eric Golubic, Patrick Hernandez, and Louis Mottet) and the
personnel of station Gérard Mégie at OHP (Frederic Gomez, Fran-
cois Dolon, Pierre Da Conceicao, Francois Huppert, and others) for
conducting the radiosonde launches and lidar operation. The work
related to Aeolus validation has been performed in the frame of Ae-
olus Scientific Calibration and Validation Team (ACVT) activities. We thank three anonymous referees for their constructive remarks
that helped improve the manuscript. Financial support. The upgrade of OHP and OPAR wind lidars
was financially supported by CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spa-
tiales) as well as through EU FP7 ARISE and H2020 ARISE2
projects. The work by Mathieu Ratynski was carried out under
a PhD fellowship co-funded by CNES and ACRI-ST. Additional
funding has been provided via the CNES APR Aeolus project. Code availability. The code used in this study can be found at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7477104 (Ratynski, 2022b). Review statement. This paper was edited by Ad Stoffelen and re-
viewed by three anonymous referees. Data availability. Aeolus data are publicly available through the
Aeolus online dissemination system (https://aeolus-ds.eo.esa.int/
oads/access/, last access: 9 February 2022; EASA, 2022). The
OHP lidar data can be obtained through the NDACC lidar
database at https://ndacc.larc.nasa.gov/ (last access: 9 February
2022; NDACC, 2022). M. Ratynski et al.: Validation of Aeolus wind profiling using French lidars The Météo-France radiosonde data are
free available at https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/?fond=
produit&id_produit=97&id_rubrique=33 (last access: 9 February
2022; Meteo France, 2022). The dataset used for the realization of
this study can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7477063
(Ratynski, 2022a). 6
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18710704_00000.txt_2 | Spanish-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,871 | None | None | Spanish | Spoken | 5,169 | 9,137 | Sisaa. Fnch« 180 s 2090 rt. 1 1 Bevolver» Id. piston de SO á 500 i^s. Pistolas «¡irlccho: Facbti c. •= 18 «i 100.. . 12 rs- ll pólvora do cata, paqaaU de 50 > 600 n de 9 « 80 r«. '-••^^ 3 n. 3251 PASTA PECTORAL INFALIBLE CONTRA TODA CLASE DE catarros, ronqnara, y demás a/accionas da p«eb« agudas y cróoicas, tacilitaodo «n todos casos is _ Щ «spectoracion. Este remadio es tan positivo qna DO hay no caso síqniara qna no haya dado falicat rainludos. i las primaras tomas da asta pasU, »1 aníarmo sienta ya an gran alivio qa» 1» aorpranda y anims• ) 1 i Л O ST O л л ! с •sD'O'iidas en mny poco hampo y na la. J L L H f i C O UtZ. U A u ^ O GasaaU númaro da pedidos qna tanamo* i« toda España y aiganasi > blacionas dai «stranjero, corroboran la verdad da on madicamanto qua as al'iínico positivo para los efactos á qnasa 1« destina. Se vende eo la farmacia del Dr. Andrea, bajada de la Cárcel, núm. 4, en la Xspoaicioa permanente del Pasaje del Reloj y en Gracia, farmacia d« Kayans y de Borrell calle Иауог КОТА IHPOBTÀNTE —Se haUarán depósitos en Yalencia, Sevilla. Pamplona. ¡íadríd, laragoxa, YaHadolid,, Santiago y demás capitales de España (véanse ¡cs anuncios) Or. Andren. DILIGENCIAS para el matrimonio civil.—Espedientes de Dispensa.—Inscripcion de nacimientos y defunciones.—Asnntos jadiciales, administrativo! y mercantiles.—Dinero para colocar, mediante primeras hipotecas. — Calla de ia Libertad (antes Fernando) niini. 32, i.° Ar 'TíMr'TA M •1 PA81S1." de julio — Ei conde de Paris visitó ayer á M. Thiers. Esta noche habrá ü r a n banqtaete en casa de M. Thiers, al q.ue están convidados los príncipes de Orleans. Se ha desmentido la noticia de la dimisión de M. Juies Favre y de su reemplazo por M. de BrofiTÜe. Estrasburgo se ba suscrito al empréstito por 18 millones. M. Thiers ha escrito la siguiente carta á M. Ernest Dreolle, diputado de la antigua mayoría del Cuerpo legislativo: «Pienso, como vos, que solo la union de todos los partidos unidos, no para su ven»taja personal, sino para salvar el país, es lo que puede ayudarnos é salir del abismo »en que hemos caido. La forma, el título del nuevo goniemo poco importan, lo que »conviene e« que unamos nuestros esfuerzos á los de todos loa hombrts nonrados, que, ühaciendo caso omiso de sus preferencias personales, trabajan en primer l u g a r para «arrancar al país de las manos del enemigo y después para reconstituirlo. f ^ A B í E S TELEGRÁFICOS PARTÍCULAREí) (D£ LA PRENSA ASOCIABA.) Madrid 3 de julio,.á las 340 tarde. Barcelona 3, á las 5' idem. Sl señor Pascual ha presentado al Congreso una proposición de censura contra el gobierno con motivo de la suspension de los diputados provinciales de Baíoelona. Madrid 3 de Julio, Í las 5 tarde. Barcelona 3, á las 10*20 nocbe. En el Senado ha comenzado el'dobate soBreTa prSvIsloirde' vacantes enriar Judicatura. ,: Madrid 3 de juUo, a l a s 6 ' 2 0 t a r d e. , ' Barcelona 3, á las 10'29 nocbe. ü n telegrama oñcial de Londres desmiente la existencia del cólera. Se han constituido las j u n t a s de Guipúzcoa, manifestando s u adhesion al actual orden de cosas. Espérense próximos resultados del plan de campaña del general conde de Balma"seda. i. Las oposiciones darán una batalla en la cuestión de los diputados de incompati' bllidad dudosa. Bolsa —Consolidado, 26*55.—Bonos, 7T00.—Subvenciones, 49'60. Madrid 8 de julio, á las 6'40 tarde. Barcelona 3, á las 10'.% noche. Congreso.—El señor Escuder ha preguntado al gobierno si recibirla as pruebas que el señor P u i g y Llagostera ofrecía, sobre crímenes denunciados en su carta. ae .ba tomado „en consideración una proposición del señqrjíuñez de Velasco sobre condonación dé cohtfíÍSuclionTlas'próvlílBlíS'tfa^ ' Bl'se&oc Gonaalez Alegre h a retirado,una proposición.de censura que habia pre sentado .contra los miulqtroa de Gobernación'y de Gracia y Justicia. BlsefihrTrelles qontinúa.su-.díscursp, apoyando el voto particular delseñor Menendez Luarca. P a r í s 3.—Nada aun positivo sobre las elecciones. Bl resultado créese queáerár: Is radicales, 5 republicanos moderados y un republicano que será Gambetta. Londres.—Aumenta el cólera. Bolsa: Consolidado, 26*55.—Bonos, 19'60.—Subvenciones. ITOO. Madrid 3 de julio, á las 8'59 noche. Barcelona 3, á las 10*48 idem. • La entrada del rey Víctor Manuel en Boma ha sido brillante. Los resultados aproximados de las elecciones en 34 departamentos fuera del Sena, créese que serán: 5fi republicanos y 12 conservadores. ' Sé ha confirmado la noticia del. anticipo de fondos hechos al gobierno allO'por 100. La cuestión pendiente entre dos diputados, ha quedado arreglada satisfactoriamente. • • Madrid 3 de julio, á las T15 nocbe. Barcelona3. las ll'l.nochf. Congreso.—Bl señor Bamos Calderón consume él tercer turno en contra dei voto del señor Menendez Luarca. Madrid 3 dé julio, á las 9*50 noche. Barcelona.3, é las 10*53 noche. El señor Trelles ba exigido en su discurso la responsabilidad ál señor Flguerola ante tribunales por el.contrato con el Banco de París. El señor Hamos Calderón h a rechazado la version da quesean responsables las .mayorías de los desaciertos de los ministros de Hacienda en la cuestión financiera. MARTES i DE JULIO DE 1811. NtM. 473. LA INDEPENDENCIA. DIARIO REPUBLICANO FEDERAL. EDICIÓN DE LA TARDE. GACETILLAS. Según parece & partir del 1. ° del próximo agosto será obligatoria en esta capital la estraccion de letrinas por el sistema moderno, habiéndose sacado á subasta este servicio. —Un colega local dice esta mañana que ha fallecido el infeliz sereno que en la ú l [ tima corrida de toros sufrió una corrida. i —Otra nueva víctima del ácido clorhídrico (sal fumant) fué una joven habitante 1 en la callé de Carretas, que ayer lo tomó en una cantidad suficiente para dejarla sin iesperanza rie vida. I —Bl ntSmero 11 de la ilustrada revista catalana La Еемхша contiene el siguienJte sumarlo: Los buffos madrilenys, per J. Boca y Roca.—Lo Foasàr per Francisco líasIpons y Labrdsi.—Sisuald, (poesía) per Llóreos deCabanyes.—DeiS certémenaartistiche l á Grecia, per S.—L' a y g u a per Fonrenat.—Las esposallas del mort, per T. de B—Novas. _ - C o n un éxito bastante satisfactorio estrenóse a y e r e n el teatro d^l Tivoli la zarzuela en dos actos, letra del señor Pitarra y música del señor Manent «Los estudiante de Cervera» La obra abunda en chistes de buen género y la música tiene piezas de I verdadero sabor, m u y adncuadaa al carácter de la producción. Algunas de ellas deI bieron ser repetidas á petición de la concurrencia. La ejecución de la obra fué muy regular y buwna la dirección. I —En la falda de la montaña de Monjuich tragó ayer un joven una «rran cantidad' de ácido clorhídrico, (sal fumant), que pone en peligro su vida. Fué trasladado al l hospital. , I —Un ruidoso triunfo alcanzaron anoche ea el Prado la señorita Pascuali y el s e ifior Mayeroni en la ejecución de la «Dama de las Camelias» que atrajo á aquel coliísec una numerosa cuanto distinguida concurrencia que aplaudió á los artistas, 11aI mandólos al palco escénico hasta'7 veces, en medio de atronadores aplausos. I —En la Font Trobada. sita en ia falda de Monjuich, se ha perpetrado u n robo esta noche después de haber fracturado la puerta, llevándose loa cacos unos cuantos j a mones, chorizos y longanizas por valor de unas 200 pesetas. Loa ladrones no han podido ser habidos —También en la calle de Xuclá ha sido robada una habitación, llevándose los ladrones unas loo pesetas, una cadena de oro y otros efectos, teniendo que descerrajar la puerta para oenetrar en la habitación y sin haber podido ser detenidos. —En la calle de San Beltran hubo anoche una reyerta entre varios devotos de Baco, resultando gravemente herido uno de ellos, que tuvo que ser trasladado al Hospital, mientras los otros fueron detenidos y encerrados en ios bajos de la casa grande. —?.a una de las canteras de Monjuich ha habido otro desplome, y como consecuencia de el ba muerto un infeliz operario y quedado otro gravemente herido, que fueron traaladados al Hospital. Hemos llamado tantas veces la atención soOra estae 815« repetidas desgracias que tienen consternada á Barcelona, que francamente sentimos repetir lo mismo cada vez que ocurre una de nueva. —Hoy celebran su función de costumbre en el Prado Catalan los Amigos de los pobres. La cocapañia italiana dirigida por el señor Mayeroni pone en escena el drama -«Sulllvan» y la pieza «La vendeva delle camelie,» en que tanto se distingue el señor Boldrini. Amenizará los intermedios la música de uno de los regimientos de esta g u a r nición. —Continuando el estado epidémico en laa repúblicas del Hio de la Plata, la d i rección de comunicaciones anuncia que se suspenden también en el mes de julio las espediciones que para aquellos paises efectuábanse desde el puerto ds Barcelona. Bn au consecuencia, la correspondencia que á las espresadas renúblicas pudiera dirigir por la via indicada debe remitirse por la de Portugal á Inglaterra, franqueándola con arreglo á las condiciones de los respectivos convenios. —Los periódicos de Cádiz y Sevilla sa muestran m u y alarmados por no tomarse las debidas precauciones sanitarias con las procedencias de Londres, donde reina epidémicamente el cólera morbo. Un periódico de Sevilla dice que un vapor de la carrera de Londres á dicha capital, al que no se le consintió alijar en Sanlúcar por haber tenido cuatro muertos en la travesía, ha llegado á Sevilla y descargó las mercancías y pasaje sin aingun impedlmiento. I Dolores Martinez María Luisa Casamltjana. Carmen Acón Pedro Huertas María de los Dolores Nadal. Miguel Plans Lutgarda Sangra Eaimundo Bonafont Eosa Duran María Roura Pi ar Ramona Leonarda. . 'Arturo Guarch Josefa Saperas Pablo Barau Martin Calvó.. . . . Agustina García .. Príncipe de Viana. . Gerona. Ronda. Hospital militar. . Ancha. P. del Sol (Hostafrancbs). Casa de Caridad. Baluarte (Barceloneta.) Jaime Giralt. Union. . Cesa Maternidad. FontaneUas. Plaza de San José. Plaza de San Agustín. Pe'ritxoL San ííaraon. Solteío. Viuda. Casada. Soltera. Viuda. 2 años. 10 meses. 2 años. 22 idem. П meses. 1 Ídem. 57 años. lidem. 62 ídem. 19 Ídem. 2 meses. 1 ídem. 56 años. 25 dias. 3años. 1 año. Los nacidos desde el medio dia de ayer haata el de hoy son los siguientes: Niños, 12.-Níñas, 8.-Total, 20. LA DEFENSA ÜE ROQUE BARCIA POS él liisuo. PAETE PEIMEEA. A mis afteciables compañeros los individuosde la Comisión, autores del dictamen sobre el suplicatorio del Juez del Congreso. Yo no ignoraba que eran mis contrarios los Individuos de la Comisiou encargada de dar dictamen sobre el suplicatorio del Juez del Congreso. Sabia, digo, que eran mis contrarios en política; pero también sabia QUÍ; eran mis compañeros de represen- tacloa nacional. No esperaba quizá sentimientos benévolos, francos, generoeoa; mas me prometía algún ejemplo de graixdeza de alma; esa grandeza original que tanto enaltece, que tanto sublima al enemigo. Pido mil perdones á mis apreclables compañeros; pero declaro ingenuamente que me engañé. Bl dictamen de la Comisión me ha traidQ dos huéspedes poco agradables. Batos doa huéapedea son u n dolor nuevo y un nuevo desencanto. Bn el dictamen hallo, y si no la hallo la columbro, cierta intención estrecha, cierta entrada angosta, cierto propósito ruin, cierto espíritu poco grave, poco circunspecto, poco reparado: en una palabra, poco justo y no muy cortés. Yo digo las cosaa en plata. Por eso estoy aquí, en San Francisco el Grande, y bien sabe Dloa que no me duele, porque prefiero ser un preso que se siente libre en eataa prisiones, á ser u n hombre libre que gime preso en el soñado alcázar de su ambición y de su locura. Ha sucedido á la Comisión lo que á los mercaderes tacaños, los cuales, al cortar la estofa, aoroximan tanto la tijera que se corta L , los dedos. La Comisión, sin quererlo, ni presumirlo indudablemente, se ha cortado los dedos y se ha hecho sangre. He de examinar varios puntos, que serán los siguientes: • 1. e Bl 16 de marzo de 1811. 2. ° Silencio prudente sobre el resultado de la causa. 3. * Formalidades legales. 4. e Mi culpabilidad y mi inocencia. B. ® Mi honra afectada. 6. * Bl Ilustrisimo señor don Servando Fernandez Yiotorla, Jaez del Congreeo, lo creyó conveniente. 1. ° Una especie curiosa. PDNTO рдшвао. Dice la Comisión que yo no era diputado el 16 de marzo, dia en que dló principio mi proceso. ¡Pecador de mi! Yo habia entendido que era. diputado el dia 12, en que tuvo lugar el escrutinio: un dia antes de que el Juez del Congreso ereytra conneniente secuestrar mi casa y mi persona. Pero ahora caigo en que la Comisión dice bien. ¿Cómo se concibe que pudiera yo ser diputado el día 16, siendo, como soy, republicano federal! Hay federales qua no pueden ser diputados nunca; y cuando lo son, se les enjaula como á un tigre, ó se les empareda сошо á un confeso; y después se dice que no h a blan aido proclamados; ó se anula el acta; ó se les tiene en un castillo como prisione ros de guerra; ó en un lazareto, como leprosos de los tiempos feudales, y todo queda en сява, como suele decirse'. ¡A.hi ¡Si yo fuese de la mayoría! ¡Si me sentase en ciertos escañosl ¡SI guardase la espalda de ciertos ministrosl ¡Si me aviniera á ciertos tratos! ¡Si quisiera firmar ciertas nóminas! ¡Si luera un diputado complaciente!... ¡A.h, señores diputados de la Comisión! Sl hubiera sido u n renegado, ¿se me diria hoy que no era tal diputado á Cortes el dia 16 de marzo, cuatro dias después del escrutinio general? El 12 me BUGBN: el 13 me PBENDEH; y sin embargo, (¡oh maravilla!) el 16 no era diputado. iLo cree asi la Comisión, mis apreclables compañeros? Pues sí la Comisión lo cree conveniente, como el juez del Congreso creyó conveniente secuestrar mi casa y mi persona, á mí no me queda otro medio que esclamar: «mis apreclables compañero? del dictamen tienen razón. ¡Cómo ha de ser! ¡Pacienciala SEOTIUDO. Dice la Comisión que no ore conveniente entrar en razones sobre la í n dole de la causa. La Comisión debe conocer que estas palabras son sumamente graves; y si no lo conoce, yo me permitiré decir que la Comisión ha procurado conocer m u y poco en esta materia. La Comisión se oculta, la Comisión se esconde tras la cortina del misterio, y yo no estoy conforme con que la Comisión se escpnda, porque aquí no jugamos al escondite. Yo debo protestar y protesto contra esas reticencias sospechosas de la Comisión. Yo protesto contra ese prurito de que nadie vea, á costa mía, lo que todo el mundo puede ver, á costa de quien sea, que yo no lo sé, ni lo quiero. La Comisión no cree conveniente entrar en el examen del asunto. ¿Por qué razón? ¿Teme a/fr"avar mí causa? ¿Teme lastimar a u n compañero DB SOBERANÍA NACIONAL? Щ -\ 8158 Pues no tema la comMon corno no teme el rio. [To s o temo, señores diputados! (Yo no he temido uuocal Hablóla comíalos, y no persiga al perseguido. Hable, y no martlrlca al martirisado. Hable, y no ofenda á quien no la ofende. Hable, y no aprisione á quien está preso. Hable la comisión; hable claro; y al no puede hablar, que ealle. No se lo pide mi decoro; se lo pide el suyo; se lo pide el decoro de la Asamblea; se lo pide el decoro de España. iBl resultado del proceso! ¿Hay quien no lo sepa en nuestro país? ¿Hay u n labriego que lo Ignore? ¿Puede Ignorarlo la comisión? jNo puede ignorarlol La comisión la sabe como yo, como el Juagado, como la Cámara, como todo el mundo. Bl dictamen de la comisión, que y o oí leer debe ser apócrifo. Los individuos de la comisión han alcanzado ima justa fama de escelentes jurísconBUltos, de personas honradas, de hombres serlos, me consta que lo son y no pueden darse en espectáculo á la curiosidad del vulgo, representando esa triste comedía. Mis apreciables compañeros de la Comisión pueden atacarme en materia política; poro saben no prescindir en n i n g ú n caso de sus deberes en punto á conciencia y dignida'l. Pago este tributo á'la reputación de contrarios políticos, porque dice el adagio que «nada quita lo cortés á lo valiente». Ta ven los señores de la Comision que soy un es pañol tratable , sin embargo de ser el ASESINO de la calle del Turco iQué burla tan sangrienta, señores diputados! Taacaao. Habla la Comisión de formalidades legales. lAb! Si yo hubiese sido da la mayoría, es bien seguro q e el dictamen hubiera sacaio en procesión, bajo palio de inmunidad del diputado á Cortes, los fueros sagrados del Parlau ento y las magniñcencias de .la soberanía nacional; pero y a se vé, como me alcanza la enorme culpa, el Imperdonable delito do ser republicano, y federal, hombre consecuente, hombre que no reniega, hombre que no vuelve la cara, era necesario que la nación no tuviera soberanía; ni la Asamblea, fueros; n i el diputado, inmunidad. iCómo ha de cer, señores diputados! iPaciencia! Habla la Comisión de formalidades legales. T Todo el mundo conoce que en dapafia no h a y formalidades, n i leyes, n i Joatloia, n l carldad, ni fS, ni esperanza, ni dogma, ni Dios, sino paráaourrlr y m a g t u l a r al hombre de bien, cuando el hombre de bien es u n desheredado de esta sociedad pervertida. Sírvase decirme la Comisión quiénes han sido presos, 7 esposado* y escarnecidoi; tome nota de la posición y de la fortuna de los que han venido chorreando sangre, y verá tal vez que todos son pobres, débiles y republicanos. Los ricos, los grande!, loa favorecidos, no vienen aquí. . , , i Para los ricos y los grandes no hay cuerdas, ni eaposas, n i calabozos. Loa ricos y los grandes se quedan en sus quintas y en sus palacios. iGomo á de ser, mis apreclables compafierosl tPacienaia! ¡Ahí Sl en Kspaña hubiese formalidad y ley, tcuáotas de las cosas que existen a r riba, estarían abajo, y cuántas de las cosas que h a y abajo, e s t a r í a n arriba; y cuantaa (rarezas peregrinas hablan de v jrse en esta a n t i g u a tierra de los maravllloBOB imposibles/ iPaciencia, mis apreclables compafierosl jComo ha de serl Cumo. Dice la Comisión que no declara la culpabilidad de mi inocencia. Puefl ¿qué declara entonces? ¿Qué significa entonces el dictamen? ;De qué se trata aquí? Señores diputados: ¿vivo 6 no vivo? i=?oy d no soy? Dice la riomiaion que no me declara culpable n i Inocente. Yo suplico & la Comisión que me disimule; pero estoy tentado & creer que no declarándome inocente me declara culpable; y también creo que no h a debido oroeeder así. Vamos ajuicio, señores diputados, porque el juicio de la conciencia pisa los u m brales do los Parlamentos; y hay que oirle; hay que atenderle, porque es u n mensaje de Dios. {Se conUnuará.) CONGRESO. Estrado oficial de la sesión celebrada el dia 29 de junio ds IffTl. PRESIDENCIA D E l SJÑOR OLÓZAflJk. Abierta á las tres se leyó y fué aprobada el acta de la anterior. Bl aeñor PRESIDENTE dio cuenta de haber llevado á palacio el mensaje, y leyó lo que el rey habia contestado al discurso que le dirigió. Los señores TR^'-LLES Y O "HOA pretendieron apoyar dos proposloionos. El señor PRESIDENTS dijo que el acuerdo del reglamento ara que todoa los asuntos ordinarios se tratasen en las sesiones de la noche, consagrándose las de la tarde á loa presupuestos y cuestiones económicas. Leyóse el dictftmea de la comisión sobre el acta de Almadén. El señor BsCODER dijo que según el seuor presidente no debia tratarse de actas. El señor PRESIDENTE manifestó que si habia quien discutiese sobre el dictamen de actas lo dejarl» para la noche. Los señores Ochoa y Trelles pidieron la palabra en contra. Suspendióse la discusión y se pasó á continuar la del voto del señor Luarca. El señor ARDANAZ sitruió su interrumpido discurso, ocupándose estensamente en examinar los resultados positivos del presupuesto de intrreaos que está terminado, para deducir cuan crecido era ei déficit y cuan graves los apuros del tesoro. El orador, después de descansar breves instantes, mietitrbs se aprobó definitivamente la ley fijando las fuerzas navales, prosiguió su argumentación para tratar de probar que si se aprobasen los proyectos del señor Moret, el año próximo so hallarla la Hacienda en el mas lamentable estado. El señor ministro de HACIENDA dijo que la Hacienda de lo pasado no podía concillarse con la Hacienda de la revolución, ni juzgar á esta sin dejar que el tiempo pase y los resultados económicos puedan examinarse y apreciarse. Negó que la suma total que.espuso el señor Ardanaz fuese la que recaudó el Tesoro de la revolución, porque no podían conocerse aun los bonos ni mucho menos los billetes cel Tesoro, de manera que debían rebajarse esas grandes cantidades. Def-judió las ventajas de la revolución, así como su conducta', ajustada á la Oónetítncíloiiv presentando los pteenpueptos al dia siguiente de coostltuldo ei Con' Beipeotot'Iaa operaciones de deuda flotante, dijo qua se ЬаЫап realizado dentro de los prtkieptòalégìaes, sin faltar Dijo a u e el último contrato que habla hecho para pagar el cupón de la deuda eaterfori lofh« al tipo de 10 por 100. Al llegar al preinpuesto de Estado se suspendió esta discusión. Se levantó la sesión para continuar esta noche. I r a n las siete. FUSU)B(ai.DU.asfl010LÓZiGA. ^ Г Abierta la sesión á las dos, y leída el acta de la anterior, fué aprobada. Bl señor CHACON: He pedido la palabra para rogar al señor ministró de Hacienda se sirva remitir diferentes documentos referentes á las minas que el Estado tiene arrendadas en Linares, entre ellos un estado de los minerales obtenidos en el decenio anterior al arrendamiento, con expresión de los destinados á la venta y á la fundición, y en el año común del mismo decenio. Bl señor PRESIDENTE: Se pondrá en conocimiento del señor ministro de Hacienda el deseo de su señoría. Se leyó y quedó sobre la mesa una proposición para conceder una indemnización & don Luís Blanc por cantiriad de 17,000 pesetas. Bl señor Balaguer anunció que no podia asistir á la sesión por hallarse enfermo. «l señor PRESIDíNTB: El señor Octioa tiene la palabra para apoyar cualquiera de sus proposiciones hasta que venga el señor ministro de Hacienda. El señor OCHOA apoyó una proposición de 1чу referente á que algunos gobernadores civiles no respetan como debieran los derechos individuales consignados en la Constitución. £0 lamenta de que algunas provincias estén gobernadaq por quienes sólo merecían u n puesto m u y subalterno en la administracion, y deduce de su incompetencia las faltas que se observan todos loi diss. Sus censuras las dirige principalmente al gobernador ds Barcelona, el que a j u i cio del orador no cumple con las leyes ni con la Constitución, puesto que no ha dejado usar del derecho de asociación, disolviendo reuniones y sociedades licitas. El-señor ministro de la Q-OBERN*CION contestó al señor O^hoa, defendiendo á los gobernadores de los Injustos ataques que les ha dirigido este diputado, manifestando que todos han cumplido con au deber y acatado las leyes. Bl señor OCHOA rectíñcó. Dada de nuevo lectura á la proposición, fué desechada por 120 contra 55. Se leyó un dictamen de la comisión da actas, qué fué aprobado y proclamado como diputado por ei cuarto distrito de Sevilla don José Marco Lopez. También se dló cuenta de otros dictámenes que quedaron sobre la mesa para su examen. Se entró en la orden del día, continuando la discusión del voto particular de la comisión de presupuestos. 3159 COMPAÑÍA. DE LOS CAMINOS DB ШЕКЙО DK BAEGBLQUA А-РЩДСЫ ' ' ма neoiais. Veriflcado en este dia el sorteo anunciado para la amortización de eS obligacio nes en cümplimientodel acuerdo de la Junta generalde 10 de marzo de 18Т0,Ьаплап " X ° l a S l o n d i C n X s de 1869.-12.-1301.-1361.-2141.. De la emisión de flranollers de 1857.—2893.—8049.-3117.—4146.—5087.—6368.— 6790 -6921.-6078.-6994.-7241.-7629.-7938.-8462.-8576. 1 De laemlalon de GranoUers de 1860.-11192.-11377.-12150.-12197.-12214— 13312.—12461.—12762.-12934.—13042. De la emisión de Matar6 .-ie9 .-l91.-15l3.—1552.-2827.-8090.-3794.-4011 42в8.-б1б1.-«03г.-7253.-1289.-8834.-9В38.-9т2.-1О138.-10938.-112б«.^1218в^ -12346.-12633.—12738.-12744.-13587.-13746.—13985. De la emisión al 3 por 100.-1618.-1687.-3395.-5231.-6905.-10267.-14498.— 28608.-29523.-29748. ^ , , , Los señores que posean dlchaa obligaciones habrán por lo mismo de preaentarlaa para su cobro, y el de los intereses que hoy vencen, á cuyo electo estará abierto:el despacho desde el dia de niañana de las 10 de la misma á la 1 de la tarde de todos lp>:. I dias laborables. 1 Barcelona 30 de junio de 1871.—P. A. de la J. D.—Miguel Victoriano Amer, seI cretario. COMPAÑÍA DS LOS CAMINOS DE HIERRO DB BARCELONA A FRANCIA. КП riOCIKAS. Acordada la prosecución del sistema anteriormente establecido, de sorteos menIsuales para el pago de los intereses correspondientes á las obligaciones por el primer emestre de este año, se ha veriflcado hoy el primer sorteo, y han salido de la emi-lion de Mataró, los números 2001 á 30O0, 8001 á 9000 y 13001 á 14166; de la emisión de IranoUers, los números lOOOl á liono y 12001 á 14104. y de la emisión al 3 por 100, ios números 18001 á 19000, 2Q001 á 210O0 y 23001 á 24000. T Los señores tenedores de los cupones de dicha numeración podrán, en su consecuencia, presentarlos al cobro desde el dia 15 del mes de julio próximo, de las diez de ' fl mañana á la una de la tarde de todos los días laborables, mediant» las facturas orrespondientes por emisionesBarcelona 80 de junio de 1871.—P. A. de la J. D.—Miguel Victoriano Amer, sacreario. ^. EMBABCACIONES ENTRADAS EN ESTE PDERTO DESDE EL AMANECER AL M E D I O D U DB Н О Г. Oe Cartagena en 6 di», polacra goleta Nneva Curióla, de liO ta., c. don C. Fontanell, en lastra. De Allanad en t6 días, xolela oorncga Ti), de 9S ts., c. Brland, coa bacalao á la órdea. De Beoicarló ea 2 dias, laad Bemedio, de 19 ts,, p. d. .rajarii, con 9» pipaj vino para trasIbordar. Correo nacional.. De la Corvispmdtncia de Sspaña: Esta tarde ha ocurrido una escena desagradable en el salón de conferencias entre jn diputado republicano y un ex-constituyente. Disputaban aobre cuestiones coloaiales y del acaloramiento resultó un disgusto lamentable, que no fué mayor merced i la mediación de varias personas que presenciaban el hecho. Amigos de una y otra parte intervinieron en la cuestión. [ El sefior conde de Toreno formuló anoche una pregunta al gobie-no sobre el h e £ho d-i haber obligado en Roma unos individuos que se decían agentes de policía de spaña, á quitarse del frac al conde de Maceda y marqués de Casa Pizarro, las condeoraciones españoles que llevaban. —Anteanoche terminó en al Congreso la cuestión del señor Barcia, que tantas seblonea secretas ha ocupado. Hemos oído á muchos diputados de todas procedencias, ponderar U grande altura á que se ha tratado la cuestión en el terreno científico y lel dereoh-, por los señores Figueras y Pí y Margall de una parte, y pot' el ministro le Gracia y Justicia y el señor González, presidente de la Comisión, por la otra. 8Ш —Bl PateanDiTo BniSoL dice anocheció siguiente: «La AiaioQjq^ue parecía coQTenída depende hoy por boy de una condición que no •6 müéstradiepiíesta 6, aceptar una de laa partee contratantes. Los alfonsinos quieren que el duque de Montpens er pubUque u n maniflesto reconociendo esplicita y categóricamente la legitimidad de don Alfonso, y que además (entone una especie de e<mjlt«)r coa respecto á su conducta para con dona Isabel.» ~ —Hasta mafiana 6 pasado no terminara la~ discusión del voto particular del señor Ardanaz. II del señor Gapdepon ocupará también dos ó tres días al Congreso, y en esta discusión es dónde parece que las oposiciones darán la principar batalla al m i nistro da hacienda, j . —Kl grueso de las fuerzas de los insurrectos cubanos se agrupaba á la fecha de las tiltimas noticias, hacia Puerto Príncipe y las Tunas. —Nada hay aun resuelto, aunque de ello se ha hablado varias veces en consejo, sobre el nombramiento del señor Olózaga para la embajada de Paris; y como ya hemos asegurado en otra ocasión, esto no será hasta terminadas las sesiones del Congreso. —Acaba de fallecer á la edad de 83 años y después de una corta enfermedad don Magín Casajuana, uno de los valientes defensores de la Inmortal Gerona eu la guerra de la independencia. — La sesión de mañana en el Senado promete ser importante, pues, á consecuencia de la de ayer, parece que ae ha iniciado u n a cuestión constituyente sobre el derecho de sanción. —Ha llegado á'Parls el sefior duque de Montpensier. —Ayer salió de Gibraltar una escuadra loglesa, y la fragata blindada que llevaba la insignia del almirante ha encallado cerca de San Roque. 1 PARTES TELEGRAPIGOS PARTÍGULAKES (DS Ik PRENSA ASOCIADA.) Madrid 4 de Julio, á las 8'45 mañana. Barcelona í, к las 10 ídem. Terminaron^ias elecciones en Puerto-Rico. l o a Insurrectos de Cuba y su agentes en los Estados-Unidos, están en el mayor desaliento. Se confirman los progresos del cólera en Inglaterra. Bn las elecciones que acaban de tener lugar en Francia, han sido elegidos 80 d i putados que apoyarán la política de M. Thiers. Madrid 4 de julio, к las í>'50 mañana. Barcelona 4, á las 10'28 mañana. La GiciTA publica varios decretos: uno aceptando la dimisión del general Mackenna, de vocal del consejo de redención; otro admitiendo la del señor don Venancio Gonzalez de director de propiedades y otro señalando el dia 20 y siguientes, para la elección de un diputado en el distrito de Valmaseda en Vizcaya. Publica también la memoria del director del Museo Arqueológico. Madrid i de julio, á las 1040 mañana. Barcelona 4, á las 11'25 idem. En despediente sobre la contrata de tabacos Introdujéronse variaciones, infringiendo la ley en perjuicio del Tesoro, por lo cual el señor Moret acudió al tribunal, exigiendo la responsabilidad к los culpable?. Bn la sesión del Congreso se hará una pregunta acerca del particular al señor Moret, que contestará esplicando los detalles. El DEUTB, contestando á la KAUON é historiando el nombramiento del señoi Albareda, póiiese de parte de los progresistas, pidiendo que pertenezca & esta agrupación el gobernador de Madrid. Bl IHPABCIU declara que las negociaciones entre Montpensier y los alfonsinos se hallan sin terminar, y que cuando lo estén, se lanzarán al terreno de los hechos. Añade que conoce minucloisamente lo que hay sobre dichas negociaciones. | 41,899 |
sn90059649_1911-03-17_1_1_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | Danish | Spoken | 3,757 | 7,423 | Omkom Nord Minnesota. Werling Eftermiddag kort før Arbejdets, Ophør indtraf et Skred af Jernerts i den aabne Norman Ertsine i Nærheden af Virginia, Minn., hvorved omtrent 26 Arbejdere, alle Finner og Mrigere, blev begravede under Ertsinasserne, ca. 20,000 Tons, og minbft 18, maaske flere, omkom. Te var ved at flytte Jernbaneskommen i en dyb Udgravning, da Jordmasserne i Skrænten uden mindste Varsel styrtede ned over dem med en saahan Voldsomhed, at der ikke blev Tid for dem at løbe i Sikkerhed. Minekompagniet lader jævnlig Skrænterne i Minnehmenne untersøge, men på dette Sted havde det ikke miet at ider var nogen som helst Fare. Zormodenlig har veks lende Frost og Mildt Vejr foraar faget, at der n slaaet Revner Jordmasserne. Der.blev straks sat en stor Arbejdsstyrke 'igang med at fjerne Jordmasserne, og op ti Tirsdag var der fremdraget 10 Lig, alle frygteligt lemlæstede. Ammkast. Frs Støem Z)ork mebbclc'5, at det er lWedes Dr. Simon Flerner paa Rockefeller Justitatet at studere denne uhyggelige Sygdørden saa »øje, at der inden lang Tid vil foreligge fremdelige Midler imod den. Unforøgelserne af Sygdommen har uåret lang Tid og har næret meget van skelig, da den Vakterie, som foraar sager den. er saa lille, at den ikke kan sees selv under det stærkeste Mi kroskop, men desuagtet har Viden stadsmændene fundet dens Scede i Legemet, Maaden hvorpaa spredes og de Midler, hvormed den modar bejdes. Kongresmand Tawney faar en Livstilling. Kongresmand James A. Tawney af Minnesota, formand for Kon gressens Bevillingskomite og en af de mest fremragende Mænd i Kon gressen, opnaede som bekjendt ikke Gjenvalg i Esteraaret. Tom en Er statmng for den tabte Stilling har han nu af President Taft faaet en Udncrvnelse, der praktisk taget gjcel der for Livstid, og som indbringer ham en aarlig Søn af $10,000. Tet er som Medlem af en 6 Mands Ko mission, der skal træffe Bestemmel ser i alle Spørgsmaal vedrørende Grændsevandene mellem de For. Stater og Canada. Af disse 6 Med lemmer udnævner hvert af Landene Halvdelen. Komissionen oprettes i Henhold til en Traktat, der blev af sluttet: isjor. Te to andre amerikan ske Medlenuner er Eks-Senator Carter af Montana og Medlem af den-republikanske National Komite for New Hampshire Frank S Øtrt'eter. Kongres- Republikanernes Leder i sens Underhus, Naar Ekstrasessionen samles den 4. April, vil Republikanerne være i den mindre behagelige Stilling som Mindretal i Représentemthuset, og ilet store Spørgsmaal bliver, hvem de jal v ælge til Leder for dette. Fhi». Speaker Cannon ønsker denne TilWs Post, som han mener hans Partiifteller ffylder ham, baade som tidligM Speaker og for de. andre Tjeneste han har ydet Partiet i sin longe KWgrestid. Imidlertid har Stemnings, ikke været Cannon gun stig i de sidste Aar,. hverken i Huset eller ude blap.dt Befolkningen, og det synes i Meblikket meget tvivl 1omt, om Cannom vil kllnne opna et Flertal, naar der skal vælge Mindretalssører. Efter Sigende er han sikker paa 74 Stemmer blandt Husets Republikanere, medens 72 lige saa sikkert er imod ham, og 15 er usikre. Tet er navnlig Repræ sentanterne fra de vestlig« Stater, der er tmoif ham. De foretrækker enten Mann af Illinois eller Olm xsteold af Pennsylvania tit Leder, wsf'tfiR »v w xf $• Xfc? \r ^x. En Bälger-Pilsen Retzag. Ten asgående Indenringer Bailinger, der i sin Embedstid var Gjentstand for voldsomme Ändern as Eks-Oversørsler Pinehot og Colliers Weekly, agter nu, efter at han atter har truffet sig tilbage til Privat vet. at'sagsøge Pinchot og det ud bredte Ugeblad for hver $50,000 som Erstatning for de Beskyldninger de har rettet imod ham. Han vil bo gynde Retssagen i Washington efter at han har tilbragt et Par Ugers Ferie i Veststaterne. Storm og Oversvømmelse i Calisor iiici. En voldsom Storm hjemsøgte sidste Uge Pacific Kysten fra Nord sydes ter. stadig tilgende- i Styrte. Værst rasede den i Slutningen af Ugen i Egnen oin Los Angeles, hvor den var ledsaget af store Oversvømmet ser. I Santa Barbara County blev over 1,000 Acres as det rigeste Tal land sat under Vand og blev skyllet ud i Havet. Tabet anslaaes til 1 Million Tolars. I Nærhehen af Santa Maria og Lompoc har Roe arealerne sidstor Skade, og Tabet af Husdyr har været meget stort. Fra Ar ayo Grande meddeles, at føre Mennesker skal være dræknede. Canada Regjeringen vil bygge Jern bane. Canadas Indenrigsminister, G. s P. Graham, har under Behandlingen af Jernbane budgettet i Ccma das Parlament sidste Uge meddelt, tit Regjeringen nu er fuldt bestemt puii selv at bygge den nye Jernbane 'til Hudson Bugten, og «t der, saa snarl Banen er bygget, skal fremlægges eitj Driftsplan til Vedtagelse af Parlamentet. Ter skal -ligeledes nnlæg ges Elevatorer og Havne for Damp- S— HULLVlVlV oiigtcn og England,.Han 'har: es^d nu ikke fuldendt sit Overslag over Omkostningerne ved.Ankrgget, men sa snart han er færing »ned M?reg ningerne, vil han fremsætte 'For slag om Bevillinger og fremlægge Ruteplaner og for Parlamentet. Komissionsstyre i Spokane. Ved et sidste Uge afholdt Valg -i Spokane, Wash., blev der.valgt.et Bystyre ester den tidligerevetigene Kommissionsplan. Tet var en noget blandet Ticket blev valgt, nemlig Forretningsmænd, en socialistisk Politiker og en Præst. Kvinderne, det tog i Afstemningen og mødte talrigt frem ved Stemmebordene, og dot: skyldes ganske særligt dem, at den tidligore Viceguvernør i Staten Da vid C. Coates, der mi er Arbejder der og Socialist, kom ind i Bystyret. er var den Mærlighed ved hans Valg, at dette navnlig skyldes en amvirken mellem Kvinderne, Arbejderne og Saloonværterne. De 5 Kandidater, som fik det højeste An tal Stemmer, overtager Ledelse af Byens Affærer. Senator Lorimer. Efter at det er lykkedes William Lorimer at beholde fit Sæde i Sena tet, ventes det at han vil søge at Hævne sig på sine Modstandere efter Wme. Tet vil først komme til at gas ud over Præsident Taft, der me nes at have stået bagved den Op position, som rejstes mod Godkjen delsen af Ormer-Valget. Det f ørste Udslag ef Lorimers Hævntrang vil antagelig Slide, at han modsætter sig Godkjenwlsen af Walter L. Fisher's Udnævnelse til Indenrigs minister under det Psaffud, at han kun betingelsesvis lovet sin Godkjendelse as Udnævnelsen. I det hele hævdes det af Lorimer og hans Venner, at Præsident Taft har foretaget alt for mange Udnævnelser af Demokrater og ikke udprægede Republikanere til de højeste Embeder og at for stort et Antal af disse „Blaf fede" Udnævnelser er flet fra Illinois. De forenede Stater og Mexico. 2om det var at vente har Crbv.-n fro Washington, T. C., om Zbfhol delsen af de store Troppemonøvrer i Texas, netop paa et Tidspmikt da det trækker sammen til et vildsomt poli tiø lvejr i Nalwrepubmen Mexico, VM uhyre Opsigt, ikke blot i de to Nabolande, men hele Verden over. At der ligger noget andet og mere bagved disse Mmttibvcr med en Troppest yrte paa 20,000 Mand, fuldt udrustede for Krig, med skarp ladte Patroner og uilt til Faget hen hørende, samt ai Dlaadestyrke paa hver 21idc af Ac'Memamerika, baade paa Atlanterhavs- og Stillehavs Kysten, emd en blot-og bar øvelse i Fredstid, er tenrmelig -indlysende. I de sørs'te Toge efter Mobiliserings Ordrens Udstedelse søgte Authoritæterne i Washington at påstage sig det mest ilskyldiye Ansigt. Tet ud taltes baade rif 'den ene og den an dem ii „de indre Mredse", at der slet ikke -tænktes pna Mexico, at man haiotie den suste ^ro, at Regjeringen i denne Rvpiiblif tinr fuldt istand til Må Mi den Smule Rebellion, svin havde ladet sig tilsyne der tilt). 'Præsident Taft telegrafere der til Præsident Diaz, at han habede at 'der ikke vilde opstå nogen Mis forftrmelse i 'dennes Land angasende Hensigten med'Manøvren, og itkvog er gegen alle Maader at givg Sn* gen "det mest miuigt fredelige M terentre. Naar det imidlertidig sMivttdigt iforslvza soin en KjendsgjernmZ, a!t de meksikanske Jiisursastec netop gra vbet samme Tidspunkt Bagp'Me at rga* meget aggressivt tUværks, og at Regjermgstropperue pa-a tiere Steder havde vist sig temmelig mag-tests se-Overfor 2*w, var Zet umuligt mæft erh fltNdrage den Shtreimg, at Washington RegjeringM i hvevt. Hald-imødæskn Mlighede af, nt der kunde bliv,? tale oin en Judbmlhing :i de meksikæskn Afærer, og at denne kunde itienks at komme til nt antage i?« næsten '.Wlken som helst Kornlæg -lige fra en simpel Beskyttelse af Grændselinien mellent de to Lealde ffor at forhiwre Tilførsel af Str-ids fræfter eg Vnalieit fra de tifgrænd sende Stater i Unionen og Tannelse af en OpemtiMsbasis for Jnsurgen terne i dæfte, -,i»g til en Indrykning af UnioiWropptr i Mexico for at beffytte de derboende amerikanische Borgere og de Ejendomme, i hvilke -amerikanske Tina,.tsmænd er interes serede. Og det maa i denne For bindelse evindes, »i- meget store ame rikanffe Mpitnler er anbragte i Mexico. Adt efter lidt er 'd».i og saa de ame rikanske AutHonttetcr kommet bort fra Paasta«den om Troppefremryk iNtngett som M.og mt Fredsman løpre. MngKninifter Dickinson, som it de Mte Dtkgc har ophyldt sig i Wew Avrk for at.be Grynde en Rejfe W Pancmta Zxnen, udtalte i Mandag, at host ikke ventede, at Her vilde ske nogen Indrykning rif amerikanische Tropper i Washington, ntet han be nægtede ikke, -at kunw ske. Ter Nil.de ingen Undskyning være for et saadcwlt Skridt, udtalte Han, med mindre de« meféikemffe Reg,je ring viste jig for sømmelig i at k? ffytte Udlændinge og deres Ejen domme, og en sacwan Forsømmelig hed vilde endda, kunde drives temme lig vidt, før der vilde blive foreta get væbnet Indfold. I øjeblikket er der ingen Grund til den. Nentra litetslovene maa imidlertid overhol des, og paa Grund af Grændselini ens store Længde og de vanskelige Naturforhold, der netop indbyder til „Filibustering", udkræves der en meget stor Troppestyrke sor at gjen nemførc en absolut Neutralitet. Hid til er der foregået en meget be tydelig Smugling af Vaaben fra Staterne til Mexico, og Jnsurgen terne har endog ret aabenlyst havt deres Hovedkvarter pda de For. Sta ters Side xf Grændsen. Dette hav- Ma». »»^W^^^^WKMWUK^W^DKWAWNN i. i. St. Paul Cideiidt. ST. PAUL, MINN., FREDAG DEN 17. MARTS. de mindre at sige saa længe Rebel lionen kun havde et forholdsvis ubetydelig Omfang, men efterhaan den som den bliver mere omfattende, maa der nødvendigt udøves større Paapassenhed fra Nabolandet, for at dette ikke skal knnne bebrejdes for Forsømmelighed overfor Neutralite ten. Om den virkelige Tilstand i Mexi co er det temmelig vanskeligt at dan ne sig noget fuldt gyldigt Begreb ef ter den Masse forvirrede Efterret ninger der foreligger. I Slutningen af sidste Uge forlød det med Bestemt hed. at Præsident Tiaz laa for Tø den. Tet blev endog fortalt, at han var død allerede for 2 Uger siden, men at dette blev holdt hemmeligt af Hensyn til de politiske Forhold, Der er dog næppe nogen Tvivl om, at han er ilive, og at han stadig har Regjeringens Tøjler i fine Hænder. Men det er og saa sikkert, tit Rebellio nen stadigt spreder sig, og at Regjeringen næppe er laa godt forbe redt paa at møde den som hidtili antaget. Rebellionen states at være ret godt ledet, hvortil ogsaa bidra ger, at mange amevikanfie Even-tyre re har sluttet sig til dm og navnlig gjør Tjeneste som Airtørm for stør re JMsurgentafdckMgeT. Ter Hkr de sidste Dage været flere blodige Sammenstød mellem Regje-rings^ tropper og Jnftirgrntcr, »teid skift ende Held for begge Parter. Re beHem« styrtes navnkig at bestrvche sig for at cifbryde Samfesrdselen ^ved at rive Jembanestinner op og sprænge Brcvr, ^og der er'slydt?.?ke faa lidt Blod ved Sammenstød -mel Sfirør. Tno^porW?^ 'r Har iøfit at hin- dre disse DdMvggslsor, og Rebeller- irre. Forøto!^ siges Rogjeringstrvp •pcTTtc at væi'vc at en -yderst tarvelig Kvalitet som Soldater og Krigere og ii den Retning staa betydeligt under JTrstirgeHterm Der 5 hvert iatd har ten vis Wali af Hatvwtrsmve som Motiv. Forfholdet in ellem de Fvvettede Stater og Mexico drrøftes i 'disse Tage meget ivrigt 1 'Verdenspres Ml, der Mes mest tilbøjelig 'iil x •antage, at 1te For. Stater har gre bet en fjætfommen AMedning til at fioststao Momroe-DoftiiBens Gyldig hed og bekr-æfte deirrte med Udfoldel se af løn stor Hærstyrke. Ligeledes droges der, navnlig i den tyske Presse. storpolitiske Slutninger -a'f Llffæren for Fremtiden. Den metier, at de For. Staters endelige Maat ter ien samlet Union af alle Lcmde paa det nordamerikonste Fastland, „fra Nordpolen til Panama Kmtaliert", og den foreflaaede Reciprocitetslov ntel lem Canada og Staterne saa vel sotn Staternes truende Holdning ved Mexico Grændsen betegnes begge som betydningsfulde Skridt i den Retning. Bevillinger for over 1 lars. 19". Billion Dol- Den sidste Kongressamling har es ter hvad Kongresmand Tawney, Formand for Bevillingsvomiteen har opgjort, givet Bevillinger til en sam let Sum af 1,025,489,662, hvilket er mindre end 1 Million Dollars mere end det samlede Overflag af Præsident Taft, hvilket vidner godt om den Omhu, hvormed han fore tager fine Beregninger for Budget tet. Det ventes, at der, hvis Stats indtægterne bliver som altflaaet i Budgettet, vil blive et Overskud i Statsregnskabet af ca. 26% Mill. Dollars, som vil blive anbragt fom Reservefond. Det er nu 4 Aar siden pun Forbundets Budget gik «p til 1 ®c8rc6 "°d at tage ofitcb paa |m Billion Dvlsars. og Kvngrcsmsnd i flyvemaskine): „Bliver Du l-rngr Livingstone af Georgia, der var Le- borte mften. der af de demokratiske Medlemmer af Bevillings-Komiteen, har erklæret, at selv om Demokraterne fik fuld Kontrol af Administrationen, vilde de ikke være istand til at bringe Budgettet ned under Billion-Mær tet. Skriv efter Prøticnumet pac dette De danske 'Studenter Sangere. Ten svensk- og norsk-mm"rikanske Presse har allerede indeholdt udfør lige Meddelfer om de danske Studen tersangeres Amerifarærii, og at døin me efter Pressens Holdning vil der kunne regnes med en betydelig Støt et og Interesse for disse Koncerter fra de svenske og norske Brødre. I en spaltekemg ledende Artikel i det svenske Blad „Skandinavia", der indgaar i Worcester, Mass., hedder det „Tet bliwr naturligvis Touskerne, der paa hver Plads, hvor de: holdes Koncerter, maa paatage sig de??, l'jær? Pligt at være de danske Sanger, men man gjF naturligvis Regning paa, at andre Såmnaver ogsaa vilde gjøre deres bedsw for, at den danske Sanger færd maa blive „sramgångsrif och lysaside". Imellem Kjøbenhaim og Si rød eksisterer der jo et særdeles godt Forhold, og naar nu Danskerne selv betoner, at de ønsker, at deres amikanske Tonrne ikke alens stårbetes wnt en ensidig dansk åre, men tillige skal holdes under Skandinavia. Mens Tegn, da bør vi Svenske griben den udstrakte danske BroderhM-md og samarbejde me-d Nordens 'øvrige Sønner og Døtre paa, at denne Sangerfærd maa efterlade "de bedste Indtryk." Den QMeckkonske TaZspresse har a den forÆff Tørruc Uge indeholdt såde Telegränner fra Kørenhatin an i Amerika, hvor man kan gjøre sig Haab om at faa Besøg af den danske Studenter-Sangforening, som den 4. Map rejser fra Kjøbenhavn til 9ttiv Aork, meddeles der om stor Interesse for denne Affære. Det vil sikkert blive et af de bedje og minde værdigste Besøg, Danfl-Amerikaner ne har modtaget hjemme fra. Overalt meldes der om, at de forstjellige Organisationer Menigheder, Forninger og Loger vil arbejde Haand i Haand med Forberedelserne. Pa de fleste Steder er disse endnun kun deres Udvikling, men Dansk Amerikanff Selflab, der udarbejder Rejseplanen, har Sllerede modtaget sa mange Anmodninger om de glade Sangeres Besøg, at Rejsens Sukces kan betragtes som sikret. Det bliver en meget forceret Xourttøgjennem Landet, og det gjælder der for om, at alle Forberedelser er i komplet Orden inden Gjæsterne kommer, da enhver Mangel i den Retning let kan medføre Forsinkelser, som kan forstyrre den lagte Rejfeplan. Tournéens Jmpressario, Ingeniør Thalberg, vil om Kort Tid indtræffe her til Landet for at hjæl pe til med at træffe den endelige Ordning. Han: „Det **cr '*Qar 1 ved jeg ikke. Men Du skal ikke sidde oppe efter mig. Læp bare Nøglen i Tagrenden." Den gamle Frøken (i en barft Tone til en, der kommer op ad Køk kentrappen) „Hvad vil De? For modentlig igjen en Tigger?" Tiggen: „Ja, Frøken, De troe de vel ikke, jeg kom for at fri til Dem?" Bwndt Tmtdsmwnd. a a i o n i a i N e 6 a s k a. Past. P. L. C. Hansen,hidtil Præst for Ten forenede danske Kirkes Ano gar Menighed i San Francisco, hav modtaget Kald fra det samme Kirke samfunds Menighed i Minden, Neb. e n a it s t' e K i e s e n i e i e s v i 1 e I o w a, fejrede Søndag og Mandag den 12. og 13. Marts 40 Aars Stiftel sesfest. Menigheden har til denne Fest fårbejdet en Fremstil ling af Menighedens Historie, der foreligger i et smukt illustreret Hefte på 40 Sider, med Billeder af Kir ken, Forsamlingshuset. Præstebolt= gen og forskjellige Præster og Med lemmer, som i Anrettes Løb har været knyttet til Menighedsarbejdet. o K a a s e n i A e i k a Den bekjendte danske Forfatter. 'Professor Karl Larsen, som i du: sidste Tid har beskjæstiget sig nted Udgivelsen as Værket „Donske Nt)= byggere", vil i Sommer komme til Amerika, 'hvor han vil indsamle Ma teriale sor Fortsættelsen as Værkets Udarbejdelse somt holde Foredrag i de danske Kolonier. „Tnttsfe Ny byggere" er bygget paa Breve fra Udvandrere til deres Slægtninge og Venner i Fædrelandet. Første Afde ling er udkommet og omhandler en jydsk Møllersø N. Jens Storm Schindt fra Gjedved Mølle ved Horsens og Tækkemand Hans Ras mussen fra Nordsjælland og han .Familie. Professoren ligger inde Med et betydeligt Materiale til Vær kets Fortsættelse, saaledes 4 Tageblø ger og ca. 2,600 Breve fra henved 300 Personer. Tet skal omfatte danske Udvandrere til alle Verdens Egne, men den langt overvejende Tel af Brevene er kommet fra de Forenede Stater og Canada. Ind samlingen og Bearbejdelsen vil tage flere År. En a n k -a e i k a n k i a n i s Mr. A. W. Christensen, Søn af vor bekjendte Landsstand Ingeniør C. C. Christensen i Chicago, hvis Ar tikler om Minemaflineri findes Fagskrifter hele Verden over, har oprettet en „School of Popular Music", med Hovedkontor 526 Westertt Ave., Chicago, men med Filialer alle de største ainerikanske Byer. Mr. Christensen har gjort den lette re Musik, den saakaldte „Rag-Time", til sin Specialitet og har vundet vidtstrakt Berømmelse for sin mester lige Udførelse af benne Musikart. I t. Louis Bladene sinder vi forny lig omtalt et Besøg han har aflagt paa flere af Byens Theatre, hvor han paa samme Aften spillede et tort Antal Numre, dels egne Kom positioner, dels med Klassikerne som Thema. Navnlig omtales et Par af hans egne Kompositioner, „The Cauldron Rag" og „Star and Gar er Ragtime Waltz" meget rosende. Han har ett meget ejendommelig Spillemaade og har et forbavsende Herredømme over Pianoet, som han i'an faa til at tone som det var et helt Orkester der spilt. Mr. Christensen en optraadte paa ikke mindre end 6 St. Louis Theatre paa en og sam me Aften og afsluttede Aftenen v-:D at underholde en Skare Beundrere sin St. Louis Filial, inden vendet tilbage til Chicago. Assistent under New York State Agricultural Department, udfører i denne Tid et meget betydeligt Arbejde med at Paavife for Landmænd i Danmark og Farmere over hele Amerika, hvilke Rigdomme der henligger ubenyttede i Staten New York i Farme, der kan fås for en SOCIETY, 21. AARGANG. forholdsvis meget billig Pris, og font har en Beliggenhed i Nærheden cif de bedste Markeder for Landbrugsprodukter her Landet. Hr. Moldenhawer, der er danfl, og som har en stor Erfaring på Landbruksen, har fkrevet en Mængde Artikler i de dansk-amerikanske Blade, ogsaa i dette Blad, om dette Emne, og vil Henleder vore Læseres Opmærksomhed på disse Artikler, idet vi er fuldt forvissede om, at han her arbejder for en Sag, der har stor Betydning for dansk-amerikanske Farmere og silt'ert hor en stor Fremtid for sig. Tet er os bekjendt, at adskilige danske Landbrugere allere de ved Hr. Moldenhawers Anvisning har sitret sig gode Landejendomme i Nem?jorf Stat, hvor bt hor de bedste Udsigter til at opnaa Sukces.Ikke blot et horden der af lige sa god Bonitet som Hobefottcntgø den af den nydyrkede Jord i Vesten, og behøver kmt en rationel Dyrkniitg for at komme op til stor Me evne. Men Afsætningsforholdene er tilige faa gunstige som vel muligt, og der er al Grund til at tro, at der i Østen ligger store Muligheder for en god Fremtid for danske Farmere. K a e n a i s o n. Hay ward, a 1 Vi omtalte i vort Nniter for 8. Febrnar, islg. „Bien", at en af Eo« lisornias bekjendte danske Pionee- rer. Kaptejn H. B. Madison i Hay ward, havde været Gjenstand for eir morderisk Overfald af eit Lands^ ntaird, en halvt forrykt Maler, Bo rejs, der mente sig forurettet i et Forretningsanliggende med et Fn» ma, i hvilket Kaptejn Madison tidR, gere havde været interesseres mett" som han ntl ikke længer var Med lem as. Koptcjneit blev livsfarligt saoret, men man haabede dog, at hans kraftige Natur, trods hans høje Alder, 77 Aar, vilde bringe ham over Krisen. Dette Haab er dog blevet skuffet, idet han, iflg. samme Blad, deu 24. Februar er afgået ved Døden som Følge af Saarene. Kaptejn Modtmn bar Sønderjyde af Fødsel. Han var født i Hvidding og gik i Ribe Latinskole, hvor Jacob A. Riis' Foder vor hans Lcerer. Han vor med i Krigen 1848—60 i den danske Marine og kom til Amerika 1851, gjorde Rejsen rundt Kap Horn og kom til San Francisco 1853. Her blev han tidligt interesse seret i forskjellige Forretninger, navnlig i Skibsrhederi, og blev Medejer af mange Sejlfirbv og af den første Damper paa San Francisco Bugten. I Slutningen af 60 Starene blev han Ejer af en Sejlfkibsflaade paa Kysten, som han ledede til 1888, da han afstod den til sin Søn, og i 1894 oprettede han en Skibsekvipe ringshandel, der blev ødelagt ved Jordfjælvet, men som han fik startet igjm og drev til sin Død. Ogsaa i Forenings- og det sociale Liv var Kaptejn Madison en af San Francisco Pioneerer og var med til at organisere mange Handels- og SB artsforeninger, bl. a. „Master Mariners Benevolent Association", „Merchants Exchange". „Alaska Improvement Co.", der senere gik over til „Alaska Packers Association", „Shipowners and Merchants Tugboat Co.", „Pacific Manne Ways and Railway Co.", vg første. Han var endvidere interesse. ret i flere Bankforetagend, og ved sin Død var han Medejer af om trent 40 Skibs. Hele sit Liv igjen nem vor han en meget virksom For retningsmand. Kaptejn Madison og hans Hustry, der ligeledes bar dansk, fejrede for ca. 3 Aar siden Guldbryllup under for Deltagelse fra den danske Kote rnes Side. De har stedse ydet gode danske Foretagender i San Francisco Hjælp og Støtte. Han overleves os sin Hustru vg 3 Børn. Skriv efter Prøvcnnmer paa Blad. dette-. | 15,830 |
US-201715696820-A_2 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,017 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,755 | 7,960 | In the operation period QB exemplified above, liquid is ejected from the nozzle 114 by supplying the drive signal COM to the piezoelectric element 116 of the liquid ejection unit 11. When the operation stop (stopping the generation of the drive signal COM) is instructed from the user in the operation period QB, the operation period QB shifts to the stop period QC. When the stop period QC is started, the control circuit 26 changes the control signal S from a low level to a high level while supplies the waveform indication data CTRL to the signal generating circuit 22 instructing the drive waveform signal WCOM where the drive signal COM becomes the base voltage V2. As the control signal S changes, the digital power amplifier circuit 40 transitions to the stop state, similarly to the preparation period QA, in the stop period QC, so the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 is supplied to the piezoelectric element 116 as the drive signal COM. As understood from the above description, when the stop of generation of the drive signal COM is instructed, while the operation of the digital power amplifier circuit 40 stops, the signal generating circuit 22 continues to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM where the drive signal COM becomes the base voltage V2. Therefore, it is possible to restart the generation of the drive signal COM without passing through the frequency lock range W. That is, for example, when an instruction to resume operation is given from the user in the stop period QC, the stop period QC shifts to the operation period QB, and the generation of the drive signal COM is restarted.
FIG. 14 is a flowchart of processing (hereinafter, referred to as “operation control processing”) for controlling the amplifier circuit 24 by the control circuit 26. When the liquid ejection device 100A is powered on, the operation control processing of FIG. 14 is started. When the operation control processing is started, the control circuit 26 controls the digital power amplifier circuit 40 to be in the stop state by setting the control signal S to a high level (SA1) and instructs the signal generating circuit 22 to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM where the drive signal COM becomes the base voltage V2 (SA2). Therefore, the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 is supplied to the piezoelectric element 116 as the drive signal COM.
The control circuit 26 waits until the charging period Chg1 elapses (SA3: NO). When the charging period Chg1 has elapsed (SA3: YES), the control circuit 26 waits for an instruction to start the operation by the user (SA4: NO). Upon detecting an instruction to start operation, the control circuit 26 controls the digital power amplifier circuit 40 to be in the operation state by changing the control signal S from the high level to the low level (SA5). In addition, the control circuit 26 instructs the signal generating circuit 22 to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM which periodically varies (SA6). Therefore, the drive signal COM which periodically varies in a range equal to or higher than the base voltage V2 is supplied to the piezoelectric element 116 from the amplifier circuit 24. Generation of the drive signal COM described above continues until the user instructs to stop the operation.
Upon receipt of an operation stop instruction (SA7: YES), the control circuit 26 waits until an end point of one cycle of the drive signal COM is reached (SA8: NO). When the endpoint of one cycle of the drive signal COM is reached (SA8: YES), the control circuit 26 controls the digital power amplifier circuit 40 to be in the stop state by changing the control signal S from the low level to the high level (SA9). In addition, the control circuit 26 instructs the signal generating circuit 22 to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM where the drive signal COM becomes the base voltage V2 (SA10). Then, the control circuit 26 determines whether or not power supply to the amplifier circuit 24 continues (SA11). In a case where the power supply continues (SA11: YES), the control circuit 26 shifts the processing to Step SA4 and waits for an instruction to start the operation. On the other hand, for example, when the power supply is cut off in response to the instruction from the user (SA11: NO), the control circuit 26 ends the operation control processing of FIG. 14.
As described above, in the first embodiment, after the signal generating circuit 22 generates the drive waveform signal WCOM where the drive signal COM becomes the base voltage V2 and the drive signal COM is set to the initial voltage V1, the operation of the digital power amplifier circuit 40 is started. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the voltage variation of the drive signal COM caused by the self-oscillation as compared with the configuration in which the digital power amplifier circuit 40 is operated from the start of generation of the drive signal COM.
Second Embodiment
A second embodiment of the invention will be described. For the elements having the same operations or functions as those of the first embodiment in the following examples, the reference numerals used in the description of the first embodiment are used, and the detailed description thereof will be appropriately omitted.
FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram of an operation of the amplifier circuit 24 in the second embodiment. In the first embodiment, the case where the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 is equal to the base voltage V2 which is the minimum value of the voltage of the drive signal COM is exemplified. As illustrated in FIG. 15, in the second embodiment, the base voltage V2 exceeds the initial voltage V1. Specifically, in the preparation period QA, the drive signal COM is set to the initial voltage V1 as in the first embodiment, and generation of the drive waveform signal WCOM corresponding to the drive signal COM of the base voltage V2 exceeding the initial voltage V1 is instructed to the signal generating circuit 22. When the preparation period QA has elapsed and the operation period QB is started, the voltage of the drive signal COM varies from the initial voltage V1 to the base voltage V2 within a period ZA (hereinafter, referred to as a “variation period”) extending from the start point of the operation period QB by a predetermined length. The subsequent operations are the same as in the first embodiment.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of the operation control processing executed by the control circuit 26 of the second embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 16, the operation control processing according to the second embodiment has a content in which Step SB1 is added to the operation control processing of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14. Specifically, when the digital power amplifier circuit 40 is controlled to be in the operation state by setting the control signal S to the low level (SA5), the control circuit 26 waits until the variation period ZA elapses (SB1: NO). The variation period ZA is set to a length of time sufficient for the drive signal COM to change from the initial voltage V1 to the base voltage V2. When the variation period ZA has elapsed (SB1: YES), the control circuit 26 instructs the signal generating circuit 22 to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM which periodically varies (SA6).
The other configuration or operation in the second embodiment is the same as in the first embodiment. Therefore, the same effects as in the first embodiment are realized also in the second embodiment. As understood from the above description, the first embodiment and the second embodiment are generally expressed as a configuration in which the base voltage V2 is set to a voltage equal to or higher than the initial voltage V1.
Third Embodiment
FIG. 17 is a configuration diagram of the digital power amplifier circuit 40 in a third embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 17, the digital power amplifier circuit 40 of the third embodiment has a configuration in which a capacitive element Cbt and a diode Dbt are added to the same elements as those in the first embodiment (FIG. 5). The capacitive element Cbt and the diode Dbt apply a voltage exceeding a threshold voltage between the gate and the source of the first transistor T1 using the gate drive circuit 42 so that the digital power amplifier circuit 40 functions as a bootstrap circuit capable of controlling the first transistor T1 to be in an ON state when the operation of the amplifier circuit 24 is started.
The capacitive element Cbt is an electrostatic capacitance including an electrode E1 and an electrode E2 and is installed between the gate and the source of the first transistor T1 via a transistor U1. The diode Dbt is disposed between a voltage line 88 to which a predetermined voltage Vcc_bt is supplied and the capacitive element Cbt. Specifically, the electrode E1 of the capacitive element Cbt is connected to the cathode of the diode Dbt and the electrode E2 is connected to the source of the first transistor T1.
As illustrated in FIG. 17, at the output stage of the gate drive circuit 42, the transistor U1 and a transistor U2 are installed. The transistor U1 is interposed between the gate of the first transistor T1 and the electrode E1 of the capacitive element Cbt to control the conduction therebetween. The transistor U2 is interposed between the gate of the first transistor T1 and the electrode E2 (the source of the first transistor T1) of the capacitive element Cbt to control conduction therebetween.
In the above configuration, when the second transistor T2 transitions to an ON state, the potential of the electrode E2 of the capacitive element Cbt becomes the reference potential Vg via the second transistor T2. Therefore, between the electrodes E1 and E2 of the capacitive element Cbt, the voltage Vcc_bt (voltage which is actually lower than the voltage Vcc_bt by a forward voltage of the diode Dbt) is applied via the diode Dbt. That is, the capacitive element Cbt is charged by the voltage Vcc_bt. In the above state, when the transistor U1 of the gate drive circuit 42 transitions to an ON state after the second transistor T2 transitions to an OFF state, the voltage Vcc_bt between both terminals of the capacitive element Cbt is applied between the gate and the source of the first transistor T1. Therefore, the first transistor T1 transitions to an ON state.
FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram of an operation of the amplifier circuit 24 in the third embodiment. In the configuration in which the base voltage V2 exceeds the initial voltage V1 as in the second embodiment, from the state that the drive signal COM is set to the initial voltage V1 in the preparation period QA, the capacitive element Cbt cannot be charged. Therefore, in the third embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 18, the base voltage V2 which is the minimum value of the voltage of the drive signal COM is set to a voltage lower than the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 (V2<V1). Specifically, the capacitive element Cbt is charged in a first period (hereinafter, referred to as a “charging period”) Chg2 of the operation period QB. That is, in the charging period Chg2, the capacitive element Cbt is charged by controlling the second transistor T2 to be in an ON state, and the drive signal COM drops from the initial voltage V1 to the base voltage V2. Therefore, the first transistor T1 is in a state in which the first transistor T1 can transition to an ON state.
FIG. 19 is a flowchart of the operation control processing executed by the control circuit 26 of the third embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 19, the operation control processing according to the third embodiment has a content in which Step SC1 is added to the operation control processing of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14. Specifically, when the digital power amplifier circuit 40 is controlled to be in the operation state by setting the control signal S to the low level (SA5), the control circuit 26 waits until the charging period Chg2 elapses (SC1: NO). When the charging period Chg2 has elapsed (SC1: YES), the control circuit 26 instructs the signal generating circuit 22 to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM which periodically varies (SA6).
The other configuration or operation in the third embodiment is the same as in the first embodiment. Therefore, the same effects as in the first embodiment are realized also in the third embodiment. In addition, since the base voltage V2 is lower than the initial voltage V1 in the third embodiment, there is an advantage that the capacitive element Cbt for controlling the first transistor T1 to be in an ON state can be appropriately charged.
Fourth Embodiment
A fourth embodiment of the invention will be described. As in the third embodiment, the digital power amplifier circuit 40 of the fourth embodiment includes the capacitive element Cbt provided between the gate and the source of the first transistor T1 via the transistor U1, and the diode Dbt connected to the electrode E1 of the capacitive element Cbt. That is, a bootstrap circuit for controlling the first transistor T1 to be in an ON state is configured when the operation of the amplifier circuit 24 is started.
FIG. 20 is an explanatory diagram of an operation of the amplifier circuit 24 in the fourth embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 20, the operation period QB of the fourth embodiment includes the charging period Chg2 and a variation period ZB. As in the third embodiment, the charging period Chg2 is a period for charging the capacitive element Cbt to control the first transistor T1 to be in an ON state. That is, in the charging period Chg2, the capacitive element Cbt is charged by controlling the second transistor T2 to be in an ON state, and the drive signal COM changes from the initial voltage V1 to the base voltage V2 (V2<V1).
The variation period ZB is a period in which the drive signal COM set at the base voltage V2 in the charging period Chg2 is changed to a second base voltage V2A. Like the base voltage V2 in the first embodiment to the third embodiment, the second base voltage V2A is a voltage (offset voltage) serving as a reference of the voltage of the drive signal COM. That is, in the fourth embodiment, the voltage of the drive signal COM varies periodically within a range in which the second base voltage V2A is a minimum value. As illustrated in FIG. 20, the second base voltage V2A exceeds the initial voltage V1 and the base voltage V2. That is, in the fourth embodiment, the capacitive element Cbt is charged by lowering the voltage of the drive signal COM from the initial voltage V1 to the base voltage V2 within the charging period Chg2, and then the voltage of the drive signal COM is raised from the base voltage V2 to the second base voltage V2A.
FIG. 21 is a flowchart of the operation control processing executed by the control circuit 26 of the fourth embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 21, the operation control processing according to the fourth embodiment has a content in which Step SD1 is added to the operation control processing of the third embodiment illustrated in FIG. 19. Specifically, when the charging period Chg2 has elapsed (SC1: YES), the control circuit 26 supplies the waveform indication data CTRL to the signal generating circuit 22 to vary the drive signal COM from the base voltage V2 to the second base voltage V2A (SD1). In response to the instruction from the control circuit 26, the signal generating circuit 22 generates the drive waveform signal WCOM such that the drive signal COM varies from the base voltage V2 to the second base voltage V2A in the variation period ZB. When the variation period ZB has elapsed, the control circuit 26 instructs the signal generating circuit to generate the drive waveform signal WCOM which periodically varies (SA6).
Also in the fourth embodiment, effects similar to those of the first embodiment and the third embodiment are realized. In addition, in the fourth embodiment, the capacitive element Cbt is charged by lowering the voltage of the drive signal COM from the initial voltage V1 to the base voltage V2, and then the voltage of the drive signal COM is raised to the second base voltage V2A. Therefore, it is possible to generate the drive signal COM which varies with reference to the second base voltage V2A which is different from the base voltage V2 necessary for charging the capacitive element Cbt.
Fifth Embodiment
FIG. 22 is a configuration diagram of the digital power amplifier circuit 40 and the voltage generating circuit 60 in a fifth embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 22, the configuration of the voltage generating circuit 60 of the fifth embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment. That is, the voltage generating circuit 60 has a configuration in which the diode D, the resistance element RB1, and the resistance element RB2 are connected in series between the voltage line 86 of the voltage Vcc and the reference line 82 of the reference potential Vg. In addition, as in the third embodiment, the digital power amplifier circuit 40 of the fifth embodiment includes the capacitive element Cbt (bootstrap circuit) installed between the gate and the source of the first transistor T1.
The electrode E1 of the capacitive element Cbt is connected between the diode D of the voltage generating circuit 60 and the resistance element RB1. That is, when the second transistor T2 transitions to an ON state, the voltage Vcc of the voltage line 86 is applied between the electrodes E1 and E2 via the diode D, whereby the capacitive element Cbt is charged. As understood from the above description, in the fifth embodiment, the diode D and the voltage Vcc for generating the initial voltage V1 by the voltage generating circuit 60 are also used as a bootstrap circuit for setting the first transistor T1 to be in an ON state.
Also in the fifth embodiment, the same effects as in the first embodiment are realized. In addition, in the fifth embodiment, the voltage Vcc used by the voltage generating circuit 60 to generate the initial voltage V1 is also used to charge the capacitive element Cbt. Therefore, there is an advantage that the configuration of the drive circuit 200 is simplified as compared with a configuration using separate voltages for generation of the initial voltage V1 and charging of the capacitive element Cbt. The configuration of the fifth embodiment is applied not only to the third embodiment but also to the fourth embodiment similarly.
Sixth Embodiment
FIG. 23 is a configuration diagram of the modulation circuit 30, the voltage generating circuit 60, and the digital power amplifier circuit 40 in a sixth embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 23, in the sixth embodiment, as in the fifth embodiment, the diode D and the voltage Vcc for generating the initial voltage V1 by the voltage generating circuit 60 are also used for charging the capacitive element Cbt. In addition, in the sixth embodiment, the resistance element RA1 and the resistance element RA2 constituting the integration circuit 32 of the modulation circuit 30 are also used for generation of the initial voltage V1 by the voltage generating circuit 60. Specifically, the terminal on the opposite side of the voltage line 86 of the resistance element RB1 of the voltage generating circuit 60 is connected to a terminal on the opposite side of the resistance element RA1 from the minus side input terminal I2 of the arithmetic amplifier 322 of the integration circuit 32. That is, the resistance element RA1 and the resistance element RA2 connected to the minus side input terminal I2 are used for the integration circuit 32 and are also used for voltage division for generating the initial voltage V1 from the voltage Vcc by the voltage generating circuit 60.
Also in the sixth embodiment, the same effects as in the first embodiment are realized. In addition, in the sixth embodiment, the resistance element RA1 and the resistance element RA2 constituting the integration circuit 32 of the modulation circuit 30 are also used for generation of the initial voltage V1 by the voltage generating circuit 60. Therefore, there is an advantage that the configuration of the drive circuit 200 is simplified as compared with a configuration using a resistance element (for example, the resistance element RB2 of the first embodiment) separate from the resistance element RA1 and the resistance element RA2 for generation of the initial voltage V1. The configuration of the sixth embodiment is applied not only to the third embodiment but also to the fourth embodiment similarly. In addition, the configuration of the fifth embodiment in which the diode D and the voltage Vcc are used for charging the capacitive element Cbt can be omitted in the sixth embodiment.
Modification Example
Each embodiment exemplified above can be variously modified. Two or more embodiments arbitrarily selected from the above embodiments and the following examples can be appropriately combined.
(1) In each of the above-described embodiments, the amplified signal ACOM generated by the digital power amplifier circuit 40 is fed back to the modulation circuit 30, but as illustrated in FIG. 24, it is also possible to feed back the modulated signal MCOM generated by the modulation circuit 30 to the input side of the modulation circuit 30. Specifically, the modulated signal MCOM generated by the comparison circuit 34 is fed back to the minus side input terminal I2 of the integration circuit 32 via the resistance element RA1. Even with the configuration in FIG. 24, pulse modulation by self-oscillation is realized by the modulation circuit 30.
In the configuration of each of the above embodiments (FIG. 4) in which the amplified signal ACOM is fed back to the input side of the modulation circuit 30, there is an advantage that variation of the power supply voltage Vdd used by the digital power amplifier circuit 40 for generating the amplified signal ACOM is compensated. That is, in a case where the power supply voltage Vdd varies for some reason, the modulation circuit 30 and the digital power amplifier circuit 40 operate so that the influence of the variation on the amplified signal ACOM is reduced. Therefore, even in a case where the power supply voltage Vdd varies, from the viewpoint of highly accurately generating the drive signal COM of the desired waveform, as exemplified in each of the above embodiments, a configuration is preferable, in which the amplified signal ACOM generated by the digital power amplifier circuit 40 is fed back to the input side of the modulation circuit 30.
(2) In each of the above-described embodiments, the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 is supplied between the digital power amplifier circuit 40 and the smoothing circuit 52, but the point at which the initial voltage V1 is supplied is not limited to the above examples. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 25, it is also possible to supply the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 to the output side of the smoothing circuit 52 (output terminal of the amplifier circuit 24).
(3) In each of the above-described embodiments, the compensation circuit 54 is disposed in the feedback path of the drive signal COM, but as illustrated in FIG. 26, it is also possible to add a voltage conversion circuit 56 and an addition circuit 58 to the feedback path of the drive signal COM. The voltage conversion circuit 56 is configured with, for example, a resistance element, and converts the voltage range of the drive signal COM so that the feedback signal dCOM becomes a voltage range suitable for processing by the arithmetic circuit 28. The addition circuit 58 adds the signal converted by the voltage conversion circuit 56 and the signal after processing by the compensation circuit 54 to generate the feedback signal dCOM. By feeding back the voltage information of the drive signal COM using the voltage conversion circuit 56, effects such as improvement of the output voltage accuracy of the drive signal COM and widening of the frequency band of the amplifier circuit 24 are realized.
(4) The configuration of the signal generating circuit 22 is not limited to the example in FIG. 3. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 27, it is also possible to configure the signal generating circuit 22 with a waveform storage unit 224 and a D/A converter 225. The waveform storage unit 224 is configured with a nonvolatile storage circuit such as a semiconductor recording medium and stores a plurality of waveform data (time series of sample values) representing the waveform of the drive waveform signal WCOM. The control circuit 26 outputs the waveform indication data CTRL specifying any of a plurality of waveform data stored in the waveform storage unit 224 to the signal generating circuit 22. The waveform storage unit 224 outputs the waveform data specified by the waveform indication data CTRL to the D/A converter 225. The D/A converter 225 generates an analog drive waveform signal WCOM by D/A conversion with respect to the waveform data supplied from the waveform storage unit 224.
In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 28, it is also possible to realize the signal generating circuit 22 and the arithmetic circuit 28 with a digital circuit. The signal generating circuit 22 in FIG. 28 generates a digital drive waveform signal WCOM. It is also possible to realize the signal generating circuit 22 in FIG. 28 as a function of the control circuit 26 realized by, for example, a CPU or the like. On the other hand, the arithmetic circuit 28 in FIG. 28 is configured to include an A/D converter 282 and a subtraction circuit 284. The A/D converter 282 converts the feedback signal dCOM generated by the compensation circuit 54 from analog to digital. The subtraction circuit 284 is a digital circuit that generates the difference signal dWCOM representing the difference between the digital drive waveform signal WCOM generated by the signal generating circuit 22 and the digital feedback signal dCOM generated by the A/D converter 282. Even with the configuration in FIG. 28, the same effects as those in each of the above-described embodiments are realized.
(5) In each of the above-described embodiments, the voltage generating circuit 60 is fixedly connected between the digital power amplifier circuit 40 and the smoothing circuit 52, but as shown in FIG. 29, it is also possible to switch the supply of the initial voltage V1 by a switch 62. Specifically, in FIG. 12, the diode D is used as the backflow preventing element, but the switch 62 may be used instead of the diode D. For example, the control circuit 26 cuts off the supply of the initial voltage V1 by controlling the switch 62 to be in an OFF state in the preparation period QA and the stop period QC and supplies the initial voltage V1 by controlling the switch 62 to be in an ON state in the operation period QB. It is also possible to add the similar switch 62 to the configuration of FIG. 25.
In addition, each of the above-described embodiments is configured such that the initial voltage V1 generated by the voltage generating circuit 60 is supplied to the piezoelectric element 116 by setting the digital power amplifier circuit 40 to the stop state (shutdown state) in the preparation period QA and the stop period QC, and the drive signal COM based on the drive waveform signal WCOM is supplied to the piezoelectric element 116 by setting the digital power amplifier circuit 40 to the operation state in the operation period, but the invention is not limited thereto. For example, by providing a switch in the path between the digital power amplifier circuit 40 and the piezoelectric element 116 and controlling the operation of the switch, each of the above-described embodiments may be configured to select which of the initial voltage V1 and the drive signal COM based on the drive waveform signal WCOM is to be supplied to the piezoelectric element 116.
(6) In each of the above-described embodiments, the liquid ejection device 100A as a medical apparatus cutting living tissue by ejection of liquid is exemplified, but the specific form of the liquid ejection device according to the invention is not limited to the above examples. For example, the invention can also be applied to a liquid ejection device (that is, an ink jet printing apparatus) which ejects ink which is an example of liquid onto a medium such as printing paper.
FIG. 30 is a schematic configuration diagram of a liquid ejection device 100B. The liquid ejection device 100B is an ink jet type printing apparatus that ejects ink stored in a liquid container 94 such as an ink cartridge or the like onto a medium 92 and includes a control unit 70, a transport mechanism 72, a movement mechanism 74, and a liquid ejection head 76 as exemplified in FIG. 30. The control unit 70 is a processing circuit for integrally controlling each element of the liquid ejection device 100B and includes the drive circuit 200 exemplified in each of the above-described embodiments. The transport mechanism 72 transports the medium 92 under the control of the control unit 70.
The movement mechanism 74 reciprocates the liquid ejection head 76 along a direction intersecting (typically orthogonal) to the transport direction of the medium 92 under the control of the control unit 70. The movement mechanism 74 in FIG. 30 includes a substantially box-shaped transport body (carriage) 742 for accommodating the liquid ejection head 76 and an endless belt 744 on which the transport body 742 is fixed. It is also possible to mount the liquid container 94 on the transport body 742.
The liquid ejection head 76 is an ink jet head which ejects ink supplied from the liquid container 94 onto the medium 92 from a plurality of nozzles (ejection holes) under the control of the control unit 70. Specifically, the liquid ejection head 76 includes a liquid chamber (pressure chamber) and a piezoelectric element (an example of the capacitive load) corresponding to each of the plurality of nozzles. Whether or not to supply the drive signal COM generated by the drive circuit 200 is individually controlled for each piezoelectric element. When the piezoelectric element deforms due to the supply of the drive signal COM, the pressure in the liquid chamber varies and the ink filled in the liquid chamber is ejected from the nozzles. In parallel with the transport of the medium 92 by the transport mechanism 72 and the repetitive reciprocation of the transport body 742, the liquid ejection head 76 ejects ink onto the medium 92 so that the desired image is formed on the surface of the medium 92.
In FIG. 30, the liquid ejection device 100B of a serial system type reciprocating the transport body 742 on which the liquid ejection head 76 is mounted is illustrated, but the invention can also be applied to a line type liquid ejection device in which a plurality of nozzles are distributed over the entire width of the medium 92. In addition, it is also possible to mount the drive circuit 200 on the liquid ejection head 76.
The application of the liquid ejection device is not limited to the above examples (the medical apparatus and the printing apparatus). For example, the liquid ejection device according to the invention can also be used as a device for manufacturing microcapsules containing chemical liquid, a manufacturing device for forming, for example, a color filter of a liquid crystal display device by ejecting a color material solution, or a manufacturing device for forming wirings or electrodes of a wiring substrate by ejecting a conductive material solution.
(7) Each of the above-described embodiments is configured such that the feedback signal dCOM that advances the phase of the drive signal COM is fed back, but the feedback signal dCOM is not limited thereto. The feedback signal dCOM may be fed back as both the one that advances the phase of the drive signal COM and the one that does not advance, only one which does not advance the phase of the drive signal COM may be fed back as the feedback signal dCOM.
(8) Each of the above embodiments is configured such that, in the preparation period QA, the control circuit 26 supplies the waveform indication data CTRL instructing the generation of the drive waveform signal WCOM where the drive signal COM becomes the base voltage V2 to the signal generating circuit 22, and the signal generating circuit 22 generates the drive waveform signal WCOM according to the waveform indication data CTRL, the invention is not limited thereto. A configuration in which the control circuit 26 does not supply the waveform indication data CTRL to the signal generating circuit 22 in the preparation period QA (that is, a configuration in which the waveform indication data CTRL is supplied to the signal generating circuit 22 only in the operation period QB) may be adopted.
The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-193306 filed Sep. 30, 2016 is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
What is claimed is:
1. A drive circuit that generates a drive signal supplied to a capacitive load, the drive circuit comprising: a signal generating circuit that generates a drive waveform signal; an arithmetic circuit that generates a difference signal representing a difference between the drive waveform signal and a feedback signal; a modulation circuit that modulates a pulse of the difference signal to generate a modulated signal; a digital power amplifier circuit that amplifies the modulated signal to generate an amplified signal; a smoothing circuit that smoothes the amplified signal to generate the drive signal; a compensation circuit that generates the feedback signal based on the drive signal; and a voltage generating circuit that is connected to a wiring between the digital power amplifier circuit and the capacitive load and generates a first voltage that is a voltage exceeding a voltage range in which a pulse frequency of the modulated signal does not vary with respect to the voltage variation of the drive signal, wherein the drive signal generated by operation of the digital power amplifier circuit is supplied to the capacitive load after the first voltage is supplied to the capacitive load as the drive signal.
2. The drive circuit according to claim 1, wherein the signal generating circuit generates the drive waveform signal in which the drive signal becomes a second voltage exceeding the voltage range in a case where the drive signal generated by operation of the digital power amplifier circuit is supplied to the capacitive load.
3. The drive circuit according to claim 2, wherein the signal generating circuit generates the drive waveform signal in which the drive signal becomes the second voltage exceeding the voltage range in a state in which the operation of the digital power amplifier circuit is stopped.
4. The drive circuit according to claim 2, wherein the second voltage is a voltage equal to or greater than the first voltage.
5. The drive circuit according to claim 2, wherein the second voltage is a voltage lower than the first voltage.
6. The drive circuit according to claim 5, wherein the voltage generating circuit includes a backflow preventing element having one terminal connected to a voltage line to which a predetermined voltage is supplied and generates the first voltage from the voltage generated at the other terminal of the backflow preventing element, and the digital power amplifier circuit includes: a first transistor provided between a first wiring to which a voltage on a high-level side is applied and an output point that outputs the amplified signal; a second transistor provided between a second wiring to which a voltage on a low-level side lower than the voltage on the high-level side is applied and the output point; and a capacitive element provided between the other terminal of the backflow preventing element and the first transistor source.
7. The drive circuit according to claim 1, wherein the modulation circuit includes: an arithmetic amplifier having a first input terminal to which the difference signal is input and a second input terminal to which the amplified signal or the modulated signal is input; and a resistance element connected to the second input terminal, and the voltage generating circuit generates the first voltage by dividing a voltage using the resistance element.
8. A liquid ejection device comprising: a liquid chamber filled with liquid; a nozzle communicating with the liquid chamber; a piezoelectric element that applies pressure to the liquid in the liquid chamber; and a drive circuit that generates a drive signal supplied to the piezoelectric element, the drive circuit including: a signal generating circuit that generates a drive waveform signal, an arithmetic circuit that generates a difference signal representing a difference between the drive waveform signal and a feedback signal, a modulation circuit that modulates a pulse of the difference signal to generate a modulated signal, a digital power amplifier circuit that amplifies the modulated signal to generate an amplified signal, a smoothing circuit that smoothes the amplified signal to generate the drive signal, a compensation circuit that generates the feedback signal based on the drive signal, and a voltage generating circuit that is connected to a wiring between the digital power amplifier circuit and the capacitive load and generates a first voltage that is a voltage exceeding a voltage range in which a pulse frequency of the modulated signal does not vary with respect to the voltage variation of the drive signal, wherein the drive signal generated by operation of the digital power amplifier circuit is supplied to the capacitive load after the first voltage is supplied to the capacitive load.
9. A method of controlling a drive circuit that generates a drive signal supplied to a capacitive load, the drive circuit including: a signal generating circuit that generates a drive waveform signal, an arithmetic circuit that generates a difference signal representing a difference between the drive waveform signal and a feedback signal, a modulation circuit that modulates a pulse of the difference signal to generate a modulated signal, a digital power amplifier circuit that amplifies the modulated signal to generate an amplified signal, a smoothing circuit that smoothes the amplified signal to generate the drive signal, a compensation circuit that generates the feedback signal based on the drive signal, and a voltage generating circuit that is connected to a wiring between the digital power amplifier circuit and the capacitive load and generates a first voltage that is a voltage exceeding a voltage range in which a pulse frequency of the modulated signal does not vary with respect to the voltage variation of the drive signal, the method comprising: supplying the drive signal generated by operation of the digital power amplifier circuit to the capacitive load after the first voltage is supplied to the capacitive load.
10. A drive circuit that generates a drive signal supplied to a capacitive load, the drive circuit comprising: a signal generating circuit that generates a drive waveform signal; an arithmetic circuit that generates a difference signal representing a difference between the drive waveform signal and a feedback signal; a modulation circuit that performs pulse modulation of the difference signal to generate a modulated signal; a digital power amplifier circuit that amplifies the modulated signal to generate an amplified signal; a smoothing circuit that smoothes the amplified signal to generate the drive signal; a compensation circuit that generates the feedback signal based on the drive signal; and a voltage generation circuit that is electrically connected to the digital power amplified circuit and the capacitive load, and that generates a first voltage that is a voltage exceeding a voltage range in which a pulse frequency of the modulated signal does not vary with respect to the voltage variation of the drive signal, wherein the drive signal generated by operation of the digital power amplified circuit is supplied to the capacitive load after the first voltage is supplied to the capacitive load..
| 1,464 |
https://github.com/kskpremier/selfin.tk/blob/master/reception/repositories/MyRent/CustomersTypesRepository.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | null | selfin.tk | kskpremier | PHP | Code | 64 | 221 | <?php
namespace reception\repositories\MyRent;
use reception\entities\MyRent\CustomersTypes;
use reception\repositories\NotFoundException;
class CustomersTypesRepository
{
public function get($id): CustomersTypes {
if (! $customersTypes = CustomersTypes::findOne($id)) {
throw new NotFoundException('CustomersTypes is not found.');
}
return $customersTypes;
}
public function save(CustomersTypes $customersTypes): void
{
if (! $customersTypes->save()) {
throw new \RuntimeException('Saving error.');
}
}
public function remove(CustomersTypes $customersTypes): void
{
if (! $customersTypes->delete()) {
throw new \RuntimeException('Removing error.');
}
}
}
| 41,125 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111720110 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr. | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 58 | 133 | liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr.
Wikimedia-listeartikkel
liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr. forekomst av Wikimedia-listeartikkel
liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr. liste over Statsleder
liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr. tidspunkt
liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr. neste liste over statsledere i 689 f.Kr.
liste over statsledere i 690 f.Kr. forrige liste over statsledere i 691 f.Kr. | 27,194 |
<urn:uuid:18618971-9c3d-46c2-bb72-eff7968733c3> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | https://francearchives.gouv.fr/subject/130690883 | francearchives.gouv.fr | Danish | Spoken | 44 | 84 | Association syndicale
Préfecture du Cantal (bureau de l'administration communale) 1
Andelat : association du chemin rural dit de Ferval (1933-1943), Arnac : association du chemin rural dit de de la Bitarelle d'Uzols à Saint-...
Cote : H-dépôt 19 N362
Période : 1842 - 1950 | 4,764 |
https://github.com/K-ona/C-_Training/blob/master/LeetCode/1000/653.cpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | C-_Training | K-ona | C++ | Code | 170 | 456 | // created by Kona @VSCode
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <string.h>
#define LOCAL_TEST
typedef long long ll;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::map;
using std::queue;
using std::string;
using std::vector;
struct TreeNode {
int val;
TreeNode* left;
TreeNode* right;
};
class Solution {
int vis[20005];
int cnt = 0;
public:
bool findTarget(TreeNode* root, int k) {
memset(vis, 0, sizeof vis);
traverse(root);
if (cnt < 2) return false;
for (int i = 0; i < 20001; ++i) {
if (i == k + 20000 - i) {
if (vis[i] >= 2)
return true;
}
else if (vis[i] and (k + 20000 - i) < 20005 and vis[k + 20000 - i]) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
void traverse(TreeNode* root) {
if (!root) return ;
++cnt;
// cout << root->val + 10000 << endl;
++vis[root->val + 10000];
traverse(root->left);
traverse(root->right);
}
};
int main() {
std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
#ifdef LOCAL_TEST
freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin);
freopen("output.txt", "w", stdout);
#endif
/* code */
return 0;
} | 5,380 |
https://github.com/hmcts/spring-boot-template/blob/master/bin/init.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,023 | spring-boot-template | hmcts | Shell | Code | 378 | 1,258 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
#
# Script to initialise project by executing steps as follows:
# - Replace port number
# - Replace package `demo`
# - Replace slug from `spring-boot-template` to one of two (first in first used):
# - user input
# - git config value of the root project. Value in use: `remote.origin.url`
# - Clean-up README file from template related info
# - Self-destruct
read -p "Port number for new app: " port
read -p "Replace \`demo\` package name with: " package
read -p "Repo product: (It's first part of the git repo name. Often a team name) " product_name
read -p "Repo component: (It's second part of git repo name. Application name) " component_name
pushd $(dirname "$0")/.. > /dev/null
slug="$product_name-$component_name"
declare -a files_with_port=(.env Dockerfile README.md src/main/resources/application.yaml charts/rpe-spring-boot-template/values.yaml)
declare -a files_with_slug=(build.gradle docker-compose.yml Dockerfile README.md ./infrastructure/main.tf ./src/main/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/demo/controllers/RootController.java charts/rpe-spring-boot-template/Chart.yaml)
# Replace in CNP file
for i in "Jenkinsfile_template"
do
perl -i -pe "s/rpe/$product_name/g" ${i}
perl -i -pe "s/demo/$component_name/g" ${i}
done
# Replace image repo
for i in "charts/rpe-spring-boot-template/values.yaml"
do
perl -i -pe "s/rpe/$product_name/g" ${i}
perl -i -pe "s/spring-boot-template/$component_name/g" ${i}
done
#update maintainer name
for i in "charts/rpe-spring-boot-template/Chart.yaml"
do
perl -i -pe "s/rpe/$product_name/g" ${i}
done
#update app insights & file mount config
for i in "src/main/resources/application.yaml lib/applicationinsights.json"
do
perl -i -pe "s/rpe/$product_name/g" ${i}
perl -i -pe "s/demo/$component_name/g" ${i}
done
# Replace port number
for i in ${files_with_port[@]}
do
perl -i -pe "s/4550/$port/g" ${i}
done
# Replace spring-boot-template slug
for i in ${files_with_slug[@]}
do
perl -i -pe "s/spring-boot-template/$slug/g" ${i}
done
# Replace demo package in all files under ./src
find ./src -type f -print0 | xargs -0 perl -i -pe "s/reform.demo/reform.$package/g"
find ./.github/workflows -type f -print0 | xargs -0 perl -i -pe "s/reform.demo/reform.$package/g"
perl -i -pe "s/reform.demo/reform.$package/g" build.gradle
# Rename charts directory
git mv charts/rpe-spring-boot-template charts/${slug}
# Rename directory to provided package name
git mv src/functionalTest/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/demo/ src/functionalTest/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/${package}
git mv src/integrationTest/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/demo/ src/integrationTest/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/${package}
git mv src/main/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/demo/ src/main/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/${package}
git mv src/smokeTest/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/demo/ src/smokeTest/java/uk/gov/hmcts/reform/${package}
# Rename CNP file
git mv Jenkinsfile_template Jenkinsfile_CNP
declare -a headers_to_delete=("Purpose" "What's inside" "Plugins" "Setup" "Hystrix")
# Clean-up README file
for i in "${headers_to_delete[@]}"
do
perl -0777 -i -p0e "s/## $i.+?\n(## )/\$1/s" README.md
done
# Rename title to slug
perl -i -pe "s/.*\n/# $slug\n/g if 1 .. 1" README.md
# Self-destruct
rm bin/init.sh
# Return to original directory
popd > /dev/null
| 17,018 |
2595013_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,882 | None | None | English | Spoken | 850 | 1,052 | The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Fenner, J.
Plaintiff bought from defendant, a furniture dealer, a set of furniture and paid for it.
Subsequently, he bought from defendant another set of furniture, under an arrangement by which he returned a part of the first set, valued at $37.50, which defendaut agreed to take back and credit on the price of the second set, and for the balance of said price he furnished his promissory notes, payable at 30, 60 and 90 days.
Conflicting testimony is presented touching the existence and nature of a verbal agreement made between the parties at the time of the contract. We eliminate the contradictory statements of plaintiff and defendant, and accept that of the only other witness present at the time, who says that " Wren agreed with Flynn that in case he, Wren, did not pay his notes when they became due, Flynn could retake the furniture again."
Shortly before the maturity of the first note, on account of the illness of liis wife, plaintiff, under medical advice, took her to Tangipahoa Parish, on the Jackson Railroad. On leaving, he sent a messenger to defendant, informing him of the cause of his departure and stating that, upon his return, he would settle his bill; to which the defendant made no objection. Owing to continued ill-health of his wife and other sickness in his family, his absence was prolonged until nearly a month after the maturity of the last note.
In the meantime, the notes had all matured, and defendant had several times sent his collector to plaintiff's house without finding him ; but it does not appear that he made any other effort to communicate with him or to notify him of his intention to retake the furniture, if not paid.
On the 27th of September, defendant went to plaintiff's house with a wagon and several men ; entered the same, which was then occupied by plaintiff's mother, sister, and sister-in-law; informed these ladies that he had come to take the furniture, and disregarding their statement that Wren's return was expected and their request that he should wait until his .return, he caused the contents of the furniture to be taken out, and removed and carried away the same.
That same night defendant returned with his invalid wife and children, and found their sleeping apartments denuded of furniture, so that they were compelled, in order to find accommodation, to send off some members of his family to other quarters.
It is in evidence that plaintiff had provided himself with means to pay for the furniture and had returned with that purpose, according to the assurance which' he had conveyed to defendant when he left the city, and to which the latter had not objected.
No one appreciating the jealous care with which our law guards the sacredness of every man's house and his lawful possession of property against invasion or disturbance, otherwise than by proceedings taken under the sanction and through the agency of the public justice, can question that, unless removed from its general principles by the effect of the agreement set up in defense, the acts which we have detailed constituted a gross outrage upon the rights and feelings of plaintiff, as a citizen and a man, for which courts of justice must either grant redress or sanction the personal exaction of satisfaction by violence. Thayer vs. Littlejohn, 1 Rob. 140.
The agreement established in this record cannot shield the conduct of defendant.' It does not purport, in terms, to confer upon the defendant the right to enter the house of plaintiff, in his absence, without his consent, and without notice, and to carry off its contents. An agreement conferring such extraordinary power would need to be so clearly worded and proven as to leave nothing to implication.
The grant of the simple right to retake his furniture, on non-payment of the price, cannot be construed to embrace such power.
It conferred, at most, a legal right upon defendant, which, like other rights, could be enforced only with consent of plaintiff or by legal process; and we doubt, under the evidence here, whether any court would have awarded possession to Flynn, without requiring antecedent tender or payment of that part of the price which had been paid.
This case is entirely different from that of Jencks vs. Home Sewing Machine Company, recently decided, where we rejected the claim of plaintiff, because, having consented to the retalcing by plaintiff, she 'vas present when he exercised the right and made no opposition.
We are not disposed to interfere with the allowance by the jury of $750 as damages. The discretion of juries in such matters is not to be interfered with, unless manifestly abused.
The argument that the slight value of the furniture involved justifies a reduction of damages, has no weight.
The unlawful invasion of the pauper's hovel and abstraction of its scanty possessions, is an injury identical in character and magnitude with the like entry of a palace and the despoiling it of its gorgeous apparel.
Judgment affirmed.
Rehearing refused..
| 38,527 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Stafford-Clark | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Max Stafford-Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max Stafford-Clark&action=history | English | Spoken | 1,137 | 1,832 | Maxwell Robert Guthrie Stewart "Max" Stafford-Clark (born 17 March 1941) is a British theatre director.
Life and career
Stafford-Clark was born in Cambridge, England. the son of David Stafford-Clark, a physician, and Dorothy Crossley (née Oldfield). He was educated at Felsted School, in Essex, England and Riverdale Country School in New York City, followed by Trinity College, Dublin.
His directing career began as Associate Director of the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh, in 1966. He became artistic director there from 1968 to 1970. He was Director of the Traverse Theatre Workshop Company from 1970 to 1974.
Stafford-Clark then co-founded the Joint Stock Theatre Company in 1974. Joint Stock worked with writers using company research to inspire workshops. From these workshops, writers such as David Hare, Howard Brenton and Caryl Churchill would garner material to inspire a writing phase before rehearsals began. This methodology is sometimes referred to as The Joint Stock Method. Productions during this period included Hare's Fanshen (1975), Brenton's Epsom Downs and Churchill's Cloud Nine (1979) which Stafford-Clark directed, as well as The Speakers, a promenade production.
From 1979 to 1993, Stafford-Clark was Artistic Director of the Royal Court Theatre. He remains to date the Court's longest serving artistic director. He helped nurture emerging playwrights including Andrea Dunbar, Hanif Kureishi, Sarah Daniels and Jim Cartwright. His regular collaborators on his productions included the singer Ian Dury. During this time the theatre's productions included Victory by Howard Barker, The Arbor by Andrea Dunbar, Insignificance by Terry Johnson, Our Country's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker, Road by Jim Cartwright and Rat in the Skull by Ron Hutchinson. Perhaps the most important commission and production of this era was Top Girls by Caryl Churchill (1982).
Our Country's Good is based on Australian author Thomas Keneally's book The Playmaker in which convicts deported from Britain to the penal colony perform George Farquhar's The Recruiting Officer. Stafford-Clark wrote about his experiences of staging the plays in repertoire in his book Letters to George.
He has staged productions for Happy Days Enniskillen International Beckett Festival.
In 1993, he founded the Out of Joint touring company with producer Sonia Friedman, one of her first ventures after leaving the National Theatre. He was Artistic Director until 2017 when he was succeeded by Kate Wasserberg. He left the company after complaints were made about a tendency to make lewd remarks to women. The emergence of this issue in October 2017 led to further accusations of inappropriate sexual comments, going back several decades. The actress Tracy-Ann Oberman was among those who contacted The Guardian to relate their experience, taking the number of women who had made complaints about Stafford-Clark to five.
Academic credits include an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University and Professorships at the University of Warwick and the University of Hertfordshire.
By May 2021, the company had changed its registered address, professional and legal names. It became known as Stockroom, presumably as a reference to Stafford-Clark's work in co-founding and leading his first company (Joint Stock). The name Out of Joint had cleverly used a famous three word phrase in Shakespeare's Hamlet to simultaneously describe the evolutionary legacy from Stafford-Clark's first company.
Personal life
Stafford-Clark and Carole Hayman married in 1971; they later divorced. His second wife was Ann Pennington (m. 1981).
During a six-month period in 2006 and 2007, Stafford-Clark suffered three strokes, which left him physically disabled and impaired his eyesight. Stafford-Clark's experience, and the condition of the NHS, inspired Irish playwright Stella Feehily (the couple married in 2010) to write the play This May Hurt a Bit, first performed in 2014.
He has one daughter, Kitty Stafford-Clark, from his second marriage.
Sexual harassment allegations
In July 2017, an employee of Stafford-Clark's Out of Joint theatre company made a formal complaint about his behaviour. An investigation followed and he was asked to leave the company. Stafford-Clark stepped down in September 2017. In the weeks that followed, three more women stated that he had "made lewd comments to them."
Legacy
In 1999 the British Library acquired Stafford-Clark's papers consisting of production diaries and rehearsal scripts covering his time with the Joint Stock Theatre Company, the English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre, and Out of Joint theatre company. The Library also acquired supplementary production diaries and rehearsal scripts in 2005.
Productions since 2000
2000 A State Affair by Robin Soans (Out of Joint/Soho Theatre)
2000 Rita, Sue and Bob Too by Andrea Dunbar (Out of Joint/Soho Theatre)
2001 Feelgood by Alistair Beaton (Out of Joint, Hampstead Theatre and the Garrick Theatre)
2001 Sliding with Suzanne by Judy Upton (Out of Joint/The Royal Court)
2002 Hinterland by Sebastian Barry (Out of Joint/The National Theatre)
2002 A Laughing Matter by April De Angelis (Out of Joint/The National Theatre)
2002 She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith (Out of Joint/The National Theatre)
2003 The Breath of Life by David Hare (Sydney Theatre Company)
2003 Duck by Stella Feehily (Out of Joint/Royal Court)
2003 The Permanent Way by David Hare (Out of Joint/The National Theatre)
2004 Macbeth by William Shakespeare (Out of Joint)
2005 Talking to Terrorists by Robin Soans (Out of Joint/Royal Court)
2006 O Go My Man by Stella Feehily
2006 The Overwhelming by JT Rogers (Out of Joint/The National Theatre)
2007 King of Hearts by Alistair Beaton (Out of Joint, Hampstead Theatre)
2008 The Convicts Opera - Stephen Jeffreys - Based On The Beggars Opera
2009 Dreams of Violence by Stella Feehily - (Out of Joint/Soho Theatre)
2009 Mixed Up North by Robin Soans - (Out of Joint/Octagon Theatre Bolton)
2010 Andersen's English by Sebastian Barry (Out of Joint/Hampstead Theatre
2010 The Big Fellah by Richard Bean (Out of Joint/Lyric Hammersmith)
2011 A Dish of Tea with Dr Johnson adapted by Russell Barr, Ian Redford & Max Stafford-Clark from James Boswell.
2011 Bang Bang Bang by Stella Feehily - (Out of Joint/Royal Court Theatre/ Octagon Theatre Bolton/ Salisbury Playhouse/ Leicester Curve)
2011 Top Girls by Caryl Churchill - (Out of Joint, Chichester Festival Theatre)
2012 Our Country's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker - (Out of Joint)
2014 This May Hurt A Bit by Stella Feehily
2014 Pitcairn by Richard Bean
2015 Crouch, Touch, Pause, Engage by Robin Soans
Bibliography
Ritchie, R. (1987), The Joint Stock Book, London: Methuen
Stafford-Clark, M. (1997), Letters to George: The Account of a Rehearsal, London: Nick Hern Books
Stafford-Clark, M. and Roberts, P. (2007), Taking Stock: The Theatre of Max Stafford-Clark, London: Nick Hern Books
Stafford-Clark, M. with McKeown, M. (2010), Our Country's Good: Page to Stage, London: Nick Hern Books
Stafford-Clark, M. (2014), Journal of the Plague Year, London: Nick Hern Books
References
External links
Max Stafford-Clark Material at the British Library
1941 births
Living people
Academics of the University of Hertfordshire
Academics of the University of Warwick
English theatre directors
People educated at Felsted School
Riverdale Country School alumni | 3,115 |
https://github.com/SaintBenedict/ModPack-RW-1.1/blob/master/##LC_RimJobWorld/Source/Common/Helpers/Genital_Helper.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | ModPack-RW-1.1 | SaintBenedict | C# | Code | 1,314 | 5,334 | using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Verse;
namespace rjw
{
public static class Genital_Helper
{
public static HediffDef generic_anus = HediffDef.Named("GenericAnus");
public static HediffDef generic_penis = HediffDef.Named("GenericPenis");
public static HediffDef generic_vagina = HediffDef.Named("GenericVagina");
public static HediffDef generic_breasts = HediffDef.Named("GenericBreasts");
public static HediffDef average_penis = HediffDef.Named("Penis");
public static HediffDef hydraulic_penis = HediffDef.Named("HydraulicPenis");
public static HediffDef bionic_penis = HediffDef.Named("BionicPenis");
public static HediffDef archotech_penis = HediffDef.Named("ArchotechPenis");
public static HediffDef average_vagina = HediffDef.Named("Vagina");
public static HediffDef hydraulic_vagina = HediffDef.Named("HydraulicVagina");
public static HediffDef bionic_vagina = HediffDef.Named("BionicVagina");
public static HediffDef archotech_vagina = HediffDef.Named("ArchotechVagina");
public static HediffDef average_breasts = HediffDef.Named("Breasts");
public static HediffDef hydraulic_breasts = HediffDef.Named("HydraulicBreasts");
public static HediffDef bionic_breasts = HediffDef.Named("BionicBreasts");
public static HediffDef archotech_breasts = HediffDef.Named("ArchotechBreasts");
public static HediffDef featureless_chest = HediffDef.Named("FeaturelessChest");
public static HediffDef udder_breasts = HediffDef.Named("UdderBreasts");
public static HediffDef average_anus = HediffDef.Named("Anus");
public static HediffDef hydraulic_anus = HediffDef.Named("HydraulicAnus");
public static HediffDef bionic_anus = HediffDef.Named("BionicAnus");
public static HediffDef archotech_anus = HediffDef.Named("ArchotechAnus");
public static HediffDef peg_penis = HediffDef.Named("PegDick");
public static HediffDef insect_anus = HediffDef.Named("InsectAnus");
public static HediffDef ovipositorM = HediffDef.Named("OvipositorM");
public static HediffDef ovipositorF = HediffDef.Named("OvipositorF");
public static HediffDef demonT_penis = HediffDef.Named("DemonTentaclePenis");
public static HediffDef demon_penis = HediffDef.Named("DemonPenis");
public static HediffDef demon_vagina = HediffDef.Named("DemonVagina");
public static HediffDef demon_anus = HediffDef.Named("DemonAnus");
public static HediffDef slime_breasts = HediffDef.Named("SlimeBreasts");
public static HediffDef slime_penis = HediffDef.Named("SlimeTentacles");
public static HediffDef slime_vagina = HediffDef.Named("SlimeVagina");
public static HediffDef slime_anus = HediffDef.Named("SlimeAnus");
public static HediffDef feline_penis = HediffDef.Named("CatPenis");
public static HediffDef feline_vagina = HediffDef.Named("CatVagina");
public static HediffDef canine_penis = HediffDef.Named("DogPenis");
public static HediffDef canine_vagina = HediffDef.Named("DogVagina");
public static HediffDef equine_penis = HediffDef.Named("HorsePenis");
public static HediffDef equine_vagina = HediffDef.Named("HorseVagina");
public static HediffDef dragon_penis = HediffDef.Named("DragonPenis");
public static HediffDef dragon_vagina = HediffDef.Named("DragonVagina");
public static HediffDef raccoon_penis = HediffDef.Named("RaccoonPenis");
public static HediffDef hemipenis = HediffDef.Named("HemiPenis");
public static HediffDef crocodilian_penis = HediffDef.Named("CrocodilianPenis");
public static BodyPartRecord get_genitalsBPR(Pawn pawn)
{
//--Log.Message("Genital_Helper::get_genitals( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) called");
BodyPartRecord Part = pawn?.RaceProps.body.AllParts.Find(bpr => bpr.def.defName == "Genitals");
if (Part == null)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_genitals( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) - Part is null");
return null;
}
return Part;
}
public static BodyPartRecord get_breastsBPR(Pawn pawn)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_breasts( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) called");
BodyPartRecord Part = pawn?.RaceProps.body.AllParts.Find(bpr => bpr.def.defName == "Chest");
if (Part == null)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_breasts( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) - Part is null");
return null;
}
return Part;
}
public static BodyPartRecord get_mouthBPR(Pawn pawn)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_mouth( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) called");
BodyPartRecord Part = pawn?.RaceProps.body.AllParts.Find(bpr => bpr.def.defName.ToLower().ContainsAny("mouth", "teeth", "jaw", "beak"));
if (Part == null)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_mouth( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) - Part is null");
return null;
}
return Part;
}
public static BodyPartRecord get_anusBPR(Pawn pawn)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_anus( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) called");
BodyPartRecord Part = pawn?.RaceProps.body.AllParts.Find(bpr => bpr.def.defName == "Anus");
if (Part == null)
{
//--Log.Message("[RJW] get_anus( " + xxx.get_pawnname(pawn) + " ) - Part is null");
return null;
}
return Part;
}
public static bool breasts_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_breasts))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static bool anus_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_anus))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static bool genitals_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_penis || gear_def.blocks_vagina))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static bool hands_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_hands))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static bool penis_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_penis))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static bool oral_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_oral))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static bool vagina_blocked(Pawn pawn)
{
if (pawn.apparel != null)
{
foreach (var app in pawn.apparel.WornApparel)
{
if ((app.def is bondage_gear_def gear_def) && (gear_def.blocks_vagina))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static List<Hediff> get_PartsHediffList(Pawn pawn, BodyPartRecord Part)
{
if (Part is null)
return null;
return pawn.health.hediffSet.hediffs.FindAll((Hediff hed) =>
hed.Part == Part &&
(hed is Hediff_PartBaseNatural || hed is Hediff_PartBaseArtifical));
}
public static bool has_genitals(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_breastsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return true;
}
public static bool has_breasts(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_breastsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
!hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("featureless"));
}
public static bool has_male_breasts(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_breastsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(((hed is Hediff_PartBaseNatural) &&
(hed as Hediff_PartBaseNatural).CurStageIndex == 0)
||
((hed is Hediff_PartBaseArtifical) &&
(hed as Hediff_PartBaseArtifical).CurStageIndex == 0)
));
}
/// <summary>
/// Can do breastjob if breasts are average or bigger
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pawn"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool can_do_breastjob(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_breastsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(((hed is Hediff_PartBaseNatural) &&
(hed as Hediff_PartBaseNatural).CurStageIndex > 1)
||
((hed is Hediff_PartBaseArtifical) &&
(hed as Hediff_PartBaseArtifical).CurStageIndex > 1)
));
}
public static bool has_mouth(Pawn pawn)
{
BodyPartRecord Part = get_mouthBPR(pawn);
if (Part is null)
return false;
return !pawn.health.hediffSet.hediffs.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(hed.Part == Part) && (hed is Hediff_MissingPart));
}
public static bool has_anus(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_anusBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("anus"));
}
/// <summary>
/// Insertable, this is both vagina and ovipositorf
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pawn"></param>
/// <param name="parts"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool has_vagina(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("vagina") || hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("ovipositorf")));
}
public static bool has_penis_fertile(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("penis") || hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("ovipositorm")));
}
public static bool has_penis_infertile(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("pegdick") || (hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("tentacle") && !hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("penis"))));
}
public static bool has_multipenis(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
if (parts.Count == 1)
return false;
int count = 0;
foreach(Hediff hed in parts)
{
if (hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("hemipenis"))
return true;
if (hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("penis") ||
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("pegdick") ||
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("ovipositorm") ||
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("tentacle")
)
count += 1;
}
return count > 1;
}
public static bool has_ovipositorM(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("ovipositorm"));
}
public static bool has_ovipositorF(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("ovipositorf"));
}
/// <summary>
/// Can do autofelatio if penis is huge or bigger
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pawn"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool can_do_autofelatio(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return parts.Any((Hediff hed) =>
(((hed is Hediff_PartBaseNatural) &&
(hed as Hediff_PartBaseNatural).CurStageIndex > 3)
||
((hed is Hediff_PartBaseArtifical) &&
(hed as Hediff_PartBaseArtifical).CurStageIndex > 3)) &&
(!hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("vagina")) &&
(
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("penis") ||
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("pegdick") ||
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("ovipositorm") ||
hed.def.defName.ToLower().Contains("tentacle")
));
}
/// <summary>
/// Count only fertile penises
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pawn"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool is_futa(Pawn pawn, List<Hediff> parts = null)
{
if (parts == null)
{
parts = get_PartsHediffList(pawn, get_genitalsBPR(pawn));
}
if (parts.NullOrEmpty())
return false;
return (Genital_Helper.has_penis_fertile(pawn, parts) && has_vagina(pawn, parts));
}
}
} | 22,850 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizocosa%20crassipes | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Schizocosa crassipes | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizocosa crassipes&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 55 | 109 | Kaliwatan sa kaka ang Schizocosa crassipes. Una ning gihulagway ni Charles Athanase Walckenaer ni adtong 1837. Ang Schizocosa crassipes sakop sa kahenera nga Schizocosa, ug kabanay nga Lycosidae.
Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
Tinípong Bángsà
Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Kaka
Kaka sa Tinípong Bángsà
Schizocosa | 28,108 |
https://github.com/decillion/go-cmap/blob/master/cmap.go | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,018 | go-cmap | decillion | Go | Code | 394 | 1,057 | // Package cmap implements a yet another concurrent map.
package cmap
import (
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"github.com/OneOfOne/cmap/hashers"
"github.com/decillion/go-cmap/hmap"
)
const (
iniCapacity = 1 << 4
minLoadFactor = 2
midLoadFactor = 4
maxLoadFactor = 6
maxBucketSize = 18
minMapSize = iniCapacity * midLoadFactor
)
// Map is a concurrent map.
type Map struct {
mu sync.Mutex
hm atomic.Value // *hmap.Map
inResize int32
hasher func(key interface{}) uint32
}
// DefaultHasher is a hash function for a value of an arbitrary type. It is not
// encouraged to use this function to values of composit types, because it is
// slow on such values.
func DefaultHasher(key interface{}) uint32 {
return hashers.TypeHasher32(key)
}
// NewMap returns an empty hash map whose keys are hashed by the given function.
func NewMap(hasher func(key interface{}) uint32) (m *Map) {
m = &Map{hasher: hasher}
m.hm.Store(hmap.NewMap(iniCapacity, hasher))
return
}
// Load returns the value associated with the given key and true if the key
// exists. Otherwise, it returns nil and false.
func (m *Map) Load(key interface{}) (value interface{}, ok bool) {
hm := m.hm.Load().(*hmap.Map)
value, ok = hm.Load(key)
return
}
// Store sets the given value to the given key.
func (m *Map) Store(key, value interface{}) {
m.mu.Lock()
hm := m.hm.Load().(*hmap.Map)
hm.Store(key, value)
m.resizeIfNeeded()
m.mu.Unlock()
}
// Delete logically removes the given key and its associated value.
func (m *Map) Delete(key interface{}) {
m.mu.Lock()
hm := m.hm.Load().(*hmap.Map)
hm.Delete(key)
m.resizeIfNeeded()
m.mu.Unlock()
}
// Range iteratively applies the given function to each key-value pair until
// the function returns false.
func (m *Map) Range(f func(key, value interface{}) bool) {
m.mu.Lock() // To ensure that no other process concurrently resizes the map.
atomic.AddInt32(&m.inResize, 1)
m.mu.Unlock()
hm := m.hm.Load().(*hmap.Map)
hm.Range(f)
atomic.AddInt32(&m.inResize, -1)
}
// This method can only be issued inside the critical section.
func (m *Map) resizeIfNeeded() {
inResize := atomic.LoadInt32(&m.inResize)
if inResize != 0 {
return
}
h := m.hm.Load().(*hmap.Map)
entries, deleted := h.StatEntries()
buckets, largest := h.StatBuckets()
if entries < minMapSize {
return
}
LoadFactor := float32(entries) / float32(buckets)
tooSmallBuckets := LoadFactor > maxLoadFactor
tooManyDeleted := entries < 5*deleted
bucketOverflow := largest > maxBucketSize
var newCapacity uint
if tooSmallBuckets || bucketOverflow {
newCapacity = 2*buckets - 1
} else if tooManyDeleted {
newCapacity = (entries - deleted) / minLoadFactor
} else {
return
}
newMap := hmap.NewMap(newCapacity, m.hasher)
oldMap := m.hm.Load().(*hmap.Map)
oldMap.Range(func(k, v interface{}) bool {
newMap.Store(k, v)
return true
})
m.hm.Store(newMap)
}
| 21,852 |
patrologiae_cursus_completus_gr_vol_033_101 | Greek-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,857 | Patrologiae Cursus Completus - Series Graeca - Volume 33 | Google Books | Greek | Spoken | 6,951 | 23,693 | Θεοῦ δὲ λέγοιτο, ὡς ἔργον Θεοῦ. ᾿Δλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ μέγα αὐτοῖς ἐδόχει διδόναι τὸ θάλπειν χαὶ ζωογονεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ, Θεοῦ προπέθηχεν ἵνα τὴν τοῦ γενομένου αἱ- “ἰαν τῷ τῶν ὅλων ποιητῇ ἐπιγράψη. Εἴτε τὸν παρά- χλητον, τὸ ἅγιον Πνεῦμα δοίη τις εἶναι τὸ ὑπὸ Μω- σέως εἰρημένον, οὐχ ἀποσφαλήσεται, Κοσμητιχὸν γὰρ τῶν ὄντων τὸ πνεῦμα. Εἰ δὲ πνεῦμα Θεοῦ χαὶ τὴν ἐνέργειαν λέγει" λέγεται γὰρ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια" οὐχ ἔσται ἀπόδλητον. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Μωσεῖ προστάσσει, ἐχλέξασθα: πρεσθυτέρους Ἑδδομήχοντα, τοῦ Μωσαϊκχοῦ πνεύματος μέρος ὑποσχόμενος αὐτοῖς μεταδώσειν ὃ ἣν ἡ χάρις. (1) Ἴσ. Εἰ τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν σωμάτων σχότος. ὈΙΌΘΟΒΙ ΤΑΠΒΕΝΘΒΙΒ {5 Α Υ̓εγβ. 14. Καὶ ἔστωσαν εἰς σημεῖα, καὶ εἰς και- ροὺς, καὶ εὶς ἡμέρας, καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτούς. Διοδώρου. Ζητητέον πῶς εἰς σημεῖα ἥλιος, καὶ σελήνη, καὶ ἀστέρες ἐχτίσθησαν. Ἴσως οὖν εἰς ση. μεῖά φησιν, ὥς ὅταν ἵσταται μὲν ὁ ἥλιος, καὶ ἡ σε- λήνη ἐπὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναυῇ " ἐπὶ δὲ Ἡσαΐου χαὶ ἀνα- ποδίζει. ᾿Αστὴρ δὲ φαίνεται μάγοις, τὴν χατὰ σάρχα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ γέννησιν εὐαγγελιζόμενος. Εὔροι δ᾽ ἄντις χαί τινας τῶν ἀστέρων χατὰ χαιροὺς φαινομένους χαχῶν, ἣ ἀγαθῶν μυνητάς. γεγβ. 17. Καὶ ἔθετο αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ἐν τῷ στε- ρεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὥστε φαίνειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. Διοδώρου. Μηδεὶς δὲ ἀχούων, καὶ ἔθετο αὐτυὺς ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὥστε φαίνειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, συμπεπῇῆχθαι τὸν ἥλιον, χαὶ τὴν σελήνην, καὶ ἢ τοὺς ἀστέρας ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ νομιζέτω, δόγμα τῇ Ἐχ- χλησίᾳ ἐθνιχὸν ἐπεισάγων, καὶ χινεῖσθαι τὸν οὐρανὸν οἰόμενος, φέροντα τὰ ἐκεῖθεν λάμποντα. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ πλάσας ἔθετο ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, οὐχὶ πήξας, ἀλλὰ τὴν αὐτόθι δία:ταν χαὶ αὑτῷ ὁρίσας. Ὅθεν χρὴ νοεῖν, ὅτι καθάπερ ἐπὶ γῆς ἄνθρωπος, οὕτως ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ οἱ φωστῆρες, οὐ πεπηγότες, ἀλλ᾽ ὁδεύοντες ἄνω πορείαν " ἵνα τοῖς χάτω φαίνωσιν, ὁλόκληρον εἰς ἡμᾶς τὸ φῶς πέμποντες. γεῖβ. 33. Καὶ εὐλόγησεν αὑτὰ ὁ Θεὸς, «1έγωγ" Αὐξάνεσθε, καὶ πιηϑύνεσθε, καὶ πληρώσατε τὰ ὕδατα τὰ ἐν ταῖς θαπάσσαις᾽ καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ 1.1η- θυνέσθωσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. Διοδώρου. Ἴσως ἐπειδὴ τὰ μὲν, εἰ χαὶ ζῇ. ἀλλὶ ζωὴν ἀναίσθητον " τὰ δὲ, αἰσθητιχήν τε χαὶ φαντα- σιαστιχὴν ἐπιδουλεύοντα ἀλλήλοις, διὰ τῆς αὐξάνεσθε χαὶ πληθύνεσθε φωνῆς, τὴν ἀσφάλειαν ἑχάστῳ παρ- ἐσχεν" ὥστε μηδὲν γένος ἀσθενέστερον ἐχλείπειν, ὑπὸ τοῦ δυνατωτέρου χαταναλισχόμενον. Καὶ ἄλλως δὲ τὸ μᾶλλον ἐγγύτερον ἀνθρώπων κατὰ τὴν σωματι- χὴν ζωὴν ἔδει πλέον χόρτου τε καὶ ξύλων τετιμῆσθαι, χαὶ τὰ ἐσθίοντα τῶν ἐσθιομένων. Υογβ. 36. Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς, Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρω- σον κατ᾽ εἰχόγα ἡμετέραν καὶ καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσιν. Διοδώρου. Τινὲς κατ᾽ εἰκόνα Θεοῦ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐνόμισαν κατὰ τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀόρατον. Καὶ οὐ συν- ἤχαν, ὅτι χαὶ ἄγγελος ἀόρατος, χαὶ δαίμων ἀόρατο;" πρὸς οὃς ἀναγχαῖον εἰπεῖν τοσοῦτον, ὅτι καὶ τὸ ἄῤῥεν ἐν ἀνθρώποις, καὶ τὸ θῆλυ κατά τε τὸ σῶμα χαὶ τὴν Ὁ ψυχὴν τῆς αὐτῆς εἴληχε φύσεως. Τὶ δή ποτε οὖν ὁ Παῦλος τὸν μὲν ἄνδρα εἰχόνα τοῦ Θεοῦ λέγει, οὐχ ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὴν γυναῖχα, εἴπερ χατὰ τὸν τῆς ψυχῖίς λόγον εἰχὼν Θεοῦ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ; λέγει γὰρ, Ἀνὴρ μὲν γὰρ εἰκὼν ναὶ δόξα Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων, οὐκ ὁ::εέίλει κατα- καλύπτεσθαι τὴν κερα.λήγν" γυνὴ δὲ δόξα ἀνδρὸς ἐστιν (1 Κορ. χι, 1). Εἰ τοίνυν εἰχὼν Θεοῦ ὁ μὴ ὀφείλων χαλύπτεσθαι τὴν χεφαλὴν, δῆλαν ὅτε ἡ χαλυ- πτομένη οὐχ εἰχὼν θεοῦ, τῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς ὑπάρ- χουσα. Πῶς οὖν Θεοῦ εἰχὼν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ; χατὰ τὸ ἀρχικὸν, κατὰ τὸ ἐξουσιαστιχὸν, χαὶ μάρτυς αὐτὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ φωνὴ, ἡ λέγουσα" Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰχόνα ἡμετέραν, καὶ καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσιν" καὶ τὸν ἡ6ὅ ΕΒΑΟΘΜΕΝΤΑᾺ ΙΝ ΟΕΝΕΘΙΝ. 1506 τρόπον ἐπάγουσα, καὶ ἀρχέτωσαν τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ σον ἐν δὲμ χἰτὰ ἀνατολὰς, καὶ ἔθετο ἐκεῖ τὸν τῆς θαϊάσσης, καὶ τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὑὐραγοῦ, καὶ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς, καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. “Ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ Θεὸς τῶν ὅλων, οὕτω καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῶν ἐπιγείων βασιλεύει. Τί οὖν οὐχ ἄρχει καὶ ἡ γυνὴ τῶν προει- ρημένων ; ἀλλὰ χεφαλὴν ἔχει τὸν ἄνδρα, τῶν ἄλλων χρατοῦσα. ᾿Ανὴρ δὲ οὐχ ὑποτέταχται τῇ γυναιχί. Διὸ δὴ καλῶς ὁ μαχάριος Παῦλος τὸν ἄνδρα μόνον εἰχόνα Θεοῦ φησὶν εἶναι χαὶ δόξαν, τὴν δὲ γυναῖχα τοῦ ἀν- δρὸς δόξαν. Οκρ. γ1ν γ6γβ. 7. Καὶ ἐνεφύσησεν εἰς τὸ πρόσ- ὠπον αὐτοῦ πγοὴν ζωῆς, καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ἄγθρωπος εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν. Διοδώρου. Ὑπέλαθον ἔνιοι χαχῶς, τὸ ἐμφύσημα τοῦ Θεοῦ γεγενῆσθαι ψυχὴν τὴν (ἀθάνατον, τοῦ Μω- σέως οὐχ εἰρηχότος, ὅτι τὸ ἐμφύσημα γέγονε ψυχὴ, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι Θεὸς μὲν ἐνεφύσησεν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ “πνοὴν ζωῆς, ἐγένετο ([) ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, ὡς τῆς πνοῆς τῆς ζωτιχῆς, τῆς ἐν τῷ προσώπῳ τοῦ ᾿λδὰμ ἐμφυσηθείσης τε καὶ ἐμπνευσθείσης, τὸν ἄν- θρωπὸν ἀπεργασαμένης ζῶον λογιχὸν, ἔχτε θνητοῦ σώματος χαὶ ψυχῆς ἀθανάτου συνεστός. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πνεῦμα ἣ ψυχὴ, φύσις ἀόρατος, ἐμφύσημα θεῖον δη- μιουργιχὸν αὐτῆς εἶναί φησιν, ὥς που χαὶ τῶν ὁρα- τῶν χεῖρα θεοῦ. ᾿Αοράτον μὲν γὰρ ἐμφυσήματος ὀνό- ματι, τῆς ἀοράτου τὴν χτίσιν γενέσθαι φησὶν ὁ Μω- σῆξ;. Ὁρατοῦ δὲ μέλους προσηγορία, τουτέστι τῆς χειρὸς, πολλάχις τὰ ὁρατὰ δεδημιουργῇσθαί φασιν οἱ προφῆται. Δεῖ δὲ μὴ ἀγνοεῖν, ὡς τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πάντα προστάττεται γενέσθαι ἀπὸ γῆς, χαὶ γένεσιν εἴληφεν σ ὁ μονττιμι ζωντ. (2) προῆλθεν ἀπὸ γῆς. ᾿Ανθρώπου δὲ πρῶτον μὲν τὸ τωματιχὸν ὄργανον κατεσχευάσθη, μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο χαὶ ὁ τεχνίτης δημιουργηθεὶς, ἐπεισ- ἤχθη χαὶ δεύτερον τοῦ χείρονος τὸ χρεῖττον, ἵνα μὴ χαταφρονῇ τῆς σαρχὸς, μηδὲ μέγα φρονῇ ἐπὶ τῷ τῆς οἰχείας φύσεως ἐξαιρέτῳ. Ὁ τοίνυν ἄνθρωπος ἐγέ- γετο εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν. Διοδώρου. Τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἀλόγοις ἀπὸ τῆς εἰσπνοῆς τοῦ χατὰ τὴν ἀέρα πνεύματος ἐψυχῶσθαι, ἐδόθη τὸ ζῇν" τῷ δὲ, ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀθανάτου χαὶ διαφερούσης οὐσίας. 'Εγερύσησε γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ πνοὴν ζωῆς, καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς πνοὴν ζῶσαν. Καὶ τοῖς μὲν, δουλεύειν χαὶ ἄρχεσθαι προσετάγη" τῷ δὲ, ἄρχειν καὶ δεσπόζειν. Τοῦ αὑτοῦ. Οὐχ εἶπε δὲ, ὅτι ἐγένετο ἡ σὰρξ εἰς Ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐγένετο ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶ- σαν, τῇ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου χρησάμενος ὀνομασίᾳ, ἣ χοι- νή γέ ἐστι τοῦ συναμφοτέρου. Καὶ ταύτην μὲν εἰρη- χὼς, δι᾽ ὅλου τὸ συναμφότερον ἐδήλου. Τῇ διαιρέσει δὲ τῆς ποιήσεως διαχρίνας τὰς φύσεις, γαὶ τῷ μὲν ἔπλασε χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, τὴν σάρχα δηλώσας " τῷ δὲ ἐνεφύσησε πνοὴν ζωῆς, τὴν ψυχὴν ἐμφήνας- εἶτα κατὰ χοινοῦ πάλιν ἐπήγαγε, καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ἄγθρω- α«ος εἰς γυχὴν ζῶσαν. Υγέεγβ. 8. Καὶ ἐρύτευσε Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς παράδει- (4) ᾿Ανάγν. ἐγένετο δὲ (3) Ἴσ. ὁμότιμον, καὶ ζῶντα. ἄνθρωπον, ὃν ἔπιασε. Διοδώρου. Ἐδὲμ οἱ μὲν τὸν παράδεισον εἶναί φα- σιν οἱ δὲ, τὸν τόπον πάντα, ἐν ᾧ χαὶ ὁ παράδεισος ἦν, ὅθεν καὶ ᾿Αδὰμ ἐπλάσθη. Καὶ ᾿Αδὰμ ἐχ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἐν Ἐδὲμ γεγενῆσθαι προσηγορεύθη. Ἐδὼμ γὰρ τὸ πυῤῥὸν, ὥς πον καὶ ὁ Ἡσαῦ, πυρᾶς φαχῆς πεπραχὼς αὐτοῦ τὰ πρωτοτόχια, τὴν προσηγορίαν εἴληφε" καὶ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἀληθές. γογβ. 92. Καὶ εἶπεν ᾿Αδὰμ, Τοῦτο γῦν ὀστοῦν ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων μου, καὶ σὰρξ ἐκ τῆς σαρχός μου. Αὕτη κληθήσεται γυνὴ, ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς ἐλήφθη. Διοδώρου. Τοῦτο νῦν ὀστοῦν ἐκ τῶν ὀστῶν μου, καὶ σὰρξ ἐκ τῆς σαρχός μου" αὕτη κιϊηθήσεται γυγὴ, ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς ἐήφθη. Ἔχ πολ- λῶν μὲν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν πολλῆς χάριτος γέμοντα τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ καὶ ἐχ τούτων. Τῆς γὰρ γυναι- χὸς πλαττομένης ἐξ αὐτοῦ, οὐχ εἶδε. Πῶς γὰρ ὑπνῶν ; ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ αὐτῷ προσενεχθεῖσαν, ἐπέγνω, προ- φητιχώτερον εἰπὼν, ὡς οὐχ ἔτι ἡ γυνὴ τὸν αὐτὸν τρό- πὸν γενήσεται ἐξ ἀνδρὸς, ὥσπερ ἡ Εὔα ἐξ αὐτοῦ. Τοῦτο γάρ φησι νῦν ὀστοῦν ἐχ τῶν ὀστῶν μου. Νῦν μόνον τοῦτο γεγονὸς, ὡς χαὶ Σύμμαχος, καὶ Θεοδοτίων ἣρ- μήνευσαν. Τοῦτο ἅπαξ ὀστοῦν ἐχ τῶν ὀστῶν. Τὰ γὰρ ἄλλα πάντα ἐξ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναιχὸς, χαὶ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ γαμιχοῦ. Διὰ τί δὲ ἐχ πλευρᾶς ; ἵνα μὴ μόνον πάντων τῶν ἐν τῷ βίῳ νομιζομένων καλῶν, ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ πα- τρὸς καὶ μητρὸς προτιμῶσιν ἀλλήλους εἰς σάρχα μίαν ἐνούμενοι " τὸ μέγτοι αὕτη κιιηθήσεται γυνὴ, ὅτε ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὑτῆς ἐλήφθη, οὐ δοχεῖ τινα σώζειν ἀχολουθίαν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ πλευρὰ τοῦ ᾿Αδὰμ ἡ Εὔα, διὰ τοῦτο γυνὴ, αἱ μετὰ ταῦτα γυναῖχες ἄρα οὐχ εἰσὶν ἐκ τῶν ἀνδρῶν. ᾿Αλλὰ παρὰ τοὺς ἑρμηνεύσαν- τὰς τὸ σφάλμα φασὶ γεγενῆσθαι. Μὴ γὰρ εἰρηχέναι τὴν Γραφὴν γυνὴ, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ ἄνθρωπος. Ἶσα μὲν γὰρ ὀνομάζει τὸν ἄνθρωπον, δασυτάτῃ προφορᾷ τῆς φω- νῆς χρωμένη, ἴσα δὲ τὴν Εὔαν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Καὶ τοῦτό μοι δοχεῖ μᾶλλον ἔχειν ἀχολουθίαν. Ολρ. πὶ, νθγβ. 2 (νυϊζ. 1). Ὁ δὲ ὄρις ἦν φρονι- μώτατος πάντων τῶν θηρίων τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὧν ἐποίησε Κύριος ὁ Θεός. Διοδώρου. Φρόνιμον νῦν οὐ τὸν συνετὸν λέγει, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρὸς ἀκάτην ἐπιτήδειον ὄργανον. “Ὥσπερ ἀγαθὸν Ὁ ἔθος ἡμῖν μὲν λέγειν τὸν ἄνδρα, αἱ δὲ Βασιλεῖαι (1 Βασ.. ιχ, 2), ἀγαθὸν Σαυὺλ εἶναι λέγουσιν, οὐ τὴν προαίρεσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ σωματιχὸν τῆς ἡλικίας μέγεθος, ἐχδᾶσαι τὸ ἔθος τῆς προσηγορίας " οὕτω χαὶ Μωῦσῆῃς ἔφη φρόνιμον τὸν ὄφιν. 1υ]4. Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ὄφις τῇ γυναικί" Τί ὅτι εἶπϑ Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς, οὐ μὴ φάγητε ἀπὸ παγτὸς ξύιϊου τοῦ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ; Διοδώρου. (3) ΓΛλογος ὧν ὁ ὄφις, πῶς διελέχθη τῇ Εὔᾳ; "Ὄργανον ἦν αὐτὸς τοῦ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐχθροῦ. Καὶ τοῦτο δεδήλωχεν ὁ Κύριος ἐν τοῖς θείοις Εὐαγγέε- λίοις. Εἰρηχὼς γὰρ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, 'γμεῖς ἐκ τοῦ (ὅ) Ἡ ἐν Παρισ. ἔχδ. Θεοδωρίτου, ὡσαύτως χαὶ ἡ ἐν χάλῃ. 4501 ὈΙΟΘΟΙΙ ΤΑΆΘΕΝ5Ι5 1508 πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ διαδολυν εξ τὲ, ἐπήγαγεν, ἐχεῖ- Α ναι τούτου, εἰ δεῖ μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἐθ:- γὸς ἀνήρωποχτόγνος ἐστὶν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς (Ἰωάν. νιῖι, 41). Οὗτος τοίνυν διὰ τοῦ ὄφεως διελέχθη τῇ Εὔᾳ. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τῶν πάντων ἀλόγων παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῶν ὅλων τὴν ἡγεμονίαν εἰλήφεισαν, δι᾽ ἑνὸς αὐτῇ τῶν ὑπηχόων τὴν παγίδα προσήνεγχε, πιθανωτέραν οὕτω «τὴν ἀπάτην χατασχευάζων. “Ὅτι δὲ καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν διὰ τοῦ ὄφεως ἐνεργήσαντα, ὄφιν ἡ θεία προσαγορεύει Γραφὴ, μάρτυς Ἡσαῖας ὁ προφήτης βοῶν, Τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἐπάξει ὁ Θεὸς τὴν μάχαιραν αὑτοῦ τὴν ἁγίαν, τὴν μεγάλην, καὶ τὴν ᾿Ἰσχυρὰν ἐπὶ τὸν δράκοντα, τὸν ὄφιν τὸν σχολιὸν τὸν ἰσχυρὸν, ἐπὶ τὸν δράχοντα, τὸν ὄφιν τὸν φεύγοντα, τὸν ἐν τῇ θαϊάσσῃ (σα. χχνιι, 1). Καὶ ὁ Κύριος δὲ τοῖς ἱεροῖς εἴρηχε μαθηταῖς " ᾿Ιδοὺ δέδωχα ὑμῖν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ λοιεν λογισμῶν, καὶ μὴ δίχην ἀλόγων τῇ γαστρὶ προσ- ἀνέχειν. Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν οὕπω διὰ ταύτην οἱ περὶ τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ βεδρώχεισαν τὴν αἰτίαν, ἅτε τοῦ ἐπείγον- τος αὑτοὺς πρὸς τὴν βρῶσιν οὐχ ἐπιστάντος καιροῦ, θεωρήσας ὁ διάθολος πάντα μὲν ἐσθίοντα τὰ ζῶα, μόνους δὲ ἐχείνους μεταλαμδάνοντας οὐδενός " οὐχ ἐπιστάμενος οἵαν πρὸς τὰ ἄλογα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις χαὶ χατὰ τοῦτο δέδωχεν ὁ θεὸς τὴν διαφορὰν, ᾧζήθη νόμῳ παντελῶς αὐτοὺς κεχωλύσθαι τῆς βρώσεως. Εἴρετο τοίνυν τὴν Εὔαν, τίς ἡ αἰτία, δι᾽ ἣν μόνους ὑμᾶς ἐχέλευσε μὴ ἐσθίειν; Υογβ. 8. Καὶ διηνοίχθησαν οἱ ὀφθαιῖμοὶ τῶν δύω, καὶ ἔγγωσαν ὅτι γυμνοὶ ἦσαν. Διοδώρου. Καὶ διηνοίχθησαν, φησὶν, οἱ ὀφθαΐῖ. πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων, καὶ σκορπίων καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν Β μοὶ τῶν δύω. Ἐντεῦθεν ἕνιοι τῶν αἱρετικῶν εὐερ- τὴ» δύναμιν τοῦ ἐχθροῦ. Τοῦ αὐτοῦ. Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ὄρις τῇ γυναικί" Τί ὅτι εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς, οὐ μὴ φάγητε ἀπὸ παντὸς ξύλου τοῦ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ ; Τίνος φησὶν ἕνεχεν ἐχελεύ- σθητε παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ μηδενὸς γεύσασθαι τῶν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ ξύλων; ὡς δήλον ἐντεῦθεν εἶναι, ὅτι οὐ μετέσχον βρώσεως ἑτέρας οἱ περὶ τὸν ᾿Αδάμ. Εἰ γὰρ βεδρωκότες ἦσαν, πάντως ἂν καὶ εἶδεν αὐτοὺς ἐσθίον- τας ὁ διάθολος. Ἐπθίοντας δὲ ἰδὼν, οὐχ ἂν εἶπε τίνος ἕνεχεν ἐκελεύσθητε μηδενὸς ἐσθίειν, ᾿Αλλ᾽ εὔδηλον μὲν, ὅτι οὕπω βεδρώχεισαν. Τί δὲ βούλεται ἡ τοῦ δια- δόλου ἐρώτησις, ἀναγκαῖον εἰπεῖν. Τὸ μὲν οὖν ὅτι νόμον εἰλήφεισάν τινα οἱ περὶ τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ,, ἠπίστατο ὡς εἰκὸς, ἐξ ὧν ἅπαντα εἶδε τὰ λογικά τε καὶ ἄλογα, εἴτε ὁρατὰ, εἴτε ἀόρατα ὑπὸ νόμον ὄντα τινὰ, καθὼς ὁ πεποιηχὼς ἐδουλήθη. Ἠγνόει μέντοι τὸν νόμον. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἰδὼς αὐτὸν τὸ ἐναντίον εἶπεν, ἵνα εὐθὺς ἑαυ- τὸν ἀπίθανον πρὸς τὴν ἀπάτην ἐργάσηται, ὡς καὶ τὸν νόμον ἀγνοῶν. Ἐχ δὲ τῶν φαινομένων τότε τεχμη- ράμενος, τὴν οἰχείαν ἐκπληροῦν μοχθηρίαν πειρᾶ- ται. Εὔδηλον γὰρ, ὅτι μὴ διὰ φωνῆς αἰσθητῆς δέδωχε τῷ ᾿Αδὰμ τὴν ἐντολὴν ὁ Θεὸς, ἀλλ᾽ ὥστε ἐντυπῶσαι μὲν αὐτῷ χατὰ τὴν οἰκείαν ἐνέργειαν τὴν τε γνῶσιν τοῦ νόμου καὶ τὴν ἀχοήν. Δεξάμενον δὲ ἐχεῖνον τὴν ἐντολὴν διαχεῖσθαι ὡσανεὶ ἀχοῇ τὸ πρόσταγμα δεδε- Ὑμένον. “Ὅπερ χαὶ ἐπὶ τῶν προφητῶν ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίει. Ἐντεῦθεν οὐδὲ τῷ διαδόλῳ τὸ δοθὲν νόμιμον δῆλον ὑπῆρχεν " ὡς εἴγε χατὰ νόμον ἀνθρώπων ἐνάρθρῳ τῇ φωνῇ διαλεχθεὶς ὁ Θεὸς αὐτῷ δεδώχει τὴν ἐντολὴν, ἤχουσεν ἂν ταύτης χἀχεῖνος, ἅτε τὰς ἀνθρωπίνας εἰδέναι φωνὰς οἵός τε ὥν. Νῦν δὲ ὡς μὲν ὑπό τινα νόμον πάντως ἐστὶν, ἐχ πάντων ἑτεχμήρατο τῶν γε- γονότων ὑπὸ νόμους. Τὸν δὲ νόμον αὐτὸν ὃς τίς ποτέ ἔστιν οὐχ εἰδὼς, ἐξ οὗπερ αὐτοὺς μετατρέψαι ἐδού- λετο, στοχασμοῖς τισι τοῖς δοθεῖσι νόμοις ἐπιχειρεῖν πειρᾶται. Πάντα μὲν γὰρ τὰ ἄλογα ζῶα νεμόμενα χατὰ γῆν ἑώρα" ἐπειδὴ φύσις αὐτοῖς ἐφιεμένοις, εὐ- θὺς πρὸς τροφὴν ἐπείγεσθαι" οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ βεδρώκεισαν οὐδέπω. Οὕτω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τάξαν- «ὃς τοῦ θεοῦ, ὥστε μὴ παραπλησίως ἀεὶ τοῖς ἀλόγοις «ιρὸς βρῶσιν ὁρμᾷν. Καιρὸν δέ τινα ὡρισμένον εἰδέ- (1) Ἴσ. οὗσι. γέτην εἶναί φασι τὸν ὄφιν, εἰσηγησάμενον τοῦ ξύλου φαγεῖν ὃ χαὶ διήνοιξεν αὐτῶν τὰς ὄψεις τῆς δ'α- νοίας, χαὶ γνῶσιν ἐνέθηχε καλοῦ καὶ πονηροῦ. Οὐ γὰρ ὀχνοῦσι διαθάλλειν μὲν τὸν Θεὸν, ἐπαινεῖν δὲ τὸν διάδολον, φάσχοντες, ὅτον ἐφθόνησεν αὑτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς, τοσοῦτον μετέδωχεν αὐτοῖς ὁ ὅφις " ἀγνοοῦντες, ὅτι τὸ διανοιχθῆναι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς, οὐ πάντως ἐπὶ χαλῷ γέγονε. Τί γὰρ παρέσχεν αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν ὀφθαλ- μῶν διάνοιξις ; ἣ γνῶναι ὅτι γυμνοὶ ἐτύγχανον, χαὶ αἰσχύνεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι. Πῶς γὰρ ἡσθάνοντο τῆς γυμνότητος, μὴ τῆς παραχοῆς αὐτοῖς τὴν φύτιν εἰς θνητότητα μεταδαλούσης, χαθάπερ ὁ Θεὸς ἡ πεί- λησεν; οἷα γὰρ τὰ τῆς φύσεως, τοιαῦτα καὶ τὰ τῆς προαιρέσεως. Οὐ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῖς ἰχθύσι βούλημα, χαὶ τοῖς χερσαίοις, οὐδ᾽ ἅπερ τοῖς σαρχοδόροις δοχεῖ, ταῦτα χαὶ τοῖς χλοηφάγοις τῶν ζώων. Καὶ μὴν σάρ- χες πάντα, χαὶ πολλὰ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς χα- τασχευῆς διάφορον παρέσχεν αὐτοῖς χαὶ τοῦ φρονεῖν τὴν διαφοράν. Οὕτως ἐπιθυμία μὲν γάμου τοῖς ἀν- θρώποις καὶ βρώσεως, θάλψεως καὶ ψύξεως, ἀμ- φιάσεώς τε καὶ γυμνώσεως “ οὐδενὸς δὲ τούτων χρεία τοῖς ἀγγέλοις. Εἰ τοίνυν πρὸς τὴν τῆς φύσεως ἕναν» λαγὴν παρήλλαχται καὶ τὰ τοῦ φρονήματος, οὐδὲν ἀπειχὸς τοὺς περὶ τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ πρὸ τῆς παραχοῆς ἀναισθήτως ἔχειν τῆς γυμνότητος " ἐπειδὴ μὴ χρεία τοῖς ἀθανάτοις περιδολῆς, κἂν σώματι ἣ (4) οὐδὲ γὰρ τοὺς ἀνισταμένους τῶν ἱματίων εἰσέρχεται πό- θος ἣ γάμου, ἢ τινος τῶν ἐν τῷ θνητῷ σώματι "μετὰ Ὁ δέ γε τὴν παραχοὴν εἰς ἔννοιαν ἐλθεῖν τῆς γυμνότη- τος, χαὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ αἰσχυνθῆναι, τῶν λογισμῶν αὖ- τοῖς, ὡς ἔφην, συμμεταδληθέντων τῇ φύσει, καὶ πρὸς τὴν θνητότητα χατενεχθέντων, Τοῦτο προειδὼν ὁ διάδολος " ἀσώματος γὰρ ὧν τὴν φύσιν, λεπτοτέραν ἔχει καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ πολλῷ τῶν θνητῶν ἀν- θρώπων ὀξυτέραν" ὅπερ τοῖς περὶ τὸν ᾿Αδὰμ συν- Θήσεται παραχούσασι, λέγω δὴ τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτοῖς θνητὸν τὸ φρόνημα τῇ πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον ἀπὸ τῆς πα- ραχοῆς τροπῇ, τῇ ἀπάτῃ περιτίθησιν ἀπαγγελίας ἀξίωμα, λέγων, ἧ δ᾽ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ φάγησθε ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ, διανοιχθήσονται ὑμῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ, χε. γετῖθ. 42. Καὶ ἐποίησα Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς τῷ ᾿Αϑὰμ 4509 ἘΒΑΟΘΜΕΝΤᾺ ΙΝ ΟΕΝΕΒΙΝ, 1571ἢ καὶ τῇ γυναικὶ αὑτοῦ χιτῶνας δερματίνους, καὶ Α τιμᾶσθαι" τοὺς δὲ, διὰ τὸ τῆς αγχιότειας ἀναγ- ἐγέδυσεν αὑτούς. Διοδώρου. Ἔνιοι τὴν σάρχα φασὶν εἶναι τοὺς χι- εὥνας τοὺς δερματίνους, καχῶς νοοῦντες. Πρὸ γὰρ τούτου φησὶν ὁ Μωῦσῆς " Καὶ ἔπιασεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν - ἄγθρωπον χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς" νυνὶ δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὴν γύμνωσιν συνιέντες, καὶ αἰδεσθέντες ἐπ᾽ αὑτῇ φύλλα συχῆς ἔῤῥαψαν, δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς χιτῶνας ἐχ τῶν ἀῤῥήτων αὐτοῦ θησαυρῶν κατασχευάσας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ δεῖ ζητεῖν ὅθεν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι ἐποίησε, δείξας ὅτι χρήζει τὸ θνητὸν τῆς φύσεως τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἱματίων βοηθείας. Ολν. Υ͂, νογβ. 4. Ἐγένοντο δὲ αἱ ἡμέραι Ἀδὰμ, εἴς., ὕβῆυ6 δά νογβ. 20 : Καὶ ἐγένοντο πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι Ἰάρεδ δύω καὶ ἑξήκοντα ἔτη καὶ ἐγγαχό- σια" καὶ ἀπέθανϑ. Διοδώρου. ἙἘὶ ὁ ᾿Αδὰμ ἐχ γῆς, καὶ ἡ Εὔα ἐκ τῆς τούτου πλευρᾶς, χαὶ οἱ υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ἐξ ἑχατέρων, πόθεν οἱ ἑξῆς ἄνθρωποι; Ἢ δῆλον, ὅτι τῶν υἱῶν χαὶ τῶν θυγατέρων συνέλθόντων. Εἰ δέ τις ζητοῖ, πῶς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ ἀπαγορεύει γάμους ἀδελφῶν χαὶ θείων, χαὶ ὅλως τῶν ἐγγυτέρων, ἴστω ὅτι τοῦ ἐχ γῆς γενέσθαι τοὺς μέλλοντας γάμῳ ζεύγνυσθαι τοῦ ἐξ ἑνὸς εἶναι πολὺ χρεῖττον, χἂν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς χαὶ τὰς ἀδελφὰς ἀντὶ γυναιχῶν καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀλλήλοις συνέρχεσθαι βαρύτερον εἶναι νομίζηται. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς ὄντες, εἶτα εἰς μαχροτέρας γενεὰς ταῖς δια- δοχαῖς ἐχταθέντες, ἀλλοτρίους ἀλλήλων ἑαυτοὺς λογι- ζόμενοι, οἱ (1) μὲν ἐξ ἄλλων ἐτύγχανον, ἐχ δὲ γῆς ς ἅπαντες, πότῳ μᾶλλον ἑαυτῶν ἠλλοτριώθημεν ; ὥστε εἰ καὶ βαρὺ τὸ τῆς ἀδελφογαμίας, ἀλλὰ χαὶ τὸ πολὺ βάρος ἀνεῖλε τὸ ἀλλοτρίους νομίζειν ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Εἰ δὲ λέγοι τις, πῶς οὖν αἰτιώμεθα πα- τέρας, χαὶ ὅσους γυναῖχας ἔχουσι τὰς μητέρας, χαὶ ἀδελφὰς, ἴστω" ὡς τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν τὴν ἀδελφομιξίαν συγχωρήσαντος, δι᾽ ἣν εἰρήχαμεν αἱ- τίαν" μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα βουληθέντος, τῶν ἀνθρώπων δὴ πολλῶν γεγονότων, μὴ μόνον ἀπὸ τῆς συγγε- νείας τῆς ἐγγυτέρας, καὶ ὅσοι γυναῖχας ἔχουσι, λέγω τὴν ὁμόνοιαν εἶναι, ἀλλὰ χαὶ ἀπὸ ἀγχιστείας " καὶ πατέρας μὲν καὶ μητέρας, θείους τε χαὶ ἀδολφοὺς, υἱούς τε καὶ νἱῶν υἱοὺς, χαὶ ἀνεψιοὺς τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐγγύτητος διάθεσιν ἔχειν τοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ πόῤῥω γε- γενῆσθαι ταῖς διαδοχαῖς, χαὶ εἰς μαχροτέρας ἐχτα- θῆναι διαδοχὰς, ἀλλοτρίους ὑπειλημμένους, αὖθις διὰ πῶν γάμων εἰς ὁμόνοιαν σφίγγεσθαι, καὶ συγγενείας συγγενείαις συνάπτεσθαι. Ταῦτα τοῦ Θεοῦ οἰχονομή- σαντος, ἄτοπον τὸ ἀδελφοὺς ἀδελφαῖς ὁμιλεῖν, χαὶ «ἃς τοιαύτας γίνεσθαι συναφείας. ᾿Αρχούσης γὰρ «ἣς διαθέσεως ἀπὸ τῆς συγγενείας, περιττὸν πρηὴσ- κιθέναι χαὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ γάμου, καὶ μὴ τὴν ἑτέρωθεν ὁμόνοιαν σφίγγεσθαι ταῖς ἐπιγαμίαις " μήτε ἔχειν τὴν αὐτὴν ἀδελφὴν χαὶ γαμετήν. ᾿Αρχεῖ γὰρ εἰς διά- θεσιν ἀδελφή. Καὶ γυνὴ μὴ στενέ... ὑπὸ τὸ πλάτος «ἧς διαθέσεως. Τοῖς αὐτοῖς οὖν εἰς πάντα χρώμε- γος (8), τοὺς μὲν, διὰ τὴν ἐγγύτητα τῆς διαδοχῆς (1) Ἴσ΄. εἰ οἱ μέν. χαῖον. ; ΟκΡ. Υ͂Ἱ, νεγβ. 4. Οἱ δὲ γίγαντες ἦσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις. Καὶ μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνο, ὡς ἂν εἰσεπορεύοντο οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ πρὸς τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ ἐγεγνγῶσαν αὐτοῖς " ἐχεῖγοι ἧσαν οἱ γίγαντες οἱ ἀπ᾽ αἰῶνος, οἱ ἄνθρω- ποι οἱ ὀνομαστοί. Διοδώρου. Οὐ μάτην προστίθησιν ὁ Μωσῆς τὸ, Οἱ δὲ γίγαντες τότε ἦσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. ᾿Αλλ' ἔπει- δὴ ὀργισθεὶς ὁ Θεὸς τότε, εἴρηχεν ὅτι, οὐ μὴ κα- ταμείνῃ τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐν τοῖς ἀγθρώποις τού- τοις, τουτέστι τὸ ζωτιχὸν πνεῦμα, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐ- τοὺς οὐχ ἁμαρτωλοὺς, ἀλλ᾽ ἁμαρτίαν" τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὑτοὺς σάρχας " καὶ ὅτι ἔσται τὰ Β ἔτη αὐτῶν ἑκατὸν εἴχοσι, Ἦν δὲ τιμωρία τοὺς ἐννα- χόσια χαὶ πεντήχοντα ἔτη βιοῦντας εἰς ἑχατὸν εἴ- χοσι περιγραφῆναι. Δειχνὺς, ὅτε τιμωρία ἦν τὰ ἑχατὸν εἴχοσι ἔτη χαταλειπόμενα τῆς ζωῆς, τοῖς, ὡς ἔφην, ἐνναχόσια χαὶ πεντήχοντα ἔτη ζῶσιν, ἐπήγα- γεν" οἱ δὲ γίγαντες τότε ἦσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τουτ- ἐστιν οἱ πολλὰ ἔτη βιοῦντες. Φησὶ γοῦν, ἐκεῖνοι ἦσαν οἱ γίγαντες οἱ ἀπ᾽ αἰῶνος ἄνθρωποι οἱ ὀγο- μαστοί" δηλαδὴ οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ οἱ πρὸς τὰς θυγατέ- ρας τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἰσπορευόμενοι " ἔχτε αὐτῶν γεν- γῶντες υἱοὺς, οὐχ ἔτι τῷ Θεῷ - ὥστε αὐτοὺς ἐξ αὐ- τοῦ ὀνομάζεσθαι, ἢ ἐχείνου υἱοὺς λέγεσθαι - ἀλλ᾽ ἑαυτοῖς ἐγέννων ἄνθρωποι ἀνθρώπους θνητὰ χαὶ ἐπίχηρα φρονοῦντας. γεγ5. 6. Καὶ ἐνεθυμήθη ὁ Θεὸς, ὅτι ἐποίησε τὸν ἄγθρωπον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ διενοήθη. ΣΤ Διοδώρου. Καὶ ἐνεθυμήθη, φησὶν, ὅτι ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἣ κατὰ ᾿Αχύ- λαν, καὶ μετεμε.ήθη ὁ Θεὸς, ὅτι ἐποίησε τὸν ἄγ- θρωπον ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. καὶ διεπογήθη πρὸς καρδίαν αὐτοῦ. Μεταμέλεια ἀνθρώπων μὲν, πάθος " Θεοῦ δὲ, ἔργον. Ἑπεὶ χαὶ θυμὸς μὲν ἀνθρώπων, ταραχὴ ψυ- χῆς " Θεοῦ δὲ, παιδεία χατὰ τῶν ἑπταιχότων. Οὕτω καὶ μεταμέλεια ἐφ᾽ ἡμῶν μὲν, μετάγνωσις, οἷα θνη- τῶν εἰς χατάγνωσιν ἑαυτῶν, ἐφ᾽ οἷς χαχῶς ἣ ἐνεθυ- μήθημεν, ἣ ἐπράξαμεν" ἐπὶ δὲ Θιοῦ, μετάθεσις οἷ- χονομίας εἰς ἕτερον τρόπον. Ὃ γὰρ ἡμεῖς πάσχοντες πρῶτον εἰς ἔργον ἐρχόμεθα, τοῦτο ἐπὶ Θεοῦ μόνον τὸ ἔργον λέγεται. Οἷον θυμωϑέντες ἡμεῖς, χολάζομεν " Ὁ θεοῦ δὲ τὸ παιδεύειν, θυμὸς ὠνόμασται. Μεταμελη θέντες ἡμεῖς, χαὶ ἀποστάντες ἐχείνων, ἐφ᾽ οἷς μετα- νοοῦμεν, ἐρχόμεθα ἐφ᾽ ἑχάτερον, ὃ χρεῖττον εἶναι νο- μίξομεν. Οὕτω θεοῦ τὸ ἀπὸ οἰχονομίας εἰς οἷχονο- μίαν συμφερόντως μεταθαίνειν, μεταμέλεια χέχλη- ται. Ἐπειδὴ χαὶ χεὶρ ἐφ᾽ ἡμῶν μὲν, τὸ μέλος - ἐπὶ Θεοῦ δὲ, ἡ πρᾶξις λέγεται. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀόρατος ὁ Δεσπότης, ἡ δὲ διάνοια ἡμῶν σώματι συγχραθεῖσα, ἐξ ὧν οἶδεν ἀχούειν χωρεῖ τὰς ἐνεργείας τοῦ "Θεοῦ " ταῖς τῶν ἡμετέρων μελῶν προσηγορίαις ὀνομάζει, συνιέναι ἡμᾶς θέλουσα ὃ περὶ Θεοῦ βούλεται λέγειν, Χειρὶ χτίζομεν ἡμεῖς. Τὸ τοίνυν δημιουργιχὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ χεῖρα χαλεῖ. Αὐτίχα χαὶ οἱ μάγοι τὴν σχνίπα (2) Ἴσ. χρωμένους. 1571 ἐχ τῆς γῆς ἐξαγαγεῖν οὐ δυνηθέντες, χαθάπερ Μωῦ- σῆς, φησὶ, δάκτυιιος Θεοῦ ἔστι τοῦτο, εἶπον (Ἐξόδ, νι, 19). Τίς δ᾽ ἂν εἴποι τὸ Μωῦσέως ἔργον, δάχτυλον εἶναι τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ φύσεως ; καὶ δύναμις αὑτοῦ, ἧ κατωνόμασται, οὐχ ἡ ἐν ἕξει αὑτοῦ " πῶς γὰρ οἷόν τε; ἀλλ᾽ ἡ τὸ δυνατὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν τῇ ἕαυ- τῆς ἀτελείχ δειχνύουσα. Καὶ πόδες, ἡ παρουσία, ἐπειδὴ ποσὶ παραγινόμεθα οὗ ἐὰν δοχῇ " χαὶ στόμα, τὸ πρόσταγμα, διὰ τὸ τῷ στόματι φθέγγεσθαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. Οὕτω χκαὶ ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἡ παιδεία αὐτοῦ, ἡ χατὰ πῶν ἐπταικότων λέγεται τῷ Μωῦσῇ, τοῦ λαοῦ μοσχοποιήσαντος " χαὶ γῦν ξασόν με, καὶ θυμωθεὶς ἀργὴ ἀποιϊέσω αὐτούς (᾿Εξόδ. χχχιι, 10). Θυμὸς δὲ Θεοῦ χαὶ βασιλέως οὐχ ἀναμένει τὴν παρὰ ἀνθρώ- πον συγχώρησιν, ἵνα γένηται θυμός " ἀλλ᾽ ἀφ᾽ οὗπερ ἂν γένηται τὸ ἄτοπον, χινεῖται. Λέγει δὲ χαὶ πρὸς τὸν ᾿Ααρών (Ἦριθ. χνι, 40, 48)" Λάδε τὸ θυμιατή- ριον, καὶ δράμε ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τεθγηχότων, καὶ τῶν ἔτι ζώντων. Ἐξη,1θε γὰρ ἡ ὀργὴ Κυρίου, καὶ ἥρχται θραύειν τὸν λωόν " τὴν πτῶσιν αὐτὴν, καὶ τὴν χόλασιν ὀργὴν χαλῶν. Ὁμοίως ἄρα χαὶ ὅταν μεταδολή τίς τῶν οἰχονομιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ γένηται, μεταμέλειαν αὐτὴν ὀνομάζει ἡ θεία Γραφή. Ταύτην τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν μεταμέλειαν εἰδὼς, οὐ πάθος αὐτοῦ ὁ Προφήτης, ἀλλ᾽ οἰχονομιῶν ἐναλλαγήν " δειχνυμένων αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγίον Πνεύματος πληγῶν τῶν κατὰ «οὔ Ἰσραὴλ, νῦν μὲν ἐρυσίδης, νῦν δὲ χάμπης, καὶ βρούχου χαὶ χάμπης, καὶ τῶν τοιούτων χαθ᾽ ἔχα- στον τούτων ἑθόα, Μεταγόησον, Κύριε ('Αμ. νιι, ὅ, 6), ἐπὶ τούτῳ οὐχ ἐλέγχων τὸν Θεὸν, ὡς χκαχῶς ποιοῦντα, χαὶ πχραχαλῶν αὐτὸν πρὸς μετάνοιαν παραχληθῆναι, τῆς παιδείας δὲ μεταδολὴν εἰς τὸ χρεῖττον γενέσθαι παραχαλῶν. λρ. ὙΠ, νεγβ. 20. Καὶ ᾧχοδόμησε Νῶς θυ- σιαστήριον τῷ Θεῷ " καὶ ἔλαδεν ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν τῶν χαθαρῶν, χαὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν πδ- τειγῶν τῶν χαθαρῶν, καὶ ἀγήνεγχεν αὐτῷ ὁ.1ο- καρπώσεις ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον. Διοδώρου. Συνεχώρησεν ὁ Θεὸς προσάγειν θυσίας χαὶ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Αόελ πρότερον, χσὶ τοῖς περὶ τὸν Νῶς, μετὰ τὸν καταχλυσμόν " χαὶ τοῦ ᾿Αδραὰμ χαὶ Ἰσάὰχ καὶ Ἰαχὼδ ὕστερον χαὶ πρώτν ἐδέξατο τὰς θυσίας, προειδὼς ἥξειν καιρὸν, χαθ᾽ ὃν χρεία χαὶ αὐτῷ θύειν γενήσεται, ἀφιστῶν τοὺς Ἰσραηλίτας τοῦ προσάγειν τοῖς εἰδώλοις θυσίας. Ὡς ἂν εἰδότες Ἰουδαῖοι, ὅτι τὸ θύειν Θεῷ ἐχ πατέρων ἐστὶν, ἑτοι- μότερον τὸ πρᾶγμα δέξονται, λέγω δὴ τὸ τῷ Θεῷ θύειν. Ολρ. ΙΧ, νβρϑ. 5. Καὶ πᾶν ἑρπετὸν, ὅ ἐστι ζῶν, ὑμῖν ἔσται εἰς βρῶσιν" ὡς άχαγα χόρτου δέ- δωχα ὑμῖν τὰ πάντα. Διοδώρου. Ὅτι χρησίμως ἡμᾶς τὸ κρεωφαγεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν, ἡ ἔχθασις ἔδειξε. Προσχυνεῖται γὰρ χαὶ μετὰ τὴν Χριστοῦ χάριν πολλὰ τῶν ἀλόγων. Οὐχοῦν πάντα ἂν προσεχυνήθη, μὴ προλαδούσης τῆς χρεω- φαγίας. (1) Νοητέον, ἕτει ὈΙΟΠΟΌΙ ΤΑΠΒΕΝΘΙ5 1513 Α Υ̓εγβ. 206. Καὶ εἶπεν, Εὐλογητὸς Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ Σήμ" καὶ ἔσται Χαναὰν παῖς αὐτοῦ. Διοδώρου. Διὰ τί δὲ μόνον ἐπὶ τοῦ Σὴμ τὸ, εὐ.10- γητὸς Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ Σὴμ, οὐχὶ δὲ χαὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἰάφεθ; χαὶ μὴν χοινῇ τῶν δύω ἡ εἰς τὸν πατέρα τι- μή. ᾿Αλλὰ τὸ ἐχ τοῦ Σὴμ σπέρμα πιστὸν ἔδει ἐσό- μένον τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, τὸν ᾿Αδραὰμ. χαὶ τοὺς ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν τὸ κατὰ σάρχα. Δῆλον οὖν, ὅτι προῤῥήσεις ἦσαν τοῦ Νῶε τὰ λεγόμενα ἐν σχήματι εὐλογίας, καὶ χατάρας. Καὶ γὰρ Πέρσαις, χαὶ Ῥωμαίοις ἐδούλευσε χαὶ δουλεύει τὸ σπέρμα Χαναὰν, αὐτῷ δὲ οὐδείς. Υεγβ. 21. Πιλατύναι ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Ἰάφεθ, καὶ χατ- οιἰκησάτω ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις τοῦ Σήμ᾽ καὶ γενηθήτω Χαγαὰν παῖς αὑτοῦ. Β Διοδώρου. Πλατύναι ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Ἰάφεθ, καὶ κατ- οἰκησάτω ἐν τοῖς σχηγώμασι Σὴμ" καὶ γενη. θήτω Χαναὰν παῖς αὐτὸῦ" ἢ κατὰ τὸν ᾿Αχύλαν, δοῦϊιος δούλων ἔστω Χαναὰν παῖς τοῦ Σὴμ, ἢ τοῦ Ἰάφεθ, διὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν. Καὶ Χὰμ. οὐ δέχεται τὴν κατάραν, διὰ τὸ ηὐλογεῖσθαι τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ. Τί δήποτε, χαὶ κατοικησάτω ὁ Ἰάφεθ ἐν τοῖς σκηγώμασι τοῦ Σὴμ εἴρηται; ὁρᾷς, ὅτι πάντα προφητεία ἦν διὰ προφάσεώς τινος, ἣ ἄνευ προφά- σεως φανερουμένη; χαὶ γὰρ μετὰ ταῦτα Μαδαῖ, τουτέστιν ὁ Μῆδος, τοῦ Ἰάφεθ ὧν νἱὸς, τὸ χάλλιστον τῶν τοῦ Σὴμ οἰχήσεων κατέσχε, τὴν Μηδίαν, μέρος οὐχ ἐλάχιστον τῆς τῶν Περσῶν γῆς. Ομρ. ΧΙ, νεῦβ. 17. Καὶ ἔζησεν Ἕδερ, μετὰ τὸ γεγγῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Φαλὲκ, ἐἑδδομήκοντα χαὶ διαχόσια ἔτη, καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱοὺς καὶ θυγα- τέρας " καὶ ἀπέθανε. Καὶ ἔζησε Φα.1ὲχ τριάχοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν ἔτη, καὶ ἐγέννησε τὸν "Ραγαῦ. Διοδώρου. “δερ μετὰ τὸ γεννῆσαι αὐτὸν τὸν Φαλὲχ ἔζησεν ἔτη σο΄. Ὁ δὲ Φαλὲχ ρλδ' (1). Τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ζωῆς ἔτεχε τὸν Ῥαγαῦ. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ Φαλὲχ γέγονεν ἡ πυργοποιῖα. Δῆλον, ὅτι χαὶ ὁ ἝἜθερ τόςς περιῆν, καὶ μετὰ πλείονα ἔτη τῆς πυργοποιῖας ἀν- ἐχώρησε τοῦ βίου. Οὐχοῦν ἡ Ἑδραία φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἔδερ ὠνόμασται. Οὗ ἡ γλῶσσα διεφυλάχθη, πάντων τῶν ἄλλων εἰς διαφόρους μερισθέντων φωνὰς, ἐιὰ τὸ μὴ συμφωνῆσαι τοῖς ἄλλοις ἴσως εἰς τὸ τῆς πυρ- γοποιῖας τόλμημα. Υοτβ. ὅΣ. Καὶ ἐγένοντο πᾶσαι αἱ ἡμέραι Θάῤῥα ἢ ἐγ Χαῤῥὰν πέντε καὶ διαχόσια ἔτη" καὶ ἀπέθανε Θάῤῥα ἐν Χαῤῥάν. Διοδώρου. Εἰ ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ “Αραμ ὁρμῶν τὴν Παλαιστίνην, ἀπέθανεν ἐν Χαῤῥὰν, πῶς ὁ θεὸς φαίνεται τῷ “Αὔραμ λέγων" Ἔξει1θε ἐκ τῆς γῆς σου, καὶ ἐκ τῆς συγγενείας σου, καὶ “τορεύου εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἣν ἄν σοι δείξω, ὡς ἀγνοοῦντι ὅποι χρὴ ἀπελθεῖν αὐτόν ; ᾿Αλλὰ τὴν ἀμφιβολίαν ὁ μαχάριος λύει Στέφανος λέγων (Πραξ. νιι, 9)" Ὁ Θεὸς ὥσθη τῷ πατρὶ ἡμῶν ᾿Αδραὰμ, πρὶν ἣ κατοιχῆσαι αὖ- τὸν ἐν Χαῤῥάν. Ἔξ οὗ δῆλον, ὅτι Θάῤῥα διὰ τὴν γεγενημένην ἐν Βαθυλῶνι τῷ “Λδραμ ὀπτασίαν ὁρμᾷ μετὰ τοῦ γένους χατοιχῆσαι τὴν Παλαιστίνην " ἀλλ᾽ εἰς ἜΡΜΟ πΡ. ΟΥΚΗΕ Ὁ ΡΉΡΕ γον 4516 ΕΠΑΟΜΕΝΤΑ ΙΝ ΟΕΝΕΘΒΙ͂Ν. 4014 ἐπειδὴ θέλημα Θεοῦ ἦν, μόνον τὸν ᾿Αδραὰμ, καὶ τοὺς Α ταῦτα ὁδηγηθέντας εἰς τὴν γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, χοαὶ ἐξ αὐτοῦ γεννωμένους χληρονομῆσαι τὴν γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, χατῴχησεν ἐν Χαῤῥὰν ὁ Θάῤῥα" χαὶ μετὰ τὴν τούτου τελευτὴν οἱ λοιποὶ πάντες. Ὁ δὲ ᾿λθραὰμ ἔτι τοῦ πατρὸς, οἶμαι, ζῶντος, δευτέρας χαταξιοῦται χλήσεως, τῆς εἰς τὴν γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγε- λίας. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ, ἔξε.1θε ἐκ τῆς γῆς σου, καὶ ἐχ τῆς συγγενείας σου, οὕτω χαὶ τὸ, ἐχ τοῦ οἴχου τοῦ πατρός σου εἴρηχεν, ἵνα ὁ πατὴρ τῆς Ἐχχλη- σἷας ᾿Αδραὰμ γχἀχεῖνο πληρώσῃ, τὸ, ὁ φιλῶν πα- τέρα, ἣ μητέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ, οὐκ ἔστι μου ἄξιος (Ματθ. χ, 5. Εἰ δέ τις λέγει μετὰ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ πατρὸς ἐχ τῆς Χαῤῥὰν ἐξεληλυθέναι τὸν ᾿Αδραὰμ, ἄλυτον εὑρήσει τὸ ζητούμενον ἐν τῷ περὶ τῶν ἑτῶν τοῦ ᾿Αδραὰμ, ὥσπερ ἤδη ἐπεσημηνάμεθα. "Ὅτι δὲ μόνον αὑτὸν ὁ Θεὸς ἐδούλετο χληρονόμον τῆς γῆς γε- Β νέσθαι, διδάσχει σαφῶς τὰ χατὰ τὸν χωρισμὸν τοῦ Δώτ. ΟΡ. ΧΠῚ, νοῦβ. 12. Παραγεγόμεγος δέ τις τῶν ἀνασωθέντων, ἀπήγγειλεν “Αὔραμ τῷ περάτῃ " αὑτὸς δὲ κατῴκει πρὸς τῇ Μαμόρῇ ᾿Αμοῤῥαίου τοῦ ἀδε,ροῦ Ἐσχὼλϊ, καὶ τοῦ ἀδειλροῦ Αὐνᾶν" οἵ ἦσαν συνωμόται τοῦ “Αὔραμ. Διοδώρου. Τὰ ἐπέχεινα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου διηγησάμε- νος ὁ Μωῦσῆς, τουτέστι τὸν πόλεμον, ὃν ἐπολέμησαν Πέρσαι πρὸς τοὺς βασιλεῖς τῶν Σοδομιτῶν καὶ Γο- μόῤῥων, τότε περάτην καλεῖ τὸν ᾿Αδραὰμ, ὡσανεὶ πέραν οἰχοῦντα τοῦ Ἰορδάνου. Ἐπάγει γάρ᾽ αὐτὸς δὲ χατῴχει πρὸς τῇ Δρυὶ τῇ Μαμόδρῇ, δειχνὺς διά τι περάτης ὠνομάσθη νῦν. ' Ομν. ΧΥ͂Γ, νογβ. 14. Καὶ ἄρσην, ὃς οὐ περιτμη- θήσεται τὴν σάρχα τῆς ἀχροδυστίας αὐτοῦ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ ἐξολοθρευθήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐκεί- γη ἐκχ τοῦ γένους αὑτῆς " ὅτι τὴν διαθήχην μου διεσχέδασε. Διοδώρου. Καὶ ἀπερίτμητος, φησὶν, ἄρσην, ὃς οὐ περιτμηθήσεται τὴν σάρχα τῆς ἀχροδυστίας αὐτοῦ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδότ,, ἐξολοθρευθήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ ἐχείνη ἐχ τοῦ γένους αὐτῆς "ὅτι τὴν διαθήχην μου διεσχέδα- σαν. Οὐχ ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἔργον τῆς περιτομῆς ἀναγχαῖον, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι ἡ διαθήχη ἀθετεῖται τοῦ σημείου, δι᾽ οὗ ἐγνωρίζετο, μὴ πληρουμένου. Τί οὖν ὁ μὴ περιτμη- θεὶς ἐξολοθρευθήσεται; χαὶ πῶς τὸ βρέφος ; τῶν γὰρ πατέρων ἐστὶ τὸ περιτεμεῖν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ. ᾿Αλλ᾽ ὁ Σύρος οὕτως ἔχει " πᾶς ὃς οὐ περιτέμνει ἐξολοθρευ- θήσεται χαὶ ὁ Ἑδραΐος, πᾶς ὁ μὴ περιτέμνων. Εἰ δὲ αὕτη Θεοῦ ἀπόφασις, χαὶ πῶς οὐχ ἔδεισαν οἱ ἐξ- ελθόντε; ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐν μ’ ἔτεσι μὴ περιτέμνοντες «τοὺς ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τεχθέντας ; ἣ πῶς ξύλα μέν τὶς συλλέξα; ἐν Σαδδάτῳ, λιθάζεται " χαὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ γογ- γύσας πίπτει καὶ χατὰ μέρος ἀφανίζεται, οὐχ ἐμέμ- φθη δὴ ὁ ([) περιτμηθείς ; Ἧ δῆλον, ὅτι ἀπὸ περιτο- μῆς ἐδούλετο γνωρίζεσθαι τοὺς οἰχείους, τοὺς ἐν μέ- σῳ ἀκχροδύστων τότε τυγχάνοντας. Μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἐν ἐρήμῳ γενομένους, χαὶ τοῦ σημείου οὐ χρείαν ἔχον- τας ( πάντες γὰρ ἐτύγχανον οἰχεῖοι τοῦ Θεοῦ ), οὐκ ἀπήτησε τὸ σημεῖον τῆς διαθήχης. Αὐτίχα δὲ μετὰ (1) Ὁ μὴ περιτμηθεὶς τῇ ἐννοίας χατάλληλον, λοιπὸν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐπιμιγνυμένους, πάλιν ἀπαιτεῖ τὴν περιτομήν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν πίστιν στάσεως οὐχ ἐγνωρίζοντο, χαθάπεο ἄλογα ἀπὸ χαυ- τῖρος αὐτοὺς ἐχ τῆς περιτομῆς ἐδούλετο γινώσχε- σθαι. Ἵνα ἡ περιαίρεσις τῆς σαρχὸς δειχνύῃ τὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐξαίρετον, “Ὁ τῆς προαιρέσεως ἣν μεγίστη χατηγορία. : ὧμρ. ΧΥῚΙ͂, νεγβ. 9. Ἰδοῦσα δὲ Σάῤῥα τὸν υἱὸν ΚΑγαρ τῆς Αἰγυπτίας, ὃς ἐγένετο τῷ ᾿Αδραὰμ, παίζοντα μετὰ Ἰσαὰκ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτῆς. Διοδώρου. Τισὶν ἔδοξε, πονηρὸν ὄντα τὸν Ἰσμαὴλ, χρίσει Θεοῦ ἀποδεθλῆσθαι. Διὰ γοῦν τοῦτο μηδὲν εἰ- ληφέναι παρὰ τοῦ πατρός " χαὶ μάρτυς ὁ Παῦλος λέ- γῶν, Ἀ.1. ὥσπερ τότε ὁ κατὰ σάρχα ἐδίωχε τὸν κατὰ πνεῦμα (Γα.ῖ. νν, 39). Ὥστε καὶ ἡ Σάῤῥα οὐχ ἁπλῶς παίξοντα θεασαμένη τὸν Ἰσμαὴλ μετὰ τοῦ Ἰσαὰκ ἐχινήθη, εἰ καὶ ἁπλούστερον λέγει αὐτὸ ὁ Μωυῦσῇς. Οὕτω χαὶ ὁ ᾿Αθεννὴρ, καὶ Ἰωὰδ ἀντεπαρ- ετάξαντο. Ὁ μὲν, ὑπὲρ τοῦ υἱοῦ Σαούλ" ὁ δὲ, ὑπὲρ Δαδίδ. Παιξάτωσαν, φησὶ, τὰ παιδία ἔμπροσθεν ἡμῶν (11 Βασ. νι, 14), ἀντὶ τοῦ μαχεσάσθωσαν. Οὔ- τω, τὸ παῖξαι χαὶ ἐπὶ μάχης λαμδάνειν εἴωθεν ἣ Γραφή χαὶ ἐμπαῖξαι, τὸ βίᾳ συγχαθευδῆσαι. Υριβ. 14. ᾿ανέστη δὲ ᾿Αδραὰμ͵, τῷ πρωΐ, καὶ ἔλαδεν ἄρτους καὶ ἀσκὸν ὕδατος, καὶ ἔδωκεν Ἄγαρ, καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ἐπὶ τῶν ὥμων αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ παιδίον, καὶ ἀπέστειιεν' αὑτήν. Διοδώρου. Σὺ δὲ ἀχούων, ὅτι ἐπέθηχεν ἐπὶ τῶν ὥμων τῆς !ΓΑΛγαρ ὁ ᾿Αδραὰμ τὸν ἀσχὸν τοῦ ὕδατος, χαὶ τοὺς ἄρτους, χαὶ τὸ παιδίον, μὴ νόμιζε τὸ παιδίον ἐπιχεχαθηχέναι τοῖς ὥμοις τῆς μητρός " χαὶ γὰρ ἦν ἤδη πεντεχαιδεχαετής ᾿ ἀλλ᾽ ἄχουε τῆς ἀχολουθίας λε- γούσης. Ἀγέστη δὲ ᾿Αδραὰμ τῷ πρωῖ, καὶ ἔλαθεν ἄρτους, καὶ ἀσκὸν ὕδατος, καὶ ἔδωχεν Ἄγαρ, καὶ ἐπέθηχεον ἐπὶ τῶν ὥμων αὐτῆς " καὶ τὸ παιδίον, οὖν ἐπέθηχεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔδωχεν. Ἐχείνῳ γὰρ συνάπτεται τὸ, ἔδωχε χαὶ τὸ παιδίον, οὐχὶ τῷ, ἐπέθηχεν ἐπὶ τῶν ὥμων αὐτῆς. Τάχα δὲ ὅπερ καὶ ἀληθέστερόν ἐστιν, οἱ χατ᾽ ἐχεῖνον τὸν χρόνον πεντεχαιδεχαετεῖς, βρέφη ἐτύγχανον, οἷς τεσσαραχονταετὴς καὶ πεντηχονταετὴς χρόνος τῆς ἡλιχίας ἤχμαζεν εἰς τὸν τοῦ γάμον χαι- ρόν. Λάδε γάρ μοι τὴν ἀναλογίαν ὅλης τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν χαιρὸν γάμου, χαὶ οὐ θαυμάσεις, εἰ ὁ ΠῚ πεντεχαιδεχαετὴς ἔτι βρέφος ἦν, τοῖς ὥμοις τῆς γεν- νησάσης ἐπιτιθέμενος. ὅκρ. ΧΧΙΙ, νογβ. 1. Καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ἐπείραζεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν ᾿Αδραάμ. Διοδώρου. Μέλλων Μωῦσῆς ἱστορεῖν, ὅτι ἤἥτησεν ὁ θεὸς θυσιασθῆναι αὐτῷ τὸν Ἰσαὰχ, ἵνα μὴ ὑποπτεύ- σῆς ἀνθρώπου θυσίαν αὐτὸν ὀρέγεσθαι, εὐθὺς ἀνα- γνοὺς, διὰ τοῦτό φησιν, ἑπείραζεν, ἀντὶ τοῦ οὐκ ἀληθῶς ἥτει, ἀλλὰ δόχιμον δεικνὺς αὐτοῦ τὴν πίστιν. γεγβ. 4. Καὶ πορευθεὶς εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ὑψη- «Ἰὴν, ἀνγέγεγκε αὐτὸν εἰς ὁλοκάρπωσιν ὑφ᾽ ἕν τῶν ὁρέων, ὧν ἄν σοι εἴπω. Διοδώρου. Ἐπισημήνασθαι δὲ χρὴ, ὅτι πολλάχις 1515 πρὸ τούτου τῷ ᾿Αδραὰμ θυσίαν προσαγηοχότι, οὐδέ- Α ποῖε ὁ Θεὸς τόπον τῆς θυσίας ὑπέδειξεν, ἣ νῦν. Πο- ρεύθητι γὰρ, φησὶν, εἷς τὴν γῆν τὴν ὑψημὴν, καὶ ἀγέγεγχε αὐτὸν εἰς ὁλοκάρπωσιν ὑν᾽ ἕν τῶν ἐρέων, ὧν ἄν σοι εἵπω. Μήποτε οὖν ἐχεῖνον ὑπέδειξε τὸν τόπον, ἔνθα χαὶ ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν ἐσταυρώθῃ ; ἐπεὶ καὶ τύπος τοῦ πάϑους αὐτοῦ ὁ Ἰσαάχ. Καὶ γὰρ τῇ γῇ τῶν Φυλισταίων τὰ ὅρια παράχειται τῶν ἹἹεροσολύ- μων. γεγο. 14. Καὶ εἶπε, Μὴ ἐπιδάλῃς τὴν χεῖρά σου ἐπὶ τὸ παιδάριον, μηδὲ ποιήσῃς αὐτὸ μηδέν" νῦν γὰρ ἔγνων, ὅτι φοδῇ τὸν Θεὸν σύ" καὶ οὐκ ἐφεί- σω τοῦ υἱοῦ συυ τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ δι᾽ ἐμέ. Διοδώρον. Λέγει γῦν ἔγνων, ὡς τὸ χαταδὰς ὄψομαι, εἰ κατὰ τὴν χραυγὴν αὐτῶν συντελοῦν- ται ( Γεν. χνλ!, 31}, τὸ περὶ Σοδόμων εἰρημένον. “Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐχεῖ οὐχ ἄγνοιαν εἰσάγει Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ δί-- χης ἀχρίδειαν " πῶς γὰρ ἂν χατῆλθεν, εἰ μὴ ἀμαρ- τωλὸς ἤδει ; Οὕτω νῦν χαὶ τὸ, ἔγγων, ἀντὶ τοῦ, γῦν ἔδειξας, ἣ ἐγνώρισας, ὅτι σὺ φοδῇ τὸν Θεόν. Δοχεῖ δὲ τισι, μὴ τὸν Θεὸν, ἀλλ᾽ ἄγγελον εἰρηχέναι τὸ, γῦν ἔγνων" ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ μὲν φθεγγόμενον, ὁμολο- γοῦντα δὲ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἄγνοιαν, χαὶ ἐχ τῶν ἔργων γνω- ρίσαντα τὴν τοῦ ᾿Αδραὰμ πίατιν.Αλλοι δέ φασι τὸ, γὺῦὺν ἔγνων ἐν τῇ Ἑδραῖδι ἐπαμφοτερίζειν. Καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ σημαίνειν ἅμα, καὶ ὅτι νῦν ἐγνώρισας, ἀντὶ τοῦ πᾶσιν ἔδειξας, χαὶ ἐποίησας φανερόν. Υενβ. 15. Καὶ ἀναδλέψας ᾿Αδραὰμ τοῖς ὀφθα.- μοῖς αὐτοῦ, εἶδε" καὶ ἰδοὺ κριὸς εἷς κατεχόμενος ἐν φυτῷ Σαδὲκ ἐκ τῶν κεράτων. Καὶ ἐπορεύθη σ ᾿Δδραὰμ, καὶ ἔλαθε τὸν κριὸν, καὶ ἀγήγεγκεν αὖ- τὸν εἰς ὀτοχάρπωσιν ἀντὶ Ἰσαὰκ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ. Διοδώρου. Τὸ, ἐν φυτῷ, οὐκ ἔχει ὁ Σύρος, μόνον δὲ τό Σαθέκ. Τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ φυτοῦ εἶναι νο- μίζω. Τοῖς δὲ 'Εδραίοις δοχεῖ τὸ Σχδὲχ ἄφεσιν ση- μαίνειν. Καὶ τοῦτο δὲ τοῦ μυστηρίου τοῦ σταυροῦ δη- λωτιχὸν ἂν εἴη. Οκρ. ΧΧΙΥ͂, νεγβ. 9. Καὶ εἶπεν ᾿Αδραὰμ τῷ παιδὶ αὑτοῦ τῷ πρεσδυτέρῳ τῆς οἰκίας αὑτοῦ τῷ ἄρ- χοντι πάντων τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ" Θὲς τὴν χεῖρά σου ὑπὸ τὸν μηρόν μου. Διοδώρου. Τινές φασι, τὸν Σύρον καὶ τὸν Ἑδραῖον μὴ οὕτως ἔχειν τὸ, θὲς τὴν χεῖρά σου ἐπὶ τὸν μη- ρόν μου, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ παιδογόνον ὄργανον" Ὁ ἐπειδὴ τῆς διαδοχῆς ἡ εὐλογία τὸ, Αὐξάγνεσθε, ἦν, καὶ πληθύνεσθε (Γεν. τ, 38). Ὑπηρετεῖτο δὲ τῇ εὑ- ᾿ λογίᾳ τὸ ὄργανον τὸ παιδοποιοῦν. Τοῦτο δὲ χαὶ τὸ ση- μεῖον τῆς διαθήχης ἐδέξατο, τὸ ἐχ τοῦ σπέρματος τοῦ ᾿Λόραμιαίον μέλλειν σαρχοῦσθαι τὸν Θεόν. 'Διχαίῳ δὲ χαὶ σώφρονι οὐδὲν ἄσημον μέλος, ἀδίχῳ δὲ πρὸ πάν- τῶν ἣ ψυχή. Ομρ. ΧΧΥ͂, νεγβ. 22. Ἐσχίρτων δὲ τὰ παιδία ἂν αὐτῇ" εἶπε δέ" Εἰ οὕτω μοι μέλλει γίνεσθαι, ἵνα τί μοι τοῦτο; ᾿Επορεύθη δὲ πυθέσθαι παρὰ ΚΧυρίον. ὈΙΟΘΟΘΟΆΙ ΤΑΚΘΒΕΝΒΙ5 1515 Διοδώρου. Ἐπορεύθη δὲ Ῥεδέχχα χαὶ πυθέσθει παρὰ Κυρίου, ἧ πάντως ἐπειδὴ τοῖς γνησίως προσ ευχομένοις ἀναχωρεῖν χαὶ συλλέγειν τὴν διάνοιαν εἰς τὸ τυχεῖν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ βοηθείας. Τινὲς δέ φασι πρὸς τὸν Μελχισεδὲχ ἀπεληλυθέναι αὐτὴν. στοχασμῷ μᾶλ- λον ἣ ἀληθείᾳ χρώμενοι. γεγθ. 96. Καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο ἐξῆ.1θεν ὁ ἀδερὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἐπειϊλημμένη τῆς πτέρ- γῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκάλεσε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, Ἰαχὠδ. Ἰσαὰκ δὲ ἦν ἐτῶν ἑξήχοντα, ὅτε ἕτεχεν αὑτοὺς Ῥεδέχκα. Διοδώρου. Διὰ τί τῆς πτέρνης τοῦ Ἡσαῦ ἐπειλημ- μένης, ὁ Ἰαχὼδ τίχτεται; Τοῦ Θεοῦ δειχνύντος, ὅτι χρείττων τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ φανεὶς ἐν τοῖς τῆς εὐσεθείας Β ἀγῶσι, τὰ τῆς πρωτοτοχίας λήψεται βραδεῖα. Καὶ παλαίων μὲν, ἔξεισι τῆς γαστρός " εἴχετο γὰρ τῆς πτέρνης᾽ εἰς δὲ τοὺς αὐθαιρέτους ἀγῶνας προσελθὼν, εἴληφε τῆς τιμῆς τοὺς στεφάνους. Καὶ μετ᾽ ἀλ|γα. Λάθοι δ' ἄντις τὸ πρᾶγμα τύπον Ἰουδαίων τε χαὶ Χριστιανῶν ὡς περὶ τούτου ὁ ᾿Απόστολος τὰ χατὰ τὸν Ἰσμαὴλ, χαὶ τὸν Ἰσαάκ. Προσχρούει γὰρ ὁ πρεσθύτερος πανταχοῦ, καὶ ἔχδάλλεται " ὁ δὲ νέος εὖ- δοχιμεῖ, χαὶ χληρονόμος γίνεται. Υεγ. ὅ5, Καὶ εἴπεν' Ἰαχώδ' "Ομοσόν μοι σήμε- ρον. Καὶ ὥμοσεν αὐτῷ" ἀπέδοτο δὲ Ἡσαῦ τὰ πρωτοτόκια τῷ Ἰαχώδ. Διοδώρου. ᾿λνάξιος ἣν τῶν πρωτοτοχίων ὁ Ἡσαῦ, βίον ἀγριώτερον ζῶν, χαὶ λυπῶν τοὺς γεννήσαντας. Οἱ Ἰουδαῖοί φασι πρωτότοχον εἶναι τὸν Ἰαχώδ. Πρῶ- τος γὰρὲχ χοιλίας πλάττεται ὁ δεύτερος γεννώμενος. Ομρ. ΧΧΥ͂Ι,, νεγβ. 41. Καὶ ἐνεχότει Ἡσαῦ Ἰαχὼδ περὶ τῆς εὐ.ογίας, ἧς εὐ.όγησεν αὑτὸν Ἰσαὰχ ὁ πατὴρ αὑτοῦ. Εἶπε δὲ Ἡσαῦ ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ, ᾿Εγ- γισάτωσαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ πένθους τοῦ πατρός μου, ἵνα ἁποκτείγω Ἰαχὼδ τὸν ἀδεῖ:όν μου. Διοδώρου. Εἰ ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ ὁ Ἡσαῦ ἠπείλησε, πῶς ἀπηγγέλη τῇ Ῥεδέχχᾳ; Εὶ μὴ τοῦτο βούλεται λέγειν, ὅτι ἔχρινεν ἀνελεῖν τὸν ἀδελφὸν, χαὶ εἶπεν ἐν τῇ δια- γοίᾳ, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὥρισεν " οὐχ ἐν τῇ τοῦ θυμοῦ ὀξύτητι φθεγξάμενος, μετεδλήθη " ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς καρδίας ἔσχε τὴν κατὰ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ μῆνιν. Ἧς; τὴν ἐπιμονὴν ἡ μή- τὴρ θεασαμένη, τὸν εὐλογηθέντα υἱὸν ἀσφαλίξεται. Ολρ. ΧΧΧΙΙ, νοῦβ. 39. Ἡρώτησε δὲ Ἰαχὼδ, καὶ εἶπεν" ᾿Απάγγειλόν μοι τὸ ὄνομα. Καὶ εἶπεν" Ἵνα τί τοῦτο ἐρωτᾷς σὺ τὸ ὄνομά μου; (1) καὶ εὐ.1όγη- σεν αὐτὸν ἐχεῖ. Διοδώρου. Καὶ εἶπεν ᾿Ιακώδ' ᾿Ανγάγγειλόν μοι τὶ ὄνομά σοι; καὶ εἶπεν" Ἵνα τί τοῦτο ἐρωτᾷς; καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι θαυμαστόν. Καλῶς ὁ Κύριος εἰς ἑαυτὸν λέγεσθαί φησι τὸ, Κύριε δ᾽ Κύριος ἡμῶν, ὡς θαυ- 4“ιαστὸν τὸ ὄγομά σου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ (Ῥ αλ. τε, 1. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἀγγέλου θαυμαστὸν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα, ἀλλ᾽ ἣ Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ " ὅτι Θεὸς καὶ Ἰησοῦς, ὅτι τοῦ χόσμου Σωτήρ. (1) Ὃ ἐστι οαυμαστὸν πρόσχειται ἐν ταῖς τοῦ ΓΑλδου ἐχδόσ, 4511 ΕΛΑΟΜΕΝΤᾺ ἮΝ ΟΕΝΕἙΒΙΝ. 1518 ὦ». ΧΧΧΥ͂Ι, νογβ. 94, Καὶ οὗτοι υἱοὶ Σεδεγών᾽ Α ὡς σοφὸς ἐπέδαλε τοῖς αἰνιγμάσιν, ἀλλὰ χαὶ οἷα ὑπὸ ἈΠῈ, καὶ Ἀνά. Οὗτός ἐστιν ᾿Αγὰ, ὃς εὗρε τὸν Ἰαμεὶν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, ὅτε ἔνεμε τὰ ὑποζύγιω Σε- ἔεγὼν τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ. Διοδώρου. Ὁ Σύρος χαὶ ὁ ἙἭραΐος τὸν Ἰαμεὶν ὕδωρ βούλονται λέγειν " ἀντὶ τοῦ, εὗρε πηγὴν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ. Οἱ δὲ ἑρμηνεύσαντες αὐτήν πως τὴν λέξιν τὴν Ἑδραϊχὴν τεθείχασι. Ομρ. ΧΧΧΥ͂Ι., νογβ. 1. Κατήγεγχαν δὲ Ἰωσὴφ γψρόγον πογηρὸν πρὸς Ἰσραὴλ τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν. Διοδώρου Κατήνεγκχαν δὲ ψόγον πονηρὸν Ἰωσὴφ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν. ακρ. ΧΧΧΎΡΙ, νεγϑ. 8. Εἶπε δὲ Ἰούδας πρὸς Αὐ- γάν" Εἴσει,λθε πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου, “καὶ ἐπιγάμδρευσον αὐτὴν, καὶ ἀνάστησον σπέρ- μα τῷ ἀδειφῷ σου. Διοδώρου. Τοῦτο καὶ διὰ Μωυσέως ὁ θεὸς ὕστερον προστάττει. Μήποτε οὖν ἤδη ἐδεδώχει τὸν νόμον τοῦ- τον ; λέγει γὰρ καὶ τῷ ᾿Αδραὰμ διαλεγόμενος αὐτῷ" "Βδειν γὰρ ὅτι συντάξει τοῖς τέχγοις αὑτοῦ Ἀ- δραὰμ, καὶ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ μετ᾽ αὐτόν " καὶ φυ.1ά- ξουσι τὰς ὁδοὺς Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ, δικαιοσύνην ποιεῖν καὶ κρίσιν {(Γεν. χγυι, 19). Τὸ δὲ ἀνιστᾷν σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ, τοῖς πενθοῦσι παρέσχε παραμυ- θίαν, ὅτε οὕπω ἐδέδωτο τῆς ἐχ νεχρῶν ἀναστάσεως φανερὰ ἡ ἐπαγγελία. τ. 18. Ὁ δὲ εἶπε' Τίνα τὸν ἀῤῥαξῶγά σοι δώσω ; Ἡ δὲ εἶπε, Τὸν δαχτύ.1ιόν σου, καὶ τὸν ὁρ- μίσκον, καὶ τὴν ῥάδδον τὴν ἐν τῇ χειρί σου. Καὶ ἔδωχεν αὐτῇ καὶ εἰσῆλθε πρὸς αὐτήν" καὶ ἐν γαστρὶ ἔλαδεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ. Διοδώρου. Τὸν ὁρμίσχον, ὃν δέδωχεν ὁ Ἰούδας τῇ Θάμαρ, ὁ Σύρος ὡράριον λέγεσθαί φησι, καὶ οὐχ ὁρμίσκον " ξύμμαχος δὲ, στρεπτὸν ἐγχειρίδιον. Υεγβ. 371-50. Ἐγένετο δὲ ἡγίχα ἔτικτε, καὶ τῇ δὲ ἦν δίδυμα ἐν γαστρὶ αὑτῆς. Καὶ ἐκάλεσε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, Ζαρά. Διοδώρου. Τῆς Θάμαρ τὰ δίδυμα τιχτούσης, τοῦ τε Ζαρὰ τὴν χεῖρα προεξαγαγόντος, ἐν τῷ δαχτύλῳ ἑάμμα κόχκινον ἔδησεν ἡ μαῖα, τίνος ἕνεχεν ; Ἐπειδὴ συμδαίνει τὰ δίδυμα τὴν ὁμοιότητα ἀπαραλλάχτως ἔχειν, ἵνα γινώσχηται ἐν τοῖς τεχθεῖσιν ὁ πρωτότοχος. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ συστείλαντος τοῦ Ζαρὰ τὴν χεῖρα, Φαρὲς προεξῆλθεν, ὥσπερ διὰ φραγμοῦ τοῦ Ζαρὰ διαδαίνων, τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁδηγούμενος. Οκλρ. ΧΕΗΥ͂ΙΙ, νογβ. ὅ1. Εἶχε δὲ αὑτῷ, Ὅμοσόν μοι. Καὶ ὥμοσεν αὐτῷ. Καὶ προσεκύνησεν ᾿Ισραὴ ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ῥάδδου αὐτοῦ. Διοδώρου. Ῥάθδδον μὲν ὁ Ἰαχὼδ εἶχεν, “τὰ δὴ γέ- ρων. Πρότερον δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἰαχὼδ γέρων ὧν, καὶ δυσ- χινήτως ἔχων, τοῦ ἄχρου τῆς ῥάδδου ἁψάμενος, χατ- ἐφίλησεν αὐτὸ τῆς ῥάδδου τὸ μέρος, οὗ ἥψατο ἣ ὁ Ἰωσὴφ προσχυνήσας τῷ πατρὶ, ἥψατο τοῦ ἄχρου τῆς ῥάδδου διὰ τὸ πολὺ χαταχύψαι ἕως τῆς γῆς, φανερῶς οὐκ εἴρηχεν " ἣ τῷ Θεῷ προσχυνήσας ὁ Ἰαχὼδ, τοῦ ἄχρου τῆς ῥάδδου ἥψατο διὰ τὸ γῆρας " ὡς χαὶ ὁ Δα- θὶδ, τοῦ Σοχομῶντος βασιλεύσαντος, εὐχαριστῶν, ἐπὶ τῆς χλίνης, ἐφ᾽ ἧς ἔχειτο, τῷ Θεῷ προσεχύνησεν. Β ὧρ. ΧΗΧ, νογβ. ὅ. Ῥουδὶμ πρωτότοκός μου, σὺ ἰσχύς μου, ἀρχὴ τέχγων μου, σκιηρὸς φέρε- σθαι, καὶ σκχιηρὸς αὐθάδης. Διοδώρου. Ὁ Σύρος ἔχει, Ῥουδὶμ πρωτότοκός μου, ἡ δύναμίς μου, καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς ἰσχύος " ἐπλαγήθης ὡς ὕδωρ, μὴ παραμείνῃς, ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ ζήσῃς, εἰ τῆς ἀκολασίας ὁ φόνὸς χεῖρον. Υογθ. 4. Ἐξύδρισας ὡς ὕδωρ, μὴ ἐχζέσῃς. Διοδώρου. Πάντες οἱ ἀδελφοὶ, πλὴν τοῦ 'Ρουδὶμ, μικροῦ μὲν ἀνελόντες τὸν Ἰωσὴφ, φιλανθρώπως δὲ ἀποδεχόμενοι, πῶς οὐ δέχονται τὴν κατάραν; Τοῦτο πρόῤῥησίς ἔστι μᾶλλον ἐν χατάρας σχήματι. ᾿Αλλ' ἐὰν πρόῤῥησις, πῶς οὐχ ἐχθαίνει τὸ ἔργον; ζῇ γὰρ ἡ φυλὴ Ῥονυδὶμ, καὶ χληρονομεῖ τὴν γῆν πρώτη τῶν ἄλλων φυλῶν. Ἴσως οὖν, ἐπειδὴ Μωῦσῆς χαὶ αὐτὸς περὶ τὴν τελευτὴν προλέγων περὶ τῶν φυλῶν, Ζήτω, φησὶ, Ῥουδὶμ, καὶ μὴ ἀποθανέτω (Δευτ. τχχιι, 0), ἀντὶ τοῦ μὴ ὑποχείσθω τῇ χατάρᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς τῇ λεγούσῃ, Μὴ ζήσῃ. Ἔδει μὲν γὰρ τὸν πατέρα ἀδικη- θέντα εἰς χοίτην, χαταρᾶσθαι τῷ παιδὶ, φοθοῦντα τοὺς ἑξῆς. "Ἔδει δὲ τὸν Μωσέα τὸν παρανόμου χοίτης ἕνεχεν χαταραθέντα, τῆς χατάρας ἀπαλλάξαι διὰ τὴν εἰς τὸν Ἰωσὴφ φειδώ, ᾿Αλλ᾽ ἐρεῖ τις, εἰ ἡ κατάρα τοῦ Ἰαχὼδ οὐ προχωρεῖ κατὰ τοῦ Ῥουδὶμ, πῶς λέγει, Συνάχθητε ἵνα ἀπαγγείλω ὑμῖν τί ἀπαντήσεται ὑμῖν ; τοῦτο γὰρ ψευδοπροφήτου μᾶλλόν ἐστιν. ᾿Αλλ᾽ ἐροῦμεν τῷ ταῦτα λέγοντι, ὅτι χαὶ ὁ Θεὸς αὐτὸς, Τρεῖς ἔτι ἡμέραι, λέγων, καὶ Νιχευὴ καταστραφή- σετωι (Ἴων. πὶ, 4), διὰ τῆς καθ᾽ ὧν ἠπείλησε μετ- φησὶ πρὸς τὸν Ζαρὰ ἡ μαῖα, Τί διεχόπη διὰ σὲ φρα- Ὦ ἀνοίας ἀναχαλεῖται τὴν ἀπόφασιν, ὡς καὶ διὰ Μωῦ- γμός ; εἰ δὲ χαὶ πρὸς τὸν Φαρὲς, τὸν ὥσπερ φραγμῷ τῷ ἀδελφῷ χρησάμενον, καὶ τοῦτον διαχόψαντα, εἴρη- ται, τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει ἔννοιαν. ΄Ο δὲ Σύρος χαὶ ὁ Ἕδραϊός φασι, Τί διεκόπη ἐπὶ σὲ διαχοπή ; ὃ μᾶλλον ἂν εἶχό- τως τῷ Ζαρὰ λέγοιτο. Δεῖ δὲ ἐπισημήνασθαι, ὅτι ἡ ιιὲν φύσις, τὸν Ζαρὰ πρωτότοχον ἐποίει προεξενεγ- κόντα τὴν χεῖρα " ὁ δὲ Θεὸς, τῷ Φαρὲς παρέσχε τὸ ἀξίωμα. Ἐξ οὗ ὁ Δαδιὶδ, καὶ τὸ βασιλιχὸν γένος, χαὶ τὸ κατὰ σάρχα ὁ Κύριος. ομρ. ΧΧΧΙΣ, νεγβ. 9. Καὶ ἦν Κύριος μετὰ ᾿Ιω- σήφ" καὶ ἦν ἀνὴρ ἐπιτυγχάνων " καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν εῷ οἴχῳ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ τῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ. Διοδώρου. Ἦν γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀνὴρ ἐπιτυγχάνων, ἧ κατὰ τὸν Σύρον, κατευοδούμενος. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον Ράτμοι.. Οκ. ΧΧΧΠΙΙ. σέως τὴν τοῦ Ἰαχὼδ χατὰ τοῦ Ῥουδὶμ χατάραν. Υέεγθ. 9. ᾿Ιούδα, σὲ αἱνέσαισαν οἱ ἀδειῖφοί σου" αἱ χεῖρές σου ἐπὶ γώτου τῶν ἐχθρῶν σου " προσ- κυγήσουσί σοι υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρός σου, Διοδώρου. ᾿Ιούδα, σὲ αἰγέσαισαν οἱ ἀδειῖφροί σου, χαὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. Ὥσπερ τῷ Ῥουδὶ)μ χαὶ τῷ Συ- μεὼν χαὶ τῷ Λευΐ προλέγων, οὐκ αὐτοῖς τὰ συμθη- σόμενα, ἀλλὰ ταῖς ἐξ αὐτῶν φυλαῖς προαγορεύει" οὕτω καὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα τὴν φνλὴν, Ἰούδα ὀνομάζει, τὴν ἐχ τοῦ Ἰούδα“ οὐ περὶ τοῦ Κυρίου λέγων νῦν, ὥς τινες οἴονται, ἀλλὰ τῆς βασιλευούσης τῶν ἄλλων φυλῆς. Υεγβ. 10. Οὐχ᾽ ἐχλείψει ἄρχων ἐξ ᾿Ιούδα, καὶ ἡγούμενος ἐκ τῶν μηρῶν αὐτοῦ, ἕως ἂν ξίθῃ ὃ ἀπόκειται" καὶ αὑτὸς προσδοχία ἐθνῶν. | 34,392 |
https://github.com/maulikjs/hue/blob/master/desktop/core/ext-py/celery-4.2.1/t/unit/utils/test_encoding.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | hue | maulikjs | Python | Code | 29 | 130 | from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
from celery.utils import encoding
class test_encoding:
def test_safe_str(self):
assert encoding.safe_str(object())
assert encoding.safe_str('foo')
def test_safe_repr(self):
assert encoding.safe_repr(object())
class foo(object):
def __repr__(self):
raise ValueError('foo')
assert encoding.safe_repr(foo())
| 41,401 |
https://github.com/Dbevan/SunderingShadows/blob/master/d/dagger/kinaro/mines/lower1a.c | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | SunderingShadows | Dbevan | C | Code | 456 | 1,336 | #include <std.h>
#include "../defs.h"
inherit INH+"lower";
void create(){
::create();
set_long((:TO,"long_desc":));
set_exits(([
"north":MINES"lower2e",
"south":MINES"lower1b",
]));
add_item("lever","%^ORANGE%^A %^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^lever%^RESET%^%^ORANGE%^ "
"has been set into the wall, a few feet back from the vertical shaft that "
"leads upwards. Perhaps you could %^YELLOW%^pull the lever"
"%^RESET%^%^ORANGE%^?%^RESET%^");
}
string long_desc() {
if(member_array("enter",TO->query_exits()) != -1) {
return("%^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^An underground mining tunnel%^RESET%^\n"
"%^BLUE%^You stand within the lower reaches of the mine system. "
"The air is thick and %^RED%^humid %^BLUE%^here among the darker stone "
"tunnels, which have obviously been made by mortal hands. %^ORANGE%^Heavy "
"wooden beams %^BLUE%^and %^WHITE%^metal bars %^BLUE%^support the stone of "
"the walls and roof, from which glitter specks of %^CYAN%^ge%^BOLD%^m"
"%^WHITE%^st%^CYAN%^o%^RESET%^%^CYAN%^ne %^BLUE%^and seams of precious "
"%^WHITE%^me%^BOLD%^t%^RESET%^%^WHITE%^als%^BLUE%^, only waiting to be "
"extracted from their rocky prison. Along the ground, a pair of "
"%^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^thick metal rails %^RESET%^%^BLUE%^has been placed, perhaps "
"to carry mining carts back and forth. The tunnel leads away to the north "
"and south into darkness. Set within the stone at the side of the path is a "
"vertical shaft leading upwards, in which sits an odd looking metal cage, "
"with a %^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^lever%^RESET%^%^BLUE%^ beside it on the "
"wall.%^RESET%^\n");
}
return("%^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^An underground mining tunnel%^RESET%^\n"
"%^BLUE%^You stand within the lower reaches of the mine system. "
"The air is thick and %^RED%^humid %^BLUE%^here among the darker stone "
"tunnels, which have obviously been made by mortal hands. %^ORANGE%^Heavy "
"wooden beams %^BLUE%^and %^WHITE%^metal bars %^BLUE%^support the stone of "
"the walls and roof, from which glitter specks of %^CYAN%^ge%^BOLD%^m"
"%^WHITE%^st%^CYAN%^o%^RESET%^%^CYAN%^ne %^BLUE%^and seams of precious "
"%^WHITE%^me%^BOLD%^t%^RESET%^%^WHITE%^als%^BLUE%^, only waiting to be "
"extracted from their rocky prison. Along the ground, a pair of "
"%^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^thick metal rails %^RESET%^%^BLUE%^has been placed, perhaps "
"to carry mining carts back and forth. The tunnel leads away to the north "
"and south into darkness. Set within the stone at the side of the path is a "
"vertical shaft leading upwards, with a %^BOLD%^%^BLACK%^lever%^RESET%^"
"%^BLUE%^ beside it on the wall.%^RESET%^\n");
}
void init(){
::init();
add_action("pull_fun","pull");
}
int pull_fun(string str){
object mylift;
if(!str) {
notify_fail("What do you want to pull?\n");
return 0;
}
if(str != "lever" && str != "the lever") {
notify_fail("You can't pull that\n");
return 0;
}
if(member_array("enter",TO->query_exits()) != -1) {
tell_object(TP,"%^ORANGE%^You pull the lever, but nothing "
"happens.%^RESET%^");
tell_room(TO,"%^ORANGE%^"+TP->QCN+" pulls the lever, but nothing "
"happens.%^RESET%^",TP);
return 1;
}
mylift = find_object_or_load(MINES"elevator");
if(mylift->query_property("moving")){
tell_object(TP,"%^ORANGE%^You pull the lever, but nothing "
"happens.%^RESET%^");
tell_room(TO,"%^ORANGE%^"+TP->QCN+" pulls the lever, but nothing "
"happens.%^RESET%^",TP);
return 1;
}
tell_object(TP,"%^ORANGE%^You pull the lever, and a low rumbling becomes "
"audible from the vertical shaft in front of you.%^RESET%^");
tell_room(TO,"%^ORANGE%^"+TP->QCN+" pulls the lever, and a low rumbling "
"becomes audible from the vertical shaft in front of you.%^RESET%^",TP);
mylift->remote_moving("down");
return 1;
}
| 48,417 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus%20Poniatowski%20%28Gro%C3%9Fk%C3%A4mmerer%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Stanislaus Poniatowski (Großkämmerer) | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislaus Poniatowski (Großkämmerer)&action=history | German | Spoken | 483 | 1,091 | Fürst Stanisław Poniatowski (* 23. November 1754 in Warschau; † 13. Februar 1833 in Florenz) war polnischer Generalleutnant und Großkämmerer von Litauen.
Leben
Herkunft
Stanislaw war ein Prinz aus dem polnischen Fürstengeschlecht Poniatowski. Seine Eltern waren der polnische General der Kronarmee, Fürst Kazimierz Poniatowski (1721–1800) und Apolonia Ustrzycka (1736–1814). Er war Neffe des letzten polnischen Königs Stanislaus II. August Poniatowski.
Werdegang
Poniatowski war Senator des Sejm. Er war in die Ereignisse seiner Zeit durch die Nähe zum Königshaus natürlicher Weise eingebunden. So war er Mitglied der Konföderation von Targowica, seit 1784 Großkämmerer von Litauen und Kritiker der Verfassung vom 3. Mai 1791. Poniatowski war Starost in Podlachien, stand ebenfalls als Offizier in der polnischen Kronarmee, wo er bis in den Rang eines Generalleutnants beim Garde-Regiment zu Fuß avancierte.
Im Jahre 1773 erhielt er den Orden des Weißen Adlers, war ebenfalls Träger des Orden des Heiligen Andreas des Erstberufenen und trat 1797 auch dem russischen Großpriorat des Souveränen Malteserordens bei.
Poniatowski besaß einen Palast in Warschau in der Frascati-Straße, von wo aus er als ein Kunstmäzen, ein Förderer der Malerei und Sammler von Kunstgegenständen und Gemmen auftrat. Ebenfalls dort wohnte sein Freund, der polnische General und Gesandte Carl Friedrich Ernst von Cocceji. Ein weiterer Familiensitz befand sich seit 1789 in Korsuń, wo auch ausgedehnter Güterbesitz der Familie vorhanden war.
Nach den Teilungen Polens emigrierte Poniatowski nach Rom und dann 1820 nach Florenz. 1830 veröffentlichte er einen Katalog mit der Zusammenfassung seiner Gemmen. Nach seinem Tod wurde die Sammlung bei Christie’s im Jahr 1839 verkauft und damit zerstreut.
Familie
Poniatowski hatte mit Kassandra Luci di Tivoli (1785–1863) fünf natürliche Kinder, von denen die Söhne legitimiert wurden und 1847 bzw. 1850 eigene Erhebungen in den Grafen- bzw. Fürstenstand erfuhren.
Isabella Luci (1806–1896), ⚭I 1821 Graf Prospero Bentivoglio († 1821); ⚭ 1822 Graf Zanobi di Ricci († 1844); ⚭III Markgraf Filippo De Piccolellis
Anna Maria di Ricci, ⚭ 1846 Graf Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868)
Carlo Poniatowski (1808–1887), Graf von Monterotondo (1847), Fürst von Monterotondo (1850), ⚭ 1831 Elisa Napoleone Montecatini (1808–1893)
Costanza Luci (1811–1851); ⚭ Graf Daniele Zappi
Giuseppe Michele Saverio Francesco Giovanni Poniatowski (1816–1873), Graf von Monterotondo (1847), Fürst von Monterotondo (1850), Sänger und Komponist, Gesandter des Großherzogs der Toskana in Paris, London und Brüssel ⚭ 1834 Gräfin Matilda Perotti (1814–1875)
Michele Poniatowski di Monterotondo (1816–1864)
Literatur
Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Band XXVIII, Krakau 1984–1985, S. 481–487
Fürst Stanisław Poniatowski: Tagebuch einer Reise durch die deutschen Länder im Jahre 1784, aus dem Manuskript übersetzt und herausgegeben von Ingo Pfeifer, Halle 2018
Weblinks
Die Fürsten Poniatowski auf Genealogy.eu
Die Fürsten Poniatowski Familie und Deszendenz auf Genealogie Rodów Polsko-Litewskow-Ruskich
Fürst Stanisław Poniatowski h. Ciołek auf Genealogia Potomków Sejmu Wielkiego
Stanislaus
Titularfürst
Militärperson (Polen-Litauen)
Regimentsinhaber der Frühen Neuzeit
Träger des Ordens des Heiligen Andreas des Erstberufenen
Generalleutnant (Polen)
Kunstmäzen
Kunstsammler
Träger des Weißen Adlerordens
Person (Malteserorden)
Person in der Konföderation von Targowica
Emigrant
Kämmerer (Hofamt)
Pole
Geboren 1754
Gestorben 1833
Mann | 31,162 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4725608 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 268 | 398 | Can functional operations go beyond the vector space
For $f, g \in F^S$, is it necessary that $f+g \in F^S$.
I get that the definiton of a field requires the existence of two operations:
$$+:F \times F \to F$$
$$\times :F \times F \to F$$
This makes the proof trivial, however, the definition given in “Linear Algebra Done Right” makes me think there is something more subtle going on here.
There is no mention that the addition and scalar multiplication functions assigns an element $x+y \in F \ \forall \ x, y \in F$, like in vector spaces. Is this a necessary condition, i.e does “along with operations of addition and scalar multiplication” imply that the elements obtained after the operations are applied on every pair still lie in the field or is there something else going on here?
That's right, the elements obtained after addition and multiplication must lie in the same field also, i.e., a field is closed under the said operations. More often than not, such details are omitted since it is implicitly assumed that an algebraic structure is closed under its operations (if not, the operation is probably not worth considering.)
In the context of the definition of fields, “along with operations of addition and [usually not called "scalar"] multiplication” means indeed what you wrote: $+ :F \times F \to F$ and $\times :F \times F \to F.$
Note that in the definition of an $F$-vector space $E$ (like your example $E=F^S$), addition is similarly $+:E\times E\to E,$ but scalar multiplication is $\cdot:F\times E\to E.$ Look at "internal and external binary operations" on Wikipedia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl%20Art%20Studio | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Owl Art Studio | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owl Art Studio&action=history | English | Spoken | 182 | 294 | Owl Art Studio (motto: "it seemed like a good idea at the time") is an art studio based in Willesden Green, London, NW2 England. The artistic director is Robin Tatham. The studio is involved in printmaking, wood carving, and public artworks including large-scale sculpture and public space gardening projects.
The public space artwork projects are influenced by the work of Andy Goldsworthy, Richard Long, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude.
The studio has been the subject of the documentary, The Owls Inside by film-maker Steven Rose ''''.
Projects
A sequence of large-scale woodcarvings from dead trees in the public park local to owl art studio, executed from 2000-2005.
The treatment of a small London street as a coherent art work within itself, involving the refurbishment of the neglected gardens and public space, based on a recycling ethos.
Various carving commissions.
Awards
2000, Millennium Award for Community-based Artwork
Patrons
Patrons include:
Bill Nighy
Russell Brand
Jimmy Mulville
Alan Fox
Philip Barry
References
External links
owl art studio website
another owl art studio website
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Brent
Arts in London | 11,390 |
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