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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5043381 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,011 | Stack Exchange | Abizern, Martin Lavoie, Matt Ball, Simon Cat, Yardstermister, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10723660, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10723661, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10723663, https://stackoverflow.com/users/139010, https://stackoverflow.com/users/340384, https://stackoverflow.com/users/41116, mdr | English | Spoken | 130 | 170 | Patterns on apple based (iPhone & iPod) serial numbers?
We are currently running an iPhone repair website and are looking into identifying phones and ipods from serial numbers. Has anyone come across a pattern in serial numbers or an API which is already built for this purpose ?
I know that apple already have there service checker but we would like to build somthing into our admin system.
Are you an Apple Authorized Service Provider? I'd imagine that they provide this sort of info/API to authorized shops.
How is this "Programming Related"? Try the Apple Stackexchange site instead.
The reason im asking in stack overflow is that I am searching for a PHP API Solution to solve this.
The pattern is always triplets of letters or numbers. They're never mixed.
| 34,732 |
https://github.com/lifthrasiir/rust/blob/master/src/ci/docker/scripts/make3.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0, MIT-0, MIT | null | rust | lifthrasiir | Shell | Code | 84 | 203 | # Copyright 2017 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
# file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
# http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
# <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
# option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
# except according to those terms.
set -ex
curl -s https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-3.81.tar.gz | tar xzf -
cd make-3.81
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf make-3.81
| 15,804 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhorn%20Creek%20%28suba%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Montana%2C%20Lincoln%20County%2C%20lat%2048%2C72%2C%20long%20-115%2C08%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Buckhorn Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Lincoln County, lat 48,72, long -115,08) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckhorn Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana, Lincoln County, lat 48,72, long -115,08)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 76 | 111 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Buckhorn Creek.
Suba ang Buckhorn Creek sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Lincoln County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Buckhorn Creek mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Columbia River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Columbia River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Montana (estado) | 33,551 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26073761 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,014 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 147 | 290 | Azure REST endpoint reports internal address
I have made a custom REST API http://127.0.0.1:81/Interfaces/RestApiExt.svc/Custom1/username/Admin. Unfortunately, System.ServiceModel.Web operation WebOperationContext.Current.IncomingRequest reports the interal endpoint address and socket, in my case http://a2123-9023:82/Interfaces/RestApiExt.svc/Custom1/username/Admin , this is bad as I do some OAuth authentication on the host side and thus the client and host URL must match to get matching OAuth signatures. How can I get the url that the client sent and not the internal endpoint address on the host?
I have found a work-around by using the host HTTP header which contains the "external" address and not the processing internal endpoint address. Have only tested it in my developer environment yet, but I think it would work in the Azure cloud also:
public bool Authenticate(string username, IncomingWebRequestContext context)
{
var endPointUri = context.UriTemplateMatch.RequestUri;
var originalUrl = endPointUri.Scheme + "://" + context.Headers["Host"]
+ endPointUri.PathAndQuery;
// .. OAuth specific code follows
}
| 39,672 |
|
bub_gb_gcIOAAAAQAAJ_20 | German-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,732 | Beyträge zur critischen Historie der deutschen Sprache, Poesie und Beredsamkeit | Johann Christoph Gottsched | German | Spoken | 7,674 | 14,095 | Wenn er aber die Regeln oder Malerfunft dabey aus den Augen feßte, Feine Wahrſcheinlichkeit der Zeiten ‚ in Kleidern und Gebärden , und anderm Öeräthe be obachtete, und weder Proportion, noch Perfpectiv, “noch Einheit der Handlung und des Ortes in der de fehicht fo er malet, beobachtete: So würde man ihn doch alg einen Stümper auslachen; ob er gleich hie und da fehr fehöne Farben gebraud)t, und zumeilen recht kuͤnſtliche Pinfelftriche und Schattirungen ge macht hätte. Z. E. Picart ift als ein groffer Mei⸗ fter im Rupferftechen uud Zeichnen bekannt: Allein ‚wenn er in der groffen Ausgabe vom Boileau, bey Veranlaſſung des überfegten Longins, die Schoͤ⸗ pfung des Lichts aus dem erften B. Mofis vorftellen will: So malt er eine Sonne und einen Mondda- hin, jaeine Erdfugel mit Bäumen und Pflanzen be» feßt dazu; da es doch ungereimt ift, daß alle diefe Dinge, am erften Schöpfungstage, da GOtt gefpro- chen: Es werde licht, ſchon da geweſen feyrtfolls ten. Imgleichen wenn eben diefer Meifter in der - “ , neuen — —— — ——— . gebundene Reden. 613 neuen Auflage der Sontenellifchen Schriften, und ‚zwar bey dem Urtheile Plutons über Die Todtenge⸗ fpräche,,. Diefem höllifchen Richter einen Trabanten an die Seite des Throne ftellet: Sp malet er ihn mit “einem Ziegenfopfe mit Hörnern, und einem krum⸗ men Schlangenfchivanze, wie die Maler den Teufel zumachenpflegen. Wo ift aber indem heidnifchen Todtenreiche dergleichen Ungeheuer erhöret worden ? ta wo kommen alle die Eleinen Teufelchen an den Styr und Acheron, die ich in eben diefem Kupfer über dem Rabe Ixions, und dem Steine des Syfiphus herum flattern ſehe? Heißt das nicht die Stadt Tro« ja mit. Canonen befchieffen ; oder Jeruſalem bom⸗ bardiren ? ft esalfo wahr, wiemir Herr v. U. ein⸗ räumet , daß die Wahrfcheinlichkeit, oder die Aehn⸗ lichkeit und natürliche Vorſtellung einer Gefchicht der beftändige Augenmerk einer jeden Battung von Dich⸗ tern ſeyn ſoll: So werde ich von diefer Negel nicht abmeichen,, um die Schniger der Dpern gelfen zu laſ⸗ fen. Was fonft nirgends recht ift, das fan aud) in Singeſpielen nicht recht werden. - Daß Terens in feinem Selbftpeiniger mwieber die Regeln verftoffen habe, wird ihm weder Aubignac noch Menage zugeben, ob fie gleich wegen ber Dauer diefer Fabel fehr uneins geweſen find , und ganze Buͤ⸗ eher wwiebereinander gefchrieben haben. Denn diefes Stuͤck bedarfnur 12 oder höchftens 16 Stunden zum Verlaufe feiner Gefchicht. S. la Pratique du Thea- tre P. II. III. Des Spectators Anfehen gilt allerdings viel bey mir, und ich würde durch diefe allgemeine Worte, die Herr v. U. anführet, faft ftugig werden, wann ich nicht weit ausdruͤcklichere Stellen längft vor Qqz3z mich 614 1: Herrn Joh Sr.von Uffenbach mich ärigeführet hätte: Der Geſchmack müß dent egeln der Vernunft gemäß ſeyn, fonft ift er unge- reimt. Wäre dieſes nichts So müfte auch Die Go« thifche Baukunſt eben fo viel Schönheit haben, alg die alte Griechifche und Roͤmiſche. Ja es müften Div oltheutſchen Knittelverſe, die nach dem Gefchmas cke unſter Vorfahren recht ſchoͤn Flungen, eben fo - fehön ſeyn, als die Birgiltanifehen, oder unfre heuti⸗ gen Verſe. Ich Fan mits nımmermehr einbilden, daß der Herr v. U. dieß im Ernftebehaupter habe s fonft müft: er auch einer barbarıfchen Janitſcharen⸗ Muſik, eben fo viel Lob zugeftehen, als dem beiten itahenifchen Concerts, "Es nimmt mich auch Wuns der, daß erglanbt , daß man ſich in der Poefie nach dem Geſchmacke der eingeführer ıft, richten ſolle z und Batvor haͤlt, daß fich die Welt wohl ſchwerlich nach etlicher weniger critifcher Liebhaber ihrem Sinne rich en werde. Haben wir denn nicht Exempel genug, bie Möglichkeit Diefes leßtern zu erweiſen? War nicht Opypitz ein eritiſcher Liebhaber der Poeſie? Aber was thät er ? Richtete er fich nad) dem in Deurfchland eiigeführten Geſchmacke 7 Fürchtete er fich, nad) dem Erempel der Alten, und einiger benachbarten Voͤlker, beffere Verſe zumachen ? Und ift ihm nicht ganz Deutſchland darınn nachgefolget ? Ja iſt es nicht mit allen Veraͤnderungen des Geſchmackes ſo gegangen, daß die cririfchen Kenner zuerſt den Au⸗ fang darit gemacht haben ? Man critifire alfo alle Ars zen der Gedichte fo feharf als man fa, Wenn es Hut Hach guten Regeln gefchieht: Se wird man im⸗ \ Mir vielen bie Augen öffnen , und feiner ganzen Mas tion dieneu. Ohne Zweifel hat die Eritik der fir Bag — Ts. Die Fehler der Alten wieder die Wahr ſcheinlich⸗ | keit, koͤnnen in gewiſſer Maaffe nicht geleugnet wer⸗ den; wenn man nemlich unſre Zeiten zu Richtern daruͤber ſetzt. Ein Poet richtet ſich aber nach dem, was zu feiner Zeit unter feinen Landesleuten und Glaubensgenoſſen wahrfcheintich iſt. Das hat Ho⸗ mer und Dirgil, und Taſſo beobadhtet : Und das follten auch Die Dpernfchreiber beobachten. Daß ei⸗ ne Gottheit mäd)tiger fey als ein Menfd) , das ift ges nug, um die Fabeln der Alten zu rechtfertigen ‚Die uns.nur darum fo unwahrſcheinlich vorfommen, weil’ wir die Gottheiten der Alten nicht mehr glauben, Die Heren find auch nicht mehr fo Mode, als zu des Taſſo Zeiten; daher fommen uns manche Dinge bey ihm lächerlich vor, die doch damals fehr glaub- lich ſchienen. Man fehe was hiervon Rapin in feis ner Bergleichung des Homers und Virgils anges merfet: Woer zeiget, daß diefer legtere Dichter in - weit aufgeflärtern Zeiten gelebet, und alfo ganz an« dre Regeln der Wahrfcheintichkeit zu beobachten ge« habt. Auch die Sontenellifche Abhandlung vom Urfprunge der Fabeln verdienet hier nachgelefen zu werden, Die ich neulich in der neuen Auflage des I. Theils der eigenen Schriften unſrer ea Gefell- chaft uͤberſetzet babe, - - f rſeh h da; E 6 66 I, Seren Joh, Ir. von Uffenbach Ob nun wohl unſer Herr Verfaſſer nicht allem elenden Opergeſchmiere das Wort reden will: So traͤgt er doch kein Bedenken, die beyden Hauptregeln der Schaubuͤhne, die Einigkeit der Zeit und des Orts zuverwerfen. Das haͤtte ich mir in Wahrheit von dem Herrn v. U nicht eingebildet! Tantaene animis cœleſtibus irae? Wer hätte ſich das träumen laſſen, daß ein Mann, der ſolche Proben von einer gruͤnd⸗ lichen Einficht ın die freyen Künfte abgeleger hat, alg Mein Herr Gegner , gleichwohl eine fo fonnenflare Folgerung aus dem Grundfaße von der Wahrfcheins lichkeit, leugnen follee ? Ich fchliefle fo; Entweder müffen wir die theatraliſchen Vorstellungen der Nas tur ſo äbnlich machen, als wir fönnen ; Oder wie doͤrfen Diele Aehnlichkeit und Wahricheinlichfeit gar nicht beobachten, Thaͤten wır diefes, fo wäre allen Schwaͤrmereyen der unfinnigften Comoͤdianten und Gullenfaͤnger auf einmal Thür und Thor geöffnet, Man würde lauter Geſchichte aus Schlaraffenland, darinn weder Irdnung noch Zufammenbang ift, aufe führen muͤſſen. Da nun diefeg unftreitiq ungereime iſt? So ift Fein anderer Nach, als daß wir das erſte erwaͤhlen. Es fommt alfo nicht auf dag-Anfehen Ariftorelig , oder andrer Eritifverftäudigen ans die foiche Regeln nach ihrem Eigenfinne ausgedacht Hüte ten. Die gefunde Wernunft hat folches die griechie ſchen Tragödienfchreiber gelehret, che Diefer Welt⸗ weıfe Die Regeln der Dichtkunſt abfaflete, Es kommt mir eben fo vor, wenn man von Diefen Regeln fo gern abweichen will; als wenn ein elender Zimmermann, der nichts von der ariechifcehen oder roͤmſchen Baus Funft weis, den Vitruvius vor einen Grillenfängee gebundene Reden ꝛc. 617 ausgeben wollte, der ſich nach ſeiner Phantaſie e ſolche ſtrenge Regeln von den Saͤulenordnungen ausge⸗ dacht. Gerade, als ob nicht die groͤſten Baumeiſter vor feiner Zeit Die fchönften Gebäude darnach aufge⸗ führer haͤtten. Oder, als wenn ein Maler, dem man von dem Buche des Lairefle was vorfagte, und feine Fehler Daraus beurtheilete ; dieſen Scribenten vor -einen wunderlichen Grübler anfähe, deflen Regeln feinem als Geſetze aufgebürder werden koͤnnten: Da doc) deffen Buch nichts ın fich hält , als was lange zus vor von den gröften Künfti:en beobachtet worden. Iſt nun diefe Kegel der Wahrfcheinlichfeit einmal ‚in der Vernunft und in der Matur der Poefie, fü wohl gegruͤndet: So folge, daß auch die Zeiteineer Fabel ın der geöften Schärfe, nicht gröffer feyn foll, : - als die Borftellung des theatralifchen Stückes felbft brauchet. Diefes würde die vollfommenfte Machs ahmung feyn , die zuerdenfen ift, und in vielen Stuͤ cken der Alten ift fie genau beobachtet. Es Fonnte, auch bey ihnen faft nicht anders feyn , da die Perſo- nen, die den Chor ausmadıten nicht von der Stelle famen, big das ganze Stuͤcke aus war, und folge ih auch an einem Hrte ftehen blieben. Hieraus mußte alfo die Einigkeit des Ortes und der Zeit noth⸗ mendig folgen. Spricht man, ja das geht in allen Fabeln nicht an, zumal die zum theil aus der Hiſto⸗ vie genommen find: So fage ich: Deswegen hat ja ein Poet die Freyheitzu dichten , und alles foins Ges ſchicke zu bringen, daß es angeht, Und ob in der neuern Comödie der Griechen und Römerder Chor ke Zur un wordens So iſt doch die Einigkeit der Zeit und des Ortes geblieben; wie ausdem Tu a 5 rxenz 618 II. Herrn Joh. Sr. vonliffenbach ren; erheflet, der feine Fabeln aus dem Menander entlehriet hat. Man hatdurd) die Abfchaffung des Chores [hen genug gewonnen, mern man an die ‚drey Stunden einer ſolchen Borftellung fo genau nicht gebunden iſt, und zur Noth auch wohl eines hal⸗ ben, ja ganzen Tages Geſchichte in ein Stüce brin- gen darf. Ariſtoteles iſt alſo fchon faft zu gelinde ge» wefen, indem er diefes zugeftanden hat: Weit ges fehle, daß er gar zu firenge Regeln —— N haben ſollte. Was die Neuigkeit der Opern anlanget, ſo meynte mein Herr Gegner, es ſey ein herrlicher Ruhm vor unſre Zeiten, daß man dergleichen erfunden habe, Es ift wahr, mas neües erfinden , iſt kein Schimpf, wenn esnur was Fluges ift; und eine Probe von dem guten Verſtande und Wihe ſeines Erfinders abgiebt. Wenn aber die neuen Erfindungen ungereimt wer— den: Sothäte man ja befler, wenn man bey dem Als ton bliebe. Ich komme wieder auf die Baufunfl. Wenn fih jemand unterffünde eine Art von Säulen zu erfinden, die oben dicfer als unten wären ; fo wäre diefes wohl mas neues: Allein, wer würde nicht. einen folchen Baumeifter auslachen , indem er nicht. bedächte, daß die erften Säulen rohe Stämme von Bäumen geweſen, die allemal unsen dicker als oben find. Man fan freylih an einem abgehauenen Baume auch das unterfte zu oberſt kehren. Allein bey den Alten iſt niemand ſo ungereimt geweſen, es zu verſuchen, und man hat die Ehre einer ſolchen Erfin⸗ dung etwa einem Neuern uͤberlaſſen. Doch mein Gegner haͤlt davor, die Opern waͤren auch alt. Er meynt, Spuren gefunden zu: — daß Ä ‚gebundene Reden Fee | 69 daß man fehon zu der Römer Zeiten prächtige, und mit vielen Flug: und Mafchinen Werfen ausgezierte Schau: und Singfpiele aufgeführt, und das möch« ten wohl gar Dpern gewefen feyn, Mero hätte ſich ja ſelbſt als ein Sänger. und Muficant aufder Buͤh⸗ ne bören laflen. Ja man fönnte nicht mwiffen, ob niche vielleicht Ovidius und Birgilius fehon Opern gemacht hätten, dieaberverlohren gegangen. Diefer letztere Einfall kommt mir fo luſtig vor, daß ich mich des Lachens unmöglich enthaltenfan. Er braucht auch allem Anfehen nad) Feiner Wiederle- jung, da id) mir nicht einbilden fan, daß der Herr 3 ein rnfte diefe Muthmaffung gehabt habe. Miülfen aber jadieDpern alt ſeyn, gut, warum fu- chen wir fie nicht zu Davids und Affaphs Zeiten ? Sollten nidjt dieſe Dichter zuerft hebraͤiſche Opern gefchrieben haben, die von den Leviten in der Stifte: hütten auıfgeführet worden ? Oder hat nicht etwa das Volk Iſrael bey dem güldnen Kalbe in der Wuͤſten die allererfte Oper erfunden ; die auch) fo gar mie Zangen auggegieret gewefen ? | Ernftlich von den vorhergehenden Einmürfen zu reden: So leugne id) es nicht, daß der römifche Poͤ— beleben fo wohl als heute zu Tage die Opernzufchaus er, fehr gern Aufzüge, Veränderungen und prächs tige Borftellungen auf den Schaubühnen gefehen, Horaz überzeuget mic) davon im H. B. f. Epifteln, in den Schteiben an den Kayſer Auguft. Es heißt: Saepe etiam audacem fugat hoc terretque Poetam, Quod nümero plures, virtute & honore minores, Indodi, ſtolidique, & depugnare parati _ Si difeordet eques, media inter carmina pofcunt Aut vifüii; auf pugiles; His nam plebecula er 620 II. Herrn Joh. Fr. von Uffenbach So wollte denn das dumme unwiſſende Poͤbelvolk in Rom, mitten in einer Comoͤdie, lieber ein wildes Thier, oder ein paar Klopffechter ſehen, als die Co⸗ moͤdie ſelbſt, und zwar wieder allen Dank der Edlen und Ritter, die geſcheidter waren. Allein auch dieſe waren ſchon ſo eitel geworden, daß fie lieber ihre Au⸗ gen, als die Ohren beluſtigen wollten, wie die folgen⸗ de Worte lehren s Verum equitis quoque jam migrauit ab aure voluptas Omnis, adincertos oculos & gaudia vana. Vier Stunden lang hatten fie Gedult ih Aufe züge von Reutern und Fußfnechten, einen renden Feldherren, gefangene Koͤnige, auslaͤndiſche Wagen und Schiffe, Bilder von Hel—⸗ fenbein , die Stadt Corinth im Bilde, Pantherthies te, meiffe Elephanten, u. fi m. zu eben: So, daß wenn Demecritug wieder hätte aufftehen foflen, er unfehlbar die Römer ausgelachet, und fie mit gröffes ver Verwunderung als das Schaufpiel felbft, anges fehen haben würde: Quafuor aut plures aulaea premuntur in horas, Dum fugiunt equitum turmae , peditumque catervae, . Mox trahitur manibus regum fortuna retortis, Efleda feftinant, pilenta, petorrita, naues, Captiuum portatur ebur, captiua Corinthus, ‘ Si foret in terris, rideret Democritus; feu Diuerſum confufa genus panthera camelo, Siue elephas albus vulgi converteret ora; Spedtaret populum ludis attentius ipfis, Vt fibi praebentem mimo ſpectaculo plura; Scriptores autem narrare putaret afello Fabellam furdo. Nam quae pervincere voces ' Evaluere fonum, referunt quem noftra theätra ? So Be | 2. gebundene Reden ꝛc. 6421 So unartig ſich aber dergeſtalt die guten Roͤmer in dieſem Stücke aufgefuͤhret, fo wenig glaube ich bey dem allen, daß man aus dergleichen Aufzuͤgen fchlief fen fönne, die Römer hätten wirklich Dpern gefpies det. Daß zuweilen muficalifche Wettftreite auf öfs fentlichen Bühnen geſchehen, iſt auch nicht zu leug⸗ nen; eben fo wie die Poeten öffentlich ihre Gedichte abgelefen , und durch den Beyfall der Zuhörer den Mreis übereinander davon zu fragen gefucht haben. Allein auch das find noch feine Opern. Warum hat der Herr Berfaffer nicht licber das Odeum ber A⸗ thenienfer, dag Pericles Dafelbft bauen laſſen, öffent« liche Mufifen darinn halten zu laffen, zum Opern⸗ hauſe gemacht? Allein er Hätte. auch das ganze Alter · thum nieder ſich gehabt. Auch hätte er dieallegorie ſchen Tänze der Alten, davon Ariftoteles in feiner Poetik redet, vor fich anführen fönnen ; denn die fä« men noch den Opern am nächften : Wenn nur zugleich in diefen Balleten auch ganze Gedichte uud Fabel waͤren gefpielet worden. Allein auch da hätte er viele leicht feine Rechnung nicht gefunden, wenn es nach ben Xusfpruche des Herrn Meneſtriers gehen foll,der, wo mir recht ift, Den Tractat: Des Balets Anciens & modernes felon les regles du Theatre, der zu Paris 1682 heraus gekommen , gefchrieben har. Denn diefer behauptet ausdruͤcklich, Daß auch in den Taͤnzen ſelbſt viel Regeln der alten Tragödie beobach⸗ tet werden muͤſſen. Er fehreibtp..4. Afın qu’on ne penfe pas, que d’autorite prive&e je vueille m’eri- ger en Maitre, & faire des Regles de Fantaifie, pour un Art qui n’en avoif point; je ne dirairien de mon chef, que ce que la raifon la plus fevere | x Ä peut Ä i 622 1. Herrn Joh. Fr. von Uffenbach peut avouer de bonne foi. Jetirerai de Plato ‘de Plutarque, de Lucien, d'Ariſtote, d'Athenèé & des vieux Scholaiftes grecs, tout ce qu'ils o: Ecrit fur ce fujet, Kal’Exemple.du Bramane (g: voyant, que lesbeaux arts£toient comme annear tis depuis !’Einpire du grand Conftentin, par k inondations frequentes des Barbares, & la ftupid: ‚2€ de dix.ou onze fiecles ignorants, fe mit à prer- dre les melures de'toutes les antiques d’Italie, & retablir de leurs debris & deleursruines „ I’Arch: tecture a demi perdüe, en formant des deſſeinsc ‚ces reltes des: batimens grecs &Romains) Je drel ferai le Plan de mon ouvrage fur la pratique deciyy ou fix fiecles fgavans, & fur les fentimens de tout: ce que la Grece a eu de plus Spirituel en mätiere d’inventions, Be Ich habe mit Fleiß diefe Stelle, aus einem über ‚aus gelehrten Buche angeführt ‚um zu zeigen, daß Die Mufter der Alten aud) fo gar in einer fo fehlechten Sache, ‚ als die Tänze zu feyn fchienen , ung die beften | Recgeln geben fönnten. Jaich münfche nichts mepr, ‚als daß der Herr v. Uffenbach und alle Dpernfreunde | dieſes Fleine Werckchen mit Bedacht lefen möchten; So würden fiefehen, mie man auch die willführluh ſten $uftbarfeiten duch die Vernunft in Ordnung bringen und erheben koͤnne. Doch den Urfprungter Opern etwas beſſer zu finden, fo will ich) meinem Ga. ner, Dem Ceſti und Lulli nicht geiallen, ein paar an— Dre Meynungen in Borfchlag bringen, Die eine „giebt mir Der ungenannte Urheber des englifchen Tea: <tats, "Ihe Taſte ofthe Town, or a Goide to all Rublik diverſions &c. 173: in 8, -" Seine erfte Ab⸗ ur | | band; — — » gebundene Reden 0623 Handlung betrifft. die Mufi k und die Opern. Erſt-⸗ ‚ Lich erzählt er Drydens Muthmaffung, daß die Ita⸗ liener Die Opern von den fpanifchen Mohren zu erft gelernet haben fünnten, welche bey ihren Eöniglichen Feſten allerley $uftbarkeiten mit Muſik, Singen und j —— = 77 Tanzen geliebet hätten. Doch Dryden ſelbſt an eis nem andern Orte, nemlich in einem Anhange der Vorrede zu feinem Albion und Albanius verwirft dieſe Meynung wieder, und ſchreibt: That poſſibly the Italians vent not ſo far as Spain, for the inven- tion of their opera’s;they might have take the Hint at Home, and formed this drama by gathering . up the Shipwrecks of the Grecian and Roman Theatres, wich were adorned with Mufik, Sce- nes, Dancing, and Machines, efpecially the gre- cian: addingthat, though they are amodern In» vention, yetthat they are built on the Foundation of Ethnick Worship. Diefe Meynung nun ergreift der Verfafler, als die rechte, und behauptet, daß der Chor der alter Tragödie, und fonderlic das Odeum der Athes aienfer ; bernach aber auch der Gottesdienft der Goͤt⸗ tin Cybele , bie lauter Berfchnittene zu Prieftern hatte, den SStalienern Gelegenheit gegeben, ihre Da pern zu erfinden, Bon diefen Muchmaffungen | fommt er aufdie neuern Zeiten, da man die alte Tra—⸗ goͤdie in Italien hervor zu fuchen angefangen, und dabey den Chor derfelben nachzuahmen gefucht. De. fey es dein gefchehen, daß fie, an ftaft eines ſolchen Zierraths der alten Schaubuͤhne, vermittelft des go⸗ thiſchen frechen und wunderfeltfamen Gefhmades, eine Een der. Be erfunden, Die ganz aus Mufif, 624 II. Seren Job, $r.von uffenbach Muſik, Taͤnzen und Maſchinereyen beſtanden. The Italians, ſchreibt er p. 7. in attempting to reſtoro the Grandeur of the ancient Grecian and :.oman, Theatres, inftead of the Maguificence of the old Tragedy, with a ſuitable Chorus, they revived that part , wtich they imagined would prove moſt generally entertaining; aud being then infected with Gothick Whims, Licences aud triffling Or- hamentsin everything polite, in place of a muli« cal Chorus wich was the great Eimbellishment of the old Stage, they trump dupan Entertainment, to eonſiſt wholly of Mufick, Dancıng and Machi - nery: Ob num diefer Urfprung der Opern aus dem gothie fchen Oeſchmacke der Italiener dem Herrn v. U. ges fallen werde, das lafle ic) dahin gefteller feyn. Doch ich habe noch was ficherers davon ın dem Teatro Ita- liano , dag 1728 zu Verona herausgefommen , oder vielmehr in der Hiftorie der Schaubühne, die dem ‚Buche vorgefeßtift, gefunden, Nachdem der Bers faffer deſſelben den Verfall der tragiſchen Schaus bühne in Welfchland hauptfächlich von dem aujfer» ordentlichen Wohlgetallen, fo man anden Singſpie⸗ len gehabt, hergeleitet: So erzählt er, daß Sulpi⸗ cius, der die Anmerkungen zum Vitruv gemacht, ſich gerühmet, er habe zuerft gewieſen, wie man eis ne Tragödie fingen ſolle: D’avere nel 1480 in- fegnato il primo a rapprefentaree cantare tina Tra- gedia in Roma. Er jegt aber hinzu: Dove perd ben dubita il Crefeimbent „ ne’ füoi Comentari, fe quel cantare importi veramente Mulica, 0 debba intenderfi d’una certa natural Cantilen. Wie | nun — gebundene Reden. : 63% nun diefe Meynung des Heren Crefcimbeni allers. ' dings fehr wahrfrheinlich iſt, alfo bleibt Feine aͤltere Oper übrig, als die 1547 in Modena hufgeführet mors den. 'Nelıc97 Orazio Vecchi Modanele, con nuo- vo efempio nel ſuo Amphi-Parnaflo fece cintarg anchegli Attori, non eccettuando Pantalene, Za- ne, Dottor Graziano & Capitago Spagnnolo, che tutti in verlo, & in Mulica fanno la parte loro, Nun urrheile man felbjt, wie feltfam es heute zu Tage noch augfehen würde , wenn in einer italienıfchen Co⸗ möbie Pontalon, Harlefin, der Doctor und Eapi« sain noch fingend auftreten, und ihre Rolle fpielen follten. Doc) genug hiervon. Der Herr v. U; Hot recht, wenn er glaubt, daß es uns an Dem Urſprunge fo pief nicht gelegen fey ; wofern es wahr ift, Daß das bes ſtaͤndige Singen aller Worte in einer Oper an ſich Al. Sruch, Rr un⸗ R 626 I. Herrn Job, Sr. von Uffenbach ungereimtift, Er meynt, diefes fönnte man zuge⸗ ben, wenn man gar. feinen Begriff von der Mufif hätte, und ihr fo feind wäre als Zwinglius. Allein es ift hier leicht zu begreifen, daß man fein Zwing⸗ lianer feyn darf, um diefe Ungereimtheit zu fehen. Mir fümmt es nicht närrifcher vor , wenn jener Dem Rathe zu Bafel eine Supplif vorgefungen haben foll; als wenn ein Opernheld den Brief abfinget, den er von feiner Geliebten erhalten ; ober feinem Diener einen Verweis vorfinge. Herr Matheſon, ven. man billig vor einen gelehrten Meifter in der Muſik erfennet, mag diefelbe noc) fo gefchickt verfheidigen : So wird er doch Feinen Liebhaber der Vernunft und Natur von der Schönheit eines ſolchen Singens überführen fönnen. Ich wundere mich auch nicht unbillig, daß der Herr Vertheidiger der Dpern fich bey dieſem Grunde, der doc) der allerwichtigfte und wefen lichfte ift, fo wenig aufgehalten, und ihn ganz aufde n Herrn Mäthefon gefchoben. In Wahrheit, wenn ich feinen andern Beweis vor,meine gute Sa» che hätte, fo würde es diefer allein ſchon ausmachen, Denn fich nur obenhin auf den Geſchmack erlicher ver- woͤhnter tiebhaber zu beruffen, das macht die Sache nicht aus ; wenn es ſich frage, ob die Sache vernünf: tigundnatürlich ift ? Ich habe ja mit ganz andern Waffen den Angriff gethan, als mit dem Gefchmade derer, Die Feine Mufif leiden koͤnnen. Meinethals ben mögen fich die Herrn Dpernfreunde auch aufdem Rathhauſe und auf der Börfe, alle ihre Worte in Ro: ten ſetzen laſſen; ja fich muficalifche Prediger beftel« len, Die ihnen eine wohlcomponirte Poftille vorfingen koͤnnen. Ich will mic) mit der natürlichen, - | au u" ‘ ’ .. gebundene Reden. 627 Doch allen Gemüthsbewegungen gemäffen Ausſpra⸗ che beheifen. Und ob wohl der Hr. v. U. dieſes eine bergefchlappette Rede nennet ; fo werde ıch doch Darüber nicht boͤſe. Dennic) weis, daß Demofthes nes und Cicero miteiner ſo hergeſgeſchlapperten Mes De, Die ohne Noten und Triller hergefagt würde, gang - Athen und Kom in Bewegung gefegt, ja den Philip⸗ pus und Gatılina, den Hefcdyines und Antonius faft zur Borzweiflung gebradye haben. Gleichwohl hats ‚ ten dieſe Redner ihre Ausſprache von feinem Operi— ſten, fondern von guten Comoͤdianten gelernet, wie Babpin 'ın feiner Bergleichung diefer beyden Redner aus den Alten angemerket hat. Ich follte auch faft denken, mein Herr ®egner müßte niemals eine gute j ) { Declamation eines Zrauerfpiels gehöret haben, daß er dieſelbe eıne hergefchlapperte Nedenennet. Riccoboni, ein ſehr gefchickter und gelehrter ıcalies nifcher Comödien- Director in Paris , hat von der gu⸗ ten Vorſtelungekunſt = mweitläuftiges Gedichte ges 3 ſchrie⸗ 628 I. Seren Joh. Sr.von uffenbach ſchrieben, daraus ein angehender Comoͤdiant viel lernen kan. Da ſieht man erſt, wie viel zu einer gu⸗ ten Ausſprache gehoͤrt. Ich will nur eine Stelle wie⸗ der das fingende Heulen vieler franzoͤſiſchen Comoö⸗ dianten herſetzen, die auch von den Opern ſeine Mey⸗ nung entdecket. Sie ſteht p. 44- Io non intendo come in oggi, avere Si poſſa per il Canto nn tal rifpetto, Pro fervendofi regole piu auftere. Indi avien, che lalor declamazione, A chi nuovo la fente & l’aflapora, Fa venir la migrania il firanguiglione. Eh! fi lafci il cantare, alla mal’ or, O per lo. meno affatto fi abbandoni, Al Molftro, che ne incanta e inamora, Dell Opera vud dire, che quei buoni Italiani noftri hanno inventata, Tutta coftrutta di canti & di fuoni, Ma noi naturalmente alla brigata Parliamo, & ei perdonino gli antichi, Ne corriam dietro a un ombra difperata, Gli heroici fatti, o i familiari intrighi, ‘Non pud negarli ragionevolmente, Che cantandoli al vero non disdiche. Wegen des folgenden will ich mit dem Herrn v. U. nicht zanken. Man muß billig ſeyn, und aud) was nachgeben, Ich geftehe es ihm alſo zu, daß die ſchlechtformirten Charactere der Dpern- Helden der Oper nicht wefentlic) find. Ich weis, daß es aud) gute Charactere in Opern geben fan, und wirflid) giebt. Noch vor kurzem ift in Dreßden eine italie⸗ | nifche gebundene Reden ꝛc. 629 iſche gefpielet worden, darinn fie faſt durchgehende ut waren, Sie beißt Cajus Fabritius, und iſta Freu ine von den beften, die jemals gemachet worden, Wäre die Einigkeit des Ortes, und der Zufammen« yang der Auftritte beffer darinn beobachtet : So wüßte ich Faft nichts daran auszufegen, als daß es eine Dper wäre. ine fo fhöne Arbeit hätte nicht gefungen werden dörfen, um zu gefallen. Ja fie würde weit mehr Nachdruck in Bewegung dere . .. mütber gehabt haben, wenn fie als ein Trauerfpiel”« fari wäre aufgeführet worden. Miteinem Worte, wir", wollen die fchlechten Charactere der elenden Dpern und Comoͤdien gegen einander aufheben: Iliacos intra muros peccatur & extra, . Eben das will ich von den Zoten und Fragen geſagt haben, die von unflätigen Comödianten ebenfalls nicht genugfam vermieden werden. Cs ift aud) das üppige Wefen in andern poetifchen Schriften häufig genug su finden, und alfo will ich den Opern daraus eben feinen befondern Schimpf machen. Nur das wird mir mein Herr Gegrter nad) feiner befannten Dilligfeit auch zugeben, daß geile Verſe durch das Singen, und durch reizende Geberden, noch drey⸗ mal kräftiger werden die Ueppigkeit zu-befördern. Die angefuͤhrte Stelle aus dem reifenden Cyrus ſtrei⸗ tet mehr für mich, als für die Opern. Solon hat gewiß diefe nicht im Sinn haben koͤnnen, indem felbft die Tragödie zu feiner Zeit noch in der Wiege gelen. gen, | Die Tugend ber Perfonen, fo die Opern und Co⸗ mödien vorftellen, geht uns benberfeits nichts an: ! Rr3, Denn \ 630 II. Seren "Job, Sr. von Uffenbach | Denn wie die fugendhafteften Leute ein fehlechtes Stücke nıcht gut machen koͤnnen, fo werden aud) die Unartigften Fein gutes verderben s Wenn fie fonft nur zum vorftellen ein Geſchicke haben, und es nach) ihrem Vermögen anwenden wollen. Ich komme alfo mit meinem Herrn Gegner auf Die Mafchinen und andern Verzierungen der Opern. So foftbar und finnreid) diefe Stücfe an fich felber "find ; fo fchön fie auch in der That eine Schaubuͤhne pugen : So überflüßig werden fie in ben Opern an gebracht. Ich habe mich aber über diefen Punct ſchon fonft gegen den Herrn D. Hudemann fo aus. fuͤhrlich erklaͤret, Daß ich nichts mehr davon hinzu ſe⸗ Senmag. Wenn die Einrichtung aller dieſer praͤch⸗ tigen Dinge der Wahrfcheinlichfeit gemäß gebraucht % wird: So entjteht allerdings was vortteffliches dar. aus.. Man mache alfo die Oper nur erft in allem übrigen Vernunft: und Naturmäßig, fo werden auch ihre Mebenmwerke gut fern. Wiedrigenfalls werde ich mit dem Herrn von St. Eoremont, in feınen Ge⸗ danken über bie Opern, die im I. Th. der eigenen Schr. unferer deutſch. Gef. überfegt zu leſen ſind, fas gen: Daß eine Thorheit, die mit Tänzen, Maſchi⸗ nen und Aufjügen geſchmuͤcket ift, zwar eine fehr prächtige Thorheit, aber doch allemal eine Thorheit y. | "Was hierauf folget, Elinget zwar ein bischen raͤth⸗ ſelhaft; ich habe es aber doch verftanden, Ich ers kenne es fuͤr eine befondere Höflichkeit des Herrn Vers faſſers, daß er mich nicht deutlicher radeln wollen. Indeſſen hätte ich ıhrm auch fold;es nicht übel genom« men. Wenn man fi) zu rechtfertigen weis A ſo er⸗ * 4 bare, bier das natürliche. Dort darf ein Homer, noch Horazeng Worten Ipeciofa miracula erzählen: Hier aber heifit es: Nec Deus interſit, niſi dignus vindice nodus Inciderit. sa auch gewiffenatürliche — die ſich ſonſt gar wohl erzaͤhlen laſſen, doͤrfen nicht vor den a. der Zufchauer vorgeftellet werben. Nec coram populo pueros Medea trucidet. Aut humana palam coquat exta nefarius Atreus, Aut in Avem Progne vertatur, Cadmus in anguem: Quodcunque oftendis mihi fic, incredulus odi. Daiftder Grund, warum man leichter unglaubliche Dinge erzählen, als vorftellen fan. Die Ohren lei⸗ den viel eher mas wunderſames, und Die Phantafie hilftihnen immer ein wenig aus, Aber die Augen leiden nichts, als das wahrfcheinliche, Die Zabeln Aeſopi Fonnen wir alle ohne Anftoß hören. Wir wiffen auch, daß es nur Fabeln find, und denken mehr an die allegorifche Bedeutung , als an die Thiere, die darinn vorfommen. Man ftelle aber einen äfopi« ſchen feuen oder Fuchs auf die Schaubühne, und lafs fe fie ihre Rolle vor den Augen der Zufchauer fpielen : So wird gewiß alle Welt fchreyen: Peter Savenz fen von den Todten auferftanden,, der auch den Leu⸗ en, den Brunn, den Mond und die Wand alseine. — aufgeführer. Diefes ift num die Urs Nr 4 foche gebundene Reden ꝛc. 631 zürnee man ſich nicht. in epiſches Gedichte iſt von ganz andrer Art, als ein Dramatiſches: Wie Ari⸗ ſtoteles einen jeden, der feine Poetik lefen will, ſatt⸗ fam überzeugen wird, Dort berrfcht das wunder. — 633 , II, Kern Joh. Sr. von Uffenbach füche , warum Erdichtungen, die man erzaͤhlet, nur eine hypothetiſche Wahrſcheinlichkeit, it dem poeti⸗ ſchen Fabelreiche haben doͤrfen. Doch ſelbſt auf der Bühne würden gewiſſe olche Dinge erlaubt werden; wie ich ſchon in meiner Dichtkunſt angemerket. Z.E. Wenn ein Schauſpiel von der Andromeda gemacht wuͤrde, und man koͤnnte den Perſeus auf einem flie⸗ genden Pegaſus zu ihr kommen laſſen: So wuͤrde dieſes kein theatraliſcher Fehler ſeyn, wenn es nur gut ausgefuͤhtet werden koͤnnte. Ich würde mehr hin⸗ zu ſetzen, wenn ich nicht beſorgte, man würde den⸗ ken, haͤtte mich gar zu aͤngſtlich zu vertheidigen geſu t. Den folgenden Abſatz gebe ich dem Herrn Vers faſſer ganz zu. Er ſieht viele Misbraͤuche der Opern⸗ bühne ein; und ich müßte ſehr unbillig ſeyn, wenn ich es nicht geſtehen wollte. Nur bey der Frage, was der Verſtand des Zuſchauers bey der Vereinigung ſo vieler Kunſtwerke in einer Oper zu denken hat, bin ih mit ſeiner Antwort nicht zufrieden, Er ſagt: Eben das, was man bey einer ſchoͤnen Statue, oder bey andern Meiſterſtuͤcken der Kunſt denket. Ganz Hut: Über das geſchieht bier zur Unzeit. Die thea⸗ traliſche Fabel wird in einer ganz andern Abſicht ges fpiele, als daß Ic) den Maſchinenmeiſter bervundern foll. Sie muß durch ihre elgene Anmuth einneh⸗ men, bezaubern und rühren, nicht aber durch ſo viel fremde Zierathe die Sirine ihrer Zuſchauer zerſtreu⸗ en. Eine gute Tragödie hat alle diefe aͤuſſerliche Schmmke nicht noͤthig. Ein natuͤrlich ſchoͤn Frauen. zimmer iſt in ihrer ordentlichen Kleidung angeneh⸗ mer, als ein heßlich Geſichte mitten unter m | en " gebundene Reben ıc. 633 | chen Schattirflecken, Perlen und Edelgefteinen. Je - mehr mananihren Putz denfet, defto mehr wird man ben Mangel ihrer Schönheit inne. Wären die Oper⸗ fabeln an fich rührender geweſen, ſo hätte man fo viel fremden Beyſtand nicht nöthig gehabt, ſie angenehm zu machen. Und doc) gelingt es ihnen fo fchlecht, daß oft ihre Zufchauer mitten im Spiele davon lau⸗ fen, oder doch die Zeit mit Schwagen zubringen ? Welches gewiß in einer Tragödie oder Comoͤdie, die nur halbigt gut ift, geſchieht. Was der Herr v. U. im folgenden von der Morale der Opern rühmet, das muß ich feiner groffen Liebe zu derſelben zuſchreiben. Vielleicht würde er ſelbſt ſolche moraliſche Opern machen, als man bisher noch nicht gemacht hat. Der Pater Poree hat die Sit⸗ tenlehre der Opern ſo ſchoͤn entworfen, daß ich kein Wort davon ſagen darf. Man ſehe den Auszug von ſeiner Rede in dieſen Beytraͤgen nach. Was das Regiſter aller nichtswuͤrdigen Opern anlanget, welches der Herr Gegner fordert: So kan ich ihm ſelbiges ſo wenig als von den naͤrriſchen Comoͤdien verſprechen. Was iſt es aber noͤthig alle ſchlimme zu wiſſen, da wir beyde eins ſind, daß es ſehr viele, ja unzaͤhliche giebt? Nur darinn find wir uneins, ob es auch gute giebt? Und gleichwohl for⸗ dere ich von den Liebhabern nicht ein Regiſter von al⸗ len; ſondern nur etliche wenige nahmhaft zu machen. Bin ich nicht weit billiger als meine Gegner? Die blinde Liebe, die man einigen gegen die Tragoͤdien und Comoͤdien ſchuld giebt, nehme ich Mir gar nicht an: Indem ich mir ſchmeichele, daß ich Proben genug ab⸗ geleget habe, daß ich die Schaubuͤhne nicht blind⸗ | Nr 5 linge 634 U. Herrn Joh. St. von Uffenbach lings beurtheifet habe. Wenn nur alle Opernfreum⸗ - be bey fich fo wohl zu Haufe wären. Die Parthey⸗ lichfeit, fo man. dem Herren St. Evremond, Ras cine und dem Spectator ſchuld giebt, hat einigen Schein; weil fie felbft vor die comifche und tragifche Schaubühne Stüdfe verfertiget harten. Wo biei« ben aber Boileau, la Bruyere, und Des Callies res? haben die auch Tragödien gemacht ? Was habe ich nicht neulich dem Herrn D. H. noch vor an dere Zeugen hinzu gefeßt ? Was fönnte ich nicht. noch vor neue anführen ? Wenn id) dem Riviere du Fre- my bey der Hand hätte, fo follte ihm eine Hübfche Stel» le zu Dienften ftehen. Jetzt habe ich nur den Ba- ron von Poͤllnitz, der gewiß mit feinen Memoires ung Deutfchen feine Schande macht. Sein Zeug. niß wird mir auch um defto mehr zu flatten kommen, da er die beften Schaufpiele von Europa überall felbft geſehen, und miteinander zu vergleichen Geſchmack genug gehabt hat. Quoique je ſois paflionne pour la Mulfique Italienne, ſchreibt er T. II. p. 303., je vous avoue pourtant , que je ne laifle pas auſſi de m’ennuyer a leurs Operas lorfque je vois ces mu- tiles fairede Roland, l’Hercule, ou quelque autre Heros de cette efpeces & je m’impatiente de ne voir jamais, que fix Adteurs &c. Eben berfelbe fegt im III. Tomo p. 420 hinzu. Outre l’Opera italien, ilyen a encore unanglois (& Londres) ou ’onne chante que les airs, le refte eft recite. Cela me paroit plus raifonnable, quelorfquetouteft chan- t&: du moins un homme ne chante point, en fe tuant ou en fe battant. Und Ä gebundene Reden. 655 Und wie? Sind denn die Herrn Verfechter der Opern folche unpartheyifche Leute, Wer hat denn bisher diefelben wieder meine Dichtkunſt vertheidie get? Iſt es nicht Herr D. H. und Herr v. U. gewe⸗ fen, die alle beyde ferbft Dpern gemacht haben ?. Ge⸗ wiß auf diefe Art richten wir nichts gegen einander aus, und wir müflen uns ganz anders wieberfegen. Ich habe auch die Zeugnifle nur zum Uberflufle ange« führet, um einem Einwurfe vorzubeugen, den man - mir leicht hätte machen fönnen, daß ich nemlich ganz allein ein foicher Grillenfaͤnger wäre, der nichts ſchoͤ⸗ ‚nes ſchmecken fönnte, Gleichwohl find die Einwen⸗ dungen, die mir der Herr Berfafler gegen die Glaub⸗ wuͤrdigkeit dieſer Zeugnifle gemacht hat, von ſchlech⸗ ter Erheblichfeit. La Bruyere verdient feinen Glau« ben: Warum das? Denn WMerville hat des Mies nage Lobrede auf denfelben mwiederlegt. Iſt das nicht eine herrliche Folgerung? Weiter: Bruyere Fan unmöglich recht haben, wenn er die Opern vera achtet: Warum nicht? Denn fonft hätte Ludewig XIV umfonft ganze Millionen verwandt. Abermal ein herrlicher Schluß. Man weis, daß der König nur etlichen Damen zu Gefallen, die Opern unterhal⸗ ten: Und was fuͤr Koſten werden zu ſolchen Faͤllen nicht verſchwendet? Alle Schmeichler bey Hofe rich⸗ ten fich freylich nach dem Gefchmade des Königes : ‘ Daraus folgt aber nicht, daß alles was geoffe Sperren lieben, fehön und untadelich ſey. Ein einziger Cri⸗ ticus, der das Herz hat, einer Menge folcher Schmeidler zu wieberfprechen, hat mehr Glauben bey mir, alsjenealle miteinander. Zum andern ver« dient auch. Boileau, nad) meines Herrn _— = * en nicht haben, Die Opern daraus zu verbannen, Frey⸗ 636 II. Herin Joh. Sr. von Uffenbach er Meynung feinen Glauben: Und warum denn? Er hat einmal gefagt, oder foll vielmehr nur gefagt ha⸗ ben; denn es ift fo ausgemacht nicht, ob es wahr iſt: ‚Ein guter Poet fey einem Staate nicht nöthiger als ein guter Kegelfpielr. Was hierin vorein Schluß ſtecke, begreife ich mit meiner ganzen Logik nicht. Hat Boileau das gefagt; fo zeuget es von feiner groffen Befcheidenheit. Denn was für einen Stolz mürde man ihm nicht beygelegt haben, wenn er ges ſagt hätte: Ein guter Poet fey dem Staate eben fo nöthig, als ein Premierminifter? Boileau dorfte ſich auch) mit feiner Poefie fo Breit nicht machen , weil - er auch ohne diefelbe Verdienfte und Gelehrfamfeit genug hatte. Wenn er ung nur den einzigen Lon⸗ ginüberfegt Hätte: So müßte man ihn ſchon vor eis nen nüglichen Selehrten halten: Wie man unzaͤhli⸗ ‚ge andre davor anfieht, die nicht halb fo viel ın der gelehrten Welt geleifter Haben. Aber was für vie Opern daraus folge „ begreife ich ganz und gar nicht. Gecgen bag Ende feiner Borrede feheint mein Herr Gegner böfe zu werden. Diefes macht, daß ich auf die heimlichbeiſſenden Ausdruͤckungen, womit er auf die heimlichbeiſſende Schreibart, die ſeinem Ur⸗ theile nach itzo Mode wird, ſchmaͤhlet, nicht antwor⸗ ten mag. Ich moͤchte ſonſt auch boͤſe werden, und das habe ich mir nicht vorgenommen. Meinethal⸗ ben mag man der Opern ſo viel machen und ſpielen, daß alle Zeitungen mit neuen Nachrichten davon an⸗ gefuͤllet werden koͤnnen. Meine unſchuldige Freude uͤber den zunehmenden guten Geſchmack der Deuts ſchen, wird fo viel Einfluß in dag groſſe Deutſchland lic), gebundene Reden ꝛc. 637 lich, wenn es feine groffe Herren gäbe, bie jähr- lich etliche wenige Opern in Deutfchland fpielen’ lieſſen: So würde es längft allen diefen Bühnen fo gegangen feyn, mie der Feipsiger und Hambur⸗ gerbühne. Bon den Einfünften, fo die Zufchauer Bezahlen, wird man niemals ein weht Opernhaus unterhalten -fönnen ; es müßte denn in Londen oder Daris fen. | Es ift mir leid, daß der Hr. v. U. feiner eigenen. per auf mein geringes Lrtheilein fo fchlechtes Pros gnofticon ftelle. Behuͤte der Himmel! Bin ich denn ein folcher Dictator der poetifchen Republik ? Ich verlange es ja niemanden. vorzufchreiben, was: man vor Öedichtemachen foll: Ich bin mir meiner, Wenigkeit gar zumohl bewußt. Durch einen Macht ⸗ fpruch werde ich wohl niemals was aus ber Well verbannen: Wenn e8 aber die angeführten Gründe ehäten, fo hätte nicht ich, fondern die Kraft der Wahre heit und Bernunftfolches gethan... , 22 Aufdie Strafpredigt, die ber Herr Verfafler ‚Als lem Anfehen nach, mir, darüber halten wollte, daß vor Zeiten alle Poeten Sänger gemwefen } werde id) auch nicht böfe, ob ich gleich geftehe, daß ich Fein Sän« gerbin. Allein, ob das Singen der alten Poeten ale lemal fo fünftlich geweſen, als einer heutigen Caſtra⸗ tenfehle; das laffe ich dahin geftellet feyn. Die gu⸗ ten $eute fungen wohl anfänglich, wie fie das bloffe Naturell lehrte, und wer weis, ob es fo gut geflungen, als unfre geiftlichen Krchenlieder? Sp aber daͤchte ich auch ſchon einen Rang unter den muficalifhen Poe⸗ cen zubehaupten. Dergeſtalt würde mich denn bie eh geu 638. II. Ioannis Henrici & Seelen gedrohte Strafprebige wenigſtens nichtganz und gar in den Bann thun Fönnen. : Was die Gefchicklichkeitder italienifchen Sprache zum Singen betrifft ‚fo fan ich dem Hrn. v. U. leicht recht geben, Seine Urfachen find gut und bündig, Sich fegenur Hinzu, daß nächft der italieniſchen wohl die griechifche Sprache den naͤchſten Rang der Zärt: Jichkeit behaupten, alsdann aber allererft die lateini⸗ fche folgen würde, Ich befchlieffe dieſe Beantwor⸗ tung mie der Verficherung,, daß diefes das letztemal iſt, daß ich wieder die Opern die Feder angefeßet habe, Ich habe nunmehro alles gefagt, mas ich zu fagen . gehabt, und wer fich dadurch nach reifer Ueberlegung nicht überzeuger finde, der bleibe bey feinem Ge- ſchmacke, und ergetze ſich an dem, was ihm gefaͤllt. Lodo in tutti la bella intentione; | Ma l'effetto e fi firano, che, per dio! ' Etempo, che ci vinca la ragione. Vielleicht Fan man auch mit der Zeit hinzufegen: : Tanto:di Verita PUom fi compiace, Che in onta al confueto pregiuditio, en la trova, o la coınmenda, otace. Riecob. nell Arterappr. p. 43. een ee III. annis Henrici d Seelen Gymn. Lub. Rect, Memoria Stadeniana &c. F. d. i. > . „4 Jo⸗ t Memoria Stadeniana &® 639° Johann Heinrichs von Seelen, Sta- diſches Ehrengedächtniß; oder Abhandlung von dem Leben, Schriften und Verdienften Herrn Dieterichs von Stade ; mworinnen zugleich ver» fihiedene Nachrichten, welche die Gefhhichte und | Philologie, zumal der deutſchen Sprache, erläutern, begriffen find. Hamburg f bey Theodor Chriſtoph Felginer 1725. 8 | ı Alphab. 4 Bogen, | I durch verfchiebene wohlgeratheneSchrifte in der gefehrten Welt vorlängft mit Ruhm befannte Herr von Seelen hat mit demge⸗ genmärtigen Werke ebenfalls eine fo löbliche als nüg« liche Arbeit unternommen. - Dieterich von Sta de hatte e8 mehr als auf eine Weife verdienet, daß fein Andenken in einem befondern Auffage nad) fei« nem Tode auf die Nachfommen fo wohl gebracht, und unter den Auslaͤndern ausgebreitet würde, als wehrt ihn vor dem bey feinen Lebzeiten feine eigene Sands« leute gehalten, die ihn mit gutem Grunde als eine wahrhafte Zierde des deutfchen Vaterlandes angefes ben und verehret haben. Zu einer folchen Bemuͤh⸗ ung aber war nicht leichte jemand fo geſchickt, alsum« fer Herr Berfaffer ; der ehedeflen in des feligen Man« - nes Haufe eine geraume Zeit gewohnet, von ihm ver« fhiedene Wohlthaten, und die Ehre eines genauen Umganges genoffen, und alfo viele befondere Lm« fände von feinen gelehrten-Unternehmungen in Er⸗ fahrung gebracht hatte, die einem andern wohl fein gebtage unbekannt geblieben feyn würden. Er flat. | tef i V 640 III Joannis Henrici à Seelen tet ihm alſo hiermit zugleich den letzten Ehrendienſt und ſeine ſchuldige Dankbarkeit auf eine lobenswuͤr⸗ dige Art ab; iſt aber auch hiernaͤchſt davor wohlbe⸗ ſorget geweſen, wie er dieſe Ausarbeitung ſolcher ge⸗ ſtalt einrichten moͤchte, daß ſie nicht allein, wie alle Geſchichte uͤberhaupt, anmuthig zu leſen, ſondern auch in vielen Stuͤcken zu weiterem Gebrauche dien⸗ lich und nutzbar wuͤrde. Beyde Abſichten hat der Herr von Seelen gluͤcklich erreichet; und wir koͤnn⸗ ten es daher kaum verantworten, wenn wir von die⸗ ſem artigen Buche in unſeren Beytraͤgen gänzlich ſttille ſchwiegen. Die Unterſuchung der alten deutſchen Spra⸗ che und ihrer Mundarten war es, mit der ſich der Herr von Stade einen groſſen Theil ſeiner Lebens⸗ ‚zeit, und zwar nicht ohne guten Fortgang, beſchaͤff⸗ tigte, Unter dieſem Namen hatte er ſich vornehm⸗ lich bey den Gelehrten bekannt, und auch um dieſelben in der That wohl verdient gemachet. Daher nimmt demnach unfer Herr Autor Anlaß in ber vorangefeß- ten Vorrede zu zeigen; wie Die Klage einiger gelehr⸗ ten Männer niche allzugegründet fey, ba man unfre Deutſchen befchuldigen mill, daß fiefo faumfelig in Unterſuchung ihrer alten Wurterfprache ins» gemein verfahren hätten, und noch verführen; Da fie doch auf die Ausübung und Ausbeſſerung der heutigen fo vielen Fleiß und Stunden verwendeten, Diefen Zweck erreichet er Damit volllommen, indem er Fürzlich Die Namen und Verdienſte einiger bes ruͤhmten Männer anführet, welche feit Der Religions⸗ verbeſſerung bis hieher auch in dieſem Stücke der Ge⸗ lehrſamkeit fi) vor vielen andern hervor Be | ‘ben, . Memoria Stadeniana &c. 64 1 Gen. Der erſte unter alfen if der fel ige Doctor Aus eher, wegen feines LTamenbüchleins, *) der andere, Matthias Slacius, wegen feiner: Aus⸗ gabe des Otfrids; **) derdritte, Martin Opiz, wegen feiner Ausgabe Des Rbytbmi de S. Annone eines Ungenannten ; **) der vierte, Daniel Ge⸗ orge *) Man ſehe, was davon indem zweyten Sande dieſer Beytraͤge p. 446. bereits geſagt worden. Sonſt erinnert der Herr Rector, daß es auſſer den daſelbſt angezeigten Ausgaben auch in Chriſtian Bec⸗ snanns Manuductione ad Latinam linguam, Viteb. 1611. 8. mit eingedruckt ſey. Die Aufſchrift von der deutſchen Ueberſetzung deſſelben iſt folgende: „Heren D. Martin Luthers ſel. vielfaͤltig ver⸗ langtes Namenbuͤchlein; welches erſtmals ohne feinen Namen zu Wittenberg a.1537. nunmehro ſchon vor 137 Jahren, nachmals mit und unter ſeinem Namen a. 1570. auch zu Wittenberg in la⸗ sein ausgangen. Jetzo der edlen deutſchen Hauptſprache aufrichtigen Liebhabern, die der Alten deutſchen Namen Deut: und Auslegung zu wiſſen begehren, zu Gefallen, deutſch neben ei⸗ ner Vorrede, etzlichen Anmerkungen, zwifa⸗ chen Namen⸗ und einem der fuͤrnemſten Sachen, und merfwürdigften Siftorıen-Regifter heraus gegeben, von MI Gottfried Wegener, Siefio, Leipzig 674. & Sihe auch Tenzels Monatgefprde ‘ W698. p. 110. Diefer Wegener iſt zu legt ald rofeſſor der Theolonie in Königsberg geſtorben. **, Davon haben mir im anderen Städe biefer Bey⸗ eräge, P-190 — 194. desgleichen im vierten p. 632 — 658 binlänglich aebandelt. | 5) Siehe den erften Band der Beyträge p 190- C Bon dieſem Khyt hmo ſelbſt werden wir — ei⸗ nen eigenen Artikel aufſetzen. | Al, Stu. 66 642 IT. Joannis Henrici à Seelen sorge Worhof, wegen feines Unterrichtsvon des deutſchen Sprache und Poefie ; der fünfte, Juſt George Schottel, megen-feines groffen und fhönen Werkes von der deutfchen Sprache; der fechfte Melchior Goldaſt, wegen feiner Aus gabe und Anmerkungen über die Paraenerica weteres, und einige Scriptores rerum Alemannicg« rum; der fiebende, "Johann Philipp Palthe⸗ nius, wegen feiner Yuflage des altverdeurfchten Tatiani;*) der achte, "Johann Diecmann, we. gen feines Speciminis Gloffarii Rhabani Mauri, und einer eigenen Unterfuchung des wahren. Ur⸗ fprunges von dem deutfchen Wort Kirche; ‚ber neunte, Bodftid Wilhelm Leibniz, wegen feiner herrlichen hier und dar eingeftreuten Philolo⸗ gifhen Anmerfungen zu den Scripteribus rerum Brunfuicenfum , und feiner Collectaneorum Ety- mologicorum; **) derzehende, Valentin Ernſt Loͤſcher, wegen feines Litteratoris. Celtae ; ***) der eilfte, Henrich Muhlius, wegen einiger hieher 2 © gehoͤ⸗ Siehe eben daſelbſt, p. 197. leq. Es wird ſich naͤch⸗ ſtens Gelegenheit geben von dieſem verdeutſchten Tatiano das benoͤthigte umſtaͤndlich beyzubrin⸗ gen. **), Der Inhalt dieſer ſchoͤnen Sammlung iſt von ung ſchon anderweit ausführlich im III, Stücke p.357 41 und im VI Stüde p. 293 — 308. erjäblet worden. 348) Von dieſem Werke ſtehet ein vollffäandiger Auszug im Il. Sch der. Beyträge p. 216‘ 226. Es war damals, ald diefes Herr von Seelen geſchrieben, noch nicht dam Druck übergeben. — : Memoria Stadeniana &e, 643 gehörigen Academifchen Ausarbeitungen; *) der zwölfte, Johann Beorge Eckard, unter deffen häufigen Schriften, in welchen un;ählicye nügliche Unterſuchungen dieſer Art vorfomen, feıne Samım. lung der alten fränkifchen und ripusrifcben Geſetze hier alleine, und mit Recht: por den übrigen, gerühmet wird; *) ber Dreyjehende, "Johann: Burchard Menke, wegen ferner Oberautficht über. | 45,928 |
https://github.com/TheEggi/esphomeyaml/blob/master/esphome/components/ads1115/ads1115.cpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | esphomeyaml | TheEggi | C++ | Code | 457 | 1,690 | #include "ads1115.h"
#include "esphome/core/log.h"
namespace esphome {
namespace ads1115 {
static const char *TAG = "ads1115";
static const uint8_t ADS1115_REGISTER_CONVERSION = 0x00;
static const uint8_t ADS1115_REGISTER_CONFIG = 0x01;
static const uint8_t ADS1115_DATA_RATE_860_SPS = 0b111;
void ADS1115Component::setup() {
ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting up ADS1115...");
uint16_t value;
if (!this->read_byte_16(ADS1115_REGISTER_CONVERSION, &value)) {
this->mark_failed();
return;
}
uint16_t config = 0;
// Clear single-shot bit
// 0b0xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
config |= 0b0000000000000000;
// Setup multiplexer
// 0bx000xxxxxxxxxxxx
config |= ADS1115_MULTIPLEXER_P0_N1 << 12;
// Setup Gain
// 0bxxxx000xxxxxxxxx
config |= ADS1115_GAIN_6P144 << 9;
if (this->continuous_mode_) {
// Set continuous mode
// 0bxxxxxxx0xxxxxxxx
config |= 0b0000000000000000;
} else {
// Set singleshot mode
// 0bxxxxxxx1xxxxxxxx
config |= 0b0000000100000000;
}
// Set data rate - 860 samples per second (we're in singleshot mode)
// 0bxxxxxxxx100xxxxx
config |= ADS1115_DATA_RATE_860_SPS << 5;
// Set comparator mode - hysteresis
// 0bxxxxxxxxxxx0xxxx
config |= 0b0000000000000000;
// Set comparator polarity - active low
// 0bxxxxxxxxxxxx0xxx
config |= 0b0000000000000000;
// Set comparator latch enabled - false
// 0bxxxxxxxxxxxxx0xx
config |= 0b0000000000000000;
// Set comparator que mode - disabled
// 0bxxxxxxxxxxxxxx11
config |= 0b0000000000000011;
if (!this->write_byte_16(ADS1115_REGISTER_CONFIG, config)) {
this->mark_failed();
return;
}
this->prev_config_ = config;
for (auto *sensor : this->sensors_) {
this->set_interval(sensor->get_name(), sensor->update_interval(),
[this, sensor] { this->request_measurement(sensor); });
}
}
void ADS1115Component::dump_config() {
ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting up ADS1115...");
LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this);
if (this->is_failed()) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Communication with ADS1115 failed!");
}
for (auto *sensor : this->sensors_) {
LOG_SENSOR(" ", "Sensor", sensor);
ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, " Multiplexer: %u", sensor->get_multiplexer());
ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, " Gain: %u", sensor->get_gain());
}
}
float ADS1115Component::request_measurement(ADS1115Sensor *sensor) {
uint16_t config = this->prev_config_;
// Multiplexer
// 0bxBBBxxxxxxxxxxxx
config &= 0b1000111111111111;
config |= (sensor->get_multiplexer() & 0b111) << 12;
// Gain
// 0bxxxxBBBxxxxxxxxx
config &= 0b1111000111111111;
config |= (sensor->get_gain() & 0b111) << 9;
if (!this->continuous_mode_) {
// Start conversion
config |= 0b1000000000000000;
}
if (!this->continuous_mode_ || this->prev_config_ != config) {
if (!this->write_byte_16(ADS1115_REGISTER_CONFIG, config)) {
this->status_set_warning();
return NAN;
}
this->prev_config_ = config;
// about 1.6 ms with 860 samples per second
delay(2);
uint32_t start = millis();
while (this->read_byte_16(ADS1115_REGISTER_CONFIG, &config) && (config >> 15) == 0) {
if (millis() - start > 100) {
ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Reading ADS1115 timed out");
this->status_set_warning();
return NAN;
}
yield();
}
}
uint16_t raw_conversion;
if (!this->read_byte_16(ADS1115_REGISTER_CONVERSION, &raw_conversion)) {
this->status_set_warning();
return NAN;
}
auto signed_conversion = static_cast<int16_t>(raw_conversion);
float millivolts;
switch (sensor->get_gain()) {
case ADS1115_GAIN_6P144:
millivolts = signed_conversion * 0.187500f;
break;
case ADS1115_GAIN_4P096:
millivolts = signed_conversion * 0.125000f;
break;
case ADS1115_GAIN_2P048:
millivolts = signed_conversion * 0.062500f;
break;
case ADS1115_GAIN_1P024:
millivolts = signed_conversion * 0.031250f;
break;
case ADS1115_GAIN_0P512:
millivolts = signed_conversion * 0.015625f;
break;
case ADS1115_GAIN_0P256:
millivolts = signed_conversion * 0.007813f;
break;
default:
millivolts = NAN;
}
this->status_clear_warning();
return millivolts / 1e3f;
}
float ADS1115Sensor::sample() { return this->parent_->request_measurement(this); }
void ADS1115Sensor::update() {
float v = this->parent_->request_measurement(this);
if (!isnan(v)) {
ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Got Voltage=%fV", this->get_name().c_str(), v);
this->publish_state(v);
}
}
} // namespace ads1115
} // namespace esphome
| 35,261 |
https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/66287 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,014 | Stack Exchange | Ali Nazari, Anik Hasan, James Whittington, Pearl, SAKIL779 SAKIL779, UpNallely Jimenez, https://webapps.stackexchange.com/users/201379, https://webapps.stackexchange.com/users/201380, https://webapps.stackexchange.com/users/201381, https://webapps.stackexchange.com/users/201398, https://webapps.stackexchange.com/users/201421, https://webapps.stackexchange.com/users/74554 | English | Spoken | 231 | 291 | Opening Word document
I have uploaded a Word .docx document but when I open it I cannot save it elsewhere or do a copy and paste of content.
How can I edit/work with the .docx file that I have uploaded?
Steve,
I work with the Cognito Forms development team.
Currently to view an uploaded docx document or any Microsoft Office Type documents we are launching the file in the free Office Online Viewers.
A docx type document should open up in Word Online.
Within Word Online there should be options to download the document or the option to save-as.
When you are viewing the document do you have the option to "Download" or does the document not open up in Word Online at all?
I know we are talking about how to offer better options with access to attachments as people have requested to be able to export uploaded attachments but for the moment with MS Office documents the action is to open it with Office Online.
If you are not seeing the Word Online logo with a File, Download, Print, Find menu items below when viewing an uploaded document you might try clearing your browser cache or trying an alternative browser. I helped someone out with something similar where the Word Online toolbar did not display in Chrome, but upon clearing the browser cache the Word Online viewer started working.
| 44,010 |
https://github.com/copslock/broadcom_cpri/blob/master/sdk-6.5.20/libs/sdklt/bcmcth/chip/bcm56780_a0/dna_2_4_13/bcm56780_a0_dna_2_4_13_cth_ts_info.h | Github Open Source | Open Source | Spencer-94 | null | broadcom_cpri | copslock | C | Code | 89 | 338 | /*****************************************************************
*
* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE!
* This file is auto-generated by xfc_map_parser
* from the NPL output file(s) map.yml.
* Edits to this file will be lost when it is regenerated.
*
*
* This license is set out in https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Broadcom-Network-Switching-Software/OpenBCM/master/Legal/LICENSE file.
*
* Copyright 2007-2020 Broadcom Inc. All rights reserved.
* All Rights Reserved.$
*
* Tool Path: $SDK/INTERNAL/fltg/xfc_map_parser
*/
#ifndef BCM56780_A0_DNA_2_4_13_CTH_TS_INFO_H
#define BCM56780_A0_DNA_2_4_13_CTH_TS_INFO_H
static const bcmcth_ts_info_t bcm56780_a0_dna_2_4_13_cth_ts_info;
static const bcmcth_ts_info_t bcm56780_a0_dna_2_4_13_cth_ts_info = {
.ptp_hdr_id = 68,
.ptp_zone = 4
};
#endif /* BCM56780_A0_DNA_2_4_13_CTH_TS_INFO_H */
| 32,415 |
https://github.com/pictos/maui/blob/master/src/ControlGallery/src/Xamarin.Forms.ControlGallery.Android/_50787CustomRenderer.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | maui | pictos | C# | Code | 61 | 282 | using Android.Content;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.ControlGallery.Android;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Compatibility;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Compatibility.Platform.Android.AppCompat;
using FragmentTransaction = AndroidX.Fragment.App.FragmentTransaction;
[assembly: ExportRenderer(typeof(NavigationPage), typeof(_50787CustomRenderer))]
namespace Microsoft.Maui.Controls.ControlGallery.Android
{
public class _50787CustomRenderer : NavigationPageRenderer
{
public _50787CustomRenderer(Context context) : base(context)
{
}
protected override int TransitionDuration { get; set; } = 500;
protected override void SetupPageTransition(FragmentTransaction transaction, bool isPush)
{
if (isPush)
transaction.SetCustomAnimations(Resource.Animation.enter_from_right, Resource.Animation.exit_to_left);
else
transaction.SetCustomAnimations(Resource.Animation.enter_from_left, Resource.Animation.exit_to_right);
}
}
} | 28,319 |
sn95076622_1918-12-05_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,224 | 2,806 | PHONE RED 15 William Kelly was a business visitor at Deadwood last Friday. Miss Laura Schimke, who has been taking training at the Sister's Hospital at Hot Springs, returned Friday evening and will spend some time here with her parents. For Sale—4 cows coming fresh, all registered Shorthorn Durham milk strain. 1 black Percheron stallion, one and a half year old, weight 1275. Peter Kier, Elbon, S. D. 5-2tp The stork visited the C. A. McPeek home last Sunday night and left a fine baby girl. Mother and daughter are both doing nicely. Strayed—About two months ago, one dry cow, branded on left hip. Reward. S. K. Sorenson, 5 miles northwest of Philip, S. D. 5-2t D. S. Murphy, father of Mrs. F. A. Hart, who has been staying at the Hart home near Milesville since last January left Friday evening for Holland, Minn., where he will pay a visit to another of his daughters. Several people from here attended the peace celebration at Kadoka on Thanksgiving day and all report it a grand success. More than 1400 meals were served by the good people of that enterprising little city to their visitors and it was all free. The program consisted of musical numbers by local talent and an address by Hon. Harry P. Atwater, of Sturgis. A big free dance was given in the evening and the music was furnished by an orchestra from this place. When it comes to getting up an affair of this kind the business Men of Kadoka are in a class by themselves. LOCAL NEWS Fancy Three Star. Corn, per can A Big can of Table Peaches Wine Sap Apples per box Our Flour is cash, per bag Ten Bag Lots PHONE RED 15 Esler Wheeler who has been very ill with influenza for the past ten days is reported much improved at this writing. Dick Robinson returned from St. Paul the fore part of the week and will remain with his parents here during the most of the winter months. Secretary of State F. M. Rood was out last Saturday and spent the day looking after business interests and visiting old friends. He has not decided what he will do when his term of office is out, but thinks it likely that he and Mrs. Rood will go to California for the winter. The death of Mrs. Thomas Blair occurred at the emergency hospital at Cottonwood early Sunday morning, December 1st. The Blair family resided a couple of years on the P. W. Hickman place west of here, moving from there to their present home southeast of Cottonwood. She leaves a husband and seven small children. Amos A. Wellman of Miles ville departed Friday evening for Dodge Center, Minn., to pay a visit to his old home, where it is likely he will remain during the winter months. The old homestead in Minnesota is one of the landmarks of that country and was the scene of one of the bloodiest Indian massacres in the early days of that country. Mrs. George S. Poste informs us that her son Alson recently sailed for France with the American forces. She received a letter from him about the time that the armistice was signed stating that he had been in the Hospital for some time, but that his regiment had been sent overseas. No doubt he was sent over to join his own organization. The War Is Over and Only 20 Days Till Christmas We have a nice line of useful presents. In Dress Goods we have all wool serges, 54 inches wide, sponged and shrunk at $2.00 per yard. Also a nice line of Silks, Silk Petticoats, Gloves, Waists, Hose and a very nice line of Handkerchiefs, Ribbons, Neck Ties, and a great many other things too numerous to mention. Come in and look them over. GROCERIES 15c Red Beans, 2 cans for A Big can of Sliced Peaches Mercantile Co & DOROTHY, Proprietor Miss Stella Roush is again back at her old job in the H.A. Kumm store after a vacation of several weeks. Mrs. J.B. Goff and children arrived Saturday evening from Norfolk where they have been visiting for the past three months. If your stove pipe fills with soot, buy Monarch Lump that will clean it out. Price $9.50 per ton at Farmers Elevator. Attorney Alvin Waggoner is at Rapid City this week attending to legal matters. He expects to be back Saturday. J. Britz of Ottumwa was a county seat visitor on Wednesday and took occasion to call at this office and advance his subscription for another year. J. C. Bradstreet left Wednesday evening for Hartley, Iowa, where his wife has been for some time. She has been quite ill lately and Mr. Bradstreet expects that he will remain there until spring. An error occurred in the item on another page in regard to the death of the little son of Mr. and Mrs. Lee Crumm. The little fellow died at the home of his parents near Plum Creek and not in Philip as is stated in the item. We discovered the error only after that page had been printed. Mrs. McGinn who has had charge of emergency hospital at this place for the past several weeks, informs us that she expects to be able to close it the latter part of the week. Nearly all of the patients are well enough to be allowed to return to their homes and it is to be hoped that no new cases come in. She is very anxious to close the matter up and wishes all those who have not settled their hospital bill to call and attend to it at the earliest possible date. There are many bills to be paid including the help and it is necessary that all who can settle at once. C. L. Millette and G. E. Sumner of Fort Pierre were in town Wednesday on their way home from Cottonwood where they are interested in a stock ranch. Rex Terry of Fort Pierre was an arrival here Tuesday morning. Mrs. Terry is quite ill at the home of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Josedh Campbell in this city, but is reported to be improving. Somewhat improved. The annual Christmas drive for membership in the Red Cross will start next Sunday December 8th, and will end on the following Sunday, the 15th. Every member is urged to renew within that period. F. E. Pohle was down town Tuesday for the first time in six weeks. He is looking rather pale and it is very evident that the Flu gave him quite a tussle, but he says he will soon be back on full feed and ready to get in to the harness again. A. L. Horsefall of Flandreau, was an arrival Friday morning and is making some improvements on some of his land near this place. Mr. Horsefall is a frequent visitor here and has large real estate holdings in the county. He was elected to the senate from his home county of Moody, having a majority over his opponent of over 500 votes. The annual election of the officers of the Philip Volunteer Fire Department took place at the regular meeting held in the fire hall last evening. Chief Murphy was unanimously elected for another year. L. F. Carr was elected assistant chief, E. S. Goff, secretary, Ned Benedict, treasurer, and H. A. Kumm trustee for three years. Frank Chamberlain of Quinn, is another victim of the influenza, his death occurring last Friday at his home. Frank has resided at Quinn for several years and was highly respected by all who knew him. It will be remembered that a few years ago figured in nearly all the foot races in this vicinity, and at that time was considered about the best in the country. The members of the Haakon County road crew enjoyed a Thanksgiving dinner, served to them and their families at the camp, now located near the E. P. Mueller place north of here. The cook of the outfit was busy with the preparations for several days prior to Thanksgiving and those who were fortunate enough to be included in the guest list claim it was the biggest dinner they ever sat down to. Old man Hoover and his representatives were forgotten and it is said that the ban was lifted on many articles supposed to be on the taboo list. We wish to call particular attention to the holiday advertisements of the Philip merchants in the Pioneer. C. A. McPeek has an attractive holiday advertisement on the front page, G. G. Wheeler and G. L. Dorothy on page three, and R. M. Williams and Carpenter & Fancher on page four. On page five will be found the ads of H. A. Kumm and F. G. Schwartz. It will pay every reader to look these ads over carefully and then come to Philip to do your holiday shopping. The man who thinks enough of your business to send you an invitation through the local paper is the man to do business with and he will be found more up-to-date in every respect than the other fellow. DEATH CLAIMS ROGER COWELL The sympathy of the entire community is extended to Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Cowell in the loss of their sixteen year old son, Roger Harold, whose death occurred at the family home in this city on last Saturday morning. The cause of his death was influenza which in the last few days of his life developed pneumonia and in spite of all that could be done, the grim reaper claimed him. Roger Harold Cowell was born in Scotland county, Missouri, on July 9th, 1902. He later moved with the family to Colorado, and about five years ago to Haakon county. He has been an interested worker with his father in the stock business during the past few years and was very fond of the outdoors life, spending most of his time in the sad life. He leaves to mourn his loss reside his parents, one brother Bryan, who is home on a furlough from Camp Logan, Colo., and two sisters, Gladys and Joyce, both residing with their parents here. The funeral service was held from the home on Tuesday afternoon, Rev. O. E. Tell delivering the sermon, and the remains were followed to their last resting place in the Odd Fellows Cemetery by a large number of his young friends and associates. The floral offerings were elaborate and gave mute testimony of the high esteem in which he was held. Music was furnished by a male quartet and the pallbearers were four of his young friends, George and Paul Michael, Gerald McGuire and Palmer Haagenson. Haakon County's Quota 250 Members Since the week of December 9th to 14, has been set aside as National Farm Bureau Membership Drive week, Haakon County will gladly do its bit to aid the state in raising the Bureau membership to 50,000. In order to do this, we are asked to secure as our quotas 250 members for the new year. LET'S GO Haakon County Farm Bureau. Owing to sickness, the organization and plans for the campaign have been delayed, but under the conditions, we will only have to work the harder to maintain Haakon County's record of always going over the top. The plan as now outlined by the Board of Directors is to divide the county in districts or communities with a local committee in each district. The chairman for each district will be appointed by the Directors. He will be held responsible for the number of members assigned to his district and have authority to appoint others to assist him. Following is the list of the community chairmen as appointed by the Board of Directors, with the number of members that each is apportioned. It is hoped that each chairman will bend every effort to obtain at least his quota and more if possible for some other one may be unable to secure his and we certainly want to go over the top and secure over 250 members for the county. Community Members to Chairmen each community Fred Sheldon,....,....,....,20 W. L. Church-*-.^..,, „,30 Tom Harty Jack Buchanan. 20 Steve Kjos j.20 Walter Koehler. Guy Waldo --^20 Albert Miller.... 10 Fred Parks.. 10 Theo Baseler ^10 Martin Berke —»-20 Geo. Neefe 10 Ed. Sgidler_—15 Glen Thorne 10 Vey Valentine,... _....... i. The Liberty Bell has rung again. The Tanks did it— We've tooted our whistles and had our parade. Let's go. Total 260 to WHEELER'S HARPWARE for our Xmas Shopping Aluminum Ware Ejnamel Ware Stoves and Ranges, Sleds, Pocket Knives, Washing Machines and other articles too numerous to mention. The Days of Real Sport When the creek is frozen over—when there's good bob-sledding on Jim's hill, and when Skinnay and Fat and Buck and Joe are all out having the time of their lives, you want YOUR BOY to be there, too. You want him to enjoy the crisp, clear air of the Winter's day, so that he gets so tired and hungry, he cleans up the last particle on his plate and sleeps the sound sleep that childhood alone knows. We have the Xmas things for boys that will build them into good health, robust men. WHEELER The Hardware Man. | 44,649 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygocoris%20geminus | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Lygocoris geminus | https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygocoris geminus&action=history | Waray | Spoken | 36 | 63 | An Lygocoris geminus in uska species han Insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni Knight hadton 1917. An Lygocoris geminus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lygocoris, ngan familia nga Miridae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Lygocoris | 23,753 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplophysa%20rotundiventris | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Triplophysa rotundiventris | https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triplophysa rotundiventris&action=history | Spanish | Spoken | 177 | 401 | Triplophysa rotundiventris es una especie de peces de la familia Balitoridae en el orden de los Cypriniformes.
Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en la China.
Hábitat
Es un pez de agua dulce.
Referencias
Bibliografía
Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.
Enlaces externos
AQUATAB.NET
rotundiventris | 15,475 |
1257073_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,997 | None | None | English | Spoken | 313 | 442 | —Order, Family Court, New York County (Rhoda Cohen, J.), entered on or about November 13, 1995, which rejected the Hearing Examiner's recommendation to dismiss the petition, granted petitioner's application for child support retroactive to November 27, 1978, and remanded the matter to the Hearing Examiner for a determination of respondent's liability for retroactive child support for the period of November 27, 1978 to February 1, 1989, unanimously affirmed, without costs. Leave to appeal granted sua sponte.
Family Court acted within its discretion in awarding petitioner arrears retroactive to the 1978 initial application (see, Matter of Tammy R. v Vance S., 91 AD2d 743). Personal jurisdiction was established in 1978 by the 1979 proof of service as well as by the more recent Clerk's Certificate of Record. Contrary to respondent's assertions, petitioner's application for retroactive child support arrears is not barred by the Statute of Limitations, which, under these circumstances, is 20 years (CPLR 211 [e]; see, Matter of Commissioner of Social Servs. of City of N. Y. v Gomez, 221 AD2d 39). Nor is the application barred by waiver, service of the 1978 application to establish paternity establishing petitioner's intention to enforce her right to child support, and the Clerk's Certificate of Record establishing respondent's notice of that intention (see, Friedman v Exel, 116 AD2d 433). Finally, since the purpose of a paternity proceeding and the imposition of support obligations is for the welfare of the child (see, Matter of L. Pamela P. v Frank S., 59 NY2d 1, 5), a parent should not be able to avoid his or her duty to support the child by claiming that the other parent is guilty of laches (see, Matter of Discenza v Dann OO., 148 AD2d 196, 198, lv dismissed 75 NY2d 765). We have considered respondent's remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. Concur—Ellerin, J. P., Rubin, Williams and Tom, JJ..
| 16,566 |
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| 4,744 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23485535 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,014 | Stack Exchange | Danish | Spoken | 233 | 1,064 | python attribute error: object has no attribute
I have a class 'UserHandler' that inherits from 'RestHandler', but for some reason it's not inheriting properly as I keep getting a 'AttributeError: 'UserHandler' object has no attribute 'sendJson'' error. I'm running python 2.7 btw.
Code and traceback below:
import json
import webapp2
class RestHandler(webapp2.RequestHandler):
def dispatch(self):
#time.sleep(1)
super(RestHandler, self).dispatch()
def SendJson(self, r):
self.response.headers['content-type'] = 'text/plain'
self.response.write(json.dumps(r))
class UserHandler(RestHandler):
def post(self):
r = json.loads(self.request.body)
user = modelUser.InsertUser(r['email'], r['firebaseUid'], r['firebaseId'])
r = modelUser.AsDict(user)
self.sendJson(r)
Traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/runtime/wsgi.py", line 266, in Handle
result = handler(dict(self._environ), self._StartResponse)
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 1519, in __call__
response = self._internal_error(e)
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 1511, in __call__
rv = self.handle_exception(request, response, e)
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 1505, in __call__
rv = self.router.dispatch(request, response)
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 1253, in default_dispatcher
return route.handler_adapter(request, response)
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 1077, in __call__
return handler.dispatch()
File "main.py", line 25, in dispatch
super(RestHandler, self).dispatch()
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 547, in dispatch
return self.handle_exception(e, self.app.debug)
File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/lib/webapp2-2.3/webapp2.py", line 545, in dispatch
return method(*args, **kwargs)
File "main.py", line 37, in post
self.sendJson(r)
AttributeError: 'UserHandler' object has no attribute 'sendJson'
The code defined SendJson (uppercase). But subclass call sendJson. (lowercase)
In your last few lines:
class UserHandler(RestHandler):
def post(self):
r = json.loads(self.request.body)
user = modelUser.InsertUser(r['email'], r['firebaseUid'], r['firebaseId'])
r = modelUser.AsDict(user)
self.SendJson(r)
^
Should be capitalized
Hope that helps :D
Capitalize the 's' (or better yet, make the function 'S' lowercase)
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elsieswidowhoods0finle_8 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,880 | Elsie's Widowhood : a sequel to "Elsie's children" | Finley, Martha, 1828-1909 | English | Spoken | 8,038 | 10,626 | And Edward must sound his mother's praises and learn whether Charlie did not think her the very loveliest woman he ever saw* "Yes," Charlie said with a sigh, "you are a lucky fellow, Ned. I hardly remember my mother — was only five years old when she died." " Then I pity you with all my heart !" Ed- ward exclaimed; "for there's nothing like a mother to love you and stand by you through thick and thin." He turned his head away to hide the tears that sprang unbidden to his eyes, for along with his pity for his friend came a sudden recollec- tion of that dreadful event in his childhood when by an act of disobedience he had come very near killing his dearly loved father. Ah, he should never forget his agony of terror and remorse, his fear that his mother could never love him again, or the tenderness with which she had embraced him, assuring him of her for- giveness and continued affection. Meantime Donald was speaking in glowing terms of Cousin Mary. " One of the best girls ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 231 in the world," he pronounced her — " so kind- hearted, so helpful and industrious. Uncle's circumstances are moderate," he said ; "Aunt's health has been delicate for years, and Mary, as the eldest of eight or nine children, has had her hands full. I am very glad she is taking a rest now, for she needs it. A maiden sister of her mother's is filling her place for a few weeks, she told me : else she could not have been spared from home." "You make me glad that I left Violet with her," Mrs. Trayilla said, with a look of pleased content. Edward and his chum returned from their walk, made themselves neat, and were waiting on the piazza before the open door, as Mary and Violet came down at the call to tea. The dining-room was furnished with small tables each accommodating eight persons. Our four young friends found seats together. The other four places at their table were occupied by two couples — a tall, gaunt, sour-yisaged elderly man in green spectacles, and his meek little wife, and a small, thin, invalid old gentleman, who wore a look of patient resignation, and his wife, taller than himself by half a head. A fine head of beautiful grey hair was the only attractive thing about her, her features were coarse and her countenance was fretful. She occupied herself in filling and emptying her 232 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. plate with astonishing rapidity, and paid little or no attention to her husband, who was so crip- pled by rheumatism as to be almost helpless, haying entirely lost the use of one hand, and so nearly that of his lower limbs that he could not walk without assistance. He had a nurse, a young German, who was with him constantly day and night, helped him about and waited upon him, but in a very awk- ward fashion. The man's clumsiness was, how- ever, borne with patience by the sufferer, and did not seem to trouble the wife. She eyed Violet curiously between her im- mense mouthf uls, and whispered to her husband, loud enough for the child to hear, " Isn't that a pretty girl, William ? such a handsome com- plexion ! I reckon she paints." The sudden crimsoning of Vi's cheek contra- dicted that suspicion instantly, and the woman corrected herself. " No, she don't, I see. I wonder who she is ?" " Hush, hush, Maria !" whispered her hus- band, " don't you see she hears you ?" and he gave the young girl such a fatherly look, gentle and tender, that quick tears sprang to her eyes: it was so strong a reminder of one whose look of parental love she should never meet again on earth. People at other tables were noticing her too, remarking upon her beauty and grace, and ask« rug each other who she was. ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 233 u We'll soon find out, mamma; donft you see she is with Miss Keith ? and she will be sure to introduce her to us," said a nice looking girl about Vi's age, addressing a sweet faced lady by whose side she sat. They all met in the parlor shortly afterward, and Yi, Mrs. Perkins, her daughter Susie, and her son Fred, a lad of nineteen or twenty, were formally presented to each other. " I don't want to get into a crowd; I don't care to make acquaintances," Vi had said, half tearfully. Mary understood and respected the feeling, but answered, "Yes, dear cousin, I know : but do let me introduce Mrs. Perkins and her children. She is so sweet and lovely, a real Christian lady; and her son and daughter are very nice. We have been together a great deal, and I feel as if they were old friends." Vi did not wonder at it after talking a little with Mrs. Perkins, who had made room for her on the sofa by her side; her thought was, " She is a little like mamma ; not quite so sweet nor half so beautiful: though she is very pretty." Several other ladies had come in by this time, the invalid gentlemen's wife among the rest. " Mrs. Moses," Yi heard some one call her. "How do you do, Miss ?" she said, drawing forward an arm chair and seating herself di- 234 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. reotly in front of Violet. " You're a new-comer, aint you ?" "I came this afternoon," Vi answered, and turned to Mrs. Perkins with a remark about the changing beauty of the sea and clouds ; for they were near an open window that gave them a view of old ocean. " Where are you from ?" asked Mrs. Moses. "The South, Madame." " Ah ! I should hardly have suspected it : you've such a lovely complexion, and how beau- tiful your hair is ! like spun gold. The German servant-man appeared in the doorway. "Mrs. Moshes, Herr wants to see you." " Yes, I hear." Turning to Vi again, "Well, you must have had a long, tiresome journey; and I suppose you didn't come all alone?" Vi let the inquiry pass unnoticed, but the woman went on, " I've never been South, but I'd like to go; perhaps I shall next winter. It might help William's rheumatism." "Your husband wants you, Mrs. Moses," re- marked Mary Keith. "Oh yes; he's always wanting me. I'll go presently." " Cousin," said Mary, " shall we take a stroll on the beach?" Violet caught at the suggestion with alacrity, and they went at once* the rest of their party. ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 235 and Mrs. Perkins and hers, accompanying them. " That poor man I" sighed Mary. " I thought if we all left her, perhaps she would go to him." "Isn't it strange?" said Susie, "he seems to love her dearly, and she to care nothing about him. And he is so nice and good and patient, and she so disagreeable." " A very poor sort of wife, I think," pursued Mary. " She will not even sleep on the same floor with him, for fear of being disturbed when pain keeps him awake. Day and night he is left to the care of that awkward, blundering German. But there ! I ought to be ashamed of myself for talking about an absent neighbor." " I don't think you are doing any harm, Cousin Mary," said Charlie, "for we can all see how utterly selfish the woman is." "'What ! are you two cousins?" asked Edward in surprise. "First cousins, sir," re turned Charlie, laugh- ing, " sisters' children. Can't you and I claim kin, seeing she's cousin to both of us?" A sudden dash of rain prevented Edward's reply, and sent them all scurrying into the house. CHAPTER XX. *' A little more than kin and a little less than kind. " — Shakespeare. Ouk little party had scarcely seated themselves in the parlor, where a number of the guests of the house were already gathered, when the in- valid gentleman was assisted in by his servant and took possession of an easy chair which Mrs. Perkins hastened to offer him. He thanked her courteously as he sank back in it with a slight sigh as of one in pain. Violet, close at his side, regarded him with pitying eyes. "I fear you suffer a great deal, sir," she said, low and feelingly, when Mary, her next neighbor, had introduced them. "Yes, a good deal, but less than when I came." " Then the sea air is doing you good, I hope." "I'm thankful to say I think it is. There's an increase of pain to-night, but that is always to be expected in rainy weather. " "You are very patient, Mr. Moses," Mary re- marked. "And why shouldn't I be patient?" he return- ed; "didn't Christ suffer far more than I do?" ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 237 "And he comforts you in the midst of it all, does he not?" asked Mrs. Perkins. "He does, indeed, ma'am." " I have always found him faithful to his promises," she said. "And I," remarked another lady sitting near; " strength has always been given me according to my day, in the past, and I am glad to leave the future with him." "Humph ! ifs plain to be seen that you two don't know what trouble is," put in Mrs. Moses, glancing fretfully at her crippled spouse; whereat the poor man burst into tears. Vi's tender heart ached for him, and the coun- tenances of all within hearing of the remark ex- pressed sincere pity and sympathy. A child began drumming on the piano, and Mr. Moses sent a helpless, half despairing glance in that direction that spoke of tortured nerves. Vi saw it, and, as he turned to her with, "'Don't you play and sing, my dear? You look like it, and I should be much gratified to hear you," she rose and went at once to the instru- ment, thinking of nothing but trying to bring help and comfort to the poor sufferer. "Will you let me play a little?" she said to the child, with look and tone of winning sweet- ness, and the piano-stool was promptly vacated. Seating herself, she touched a few chords, and instantly a hush fell upon the room. 238 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. She played a short prelude; then, in a voice full, rich and sweet, sang — " ' O Jesus! Friend unfailing, How dear art thou to me ! And cares or fears assailing, I find my rest in thee ! Why should my feet grow weary Of this my pilgrim way ; Rough though the path and dreary It ends in perfect day. " ' Naught, naught I count as treasure, Compared, O Christ, with thee ; Thy sorrow without measure Earned peace and joy for me. T love to own, Lord Jesus, Thy claims o'er me and mine, Bought with thy blood most precious, Whose can I be but thine ! " ' For every tribulation, For every sore distress. In Christ I've full salvation, Sure help and quiet rest. No fear of foes prevailing, I triumph, Lord, in thee. O Jesus, Friend unfailing! How dear art thou to me!' " * Edward had made his way to her side as soon as he perceived her purpose. "You have left out half," he whispered, leaning over her, "and the words are all so sweet." * I know not who is the author of these beautiful lines. ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 239 " Yes, I know, but I feared it was too long. '* There were murmurs of admiration as he led her back to her seat. "How well she plays! such an exquisite touch!" "What a sweet voice! highly cultivated, and every word dis- tinct." "Yes, and what a beauty she is!" Some of these remarks reached Violet's ears and deepened the color on her cheek, but she forgot them all in the delight of having given pleasure to the invalid. He thanked her with tears in his eyes. The words are very sweet and comforting," he said. " Are they your own?" "Oh no, sir!" she answered. "I do not know whose they are, but I have found comfort in them, and hoped that you might also." Edward and Mary were conversing in low, earnest tones. "I am delighted!" Mary said. "With what?" "Words, music, voice, everything." "The music is her own, composed expressly; for the words, which she found in a religious newspaper." "Indeed! she is a genius then! the tune is lo7ely." " Yes, she is thought to have a decided genius for both music and painting; I must show you some of her pictures when you pay us that promised visit." 240 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. Mr. Moses presently found himself in too much pain to remain where he was, and sum- moning his servant, retired to his own room. His wife, paying no regard to a wistful, long- ing look he gave her as he moved painfully away, remained where she was and entertained the other ladies with an account of the family pedigree. "We are lineal descendants of Moses, the Hebrew Lawgiver,'' she announced. " But don't suppose we are Jews, for we are not at all. "Belong to the lost ten tribes, I suppose," remarked Charles Perrine dryly. The morning's sun shone brightly in a clear sky, and on leaving the breakfast table our lit- tle party went down to the beach and sat in the sand, watching the incoming tide, before which they were now and then obliged to retreat, sometimes in scrambling haste that gave occa- sion for much mirth and laughter. Mrs. Moses came down presently and joined them, an uninvited and not over-welcome com- panion, but of course the beach was as free to her as to them. "How is your husband this morning?" in- quired Mrs. Perkins. st Oh about as usual." " I do believe it would do him good to sit here awhile with us, sunning himself." ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 241 " Too damp. "No; the dampness here is from the salt water, and will harm nobody." "Where is he?" asked Fred, getting on his feet. " On the porch yonder," the wife answered, in a tone of indifference. "Come, boys, let's go and bring him!" said Fred, and at the word the other two rose with alacrity, and all three hurried to the house. They found the poor old gentleman sitting alone, save for the presence of the uncouth ser- vant standing in silence at the back of his chair, and watching with wistful, longing eyes the merry groups moving hither and thither, to and fro, between the houses and the ocean, some going down to bathe, others coming dripping from the water, some sporting among the waves, and others still, like our own party, sunning themselves on the beach. "We have come to ask you to join us, sir," Fred said in respectful but hearty tones. ' ' Won't you let us help you down to the beach? the ladies are anxious to have you there." The poor man's face lighted up with pleased surprise, then clouded slightly. " I should like to go indeed," he said, "if I could do so with- out troubling others; but that is impossible." " We should not feel it any trouble, sir." the lads returned, " but a pleasure rather, if you will let us help you there.". 24$4 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. "I ought not to ask it of you: Jacob here can give me an arm." "No," said Edward, "let Jacob take this opportunity for a bath, and we will fill his place in waiting upon you." The invalid yielded, and found himself moved with far more ease and comfort than he had be \ lieved possible. The ladies — his wife, perhaps, excepted, greeted him with smiles and pleasant words of welcome. They had arranged a couch with their waterproofs and shawls, far enough from the water's edge to be secure from the waves, and here the lads laid him down with gentle carefulness. Mrs. Perkins seated herself at his head and shaded his face from the sun with her umbrella, while the others grouped themselves about, near enough to carry on a somewhat disjointed con- versation in spite of the noise of the waters. "I think a sunbath will really be good for you, Mr. Moses," said Miss Keith. "It's worth trying anyhow," he answered, with a patient smile. " And it's a real treat to do so in such pleasant company. But don't any of you lose your bath for me. I've seen a num- ber go in, and I suppose this is about the best time." "Just as the ladies say," was the gallant re- joinder of the young men. ELSIES WIDOWHOOD. 243 "1 do not care tc bathe to-day," Violet said with decision. " T he rest of you may go, and I will stay and take are of Mr. Moses." '*Well, I'll go then. He^ll not be wanting anything.'' said his wife. "Ain't the rest of you coming, ladies and gentlemen?" After some discussion, all went but Mrs. Per- kins and Violet, and they were left alone with the invalid. Vi had conceived a great pity for him, great disgust for the selfish, unsympathizing wife. "How different from mamma!" she said to herself. " She never would have wearied of waiting upon papa if he had been so afflicted; she would have wanted to be beside him, com- forting him every moment. And how sweetly it would have been done." " Little lady," the old man said, with a long- ing look into the sweet girlish face, "will you sing me that song again? It was the most de- lightful, consoling thing I've heard for many a day." "Yes, indeed, sir; I would do anything in my power to help you to forget your pain," she said, coloring with pleasure. She sang the whole of the one he had asked for, then perceiving how greatly he enjoyed it, several others of like character. He listened intently, sometimes with tears in his eyes, and thanking her warmly again and again. 244 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. Finding that the old gentleman felt brighter and more free from pain during the rest of the day, ana thought he had received >enefit from his visit to tne beach, the lads helped him there again the next day. They set him down, then wandered away, leaving him in the care of the same group of ladies who had gathered round him the day before. Each one was anxious to do something for his relief or entertainment, and he seemed both pleased with their society and grateful for their attentions. Mrs. Perkins suggested that the lame hand might be benefited by burying it in the sand while he sat there. "No harm in trying it, anyhow," he said. "Just turn me round a little, Maria, if you please." His wife complied promptly with the request, but in a way which the other ladies thought rough and unfeeling, seizing him by the collar of his coat and jerking him round to the desired position. But he made no complaint. " I think it does ease the pain," he said after a little. " I'm only sorry I can't try it every day for a while." " What is there to hinder ?" asked Mrs, Perkins. - ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 245 "Why, we're going to-morrow," replied Mrs0 Moses, shortly. "Oh, why not stay longer? You have been here but a week, and Mr. Moses has improved quite a good deal in that time." "Well, he can stay as long as he chooses, but I'm going to New York to-morrow to visit my sister. " The ladies urged her to stay for her poor hus- band's sake, but she was not to be persuaded, and he was unwilling to remain without her. " Take some sand with you, then, to bury his hand in, won't you ?" said Mrs. Perkins. "1 haven't anything to carry it in," was the ungracious reply. "Those newspapers." " I want to read them." " Well, if we find something to put it in, and get it all ready for you, will you take it in your trunk ?" "Yes, I'll do that." 4 I have a good sized paper box which will answer the purpose, I think," said Mary Keith. "I'll get it." She hastened to the house, returned again in a few moments with the box, and they pro- ceeded to fill it, sifting the sand carefully through their fingers to remove every pebble. "You are taking a great deal of trouble for me, ladies," the old gentleman remarked. 246 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. u No trouble at all, sir/' said Mary \ " it's a real pleasure to do anything we can for you: especially remembering the Master's words, ' In- asmuch as you have done it unto one of the least of chese my brethren, you have done it unto Difi.'" CHAPTER XXL "How happy they vVho, from the toil and tumult of their lives, Steal to look down where nought but ocean strives." —Byron. Violet was alone, lying on the bed, resting after her bath, not asleep, but thinking dreamily of home and mother. Only one more day and my week here will be up," she was saying to herself. "I've had a delightful time, but oh I want to see mamma and the rest !" Just then the door opened and Mary came in with a face all smiles. " 0 Vi, I'm so glad !" she exclaimed, seating herself on the side of the bed. "What about, cousin?" Violet asked, rous- ing herself, and with a keen look of interest. " I have just had the offer of a furnished cot- tage for two or three weeks — to keep house in, you understand — and I can invite several friends to stay with me, and it won't cost half so much as boarding here, beside being great fun," Mary answered, talking very fast in her excite- ment and delight. " Charlie will stay with me, I think, and I hope you and Edward will, and I have two girl friends at home whom I shall in- ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. vite. One is an invalid, and needs the change, •T>h so badly; but though they are not exactly poor people, not the kind one would dare offer charity to, her father couldn't afford to give her even a week at any of these hotels or boarding- houses : and she did look so wistful and sad when I bade her good-bye. ' I can hardly help envying you, Mary/ she said, ' though I am ever so glad you are going. But I have such a longing to get away from home for a while— to go some- where, anywhere, for a change. I'm so weak and miserable, and it seems to me that if I could only go away I should get well. I haven't been outside of this town for years. ' " Violet's eyes filled with tears. " Poor thing !" she said. " I have always travelled about so much, and enjoyed it greatly. I wonder why it is I have so many more pleasures and blessings than other people." " 1 hope they may never be fewer," Mary said, caressing her. " But isn't it nice that now I can give poor Amy Fletcher — for that is her name — two or three weeks here at the sea- shore ?" "Yes, indeed! But you haven't told me how it happens." In reply to this Mary went on to say that a married friend who had rented the cottage she had spoken of for the year, now found that he ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 249 must take his family away for a short time, mountain air being recommended for his wife, who was in poor health, and as it would cost no more to have the cottage occupied in their ab- sence than to leave it empty, he had offered her the use of it rent free. "He saw father and mother last week," she added in conclusion, "and talked it over with them, and they have written me to accept his offer by all mean*;, and stay as long at the shore as I can." "But you are to visit us, you know." "Yes, afterward, if that will do. I don't in- tend to miss that pleasure if I can help it," Mary answered gleefully. " Now about my other friend, Ella Neff . She is not an invalid, but she teaches for her support, and I know such a change would do her a world of good. She wanted to come with me, but couldn't afford it ; yet I'm sure she can in this way: for beside the difference of board there will not be the same necessity for fine dress." "I should never have thought of that," said Vi. "No, of course not, you fortunate little lassie ; you have never known anything about the pinchings of poverty — or the pleasures of economy," she added merrily, "for I do assure you there is often real enjoyment in finding how 250 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. nicely you can contrive to make one dollar do the work of two — or ' auld claes look amaist as weel's the new.' But oh, don't you think it will/ be fun to keep house, do our own cooking and all ?" "Yes," Violet said ; "yes, indeed." I And you'll stay, won't you ? Don't you think you'd enjoy it ?" " Oh, ever so much ! but I don't believe I can wait any longer than till to-morrow to see mamma. Besides, I don't know whether she would approve." " Well, if you should spend a day at home and get her consent to come back ; how would that do?" Vi thought that plan might answer, if Ed- ward were willing to make one of the party at the cottage. "We must consult the lads at once," said Mary. " Let me help you dress, and we'll go in search of them." Vi sprang up, and with her cousin's assistance made a rapid toilet. They found Edward and Charlie in the sum- mer-house, just across the road, waiting for the call to dinner. Fortunately no one was with- in hearing, and Mary quickly unfolded her plan. It was heard with delight. " Splendid ! Capital ! Of course we'll be glad to accept your ELSIE S WIDOWHOOD. 251 invitation," they said : Edward, however, put- ting in the provision, " If mamma sees no objec- tion." . e* Or grandpa," added Violet. " All the same," said Edward; " mamma never approves of anything that he does not." " Where is the cottage ? Can we look at it ?" asked Charles. "Yes; the family left this morning, and I have the key," Mary answered. " We could take possession to-night if we chose ; but I must lay in some provisions first." ''Let's walk up (or down, whichever it is) after dinner and look at it." "Yes, Charlie, if Edward and Yi are agreed. It is up, on this street, about two blocks from here." " Directly in front of the ocean ? That's all right." " Or the ocean directly in front of it," Mary returned laughingly. " All the same ; don't be too critical, Miss Keith," said Charlie. \ They did not linger long over dinner or des- sert, but made haste to the cottage, eager to see what accommodations it afforded. It was small, the rooms few in number, and mere boxes compared to those Edward and Violet had been accustomed to at Ion and Via- mede; and very much more contracted than 252 ELSIE" 8 WIDOWHOOD. those of the cottage their mother was occupy- ing , yet all four were quite satisfied to take up their residence in it for a season. " Four bedrooms/' remarked Mary reflect- ively : "two will do for the lads and two for the lasses. Parlor and dining-room are not very spacious, but will hold us all when neces- sary ; I don't suppose we'll spend much of the daytime within doors. By the way, I think we must add Don Keith to our party — if he'll come. " The boys said ' ' By all means," and Vi raised no objection. " When do you expect Ella and Amy ?" asked Charles, who was well acquainted with both. " I telegraphed to mother at once to invite them, and shall expect to see them about day after to-morrow." " What sort of provisions do you propose to lay in, Miss Keith ?" inquired Charlie. "I am personally interested in that." " I do not doubt that in the least, Mr. Per- rine," she answered demurely. "I intend to buy some of the best flour and groceries that I can find." " Flour ? can't you buy bread here ?" " Yes, but perhaps I may choose to exhibit my skill in its manufacture ; also in that of cake and pastry." " Ah! Well, no objection to that except that ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 253 we don't want yon shut np in the kitchen when the rest of ns are off pleasuring. What about other supplies ?" "I see you haye some idea of what is neces- sary in housekeeping, Charlie, and I'll give you a good recommendation to — the first nice girl who asks me if you'll make a good husband/' Mary returned, looking at her cousin with laughing eyes. "Am I to have an answer to my question, Miss Keith ?" he inquired with dignity "Yes, when I see fit to give it. The Mar- stons were, of course, served with butter, eggs, milk and cream, fish, flesh, and fowl, and Mr. Marston told me he had spoken to the persons thus serving him and his to do likewise by me and mine : does this explanation relieve your mind, Mr. Perrine ?" " Entirely. I am satisfied that we are not invited to share starving rations, which I am morally certain would give me the dyspepsia." " I think we are very fortunate," Mary re- marked, resuming her ordinary tone ; " they have left us bedding, table and kitchen furni- ture, and we have nothing whatever to provide except our food, drink and clothing." " I shall order a carriage for an early hour to- morrow morning," said Edward, "and drive over to see my mother. Vi will, of course, go along, and I wish, Cousin Mary, that you and Charlie would go too.5' 254 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD " Thank yon very much," Mary said. "I should enjoy it extremely, but there are some few arrangements to be made here. The girls may come to-morrow evening, and I must be here and ready to receive them." Then Charlie decided that he must stay and take care of Mary ; so it was finally arranged that Edward and Violet should go alone, and the former attend to the ordering of the groceries, and anything else he could think of that was desirable and did not require to be fresh. "When the carriage containing Edward and Violet drove up to their mother's door, nearly all the family and their guests were out upon the beach. There was instantly a glad shout from Harold, Herbert and Walter, "There they are!" and they, their sisters and grandfather started at once for the house, while Mrs. Dinsmore and Mrs. Travilla, who were within, hastened to the door. Mrs. Conly and Virginia, slowly sauntering along within sight of the cottage, looked after those who were hurrying towards it, with smiles of contempt. " Such a hugging and kissing as there will be now!" sneered Virginia; "they will make as much fuss as if they hadn't seen each other for five years." "Yes," returned her mother, "and I don't ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 255 wish to be a spectator of the sickening scene. Thank fortune I'm not of the overly affectionate kind." " Mamma, mamma!" cried Violet, springing into the dear arms so joyfully opened to receive her, ' ( oh, I am so glad, so glad to see you again!" "Not more glad than mamma is, darling," Elsie said, clasping her close with tender caresses. " And you've come home a day sooner than you were expected! how good in you!" the younger Elsie exclaimed, taking her turn. "Yes, but not to stay; that is, I mean if mamma consents to — " But the sentence remained unfinished for awhile, there were so many claiming a hug and kiss from both herself and Edward ; indeed I am afraid Virginia was so far correct in her predic- tion that there was as much embracing and re- joicing, perhaps even more, than there would have been in the Oonly family in receiving a brother and sister who had been absent for years. But when all that had been attended to, and the pleasant little excitement began to subside, it did not take many minutes for mamma and grandpa and grandma to learn all about the proposed essay in housekeeping on the part of the young folks. " What ! does my Vi want to leave her mother again so soon?" Mrs. Travilla said with half 256 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. reproachful tenderness, putting an arm about the slender, girlish waist, and pressing another kiss on the softly rounded, blooming cheek. "No, mamma dearest," Vi said, blushing and laying her head down on her mother's shoulder, " but the house here is as full as ever, isn't it?" "Yes, but that makes no difference; there is plenty of room." "Well, mamma, I don't like to be away from you, or any of the dear ones, but I do think it would be great fun for a little while. Don't you? wouldn't you have liked it when you were my age?" "Yes, I daresay I should, and I see no great objection, if you and Edward wish to try it. What do you say, papa?" " That I think their mother is the right per- son to decide the question, and that I do not suppose they can come to any harm," Mr. Dins- more answered, with a kindly look and smile di- rected to Edward and Violet. "I doubt if I should have allowed you to do such a thing at Yi's age, Elsie," he added, " but I believe I grow more indulgent with advancing years — perhaps more foolish." "No, papa, I cannot think that," she said, lifting her soft eyes to his with a world of filial tenderness and reverence in their brown depths ; " I lean very much upon the wisdom of your decisions. Well, dears, since grandpa does not ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 257 disapprove, yon have my full consent to do as you please in this matter." They thanked her warmly. " Cousin Mary would be delighted if Elsie would come too," said Violet, looking wishfully at her sister, " and so would I. I don't sup- pose, mamma, you could spare us both at once, but if Elsie would like to go, I will stay, and not feel it the least bit of a hardship either," she added, turning to her mother with a bright, affectionate smile. "I should be lonely with both my older daughters away," the mother said, " but I will not be selfish in my love. Elsie may go, too, if she wishes." " Dear, kind mamma, selfishness is no part of your nature," her namesake daughter re- sponded promptly, " but Elsie has not the slight- est desire to go. Yet I thank my sweet sister all the same for her very kind and unselfish offer." she added, giving Violet a look of strong affection. "But what is grandpa to do without his merry little cricket?" asked Mr. Dinsmore, drawing Vi down upon his knee. "For how long is it? one, two, or three weeks?" " I don't know, grandpa ; perhaps I shall grow tired and homesick, and want to come back directly." " Well, no one will be sorry to see you, come when you may." 258 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. "You will always be joyfully welcomed/' added mamma ; " nor Edward less so. Kow let us consider what you will need, and how best to provide it. I claim the privilege of furnishing all the groceries and everything else for the lar- der that need not be procured upon the spot." "Oh, thank you, mamma!" said Edward; "but I knew you would." Violet asked and obtained permission to sleep with her mother that night, and all day long was scarcely absent from her side. Evidently the child had a divided heart, and was at times more than half inclined to stay at home. But Edward urged that he would not half enjoy himself without her, that she had promised to go if mamma did not withhold consent, and that Mary would be sadly disappointed if she failed to return with him. Donald Keith, too, who was still there, and had accepted Mary's invitation, added his persuasions. "He was sure they would have a very pleasant time, and if she grew homesick she could drive home any day in a couple of hours; he would be glad to bring her over himself if she would let him, or she could come in less time by the cars.*' Then her mother came to her help. "I think it will be best for you to go, dear, even if you should stay but a day or two," she said. " And if your grandpa likes, he and I will drive over with you, and see your snug little cottage, ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 259 and whether there is anything we can do to add to the comfort or enjoyment of those who are to occupy it for a season." "A very good idea, daughter," Mr. Dins- more said, and Yi's rather troubled face grew bright. '- Oh how nice, mamma !" she exclaimed. " I will go without any more foolish hesitation, although I do not think Edward is quite cor- rect in saying I promised." " Foolish enough !" sneered Virginia, who prided herself on her audacity in making disa- greeable remarks. "I should be very much ashamed of myself if I were half the mother baby you are." " And I," remarked Mr. Dinsmore severely, irritated out of all patience by the pained look in Yi's face, "should be more ashamed of my sweet little granddaughter if she were as heart- less, and ready to wound the feelings of others as a certain niece of mine seems to be." ' ' Will you come to my house-warming, Mrs. Perkins, you and Fred and Susie ?" asked Mary Keith as they left the breakfast-table of the Colorado House the next morning. "I ex- pect my cousins the Travillas about dinner- time, and the morning train may bring the other guests. I mean to be all ready for them at any rate. The dinner is to be prepared with my own hands, and though it will be on a small 9 260 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. scale compared with those served here, you shall at least have a heart}7 welcome." " Thank you, we would be delighted, but are already engaged for the picnic," Mrs. Per- kins said. So they parted with mutual good wishes, each hoping the other would have an enjoyable day. Charles and Mary made themselves busy in seeing to the removal to the cottage of their own and cousin's luggage, making some pur- chases at the provision stores, and some rear- rangements of furniture ; then about the din- ner, Mary pressing Charlie into her service as sheller of peas, husker of corn, and beater of eggs. They had a very merry time over their work, though Charlie protested vigorously against be- ing set at such menial tasks, and declared that "Ed" should be made to do a fair share of them in future. Mary sent him to the train to meet the girls, while she stayed behind to watch over the din- ner. He had scarcely gone when a carriage drew up at the door, and Mr. and Mrs. Dinsmore, Mrs. Travilla, Edward and Violet, and Donald Keith alighted therefrom and came trooping in, most of them laden with parcels, while the driver brought up the rear, carrying a large hamper that seemed to be well filled and heavy. • ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 261 Mary's first emotion on seeing the arrival was delight, the second a sudden fear that her din- ner would not suffice for so many. But that fear was relieved at sight of the hamper and a whisper from Vi, who headed the procession, that it contained such store of pro- vision as would obviate the necessity of much cooking for several days to come. " Oh how good and kind in your mother !" Mary exclaimed in a like low tone, then has- tened to welcome her guests with unmixed pleasure. "0 Cousin Elsie, how nice in you to come and to bring Edward and Violet ! You are going to let them stay, I am sure, and I am so glad. So glad to see you, too, Cousin Eose and Cousin Horace: it seems as if I ought to call you aunt and uncle, though." '•'Then suppose you do," Mr. Dinsmore said, shaking hands with her, and kissing her rosy cheek. "You have my permission." " I shall, then, and thank you," she returned in her bright merry tones. " 0 Don," turning to Mr. Keith with outstretched hands, "so here you are ! that's a good boy." " Yes, and so good a boy must not be put off with less than others get," he said, following Mr. Dinsmore's example. "Well, as you are only a cousin it doesn't matter," she remarked indifferently. " Please 262 ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. all make yourselves at home. Oh there's the stage stopping at the gate ! the girls have come!" and she flew out to welcome them. The little parlor was quite inconveniently crowded, but that afforded subject for mirth, as Mary introduced her friends and bustled about trying to find seats for them all. " "We shall have to take dinner in relays or else set a table in here, besides the one in the dining-room/' she said, laughing. "Let Amy and me go to our room and dress while your first set eat, and give us our dinner afterwards," suggested Ella Xeif. " Yes, I should much prefer it," Miss Fletcher said, "for we are really too dusty and dirty to sit down to your table now." " And I shall act as waiter to the first table and eat with these ladies at the second," said Charlie. "Very well, I can manage to seat the rest," Mary said ; and so it was arranged. The dinner proved very nice and very abun- dant with the help of the contents of the ham- per. Mary's cooking received many praises, in which Charlie claimed a share, because, as he said, he had assisted largely. CHAPTER XXII. " O spirits gay, and kindly heart ! Precious the blessings ye impart!" —Joanna Bafilie, " Well, cricket, are we to carry you back with us ?" Mr. Dinsmore asked, with a smiling look at Violet. " If so, 'tis time to be tying en your hat, for the carriage is at the door." "Noj grandpa, I am going to stay," she answered, holding up her face for a parting kiss. "lam well satisfied with your decision, dear child," her mother said when bidding her good- bye, as they and Edward stood alone together for a moment on the little porch. "I think these young people are all safe associates for you and your brother,'' turning to him and taking a hand of each, " and that you will enjoy your- selves very much with them. But, my darlings, never forget in the midst of your mirth and gayety — or in trouble, if that should come — that God's eye is upon you, and that you have a Christian character to maintain before men. Let me give you a parting text, ' Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God. ' And yet another for your joy and comfort, ' The Lord God is a sun and shield; 2C4 ELSIE' 8 WIDOWHOOD. the Lord will give grace and glory : no good thing will he withhold from them that walk uprightly.'" "Was there ever such another dear, good mother as ours ?" Violet said to her brother, al together they watched the carriage out of sight. " I wish there were thousands like her," he answered. " Ever since I can remember it has been plain to me that what she most desired for <ill her children was that they might be real, true, earnest Christians. Vi, if we are not all that, we can never lay the blame at our mother's door." "Nor papa's either," Violet said with a sigh and a tear to his memory, " for he was just as careful as she is to train us up for God and heaven. " "Yes," Edward assented with emotion. "0 Vi, if I could but be the man he was !" They went into the house. In the little par- lor Amy Fletcher reclined on a sofa gazing out through the open door upon the sea. " I have had my first sight of old ocean to- day," she said, glancing up at them as they came in, " and oh how beautiful it is ! how de- licious this breeze coming from it ! it surely must bring health and strength to any one who is not very ill indeed !" " I hope it will to you," Violet said, sitting down by her side. ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. 265 S(l hope so," she returned with a cheerful 100k and smile, "for the doctors tell me I have no organic disease, and that nothing is more likely to build me up than sea air and sea-bathing/ Amy was small and fragile in appearance, but not painfully thin ; she had large dark grey eyes, brown hair, a sweet patient expression, a clear complexion, and though usually rather too pale and quiet, when excited or greatly in- terested the color would come and go on her cheek, her eyes shine, and her whole face light up in a way that made her decidedly pretty. She was weary now with her journey and a visit to the beach, though she had only walked to a summer house near by and sat there while the rest strolled about. Merry sounds of jest and laughter were com- ing from the kitchen. " The girls are washing the dishes," Amy said with a smile, "and the lads helping or hinder- ing, I don't know which." " The dinner dishes ?" asked Violet. "Yes, Mary set them aside for the time, that she might enjoy the company of your friends while they stayed." "Do you think I could be of any assistance out there ?" queried Edward, with gravity. " I have an idea that the place is quite full now," Amy said, with a merry glance up into his face. " I wish there was room for us all, for 2QQ ELSIE'S WIDOWHOOD. they seem to be haying a great deal of sport* Just hark how they are laughing ! Well, our turn will come. Don't you think we are going to have a jolly time here ?" The door opened and the two young men came in. | 26,273 |
https://github.com/AdityaPrakash-26/HacktoberFest2020/blob/master/kalash's leetcode questions solution/rotten_oranges.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,020 | HacktoberFest2020 | AdityaPrakash-26 | Python | Code | 134 | 416 |
def orangesRotting( grid):
rotten = []
r, c, fresh, t = len(grid), len(grid[0]), 0, 0
for i in range(r):
for j in range(c):
if grid[i][j] == 2: rotten.append([i, j])
elif grid[i][j] == 1: fresh += 1
while len(rotten) > 0:
num = len(rotten)
for i in range(num):
x, y = rotten[0]
print(rotten)
rotten.pop(0);
print(x,y,r-1,c-1)
if x > 0 and grid[x-1][y] == 1: grid[x-1][y] = 2; fresh -= 1; rotten.append([x-1, y])
if y > 0 and grid[x][y-1] == 1: grid[x][y-1] = 2; fresh -= 1; rotten.append([x, y-1])
if x < r-1 and grid[x+1][y] == 1: grid[x+1][y] = 2; fresh -= 1; rotten.append([x+1, y])
if y < c-1 and grid[x][y+1] == 1: grid[x][y+1] = 2; fresh -= 1; rotten.append([x, y+1])
if len(rotten) > 0: t += 1
return t if (fresh == 0) else -1
print(orangesRotting([[2,1,1],[1,1,0],[0,1,1]]))
| 32,213 |
https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | کاپورزو | https://azb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=کاپورزو&action=history | South Azerbaijani | Spoken | 49 | 266 | کاپورزو (ایتالیاجا: Capurso) ایتالیا اؤلکهسینده بیر یاشاییش منطقهسیدیر. سوْن نۆفوس ساییمی اساسيندا ۱۵۶۸۵ نفر ایمیش. دنیز سوُلاری سَویهسیندن ۷۲ متر یۇکسکلیکده یئر آلیب. و پولیا (ایتالیا) اوستانیندا دا یئرلشیب.
بیرده باخ
ایتالیا شهرلرین لیستی
قایناقلار
اینگیلیسجه ویکیپدیاسینین ایشلدنلری طرفیندن یارانمیش«Capurso»، مقالهسیندن گؤتورولوبدور.( ۸ آقوست ۲۰۱۸ تاریخینده یوْخلانیلیبدیر).
ایتالیا شهرلری | 17,149 |
https://openalex.org/W3039579420_2 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,197 | 2,947 | Furthermore, they also affect the economy of the family,
business, regions, and the nation, resulting in a transcendental
socioeconomic problem. Future studies should continue to
focus on this problem. It should be noted that there is still a
long way to go to completely eliminate work-related
accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the study of
this theme and integrate better quality data to establish
models that are closer to reality. For this to fructify, it is
vitally important that government agencies work to reduce
the potentially dangerous nature of the sector. This issue has
been one of the main barriers to including more workers in
official indices.
The work-related accidents problem stems, in part, from
the great risk inherent in the civil construction activities;
however, the majority of accidents can be prevented (i) if
companies comply with the laws and offer basic means of
prevention, (ii) the state implements stricter controls and (iii)
the workers comply with preventive measures, respecting
safety standards and knowing that physical integrity and life
are at risk.
Finally, it is suggested that this work be continued by
dividing the sample into subsectors of the construction
industry to identify those with the highest number of workrelated accidents. Similarly, it is also recommended to extend
25
Hernández-Díaz & Dos-Santos/ Revista DYNA, 87(214), pp. 17-26, July - September, 2020.
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R-18.pdf
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s-de-trabalho-na-construcao
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conformidades relativas à NR-18 e seu impacto no custo de
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[27] Vallardes, C., O Processo para seleção de gestores de fundos de
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J.L.H. Díaz, is a BSc. Eng. in Civil Engineer who graduated from the
University of Santander, Colombia in 2012. He is a student of masters in
civil engineering from the Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.
ORCID is 0000-0002-0434-8587.
J.A.N. Dos Santos, is a BSc. Eng. Mechanical Engineer, who graduated in
1989. He obtained his MSc. in operational research in 1993, and later
graduated from the Engineering Institute of Brazil. He is a Dr. in Production
Engineering in 2000 from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de
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at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. His areas of interest
include risk management, innovation management and entrepreneurship.
ORCID is 0000-0002-4812-6214.
26.
| 37,763 |
https://github.com/openshift/openshift-docs/blob/master/modules/configuring-node-pools-for-hcp.adoc | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,023 | openshift-docs | openshift | AsciiDoc | Code | 190 | 472 | // Module included in the following assemblies:
//
// * updates/updating_a_cluster/updating-hosted-control-planes.adoc
// * hosted_control_planes/hcp-managing.adoc
:_content-type: PROCEDURE
[id="configuring-node-pools-for-hcp_{context}"]
= Configuring node pools for hosted control planes
On hosted control planes, you can configure node pools by creating a `MachineConfig` object inside of a config map in the management cluster.
//.Prerequisites
//Are any prerequisites needed for this procedure? i.e., does the customer need to perform an update first?
.Procedure
. To create a `MachineConfig` object inside of a config map in the management cluster, enter the following information:
+
[source,yaml]
----
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: <configmap-name>
namespace: clusters
data:
config: |
apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
metadata:
labels:
machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role: worker
name: <machineconfig-name>
spec:
config:
ignition:
version: 3.2.0
storage:
files:
- contents:
source: data:...
mode: 420
overwrite: true
path: ${PATH} <1>
----
<1> Sets the path on the node where the `MachineConfig` object is stored.
. After you add the object to the config map, you can apply the config map to the node pool as follows:
+
[source,yaml]
----
spec:
config:
- name: ${CONFIGMAP_NAME}
----
//.Verification
// Does the user need to do anything to verify that the procedure was successful?
| 27,527 |
https://github.com/tanishiking/dotty/blob/master/tests/pos/package-case.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | dotty | tanishiking | Scala | Code | 17 | 31 | // a.scala
// Sat Jul 16 00:34:36 EDT 2011
package object io { case class TextReader() }
| 869 |
US-201213531985-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,012 | None | None | English | Spoken | 6,656 | 8,310 | Deposited hard shell and soft chewy center candy and method of making
ABSTRACT
A hard candy, namely lollipops, suckers or similar confectionary comestibles and a method of making and packaging the same by a depositing manufacturing process which produces a multi-colored and multi-flavored lollipop which colors and flavors extend entirely through the lollipop body and hard shell and are visible in the final packaging and particularly to a double depositing method incorporating a soft chewy center into a deposited lollipop body which soft center is entirely surrounded by and of a different consistency and viscosity from the hard outer candy shell.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a hard candy, namely lollipops, suckers or similar confectionary comestibles and a method of making and packaging the same by a depositing manufacturing process which produces a multi-colored and multi-flavored lollipop which colors and flavors extend entirely through the lollipop body and hard shell and are visible in the final packaging. The invention also relates to a double depositing method incorporating a soft chewy center into a deposited lollipop body which soft center is entirely surrounded by and of a different consistency and viscosity from the hard outer candy shell.
BACKGROUND
The manufacture of hard candy, including mints, tarts, suckers, and lollipops, has evolved from simple handmade cooking, mixing, molding and flavoring techniques to sophisticated manufacturing technology and integrated candy manufacturing process lines which can efficiently produce millions of pieces of tasty hard candies. The machines used in such process lines are often highly automated computer controlled and have user friendly touch screen interfaces facilitating operator control and monitoring. Manufacturing equipment integrated with sophisticated electronics, sensors and programmable controllers to produce such hard candies is the current state of the art.
There are many manufacturing control technologies involved in candy manufacturing as well as many types of candy manufacturing equipment. There are machines made for specific processes as well as complete integrated candy manufacturing processing and packaging lines. Some examples of candy manufacturing equipment are for example mixing and cooking apparatus, aerating equipment, candy molds, candy cooling and coding apparatus, automatic decorators as well as candy wrapping and packaging equipment. The contemporary machines used in such manufacturing solutions are generally highly automated and sensor controlled.
An example of hard candy manufacturing equipment is the apparatus and equipment used for the manufacture of lollipops. Pops, suckers or lollipops are a well-known hard candy manufactured throughout the US and around the world. Lollipops are often prepared in large cooking vats such as vacuum cookers where the solid pop starts from raw materials such as sugar water and flavoring. These raw materials are mixed in the vacuum cooker into a pliable mass of candy, generally in a slurry form for further processing. The slurry is introduced into a mold and presented for a lollipop stick insertion into the warm slurry before being cooled and hardened. After removal from the mold the lollipop is polished and packaged into appropriate wrappers and containers and then the container(s) are shipped to stores, distributors and customers.
Hard candy is known to be made by a process known as “depositing”. Depositing consists of an automatic way of filling, or depositing into molds confectionary slurry, however the process is subject to many variables which are difficult to control and to attain a high end candy product. Furthermore, it has been particularly difficult with known processes to deposit both the slurry for the complete outer portion of a hard candy lollipop while providing a soft center which is entirely encompassed within the hard candy outer shell. Known depositing machines and processes have substantial difficulty in handling different materials and cooperatively depositing materials with different viscosities.
Soft candy centers such as those found in Blow Pops or Tootsie Pops are made by an extrusion, cutting and rolling process different from depositing. Hard candy pops such as Blow Pops or Tootsie Pops are made generally with the raw ingredients for the candy coating combined in large vats. These include sugar, corn syrup, coloring and flavorings. The candy is then heated and stirred to allow the sugar to melt and combine with the flavorings. This smooth liquid is cooled slightly and poured into a machine that pours the candy onto a conveyor belt, creating a long ribbon of the hard candy coating. While this ribbon is still warm, it is shaped into a long snake or rope and kept warm and pliable.
Long sheets of white paper are cut to the length of the stick, which is about 2 ½ inches long. These sheets are tightly wrapped around themselves with each one creating a stick. A light coating of food-grade wax is applied to prevent the paper from dissolving when the sucker is put into a mouth. The bubble gum or tootsie center is mixed with sugar and flavorings in large vats. These are then combined, and the finished gum or tootsie soft center is fed into an extruding machine that creates a long rope similar to that of the candy coating. This is then wrapped around one end of a stick with a machine that also shapes the bubble gum into a sphere. These gum-wrapped sticks are then sent to a similar machine, which wraps the candy coating on the outside of it. Once the candy exterior is added, the lollipops are cut and dropped into a cooling drum. As the drum turns, it polishes, cools and maintains the rounded shape of the Blow Pops. After several minutes, the cooled Blow Pop suckers are sent to be wrapped. This is a significantly more expensive and involved material handling process than merely mixing and depositing processes for hard candy.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment, the invention relates to a hard candy, particularly a hard candy lollipop in the range of 25-35 grams, and more specifically about 31 grams which is manufactured by a depositing apparatus in a variety of designs, namely solid single color hard candy, two color striped hard candy, center filled striped hard candy, and short term layer hard candy and hard candy.
In the embodiments with at least two color/flavor stripes, the two colors penetrate entirely through the hard candy shell. In other words, neither color is merely a surface coating and each of the at least two colors could also embody separate flavors. For purposes of discussion, such a combination “color/flavor” feature may be referred to generally as either “flavor” or “colors”.
One object of the present invention is to produce a deposited lollipop which comprises a plurality of adjacent colors and/or flavors on an outer surface of the lollipop which overlap in an axial manner relative to a longitudinal axis of the lollipop and penetrate substantially entirely through the body of the lollipop.
Another object of the present invention is to produce a deposited lollipop which comprises a plurality of adjacent colors and/or flavors which overlap on an interior portion of the lollipop body in a radial manner relative to a radius of the lollipop and penetrate substantially entirely through the body of the lollipop.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides for a deposited lollipop which comprises a soft chewy center which is enrobed by a hard candy shell and the soft chewy center and the hard candy shell are substantially different viscosities.
A still further embodiment of the present invention is a method of making a lollipop by a depositing technique which produces a deposited lollipop having at least two adjacent different colors and also contains a soft chewy center having a different consistency from the outer hard candy shell.
A yet still further embodiment of the present invention is to develop an operational standard for manufacturing of deposited lollipops on standard glucose and sugar recipes at about a 31 gram weight which develops an output of about 250-300 lollipops per minute.
Another embodiment of the present invention is the packaging of the deposited lollipops in a manner which permits a purchaser to view substantially the entire outer surface of the lollipop design while providing the appropriate indicia on the packaging to facilitate the sales and documentation of sales of the lollipop.
The present invention relates to a candy comprising a spherical body comprised of at least a first and a second comestible ingredient affixed on a linear shaft support; an outer surface of the spherical body defined by the first and second comestible ingredients forming a non-uniformly layered composite; and wherein the first and second comestible ingredients of the non-uniformly layered composite are divided by a plurality of non-uniform boundaries.
These and other features, advantages and improvements according to this invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Several embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a spherical lollipop of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a spherical lollipop of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the spherical lollipop of the present invention including a chewy center surrounded by a hard shell lollipop;
FIG. 4 is a general diagrammatic representation of the complete depositing process;
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the premix portion of the lollipop depositing apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of the microfilm cooker portion of the lollipop depositing apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of the PCP screen for the depositor portion of the lollipop depositing apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a double depositing process; and
FIG. 9 is a respective view of the lollipop within a transparent packaging material to facilitate complete viewing of the lollipop product outer surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows a hard candy, specifically a spherical lollipop 1, having a two-color striped outer shell. The adjacent stripe segments 2, 3 and 4 by way of example, on the outer surface of the lollipop are a non-uniform, variable width composite visibly emanating from a substantially single point of origin O on the sphere. The present embodiment includes a plurality of generally non-uniform segments represented by segments 2, 3 and 4 which are immediately adjacent one another on the lollipop 1. Segments 2 and 3 are immediately adjacent and have a different visual appearance and are of different confectionary ingredients and taste, and share a common boundary B, while on the other hand for example segments 2 and 4 are of the same confectionary ingredient(s) and taste, and are substantially separated by segment 3 each having a common origin O. It is to be appreciated that segment 2 and 4 could also be different from one another and segment 3. On the outer surface of the lollipop 1, each segment extends from a point near or adjacent the point of origin O on the spherical lollipop in a unique, varied, and non-uniform width from the point of origin O of the spherical lollipop, and importantly in a non-linear generally sinusoidal manner along a longitudinal axis or path towards a stick insertion point P on a lower portion of the lollipop sphere where the non-uniform segments come together again. Like snowflakes, no two segments are shaped exactly alike. The segments 2, 3 and 4 generally tend to come together again at the stick insertion point P, however the end point of each of the segments does not have to be directly at the stick insertion point P, but could coincide near or adjacent the point P as well.
The non-linearity and non-uniformity of the stripe segments 2, 3 and 4 is further defined by adjacent stripe segments, for example segments 2 and 3, being axially overlapping and layered on top of one another. It is to be appreciated as discussed in detail below that even separated stripe segments such as 2 and 4 can also be axially overlapping. The axial overlapping of the segments 2, 3 and 4 is accomplished generally without compromising the integrity of the adjacent stripes, i.e. maintaining each segment 2, 3 and 4 in a substantially contiguous sinusoidal manner extending from the point of origin O without crossing or intersecting boundaries B. It is to be appreciated that with such layering the boundaries B of adjacent segments might coincide or cross with other boundaries as well. Importantly, the uniqueness and non-uniformity of the segments is defined by the varying width W of each segment as measured along a line of latitude about the lollipop body. The segments 2, 3, and 4 do not grow consistently or uniformly wider from the point or origin, but are actually varying thicker and thinner in width W along the longitudinal path of the segment extending from the point of origin O to an end point at or adjacent the stick insertion point P.
Each segment 2, 3 and 4 for example is unique and non-uniform in width W along its longitudinal axis or path and provides this unique structural and visual application by axially layering or, in other words, axially overlapping spaced apart portions of similar stripe segments of the lollipop. By longitudinal axis or path, is meant the surface length of a longitudinal line A as shown in FIG. 1 as traversed by the segment(s) between point of origin O and the end point of the segment 2, 3 and 4 at or adjacent the insertion point P. This longitudinal line A is not unlike a global line of longitude along the surface of the lollipop body. By the term, axially overlapping is meant that either or both adjacent segments 2, 3 and 4 may overlap along the longitudinal line A drawn like a line of longitude along the surface of the spherical lollipop as shown in FIG. 1. The spaced segments 2, 3 and 4 may be of the same or different color, ingredients etc., but in any event each segment intersects, crosses, or touches at some point along its axial length the longitudinal axial line A so that at least adjacent segments 2, 3, if not all the segments 2, 3 and 4 axially overlap at least partially along the axial line A. The single point of origin O can be the axial center of the lollipop as defined for instance by a supporting lollipop stick defining the main axis M of the lollipop, or the point of origin O can also be off-axis from the stick 9 and main axis M on the lollipop. It is to be appreciated that the longitudinal boundaries B as shown are substantially sinusoidal but could also be toothed with straight portions, curved, wiggled, swirled or otherwise non-linear and non-uniform as shown in FIG. 1.
Turning to FIG. 2, a cross-section of the lollipop 1 is shown where the stripe segments 2, 3 and 4 extend into the interior of the spherical lollipop and these interior segments 7 extend essentially entirely through the spherical body of the lollipop. The insertion of the lollipop stick 9 may interfere, impact or alter the interior segments 7, 8 and 10 to the extent that it is inserted into the lollipop 1 before the flowable mass of candy ingredients cools and hardens and thus contacts and affects the interior segments 7, 8 and 10. Critically, the stick insertion does not substantially affect the visual appearance of the stripe segments 2, 3 and 4 on the outer exterior surface 5 of the spherical lollipop 1 since even if the stick 9 interrupts an interior segment 7, 8, 10 for example, the segment still extends from the outer surface to the stick. The lollipop stick is inserted centrally and approximately ¾ of the way through the axial length (i.e. the diameter) of the spherical lollipop, but other ranges of between ¼ and ⅞ through the lollipop are contemplated as well.
In the above embodiments, the adjacent segments 2, 3, as well as separated stripe segments 2 and 4, are also layered, axially overlapping, non-linear and non-uniform on the outer surface 5. Furthermore as the interior segments 7, 8 and 10 extend radially through the interior of the spherical body or hard outer shell of the lollipop, there are at least two differently colored or flavored separated interior segments 7, 8 which radially overlap as shown in FIG. 2. Similar to above with respect to the axially overlap of segments 2, 3 and 4 on the exterior surface of the lollipop 1, the separate interior segments 7, 8 and 10 overlap in a radial manner i.e. along a radius r. In other words, the segments 7, 8 and 10 radially overlap by crossing, intersecting or touching the radial line r at certain points. This gives not only a distinct appearance to the outer surface of the lollipop in a store and sales, marketing setting, but also maintains the distinct stripe segment structure, appearance and flavor intermixing on the interior of the lollipop 1 as the lollipop 1 is consumed.
In a still further embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 3 the interior of the spherical lollipop 1 may include a soft chewy center 11 which has a different consistency and even ingredients from the hard outer shell portion 13 of the spherical lollipop 1. The soft center 11 is substantially entirely surrounded by the hard outer shell portion 13 of the lollipop 1 and the lollipop stick 9 passes substantially through or entirely through the soft chewy center 11 to engage both an upper and lower portions 15, 17 of the hard spherical outer shell 13 so that the spherical lollipop 1 is held securely on the stick 9. Another important aspect of this embodiment is that the adjacent stripe segments 2, 3 and 4 visible on the exterior surface of the lollipop 1 extend entirely through the hard outer shell 13 from the exterior surface 5 of the lollipop to an internal surface 19 of the lollipop 1 defining an interior cavity 21 for the soft chewy center 11. It is to be appreciated that the deposited soft center lollipop can also be made in a single color, flavor etc., i.e. without any stripe segments.
Whichever embodiment of the deposited lollipop, another important aspect of the present invention is the deposit manufacturing of such a lollipop 1 either without a soft chewy center as in FIGS. 1 and 2, or as a shell 13 in combination with the soft chewy center 11 as seen in FIG. 3. The soft chewy center 11 may be glucose or sucrose based candy or other similar type food material such as chewing gum which is made of different ingredients from the hard outer shell 13, but most importantly having a substantially different final consistency and viscosity than the hard outer shell 13. The soft center 11 is entirely encompassed within the cavity 21 defined by the outer shell without a seam or rolling of the outer shell 13 around the soft center 11 and has a substantially less viscous final material property than the hard-cracked outer shell 13. The lollipop stick 9 in the soft center embodiment may extend entirely through the soft center 11 having a first end inserted through the hard outer shell 13, entirely through the bottom portion 17 of the outer shell 13, through the soft center 11, and partially into an upper portion 15 of the hard outer shell 13. This placement is important from the standpoint of ensuring that the lollipop body as a whole is firmly attached to the lollipop stick 1 by having two spaced apart portions of the stick 9 firmly embedded in the hard-cracked outer shell.
In the process described below is a detailed description of a depositing method and apparatus for manufacturing the lollipop embodiments described above. This method and apparatus includes the steps of double depositing, i.e. depositing both the hard outer shell portion of the lollipop in conjunction with the depositing of the soft chewy center in cooperation with the depositing step for the outer shell portion. As shown generally in FIG. 4, the lollipop manufacturing process generally includes a premix stage 31 communicating with a water source 29, a plurality of ingredient and material storage bins/containers 32 and a heated glucose storage tank 33 to accommodate the delivery, mixing, cooking and heating in respective apparatus to prepare an initial candy slurry for a cooking stage 35 in a microfilm cooking apparatus 36 explained in further detail below. Next a depositing stage 37 is provided where the cooked slurry is deposited by an incorporator 39 into mold(s) 41 where the slurry is cooled and eventually discharged for polishing and wrapping. In the deposition stage 37 the slurry is delivered in a predetermined manner by the incorporator into individual molds 41 where portions of the slurry are deposited and prepped for the stick insertion apparatus (not shown), and finally cooling, polishing and wrapping of the hardened lollipop. The premix stage 31, microfilm cooking apparatus 36, incorporator 39 and depositing stage 37 of the process are monitored and controlled by a process controller C which sends and receives data from a variety of component controllers S in the premix, cooking and deposition stages.
As shown in FIGS. 4-5, the first premix stage is the ingredient mixing and cooking which originates from the initial product storage of the three main ingredients for the candy slurry. The heated glucose storage tank 33 is provided to maintain a large volume of corn syrup in a semi-viscous state for introduction into an initial mixing/weigh tank 43 where sugar (sucrose) is added to the corn syrup. The corn syrup in the storage tank is maintained at a desired temperature of about 150 degrees F. and 200 degrees F. so that the corn syrup has a low enough viscosity to be pumped to the weigh tank 43 by a conventional fluid pump such as a 40 hp positive displacement rotary pump, although other sizes and types of pumps could be used. The pump delivers the heated glucose syrup through an insulated piping system 42 to the initial autofeed weigh tank 43. It is to be appreciated that the syrup storage tank 33 is preferably of a volume significantly greater than the initial weigh tank 43 so that additional syrup shots may be provided to the weigh tank 43 once the initial syrup and sugar mixture is passed farther along the first stage and downstream of the initial weigh tank 43. As will be described in further detail below this ensures a relatively continuous supply of candy slurry through the process and apparatus and to the cooking and depositing stages 35, 37.
The initial weigh tank 43 includes a mixer 45 as well as a plurality of load cells 47 for determining and maintaining a preprogrammed syrup and ingredient weight. For example a single batch may call for 180 kg of syrup which is weighed separately from other additional ingredients such as sugar and any other additives such as brine or lecithin for example. The sugar and other ingredients is then weighed and added to the syrup, and other liquid additives may be weighed and metered into the slurry on a timed basis. The individual weighing provides accuracy by ensuring there is automatic in-flight compensation for each ingredient as well as maintaining a pre-programmed weight tolerance for each ingredient.
The process controller C includes a process control panel (PCP) supporting a digital graphical user interface (GUI) as represented in the drawings of FIGS. 5-7. The PCP as shown by FIG. 5 allows for the operators monitoring and use, i.e. inputs, and receives and displays all the weight data and controls valves or related delivery devices for each of the ingredients into the weigh tank via servo-motors based according to either preprogrammed instructions or via input from an operator. The process controller C may also have a preprogrammed settle time for the ingredients as well as a mixer start time and duration for premixing of the introduced ingredients. A further description of the process controller C and PCP is provided below.
The lollipop hard outer shell, whether it has a soft chewy center or not, is generally made of known glucose and sugar ingredients. The manufacturing process includes initial preparation of the slurry generally being an aqueous supersaturated solution of the hard outer shell ingredients. The primary ingredient in the product is a sweetener, which can be for example sucrose, sugar alcohols, fructose, corn syrup, invert sugar, intensive natural or synthetic sweeteners, or a combination of these ingredients. Other ingredients may include fats and or vegetable oils, such as milk fat and coconut oil, for texture and mouth feel. By way of example, a conventional composition of the slurry in an aqueous supersaturated solution can be in the range of about 45% to about 70% by weight sucrose, about 30-55% by weight corn syrup, and 0 to about 3% by weight flavoring and/or coloring agent.
Returning to FIG. 5 another ingredient addition in this premix stage 31 is hot water 29 to the weigh tank 43. The hot water 29 is added to facilitate the syrup and slurry being maintained at desired temperature, about 205 degrees F., and to some extent diluted for easier mixing with the granulated sugar. The granular sugar commercially referred to as sucrose, may be produced from beets, cane or other sugar producing plants and legumes. The sugar, syrup and hot water are introduced in separate ingredient runs into the weigh tank 43 where these ingredients are stirred with a beater mechanism in the tank to initially comingle the ingredients into the candy slurry. The weigh tank 43 provides initial ingredient and slurry data to the process controller C to ensure the appropriate ingredient ratio and slurry conditions are provided to the system. These are displayed for example in the PCP as an Autofeed Recipe box and amendments to the controller program and the recipe may be entered by a user through function key(s) 46 such as “Recipe Edit”. Besides the load sensors 47, i.e. weight sensors, the weigh tank 43 may include flow rate sensors and temperature sensors to provide flow rate data, weight data and temperature data for each separate ingredient as well as for the complete slurry volume introduced into the weigh tank 43. It is to be appreciated that other sensors and material measurement devices may be utilized in conjunction with the weigh tank 43 to ensure the proper ingredients mixing and environmental conditions for preparing the initial candy slurry.
Once the initial slurry is weighed and initially prepared in the weigh tank 43 it is provided via gravity feed or even mechanical pump to a reservoir tank 53 where a beater or mixer 55 provides a further vigorous mixing of the slurry to ensure that no consolidated mass of granulated sugar remains in the slurry. A gravity feed is preferred at this stage from the weigh tank 43 as any pumps which provide the candy slurry through the remainder of the process can be easily damaged by any solids, such as a solid mass of sugar which has not been reduced to a semi-viscous fluid in the weigh and reservoir tanks 43, 53 respectively. Also a milk blend reservoir tank 56 may be provided as an additional ingredient such as milk fat and coconut oil, for texture and mouth feel. Such ingredients are usually added to the slurry in the microfilm cooker 36 described below.
From the reservoir tank 43 the slurry is pumped via a slurry transfer pump 57 to a critical element of the process, the microfilm dissolver/cooker 36, where the slurry temperature is raised to reduce the water content of the slurry to a point where the candy slurry can be “hard-cracked”. The term “hard-cracked” generally means that upon cooling to room temperature the slurry will harden to a solid which is a preferred method of forming the final lollipop body or shell. The cooker as shown in the GUI on the PCP disclosed in FIG. 6, consists of a plate heat exchanger 61 mounted in a frame, together with steam control valves and condensate fittings 63. In general, the candy slurry is heated in the heat exchanger to liberate the water from the slurry which enables the slurry to get to the “hard crack” state. The cooker includes a flash chamber 65 where the aqueous slurry is allowed to atmospheric flash and as known in the art, a specific amount of heat energy is released for each lower pressure condition and the heat energy that is release causes “flash steam”, which is a percentage of condensate in the slurry being re-evaporated into flash steam at a lower pressure.
From the flash chamber 65 the slurry is passed to a microfilm cooker 67 which is a highly efficient heat exchanger suitable for cooking confectionary recipes without any fouling of the heat exchange surfaces. The microfilm cooker 67 includes a vacuum pump and indirect condenser 69, jacketed discharge pump and steam controls. The microfilm cooker 67 has a thin film evaporator 71 which has a brass heat exchange surface. Confectionary syrup is pumped into the top of the evaporation unit and falls under gravity down through a steam jacketed tube 73. As the slurry falls it is swept against the tube wall by hinged blades 75 attached to a high speed rotor running inside the tube 73. The action of the blades 75 sweeps a thin film of slurry product against the tube surface, resulting in high heat transfer rates and hence very short cooking times—typically less than 10 seconds. Film thickness is less than 1 mm, which prevents burning of any products in the recipe. The cooked slurry is discharged by a manually inverted controlled variable speed discharge pump 77 fitted below a stainless steel collecting chamber with observation windows at the base. The indirect vacuum condenser 69, for example a shell and tube condenser, and pump can be included for cooking under vacuum where up to 7″ Hg can be applied.
Once cooked, the slurry is passed to an incorporator which includes a feed system 81 and a depositor 82 as shown in FIG. 7 where volatile flavors can be added to the cooked slurry. The feed system 81 includes a mixing cylinder 83 which consists of a variable speed rotor with a series of pegs, the pegs rotate inside the cylinder 83 and a manifold 85 on top of the cylinder 83 defines a plurality of injection points for color/flavor additives as well as an insertion point for a temperature probe 89. The cylinder 83 is heated by steam passing through a copper coil in contact with the external surface. A stainless steel outer sheet (not shown) covers the heating coil. The rotor is driven by a variable speed electric motor 84. The drive casing contains the rotor shaft supported on ball bearings, with a food quality gland preventing leakage from the mixing cylinder. A powder feeder may also be added to the cylinder to add solid particulates into the candy slurry in the cylinder.
The feed system 81 also includes a two-way split mixing cone feed provided to take the cooked candy slurry and feed it to the depositor hoppers 87. The single candy slurry stream from the mixing cylinder 83 is split into two streams for instance for striped candy, where each stream is provided with individual additional flavor/color additives via a stainless steel feed tipper chute which splits the single stream candy slurry into two streams and also includes two additive systems for metering in colors and flavors. The color and flavor is provided into each separate stream with two stainless steel baffled pre-mixers. Each stream then passes through a rotary mixing cone assembly which mixes in the color/flavor addition. Each stream is then fed into respective depositor hoppers 87 through a stainless steel discharge. It is to be appreciated that the feed system can include a third or potentially fourth stream of candy slurry as well, for instance where a soft chewy center is to be incorporated within the lollipop body. The feed apparatus for introducing each of the separate candy slurry streams into the depositor and hence into the mold(s) 41 is generally mounted on a steel frame above the depositor 81 and is complete with an access ladder and walkway for purposes of servicing the feed system and apparatus.
The progress of the candy slurry throughout the entire system and the separate color/flavor slurry streams through the feed system can be monitored by the process controller C and monitored and adjusted by an operator via the process control panel (PCP) as shown in FIGS. 5-7 for example. The PCP is an operator interface which permits adjustment of the manufacturing process and ingredients as desired. A preset program may automatically run the entire system and allow for alterations, operator input and overrides to the ingredients and mixing, cooking and depositing process depending on the circumstances. The PCP will include the GUI diagrammatically representing the feed apparatus and all kitchen processes through a number of different screens, the screens shown in FIGS. 5-7 being examples of such screens. Each screen will show a preset system representation which diagrammatically mimics the system or a portion thereof and highlights all desired operating parameters. All system functions can be operated via function keys 101 from the screen including speed demands for the variable frequency drives which can be entered using numeric input keys. All alarms are displayed as a text message on the PCP and also can be viewed on an alarms summary page. A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) used in known industrial control systems is accessible via the PCP and each loop will have a PID template on the GUI where all associated values can be entered.
After the feed apparatus 81, the depositor 82 is positioned to form and cool confectionary pieces from the cooked syrup on an automatic and continuous basis. The depositor 82 consists of a continuously moving mold circuit with each mold 41 passing under a depositing head 105 mounted over the mold circuit. The depositing head 105 reciprocates to maintain synchronization with the mold cavities during the deposit stroke. The depositing mechanism consists of a series of volumetric pumps operating submerged in each of the hoppers 87 containing a specified amount of cooked syrup with desired flavor/color additives. The pumps move a predetermined amount of syrup from the hopper 87 respective through a manifold assembly to an injector nozzle (not shown) which deposits the cooked syrup into the mold 41. In one embodiment of the present invention there are three hoppers, each containing eighteen pumps, and one hopper with a split partition and two rows of eighteen pumps across. The manifold assembly may consist of a plurality of manifolds with certain manifolds specifically designed for different portions of the lollipop such as a soft-chewy center fill or the hard outer shell of the lollipop. It is to be appreciated that the manifolds may have different nozzles to facilitate the depositing of different portions of the lollipop.
Depositing of lollipops has many distinct advantages over other methods of forming lollipops. First, the above described process is continuous and gives consistent product quality with low scrap rates. The lollipops have excellent mouth feel due to the deposition process and very smooth exteriors of the lollipops. The deposited pops have a highly consistent piece weight and shape which improves wrapping efficiency. Labor requirements are minimal and the manufacturing apparatus is space efficient. Furthermore, the PCP allows almost all parameters, including deposit weight of the individual cooked candy components of the lollipop into the mold, to be controlled during operation of the production line without stoppage so that there is no interruption of the manufacturing process.
The double depositing process as shown in FIG. 8 includes a number of steps to form the deposited lollipop with a soft chewy center. This is accomplished by programming a specifically timed depositing format for the deposition of a first hard-crack shell slurry from the desired respective hopper and the deposition of a second soft-center slurry from a second respective hopper so that the entire second soft-center slurry is contained within the deposition of the first slurry in a semi-aqueous state. Then, together the first and second candy slurry is cooled to hard-crack condition to form the outer shell of the lollipop body, while maintaining the second slurry inside the cavity of the outer shell in the semi-aqueous state ensuring a delicious soft, chewy candy center portion of the deposited lollipop. The ingredients for the hard-crack outer shell are mixed at step 111, and the ingredients for the soft-center are mixed at step 113, it is to be appreciated that these steps can take place in any order or contemporaneously with one another. The hard-crack shell ingredients are cooked separately from the soft center ingredients at steps 115 and 117 respectively, and then separately provided to the incorporator and depositor at step 119 and 121.
At step 123 a single lollipop mold is presented to receive both the soft center slurry and the hard-crack shell slurry. In order to fully encompass the soft center within the shell the hard-crack shell slurry is initially deposited at step 125 and subsequently at step 127 the deposit of the soft-center slurry is begun into the mold in direct contact with the hard-crack shell slurry. At step 129 the soft-center slurry depositing is ended and the hard-crack shell slurry continues until step 131 when the hard-crack slurry entirely encompasses the soft-center slurry and the depositing of the hard-crack slurry is ended. A lollipop stick is added into both the hard-crack and soft-center slurry at step 133 and the entire lollipop is cooled in the mold and removed from the mold at step 135.
The outer shell of the lollipop may be either a single flavor/color or as described above and shown in FIG. 3 a multi-flavor/color embodiment as previously described with alternating non-uniform adjacent segments.
Returning to FIG. 7, after depositing into the mold, the mold circuit continues into a stick feeder 151 which inserts the stick 9 into each of the cooling lollipops. The automatic stick feeder 151 includes a stick distribution hopper 153 with removable lid for manual filling with sticks. A push bar 155 sends the sticks to individual insertion tubes 157 which deliver the sticks to a reciprocating insertion bar 159 mounted between two linear modules with a single servo-motor drive. The insertion bar 159 is speed matched and positionally aligned with the mold circuit by means of an encoder 161 mounted on mold carrier bars on the mold circuit. A control system for the servo-motor and reciprocating insertion bar 159 and pneumatic timing of the stick insertion is provided via an operator interface screen including alarms for changing and retrieving sticks. Subsequent to the stick insertion, the lollipops are cooled and ejected from the molds and then passed through a polisher 165 and then onto a wrapping apparatus 167 for wrapping the lollipop. The lollipop wrapping may be a transparent packaging material 169 to facilitate complete viewing of the lollipop product outer surface as shown in FIG. 9.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A candy comprising: a spherical body comprised of at least a first and a second comestible ingredient affixed on a linear shaft support; an outer surface of the spherical body defined by the first and second comestible ingredients forming a non-uniformly layered composite; and wherein the first and second comestible ingredients of the non-uniformly layered composite are divided by a plurality of non-uniform boundaries.
| 27,659 |
https://github.com/chencanbin/Showay-frontend/blob/master/src/router/index.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | Showay-frontend | chencanbin | JavaScript | Code | 872 | 2,460 | import Vue from 'vue'
import Router from 'vue-router'
Vue.use(Router)
/* Layout */
import Layout from '@/views/layout/Layout'
/** note: Submenu only appear when children.length>=1
* detail see https://panjiachen.github.io/vue-element-admin-site/guide/essentials/router-and-nav.html
**/
/**
* hidden: true if `hidden:true` will not show in the sidebar(default is false)
* alwaysShow: true if set true, will always show the root menu, whatever its child routes length
* if not set alwaysShow, only more than one route under the children
* it will becomes nested mode, otherwise not show the root menu
* redirect: noredirect if `redirect:noredirect` will no redirect in the breadcrumb
* name:'router-name' the name is used by <keep-alive> (must set!!!)
* meta : {
roles: ['admin','editor'] will control the page roles (you can set multiple roles) id === 1 表示管理员 id === 2 表示签单员
title: 'title' the name show in submenu and breadcrumb (recommend set)
icon: 'svg-name' the icon show in the sidebar,
noCache: true if true ,the page will no be cached(default is false)
}
**/
export const constantRouterMap = [
{
path: '/redirect',
component: Layout,
hidden: true,
children: [
{
path: '/redirect/:path*',
component: () => import('@/views/redirect/index')
}
]
},
{
path: '/login',
component: () => import('@/views/login/index'),
hidden: true
},
{
path: '/auth-redirect',
component: () => import('@/views/login/authredirect'),
hidden: true
},
{
path: '/404',
component: () => import('@/views/errorPage/404'),
hidden: true
},
{
path: '/401',
component: () => import('@/views/errorPage/401'),
hidden: true
}
]
export default new Router({
// mode: 'history', // require service support
scrollBehavior: () => ({ y: 0 }),
routes: constantRouterMap
})
export const asyncRouterMap = [
{
path: '/',
redirect: '/home'
},
{
path: '/home',
component: Layout,
redirect: 'home',
children: [
{
path: '',
component: () => import('@/views/dashboard/index'),
name: 'home',
meta: { title: 'home', icon: 'dashboard', noCache: true, id: 100001 }
}
]
},
{
path: '/product',
component: Layout,
meta: { title: 'product', icon: 'product' },
children: [
{
path: 'company',
component: () => import('@/views/product/company'),
name: 'company',
meta: { title: 'company', icon: 'company', noCache: true, id: 100006 }
},
{
path: 'productCommission',
component: () => import('@/views/product/commission/index'),
name: 'productCommission',
meta: { title: 'productCommission', icon: 'productCommission', noCache: true, id: 100016 }
},
{
path: 'channelCommission',
component: () => import('@/views/product/channel/index'),
name: 'channelCommission',
meta: { title: 'channelCommission', icon: 'channelCommission', noCache: true, id: 100082 }
}
]
},
{
path: '/client',
component: Layout,
redirect: 'noredirect',
meta: { title: 'client', icon: 'client', noCache: true },
children: [
{
path: '/insurancePolicy',
component: () => import('@/views/client/policy'),
name: 'insurancePolicy',
meta: { title: 'insurancePolicy', icon: 'policy', noCache: true, id: 100045 }
},
{
path: '/clientInfo',
component: () => import('@/views/client/info'),
name: 'clientInfo',
meta: { title: 'clientInfo', icon: 'info', noCache: true, id: 100040 }
}
]
},
{
path: '/commission',
component: Layout,
redirect: 'noredirect',
meta: { title: 'commission', icon: 'commission', noCache: true },
children: [
{
path: 'commissionCredit',
component: () => import('@/views/commission/commissionCredit/index'),
name: 'commissionCredit',
meta: { title: 'commissionCredit', icon: 'credit', noCache: true, id: 100055 }
},
// {
// path: 'channelCommissionPayment',
// component: () => import('@/views/commission/channelCommissionPayment/index'),
// name: '发放记录',
// meta: { title: '发放记录', icon: 'payment', noCache: true }
// },
{
path: 'paymentAudit',
component: () => import('@/views/commission/paymentAudit/index'),
name: 'paymentAudit',
meta: { title: 'paymentAudit', icon: 'payment', noCache: true, id: 100067 }
},
{
path: 'cleared',
component: () => import('@/views/commission/cleared/index'),
name: 'cleared',
meta: { title: 'cleared', icon: 'cleared', noCache: true, id: 130003 }
}
]
},
{
path: '/audit',
component: Layout,
redirect: 'audit',
children: [
{
path: '',
name: 'audit',
component: () => import('@/views/audit/index'),
meta: { title: 'audit', icon: 'audit', noCache: true, id: 100049 }
}
]
},
// {
// path: '/channel',
// component: Layout,
// redirect: 'noredirect',
// meta: { title: 'channel', icon: 'channel', noCache: true },
// children: [
// {
// path: '',
// component: () => import('@/views/dashboard/index'),
// name: '资料',
// meta: { title: 'channel', icon: 'channel', noCache: true }
// },
// {
// path: '',
// component: () => import('@/views/dashboard/index'),
// name: '佣金率检索',
// meta: { title: '佣金率检索', icon: 'channel', noCache: true }
// },
// {
// path: '',
// component: () => import('@/views/dashboard/index'),
// name: '支票发放记录',
// meta: { title: '支票发放记录', icon: 'channel', noCache: true }
// }
// ]
// },
{
path: '/document',
component: Layout,
redirect: 'noredirect',
meta: { title: 'document', icon: 'document', noCache: true },
children: [
{
path: 'internalDocument',
component: () => import('@/views/document/internalDocument'),
name: 'internalDocument',
meta: { title: 'internalDocument', icon: 'int_document', noCache: true, id: 100078 }
},
{
path: 'companyDocument',
component: () => import('@/views/document/companyDocument'),
name: 'companyDocument',
meta: { title: 'companyDocument', icon: 'company_document', noCache: true, id: 100074 }
}
]
},
// {
// path: '/report',
// component: Layout,
// redirect: 'noredirect',
// children: [
// {
// path: '',
// component: () => import('@/views/dashboard/index'),
// name: 'report',
// meta: { title: 'report', icon: 'chart', noCache: true }
// }
// ]
// },
{
path: '/system',
component: Layout,
redirect: 'user',
meta: { title: 'system', icon: 'system', noCache: true },
children: [
{
path: 'user',
component: () => import('@/views/system/user/index'),
name: 'user',
meta: { title: 'user', icon: 'user', noCache: true, id: 100082 }
},
{
path: 'role',
component: () => import('@/views/system/role'),
name: 'role',
meta: { title: 'role', icon: 'role', noCache: true, id: 100088 }
},
{
path: 'template',
component: () => import('@/views/system/template'),
name: 'template',
meta: { title: 'template', icon: 'template', noCache: true, id: 100128 }
}
]
},
{ path: '*', redirect: '/404', hidden: true }
]
| 33,138 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73399350 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,022 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 73 | 147 | Laravel 8 whereJsonContains()
good day everyone. I cannot use the json_contains construct because my MySQL version does not support it. Is there an alternative build? Thanks everyone.
->when(count($data) > 0, function ($query) use ($data) {
foreach ($data as $key => $filter) {
$filter = is_string($filter) ? '\"' . $filter : $filter;
$query->where('content', 'like', '%\"' . $key . '\":' . $filter . '%');
}
return $query;
})
This is how I solved the problem.
| 25,291 |
|
WCT/1880/WCT_18800729/MM_01/0002.xml_1 | NewZealand-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,880 | None | None | English | Spoken | 5,375 | 7,281 | By Judge Johnston until he had consulted the other Judges. The Hinemoa arrived today with some twenty-six Maori prisoners, including Te Whetu, who were landed under a guard of the A.C. There was a very large crowd eager to see the notorious Maoris from the prophet's country. The prisoners were very good-tempered, and shook hands with their escort when leaving. They were afterwards bathed and dressed in a fresh suit of clothes, not however prison uniform, and assigned to separate prisons. A man named Gordon has been missing for some time, and is supposed to have been lost on the Ashley Downs. His brother was lost on the open plains near Aahburton at almost exactly this time last year, and though search parties were out his body was not found for six weeks. [Reuter's telegrams to press ASSOCIATION.] AUSTRALIAN NEWS. Melbourne, July 27. In the Legislative Assembly, after the Governor's Speech was delivered, a vote of want of confidence was taken in the present Ministry, without discussion, the result being 43 for and 35 against the motion. July 28. Mr. Levier, member for Barwon, has given notice in the Legislative Assembly for the introduction of a bill for reducing the salaries of Ministers by one-third. Wellington, July 28. WELLINGTON NEWS. A sharp shock of earthquake was felt here this evening. The direction is stated to be from N.W. The steamer Menmuir, from Hong Kong with new seasons tea, arrived at Sydney. The New Zealand portion will be brought on by the "Wakatipu." GENERAL ASSEMBLY. The recent attempt on the part of a section of the House of Representatives to cripple the Education system of the Colony, by withholding funds to support it, was, we are glad to say, a failure. The arguments in favor of a return to the old system, or rather want of system, were ineffective, and fell with little force on the House. The fact is that the bulk of the people of New Zealand are satisfied with the present National Schools. As Mr. Saunders pointedly put the matter, a narrow sectarian view should never again be tolerated. "Once," said Mr. Saunders, "leave the teaching to priests of any denomination and everything like nationalism would be done away with." We quite agree with the speaker we have quoted, that it would be better to put a duty on tea and sugar rather than let the cause of education suffer, and to suspend free institutions if ear children are not going to be educated. Of course there are a great many faults to be observed in the working of the national schools, and perhaps in one or two directions some little injustice. But we are convinced — that after experiencing the benefits of a grand system of free education, such as we enjoy now — the country will never again tolerate denominationalism. AUSTEO.HUNGARY. Baron Von Felice is nominated ambas sultan to Turkey. The Nein Foil Press (Turkophile) recommends the deposition of the Sultan in order to save Turkey. The "Freibdenblatt," a Government orgau, demands European surveillance and control over the Porte. SPAIN. A session of the Cortes has been suspended by Decicisbillio. There is now an impending crisis, and business men and officials generally indifferent now feel very anxious about the attack on the Cabinet. MOROCCO. A conference has compelled toleration of non-Mahommedan subjects, especially the Hebrews, and a decree is issued to the effect, and threatens with severe penalty to whoever violates. MOROCCO. A conference has compelled toleration of non-Mahommedan subjects, especially the Hebrews, and a decree is issued to the effect, and threatens with severe penalty to whoever violates. THEATRE. It is generally understood that the Porte is determined to resist the decision of the Powers, which decision has excited intense indignation among all classes of Mussulman. Orders have been given for the mobilization of a second army corps. The Porte, in reply to the note in regard to Montenegro, says that in view of resistance by the Albanians it would be quite impossible to surrender the Doliegno or Bojano district. The rumors that the Turks are secretly inciting the Albanians to resist the Greeks, and that considerable military preparations are being made, are confirmed. Troops are being moved in the direction of the Greek frontier, and quantities of artillery and ammunition have been sent away to Salonica. Three thousand Albanians have been posted at the most suitable places to prevent the cession, every position of advantage forming a continuous line from the Adriatic to the shores of the Lake is now occupied by Albanians. The Sultan has sent an Ambassador extraordinary to Greta, to meet the Emperor of Russia. GREECE. The Government is quite aware of the fact it will have to fight for the territory, the conference at Berlin has given it, and is trying hard to get military assistance from France. Measures have been taken to increase the army by 12,003 to 40,000 men, and a number of officers have gone to France, Italy, Hungary, Algiers, and Syria, to purchase horses and ammunition. The Powers concluded that Turkey's compensation for the ceded territory shall consist in facilitating her financial position, they giving it their assistance, and a co-operative note was signed and will be addressed both to the Porte and Greece. A proportion of the Turkish debt is to be borne by Greece and liberty of worship is among the subjects mentioned in the protocol. Belgium. On account of the new laws, diplomatic relations have ceased between Belgium and the Vatican. The rupture was fomented greatly by the Bishop of Tourney, who is now in complete disagreement with the Papal See and communicating despatches establishing the duplicity of the Vaticans. Another account says relations will not be widened between Belgium and the Vatican, and that Cardinals and Bishops will meet the Pope's nuncio henceforth. Afghanistan. The Basuto tribes, in compliance with the proclamation issued by the chief Letteside, have surrendered their arms. Afghanistan. Mountain bands are gathering in great force. According to last reports, a proclamation of war is looked for. The British Commission, at Oabul, has been summoned to confer with the Viceroy on the State of affairs in Afghanistan. JAPAN. Cholera, has appeared in southern Japanese ports. BRITISH AND FOREIGN. London, July 26. No. 1 Scotch pig iron, free on board in Clyde, 565. It is expected that an ultimatum will be sent to the Porte summoning it to satisfy the claims of Montenegro within three weeks. In the House of Commons today, the Marquis of Hartington, Secretary of State for India, made a statement concerning Afghanistan and the Ameer ship. He said he had been informed that it was impossible yet to enter into any negotiations regarding Candahar and Kabul. It has been decided by Government that no foreign influence should be allowed at Kabul, and that no British residents should be sent there. Possibly it might be decided to send a Mahommedan Envoy instead. July 27. In the House of Commons tonight, the bill for the compensation of Irish tenants was read a third time, en a division, by a majority of 66. The Irish members voted with the majority. It is stated Greece has sent a private note to the Sultan of Turkey, urging him to yield to the decision of the Berlin Conference, as required by the Great Powers. A Rear-Admiral of the British Navy will be appointed to command the fleet to be composed of vessels of navies of European Powers, which it has been decided to send as a demonstration against Turkey in favor of Greece. A Rear-Admiral of the British Navy will be appointed to command the fleet to be composed of vessels of navies of European Powers, which it has been decided to send as a demonstration against Turkey in favor of Greece. A Rear-Admiral of the British Navy will be appointed to command the fleet to be composed of vessels of navies of European Powers, which it has been decided to send as a demonstration against Turkey in favor of Greece. A Rear-Admiral of the British Navy will be appointed to command the fleet to be composed of vessels of navies of European Powers, which it has been decided to send as a demonstration against Turkey in favor of Greece. In Committee of Supply, the following business was done:— Department of Justice £1335, agreed to; (Green Lands Office £2110, agreed to; Supreme Court £7245, agreed to. On District Court vote £8085, Mr Rolleston said that this was a vote Government thought would admit of very considerable reduction. He proposed a reduction of £1800, Mr Kelly said the question was whether the reduction should be made on this vote or on the vote asked for lieutenant Magistrate. Before dealing with the matter, he asked the Government to consider that point. Mr Rolleston said he was quite satisfied this department was over-weighted altogether. These Courts had not been a success in the colony, and the question was should the jurisdiction of. Supreme Courts be so regulated as to undertake much of this work. The vote as reduced was carried. Resident Magistrate's and Wardens' Courts, £48,216. Mr Rolleston said this was a department in which Government proposed to make considerable saving, he suggested the vote be reduced by £10,000. Sir W. Fox pointed out that a large number of clerks and bailiffs were employed by this department who might be dispensed with, in small contiguous towns, each had its constable, who had literally nothing to do. It would be well to investigate this matter by Commission, and he believed if it was properly done that a vast saving might be effected. To after a short discussion. On vote Native Lands Frauds Preven tion Act £643, Mr M'Douald thought it was a waste of money, and moved its omission. The vote was agreed to. Miscellaneous £1506, agreed to. Progress was reported, and the House rose at 12 30 a.m. TELEGRAPHIC NEWS. SHIPPING. PORT OF HOKITIKA. IVga WttW (this d»y)-3.» ajn.; 3.31 PKASBS Oi> MTB MOON,— JULT. &■■■ jQaleilated to N«w Zealand, Mean Time. D. H. M. New; Moob ..; ... ... 8 054 a.n>. Firtt Quarter . ...15 5 48 p.m. S* Till Moon ... ... ...22 8 54a.m. LMt QlMtet ... ... ... 29 11 13 a.m. •. . Apsfse, 4th. Perigee, 20th. i aXTSOTBD &KKITALS. Ck»rl«i Eavard from northern potts, fUiday. i Wallace, fr«» sovthern porti, this day; lf*rray, from northern port*, Joly 30. Sarah aad Marjr, from Lyttelton, early. : , t {- : Prciperitr, *ro» Melbourne, early. PX9JBOTKB DIFABTOKIU. Charlea Bdwarfil, for northern porta, this Wallace, for northern ports, July SO. i Mwray, for northern porUii July 31. f Waafaaoi, for Dttnedia, oarly. . t . M«ry King, for.LytteUon, early. TKSSBLR IN rOBT Id&MMi Mary Baanatyne, Zephyr, Mary giag f and "Wanganoi. , The Charles Edward is due here to-day i from northern ports. i * The Wallace is expected here this day o from southern ports. ■; The following weather telegram was *\ reoeiTed yesterday :—V An j direction be f * tween north and west and south west ; glass further fall bn»t rise again after 12 bourn; 6*<" «ea ■taVy Within 24 hours.". SHIPPING TELEGRAMS. [Special to the Victoria, Washington, July 26, 1878.] The Orient Company's Orient, arrived at Plymouth today. Arrived - Look Ure, from Auckland, April 9. WASTE LANDS BOARD. SPECIAL MEETING Wednesday, July 28. The Board met at half-past four p.m. Present — The Chief Commissioner, Messrs. Cheesney, Smith, and H. L. Robinson. The meeting was called to consider the application of the County Council for certain ferry reserves, in the southern portion of the County. The County Chairman and County Secretary were present at the meeting. After considerable discussion, the Board decided to grant the following reserves: — Mikonui river, 100 acres; Waitaha river— 100 acres. Poerua river— Horseferry; 100 acres applied for on each side of the river. The Board recommended 100 acres on the south side only. Big WaHganui river— Area applied for 200 acres on the north side, on each side of the road; 200 acres on one side of road granted. WaHho river — Application for 100 acres on each side of river. The consideration of a grant for this ferry, as well as for Cook and Karangarora rivers, was held over, until the line of road is defined. Mahitahi river— 200 acres on south side were recommended. Paringa river— 150 acres asked for on each side of the river; area recommended, 250 acres on the north side. Moeraki river— 250 acres on the south side. Haast river— 250 acres on the north side applied for and granted. Okura and Turnbull rivers—Applications held over for further consideration. Arawata river— 100 acres granted, sec tions 108 and 109. Teremakau— 100 acres on the south side applied for. The Board declined to recommend this. Beach crossing, Haast river— 200 acres on the south side recommended. Cook's river (beach)— 200 acres on the south side granted. Wairangoroa river (beach)— 17 acres on the south side granted. The Board rose at 6:30 p.m. IW. C. TIMES SPECIAL WIRE. New Plymouth, July 27. THE NATIVE TROUBLE. Owing to the inclement weather yesterday, the Natives were not sent to town, but this morning, two conveyances left town for Werekino camp, where the prisoners were sent yesterday. The Hinemoa has not made her appearance yet. Four other Native 3 were arrested this morning at the camp and will be brought into town in company with the others taken. There are 12 prisoners now in custody and others are expected to be taken tomorrow. There are 12 prisoners now in custody and others are expected to be taken tomorrow. Who had a part of the spoil in his possession, was arrested. Last week three Natives were arrested at Woodville, en route for the West Coast with two hundred weight of shot and a large bag of powder, but were released on telegram from the Minister. These Natives are known to be followers of Te Whiti. The Natives renew a claim of 250 acres of Harding's property at Mount Vernon, valued from £10 to £15 per acre, but let at from one pound to 50s. They again turned one of the tenants off the land yesterday, unyoking horses, and throwing ploughs over the boundary. No claim was ever before made to this land. Official notification has been read from the Native Minister, that Government will not interfere. The Herald's Waipawa correspondent, however, telegraphs that the Natives profess themselves willing to submit their claims to a number of old settlers. RESOURCES V. TAXES. (To the Editor.) Sir,— The setting aside of suitable tracts of timbered lands throughout the Colony as State forests, and to conserve them as such, is of momentous importance at the present juncture of depression to New Zealand. The primary object which demands this, is to regulate the present and to a continuous supply of matured timbers in perpetuity. The second, is to Chistchurch, July 27. CANTERBURY NEWS. The Timaru rioters' appeal was argued at the Supreme Court today, Messrs Stout and Joynt appearing for appellants, and Messrs Harper and Hammersley for THE CITY OF SYDNEY AT AUCKLAND. ARRIVAL OF THE SAN FRANCISCO MAIL. GENERAL SUMMARY OF NEWS. AMERICA. Dr. Tanner of New York, has undertaken the extraordinary task of fasting for forty days. He says he has done it before, and can again. The Secretary of the Japanese Legation at Washington, Ogell Yakato, feeling remorse for having been concerned in an insurrection in his own country, recently committed suicide. The Chamber of Commerce, Frisco, addressed a circular to California wheat growing, pointing out that the situation of their grain is injured by carelessness in harvesting. Instead of a premium paid as formerly, shippers have been compelled to give 2s per quarter below market price. Wheeler, cousin of the Vice-President of the United States, has committed suicide near Girley, California, from disuse of life. President Hayes and family intend visiting the Pacific Coast, in all probability he will make a general tour. Foreign banking companies and banks in New York State will in future have to pay annually half of ten (?) per cent on all capital employed. The Bank of California and Bank of Nevada will be considerably affected. 100 spurious notes in circulation, are said to have been made by the famous counterfeiter named Charles Ulrich, lately released from the penitentiary. The public debt has been diminished for the month of June to 214,224 dols. The Bank of California and Bank of Nevada will be considerably affected by the failure of the counterfeiters named Charles Ulrich. Captain Bogardus, the rifle expert, proposes taking a team of wing shots to England. General John A. Sutter, an early pioneer of California, and on whose land gold was first discovered, died recently at Litz where he was living on government bounty. George Fearn, an English swimmer, 22 years of age, has accomplished the distance from the foot of 33rd East river New York to Long Island, fifteen miles in three hours, and seven minutes, 46 seconds. He swam directly through the Hell Gate rapids. Whitaker the colored cadet at West Point, who was recently convicted of self-mutilation, will have his case re-investigated by a Court Martial. Barry Sullivan announces he will commence his engagements in the United States in September and proceed from California to Melbourne to play during the Exhibition. His daughter-in-law, A. Stanhope, goes with him. The Chinese Merchants Steam Navigation Company has been refused a subsidy of 18,000dols per annum by the Hawaiian Government. Government. The object of the company is to transport coolies from China to other countries. The United States Government has contracted with San Francisco steamers for providing her Pacific fleet, and orders especially for cured meats are very large. Mormon emigration from Europe to Salt Lake City is greater than ever. The United States Government has contracted with San Francisco steamers for providing her Pacific fleet, and orders especially for cured meats are very large. Mormon emigration from Europe to Salt Lake City is greater than ever. About going to England to arrange matters. GREAT BRITAIN. Mr. Gathorne Hardy and Mr. Robert Davie, Conger va lives, have been unseated as members of Parliament for Canterbury. Mr. Ratcliff, Liberal, representative of Eversham has also been unseated for bribery. Grave dissensions are said to exist in the Cabinet. Mr. Chamberlain, President of Board and Trade wishes to retire re grievance as to the recall of Sir Bartle Frere. O'Donnell has written a long letter, fiercely attacking Parnell and other members of the Home Rule Party for supporting Bradlaugh, whom he describes as a re volting atheist. The Right Hon. Lord Cade, ex M.P., and writer on commercial subjects is dead. Victor, eldest son of the Prince of Wales, will enter the Royal Military Academy. Charles Church and E. Smith have failed because the Bank of England would not allow an overdraft of their account. Businessmen say they were not dealt with in the usual way, by the Bank. Bret 'Urteis lecturing in London on early emigration to California. N.W. Pacific Coast. This lecture is called argonaut (if 49. Thomas Dale, alias Jordai, Ciptaim or the Canadian cricketers, was arrested in the middle of the game as a deserter from the British army, has been sentenced to 36 days imprisonment. He managed to escape from the guard room, but being captured by a civilian, another court martial increased the penalty to 336 days. A strike of cotton hands is threatened in Lancashire and trade does not warrant five percent advance on wages, promised conditionally for the first week of July, Ten thousand bales of cotton were recently sold at New York in one day for the Manchester mills. National Rifle matches were. England 1793, Scotland 1790, Ireland 1501. The first cup of tea arrived at London from China July 1st. The new Irish Land Bill provides, that until 31st December 1881, ejectments for non-payment of rents, in certain districts where distress is prevalent, shall be deemed disturbances under the tenant law, within the meaning of the Landlord and tenant Act 1870 and a tenant shall be entitled to compensation at discretion of the judge of County Court, if non-payment of rent, is caused by previous distress and tenant is willing to continue in occupation on reasonable terms; as to rent, arrears of rent and if other such terms are unreason ably refused by the Landlord. The bill met with determined opposition from the Conservatives, who denounce it as confiscation: The newspapers oppose the Bill unreservedly, and Lord Elcho gave notice he would introduce a bill to burlesque the measure. The Speaker declined to allow a notice of the bill to go on the Order Papar. The Home Rulers also oppose the progress of the bill. At a meeting of Irish members of Parliament it was resolved resolved to ask Government for a double grant, for the relief of the Irish distress, and to charge a uniform rate of one per cent interest; also, that £60,000, instead of £30,000, be voted for the construction of fisheries. The Americans had a competition after with the Military Bifles, and carried off all the prizes. PRANCE. The execution of the decrees against the Jesuit establishments and unauthorized religious bodies, on the 28th, led to most exciting scenes. The Jesuit chapels were thronged. Meetings were held to protest against the decrees and a riotous condition prevailed in and around buildings, the mob hooting a number of priests who were present. Up to the 1st, nine establishments, with 475 members, had been broken up. There remain thirty, which, being educational institutions, are allowed to exist till August 31. The German Jesuits have not as yet been interfered with. The English Jesuits called on a crowd to witness that their rights were being violated, and said they would appeal to the English Ambassador. It is reported from Rome that the French Religious Orders affected by the anti-Jesuits decrees, have telegraphed to the Vatican their intention to submit to the law. This probably means that the Orders are not yet expelled. Bezives, of the Department of Lerault Republican, insisted that the expulsion degree should also be enforced against the Franciscans, and even entered a monastery of that order. This probably means that the Orders are not yet expelled. Bezives, of the Department of Lerault Republican, insisted that the expulsion degree should also be enforced against the Franciscans, and even entered a monastery of that order. A Church Bill has passed in an amended form by 206 to 202. Bismarck had declared previously that this measure was his own, and would not permit its mutilation. He now vows he intended to leave Parliament, but his personal regard for the Emperor, and the earnest request of the latter, prevent him from throwing off the cares of office altogether. When a public servant is asked to resign his appointment, the inference is that there is some hidden reason, which, owing to good-natured forbearance, is not sanctioned. Mr. Parker, a member of the Hokitika School Committee, has given notice to move, "that the head teacher of the Hokitika School, Mr. Dixea, be asked to resign, as he does not possess the confidence of the committee." This is all the reason alleged by the logical Parker for his attempt to destroy the reputation of a man without actually performing any charge against him. Taking advantage of the absence of two members of the committee, this Mr. Parker is endeavoring to force his resolution through the committee, his object possibly being to avoid an investigation by not preferring any specific charge. He knows perfectly well that he cannot sustain any specific charge. He knows perfectly well that he cannot sustain any specific charge. He knows that he is acting in a grossly unjust manner. On account of this, we believe his tactics will not be successful. It is well known that Mr. Dixon, the head master, who has been five years in charge of the Hokitika School, is eager to have Whatever charges Mr. Parker, or anyone else, can bring against him, at once investigated. Surely, in face of these facts, the public will not, without loudly protesting, allow the committee to perpelrate an act of great injustice, which they will do if they endorse Mr. Parker's motion. Mr. Parker is well aware, however, that before investigating any charge against the conduct or character of a teacher, the School committee shall first give intimation to the inspector and the teacher interested, informing them at the same time of the date at which they purpose holding such investigation. By ingeniously avoiding making any specific charge, Mr. Parker, the prosecutor in this case, believes all enquiry will be avoided. We were very pleased to see the stand taken against this motion, by the Chairman of the Committee, at the recent meeting, and were equally surprised and pained that gentlemen of such cultured intelligence as Messrs Hudson, Klein, and Linstrom, did not also perceive the injustice of Mr. Parker's motion. There is no doubt, however, that a little reflection will put the matter in its true aspect before their keen intellects, and that they will join with the Chairman in inducing the stern but mistaken Parker to withdraw his resolution. If this does not happen— if the three gentlemen referred to do not see the unfairness of this resolution— we can only infer that Mr. Dixon must have been guilty of some fault which is of so serious a nature that they cannot, in justice to the school, allow him to hold the management any longer. Whatever may be the course which they will adopt, it is quite certain that the interests of the public and the interests of Mr. Dixon demand a searching and strict enquiry. Mr. Parker can act as prosecutor, as he per haps may not hate presented his vague accusation without some grounds to go upon. were confirmed, A telegram from Dr Hector was read, stating that a contribution of one shilling per volume would be required from all societies for furnishing volume 12 of New Zealand transactions. On the motion of Dr James, seconded by Mr Pearson, it was resolved that the Society take five volumes. Mails for United Kingdom and Australian Colonies, per Australia, close at the Bluff on Friday, 30th inst, at 11:30 a.m. Ordinary messages for transmission will be received at the Hokitika Telegraph Office until 10 a.m.; urgent messages up till 11 a.m. A railway compensation case, Je'zequel against the Government, was heard yesterday in the Resident Magistrate's Court, before Dr Giles, R.M., and Messrs Malfroy and Duncan, assessors. The claim was for £100 damage done to land by outting timber and throwing timber on it. Mr Button appeared for the claimant, and Mr South for the Government. After a long hearing, the Court awarded claimant £50, with costs £16 15s. The auctioneer, Mr F. A. Learmontb, desires to remind the public of the two important sales which will take place tomorrow (Friday) of Messrs D. Davidson and Co.'s freehold house properties at 11 o'clock, and their furniture sale, which will start punctually at 1:30 p.m., on account of the large number of lots to be put through. Both sales offer a rare chance to investors and parties furnishing. The properties are in first-class repair, and are situated in the best part of the town for private residences, while the furniture comprises a lot of choice furnishings, the like of which have never been offered for sale by public auction in Hokitika before. Both sales are totally unreserved on account of the Messrs David son's immediate departure from the Coast. A meeting of the publicans was held at Kuller's Hotel on Monday last, referring to business connected with the trade. Mr. D. Lynch, President of the Hokitika Licensed Victuallers Association, was in the chair. The Secretary of the Association laid before the meeting the petition against the proposed beer tax which had been signed by over seventy brewers and publicans throughout the County of Westland. The following resolutions were then brought before the meeting, and unanimously carried: 1. That the petition against the proposed beer tax be forwarded to Mr. R. C. Reid, M.H.R., for presentation to the House of Representatives, that he be respectfully asked to use his best exertions in support of its prayer, and that he enlist the cooperation of the other member for Westland. 2. That inasmuch as the introduction of the "bottle license" in the proposed new "Licensing Act" will tend most seriously to injure the trade of the licensed publican, a petition from the licensed victuallers of Westland be sent to Mr. Reid, iLH.R., with a request that he will support its prayer in the House of Representatives. Some further discussion occurred in reference to who should bear the additional charge on beer, ultimately the matter was left to stand over until the result of the decision of the Government in respect to such tax should be decided upon. The Grey River Argua gives the following account of the late fire at Greymouth: — A serious fire broke out between two and three o'clock on Tuesday morning on the premises lately occupied by Mr T. W. Hungerford at the extreme end of Mawhera quay, and which have been recently purchased by the Government. Shortly before the time mentioned, Police Constable Cashion, who was on night duty, had his attention arrested by a strong smell of burning, and, in company with the night watchman, proceeded in the direction of the building, when he saw the flames bursting through the windows. The Taiaui street fire bell was instantly rung by the night watchman, but before the members of the Fire Brigade, who were promptly in attendance, could bring up the engines the building was a mass of flames. As nothing could be done to save it, the brigade confined their attention to saving the adjoining premises, and in this they were successful. Fortunately no person was on the building, which had only been surrendered to the Government. The third building, which had only been surrendered to the Government, was destroyed within three days. Special Advertisements. FOR SAVINGS BANKS, TUTTLE TO LEND on the peculiarities of Freehold Property. Apply to WM. DUNCAN, Manager. Hokitika, July 14, 1880. GIVING UP; BUSINESS. LEA TING THE COLORING SEASON. CLEARING-OUT SALE OF BOOTS and SHOES will commence on SATURDAY, July 29th, And will continue TILL FURTHER NOTICE. This being HIS FIRST AND LAST SALE! All will do well to CALL AND SEE HIS PRICES BEFORE Purchasing Elsewhere, THIS IS NO PUFF, but A GENUINE SALE, Note the Address— Two Doors from Weld Street. N.B.— All PARTIES INDEBTED to the above are respectfully requested to SETTLE their ACCOUNTS. Special Advertisements. AT PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES: W. WOODWARD AND FAMILY GROCER, WINB, Spitz, and other Pianos being the season of the year when the good Butter is Scarce, W. I would respectfully inform the Inhabitants of Hokitika and Surrounding Districts that he has a Large, supply of GOOD POTTED BUTTER on Hand and to Arrive, being the Pick of Nelson and Canterbury. Arrives. PUBE VIRGIN HONEY, CHEESE, HAMS and BACON. Also, A Constant Supply of FRESH BUTTER from the best local dairies, on the Coast. W. J. E. would also call attention to his STOCK of FIRST-CLASS TEAS, in Boxes, Half-Chests, and Chests— PURE STRONG TEA At 23 per lb; 61bs for 10s 6d. A REALLY GOOD TEA, Strong, Pungent, and Rich, at 2s 6d per lb; 61bs for 13s 6d. THE VERY BEST ASSORTED CHONG TEA At 3s per lb; 61bs for 16s 6d. Strongly Recommended, no better to be had. A large stock of Oilman's Goods, Ales and Porter, Wines and Spirits of the Best Brands. Oats, Bran, Chaff, Wheat, Pollard, Grass Seed, Seed Potatoes. Families waited on, and all orders punctually attended to. All goods delivered within Seven Miles of Hokitika Free of Charge. BEVELL STREET NORTH, HOKITIKA. NEW SEASONS SEEDS! NEW SEASONS SEEDS!!! William webb, Wholesale and Retail FRUITER AND SEEDSMAN, HAS just imported, per Albion, a Fresh Supply of First-class GARDEN BEEDS, a line Assortment of Flower Seeds, all kinds of Canterbury Grasses and Clovers. | 33,147 |
https://github.com/bogdan-kotlubay/crud-food-factory/blob/master/backend/app/Modules/Adminpanel/Controllers/PositionsController.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | crud-food-factory | bogdan-kotlubay | PHP | Code | 127 | 525 | <?php
namespace App\Modules\Adminpanel\Controllers;
use App\Modules\Adminpanel\Models\Position;
use App\Modules\Adminpanel\Models\Department;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
class PositionsController extends Controller
{
public function index()
{
$positions = Position::all();
return view('Adminpanel::positions.index', ['positions' => $positions]);
}
public function create()
{
$positions = Position::all();
$departments = Department::all();
return view('Adminpanel::positions.create', ['positions' => $positions, 'departments' => $departments]);
}
public function store(Request $request)
{
$this->validate($request, [
'name' => 'required',
'department' => 'required'
]);
$positions = Position::add([
'name' => $request['name'],
'department_id' => $request['department'],
]);
// $positions->setDepartments($request->get('positions'));
return redirect()->route('adminpanel.positions.index');
}
public function edit($id)
{
$positions = Position::find($id);
$departments = Department::all();
return view('Adminpanel::positions.edit', ['positions'=>$positions,'departments'=>$departments]);
}
public function update(Request $request, $id)
{
$this->validate($request, [
'name' => 'required' //обязательно
]);
$positions = Position::find($id);
$positions->update([
'name' => $request['name'],
'department_id'=>$request['department']
]);
return redirect()->route('adminpanel.positions.index');
}
public function destroy($id)
{
Position::find($id)->delete();
return redirect()->route('adminpanel.positions.index');
}
}
| 28,587 |
https://github.com/z88dk/z88dk/blob/master/libsrc/_DEVELOPMENT/z180/c/sccz80/z180_outp.asm | Github Open Source | Open Source | ClArtistic | 2,023 | z88dk | z88dk | Assembly | Code | 30 | 102 |
; void z180_outp(uint16_t port, uint8_t data)
SECTION code_clib
SECTION code_z180
PUBLIC z180_outp
EXTERN asm_z180_outp
z180_outp:
pop af
pop hl
pop bc
push bc
push hl
push af
out (c),l
ret
| 4,881 |
https://github.com/javiertelioz/clean-architecture/blob/master/test/application/use_cases/user/CreateUser.test.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | clean-architecture | javiertelioz | TypeScript | Code | 175 | 610 | import { User } from '../../../../src/domain/entities/User';
import BcryptManager from '../../../../src/infrastructure/security/BcryptManager';
import { IUserRepository } from '../../../../src/domain/Repository/user/IUserRepository';
import CreateUser from '../../../../src/application/use_cases/user/CreateUser';
const mockBcryptManager = new BcryptManager();
const mockUserRepository = new IUserRepository();
describe('Use Case: CreateUser', () => {
test('should resolve with the newly persisted user (augmented with an ID)', async () => {
// given
const persistedUser = new User(null, 'John', 'Doe', '[email protected]', 'abcd-1234', 'basic', 'male');
mockUserRepository.getByEmail = jest.fn((): Promise<User | boolean> => {
return Promise.resolve(false);
});
mockUserRepository.create = jest.fn((): Promise<User> => {
return Promise.resolve(persistedUser);
});
// when
const user = await CreateUser(
{
firstname: 'John',
lastname: 'Doe',
email: '[email protected]',
password: 'abcd-1234',
gender: 'male'
},
mockUserRepository,
mockBcryptManager
);
// then
expect(user).toEqual(persistedUser);
// expect(mockUserRepository.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(persistedUser);
});
test('should resolve user exist', async () => {
// given
const persistedUser = new User(1, 'John', 'Doe', '[email protected]', 'abcd-1234', 'basic', 'male');
mockUserRepository.getByEmail = jest.fn((): Promise<User | boolean> => {
return Promise.resolve(persistedUser);
});
const ThrowWrongAccessToken = async () => {
await CreateUser(
{
firstname: 'joe',
lastname: 'doe',
email: '[email protected]',
password: 'abcd-1234',
gender: 'male'
},
mockUserRepository,
mockBcryptManager
);
};
// then
expect(ThrowWrongAccessToken).rejects.toThrowError('Duplicated record.');
});
});
| 9,466 |
https://github.com/yfukai/laptrack/blob/master/src/laptrack/_optimization.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause, Apache-2.0, CC-BY-3.0, CC-BY-4.0 | 2,023 | laptrack | yfukai | Python | Code | 96 | 281 | from typing import Tuple
import numpy as np
from scipy.sparse import coo_matrix
from scipy.sparse.csgraph import min_weight_full_bipartite_matching
from ._typing_utils import IntArray
from ._typing_utils import Matrix
def lap_optimization(cost_matrix: Matrix) -> Tuple[IntArray, IntArray]:
"""Solves the linear assignment problem for a sparse matrix.
Parameters
----------
cost_matrix : lil_matrix or coo_matrix
the cost matrix in scipy.sparse.lil_matrix format
Returns
-------
xs : IntArray
the indices such that assigned indices are (i,x[i]) (i=0 ... )
ys : IntArray
the indices such that assigned indices are (y[j],j) (j=0 ... )
"""
rows, cols = min_weight_full_bipartite_matching(coo_matrix(cost_matrix))
xs = cols[np.argsort(rows)]
ys = rows[np.argsort(cols)]
return xs, ys
| 37,381 |
https://github.com/pumano/nest/blob/master/src/testing/testing-module.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | nest | pumano | TypeScript | Code | 127 | 432 | import * as express from 'express';
import * as optional from 'optional';
import { NestContainer } from '@nestjs/core/injector/container';
import { NestModuleMetatype } from '@nestjs/common/interfaces/modules/module-metatype.interface';
import { NestApplication, NestApplicationContext } from '@nestjs/core';
import { INestApplication, INestMicroservice } from '@nestjs/common';
import { MicroserviceConfiguration } from '@nestjs/common/interfaces/microservices/microservice-configuration.interface';
import { MicroservicesPackageNotFoundException } from '@nestjs/core/errors/exceptions/microservices-package-not-found.exception';
import { ApplicationConfig } from '@nestjs/core/application-config';
const { NestMicroservice } =
optional('@nestjs/microservices/nest-microservice') || ({} as any);
export class TestingModule extends NestApplicationContext {
constructor(
container: NestContainer,
scope: NestModuleMetatype[],
contextModule,
) {
super(container, scope, contextModule);
}
public createNestApplication(
expressInstance: any = express(),
): INestApplication {
this.container.setApplicationRef(expressInstance);
return new NestApplication(
this.container,
expressInstance,
new ApplicationConfig(),
);
}
public createNestMicroservice(
config: MicroserviceConfiguration,
): INestMicroservice {
if (!NestMicroservice) {
throw new MicroservicesPackageNotFoundException();
}
return new NestMicroservice(
this.container,
config,
new ApplicationConfig(),
);
}
}
| 7,179 |
https://github.com/c4net/OWIN-Static/blob/master/src/Ormikon.Owin.Static/Ormikon.Owin.Static/Wrappers/OwinResponse.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,015 | OWIN-Static | c4net | C# | Code | 110 | 392 | using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using Ormikon.Owin.Static.Extensions;
using Ormikon.Owin.Static.Wrappers.Headers;
namespace Ormikon.Owin.Static.Wrappers
{
internal class OwinResponse : IOwinResponse
{
private readonly IDictionary<string, object> data;
private readonly IHttpResponseHeaders responseHeaders;
public OwinResponse(IDictionary<string, object> data)
{
this.data = data;
responseHeaders = new HttpResponseHeaders(data.Get<IDictionary<string, string[]>>(Constants.Owin.Response.Headers));
}
public Stream Body
{
get { return data.Get<Stream>(Constants.Owin.Response.Body); }
}
public IHttpResponseHeaders Headers
{
get { return responseHeaders; }
}
public int StatusCode
{
get { return data.Get<int>(Constants.Owin.Response.StatusCode); }
set { data[Constants.Owin.Response.StatusCode] = value; }
}
public string ReasonPhrase
{
get { return data.Get<string>(Constants.Owin.Response.ReasonPhrase); }
set { data[Constants.Owin.Response.ReasonPhrase] = value; }
}
public string Protocol
{
get { return data.Get<string>(Constants.Owin.Response.Protocol); }
set { data[Constants.Owin.Response.Protocol] = value; }
}
}
}
| 3,880 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64223769 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 176 | 407 | Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga instans av domsaga
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga land Sverige
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga inom det administrativa området Älvsborgs län
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga del av Göta hovrätt, slutdatum 1947
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga del av Hovrätten för Västra Sverige, startdatum 1948
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga datum för grundande eller skapande 1770
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga upphört datum 1969
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga har del(ar) Nordals, Sundals och Valbo tingslag, startdatum 1948
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga har del(ar) Nordals och Sundals tingslag, startdatum 1910, slutdatum 1947
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga har del(ar) Nordals tinsglag, slutdatum 1909
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga har del(ar) Sundals tingslag, slutdatum 1909
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga har del(ar) Valbo tingslag, slutdatum 1947
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga centralort Mellerud
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga centralort Tångelanda
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga geografiska koordinater
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga bild Tingshuset Mellerud 01.jpg, mediabeskrivning
Nordals, Sundals och Valbo domsaga ersatt av Vänersborgs domsaga | 41,388 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypoxylon%20banahao | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Trypoxylon banahao | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trypoxylon banahao&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 41 | 75 | Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Trypoxylon banahao. Una ning gihulagway ni Kazuhiko Tsuneki ni adtong 1980. Ang Trypoxylon banahao sakop sa kahenera nga Trypoxylon, ug kabanay nga Crabronidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Buyog
Trypoxylon | 45,567 |
https://github.com/samwarnick/obsidian-simple-embed/blob/master/embeds/twitter.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | obsidian-simple-embed | samwarnick | TypeScript | Code | 297 | 1,014 | import { EmbedSource, EnableEmbedKey } from "./";
import { Setting } from "obsidian";
import { PluginSettings } from "../settings";
const TWEET_LINK = new RegExp(/https:\/\/(?:mobile\.)?twitter\.com\/.+\/(\d+)/);
interface EmbedOptions {
theme: "dark" | "light";
dnt: boolean;
}
interface Twitter {
_e: (() => void)[];
ready: (f: () => void) => void;
widgets: {
createTweet: (
id: string,
container: HTMLElement,
options?: EmbedOptions,
) => Promise<HTMLElement>;
};
}
declare global {
interface Window {
twttr: Twitter;
}
}
export class TwitterEmbed implements EmbedSource {
name = "Twitter";
enabledKey: EnableEmbedKey = "replaceTwitterLinks";
regex = TWEET_LINK;
createEmbed(
link: string,
container: HTMLElement,
settings: Readonly<PluginSettings>,
currentTheme: "light" | "dark",
) {
this._ensureTwitterLoaded();
const tweetId = link.match(TWEET_LINK)[1];
container.id = `TweetContainer${tweetId}`;
const theme =
settings.twitterTheme == "auto" ? currentTheme : settings.twitterTheme;
window.twttr.ready(() => {
window.twttr.widgets.createTweet(tweetId, container, {
theme,
dnt: true,
});
});
container.classList.add("twitter");
return container;
}
updateTheme(theme: "dark" | "light", settings: Readonly<PluginSettings>) {
if (settings.twitterTheme !== "auto") {
return;
}
const twitterEmbeds = document.querySelectorAll(
".embed-container .twitter-tweet.twitter-tweet-rendered iframe",
) as NodeListOf<HTMLIFrameElement>;
twitterEmbeds.forEach((embed) => {
let src = embed.src;
if (theme === "dark") {
src = src.replace("theme=light", "theme=dark");
} else {
src = src.replace("theme=dark", "theme=light");
}
embed.src = src;
});
}
private _ensureTwitterLoaded() {
window.twttr = (function (d, s, id) {
var js,
fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
t = window.twttr || ({} as Twitter);
if (d.getElementById(id)) return t;
js = d.createElement(s) as HTMLScriptElement;
js.id = id;
js.src = "https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";
fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
t._e = [];
t.ready = function (f: () => void) {
t._e.push(f);
};
return t;
})(document, "script", "twitter-wjs");
}
createAdditionalSettings(
containerEl: HTMLElement,
settings: Readonly<PluginSettings>,
saveSettings: (updates: Partial<PluginSettings>) => Promise<void>,
) {
const themeSetting = new Setting(containerEl)
.setName("Theme")
.addDropdown((dropdown) => {
dropdown
.addOptions({
auto: "Automatic",
dark: "Dark",
light: "Light",
})
.setValue(settings.twitterTheme)
.onChange(async (value: "auto" | "dark" | "light") => {
await saveSettings({ twitterTheme: value });
});
});
return [themeSetting];
}
}
| 42,681 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21720683 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Kojinovac | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 83 | 207 | Kojinovac
Kojinovac
Kojinovac Geonames-ID 3246661
Kojinovac land Bosnien och Hercegovina
Kojinovac instans av vattenkälla
Kojinovac geografiska koordinater
Kojinovac höjd över havet
Kojinovac GNS-ID 265893
Kojinovac inom det administrativa området Federationen Bosnien och Hercegovina
Kojinovac
spring in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kojinovac GeoNames ID 3246661
Kojinovac country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kojinovac instance of spring
Kojinovac coordinate location
Kojinovac elevation above sea level
Kojinovac GNS Unique Feature ID 265893
Kojinovac located in the administrative territorial entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 43,890 |
https://github.com/rio-31/android_frameworks_base-1/blob/master/core/tests/screenshothelpertests/src/com/android/internal/util/ScreenshotHelperTest.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,022 | android_frameworks_base-1 | rio-31 | Java | Code | 301 | 966 | /*
* Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.android.internal.util;
import static android.view.WindowManager.TAKE_SCREENSHOT_FULLSCREEN;
import static android.view.WindowManager.TAKE_SCREENSHOT_SELECTED_REGION;
import static junit.framework.Assert.assertNull;
import static junit.framework.Assert.fail;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Looper;
import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public final class ScreenshotHelperTest {
private Context mContext;
private ScreenshotHelper mScreenshotHelper;
private Handler mHandler;
@Before
public void setUp() {
// `ScreenshotHelper.notifyScreenshotError()` calls `Context.sendBroadcastAsUser()` and
// `Context.bindServiceAsUser`.
//
// This raises a `SecurityException` if the device is locked. Calling either `Context`
// method results in a broadcast of `android.intent.action. USER_PRESENT`. Only the system
// process is allowed to broadcast that `Intent`.
mContext = Mockito.spy(Context.class);
Mockito.doNothing().when(mContext).sendBroadcastAsUser(any(), any());
Mockito.doReturn(true).when(mContext).bindServiceAsUser(any(), any(), anyInt(), any());
mHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
mScreenshotHelper = new ScreenshotHelper(mContext);
}
@Test
public void testFullscreenScreenshot() {
mScreenshotHelper.takeScreenshot(TAKE_SCREENSHOT_FULLSCREEN, false, false, mHandler, null);
}
@Test
public void testSelectedRegionScreenshot() {
mScreenshotHelper.takeScreenshot(TAKE_SCREENSHOT_SELECTED_REGION, false, false, mHandler,
null);
}
@Test
public void testScreenshotTimesOut() {
long timeoutMs = 10;
CountDownLatch lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
mScreenshotHelper.takeScreenshot(TAKE_SCREENSHOT_FULLSCREEN, false, false, timeoutMs,
mHandler,
uri -> {
assertNull(uri);
lock.countDown();
});
try {
// Add tolerance for delay to prevent flakes.
long awaitDurationMs = timeoutMs + 100;
if (!lock.await(awaitDurationMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
fail("lock never freed");
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
fail("lock interrupted");
}
}
}
| 37,033 |
folhasverdesver01braggoog_4 | Portuguese-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,869 | Folhas verdes: versos dos quinze annos | Teófilo Braga | Portugueuse | Spoken | 8,580 | 11,972 | O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. 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As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. O livro sobreviveu tempo suficiente para que os direitos autorais expirassem e ele se tornasse então parte do domínio público. Um livro de domínio público é aquele que nunca esteve sujeito a direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais ou cujos direitos autorais. A condição de domínio público de um livro pode variar de país para país. Os livros de domínio público são as nossas portas de acesso ao passado e representam um grande riqueza histórica, cultural e de conhecimentos, normalmente difíceis de serem descobertos. As marcas, observações e outras notas nas margens do volume original aparecerão neste arquivo um reflexo da longa jornada pela qual o livro passou: do editor à biblioteca, e finalmente até você. Diretrizes de uso O Google se orgulha de realizar parcerias com bibliotecas para digitalizar materia de domínio público e torná-los amplamente acessíveis. Os livros de domínio público pertévemos ao público, e nós meramente os preservamos. No entanto, esse trabalho é dispendioso; sendo asim, para continuar a oferecer este recurso, formulamos algumas etapas. Visando evitar o abuso por partes comerciais, incluindo o establecimento de restricciones técnicas nas consultas automatizadas. Pedimos que você: • Faça somente uso não comercial dos arquivos. A Pesquisa de Livros do Google foi projetada para uso individuíil, e nós solicitamos que você use estes arquivos para fines pessoais e não comerciais. • Evite consultas automatizadas. Não envie consultas automatizadas de qualquer espécie ao sistema do Google. Se você estiver realizando pesquisas sobre tradução automática, reconhecimento ótico de caracteres ou outras áreas para as quêus o acesso a uma grande quantidade de texto for útil, entre em contato conosco. Incentivamos o uso de materiais de domínio público para esses fins e talvez possamos ajudar. • Mantenha a atribuição. | 41,635 |
https://github.com/MiheevN/USharp/blob/master/Managed/UnrealEngine.Runtime/UnrealEngine.Runtime/Internal/Native/Native_FInputAxisKeyBinding.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | USharp | MiheevN | C# | Code | 82 | 249 | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using UnrealEngine.InputCore;
#pragma warning disable 649 // Field is never assigned
namespace UnrealEngine.Runtime.Native
{
public static class Native_FInputAxisKeyBinding
{
public delegate float Del_Get_AxisValue(IntPtr instance);
public delegate void Del_Set_AxisValue(IntPtr instance, float value);
public delegate void Del_Get_AxisKey(IntPtr instance, out FKey result);
public delegate void Del_Set_AxisKey(IntPtr instance, ref FKey value);
public delegate IntPtr Del_Get_AxisDelegate(IntPtr instance);
public static Del_Get_AxisValue Get_AxisValue;
public static Del_Set_AxisValue Set_AxisValue;
public static Del_Get_AxisKey Get_AxisKey;
public static Del_Set_AxisKey Set_AxisKey;
public static Del_Get_AxisDelegate Get_AxisDelegate;
}
}
| 9,236 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3238513 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | ligne 110 | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 48 | 134 | ligne 110
page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
ligne 110 nature de l’élément page d'homonymie de Wikimédia
Línea 110
página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
Línea 110 instancia de página de desambiguación de Wikimedia
110线
维基媒体消歧义页
110线 隶属于 維基媒體消歧義頁
ligne 110
Wikimedia disambiguation page
ligne 110 instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page | 32,903 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/73413962 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,022 | Stack Exchange | CPPL, Peter, Richard Critten, Sebastian, Tanveer Badar, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13130048, https://stackoverflow.com/users/17172007, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3370124, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4706785, https://stackoverflow.com/users/59081, https://stackoverflow.com/users/882003, john | English | Spoken | 870 | 1,245 | Where and how is operator new implemented?
This may be a silly question as I'm quite new to the implementations of operators in C++...
I've been using the new operator/expression/keyword for a while. But I've just noticed that there is a function called operator new. As far as I know, in most cases, the new operator calls the "default" operator new first to allocate raw memory for the object it is required to create, and then calls the constructor of the object to create the object on that memory. And we're allowed to override the default operator new both in global scope or in a class.
I wonder where the (default) operator new is defined. On one hand, I don't think it is defined in std, because if I do:
std::operator new(42);
Visual studio says namespace "std" has no member "operator new". Moreover, operator new(42); runs successfully when I'm neither including any standard header nor using namespace std;.
On the other hand, I found that if I do:
include <iostream>
int main() { operator new(42); }
Visual Studio then tells me that the operator new I am using is something as follows:
_NODISCARD _Ret_notnull_ _Post_writable_byte_size_(_Size) _VCRT_ALLOCATOR
void* __CRTDECL operator new(
size_t _Size
);
which is declared in vcruntime_new.h (which is in turn included by <new>). Whereas if I comment out include <iostream>, Visual Studio tells me that I am using something as:
void *operator new(unsigned long long)
which is not located in a source code file.
So I think operator new has something to do with the standard library. Could anyone please clarify on what actually happens to operator new in those situations?
Another thing that I am confusing about is that if the program somehow includes vcruntime_new.h, then I may guess that the compiler sees void* __CRTDECL operator new to be in global scope. Now, if we define our own void* operator new(std::size_t); in global scope, the compiler will choose to use the operator new defined by us instead of the one defined in vcruntime_new.h, and there is no ambiguity. May I ask how this is achieved?
C++ intellisense usually lies flat out. Do not trust what it says. std library defines the default new() and delete operators, and their array versions.
"...I wonder where the (default) operator new is defined. ..." in the global namespace operator new, operator new[]
@TanveerBadar I don't think that is correct. operator new is in the global namespace
@john yup, I meant std as in the standard library, not the namespace. You are correct.
In addition when calling ::operator new you must #include <new>. Standard library headers may include other standard library headers and other (internal) implementation headers. You might not get the expected results if you don't include the required header(s) in your code.
@RichardCritten Not necessarily, at least according to cppreference. The standard versions of operator new and operator new[] are implicitly declared even if is not included.
@john you are right. I was rushing and just gave the general advice for "why does this work / not work" if I don't include the headers.
I don't think there is any well defined mechanism by which the default global operator new is replaced. It's going to depend on the tool chain you are using.
@john see Global replacements "... a user-provided non-member function with the same signature defined anywhere in the program, in any source file, replaces the default version. Its declaration does not need to be visible..." in the link
@RichardCritten Yes, I agree. I meant something slightly different, the OPs question was why is there no ambiguity when replacing the default version. I assumed he meant by this how does the linker know which version to pick. I was just trying to say that this is not something that the C++ standard specifies, only that it must pick the replacement not the original
The default operator new() and its overloads are defined in the global namespace (not std). It is a bit special, because the standard explicitly allows a definition of it in any source file of your program to be used instead of the "default" one provided with your implementation (compiler/library). How an implementation achieves that is unspecified by the standard but most (compile then link) toolchains sort that out when linking (e.g. an operator new() defined in one of your object files is used if found, otherwise the default one (e.g. in a library shipped with your compiler) is used)
@Peter may I ask if it is possible for us to implement controls at link-time? Or is such implementation exclusive for those who implement compilers and standard library?
@CPPL If you read the documentation for your compiler and linker, I'd expect you could implement such "controls". Since most developers use (rather than develop) toolchains (compiler, libraries, etc) I wouldn't expect too many would need to do that. So it's not so much "exclusive" as it is "most folks don't need to".
There are open source linkers. If the existing controls are not enough, you can always add new ones. But before that you can modify the compiled binaries (e.g. ELF files) and libraries instead to modify the outcome. Read up about name mangling, strong and weak symbols.
| 31,179 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.92881_9 | English-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,552 | 12,725 | ; £!aplam Primrose, 4be bi’otber of ouf host, claims ti>e next place in iny list. He is a gajlant son of Mars, who has^wooed lionour in the weli- faugbt fieldy and won her too. He is>a brave and open-hearted soldier, andendy devoted to his king and his oeviiitry^ ^aud his only fault is, that hsisiapt to be a Ut^ dogmatical,! and :ia*nUher fond of detailinsr ! notary adventures: be loves to abonUer his” stick (for he does not yet. require a orutefab ** and shew were won and thinks the mm ueS WoQingto^ under whdtii'|| heummd and at one of die ^atest he* rmm the that distingufehed^coimttandcfK^^^ ' Nor is (Jie navy witboiit itti rej!^^g8 sentative amongst* us. "Baril * Kre- drake, who is remotely* conheetbd with the vicar’s lady, being a ismisht about one hundred and fifty tiihe# removed, in his youth went^fo'Seh with an uncle who commanded "ft ship of the line. He fought sncct^S-i siveiy under DtiOcan, Jervis, and Nelson; and after the death of the latter, he was attached to the fieet under the amiable Collingwood, ImVi* ing attained the rank of post-captain, liasil was in active employ for thirl y years, and be lias now moored him- self for liib in the pleasant village of R — — , to he near his cousin, as bo alwa 3 »$ calls Mrs. Primrose, who is the only relative living that be knows, i His face bears the marks of hard I service; it is famously weather-beat- 1 on, and has assumed quite a coppbr j hue; but his frame bespeaks hardy tar,” who, though naw ]fli}dl ii|»‘ j in ordinary, is not rendered vnmf* I viceable, but would soon bo gallantly rigged, and ready for another trip,'’ should his king and liis country re- quire his services. ' ' Mr. Apathy,^* the principar of the academy in the village, is anoAieir member of our eoterie. He^ls^a worthy man in the matfr, btrt dependent in religion, andti^repdljll^' can in politics. YouwiUtriit^e^hbw, with such prindples, he got iadntif^ ted tn|e such society. ^ came heqiiainlied with hhfi%ihn8#^ hieeharitaUe^irits^tO^W^pei^ iiU bedside of the^ ;erratid, They have been frisfids iviie wpytliyi vicar, ai(di( 7 ijfgh, if has tiof mad^ a pod vert 9 ^’ Sl^vApftthy, Jiaa soften- ed down^a^^icb of {i^ioji^iplesi and has nielio- r^ted the rancour of bis politics. But he was innately too good and too wise a man long to be the dupe of these arch-demagogues ; and now he has become a convert to the doctrine, th*i^ republican institutions are not calculated for GreatBritain; though, ahstmctedly, he still advocates and defends them. His opposition to easting things is, however, gradually gainu^g cooler,, and is perhaps no ipov^c, than is requisite to keep the calerie, as the rest of the members ar^ decidedly Tories, from becom- ing too ultra-loyal to be truly con&ti- tutionaj. ^ .Mr. Mattliews, the sui'geon of the a^Kl Counsellor Eitherside, wW ^*^ides there during the summer months are always present, when the fomK^r is not detained by tlie calls of “ his. vocation," or the latter by the claims of his clients, from whom, hqweyeT, he is gradually withdraw- ing for the old gentleman knoM^ia to be pretty warn, and he he, says, “ to be easy and CQ|pjfo¥tahl&'^ JU his old age. ' ^r^Moutagu, m gentleman of bhih who ia unfashionable to spend the greater part of ev ^pn! bis i^tes* attendr witli bUi amiable Is^, ^ wphi apd the wfelteai, a^fprpinoting the improvements of hi#r^n^tstf 3 ^^, 4 l^al#^ a.ipeodier of our humble ser- vant, completes tbje catalogue. And perhaps, Mrw Editor^ >]fseu vM wish to kimw.ivha the cort^gpondem is isdm is now addressing you^ man is always .a bsKl hand at dram^ inghis own chiwacterr for he eidteiv disgohes it by an egregious partiality, or distorts it by an afi'ected modesty* However, instead of giving. youMOi^^ opinion of 1 will. tell you^ what my friends think of me. They, say 1 am a wild, eccentric being, aU ways ready to oblige, and never sa attached to any one pursuit as ta endanger niy running mad; they fre- quently give me very sage advice as to cultivating steady habits, leaving off‘ boyish tricks, and putting on a manly deportment, as time adds days, weeks, months, and years to the date of my existence: they are also con- tinually cautioning ino against becom- ing tiic dupe of idle tales told by wandering mendicants, and other dis- tressed and forlorn objects; and re- commending that I should call ia iny head to advise* v^ith my hearty and be guided by my judgiimnt rather than my feelings* The ladies say 1 am saucy, because I will romp and play with, and occasionally tease them; whilst, the sly rogues, they like me the better for it. The old saylaxniv too young; the young, tiiat 1 am toot old: yet both are eager to have ina. { join in their festivities, and take part ! ill their pleasures* ThecUfiseuter telia me I am a bigot, because 1 will not go into a conventicle to , hear a cob- bler or a weaver spout nonsense byr the hour; and even most churohnien say, that f. am too tenacious of :the peculiar .tenets of our eetablkhmenl^. and too uabendiug to those who sept fromhervcommunioiib.^ Tlie.aadt*.*^ cal says I am a fcol; hut tho TiOi^^ CII& 900 *^a good felki?w/V. pU tl^aevdiftb*«fife«opipw^ qualities among-st as many different 110 ANNIVEIISARY OF THE Kf]fd*9 AAillVAL IN EDINeUUCH. de8Cvi|>tion9ofpenatM,Idoiwtknow thiekljr^itr^ed. Iffrorntbeabovehe^. that 1 have (me personal enmjr, and terogeheoiis medley of dissimilaridea aMiahr^^iuittbd' «ith’'a‘’aiBUe' of 3 ^u caii'«hkpe’'t>iit’ an^idlirtoiitfiich la cl oB s aa t <by»h>y ^fienda, he they idd fiBm’aiMl'<mB8i sl i « m<yea» hte liftttblis MK’yooag. 'f <’X!^daKlie8 say 1 am " a ed^ if you eati hd^ine'itliy h a p py man;”' weli-aa a sattdy'oae; ebaraeter hito "whibb they' 08 fl''h<^ aad^^'hv’iiMllV ^"fcnoar ihw% this eondensed, sncb/ aeeordia^Uo Ah iriAe«werid,^ whiAi* too' often Mte opinion of his friends', will be*yoiifr ef'triai andfijrivadon'te the tnost de* bumble servant^ ' serving,- who are happier than my- REoiNAtb HtiidSniiANb;''” self, oi* who have inoM reason to be eimwood-Haii., " B(», from the- bkssings with which Jun. isss. my W’ lot- in hiu hitherto been^ ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF KING GEORGE IV. ARRIVING’ . , , . , IN EDINBURGH, ,i! v WiUtrf, ’U* Majeflgt eoa/erred D(»tincti(m upon Ae Men qf Genim,. uni bo»oured>tbm ,, . i^pewingjin Gprb.ncvtr before worn, by a BritiA Sovereigq, > .. -<< Won'to Ae land (Hwn' die prince j| lii^rature and science,- Ae Over is'li <diild^”’^BBith an -insimed sage; dous and wise conciliator of airpari* Woe*’«-woa to the land; replies his- ties among his people.' HaO td'flM!’ tOry,'if in advamnag 3 %ars the royal sovereign, who, to encoura^-ghAhu^ Buiid 'shait' be tneapable of manly rtd liberality, is tbW'a)V«#hd"frhdd‘bf^ vigour; ^fitbwe, Ae^lebrated and- insdtiitions for the teUc^of qtatriBiii,deiraifodhislifoaindeapend- nate genius! and hail, - tihrfdi ed'his fortdne iii ecdlecdng British to the secret 'benefloeacedf’eoytdl^'’ ahtignities^ intd at the age of four- refreshing Ae ‘droopi(lg'‘^}idti^'^1fifi aboli^ hdng'redoeed to extrenm pe- 1 salutary dew8'ferAise'’atiA imry.'WMXoinpdled'tnost humbly to the earth amidst- Ad dhep'bbhtol'l^* petkimr'King Janies I. of En^and, and sifenee of night;! ' Hail te'tbd* ^h-Bednee-to (»lleetaims, to save ruler triumphant' in war, -yet' AOA hiaaBc]f'’froia'htteiiy frunishkig. Tlie exalted in cultivating the pieiffleintonkreh;' while lavishing his peace, and effltdng’aliinvidiout' dfil^'' tmdlitries iqfon syetiphairts, or an- tinctions between his «abjecie!*’The^^ Itingll^frBuiek/aieeorded no benf^ac- sans of the moemtains, fonsbr^^lW'' tipBi! to i Air meritorious supplicant, isedated'^Oe; wiidiy d<ttpdA(r>%^ eneeptlctttcirs^teiii^to bereadfrmii- their attempto-’ to -restCMto’^iiiiotiMlf'' Ak Iml^Mtsuf Certain pariAes, au- dynasty, tiow pilosttNdli AdiW^tfA' AoriUiig Mm tosoficit the lieges for and (Mfosecrato Aeh^HvtAtdwpAelld^ dwri^ 'In our day the faibours'of the thvone filM hy-Mom aAwewmddAave’beeirdtfly appre;- and- Aei» gaw''8imfr>%«fb)^«sdi«^ chA^. Thw'graatest patentee of symbol of Voyak ebifdeM«tdibii^'’htl'^ maitette'^Eunp^is'Adm un&%%hiDtA’Wf |diilmi'iAnlid,'Aemostpevfr^ ' '' w til w si a - fajAefiflimrA^’tlfomoitett. * * lid S^ftdtiFHiAlibya^ iipttebed flaft iwunlfieent patAai ^ ''' " Ill mm CXtiieohal. ^s^tnah J ^l^pfr «iy 4rt€|i»i»xhib^l no-* ^linguish it from any other odifico of the I0lh and 14th centu- Hos. It wil8 massivOaml gmncl as a with Saxoi^ and Anglo-Nor- man ardies. On each mde of the northern entrance were nicfies unoc- cupied, except by two projecting ; bases, whicli probably once support- ed the effigies of Iioly men. Its : cancellated window above the en- trance of a later date was rolibcd of niuch of its ornamental work, but whether by the hand of time or the iBcu'e rutliless hand of modern hn- provenlent, it was now too late to de- cij[lc< Ivy filled up many of tl|ie clvft^ms which the destroyer had 11 ^)^ and; wound itself about till it 3ome column, and not to climb higher, it waved iQ;;lbc^airf stopping here and there 4b^ battlements surmounting and insinuating itself the tabernacle-work, till it the eye to the magnificent spite the building, round which t^eel^gb and the crow played their ah?y gambols* The striking and over- W^li^ing heat of the outward air rci^ivjng a check from the unrari- iied I atmosphere of the building, cei^sed the perspiration, whicii was s^ted on my brow, to turn chilly Wj|a^l 1 uncovered my head and en* ti^d th® butldiiig $ but soon a more Gt^i(^gfidal breeze played warmer thvmi^ neve, and ever and anon |)fupied^ along tlie ^intereolumniations j nppev ecehes; The service had/^fUil, tend the pcala of die or- gan, high, now low, gave to my |;hen a|[^^:4miiguiadon no feeble > V, Nft^^xxvt picture of the angelie chntr, ^ hymiH mg the praise* of their MaJ&er aa they winged nearer earth, or again soared’ to heaven. T!ie interior of the ciilheflral was not at all in unison with the appearance of its outer works; for here the hand of irn^ proeement had been suffered to con- tinue its unholy cleansing, till e^wy vestige of tracery or erramelling was either clothed with whitewash or co- vered with paint, depriving ancient art of all that was venerable or art- ist-like. The exterior facing, m- proved as it had been, was yet brok- en by many a massive angle, and threw' its depth of architecture into broad shadows; but this interior ex- hibited one sprnce sheet of white, chilly and cold to the eye of the painter, and possessing but few at- tractions for tlie lovers of antiquity. The enriched slirine, which at one time shewed its vermilion and gold, w'BS now covered with a lucid whiter , sill the beauty of mantel, of ciipital, : or frieze, every interstice, was filled I with ochreous mcu’tar, liard as the 1 original cement. Still, however, the ; beautiful proportions of the building ’ were distinguishable ; tliese were as j they were left by the architect Wol-* j Stan ; and the elliptic arches, wbellieF I intended as the resemblance of e»- arching trees, or as realizing any other figure of the olden time, or any theory presumed by architects of modern day, lifted the soul to those regions which the association of Grecian or Roman domes could never bring to my imagination. The monuments which lined the^ aisles and the nave contained but few tbift hamiomzed with ehe * place: rect^' ' <'■ ' 1 ^' ■' ’* *'*' 5 *'''* Till-: OATIIUDIIAL^ H2 bent bWiops, v-'ith the hand , broken i oft' which was in tlie act of confer- ring blessing, and mutilated red- ^iTosa kpigbtsi were .soen here in abundance ; but a few modern pei*- spnifications of Virtues and Vices, of Graces, and Victories, of modern dates, shocked the eye, as did pimp- ing mural slates, mustard-pot vases, and blubbering urchins. A work by ^ Roubiliac adorned the side of one I entrance of the choir; but this was disgraced on the other by efiigies of monstrosities of art. Carvers of stone there exhibited many a spoiled block of m 2 p.*ble; but the divine luuid of Chantry was wanting to give a charm to modern sculpture. . Had he been employed, I should pot liave seen wounded heroes falling into the arms of ladies whose names were unknown, but meant to personify sonic cardinal virtue. Here lay the mitred abbot and wdiimplcd dame, dismembei*ed occasionally it is true by John Bull Vandalism; and here lay Timothy Jackson'" shouldering a venerable dean. There lay the parson and clerk, and their ladies, surmounted with golden balls, or infants sitting on inclined planes, where in fact no one could sit. .The choir was of the grandest prpportiops, injured as it was by the modern stalls of the time of Queen Anne; while its altar-piece, of Ro- man design, laughed to scorn all at- tempts at rendering it Gothic, and shewed the miserable taste which had intruded here its unprofessionalhand. Its painted glass was trumpery, and of modern date; but the pulpit of stone ^shewed how unjustly we had considered as di onesinthehive those monk^ wlio had executed this build- ing* T: — whp*accompanied me, was a dissenter, but yet a njim of taste, and epuld not prevent from wandering during. a .reUgiqua expi’Qise foreign to his prepdi; felt a sub^Iued. ecstasy aa i the ish chant ran along the passageft^pf the cathedral, accompanied by.4l)e trumpet -stop of the organ. And when his heart whispered that the Alcocks, the Wykehams, and the Islips w'crc the founders of .sucli } piles, his conscience, half church, half dissenter, promised to inquire further into all this ; and if the ar- chitects of those times, the sculptors, the illuminators of missals, the phy- sicians, and authors, were buried in all that sloth which Nonconformists had attributed to them. The cathedral w^as now nearly full: its inmates, it is true, were not so nu- merous as he had seen them in die extra-parochial chapels in London, but there were many botli of poor and rich. The dignitaries of tjie j college, with their wives and fami- j lies, formed the principal part of the congregation ; their servants and de- pendents the poorer. There was the countryman in his clean frock, wdio smoothed dowm his hair as he entered ; and there was also the al- [ derman’s smug clerk, who poked up j his hair as be took his seat; each ac- I commodating himself to his beau j ideal of smartness. The service of I the altar commenced; the prooessiou of the prebendaries, preceded by tbu verger, marched to the full swell of the organ, which T— wondered had ever given place to the twang; and he began to fancy,, as beheld the little rosy but well-bp^ haved choristers, that he had, hike many of his sect, condeu^nqd monies which they bad never or which perhaps found ud upi^ou ia dieir minds. AfTr.'^rcAr; wrvnar. chsihted the service, was a vetmn in hfe iiHt he was fat and healthy-Iook-^ though thirty years of hard du- ty had wdm his frame. Discipline had not it appealed checked his grbwth, and cheerfulness kept him frbm declining; pious hope lighted up his countenance. Time had thin- ned his flowing hair, for it lay scat- tered on his forehead, and proved, if not a crown of glory, one of vcm Deration; andT — — declared, when all was ended, if he felt not all that devout warmth for the establisliment that others did, he had no objection for liic future to attend that ritual and those ceremonies which had been composed by the best of men, and cherished by the worthiest of ihcir desceiulanis. MUSICAL REVIEW. A favourite Waltz ^ with Variatiom for the Pianoforte, composed by the following German Composers: Ijeetiioven, Czerny (C.), G.t:ns- BACIIER, GkLINEK, HuMMEL, 'KaLKBRENNERjLeIDESDORFjLiST, Maysedek, Moscheles, Mozart ( jun.), Pixis, Placiiy, Tomas- rnEK, WoRZisciiEK. Pr. 5s. — (Boosey and Co. IIolles-strect,Ca- vcndish-squarc.) Can there be greater variety than in sixteen variations composed by sixteen various composers? A musi- <jal plc-hic, to which every member contributes liis quota; a real musical curiosity, absolutely unique ! Sixteen cooks, it is true, and all German more- over ; but as every one has the pre- paration of his own dish, there is no fear on the score of the old proverb. As all hands may be supposed to bavd done their best to distinguish themselves in such a contest, we need fcss wonder at the liigh-seasoned fare Ahd the sauces piquantes which the rita^brlfy liaye set before us, than at ivholcsome, but no less re- l!i^\^n^inkncis niodefetly served up by the Competitors. There whei*dwith to satisfy all palates; Hie haptiuet, digesting OT ch'b firfet ftree are indis- pensable. Deefhoten, the Dr. John- son of composers, has been allowed the privilege of two distinct contri- btitions; and he lias not spared tlie spice-boX, they are the very sauces au diahlc, Moscheles, on the con- trary, seems to have taken pains — and w e applaud the good sense— I o present simple and nourishing food. A ]\[r. Umlauff, not named on the title-page, and Maysedcr, have pur- sued the same course; the latter with a little loan from the gran maestro of Pesaro, Wlio, to be sure, borrow.s from all the w orld, himself not ex- cepted. Hummel and KdlJcbrenner have taken a higher aim, withotit, liowcvcr, missing the mark oT good sense. — But what has become ofRies? Was he not invited? Little Mkstei* List, young people like, was deter- mined to shew^ his saroirfahe : bless us how learned and serious! Aild there is a variation from the soYi of our dear Mozart, also most elabo- rate and difficult, highly meritorious; but not at all breathing the spirit of the sire. We had nearly forgotten to men- tion the material, upoh whosb adorn- ment so many celebrated haViJs hkve been employed. It is 'aw'ilfz by Dikbelli, rathisr ct d* plain cast, if Q2 KfttSTCAL ftl.VUCW. tbe cot\cIudtiig portions iMtsiro^parts^ whi^^h bear too great i»*r!EWcmbibnce:to coeh othcir^ CAarmes de Baden, * Rondeau pMtoralpoar le Piano-forte, par 'Charlea Czerny. Op, 45. Pr. 4s. f -^(Btoosey and Co.) A perfectly classic composition. The slotr movement in D major has an imposing aspect, and there are some ideas and combinations which possess the rare merit of true origi- nality. In inditing the rondo, Mr. (^ perhaps heard some street-organ ipder his window tuning up the French air, C'est V amour, to which Ilia motivo bears an oljvious likeness, aHowiiig for a little scrolling and de- coration. Be this as it may, all that could be made of the motivo lias been done, and wcdl done; the rondo will delight all who can master it. Le^ Noureaux Plaisirs du bel Recueil dee plus modernes et dcs plus Jolis Quadrilles Fran-- fais, pour le Pianoforte, tires des Operas de Rossini, Weber, Boiel- dieu, cbokfis, arranges, et eantposis par Dumon. Cahiers 1 , 3, & 4. Pr. Ss.— (Boosey & Co.) . Ije reoueil de MM. Boosey ct Co. S0 distingue parmi la plu(mrt des ouvrages de ce genre non seulc- par le gout qu’ils ont sgu mct- tiie dans sa decoration, q«e par— There, now! carried away by the | foreign title, we nearly had made a French review &€ Air. IXunon's. <jua- drille cahiers, French from b(?gin- ning to end, outside and inside. No matter, they are the prettiest books of the kind one could w'ish to dance fey. The very print on the title- pa^ (French drawing too no doubt, tp judge from its p^ifdexion) is vast- ly takty; Daiuon and FhylUs, or Cu- ll pid and Psyche, dr Ganymede tend j Hebe, tripping merrily and iniiswefet I embrace, for all tha workU like Feiv j dinand and Noblet, en rtacwl/ towards die ‘ Ionic temple ^ of Terpskhore, I die Goddess of Mirth hovering over the loving couple, and gently drag- ging them on by a garland of ruses, jessamine, aiul forget-me-nots. All this is really very pretty and elegant; but let’s see what’s within: why in the first book you may make your cliasse;s and dos d dos along with Zamiel, not upon the tunc of “ Go to the D.” &c. butu|K>n nothing.but /Ve;/.v6*//w/ir- tunes, the Jaeger Clionis ! too, as may be supposed. In the second cahieVy Alonsieur Dumou introduces our toes to more respectsible compa- ny, Semiramis, the dowager-queen I of Babylon, upon Rossinis opera of winch name all the quadrilles are founded. The third book presents a portion of Weber’s Euryanthc, qua- drillified in like manner; and No. 4 !is of the -composite or mixed order, j the subjects being borrowed from various authors; and here the tunes, owing to a freer choice, are the most dauceable. Next to these, the toes I wUI probably find themselves most at home in the FteyscAidz. As to the music provided by the Babylo- niaii c[uecn, we can only say that, with some exceptions, it is, like her majesty, rather serious. The figures, I wc rather wonder, are the same in every book. Mr. Dumon unquestionably has made the most of his subjects; his metamorphoses into quadrilles, even where less apt for pedestrian exe^ tion, are, in a musied fteWr and for manual performance^ intet-* I esting, very pleasing, and. effective. I The style of the aa^angement isYeilty superior to what it^e generarliyineots MtrSK!.%L UKVIKXr. m .mth books oF tins kiml, the tnelo- du>^ treatment beUag really tastefiih anil the aG€X>mpapitticiits not only coLTed, but very select and free. The origimii trios, euperadded to a num- ber of the operatic subjects, arc also good. , 'I'he work therefore possess- es stiflieieiit musical uierit to interest those whose dancing days are over, or not likely ever to airive. IrisA Air, arranged as a Rondo for . the Pianoforte^ with an Introduc- tion^ comjio&cd^ and respecifttlly dedicated to Thomas Thompson, > Jtusq, by Burford G. II, Gibsone. Pr, ^8. — (Goulding), > Among the numerous compositions of this paiTticulor description, Mr. Gjbsonc*s labour is entitled to a rank of considerable distinction. We have heard it with much satisfaction, and without finding occasion for any un- favourable criticism. The short ada- gio, rather a little florid, evinces taste in \yOmt of coneexition, and a kno%v- ledge of harmonic arrangement. The Irish rondo, likewise, is written in g^ood style. The theme is well treat- ed^ the digressions are in character and of a select cast, and the more ac- tive ])assages proceed with due free- dom and neatness. Tliosc iu pp. 5 and (if although of simple construc- tion, arc not the least attractive. Three Voluntaries for the Organ or Pianoforte^ composed by Thos. Adams, Organist of St. George’s, Camberwell. Book II. Pr. 4s. , t^(Hodsoll, 45, High-Holboin.) : .An. anonymous saintly parishioner, jwrc jiice than wise, in musical mat- ters at least, some time ago poured forth u lament iu a daily print against Mr. Adams’s occasionally indulging in priofane melody, during service. Tb€acoujaati9n,. w0 have it from good authorslijv is t^ta% imfimiKled; and we are inibrmed by cotnpetentjiulges, that the voluntaries which Mr. A. occasion^dly iutroduqes are worlii miles to go and hear them. ^ Thi^^ wfe can easily credit from the book be- fore us, as well as from its predeces- sor, of which we have given n prior notice ; and we shall not be long iu going to Caml}erwell to enjoy the treat. The congregatirui possessing an organist cajmble of producing music like these voluntaries may tru- ly be envied, for jt would l>e diflicult to name cotemporary English com- positions of the kind, that could <Ms- pute tlie with Mr. A.’s labour; kideed their sterling merit phiees^ tliem near tine works of Rinck and Sebastian Bacb. The three fugues in this book are master-pieces in their W'ay. They jiossess in a superior de- gree all the ingenuity and artifice of mechanical contrivance of which this kind of writing is susceptible, and which, to $i>cak candidly, we value more for the excellent training which it gives in the compositorial art, than for the gratification which musical feeling derives from tliem. TliCiSys- tem of constant , interlacemc^nt, of progressively engrafting the same or similar periods upon each other, reckless of the coudnual di^fcords thus engendered, may. interest head, but seldom touches the hearU. On this account the slow nsovements in Mr. A.’s books ase infinitely more gratifying to our heterodox ears.; and these, whatever St, Anonym may have to say against them, we, feel no iiesitatlon in pronouncing truly de- lightful and classic specimens in the superior branch of tlie art. The se*- cond adagio, for instance, appears to us unrivalled in its kind. If w'e wave iucliiied taoitter npy tlfmg in the w#iy of advice, it would be a hud iLo throw. MtTSICAt UKVlEir. 11^ pkn ahd keeping and more! c^i^tability ihto‘ the slow movements. As wlilrftarios, we are fully aware they have a right to appear such as they are, but even the freedom al- lowable under these conditions may be blended with a certain degree of regularity and symmetry. Pmt's favourite Overture to " Jg- nese^' arranged for the Piano- forte^ with Accompaniments for the Flute^ Violin^ and Violoncello^ (ad lib,) by S. F. Rimbaiilt. Pr. with Accompaniments, 3s. — (Hodsoll.) This overture is known to many of our readers, the opera L'Agnese having been produced some years ago at the King’s Theatre. Though it bears no analogy whatever to the serious drama, and its beginning de- viates little from the common routine of decent Italian overtures, the mu- sic gains much in animation as it pro- ceeds ; and the latter pages, replete with interest and goo<l effect, wind up witli a stirring and striking climax, which makes ample amends for the neutral beginning. The arrangement is very meritorious. Select French Romances^ No, IX, IXormestdonc^ mes chers amours,^ for the Piano fortCy by S. F. Rim- bault. Pr. Is. 6d.— (Hodsoll.) Sdect lialimt Airs, No, VIII, “ Di Ci feUee innesto^* arranged for the Pianoforte by S. F. Rimbault. Pr. 2s. — (Hodsoll.) ** Numero quindiei," a favourite Air by Rossini, arranged, with an In^ troduction for the Pianoforte, by Samuel Poole. Pr, 2s. — (Hodsoll.) The above numbers of Mr. Rim- hauk’i^ Italian and French ahrs may faidy be cksscd together. They are buth deatltute of diilieulties, and ca- pable of affinding the pupil ten nii- nutefe* pleasing and proper practice. The French tune has three n^at Va- riations; and the Italian air, fi^m Rossini's ** Barbiere di Siviglia,”' is shaped into one connected piecA of very agreeable melody, interspersed by passages suflSciently active with- out being intricate. The introduc- tion, probably of Mr. R.’s own in- vention, claims our favourable no- tice. Mr. Poole's arrangement of Ros- sini’s “ Numero quindici,” also from the “ Barbiere,” deserves commen- dation. It does not launch out into much extraneous matter, or into any thing bordering upon the higher branch of composition, but it main- tains a character of graceful ease, and keeps within the bounds of cx(?cutivc moderation. A numerous class of less advanced players will therefor^ take it into special favour, wc make no doubt; indeed we hope so. The introduction here is also de^ening of commendation. A Selection of the most admir'ed Quadrilles, with their proper Fi- gures in French and English, ns danced at AlmacVs, the Ar^/ll' Rooms, and at the Nobiliffs As- semblies, arranged for the Piano- forte or Violin, Pr. ris, — (Hod- soll.) All the quadrilles in this book are made from Rossini’s ** Barbiere di Siviglia,” and, without pretending to be much of a judge, we should ap- prehend, that one or two would dance but so so. The musical arrangeihenf, however, is very satisfactory, mudli better than in the generality of books of this description; atid the pieces may therefore be safely put before A pupil for practice. ^ ^ ■ * * ‘‘ O lovely is the sumhei^^fkooh,** It Song written hij M^s Anna jW?i- MUSICAL HLVlIiW. 117 , ria Porter ; ihe Mtisie by Henry I Jl^,JB4sbo{L Pr. 2s,— (J. Power, , 3£rand0 “ Drink to hery \ Song written by . .Thomae Campbell^ Esq* compos- ed hy Pr. 2s. (Power.) ‘‘ 'Phe pretty rose-tree^' a Duet^ by Thomas Moore, Esq. Pr. 2s.— (J. Power.) “ The young Muleteers of Grenada^ a Glee for three Voices, by Tiios. Moore, Esq. Pr. 2s. Gd. — (J. Power.) The first of the above songs, “ O lovely is,” &c, is stated to be from the pen of Miss Anna Maria Porter. The melody >vhich Mr. B. has given it possesses no striking touches of any novelty, but it proceeds with a tenderness and fascinating smooth- ness >vhich accord well with the text, and cannot fail to render it po- pular. The accompaniment consists of broken chords, but it is quite in choa'acter; and some of the harmo- nies are of a select choice. “ Drink to her,” has a pretty warm anacreontic text, which Mr. Bishop appears to have fully felt, for he has made a captivating and indeed a ca- pital song of it. The symphony is of some extent and really elegant, Ij and the melody breathes an amorous spirit, a joviality and freshness quite in accordance with the text, and (julte fi*ee from any ideas bordering upon vulgarism ; in short, the music partakes of the anacreontic elegance of the words. The key is A three sharps, which, in the sequel, is at once, ,and with the best efifect, chang- ed for F major, in which tonic the sgng proceeds for a good number of b^rs, until, by a neat and well-devis- ed transition, A major is resumed, to conclude the song amidst some tqp^bes pf transient modulation, which impart variety and additional interest* To produce effect in this song, previous practice, guided by good taste andjudgment, wiffbe highly desirable. , , . , The two pieces, with words by Mr» Thomas Moore, “ The pretty rose« tree,” and ‘‘ The young Muleteers of Grenada,” are adaptations from Spanish melodies; the former arrang- ed for two voices, and the latter for three. As in most of the Spanish airs, there is in these melodies an originality, a freshness, a peculiarity of style and cadence, which take us by surprise, and at once rivet our fa- vour. These two pieces, therefore, are sure to be favourites, more par* ticularly as no vocal difficulties pre- sent tliemselves, and the arrange^ ment of the parts as well as of the accompaniments is good and very ef- fective. A new Pianoforte Preceptor^ con^ taining Instructions for the aU taining a Projiciency mi that ele-> gant and fashionable Instrument f together with the Rudiments of Music^ which are explained by way of Question and Answer, in a very plain and copious manner i the whole illustrated by a great Variety of Examples, andexem^ plijied in thirty -eight Lessons, properly fingered, composed, tmd arranged, by W. Slieppard of Pe- terborough. Pi% 1 Os. Cd.— {Pres- ton, Dean-street) The number of books of instruc- tion for the piano-forte is so great, and their contents ai*e so much alike, that whenever , a new one comes un- der our considevation, and the case is frequent enough, we mostly feel at a loss what to say, without incur- ring the charge pf repetition. Of Mr. Sheppard s labour we can coih. 118 review. scieniiously state, (hat it is at least equal in merit to any similar work known to ns. It is more comprehen- sive and more particular in its details than most books of the same price; and in its didactic portions, which are of great comparative extent, it is remarkable ibr the simplicity and perspicuity of its language. The lessons, as may be seen above, are very numerous, and those which pro- ceed from Mr. S.’s pen are in good taste and judiciously devised, with a view to illustrate ^progressively new features of instruction, which are ge- nerally adverted to in brief obser- vations prefixed to the piece chosen fur exemplification. In short, thebook recommends itself strongly by its me- thodical arrangement, its good sense, and its comprehensive contents. TO C01111F.SP0NDENTS. A letter from Mr. Lillycrop, on the subject of our review of his arrange- ment of one of Rossini’s' marches in La Donna del I^ago,” reached us too late to receive notice last month. We thought well of the publication, and, in stating our opinion, added, that “ t/ our memory did not fail us, the third page was foreign to the subject.” We spoke from the recol- lection of frequent performances at tlic King’s Theatre, not having the opera itself to refer to. But our memory, it now appears, was at fault on the occasion, as Mr. L. professes to have made his arrangement from the score published at Paris. In thus candidly admitting our error, an act which we shall never shrink from, iot we are far finm pretending to c uiewo mcalor critical infallibility, we cannot help accusing in our turn that arch-autoplagiarist Kosshn as having been the cause of our mistake. It was principally the passage, 1. <1, p. 8, in Mr. L.’s march, which bad led to our remaric. It is a very re- markable one, as exhibiting the em- ployment of apparently the same sound, e b ^lud d *, in a different harmonic modulation ; vie. 1st. F* with e b as diminished seventh lead- ing to the chord of G ; and, secondly, after repeating the phrase, F ^ witlt d 3ft (as inversion of B 7) leading to the cljord of E. Now precisely the same passage occurs in a song of Rossini’s (one of Desdemona’s in Otello we believe) ; and it was ouf recollection of it as belonging to tlte song in question, which gave rise to our observation in the notice of Mt. L.’s march. We shiilJ take the present case ns a lesson to be upon our gnaril with* any works of Rossini, who, if a fa.vbnri' itc idea or a whole period occurs in' a previous piece, seems to see no reai- son wby foe should not put it hgakv into another; on the contrary, likett good dish, if the people liked it dfice^ they are more likely to fmicy it even if but warmed up. Want of room compels us to do- ftr several pieces, widi which wc liarc been favoured, until next Number. Some of them, indeed, reached us at a time of the month which would not admit of their immediate notice. We should feci par- ticularly oMiged to autliors and pubfish- ers, if they would favour us with the tolit- positions which are intended fbr coninde- rationatthecommencemerttof the qjqiitit FASHIONS. LONDON PUOMl^NADE DUESS. Wapdkd pelisse of gros de Na- ples of a bright geranium colour, lined with white sarsnet : tlic corsage made to the shape, with a square standing collar, edged with satin, and fastened in front with two gold but- tons : broad ceinturcy with satin cord- ed edges, fastened in the same man- ner. Long full sleeve, confined be- tween the shoulder and the elbow with a band and button, and five bands equidistant from the wrist to- wa;*ds the elbow. The front of the pehsse is ornamented with three bias tuckfS on pach side, which meet at the w'aist, and increase in breadth and distance as they reach the shoulder, or descend to the bottom of. tliQ shirt, where they turn ofi' cjireularh') ^nd are continued round to., tho opposite side, where they >vith tlie tucks in front, and in- terloaing wdth them, form a festoon on each side; beneath is a broad wadded hem. Pamela hat of royal purple velvet ; brim broad and cir- cular, edged with a small rouleau of satin of the same colour as is the crown, which is rather high and lar^ at the top: the hat is lined wii:Ii satin, and trimmed with shaded gold-colour ribbon round the crow n, and five bows and long ends, fringed on tlie right side; broad strings of tije same withinside. Collage cap sprigged net, and full narrow ^^der of British lace. N arrow frill and rufiles of the same. Long drop gold ear-rings and embossed gold chain twice round the throat. Dai’k •sable muft'. Yellow kid gloves and shoes. foL V. No. XXFL [‘ASHIONS. EVENING nUKSS, Ethereal blue satin striped gauze dress: the corsage plain in front, with a stomacher formed of blue sa- tin laced with cord, and finished on each side with sijuare satin tabs or straps d VEspagnol; satin rouleau round the top, and narrow blond tucker. The sleeve short and full, and a double row' of tabs, forming a wreath, is placed just above the band, wdiich is edged with blond. A satin cape w ith square corners (divided on the sliouldcr) extends from the sto- maclicr round the back of the cor- sage^ and is also trimmed with nar- row' blond. Sash of blue satin, fas- tened at the side with a gold buckle. Tlie bottom of the dress is decorated wdtli a row or wreath of kinulateil or crescent-shaped leaves edged with blond, and ornamented in the centre with a sort of chain composed of French folds of satin; tw'o narrow rouleaus of satin and a broad wad- ded hem beneath. The hair is ar- ranged ill large curls in front and at the top of the head, and a blue gauze scarf is tastefully disposed be- tween ; on the left side are two bows and ends fringed wdth gold. Gpld necklace, wdtli a brilliant ornament in form of a star in front; ear-rings to correspond. Long white kid gloves; white satin shoes; criinson- shaded silk kerchief. GENEUAL OBSERVATIONS ON FASHION AND DRESS, Mantles begin to be a good deal worn in promenade dress, particu- larly those composed of black satin, wadded and lined with man an^poU'^ 11 GKT<FTIAL OIISMIVATIONS (»N I'ASrnoN AND I>RT:SS, liO ceau^ or flanic-qolour. There are also a few in velvet, and some in very fine merino cloth: this last ar- ticle, soft, light, and warm, appears to us best calculated for walking di*ess. These mantles are always trimmed vrith fiirl Black velvet pelisst^s are likewise much in favour for the promenade: some are made quite plain, others are trimmed with fur, and a few that have recently appeared, are trimmed in a very neat and rather novel man- ner with satin cdrds; there are six or sometimes eiglit cords arranged in waves, wliich resemble the folds of a drapery. Velvet and beaver arc the mate- | rials for plain walking bonnets : both are trimmed with feathers; hut a good many of the former are trim- med with velvet and a slight inter- mixture of satin. Mantles and pelisses continue in equal favour in carriage dress: the greatest number of the former are lined and trimmed with fur. Among the new trimmings for the latter, Me have seen one composed of a double row of points mingled irregularly, ! one half velvet and the other satin ; j| they are corded at the edge, and !: have a novel but rather wiiiinsi.'al !' effect. Fur is also much used for Ij pelisses: it is no longer confined to jl plain bands, though they are still much in favour; hut we see also se- veral cot in scollops, some notched in denia dc sclc, and others cut in a broad border of leaves, wliich are corded wMi satin or gros dc Naptes. Gold clasps of various forms begin to supersede the buckles so long j| used* to fasten tlie ceinturc of pe- lisses; tliey are also in fevour for!; mantles; but rich 'cords and tassels, ! either in s3k or gold; arc still more [ generalfy w-ort^ with the latter. We have seen two new carnage 'bonnets deserving of notice: the one. j composed of mavron velvet is trim- I med round tiie crown with satin bouffants to correspond; a short dowai feather, issuing from the extre- mity of each, forms what the French ! term a guirlande de plumes. The brim is finished with a fiat trimming 1 of down feathers: these latter are I white ; those on tlie crown are wliite ■ tipped with marron. The other bonnet is composed of j Indian rose-coloured gros de Na^ pies; the crown somewhat higher than they arc in general: a kuot composed of folds of the same ma- terial is placed in the centre of the crown; and four uliite marabouts, wliich issue from it on each side, are so arranged us to form a fan. The inside of the brim is covered with a fulness of blond net formed into homllonni by narrow rouleaus of the same material as the bonnet. A rqu- Icau of a larger size finishes the edge of the brim: the strings are gros de Naples, of the lappet form, and edged with very narrow bioiid lace. A very pretty moniiiig dress has just been submitted to our inspec- ; tion : it is composed of Frencli grey i Icvantine ; the corsage is made ft^U and up to the throat, but without a collar; the fulness is confined round the bust by a triple gaging, foi*mei^^ by narrow' grey silk cord ; a sunilai: gaging confines it also at tlie wiiist;: it fastens behind. Very full steeyd,^ finished at the wrist by a bracejlp^t composed of a triple foyf of gagiin^:’ a similar band confines it to the ayni, midway between Jtlie elbow ari4 that wrist. The trimming bf tHb consists of bias tucks of th^ , material, laid oh ui^ yaves; are fhice rows bf *thctc tuct;js\eacu r)n:i\*ni i lmaij*. sashioxs- - ww liavlng tliroc tucks placed pretty neck and on the shoulder than in close together, and having the top front. tuck of each corded. Toques and turbans are very much and coloured satins and in favour: in some instances they coloured velvets seem at this mo- have a bunch of gold or silver cars inent to have nearly superseded light of ripe corn placed at the base of niateriats iri full dress. Trimmings the feathers which decorate them; are of a very rich description: gold but an ornament composed of pre- and silver gauze intermixed with sa- cious stones is more tonish. Some tin, bnidlloniie of satin interspersed ladies have their hair arranged in with velvet points edged with silver, luxuriant curls in front, and a ban-- and draperies of steel gauze fastened deau of pearls or diamonds brought by satin rosettes, are all in favour, low on the forehead. The hind Waists continue very long, and the ! hair is arranged in bows by jewelled busts of dresses are a good deal or- combs, and short white down feathers namented. Sleeves in full dress are placed irregularly between the bows, extremely short, very full, and falling Fashionable colours are, damask a good deal off the slioulder. Tbe rose colour, ligyptian brown, claret neck is much displayed ; but the colour, ?w//rrow, and various sbiules dri^s$ is cut lower at the hack of the of violet, blue, and green. FRENCH FEMALE FASHIONS. PAnis, Juii. 18 , favourite material at present Is black f/car SorniA, velvet: we have, however, a good ‘ Our promenade dress offers many in black glazed satin. They very Tittle variety, because tbe man- arc generally ornamented with white tle,j'ndw the niost general envelope, is down feathers, and the lappets are made so long and large, that scarcely of white crr//e Usse^ or white gaze even the hem of the gown can be de lame. In some instances the bon^ seen: these mantles ai’e for tlie most net is adorned with a mixture of black part velvet, and either black, grey, and v bite feathers, one black feather or those shades of purple and lilac being placed between two win to ones, which we call mourning ; those of or vtce versa. black glazed satin are also in favour. Where feathers are not used for Furs are now' very general in trim- velvet bonnets, the bonnet is gene- ming^;' lynx, sitble, and ermine are rally ornamented with a piece of the most fashionable. The collar is en- same stuff', cut in the form of a half- tirely fiu : tbe trimming consists of handkerchief; it is lined with satin,^ a broad baud, which goes round, and and ffnished at each point with an^ tho'jihlenne is edged to correspond; acorn in wrought silk: this trimming but fbfe batid is about half the width, is arranged so that one of the points A few CAchemire sliawrls are seen .falls in front ot the crown, and the but their number is ‘two others at each side, very liihlted^ and the redingoies have Black satin and bl^k velvet gowws not m form since my last. are much in favour for the morning; are still very large; the exhibitions and for iii^^sj^ectacle^ R2 U3 FllJ-NClI riCMALK FASHIONS. A very ungraceful fashion begins to back over the crown, is also in great he generally adopted, that of having favour. The bonnets are hnished the gown rather short in fronts and at the edge with blond ruchesj and falling a little on the ground behind: ornamented with blond net, or gauze this kind of dress, which is neither ent^dned with black foliage round a train nor a shqrt gown, is particu- the crown. | 11,470 |
3TJI2IF636N7KJ3MIKDL3KEEPROSB3VM_1 | German-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,879 | None | None | German | Spoken | 11,642 | 24,904 | Uch »Mt««, »» gehanniltzay« U. hMchßWtzr» tz«, lletzattl«! «ounttta-S l O-12 Uhr. Ro»«ntta-» 4—« Uhr. ^ÄkLÄ'LLL.'Är dr«n»Uch. her Br hie nächst- Nmuukrr befttmmir« an Wochentagen HB js Uhr «Lchmttta-S, an Som»- «» -estrsgm frtchdtS '/.»Uhr. » »« Fwale» fl» Z, WpMtr Tageblall > Ge Zick. Tmmh««: vtt» «EM. Uutversttättstr. rr. Anzeiger. «r dt- '/^ Uhr. i«.P. Organ für Politik, Localgeschichtc, Handel«- Mid Geschästsvcrkebr. «»«»» ^4»»»evu«ti»rrt» viertelt.4 V.ML, UikL Brnrqerwt n 8 ML. durch die P«ß bezogen k ML Jede ciazelue Nummer 24 Pf. <<tlrzerrmplar 10 Pf Gebühren für Emabtilagev ohne Posibefördrrung .14 ML mit Postbeförderung 4L PL Zierate Larfp Petitzeile 2« Pf glrdßer« schritten laut uuferau PrriSverzeickniß —Dadrüavi'chcl Satz nach höherem Tarif. A«t1«»t» »,ler de« »edar»i«„strick di« Spaltzeil« 40 Pf. Inserate sind stets au d. «rMiti», zu senden. - Rabatt wird mchi gegeben Zahlung pr»«aaw»»L<tz, oder dur' 18. Sonnabend den 18. Januar 1879. 73. GM- Zw gefälligen Beachtung. Unsere Expedition ist morgen Sonntag den 19. Jannar nur Vormittags bis ',9 Uhr geöffnet. Holzauktion. Mittmmb, den 5. Februar ,. c. sollen von Vormittag» 9 Uhr an im Forstrevier, Connewitz auf dem Mittelwaldschlage in Lbtheilung 40» ca. 57 »brau«- und ILO Laushaufe« (Schlagreißig) unter den an Ott und Stell« öffentlich au-gehangenen Bedingungen und der üblichen Anzahlung an den Meistbietenden verkauft werden. Zoka^meukuuft: auf dem Mittelwaldschlage in der Rönne, am Nonnenwege und der »affen Wiese, unweit de- Echleußiger WegeS. Leipzig, am 15. Januar 1878. Le« »ath- Forfttzezmtatioa. Verkauf aus Abbruch. Behufs de» Neubaues eines LaboratoriengekäudeS mit Zubehör bei der la>»wirthsch«ftltcheu Ver suchsstation zu M-cker» s.ll auf Verordnung de- König!. Ministerium- de- Innern zu Dresden daS auf demselben Grundstücke befindliche alte GärtnerwohnhauS nebst Stall und Schuppen, sowie ein mittelgroße» noch brauchbare» Scheunrngebäude an den Meistbietenden auf Abbruch verkauft werden. Sine Zeichnung nebst Materialienbercchnung der Scheune, sowie die Verkaufsbedingungen liegen bei dem Vorstande der Versuchsstation Herrn Professor vr. Kühn zur Einsicht, welcher auch den Herrn Reflek tanten jede weitere Auskunft erlheilen wird. Die Kauftofferten find unterschrieben und verfirgelt bi- spätesten» »e« 17. Februar unter der Aufschrift ,^kauf auf Abbruch" bei dem Herrn Professor vr. Kühn adzuaeben, wonach mit dem gewählten Unternehmer der Accordabschluß unter Vorbehalt der Genehmigung des Königlichen Ministerium» des Innern zu Dresden erfolgen wird. Hierbei rst noch darauf aufmerksam »u machen, daß daS Echeunengebäude wegen seiner guten Dach- construction, paffender Größe und theilweise guten Beschaffenheit zur Wiederaufführung an paffender Sülle geeignet ist. Bekanntmachung. Im Monat December v. I. gingen bei der Armenanstalt ein ». an Geschenke«: 500 .4» — ^ von einer Dame, deren Name verschwiegen bleiben soll, al- Andenken an ihren verstorbenen Ehegatten. 4 - 60 - „als Fundgegenstand" von den Herren Friedr. Jung <K Lomp„ 10 - — - BergleichSguantum in Sachen k r Kr.... r, durch Heftm Advocat ltt. Zenker; b. an ber «rmencaffe gesetzlich zusallenbe« Gelbern: 357 L5 ^ wegen ettheilter Musikerlaubniß. durch den Rath. 13. —. diverse Strafen, Sonntag-entheiligung betr. 784 85 Städtische Fortbildungsschule für Mädchen. Unter den Schülerinnen, welche zu Ostern nach Vollendung eine- dreijährigen CursuS die ftädtnche Fortbildungsschule für Mädchen verlassen, befindet sich eine Anzahl, welche zur Anstellung in k.uf- «äuulscheu Geschäfte« als »uchtzaltertnunen. Lajfirertaneu oder Verkäuferin neu empfohlen werden können. D<r Unterzeichnte ist berett, nähere Auskunft zu ertheilen und täglrch 11 Uhr in der Fortbildungs schule (ThomaLkirchhos LI) zu sprechen. LeipMg, am 13. Januar 1879. Direktor L. Reimer. Außerdem wurden der Armen-Anftalt noch überwiesen. 50 Stück Anweisungen auf je ein halbe- Hektoliter böhmische Patent Braunkohle von den Herren Schultz« 4c Co. und ^ 300 Stück Kohlenzettel zur Bertheilungan arme Kranke, vorzugsweise an Wöchnerinnen, alS eine ErtrawnhnachiSgabe, von einem Wohlthüter der Armen, deffbn Name nicht genannt werden soll. Leipzig, den 15. Januar 1879. Las »rmeubtreclortum. Stadtrath Ludwig-Wolf, Vors Lange. ZUM Aaiftrta-e. Acht Jahre find heut am 18. Januar ver gangen, seit König Wilhelm draußen im viranzosenlar.de, in der alten König«statt de« «rbsmube-, vom Donner der Kanonen umklungeu, Lnm deutschen Kaiser gekrönt wurde. Heute, » beeser Zeit trüber Wirren und wüsten Partei» gezänke-, thnt r< uns doppelt wohl, un« zurück zu versetzen in jene Iuaendtage de« neuen Reiche-, m jene Tage frischer Begeisterung und opferfreu diger Baterlaud«liebe, un- zu erinnern, wie der patriotische Vorschlag de« König- Ludwig zur Eruenerung der Kaiserwürde zündend einschlug in alle deutschen Herzen und wie da« Lebehoch, da« der Großherzog von Baden im Namen der deutschen Fürsten und Stämme aus den Kaiser «»«brachte, an« dem Spiegelsaale zu Versailles j«j»en Weg fand durch das ganze deutsche Heer und millionenfach witcrhallte im gesammten »rutschen Baterlande. Der Tag, an welchem die Krönung erfolgte, war der 170. Jahrestag der Unfrichtnng de« preußischen Königthum« zu Kö nigsberg (wo am 18. Januar 1701 der Kur fürst Friedrich III. von Brandenburg zum König gekrönt worden); man hielt diese beiden Ereignisse neben einander und gedachte dankbar der großen Wandlung, die mit Preußen, mit Deutschland vorgeganaen: Preußen schickte sich an, in Deutsch land auszuaehen, und diese« letztere hatte seine Einheit wieder gesunden. Kaiser Wilhelm aber ließ sich in seiner kommen Demuth, in seiner strengen Gewissen haftigkeit nicht durch den Glanz der neuen Krone otmden, mit deren Erwerbung er seine Aufgabe noch nicht für abgeschlossen hielt. In der Ver kündigung, die er am 18. Januar 1871 an da- deulsch« Volk erließ, sprach er eS vielmehr au«, daß nunmehr erst eine nene Reih« von Pflichten für ihn beginne, Pflichten, die er znsammensaßte m den Wunsch und da« Versprechen, „allzeit Mehrer de- deutschen Reiche- zu sein, nlcht au kriegerischen Eroberungen, sondern an den Gütern und Gaben de- Fr,eben- auf dem Gebiete nationaler Wohlfahrt, Freiheit »nd Gesittung. Der Kaiser hat un- sein Wort gehalten ; in gewohnter Weise Ernst mit Milde paarend, hat cp Mit rührender Treue festgehalten an dem Ber traue» zu seinem Volke, und selbst die tiesschmerz licken Erfahrungen, die er gerade in diesem letzten e machen mußte, haben sein Vertrauen nicht tert; ungebrochen ist sein väterlich-kindlicher m; weder Alter noch Krankheit haben sein Ge- mülh verbittert, seinen Pflichteifer verkümmert, seine Arbeitslust gelähmt. An un« ist es, Gleiche« mit Gleichem z» vergelten, Treue mit Treue, Aus- cpseruoa «it Anfopserung z« belohnen und mit dem Kaiser »» die Wette einzutreten al« „Mehrer de« Reiche« an den Gütern und Gaben de« Krie au-", vor Allem de- inneren Frieden-, weither die Grundbedingung der nationalen Wohlfahrt ist. Die Straf-eivaU >es krichstazer. Der vielgenannte Gesetzentwurf bleibt uock immer in» Borderarnude der politischen DiScnsfion Der Antrag der E eutrum-partei verleiht der Sache et» darzeitigB aktuelles Interesse In zwischen hat die .Hroviuzial-Eorrespou- denz" das Thema in einer Weise erörtert, welche ein gewisse- Vestreben, den von der Vorlage überall hervorgernfenen unleugbar mißlie bigen Eindruck abruschwächeu, nicht ver kennen läßt. Wir coustatiren den von dem Re- gierung-orgaae angeschlagenen versöhnlichen Ton mit a»i,ichttß«»G»n,gth»nua. Wenn gleich na» de» Vekanutwerden de- Entwurf- unter der Firma „osficiö- wird »«schrieben" eine Darstellung in die Welt gesandt Wuttw, die ungefähr aus die Vehauptnng hchau-ltes, daß der Kelch-tag blSher seme Würde nicht gehörig zu wahren gewußt habe, so hält sich der hier m Rede stehende Artikel von solche« Ausfällen voll kommen fern. Angesicht- de- einmütbigen Urtheil- dürfte e- auch schwer sein, den Bewerb auurtreten, daß der Reichstag durch Ann«M Gesetz entwurf« in dieser Gestalt sein Maschen erhöhen würde. Indessen nicht allein die »Proviuzial-Eorre« pondenz", auch andere osficiöse Prrßstimmen lassen erkennen, daß die im Bunde-rathe tonan gebende Regierung mildere Saiten aufznziehen ge denkt. So wird jetzt „auf Grund guter Informa tion" einem vielfach zu osficivsen Kandgevungen benutzten norddeutschen Blatte geschrieben: Die Berathung de« Gesetzentwurf« wegen der Strafaewalt de« Reich-tag- über seine Mitglieder soll, wie man hört, tm Bun- deSrathe so beschleunigt werden, daß der Reichstag die Vorlage bei seinem Zusammentritt vmfindet. lieber die Nvthwendigkrit, den in der letzten Session hervorgetretenen Hebel« ständen abzubelfen, besteht im Bunde-rath« keine Meinungsverschiedenheit. dagegen wird sehr be dauert, daß der Reich-t ag selbst nicht damal-schon die Initiative ergriffen bat, um Abhülfe zu schaffen. Ueber die Frage, ob da« Unerläßliche auf dem Wege der Gesetzgebung oder durch Abände rung und Ergänzung der Seschä-ft-ord- nung gethan werden kann'» werden die Regie rungen vorau-stchtlich dem Reichstag, selbst die Entscheidung überlassen Nimmt er daS. Recht in Anspruch, ledigltch durch eine Bestim mung in der Geschäftsordnung diejenigen Mit glieder, welche sich „Unaehörigketten" zu Schulden kommen lassen, zur Abbitte vor dem Hause zu zwinaen, sie eventuell auS der Versammlung auS- »»schließen und ihre anstößigen Leußerungen an dern stenographischen Berichte zu entfernen, so wird der Bunde-ratb nicht auf den Erlaß eine- GesetzeS bestehen. Für dio Bestimmung in 8 4, welche dem Reichstage daS Recht ercheilt» ein Mit glied wegen einer Ungebühr, welch« den Thal bestand einer nach den Bestimmungen de- ge meinen Strafrecht- strafbaren Handlung bildet, dem Strafrichter zu überweisen, sowie für die Be stimmung in 8- derzusolge die Lommisston die Entziehung drS passiven Wahlrecht- auS- sprechen kann, dürft« selbst im Bunde-rathe nur eine Minorität zu staden sein. Die problematischen Lorbeeren de- Herrn von Heeremann habe» baS Mitglied der Württem bergs scheu Kammer Herrn Schwarz nicht ruhen lassen. Au- Stuttgart wird nämlub dom Don nerstag gemeldet: ,.A»f die Frage de« Abgeordneten Schwarz (Lmke), welche Stellung die Regierung zum Gesetz entwurf, betr. die Gtrafgewalt de« Reichs tage-, einnehme, ermiderte der Ministerpräsident v Mittuacht, eine definitive Entschließung werde erst erfolgen in der Zwischenzeit zwischen der Be- rathung de- Au-schusseS de- Vunde-rathe- und derjenigen de- Plenum«. Diese sei indeß oft so kurz, daß er keine Verpflichtung übernehmen könne, der Kammer Mittheilung zu machen. Wolle Schwär» den Einfluß der Kammer geltend machen, so müsse er einen anderen Weg al- den der Interpellation wählen. Schwarz be hält sich einen bezüglichen Antrag vor." Welche Strafgewalt dem englischen Parla mente zusteht, darüber dürfte eine Betrachtung letzt am Platze sein. Da« „B. T." schreibt mit Bezug darauf: Minister Mbingdon wurde wegen einer «edh welckie er gegen leinen Attornev (Staatsanwalt) im Oberhause hielt, zu 100 Pfund Sterling un» Laution für fernere gute Führung verurtheilt, da diese Mde gedruckt dem Publicum vorlag (Fische!, VerfaHmg England», Seite 4t7). Ebenso wurde Mr. Ereesy ISIS verurtheilt, da ein tsendmee» Blatt eine ferner ParlamentSreden auf seinen Wunsch wörtlich mittheilte, wegen welcher ihn ein Londoner Privatmann auf Beleidigung verklagte. Seine Appellation an daS königlich« Gericht wurde zurück gewiesen und da« Unterhaus bestätigte, daß in diesem Falle eine Verletzung der Privilegien de» Parlaments durch den UrtyeilSspruch nicht statt gefunden bade. Allerdings kann der Preßbericht über Paria- mentSverhandlungen, selbst der stenographi sche, festen zur Grundlage einer solchen Klage ge macht werden, wenigsten» nicht seiten- eine- Nicht- mitgliede- der Volksvertretung. Denn die Berichte der Zeitungen sind in England nur geduldet, aber nicht eigentlich gesetzlich gestattet. Um so be rechtigter aber ist dann die Klage gegen daS Preß- organ selbst, welches nach englischer Auslegung auf eigene Faust beleidigende und schädigende Aeuße- rungen verbreitet. Innerhalb des Parlaments kann nur ein Mitglied die Klage aufnehmen und den Belei diger vor daS Gericht des Präsidenten laden. DieS ist namentlich häufig wegen „mieäemeenor«", also wegen groben UnkugS geschehen; erst neuerdingS noch mußte Mr. Kenealy, der Anwalt des fal schen Tichborne. wegen solchen Vergehens in den „Parlamentsarrest". Denn in der That blitzt daS englische Unterhaus für ziel- und maß lose Redner ein besonderes Carcer. Dem Sprecher oder Präsidenten deS HauseS steht zum Zweck der Durchführung solchen Urtbeil- ein 8eege,i>l ,i »rm-i zur Seite. Gewaltthätige Aus schreitungen seitens politischer Rüpel im Parlament find also nicht aut möglich. Wie weit übrigen» die DlSciplinaraewalt de- Sprecher- geht, dafür bietet der Fall de» Jacobitrn Schippen ein Beispiel, welcher 1771 die ganz« Session über in den Tower gesperrt wurde, und zwar lediglich deshalb, weil er die Person deS KöniaS in die Debatte gezogen. Wilkes wurde 1703 wegen einer Schmähschrift verhaftet und fand keinen Schutz von Seilen d«S HauseS Diesem Vorbild einer durchaus praktischen, nn EonftitutionaliSmuS alt gewordenen Nation zufolge dürste der BiSmarck'sch« Entwurf, wenn er an sich auch unannehmbar ist, immerhin Veranlassung geben, daß der ReichStaa der Frage der DiSciplinarver- schärsung und öffentlichen Sicherheit gegenüber den etwaigen Ausschreitungen seiner Mitglieder näher trete. Aber aus ihre gesetztlichen Vorschriften haben die Herren von jenseit- de- Eanal» schlechterding- fich nicht so viel einzubilden, wie sie Lies iu den wuthschäumenden Deklamationen lbnn» mit denen st« Deutschland gegenüber fich jetzt so überaus frei gebig ^,g«n. Treffend bemerkt eine Berliner Corresponden; der natiooalliberalen „Elderfelder Zeitung" nach einer Zusammenstellung der verschiedene» gegen den Entwurf erhobenen Bedenken zum Schluß: „Alle diese bis letzt geltend gemachten Bedenken stellen eS als voraussichtlich hin, daß der Entwurf bedeutende Lenderunqen wird erfahren müssen, ehe er Gesetzeskraft erlangt, Aenderungen. welche vielleicht keine zu großen Schwierig keiten bereiten werden, sobald sich einmal zwischen deni Reichskanzler und der Mehrheit des Reichstage« daS Einvernehmen über den Grundgedanken klarstem, daß eS nothwendig ist, der socialistischen Agitation auch auf der parlamentarischen Tribüne einen Riegel vor,«schieben. ES scheint unS deshalb keineswegs die Hoffnung aufzugeben sein, daß diese» Resultat sich erreichen lassen wird, ohne die Satzungen der Reichs verfassung in Mitleidenschaft zu ziehen. Die Lrbsol-e in Lraunschweig. Die Spannung, welche die braunschweigische Erbfolgefrage nicht nur im Lande, sondern weit über dessen Grenzen hinau« hervoraerufen, findet jetzt täglich erneuten Ausdruck. E« mag heute eine Stimme der Wissenschaft über die Zukunft de- HerzogthumS vernommen werden Wilhelm Beseler hat sich in der Wochenschrift „Im neuen Reich" über die braunschweigische Erb folge ausgesprochen, und zwar mit gewohnter Klarheit und Entschiedenheit dahin, daß nach dem Tode des Herzog» Wilhelm nicht« Anderes übrig bleibe, als das Herzog thum mit Preußen zu vereinigen. Da- ist die Lösung, die wir selbst al» die nach Lage der Dinge allein mögliche »nd al- die einfachste em pfehlen. E-gab einen Augenblick, wo dynastische Gefühle am Berliner Hofe vielleicht den Sieg davontragen konnten über die kalte StaatSraison E» war der Augenblick, wo der arme König Georg V. starb und fein Sohn, der mal contente Herzog von Cumberland, sich entschließen mußte, ob er, wie sein Bater. seine Ansprüche aus den Thron von Hannover aufrecht erhalten wolle oder nicht. Hätte er damals seinen Frieden mit der Krone Preußen zu machen gesucht, so würde ihm Die- vielleicht ge lungen sein. :r20 nomme«, sonder« sich in letzter Zeit sogar noch verstärkt. Dank dem Ungeschick, mit dem Gras Euleavurg die Wahle» zum Reichstag geleitet. Unmöglich kann Preutzen so thöricht s«n, ihnen rn Vraunschweig, so zu sagen vor de» Thor« Hannover», einen Heerd »nd Mittelpunkt z» er richten. Daran würde selbst eine Verzichtleistung re» Herzog» von Cumberland wenig ändern; denn sie welsische Partei würde eine solche Berzicht- leistnng für erzwungen und für null «nd nichtig halten Die beNagen-werthe Erregung der Ge müther in den alten braunschweigisch-lüneburgi- schen Landen würde sortdauern, ja, verstärkt «erden. ES ist unter diesen Umständen ein Gtück zu nennen, daß der Prätendent seine Ansprüche aus- rechterhalten »nd gegen die ganze Ordnung der Dinge im deutschen Reiche Verwahrung eingelegt hat. Die Braunschweiger, bei denen die in Han nover herrschende jüngere Linie de» Welsen- bause» ohnehin schon immer nur wenig Sympathie gehabt hat, sahen ein, daß unter diesen Umstän den der Herzog von Cumberland keine Aussicht habe, in die Stadt Heinrich'» de» Löwen als re gierender Fürst einzuziehen. Man sieht indessen, daß die Braunschweiger am liebsten nach dem Tode de» Herzogs eine Regentschaft hätten, unter der Alles bnm Alten bliebe, bi» über die Erbfolge entschieden wäre. Also ein Proviso rium! Mit Recht erklärt sich Wilhelm Beseler argen ein solche- Provisorium und bemerkt: „Ein Provisorium in Fragen wie die vorliegende rst doch wobl nur gerechtfertigt, wenn e» ziemlich gewiß ist, wie der künftige Zustand sich gestalten wird und nur vorläufig dieser Gestaltung ein that- sächliches Hinderniß nn Wege steht. So liegt ja die Sache zum Beispiel, wenn es sich um einen minderjähngen Regenten handelt. Aber waS ge winnt man durch ein Provisorium, oder vielmehr warum ist eS überhaupt nothwendig, wenn gleich bei der Erledigung de» Throne» die Frage über da» Definitivum eben so aut theoretisch und prak tisch entschieden werden kann, wie nach Verlauf von so und so vielen Jahren? Da» heißt nicht» Andere», al» künstlich einen Zustand der Unsicher heit schaffen, der ganz gewiß am allerwenigsten »um Ruhen de» braunschweigischen Lande» ist." Den guten Braunschweigern gruselt es frei lich etwa» bei dem Gedanken, daß sie preußisch werden sollen. Sie denken bei Preußen an Steuer druck und an stramme hochnäsige Beamte, während ,ctzt Alle» gemüthlich und, wie man sieht, leidlich genug zugcht. Aber wa» kann da» Alle» helfen'? Der Zug der Zeit verringert beständig die Selbst ständigkeit und die Bedeutung der kleinen Staaten, ivenn er nicht gar ihr Ende herbeisührt. Für vraunschweig ist gar kein anderer Souverän her- beizuschaffev. al» der König von Preußen, »nd der alte Erbvertrag, kraft dessen nach AuSsterben einer welfischen Linie die Länder beider Linien wieder vereinigt werden sollen, kann nur aus diese Weise zur Ausführung kommen. Beseler bemerkt: „daß an leitender Stelle im Reich kein Zweifel mehr darüber herrscht, daß, selbst wenn der Herzog von Cumberland wider Erwarten anderen Sinne» werden sollte, doch nie mehr davon die Rede sein könnte, ihm die Regierung erne» deutschen Bundes staate» zu übertragen". Die Braunschweiger müssen sich also in da» Unvermeidliche fügen lernen, und die Pereinigung mit Preußen wird sich weit leidlicher heran», stellen, al» sie tbnlweise besorgen. In Preußen ist die Decentralisation der Verwaltung zum Grundsatz erhoben, und wie die Hannoveraner werden auch die Braun sch weiger sich einer ziemlichen Selbstständigkeit erfreuen Und wenn sie nach Hannover «nd Kassel blicken, die, seit sie keine Residenzen mehr sind, nicht abgenommen, sondern einen neuen, höchst erfreulichen Aufschwung genommen haben, so brauchen sie nicht zu besorgen, daß künftig in Braunschweig das Gra» auf den Straßen wachsen werde. Au» guter Quelle wird der „K. Z ", der wir oiese Ausführungen entnehmen, gemeldet: Es ist sicher und gewiß, daß alle Hoffnungen der Welfenpartei, ihren Prätendenten, etwa gegen Verzicht auf Hannover, al» souveränen Herzog in Braunschweig einueben zu sehen, ver geblich und nichtig sind. Alle», wa» seit dem Tode Georg'» V. vorgefallen ist, hat die preußi- s ch e Regierung in der Ansicht bestärkt, daß e» ganz unmöglich sei, den welfischen Prätendenten in Vraunschweig al» regierenden Fürsten einzu setzen. vielmehr ist dir preußische Regie- rung entschlossen, selbst einen Verzicht de» Herzog» von Cumberland nicht al» genügend zu betrachten, um ihm den Wel- kensond» auSzuliefern. vielmehr wird der Sohn de» König-Georg sich entschlie ßen müssen, nicht nur aus die Hannover* ichr, sondern auch auf die braunschweigi sche Erbfolge zu verzichten, wenn er den Selfenfond» au»g«l»efert erhalten will. Air meinen, der ritterliche Prinz, der in der Schlacht von Langensalza sein militairische« Genie dadurch bekundete, daß er, mit dem Backen von Eierkuchen beschäftigt, beinahe gesandt» worden wäre, wird schließlich doch sich mit den ihm reser- virten Millionen befreunden muffen. Mit diesem „Ausgleich" könnte Jedermann zufrieden fein Preußischer Lml-taz. G Berlin. 1k. Januar. Da» Tagesgespräch bildet heute überall die gestrige Rede de-Cult«»- minister», der man beinahe, wenn auch in rück blickender Weise, eine programmartige Bedeutung beimessen könnte. Auf der liberalen Seite des Abaeordnetenhause» war die Befriedigung Uber da» Hörle so allgemein, daß sowohl von der fort schrittlichen wie von der natümalliberalen Fraktion Mitglieder sich gleich nach der Sitzung aus den, Bureau einfanden, um sich eine größere An ,asil von Eremplaren de» amtlichen stenographischen Bericht» zu bestellen, die sie in ihren Wahlbezirken, besonder» in Leserkreisen, zur vertheilung bringen »ollen. Man Raubte au» der entschiedenen Hai tung de» Minister» entnehmen zu können, daß er mit der freie», offenen Weise, r» der er sich aus« gesprochen, trotz aller Machinationen der Hof predigerpartei, nach oben hin nicht anstoßen würde. Dre Gemeindecommifsion de» Abge ordnetenhauses beschäftigte sich mit einer Peti tion au» Martenfelde, betreffend die Staats- beihülfe zu ihren Gemeindelasten. Auf den An trag de- Berichterstatter», Aba Götting, faßte die Commission folgenden Beschluß: „Da» Hau» der Abgeordneten wolle die Petition der Gemeinde Marienfelde wiederholt der Kgl. StaatSregierung mit der Aufforderung überweisen, der petitioniren- den Gemeinde eine ihren Armenverhältnisieu ent sprechende Beihülfe, i» ähnlicher Weise wie solche der Gemeinde Marienau und Schäferei zu Theil geworden ist, zu gewähren." Die Commission schritt sooann zur Berathung einer analogen Petition au» den Rheinlanden. Seiten» der Commission wurde hierbei geltend ge macht, daß bei der Heranziehung de- FiScu» zu den Gemeindelasten die früheren gesetzlichen Be stimmungen nicht alterirt würden, während der RegieruugScommissar Die» al» unmöglich erklärte. Di« Mehrheit der Commission beschloß jedoch, die Petition der StaatSregierung zur Erwägung zu über weisen. Au» dem Umstande, daß der Name de- Abg. Knörcke unter dem vom Abg Richter (Hagen) eingebrachten, von der aesammten Fortschritts partei unterstützten Anträge wegen Regelung der Pensionsansprüche ver Lehrer fehlt, hat man schließen wollen, daß derselbe seinen Austritt au» der Fraktion erklärt habe oder erklären werde. Wie wir hören, ist da- Gerücht unbegründet. Der WahlmannSkörper de« vierten Berliner Land tag-Wahlkreise», den neben Knörckevirchow ver tritt, würde auch schwerlich mit einer solchen, wenigsten» anscheinenden Lossagung von der Partei einverstanden sein, klebrigen» hat jetzt anch da» Centrum (durch die Abgg. vr Röckerath, Kaufmann Porfch und v. Ludwig) beantragen lasten, da» Hau» der Abgeordneten wolle di« StaatSregierung auffordern, baldigst, jedenfalls aber in der nächsten Session, dem Landtage einen Gesetzentwurf vorzulegen, durch welchen eine ge setzliche Regelung der Alter-zulagen der Elementar lehrer herbeigesührt wird. In den Kreisen der Elementarlehrer wird man e» mit Genugthuung begrüßen, daß da» Ab geordnetenhaus alle auf da» LehrerdotationS- wcsen bezüglichen Anträge und Petitionen einer besonderen Commission von 14 Mitgliedern über wiesen hat. Die Commission ist heute gewählt und hat sich constitutrt. Damit ist die volle Ge- wißhe t gegeben, daß alle die einschlägigen Fraaen, insbesondere diejenigen der Alter-zulagen, der Pen sicnen, der Wittwenversorgung, einer gründlichen Prüfung werden unterzogen werden, aus welche gestützt da» Abgeordnetenhaus feine Beschlüsse fasten kann. Die Absicht einer derartigen zusammenfastenden und gründlichen Prüfung bestand schon feit längerer Zeit. Au» diesem Grunde wurde auch in der Sitzung vom 17. December von einer Besprechung der Interpellation de- Abg. Paur über ein Lehrer dotation-gesetz u. s. w. abgesehen, man wollte eben die Sache nicht, wie bet Interpellationen ge wöhnlich, im Sande verlaufen lasten. Um so mehr muß e» befremden, wenn die „Preußische Lehrerzeitung" den AuSgang jener Interpella tion, unter den gröbsten Schmähungen de» Abge ordnetenhause» im Allgemeinen und der Abgg. Rickert und Richter Hagen im Besonderen, so darstellt, al» wäre man über die Wünsche und Be schwerden der Lehrer mit absichtlicher Gering schätzung zur Tagesordnung übergeaangen. Diese Darstellung kann nur au» Unwissenheit oder au» BoSheit hervorgegangen sein; m beiden Fällen ist sie gleich unverantwortlich. Der Lehrer stand wird, denken wir, in einer derartigen Ver unglimpfung seiner aufrichtigsten Freunde gewiß n«cht leme geeignete Vertretung seiner Interessen erblicken wollen. Di« allgemeine Vechjelfähstckeü sei nicht so aut »bzu- arerrvrn, «» iafle sich gar leim SwUts ,wische« der » » Hau» »er Abgeordnete«. 30. Sitzung vom 16. Januar. Präsident v. Bennigsen eröffnet die Sitzung um 12'. Uhr. Am Miniftertische: l»r Leonhardt und mebrcre Regierung» - Eommistare. Eingegangen ist ein Antrag de» Abg. Freund wegen Regulirung der Oder und eine Denkschrift über die Porzellanmanufactur. DaS Hau» aenehmigt zunächst den vom Abg. Krach beantragten Entwurf zur Ergänzung de» AblösungS- gesetzeS vom 27. April 1872 und wendet sich darauf zur Beraibung de» Antrages de» Abg. v. Schor lemer-Al st: „die StaatSregierung aufzusordern, sofort eine eingehende und umsastend« Ermittelung eintreten zu lassen betreff- de» Bedürfnisse» und der Möglichkeit wirksamen legislativen Vorgehen- gegen den überhand nehmenden Wucher und die damit zu sammenbängenden schlimmen Folgen der allgemeinen Wechselfähigkeit." — Nachdem Abg. v. Schorlemer Alst diesen Antrag mit Hinweis darauf gerechtfertigt, daß die Antwort de- Justizminifter» auf seine, den selben Gegenstand betreffend« Interpellation ungenü gend gewesen sei, melden sich 18 Redner gegen, 6 für den Antrag. Der erste Redner gegen ist der Alm. ffr. LaSker, welcher in einer sehr langen Rede ausmnandcrsetzt, daßdi« allgrmeineWechselfäKgkeit schon seit 3vJahre» vestehe und somit kein Werk der heutigen liberalen Partei sei. Die Lufbebuna der Wucher aesetzr sei «in Werk der konservativen Partei und de» Fürsten BiSmarck. Werde der Wucher zum Betrage, so reich« da» Strafgesetzbuch Sich, aber einer Special- gesetzaebuna könne er nicht zustimmen. Mit solchen Anträgen komme man zu Nubt». de« Volk« köune nur m»t positiven Gesetzen geholfen werden, mit nega tiven Versprechungen aber führe man «» irre. Heb« man aber di« jetzigen Zustände auf, so zerstöre man die HülfSquellen, di« de, Grundbes^ bade. Mit Auf debung der Schuldhaft und Beschränk»»««, der Lohn beschlagnahme sei in erfolgreicher Weis« der Ausbeutung entgegengearbeitet undzwar mit Hülfe der Consrrva tiven. welche jetzt ihr Werk verleugnen. (Sehr gut! ländlichen und d« industriellen Bevölkerung ziehe«. Gegen Enqueten habe er stet» et« gewisse» Mchtrauen, seit er gesehen, daß die wichtigsten Goqueten von de« unbedeutendsten Männern in st—3 Wochen festaestellt wurden. (Sehr wahr! link» ) Redner schließt mit der Bitte um Ablehnung de» Anträge». (Lebhafter Beifall link». Zischen im Centrum.) — Inzwischen ist von den Abgg.vr. Nass« (freicons.) und Rickert (nationallib.) ein Antrag aufmotivirte Tagesord nung gestellt, in der Erwääung, daß die Vertretung deS deutschen Reiche» in Deutschland selbst in der Lage sei, solchen Beschwerden näher zu treten. — Abg. Hoffman« (Liegnitz) tritt den Ausführungen LaSker'» entgegen. Er verlangt au» ethischen und praktischen Gründen eine Aenderuna der Gesetz gebung. — Abg. Richter (Hagen) erklärt, daß der Vorredner sich nur in allgemeinen Redensarten er gangen und auf die trefflichen Ausführungen LaSker'S gar Nicht) erwidert habe. Der Redner widerlegt al-dann die Ausführungen v. Schorlemer». weist darauf hin, daß derselbe al» feststehend annehme, wa» erst durch die Enquete erwiesen werden sollte und schildert demnächst in drastischer Weise da» varleiische Verfahren der Enquetecommissionen, woraus sich ergebe, daß diesen Commissionen sehr aenaue Instructionen gegeben werden müßten. Die Eonservativen und da» Lentrum stimmten in den Ruf der Reaktion überein: Mehr Polizei und mehr Steuern! (Zustimmung). Die Ver wirrung, die in Deutschland bestehe, werde mit jedem derartigen Anträge noch erhöht. Mit dem Angriff auf die WechselfLkgkeit lege man zugleich die Axt an die Schulze-Delitz'schen Lassen und vernichte deren segensreiche Wirksamkeit. Fahre man mit diesen Agitationen fort, so werde man sehr bald die Strömung gegen sich wenden. (Lebhafter Beifall link»). Justizminifter Leonhardt; Ich habe bei einer trüberen Gelegenheit geäußert, daß die Regierung diesem Gegenstände ihr lebhafte» Interesse zugewendet. Wird der Antrag angenommen, so wird die Regierung ihn in Erwägung ziehen, ich glaube jedoch nicht, daß sie demselben Folge geben wird. E» handelt sich um eine Aenderung der Reichsgesetzgebung, die nur durch die Organe de» Reiche» erfolgen kann. ES werden vor der EntschnSung tbatsächftche Ermittelungen statt zufinden haben, die sich natürlich auf da- ganze ReichSgebirt zu erstrecken haben, die preußische Regie- rung kann eine solche Enquete nicht anstelle«. Sollte der Reichstag eine solche Enquete beschließen, so wird die Regierung der Durchführung derselben Schwierig keiten nicht entgegensetzen. Wie die Sache liegt, scheint eS mir richtig zu sein, wenn Sie den Antrag Raffe annehmen. Nachdem Abg. Reichensperger den Antrag Schorlemer. Aba. Nasse seinen Antrag gerechtfertigt, wird die DiScusston geschlvffen und Abg. v. Echor- lemer-Alft tritt zum Schluffe (als Antragsteller^ noch einmal den Ausführungen der Abgg. LaSker und Richter (Hagen» entgegen. — Ueber den An trag vr. Nasse-Rickert wird namentlich ab- getznnmt und derselbe mit 184 gegen 18» Stimmen abgelehnt. (Dagegen die Fortschrittspartei, daS Eentrum, die Eonservativen und einige National liberale.) — Der Antrag de- Abg. v. Schorlemer- Alst wird hierauf mit großer Majorität ebenfalls abgelehnt. (Dafür nur die Eonservativen und daS Centrum und Abg. Hoffman« (Liegnitz.) — Daraus vertagt sich daS Hau» auf Freitag 10 Uhr. (Kultur- etat.) Schluß k Uhr. Finanzielle Lage -er Türkei. --- Pera, 9. Januar. Die von Herrn De- veaux vorgeschlagene Maßregel de- Papier geld Rückkäufe» hat bereit» ihre Wirkung ge- than und den Cour» auf 380 gedrückt und man kann bestimmt eine weitere Besserung desselben er warten. Die finanzielle Lage im Allgemeinen aber läßt Alle» zu wünschen übrrg. Die Regierung thut absolut Nicht» und die Mitglieder der Finanz-Commission erhalten häufig Beweise ihre» schleckten Willen». Zur Erhärtung de- eben Gesagten mögen einige Detail» über die letzten Dienstag stattge habte Sitzung hier Platz finden. Der französische Delegirte Mr Tricon verlangte zum letzten Male die Vorlage der osficiellen Dokumente, au» denen die Commissäre annähernd die Einnahmen und Ausgaben ersehen könnten, um da» Budget festzustcllen. Der Prä sident OhanneSTschumitsch antwortete, diese Dommente feien ihm noch nicht zugekommen; aber am Schlüsse der Sitzung machte er Mr. Tri- cou da» vertrauliche Geständuiß, daß die Regie rung die Mittheilung dieser Dokumente an Aus länder unbedingt verweigere. E» wäre den, nach unnütz, sie zu verlang«. In derselben Sitzung begehrte Mr. Tricon präcise Daten über die Au»gaben der Civi Niste. Ein Schrei de» Entsetzen» ging darob durch die ganze Versammlung. Der Armenier Allaverdi, ver auch Mitglied de- ottomaniscken Parlament war, rief mit bewegter Stimme: „Gott behüte, daß wir unsere Nacksorsckungen bi» aus die Aus gaben Sr. Majestät auSdehnen: da» Betreten diese» Terrain- soll verboten bleiven." Der französische Delegirte hatte viele Mühe, diese Skrupel zu begreifen und er ist nach wie vor der Neberzeugung, daß die jährlichen auf 40 bis 50 Millionen Livre» sich beziffernden Ausgaben de» kaiserlichen Palais mit der finanziellen Situation ve» Reiche» allzusehr contrastiren Der englische Commissionr-Delegirte Mr Harrifon wurde beauftragt, einen Specialbericht Uv« da» Handelsministerium zu verfassen Al ma» ihn srcyzt«, ob sein Bericht fertig sei, ant ««riete er ,n sarkastischem Tone: ..O ja; und dieser Bericht hat mich nicht viele Mühe gekostet Zuerst habe ich constatirt, daß es ein Handel»- mirnfterium gar nicht giebt. sondern nur eineu Miuister. Ich fand keine Statrstik. keinen regel mäßigen Ausweis Über die Haube!»bewegung, mit Einem Worte — Nichts. Mein Schlußantrag geht dahin, daß mau dm Posten de» H«mdel»minisierS auflassen müsse, was immerhin eine Ersparung wäre." In der Erkenntniß, daß der Zweck der Com- Mission nicht erreicht werden wird, haben sich die Commistaire Trico«, Mercel und Harrisou über folgenden Plan geeinigt: Sie wollen ver fache«, sich ohne Mithülfc der Regieruez aur8herr.dk Daten über die Ausgaben für die Armee, Mari« «ad Verwaltung zu verschaffen und diese Data zu veröffentlichen. Hierdurch wollen sie vor der Oeffentuchkeit dm Beweis erbringen, daß die Aus gaben der Türkei ihre Einnahmen weit übersteig», daß die ottomanische Regierung eine Verderb- liche Finanzpolitik verfolge, welche die europäische» Capitalistm unmöglich zu ermuthigen geeignet ist. der Türkei neuerlich Geld zu leihen. Die Wünsche «nd Hoffnungen de» Sultan» bezüglich einer eventuellen Garantie der frau- rösrschen Regierung für die projectirte Nu- leihc dürften sich demnach ungeachtet der neuest» Sympathie-Kundgebungen des Palai» und de-tür kischen Gouvernements für Frankreich und best» leitende Persönlichkeiten (siehe die Berleihung de» Medschidie-Großcordon» in Diamanten an Marschall Mac Mahon) schwerlich verwirklichen. Das« Stambul herrschende tiefe Elend hat, wie bekamt, neulich zur Unterzeichnung von Petitionm seit»» notabler Persönlichkeiten geführt, in welchen ler Sultan aufgesorvert rvrrd, die verwaltn»z de» Reiche» fremden Persönlichkeiten a»> zu vertrauen. Da die Polizei diese Kund- zebuugm verbot, wurdm i« selben Ginne abgesagte Plakate an dm Thoren der Moscheen angeschlagen und e» regt sich unter dm Effendi'S in Stamk»! neuerlich ein bedenklicher Geist, welcher die Wieder holung von Ereignissen nicht unmöglich erscheine, läßt, von welchen der Thron de» Khalism in da letzten Äahrm wiederholt bedenklich asficirt worden ist « » Eine drastische Ergänzung zu der vorstehend» Correspondenz liefert der Telegraph, indem er der in Konstantinopel herrschenden Ratblosigkeir wie folgt Ausdruck verleiht: Konstantinopel, 1k. Januar. Wie e» heijr. würde die Regierung, fall- alle bisherigen Finanz Projekte scheitern sollten, zu einer beträchtlich» pro,ecte iweilern wüten, zu einer bettacht Zwang»-Anleihe ihre Zuflucht nehmen. Konftantiuopel, 18. Januar. Da» Fin an,. Ministerium wird in mehrere Abtheilungen ,e> theilt werde». An der Spitze einer jeden dieser Kt theilungen wird ein dem Minister der Finanzen «r- antwortlicher Generaldirektor stehen. Der Finanz minister wird seinerseits wieder der Deputirtenkammr gegenüber verantwortlich sein. jLaudahar. Die Stadt de» makedonischen Alexander ist in dm Händen der Engländer. Die Comm»- tare, zu denen die Einnahme Kandahars durch vaS Corp» General Stewart'» den Stoff ge liefert hat, gipfeln deinahe sammt und sonder» m vem Urtheil-spruch. daß nunmehr der Feldzug ein für allemal seine Endschast erreicht bade. Dabei bleiben Re kriegerischen Episodm, zu welchm die Pacification der unruhige» «ergsiämme allenfalls noch führm mag, al» für das militairische und politische Cndergebniß de» Kriege» irrelevant, außer Ansatz. Besonder» zuversichtlich läßt sich der Londoner „Standard" vernehmen, welcher i« Rufe ministerieller Inspirationen steht und bei seiner Besprechung der Einnahme Kandahar« dm größten Nachdruck auf die Thatsache legt, daß damit ein Halt über West-Asgbanista» und Persien gegeben werde, dm der Besitz Vo lk abul selbst nicht verleihe. Sei nun wie Du wolle, eine kleine Schilderung der Lage und »« Geschichte dieser Stadt wird von Interesse sein Sobald man, vom Süden herkommend, dm Kbo- jack-Paß überschritten hat, tritt an die Stelle der kablen GebirgSthäler und rauhen Hochplateau? ei» lieblicherer Anblick. So weit daS Auge nach Nord» bin reicht, eröffnet sich eine von den zahlreich» Seitenzuflüffen des Argandab bewässerte Hügel landschaft, die Umgebung Kandahar- und einer der reichsten Striche de- Landes. ES ist ein Jrrthmn, wenn man glaubt, daß in Indien oder ander» astatischen Ländern der Boden weniger, als bei un», der arbeitenden Menschenhand bedürfe. Da» Wasser, dem der Pflanzenwuchi allenthalben folgt, muß in den meisten Fällen erst künstlich zugeleitet werden. Nur wenige Orte giebt e», wo die Natur dem Menschen daS Geschäft abgenommen hat, und einer dieser wenigen Orte ist eben die Um gebung von Kandahar. D»e Stadt selbst ist in ihrer beut igen Gestalt eine Gründung des großenAfghanen - Schahs Ahmad, der die Reste einer früheren An siedelung von Grund aus umbaute und dann zu sein« Residenz erhob. Ern bastionirter Wall umgievt die für onentalische Verhältnisse regelmäßig gebaute Stadt, die vier große Bazare oder Hauptfiraß-n und ,m Uebriaen daS im ganzen Orient zu findende Gewirr von Gaffen und Sätzchen auftveist. 321 uriijherr.dk !, Mariae ese Date» : vor der ; die An»- bersteig», : verderh. ropäifche» -eignet ist. Sultan» er frau. tirte N» r neueste» » de» tLr- ind deffe» ihuug de» MarschrlI Dal i, e bekam, m sei la» üchen der oaltnaz itea a»< se Kmst. abaefaßte ,eschla St. e Wieder- erscheine» m in de» vordenist rstehende, in er der tblosigkeil e» heiß^ n Finanz- rächttichen Finanz- ingen ae- dieser Li »nun »er- : Mnatz enkam«« rnder ist kommen r< durch Stoff ge- mder» m ldz^ em lchen die güenfaü» fche und »1, außer sich der Icher i« und bei dahar» che legt, rnistau iesitz den vie D.-m und dn se sein >en Kho- Stelle der leaux ei» d Norde» »hlreiche» « Hügel ind einer Jrtthum, ' anderen bei uns, » Daffer, St. muß zugelriter wo die mormnen die llm> t in ihrer ghanen- »eren U». i pl seinrr ngiebt die ute Stadt. und lM e Gewirr in Enden in die eite, wo > baßlick« a-bäud» w-dnlich« die mit rpchl !d aus schkend» «n einen so treffe» >: Turk- mme der lter nörb- »N eine» -ü Burg »er der Inbeten LL und di« r rühmen von de« »lammen irrptzhar Rajab» >ütz«r nu lieber, di» in» von -dänischen äuatwur ar1807 in »e» Best» des durch sein« Memoiren bekannten Groß mogul» «aber, der e» für kurze Heit verlor, aber 1LL1 abermals emnahm. Sein Sohn Humayum versprach Kandahar den Persern, als er, durch den Afghanen Schir Schah au» Indien vertrieben, vondorther^ülfe erwartete. Sobald aber Humayum ie Heit v« Sohn Hi , als er, ndien > d aber H wieder im Glück war, zog er e» denn doch vor, »au- dahar für sich selbst zu behalten. Im Jahr» 1685 «rodrtt« Schah Aboa die Stadt, und obwohl »erzunehmen » die »sah« ischemBef Lurongzeb«, der letzte Mongolenherrscher, sie wiederiunehmen trachtete, blieb sie doch bi» trotz, als die tfah»nen einmal wieder vsrdrunaen, «-tzarsische« Besitz. Unter dem lebten der großen Aeltfturmer de» Orient», unter Nadir Schah, wurde Kandahar abermals persisch. Die persisch« Großmacht aber brach zusammen und der Afghanen- Schah Ahmad erbaute sich in dem umgestalteten Orte seine Resident. Schon sein Sohn Timur zog ,«doch nach Kabul, da» seitdem die Hauptstadt der Afghanen geblieben ist. Die Engländer hielten sich während de» letzten Afghanenkrieges lange in Kandahar, und e» heißt, daß dort noch lebhafte Lvmpathien für die englische Herrschaft vorhanden eien nah« am Markt, gegenüber 8,srm»no. »efter und zurück,esetzte Stücke von Säufer- ;e«,e« u«tz Stmmerbelägen sowie eine Partie «otzr- und «oeosmatteu verkaufen wir vo« letzt ki»«ud» Februar zu uu,emei« utetzri,e« Preise«. 7. K. ». K. amt 7 amt « Mae Partie LLGL. rvou. XF»««» für Herren und »amen empfehlen zu kadrlü krvisaa Markt «r. 9. am «in,au« Der Hainftratze. Gewiffe Industrielle suchen da» Publicum zu -Luschen, indem sie unter dem Namen „vsnoäle- tluor" verschiedenattiae Producte verkaufen, welche nicht nur otzue Werth, sondern häufig der alge- «einen Gesuntztzeit gefährlich sind. Wir fordern alle Käufer dringend aus, diese Producte zurückzu- weisen, und nur den wirklich ächten vtnöäletluor Ickqusul- aus der Atztet von käcamp zu verlangen, den sie nur dann annehmen wollen, nachdem sie sich von der Aechtheit desselben überzeugt haben. vovo»-IiLulor u. UlLttov empfehlen Amwerm»»» L kovr8ter, Markt. «attztzauSbühneu 15 Lioguut« gocklo^ou» Vansoräledtv, äauerdakt« Herr«,» - StL«T«I Im w«r rorLttzzllel»«,» Vlvoor kadrlAat FF. ^F^MAek, keic>l»«ks»8«e Icke 8ct,ul>miicl>eczr»»!»e>»cn. Aääekso^tlvkoi ron 4 .4^ »n. kave« äs kraus«, Lsiebnntr. 5, Ikolakanäluur >ur Einführung chemisch untersuchter, reiner franz. Leine. Tägl. T»d>e ä köte v.'^,1 - Uhr t Eouv. 1.50, ,»Ab»«r. 41LV incl. V, Lner Dein. Heute Aei,»: KeiS-Euppe, Gedünstete ueber »vv A,ä«r«>. Wein kraut mü Saucischen, KalbS-Jricandeaux, Eompot, Salat. Butter und Käse. Tageskatender. L»t»«vltvlav DsIwUimpAww-^mutmr»«,» l. L Delegraphenamt l.: Kleine Fleischergasfe 5. L K. Postamt 1 tAugustuSpIatz). L. K. Postamt 8 (L«ip»ig-DreSdner Bahnhof). 1. K. Postamt S lvaymscher Bahnhof). ». K. Postamt 4 (Mühlgaffe). ». K. Postamt « (Weftsiraße). Da» K. Delegraphenarnt I. ist ununterbrochen grSffnet: die anderen (Zwmg-) Anstalten haben dieselben Dienststunden wie bel den Poftschaltern. vautzwetzr-vureu« im Gebäude am Eingang« zu den Baracken bei Gohlis, vureaustunden: Wochentag- von 8 Uhr Bormittag» bi» '/,4 Uhr Nachmittag». Sonn- und Feiertag» von 8 bl» 18 Uhr vormittag» Briese rc. nur Leipzia. Postamt I. vesteutltche «tbltotheke«: Universitätsbibliothek 11—1 Uhr. Stadtbibliothek 8-4 Uhr. Stadt - Steuer - Slnuahrue. ExpeditionSzrit: vorm. 8—18 Uhr. Nachm. 8—8 Uhr. Stätzti^ " ^ lag von — Effecten-Lombardgeschäst 1 Treppe hoch. — Filiale sür Einlagen: Robert Schwender, Schützenftr. 17/18; Droguengeschäst, Dindmühlen- ftraße 80; Linden-Apotheke, Weststraße 80. StädtischesLrihhauS: ExpedltionSzeit: Jeden Lochen- rag von früh 8 Uhr ununterbrochen bis Nachm. 3 Uhr. während der Auktion nur 8 Uhr. Eingang: für Psänderversatz und Herausnahme vom Waageplatz, für Einlösung und Prolongation von der Nordstraße. In dieser Woche verfallen die vom 18. Mtzril di» 18. April 1878 versetzten Pfänder, deren spätere Einlösung oder Prolongation nur unter der Mitentrichtung der AuctionSgebühreu statt- finden kann. Herder,» sür rteustumdchen, Kohlgartenstraße 18. 30 für Kost und Nachtquartier. Herberge zur Hetmattz. Nürnberger Etr. 83, Nachl- mrartter 80—50 MittagStisch 40 /ä. Satzei« sür Arbeiterinnen, Braustr. 7, wöchentlich l ^l für Wohnung, Heizung, Licht und Frühstück. Studtbad im alten Jacobshospttal, in den Wochen- lagen von früh 8 bi» Abend» 8 Uhr und Sonn- und Feiertag- von früh 8 bi- Mittag» 1 Uhr geöffnet, «ene» Theater >on 8—4 Ubr Städtische- Mnsen». Eintrittsgeld von 80 ^ Lek »eechi»'» Suust.«usfteluag. Markt Nr. 10. Kaufhalle, 10—4 Uhr. Leipziger Lehrmittel-Anstalt und Mikraskatzische» -uftttut. Permanente Ausstellung Schulsiraße «. Kuust-Gewerbe-Museu« und «ardtldersammluu» sür Kunft-Gewerde. ThomaSkirchhos 80, Sonntag 10— 1, Montag, Mittwoch und Freitag 11—1 Uhr Mittag- unentgeltl. geöffn. — Snentgeltl. Au-kunft und Entgegennahme von Aufträgen auf Keich- nunaen und Modelle für kunstgewerbl. Arbeiten an allen Wochentagen Mittag» '/»18—'/,1 Uhr. Da» Zoologische Museum im Augusteum ist jeden Mittwoch von '/.IO—'/,1L Uhr und Sonntag- von 11- '/^ Uhr geöffnet. PtzarmakognostischeS Museum, UniversttätSstr. 18, II. grSffnet von 1—3 Uhr. «chtlertzaus in Gohlis täglich geöffnet. Sookogischer Garten, Psaffendorser Hof, tägl. geöffn karl«. L«I«»rch I^sipolg Lagrv8. 38 keterietr»«»«. v e t» i I. vnä 4 (äi-ecter Imvort), l?»ul««u»l^«»ii1eut«i» unä L-numa-chutt««», vallkLebsr 0. vottlloa-vssebsnüs grü,,«eräv>He»kl. ttaZluul- llilä 8atta-k«red»-1V»arva-I.»g«r »aä engl. I^äsrtrslvilsmvn dei 18 8«1,atera»lr»»»e. Sm»t»U PlulwU» «vumimI-Htzmmuwm-ILmumu, 8. kelereetr»,»« 8. ksrdauk 0. Kladaat von Ildrsv, valä, Slldsr, vedtsn 8i«1»s», 8«d«aed»»vbvn, Nänosn, ^lisridtlmsr» vet k. k.ssst, Orimm»'»eker 8teiaweg4,i»ke äer Poet. a»tt«tltd4«u ». Nünosn etc. Lin v. Vertlenk dei 2»s»i«»ed« L LSäsr, 88. Lönigeetreeee 88. von Lrvieeüwaaa L vrstoedsl, Letkertoeaite. 18. Sonnabend, den 18. Januar 1878. ürrolL-kderter. S-dtzienstratze Rr. tz Vortrag de» vr. Martin Perel» über Traume, Narrtzett, Watznsiuu, Attentat « Selbstmord — Närrische Gedichte vorher: «ach Mitternacht. Eaffeneröffnung 7 Uhr. Anfang '/,8 Uhr. Hr. Johar Fr. Weste UrStr ThMr. (18. AbonnemenlS-Vorstelluva, ll. Serie, roth.) MM 1. Mal«: Die Aüotzttrte». Lustspiel in 4 Acten von Hugo Bürger. Personen: Freiherr von Hochdahl. Stephanie von Turgi von Eollandt. ermine, seine Frau. »mbert, Rechtsanwalt ElSdorst, EanULl»ratb Ernst Hartlieb, Proseffor steinhold Günther Frau Mundei, Lftmmervermiethe- rin Susanne Berger, ihre Pflege tochter Ein Ein Andrea», Schreiber bei Lambert Valentin, Diener bei Hochdahl Gäste. Diener u. s. w. Ort der Handlung: Eine Hauptstadt. Nach dem 2. Acte findet eine längere Pause statt Gewöhnliche Preise der Plätze. Einlaß'/.» Uhr. Anfang '-,7 Uhr. End« gegen '/,10 Uhr. Altes Theater. Zum 7. Male: Der kleine Herzog. Komische Operette in 3 Acten von Henry Meilhac und Ludovic Halevy. Musik von Eyarle» Lecocq. Personen: Herzog von Parthenay De Montlanorv Zeitung-reporter Pottier Hanne», ern. Hr. Stöckel, l. Forreft. r. Eichenwald, r. Sturmer, r. Henger. Hr. Ellmenreich. Fr. Spitzeder. Frl. Weffelv. Hr. Mauthner. Hr. Broda. Hr. Schwenkt. Hr. Küper. Pagen l Frimouffe De Navaille» Bernard .... De Montchevrier De Tanneville. De Ehampvallon De Merignac. De Nancev. Diane de Ehateau-Lansac ^ erzogin von Partbenav loger, G«rard, ulien, ontran, enri, I afton, I elene, Eyrendame lle. de la Roche- Tonnere > Mlle de CbamplLtre, Ehren Mlle de Saint Au^-' fräulein mone, jo. Luneville Mlle. Marauettte de Et. Hilmre Manon, ! Marketendettnnen iFrl. B. v. JanuschowSkv. Hr. Küftner. Hr. Schubett. Hr. Solomon. er- «te» THeutrr mähten Preisen. VolkSthümlich« Tu» »Stdche« vo« Hetldr,««. 7 Uhr Abend» Sonnzag, 18 Januar. 3 tihr Nachmittag». Zu er " liche Vorstelluno Zu« 3. Male: »te »dopttrttu an der Der Billet-Lerkaus für den laufenden I der TageScaffe von 10 Uhr Bonn, bi» 1 Uhr s vowerkaus für den nächstfolgenden Tag Aufgeld von 80 von 1 bi» 8 Uhr Nachm. Sonn- und Festtag» wird di« LageLcaffe erst a» 10'/, Uhr vormittag» geöffnet. Garderode-Abonnement»-Bücher. 88 Billet» ent haltend, werden an der Theatercaff« » 4 ^ll verkauft vis olrsetlsa äs« sttuättbsutsr». -8I»r»I»u, «I«r Id»m»pFm»Uum auf der verlin AntzOltischen Bahn: ä Nach Berlin fr. *1.1» — *8. 10. v. — 8. L». v. - 8. 8. N. - *8. SV. «. — 8. 80. «. — "g. 8. «. v. Nach Magdeburg tt» Zerbst: *4. 18. fr. — 8. 85. v. - 8. 5. N - 8. 30. «. — *8. 40. ». Mußdedurg^ulderstädter Bahn: 4.18 fr. — *7». — *10. 40. V. - 18. 30. R. - 1. N. - 4. 84 N. (nur bi» Halle), (nur bi» Halle). - *8. 48. ». - 10. ». >Ä. Mt- ! Unterlehrerin Ninon Tschurn Hr. Bürgin. Roscher, r. Mahr, r. Franke, r. Koch ^rrl Uöwv. Frl Kalman. Frl. Röder, rl. Hoft'mann. A. v. JanuschowSkv. v. Kern Graichen. Erahl. Frl. Srondona. Frl. KlafSkv Frl Stürmer Frl v Axelson Frl CaSpari tFrl Grabner (Frl. B. Tullinger. /Fr. Kuntzsch. (Frl Merten» Frl Müller rl. Zeisckcka. tt Hertel l. Stefan Btberti. Frl. Tiedt Pagen. Ehrendamen «. 88. «. (r — 11 « (r Sichf. StaatSbatzu: 1) Bayerischer vahutzsl 4. Linie Leipzig-Hof: *18. 10. ft. — 4. 80. fr. — *8. 38. v - 8. 8. ». — 18. 30. - S. »0. N — *8. 10. A. - 8. 88. A, - w. »0. ». <bi« Zwickau), v. Linie Leipzig-Borna-Ebemnitz: 8. «» ft. - 11. 80. «. - 8. 8. N. - 8. «. 6. Linie Leipzig-Gaschwitz-Meusekwitz: 8.8. V. — 18.80. N. — 6.88. «. 8) Leipzig-DreSdner Bahnhof. 4. Lk»r- Leipjig-Riesa: 8.10. ft. - 7.80. v. - *8.10. B. - 11. 80. - 3. 8. N. - 7.10 «. - *7. IS. A. - *8. 80. «. 8. Linie LeipzigOöbeln: 7.80. - 11.4» ». 8. 15. N. - 4. 48. N. - 8. 18. «. I Ttzüriugtfche« »atz«: 4 Änie L< Gerstungen: 8. 30. ft. — *7. 40. v. — 8. I. SO. R. — 8.48. N. (bi» Eisenach). - «ß. ». (LiS Weißens«!»). — ^10 45 « - 10. (bi» Markranstädt). 8. Linie Letpzig-Z. II. 5. — 4. 5. R. — 8. 88. «. 0. Linie Leipzig-Zeitz-Gera-Greiz-Plauen-k , 48. v — II. 8. v. — 4. 8, N. Ninette Manon Mattett«. Lin Dragoner Ein Kücheniung«. Edelleute Soldaten Marketenderinnen. Der I. Act spielt in einem Saale de» Versailler Schlöffe» Der 8. Act spielt im Stifte der Edel- ftäulein zu Luneville. Der 3. Act spielt im Lager. Zeit der Handlung: Anfang de- 18. Jahrhundert» Im 1. Act.: ttarott«, arrangitt vom Balletmeister Josef Syurian, auSgefühtt von Frl Milde, Frl. Sutor und den Damen de» coi-p« äc 8,»et. Der Text der Gesänge ist an der Lass« sür 80 ^ zu baden. Nach dem 8. Acte findet eine längere Pause Satt. Gewöhnliche Preise »er Plötze: Einlaß'/.7 Uhr. Anfang 7 Uhr. End, 10 Uhr. 8. 48. ft. — -bis EoraL «etfchütz: Leidt1,'Gilendur»rr vah«: Richtung: Falkenberg. Elfterwerda. Kohlfutt, BreSlau, Eottbu», Sorau, 8. 38^ v. — ' Falkenberl vi, Dobnlugk-Kirchhain L, 8. 38. L. — Richtung: Eottbu», I nbera, Elsterwerda, Kohlfutt. Breslau, 41. A. (bi-Falkenoerg). — Richtung: »obrilugk Kirchhain, 8. 38. v. — *8 N. tun«: Eottbu», Sorau. W.N. mm » 4«Ar»i»Ft «l«r auf der verltn Antzalttsche« Bahn: 4 von BerlinS.«S.ft — 10.38.« — *11.38.« —4.89. N. — *8.18.N. — *11. 18.« 8. L«n Magdeburg vi, Zerbst 8.46. v. — 10.38.« - 1. 48. N. - *8.18. N. - *11.18.«. Mußdedurg^alberstädter»«»«: 8.88. ft.(von Satze). - *8.30. B. - 11.«. - 8 SO. N. — *8.48. N. - 8. 44. — *7. 81. A. — *«. 30. A. — 11.«. A. Sächf. StaatSdatz«: 1) Bayerischer Bahnhof. 4. Linie Hof-Leipzig: *3. 88. ft. - ». 10. B. - *8. 88. v. — s. 49.8. (von Zwick au).—18. »tz. N. - 4. 11. R. - 8. 80. A. - *8. 8 A. — 10. 4.». 8. Linie Ehemnitz-Vorna-Leipzig: ». 80. B. - 8 44. N. - 8. 88. N. - 11 L «. 6. Linie Meuselwitz-G^chwitz-Letpztg: 8. 10. B - 18. 88. »t. - 6. 80. «. L) Leipzig-DreSdner Bahnhof: 4. Ldn« Dre-den-Ritta: 8. 8. ft. — *8. 38. ft. - S.S4.B. - IO. 88. «.-L 41. N.-8. 80. «.—*, - 10. 38. «. 8. Linie DreSden-Dckbeln: 8.8. L. (von - 11. 88. «. - 4.18. N. — 7.18. A. — TtzürtNGtsche« vah«: 4. Linie Eerstungen-Eorbethc» Leipzig: *4. 44. ft. — 8. 48. fr. (von Markran- ftädt). — 7. 88. v. (von WeißenfelS). — 10. 87.« (von Eisenach). - 1. 41. N - 8. 9. A. - *9.8». A -11.11. A. 8. Linie Eichicht-Sera-Zeitz-Leipzig: 8. 31 v. (vo-» Gera). — 11. 85. B, — 5. 81. N. - 9. 9. » '8.83.»^ Nopeetoteo äor sttaättdoator »> TestpalF. Neue» Theater. Sonntag, 19. Januar. (19. Abonnements-Bor- , III. Serie, weiß): Der Freischütz. stellung, ve berg). — 12. 88. N. (von Eottbu», Gü! Sorau). — ^8. 42. A. (von Breslau tt, Falkenberg und Sagan-Sorau). Von Berlin vi, Dobrilugk-Kw - *8. 48. A. * V-« die «»,«,» chhain 18. 88. N N kMüMit-tllNNU im Alaäslsol»«» Vsrvli» Zoontrg, äen 19. ),na»r -i,ebm. 3'/, vbr. liüü-i«» 3 Ubr. Kco« sticoleiictmle IU. Xoeart, 8«reicd<in,rU-tt, väor. >cda- >L»IM, 8eaak«rt, «eveb, 8»ritl»n l.icöer >>ebiu»a»n, p>»aoko,te-<)v»stetl. K. Frave, 8»rst<m I.ieäer. Kzl. Handelkgnicht Leipzig. Am 14. Januar et»»etra<r«. iftrma: Wutz! Blum« Ntha l.vlüchrrstr. 38, Jnbqber Herr Lvg. Blumenthal » Hamburg, und al» Procutist Herr Gottft. Friedr. Herm. Schmidt hier. - L. H. F Meutzaer, Hainftraße 85, Zwet-mederlilffuntz de» Hauptgeichäst» in Zwickau, Inhaber Herr Earl Hemr. Frr». Meutzner in Zwickau. >« «» 18. Ja^Äk^' vettrksaericht emtza Betten. 1». Mdraar vormittag» 9 Ubr eben- daseibtz 4 «stck eiserne Luft-Pumpen mtt Sckwungräbern, 87 Stück Lom- veefftost-Mbne für vftr-Apparatr und 80 Stück gravirte Yonbons-Dalzen er»n»eu: 'ormulag- S Uhr im verschiedene Möbel ten. nnfttag» ü Uhr im Pattie Möbel und SxLseripüo» »es äe» rvelte» Aviv» vo» 4 üamwermvslli- 4dev«Ieii lw 8s»Ie ävs vevaiiälimises UN I «Ipaltz. Iiereil«; üüüer «rl»»»«oe bcdaaotwrctunig l«ä«a eeir äie »r Vt»eili>,kme »n cken l^mmermoeihev erssebenel ein Kad^riptioni 8illet« kür äea eaeiteo Lxelet von 4 Xxmivei'wnsikeo t 8i»e» 7'/, 8inä !» bare»» äer Ooaeett Oireetloa, stillet« »n einrelnea 4»tsabrunff»n t 3 ^l »inä edeoäaaoidst uoä »0 äer C»,!>e »v k,t»en. /eit nnä ?rogr»wm seiier einreloen tiimmermueile iveräen t>e«anäer» bekannt gemarkt Unter steangnnkme »ul äie kienner »gä treäkäe äer ltunat, >at»«4ril l.eipaiff, i« lanvar 1879 Eine Bart«« echten Düffeldorftr Senf in kleinen Fässern kommt heute früh 10 Uhr vl« koaewrl-vtroetlo». Brühl 75 Mt. ». k. pökle, Aucttonator. M Prbhetkr-Shkittt. TtzmtloochGHtzidttoltzek ». ». »rass, «hfttter Kratze 1. Loclkm M »estsme«. Sonnabesttz best 18. Januar früh >0 Uhr kommt eine Pattie Eonserven, als Sar dinen in Orl, Pfirsich«, Bruch- u. Stangen- spargel und verschiedene» Andere meist bietend >u Versteigerung Brühl 75 patt. (8.8 888.) ». p. p»dl«, Auctionator. Erbthei zeichneten M» don ^ 8 Stück kräftige. etiou. sollen vom unter er Jaauor 187», - vtzr an der Amalte AU8U»e verw. Heike in Moekau Zu-pferde gegen sofortige Bezahlung Nachlaßgute daselbst öffentlich verstergett werden. Tauchzu am 9. Januar 1879. D8» «iilOftche Gericht»«»« Adolf. Lang. >00 Stück vo« l >» ,0 l»i» 3 ^l, 4äre-ti«k»r1«» ote. ki»iss«t. licscrt uckoctl Kovort Lopploed» Kosck»Glr»««o 10. Kgl. Bnirkkgmcht Leipzig. verftet»rruu,eu Am 27 Januar und nach Befinde« folg««»« Taae vormittag» von 9 Uhr ab Soptzienstrasze S7 8 Doppelpulte, l Schrank mit Aufsatz, l Etrguetten schrank. 1 Regal. I Tisch mit Eopir- vrrffe, 8 Petroleum! am prn, 1 Sicher- beiGlat«nre,87 Lieferungen v vrehm'S Thierleben, 15 Bände Mever'S Eon- versationS-Lexicon, ein kleiner Electrifir- apparat, ingleichen 843 Flaschen Roth- Wein, 81 Flaschen Weißwein, Srün- lack, 35 Flaschen Maitrank, 87 Flaschen Ehampagver, «ine größere Partie leer«, halbe, vieetek- und achtel-Eiwerfäffer, 1 Doppelpxboft io Eisenband mit Eentaar Zuckercoulem, I Stückfaß in Eisenband mit ca. 400 Liter Nord- Häuser, 1 Oxhoft Dovvelvseffnmüuze mit ca. 75 Lrter, 1 Oxbott irz Eüea- band mit ca. 810 Liter Kirschsaft, 1 Oxhoft dergl. mit ca. 830 Liter Himbeersaft u. dgl. m. SubhastationS-Pakent. Aettzwrudtßer «erkauf. Daß hmn Gutsbeytzer AldertSMemau« zu Alberirhof belegm« u»d Grundbuch» Easthofsgrundstück „Uötol äe »er»»", bestehend au» dem am Markt Hau» Nr. 3 beleaenen brauberechtigten Wvhrchaut nebst Ställen, der auf dem vckerplan« am Leg, nach Sormewalde belagenen Schaun« mit EiSkeller-Einbau, sowie Acker und Wiese mit einem der Grundsteuer unterliegenden Flächeninhalte von 9 tzectar 98 Nr 90 lDMtr. nach einem Reine« rag« von 38"/,» «ff ret« Zweihufen und »I äo 8«r zur Grundsteuer und nach einem Nutzung» wctthe von 888 zur Gebüudesteuer veranlagt, soll am 27 Februar 1»7S Bor« 10' ,»»r an hiesiger GerichtSftelle im Wege der nothwendigen Eubhastation versteigett we, »en. srr Ulf «loe» TlivUbetnix vo» 428.800 Aarli k»rU»I-vdIlK»Uoi>vi» äs» S»r-1»oI»->LrU»od«» P»rü»«rtz»- V«r»Io» lo v»rtmw»a, auSgegebe» gemäß Weneral-BerfammlungS-veschluß vom 14. December 1878 im Gesammtbetrage von (.750.000 ^4, gesichert durch bl« eingetragenen Grundschuldbrief«. I. statt. Li« Subscriptton findet gleichzemg b«i »er v er Uis».M«r lischt» «»»k in Elberfelb, Herren o. ch 4« Rsukrlllv in Fra«kf»rt «. M. Herren 8ek11sp«r ch e». m verltu und der Aese-schaft«- ««Ge in Dortmund dir einschließlich am 25.Jan. 187« Der SubscriplionS preis ist auf «5 Procent festgesetzt. Außer de« Preise find « Procent p. ». Zinsen vom 1. Januar 187« ad »» vergüten. s. Bei der Zeichnung muß eine Laution von 10 Procent des Nominalbetrag«- hinterlegt werden. Dieselbe ist in baarem Weide, oder in solchen nach dem Tages-Lour- zu berechnenden Effecten zu hinterlegen, welche die SubscnptionSstelle als zu- u>ssia »erachten wird. 4. Jeder Lcttonatr des ver-tsch-Märkische« verawerk». Werein» i» Dort«««b tz«t das «echt, «uf je 8000 Mark Sette». »eiche der S»bfcr1b1to»sstr>e eturureichen u»d »o» dieser «tt dem vermerk..vejugsrecht aus,«Lot. Januar IffTB" »btustrmpel« find, eine Parttal-cblt,atton »o« 30« M«rk »ege» Zahl»«» de- Subseripttonspretses ,« sorber« Diejenigen Zeichnungen, welche von Lctionarren über solche Quote hinau-, oder welche von dritten Personen, welch« nicht Actio narre sind, erfolgen, werden nur, sofern nicht alleActionaire ,hr Bezug-recht au-üben, berücksichtigt und eventuell reducirt. Heber die Zutbeilung de» Zeichnungsbetrage- wird so bald al» möglich nach Schluß der Subscription eine Benachrichtigung an di« Zeichner erfolgen. Dortmund, den 13. Januar 187«. «ostte» t»s,rs«mmt »e»t»er als »4».»«« Mark vblt- »att»»ea ,eietch«et »erde», so ist die »esestsch«f1 derech- ttat, s-mmtliche Seich»»»,«» für »»gültig »»d «i- »tcht erfolgi r« erklüre». Im Kall der Sieducirung steht den Zeichnern die freie Ver fügung über den aberschießenden Theil der Laution — im Fall der erwähnten Ungültigkeit aller Zeichnungen über die ganz« Laution — zu. 5. Die Zeichner haben di« ihnen zugetheilten Obligationen, be ziehungsweise die vorläufig dagegen au-zug«bend«n Bezugsscheine an einem durch die Gesellschaft-blätter näher bekannt zu machen den Tag im Januar 187» gegen Zahlung von L4 Procent mit ISO Mark bei der betreffenden Zeichenftelle abzunehmen und auf dieselben fernere tzk» Proee»t mit 7L Mark am 1. April IN?» und restlich st« Proee« «tt 6« Mark a« 1. vetober 187« einzuzahlen. vollzahlung ist jederzeit gestattet. Bei allen Zahlungen find « Procent Stückzinsen seit dem Januar 187« in Anrechnung zu dringen. 1. 8. Die zunächst auszugebenden Bezugsscheine, welch« mit dem Faksimile der Unterschrift der Direktion und eine» Mitgliedes deS AussichtSrath«-, sowie mit der eigenhändigen Unterschrift de- Lontrolbeamten versehen find, werden sobald als thunlich und nach besonderer Bekanntmachung gegen Obligationen um getauscht. Lvr-1-ol» - »ärklsodsr S»rLAvrtz»-Vsr»l» t» vortwouck. Kaiserlich Deutsche Post. Hamdiirs -^erlkaiikelle paekvtlakrt -Wellen - Kv8elkedatt. Direkte Post-Dampfschifffahrt zwischen Hamburg m.» Rew-Bork, und (825.) HSvre «»laufend. 22. Sanaar. 8»evt» L. rvdruar. «wllwrl I«. kodrnar. 2«. Saunar. -rtnt» IS. b'okruar. Otmkrt» SK. ?«dru«r. Bon Hamburg jeden Mittwoch, von HUvre jede« Sonnabend Zwischen Hambuvg und Westindien, HSvre aulanfend, nach verschiedenen Häfen Westiudieus und der Westküste Amerika-, 4 S1. -imv»r. 7. kokrnar. V»i»U»It» S1. ?«drn«r. regelmäßig am 7. und 21. jeden Monats. Nähere Auskunft wegen Kracht und Passage ertheilt der General-Bevollmächtigte I-OltvII, Wm. Sliller's ^Xaektz. in DiUlldUPL, «dmtralitätftraste Nr. 23184. (Telegramm-Adresse: Noll«», Hamburg.) sowie der General-Agent in Leipzig: L. Neukirchhof 14. 0oNvus-0ro»»«»I»»Ir»«r OtssuvLUr» Uebersicht der Frequenz und Einnahme pro Monat December 1878. Summa Summa b,S ult. Deccmber 1878. Tonnen Einnahme >4 Personen Zahl Güter Tonnen >4 ». Frankfurt ä/L. - «rohenbain. 1878 provisorisch 1877 definitir 28402 24217 3745« 103240 127457 423875 419108 1840584 34415 23770 39881 , 109950 133720 448875 418924 147885« 1878 i mehr 1 wrmgcr — 447 — 2184 I818< 5 5013 — 2402 8710 8283 23000 — — b. Zwetzbabn N»hlanb-Lauchtza««er. 1878 provisorisch 880 127 147« 1288 1413 17388 18393 22492 1877 definitiv >78« 282 122« 1378 1888 52»7« 17203 28182 -sÄL-i 850 — — — 1190 — ttt« 185 — 80 255 35811 — 5890 Die Restbestände woUoosr Lopt- lajUso - lÄoLor »erden, um damit zu räume«, zu «rnn»nnl»te„ ausoerkanft. früher Große Pserde Auetion! Nächste« Dienstag, den 2L d. M» Morgens I« Uhr» lasst» die llnkrjkichnkten wieder SO Stück russische Pferde i« Gasthof zu« Grüne« Hof in Halle aD. öffentlich meistbietend dnkanftn. Wir hoben diese Pferde von der russischen Artillerie »»gekauft und find es grißtentheils stacker Wagenschlag, jedoch auch schone Reitpferde dabei. Die Pferde stehen Hon am Tage vorher zur gef. Ansicht. GebrSber tzrnnsseld, Welsch, Z. Lchoabe, Halle a/W Helltgensttadr I. üpiail Loiwevitr. ,,81»t1ouvr^ llall", Papierhandlung. Markt 8, itzt nur i« Hofe quervor, empfiehlt daS Neueste in Sottstonsnchrn und «elies« zu Fabrikpreisen. und «uhttahi llaste»frder» für mecha- Nische Webereien, Spinnereien rc. liefert in bester Qualität und größtem Sortiment prompt und billigst (ll.3138d) die Sdtra>seder».-abrtk von I-u-vrl, Lot«! in Meerane i. S Vnkans don Hchschllihtvaann t> bilttze« Preise« we,e» «nfgade de« llartv»ng-o«ch«n S» I. ^WW werden belllgft und elegant angeferttgt, nur für Wiederve, käufer, in der Porzellan- Malerei von A. U«»,»lrS» in »Dl« Loose zur Lotterie des Albertvereins - 5-l. find zu beziehen durch die DM° Die Sieh»», fiadet ,» A4. Jaauar statt Für die jetzige Saison besonders geeignet empfiehlt ÄL8 sröllllto Lrüirtor ZvdAL-Lllssr E kL von ZU«-*«, /»PL ReichSstraße, Die reichhaltigste Auswahl aller Lite,, wasserdichter Stiefeln «tt «lters »o-belten und dreifachen Eotzle«. für Herrre«, Da«e« n»d »luder je»«, rs. bei der »ekanut solide» Arbeit zu den alerbtlltgsten Preise«. N«rrou.8vst»rt-8Uer«I und 8l1«r«Io1ton von starkem Rindleder mit Doppel- und dreifachen Sohlen 1LLV. irnm«a.l,va«r-8t1vk»I mit Doppel Sohl» n - 8.»0. Unad«ll.8t1or«l mit Doppel-Sohlen - -Hb. UM' A-ckebeu-nllekol m. Doppelsohlen Xl8.00. L1ock«r-8t1oko1 mit Doppel-Sohlen - 4.50. -- Paar v. 4 an Valstirselestru »ud Schuhe Neueste «nb Eleganteste in jede« «rare. 8». Reparaturen werden schnell und pünct« lich besorgt. 4 Paar o. 4 an M -er Fabrik seiner HolMnitzmam kn- Chrißbesiheerllvgsgegenßall-e in den neuesten Mustern sehr billig zu haben: Broncc-Blumenständer mit Topf vm 5 bis zu den feinsten Mustern, ein ganz completer Rauchtisch schon für 2.75 dir 30 Schreibzeuge, Rauchservice, Feuerzeuge, Gardervbehalter, Handwchhalte: Schlüffelhalter, Uhrhalter, Aschbecher. Salz- und Pfeffermenaqen und Stiefelknech: von 50 an bis zu den hochelegantesten. Kalender von 40 ^ bis 8.00. Ga: dinenrosetten und Serviettenringe zu 20 ^ Bsriiuulll Vaß»ar, Gr. Windmnhlensiraße 8 n. S Llelävr-MllUs. 1'»rl>t»n 8taek von 5 50 k»um-voll ^tle, lltr. von 80 8ei«len ^>l»>» Illtr. von 2 ätl,-!pellerinen von 7 50 ll-geben in bekennt gröislvr 8cblepp,üeke. Renkeileo in kieko«. « neum-vo» «lr. von «0 -ij. « in nekennt groistvr ^ 8ei«len-Xil»!, öltr. von 2 i 8ckleppiöeke. ^ ^tl»-!pe>lerinen von 7 ^i 50 j Reokeitea in kieko». ^0» Klimm. » 6r1mm. «H» 2-, stnne«- VLÜLlKvr GS, S-rrvll-Svbakt-SUsksI und Stiefeletten 4 Paar nur 3 Thlr. sowie eleg. Herren-Sr,«teletten, Wiener Aatzan dobbelsSblta, gelb genäht und genagelt, 4 Paar nur 4 Thlr., Knaben-Echaffstiefel vo:, 1 Thlr. 20 Ngr. bis 2'/, Thlr., Stulpenstiefel in großer Au-wahl, Damen-Lederstieft!. wiener Fatzoi^ 4 Paar nur 3 Thlr., Zeugstiefel mit Gummi und Absatz auf Rahmen 4 Paar nur 2 Thlr., ohne Absätze aus Rahmen 4 Paar nur I Tblr. 20 Rgr., zum Schnüren mit Absatz 1'/, Thlr., ohne Absatz 1'/, Thlr.. Hausschuhe in allen Sorttn I sowie Kinderschuhe und Stiefel »u den billigsten Preisen. MM- Neparature« schnell, sauber und oillig. Alles nur zu Fabrikpreisen Für kalte Füße empfehle mein reich affortirteS Lager von DM- «tt «olle «nb feinsten Notzbaare». räutche»»eg-Ecke 3 und Art««a'fcher Stet«»eg IS, neben der lll. Bürge,schul: Lrstv vra-ckllsr v»illpr-V»N«-r»brIA von Lmll 8ediikvr, Dresden. Neustadt. Billigste B-zugSglielle für Baumwolt Schastvoll- und Seidenwatte in allen Farben, in Fließen und Tafeln. Einkauf alter Watte. (k 8. 27« ) vamell-8tleftzlettell von LK,gri„Ie6ee l.„kk,ppe 4 7,8 u 10>l 6I,e4Ie«ler - 48, lOa. 12./t 8in<il»ck, Ooppelsvblen 4 lO, l3,14>l 8eebvnä, Voopel-vkl» n 4 12, l3,18 vWiikiiimiickiiScdM von 4 »n. Vrune»-ü»ll8elinliv <-oI<ik»ler 4 4, 4'/„ 8 4L engl. Keller 4 4'/„ 5 8ck»»er I.»»ing 3V„ 4 mit /4tl»8 4 7'/, ^li. Sobndsvdlsltsil in reiekster Xuevekl. llerrkn-8tleseletten 8o«»Ieäer. Ooppelxoklen 4 12,13 tXelbleäer. 13,14.15^« 8eekuoä. - 12,14,15^« Morr«« Kvlnkt- n. Aulpsurtlekel 4 12. 15. 20-3« kll»d«ll-8tnlpeuitl«s,l äj Ü ^ ksWMii «nie MIM. n,ck tt»« »ebne» u. dillie. ?LiiI Soortz Mzede - kabril» und von s. KosonUuU vLw«ll-S«wä-ll L? Die ^ «a» un ist jetzt tigt den dem G> lautet: reichisch« Mit anl Rathschl tion r eine re wir h> diese Z tischen wird, I militarri nothwen Organif ist feite freundet hiesige Bis zu milchte reichs r Berlir bier he, nicht c .Herzego Signale diesen ^ und wir garn» d Man hiesigen Lronp Aulaß kaiserl eine De auSgesp Indem unterla milder sich hies daß di« mein zu diesem. Erri z»rl mir W»tl»»»rti>wmn<r»nn« Nr. 12 nahe »c« Brühl. Von meinem reichhaltig sortirten EngroS Lager empfehle ich im Einzelnen zu be kannten billigen Preisen vkUllvostrLTvil"^ do. ret«let»e«e von 40Pfg. an. »luwoll-tt-ll ^ " do. rei»leine»e von 50 Pfg. an. ^ ^ter von 10 Pka. »Auswahl vorüber ISS Deffin- Mark s Der Schwe Bruder Prinzen starkem dura , statt sink Srbgr stasia kathol. protesta eigenS > St. Pe stetiger mecktenl lang gc gegen > der G Samm« die bei herzogli Stellen Die ru! zend sei von Si Au-lan man in bene Hk n fahre. von 2 Mark an. Herren - üderdemäe» von ,ute« Lbiffon «tt 3f«ch leinene» Einsatz von 3 Mark 50 Pfennige an. ril8stz-kr«88vro1oll werden nach wie vor »um Preise von 8 Pfg, per Meter sofort sauber auSgefübrt. DM- «ei v«ar,8tzl«», b»n S Mark an 4 Proe. Aabntt. der vorgerückten Saison weg Rege, bekannt wortl Staat- Ministe Klmctic sin», b einzelne MtPer fromm der der ein auf schlagen rrlassen zu herabgesetzten Preis«». Alsullsltvlt kkrm-IIMMikAM 4 Dtzd. niils Erste Seilaae zun, Leipziger Tageblatt und Anzeiger. ,8. Sonnabend den 18. Januar 1879. 73. Jahrgang. «»er j»»n, der »ii I lOcöO. 8.50. 8«. o. 4 ^a« lt Topf vv!>^ »l 2.78 bl) idwckhaltk7 »tiefelkneck:' 6.00. Ga:> 8 n.S »er Aa?«ri ftstiefel von Lederftirfki, uf Rahmm Ngr.. zum len Sorten. eisen ürgerfchulc ML Baumwoli- Politische Aebersicht. Leipzig, 17. Januar. Die russische Diplomatie — so schreibt «n» unser.*,-Correspondent an- Berlin — ist jetzt schlecht aus un- zu sprechen. Sie bezicb Schisse wirs am 26. d. in Vurga- euit'cfsin, um die Truppen nach Odessa, Nicolajefs und Sebastopol zu verschiffen, woraus al-dann die weitere DtSlocirung erfolgt. — Der griechischen Regierung ist noch immer keine Nachricht dcnjjber zugegangen, an welchem Orte die Commissarien zur ligt den Fürsten BiSmarck der Conspiralion mit > Htststellüng der griechisch-türkischen Grenze dem Grafen Andrassy und ihr Schlagwort > zusammentreten sollen. Auf alle ihre die-bezüg- lautet: Ln der unteren Donau soll der öster-1 ljchen Anfragen ist ihr nur geantwortet worden, reichische Pfahl inS russische Fleisch getrieben werden. I daß der Zusammentritt an dem anfangs von der Mit anderen Worten heißt Die-: Auf Bi-marck's I Pforte bezeichneten Orte nicht statlsinden solle. Rathschläge hin will Andrassy die Occupa- "" ' ' ' -- - tion Bo-nienS und der Herzegowina in Die Regierung erblickt darin ein neue- Zeichen, daß die Pforte die Erledigung der Frage ver zögern will. » * * Der „Italic" zufolge ist der provisorische Handelsvertrag zwischen Italien und Frankreich, welcher der Kammer vorgelegt Neues Theater. Leipzig' 17. Januar. Da- Echiller'sche Frag ment de- „DemetriuS" ging gestern mit der Heinrich Laube'schen Fortsetzung seit längerer Zeit wieder einmal in Scene. Während die Reichs- tagSscene im ersten Acte de- Schiller'schen DemetriuS und der Monolog der Marfa im »weiten zu den Glanzpartien Schiller'scher Dramatik gehören, die erste wegen der vorzüglichen Führung eine- viel- stimmigen dramatischen Ensemble-, der zweite wegen seine- hohen dichterischen Schwünge-, hat Laube in seiner Fortsetzung nur ein auf Bühnenwirkung be rechnete- Theaterstück geschrieben und da»u die Schiller'schen Aufzeichnungen mit Geschick ver- werthet. Dagegen muß der Abstand zwischen dem oft trivialen Laube'schen Stil und dem schwung haften, vom echten dichterischen Genius getra genen Schiller'S selbst einem für dichterisch« Schönheit wenig enrvfänglichen Ohr auffallen. Der Poesie Laube's fehlen alle Schwungfedern, doch steht Demetrius hierin noch wert hinter „Essex" zurück. Wenn Marsa mit ihrem zündenden Prachimonoloa, den freilich die neueren Realisten für eine überflüssige Deklamation- eine regelrechte Annexion verwandeln. Wie wir hören, verwahrt man sich hier gegen diese Insinuation der Petersburger diploma- iischen Agenten, mdem daraus hingewiesen wird, daß schon während deS hiesig«,» Con- S"sse« von allen Mächten die Einführung eine- I worden ' ist7 'von'"dem MVnisterpräsidenten'°De milttatrischeuReglmeSOcsterreichs ,n BoSmen alS pr et iS und dem französischen Botschafter rothwendlg erkannt wurde. Da- österreichische MarquiS de NoailleS unterzeichnet worden. .» Orgamsatron-statut für jene türkischen Provinzen I Derselbe gelte für da- laufende Jahr und studie hal'rn mögen, die Bühne verlassen hat und ist selten- de- Wiener CabmetS an mehrere be- » sichre beiden Ländern die Behandlung der meist- ! C,ar BoclS Goduno ' sramdete R^ierungen und wohl auch an die I ^nstigten Nation. In Italien sei Oester- " Asige zur Kenntmßnahme mitgetheilt worden, »reich-Ungarn die meistbegünstigte Nation. In BlS zur Stunde ist von keiner ver Congreß- " ^ - — Mächte ein Protest gegen daS Berfahren Oester reichs resp gegen die Verletzung deS Art. 25 deS Berliner Vertrages erfolgt und nach der bier herrschenden Auffassung wird ein solcher auch I mcht erfolgen. Dem Erwerb Bo-nienS und der i den sehr große» Bortheil, ein herzliche- Ei .Herzegowma durch Oesterreich wird von den I ^bmen mit Frankreich bezüglich der cou Slgnatarmachten stillschweigend zugestimmt. Ueber > «na-l-aenb-it-n wi,d-r kerruitellen i diesen Punct ist man hier schon lange im Klaren und wie sich Oesterreich mit den Subtilitäten Un garn- dabei abfindet, läßt BiSmarck gleichgültig. Man schreibt uns auS Berlin: Innerhalb der hiesigen Bürgerschaft hat daS Schreiben deS Kronprinzen an den Minister deS Innern auS Anlaß der projectirten Geschenke an da- kaiserliche Ehepaar zu deren goldener Hochzeit eine Deutung erfahren, die dem von« Kronprinzen au-gesprochenen Wunsche Rechnung tragen soll Indem Derselbe wünscht, daß persönliche Geschenke Unterlasten bleiben, hingegen die Begründung Frankreich würden die italienischen Maaren wie spanische, schwedische :c. behandelt werben. Die „Italic" fügt hinzu, daß der neue Vertrag eine namhafte Verbesterung de« Handelsverkehrs beider Länder zu einander bilde. Derselbe habe Einver- commer- ziellen Angelegenheiten wieder herzustellen, indem er Italien wieder von der Anwendung der allge meinen, die beiderseitigen HandelSinteresten so schädigenden Tarife abkommen laste. Dieses vor läufige Uebereinkommen gewähre der Regierung somit Muße, einen definitiven Handelsvertrag auSzuarbeiten, welcher 1880 in Kraft treten kann. Godunow beginnt, seine Verdienste um Rußland im Stil eines Leitartikel- au-einander- zusetzen und besonders seine Straßenbauten zu rühmen: so ist unS zu Mutbe, als wenn wir auS dem Himmel der Dichtung, den ZeuS dem Poeten geöffnet hat, dorthin versetzt werden, wo man poetische Reime am Heerweg klopft. Mindesten- der Gleichartig keit des Stils wegen hätte Laube doch solche reali stische KraftauSdrücke, wie: „er ist wie toll", „er ist wie verrückt", „er ist ein geiziger Lump", „eS ist ein Hundeleben", vermeiden sollen, wenn er gleich auf der anderen Seite in seinen poetischen Bildern so un glücklich wie möglich ist: Barmherziger Gott, und Haft Du Unterlasten Der Mutter, die daS Kind geboren hat, Ein unzerstörbar Werkzeug einzuprägen, Ein Werkzeug, welches spricht und welches schreit. Wenn Kind und Mutter endlich sich begegnen Ein der Mutter eingeprägteS Werkzeug, welches spricht und schreit! Doch Laube erklärt ja selbst, daS Stück für daS Theater und nicht für die Literatur geschrieben zu haben; er entwaffnet damit derartige Vorwürfe, indem er damit zugleich andeutet, daß m Deutschland gute Theaterstücke keinen literarischen Werth zu haben brauchen. Die verschiedenen dich terischen Fortsetzungen deS Schiller'schen Denn triuS oder die Neudichtungen auf Grundlage des Schiller'schen PlanS von Meltitz, Gustav Kühne, Hermann Grimm, Otto Gruppe, Friedrich IuU v Sir. ir ten Engrv- nen zu de- von 18 Pf,r an, 40Pfg. an. n 20 Psc an. 8V Pfg. an. »on 10 Pfg. deNl»« « «ns« »Sv» leineue» rige an. «Ion von 8 Pfg, igefübrt. « k«urt iaffon weg Preise». MS aß» Ist, L Da- in Paris umgehende Gerücht, das Ca binet Dusaure werde seine Entlastung einreichen, entbehrt bi- sitzt jeder Begründung. Dufaure ist zu ernstlichen Bürgschaften bereit. Nachgiebigkeit ist aber jedenfalls nothwendig, da sonst daS linke ^ - » , - ^-.Centrum (die gemäßigten Republikaner) eben- 5"lder Stiftungen :c. angestrebl werde glauben I fall- Front gegen ihn zu machen geneigt ist. Der sich hresige Einwohner zu der Anrahme berechtigt, I Präsident deS linken CentrumS, der eine Zusammen- mein zu empfehlen sei." Wie ^ wir Hörens soll ^zu I ^r kleine äußerst gesähr^che^^sis"^rhilwern Badenstedt, Friedrich Hebbel und Heinrich Laube diesem'ZweÄ'emCom^ gebildet werten.Di- L ^o oN dÄ Ka^^ S'"bLd-rS"^ zurErrichtuug de. Ob-l.Sken am hiesigen PotS-E^nt au- dem Justizpersonal entfern«, sonder» m Bezug auf d.e Borgeschichte Summ« von 800.000»möge. Jules Simyn. der in der letzten Zeit soll bereits überzeichnet sem. I Alle- aufbietet, um wieder eineRolle zu spielen, er- Der Großherzog von Mecklenburg-! hielt eine dem eitlen Streberru gönnende empfindliche Schwerin »st mit seiner Gemahlin, seinem I Niederlage. Die Generalversammlung der drei Linken Bruder Herzog Wilhelm und den jüngeren I de- Senat- wählten Märtel zum Präsidenten. Prinzen nebst einem sehr zahlreichen Hofstaat und I Märtel erhielt 84, Simon nur 40 Stimmen. — arkem militairischen Gefolge nach St. PeterS-1 In einem Ministerrathe, der im Elysöe gehalten bürg abgereist, um der daselbst am 24. d. M I wurde, wurden die letzten Abänderungen in der stattsindenden Vermählung seine- Sohne-, de-1 ministeriellen Erklärung an die Kammern ErbgroßherzogS m»t der Großfürstin Ana-Iberathen und angenommen. Hierauf legte Dufaure stasia belzuwohnen. Wie nach griechisch. I demMarschallMacMahon dieActenstückezur Be« katholischem RituS, soll die Trauung auch nach I gnadigung von 1700 ehemaligenTheilnehmern an protestantischem Ritus erfolgen, zu welchem Zweck I der Commune zur Unterschrift vor. Der Finanzminister eigenS ein Oberhosprediger von Schwerin nach »Leon Say und der Handelsminister Teisse re nc St. Petersburg mitgenommen wurde. Ein gegen-1 de Bort haben den preußischen Kronenorden seitiger Austausch von Dutzenden russischer und I erster Claffe anläßlich der Weltausstellung und der mecklenburgischer Orden wird bei dieser Vermäh-1 abgeschloffenen Postverträge erhalten. — Die Er- lung ganz unzweifelhaft erfolgen; zweifelhaft hin-1 nennung CH allemel-Lacour'S zum Botschafter gegen soll eS noch sein, ob die baare Mitgift Iw Bern ist von der Linken sehr günstig aufge- der Großfürstin Anastasia wirklich die hohe I nommen worden, die Conservativen erheben um so Summe erreichen wird, wie Dies von so manchen, I lebhafter Protest dagegen und beschuldigen Dufaure, die bei dem neueingerichteten Hofstaat de- erbgrob-1 daß er durch derartige Concessionen an Radikale herzoglichen Paare» mehr oder minder einträgliche I seine Stellung zu retten suche. Stellen m erhalten wünschen, lebhaft gehofft wild. I Von d«m zur Theilnahme ander Senatssession Die russischen Finanzen sollen nicht mehr so glän-1 aus Berlin in Paris eingetroffenrn Botschafter zend sein, daß man m St. Petersburg Millionen I Grafen de Saint-Vallier erzählt oer Berliner ilber-Rubeln ohne sichtbaren Nutzen in da-! Eorrespondent de- „TempS": von Ausland wandern sehen möchte, und so fürchtet! „Beim NeujahrSempfang im königlichen PalaiS mau im Lande Mecklenburg, daß manche übertrie-1 wandte der Kaiser Wilhelm sich zu unserem Bot- bene Hoffnungen hierin eine empfindliche Täuschung erfahren möchten. Regierungsseitig wird auS Konstantinopel! bekannt gegeben: Da- Gesetz über die Verant wortlichkeit der Minister wird die Zahl der Staat-minister feststellen und die Functionen der schafter, Grafen Saint-Vallrer, mit denWorten: — Herr Botschafter, mit Ihnen hätte ich eigentlich ein Hühnchen zu pflücken. — Mit mir, Sire? — Ja wohl. Hatten Sie mir nicht verspro die französische Botschaft mit einer ihrer würd Farad« auSftatten zu lassen? Und waS sah meiner Rückkehr? Ihr Hotel — glänzend decorirt, ob. darüber ist Rudi- zu saaen — aber noch immer »rochen, ürdigen ich tzei Minister ohne Porteseuille beseitigen, da diese I mit seinem altmodischen Dache. K-uctionen nicht mit einem Cabmete vereinbar I Ich weiß nicht, was der Botschafter erwiderte, aber sind, in welchem die Verantwortlichkeit jedem derlcr muß sich doch ziem lick am aus d.m Handel aezogen einzelnen Minister für sich zufällt. Der Groß-1 haben, da wir ihn einige Tage später an dem Hof- nikcher der Artillerie und der Minister der Evskaf-I biner thrilnebmen seien, welch«-- sogar nach einer ssrommen Stiftungen) werden nicht unter die Zahl I' Mnellen Note auS beso..dnec Rücksicht auf »hu um rer verantwortltc^n Minister gezählt. - Es wird raaNuberangesebl wmd-nwüi-. Nach Ästchen, de seüe und unterhielt sich mit ibm «ine schlaaene-Gesetz Über die Freiheit Presse! Vür^istunoe lang allein, wobei Graf Saint- nclaffen werden. Ferner wrrd unverzüglich Vor-»Ballier dur»au1 nicht wi, Jemand au»sak. der sorge getroffen werden für die Errichtung eine- I unangenehme Dinge zu büren bekommt. Er könnt« öffentlichen Ministerium- und eine- Notariat- in I demSvuverain gute Nachrichten von seinem Kanzler atln» Gericht-bezirken de-Reiche-, da diese I überbiu,gen, d,n er an demsel en Tage früh in A anmuihigeS Bild poetffchen ' - -r o > m,t seinem Bestnden onhLItmßmäßlg zufrieden »ft. 'echten Gang der Justizverwaltung erkannt worden find. —Auch soll de» den russisch-türkischen Frieden-Verhandlungen die von der Pforte zu zihlende Entschädigung auf den Betrag von! IVO Millionen Sildcrrubrln herabgemindert wor- dea fein Ja Folge der Intervention einer! katholischen Großmacht ist eine gemischt« Der Versuch de- Emir- Schir Ali. die afgha nische Angelegenheit vor ein europäische- Foru« zu bringen, ist wie der „P'effe' au- Peters burg »eleargpbirt wird, gescheuert. Ebenso hat die rujsische Regierung die Uebernahme einer w°r«-n »», ^ j ^ j ,» » Smi- und durch «-Ich- dir Al»'» L^v adgckhut' Bevölkerung Ar«en»e»< neuerdinq« bedrängt» " " ^ w»'d. | 17,257 |
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough%20and%20Tough%20and%20Dangerous%20-%20The%20Singles%2094/98 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Rough and Tough and Dangerous - The Singles 94/98 | https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rough and Tough and Dangerous - The Singles 94/98&action=history | Czech | Spoken | 223 | 509 | Rough and Tough and Dangerous - The Singles 94/98 je první kompilační album německé hudební skupiny Scooter. Skládá se z dvou CD. Bylo vydáno roku 1998, na prvním CD je 16 skladeb a na druhém 13. První CD je sbírka všech singlů, které do té doby skupina vydala.
Seznam skladeb
CD1
"Hyper Hyper" - 3:37
"Move Your Ass!" - 3:55
"Friends" - 4:40
"Endless Summer" - 5:14
"Back in the UK" - 3:25
"Let Me Be Your Valentine" - 3:47
"Rebel Yell" - 3:42
"I'm Raving" - 3:36
"Break It Up" - 3:38
"Fire" - 3:31
"The Age Of Love" - 3:50
"No Fate" - 3:38
"Fire (live)" - 5:02
"Rebel Yell (live)" - 5:10
"Break it Up (live)" - 3:17
"The Age Of Love (live)„ - 5:18
CD2
“Vallée De Larmes (Re-Incarnation By The Loop! Version)" - 4:37
"Rhapsody In E" - 6:08
"Move Your Ass (Ultra Sonic remix)" - 4:30
"Friends (Ramon Zenker Club Mix)" - 5:32
"Across The Sky" - 5:44
"Endless Summer (Datura Remix)" - 4:54
"Back In Time" - 7:04
"Unity Without Words Part II" - 5:28
"Euphoria" - 3:58
"Let Me Be Your Valentine (Commander Tom Remix)" - 8:04
"B-Site" - 5:35
"I'm Raving (Toucher Mix)" - 8:09
"Fire (D.O.N.S. Burn Rubber Remix)" - 6:30
Kompilační alba Scooteru
Kompilační alba z roku 1998
Kompilační alba Edel AG | 26,910 |
https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryport | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Maryport | https://lld.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryport&action=history | Ladin | Spoken | 31 | 78 | Maryport ie n luech te la Nghiltiera te la contea zeremoniela Cumbria. Tl 2019 ovel na populazion de abitanc.
Geografia
Storia
Referënzes
Luech te la Nghiltiera
Luech tl Riam Unì
Cumbria | 12,615 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C%20%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Хажлинский, Фридрих Август | https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Хажлинский, Фридрих Август&action=history | Russian | Spoken | 205 | 666 | Фри́дрих А́вгуст Ха́жлинский фон Ха́жлин, также Фри́дьеш А́гошт Хажлинский (, , 1818—1896) — венгерский ботаник-криптогамист.
Биография
Родился в Кешмарке (ныне — Кежмарок, Словакия) 6 января 1818 года. Окончив школу в родном городе, изучал философию и теологию в Кешмаркской высшей грамматической школе. В 1842—1843 годах учился ботанике и химии в Дебреценском протестантском колледже. В 1845 году Хажлинский поступил в Венский технический университет, где учился ботанике, геологии, палеонтологии, химии, физике.
С 1846 года Фридрих Август Хажлинский преподавал математику и естественные науки в Эперьешском лютеранском колледже, впоследствии длительное время являлся его директором. В свободное время он изучал видовой состав флоры и микобиоты региона, издал несколько публикаций по микологии.
Скончался Фридрих Август Хажлинский в Эперьеше (ныне Прешов) 9 ноября 1896 года.
Основной гербарий лишайников, собранный Хажлинским, хранится в Венгерском музее естественной истории в Будапеште (BP). Также его образцы имеются в Ботаническом музее Берлин-Далем (B), Музее Филда в Чикаго (F), Музее естественной истории во Флоренции (FI), Тирольском государственном музее в Инсбруке (IBF), Национальном гербарии Нидерландов в Лейдене (L, WAG), Татранском музее в Попраде (POP), Южноафриканском национальном институте биоразнообразия (SAM), Уппсальском университете (UPS), Венском музее естественной истории (W).
Некоторые научные работы
Роды, названные в честь Ф. Хажлинского
[= ]
Литература
Ботаники по алфавиту
Ботаники Венгрии
Ботаники XIX века
Микологи Венгрии
Лихенологи | 20,819 |
https://github.com/ackalker/xbps-pkgdb/blob/master/.lm_sensors-files.plist | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,021 | xbps-pkgdb | ackalker | XML Property List | Code | 254 | 3,224 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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| 3,654 |
8025006_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,652 | 2,141 | ON REHEARING
MR. JUSTICE ANGSTMAN:
Defendants filed a motion for rehearing herein only so far as the foregoing opinion promulgated on July 16, 1958, affects the interest of defendant, William Melby. That motion was granted.
Upon the rehearing on that question Justice Bottomly took part instead of Judge Elwell, who sat in his place on the original hearing.
*430This opinion, considering only the interest of William Melby, is therefore added to the foregoing opinion.
The record with respect to the interest of William Melby shows the following:
Camell, defendants’ agent, testified that he met R. M. Melby and his wife in August or September 1953 at their ranch. He discussed the matter of their selling their ranch several times. They finally signed the contract for the sale of the land involved here. He was asked:
“Q. In any of those discussions was the defendant William Melby present? A. Was he present?
“Q. Yes? A. I believe he was present the first time I called at the ranch, I believe he was. * * *
“ Q. Did he participate in any of these discussions? A. No he didn’t; I met him and talked to him a while.
“ Q. Did he at any time before September 24th, or on September 24th, assert he had any title in this property? * * * A. No he did not, not to me.”
Prior to mailing the contract of sale with plaintiff Camell examined the records of Petroleum County and found that the title stood in the name of Mr. and Mrs. Melby and that the records did not reveal that William Melby owned any interest in the property. Plaintiff testified that he was with Camell when the records were thus examined.
Camell then made the deal with plaintiff and accepted payment of $10,000. A day or two later he notified Mr. and Mrs. Melby that he had sold the ranch, and that Mr. Melby then said: “I will have to see Bill, now Bill has an interest in the ranch, I will have to discuss it, talk it over with him. * * * I will write Bill, he is in school and I don’t want to excite him, he is studying hard. I will write him then will let yon know what he said, his reaction on the deal.”
Later the witness Carnell received the letter from Mr. Melby in which he stated among other things “Son said O.K. to sell.” He. then gave Mr. Melby a check for $5,000 and arrangements were made to meet some ten days later in Mathers’ office in *431Roundup to complete the deal. Meanwhile Mr. Melby returned the check to the witness by mail, containing a letter in which it was stated: “Had another letter from son asking us to hold this deal off until he comes home for his vacation Christmas.” Carnell testified he met all three of the Melbys at Christmas time and Mr. Melby expressed satisfaction with the deal but said his son Bill, “don’t want to sell to Hughes.”
Mr. Melby also testified that Bill “was present one time when Carnell was at the ranch discussing the sale. ’ ’ He denied hat he had received a letter from his son saying it was O.K. to sell, but he assumed it was O.K. with his son. He testified also that he recorded the deed which placed a one-third interest in the son. In fact there were two deeds. One by Mr. and Mrs. Melby to Joan B. McKeever dated December 23, 1952, and the other dated December 24, 1952, by Joan McKeever to Mr. and Mrs. Melby and William Melby their son in equal shares. The son did not pay anything for the property. It was a gift to him and a gift tax was paid on it. The son was not at the ranch when he recorded the deeds. William Melby testified that he did not tell his parents to record the deeds. The deeds had been kept under the control of Mr. Melby in his desk. Mr. Melby also testified that he and his wife told Mr. It is contended by counsel for defendant, William Melby, that because of sections 73-201 and 73-202 the right of William Melby has not been affected by the sale.
Section 73-201, R.C.M. 1947, reads:
“Every conveyance of real property acknowledged or proved, and certified and recorded as prescribed by law, from the time it is filed with the county clerk for record, is constructive notice of the contents thereof to subsequent purchasers and mortgagees; and a certified copy of any such recorded conveyance may be recorded in any other county, and when so re*432corded the record thereof shall have the same force and effect as though it was of the original conveyance.”
Section 73-202, R.C.M. 1947, provides:
“Every conveyance of real property, other than a lease for a term not exceeding one year, is void against any subsequent purchaser or encumbrancer, including an assignee of a mortgage, lease, or other conditional estate, of the same property, or any part thereof, in good faith and for a valuable consideration, whose conveyance is first duly recorded.”
Where, as here, William Melby received the property as a gift from his father, it is doubtful whether he can be classed as a good-faith purchaser for a valuable consideration within the meaning of section 73-202, supra. Foster v. Winstanley, 39 Mont. 314, 102 Pac. 574. We pass that point without a ruling.
Likewise where the deed to defendant William Melby was held by his father, as here, it is also doubtful whether it was ever delivered to William Melby. Plaintiff contends that when William Melby stood by, knowing that negotiations were being carried on by his father to sell the land, he will be estopped because of his failure to record his conveyance from relying on it as against one who acted upon the nonexistence of the conveyance as shown by the record. He relies on Marling v. Nommensen, 127 Wis. 363, 106 N.W. 844, 845, 5 L.R.A., N.S., 412, 7 Ann. Cas. 364. The court in that case said:
“A moment’s reflection must convince one that a prior purchaser may, by failure to record his conveyance, certainly in connection with other facts and circumstances, become estopped to rely on it against one whom he has led to believe and act upon its nonexistence, although he should afterwards get his conveyance on record before the later one.” We point out that in the note in 7 Ann. Cas. 367, it is stated that that ease is not supported by the authorities in other jurisdictions. We took note of that point in Hastings v. Wise, 91 Mont. 430, 8 Pac. (2d) 636.
There is however a long line of cases holding in substance that if a person stands by and allows another to purchase his *433property without giving him any notice of his title, a court of equity will treat it as fraudulent for the owners to afterwards try to assert his title. The cases supporting that rule are listed in the note in 50 A.L.R. 673.
We recognized the above rule in Yellowstone National Bank v. McCullough, 51 Mont. 590, 154 Pac. 919, 923, where the court quoted with approval from Wendell’s Ex’rs v. Van Rensselaer, 1 John’s. Ch., N.Y., 344, as follows:
“ ‘There is no principle better established in this court, nor one founded on more solid considerations of equity and public utility, than that which declares that if one man knowingly, though he does it passively, by looking on, suffers another to purchase and expend money on land, under an erroneous opinion of title, without making known his claim, he shall not afterwards be permitted to exercise his legal right against such person. It would be an act of fraud and injustice, and his conscience is bound by this equitable estoppel’.”
The court in that case did not apply the rule because the deed involved had been placed of record and that was held to be all the notice required to be given by the grantee named in the deed.
If we assume that William Melby actually had an interest in this property before it was sold to plaintiff the evidence is sufficient to estop' him from now asserting it after he stood by knowing that his parents were about to sell it to plaintiff. Furthermore it is doubtful whether defendant William Melby ever acquired an interest in the property.
Here Mr. Melby, the father, conducted all the dealings with reference to the sale of the property. It was he who sought to make a gift of a third of the property to his son. He held the deed giving that interest to his son. He chose the time to place it of record. If he did any act making his gift ineffective he was to blame.
For him to negotiate a sale, through his agent Camell, with plaintiff who acted on the supposition that Mr. Melby and his wife were the sole owners as shown by the record, and *434then to come forward with a deed of a one-third interest to the son, after the sale was made, would be allowing him to perpetrate a fraud and accomplish a gift to the detriment of an innocent purchaser for value.
We see no difference between this case where the deed to the son was executed before the sale to plaintiff bnt not recorded and one where the deed was made afterwards. It would operate as a fraud in either case. In effect Mr. Melby is estopped from accomplishing a gift to his son after first completing a sale of the property.
The judgment should be modified in- accordance with the views stated in the opinion promulgated on July 16, 1958, as well as with the views herein stated.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON, and MR. JUSTICE CASTLES, concur.
| 1,010 |
verbczyovotrip04kadl_13 | Czech-PD | Open Culture | Public Domain | null | None | None | Czech | Spoken | 7,016 | 16,403 | Od vlastnictví bratří nedílných, čili, jak právní historikové uherští je nazývají, od condominia liší se t. zv. compossessorium, compossessoratus (kozbirtok), t. j. společné užívání jistých věcí a práv, jež tvořily někdy příslušenství nerozdělených statků, později však po rozejití se rodinného nedílu zůstaly v nerozdílném užívání soudílných bratří a jich právních nástupců, a sice na základě poměru (proporce) »sídel«, t. j. domovních pozemků (fundi intravillani, sessiones intravillanae). Při rozvázání rodinného nedílu bylo totiž snadno vlastní dvory šlechtické (corporales possessiones) rozděliti. S rozdělením příslušenství byly však jisté nesnáze. Některé věci, jako regální práva, nedaly se vůbec rozděliti (právo výčepní, mýtní, pře- vozní, tržní a j.;. Jiné věci, jako lesy a pastviny, mohly sice býti rozděleny, avšak užívání rozdělených částí bez újmy druhých bratří soudílných těžko se dalo provésti. Kdyby se na př. na souvislé, avšak rozdělené lesy a past- viny byl pustil dobytek nejbedlivěji hlídaný, nebylo možno vyhnouti se tomu, aby někdy nezaběhl přes meze na díl druhého bratra soudílného. K zamezení případných sporů zůstaly všechny tyto věci a práva i po rozdělení hlavních statků v nerozdílném užívání bývalých členů nedílu, avšak poměr užívání byl pevně stanoven, a to buď úmluvou nebo na- rovnáním (smírem) nebo soudním nálezem. Co se týče pastvin, stanoveno bylo, kolik kdo může dobytka svého nebo cizího na pastviny vyháněti ; práva regální dávala se do pachtu, a pachtovné dělilo se pak poměrně mezi účastníky, atd. ^) V Tripartitu není o kompossessorátu žádných usta- novení, a také zákony (sněmovní usnesení) neobsahují v té příčině žádných norem. Věc upravena byla normami obyčejovými. V literatuře pojednává •) Sr Pianům tabulare, str. 190 — 192. O tom, jak se dělí užívání pust (praedií), kde není žádného pozemku domovního, žádného »sídla«, srov. dec. 7. p. 192. : Ouando compossessores de proportione in praedio inducenda agunt, tunc tahs norma obser- vatur: fundi pro curiis, terris item arabilibus, pratis et vineis deservientes cuivis compossessori secundum competentiam ejusdem excinduntur, aedificia vero, et vineae, aliaque idgenus beneficia privatis partium sumptibus procurata, prioribus possessoribus in sortem ratae illorum relinquuntur, beneficium pascui sivé per propria, seu vero conductitia pecora juxta tamen elabcrandam quoad pecora numericam proportionem usuandum, pro communi relinquitur, residua demum tam interna, quam externa totius territorii beneficia inter compossessores a proportione competentiae ad justam mensuram reducuntur. 201 se o kompossessorátu pod záhlavím »de proportione communium bene- ficiorum.« Spor vzešlý z poměru kompossessorského nazýval se processus proportionalis. ^) Týž právní poměr jako kompossessorát zná i právo slovanských ná- rodů. Také členové zádruh a selských velkých rodin ruských ponechávají po rozchodu rodinného nedílu a rozdělení společného majetku některé věci v majetkovém společenství. ^) Kapitola pátá. Odevzdání vlastnictví. K převodu vlastnictví vyžadovalo se v právu uherskochorvatském skutečného odevzdání (traditio, az átadás) věci, a sice jak věci movité tak nemovité. Bez hmotného odevzdání nemohlo vlastnictví s jedné osoby na druhou býti převedeno. U šlechtických nemovitostí nazýval se akt, kterým někomu odevzdáváno bylo vlastnictví, resp. užívání věci — bylot; tradice třeba i k antichretickému zastavení nemovitostí — , uvedení v držbu, uvá- zání ^) (statutio, '^) iktatás, P. upeljanje, upeljivanje, W. Einweisung in die Gúter), u nemovitostí městských pak apprehensio, ingressio ^) (birtokba vétel, ingatlan vagyonba lépés). Uvedení v držbu spočívalo v tom, že novému vlastníkovi odevzdána byla veřejně od dvou úředních osob (od » člověka králova* nebo »palati- nova« a vyslaného člena věrohodného místa) za přítomnosti svolaných svědků a za šetření formálností v Oddíle II., kap. O statuci vypsaných nemovitost tím způsobem, že mu byla podána hrouda země na zna- mení, že na něho přechází vlastnictví celé nemovitosti. Toto hmotné odevzdání nemovitostí známo bylo právu národů germánských, román - 'i Huszty, u. ID., II. tit. LXVI., str. 266.-274.; Georch, u. m., II. str. 346.— 351. Kelemen, Inst. II., str. 432.-438.; Sziemenics, u. m., I. str. 413.— 417.; Domin pojed- nává o kompossessorátu (u. m. II. části I. odd. II., str. 106.— 112.) pod n. Od Zklad- nozti Vsivanya zkupneh Dobrochinztvih ; Frank, u. m., I. str. 246.-248.; Wenzei, A magyar és erdélyi magánjog rendszere, I, str. 601.; Putz, u. m, str. 105. ^) Sr. Rodinný nedíl, str. 28. a 65. ') Tímto názvem českého práva vystihuje se velmi dobře pojem zaujetí držby. Týž výraz jest v právu pols. (wwiazanie) a litevs. (yi!>i3aiibe y mit.Hbc) *) Trip. I. 32., 34. °) Trip. III. 14. a 16. — 111. 14 pr : Item, si coram praedictis judice ac juratis civibus fassio ratione rerum immobilium seu haeredilatum, puta domorum, ailodiorum, hortorum, piscinarum, aut vinearuiii facta fuerit: tunc requiritur, ut per emptorem ejusmodi rerum (ubi dominium illorum intrare, pro sciiue vendicare voluerit) fiat apprehensio sivé ingressio earundem coram duobus juratis civibus ad id deputatis. 202 ských ^) i slovanských. V listinách chorvatských uvádí se jménem intro- ductio (viz str. 10. a 1].), v zemích českých jest známo pod názvem uvázání, -) v právu ruském se nazývá 0TKa3i> a otbojt, ^), v právu polském intromissio, též introligatio (pols. intromissya, wwi^zanie). *) V právu uherskochorvatském bylo původně statuce potřebí při každém převodu vlastnictví, resp. užívání. Později však, jak svědčí literatura práva uherského, vyšla statuce z užívání a udržela se jen při statcích donačních. (Trip. I. 32.) Doklad toho, že se vyžadovalo statuce nejen při král. donacích, nýbrž i při převodu statků nedonačních ba i při pouhém převodu užívání ne- movitostí následkem smlouvy antichretické (běželo li o více než 50 zl.), podán jest v I. 63. § 1., jenž zní takto: Aliae vero omneš fassiones peren- nales, super quibuslibet bonis ac juribus possessionariis, inter alienos ac extraneos quocunque módo factae, imo etiam pignoris titulo, ultra summam quinquaginta florenorum celebratae et emanatae. infra integram unius anni revolutionem statutione legitima firmari solent atque debent. ^) K národům románským přešel způsob hmotného odevzdávání nemovitostí od Germanů. V právu národu západoevropských nazývá se akt ten investiturou, u Němců říkalo se Auflassung. K přechodu nemovitostí s jedné osoby na druhou vyžadovalo se původně dvou aktů oddělených: tradice ve vlastním slova smyslu isala. data, datio> traditio) a pak investitury (exfestucatio, warpitio, resignatio). Později oba akty sply- nuly v jeden. — Co se týče práva italského, popisuje Pertile (Storia del diritto italiano, 2. vyd., IV. sv., v Turině, 1893, str. 236 j investituru nové formy takto: »La presa del possesso si operava col metter piede sul fondo, percorrerlo tutťintorno, strappare rami dagli alberi, aprire e chiudere le porte delle čase, pigliarne le chiavi, levarne la paglia o le tegole del coperto, o con altri simili módi corrispondenti alla significanza dellatto.^ ") Uvázání (intromissio in bona, die Besitznahme) bylo buď svémocné zaujetí držby (u. mocí nebo uvedení v držbu cestou úřední (u. s komorníkem). Dělo se na základě dědického nápadu, zápisu neb práva odúmrtného. Všehrd praví (VII. 1., 1. a 2. i: Uvázánie jest zápisníka nebo nápadníka jednoho nebo několika v dědictvie zapisujícieho nebo zapisujících za jeho nebo za jich živnosti nebo po smrti jich s jedním komorníkem nebo bez komorníka vedle zápisu a desk zemských uvedenie A jest uvázánie dvoje: Jedno, kdež se kto bez komorníka mocí svú, druhé, když se kto s komorníkem uvazuje . .. Sr. též Brandl, Glossarium illustrans boh.-mor. hist. fontes (v Brně 1876j, slovo: Uvázání. ^) Z právních památek ruských XV. a XVI. stol. vidíme, že uvázání bylo sou- kromou záležitostí stran. V trhových a směnných listinách smlouvaly se o tom, kdo bude míti na starosti, aby proveden byl »otvod*. Při otvodu obcházeny byly meze, a bylo-li třeba, dělány byly příkopy a staveny mezníky. Otvod konán byl v přítomnosti sousedů, a sepisována byla o něm „otbojuha riiaMivrn-' Sr. Sergějevič, .Ickuíh n u3- caíjOBaniíE no jpeBHeň iicTopiii pycc. npaBa, 2. vyd. (Petrohrad, 1899 1, .str. 419. — Při uvá- dění v držbu t. zv. vysloužených votčin (Hca.iOEaHHbin BoTuimti) byl v užívání výraz oTKasi.. — Sr. Vladimirskij-Budanov, Oúsopi, ucTopiii pycc. npana, 3 vyd. iv Kyjevě, 1900), str. 577. *) Výslovný předpis o intromissi nalézá se v Exceptech Mazovských (Vol. Legum II 940). Konána byla od wožného (soudního zřízence téhož významu jako byli v právu českém komorníci) u přítomnosti dvou svědků šlechticů Svoláván býval celý zástup lidí, nový pán byl představován s poukazem, aby poslušnost prokazována byla nikoli dřívějšímu, nýbrž novému vlastníku Když wožny podal o provedené intromissi zprávu, byla zapisována do knih. — Sr. Burzyríski, Pravvo polskie prywatne, I. 463 , II. 511. 203 V citovaném paragrafu se praví, že statuce jest třeba při všech jiných perennálnich fassícJi (t. j. jiných než uzavřených mezi rodnými a soudíl- nými bratry, o nichž jest řeč v I. 63. pr. ^j Co se rozumí slovem fassio, vysvítá z něi<;oUka míst v Tripartitu. V I. 69. § 1 zahrnují se výrazem tím rozličné smlouvy: směnná, trhová, darovací a inskripční, v I. 62. § 2. a násl. nazývá se fassí soudní smír čili narovnání, v I. 63. § 4. užívá se o bratrské adopci výrazu fassio cum futura conditione, fassio conditionalis, v I. 58. rozumí se slovem fassio jednak (antichretickéi zastavení nemovitostí, jednak prodej nemovitostí, a podobně v I. 60. pr. (fassiones tam impignorafitio, quam etiam perpetuitatis jure et titulo factae) atd. Adjektivum perennalis uka- zuje, jaká fassio se myslí. Jeť to smlouva trhová, která se takto (anebo též fassio perpetuo facta I. 65. pr., f. perpetuitatis jure facta I. 60. pr.) nazývá (I. 63. § 1., 91. pr., 110, atd.) naproti smlouvě zástavní (fassio temporalis, I. 91. pr.). V XVII. stol. (1647 : 125) upuštěno od podmínky statuce při za- stavení nemovitostí. Co se týče fassí perennálnich, neděje se však nikde zmínka, že by i při nich statuce byla zrušena. Poněvadž pak v literatuře napořád ^) se uvádí, že statuce není třeba jinde než při donacích, zdá se, že asi od druhé polovice XVII. stol. upustilo se od statuce i v případě perennálnich fassí. Více o statuci níže při statcích donačních. Oddíl druhý. O souistavě donačrií. Kapitola šestá. Úvod. Nejdiiležitější a nejlépe zpracovanou částí Tripartita jest ona část, kde se pojednává o statcích donačních, t. j. oněch šlechtických nemovi- tostech, jež byly udělovány od panovníka osobám, které si získaly zvláštní zásluhy o něho samého nebo o stát. ') I. 63. pr. : Ttem, fassio perennalis inter fratres generationales et condivisio- nales, aut in praemissis, aut etiam aliis casibus, praetextu talium jurium possessiona- riorum, quae etiam alioquin in alterutrum essent devolvenda, coram quovis judice ordinario vel alio loco testimoniali et authentico facta, nec regio consensu nec etiam juridica statutione indiget. — Místo právě citované potvrzuje to, co shora na str. 182 bylo poznamenáno o právním ne.xu mezi nemovitostmi a členy rodu, kteří na nemovi tostech oněch buď jsou ještě usazeni, aneb jejichž předkové aspoň na nich sídlili. = ) Iluszty, u. m., II. tit. XXIV. str. 102. a 103.; Extr. St. Verbóczi. str. 48. Kelemen, Inst. II, sir. 142. a 143.; Domin, u. m. II., str. 93, a 94.; Szlemenics, u. m I., str. 259.; Markovics, u. m., str. 107. a j. Jediný Georch, u. m., íl. str. 88 (z po- zdější literatury) si všiml, že dříve i fasse perennální vyžadovaly k svému utvrzení fasse 204 Donationes regiae čili possessionariae collationes uvádějí se od Ver- bóczya jako jediný původní způsob, kterým nabýváno bylo šlechtických nemovitostí (t. zv. jura possessionaria čili possessiones). V I. 3. § 6. se praví: . . . omnis nobilitationis et ex consequenti possessionariae collationis, qua nobiles decorantur et ab ignobilibus segregantur, facultas plenariaque potestas in jurisditioncm sacrae coronae regni Jinjiis et per consequens in principem ac regem nostrum . . . translata est. Koruna uherská, pokud se týče její představitel, panovník uherský, prohlašují se od Verbóczya (I. 10. pr. a § 1., I. 13. pr., I. 64. a j.) za jediný pramen, z něhož pocházejí veškeré šlechtické nemovitosti. Proto také, když se šlechtické statky vymřením oprávněných dědiců uprázdní anebo pro pronevěru spáchanou na koruně nebo panovníkovi propadají, vracejí se opět na korunu. ^) Právo koruny, pokud se týče panovníka, na základě kterého donační statky byly udíleny, nazývá se v Trip. jtis regium (I. 24. § 10.)^) nebo jurisditio sacrae rcgni coj'onae, jurisditio sacrae cor. regni super juribus possessionariis in eam successorio módo jureque devolvendis, jurisd. s. cor. regni, quantum ad devolutionem et successionem bonorum ac jurium pos- sessionariorum (I. 13. §2., I. 64. a j.). Donatio královská definuje se v Trip. (I. 3. § 2.) takto: Don. est jurium possessionariorum in jurisditionem sacrae regni coronae legitime redactorum, perennalis per principem, ob servitia vel praeclaras virtutes, facta collatio. Proto se na několika místech Trip. užívá pro donaci král. i výrazu possessionaria collatio. Z definice tuto podané vidno, že uherské donační statky byly něco podobného jako výsluhy českého, polského a litevského práva, vysloužené votčiny^) (aca-TOBaHRtiíi BOT'niHLi) a poměstí (riOMÍCTba) práva ruského. Že ') I. 10. § 1.: Omnia enim bona et jura eorum (dominorum, baronům . . .) pos- sessionaria, ab ipsa sacra regni Hungariae corona, virtute translationis praenotatae, originaliter dependent, et ad eandcm semper respiciunt devolvunturque, eorum pos- sessore legitimo deficiente. -) Jus regium v širším slova smyslu, neboť v užším slova smyslu znamená výraz ten něco jiného (viz níže). ^) Slovo -ivotčinwí odpovídá čes. » dědina*. Nazývaly se tak nemovitosti, jež přešly na někoho po předcích a náležely mu právem vlastnickým. Vysloužené votčiny udělovány byly od panovníka s právem podobným právu vlastnickému, nikoli však plnému. FomésH byla rovněž jakýmsi druhem výsluh, avšak poměščik byl původně jen jejich podmínečným držitelem, kdežto vlastníkem byl panovník. Poměstí mohl poměščik užívati jen, dokud konal službu. Znenáhla sbližovala se však poměstí s votčinami, až konečně rozdíl mezi nimi a votčinami v XVIII. stol nadobro zmizel. — Sr. Vladimirskij- Budanov, Oósopt iicTopiii pyce. npaBa, 3. vyd. (Kyjev, 1900), str. 577. a násl. ; Sergějevič, u. m., str. 406. a násl., 416. a 417. — Výsluhy polské nazývá Dutkiewicz i Program do egzaminu z historyi praw, które w Polsce przed wprowadzeniem kodexu Napoleona obowiazywaly, Varšava, 1863., str. 38.) a po něm Burzyňski (Pravvo polskie prywatne, v Krakově 1867, I. str. 442.) wieczysto-lenne dobra, resp. dobra lenne (Dutkiewicz, u. m., str. 80.). Také výsluhy polské podobně jako uherské udíleny byly obyčejně jen pro potomky mužské, a nebylo-li jich, vracely se na krále. Beze svolení králova ne 205 ostatně i v Uhrách známy byly donační statky pod názvem »výsluhy«, o tom svědčí slovo »servitia« v I. 29. § 9., kde má týž význam. Velice se blížily uherské donační statky jak českým a polským vý- sluhám, tak ruským vyslouženým votčinám (ač svým dědickým řádem a donačními tituly nijak se nedají s nimi srovnati). Nebylyť udělovány ani právem lenním ani plným (neobmezeným) právem vlastnickým. Nebylo sice zvykem, aby donační statky dědily i ženské (poněvadž nekonaly vojenskou ani civilní státní službu), následkem čehož kruh oprávněných dědiců k statkům donačním byl obmezen, avšak přes to zůstávaly donační statky po několik generací v rodině donatářově. Dědický řád stanoven býval v textu donační listiny. Neprávem pojednává tudíž Schuler v. Libloy ve své Siebenbůrg. Rechtsgeschichte (II. str. 41. a násl.) o královských donacích pod záhlavím Das ungar. Lehnswesen. Neznaloť uherské právo žádných manských po- měrů vyjímajíc statky praedialistů (šlechticů církve). V Tripartitu shledáváme se již s úplným rozvojem donační soustavy. Praxí pevně již jest stanoveno, ve kterých případech se vracejí uprázdněné a propadlé šlechtické statky na královskou korunu, od níž vyšly. Jsou za- vedeny tituly, na jejichž základě smí král ujmouti šlechtické statky pro fiskus (tituly devoluční), a mimo to tituly, na základě kterých možno se ucházeti o král. donace (tituly impetrační). Praxí (právem obyčejovým) upraven jest také formální postup, jehož nutno šetřiti při ucházení se o vý- sluhy. Rovněž tak praxí ustálena jest dědická posloupnost v příčině statků donačních. Zkrátka praxe (právo obyčejové) jest základem, na němž jest zbudována veškera donační soustava. Jest otázka, jakým způsobem se dotčená praxe vyvinula, a v které době sluší hledati její počátek. Verbóczy podává na to jasnou odpověď v I., 64., §1.1) mohly býti ani rozděleny, ani zcizeny. — V právu iitevském mají výsluhy týž název jako v českém: Bticiyrii, jaHimti (dání, t. j. královská; srov. na př. Všehrd I. 3., 18.: Ještě každé dánie královské dává se bez pohoršenie práva každého jiného). ') Zmíněné místo zní: Quae quidem jurisditio sacrae coronae regni, quantum ad devolutionem et successionem bonorum ac jurium possessionariorum, isto, quo nunc utimur módo, a tempore regiminis seu imperii . . . Ludovici regis, ab anno .scilicet Dominicae Incarnationis trecentesimo quinquagesimo primo supra miiltsimum originem sumens, cunctorum regum, successorum scilicet suorum temporibus, usque módo inviolabiliter et inconcusse servata atque ratificata, super universorum dominorum, baronům et magnátům ac nobilium, procerumque regni bonis et juribus posseshionariis (qui utpote in semine et haeredibus deíiciunt, vel in unicam ac singulárem personam deveniunt, sicque defectui seminis approximabunt) jegitimae successionis virtutem semper habet. A dále se pokračuje: § 2. Ante enim ejus principis tempora quilibet baro, magnas, nobilisque et possessionatus homo, super juribus suis possessionariis (si etiam haere- dibus defecisset) prout voluit, sine omni consensu regio, liberam disponendi habuit facultatem. § 3. Et in eo solummodo času, si haeredibus et omnibus propinquis destitutus ac intestatus quispiam illorum decessisset, jurisditio praenotata locum habuisse dignoscitur. 206 Základ k donační soustavě položil dle Verbóczya král Ludvík I., a sice v konfirmaci zlaté bully Ondřeje II. r. 1351. Až do krále Ludvíka mohl každý šlechtic, který neměl mužských dědiců, disponovati svým jměním jednáními mezi živými i činiti o něm závěť. Článek 4. zlaté bully poskytoval mu k tomu právo. ^) Ludvík potvrdil sice r. 1351 ustanovení zlaté bully, avšak právě tento 4. či zlaté bully zrušil. ^) Novotou Ludví- kovou ^) nastaly v uherském právu veliké změny, a sice jednak na pro- spěch dílných příbuzných, jednak na prospěch královského fisku. Dle zlaté bully Ondřejovy dědili dílní příbuzní po tom, kdo nezanechal žádných mužských potomků (— dcerám dostávalo se z pozůstalosti pouze jedné čtvrtiny — ), jen když nebylo žádné závěti. Testamentní právo dědické předcházelo tudíž před posloupností ze zákona. Vedle toho mohl ovšem testator, který neměl mužských potomků, disponovati svým jměním i jed- náními mezi živými. Toto volné disposiční právo svým majetkem odňal šlechticům, nemajícím mužských potomků, král Ludvík a ustanovil, že statky jejich přecházeti budou na dílné příbuzné, a kdyby jich nebylo, arci na fiskus. Změna Ludvíkova prospěla sice především příbuzným zůstavitelovým, avšak v druhé řadě i fisku. Tím, že odňato bylo dotčeným šlechticům volné disposiční právo o jejich statcích, množily se případy odúmrtí, jež připadaly koruně. Odúmrti nezůstávaly v rukou panovníkových, nýbrž zadávány byly zasloužilým šlechticům jako výsluhy. Donační listiny které o udělování fiskálních statků byly sepisovány, zhotovovány byly ve formě královských výsad (privilegií). Král v nich prohlašoval, že přihlížeje k zásluhám, jež si impetrant o něho nebo stát získal, uděluje mu i jeho- dědicům (mužským) nebo potomkům vůbec (tedy i ženským) tu a tu šlech- tickou nemovitost se vším příslušenstvím. Vycházejíce z královské kanceláře, donační listiny sepisovány byly na základě stejných právních zásad ve stejné právní formě. Hromadíce se, tvořily nové obyčejové právo, novou praxi, jejímž zdrojem byla panovníkova vůle. Za Verbóczya bylo dotčené obyčejové právo dlouho již v platnosti a dostoupilo plného rozvoje. Ne- bylo nic jiného třeba, než zásady, na jichž základě donační statky byly ') Dotčený či. 4. zlaté bully zní: Si quis serviens (= šlechtic) sine lilio decesserit, quartam partem possessionis filia obtineat; de residuo, .sicut ipse voluerit, disponat.. Et si mořte praeventus, disponere non poterit ; propinqui sui, qui eum magis contingunt, obtineant; et si nullam penitus generationem habuerit, rex obtinebit. -) Confirm. decr. Andreae II. facta anno 1351, § 11.: Excepto solummodo juio articulo praenotato, de eodem privilegio excluso, eo videlicet : Quod nobiles homines, sine haerede decedentes, possint et queant ecclesiis, vel aliis, quibus volunt, in vita vel in mořte dare et legare, possessiones eorum vendere vel aiienare. Imo ad ista facienda nullam penitus habcant facultatem, sed inter fratres proximos, et in gene- rationes eorundem, ipsorum possessiones de jure et legiíime, pure et simpliciter. absque contradictione aliquali devolvantur. ') Dle Wenzela, Az 1848 elótti magyar magánjog, str. 273., sluší hledati původ donační soustavy již ve výsadách Arpádovcii. Anjouovci, Zikmund a Matěj soustavu tu pak plně rozvili. 207 udělovány, podle textu donačních listin a podle praxe tehdy již ustálené sepsati a uvésti v soustavu. To se Verbóczyovi plnou měrou podařilo. Donační soustava udržela se v Uhrách v platnosti po celé půltisíciletí (od r. 1351 ^) do 1853) a stala se nejdůležitější částí veškerého soukro- mého práva uherskochorvatského. Kapitola sedmá. O pojmu a náležitostech donací a právech spojených s donačními statky. Donace královská (donatio Regia, királyi adomány) jest výsada (privi- legium), v níž legitimní panovník uděluje způsobilé osobě vlastnickým právem šlechtickou nemovitost, jež na korunu již spadla, nebo teprve spadne.^) Donace udíleny byly »jure privilegiali^-í, a proto musely míti všechny náležitostí (solennity) privilegii. Co se týče věcných (vnitřních) solennit, vyžadovalo se, aby donaci sloužila za základ veritas interna (aby akt vypsán byl dle pravdy) i externa (aby vycházel skutečně od panovníka, jehož jménem se vydává), aby donace neodporovala zákonům ani nabytým právům jiných osob, aby jasné a zřetelně označovala obdarované osoby i donační statky. Vnějšími solennitami rozuměla se forma a stilus privi- legia, jako slavnostní stilisace, datování, spečetění výsady a p. Nedovolovalo se zejména i škrtání, opravování, rasury v podstatných slovech listiny atd.^) Vedle těchto všeobecných náležitostí všech privilegií vyžadovalo se, aby donační listiny obsahovaly jisté klausule předepsané zákonem, resp. zavedené obyčejem. Byla to: ') Zárodek donační soustavy lze hledati již v donačních listinách posledních Arpádovců. Donace královské z dob starších neliší se ničím od donací soukromých osob, a zejména není v nich ani stopy po oněch zásadách, jimiž se vyznačuje donační soustava tak, jak nám ji vylíčil Verbóczy. Za prvých Arpádovců poskytovaly donační statky právo stejné obsáhlé jako statky nedonační, jichž bylo nabyto prvotní okkupací země (t. zv. szállásbirtok). Během času počaly však donační statky nabývati znenáhla odchylné povahy od statků nedonačních. Králové činí rozdíl mezi statky nedonačními a donačními, prohlašujíce v darovacích listech, že jistou půdu nedávají na způsob donace, nýbrž na způsob statku nedonačního (in descensum haereditarium, jako szál- lásbirtok), a s druhé strany opět rozeznávají své donace od donací dřívějších králů, zvláště sv. Štěpána. (Kol. II. 20.) Zkrátka historická data svědčí o tom, že mezi statky donačními a nedonačními povstal během doby rozdíl. Statky donační dostaly se da větší závislosti na králi než statky nedonační. — Kosutány, u. m., str, 246. *) Kelemen, Inst. lí., str. 95. ') Kelemen, Inst. I., str. 107 109. 208 a) clausula salvificatoria : salvo jure alieno (I. 29., II. 9. § 2.) t. j. bez újmy cizích práv. Doložka tato rozuměla se ostatně sama sebou i ten- kráte, byla-li nedopatřením vynechána, poněvadž král nemohl vydávati privilegia, aby porušoval cizí právo ; ó) klausule podobné povahy jako uvedená pod a): si ad aliquam arcem nosíram regiam vel ecciesiam dei non pertineat; c) clausula justificatoria: praemissis sic, ut refertur, stantibus et se habentibus (I. 26. § 4., 27. § 9., II. 12. \ Doložka tato opírá se o zmíněný požadavek vnitřní pravdy při všech privilejích. Předpokládá se totiž, že panovník chce uděliti donaci jen, když, prosba impetrantova se zakládá na pravdě, a když vyprošený statek spadl na korunu z titulu, na nějž se výprosník odvolává; d) cl. jurium declarativa: dono tibi tuisque haeredibus ac poslerita- tibus, při čemž se činí neb nečiní zmínka o obem pohlaví. Klausule dotčená mohla zníti též: legatariis item et cessionariis. Dle toho rozeznávaly se, tyto klausule : u) haeredibus et posteritatibus ^) utriusque sexus ; tu dědili mužští i ženské; (i) haeredibus et poster., solum mascul. ; ženské nedědily ; yj haeredibus et poster., primům quidem masculis, dein etiam foeminis; dle klausule této nastupovaly ženské teprve po vymření mužských (dec. 14., P. 81.); ó) haeredibus et poster, primům quidem masculis, dein etiam foem. ad summam 20 mille (dec. 11., p. 57.). V případě tomto po vymření mužských byl fiskus král. povinen vyplatiti ženským sumu uvedenou v donaci, jinak nebyly povinny statek opustiti; e) haeredibus et poster., legatariis item et cessionariis. Dle doložky této nastupovaly ženské teprve po vymření mužských, a neměl-li donatář dětí vůbec, mohl donační statek zůstaviti komukoli cizímu (dec. 8., p. 56 ) ^) Pouhá klausule: haeredibus et posteritatibus bez bližšího označení pohlaví znamenala, že statky donační uděleny jsou jen mužským, nikoli ') Ačkoli slovem posteritates rozuměli se často dědicové obého pohlaví, činěn býval mnolidy přece rozdíl mezi haeredes (mužskN-mi potomky, »dědici« v užším slova smyslu) a posteritates (ženskými potomky, čili »potomky< v užším slova smyslu). Sr. I. 17. §§ 1. a 2. (Viz str. 147.) -) Dec. 8. p. 56.: Licet ex praxi curiali clausula illa: haeredibus et posterita- tibus absque adjectione utriusque sexus privilegiis inserta, sexům dumtaxat mascuhnum denotet, si attamen privilegium curn hac clausula: haeredibus, successoribus, posterita- tibus, legatariis item et cessionariis expediatur, et subsequenter donatarius in sexu masculino deficiat, lisco regio ex talismodi defectu non enascitur actio; eo ipso enim, quod occasione praedeclaratae collationis princeps annuerit, ut bonům collatum ad quosvis legatarios et cessionarios donatarii devolvi possit, multo magis annuisse vi- detur, ut devolvatur in filias ejusdem, et alioquin rationabiliter praesumi debet, patrem cum exclusione filiarum immediate ex lumbis suis descendentium bona sua tertio cuipiam cedere aut legare noluisse. 209 i Ženským (I. 48. § 3.). Ženské nastupovaly, jen když v darovacím listu učiněna byla výslovná zmínka o obem pohlaví. I když byla v donaci nedopatřením vynechána doložka haeredibus et posteritatibus, přecházely donační statky vždycky na mužské. Neboť 1. synové donatářovi, ať se děje v donaci zmínka o dědicích čili nic, nazývají se vůbec »dědici« (I. 4. § 1.); 2. fiskus může děditi jen při vymření rodu nebo při zločinu pro- nevěry.^) Doložky neobvyklé zákonem se zapovídaly, nečinily však donaci ne- platnou, nýbrž samy byly neplatné (1608 : 9. a. c, 1647 : 122., 1655 : 78.). Taková byla zvláště doložka »de manibus regiis*, byla-li vylouděna (1351 : 14., 1486 : 23., 1492 : 60., 61.). V listině měl býti dále označen tittilus, ze kterého donační statky se udílejí. Donační listiny vydávány byly z uherské dvorské kanceláře (1608 : 9.). Předmětem král. donací jsou jen šlechtické nemovitosti (jura possessio- naria), a sice takové, které na korunu již spadly anebo teprve spadnou. Předmětem donace nemohou býti statky korunní (bona coronalia), jejichž důchody jsou určeny ke hrazení panovníkových potřeb (1514 : 2., 3., 1608 : 22. ante cor.), ani statky církevní (I. 10., 1567 : 31. § 9.). Královské donace udíleti může jen legitimni panovník. Nezákonné jsou tudíž donace, jež pocházejí od krále nekorunovaného (II. 14.). Donatář musí býti způsobilý k nabytí donace. Donace obdržeti nemohou : a) cizinci (1439 : 16., 1492 : 9., 1498 : 26, 1599 : 31. a j.) ; b) notáři kapitul, klášterů a jiných jurisdikcí, sekretáři, zmocněnci, prokurátoři soukromých osob, poručníci, opatrovníci a vůbec všichni ti, kdož četli žádosti uchazečů o donace nebo listy svých zmocnitelů a klientů a z nich mohli seznati právní jejich vady (1609 : 36. post cor., 1655 : 24., 32.); c) svobodná a král. města (1542 : 33., 1608 : 6. § 5. ante cor., 1638 : 35. § 3.); d) praelati a náboženské řády (1498 : 55., 1647 : 17., 1715 : 16.)"); e) ti, kdož byli infamia aíTecti (II. 30.). Nebylo však potřebí, aby šlechtické statky uděleny byly šlechticovi. Stačilo, když donatář byl člověkem svobodným (ignobilis liberae migra- tionis). Bylyť donace královské jedním ze způsobů, kterými se nabývalo šlechtictví (I. 4. pr.). Lidé stavu selského (ignobiles colonicalis conditionis) mohli býti nobilitováni, jenž když k tomu svolila jejich vrchnost (1630 : 30.). *) Domin, Navuchanye, II., str. 51. a 52. — Kelemen Inst. II., str. 99. a 100.; Frank Principia, I., str. 159. a 160.; Markovics, Epitome str. 101. ^) »Ouia non emoriuntur, ut bona ad fiscum regium redirent, possentque bene meriti patriae filii justa praemia obtinere*, poznamenává Georch u. m., II. str. 28. Ani statky odkázané církvi od osob soukromých nesměly bez královské dispensace býti přijímány (1715: 16., posl. par). Domin z toho však usuzuje, že není příčiny, proč by se církvi nemohly udíleti donace. Navuchanye, II. str. 48. 14 210 Statky donační udílejí se královskou áomcijure perpeiuo, t.j. právem vlastnickým, právem perennálním, nikoli jen na doživotí donatářovo, nýbrž i pro jeho dědice. Na základě donace má donatář zejména tato práva: 1. jus impetrata bona possidendi et illegitime amissa vindicandi. Ani sám král nemůže řádnou donaci bez důvodu odvolati ^) ; 2. jus bona ad legitimos haeredes simpliciter (=; absque omni juris solennitate) transmittendi (I. 17. a násL). Výrazem legitimi haeredes roz- umějí se tu všichni ti, kteří jsou zahrnuti v donační formuli. Z pravidla jsou to mužští potomci impetrantovi, řidčeji potomci obého pohlaví, zcela výjimečně legatáři nebo cessionáři jeho ; 3. jus utendi fruendi (I. 9. § 5., I. 67. pr.), a sice v širokém objemu (jus tam in fructibus percipiendis, quam etiam servitiis per colonos exhi- bcndis) ; 4. jurisdictio dominalis (III. 25., 26.); 5. jus meliorandi, aedificia struendi, aliasque sic dictas investitiones faciendi, atque de iis in casum etiam defectus seminis valide disponendi (dec. 12., de act. fisci r.) ; 6. jus bona impignorandi, et in quantum familiae jura non obstant, perennaliter etiam alienandi (I. 5., 43., 57., 60., 65. a j.).") Ad 2. sluší poznamenati: V donační listině stanovil sice král i^-ád dědické posloupnosti (dle něhož dědili buď jen synové, nebo obé pohlaví, nebo dle něhož po vymření mužských přecházely statky na pohlaví ženské atd.), avšak přes to mohl prvý nabyvatel donačních statků (jakožto statků nově nabytých, kterými možno volně disponovatij řád ten pozměniti. Statky udělené jen pro pohlaví mužské mohl učiniti přístupnými i pohlaví ženskému a naopak statky darované pro obé pohlaví mohl vyhraditi jen pohlaví mužskému (I. 5. a 57.). Ba co více, donatář mohl nejen jednomu synu více, druhému pak méně ze statků svých zůstaviti, nýbrž mohl jej dle po- zdější praxe král. kurie vůbec z dědictví vyloučiti, ačkoli otec synu a na- opak syn otci podle » přirozeného práva* (I. 53. § 10.) mimo případy dělení z donucení (I. 52., 53., 54.) byl povinen nabývati. Dotčené změny v dědickém řádě mohl však donatář učiniti jen bez újmy práva fisku (1715 : 26.). Rozšířil-li tudíž v příčině statků nabytých jen pro pohlaví *) I. 37. § 9. : Princeps enim ipse donationi suae semel factae, per se vel per alium, de jure nequit iterum refragari. Dummodo sit hoc verum, quod aut impetrator ipse, aut progenitores ejus in reali ac pacifico dominio (hoc est non absoluta potentia, vel non occupatione temeraria sibi usurpato) juris ejusdem possessionarii fuere. Nam si alias fraudulenter et inique bonorum impetratio praemisso titulo fieret, puta: dicendo quis- piam vilIam, aut possessionem unam suam esse, et se in dominio ejusdem jam dudum perstitisse, cum tamen possessio illa non sua, sed regiae Majestatis ad aliquod castrorum suorum regalium, de jure et ab antiquo pertinens fuisset: tunc in táli et aliis simi- libus casibus, ipsa donatio non válet; imo impetrator ille, tanquam falsarius et mendax, propterea acriter est puniendus. ^) Frank, Principia juris civilis Hung., I., str. 158. 211 mužské řád dědické posloupnosti na obé pohlaví, platilo ustanovení to jen do vymření pohlaví mužského, v kterémžto případě připadaly donační statky opět králi (D. 36., p. 144.).^) Právo měniti řád dědické posloupnosti náleželo jen prvému naby- vateli donačních statků. Právní jeho nástupcové práva toho již neměli. Stávalyť se v jejich rukou statky donační majetkem dědovským, s nímž disposice byla obmezena. Právem užívacím a požívacím (srov. č. 3. shora) rozumělo se nejen obyčejné užívání statkíi, nýbrž i vykonávání t. zv. menších práv rcgálních (jura regalia minora čili beneficia [jura] curialia, jura dominalia, a királyi kisebb haszonvételek, D. pravice kraljevske menjše, mindere Regalien ; viz str. 121. a 161.). Práva ta nazývala se regálními (t. j. královskými) proto, že náležela původně jen králi; bývala však od něho postupována impe- trantůrri šlechtických statků, ač byla též předmětem speciálních donací.-) K menším regáliím náležela tato práva: právo tržní (jus fori et nundinarum, a vásártartás jóga, D. pravica senjemska, das Marktrecht), právo mlýnské (jus molae, a malomtartás jóga, D. pravica melinska, das INIiihlenrecht), právo mýtní a převážní (jus telonii et nauli, a vám- és révjog, D. malta i brodovina, das Mautrecht), právo výčepní (jus educilli, az italmérési és korcsmálási jog, D. pravica krčmarenja, Schankgerechtigkeit), právo sekáni masa (jus macelli, a húsvágási jog, D. mesarenje, Fleischbankgerechtigkeit). Tato práva jsou dvojího druhu : některá z nich náležejí každému vlastní- kovi šlechtického statku (donatář tedy speciálně o ně nežádá), ostatní však zakládají se jen na král. privilegiu, tak že ten, kdo výsady královské neobdržel, práv těch užívati nemůže. K oněm (a foldesúri haszonvételek) náležejí: právo mlýnské, výčepní a sekání masa, k těmto (a kiváltságos haszonvé- telek) právo tržní, mýtní a převozní. Právo výčepní spočívalo v tom, že osoba oprávněná mohla po živno- stensku prodávati v drobném opojné nápoje (víno, pivo, kořalku, tedy nikoli mléko, obyčejnou vodu, kyselku a nápoje léčivé, jež mohly býti prodávány i od toho, kdo neměl výčepního práva). ') Georch, u. m. II., str. 34. a 35. ; Domin, Navuchanye, II., str. 49. a 50. — D. 36., p. 144. : Si primus acquisitor bona quaepiam ad sexům dumtaxat masculinum impetret, postea vero eadem bona testamente mediante inter proles suas utriusque sexus aequa- liter dividenda ordinet, talis dispositio eousque donec defectus sexus mascuiini ena- scatur, taiiterque successio fisci regii emergat, subsistit; tum quod primus acquisitor indultu titulorum 5. et 57 Imae. inter successores suos de propriis acquisitis liberam disponendi facultatem habeat, tum vero quod fisco regio eousque donec ilii per de- fectum sexus mascuiini successio enascatur, perinde sit, sivé bona impetrata uterque sexus donatarii, seu vero solus sexus masculinus possideat. 'j Sr. Kosutány, u. m., str. 247.: Ezen jogok kulónben kiilón adományozás tár- gyai is voltak, mi azt bizonyitja, hogy azok a nemesi birtok elvézetével nem voltak szúkségképeni osszefúggésben, s a jura regalia eredeti értelme az, hogy e jogok eleinte az egész országra nezve a királyt illették, s csak késóbben szokás utján váltak a ne- mesi birtokhoz tartozó jogokká. 14* 212 Kurialisté, t. j. ti, kteří měli pouze šlechtický dvůr (a žádné sedláky)^ mohli práva výčepního nabyti pouze zvláštním privilejem (1598 : 35.). Pivo vařiti mohli však volně. Výjimečně bylo i sedlákům dovoleno v jisté roční době čepovati víno. Platila v té příčině tato pravidla: Tam, kde sedláci víno sami ve svých vinicích (in domesticis promontoriis, t. j. na vinohradech, in vitiferis col- libus, nikoli ve vinných zahradách) pěstovali, mohli vykonávati výčepní právo v době od sv. Michala až do sv. Jiří. Kde však neměli vlastních vinohradů, mohli prodávati víno (v malém) jen od sv. Michala do Vánoc. Vrchnost pozemková mohla výčepní právo vykonávati ovšem po celý rok (1550 : 36.). Pivo však ani kořalku nesměli sedláci čepovati a také ne vařiti. Právo výčepní vykonávali šlechtici dvojím způsobem : 1. měli své hospodské nebo na místě hospodských sedláky. Sedlák- hostinský byl osvobozen od roboty a z každého prodaného vědra dostával 4 denáry (1550 : 36. § 6.); 2. mohli krčmu svou propachtovati, avšak spoludržitelé (composses- sores) nebo sousedé (šlechtici) měli k pachtu právo přednosti. Proto měl jim pacht soudně býti nabídnut (1655 : 31. § 3.). Právo sekání masa spočívalo v tom, že vrchnosti mohly po živno- stensku v drobném prodávati za limitované ceny syrové maso domácích čtyřnohých zvířat a mimo to i příslušenství masa, jako sádlo, slaninu, lůj a p. Kurialista mohl práva toho nabyti zvláštní výsadou. V Tripartitu se z práv těchto děje výslovně zmínka jen o právu mlýnském (I. 24. § 8.), ačkoli menší regální práva již tenkráte existovala a zahrnuta jsou u Verbóczya v pojmu ^příslušenství* (pertinentiae, cf. » omneš utili- tates ac proventus*, I. 24. § 8.) Za to zmiňuje se Tripartitum (II. 9., 10., 12.) o regáliích, jež udělo- vána byla jen zvláštní výsadou: o právu tržním, mýtním a převozním.') Naproti těmto právům spojena byla s kollací šlechtických statků jistá břemena^ jež nésti musel donatář a jeho právní nástupcové, ba i sám fiskus ve prospěch ženských členů rodiny. Na statcích donačních vázlo: 1. jus viduale (právo vdovské), jus capillare (právo dívčí), jus dotis legalis (právo k zákonnému obvěnění). Práva tato lpěla nejen na statcích donačních, nýbrž i na těch, jichž bylo nabyto jiným způsobem než donací, avšak jen pro pohlaví mužské; ') Poměry týkající se práv regálních upravovány byly hlavně teprve po Verbo- czyovi, a sice jednak obyčejem, jednak normami psanými. Později sebrány byly před- pisy ty v urbářích. — Ve starší literatuře počítá se k menším regáliím nesprávně též poddanský devátek (nona) a církevní desátek (decima). — Sr. o menších právech re- gálních: Georch, u. m., II., str. 188.— 205.; Kelemen, u. m., 11., str. 244. — 271.; Szlemenics, u. m., I., str. 378. -391. ; Markovics, u. m., str. 133.— 141. ; Jung, u. m., I., str. 205. — 211., 215.-218.; Frank, Principia, I., str. 234.-243. (v kap. De quibusdam dominalibus et privilegialibus juribus); Wenzel, A magyar és erdélyi magánjog rendszere, I. str. 579. a nás).; Putz, u. m., str. 176.-184.; Wenczel, A magyar magánjog, str. 40.— 83. 213 2. JLis quartalitii (právo čtvrtinné), jež bylo zvláštností pouze soustavy donační. Na základě všech tuto pod 1. a 2. vyjmenovaných práv mohli držitelé šlechtických statků zůstati v držení dotud, dokud nebyli od král. fisku vyplaceni. Více o právech těch níže. Z břemen veřejných na statcích donačních nevázla jiná břemena než vojenská povinnost. Bylyť statky šlechtické (I. 9., § 5.) osvobozeny ode všech daní, dávek, poplatků a třicátků. Vedle donací královských byly ještě donace palatinské a donace praelatské. Donace palatinské nazývají se od toho, že je vydával místo krále palatin, a sice mocí svého palatinského úřadu jakožto králův náměstek. Původ vzaly r. 1446, kdy stavové, zvolivše Jana Hunyadi za správce krá- lovství, usnesli se (v § 5.) takto: »Universae literae donationum, ipsius gubernationis officio durante, ad numerům triginta duorum sessionum colo- nicarum observantur.« A dále (v §6.): »Donationes autem et aliae literae coníirmatoriae vel consensus, ultra eum numerům colonorum factae, non valent . . . .« Dotčená moc palatinova, pokud se týče, nebyl-li palatin ustanoven, moc královského místodržitele udíleti donace až do 32 selských usedlostí uznána byla později opětovně (1567:26., 1609:66., 1659:30., 1715:33.). Donace palatinská byla tudíž neplatná, přesahovala-li počet 32 selských usedlostí. Dále se nedovolovalo, aby větší předmět, jako město nebo městečko, bylo rozděleno na několik částí, které by byly uděleny ně- kolika donatářům (1446: § 8., 1715: 33. pr.), z čehož vysvítá, že větší před- měty donační vyhrazeny byly jen donacím královským. Jedné a téže osobě mohl palatin uděliti donaci pouze jednou. (1446: § 9.). Statky, které koruně již de facto připadly, nebo v příčině kterých koruna již pojala úmysl darovati je nebo učinila již nějakou dis- posici (na př. » zápis* , inskripci), nemohly od palatina býti udíleny (1567: 26. § 4., 1723: 4.). O donaci palatinské měla býti podána zpráva nejdéle do roka královské komoře prostřednictvím uherské dvorské kan- celáře, a sice buď od palatina samého neb od donatáře. Dle 1715; 33. měla zpráva ta podána býti pod neplatností donace, dle 1741 : 20. následek ten sice odpadl, avšak k zamezení zmatků přece ustanoveno, aby podání zmí- něné zprávy nebylo opomenuto. Nešlechticům nemohl palatin udíleti donace, poněvadž udělení šlech- tických statků má za účinek nabytí šlechtictví, a šlechtictví směl udíleti jen král řádné korunovaný (I. : 3.). Mimo to směl palatin udíleti jen donace prosté (donationes purae, az meró adományok), t. j. takové, při nichž donatář nemusel položiti jistou sumu peněz. Bylyť vedle prostých donací ještě donace smíšené (do- nationes mixtae, az vegyes adományok), které byly udíleny dílem za zá- sluhy osoby obdařené, dílem za peníze (I.: 13. §§ 2. a 3.).^) Při donacích ') Kelemen, Inst. II. str. 137. a 138.; Extr. St. Verbóczi, str. 25. a 26. 214 smíšených spojeno bylo darování se smlouvou trhovou. Donatář a jeho potomci nabyli smíšenou donací nejen vlastnického, nýbrž i zástavního práva k dotyčné nemovitosti, t. j. zaniklo-li vlastnické právo k donačním statkům ex defectu seminis, mohly ženské žádati od íisku, pokud se týče od nového impetranta, aby jim vyplacena byla suma, kterou položil jejich předek při udělení donace. Dokud jim nebyla ona suma vyplacena, měly k těm statkům zástavní právo (antichretické) a nebyly povinny je opustiti. (I. 21.) Donace praelatské udělovali praelati, kterým z nich právo to zů- stalo vyhrazeno. Sr., co uvedeno na str. 59. o praedialistech. Donace dělily se dále na takové, jimiž se udělovaly statky přímo z rukou královských (donationes de manibus regiis čili perfectae, királyi kézból tortént adományok) a pak na takové, jež udělovaly statky nalézající se v rukou jiných osob (donationes de manibus alienis, d. litigiosae čili controversae, pereš adományok). Při donacích z rukou královských nabýval donatář nejen práva vlastnického, nýbrž i držby a užívání statků donačních. Byly to statky, jež fisku nejen de jure při- padly, nýbrž od něho také de facto byly zaujaty. Naproti tomu při do- nacích sporných bylo třeba, aby impetrant o statky, jež připadly sice íisku de jure, jichž však de facto neměl v držení, vedl spor s držitelem. Ve sporu musel se donatář opírati o titulus, z něhož mu donace udělena. Bylo proto důležito, aby v donacích uveden byl titul, o nějž by donatář opíral své právo. Ze spory o donační statky nebyly vzácné, rozumí se samo sebou. Někdy poslední vlastník statků, které po jeho smrti připadly na korunu ex defectu (t. j. proto, že vlastník neměl oprávněných dědiců), zastavil část statků donačních, a po jeho smrti nalézala se tudíž tato část v cizích rukou. Jindy zase po smrti posledního vlastníka-deficienta zabral někdo pozůstalost. Domin ^) uvádí názorný příklad takové sporné donace. Jistý hrad obdržel donací A a pak jej buď sám nebo jeho dědic zastavil B-ovi. Po vymření povolaných dědiců A-ových obdržel hrad onen ex de- fectu C. Dejme tomu, že když C byl uváděn v držbu, nynější držitel B nebo jeho dědic činil proti statuci odpor. Následkem tohoto odporu (kontradikce) nemůže C mocí ujmouti hrad, nýbrž musí proti kontra- dicentovi (proti B-ovi, resp. jeho dědici) zavésti spor a zejména žalovati, aby udal příčinu odporu. Ve sporu tom nemusí B jakožto držitel dokazovati správnost své držby, poněvadž o držiteli platí domněnka, že drží své. Za to však do- kazovati musí C, 1. že dřívější donatář A zemřel jako deficiens (bez dědiců oprávněných k posloupnosti dle donační listiny). Dokud tedy nezemřel, dotud nemohl jeho statek jako cizí věc králem býti darován B-ovi ; ') Navuchanye, II., str. 54. a 55. 215 2, Že A měl ke zmíněnému hradu skutečně vlastnictví. Neboť čeho A neměl vlastnictvím, to po jeho smrti nemohl král darovati jinému; 3. zpravidla stačilo však dokázati jen, že poslední potomek rodu A-ova byl v držení onoho hradu a že jako držitel jeho zemřel. (Držitelem byl i ten, kdo statek onen zastavil nebo propachtoval.) Neboť držitel po- kládá se za vlastníka, dokud není opačného důkazu. Kapitola osmá. O titulích donací: devolučních a impetračních. Jak již řečeno, ujal se v právu uherském názor, že koruna uherská jest jediným pramenem, z něhož pocházejí veškery šlechtické nemovitosti. | 41,622 |
https://github.com/BinmingWen/base-code/blob/master/FunctionalInterface/src/Demo07Predicate/Demo05Test.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | base-code | BinmingWen | Java | Code | 81 | 342 | package Demo07Predicate;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
public class Demo05Test {
public static ArrayList<String> filter(String[] arr, Predicate<String> pre1, Predicate<String> pre2) {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (String str : arr) {
boolean b = pre1.and(pre2).test(str);
if (b) {
list.add(str);
}
}
return (ArrayList<String>)list;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//去掉两个字的名字和最小的年龄
String[] arr = {"马化腾,46", "马云,56", "刘强东,42"};
ArrayList<String> list = filter(arr,(String s1)->{
//名字为三个字的
return s1.split(",")[0].length()>2;
},(String s2)->{
//年龄去掉最小值
return Integer.parseInt(s2.split(",")[1])<50;
});
list.forEach((String s)->{
System.out.println(s);
});
}
}
| 21,654 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20in%20poetry | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 1954 in poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954 in poetry&action=history | English | Spoken | 1,614 | 3,075 | Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
Events
January 25 – Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood is broadcast posthumously on BBC Radio.
February – W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman move to an apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.
Spring – Robert Creeley founds and edits the Black Mountain Review.
Publication of American literary theorist William K. Wimsatt's collected essays Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry, including the influential critical essays “The Intentional Fallacy” and “The Affective Fallacy” cowritten with Monroe Beardsley.
Jack Kerouac reads Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible, which will influence him greatly.
Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:
Canada
Daryl Hine, Five Poems
Irving Layton, In the Midst of My Fever. Palma de Mallorca, Spain: Divers Press.
Irving Layton, The Long Pea-Shooter. Montreal: Laocoon Press.
Jay Macpherson, O Earth Return
P. K. Page, The Metal and the Flower, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, Canada
Raymond Souster, A Dream That Is Dying. Toronto: Contact Press
Raymond Souster, Walking Death. Toronto: Contact Press.
F. R. Scott, Events and Signals. Toronto: Ryerson Press.
A. J. M. Smith, A Sort of Ecstasy; Michigan State College Press / Ryerson Press.
India, in English
Sri Aurobindo:
Collected Poems (Poetry in English), Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Savitri ( Poetry in English ), Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram
R. de L. Furtado, The Centre, Hamilton, Ontario: Cromlech Press; Indian author published in Canada
Nizamat Jung, Poems (Poetry in English), edited and published by Zahir Ahmed in Hyderabad
Prithwi Singh Nahar, The Wind of Silence (Poetry in English), songs, sonnets and other poems; Pondicherry: Sri Aurobindo Ashram
C. Raju, This Modern Age, foreword by Amarnath Jha
K. S. R. Sastry, A Vision of India, Madras: Raja Power Press
United Kingdom
W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles, English poet living in the United States at this time
Sir John Betjeman, A Few Late Chrysanthemums
George Mackay Brown, The Storm, Scotland
Thom Gunn, Fighting Terms, Fantasy Press
John Heath-Stubbs, A Charm Against the Toothace
Philip Larkin, The Less Deceived
David Raikes (posthumous), The Poems of David Raikes
Criticism, scholarship and biography in the United Kingdom
P. Cruttwell, The Shakespearean Moment, criticism, United Kingdom
G. Hartmann, The Unmediated Vision, criticism, United Kingdom
W. K. Wimsatt Jr., The Verbal Icon, criticism, United Kingdom
Jon Silkin, The Peaceable Kingdom, including "Death of a Son (who died in a mental hospital aged one)"
Dylan Thomas, Quite Early One Morning, New Directions Publishers
United States
Léonie Adams, Poems
W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles, English poet living in the United States at this time
Louise Bogan, Collected Poems, 1923–1953
E. E. Cummings, Poems, 1923–1954
Babette Deutsch, Animal, Vegetable, Mineral
Anthony Hecht, A Summoning of Stones
Daniel G. Hoffman, An Armada of Thirty Wales
Robinson Jeffers, Hungerfield and Other Poems
Weldon Kees, Poems 1947–1954
Archibald MacLeish, Songs for Eve
W. S. Merwin, The Dancing Bears, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (reprinted as part of The First Four Books of Poems, 1975)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Mine the Harvest
Marianne Moore, The Fables of La Fontaine
Howard Moss, The Toy Fair
Kenneth Patchen, The Famous Boating Party
May Swenson, Another Animal
Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens, includes "The Rock," previously unpublished section including "The Poem That Took the Place of a Mountain," "A Quiet Normal Life," "Final Soliloquy of the Interior Paramour," "The Rock," "The Planet on the Table," and "Not Ideas about the Thing but the Thing Itself"), Knopf
E. B. White, The Second Tree from the Corner
William Carlos Williams, The Desert Music and Other Poems
Criticism, scholarship and biography in the United States
Hugh Kenner, Wyndham Lewis: A Critical Guidebook, criticism, United States
W. C. Williams, Selected Essays, criticism, United States
Other
Martin Carter, Poems of Resistance, Guyana
Wilson Harris, Eternity to Season, Guyana
Frank Prince, Soldiers Bathing and Other Poems, South African
Keith Sinclair, Strangers or Beasts: Poems, New Zealand
Works published in other languages
French language
Canada, in French
Jean-Guy Pilon, Les cloîtres de l'été, Montréal: l'Hexagone
France
Louis Aragon, Les Yeux et la memoire
Jean Cocteau, Clair–obscur
René Daumal, Poésie noire, poésie blanche, posthumously published (died 1944)
Jean Follain, Appareil de la terre
Jean Grosjean, Fils de l'homme
Henri Michaux, Face au verrous
India
In each section, listed in alphabetical order by first name:
Hindi
Girija Kumar Mathur, Dhup ke dhan
Namvar Singh, Chayavad, literary criticism that offers a radically new interpretation of the romantic movement in Hindi poetry; shows the social foundations of Hindi romanticism and its ties to the progressive movement that followed it
Premchand, Sahitya Ka Uddesya, literary essays; published posthumously
Malayalam
P. K. Paramesvaran Nair, Adhunika Sahitya Caritram, history of Malayalam literature (later translated into English and published by Sahitya Akademi in 1967 under the title History of Malayalam Literature)
P. Kunjiraman Nair, Kaliyacchan, poems reflecting traditional ways of life in Kerala
Sreedhara Menon, Kunnimenikal
Sukumar Azhikode, Asante Sitakavyam, critical assessment of Kumaran Asan's Cintavishtayaya
Urdu
Gian Chand Jain, , literary criticism on classical Urdu fiction ("dastan"), written in that language
Jigar Brelvi, Payam-i Savitri, a narrative poem on Savitri, a figure from Hindu mythology; Urdu
Masood Husain Khan, Urdu zaban aur adab, critical study on the Urdu language and literature
Other languages of the Indian subcontinent
Baldev Gajra, also known as "Gumnam", Gumnam Sada, nationalist poems; Sindhi
Buddhadeb Basu, Sahitya Carca, essays on various literary topics; Bengali
Jayant Pathak, Marmar, the author's first poetry collection; Gujarati
M. Gopalakrishna Adiga, Cendemaddale, Kannada
Mohan Singh, Awazan, lyrics with a "romantic progressive ideology", according to Indian academic Sisir Kumar Das; Punjabi
Nand Lal Ambardar, Loel Ta Husun, including "Roopavat", Kashmiri
Nirendranath Chakraborty (also transliterated into English as Nirendranath Chakravarti, ), Nilnirjan (also transliterated into English as Nirendranath Chakravarti), mostly love poems, although one or two have political elements, Kolkata: Signet Press; Bengali-language
Raghunath Singh Samyal, Dogra Desa Te Dogari Boli, Dogri poetry praising Dograland, Dogra people and the Dogri language
Tulasibahadur Chetri, nicknamed "Apatan", Samkalpa ("Resolve"), Nepali
Madhunapantula Satyanarayanashastri, also spelled "Madhunapantula Satyanarayana Sastri", Andhra Puranamu, Telugu, (surname: Madhunapantula)
Manoj Das, Padadvani, Oriya
Satramdas, also known as "Sail", Rama Katha, 32 cantos in a Persian meter, written in the wake of the partition of India in 1947; Sindhi
Visvanatha Satyanarayana, Nannayagari prasanna Katha Kalitartha Yukti, critical appraisal of Nannaya; Telugu
Other languages
Simin Behbahani, Ja-ye Pa ("Footprint"), Persia
José Santos Chocano, Obras completas, . de Luis Alberto Sánchez Madrid, Aguilar, Peruvian poetry published in Spain
Haim Gouri, Shirei Hotam ("Poems of the Seal"), Israeli writing in Hebrew
Sorley MacLean, Hallaig, Scottish Gaelic (in Gairm 8)
Pier Paolo Pasolini, La meglio gioventù, Friulian language published in Italy
Maria Luisa Spaziani, Le acque del sabato, Italy
Wisława Szymborska, ("Questioning Yourself"), Poland
Tin Ujević, Žedan kamen na studencu ("Thirsty stone at the wellspring"), Croatian
Awards and honors
National Book Award for Poetry: Conrad Aiken, Collected Poems
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Theodore Roethke: The Waking
King's Gold Medal for Poetry: Ralph Hodgson
Bollingen Prize: W. H. Auden
Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets: Louise Townsend Nicholl and Oliver St. John Gogarty
Canada: Governor General's Award, poetry or drama: The Metal and the Flower, P. K. Page
Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
February 9 – Ian Duhig, English poet
February 13 – Vijay Seshadri, Indian poet, essayist and literary critic who emigrates to the United States c. 1959
February 21 – Francisco X. Alarcón (died 2016), Mexican-American poet
February 27 – Thylias Moss, African-American poet, writer and playwright
March 4 – Irina Ratushinskaya, Russian samizdat poet
March 26 – Dorothy Porter (died 2008), Australian
April 17 – Erín Moure, Canadian
May 5 – Hamid Ismailov, Uzbek writer
May 25 – Alexei Parshchikov (died 2009), Russian poet, critic and translator who emigrates to the United States in 1991
July 5 – Kevin Hart, Australian
July 19 – Jane Eaton Hamilton, Canadian short story writer, poet and photographer
July 31 – Kim Addonizio, American poet and novelist
August 6 – Lorna Dee Cervantes, American poet
August 8 – Yu Jian, China
August 15 – Mary Jo Salter, American
October 15 – Peter Bakowski, Australian
November 10 – Joy Goswami, Indian Bengali poet (a man)
December 5 – Lynda Hull, American
December 20 – Sandra Cisneros, American poet and author
December 27 – David Baker, American
Also:
Catherine Anderson (poet), American
Robert Boates, Canadian
Brother Resistance, Trinidadian (died 2021)
Janet Charman, New Zealand
Imtiaz Dharker, Pakistan-born British
Cornelius Eady, African American
David Hallett, Australian
Sotiris Kakisis, Greek
Jan Heller Levi, American
Ahmed Matar, Iraqi poet
Ibrahim Nasrallah, Jordanian-Palestinian poet and novelist
Luis J. Rodriguez, American poet, novelist, journalist, critic and columnist
Stephen Sartarelli, poet and translator
Deb Westbury (died 2018), Australian
Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
January 1 – Leonard Bacon, 66 (born 1887), American poet
February 6 – Maxwell Bodenheim, 62 (born 1892), American poet and novelist known as the "King of Greenwich Village Bohemians", murdered
March 28 – Francis Brett Young, 73 (born 1884), English novelist and poet
August 3 – Fumiko Nakajo 中城ふみ子, pen name of Noe Fumiko 野江富美子, 32 (born 1922), Japanese tanka poet who dies young after a turbulent life and struggle with breast cancer, as recorded in her poetry (surname: Nakajo)
August 18 – Samukawa Sokotsu 寒川鼠骨 (born 1875), Japanese, Meiji period haiku poet; Masaoka Shiki's pupil.
October 22
Jibanananda Das (born 1899), Bengali poet
Oswald de Andrade (born 1890), Brazilian poet and polemicist
See also
Poetry
List of poetry awards
List of years in poetry
Notes
20th-century poetry
Poetry | 8,059 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIPERS%20126022713%20%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | VIPERS 126022713 (مجره) | https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VIPERS 126022713 (مجره)&action=history | Egyptian Arabic | Spoken | 159 | 446 | VIPERS 126022713 هى مجره بتتبع كوكبة الحوت.
معلومات المجره
الانزياح الأحمر: 0.7958.
السرعه الشعاعيه: 157875.
المطلع المستقيم: 37.216164.
الميل: -4.567695.
مصطلحات تعريفيه
الكوكبه هيا مجموعه من النجوم اللى بتكون شكل أو صوره و هيا مجال الكره السماويه اللى المجره جزء منها.
الانزياح الاحمر هو زيادة طول الموجه الكهرومغناطيسيه اللى جايه لينا من المجره بسبب سرعه ابتعادها عننا. ده بيستخدم فى حسابات الفلك.
السرعه الشعاعيه هيا سرعه الجرم الفضائى فى اتجاه الراصد و بتنقاس بالانزياح الاحمر.
المطلع المستقيم هوا الزاويه المحصوره بين الدايره الساعيه لجرم سماوى و الدايره الساعيه لنقطة الاعتدال الربيعى. المطلع المستقيم ممكن يتقاس بقوس دايره الاستواء السماويه من نقطه الاعتدال الربيعى لحد نقطه تقاطع الدايره الساعيه لجرم سماوى مع دايره الاستواء السماويه.
الميل هوا المكافئ الفلكى لخط العرض و بيتقس بقيمة الزاويه بين أى جسم سماوى و خط الاستوا السماوى. لو كان النجم شمال خط الاستوا السماوى تكون قيمة بعده بالموجب (+) و لو النجم جنوب خط الاستوا السماوى تكون قيمة بعده بالسالب (-).
مصادر
مجرات
فضاء | 5,349 |
5456538_1 | Court Listener | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,022 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,095 | 1,360 | Barnard, J.
The complaint in this case prays for a decree of specific performance against defendant, and for an injunction restraining defendant from continuing a nuisance (to wit, permitting a sunken crib to remain), and from molesting or annoying plaintiffs in the use and enjoyment of a pier and franchise; and from taking or instituting any proceedings, or carrying on any proceedings, to remove or oust plaintiffs from said pier, or any part thereof, or an alleged unfinished addition to said pier,, or any part thereof; or from doing any act or thing to molest or disturb plaintiffs in the enjoyment thereof, except to finish the same according to an agreement mentioned in the complaint.
A temporary injunction, to the effect as prayed for in the complaint, has been issued. Defendant now moves its dissolution.
The only proceedings or interference which it is alleged defendant contemplates, is the taking proceedings under the stat*107ute giving proceedings, familiarly known as “ Summary Proceedings,” to dispossess plaintiffs for non-payment of rent.
The injunction, so far as regards these proceedings, is sought to be sustained on the following grounds:
1. That the relation of landlord and tenant cannot exist as to a pier, and therefore a magistrate has no jurisdiction under the Summary Proceedings Act.
2. That the pier is situate in the city of New York, and therefore a magistrate in Brooklyn (before whom defendant had instituted proceedings) has no jurisdiction.
3. That no rent is due, inasmuch as, by the agreement, rent was not to commence till the addition to the pier (which addition was the subject of the demise) should be completed pursuant to the contract, which addition it is alleged is not so completed.
4. That plaintiffs have suffered damage far exceeding the rent, which they cannot recoup in summary proceedings under the statute.
5. That plaintiffs showing a right to a decree of specific performance, and the threatened acts of defendant being such as to place serious obstacles in the way of executing, if not to render wholly nugatory, a judgment for specific performance, the court will retain the injunction as an aid to the principal relief.
As to the 1st, 2d, and 3d grounds: It is an established principle of equity, that where a perfect remedy exists at law, or where, in an action at law, defendant can present his defence, there an injunction will not issue. There has .been no change of this principle effected by the Code. Now, as to the 1st and 2d grounds, there is an ample remedy at law by the writ of prohibition, which issues when an inferior magistrate is about to, or has exceeded his jurisdiction. And as to the 3d ground: if the alleged facts exist, viz., that rent was not to commence till the addition should be completed pursuant to contract, and that such addition is not yet completed, these facts would undoubtedly constitute a perfect defence to the summary proceedings.
As to the 4th ground, it may be that unliquidated damages cannot be recouped in summary proceedings, but still they may be recovered in an action at law brought against defendant; and when that is the case, another element must exist before an injunction will issue to restrain a party from prosecuting an *108action to collect a demand against which there exists in favor of the debtor a claim for unliquidated damages that cannot be recouped in such action; and that element is the irresponsibility of the party so prosecuting the action. No such irresponsibility of defendant Kelsey is suggested; on the contrary, it is alleged, and not denied, that the plaintiffs are irresponsible, and that if defendant succeeds in this action, he will, by reason of such irresponsibility, lose his claim.
As to the 5th ground: from the pleadings and affidavits submitted, this does not appear to me to be one of those cases in which the court will decree a specific performance; and for this reason, although the trial of the cause may produce a different result, a temporary injunction cannot be retained on this ground. But even conceding a case for a specific performance to exist, still this court is prohibited from restraining summary proceedings by the statute. The statute expressly provides: “ The Supreme Court may award a certiorari, for -the purpose of examining any adjudication made on any application hereby, authorized; but the proceedings on any such application shall not be stayed or suspended by such writ of certiorari, or any other writ or order of any court or officers.” The provision is imperative. It absolutely prohibits all interference whatever with any application authorized by the statute or the proceedings thereon.
It necessarily also extends to a contemplated application before it is actually made; for it would be a sheer violation of the statute, to hold that a party could be restrained from making the application, when, if he had made application, he could not be restrained from proceeding thereon. Such a doctrine would render the statute nugatory.
It will be observed, that the provision only refers to applications authorized by the statute. It consequently does not interfere with the issuing of a writ of prohibition, on the ground of a want of jurisdiction; as such writ must necessarily issue on the assumption that the proceeding is not authorized by the statute. So, too, when fraud pervades the proceedings themselves, an injunction may, perhaps, issue on the ground that a fraudulent proceeding is not authorized by the statute. These, however, are the only two instances in which any court or officer can interfere.
*109Now, in this case, no fraud in the proceedings themselves is alleged. A want of jurisdiction, it is true, is alleged. That, however, is, as above suggested, to be reached by a writ of prohibition, and not by injunction. The temporary injunction, however, restrains defendant from continuing a certain alleged nuisance or obstruction. Obedience in this respect can only be by removing the obstruction.
This removal is part of the specific performance prayed for.
If obedience to this temporary injunction in this respect is to be enforced, one part of the specific performance is obtained without a trial. If that can be done as to one thing, it may as to all, and so all cases of specific performance be determined on a motion without a trial.
If obedience is not to be enforced before trial, then this injunction should not stand. A temporary injunction should only be issued to prevent an act, not to compel the performance of one.
Motion granted, with $10 costs.
| 21,538 |
https://github.com/longluo/leetcode/blob/master/Java/src/com/longluo/contest/weekly_contest_287/Problem2225_findWinners.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,023 | leetcode | longluo | Java | Code | 323 | 1,319 | package com.longluo.contest.weekly_contest_287;
import java.util.*;
/**
* 2225. 找出输掉零场或一场比赛的玩家
* <p>
* 给你一个整数数组 matches 其中 matches[i] = [winneri, loseri] 表示在一场比赛中 winneri 击败了 loseri 。
* <p>
* 返回一个长度为 2 的列表 answer ：
* <p>
* answer[0] 是所有 没有 输掉任何比赛的玩家列表。
* answer[1] 是所有恰好输掉 一场 比赛的玩家列表。
* 两个列表中的值都应该按 递增 顺序返回。
* <p>
* 注意：
* 只考虑那些参与 至少一场 比赛的玩家。
* 生成的测试用例保证 不存在 两场比赛结果 相同 。
* <p>
* 示例 1：
* 输入：matches = [[1,3],[2,3],[3,6],[5,6],[5,7],[4,5],[4,8],[4,9],[10,4],[10,9]]
* 输出：[[1,2,10],[4,5,7,8]]
* 解释：
* 玩家 1、2 和 10 都没有输掉任何比赛。
* 玩家 4、5、7 和 8 每个都输掉一场比赛。
* 玩家 3、6 和 9 每个都输掉两场比赛。
* 因此，answer[0] = [1,2,10] 和 answer[1] = [4,5,7,8] 。
* <p>
* 示例 2：
* 输入：matches = [[2,3],[1,3],[5,4],[6,4]]
* 输出：[[1,2,5,6],[]]
* 解释：
* 玩家 1、2、5 和 6 都没有输掉任何比赛。
* 玩家 3 和 4 每个都输掉两场比赛。
* 因此，answer[0] = [1,2,5,6] 和 answer[1] = [] 。
* <p>
* 提示：
* 1 <= matches.length <= 10^5
* matches[i].length == 2
* 1 <= winneri, loseri <= 10^5
* winneri != loseri
* 所有 matches[i] 互不相同
* <p>
* https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-players-with-zero-or-one-losses/
*/
public class Problem2225_findWinners {
// TODO: 2022/6/2
public static List<List<Integer>> findWinners(int[][] matches) {
List<List<Integer>> ans = new ArrayList<>();
int len = matches.length;
if (len <= 1) {
ans.add(Arrays.asList(matches[0][0]));
ans.add(Arrays.asList(matches[0][1]));
return ans;
}
Set<Integer> winnerSet = new HashSet<>();
Set<Integer> matchSet = new HashSet<>();
Set<Integer> loserSet = new HashSet<>();
Map<Integer, Integer> loserMap = new HashMap<>();
for (int[] match : matches) {
int winner = match[0];
int loser = match[1];
matchSet.add(winner);
matchSet.add(loser);
winnerSet.add(winner);
loserSet.add(loser);
loserMap.put(loser, loserMap.getOrDefault(loser, 0) + 1);
}
List<Integer> winList = new ArrayList<>();
for (Integer no : winnerSet) {
if (matchSet.contains(no) && !loserSet.contains(no)) {
winList.add(no);
}
}
List<Integer> loseList = new ArrayList<>();
for (Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> entry : loserMap.entrySet()) {
if (entry.getValue() == 1 && matchSet.contains(entry.getKey())) {
loseList.add(entry.getKey());
}
}
Collections.sort(winList);
Collections.sort(loseList);
ans.add(winList);
ans.add(loseList);
return ans;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
findWinners(new int[][]{{1, 3}, {2, 3}, {3, 6}, {5, 6}, {5, 7}, {4, 5}, {4, 8}, {4, 9}, {10, 4}, {10, 9}});
}
}
| 4,116 |
https://github.com/TomCollingwood/SmileYouAreOnTV/blob/master/smile/shaders/MatteVertex.glsl | Github Open Source | Open Source | Fair | null | SmileYouAreOnTV | TomCollingwood | GLSL | Code | 129 | 294 |
/// @author Richard Southern & Tom Collingwood
#version 410 core
// The modelview and projection matrices are no longer given in OpenGL 4.2
uniform mat4 MV;
uniform mat4 MVP;
uniform mat3 N; // This is the inverse transpose of the MV matrix
// The vertex position attribute
layout (location=0) in vec3 VertexPosition;
// The vertex normal attribute
layout (location=2) in vec3 VertexNormal;
// The vertex color attribute
layout (location=1) in vec2 VertexTexCoord;
smooth out vec3 FragmentPosition;
smooth out vec3 FragmentNormal;
smooth out vec2 FragmentTexCoord;
smooth out vec3 FragmentWorldSpace;
out mat4 _MV;
/************************************************************************************/
void main() {
// Set the position of the current vertex
gl_Position = MVP * vec4(VertexPosition, 1.0);
FragmentPosition = vec3(MV * vec4(VertexPosition,1.0));
FragmentNormal = N * VertexNormal;
FragmentTexCoord = VertexTexCoord;
FragmentWorldSpace = VertexPosition;
_MV = MV;
}
| 26,475 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donndorf | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Donndorf | https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donndorf&action=history | Romanian | Spoken | 11 | 25 | Donndorf este o comună din landul Turingia, Germania.
Comune din Turingia | 6,717 |
https://github.com/phatcher/NCheck/blob/master/code/NCheck/Checking/IConventions.cs | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | NCheck | phatcher | C# | Code | 66 | 184 | using System;
namespace NCheck.Checking
{
/// <summary>
/// Conventions used in checking.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TSource"></typeparam>
public interface IConventions<TSource>
{
/// <summary>
/// Clears the conventions.
/// </summary>
void Clear();
/// <summary>
/// Gets the comparer conventions.
/// </summary>
IConventions<TSource, Func<object, object, bool>> Comparer { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets the <see cref="CompareTarget"/> conventions.
/// </summary>
IConventions<TSource, CompareTarget> CompareTarget { get; }
}
} | 7,562 |
US-31898809-A_1 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,009 | None | None | English | Spoken | 4,071 | 5,764 | Metal schemes of trench MOSFET for copper bonding
ABSTRACT
A trench MOSFET with improved metal schemes is disclosed. The improved contact structure applies a buffer layer to minimize the bonding damage to semiconductor when bonding copper wire upon front source and gate metal without additional cost.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the cell structure and fabricationprocess of power semiconductor devices. More particularly, thisinvention relates to a novel and improved cell structure and improvedprocess for fabricating a trench MOSFET with improved metal schemes forcopper bonding.
2. The Prior Arts
Please refer to FIG. 1 for a Cu bonding compatible bond pad structure ofprior art (U.S. Patent application publication No. 20080006951). Thedisclosed structure includes a buffering structure comprising exposedelectrode metal regions 118 of electrode metal layer 114 formed over aTiNi barrier metal layer 112 and non-conductive passivation regions 120having same material as passivation layer 116. As illustrated, whilebonding Cu bonding wire 122, some of the passivation regions 120 werepushed into the electrode metal layer 114 to provide a buffer functionto keep Cu bonding wire 122 away from barrier metal layer 112 and thesemiconductor device whereunder.
By employing non-conductive passivation material as buffer layer, thestructure of prior art shown in FIG. 1 minimized bonding damage onsemiconductor device, however, comparing to its advantage, thedisadvantages brought by this passivation structure are more significantto a certain extent. First of all, more cost are needed due to therequirement of additional passivation layer deposition, masking andetching; Second, wire bonding resistance is increased because that someCu bonding area is occupied by the non-conductive passivation layer;Third, bad wire bonding adhesion issue is introduced due to Cu wirecontacting with passivation layer in some area. Therefore, it isnecessary to provide an improved metal bonding structure with lowercost, lower power consumptions, as well as steady performance.
Please refer to FIGS. 2 to 4 for MOSFETs structures of another prior art(U.S. Pat. No. 6,888,196). In FIG. 2, the trench MOSFET is formed on aheavily doped substrate 200 of a first semiconductor doping type, e.g.,N+ dopant, on which an epitaxial layer 202 doped with the same firstsemiconductor doping type is grown. Inside epitaxial layer 202, aplurality of trench gates 210 are formed over a gate oxide layer 208.Between each trench, there is a body region 212 of a secondsemiconductor doping type, e.g., P dopant, introduced by IonImplantation, and N+ source regions 214 near the top surface of P-bodyarea. Said source regions and body regions are connected to source metal220 via metal plug 216 in source-body contact trench through a layer ofoxide interlayer 218. Around the bottom of each metal plug 216, an areaof heavily P+ doped 206 is formed to reduce the resistance betweensource and body region. Metal layer 220 serving as source metal isdeposited on the front surface of whole device while metal layer 222serving as drain metal deposited on the rear side of substrate 200.
As mentioned above, the metal plug 216, e.g., W plug, filled insource-body contact trench connects directly with the front source metalthrough the contact trench open area in oxide interlayer film 218, inother words, no buffer layer is available while bonding Cu wire uponsource metal layer. Therefore, thick front source metal is required tominimize the bonding damage to semiconductor device, leading to extracost and metal etching complication.
On the other hand, the P+ area 206 underneath trench source-body contactbottom is formed by BF2 Ion Implantation before source-body contacttrench's filled with contact material. As the sidewalls of source-bodycontact trench is perpendicular to the front surface of epitaxial layer,said P+ area can be implanted only around the bottom of source-bodycontact trench no matter with or without oxide film BF2 IonImplantation, resulting in a high resistance Rp underneath N+ source andbetween channel and P+ area. As is known to all, a parasitic N+/PIN willbe turned on if Iav*Rp>0.7V where Iav is avalanche current originatedfrom the trench bottom. Therefore, the conventional vertical sourcecontact shown in FIG. 2 also has a poor avalanche capability whichsignificantly affects the performance of whole device.
Another MOSFETs structure with P+ region formed by BF2 Ion Implantationthrough an oxide film deposited on the contact trench was disclosed inthat application, as shown in FIG. 3. The structure here is almost thesame as structure in FIG. 2 except for the slope source-body contacttrench. However, even if the slope contact trench is helpful to enlargethe P+ area under trench source-body contact during BF2 IonImplantation, it is still not enough to resolve the high Rp problem asthe P+ area is also formed only around the bottom of source-body contacttrench. Meanwhile, a similar structure with P+ region formed on bothbottom and sidewall of source-body contact trench by BF2 IonImplantation without through the oxide film of prior art is given inFIG. 4. As there is no oxide film, the P+ area is apparently enlarged tobe formed on the sidewall of source-body contact trench besides thebottom, resolving the high Rp issue discussed above. However, antherproblem is thus introduced, which is that the N+ concentration oncontact trench sidewalls will be reduced as a result of compensation byBF2 Ion Implantation due to no oxide film as stopper, causing highsource contact resistance.
At the same time, structures illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 bothrequired thick front metal to minimize the bonding damage tosemiconductor device due to the lack of buffer layer.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a trench MOSFET cell withimproved metal schemes and improved source contact structure to avoidthose problems mentioned above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide new andimproved trench MOSFET cell and manufacture process to minimize the Cuwire bonding damage to semiconductor device without additional cost.
One aspect of the present invention is that, a W layer with a resistancereduction layer composed of Ti or Ti/N whereon underneath a front metalof source and gate is provided as buffer layer for reducing Cu wirebonding damage. The difference between the prior art of U.S. Pat. No.6,888,196 and the present invention is that, in the prior art the Wlayer is totally removed from surface of oxide interlayer film after Wdeposition to fill the source-body contact trench while in the presentinvention it is selectively removed, in other words, the W layer is onlykept on the oxide interlayer surface of the areas underneath source andgate metal to serve as buffer layer when bonding Cu wire upon source andgate metal, therefore, no additional cost is needed. And, comparing tostructure in FIG. 1, the high wire bonding resistance and wire bondingadhesion issue are both resolved due to Cu bonding wire directly bondedto front source and gate metal layer. Additionally, contact resistancebetween buffer layer and front metal of source and gate are furtherreduced by employing the resistance reduction layer composed of Ti orTi/N sandwiched therebetween.
Another aspect of the present invention is that, in some preferredembodiment, an improved source-body contact structure is proposed, whichhas vertical contact trench sidewalls within oxide interlayer and N+source regions, and has slope contact trench sidewalls within P-bodyregion. To be detailed, the contact trench sidewalls are substantiallyvertical (90+/−5 degree) within oxide interlayer and N+ source regions,and the taper angle is less than 85 degree respect to top surface ofepitaxial layer within P-body region. By employing this structure, theP+ area can be enlarged to wrap the bottom and the slope sidewalls ofsource-body contact trench in P-body region, which resolves the high Rpproblem and enhances the avalanche capability. On the other hand, therewill be no BF2 Ion Implantation into the sidewalls of N+ source regionsbecause the sidewall are substantially vertical, avoiding the N+concentration reduction issue occurs in FIG. 4, thus preventing theincreasing of source contact resistance from happening.
Another aspect of the present invention is that, in some preferredembodiment, the conventional poly gate within gate trench is replaced bya terrace gate, which will provide additional poly over silicon mesaarea to further reduce gate resistance Rg, and what is the mostimportant is that, a self-aligned source contact is implemented byemploying the terrace gate structure, therefore resolved avalanchecurrent Iav and Rds non-uniform distribution issue resulted frommisalignment between contact and trench.
Briefly, in a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, the presentinvention disclosed a trench MOSFET cell comprising: a heavily dopedsubstrate of a first semiconductor doping type, e.g., N dopant, with alayer of Ti/Ni/Ag on the rear side serving as drain metal; a lighterdoped epitaxial layer of a first semiconductor doping type grown on saidsubstrate; a plurality of trenches etched into said epitaxial layer asgate trenches; a gate oxide layer along the inner surface of said gatetrenches; doped poly filled within said gate trenches to form trenchgates; a thin oxide layer formed onto trench gate and the top surface ofepitaxial layer; body regions of a second semiconductor doping type,e.g., P dopant, extending between every two trench gates; source regionsabove the top surface of P-body regions; an oxide interlayer film ontofront surface of a thin oxide layer; a vertical source-body contacttrench penetrating through said oxide interlayer, said source regionsand into said body regions with vertical sidewalls; P+ area wrapping thebottom of source-body contact trench to reduce the resistance betweensource and body; W metal deposited over a layer of Ti/TiN or Co/TiN toserve as contact metal plug into source-body contact trench and alsoserve as buffer layer covering the surface of the oxide interlayer;metal Al alloys or Copper over Ti or Ti/TiN layer deposited onto aresistance reduction layer composed of Ti or Ti/N to serve as source andgate metal with Cu wires bonded whereon.
Briefly, in another preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, thepresent invention disclosed a trench MOSFET cell same as FIG. 5 exceptthe slope source-body contact trench.
Briefly, in another preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7, thepresent invention disclosed a trench MOSFET cell same as FIG. 5 exceptthat the source-body contact trench is vertical in source region andslope in body region
Briefly, in another preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 9, thepresent invention disclosed a trench MOSFET cell comprising: a heavilydoped substrate of a first semiconductor doping type, e.g., N dopant,with a layer of Ti/Ni/Ag on the rear side serving as drain metal; alighter doped epitaxial layer of a first semiconductor doping type grownon said substrate; a plurality of trenches etched into said epitaxiallayer as gate trenches and especially, trench for gate connection iswider than others; a gate oxide layer along the inner surface of saidgate trenches; doped poly filled not within gate trenches but to formterrace gates above gate oxide layer; a thin oxide layer formed onto thetop surface of said epitaxial layer; body regions of a secondsemiconductor doping type, e.g., P dopant, extending between every twoterrace gates; source regions near the top surface of P-body regions;oxide interlayer layer deposited above the thin oxide layer and coveringthe sidewalls and surface of terrace gate to form self-aligned contactstructure; source-body contact trench with a smaller width in Si portionthan in oxide interlayer portion; gate contact trench opened throughoxide interlayer and into terrace gate for gate connection; P+ areawrapping the source-body contact trench bottom and the sidewalls insideP-body portion; W metal deposited over a layer of Ti/TiN or Co/TiN toserve as contact metal plug into source-body contact and gate contacttrench, and also serve as buffer layer covering the surface of oxideinterlayer; metal Al alloys or copper over Ti or Ti/TiN deposited onto aresistance reduction layer composed of Ti or Ti/N to be patterned assource and gate metal with Cu wires bonded whereon.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will nodoubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after havingread the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment,which is illustrated in the various drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention can be more fully understood by reading thefollowing detailed description of the preferred embodiments, withreference made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of the buffering structure ofprior art.
FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a trench MOSFET cell of priorart.
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of another trench MOSFET cell ofprior art.
FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of another trench MOSFET cell ofprior art.
FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment inaccordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of another preferred embodiment inaccordance with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view of another preferred embodiment inaccordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of embodiment in FIG. 5 withtrench gate metal area.
FIG. 9 is a side cross-sectional view of another preferred embodimentwith trench gate metal area in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 10A to 10E are a serial of side cross sectional views for showingthe processing steps for fabricating trench MOSFET cell in FIG. 8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Please refer to FIG. 5 for a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. The shown trench MOSFET cell is formed on an N+ substrate 400coated with back metal Ti/Ni/Ag 422 on rear side as drain. Onto saidsubstrate 400, grown an N epitaxial layer 402, and a plurality oftrenches were etched wherein. To fill these trenches, doped poly wasdeposited into trenches above gate oxide layer 408 to form trench gates410. P-body regions 412 are extending between trenches gates 410 with alayer of source regions 414 above the top surface of P-body regions 412.Source-body contact trench is etched through an oxide interlayer 418, athin oxide layer 408′ and N+ source region 414, and into P-body region412. Especially, the sidewalls of source-body contact trench areperpendicular to the front surface of epitaxial layer. To fillsource-body contact trench, Ti/TiN/W or Co/TiN/W is deposited not onlywithin contact trench as metal plug 416 but also cover the surface ofoxide interlayer 418 to act as buffer layer 417 for Cu wire bonding.Underneath the metal plug 416, a heavily P+ doped area 406 is formedwrapping its bottom to reduce the resistance between source and body.Above the buffer layer 417, a source metal 420 either Al alloys orCopper is deposited over a resistance reduction layer 419 composed of alow resistance metal layer such as a Ti or Ti/TiN layer for reducingcontact resistance between the source metal 420 and the buffer layer417, electrically connected to source region and body region with Cubonding wire 424 bonded whereon while drain metal Ti/Ni/Ag 422 isdeposited on the rear side of the substrate.
FIG. 6 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention.Comparing to FIG. 5, the structure in FIG. 6 has a different source-bodycontact structure with slope sidewalls to partially enlarge the P+ areaalong source-body contact trenches.
FIG. 7 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention.Comparing to FIG. 5, the structure in FIG. 7 has a different source-bodycontact structure. Especially, the sidewalls of source-body contacttrenches are perpendicular to the front surface of epitaxial layerwithin the oxide interlayer and N+ source region while is oblique withinP-body region with a taper angle less than 85 degree respective to topsurface.
FIG. 8 shows structure in FIG. 5 with trench gate metal area. At least awider trench gate 410′ is formed inside epitaxial layer for gateconnection wherein a gate contact trench is etched and filled withTi/TiN/W or Co/TiN/W to connect trench gate to gate metal. Buffer layerand front metal are patterned to form source metal 420 with Cu bondingwire 424 over buffer layer 417 and gate metal 420′ with Cu bonding wire424′ over buffer layer 417′.
FIG. 9 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention withtrench gate metal area. The disclosed trench MOSFET cell formed on an N+substrate 500 coated with back metal Ti/Ni/Ag on rear side as drain.Onto said substrate 500, grown an N epitaxial layer 502, and a pluralityof trenches were etched wherein, especially, a trench for gateconnection is wider than trenches under source metal region. To fillthese trenches, doped poly was deposited not within those trenches butto form terrace gate 510 and 510′ above gate oxide layer 508. P-bodyregions 512 are extending between said trenches with a layer of sourceregions 514 above the top surface of said P-body region between trenches510. Self-aligned source-body contact structure is implemented throughoxide interlayer 518, a thin oxide layer 508′ and into epitaxial layerwhile gate contact trench is etched through the oxide interlayer 518 andinto terrace gate 510′. To be detailed, the width of source-body contactin upper oxide interlayer portion is bigger than that within epitaxiallayer and underneath said source-body contact, P+ area 506 is implantedto reduce the resistance between source and body. Metal W is depositedover a layer of Ti/TiN or Co/TiN into source-body contact trench andgate contact trench to form source-body contact 516 and gate contact516′ while covering the surface of oxide interlayer 518 to serve asbuffer layer 517 and 517′ for Cu wire bonding. Source metal 520 bondedwith Cu bonding wire 524 and gate metal 520′ bonded with Cu bonding wire524′ are formed over resistance reduction layer 519 and 519′ composed ofa low resistance metal layer such as a Ti or Ti/TiN layer for reducingcontact resistance between source metal 520 and buffer layer 517, andgate metal 520′ and buffer layer 517′, respectively.
FIGS. 10A to 10E show a series of exemplary steps that are performed toform the inventive trench MOSFET of the present invention shown in FIG.8. In FIG. 10A, an N-doped epitaxial layer 402 is grown on an N+substrate 400, then, a trench mask (not shown) is applied, which is thenconventionally exposed and patterned to leave mask portions. Thepatterned mask portions define the gate trenches 410 a and at least awider gate trench 410 a′ for gate connection, which are dry siliconetched through mask opening to a certain depth. In FIG. 10B, asacrificial oxide (not shown) is grown and then removed to eliminate theplasma damage may introduced during trenches etching process. After thetrench mask removal, a gate oxide 408 is formed on the front surface ofepitaxial layer and the inner surface of gate trenches 410 a and 410 a′.Next, all gate trenches 410 a and 410 a′ are filled with doped poly toform trench gates 410 and at least a wider trench gate 410′ for gateconnection. Then, the filling-in conductive material such as doped polyis etched back or CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) to expose theportion of gate oxide layer that extends over the surface of epitaxiallayer. Next, by employing a P-body mask, an Ion Implantation is appliedto form P-body regions 412, followed by a P-body diffusion step forP-body region drive in. After removing the P-body mask, another IonImplantation is applied to form N+ source regions 414 using a sourcemask followed by an n+ diffusion step for source regions drive in. Then,a thin oxide layer 408′ is formed over whole top surface. In FIG. 10C,the process continues with the deposition of oxide interlayer 418 overthin oxide layer 408′. Then, a contact mask (not shown) is applied tocarry out the source-body contact etch to open the source-body contacttrench 416 a and gate contact etch to open gate contact trench 416 a′ bysuccessive dry oxide etching and dry silicon etching. Next, the BF2 IonImplantation is applied over entire surface to form the P+ area wrappingthe bottom of source-body contact trench within P-body region to furtherreduce resistance betweens source and body. In FIG. 10D, after thedeposition of Ti/TiN or Co/TiN layer, source-body contact trench 416 aand gate contact trench 416 a′ are filled with W metal to formsource-body contact 416 and gate contact 416′. At the same time, thedeposited W metal formed a buffer layer 417 for Cu wire bonding. Although the present invention has been described in terms of thepresently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that suchdisclosure is not to be interpreted as limiting. Various alternationsand modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in theart after reading the above disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended thatthe appended claims be interpreted as covering all alternations andmodifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A vertical semiconductor power MOS device with a buffer metal layerfor copper bonding comprising a plurality of semiconductor power cellswith each cell comprising a plurality of trench gates surrounded by aplurality of source regions above a plurality of body regions above adrain region disposed on a bottom surface of a substrate, wherein saidtrench MOSFET further comprising: a substrate of a first typeconductivity; an epitaxial layer of said first type conductivity oversaid substrate, having a lower doping concentration than said substrate;a plurality of trenches extending into said epitaxial layer, surroundedby a plurality of source regions of said type conductivity above saidbody regions of the second type conductivity; a first insulating layerlining said trenches as gate dielectric; a doped polysilicon of thefirst type conductivity as gate regions overlying said first insulatinglayer; a second insulating layer disposed over said epitaxial layer asan oxide interlayer; a plurality of source-body contact trenchespenetrating through said second insulating layer and said sourceregions, and into said body regions; a first front metal layer ofTi/TiN/W or Co/Ti/W comprising a Tungsten (W) layer deposited over aTi/TiN or Co/TiN barrier layer, covering said second insulating layerand filling into said source-body trenches as trench metal plugconnected to said source and body regions, and also as said buffer metallayer for minimizing copper wire bonding damage to semiconductor device;a second front metal disposed on front surface of device as source metalfor Cu wire bonding; a backside metal disposed on backside of saidsubstrate as drain metal.
2. The trench MOSFET of claim 1, wherein theangle between said source-body contact trench sidewalls and said topsurface is 90+/−5 degree within said source and said body regions. 3.The trench MOSFET of claim 1, wherein the angle between said source-bodycontact trench sidewalls and top surface is less than 85 degree withinsaid source and body regions.
4. The trench MOSFET of claim 1, whereinthe angle between said source-body contact trench sidewalls and said topsurface is 90+/−5 degree within said source regions and is less than 85degree within said body regions.
5. The trench MOSFET of claim 1 furthercomprises a resistance reduction layer composed of a low resistancemetal layer such as a Ti or Ti/TiN layer underneath said second frontmetal is deposited on top of said first front metal.
6. The trenchMOSFET of claim 1, wherein said second metal is Al alloys or Cu.
7. Amethod for manufacturing a trench MOSFET with improved metal schemescomprising the steps of: growing an epitaxial layer upon a heavily Ndoped substrate, wherein said epitaxial layer is doped with a first typedopant, e.g., N dopant; forming a trench mask with open and closed areason the surface of said epitaxial layer; removing semiconductor materialfrom exposed areas of said trench mask to form a plurality of gatetrenches; growing a sacrificial oxide layer onto the surface of saidtrenches to remove the plasma damage introduced during opening saidtrenches; removing said sacrificial oxide and said trench mask; forminga first insulating layer on the surface of said epitaxial layer andalong the inner surface of said gate trenches as gate oxide; depositingdoped poly or combination of doped poly onto said gate oxide and intosaid gate trenches; forming a body mask and implanting said epitaxiallayer with a second type dopant to from P-body regions; removing saidbody mask and forming a source mask; implanting whole device with afirst type dopant to form source regions; forming a second insulatinglayer onto whole surface; forming a contact mask on the surface of saidsecond insulating layer and removing the insulating material andsemiconductor material; implanting BF2 ion to form P+ area wrappingsidewalls and bottom of source-body contact trench within P-body region;depositing Ti/TiN/W or Co/TiN/W consequently into source-body contacttrenches and on the front surface; depositing a layer of Al alloys onthe front and rear side of device, respectively.
8. The method of claim7, wherein forming said gate trenches comprises etching said epitaxiallayer according to the open areas of said trench mask by dry siliconetching.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein filling said doped polycomprises making doped poly mesa over the first insulating layer to formterrace gate.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein forming said P-bodyregions comprises a step of diffusion to achieve a certain depth afterP-body implantation step.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein formingsaid source regions comprises a step of diffusion to achieve a certaindepth after n+ Ion Implantation step.
12. The method of claim 7, whereinforming said source-body contact trench comprises etching through saidN+ source regions and into said P-body regions by dry silicon etchingaccording to the exposed areas of said contact mask.
13. The method ofclaim 7, wherein implanting BF2 ion to form P+ area comprises implantingBF2 ion above source-body contact trench as well as above the secondinsulating layer..
| 9,326 |
https://github.com/JimCallahan/Pipeline/blob/master/src/java/us/temerity/pipeline/ui/JByteSizeField.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,021 | Pipeline | JimCallahan | Java | Code | 388 | 1,041 | // $Id: JByteSizeField.java,v 1.3 2006/10/11 22:45:41 jim Exp $
package us.temerity.pipeline.ui;
import us.temerity.pipeline.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.text.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* B Y T E S I Z E F I E L D */
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* A text field which represents an integer quantity of bytes. <P>
*
* The field only accepts legal integer values with an optional size suffix of: <BR>
*
* <DIV style="margin-left: 40px;">
* <TABLE style="width: 20%; text-align: left;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
* <TBODY>
* <TR>
* <TD style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Suffix<br></TD>
* <TD style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Multiplier<br></TD>
* </TR>
* <TR>
* <TD style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">"K"<br></TD>
* <TD style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">1024<br></TD>
* </TR>
* <TR>
* <TD style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">"M"<br></TD>
* <TD style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">1048576<br></TD>
* </TR>
* <TR>
* <TD style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">"G"<br></TD>
* <TD style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top;">1073741824<br></TD>
* </TR>
* </TBODY>
* </TABLE></DIV><P>
*
* If a size Suffix character is present in field text, the value returned by
* {@link #getValue getValue} will be scaled by the corresponding Multiplier. <P>
*
* When the value of the field is set using {@link #setValue setValue} integer value
* displayed will be divided by the largest Multiplier which is an even divisor of the
* value along with the corresponding Suffix character.
*/
public
class JByteSizeField
extends JBaseNumberField<Long>
{
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* C O N S T R U C T O R */
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* ConsTRuct a new field.
*/
public
JByteSizeField()
{
super();
}
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* A C C E S S */
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* Get the Long value.
*
* @return
* The Long value or <CODE>null</CODE> if empty or invalid.
*/
public Long
getValue()
{
return ByteSize.stringToLong(getText());
}
/**
* Set th eLong value.
*
* @param value
* The Long value or <CODE>null</CODE> to clear.
*/
public void
setValue
(
Long value
)
{
setText(ByteSize.longToString(value));
}
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* H E L P E R S */
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* Checks a speculative result text for validity.
*/
protected boolean
isValidResult
(
String text
)
{
try {
ByteSize.stringToLong(text);
return true;
}
catch(NumberFormatException ex) {
return false;
}
}
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* S T A T I C I N T E R N A L S */
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = -1441125486714429565L;
}
| 29,781 |
pq746vb6340_1 | GATT_library | Open Government | Various open data | 1,987 | Improved dispute settlement: elements for consideration : Discussion Paper. Prepared by United States Delegation | None | English | Spoken | 2,109 | 2,807 | MULTILATERAL TRADE RESTRICTED
NEGOTIATIONS MTN .GNG/NG13/W/6
25 June 1987
THE URUGUAY ROUND Special Distribution
Group of Negotiations on Goods (GATT) Original: English
Negotiating Group on Dispute Settlement
IMPROVED DISPUTE SETTLEMENT:
ELEMENTS FOR CONSIDERATION
Discussion Paper
Prepared by United States Delegation
The United States wishes to put forward suggestions for
discussion as to how the dispute settlement system might be
improved. The United States has not reached definitive
conclusions with respect to the ideas set out below, some of
which, it will be observed, are put forward as alternatives for
consideration. We encourage a full discussion by all
delegations of the advantages and disadvantages of all these
ideas, as well as other ideas that delegations may put forward
now and in the future, and we reserve the right to suggest new
or alternative ideas.
1. An enhanced mediation role for the GATT Director-General or
his designee.
The Director-General of GATT or his designee could be
empowered and directed to try to mediate a bilateral
solution to disputes while the dispute is under bilateral
discussion, before the dispute reaches the inherently more
confrontational stage of a panel proceeding. At the same
time, the mediation function would be separated out from
the panel process so as to make clear that the role of the
panel is a last resort adjudicatory stage. The GATT would
promote the idea that such neutral mediation by a neutral
party at an early stage could head off a larger
confrontation. A mediator can offer a fresh and objective
perspective 'to a dispute, and the intervention of a
mediator may also make compromise resolutions more
palatable to domestic constituents in some cases than would
solutions arrived at in purely bilateral consultations.
While the mediator would be required to discuss each
dispute with the parties and to offer his mediation
services, either disputing party should have the right to
reject or terminate mediation if it were perceived that the
mediation or conciliation phase could result only in
needlessly prolonging the dispute settlement process. On
the other hand, a voluntary mediation phase, with
appropriate safeguards for timing and confidentiality of
the process, and under the prodding of a respected neutral
mediator, could lead to more timely and less
confrontational solutions.
GATT SECRETARIAT
UR-87-0159 MTN. GNG/NG13/W/6
Page 2
2. A binding arbitration process (entailing no GATT Council or
Code Committee approval) as an alternative means of dispute
settlement for defined classes of cases, or by prior agreement
of the disputing parties on an ad hoc basis.
At present, all GATT disputes fall under essentially the
same procedures, whatever the issue. One consequence is
that issues that should be relatively simply and easily
settled are taking too long and becoming too political
because of procedures and practices designed for harder
cases.
It might be useful to provide for binding arbitration by a
neutral body as a formally available technique of GATT
dispute settlement. By binding, it is meant that the
arbitrators' decision would not require approval by the
GATT Council. A disputing party would still not be
compelled to implement the arbitrators' decision, but a
party fa-iling to implement such a-decision would have to
pay compensation or accept retaliation. To safeguard the
interests of other contracting parties, it would have to be
provided that decisions of such an arbitration process
could not bind other contracting parties or prejudice their
rights and interests.
Arbitration is a widespread and common form of dispute
settlement in international trade. Many commodity and
transportation contracts between firms normally provide for
impartial arbitration by specialists in those fields.
Arbitration provisions may also be found in a number of
bilateral intergovernmental trade agreements and in air
transport agreements.
Binding arbitration should be available whenever both
disputing parties agree, as an alternative to the normal
dispute settlement process. In addition, there might be
classes of disputes where binding arbitration should be
required in lieu of the normal panel process. If
arbitration proves workable and useful, use of the device
might subsequently be expanded.
3. Binding, enforceable time-tables for the process, including~.
its various stages.
The length of the dispute settlement process, including the
myriad opportunities for delay, has at least three negative
consequences: it discourages use of dispute settlement
procedures for certain short-term issues; it means that
considerable trade damage may be suffered in other cases
while the process is pending; and it contributes to a
pejorative public perception of the GATT. MTN.GNG/NG13/W/6
Page 3
Subject to mutual agreement of the disputing parties to any
extension, there should be time limits for each phase of
the dispute settlement process, as well as for the process
as a whole. Further, recognizing that such time guidelines
as now exist often have not been met, the time limits
should be made enforceable. For consultation and mediation
phases of the process, the complaining party should have
the right to proceed to the next phase within a fixed
period of time. Should a party request the establishment
of a panel in accordance with the appropriate procedures,
it should be automatically established, without debate in
Council or delay. In the case of unconsented delays caused
by the defending party during the work of the panel or
thereafter (e.g. delays in providing written submissions or
information requested by the panel), the complaining party
should have the right to retaliate for damage caused by the
measures at issue during the period of delay, provided that
such measures are found to have infringed obligations or
otherwise to have caused nullification or impairment.
4. Use of non-governmental experts as panelists.
The use of panelists from third-country governments appears
to be a weakness of the current system. It is fundamental
to any dispute settlement system that the disputing parties
must have reasonable confidence that the arbitrators are
fair, competent and neutral. Those working most closely
with the GATT may be confident that individuals chosen from
third country delegations have generally met these
qualifications, often commendably, However, for others,
most notably constituents in all countries, the current
system will always give rise to the suspicion that
governmental representatives are not fully neutral, even if
they wish to be. That suspicion in turn makes it easier to
block or reject even meritorious panel findings.
In addition, as we have seen in recent months,, when the
number of concurrent panels increases, it becomes
progressively more difficult to obtain the services of
eligible first-rate panelists from government delegations,
which face many other demands on their time. This is
particularly the case in disputes involving multiple
parties or numerous interested third parties. Use of
governmental panelists also can add to delays in panel
proceedings, for the understandable reason that the
panelists, particularly those fromn smaller delegations,
face many competing demands on their time. MTN.GNG/NG13/W/6
Page 4
Accordingly, panelists (and arbitrators) should be chosen
exclusively from a roster of neutral non-governmental
experts. (This was a recommendation made by the "seven
wise men" in the Leutwiler Report as well.) Recognizing
that there still is a risk of deficient panelists among
non-governmental experts, the roster of available experts
should be sufficiently large that bad choices, or at least
a repetition of bad choices, can be avoided.
5. An agreement that the terms of reference for all panels
should be the same standard terms, to prevent delays occasioned
by negotiating terms of reference among the parties to the
dispute.
The standard terms of reference most often used in panel
proceedings are to examine, in the light of the relevant
GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING
PARTIES by the complaining party and to make such findings
as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the
recommendations or in giving the ruling provided for in
Article XXIII:2. However, there is no requirement that
those terms of reference be used, and the unfortunate
practice of establishing terms of reference in consultation
with the parties to the dispute has become a common
practice, thus unduly delaying the composition of a panel
after it has been established by the. GATT Council. This
extra step in the process, which allows for some discretion
and considerable delay, should be eliminated, with
departures from the standard terms allowed only where all
parties to the dispute agree to such departures. As a
corollary, it should be provided that the complaining party
must give a short written statement of the measures at
issue and the nature of the complaint before requesting
establishment of a panel. Such a paper, which in practice
is already often provided, would enable all parties to
understand the scope of the issue in dispute before the
panel began its work and minimize debates in the Council as
to whether a party has changed the nature of its complaint
relative to matters about which there have been
consultations. It would be understood that the complaining
party would not be expected to provide detailed justifi-
cations in this paper, and the defending party would not be
required to respond in writing prior to establishment of
the panel. MTN.GNG/NG13/W/6
Page 5
6. A procedure to deal with the problem of blocking adoption
of panel reports.
In the last several years, the blocking of adoption of
panel reports has become a serious problem which has shaken
confidence in the GATT system as a whole. Only rarely has
such blocking appeared to be a result of fundamentally
erroneous or inadequate panel conclusions; too often the
motivation appears to be that parties are unwilling to
accept conclusions they deem adverse to their economic or
political interests.
There is a spectrum of procedures that could be considered
to deal with this problem in these negotiations. The most
extreme solution would be to make panel findings and
recommendations binding, without further action by the GATT
Council or code Committees. Under such a solution, a panel
finding that a practice causes nullification or impairment
would by itself give the damaged party a right to suspend
concessions or other obligations if the practice were not
remedied or compensation agreed. Recognizing that such a
solution would afford no check against an erroneous report
and would mark a fundamental change in the philosophy of
the system, an alternative for consideration might be to
provide that panel reports become binding and give rise to
rights for the complaining party only if, after
consideration by the Council or Committee in some fixed
period of time, there is no consensus against adoption of
the findings or recommendation in the panel report.
Another approach; that has been discussed previously in the
GATT, is to allow decisions on the adoption of panel
reports to be taken by a consensus that excludes the
parties to the dispute. Finally, the approach set out in
item 7 below would address this problem in the way that
might be most preferable for all of us -- if parties were
indeed prepared to honor the affirmation called for.
The United States has not come to any conclusions as to
which of these approaches would be both acceptable and
effective in addressing the problem. We put forward this
spectrum of ideas with the thought that all parties should
weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, as
well as others that might be devised, recognizing that
well-reasoned panel reports have only limited utility if
GATT practice continues to allow parties to block adoption
of reports or to avoid follow-up action. MTN.GNG/NG13/W/6
Page 6
7. In addition and/or as an alternative to the ideas in
item 6, an affirmation that parties should seek to implement
the recommendations resulting from a dispute settlement case,
and recognize that failure to do so gives rise to a right to
compensation or retaliation.
The changes in the dispute settlement process suggested
above should help improve respect for the process, and thus
make it easier for disputing parties to accept results.
However, we think it is essential that these improvements
be accompanied by an explicit new affirmation by all
parties that they will use the process to settle disputes,
that they will accept the results, and that they recognize
that the failure to implement recommendations will give
rise to a right to compensation or retaliation for
adversely affected parties. These points are inherent in
existing dispute settlement rules, but it is evident that,
in practice, parties have manifested very different
attitudes in many disputes. The more technical or
procedural changes suggested above would form the occasion
for a new affirmation, as much political as legal, of
greatly improved attitudes toward the dispute settlement
process.
In short, no system of dispute settlement in GATT will work
successfully unless contracting parties come to view dispute
settlement not as a contest of wills but as an essential
element in the management of the world trading system..
| 48,958 |
<urn:uuid:0fdd960a-6e15-47d2-9d58-cf684222d3c4> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | null | https://www.senat.fr/rap/l15-389/l15-38912.html | senat.fr | French | Spoken | 568 | 901 | à la règle avec ces deux textes qui nous viennent de
M. Urvoas. L'un organique et l'autre ordinaire s'appuient sur les
remarques du Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA), du Conseil
constitutionnel, de la Commission nationale des comptes de campagne et des
financements politiques (CNCCFP), de la Commission des sondages et du
séduisant. Pour autant, c'est réduire la
. - La commission de la culture s'est
présidentielle au XXI
siècle avec
. - Plus que son fonctionnement,
C'est une constante sous la V
. - Quand on veut noyer son chien, on le
. - Je salue la clarté des propos du
. - Disposera-t-on d'un
. - Si l'on impose le passage à la
. - M. Béchu est comme un poisson dans
. - Je suis un cancre incorrigible en
milliers de citoyens
- il poserait des problèmes logistiques
mais garantirait un pluralisme ouvert. Le choix du
. - Je félicite Christophe Béchu
République, celle que je
. - N'oubliez pas le FN ! Tout
. - Je n'ai pas découvert cette
a publié hier soir un sondage passionnant selon lequel
. - Enfin une bonne nouvelle !
. - Je partage vos propos de l'horaire de
à 19 heures laisserait 11 heures pour voter, cela semble suffisant
pas atteint 500 signatures.
. - Je suis hostile à ce texte, sinon
. - Ce n'est pas un petit texte. La
désormais par les réseaux sociaux et les
. - La transparence ne doit pas
. - Comme la démocratie !
. - ...entre le candidat qui passe
. - Monsieur le rapporteur, on a
système électoral ? Les
Les amendements COM-1, COM-9, COM-2 et COM-10 ne sont pas
nouveau système que nous ne pouvons examiner
sont les « parrains », avant de tirer au sort
500 d'entre eux dont les noms sont publiés. Envoyer les
. - Le groupe socialiste ne votera pas cet
. - Votre proposition, qui répond
. - Il serait judicieux de publier les
« parrainages » des candidats présentant
ou non leur candidature sont deux choses différentes.
l'équité, je vous renvoie à
La Théorie de la
de John Rawls, publiée en 1971.
. - Je ne changerai pas un mot de
. - Je suis assez convaincu lorsque le
. - Ce débat important
. - Nous ne voterons pas cet amendement pour des
. - Le rapporteur apporte le meilleur argument
. - Je comprends que la question de la primaire
. - Il n'y a qu'une règle qui
. - Oui à l'heure unique mais pourquoi
. - Puis-je prendre ma part à ce concours
. - Seulement une fois tous les cinq
. - Craindre qu'une extrapolation des
. - Les sénateurs représentant
. - Avec ce système, c'est comme si
. - L'ensemble des
. - Notre amendement reprend le texte
. - Si le rapporteur est cohérent, MM.
. - Nous devrons trouver un autre
Sanctions pénales en cas de pression ou de dons
des candidats lors de la période intermédiaire
Durée de la période couverte
Publicité des concours
Pouvoir pour la Commission nationale des comptes
les concours des partis
politiques aux candidats
Fermeture à 19 ou 20 heures des
Fixation d'un horaire unique pour la fermeture
des bureaux
sur les bulletins et les circulaires
Modification sur les cas de désignation
Précision sur les partis politiques
Applicabilité au vote
relative à l'application du principe
d'équité du temps | 28,486 |
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seli%20m%C3%B5is | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Seli mõis | https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seli mõis&action=history | Estonian | Spoken | 260 | 689 | Seli mõis (saksa keeles Sellie) oli mõis Juuru kihelkonnas Harjumaal. Tänapäeval jääb kunagine mõisasüda Rapla valda Rapla maakonnas.
Ajalugu
Esimesed teated Seli mõisast pärinevad aastast 1474, mil läänimees Hans von Lode müüs selle koos veskiga Pirita kloostrile.
Mõisal olnud mitmeid omanikke:
<1474 – Hans von Lode
1474 – Pirita klooster
1563 – Tönnis von Wrangell (pärast tema surma pärib mõisa Tönnis von Wrangell jun)
1641 – Rötger von Tiesenhausen
1643 – Hans von Wrangell
1671 – Otto Johann von Uexküll (alates 1679. a parun von Meyendorff)
1688 – Hans von Rosen
1696 – Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach
1720 – Erich Dietrich von Rosen ja Hans von Rosen jun
1757 – Gustav Erich von Rosen
1781 – Johann von Stenbock
1819 – Johann von Stenbock jun
1831 – Paul von Tiesenhausen
1865 – Eduard von Tiesenhausen
1887 – Viktor von Tiesenhausen
1890 – Nikolai Hans Heinrich von Tiesenhausen
Barokkstiilis kahekorruselise paekivist mõisahäärberi põhiosa on ehitatud maanõunik Gustav Erich von Roseni ajal 1770. aastatel. Algsest ilmest on siiski üsna vähe säilinud, sest hoonet on korduvalt 18.–20. sajandil rekonstrueeritud.
1905. aasta rahutuste ajal sai peahoone põlengus kannatada ning see taastati mõnevõrra muudetud kujul.
Pärast 1919. aasta mõisate sundvõõrandamist sai mõisa valdajaks Eesti Punane Rist. Aastatel 1920–1985 töötas mõisa peahoones kopsutuberkuloosi sanatoorium, seejärel olid raviastutuse patsientideks sõjaveteranid.
Eesti taasiseseisvumise järel tagastati mõis Eesti Punasele Ristile. Mõisahooneid rentinud Kaitseministeerium omandas kogu mõisakompleksi 2006. aastal. Tänapäeval pakutakse Seli tervisekeskuses taastusravi rahvusvahelistelt sõjalistelt operatsioonidelt tagasi jõudnud kaitseväelastele, vabadusvõitletele, kaitseliitlastele ja kaadrikaitseväelastele.
Pilte
Vaata ka
Eesti mõisate loend
Viited
Välislingid
Harjumaa mõisad
Rapla vald
Juuru kihelkond
Stenbockide mõisad | 23,379 |
https://github.com/emmetthitz/pycraft/blob/master/src/model/classes/ability/main.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | pycraft | emmetthitz | Python | Code | 7 | 38 | class Ability:
def __init__(self,):
self._baseSpread=0
x=Ability()
print(dir(x)) | 42,801 |
https://github.com/ruarai/epifx.covid/blob/master/local_pypfilt/src/pypfilt/examples/predation.py | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | null | epifx.covid | ruarai | Python | Code | 1,681 | 5,669 | #!/usr/bin/env python
"""
An example of using the ``pypfilt`` package to estimate the state of a
two-species system described by the Lotka-Volterra equations.
"""
import pypfilt
import pypfilt.summary
import numpy as np
import scipy.integrate
import scipy.stats
import h5py
import pypfilt.plot
import logging
import sys
import pkgutil
class LotkaVolterra(pypfilt.Model):
"""An implementation of the (continuous) Lotka-Volterra equations."""
def init(self, ctx, vec):
"""Initialise a matrix of state vectors."""
# Select x(0), y(0), and the parameters according to the priors.
rnd = ctx.component['random']['model']
size = vec[..., 0].shape
vec[..., 0] = ctx.params['model']['prior']['x'](rnd, size)
vec[..., 1] = ctx.params['model']['prior']['y'](rnd, size)
vec[..., 2] = ctx.params['model']['prior']['alpha'](rnd, size)
vec[..., 3] = ctx.params['model']['prior']['beta'](rnd, size)
vec[..., 4] = ctx.params['model']['prior']['gamma'](rnd, size)
vec[..., 5] = ctx.params['model']['prior']['delta'](rnd, size)
def state_size(self):
"""Return the size of the state vector."""
return 6
def d_dt(self, xt, t):
"""Calculate the derivatives of x(t) and y(t)."""
# Restore the 2D shape of the flattened state matrix.
xt = xt.reshape((-1, 6))
x, y = xt[..., 0], xt[..., 1]
d_dt = np.zeros(xt.shape)
# Calculate dx/dt and dy/dt.
d_dt[..., 0] = xt[..., 2] * x - xt[..., 3] * x * y
d_dt[..., 1] = xt[..., 4] * x * y - xt[..., 5] * y
# Flatten the 2D derivatives matrix.
return d_dt.reshape(-1)
def update(self, ctx, t, dt, is_fs, prev, curr):
"""Perform a single time-step."""
# Use scalar time, so that ``t + dt`` is well-defined.
t = ctx.component['time'].to_scalar(t)
# The state matrix must be flattened for odeint.
xt = scipy.integrate.odeint(self.d_dt, prev.reshape(-1),
[t, t + dt])[1]
# Restore the 2D shape of the flattened state matrix.
curr[:] = xt.reshape(curr.shape)
def describe(self):
"""Describe each component of the state vector."""
return [
# Restrict x(t), y(t) to [0, 10^5], don't allow regularisation.
('x', False, 0, 1e5),
('y', False, 0, 1e5),
# Restrict parameters to [0, 2], allow regularisation.
('alpha', True, 0, 2),
('beta', True, 0, 2),
('gamma', True, 0, 2),
('delta', True, 0, 2),
]
class ObsModel(pypfilt.Obs):
def __init__(self, obs_unit, obs_period):
self.unit = obs_unit
self.period = obs_period
def log_llhd(self, params, op, time, obs, curr, hist):
# NOTE: the expected observations are x(t) and y(t).
# Calculate the log-likelihood of each observation in turn.
unit = obs['unit']
if unit == 'x':
x_t = curr[..., 0]
x_dist = scipy.stats.norm(loc=x_t, scale=op['sdev'])
return x_dist.logpdf(obs['value'])
elif unit == 'y':
y_t = curr[..., 1]
y_dist = scipy.stats.norm(loc=y_t, scale=op['sdev'])
return y_dist.logpdf(obs['value'])
else:
raise ValueError('invalid observation unit: {}'.format(unit))
def simulate(self, params, op, time, period, expect, rng=None):
if rng is None:
return scipy.stats.norm(loc=expect, scale=op['sdev']).rvs()
else:
return rng.normal(loc=expect, scale=op['sdev'])
def expect(self, ctx, op, time, period, prev, curr):
if self.unit == 'x':
expect = curr[..., 0]
elif self.unit == 'y':
expect = curr[..., 1]
else:
raise ValueError('invalid observation unit: {}'.format(self.unit))
return expect
def quantiles(self, params, op, time, mu, wt, probs):
# The minimum interval width before we decide that a value is
# sufficiently accurate.
tolerance = 0.00001
scale = op['sdev']
normal = scipy.stats.norm(loc=mu, scale=scale)
def cdf(y):
"""Calculate the CDF of the weighted sum over all particles."""
return np.dot(wt, normal.cdf(y))
def bisect(a, b):
"""
Return the midpoint of the interval [a, b], or ``None`` if the
minimum tolerance has been reached.
"""
if b > a + tolerance:
return (a + b) / 2
else:
return None
# Find appropriate lower and upper bounds for y_i.
pr_min = np.min(probs)
pr_max = np.max(probs)
y0_lower = scipy.stats.norm(loc=np.min(mu), scale=scale).ppf(pr_min)
y0_upper = scipy.stats.norm(loc=np.max(mu), scale=scale).ppf(pr_max)
return pypfilt.obs.bisect_cdf(probs, cdf, bisect, y0_lower, y0_upper)
def from_file(self, filename, time_scale):
cols = [time_scale.column('date'), ('value', np.float)]
df = pypfilt.io.read_table(filename, cols)
obs_list = [{'date': row['date'],
'value': row['value'],
'unit': self.unit,
'period': self.period,
'source': filename}
for row in df]
return (obs_list, df)
def default_priors():
"""Define default model prior distributions."""
return {
'x': lambda r, size=None: r.uniform(0.5, 1.5, size=size),
'y': lambda r, size=None: r.uniform(0.2, 0.4, size=size),
'alpha': lambda r, size=None: r.uniform(0.6, 0.8, size=size),
'beta': lambda r, size=None: r.uniform(1.2, 1.4, size=size),
'gamma': lambda r, size=None: r.uniform(0.9, 1.1, size=size),
'delta': lambda r, size=None: r.uniform(0.9, 1.1, size=size),
}
def make_params(px_count, seed, obs_sdev, max_days=14):
"""Define the default simulation parameters for this model."""
model = LotkaVolterra()
time_scale = pypfilt.Scalar()
params = pypfilt.default_params(model, time_scale,
max_days=max_days,
px_count=px_count,
prng_seed=seed)
# Use one time-step per unit time, odeint will interpolate as needed.
params['steps_per_unit'] = 1
# Calculate statistics from the start of the simulation period.
params['summary']['from_first_day'] = True
# Define default model prior distributions.
params['model']['prior'] = default_priors()
# Define the observation model parameters and likelihood functions.
params['obs'] = {
'x': {'sdev': obs_sdev},
'y': {'sdev': obs_sdev},
}
params['component']['obs'] = {
'x': ObsModel(obs_unit='x', obs_period=0),
'y': ObsModel(obs_unit='y', obs_period=0),
}
# Write output to the working directory.
params['out_dir'] = '.'
params['tmp_dir'] = '.'
return params
def make_observations(params, obs_tables=True):
# Record the original prior distributions and particle count.
original_priors = params['model']['prior']
px_count = params['hist']['px_count']
# Define the ground truth and construct the corresponding priors.
x0 = 0.9
y0 = 0.25
alpha = 2/3
beta = 4/3
gamma = 1
delta = 1
params['model']['prior'] = {
'x': lambda r, size=None: x0 * np.ones(size),
'y': lambda r, size=None: y0 * np.ones(size),
'alpha': lambda r, size=None: alpha * np.ones(size),
'beta': lambda r, size=None: beta * np.ones(size),
'gamma': lambda r, size=None: gamma * np.ones(size),
'delta': lambda r, size=None: delta * np.ones(size),
}
# Simulate the observations from this model.
params['hist']['px_count'] = 1
sim_obs = pypfilt.simulate_from_model(params)
# Restore the original prior distributions and particle count.
params['model']['prior'] = original_priors
params['hist']['px_count'] = px_count
# Convert each row in the simulated observations table into an observation
# dictionary. Note that this involves converting the observation dates
# from their serialised form.
time = params['component']['time']
obs = []
for row in sim_obs:
obs.append({
'date': time.from_dtype(row['date']),
'period': 0,
'unit': row['unit'],
'value': row['value'],
'source': 'make_observations()',
})
if obs_tables:
params['data']['obs']['x'] = sim_obs[sim_obs['unit'] == 'x']
params['data']['obs']['x'] = sim_obs[sim_obs['unit'] == 'y']
return obs
def save_scalar_observations(sim_obs):
"""Save simulated observations to disk."""
x_tbl = sim_obs[sim_obs['unit'] == 'x'][['date', 'value']]
y_tbl = sim_obs[sim_obs['unit'] == 'y'][['date', 'value']]
x_tbl = x_tbl[x_tbl['date'] > 0]
y_tbl = y_tbl[y_tbl['date'] > 0]
np.savetxt('predation-counts-x.ssv', x_tbl, fmt='%d %f',
header='date value', comments='')
np.savetxt('predation-counts-y.ssv', y_tbl, fmt='%d %f',
header='date value', comments='')
def forecast(data_file):
"""Run a suite of forecasts against generated observations."""
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.info('Preparing the forecast simulations')
# Define the simulation period and forecasting times.
t0 = 0.0
t1 = 15.0
fs_times = [1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0]
params = make_params(px_count=1000, seed=42, obs_sdev=0.2)
params['time']['start'] = t0
params['time']['until'] = t1
# Generate noisy observations.
obs = make_observations(params, t1)
# Define the summary tables to be saved to disk.
summary = pypfilt.summary.HDF5(params, obs)
params['component']['summary'] = summary
params['component']['summary_monitor'] = {
'expected_obs': pypfilt.summary.ExpectedObsMonitor(),
}
params['component']['summary_table'] = {
'model_cints': pypfilt.summary.ModelCIs(probs=[0, 50, 95]),
'obs': pypfilt.summary.Obs(),
'forecasts': pypfilt.summary.PredictiveCIs('expected_obs'),
}
# Run the forecast simulations.
pypfilt.forecast(params, [obs], fs_times, data_file)
def plot_forecasts(state_cints, x_obs, y_obs, pdf_file=None, png_file=None):
"""Plot the population predictions at each forecasting date."""
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
with pypfilt.plot.apply_style():
plot = pypfilt.plot.Grid(
state_cints, 'Time', 'Population Size (1,000s)',
('fs_date', 'Forecast @ t = {:0.0f}'),
('unit', lambda s: '{}(t)'.format(s)))
plot.expand_x_lims('date')
plot.expand_y_lims('ymax')
for (ax, df) in plot.subplots():
ax.axhline(y=0, xmin=0, xmax=1,
linewidth=1, linestyle='--', color='k')
hs = pypfilt.plot.cred_ints(ax, df, 'date', 'prob')
if df['unit'][0] == 'x':
df_obs = x_obs
else:
df_obs = y_obs
past_obs = df_obs[df_obs['date'] <= df['fs_date'][0]]
future_obs = df_obs[df_obs['date'] > df['fs_date'][0]]
hs.extend(pypfilt.plot.observations(ax, past_obs,
label='Past observations'))
hs.extend(pypfilt.plot.observations(ax, future_obs,
future=True,
label='Future observations'))
plot.add_to_legend(hs)
# Adjust the axis limits and the number of ticks.
ax.set_xlim(left=0)
ax.locator_params(axis='x', nbins=4)
ax.set_ylim(bottom=-0.2)
ax.locator_params(axis='y', nbins=4)
plot.legend(loc='upper center', ncol=5)
if pdf_file:
logger.info('Plotting to {}'.format(pdf_file))
plot.save(pdf_file, format='pdf', width=10, height=5)
if png_file:
logger.info('Plotting to {}'.format(png_file))
plot.save(png_file, format='png', width=10, height=5)
def plot_params(param_cints, pdf_file=None, png_file=None):
"""Plot the parameter posteriors over the estimation run."""
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
with pypfilt.plot.apply_style():
plot = pypfilt.plot.Wrap(
param_cints, 'Time', 'Value',
('name', lambda s: '$\\{}$'.format(s)),
nr=1)
plot.expand_y_lims('ymax')
for (ax, df) in plot.subplots(dy=-0.025):
hs = pypfilt.plot.cred_ints(ax, df, 'date', 'prob')
if df['name'][0] == 'alpha':
y_true = 2/3
elif df['name'][0] == 'beta':
y_true = 4/3
elif df['name'][0] == 'gamma':
y_true = 1
elif df['name'][0] == 'delta':
y_true = 1
hs.append(ax.axhline(y=y_true, xmin=0, xmax=1, label='True value',
linewidth=1, linestyle='--', color='k'))
plot.add_to_legend(hs)
plot.legend(loc='upper center', ncol=5, borderaxespad=0)
if pdf_file:
logger.info('Plotting to {}'.format(pdf_file))
plot.save(pdf_file, format='pdf', width=10, height=3)
if png_file:
logger.info('Plotting to {}'.format(png_file))
plot.save(png_file, format='png', width=10, height=3)
def plot(data_file, png=True, pdf=True):
"""
Save the plots produced by :func:`plot_params` and :func:`plot_forecasts`.
This will save the plots to files whose names begin with
"predation_params" and "predation_forecasts".
:param png: Whether to save plots as PNG files.
:param pdf: Whether to save plots as PDF files.
"""
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.info('Loading outputs from {}'.format(data_file))
# Use the 'Agg' backend so that plots can be generated non-interactively.
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')
# File names for the generated plots.
fs_pdf = 'predation_forecasts.pdf'
fs_png = 'predation_forecasts.png'
pp_pdf = 'predation_params.pdf'
pp_png = 'predation_params.png'
# Read in the model credible intervals and the observations.
with h5py.File(data_file, 'r') as f:
cints = f['/data/model_cints'][()]
forecasts = f['/data/forecasts'][()]
obs = f['/data/obs'][()]
# Convert serialised values into more convenient data types.
convs = pypfilt.summary.default_converters(pypfilt.Scalar())
cints = pypfilt.summary.convert_cols(cints, convs)
forecasts = pypfilt.summary.convert_cols(forecasts, convs)
obs = pypfilt.summary.convert_cols(obs, convs)
# Separate the observations of the two populations.
x_obs = obs[obs['unit'] == 'x']
y_obs = obs[obs['unit'] == 'y']
# Separate the credible intervals for the population sizes from the
# credible intervals for the model parameters.
var_mask = np.logical_or(cints['name'] == 'x',
cints['name'] == 'y')
param_cints = cints[np.logical_not(var_mask)]
# Only retain forecasts, ignore results from the estimation pass, if any.
fs_mask = forecasts['fs_date'] < max(forecasts['date'])
forecasts = forecasts[fs_mask]
# Only keep the model parameter posteriors from the estimation run.
est_mask = param_cints['fs_date'] == max(param_cints['date'])
param_cints = param_cints[est_mask]
# Plot the population forecasts.
pdf_file = fs_pdf if pdf else None
png_file = fs_png if png else None
plot_forecasts(forecasts, x_obs, y_obs, pdf_file, png_file)
# Plot the model parameter posterior distributions.
pdf_file = pp_pdf if pdf else None
png_file = pp_png if png else None
plot_params(param_cints, pdf_file, png_file)
def __example_data(filename):
return pkgutil.get_data('pypfilt.examples', filename).decode()
def example_toml_data():
"""Return the contents of the example file "predation.toml"."""
return __example_data('predation.toml')
def example_obs_x_data():
"""Return the contents of the example file "predation-counts-x.ssv"."""
return __example_data('predation-counts-x.ssv')
def example_obs_y_data():
"""Return the contents of the example file "predation-counts-y.ssv"."""
return __example_data('predation-counts-y.ssv')
def write_example_files():
"""
Save the following example files to the working directory:
* The forecast scenario file "predation.toml";
* The observations file "predation-counts-x.ssv"; and
* The observations file "predation-counts-y.ssv".
"""
toml_file = 'predation.toml'
obs_x_file = 'predation-counts-x.ssv'
obs_y_file = 'predation-counts-y.ssv'
toml_data = example_toml_data()
with open(toml_file, 'w') as f:
f.write(toml_data)
obs_x_data = example_obs_x_data()
with open(obs_x_file, 'w') as f:
f.write(obs_x_data)
obs_y_data = example_obs_y_data()
with open(obs_y_file, 'w') as f:
f.write(obs_y_data)
def main(args=None):
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
data_file = 'predation.hdf5'
forecast(data_file)
plot(data_file, pdf=False)
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.exit(main())
| 41,288 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation%20and%20Transportation%20Security%20Act | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Aviation and Transportation Security Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation and Transportation Security Act&action=history | English | Spoken | 206 | 286 | The Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA, November 19, 2001) was enacted by the 107th United States Congress in the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Act created the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). However, with the passage of the Homeland Security Act in 2002, the TSA was later transferred to the Department of Homeland Security. The legislation (S. 1447) was sponsored by Democratic Senator Fritz Hollings from South Carolina and co-sponsored by 30 other senators.
Prior to ATSA, passenger screening was the responsibility of airlines, with the actual duties of operating the screening checkpoint contracted-out to private firms such as Wackenhut, Globe, and ITS.
Ticket counter agents were required to ask two questions of passengers checking luggage:
Have any of the items you're traveling with been out of your immediate control since the time you packed them?
Has anyone unknown to you asked you to carry an item aboard the aircraft?
Visitors had to pass through metal detectors and have their carry-on luggage X-rayed before entering the concourses. Photo ID was not required, as at that time the sterile concourse was still viewed as a public area.
References
United States federal transportation legislation
2001 in aviation
Acts of the 107th United States Congress | 49,513 |
https://github.com/baunz/cloud-storage-extension/blob/master/src/main/scala/com/exasol/cloudetl/parquet/ParquetValueConverter.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | cloud-storage-extension | baunz | Scala | Code | 101 | 347 | package com.exasol.cloudetl.parquet
import java.util.List
import com.exasol.common.json.JsonMapper
import com.exasol.parquetio.data.Row
import org.apache.parquet.schema.MessageType
import org.apache.parquet.schema.Type.Repetition
/**
* A Parquet value converter class that transforms nested values to JSON strings.
*/
final case class ParquetValueConverter(schema: MessageType) {
private[this] val size = schema.getFields.size()
private[this] var convertedValues = Array.ofDim[Object](size)
def convert(row: Row): Array[Object] = convertParquetComplexValuesToJSON(row.getValues())
private[this] def convertParquetComplexValuesToJSON(values: List[Object]): Array[Object] = {
var i = 0
while (i < size) {
convertedValues(i) = convertValue(i, values.get(i))
i += 1
}
convertedValues
}
private[this] def convertValue(i: Int, value: Object): Object = {
val fieldType = schema.getType(i)
if (fieldType.isPrimitive() && !fieldType.isRepetition(Repetition.REPEATED)) {
value
} else {
JsonMapper.toJson(value)
}
}
}
| 28,843 |
https://github.com/andrejp88/dlib/blob/master/dlib/geometry/trimesh.d | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSL-1.0 | 2,018 | dlib | andrejp88 | D | Code | 727 | 2,080 | /*
Copyright (c) 2013-2017 Timur Gafarov
Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
do so, all subject to the following:
The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
a source language processor.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/
module dlib.geometry.trimesh;
private
{
import std.stdio;
import std.math;
import dlib.math.vector;
import dlib.geometry.triangle;
}
struct TriMesh
{
Vector3f[] vertices;
Vector3f[] normals;
Vector4f[] tangents;
Vector2f[] texcoords1;
Vector2f[] texcoords2;
uint numTexCoords = 0;
struct Index
{
uint a, b, c;
}
struct FaceGroup
{
Index[] indices;
int materialIndex;
}
FaceGroup[] facegroups;
Triangle getTriangle(uint facegroupIndex, uint triIndex)
{
Triangle tri;
Index triIdx = facegroups[facegroupIndex].indices[triIndex];
tri.v[0] = vertices[triIdx.a];
tri.v[1] = vertices[triIdx.b];
tri.v[2] = vertices[triIdx.c];
tri.n[0] = normals[triIdx.a];
tri.n[1] = normals[triIdx.b];
tri.n[2] = normals[triIdx.c];
if (numTexCoords > 0)
{
tri.t1[0] = texcoords1[triIdx.a];
tri.t1[1] = texcoords1[triIdx.b];
tri.t1[2] = texcoords1[triIdx.c];
if (numTexCoords > 1)
{
tri.t2[0] = texcoords2[triIdx.a];
tri.t2[1] = texcoords2[triIdx.b];
tri.t2[2] = texcoords2[triIdx.c];
}
}
tri.normal = planeNormal(tri.v[0], tri.v[1], tri.v[2]);
tri.barycenter = (tri.v[0] + tri.v[1] + tri.v[2]) / 3;
tri.d = (tri.v[0].x * tri.normal.x +
tri.v[0].y * tri.normal.y +
tri.v[0].z * tri.normal.z);
tri.edges[0] = tri.v[1] - tri.v[0];
tri.edges[1] = tri.v[2] - tri.v[1];
tri.edges[2] = tri.v[0] - tri.v[2];
tri.materialIndex = facegroups[facegroupIndex].materialIndex;
return tri;
}
// Read-only triangle aggregate:
// foreach(tri; mesh) ...
int opApply(scope int delegate(ref Triangle) dg)
{
int result = 0;
for (uint fgi = 0; fgi < facegroups.length; fgi++)
for (uint i = 0; i < facegroups[fgi].indices.length; i++)
{
Triangle tri = getTriangle(fgi, i);
result = dg(tri);
if (result)
break;
}
return result;
}
void genTangents()
{
Vector3f[] sTan = new Vector3f[vertices.length];
Vector3f[] tTan = new Vector3f[vertices.length];
foreach(i, v; sTan)
{
sTan[i] = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
tTan[i] = Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
}
foreach(ref fg; facegroups)
foreach(ref index; fg.indices)
{
uint i0 = index.a;
uint i1 = index.b;
uint i2 = index.c;
Vector3f v0 = vertices[i0];
Vector3f v1 = vertices[i1];
Vector3f v2 = vertices[i2];
Vector2f w0 = texcoords1[i0];
Vector2f w1 = texcoords1[i1];
Vector2f w2 = texcoords1[i2];
float x1 = v1.x - v0.x;
float x2 = v2.x - v0.x;
float y1 = v1.y - v0.y;
float y2 = v2.y - v0.y;
float z1 = v1.z - v0.z;
float z2 = v2.z - v0.z;
float s1 = w1[0] - w0[0];
float s2 = w2[0] - w0[0];
float t1 = w1[1] - w0[1];
float t2 = w2[1] - w0[1];
float r = (s1 * t2) - (s2 * t1);
// Prevent division by zero
if (r == 0.0f)
r = 1.0f;
float oneOverR = 1.0f / r;
Vector3f sDir = Vector3f((t2 * x1 - t1 * x2) * oneOverR,
(t2 * y1 - t1 * y2) * oneOverR,
(t2 * z1 - t1 * z2) * oneOverR);
Vector3f tDir = Vector3f((s1 * x2 - s2 * x1) * oneOverR,
(s1 * y2 - s2 * y1) * oneOverR,
(s1 * z2 - s2 * z1) * oneOverR);
sTan[i0] += sDir;
tTan[i0] += tDir;
sTan[i1] += sDir;
tTan[i1] += tDir;
sTan[i2] += sDir;
tTan[i2] += tDir;
}
tangents = new Vector4f[vertices.length];
// Calculate vertex tangent
foreach(i, v; tangents)
{
Vector3f n = normals[i];
Vector3f t = sTan[i];
// Gram-Schmidt orthogonalize
Vector3f tangent = (t - n * dot(n, t));
tangent.normalize();
tangents[i].x = tangent.x;
tangents[i].y = tangent.y;
tangents[i].z = tangent.z;
// Calculate handedness
if (dot(cross(n, t), tTan[i]) < 0.0f)
tangents[i].w = -1.0f;
else
tangents[i].w = 1.0f;
}
}
}
| 22,043 |
sn88063294_1943-06-06_1_10_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,943 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,730 | 2,725 | PART 1. Interior Rows Due to Be Aired At CIO Parley Reu+tar-LaMoMe Tilt Tops Executive Board s Meet in Toronto, Can. r 11 News of Labor Bv ,l\( K < KM I IN ji,i rr >lt y I jihnr IHltc* tTmax hfitti#* between; Wn'- r * Rrvher. LAW-CIO vic#j oie*idrn‘ „nri Leo LaMM’*. board] memhe* v* II (fvnif’ th:s work w hen 4 hoard moot? at the r.nal York Hotel in To rorio. ('anada. \,»t »v y w ill it be a cl as) be tv cor the two personalities but it will i -o cpie-ent a cluilil'Ctvsccn the two most prominent faction? in the union the Communist wnt pfl’hi/* r- rind the anti-Communists. Rent bet who has been accused by LaMotte of bring responsible for the leeent Chrysler sirike. will demand before the full 21-man board that LnMot’e either prefer formal rhnrp.es flgainst»him. make a public apology, or stand trial ‘or violating ’he international union con*’; tut ion. I \ MOTTE SILENT I.a Mot in to date ha? not indi cated what course of action he will take. Supporting hoth Reuther and La Mott c in their respective positions aie key croups of the rank and file membership. LaMotte’s followers consist mainlv of [vet-on* who have lone horn identified as Communist Parly ?\mpathirers. Thc\ I’orrf’ from such locals a- Trail and Die I/iral l.Vv Packard Local 190 and riyntouth Local And their attacks on Reuther invariably follow the |vatmrn laid down by Karl Rrowder. secretary of_the_ Communist Party in Amcu, |ca! who doesn't like ibe red headed i re president because he defeated incentive pay. MEMBERS TO APPEAR Reuther. too. has his supporters lined up They include I/vcal 331, Prices Local 212: Chrysler Loral 7 and tiie Detroit Council No. 2 of the General Motors Council. Scheduled to appear before the board are members of Podco Local 3 and Chrysler Local 7, both of which locals have adopted resolutions asking for TaMotte's removal as Chrysler director. Although R. J. Thomas, president, appointed LaMotte, he has indicated that he will leave his personal up to the board because, as he said, “I'm no dictator.” TR V TO EIRE LEVIN SOX Coinciding with the Renter-Lafayette battle will be moved on the part of supporters of Conroe F. A. de la Motte, internal revenue collector, to fire Edic Levinson, the union's publicity director. The tipoff on this move came when Local 599 E'lint, adopted a resolution asking Levinson's removal on the grounds that he favored Reuther too much in union publicity releases. In the ranks of officers of the LAV-CIO there is more jealous over public it each one receives than there would be in a group of Hollywood starlets seeking to make a name for themselves. If the Renter-Lafayette fight goes through with it, they are going to be counter-crackled by the Renter forces who will ask that Maurice Sugar, counsel for the union, and author of manifesto extraordinary be also fired. A recent board meeting of Sugar proposed a length and confusing statement of policy which when hoisted down meant that the union's support was the unanimous support of the conference. The board passed ' although :• Is doubtful ,f any of them, im lud irg Add* 1 ? had t'crn taken ir.to ihe confidence of President Roosevelt and Churchill on what their deci sion* Wft l NA illiam Stevenson at' an*’-Cnm mtinio member of ti *• hoard, de senhed tue statement, which wa* released under the name <*f Addc* a« "It sounded like a page from the Hall? \\ork**r." RAISE YOUR OWN POULTRY MEAT! Thou aials of fnin I n> are heat their n»: broiler * iii »(i*.r K»i-e merit Or hill k vard These f*■ t. < • nicy h a], ate t-nM to taise and Hr#tread 'o eat ti from ♦> weeks V>U (all he *u;e of a phr, t'ful .« U|' | l l \ rtf n.t h' of voll’ -e , and ej,n make vood mono? I r • bm'Vvrs to friYnda and r * rhbrer, The i;.e Harr herv, Bo* 7'* -*•<a 1 1 a . \fo , one o t|. largest hatcher t-n in the world Th« \ art mas r ( v low pn< ea tins month or ’heir spetjHh/nd broilers * hicks ai ord. f ; . for r > n or St *«". fob 1A. fob Seda| a. Mo. Send them vnur redpr te. v ~i, .rw in.*. s • ti one* order for t ite •o ■ feet amount, give jour name, ad dres- are « office, and eta'* the vnu want them delivered If #* )( »- }f Af f f fi#*f \ V) '.! #•<}§• | *r V* th# l t'tiM ts ft-%4- M#4 •H'l 4. , ( <■? I 1 • • w- •« ’ —P——■—m—■ - *•“ ■ a PAGE 10 309 400 Home Units Under Construction w \>iiiN<;n>\ June r> • lp» Vvticnnl Housing Adrmnislrmor UsMc. R Hinnttfoi d Ir. said fotl n ihii SLUMS' new hmjsing unit- foi w t wotkeis were built between July, 194i0 and Ma> 1943 A* rfTh end of \pril. he said an additional .*Vt9 Irtfl unit- wrie n ?at ving states of construction ii; ihr units altcadv completed, approx matelv 1M (K>o were priv- Keep their tpirift up I Write lettert regularly ro Ftghf/ng Men at Home and Oyer teas. Buy More War Bonds —to bring them back sooner! >S L^k J||Hb ;i f , Mpl i J^^^B11»BIII^bBBb j:• >■l&^ i * s mm ibi ■ iB.» » 8 «wiiß j wt/m ;: .? TWIT / w 1 I *B B\/ //■ A »-* n w ... 4 lmHi^^M|H^ ; l:‘-Mt:: ■•*•’ -?BBfo Bk /3B. UL * " 1 1 aßfa»*a ’ Wr J I <ft C w i f'VB v H tji **•• -tHH^TBs:.■ v*ffi' 4BB : > ; '-^^ t fedfesIW I B ?■ < y V ,B ft <<-j m / 11118 Jr j^SBBBBBBBHBSHKf' </ p I In War, Builders of Pratt & Whitney Engines and Hamilton Standard Propellers. S BP j I. P.Ott, Noth Fr. Hubbard Urges Attack From Attu In 111. PITROII flMI* I ALBANY. N Y. June 5 Re cently returned from the Aleu tians, Fr. Hubbard, famed glacier priest of Alaska, gave a i»ortentous picture in an interview today of the immense struggle that lies ihead of America to vs rest con tini of the Pacific ftom the Japa nese Whether the accentuation of ihe war in the Atlantic alnm-t to ex clusion of the war in the Pacific i« the ngh» course history alepc will *how, said Fr. Hubbard, hut “Reading between the lines of your blessed letter, I feel again the warmth of your love, and your unshaken belief in our future together. “I shared your letter with the others. It’s what they live for, too. The knowledge that our wives and mothers and sweet hearts are keeping our homes together—while they help to forge the weapons that will some day set us free. “Reading between the lines of your blessed letter, I know that once again the sirens will howl over Tokyo, and bombers will fly so low we’ll see the stars on their wings. “So every day I look to the sky, waiting for them to come again. They will come —no one of us doubts that, ever. And he believes it will inevitably prolong this war. The victory at Attu, he said, has materially advanced the situation especially because it annuls the advantages which the Japs received with Russia's renewal last March of the treaty granting the Japanese fishing lights on Kamchatka. “These rights have always included shore installations and weather stations.” Fr Hubbard pointed out "The taking of Kiska now will give the Americans some advantage in the light to retake Kiska, where the Japs have consolidated their positions, because Attu gives its one day's advance knowledge of the weather on Kiska. Undoubtedly this will save thousands of lives. "We have received shameful news." Defeats at the hands of the Japs. We have lost more battleships at their hands in the Pacific than in our whole history. "We must really consider this Pacific war our real war." Never be a barbed wire fence between a man and his opportunity to work and build and grow and make his life worth living—this war worth winning! ASH-KELVIN ATOR CORPORATION, DETROIT Two Fined $100 Each For Their Dual Driving CHICAGO, June 5 (UP) Two men were fined $100 and costs each for recklessly driving the same car at the same time. Joseph Storch, 51, admitted he was behind the wheel all right, but he told the judge that $100 Potaeki, 33, who slept stepping on the accelerator and shifting gears, had just as much to do with the actual progress of the car. My faith and hope in you keeps my head up and my heart high, while silently I pray for the day they’ll come to deliver us from evil to bring me home to you again. “Home—where I want unchanged, just as I remember them now, all the things that I hold dear. The right of a man to think and speak his thoughts, the right of a man to live and worship as he wants, the right of a man to work and earn a just reward! “Don’t ever let these be lost. Guard them with every ounce of your energy until I come back... back to America where no armed guard bars the door to liberty... where there will be no armed guard.” State Funeral Held For Admiral Yamamoto TOKYO, June 5 (UP) State funeral services were held today for Admiral Yamamoto Yamamoto. Tanking Radio reported, and all Japanese observed a A minute of silent prayer. Yamamoto, who once hoa.sted he would diet ate peace terms in the White House, was eommandei rn rhiri of thp Japanese fleet. He ua« killed in action. Sunriav, June h. 1943 Industry Accidents Rise HARRISBURG. Pa. June % (INS—More lhan 10.000 workers in Pennsylvania suffered industrial injuries 85 of them fatal, during January, the department of labor and industry reveal*. ADVERT ISEMiftiT Eyes Sore? Tired Herr'» prompt relief t Bath* with l.avoptik Ruining inflammation aorr n*»a, ri reri reeimic Hrhin* fr<>m Inrai Irritations ,|| rrlirv rfl Coot* r*fr*ihr* «r immf\ rrlunarii 2* .*»r« aurraaa. PraiaM n> thniiaanrl* Oi l.avoptik toH*>. t Eya lip inrluflM I At all <lrtic*iafa. | 18,230 |
https://github.com/dodgydre/lrwh/blob/master/app/Mail/WishlistEmail.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | lrwh | dodgydre | PHP | Code | 57 | 203 | <?php
namespace App\Mail;
use App\Wishlist;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Mail\Mailable;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
class WishlistEmail extends Mailable
{
use Queueable, SerializesModels;
public $wishlist;
/**
* Create a new message instance.
*/
public function __construct(Wishlist $wishlist)
{
$this->wishlist = $wishlist;
}
/**
* Build the message.
*
* @return $this
*/
public function build()
{
return $this->from('[email protected]')
->view('emails.wishlist');
}
}
| 47,513 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16987299 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Chronicon Suevicum universale | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 9 | 30 | Chronicon Suevicum universale
Chronicon Suevicum universale Freebase ID /m/0y6jdq4 | 42,202 |
https://github.com/Suko-dev/backend-gcb/blob/master/src/doctors/specialty.service.ts | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | backend-gcb | Suko-dev | TypeScript | Code | 84 | 256 | import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { InjectRepository } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
import { Repository } from 'typeorm';
import { Specialty } from './entities/specialty.entity';
@Injectable()
export class SpecialtyService {
constructor(
@InjectRepository(Specialty)
private specialtyRepository: Repository<Specialty>,
) {}
async create(specialty: string): Promise<Specialty> {
const newspecialty = this.specialtyRepository.create({ specialty });
return this.specialtyRepository.save(newspecialty);
}
async getSpecialties(specialties: string[]): Promise<Specialty[]> {
return await Promise.all(
specialties.map(async (item) => {
let specialty = await this.specialtyRepository.findOne({
specialty: item,
});
if (!specialty) {
specialty = await this.create(item);
}
return specialty;
}),
);
}
}
| 13,885 |
https://github.com/VictorAlbertos/RxPermissionsResult/blob/master/rx1/src/main/java/io/victoralbertos/rx1_permissions_result/internal/ShadowActivity.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,020 | RxPermissionsResult | VictorAlbertos | Java | Code | 197 | 463 | /*
* Copyright 2016 Copyright 2016 Víctor Albertos
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package io.victoralbertos.rx1_permissions_result.internal;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
public class ShadowActivity extends Activity {
private static Request request;
private OnResult onResult;
private String permissions[];
private int[] grantResults;
@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
if (request == null) {
finish();
return;
}
onResult = request.onResult();
if (savedInstanceState != null) return;
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, request.permissions(), 0);
}
@Override public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {
this.permissions = permissions;
this.grantResults = grantResults;
finish();
}
@Override protected void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
if (onResult != null) {
onResult.response(permissions, grantResults);
}
}
public static void setRequest(Request aRequest) {
request = aRequest;
}
}
| 43,027 |
https://github.com/daothanhduy305/send-notification/blob/master/send-notification/src/main/java/fr/jcgay/notification/MultipleSendNotificationException.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,022 | send-notification | daothanhduy305 | Java | Code | 71 | 254 | package fr.jcgay.notification;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
public class MultipleSendNotificationException extends SendNotificationException {
private List<Exception> errors;
public MultipleSendNotificationException(List<Exception> errors) {
super(messages(checkNotNull(errors)));
this.errors = errors;
}
public List<Exception> getErrors() {
return Collections.unmodifiableList(errors);
}
private static String messages(List<Exception> errors) {
Iterator<Exception> iterator = errors.iterator();
StringBuilder messages = new StringBuilder(iterator.next().getMessage());
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Exception error = iterator.next();
if (error.getMessage() != null) {
messages.append(String.format("%n%s", error.getMessage()));
}
}
return messages.toString();
}
}
| 45,428 |
US-20368305-A_3 | USPTO | Open Government | Public Domain | 2,005 | None | None | English | Spoken | 7,215 | 10,040 | Special Case—Balancing Between SPC and Puncture Module
Under at least one special circumstance, the SPC module and the puncture module in encoder 1500 can be “traded off”. This is the case where the inner encoder module in encoder 1500 is an accumulator, as mentioned previously. In this case the SPC SISO module and the de-puncture module in decoder 1800 can also be “traded off”. Furthermore, in this case the mix of depuncture ratio in depuncture module 1820 and J in SPC SISO module 1812 does not need to match the mix of puncture ratio in puncture module 1512 and J in SPC module 1508 (although the total effect must match). This means that the SPC SISO module and de-puncture module in decoder 1800 can be “traded off” independently of what is done in encoder 1500.
This trade off in decoder 1800 can be used to reduce complexity. As mentioned previously the total number of different values of J used in SPC module 1812 can be reduced by increasing the number of different puncture ratios used in de-puncture module 1820, in such a way that the overall coding rate is the same. This reduction in the number of different values of J will reduce the complexity of the interfaces between SPC module 1812, interleaver 1808, and de-interleaver 1810.
Specific Example of Decoder With Puncture Module
A specific example of an decoder that flexibly performs encoding for different data frame sizes, coding rates, and modulations, may be implemented as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The structure presented previously as encoder 1800 is utilized again for illustrative purposes. Here, the decoder may operate with eight default frame sizes ranging from 128 bits to 16384 bits, as listed below. Each data frame refers to a collection of data organized as a group for processing.
- - 128 bits; - 256 bits; - 512 bits; - 1024 bits; - 2048 bits; - 4096 bits; - 8192 bits; and - 16384 bits.
These data frame sizes are presented for illustrative purpose. Other sizes may also be adopted. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the decoder may be reprogrammed to support different sets of frame sizes. For example, the decoder may be reprogrammed to support another set of eight different frame sizes. Also, the decoder may allow the frame size to be selected from the available sizes on a frame-by-frame basis.
Here, the decoder supports 45 different code rates. These 45 code rates are derived from a combination of coarse rate control and fine rate control. The coarse rate control is controlled by varying r, where r=J/(J+2) is the rate of the unpunctured code set by the value of J in SPC module 1508. There are 5 possible values of r:
- - r=1/2 (J=2); - r=2/3 (J=4); - r=4/5 (J=8); - r=8/9 (J=16); and - r=16/17 (J=32).
These rates are presented for illustrative purposes. Other code rates may also be used in accordance with the present invention. The fine rate control is controlled by varying p, where p is the puncture ratio used in the de-puncture module 1520. There are 9 possible values of p:
- - p=16/16; - p=15/16; - p=14/16; - p=13/16; - p=12/16; - p=11/16; - p=10/16; - p=9/16; and - p=8/16.
These ratios are presented for illustrative purposes. Other puncture ratios may also be used in accordance with the present invention. The overall coding rate of decoder 1800 may be expressed as r_(p)=r/(r+p(1−r)).
The decoder may be capable of handling different types of modulation mappings, such as those listed below.
- - BPSK; - QPSK; - b 16QAM; - b 64QAM; and - b 256QAM.
These mappings are presented for illustrative purposes. Other mappings may also be adopted in accordance with the invention.
Performance
FIGS. 9-14 show performance results demonstrating the performance and flexibility of an improved error correction coding scheme in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. These performance results correspond to an implementation of the decoder using a specific ASIC design. The results reflect measurements which include implementation losses. Accordingly, an ideal implementation of may achieve better performance than that shown in these figures. The ASIC used for these measurements utilize a Structured ASIC design, as is well known in the art. This ASIC is implemented with a system clock speed of 105 MHz. In another embodiment, the ASIC may utilize a Standard Cell ASIC design, which is also well known in the art. Such a design may facilitate a higher clock speed and thus higher throughput.
FIG. 9 demonstrates the throughput performance of a decoder for the improved error correction coding scheme, according to one embodiment of the present invention. For various combinations of coding rate, frame size, and modulation scheme, throughput is plotted against the number of iterations performed by the decoder.
FIG. 10 demonstrates the code rate flexibility of a decoder for the improved error correction coding scheme, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows the performance of the decoder with QPSK modulation, a frame size of 16K bits, and a range of code rates from rate 1/2 to rate 19/20. These codes rates are selected for illustrative purposes. In at least one embodiment of the invention, the decoder supports more rates than those shown in the figure. Results for two different numbers of iterations are shown for each case: Sufficient iterations to support 54 Mbps operation; and sufficient iterations to support 155 Mbps operation.
FIG. 11 demonstrates the frame size flexibility of a decoder for the improved error correction coding scheme, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows the performance of the decoder with QPSK modulation, a code rate of 1/2, and a range of frame sizes from 16K bits down to 128 bits. These frame sizes are shown for illustrative purposes. In at least one embodiment of the invention, the decoder supports more frame sizes than those shown in the figure. Results for two different numbers of iterations are shown for each case: Sufficient iterations to support 54 Mbps operation; and sufficient iterations to support 155 Mbps operation (except the 128 bit case, which has a reduced throughput due to higher overheads in the decoder).
FIG. 12 demonstrates the frame size flexibility, at an extreme code rate, of a decoder for the improved error correction coding scheme, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows the performance of the decoder with QPSK modulation, a code rate of 19/20, and a range of frame sizes from 16K bits down to 128 bits. Again, the decoder may support more frame sizes than those shown in the figure. Results for two different numbers of iterations are shown for each case: Sufficient iterations to support 54 Mbps operation; and sufficient iterations to support 155 Mbps operation (except the rate 19/20 case, which has a reduced throughput).
FIG. 13 demonstrates the modulation flexibility of a decoder for the improved error correction coding scheme, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure plots the required SNR (Eb/No) for a BER of 10-10 against bandwidth efficiency (measured as throughput per Hz of occupied bandwidth) for QPSK, 8PSK and 16APSK modulations and a range of frame sizes (the FlexiCode ASIC can also support BPSK and 16QAM). Specifically, curves 1302, 1304, and 1306 correspond to QPSK and frame sizes 1K, 4K, and 16K, respectively. Curves 1308, 1310, and 1312 correspond to 8PSK and frame sizes 1K, 4K, and 16K, respectively. Curves 1314, 1316, and 1318 correspond to 16APSK and frame sizes 1K, 4K, and 16K, respectively. Sufficient iterations have been used to support a throughput of 54 Mbps.
FIG. 14 demonstrates the convergence properties of a decoder for the improved error correction coding scheme, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows the performance of the decoder with QPSK modulation, a code rate of 1/2, a frame size of 16K bits, and a range of iterations. As can be seen there is only 0.2 dB gained from going from 11 iterations to 17 iterations, and only 0.1 dB gained from increasing the iterations beyond 17.
Performance With Puncture Module
FIGS. 19-21 show performance results demonstrating the performance and rate flexibility of an improved error correction coding scheme in accordance to one embodiment of the invention. These performance results correspond to an implementation of the decoder 1800 that has 45 code rates resulting from 5 different values of J used in SPC SISO module 1812 to provide coarse rate control of r=1/2 (J=2), r=2/3 (J=4), r=4/5 (J=8), r=8/9 (J=16 ), and r=16/17 (J=32) and a periodic puncture pattern in de-puncture module 1820 of period 16 producing 9 different puncture ratios of p=16/16, p=15/16, p=14/16, p=13/16, p=12/16, p=11/16, p=10/16, p=9/16, and p=8/16 to fine rate control. This results in 45 overall coding rates from r_(p)=1/2 to r_(p)=32/33. This is combined with modulation mappings BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM in the soft demapper 1802.
FIG. 19 shows the Packet Error Rate (PER) as a function of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for many combinations of overall coding rate and modulation mapping, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows that a 1% PER can be achieved from −2 dB SNR to 27 dB SNR in approximately 0.25 dB steps.
FIG. 20 shows the Bandwidth Efficiency as a function of SNR required to achieve a 1% PER for many combinations of overall coding rate and modulation mapping, according to one embodiment of the present invention. This figure shows that a very wide range of bandwidth efficiencies can be achieved through the fine rate control possible with this invention.
FIG. 21 shows in the same results as FIG. 20 and compares the performance results to the finite block size bound, according to one embodiment of the present invention. Measured performance is shown as points, and the bounds are shown as lines. This figures shows that the fine coding rate flexibility does not result in performance penalties.
Implementing the Decoder as an LDPC
For embodiments of the invention that employ binary, linear, two state convolutional codes for both the inner and outer codes, the code structure can be described fully by a set of binary parity check equations. This set of parity check equations can be expressed in matrix form providing a generalization of the parity check matrix equation that is standard in the error control coding literature (for example see: S. Lin and D. Costello, Jr., Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall, 1983). The generalization of the parity check matrix corresponding to this set of parity check equations is defined as the extended parity check matrix. This terminology has been selected to emphasize the fact that the extended parity check matrix involves binary variables that are not outputs of encoder 600.
The resulting extended parity check matrix for encoder 600 has a low density of ones. Therefore, expressing the code structure in terms of such a low-density extended parity check matrix equation allows one to employ iterative message passing decoding algorithms and architectures developed for Low Density Parity Check Codes (LDPC Codes).
The extended parity check representation of the code produced by encoder 600 when binary, linear, two-state convolutional constituent codes are used results from the fact that the state of the constituent encoders is a binary variable and can be included in the parity check equations as an auxiliary or hidden variable. An auxiliary or hidden variable is one that is not part of the encoded binary codeword comprising 614 and 616.
Linear Binary Two-State Convolutional Codes Described by Low-Density Binary Matrices
Consider a binary, linear, two-state convolutional code that maps k input bits to n output bits. Denote the input bits by b_(i) for i=0, 1, . . . k−1 and the output bits by c_(i) for j=0, 1, . . . n-1. Furthermore, let the (k×1) column vector b comprise the k input bits and the (n×1) column vector c comprise the n output bits. If the convolutional code is non-recursive (feed-forward), then the following holds: c=Gb (1) where G is an (n×k) matrix that is low density (i.e., has much fewer than nk ones). To show that this is so, note that the only generator polynomials of interest for a binary, linear, two-state non-recursive code are g₀(D)=1 and g₁(D)=1+D. An encoder block diagram for generator g₁(D)=1+D is shown in FIG. 16B. All other primitive generators are trivial shifts (delays) of these two. Consider a rate 1 code with generator g₀(D). In this case, the matrix G is simply the identity matrix (which is low density). Consider a rate 1 code with generator g₁(D) so that the encoding rule is c_(i)=b_(i)+b_(i−1), where the sum is taken modulo two. It follows that the matrix G has the following form $\begin{matrix} {G = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & X \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \quad & \quad & \quad & ⋰ & ⋰ & \quad & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ where X is one if the encoder is terminated using tail-biting in one embodiment of the invention, and zero if no termination is used in another embodiment of the invention.
For code rates lower than 1, the linear, two-state non-recursive encoder will be some combination of g₀(D) and g₁(D). As an example, consider the case of a rate ½ encoder with one output bit generated by g₀(D) and the other generated by g₁(D). In this case the (2k×k) matrix G will have rows that are alternately drawn from the (k×k) identity matrix and from the matrix in (Eq. 2). Specifically, the matrix G will have the form $\begin{matrix} {G = \left\lfloor \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & X \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ldots & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \quad & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & \quad & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{matrix} \right\rfloor} & (3) \end{matrix}$ where the first output bit of the encoder is generated by g₀(D), the second output bit is generated by g₁(D) and then successive output bits alternate between these two generators.
It should be noted that the order of the rows in the matrix G in (Eq. 3) corresponds to the order of the serialization of the coded bits. In the specific embodiment illustrated in (Eq. 3), output bits with even time indices are generated by g₀(D) and output bits with odd time indices are generated by g₁(D). Other bit serialization are possible and different orderings will result in corresponding permutations of the rows of G.
If the binary, linear, two-state encoder is recursive, then the generators are either g₀(D) or g₂(D)=1/(1+D). All other primitive generators are trivial delays of this encoder operation. A rate one code with generator g₂(D) which is also referred to as an accumulator since the current output bit is the running modulo two sum of the current and previous inputs. A block diagram for the encoder of an accumulator is shown in FIG. 16A. Specifically, for a rate 1 accumulator, the output is c_(i)=c_(i−1)+b_(i). For such a recursive encoder, the following holds b=Sc (4) where S is an (k×n) matrix that is low density. Consider a rate 1 recursive encoder with generator g₀(D), in this case S is the identity matrix. Consider a rate one accumulator, then S is exactly the same form as the matrix given in (2) with X=0. Note that this is a result of the fact that encoders with g₁(D) and g₂(D) are inverse mappings of each other. Any binary, linear, two-state recursive encoder with rate less than 1 will have a mixture of bits generated by g₀(D) and g₂(D). As a result, the matrix S will have rows that are drawn from the matrix in (Eq. 2) and the identity matrix. For example, a rate ½ code with one output generated by g₀(D) and the other generated by g₂(D) will have an S matrix equal to the matrix in (Eq. 3). As with G this is one specific embodiment of S, and other mixtures of g₀(D) and g₂(D) are possible.
Note that the expression in (Eq. 4) can also be written as c=S⁻¹b, where S⁻¹ is the inverse of the matrix S. However, the form in (Eq. 4) is preferable in this case because S is a low-density binary matrix whereas S⁻¹ has roughly half of its elements equal to 1.
In summary, any binary, linear two-state convolutional code can be described by a low density binary matrix relating the vectors of input and output bits. In the special case of encoder 600 where outer encoder 602 and inner encoder 610 are both binary, linear two-state convolutional codes it is possible to describe both outer encoder 602 and inner encoder 610 by low density binary matrices relating the vectors of input and output bits.
Other Encoder Operations Described by Low-Density Binary Matrices
Interleaver 604 and single parity check (SPC) module 608 in encoder 600 can also be described as low density binary matrix relating the vectors of input and output bits.
An interleaver is a permutation device so that there is a one to one relationship between input and output bits. Let b and c denote (m×1) vectors of bits at the input and output of an interleaver, respectively. Then the following holds c=Pb (5) where P is an (m×m) permutation matrix. A permutation matrix has elements that are either 0 or 1 and also has exactly one 1 in each row and column. The interleaver operation is defined by c_(i)=b_(1(i)) where I(i) is a permutation of the indices {0,1, . . . m-1}. Thus, (Eq. 5) holds with the matrix P having a 1 in the I(i) column of row i. Here the convention assumed that rows and columns are indexed by {0,1, . . . m-1}. Since I(i) is a permutation, P is a permutation matrix.
The SPC module 608 can also be described using a sparse binary matrix. For a given parameter J in SPC module 608 of encoder 600, let the input bits to the SPC be denoted as b_(i) and the output bits denoted as c_(j). These variables can be expressed as vectors. Let b be the (m×1) vector of input bits to the SPC module and c be the (v×1) vector of output bits of the SPC module. Here v=m/J since for each J bits input to the SPC module, there is one output. The encoding rule for the SPC module is c _(j) =b _(jJ) +b _(jJ+1) +b _(jJ+2) + . . . +b _(jJ+J−1) (6) where the sum in modulo two. It follows that the input-output relation can be described using c=Jb (7) where J is an (v×m) matrix defined by $\begin{matrix} {J = \left\lfloor \begin{matrix} 1 & 1 & \ldots & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & \quad & \quad & \ldots & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 & 1 & \ldots & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 & 1 & \ldots & 1 & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \vdots & \vdots & \quad & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \quad & \vdots & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & ⋰ & \quad & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \quad & 0 & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \ldots & \quad & \quad & \quad & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 & 1 & \ldots & 1 \end{matrix} \right\rfloor} & (8) \end{matrix}$ so that row i has J consecutive ones starting at column iJ and all other entries are zero.
A repetition operation can also be represented as a low density parity operation. A repetition operation is of interest when a convolutional code has more than one output bit generated by the same generator polynomial. A repetition operation is defined such that the output c_(j) is c _(iL) =c _(iL+1) = . . . =c _(iL+L−1) =b _(i) (9) where b_(i) is the input bit sequence and L is the number of times each bit is repeated. It follows that, in matrix vector form, this is c=R_(L)b (10) where the (Lm×m) matrix R_(L) is the matrix obtained by taking the transpose of the matrix in (Eq. 8) and setting J=L. In other words, column j of R_(L) has L consecutive ones, starting at row L_(j) and all other entries are zero. The Extended Parity Check Matrix
For embodiments of the encoder 600 with inner and outer codes defined as binary, linear, two-state convolutional codes, the entire code structure can be described using a sparse binary matrix relating the codeword bits and some auxiliary or hidden bits. This is best illustrated by an example.
Consider the embodiment of encoder 600 where the outer code 602 is rate ½ with both output bits at a given time generated by g₁(D)=1+D. Denote the (K×1) vector of input bits 616 to the outer code by b. Since each of the outer code output bits at a given time are equal, this may be modeled as a (K×1) vector of output bits c, each of which is repeated. Denote the resulting (2K×1) vector by d. Note that d is the input to the interleaver 604. From the above development, it is clear that c=Gb and d=R₂c, where G is the (K×K) matrix in (Eq. 2) and R₂ is the (2K×K) repeat matrix with L=2. Let vector of bits at the output of the interleaver 604 is Pd and the vector of output bits of the SPC module 608 is e=J(PR₂c). The bits in e are the input to the inner code 610. For this embodiment, we consider an accumulator inner code so that the output bits of the inner code in vector form are p. It follows from (Eq. 4) that these bits satisfy Sp=e.
In summary, any codeword generated by encoder 600 when the outer code is rate ½, with both outputs generated by g₁(D)=1+D, and the inner code selected to be an accumulator must satisfy c=Gb and e=J(PR ₂ c) and Sp=e (11) or equivalently, $\begin{matrix} {{\begin{bmatrix} S & {JPR}_{2} & 0 \\ 0 & I & G \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} p \\ c \\ b \end{bmatrix}} = 0} & (12) \end{matrix}$ where all arithmetic is performed modulo two. Denote the matrix in (Eq. 12) by H′; this is the extended parity check matrix.
The relation in (Eq. 12) is a set of parity check equations in matrix form involving the codeword bits—these are the elements of p (614) and b (616)—along with a set of auxiliary variables defined by c. The relation in (Eq. 12) is written in matrix-partitioned form and it is useful to review the dimensions for this embodiment. The vectors p, c, and b are (V×1), (K×1), and (K×1), respectively, where K is the number of input bits and V=2K/J is the number of parity bits (614). The matrices S and G are the dual-diagonal structure of (Eq. 2) with dimensions (V×V) and (K×K), respectively. The matrix JPR₂ has dimension (V×K). It follows that, for this specific example, H′ has dimension (N×N+K). More generally, H′ has dimension ((N−K+A)×(N+A)), where A is the number of auxiliary (hidden variables). Note that since V is the number of parity bits and N is the total number of bits in the codeword, V+K=N, and this fact has been used.
The relation in (Eq. 12) is similar to a LDPC equation. The main difference is the presence of the auxiliary or hidden variables defined in c. For this reason we refer to the matrix in (Eq. 12) as an extended parity check matrix and the equation in (Eq. 12) as an extended parity check equation. The dimension of a standard parity check matrix is ((N−K)×N). Thus, an extended parity check matrix with A auxiliary variables has A more rows and A more columns than a standard parity check matrix.
Since all operations of encoder 600 can be represented as sparse binary matrix multiplication when binary, linear, two-state convolutional codes are used for inner and outer codes, an extended parity check equation of a form similar to (Eq. 12) is possible. There is some flexibility in selecting the set of auxiliary variables. In the example described, we selected the hidden variables to be K output bits of the outer code. In general, it is desirable to select the set of auxiliary variables such that as few as possible are used while maintaining a structure for the extended parity check matrix that has no cycles of length 4. A cycle of length four occurs when two rows of the matrix have a one in the same two columns.
Standard Parity Check Matrix Equation and Iterative Decoding
Parity check equations with low density can be used to decode the code via a set of standard iterative message passing rules. This method of decoding is well understood in the field for decoding of LDPC Codes. For example, this method is described in detail in in R. G. Gallager, “Low density parity check codes,” IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, vol. 8, January 1962, pp. 21-28 and D. J. C. MacKay and R. M. Neal, “Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes,” IEE Electronic Letters, vol. 32, no. 18, August 1996, pp. 1645-1646. The decoding method is based on constructing a parity check graph based on a parity check equation of the form Hx=0 (13) Where x is any valid codeword for the LDPC code and H is a low density parity check matrix with dimension ((N−K)×N), where there are K input bits and N output bits. Such a LDPC equation corresponds in a one to one manner with a parity check graph as shown in FIG. 22. There are two types of nodes in the parity check graph of FIG. 12: variable nodes (2202) and check nodes (2206). Each variable node is connected to one or more check node by a set of edges that are permuted through a predetermined edge permutation (2204). The pattern of connections in the parity check graph is defined by the form of the H matrix in (Eq. 13). Specifically, if the element in row i and column j of H is a one, then the i^(th) check node will be connected to the j^(th) variable node; otherwise there is no edge connecting these nodes. It follows that there are N variable nodes, corresponding to the number of codeword bits in x and (N−K) check nodes, corresponding to the number of rows in the parity check matrix H.
Decoding of an LDPC code is performed by iteratively updating messages along the edges of the parity check graph. At the start of decoding a message is available for each code bit from the channel observation. Denote the channel message for code bit x_(j) by M[j]. Consider the message update at variable node j and assume that this variable node is connected to D check nodes (i.e., has degree D). Messages will be accepted along the D edges connected to the variable node. Denote these messages as MD_(j)[0], MD_(j)[1], . . . MD_(j)[D-1]. The message update performed at the variable node produces a set of outgoing messages, denoted by MU_(j)[0], MU_(j)[1], . . . MU_(j)[D-1]. The update rule is MU _(j) [i]=(MD _(j)[0]+MD _(j)[1]+ . . . MD _(j) [i−1]+MD _(j) [i+1]+ . . . MD _(j) [D-1])+M[j] (14) In words, the outgoing message along a given edge is the sum of incoming messages along all other edges, plus the channel message.
Processing of the check nodes is similar to the SPC SISO processing. Specifically, for a check node with D edges connected, messages along each edge will be accepted. Let these incoming messages be denoted by MI[0], . . . MI[D-1]. Then, the message update performed at a check node produces an outgoing message along each edge connected to the check node. Denote these messages as MO[0], . . . MO[D-1]. This update is MO[i]=g(MI[0],MI[1], . . . MI[i−1],MI[i+1], . . . MI[D-1]) (15) Where g(.) is the function defined previously. In words, the outgoing message along each edge is the g-function of all messages incoming over the other edges.
It should be noted that the degree of each variable node can be different. Similarly, the degree of each check node can be different. For the embodiment 2200, the variable node degree is shown fixed at 3, while the check degree value is also fixed for all check nodes at 6. More generally, these values can differ for each check and variable node. Such LDPC codes are known as irregular LDPC codes and are well studied in the literature (see, for example, T. J. Richardson, M. A. Shokrollahi and R. L. Urbanke, “Design of Capacity-Approaching Irregular Low-Density Parity-Check Codes”, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 47, no. 2, February 2001, pp. 619-673.).
The iterative decoding proceeds by repeatedly activating variable and check nodes according to some activation schedule. Messages are exchanged between check node and variable nodes that are connected and updated via (Eq. 14) and (Eq. 15). Iteration is terminated by some stopping criterion. At the conclusion of iterations, the codeword bit decisions are obtained as follows. At each variable node the sum of all incoming messages is formed and added to the channel message. If the sign of this quantity is positive, the coded bit is decided to be a 0; otherwise it is decided as a 1.
A diagram of a standard LDPC iterative decoder is shown in FIG. 23. Specifically, decoder 2300 comprises a soft output demapper 2302, a set of variable node soft-input-soft-output (SISO) processors 2304, a permutation device 2306, a set of check node SISO processors 2308, an inverse permutation device 2310, and a hard limit circuit 2310. The soft output demapper 2302 performs the same function as described in the decoder of 600 and provides the set of channel messages to the variable node SISO processors 2304. The variable node SISO processors accept the channel messages from the soft output demapper 2302 and messages from the inverse permutation device 2310. These messages are then updated according to the rule in (Eq. 14). These updated messages are then provided to the permutation device 2310 which accepts these and permutes these messages according to the same pattern as the edge permutation 2204. The permuted messages are provided to the check node SISO processors 2308 which accepts them and updates these messages to produce a set of messages (MO) as defined in (Eq. 15). These updated messages are provided to the inverse permutation device 2310 which permutes the messages in the reverse order of the permutation device 2306. These permuted messages are then provided as messages to be accepted by the variable node SISO processors 2304. This describes one iteration. On the first iteration, the messages provided by the inverse permutation device 2310 to the variable node SISO processors 2304 are set to zero. Iterations are stopped by some stopping rule. On the final iteration, the check node SISO processors 2308 provide to a hard limit device the messages to be compared to zero as described above.
The above describes one embodiment of a LDPC decoder wherein the messages are represented in the form of negative logarithms of likelihood ratios. Other embodiments can use other formats for the messages and different corresponding message update rules. These options are well known in the art (see, for example, S. M. Aji and R. J. McEliece, “The generalized distributive law,” IEEE Trans.˜Information Theory, vol. 46, pp. 325-343, March 2000 and F. Kschischang, B. Frey, and H.-A. Loeliger, “Factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm,” IEEE Trans.˜Information Theory, vol. 47, pp. 498-519, February 2001.).
A typical embodiment of the check node SISO processors 2308 would allow for some degree of parallel processing of the variable node message updates in (Eq. 14). The number of variable nodes processed in parallel can vary from 1 to N, depending on the implementation architecture of 2308. Similar design variations are available for the check node SISO processors 2308.
Iterative Decoding Using the Extended Parity Check Matrix
An extended parity check matrix equation also corresponds in a one to one fashion with a graph having variable nodes and check nodes. The difference between this graph and the standard parity check graph used in LDPC codes is that this graph includes variable nodes corresponding to the auxiliary variables. For the example in (Eq. 12), the corresponding graph is shown in FIG. 24. Since the dimension of the extended parity check matrix H′ is (N×N+A), there are N+A variable nodes 2402 and N check nodes 2404 in the extended parity check graph. The variable nodes are shown in two groups: the N standard or “visible” variable nodes which comprise the transmitted codeword bits 2408 and the A auxiliary or hidden bits 2410. In the embodiment described above, for example, the bits comprising 2408 are those in the systematic and parity bit vectors b and p, respectively, whereas the bits in c comprise correspond to the hidden bit nodes 2410. The edge permutation pattern 2404 is defined by the locations of the 1 values in the low density extended parity check matrix H′ in the same manner that a standard parity check matrix defines the edge permutation of the corresponding parity check graph. The check nodes 2406 are defined in the same manner as in a standard LDPC parity check graph, but are based on the extended parity check matrix H′. Specifically, the number of check nodes in the extended parity check graph 2400 is equal to the number of rows in H′, namely N.
Iterative decoding is performed in the same manner as standard LDPC decoding with the convention that the channel message for the auxiliary variables is set to zero. All other decoding steps remain unchanged. In most applications it is not necessary to make final decisions on the auxiliary variables.
An iterative decoder 2500 based on the extended parity check representation is shown in FIG. 25. The functionality of the decoder 2500 is similar to that of the decoder 2300 in all aspects except for the channel messages supplied to the variable node SISO processors 2504. Specifically, the channel messages corresponding to auxiliary variables are set to the null value—indicating that there is no channel soft decision information available. In the embodiment detailed in (Eq. 14), where the messages are represented in negative log likelihood ratio format, this corresponds to setting M[j]=0 for all hidden variable nodes.
The above describes how one may represent an embodiment the code generated by the encoder 600 using an extended parity check graph and how the code may then be decoded using LDPC iterative decoding methods. This is valid for any embodiment of the encoder 600 where the inner and outer convolutional codes are binary, linear, two state convolutional codes.
A similar result holds for codes generated by the encoder 1500. Specifically, the parity bits punctured by the puncture device 1518 can be maintained in the extended parity check equation (Eq. 12). The iterative decoding proceeds as described above and as shown in FIG. 25, but the soft output demapper 2502 is replaced by the same combination of 1802 and 1820. Specifically, the channel messages provided to the variable node SISO processors 2504 are partitioned into parity and systematic bit messages. The parity bit messages are processed by the depuncture device 1820 before providing the channel messages to the variable node SISO processors 2504. For those parity bits that are punctured, this has the effect of setting the corresponding channel messages equal to the null message.
The above description has focused on modeling the code produced by the encoder of 600 when the inner and outer convolutional codes are binary, linear, two state convolutional codes using an extended parity check matrix and graph. However, it is also possible to model such a code using a standard parity check matrix. This is possible because the auxiliary variables are related to visible (codeword) variables by a sparse binary linear operation (matrix multiplication by a sparse binary matrix). Continuing with the example embodiment leading to (Eq. 11) and (Eq. 12) this point can be demonstrated. Specifically, from (Eq. 11) since c=Gb, the vector of auxiliary variables can be eliminated. This is done by substituting this equation in the middle equation of (Eq. 11) so that the equation e=J(PR₂c)=J(PR₂Gb) is obtained. Combining this with the rightmost equation in (Eq. 11) yields Sp=J(PR₂Gb). Thus, equation (Eq. 11) is reduced to an equivalent set of constraints that only involves the visible codeword variables in b and p. Expressing this in matrix form yields $\begin{matrix} {{\begin{bmatrix} S & {JPR}_{2} & 0 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} p \\ b \end{bmatrix}} = 0} & (16) \end{matrix}$
Note that (Eq. 16) expresses a standard parity check matrix equation with the (N−K×N) parity check matrix H defined in partitioned form by [S JPR₂G]. Thus, the code produced by the encoder 600 can also be decoded using standard iterative LDPC decoding methods. Similarly, the code produced by the encoder 1500 can be decoded using iterative LDPC decoding with the puncturing modification as described above.
For the example embodiment considered to arrive at (Eq. 12) and (Eq. 16), (Eq. 12), which includes hidden variables, has a desirable property. Specifically, an interleaver may be defined such that the extended parity check matrix has no four cycles. However, the standard parity check matrix representation of the same code, as defined in (Eq. 16), will have many four cycles in the parity check matrix. For standard iterative LDPC decoding, four cycles are generally considered undesirable as they can adversely affect decoded bit error probability performance. For sufficiently high code rates and small block sizes, however, this adverse affect is minimal and it may be desirable perform iterative LDPC decoding of the code encoded by 1500 (or 600) using the standard low density parity check representation—i.e., with no auxiliary variables as shown, for example, in equation (Eq. 16).
The improved error correction coding scheme presented in various embodiments above allows for increased flexibility in code rate, frame size, and modulation, without significantly increases in encoder or decoder complexity. Encoders and decoders designed in accordance with the present invention may be implemented using software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. For example, a decoder may be implemented as an ASIC, as previously mentioned. Other types of software, hardware, or combination of software and hardware may also be used.
While the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the described specific embodiments. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, substitutions, and other modifications may be made without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.
1. A method for performing data encoding comprising: encoding data bits according to an outer convolutional code to produce outer encoded bits; processing the outer encoded bits using an interleaver and a single parity check (SPC) module to produce intermediate bits; encoding the intermediate bits according to an inner convolutional code to produce inner encoded bits; processing the inner encoded bits using a puncture module to produce punctured bits; and combining the data bits and the punctured bits to produce encoded outputs.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the SPC module is capable of operating according to a configurable SPC rate, and the puncture module is capable of operating according to a configurable puncture rate.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein an overall encoding rate is associated with converting the data bits into the encoded output; and wherein the configurable SPC rate corresponds to a coarse rate control affecting the overall encoding rate, and the configurable puncture rate corresponds to a fine rate control affecting the overall encoding rate.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the puncture module utilizes a periodic puncture pattern capable of supporting a plurality of possible puncture ratios.
5. A method for performing data decoding comprising: obtaining soft channel metrics derived from a channel; separating the soft channel metrics into parity soft channel metrics and systematic soft channel metrics; processing the parity soft channel metrics using a de-puncture module to produce de-punctured parity soft channel metrics; and iteratively processing the de-punctured soft channel metrics and systematic soft channel metrics using an outer soft-input-soft-output (SISO) module, an inner SISO module, an single parity check (SPC) SISO module, an interleaver, and a de-interleaver to produce decoded soft outputs.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the SPC SISO module is capable of operating according to a configurable SPC rate, and the de-puncture module is capable of operating according to a configurable puncture rate.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein an overall decoding rate is associated with converting the soft channel metrics into the decoded soft outputs; and wherein the configurable SPC rate corresponds to a coarse rate control affecting the overall decoding rate, and the configurable puncture rate corresponds to a fine rate control affecting the overall decoding rate.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein the de-puncture module inserts, for each corresponding discarded bit, a parity channel metric associated with lack of channel metric information.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the inserted parity channel metric equals to zero.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of hard limiting the decoded soft outputs to produce decoded bits.
| 45,555 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathicarpa%20hastifolia | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Spathicarpa hastifolia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spathicarpa hastifolia&action=history | English | Spoken | 58 | 169 | Spathicarpa hastifolia is a species of flowering plants in the family Araceae, endemic to South America.
Synonyms
Aropsis palustris
Spathicarpa cornuta
Spathicarpa platyspatha
Spathicarpa sagittifolia
Spathicarpa sagittifolia var. gardneri
Spathicarpa sagittifolia var. longicuspis
Spathicarpa sagittifolia var. platyspatha
Spathicarpa sagittifolia var. typica
References
Arctos Database entry
Bown, Demi (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .
hastifolia | 35,904 |
https://github.com/dengwenqi123/com.webos.app.home/blob/master/src/components/RemovePopupMenu/RemovePopupMenu.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | null | com.webos.app.home | dengwenqi123 | JavaScript | Code | 288 | 1,161 | import LabeledIconButton from '@enact/agate/LabeledIconButton';
import PopupMenu from '@enact/agate/PopupMenu';
import ConsumerDecorator from '@enact/agate/data/ConsumerDecorator';
import $L from '@enact/i18n/$L/$L';
import kind from '@enact/core/kind';
import compose from 'ramda/src/compose';
import React from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import {
disableAllOverlays
} from '../../state/app';
import css from './RemovePopupMenu.module.less';
import handle, { adaptEvent, forward } from '@enact/core/handle/handle';
import service from '../../service';
import removeIcon from '../../../assets/home-menu-popup-icon-nor-uninstall.svg';
const SharedIconButtonProps = { backgroundOpacity: 'lightOpaque', inline: true, size: 'huge' };
const RemovePopupMenuBase = kind({
name: 'RemovePopupMenu',
propTypes: {
targetInfo: PropTypes.object,
onClose: PropTypes.func
},
styles: {
css,
className: 'RemovePopupMenu'
},
computed: {
title: ({targetInfo}) => {
if (targetInfo) {
if (targetInfo.hasOwnProperty('title')) {
// return targetInfo.title;
return (targetInfo.title.length < 36) ? targetInfo.title : targetInfo.title.slice(0, 36) + '...';
}
}
return $L('App title empty');
}
},
handlers: {
onHandleClick: handle(
adaptEvent(
(ev, {targetInfo}) => ({id: targetInfo.id, lptype: targetInfo.lptype}),
forward('onRemoveApp')
)
)
},
render: ({ title, onHandleClick, ...rest }) => {
delete rest.targetInfo;
delete rest.onRemoveApp;
return (
<PopupMenu skinVariants="night" {...rest} title={title} closeButton>
{/* <IconButton style={{backgroundSize: ri.unit(ri.scale(250), 'rem')}} backgroundOpacity="lightOpaque" size="huge">{removeIcon}</IconButton> */}
{/* <IconButton css={css} className={css.removeButton} backgroundOpacity="lightOpaque" size="huge">{removeIcon}</IconButton> */}
{/* <Button size="huge" backgroundOpacity="lightOpaque" style={{backgroundSize: ri.unit(ri.scale(250), 'rem')}} onClick={onHandleClick} icon={removeIcon} /> */}
{/* <IconButton css={css} className={css.removeButton} backgroundOpacity="lightOpaque" size="huge">{removeIcon}</IconButton> */}
<LabeledIconButton
{...SharedIconButtonProps}
icon={removeIcon}
onClick={onHandleClick}
>
{$L('Remove')}
</LabeledIconButton>
</PopupMenu>
);
}
});
const RemovePopupMenuDecorator = compose(
ConsumerDecorator({
handlers: {
onRemoveApp: (ev, props, {update}) => {
console.log('onRemoveApp', ev);
const {id, lptype} = ev;
if (lptype !== 'bookmark') {
service.removeApp({
id,
onSuccess: (res) => {
console.log('removeApp - onSuccess :', res);
},
onFailure: (err) => {
console.warn(err);
}
});
} else {
service.removeLaunchPoint({
launchPointId : id,
onSuccess: () => {
console.log('removeLaunchPoint - onSuccess :', id);
},
onFailure: (err) => {
console.warn(err);
}
});
}
console.log('disableAllOverlays');
update(disableAllOverlays);
}
}
})
);
const RemovePopupMenu = RemovePopupMenuDecorator(RemovePopupMenuBase);
export default RemovePopupMenu;
export {
RemovePopupMenu,
RemovePopupMenuBase
};
| 11,132 |
11668552_1 | Caselaw Access Project | Open Government | Public Domain | 1,998 | None | None | English | Spoken | 3,053 | 4,173 | OPINION
ROSS, Justice.
Dr. Saleem Mallick and Dr. Evelio Garcia brought a declaratory judgment action against Dallas Cardiology Associates, P.A. d/b/a HeartPlace ("HeartPlace") seeking construction of their respective employment contracts. HeartPlace filed a motion to compel arbitration of the employment contracts according to the terms of the agreements, which require that such disputes be resolved by arbitration. The trial court denied the motion, and HeartPlace now brings this appeal asserting that the trial court abused its discretion.
BackgrouND
Both Mallick and Garcia were employed by HeartPlace pursuant to employment agreements entered into in 1996. Both agreements contain an identical arbitration clause which states:
30. Arbitration. Any dispute arising over the terms and conditions of this Agreement or in any manner relating to this Agreement which the parties are unable to resolve informally between themselves or by mediation shall be submitted, upon the motion of either party, to arbitration under the appropriate rules of the American Arbitration Association ("AAA").
_ The parties separately and specially agree that if either shall contend that this Agreement is invalid or that grounds exist for its rescission or cancellation, that any dispute concerning such contention shall be submitted to arbitration in the manner provided in this section....
During 1997, Mallick's compensation was reduced from $17,500.00 bi-monthly to $1,000.00 bi-monthly. Garcia also contends that he was not paid the full amount owed to him under his employment agreement. On October 6,1997, the doctors filed a declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration that HeartPlace committed an anticipatory breach by unilaterally reducing the compensation paid to Mallick. They also sought an accounting by HeartPlace so that the proper amounts due under the employment agreements could be determined. The doctors terminated their employment with Heart-Place on October 9,1997.
On November 24, 1997, HeartPlace filed a plea in abatement, motion to compel arbitration, motion to stay, and an original answer subject thereto seeking to compel arbitration and stay the other proceedings pursuant to the arbitration clauses of the employment contracts.
The doctors subsequently amended their petition by adding tort claims for interference with a contract, slander and defamation, and asked for injunctive relief to prevent HeartPlace's alleged interference with their patients. The amended petition also asked for a declaration that the noncompetition provisions of the employment agreements were unenforceable.
The trial court held a hearing on December 9, 1997, on the motion to compel arbitration. The doctors contended that arbitration was not required because:
(1) HeartPlace repudiated/anticipatorily breached the contract by unilaterally reducing the physicians' compensation levels;
(2) HeartPlace failed to meet a condition precedent to arbitration by not submitting the claim to mediation;
(3) tort claims are asserted which fall outside the arbitration agreement; and
(4) the separation clause which contained a noncompetition agreement is unenforceable and unreasonable and an arbitrator is without power to enforce the noncompetition agreement; also, the liquidated damages clause of the non-competition agreement is unreasonable.
HeartPlace responded to all of these contentions by essentially arguing that the physicians entered into the contract knowingly and all of these disputes, including the tort claims, fall within the scope of the arbitration clause.
The trial court denied the motion to compel arbitration in a February 5, 1998, order. No findings of fact or conclusions of law were requested or filed.
Analysis
In this accelerated appeal of an interlocutory order denying a motion to compel arbitration, we review the trial court's decision under a "no evidence" standard. A "no evidence" point requires the appellate court to consider only the evidence and inferences tending to support the finding under attack and to disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Wetzel v. Sullivan, King & Sabom, P.C., 745 S.W.2d 78, 79 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, no writ) (citing Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.1965)). Because no findings of fact or conclusions of law were filed, we must uphold the trial court's decision if there is sufficient evidence to support it on any legal theory asserted. Wetzel, 745 S.W.2d at 81.
The party seeking arbitration has the initial burden to establish his right to the remedy under the contract; that is, to establish that a valid arbitration agreement exists. City of Alamo v. Garcia, 878 S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no writ); see Nationwide of Fort Worth, Inc. v. Wigington, 945 S.W.2d 883, 884 (Tex.App.-Waco 1997, no writ). Both parties concede that an arbitration agreement existed. In applying the law to the Federal Arbitration Act, Texas courts have concluded that once the existence of an arbitration agreement has been established, then a presumption attaches favoring arbitration. At this point, the burden of proof shifts to the party seeking to avoid the arbitration agreement to show that some grounds exist in law or equity for the revocation of the contract. Such grounds could include fraud, waiver, unconscionability, or that the dispute was not within the scope of the agreement. Prudential Sec. Inc. v. Marshall, 909 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tex.1995); Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith, Inc. v. Longoria, 783 S.W.2d 229, 231 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1989, orig. proceeding). This is a proper placement of the burden under Texas law, given the strong Texas presumption in favor of arbitration. See Brazoria County v. Knutson, 142 Tex. 172, 176 S.W.2d 740, 743 (1943); Wetzel, 745 S.W.2d at 81.
In determining whether to compel arbitration, the court must decide two issues: (1) whether a valid, enforceable arbitration agreement exists, and (2) if so, whether the claims asserted fall within the scope of the agreement. BDO Seidman v. Miller, 949 S.W.2d 858, 860 (Tex.App.-Austin 1997, writ dism'd w.o.j.); Nationwide, 945 S.W.2d at 884. The court has no discretion and must compel arbitration if the answer to both questions is affirmative. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith v. Eddings, 838 S.W.2d 874, 878 (Tex.App.-Waco 1992, writ denied). Doubts regarding the scope of arbitration agreements are resolved in favor of arbitration. Id. at 880.
1. Does a valid, enforceable arbitration agreement exist?
The contracts in dispute in this ease were attached to the pleadings filed with the trial court. None of the parties dispute the existence of the arbitration clauses within the contracts.
A. Requirement of Mediation
The doctors contend that Heart-Place is not entitled to arbitration because it has not presented any evidence that it complied with a condition precedent to invoking arbitration, that being the requirement to mediate the dispute before pursuing arbitration. The portion of the contracts on which the doctors rely states:
30. Arbitration. Any dispute arising over the terms and conditions of this Agreement or in any manner relating to this Agreement which the parties are unable to resolve informally between themselves or by mediation shall be submitted, upon the motion of either party, to arbitration under the appropriate rules of the American Arbitration Association ("AAA").
Breach of a condition precedent affects the enforceability of the provision to which the condition is attached. Landscape Design and Constr., Inc. v. Harold Thomas Excavating, Inc., 604 S.W.2d 374, 376 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
HeartPlaee contends that the doctors "ran to the courthouse" and thereby demonstrated their intent to forego any informal attempts to resolve the dispute. Also, HeartPlaee contends that if the provision relied upon by the doctors was truly a condition precedent to arbitration, the doctors could frustrate any arbitration of the dispute by simply refusing to participate in any informal attempts at resolution. Lastly, HeartPlace argues that the parties have remained at the courthouse and this evidences an inability of the parties to informally resolve the issues.
The record does not demonstrate that either party attempted to resolve the dispute informally. Furthermore, the language of the agreement does not appear to rise to the level of a condition precedent. The arbitration provision is not defeated by a failure to mediate.
B. Did HeartPlace repudiate the contract?
The doctors contend that Heart-Place anticipatorily breached, and therefore repudiated, the contract by significantly reducing the compensation levels to the doctors. According to the doctors, this repudiation is cause to render the entire contract, including the arbitration requirement, unenforceable. For this proposition, the doctors rely heavily on Miller v. Puritan Fashions Corp., 516 S.W.2d 234 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In Miller, the appellee terminated appellant before the conclusion of the employment contract by sending a letter so advising Miller. The employment contract contained an arbitration provision governed by the Federal Arbitration Act. Although governed by the Act, the court stated:
If the Texas law applied in the case at bar, because of such anticipatory breach the Plaintiff would be relieved of any obligations imposed upon him by the contract. It has long been the law in Texas that when one party repudiates the agreement and refuses to be bound by material obligations, the other party may accept such repudiation as final and is not required to further regard the obligations imposed upon him thereby.
Miller, 516 S.W.2d at 237-38. HeartPlace argues that the statement made by the court is dicta and, as applied to the Miller case, a Federal Arbitration Act case, it certainly is dicta. Although the language does give some insight as to how one Texas court of appeals would construe a similar situation under the Texas statute, another court of appeals has taken a different view. In Pepe Int'l Dev. Co. v. Pub Brewing Co., 915 S.W.2d 925, 932 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ), the Houston court applied the interpretation embraced by the Federal Arbitration Act and found that arbitration agreements made under the Texas arbitration statute are enforceable and irrevocable in spite of attacks made upon the contract as a whole. We find the interpretation of Pepe more persuasive. Pepe effectuates the purpose of an arbitration clause, that is, for parties to solve their disputes in a nonjudicial forum. Miller, on the other hand, would tend to waste even more judicial resources by essentially requiring two judicial determinations. Under Miller, parties would first be forced to litigate a perceived breach for purposes of determining whether the arbitration clause is operative and then, depending on the outcome of that proceeding, the parties could be in court a second time to litigate the substance of their dispute. In this case, we find that any potential breach of the contract does not render the entire contract unenforceable. The arbitration clause found in these agreements between the doctors and HeartPlace remains in effect.
C. Can the parties specifically contract to arbitrate enforceability disputes?
Last, HeartPlace asserts that even if it had repudiated the contract and we applied the interpretation in Miller, such repudiation would not frustrate the agreement's arbitration clause. The agreement specifically sets out the following:
The parties separately and specially agree that if either shall contend that this Agreement is invalid or that grounds exist for its rescission or cancellation, that any dispute concerning such contention shall be submitted to arbitration in the manner provided in this section....
Due to this contract clause, HeartPlace contends that the parties have contracted around the dicta in Miller where the Waco Court of Appeals stated that if a contract was breached by one party, then the other party was not bound by any provision of the contract. HeartPlace contends that the favored status of arbitration in Texas law and the strict requirement under the Federal Arbitration Act which requires disputes to be arbitrated even when other provisions of the contract are deemed unenforceable clearly indicate that parties must submit to arbitration even in the event the contract's enforceability as to other provisions is in question.
The doctors argue that the Texas statute specifically provides an out from a contractual arbitration requirement in the instance where the contract is found to be unenforceable at law or in equity. The statute reads:
(a) A written agreement to arbitrate is valid and enforceable if the agreement is to arbitrate a controversy that:
(1) exists at the time of the agreement; or
(2) arises between the parties after the date of the agreement.
(b) A party may revoke the agreement only on a ground that exists at law or in equity for the revocation of a contract.
Tex. Crv. Prac. & Rem.Code ANN. § 171.001 (Vernon Supp.1998). The Texas statute is unclear, and case law is conflicting. The doctors assert that the Miller application, as discussed earlier, is correct and disregard Pepe. Even if the Miller court's application of Texas law is correct, it is still an unresolved question as to whether parties may contract around this interpretation. If the parties can contract around this, then it would seem that the doctors are required to arbitrate this dispute.
Given the strong public policy arguments in favor of arbitration, the ambiguity of Texas law, and the clear language of the specific arbitration agreement in this case, we find that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration, regardless of the enforceability problems asserted by the doctors.
2. Do the tort claims fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement?
The doctors raised several claims which appear to sound in tort. Because these claims are tort claims, the doctors contend that they are not subject to arbitration. Both parties agree that the arbitration of the tort claims should be evaluated under the standard applied in Fridl v. Cook, 908 S.W.2d 507, 511 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1995, writ dism'd w.o.j.).
The test we employ in determining whether a tort claim is subject to arbitration is:
[WJhether the particular tort claim is so interwoven with the contract that it could not stand alone or, on the other hand, is a tort completely independent of the contract and could be maintained without reference to the contract. Valero Energy Corp. v. Wagner & Brown, 777 S.W.2d 564, 566 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1989, writ denied).
Although the record is vague, the physicians make claims that HeartPlace erroneously told patients that the doctors had left to pursue other interests and also told patients that one of the doctors had suffered a heart attack and his continued medical practice was in question. Garcia specifically contends that his patient relationships predated his agreement with HeartPlace and that Heart-Place personnel had no right to interfere with those relationships by contacting or otherwise communicating with those patients. Also, Garcia says that he did not agree to sell his practice to HeartPlace. From these instances, the physicians extrapolate their claims of defamation and interference with patient relationships.
HeartPlace urges that these claims are also subject to arbitration because they are so interrelated with the contract under the Fridl test so as to require arbitration. HeartPlace argues that these claims are such that, absent the physicians' agreements, the claims could not be brought at all against HeartPlace. Also, HeartPlace contends that the status of the "ownership" of the patients is a dispute which must be determined with reference to the agreement and, therefore, is subject to arbitration.
If the arbitration clause contained in the contract is broad, as it is in this agreement, arbitration should not be denied unless it can be said with positive assurance that the particular dispute is not covered. Kline v. O'Quinn, 874 S.W.2d 776, 782 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied), The arbitration agreement in this case sub-jeets "[a]ny dispute arising over the terms and conditions of this Agreement or in any manner relating to this Agreement" to arbitration. Since it cannot be said with positive assurance that these claims are not subject to arbitration, the parties should be required to arbitrate these issues as well.
3. Do the provisions in the noncompetition portion of the contract fall within the scope of the arbitration clause?
Garcia specifically contends that Section "26 of the agreement, which contains a noncompete covenant, is unenforceable and invalid as a matter of law and petitioned the trial court for a declaratory judgment finding as such. The covenant prevents doctors from practicing within five miles of where they formally rendered services for HeartPlace for a period of eighteen months following separation from HeartPlace. The physicians could "buy" their way out of the covenant if they chose to pay HeartPlace the equivalent of one hundred percent of the physicians' average gross monthly compensation for the three years prior to separation. The covenant provides for a full range of remedies in the event it is broken, including injunctive relief, in addition to whatever other legal or equitable relief to which HeartPlace is entitled.
Garcia's arguments contend specifically that: (1) the liquidated damages portion of the covenant is outrageous and unrelated to any damages HeartPlace might suffer; (2) the ability to seek injunctive relief, presumably in a court of law, evidences HeartPlace's intent to go outside of the arbitration clause; (3) an arbitrator has no jurisdiction to enforce an injunction; and (4) the invalidity of the covenant renders the remainder of the agreement unenforceable.
In response, HeartPlace simply argues that the agreement in no way circumvents the arbitration clause by allowing for injunc-tive relief and again points to the language in Section 30 which requires "any dispute" to be arbitrated. HeartPlace also contends that an arbitrator does have power to grant injunc-tive relief and that relief can be enforced by any court of competent jurisdiction. See J.J. Gregory Gourmet Servs., Inc. v. Antone's Import Co., 927 S.W.2d 31, 36 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ),
As discussed earlier, given the broad word-jng 0f the arbitration agreement, this dispute requires arbitration, especially since a dispute about the covenant is clearly directly related to the agreement.
4. Is the arbitration clause too broad?
In their last argument, the doctors assert that the arbitration clause is so broad and one-sided that it is unenforceable as a matter of law, but cite no authority for this position. The contracts, with the broad arbitration language, were signed by both the physicians. A person who signs a contract is presumed to know and understand its contents. R. Conrad Moore & Assocs., Inc. v. Lerma, 946 S.W.2d 90, 94 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1997, writ denied). We see no reason in equity or at law which would persuade us to hold these clauses unenforceable.
Conclusion
We sustain the point of error relating to the failure of the court to order arbitration, reverse the order denying the motion to arbitrate, and remand this cause with instructions to the trial court to enter an order compelling arbitration and to stay all other proceedings pending the outcome of the arbitration..
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2021ENPC0019_14 | French-Science-Pile | Open Science | Various open science | 2,021 | Comportement hydromécanique des sols avec et sans traitement à la chaux sous les effets de la salinité et des cycles d'humidification-séchage | None | English | Spoken | 7,124 | 11,868 | 3.3 Effect of lime treatment and aggregate size on compression behaviour
To compare the effects of lime treatment and maximum aggregate size on the compression behaviour, the compression index and oedometer modulus against vertical stress are plotted in Fig. 8. From Figs. 8a and 8b, it was observed that for the as-compacted specimens, the points of Cc* of lime-treated specimens lay slightly below those of untreated specimens, regardless of the soil maximum aggregate sizes (S0.4 and S5). Conversely, the Eoed of lime-treated specimens were higher than those of untreated specimens. As compared to the untreated specimens S5, the untreated specimens S0.4 seemed to exhibit lower Cc* and slightly higher Eoed when the vertical stress was lower than 450 kPa, whilst beyond this stress, the reverse results were obtained. For the lime-treated specimens, the specimens S0.4 seemed to have larger Cc* and lower Eoed in the range of vertical stress either below 100 kPa or beyond 850 kPa (Figs. 8a and 8b).
283 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils
As regards the specimens subjected to wetting-drying cycles, the lime-treated specimens exhibited relatively smaller Cc* and higher Eoed than the untreated specimens (Figs. 8c-8f). Regarding the aggregate size effect, smaller Cc* and higher Eoed were observed on lime-treated specimens S0.4 when the vertical stresses were either lower than 100 kPa or higher than 850 kPa, whatever the wetting fluid (Figs. 8c-8f). For the untreated specimens, specimens S0.4 seemed to have larger Cc* and slightly lower Eoed as compared to specimens S5 in the case of deionized water, whereas the reverse results were obtained in the case of synthetic seawater.
Fig. 8. Lime treatment and aggregate size effect on the compression behaviour. 284 hh
Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils 3.4 Microstructure analysis
The cumulative mercury intrusion curves and density function curves from MIP tests are presented in Figs. 9 and 10 for the untreated and lime-treated specimens S0.4 and S5, respectively. It can be observed that the total intruded void ratio increased after wetting-drying cycles for untreated specimens, while it had no significant change for lime-treated specimens, which was in agreement with the results of global void ratios obtained by measurement. As expected, the total intruded void ratio became smaller after compression. Moreover, after compression, the specimens wetted by synthetic seawater had the lowest total intruded void ratio as compared to the specimens wetted by deionized water and to the as-compacted specimens (Fig. 9). As shown in Fig. 10, for both untreated and lime-treated specimens at as-compacted state, the pore size distribution exhibited bi-modal characteristic with micro-pores and macro-pores. The macro-pores corresponded to the pores between aggregates which were constituted by silt/sand grains with clay matrix coating them, while the micro-pores related to the pores within aggregates (Ying et al., 2021d). From Figs. 10a and 10b, it appears that the untreated specimens S0.4 and S5 had similar modal size of micro-pores at 0.85 μm, while the specimens S0.4 exhibited lower modal size of macro-pores than specimens S5 (10.7 μm against 13.8 μm). Moreover, in the case of untreated specimens S0.4, the wetting-drying cycles made the pore size distribution change to tri-modal pattern with a new population of larger pores at diameters ranging from 30 μm to 200 μm and a reduction of macro-pore frequency. This suggested that the fabric of untreated soil might be altered by wetting-drying cycles (Fig. 10a). Furthermore, for untreated soil either at as-compacted state or after wetting-drying cycles, the frequency of macro-pores was reduced significantly by compression, while the micro-pores were affected slightly. In the case of lime-treated specimens at as-compacted state (Figs. 10c and 10d), the modal sizes of micro-pores (0.7 μm) were close for specimens with different aggregate sizes, while those of macro-pores were found to be larger for specimens S5 than for specimens S0.4 (12.2 μm against 7 μm). After wetting-drying cycles, the microstructure of lime-treated soil kept bi-modal characteristics in which the modal size of macro-pores became smaller and that of micro-pores remained almost unchanged. The compression resulted in a reduction of the frequency and modal size of macro-pore for the treated specimens at as-compacted state. However, after 285 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils wetting-drying cycles, loading made the macro-pores almost disappear for treated specimens S5, while a small quantity of macro-pores still existed for treated specimens S0.4.
Fig. 9. Cumulative mercury intrusion curves from MIP tests: (a) untreated S0.4; (b) untreated S5; (c) 2% lime-treated S0.4_90 days; (d) 2% lime-treated S5_90 days.
286 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils 0
Fig. 10. Density function curves from MIP tests: (a
untreated S0.4; (b) untreated S5; (c) 2% limetreated S0.4_90 days; (d) 2% lime-treated S5_90 days. The void ratio variations induced by compression were quantified and presented in Table 3. The delimiting diameter between micro-pores and macro-pores was selected as 3 μm, which corresponded to the minima between two peaks (Fig. 10). The void ratios of micro-pores and macro-pores can be determined from the cumulative mercury intrusion curves (Fig. 9). As shown in Table 3, compression caused a reduction of macro-pore void ratio and led to an increase of micro-pore void ratio. For both untreated and lime-treated specimens S0.4 and S5 after compression, the specimens subjected to wetting-drying cycles exhibited a higher decrease of the macro-pore void ratio as compared to the specimens at as-compacted state. The results from lime-treated specimens S0.4 showed that compression led to a slightly higher decrease of macro-pore void ratio for the specimens wetted by synthetic seawater than for the specimens wetted by deionized water (53.2% against 50.7%). The maximum soil aggregate size had insignificant effect on the variation of macro-pores for untreated specimens. Nevertheless, regarding the lime-treated specimens, the specimens S5 with larger aggregates seemed to have lower decrease of macro-pore void ratio.
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Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and dur
ability of lime-treated saline
soils Table 3. Void ratio variations after compression. Micro-pores: d < 3 μm Macro-pores: d > 3 μm Before compression em1 After compression em2 em1 −em2 S0.4, untreated_as-compacted 0.453 S0.4, untreated_7W/D by DW After compression eM2 eM1 −eM2 (%) Before compression eM1 0.447 1.3 0.213 0.168 21.2 0.405 0.463 -14.5 0.298 0.117 60.8 S5, untreated_as-compacted 0.435 0.453 -4.1 0.245 0.188 22.9 S0.4, lime-treated_as-compacted 0.409 0.464 -13.6 0.247 0.156 36.7 S0.4, Lime-treated_7WD by DW 0.410 0.489 -19.3 0.230 0.114 50.7 S0.4, Lime-treated_7WD by SSW 0.396 0.449 -13.5 0.260 0.122 53.2 S5, lime-treated_as-compacted 0.404 0.432 -6.7 0.275 0.206 24.9 S5, Lime-treated_7WD by DW 0.454 0.453 0.2 0.233 0.143 38.7 Specimens em1 eM1 (%)
4. Discussions
As expected, the lime treatment induced a reduction of soil compressibility and an increase of yield stress, as shown in Fig. 4. The decrease of compressibility of lime-treated soil was mainly attributed to soil-lime reactions during curing (Rajasekaran and Rao, 2002; Rao and Shivananda, 2005; Mavroulidou et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2017; Vitale et al., 2017): i) the short-term lime hydration and cation exchanges led to the flocculation of soil particles, leading to a reduction of soil plasticity; ii) the long-term pozzolanic reaction produced cementitious compounds which coated the surface of soil particles and bonded them together, giving rise to higher mechanical performance. For this tested silt, the production of cementitious compounds cannot be detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, probably due to its low quantity (Ying et al., 2020). This quantity of cementitious compounds might be in well-crystallized phase which could bond the adjacent soil particles together, leading to a decrease of compressibility. On the other hand, the cementitious compounds might be in poorly-crystallized or amorphous phase which had a higher specific surface area (Vitale et al., 2017), giving rise to an increase of water retention capacity and thus matric suction. Indeed, Ying et al., (2021a) performed suction measurement on this silt (the same silt as in this study) and reported that the matric suction of lime-treated specimens at 90-day curing was 103 kPa, which was higher than that of untreated specimens (22 kPa). The increase of matric suction induced from lime treatment also played a role in reducing the compressibility. Thus, the lime-treated specimens had higher resistance to 288 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils compression, exhibiting higher yield stress and oedometer modulus Eoed, but lower compressibility index Cc* and volumetric strain εv. As shown in Fig. 4, the yield stresses of as-compacted specimens determined from the lowpressure oedometer tests were significantly lower than the compaction pressure of specimens (2000 kPa for the untreated specimens and 3500 kPa for the lime-treated specimens). This was consistent with the results obtained by Wang et al. (2017) on untreated and 2% lime-treated Héricourt silt. Honda et al. (2006) indicated that the yield stress of static specimens should be almost the same as the compaction stress if the suction was kept constant after compaction. It can be this inferred that the yield stresses identified in Fig. 4 are just due to the significant non linearity of the curves. They are far from the compaction stress. It can be expected that if the specimens were loaded to higher pressures, the yield point determined using Casagrande method might shift rightwards, exhibiting higher yield stress probably close to the compaction stress. It appears from the compression curves (except for the untreated specimens after wetting-drying cycles) that the vertical stress of 450 kPa seemed to be a critical stress that divided the curves of εv-logσv, Cc*-logσv, Eoed-logσv into two zones: below the critical stress, the εv, Cc* and Eoed increased at a lower rate; beyond this critical stress, these variations became more significant. This critical stress was close to the yield stress of the untreated specimens (380 kPa for S0.4 and 340 kPa for S5) and lime-treated specimens (460 kPa for S0.4 and 515 kPa for S5), but higher than those of lime-treated specimens subjected to wetting-drying cycles with the yield stress in the range of 230 kPa to 319 kPa. When the vertical stress was lower than the critical stress of 450 kPa or yield stress, the structure of soil skeleton could resist the compression, generating a small displacement and lower increase of Cc*. As the vertical stress exceeded the critical stress or yield stress, the macro-pores experienced significant collapse (Delage and Lefebvre, 1984; Marcial et al., 2002; Delage, 2010; Zeng et al., 2021), and partially shifted to micro-pore population, giving rise to an increase of micro-pore void ratio (Table 3). Meanwhile, the Cc* increased at a higher rate revealing higher compressibility, and the variations of εv and Eoed became much more significant as compared to those at vertical stress below 450 kPa. It is worth noting that the compression with loading to 3250 kPa did not change the micro-pore 289 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability
of lime-treated saline soils population significantly,
indicat
ing that there was no breakage of silt/sand grains which was usually observed under higher pressures (Mesri and Vardhanabhuti, 2009; Mun and McCartney, 2017; Zhao et al., 2020). Due to the modification induced by lime treatment, the swelling of lime-treated soil was inhibited during wetting, which was consistent with the observations made by Stoltz et al. (2012, 2014) and Rosone et al. (2018). The small swelling of lime-treated specimens was balanced by the subsequent drying-induced shrinkage, leading to reversible variations of void ratio with wetting-drying cycles. Correspondingly, the bi-modal pore size distribution of lime-treated specimens was preserved after seven wetting-drying cycles (Figs. 10c and 10d). Nevertheless, for the untreated specimens, the soil aggregations were easily softened during the wetting process, accompanied by significant swelling, which could not be balanced by the subsequent drying-induced shrinkage, leading hence, to an accumulation of irrecoverable swelling strains and an increase of void ratio. This was confirmed by the MIP results on the untreated specimens the total intruded void ratio was increased after wetting-drying cycles and the bi-modal porosity changed to tri-modal characteristics, sign of soil disaggregation. These results evidenced the beneficial effect of lime treatment which reduced the volumetric deformations and microstructure variations during wetting-drying cycles, and thus improved the workability and long-term durability of soil. As shown in Fig. 4, the shape of compression curves (e-logσv) of untreated specimens changed from convex for as-compacted specimens to almost linear without evident yield point for the specimens after wetting-drying cycles. This indicated that the soil structure of untreated specimens produced by static compaction was destroyed by wetting-drying cycles. As a result, higher εv and Cc*, and lower Eoed were obtained on untreated specimens subjected to wettingdrying cycles as compared to the as-compacted specimens (Figs. 5, 6 and 7). Nevertheless, in the case of lime-treated specimens subjected to wetting-drying cycles, the convex e-logσv curves were preserved and close to those of as-compacted specimens (Fig. 4). It can be thus inferred that the soil flocculation, cementitious bonding and increase of matric suction induced from lime treatment enabled the structure of lime-treated specimens to remain stable, hence reducing the detrimental effect of wetting-drying cycles on soil compressibility. In fact, the wetting-drying cycles also led to a decrease of yield stress and more significant reduction of macro-pore void ratio for lime-treated specimens, indicating a slight softening of soil structure induced by wetting-drying cycles. 290
Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils
As far as the wetting fluids was concerned, it appeared that the deionized water and synthetic seawater had similar effect on the void ratio variations, especially for the lime-treated specimens (Fig. 3). This was inconsistent with the observations made by Mokni et al. (2014) on compacted boom clay and by Rao and Thyagaraj (2007) on compacted expansive clay. They reported that, when the compacted specimens were inundated with salt solution, the diffused double layer of clay particles decreased, causing a reduction of repulsive force and thus an increase of net attractive force. This, in turn, enabled the soil particles to move close to each other, exhibiting osmotic consolidation which decreased the void ratio. Regarding the studied silt, the compacted specimen was mainly constituted by 83% silt/sand grains and 15.6% clay minerals (illite, chlorite and kaolinite) and the behaviour was mainly controlled by coarse grains (Shi et al., 2020). Thus, salt solution had slight effect on the thickness of diffuse double layer of clay minerals in this soil (Ying et al., 2021e), giving rise to similar global void ratios of specimens wetted by deionized water and synthetic seawater. Nevertheless, the limited shrinkage of diffused double layer in clay fraction led to a higher frequency of macro-pores for the lime-treated specimens wetted by synthetic seawater as compared to those wetted by deionized water (Fig. 10c and Table 3). Similarly, Ying et al. (2021c) performed MIP tests on this untreated silt (the same silt as in this study) and reported that the global void ratios were almost similar for the specimens with different salinities while the frequency of macro-pores increased with increasing salinity. Furthermore, the total suctions were found to be 0.9 MPa for lime-treated specimens S0.4 the end of seventh wetting-drying cycles in case of deionized water, and 3.2 MPa for treated S0.4 after seven wetting-drying cycles by synthetic seawater. Note that the total suction for the lime-treated specimens wetted by deionized water were close to those of specimens prior to wetting (0.8 MPa), indicating that wetting-drying cycles had negligible effect on the suction variations. The difference of total suctions between these two specimens after wetting-drying cycles with deionized water and synthetic seawater was 2.3 MPa which was close to the osmotic suction of synthetic seawater (2.4 MPa). This indicated that the matric suctions (the difference between total and osmotic suction) were almost the same for the specimens after wetting-drying cycles with either deionized water or synthetic seawater as wetting fluids, if the total suction of specimen wetted by deionized water was also taken as matric suction. Thus, it can be inferred that, as compared to the specimens wetted by deionized water, the higher compressibility of untreated and lime-treated specimens wetted by synthetic seawater was due to the larger quantity of macro-pores. Indeed, Delage and Lefebvre (1984) indicated that the soil compressibility was highly related to the existing largest pore size at the given vertical pressure the larger the pore size, the higher the compressibility. One can
291 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of
lime
-treated saline soils conclude that
the
osmotic suction induced by
synthetic seawater affected the soil microstructure and thus the soil compressibility. The lime-treated specimens wetted by deionized water had similar compression parameters (εv, Cc*, and Eoed) to the as-compacted specimens, implying that the wetting-drying cycles with deionized water as wetting fluid had less detrimental effect on the durability of lime-treated soil as compared to synthetic seawater. This can be attributed to the balance between the positive contribution of reduction of macro-pores with wetting-drying cycles (Fig. 10 and Table 3) and the negative contribution from the softening of soil structure. In comparison with the lime-treated specimens S5 subjected to wetting-drying cycles, the limetreated specimens S0.4 exhibited lower yield stress and higher decrease of macro-pore void ratio with compression. This suggested that the treated specimens S0.4, after the wetting-drying cycles, had lower resistance to compression, even though this aggregate size effect was not evidently observed on the compression curves (εv-logσv, Cc*-logσv, Eoed-logσv). This behaviour was possibly due to the fact that the wetting-drying cycles led to a more significant decrease of macro-pore void ratio for specimens S5 than specimens S0.4. For examples, the void ratio of macro-pores decreased from 0.275 to 0.233 for treated specimens S5 after seven wetting-drying cycles with deionized water, while that of treated specimens S0.4 decreased slightly from 0.247 to 0.230, as shown in Table 3. Thus, after wetting-drying cycles, the treated specimens S5 had lower compressibility as compared to the treated specimens S0.4. 5. Conclusions
This study investigated the wetting-drying cycle effect on the compression behaviour of limetreated specimens, considering the effects of wetting fluids nature and maximum soil aggregates size. The volume variations during wetting-drying cycles were recorded. Microstructure characterization was conducted by MIP tests on the specimens prior to compression and on those after compression. The experimental results allowed the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) The lime-treated specimens exhibited reversible volume (void ratio) variations with wettingdrying cycles, whereas the latter led to an accumulation of swelling strains, and thus higher void ratio, for untreated specimens. The microstructure investigations showed that the bi-modal pore size distribution of lime-treated specimens remained unchanged after wetting-drying cycles, while that of untreated specimens changed to tri-modal pattern with a new larger pore population due to the possible softening and breakage of aggregates. This suggested that the
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6.
Mechanical behaviour
and
durability of lime-treated saline soils
soil flocculation, the production of cementitious compounds and the increase of matric suction of lime-treated specimens gave rise to higher resistance to wetting-drying cycles. (2) The wetting-drying cycles had a significant effect on the compression behaviour of untreated specimens that made the e-logσv curve change from convex to almost linear, indicating that cyclic tests on untreated specimens induced a significant destruction of soil structure. By contrast, the convex e-logσv curve of the lime-treated specimens was preserved after wetting-drying cycles. However, the lime-treated specimens exhibited a decrease of yield stress as compared to the as-compacted specimens, indicating that the wetting-drying cycles indeed caused some softening of soil structure for lime-treated soil. For both untreated and lime-treated specimens, the volume change during compression mainly corresponded to the collapse of macro-pores. The decrease of macro-pore void ratio with loading was higher for the specimens subjected to wetting-drying cycles than for the as-compacted specimens. (3) The compression curves (e-logσv, εv-logσv, Cc*-logσv and Eoed-logσv) of the lime-treated specimens wetted by deionized water almost converged to those of as-compacted specimens. This could be attributed to the balance between the positive contribution of macro-pores reduction with wetting-drying cycles and the negative contribution related to the softening of soil structure. Nevertheless, the specimens wetted by synthetic seawater exhibited higher compressibility than those wetted by deionized water, probably due to the larger quantity of macro-pores with the shrinkage of diffuse double layer caused by synthetic seawater. This result indicated that the wetting-drying cycles by synthetic seawater had more detrimental effect on the soil compression behaviour and thus on the durability, as compared to deionized water. (4) The aggregate size had insignificant effect on the compression behaviour and the variation of macro-pore void ratio of as-compacted specimens, due to the insignificant effect of aggregate sizes on the production of cementitious compounds and matric suctions. Regarding the limetreated specimens after wetting-drying cycles, the specimens S0.4 exhibited lower yield stress and higher decrease of macro-pore void ratio with loading as compared to the specimens S5. This was due to the fact that the wetting-drying cycles caused a higher decrease of macro-pore void ratio in specimens S5, which in turn, afforded them lower compressibility as compared to the specimens S0.4. 293
Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils
Author statement Zi Ying: Validation, Investigation, Writing original draft. Nadia Benahmed: Investigation, Resources, Writing review & editing. Yu-Jun Cui: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing review & editing. Myriam Duc: Investigation, Resources. Declaration of competing interest The
authors declare that
they have no known
competi
ng
financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the China Scholarship Council (CSC). The supports provided by Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) and INRAE are also greatly acknowledged.
Reference
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of resistance against seawater and/or water with high sulphate contents. French standard AFNOR NF P 94-093. 1999. Standard test for soils investigation and testingdertermination of the compaction characteristics of a soil-standard proctor test-modified proctro test. Honda, M., Iizuka, A., Ohno, S., Kawai, K., Wang, W., 2006. An evaluation method for the volume change characteristics of compacted soil. Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils, 837-848. https://doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)66 Hong, Z.S., Yin, J., Cui, Y.J., 2010. Compression behaviour of reconstituted soils at high initial water contents. Géotechnique 60, 691-700. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.09.P.059 Locat, J., Berube, M.A., Choquette, M., 1990. Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Can. Geotech. J. 27, 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-040 Marcial, D., Delage, P., Cui, Y.J., 2002. On the high stress compression of bentonites. Can. Geotech. J. 39, 812-820. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-019 Mavroulidou, M., Zhang, X., Gunn, M.J., Cabarkapa, Z., 2013. Water Retention and Compressibility of a Lime-Treated, High Plasticity Clay. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 31, 11711185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9642-6 Mesri, G., Vardhanabhuti, B., 2009. Compression of granular materials. Can. Geotech. J. 46, 369-392. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-123 Mokni, N., Romero, E., Olivella, S., 2014. Chemo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted Boom Clay: Joint effects of osmotic and matric suctions. Géotechnique 64, 681-693. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.130 Mun, W., McCartney, J.S., 2017. Roles of Particle Breakage and Drainage in the Isotropic Compression of Sand to High Pressures. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 143, 04017071. https://doi.org/10.1061/(
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Nabil, M., Mustapha, A., Rios, S., 2020. Impact of wetting-drying cycles on the mechanical properties of lime-stabilized soils. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 13, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-019-0088-y Olson, R. E., Mesri, G., 1970. Mechanisms controlling compressibility of clays. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div, 96, 1863-1978. Rajasekaran, G., Rao, S.N., 2002. Compressibility behaviour of lime-treated marine clay. Ocean Eng. 29, 545-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(01)00010-5 Rao, S.M., Reddy, B.V.V., Muttharam, M., 2001. The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of stabilized expansive soils. Eng. Geol. 60, 223-233. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00103-4 Rao, S.M., Shivananda, P., 2005. Compressibility behaviour of lime-stabilized clay. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 23, 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-1608-2 Rao, S.M., Thyagaraj, T., 2007. Swell-compression behaviour of compacted clays under chemical gradients. Can. Geotech. J. 44, 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1139/T07-002 Rosone, M., Ferrari, A., Celauro, C., 2018. On the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a lime295 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils treated embankment during wetting and drying cycles. Geomech. Energy Environ. 14, 4860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2017.11.001 Shi, X.S., Zhao, J.D., 2020. Practical estimation of compression behavior of clayey/silty sands using equivalent void-ratio concept. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146, 04020046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002267 Stoltz, G., Cuisinier, O., Masrouri, F., 2012. Multi-scale analysis of the swelling and shrinkage of a lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Appl. Clay Sci. 61, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.clay.2012.04.001 Stoltz, G., Cuisinier, O., Masrouri, F., 2014. Weathering of a lime-treated clayey soil by drying and wetting cycles. Eng. Geol. 181, 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014. 08.013 Tang, A.M., Vu, M.N., Cui, Y.J., 2011. Effects of the maximum soil aggregates size and cyclic wetting-drying on the stiffness of a lime-treated clayey soil. Géotechnique 61, 421-429. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.SIP11.005 Vitale, E, Deneele, D., Paris, M., Russo, G., 2017. Multi-scale analysis and time evolution of poz nic activity of lime treated clays. Appl. Clay Sci. 141, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.013 Wang, H., Cui, Y. J., Zhang, F., Liu, J. 2021. Effect of grain breakage on the compressibility of soils. Acta Geotech. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01256-z Wang, Y.J., Cui, Y.J., Tang, A.M., Benahmed, N., Duc, M., 2017. Effects of aggregate size on the compressibility and air permeability of lime-treated fine-grained soil. Eng. Geol. 228, 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.005 Ying, Z., Cui, Y.J., Benahmed, N., Duc, M., 2020. Changes in mineralogy and microstructure of a lime-treated silty soil during curing time. E3S Web Conf. 195. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503044 Ying, Z., Cui, Y.J., Benahmed, N., Duc, M., 2021a. Changes of microstructure and water retention property of a lime-treated saline soil during curing. Acta Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01218-5 Ying, Z., Duc, M., Cui, Y.J., Benahmed, N., 2021b. Salinity assessment for salted soil considering both dissolved and precipitated salts. Geotech. Test. J. 44, 130-147. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20190301 Ying, Z., Cui, Y.J., Benahmed, N., Duc, M., 2021c. Salinity effect on the compaction behaviour, matric suction, stiffness and microstructure of a silty soil. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2021.01.002 Ying, Z., Cui, Y.J., Benahmed, N., Duc, M., 2021d. Drying effect on the microstructure of compacted salted soil. Géotechnique. Accepted for publication. Ying, Z., Cui, Y.J., Duc, M., Benahmed, N., Bessaies-Bey, H., Chen, B., 2021e. Salinity effect on the liquid limit of soils. Acta Geotech. 16, 1101-1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440020-01092-7 Zeng, L.L., Hong, Z.S., Cui, Y.J., 2015. Determining the virgin compression lines of reconstituted clays at different initial water contents. Can. Geotech. J. 52, 1408-1415. https://doi. org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0172 Zeng, Z.X, Cui, Y. J., Talandier, J., 2021. Compaction and sealing properties of bentonite/claystone mixture: Impacts of bentonite fraction, water content and dry density. 296 Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils Eng. Geol, 287, 106122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106122 Zhao, B.D., Wang, J.F., Andò, E., Viggiani, G., Coop, M.R., 2020. Investigation of particle breakage under one
dimensional
compression of sand
using
x-ray microtomography. Can. Geotech. J. 57, 754-762. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0548 297
Chapter 6. Mechanical behaviour and durability of lime-treated saline soils 298 Conclusions and perspectives Conclusions and perspectives
Conclusions A study on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of untreated and lime-treated soils had been conducted. The first part of this study assessed the changes in dissolved salinity with water content variations and the induced osmotic suction. Then, the salinity effect on the liquid limit and compaction behaviour of untreated soils were investigated, and drying effect on the evolution of microstructure of compacted saline soils was studied. Afterwards, the salt solution effect on the optimum lime content was clarified by performing pH measurement test, base titration test and ICP/OES analysis. The effects of salinity and aggregate size on the mineralogy, microstructure and water retention property of lime-treated saline soils were investigated. The mercury intrusion porosimetry, oedometer and bender element tests were carried out on untreated/lime-treated specimens and the specimens subjected to wetting-drying cycles, to investigate the mechanical behaviour and the durability of lime-treated soils. Different wetting fluids and maximum soil aggregate sizes were considered in the wetting-drying tests. Based on the obtained results, the following conclusion can be drawn. Assessment of dissolved salinity and osmotic suction (i) Assessment of dissolved salinity
As regards the unsaturated saline soils, the description of the soil composition was first revised, taking dissolved and precipitated salts into account. Then, the relationship between dissolved water salinity (the mass ratio of dissolved salt to salty water) and dissolved soil salinity (the mass ratio of dissolved salt to dry solid) was established. For mixed salts solution having the same salt composition as synthetic seawater, the relationship between electrical conductivity (EC) and either total water salinity or dissolved water salinity (r) was investigated. Afterwards, three approaches were proposed to determine the dissolved water salinity and dissolved soil salinity of salt-amended soils with decreasing water content by combining the EC-r relationship of mixed salts solution and the relationship between dissolved water salinity and dissolved soil salinity. Results showed that the measured salinities of salt-amended soils coincided well with the calculated values. Using the proposed method, the dissolved water salinity and the dissolved soil salinity at any salty water content can be determined for a soil with a certain amount of salt.
299
Conclusions and perspectives (ii) Determination of soil osmotic suction
The matric and total suctions of compacted specimens were determined by the contact filter paper method and chilled-mirror dew-point hygrometer (WP4C), respectively. Then, the osmotic suction was determined as the difference between the total (T) and matric (M) suctions. Furthermore, a relationship between osmotic suction and electrical conductivity was established for a mixed salts solution, and a new equation was proposed taking dissolved and precipitated salts into account. It appeared that the indirectly determined osmotic suctions (T-M) and calculated osmotic suctions were in good agreement for soil specimens with 2.10‰ soil salinity when water content was higher than 8%, and for soil specimens with 6.76‰ soil salinity in the whole considered range of water contents. This highlighted that the osmotic suction can be accurately determined from electrical conductivity, ion and salt concentrations, which were transformed from the established relationships and not from the experimental measurements. By this method, the osmotic suction can be determined more easily for saturated soils and especially unsaturated soils which had no enough soil pore water for chemical analysis. Geotechnical property and drying-induced microstructure of untreated soils: (i) Liquid limit
The salt effect on liquid limit, sedimentation behavior and yield stress of MX80 Na-bentonite and silty soil were investigated. The sedimentation test evidenced the shrinkage of diffused double layer and the formation of denser aggregated structure. This indicated that the change of liquid limit is the result of two mechanisms in competition, which depends on the compression rate of diffused double layer: (i) the water storage in nano-fissures which correspond to the nanoscale spaces among interlayers of clay particles resulting from the slight shrinkage of diffused double layer, and (ii) the water expulsion into larger pores with significant shrinkage of diffused double layer. For the MX80 at low salinity and for the silty soil, the first mechanism prevailed and the increasing liquid limit was attributed to the requirement of more water to fill the nano-fissures. Meanwhile, increasing water salinity favored the formation of aggregated structure, leading to an increase of yield stress. In contrast, for MX80 at high salinity, the second mechanism prevailed the diffused double layer was compressed significantly, changing the double-layer water to free water and giving rise to the decrease of liquid limit. Due to the shrinkage of diffused double layer, the bentonite particles seemed to form separate and smaller aggregates, leading to a decrease of yield stress. 300
Conclusions and perspectives (ii) Compaction behaviour
The standard Proctor compaction test, bender element test coupled with mercury intrusion porosimetry test were conducted on the soils with different salinities. Results showed that, for the specimens with soil salinities of 2.10‰ and 6.76‰, the modal size of micro-pores shifted to smaller values, whereas the modal size of macro-pores shifted to larger values than that of specimens without salt. The specimens with soil salinities of 2.10‰ and 6.76‰ exhibited higher Gmax than that of samples without salt. This can be explained by the fact that, as salinity increased, the net attractive forces increased with the reduction of diffused double layer thickness that made clay particles attract each other and agglomerate, giving rise to an increase of Gmax. The saline soils exhibited higher Gmax and became less compactible. Thus, for the same compaction energy, the saline soils exhibited lower maximum dry density and higher optimum water content. (iii) Drying-induced microstructure
The drying-induced microstructure evolution of compacted silt with different salinities was studied by performing MIP and ESEM tests. During drying, the pore size distribution changed from bi-modal characteristics (w 17%) to tri-modal pattern with appearance of a new nanopore population (w 8%), and finally retrieved the double porosity pattern (w 3%). The occurrence of the nano-pore populations was the result of the development of nano-fissures in the clay fraction and at the interface between clay particles and silt/sand grains due to the differential clay shrinkage. With further drying (w 3%), the nano-fissures enlarged to microfissures as the clay fraction continued to shrink, resulting in the disappearance of nano-pores and an increase of intra-aggregate pore frequency. The salinity seemed to decrease the frequency of the drying-induced micro-pores due to the enhanced mechanical strength of salted soils by the soil aggregation resulting from the compression of diffused double layer and a possible cementation effect produced by precipitated salt. Optimum lime content: The optimum lime content increased with the increase of salt concentration, which can be attributed to the consumption of OHions by Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in the salt solution, producing the precipitations of Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 in the alkaline environment. This finding should be accounted for when applying the widely used pH method for the determination of the optimum
301 Conclusions and
perspectives lime content for saline soils. Due to the higher specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and more soluble Si4+ and Al3+ ions in the MX80 Na-bentonite, a higher optimum lime content was required to supply sufficient Ca2+ ions for cation exchange and pozzolanic reaction as compared to silt. Mineralogy, microstructure and water retention property of lime-treated soils: (i) Mineralogy: XRD analysis was performed on both untreated specimens and lime-treated specimens at curing times of 1 day, 90 days and 150 days. Results showed that the portlandite was observed on XRD pattern of lime-treated soils after curing time 150 days. This was due to the low clay fraction and inert phases of quartz and feldspar in tested silt which cannot provide sufficient silica and alumina to interact with calcium from portlandite. Furthermore, no cementitious compounds in significant quantity were detected on XRD patterns even after a curing time as long as 150 days. The high intensity of calcite peak overlapping the reflection of hydrated products and the formation of low amount of poorly crystallized or amorphous cementitious compounds might be explain such result. (ii) Microstructure: Lime treatment caused a reduction of the percentage of micro-pores and an increase of macropore quantity due to the flocculation of soil particles. With increasing curing time, the percentage of micro-pores (0.5 < d < 2 μm) decreased and that of nano-pores below 0.5 μm increased slightly, probably due to the production of cementitious compounds which coated the surface of aggregates and filled some pores gradually. The insignificant effect of curing time on microstructure evolution was due to the low quantity of cementitious compounds produced from pozzolanic reaction. All lime-treated specimens compacted at dry and wet side of optimum exhibited bi-modal pore size distribution, with a decrease of macro-pore frequency with increasing water content. The treated specimens with larger aggregates exhibited a larger modal size. The evolution of microstructure of lime-treated soils during drying followed the same tendency as untreated soils. The curing time effect was found insignificant on the drying-induced microstructure changes, while the lime treatment effect was noticeable. Lime treatment resulted
302
Conclusions and perspectives in rapid cation exchanges that made the soil particles flocculate and form larger aggregates, inhibiting the clay shrinkage and attenuating the enlargement of pore size. The insignificant effect of curing time on the drying-induced microstructure could be attributed to the low reactivity of silty soil with lime, forming low quantity of cementitious compounds that played a limited role in inhibiting clay shrinkage. The salinity effect on the drying-induced microstructure was visible but not significant, due to the low clay fraction in the tested silt.
(iii) Water retention property
The matric suction of lime-treated specimens increased significantly during curing, due to the production of poorly crystallized or amorphous cementitious compounds which exhibited higher specific surface area, giving rise to an increase of water adsorption capacity of soils. Higher matric suctions were observed for the lime-treated specimens with higher salinity, suggesting that salts promoted the production of cementitious compounds. The total suction of lime-treated specimens increased slightly during curing. This was explained by the fact that during curing, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ in soil pore water and the Ca2+ dissolved from hydrated lime were consumed in the precipitations of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2, cation exchanges and pozzolanic reaction, leading to a decrease of osmotic suction. As the increase of matric suction was almost balanced by the decrease of osmotic suction, the change in total suction was insignificant. The soil water retention curves (SWRCs) derived from MIP results of treated specimens at different water contents considering the microstructure variations during drying were still different from those curves from direct measurement. This difference was mainly attributed to the production of cementitious compounds: the cementitious compounds with higher adsorption capacity did not contribute to the matric suctions derived from the MIP tests, but they significantly contributed to the matric suctions measured by the filter paper method. The aggregate size effect on the total suction (WP4C) and matric suction (FP) was insignificant, because the similar micro-pore size distribution and almost same soil mineralogy for limetreated specimens S5 (Dmax = 5 mm) and S0.4 (Dmax = 0.4 mm) dominated the water retention capacity with the specimens being dried from unsaturated state, leading to an insignificant effect of aggregate size. On the SWRCs derived from MIP results, the higher the maximum soil aggregates, the smaller the air entry value.
303 Conclusions and perspectives
Mechanical behaviour
Lime treatment increased the yield stress and small strain shear modulus (Gmax), but reduced the compressibility of soils, which can be attributed to the effects of soil flocculation, the production of cementitious compounds and the increase of matric suction. The aggregate size had insignificant effect on the compression behaviour, as the aggregate size had negligible effect on the production of cementitious compounds and matric suction. The stabilized Gmax values were independent of moulding water content for treated specimens S0.4 (Dmax = 0.4 mm) with smaller aggregates, because the much more production of cementitious compounds at wet side compensated the degradation of Gmax induced from the lower suction. For the specimens S5 (Dmax = 5 mm) with larger aggregates on wet side, the lower suction effect prevailed the pozzolanic reaction promoted by higher water content, leading to lower Gmax as compared to the specimens S5 at dry side.
Durability of lime-treated soils: (i) Wetting-drying cycle effect on soil morphology and microstructure
The wetting-drying cycles induced swelling strain and some cracks on the soil surface, whereas no significant volume variations and cracks were observed on lime-treated specimens. The bimodal pore size distribution of untreated specimens changed to tri-modal pattern with a new larger pore population due to the possible softening and breakage of aggregates, while that of lime-treated soils were unchanged and almost reversible with water content varying from 17% to 21%. The subsequent intensive drying induced some fissures in lime-treated soils, whereas the rewetting of lime-treated specimens could induce the healing of them. (
ii
)
Wetting-drying effect on the small strain shear modulus
The Gmax of lime-treated soils showed a constant decreasing trend with wetting and an increasing trend with drying. Moreover, Gmax decreased slightly with wetting-drying cycles for the lime-treated specimens wetted by deionized water, suggesting that the wetting-drying cycles indeed softened the soils. However, Gmax increased for the lime-treated specimens wetted by synthetic seawater, due to the more production of cementitious compounds promoted by salts. The lime-treated specimens S0.4 (Dmax = 0.4 mm) wetted by synthetic seawater had higher Gmax than those wetted by deionized water, while the wetting fluid had insignificant effect on the 304 Conclusions and perspectives Gmax of specimens S5 (Dmax = 5 mm) due to the limited promotion of pozzolanic reaction and negligible soil aggregation induced by salts. (iii)
Wetting-drying cycle effect on the compression behaviour
Lower yield stress and higher decrease of macro-pore void ratio with loading were obtained on the lime-treated specimens under wetting-drying cycles compared to the as-compacted specimens, indicating a slight softening of soil structure by the wetting-drying cycles. Regarding the effect of wetting fluid nature, synthetic seawater, compared to deionized water, resulted in a higher compressibility. This was attributed to the presence of higher quantity of macro-pores in the specimens wetted by synthetic seawater induced by the shrinkage of the clay fraction. After wetting-drying cycles, the lime-treated specimens S5 (Dmax = 5 mm) had higher yield stress and lower decrease of macro-pore void ratio than the lime-treated specimens S0.4 (Dmax = 0.4 mm), due to the significant reduction of macro-pore population with wetting-drying cycles. Recommendation for the dike construction at Les Saline-de-Giraud: (i) The optimum lime contents were estimated at 1.5%, 3% and 4% for soil-lime mixtures mixing with deionized water, 35 g/L synthetic seawater and 70 g/L mixed salts solution. It appears that, while preparing lime-treated soils using seawater, a lime content as high as 3-4% is required for the modification and stabilization of soils. | 12,914 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Герасимов, Вадим Викторович | https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Герасимов, Вадим Викторович&action=history | Russian | Spoken | 155 | 429 | Вадим Викторович Герасимов () — советский , корпорации Google.
Биография
Родился 15 июня 1969 года в городе Нововоронеж Воронежской области.
В 1994—2003 работал и учился в MIT Media Lab.
В 16 лет он стал одним из разработчиков знаменитой видеоигры «Тетрис»: он адаптировал оригинальную игру Алексея Пажитнова на архитектуру PC и двумя годами позже добавил в игру некоторые детали.
Окончил МГУ по специальности «а» в 1992 году и получил степень PhD в MIT в 2003 году.
Личная жизнь
Имеет три американских патента и более двух десятков публикаций. Провёл год в Японии, девять лет в США.
С 2003 года живёт и работает в Австралии.
Примечания
Ссылки
Персональная страница Вадима Герасимова (на англ.)
Tetris inventor now making waves at Google
Tetris inventor now making waves at Google
Создатель «Тетриса» вычеркнул соавторов из истории игры
Как украли легендарный «Тетрис»
Сотрудники Google
Википедия:Биографии современников
Программисты России
Доктора философии
Разработчики компьютерных игр
Тетрис
Геймдизайнеры России
Выпускники МГУ
Программисты США
Программисты Австралии | 45,846 |
https://github.com/sonicviz/midikov/blob/master/server/config/exphbs-config.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | midikov | sonicviz | JavaScript | Code | 72 | 246 | "use strict";
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
value: true
});
exports.default = void 0;
require("core-js/modules/web.dom.iterable");
// helpers.js
let exphbsConfig = {
defaultLayout: 'main',
helpers: {
// helpers go here
categoryGenerator: function categoryGenerator(context) {
console.log(context);
console.log(context.data.root.categories);
let elements = context.data.root.categories;
let output = '';
if (elements.length > 0) {
elements.forEach((element, index) => {
output += `<a href="#" name="category" id="category${index}">${element}</a>`;
});
}
return output;
}
}
};
var _default = exphbsConfig;
exports.default = _default;
//# sourceMappingURL=exphbs-config.js.map | 46,839 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213918 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | administrative territorial entity of Bolivia | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 1,275 | 4,279 | administrative territorial entity of Bolivia
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Departamentele Boliviei
Departamentele Boliviei subclasă a entitate administrativă teritorială a unei singure țări
Departamentele Boliviei țară Bolivia
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Departamentele Boliviei categorie la Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
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ბოლივიის ადმინისტრაციული დაყოფა ქვეკლასი ქვეყნის ადმინისტრაციულ-ტერიტორიული ერთეული
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Բոլիվիայի վարչական բաժանում
Բոլիվիայի վարչական բաժանում երկիր Բոլիվիա
Բոլիվիայի վարչական բաժանում հիմնական կատեգորիա Կատեգորիա:Բոլիվիայի վարչական բաժանում
Բոլիվիայի վարչական բաժանում Վիքիպահեստի կատեգորիա Subdivisions of Bolivia
Podział administracyjny Boliwii
Podział administracyjny Boliwii podklasa dla jednostka podziału administracyjnego pojedynczego państwa
Podział administracyjny Boliwii państwo Boliwia
Podział administracyjny Boliwii główna kategoria tematu Kategoria:Podział administracyjny Boliwii
Podział administracyjny Boliwii kategoria Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
Sinru qillqa:Llaqta pusana rakiy (Buliwya)
административное деление Боливии
описание структуры
административное деление Боливии подкласс от административно-территориальная единица страны
административное деление Боливии государство Боливия
административное деление Боливии основная категория по теме Категория:Административное деление Боливии
административное деление Боливии категория на Викискладе Subdivisions of Bolivia
Teritoryal nga pag-organisa han Bolivia
entité territoriale administrative de la Bolivie
entité territoriale administrative de la Bolivie sous-classe de entité territoriale administrative d'un unique pays
entité territoriale administrative de la Bolivie pays Bolivie
entité territoriale administrative de la Bolivie catégorie Catégorie:Subdivision en Bolivie
entité territoriale administrative de la Bolivie catégorie Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
bestuurlijke indeling van Bolivia
bestuurlijke indeling van Bolivia subklasse van bestuurlijke indeling van een land
bestuurlijke indeling van Bolivia land Bolivia
bestuurlijke indeling van Bolivia hoofdcategorie van onderwerp Categorie:Bestuurlijke indeling van Bolivia
bestuurlijke indeling van Bolivia Commonscategorie Subdivisions of Bolivia
Verwaltungseinheit von Bolivien
Verwaltungseinheit von Bolivien Unterklasse von territoriale Verwaltungseinheit eines Landes
Verwaltungseinheit von Bolivien Staat Bolivien
Verwaltungseinheit von Bolivien Hauptkategorie des Themas Kategorie:Verwaltungsgliederung Boliviens
Verwaltungseinheit von Bolivien Commons-Kategorie Subdivisions of Bolivia
suddivisione amministrativa della Bolivia
suddivisione amministrativa della Bolivia sottoclasse di suddivisione amministrativa di un singolo Paese
suddivisione amministrativa della Bolivia Paese Bolivia
suddivisione amministrativa della Bolivia categoria principale dell'argomento Categoria:Suddivisioni della Bolivia
suddivisione amministrativa della Bolivia categoria su Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
управно-територијална јединица Боливије
управно-територијална јединица Боливије је подкласа од управна јединица земље
управно-територијална јединица Боливије држава Боливија
управно-територијална јединица Боливије главна категорија чланка Категорија:Административна подела Боливије
управно-територијална јединица Боливије категорија на Остави Subdivisions of Bolivia
управно-територијална јединица Боливије
управно-територијална јединица Боливије генерализација управна јединица земље
управно-територијална јединица Боливије држава Боливија
управно-територијална јединица Боливије категорија на Остави Subdivisions of Bolivia
upravno-teritorijalna jedinica Bolivije
upravno-teritorijalna jedinica Bolivije generalizacija upravna jedinica zemlje
upravno-teritorijalna jedinica Bolivije država Bolivija
upravno-teritorijalna jedinica Bolivije kategorija na Ostavi Subdivisions of Bolivia
Адміністративний поділ Болівії
Адміністративний поділ Болівії є підкласом адміністративний поділ країн світу
Адміністративний поділ Болівії країна Болівія
Адміністративний поділ Болівії категорія за темою сторінки Категорія:Адміністративний поділ Болівії
Адміністративний поділ Болівії категорія Вікісховища Subdivisions of Bolivia
administrativ territoriell enhet av Bolivia
administrativ territoriell enhet av Bolivia underklass till administrativ indelning efter land
administrativ territoriell enhet av Bolivia land Bolivia
administrativ territoriell enhet av Bolivia ämnets huvudkategori Kategori:Indelningar i Bolivia
administrativ territoriell enhet av Bolivia Commons-kategori Subdivisions of Bolivia
administra unuo de Bolivio
administra unuo de Bolivio subaro de administra teritoria unuo de lando
administra unuo de Bolivio lando Bolivio
administra unuo de Bolivio ĉefa kategorio de la temo Kategorio:Administraj unuoj de Bolivio
administra unuo de Bolivio Komuneja kategorio Subdivisions of Bolivia
Subdivisões da Bolívia
Subdivisões da Bolívia país Bolívia
Subdivisões da Bolívia categoria principal do tópico Categoria:Subdivisões da Bolívia
Subdivisões da Bolívia categoria da Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
Bolīvijas administratīvais iedalījums
Bolīvijas administratīvais iedalījums apakšklase vienas valsts administratīvi teritoriālā vienība
Bolīvijas administratīvais iedalījums valsts Bolīvija
Bolīvijas administratīvais iedalījums galvenā kategorija Kategorija:Bolīvijas administratīvais iedalījums
Bolīvijas administratīvais iedalījums Commons kategorija Subdivisions of Bolivia
ბოლივიაშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა
ბოლივიაშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა ქიანა ბოლივია
ბოლივიაშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა თემაშ თარი კატეგორია კატეგორია:ბოლივიაშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა
ბოლივიაშ ადმინისტრაციული დორთუალა ვიკიოწკარუეშ კატეგორია Subdivisions of Bolivia
التقسيم الإداري في بوليفيا
التقسيم الإداري في بوليفيا صنف فرعي من تقسيم إداري لبلد محدد
التقسيم الإداري في بوليفيا البلد بوليفيا
التقسيم الإداري في بوليفيا التصنيف الرئيس للموضوع تصنيف:تقسيمات بوليفيا
التقسيم الإداري في بوليفيا تصنيف كومنز Subdivisions of Bolivia
тақсимоти маъмурии Боливия
тақсимоти маъмурии Боливия зерсаҳифа аз воҳидҳои марзию маъмурии давлатҳо
тақсимоти маъмурии Боливия кишвар Боливия
тақсимоти маъмурии Боливия гурӯҳ дар Викианбор Subdivisions of Bolivia
Bolivia ê hêng-chèng-khu
Bolivia ê hêng-chèng-khu kok-ka Bolivia
Pembagian administratif Bolivia
Pembagian administratif Bolivia subkelas dari entitas teritorial administratif suatu negara
Pembagian administratif Bolivia negara Bolivia
Pembagian administratif Bolivia kategori utama topik Kategori:Pembagian administratif Bolivia
Pembagian administratif Bolivia kategori di Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
玻利維亞行政區劃
玻利維亞行政區劃 上級分類 某一國家之行政領土實體
玻利維亞行政區劃 國家 玻利維亞
玻利維亞行政區劃 共享資源分類 Subdivisions of Bolivia
entitat territorial administrativa de Bolívia
entitat territorial administrativa de Bolívia subclasse de entitat territorial administrativa d'un país particular
entitat territorial administrativa de Bolívia estat Bolívia
entitat territorial administrativa de Bolívia categoria de Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
Administrativní dělení Bolívie
Administrativní dělení Bolívie nadtřída administrativní dělení konkrétní země
Administrativní dělení Bolívie stát Bolívie
Administrativní dělení Bolívie hlavní kategorie tématu Kategorie:Administrativní dělení Bolívie
Administrativní dělení Bolívie kategorie na Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
볼리비아의 행정 구역
볼리비아의 행정 구역 다음의 하위 개념임 나라의 행정 구역
볼리비아의 행정 구역 다음 나라의 것임 볼리비아
볼리비아의 행정 구역 이 주제를 다루는 분류 분류:볼리비아의 행정 구역
볼리비아의 행정 구역 이 주제를 다루는 공용 분류 Subdivisions of Bolivia
διοικητική εδαφική οντότητα της Βολιβίας
διοικητική εδαφική οντότητα της Βολιβίας υποκλάση του διοικητική εδαφική οντότητα χώρας
διοικητική εδαφική οντότητα της Βολιβίας χώρα Βολιβία
διοικητική εδαφική οντότητα της Βολιβίας κατηγορία στα Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
divizion aministrativa de Bołìvia
divizion aministrativa de Bołìvia sotoclase de entità teritoriałe de un paeze in particułar
divizion aministrativa de Bołìvia stato Bołivia
divizion aministrativa de Bołìvia categoria Commons Subdivisions of Bolivia
адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Балівіі
адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Балівіі падкляса ад адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел краінаў
адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Балівіі краіна Балівія
адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Балівіі асноўная катэгорыя тэмы Катэгорыя:Адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Балівіі
адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльны падзел Балівіі катэгорыя ў Вікісховішчы Subdivisions of Bolivia
ボリビアの地方行政区画
ボリビアの地方行政区画 上位クラス 国の行政区画
ボリビアの地方行政区画 国 ボリビア
ボリビアの地方行政区画 主題の中心カテゴリ Category:ボリビアの地方区分
ボリビアの地方行政区画 コモンズのカテゴリ Subdivisions of Bolivia
玻利维亚行政区划
玻利维亚行政区划
玻利维亚行政区划 上级分类 某一國家的行政領土實體
玻利维亚行政区划 国家 玻利維亞
玻利维亚行政区划 话题主分类 Category:玻利维亚行政区划
玻利维亚行政区划 共享资源分类 Subdivisions of Bolivia
upravna ozemeljska entiteta Bolivije
upravna ozemeljska entiteta Bolivije podpomenka od upravna ozemeljska entiteta posamezne države
upravna ozemeljska entiteta Bolivije država Bolivija
upravna ozemeljska entiteta Bolivije kategorija v Zbirki Subdivisions of Bolivia
Wawengkon administratip Bolivia
Wawengkon administratip Bolivia negara Bolivia | 22,518 |
https://github.com/ScalablyTyped/SlinkyTyped/blob/master/a/aws-sdk/src/main/scala/typingsSlinky/awsSdk/wafv2Mod/PutLoggingConfigurationRequest.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | SlinkyTyped | ScalablyTyped | Scala | Code | 70 | 302 | package typingsSlinky.awsSdk.wafv2Mod
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
@js.native
trait PutLoggingConfigurationRequest extends StObject {
/**
*
*/
var LoggingConfiguration: typingsSlinky.awsSdk.wafv2Mod.LoggingConfiguration = js.native
}
object PutLoggingConfigurationRequest {
@scala.inline
def apply(LoggingConfiguration: LoggingConfiguration): PutLoggingConfigurationRequest = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal(LoggingConfiguration = LoggingConfiguration.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
__obj.asInstanceOf[PutLoggingConfigurationRequest]
}
@scala.inline
implicit class PutLoggingConfigurationRequestMutableBuilder[Self <: PutLoggingConfigurationRequest] (val x: Self) extends AnyVal {
@scala.inline
def setLoggingConfiguration(value: LoggingConfiguration): Self = StObject.set(x, "LoggingConfiguration", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
}
}
| 3,677 |
https://github.com/edysetyobayuaji/RestApi/blob/master/app/Http/Middleware/Cors.php | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | RestApi | edysetyobayuaji | PHP | Code | 29 | 122 | <?php
namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class Cors {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
return $next($request)
->header('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', "*")
->header('Access-Control-Allow-Method', "PUT, GET, POST, DELETE, OPTIONS")
->header('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', "Content-Type, x-xsrf-token");
}
}
| 36,023 |
sn86061215_1908-05-28_1_8_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,908 | None | None | English | Spoken | 2,399 | 3,843 | a: ft* -,w T«i Mi rfe ?|®St •i ilf V.'v i.'.. K% 1*' p£ is F?w •ft-- r~~ J^cvV 1r $ 8$ I wt&sf,•• /•, *MV Vi^Vij Dresses. sf^«^ sJt.* -u«f- Hi *v 'V- .. y& a. »*n* "i f.'.'} V. I 8 *s¥hUR8DAY, May 28, T908. a 15c grade Persian Batiste. Special How about a new pair of Oxfords for Decoration Day? They'll make your new spring suit look all the more stylish and prepos sessing. All the smart, new models are here Is. all glass, shapes and colors at various prlcos. ii. ?2, $2.60, $3, $3.50 and $4. shoe H.&F. Silks and Dress Goods $1.00 and $1.25 grade of 27 inch fancy Waist and Suiting *7fk/» Silka, a yard $1.00 grades of Foulards, all silk, 7 C/» 2 4 in id a a $1.00 grade 30 inch Chiffon Taffeta Silk, black, a yard $1.25 grade of 36 inch black TafTeta Silk and Peau de Sole fir Silk, every yard guaranteed, a yard 7 45 inoh Brilliantine in cream, black and all colors. rv Worth $1.00. Sale Price 88 inch all wool Batiste in black, cream and all colors. AO/* Worth 65o a yard. Sale Price 4rOv 25c and 29c grades of Novelty Wool Dress Goods a in light and dark patterns, a yard yfc 50c grade of 38 inch fancy Mohair and Wool Suitings, light an a pa a a Wash Goods and Linens 18c grade White Dot Swiss for -J rtl_ Special 1 £2L 10c 15c grade 36 inch wide White Linen Finish Suiting. Special •. Linen 10c st°re HAGBERQ & FARMNGTON 124 East Mal'.i Street. Tri-Weekly Courier CHANGING ADDRESSES. Subscribers wishing their address changed will please give the name of the Post Office to which the paper has been sent as well as the Post Office where they desire it to be changed to. LOCAL NEWS ITEMS From Tuesday's Daily. Sargent fits trusses right. Neasham sells the best watches. Mrs. Joseph Dixon of Rutledge returned home last evening after spending the day in the city visiting and shopping. Sargent treats everybody right. Born, May 23, 1908 to Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Gilmore of North Market street, a daughter. Born, May 26, 1908 to Mr. and Mrs. Ira Eaton of East Lincoln avenue, a son. Whirling Spray Syringes at Sargent's. Homer Roth of Ottumwa has been spending a few days in the city on account of the illness of his mother, Mrs. P. L. Roth, who is very sick at her home on Broadway.—The Mt. Pleasant Daily News. All Rexal goods are guaranteed by Sargent. Decoration day is near. We can fit and please you in desirable footwear. You know our price is lower. Church Shoe Co. From Wednesday's Daily Miss Etta Stuart of Avery is in the city visiting her sister, Mrs. Cora Johnson of the West End. Mrs. Nathan Widney of Farson, returned home last evening on the Milwaukee, after spending the day in the city on a short business trip. Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Riley of Farson, returned home last evening after spending the day in the city shopping. Mrs. J. L. Braden of Limby, who has been visiting friends and relatives in the city, has returned to her home in Limby. S a 7c grade White India Linen. Special... 41c 15c grade 22x45 bleach Turkish Bath Towels. Discount on all Silk, Wash and Wool Dress Goods. Agency passed through the city last evening en route home. Mrs. T. Id. Dickens of Farson, returned home last evening after spending the day in the city shopping. Mrs. L. A. Steele of Farson, returned home last evening after spending the day in the city on a short business trip. Don't miss Sargent's display at the Pure Food Exhibit this week. Miss Margaret Healey who has been visiting relatives and friends in Melrose, passed through the city last evening en route to her home in Muscatine. Mrs. S. Pollock of Martinsburg, returned home last evening after spending the day in the city shopping and visiting friends. Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Clark of Farson, returned home last evening after spending the day in the city shopping. Bordeaux Mixture Kills insects, Sargent's. Mrs. Austin Phillips of Highland Center, who has been visiting friends and relatives in Agency, passed through the city last evening en route home. Earnest Harold Baynes, secretary of the American Bison society, an association that carries the prestige of the name of Theodore Roosevelt as its honorary president, and of Earl Grey, governor general of Canada, as vice president, comes to the Chautauqua with new and absorbingly interesting illustrated lectures. He is a naturalist of high repute indorsed by John Burroughs as one who knows animals and tells the truth about them. All his life has been devoted to the study of wild things and animal photography. The story of "Our Wild Neighbors," as told by Mr. Baynes illustrated by hundreds of unique and valuable pictures taken by infimite patience, under hardship and often at the risk of life and limb, affords an evening's entertainment and offers a fund of interest and too soon close. One sits wondering that so much of intense life has multiplied and existed about our feet unknown and unnoticed. Mr. Baynes has a rare faculty of charming wild animals. He makes friends with the hawks, the chickades feed from his lips. He knows them all, their intimate life. More than this, he has the gift to tell their secrets charmingly and with the enthusiasm of the born naturalist. His pictures show the home of the ground sparrow with its nest at our feet and the inaccessible aeries of the red hawks and the eagles. Baynes and his lectures are new in the middle west. That they prove to be as successful and as highly appreciated as they have been in the proverbially hard to please, east is a safe prediction. He knows how to tell a story for which there is an insistent recent demand. His information is accurate, his wit nimble, his personality excellent and his noble eagerness to bring human and animal life into closer and kindlier relation impresses and convinces. Don't miss "Baynes, the Wild Animal Man." And don't let the children miss him. BIRTHS. BORN—Friday, May 22, 1908, to Mr. and Mrs. Herman A. Ostdeik, residing on Jaffrey street, a daughter. $1.25 grade White Lawn Shirt Waists $1.50 and $1.75 grade White and Colored Waists $1.50 and $1.75 grade White and Colored Waists $1.50 grade Lawn Kimonos 98c grade Girl's White and Colored $2.50 to $4 graded Girl's Coats $5.00 and $6.50 grade Women's and Misses' Coats MANY SURVIVE COMPANY CALIFORNIA MAN COMPILES NAMES AND AD DRESSES. FOURTH IOWA CAVALRY Albert Loughridge is Able to Secure Addresses of Sixty-One Members of Company Organized at Ageney Albert Loughridge of Santa Monica. Cal., an enterprising member of Company F, Fourth Iowa Cavalry, has prepared a leaflet containing the names and addresses of the living members of the company which was organized in Wapello county, Iowa, October, 1861. Among the list of sixty-one living veterans appear the names of Albert N. Barnes and Henry B. Wagers of Ottumwa George W. Creath, John Dwire, Jesse K. Hilton, Agency Alpheus Pickens, Kirkville and John M. Ryan, Eddyville. Following is the communication from Mr. Loughridge: Dear Comrades: For nine months I have been seeking the names and addresses of the survivors of our company. I think there may be one or two others living, of whom no trace has yet been found but that so many are still alive is a matter for sincere thanksgiving. A few have not replied to my letters personally, but nearly all have written to me and there is no doubt of the correctness of these addresses except in the case of two, which are given here as reported from the pension office. Only two of our officers are now living twelve of the sixteen non-commissioned officers on duty at close of the war are reported below. Let us try to keep in touch during the coming years. Our marches are now but short ones. At least once a year let every comrade write a message to those who remain, and ask friends to reply in case any of our number pass away during the intervals of our letter writing. And may the choicest gifts of Heaven come to each one of you and at last the crown of life eternal. Yours affectionately, Albert Loughridge. Santa Monica, Cal., May 25, 1908. Names and Addresses. 1 Gen. Edward F. Winslow, 28 Rue de Madrid, Paris, France. 2 Capt. Thos. J. Zollars, Columbia Building, Denver, Col. 3 Anthony. Jonathan, Searcy, Arkansas. 4 Allison, Charles R., Cedar, Iowa, R. D. R. No. 1. 5 Byers, James W., Soldiers' Home Marshalltown, Iowa. 6 Blattner. Jacob, Soldiers' Home Marshalltown, Iowa. 6 Blattner. Jacob, Soldiers' Home Los Angeles, Cal. 7 Bartlett, William, Oskaloosa, la., R. D. No. 3. 8 Barnes, Albert N., Ottumwa, Iowa. 9 Busby Elijah, Rose Hill, Iowa. 10 Buck, George, Soldiers' Home, Milwaukee, Wis. 11 Carnahan, Harlan, Oskaloosa, Iowa. 12 Creath, George W., Agency, Iowa. 13 Conerly, William, Oak. "Tin" $6.50 grade $6.50 Women's Skirts $4 and $5 White Lawn Suits $22.50 grade Women's Tailor-Made $2.00 White Linen Skirts $14 Conwell, Lot, Corydon, Iowa, R.D.R. No. 5. 15 Chaney, Albert W., Fort Worth, Texas. 16 Carter, Cornelius, Sellwood, Portland, Oregon. 17 Dana, Daniel G., Fairfield, Iowa. 18 Dwire, John, Agency, Iowa. 19 Dumont, Thomas R., St. Joseph, Mo., 1215 Powell street. 20 Everett, Jeremiah F., Lacey, Iowa. 21 Earp, Newton J., Soldiers' Home, Los Angeles, Cal. 22 Frazier, Thomas B., Stuart, Iowa. 26 Good, Samuel, Soldiers' Home, Marshalltown, Iowa. 26 Good, William, Colfax, Iowa. 27 Hanks, Peter, Los Angeles, Cal., 312 N. Main street. 30 Jones, Edward, Rose Hill, Iowa. 31 Kinkade, David N., Auburn, Wash., R.D.R. No. 1. 32 Kernahan, James B., Asliford, Wash. 33 Koolbeck, John, Harlan, Iowa. 34 Langrak, William, Pella, Iowa. 35 Lee, Charles H., Kirksville, Mo. 36 Loughridge, Albert, Santa Monica, Cal. 37 McCabe, William, Yukon, Texas County, Mo. Vale, Miss. 38 Miles, Elisha, La Junta, Col. 39 Morgan, Clinton C., Persist, Oregon. 40 Moore, John, Cedar Falls, Iowa, R. D. R. No. 2. 41 McWhorter, William A., Spokane, Wash., general delivery. 41 McWhorter, William A., Eldon, Iowa. (Died Oct. 20, 1907). 43 Newell, Wickliffe, Clinton, Island County, Wash. 44 Pellham, Asbury, Marshalltown, Iowa. 45 Pearson, James B., Oskaloosa, Iowa. 46 Pike, John B., Cape, South Dakota. 47 Pickens, Alpheus, Kirkville, la. 48 Peterson, Samuel G., Willmaths ville, Mo. 49 Pugli, William, Beacon, Iowa, R. D. R. No. X. 50 Ryan, John M., Eddyville, Iowa. 51 Royse, James T., Ellwood, Ind. 52 Sadler, Henry R., Columbus, Kansas. 53 Stewart, Amos, Algona, Iowa. 54 Spencer, John, Paxton, Neb. 55 Smith, George D., Newalla, Okla. 56 Smith, Simon, Superior, Wis., 1513 Hammond Ave. 57 Thomas, Courtland, Searsboro, Iowa. 58 Volk, Balthus, Brown Canon, Col. 59 Wagers, Henry B., Ottumwa, la. 60 Woods, Silas S'., Fremont, Iowa, R. D. R. No. 1. 61 Weaver, Solomon, Earlham, la., R. D. R. No. 3. 62 Walton, Nathaniel D., Altoona, Iowa. Total number in the company dur ing the war, 150. Native born, 133: Iowa 10, Indiana 23, Illinois 5, Ken tucky 2, Missouri 2, Maine 2, Ohio 57, Mississippi 1, Pennsylvania 14, New York 12, Tennessee 2, Virginia 2, Vermont 1. Foreign born, 17: Canada 2, England 6, Germany 1, Hol land 3, Ireland 4, Switzerland 1. t\ iJki •feft Sale Domestics 12%c grade 30 inch Percale, '71/* dark patterns. Special 2 28c grade 9-4 bleached' and unbleach ed Sheeting. 11 25c grade Ladies' and Misses' Lace Hose. Special 75c Women's Gowns $1.00 Women's Chemise 1 Special it 1 2 7c grade bleached Muslin. 1 Special 4-2 7c grade Unbleached L. I* Muslin. Special 9c and 10c grades 36 inch 71/* Bleached Muslin. Special 2t Hosiery 12%c grade Ladies' Hose. Special O 15c grade Ladies' white foot 1 A Hose. Special 1 Uv 15c Muslin Underwear ..9c ...19c 48c "T. 69 15c Children's Pants 35c Corset Covers S A W S Your new Straw is here waiting for you. The right hat for your head at the right price for your pocket. All the new things in Milan, Manila, Split and Porto Rican in sailors and soft brims, $1.00 to $3.50. A Panama special a $6.50 hat for $5. Anything you need in Summer Underwear and Fancy Hosiery. 207 EAST MAIN STREET. To Make This Month a Record Breaker 2 DAYS O E Shoes Lot 1—$1.25 grade Misses' Shoes, sizes 13 to 2. A Special at "Ov Lot 2—75c grade Child's Shoes, sizes 5 to 8. Special we will make prices which will interest you on all kinds of House Furnishings, Rugs and Carpets, Curtains and Draperies. Agents for Herrick Dry Air Refrigerators, Humphrey Sectional Book Cases, Rex inner-tufted Mattresses, Quality Ranges. Martin Furniture & Carpet Co. 232—234 East Main Number eighteen years and under at enlistment, 29 twenty years and under, 58 twenty-one and under, 107 with average age 20.4 over thirty, 28 average age of whole company, 24 Gent's Furnishings 65c grade Men's Dress and Work Shirts. Special....... 29c grade Men's Work Shirts. Special 1 25c grade Men's Fancy Hose. Special 1 Lace and Embroideries 7c and 8c grade Pillow Slip Lace, insertion and embroideries, 1% to 5 Inches. Special 1 15c grade Corset Cover embroidery, 8 to 12 inches wide. Special 1 25c and 30c grade 18 inch Corset Cover embroidery. 1 Special 1 Lace Curtains Sample Lace Curtains, worth 50c and 75c. Special 3 $2.25 grade Lace Curtains $3.00 high grade Lace Curtains. Special MATTING 85c grade 4, 5 or 6 yard Remnants of Matting, per yard 1 Are You Ready for the Game? For business, for pleasure, or for whatever you do in "the great game" your clothes are a most important item. You may win or lose according to the cut of your garments, or the fit of your coat. If. Don't take any chances. We're offering you Hart, Schaffner & Marx Clothes and that means the best clothing made today. Every fabric they use is all wool, the tailoring is perfectly done, the styles are correct, and we guarantee a fit. Years of youngest man Kernahan, oldest (Wilbur) 44, survived: Youngest (Kernahan), 60, oldest (Ferris), 85 under 65, twenty-four 65 to 70, twenty-one 9 to 80, twelve over 80, five. | 24,295 |
sn84026788_1922-08-08_1_6_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,922 | None | None | English | Spoken | 1,401 | 2,290 | LIVE STOCK OF ALL KINDS AND WOOL. BREEDER OF PURE BRED SPOTTED POLAND CHINA HOGS Write or phone me, what you have to sell or need, as I pay the highest market prices, for live stock of all kinds, and am buying every week. Don’t fail to see me before selling your lambs, and wool. WM. A. RILEY, 216-21. Halltown. W. Va. C. P. WELLER'S MACHINE WORKS. NORTH GEORGE ST. CHARLES TOWN, W. VA. FULLY EQUIPPED FOR CYLINDER GRINDING, AND MACHINE WORKS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. AGENTS FOR FIRESTONE TRUCK TIRES. All work done in a satisfactory and workman-like manner. We are not responsible for anything stolen or damaged by fire. MELVIN T. STRIDER Furniture Director and Lumber Dealer CHARLES TOWN, W. VA. Automobile Service. Morgue Attached. A COMPETENT LADY ASSISTANT. 35-W. MANSTOWN GROCERY STORE MERCHANTS OLD STAND WEST WASHINGTON ST. WE CARRY A FULL LINE OF GENERAL MERCHANDISE AND GENTS’ FURNISHINGS. COUNTRY PRODUCE TAKEN IN EXCHANGE. WE WILL APPRECIATE A SHARE OF YOUR PATRONAGE. LETTER BROTHERS LADIES' WEIRING APPAREL CHAM BERSBURG—HAGERSTOWN ADDED DEPT—"WOOLTEX" DELMAR'S HEALING HERBS Look into your mirror, and if your tongue is coated, bad taste in mouth, feel tired and languid in morning, any Doctor will tell you, as we do now, the cause is with the liver, the ruling organ of the body, and needs attention. To correct this condition, step into a drug store and pay 25 cents for a box of Delmar's Healing Herb Tablets (about 50 or one dollar for 200 days treatment, and begin their use, and note the prompt relief that follows. Like a 32 years we have been in business. If not satisfied with results, the Glyz. Chemical Co., of Washington, D.C., will promptly refund the price paid. Our purpose is to help you, if you will permit us to do so. ASSIGNMENT SALE! In order to meet his obligations to the Bank of Harpers Ferry, and to pay some wholesale bills placed with the Bank, Mr. A. Kaplan has set aside about ten thousand dollars worth of merchandise from his immense stock. These goods the bank will sell for cash in a sale beginning at 9 o'clock Thursday morning, August 10, and continuing 15 days only. Mrs. B. L. Rau, Assistant Cashier of the Bank will have charge of the sale. All goods included in this sale will be assembled on the first and second floors and marked in plain figures. It is not possible here to give prices on all the goods but the following will give you an idea of the whole:— GROCERIES. The Grocery Department will be closed out completely, stock and fixtures. Sample prices are Laundry Soaps, all kinds, per cake. Washing Powders, all kinds, per pkg. Toilet Soap, Fairy and White Ribbon. Big Bottle Bluing. Bob White Baking Powder, per can. Rumford Baking Powder, 1 lb. can. Rumford Baking Powder, 1 lb. can. Rumford Karo, gallon can.49C Macaroni and Spaghetti, per pkg.9C Lucas mixed paints, gallon.49C Coffee, tea, spices, vinegar, pickles, canned fruits, breakfast foods, flour, etc., all go at proportionate prices. Any goods in this department unsold in the 155 days will be sold at auction. NOTIONS. On this counter will be found such bargains as buttons, per card. Basting Cotton, per spool. Clark's O. N. T. spool cotton. Crocheting Cotton. Children’s Hose. Hose. 39, 79, and 98c! All Martha Four-Foot hose. 35 PER CENT OFF. Jackson Corset. 39c, 39c, 39c, 39c, and 39c. Ladies’ Sweater. $1.69, and $2.39. Two mantle Clocks, oak finish. 49c. And about a thousand other things in which you will be interested. SKIRTS. Lot of linen and duck skirts, white. 50c. Skirts, sold up to $7.50. $3.98. Skirts, sold up to $10.50. $3.98. MEN’S CLOTHING AND FURNISHINGS. All Summer weight Suits, straw hats, underwear, socks, ties, and belts are included. 15 Palm Beach and Florida cloth two-piece suits, size 34 and 35 only, sold up to $18. choice. $5.98. White Flannel and Linen Suits, size 36 to 42. $1.98. Underwear—Union Suits. $1.99, and 98c. Two-piece suits, per garment. 39c. Leather Belts. 29, 39, and 49c. 40 Straw and Panama hats, standard style but not the very latest. 20 AND 45c. Odd lot of collars. Some a trifle soiled. 18 white and fancy vests, good quality. 49c. Best quality. 98c. Half hose. 54 men’s suits, extra fine quality. will be sold at this sale at $1.50 UP. LADIES’ READY TO WEAR. Lot Wash Dresses. $0.98 Canton Crepe, sold up to $45. All georgettes and silks. 12 tricolettes, sold up to $25. Some waists and blouses at about 1-3 price. SHOES. All ladies’ Oxfords and slippers, sold up to $5.00. All ladies’ Oxfords, sold at $6.00 and $7.00. High cut, women’s and men’s shoes. $3.98, $4.98 AND $5.98. Men’s low cut, in odd sizes. $2.98 AND $4.98 Others in addition to the goods set aside for this sale and in which the bank is interested, Mr. Kaplan will make a special reduction price on any article in the store. This includes a big line of rugs, mattings, porch, house and kitchen furniture, stoves, ranges and cooking utensils. Discount on these will range from 15 percent to as high as 40 percent on stoves and furniture bought while prices were right. DO NOT FORGET THE DATE AND PLACE AT A. Kaplan’s Dept. Store HARPERS FERRY, W. VA. STATEMENT BY THE BANK OF HARPERS FERRY, W. VA. All the book accounts of the said firm must be settled in the 15 days in case any of not able to settle in cash, endorsed notes must be given for the amount that they owe to the Bank of Harpers Ferry. This must be done within the 15 days. If these accounts are 30 days they will have to be turned over to an attorney for immediate suit. We hope the debtors will come and straighten their accounts and save you trouble and expense. We will come and straighten their accounts and save you trouble and expense. We will not be responsible for any debtors' debts or debts contracted by the bank. W. D. Webster & Co. TINNING, PLUMBING AND HEATING WORKMANSHIP THE BEST SATISFACTION GUARANTEED Call at 313 W. Liberty St. You can’t go along (ponding all you make and expect to get ahead. IT CAN’T BE DONE. You will practice a little economy and put some money in the bank each payday. There is nothing can stop you from becoming wealthy. Come into our Bank and open an Account and add to it regular savings. We will welcome you. (JEFFERSON BANK & TRUST CO.) Capital $100,000.00. Surplus $17,500.00. =333= dunsmore. When you attend Dunmore Business College, only the most of thorough instruction in the college, but the benefit of a great thoroughness and thorough knowledge of the business and experience that it is known throughout the United States where every bookkeeper, stenographer, and clerk are employed. NINE THOUSAND SUCCESSFUL GRADUATES. A Catalog for the asking. Enroll Sept. 4, 1922. DUNSMORE BUSINESS COLLEGE, STAUNTON, VA. Morris M. Edgar, Pres. John R. Eye, Vice Pres. Soc. Hupmobile NEW LOW PRICES EFFECTIVE AT ONCE. 5 Passenger Touring 2 Passenger Roadster 4 Passenger Coupe 5 Passenger Sedan F. O. B. Factory. If you have been waiting to buy a car, then buy it now, and the car is the Hupmobile $1.45 $1.25 $2150 BANE BROWN, agent FOR JEFFERSON COUNTY. Charles Town, W. F. ALEXANDER, Vice Pres. West Va 3. LEE FILIPINESS Cashier LOUIS G. ALBIN, Act Cashier. Capital Stock, $50,000. Surplus, $75,000. FARMERS AND MERCHANTS DEPOSIT COMPANY CHARLES TOWN, W. VA. DIRECTORS—L. W. WILLIAMSON. Mey. Wm. R. J. Had. R. W. Alexander, H. T. Alexander, Robert L. Wither, A. F. Wither, D. W. F. Let us Solicit Your Business. For-proof w» * year* new price on the Fordson. He**r'i*\ planning to get rid of the drudgery, money retom that has always heed tbe»* He wnntad to famish you with a trsca* ** oojy do your work better and !■•***• —end the 170,000 Fordaona now » he has aooomphshed these things. What you get in the Fcdson for the greatest farm power unit ever eft**1 Let us show you bow a Fordaoo **, ^ increase your bank account and tftsth Writs, phone or cdL FOR SALE BY JEFFERSON GARA# Charles Town, W. Vs cha^ Just received a FORD ANTOLINE 0|L Guaranteed to stop brake band d minutes or money cheerfully $1.00 PER GALLON GOODE BROTHERS 107 South George. | 10,597 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/457211 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,014 | Stack Exchange | 2021黄台app软件下载-免费在线完整版片, Paul Tomblin, carloz, https://askubuntu.com/users/14807, https://askubuntu.com/users/1614707, https://askubuntu.com/users/1614708, https://askubuntu.com/users/1614709, https://askubuntu.com/users/1650854, https://askubuntu.com/users/26687, user26687, 工具丨so导航_工具丨so导航-高清完整版, 黄台软件app下载大全_黄台软件app下载大全完整版免费播放 | English | Spoken | 156 | 342 | Upgraded to 14.04, now okular dies
I upgraded my KUbuntu system to 14.04, and now when I start it, it opens up a window, then puts the following messages:
$ okular ar.drone2_User-guide_UK.pdf
Xlib: extension "RANDR" missing on display ":0".
Xlib: extension "RANDR" missing on display ":0".
Xlib: extension "RANDR" missing on display ":0".
Can't get XRandR version
okular: Fatal IO error: client killed
and then the window closes. I can't find anything in any log file.
Maybe connected - a KDE bug report: https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=333639 . Are you using xinerama ? Is the xRandR disabled ?
@user26687 The answer to those questions would be yes and yes.
My bug report is at https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=334088. I also found https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=331784 which also affects me (kded dies the same way).
I reported the bug here and supposedly the patches have been submitted but not taken yet. Meanwhile, if you set the environment variable KSCREEN_BACKEND=Fake, okular and kded both start working again.
| 49,571 |
https://github.com/j-651/spoonriver/blob/master/src/assets/sass/01-abstracts/_variables.sass | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,021 | spoonriver | j-651 | Sass | Code | 8 | 38 | $tarawera: #073C53
$mystic: #EBF0F2
$black: $tarawera
$white: $mystic | 47,188 |
https://github.com/sdressler/objekt/blob/master/examples/mantevo/miniFE-1.1/optional/stk_mesh/baseImpl/FieldRepository.hpp | Github Open Source | Open Source | BSD-3-Clause | 2,019 | objekt | sdressler | C++ | Code | 289 | 883 | /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Copyright 2010 Sandia Corporation. */
/* Under terms of Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000, there is a non-exclusive */
/* license for use of this work by or on behalf of the U.S. Government. */
/* Export of this program may require a license from the */
/* United States Government. */
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#ifndef stk_mesh_baseImpl_FieldRepository_hpp
#define stk_mesh_baseImpl_FieldRepository_hpp
#include <iosfwd>
#include <stk_util/util/SameType.hpp>
#include <stk_util/util/StaticAssert.hpp>
#include <stk_util/parallel/Parallel.hpp>
#include <stk_mesh/base/Types.hpp>
#include <stk_mesh/base/Part.hpp>
#include <stk_mesh/base/Field.hpp>
#include <stk_mesh/base/PropertyBase.hpp>
#include <stk_mesh/baseImpl/PartRepository.hpp>
#include <stk_mesh/baseImpl/FieldBaseImpl.hpp>
namespace stk {
namespace mesh {
typedef std::vector<FieldBase *> FieldVector;
namespace impl {
class FieldRepository {
public:
FieldRepository() {}
~FieldRepository();
FieldBase * get_field(
const char * arg_method ,
const std::string & arg_name ,
const DataTraits & arg_traits ,
unsigned arg_rank ,
const shards::ArrayDimTag * const * arg_dim_tags ,
unsigned arg_num_states
) const;
FieldBase * declare_field(
const std::string & arg_name ,
const DataTraits & arg_traits ,
unsigned arg_rank ,
const shards::ArrayDimTag * const * arg_dim_tags ,
unsigned arg_num_states ,
MetaData * arg_meta_data
);
void verify_and_clean_restrictions(
const char * arg_method ,
const PartVector & arg_all_parts );
const FieldVector & get_fields() const {
return m_fields;
}
template<class T>
const T *
declare_attribute_with_delete( FieldBase & f , const T * a )
{
return f.m_impl.declare_attribute_with_delete(a);
}
template<class T>
const T *
declare_attribute_no_delete( FieldBase & f , const T * a )
{
return f.m_impl.declare_attribute_no_delete(a);
}
void declare_field_restriction(
const char * arg_method,
FieldBase & arg_field ,
unsigned arg_entity_rank ,
const Part & arg_part ,
const PartVector & arg_all_parts,
const unsigned * arg_stride )
{
arg_field.m_impl.insert_restriction( arg_method, arg_entity_rank, arg_part, arg_stride);
verify_and_clean_restrictions( arg_method, arg_all_parts );
}
private:
FieldVector m_fields;
//disallow copy and assignment
FieldRepository( const FieldRepository &);
FieldRepository & operator = ( const FieldRepository &);
};
} // namespace impl
} // namespace mesh
} // namespace stk
#endif //stk_mesh_baseImpl_FieldRepository_hpp
| 15,014 |
https://github.com/kiegroup/kogito-images/blob/master/modules/kogito-task-console/added/launch/kogito-task-console.sh | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,023 | kogito-images | kiegroup | Shell | Code | 79 | 293 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
#import
source "${KOGITO_HOME}"/launch/logging.sh
function prepareEnv() {
# keep it on alphabetical order
unset KOGITO_DATAINDEX_HTTP_URL
}
function configure() {
configure_data_index_url
}
# Exit codes:
# 10 - invalid url
function configure_data_index_url {
url_simple_regex='(https?)://'
local dataIndexURL=${KOGITO_DATAINDEX_HTTP_URL}
if [ "${dataIndexURL}x" != "x" ]; then
if [[ ! "${dataIndexURL}x" =~ $url_simple_regex ]]; then
log_error "URL must start with http or https."
exit 10
fi
else
log_info "Data index url not set, default will be used: http://localhost:8180"
dataIndexURL="http://localhost:8180"
fi
KOGITO_TASK_CONSOLE_PROPS="${KOGITO_TASK_CONSOLE_PROPS} -Dkogito.dataindex.http.url=${dataIndexURL}"
}
| 25,569 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85862298 | Wikidata | Semantic data | CC0 | null | Jan | None | Multilingual | Semantic data | 56 | 102 | Jan
Jan jest to człowiek
Jan płeć mężczyzna
Jan wyznanie religijne prawosławie
Jan data urodzenia 1950
Jan
Jan is een mens
Jan sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Jan religie of wereldbeeld orthodox christendom
Jan geboortedatum 1950
Jan
Jan instance of human
Jan sex or gender male
Jan religion or worldview Eastern Orthodoxy
Jan date of birth 1950 | 22,082 |
d90e03c0078b644ff583271367bdcfd6 | French Open Data | Open Government | Licence ouverte | 2,019 | Code de la commande publique, article R3126-13 | LEGI | French | Spoken | 115 | 142 | Les dispositions de la section 3 du chapitre V du présent titre ne sont pas applicables aux contrats de concession qui relèvent du présent chapitre. Par dérogation à l'alinéa précédent, les contrats de concession ayant pour objet un des services sociaux ou autres services spécifiques dont la liste est publiée par un avis annexé au présent code sont soumis aux dispositions de la section 3 du chapitre V du présent titre lorsque leur valeur estimée est égale ou supérieure au seuil européen qui figure dans un avis annexé au présent code. Toutefois, pour ces derniers, l'autorité concédante peut n'envoyer qu'un avis global chaque trimestre, au plus tard quarante-huit jours après la fin de chaque trimestre. | 33,223 |
https://github.com/riccardopersiani/eth-fidelity-points-system/blob/master/pages/approve/approvePayment.js | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,018 | eth-fidelity-points-system | riccardopersiani | JavaScript | Code | 73 | 192 | import React, { Component } from "react";
import { Container, Header } from "semantic-ui-react";
import Layout from "../../components/template/Layout";
import AdminApprovePaymentForm from "../../components/admin/AdminApprovePaymentForm";
import { Link, Router } from "../../routes";
class ApprovePaymentPage extends Component {
render() {
return (
<Layout>
<Header as="h1">Approve Payment page</Header>
<br/>
<p>
Hello admin, here you can approve the shop request to be payed for the
produc delivers.
</p>
<br />
<AdminApprovePaymentForm />
</Layout>
);
}
}
export default ApprovePaymentPage;
| 11,201 |
https://github.com/iaavo/kieker-aim-adapter/blob/master/.gitignore | Github Open Source | Open Source | Apache-2.0 | 2,017 | kieker-aim-adapter | iaavo | Ignore List | Code | 25 | 115 | /build-eclipse/
/build/
/bin/
/jar/
/dist/
/tmp/
META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
plugin.properties
plugin.xml
*~
*.backup
/*.log
.DS_Store
/.gradle
/docs
/build-eclipse/
/javadoc
**/.gradle
/src-gen
/test-gen
# IntelliJ
.idea/
*.iml
*.iws
| 30,304 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEL | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | OEL | https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OEL&action=history | Russian | Spoken | 23 | 62 | OEL может значить:
Оригинальная англоязычная манга, сокращённо OEL ()
Oracle Enterprise Linux
Органический светодиод
Otto Energy Limited — австралийская компания
Oxford English Limited | 39,723 |
https://openalex.org/W4282965047 | OpenAlex | Open Science | CC-By | 2,022 | Osteomalacia as a complication of intravenous iron infusion: a systematic review of case-reports | Tatiane Vilaça | English | Spoken | 9,153 | 18,671 | Article: Vilaca, T., Velmurugan, N., Smith, C. et al. (2 more authors) (2022) Osteomalacia as a
complication of intravenous iron infusion : a systematic review of case‐reports. Journal of
Bone and Mineral Research, 37 (6). pp. 1188-1199. ISSN 0884-0431 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4558 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4558 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence
allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the
authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ This is a repository copy of Osteomalacia as a complication of intravenous iron infusion : a
systematic review of case‐reports. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/186867/ Version: Published Version Version: Published Version https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4558 ABSTRACT Randomized control trials (RCTs) have shown that certain intravenous iron preparations can induce high levels of fibroblast growth
factor 23 (FGF-23) and persistent hypophosphatemia. Repeated iron infusions may lead to prolonged hypophosphatemia and oste-
omalacia events not captured by RCTs. Several previous case reports have described skeletal adverse effects after repeated iron infu-
sions. To characterize these effects, we conducted a systematic review of case reports. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and
Cochrane databases were searched in March 2021. We selected case reports of patients ≥16 years old. Study quality was assessed
using the tool from Murad and colleagues. We report the results in a narrative summary. We identified 28 case reports, reporting
30 cases. Ages ranged from 28 to 80 years (median 50 years). Most patients (n = 18) received ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), whereas
8 received saccharated ferric oxide (SFO) and 3 received iron polymaltose (IPM). All but 2 cases had more than five infusions (range
2 to 198, median 17). The lowest phosphate levels ranged from 0.16 to 0.77 mmol/L (median 0.36 mmol/L). Intact FGF-23 (iFGF-23)
was high when measured. Serum 25OH vitamin D was low in 10 of 21 cases measured and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in 12 of 18. Alkaline
phosphatase was high in 18 of 22 cases. Bone or muscle pain was reported in 28 of the 30 cases. Twenty patients had pseudofractures,
9 had fractures, and 6 patients had both. All 15 available bone scans showed focal isotope uptake. Case reports tend to report severe
cases, so potential reporting bias should be considered. Osteomalacia is a potential complication of repeated iron infusion, especially
in patients with gastrointestinal disorders receiving prolonged therapy. Pain and fractures or pseudofractures are common clinical
findings, associated with low phosphate, high iFGF-23, high alkaline phosphatase, and abnormal isotope bone scan. Discontinuing
or switching the iron formulation was an effective intervention in most cases. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral
Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). KEY WORDS: IRON INFUSION; FGF-23; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; OSTEOMALACIA; FRACTURES elevated phosphate levels. Inappropriately elevated intact FGF-
23 activity is associated with phosphate depletion and adverse
bone and neuromuscular outcomes.(2) Hypophosphatemic dis-
eases, such as X-linked hypophosphatemia and tumor-induced
osteomalacia, are characterized by high levels of FGF-23. ABSTRACT In
X-linked hypophosphatemia, FGF-23 is not properly regulated
because of a mutation on the PHEX gene, resulting in FGF-23
overactivity. Conversely, in the rare tumor-induced osteomala-
cia, FGF-23—and occasionally other phosphatonins—is pro-
duced
by
mesenchymal
phosphaturic
tumors. In
recent
randomized controlled trials of up to 5 weeks duration, intrave-
nous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) was shown
to increase the concentration of circulating intact FGF23 (iFGF- Osteomalacia as a Complication of Intravenous Iron
Infusion: A Systematic Review of Case Reports
Tatiane Vilaca,1
Nalini Velmurugan,2 Christopher Smith,3 Bo Abrahamsen,2,3,4
and Richard Eastell1 1Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
2Department of Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
3Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
4Denmark and NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 1Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
2Department of Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
3Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
4Denmark and NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by
emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected]
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ [email protected]
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ [email protected]
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ ORIGINAL ARTICLE Introduction P
hosphate is one of the main components of the mineral bone
compartment, and adequate serum levels are required for
normal mineralization. Severe malnutrition and increased renal
loss of phosphate are common causes of chronic phosphate
depletion. Persistent hypophosphatemia leads to osteomalacia,
a lack of mineralization of bone matrix.(1,2) Clinically, osteomalacia
presents as muscle weakness and bone pain, biochemically as ele-
vated alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and radiologically as
Looser’s zones (pseudofracture).(2) P Physiologically, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a key
positive regulator of renal phosphate excretion in response to This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited. Received in original form November 2, 2021; revised form March 18, 2022; accepted April 8, 2022. Address correspondence to: Tatiane Vilaca, MD, PhD, Academic Unit Bone Metabolism, Metabolic Bone Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU,
UK. E-mail: t.vilaca@sheffield.ac.uk
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 00, No. 00, Month 2022, pp 1–12. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4558
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
(ASBMR). 1 n Address correspondence to: Tatiane Vilaca, MD, PhD, Academic Unit Bone Metabolism, Metabolic Bone Centre, Northern Gene
UK. E-mail: t.vilaca@sheffield.ac.uk Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 00, No. 00, Month 2022, pp 1–12. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4558 © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Socie
(ASBMR). © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
(ASBMR). 1 n 23),(3-5) but the long-term effects of repeated iron infusions and
prolonged hypophosphatemia have not been investigated. These abnormalities could adversely affect the skeleton, but
the epidemiology and pathophysiology remain incompletely
understood. Several previous case reports have reported adverse
effects on the skeleton after repeated iron intravenous infusions. To characterize these adverse effects, we conducted a systematic
review of case reports addressing the question: Is osteomalacia
observed
in
adults
receiving
iron
infusions
for
anemia
treatment? Introduction about the author, date, country, age, sex, clinical features of
the condition that led to iron deficiency, details about iron
infusion (iron formulation, dose, and frequency), phosphate
levels, clinical, imaging, and laboratory features after iron infu-
sion, details of hypophosphatemia management, and patient
outcome. Disagreements at any step were resolved through
discussion or involvement of a third reviewer. There is no standard quality assessment tool to assess the
quality of case report studies. We used a tool proposed by Murad
and colleagues, which assesses eight items categorized in four
domains: selection, ascertainment, causality, and reporting.(10) Patient characteristics Ages ranged from 28 to 80 years (median 50 years), with
6 patients younger than 40 years,(11,12,29,32,34,35) 20 patients
between 40 and 70 years,(13-15,17,19,21-28,30,31,33,36,38) and 3 older
than 70 years old.(16,18,37) In one case report, the age of the
patient
was
not
reported.(20)
Sixteen
patients
were
females(14,16-18,21-23,25,26,33,35,36,38)
and
14 males.(11-13,15,19,20,24,27-30,32,34,37) Gastrointestinal diseases were by far the most common cause
of iron deficiency (23 cases); 9 patients had inflammatory bowel
disease
(IBD),(11-13,19,22,24,28,29,34)
5
had
intestinal
vascular
ectasia,(14,15,20,23) 4 had short bowel (including one Roux-en-Y
gastric bypass [RYGB]),(22,25,32,37) 3 patients had bleeding associ-
ated with cirrhosis,(16,27,33) 1 had gastritis,(30) 1 had a duodenal
ulcer,(18) and 1 patient had celiac disease.(17) Five patients
received intravenous iron for gynecological bleeding(26,31,35,36)
and 2 for unknown reasons.(21,38) We defined osteomalacia as musculoskeletal pain, frac-
tures, and/or pseudofractures associated with low phosphate. Serum phosphate levels in mg/dL were converted in mmol/L;
serum 25OH vitamin D levels on ng/mL were converted to
nmol/L, and serum calcium levels in mg/dL were converted
in mmol/L using standard formulas. Some articles reported
“insufficiency fractures.” In patients with biochemical changes
suggesting hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, such as bone
pain and low phosphate, if there were signs of a fracture
without displacement it was considered a pseudofracture. If
there was a displacement of the two ends of the fracture,
then we referred to it as a “fracture.”(9) In 10 patients, no previous identifiable condition harmful to
the
skeleton
was
reported,(14,18,20,21,26,31,33,35,38)
whereas
9 patients had IBD,(11-13,19,22,24,28,29,34) associated with malab-
sorption and/or glucocorticoid use, 4 patients had short
bowel,(22,25,32,37) 3 had diabetes,(14,15,30) and 1 had malabsorp-
tion associated with celiac disease.(17) In 10 patients, vitamin D
was reported to be low.(12,15,16,19,22,23,27,30,34,36) In these, 6 also
had high parathyroid hormone (PTH),(15,16,19,27,30,36) 4 also had
low
calcium
levels,(16,22,27,34)
and
6
also
had
high
ALP,(15,16,19,22,27,30) suggesting vitamin D deficiency in 8 of them. In the remaining 2 patients, low vitamin D was associated with
normal calcium (12,23) In one of them PTH was also normal but Case report characteristics Twenty-eight
case
reports
were
included,(11-38)
reporting
30 cases. The vast majority (n = 26) were single case
reports,(11-13,15-30,32-38) and two manuscripts reported two
cases.(14,31) The case reports were published between 1993 and
2020. Half
of
the
case
reports
were
from
Europe
(n
=
14),(11-13,15,17,20,21,23,25,26,28,30,32,34)
eight
from
Japan,(18,22,27,29,31,36-38) and three from both Australia(14,16,24)
and the United States.(19,33,35) The main characteristics of the
patients in the case reports are shown in Table 1. We included case reports or case report series of osteomalacia
associated with hypophosphatemia in people older than
16 years who received any form of intravenous iron infusion. We excluded randomized controlled trials, conference abstracts,
studies not written in English, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish, Por-
tuguese, or French, studies that only reported abnormalities
not related to the skeletal system, and studies where bone
abnormalities were not associated with hypophosphatemia. We
conducted a narrative synthesis, including tabulation of study
characteristics, and a description of the available data. We
grouped studies by clinical criteria (presence of pseudofrac-
tures/fractures) because these are the main clinical outcomes
of osteomalacia. Study selection This review was conducted in line with the principles from the
Cochrane Handbook and the Centre for Reviews Dissemination
Handbook.(6) This report followed the Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).(7) The pro-
tocol was registered in PROSPERO CRD42021243237. The study selection process is shown in Fig. 1. The initial selection
process resulted in 4097 hits, and after duplicates were excluded,
3850 unique references were assessed, 128 underwent full-text
assessment, and 28 were included in this review.(11-38) MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases
were searched on March 22, 2021 combining terms for iron
infusion
and
outcomes
such
as
“hypophosphatemia,”
“osteomalacia,” “fractures,” and “pseudofractures” and other
bone-related features. We used relevant MeSH and free text terms
with no search limits. Reference lists of key articles,(1,8) a list of ref-
erences on hypophosphatemia associated with iron infusions col-
lated by Pharmacosmos, and experts in the field were also
consulted. The full search strategy can be found in Supplemental
Material S1. Laboratory tests The lowest phosphate level reported in each case ranged from
0.16(27) to 0.77 mmol/L(19) (median 0.36 mmol/L) or 0.35 to
2.39 mg/L (median 1.10 mg/L). Only 11 case reports reported
enough data for some estimation of hypophosphatemia
duration,(13,17,20,23-25,28,29,32-34) and it varied from 42 days(17) to Data analysis We uploaded retrieved records into Endnote and removed
duplicates. Two reviewers independently conducted the data
extraction, the quality assessment, and the data checking
using standardized and piloted forms (Supplemental Material
S2 and S3). For each study, we extracted the information In the remaining 2 patients, low vitamin D was associated with
normal calcium.(12,23) In one of them, PTH was also normal, but n 2
VILACA ET AL. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Fig. 1. Study selection flow chart. Fig. 1. Study selection flow chart. Fig. 1. Study selection flow chart. ALP was not measured.(23) In the remaining patient, neither PTH
nor ALP were reported.(12)
Besides iron, the most common medication in use was anti-TNF,
used by 6 patients,(12,13,22,24,28,34) followed by mesalazine (used by
4),(13,22,24,28) and current use of glucocorticoids (in 2 patients).(24,28)
Two patients have previously received bisphosphonates(15,19) and
one denosumab.(16) Six patients were using calcium supple-
ments(13-15,19,25,29) and 6 took cholecalciferol.(13-15,25,28) ALP was not measured.(23) In the remaining patient, neither PTH
nor ALP were reported.(12) (median
11 g),
but
13
articles
did
not
report
this
information.(12,15,20-25,30,32,33,36,38) ALP was not measured. In the remaining patient, neither PTH
nor ALP were reported.(12)
Besides iron, the most common medication in use was anti-TNF,
used by 6 patients,(12,13,22,24,28,34) followed by mesalazine (used by
4),(13,22,24,28) and current use of glucocorticoids (in 2 patients).(24,28)
Two patients have previously received bisphosphonates(15,19) and
one denosumab.(16) Six patients were using calcium supple-
ments(13-15,19,25,29) and 6 took cholecalciferol.(13-15,25,28) Infusions characteristics 5 years(32) (median 36 months). In all the 15 cases where iFGF23
level was measured, it was high.(11,12,14,22-24,28,29,31-34,36,37) iFGF23 The majority of patients received ferric carboximaltose (FCM)
(n = 18),(11-13,15-17,19-21,23-26,28,32-35) whereas 8 received saccha-
rated ferric oxide (SFO),(18,22,27,31,36-38) 3 received iron polyma-
tose (IPM),(14,29) and in 1 patient the iron therapy was not
reported.(30) All case reports related to SFO were from Japan. Two case reports related to IPM were from Australia, and the
remaining one from Japan.(18,22,27,31,36-38) Almost all patients
recovered after discontinuing or switching iron therapy, but in
Amarnani and colleagues, the patient remained hypophosphate-
mic after switching iron preparation and was treated with buro-
sumab.(11) When the number of infusions was available, it varied
between 2(17,35) and approximately 198.(31) However, SFO is a
low-dose iron preparation, leading to more frequent infusions,
whereas FCM and IPM are high-dose preparations. The number
of doses including only FCM and IPM varied from 2 to 60, median
of 17. The great majority of reported cases was in patients receiv-
ing at least five infusions, with only two case reports associated
with only two infusions of FCM.(17,35) The interval between infu-
sions also varied greatly from three times a week(27) to once a
year(17) (median 1 month). The cumulative dose, when reported,
varied from as little as 500 mg in 5 months(26) to 40 grams(29) levels varied from 1.6(31) to 7.8 times(22) the upper limit of the
reference range, median 3.75 times. Three articles reported high
C-terminal FGF-23,(15,19,20) and one reported normal cFGF23
level.(35) Twelve case reports reported fractional P urinary
excretion,(12-15,23,28-30,34,35,38) and it was high in all of them, rang-
ing from 5.9%(15) to 50%(29) (median 31%). levels varied from 1.6(31) to 7.8 times(22) the upper limit of the
reference range, median 3.75 times. Three articles reported high
C-terminal FGF-23,(15,19,20) and one reported normal cFGF23
level.(35) Twelve case reports reported fractional P urinary
excretion,(12-15,23,28-30,34,35,38) and it was high in all of them, rang-
ing from 5.9%(15) to 50%(29) (median 31%). In 10 patients, vitamin D levels were reported to be
low,(12,15,16,19,22,23,27,30,34,36) whereas it was reported as normal
in 11 patients(13,14,20,21,24,25,28,29,32,33) and not reported in
9(11,17,18,26,31,35,37,38)). Infusions characteristics converted in mmol/L; serum 25OH vitamin D levels on ng/mL were converted to nmol/L, and serum calcium levels in mg/dL were converted in mmol/L using standard Table 1. Continued
Case report
Age
(years)
G
Iron deficiency
cause
IV
iron
Cum
dose
(g)
s-phos
(mmol/
L)
25OHD
(nmol/
L)
s-ca
(mmol/
L)
FEP
(%)
ALP
(IU/L)c
Isotope bone scans
Abnormal
genital
bleeding
Vasquez-
Rios 2020
28
F
Uterine
bleeding
FCM
1.5
0.32
NR
NR
21
NR
NR
G = gender; Cum iron dose = cumulative iron dose; s-phos = serum phosphate; FEP = fractional P urinary excretion; M = male; F = female; NR = not reported; FCM = ferric carboxymaltose; SFO = saccharated
ferric oxide; IPM = iron polymaltose; gi = gastrointestinal; HHT = hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia or Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome. Serum phosphate levels in mg/dL were converted in mmol/L; serum 25OH vitamin D levels on ng/mL were converted to nmol/L, and serum calcium levels in mg/dL were converted in mmol/L using standard
formulas. aVitamin D levels were reported to be normal, but the values were not reported. bThere are not enough data to exclude the occurrence of either fracture or pseudofracture. cSeveral reference ranges reported (30–110; 30–120; 30–130; 35–110; 38–126; 39–117; 40–129; 40–150; 115–359). dPseudofractures diagnosed by MRI. eC l
l
d b
d
d
d
i di i In 18 case reports, ALP was high,(13-16,18-22,26,27,29-31,33,37,38) in
4
it
was
normal,(14,24,32,36)
and
it
was
not
reported
in
8 cases.(11,12,17,23,25,28,34,35) ALP ranged from 71(24) to 977 IU/L,(38)
median 229 IU/L. Bone ALP was high in 5 cases(20,22,31,37) and nor-
mal in 2.(32,36) Osteocalcin was measured in 2 cases(13,32) and was
normal in both. PINP was also measured in 2 cases, and it was nor-
mal in 1(32) and elevated in the other.(14) CTX was also measured
twice and was normal in both.(14,32) Only 1 case report reported
TRACP-5b level and it was high.(22) Urine NTX was measured twice
and was high in 1 case(37) and normal in the other.(36) Normal
levels of urine pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline were also
reported once.(27) Bone imaging Bone mineral density was reported in 16 patients; in 5 it was
normal,(18,20,30,36,37) 3 had osteopenia,(14,23,24) and 8 had osteopo-
i
(13-16 19 32-34) I 2
b
i
l d
it (BMD)
l Bone mineral density was reported in 16 patients; in 5 it was
normal,(18,20,30,36,37) 3 had osteopenia,(14,23,24) and 8 had osteopo-
rosis.(13-16,19,32-34) In 2 cases, bone mineral density (BMD) was also
available after hypophosphatemia recovery and both showed
increases; an 8% increase in femoral neck BMD and 19% increase
in lumbar spine (LS) after 12 months was reported by Tournis(32)
and a substantial 63% increase in femoral neck (FN) BMD after
30 months was reported by Nomoto.(22) An isotope bone scan
was available in 15 cases, all abnormal. The most common areas
affected were the ribs (in 12 patients),(12,14,15,19,21,22,24,29,30,36,37)
the pelvis (in 8 patients),(15,21-24,26,29,39) and the femur(11,15,24,26,28)
11,15,24,26,28) and the feet (in 5 patients each).(15,24,26,29,30) Bone
biopsy was performed in 4 cases(13,20,24,28) and showed osteoma-
lacia in 3.(13,24,28) Six patients underwent PET-FDG(15,19,20,23,24,34)
and 2 octreotide(28,34) scans looking for tumors as a source of
FGF23 but all were negative. Bone mineral density was reported in 16 patients; in 5 it was
normal,(18,20,30,36,37) 3 had osteopenia,(14,23,24) and 8 had osteopo-
rosis.(13-16,19,32-34) In 2 cases, bone mineral density (BMD) was also
available after hypophosphatemia recovery and both showed
increases; an 8% increase in femoral neck BMD and 19% increase
in lumbar spine (LS) after 12 months was reported by Tournis(32)
and a substantial 63% increase in femoral neck (FN) BMD after
30 months was reported by Nomoto.(22) An isotope bone scan
was available in 15 cases, all abnormal. The most common areas
affected were the ribs (in 12 patients),(12,14,15,19,21,22,24,29,30,36,37)
the pelvis (in 8 patients),(15,21-24,26,29,39) and the femur(11,15,24,26,28)
11,15,24,26,28) and the feet (in 5 patients each).(15,24,26,29,30) Bone
biopsy was performed in 4 cases(13,20,24,28) and showed osteoma-
lacia in 3.(13,24,28) Six patients underwent PET-FDG(15,19,20,23,24,34)
and 2 octreotide(28,34) scans looking for tumors as a source of
FGF23 but all were negative. Osteomalacia signs and symptoms Bone
or
muscle
pain
was
reported
in
28
of
the
30 cases.(11,13-21,23-38) In 21 cases, the pain was associated with
fractures or pseudofractures,(11,13-16,18,19,21,23,24,26,28-30,32-34,36-38) fractures or pseudofractures,(11,13 16,18,19,21,23,24,26,28 30,32 34,36 38)
in 7 cases there was pain despite no fractures or pseudofractures
reported,(17,20,25,27,31,35) and in 2 cases pain was not reported
despite pseudofractures.(12,22) The most common site for pain
was the lower limbs (n = 19)(11,14,15,17-20,23,24,26,27,29,31,33-35,37,38)
followed by the chest (n = 11),(14,15,17,19,24,26,27,29,34,36,38) the pel-
vis(15,16,21,23,26,28,34,36,38) and the back(17,21,23,24,27,29,31,34,38) (n = 9
each), and finally the upper limbs(14,15,17,19,26) or generalized
pain(13,14,25,30,32) in 5 case reports each. Twenty
patients
had
pseudofractures
(14
of
the
chest,(12,14,15,19,21,22,24,26,29,30,32,36-38)
14
of
the
lower
limbs,(11,15,18,21,22,24,26,28-30,32,33,37,38) 7 of the pelvis(15,16,21,22,24,26,29), limbs,
7 of the pelvis
,
and 1 of the upper limb(26)). Nine patients had fractures (7 of the
lower
limbs,(11,13,34,36)
6
of
the
pelvis,(11,13,14,16)
4
of
the
ribs,(12,14,19) and 3 of the vertebra(14,16,37)). Six patients had both
fractures and pseudofractures.(11,12,16,19,33,37) Muscular symptoms
were present in 13 cases,(12-14,16,17,23,25-28,31,32,35) gait disturbances
in 6,(13,14,16,19,23,30) fatigue and malaise in 3,(17,24,25) and hyperexcit-
ability linked to hypocalcemia in 3.(22,26,35) and 1 of the upper limb(26)). Nine patients had fractures (7 of the
lower
limbs,(11,13,34,36)
6
of
the
pelvis,(11,13,14,16)
4
of
the ribs,(12,14,19) and 3 of the vertebra(14,16,37)). Six patients had both
fractures and pseudofractures.(11,12,16,19,33,37) Muscular symptoms
were present in 13 cases,(12-14,16,17,23,25-28,31,32,35) gait disturbances in 6,(13,14,16,19,23,30) fatigue and malaise in 3,(17,24,25) and hyperexcit-
(22 26 35) ability linked to hypocalcemia in 3.(22, Infusions characteristics Eleven case reports reported low levels of
1,25OHD,(13,14,20,22,24,27,29-31,34,37) whereas 6 reported normal
levels.(14,21,23,31,32,36) In 1 patient taking calcitriol 0.25 μg twice a
day, 1,25OHD was high, calcium was normal, vitamin D low,
and
PTH
high.(19)
PTH
was
high
in
13
case
reports(14-16,19,20,24-27,30,32,36,37)
and
normal
in
13
case
reports.(13,14,18,21-23,28,29,31,33,34,38) The remaining 4 cases did not
report PTH levels.(11,12,17,35) In 10 case reports, serum calcium
levels were low,(16,17,20,22,24,27,28,32,34,37) whereas in 16 it was nor-
mal(12-15,18,19,21,23,25,29-31,33,38) and 4 case reports did not report
calcium levels.(11,26,35,36) mal(12-15,18,19,21,23,25,29-31,33,38) and 4 case reports did not report calcium levels.(11,26,35,36) 3 Journal of Bone and Mineral Research REPEATED IRON INFUSIONS AND OSTEOMALACIA he V
on
Cum
dose
(g)
s-phos
(mmol/
L)
25OHD
(nmol/
L)
s-ca
(mmol/
L)
FEP
(%)
ALP
(IU/L)c
Isotope bone scans
tures
Mf
6.5
0.38
NR-
NR
NR
218
NRd
M
NR
0.4
60
2.25
35
NR
Recent fractures in several ribs
M
11.0
0.27
32
2.04
NR
229
Bilateral insufficiency fractures of the sacral wings
Mg
19.5
0.77
25
2.12
NR
159
Multiple scattered foci along anterior and posterior aspects of the
rib cage
M
NR
0.58
77.0
2.22
NR
190
NRd
O
19.8
0.45
NR
2.02
NR
677
Abnormal accumulation in the bilateral knee and ankle joints and
multiple ribs
M
17.0
0.43
54
2.4
24
125
Focal uptake at several ribs bilaterally (consistent with fractures),
diffusely increased osteoblastic activity at the sternum, scapula
long bones of the limbs, and costo-chondral junctions
M
NR
0.39
54.5
2.32
6
356
Multiple hot spots located in several ribs, left scapula, bilateral sacr
wings, ischiopubic and iliopubic rami, right femoral head, left tib
internal plateau, and both tarsi
O
8.3
0.55
NR
2.2
NR
507
NRd
M
NR
NR
Normala
NR
NR
NR
Increased uptake in the anterior section of the frontal bone on bot
sides of the midline, in several ribs, both sacroiliac joints and
proximally in the left tibia
O
NR
0.36
<7.5
2.15
NR
419
Increased uptake in the ribs, vertebrae, sacroiliac joints, knee joint
and ankle joints
M
NR
0.36
37.5
2.28
39
NR
NRd
M
NR
0.21
75
2.04
NR
71
Acute fractures over multiple ribs (asymmetrical pattern), both
pedicles of L4 vertebra, left sacral wing, femoral head, and
metatarsals
M
0.5
0.29
NR
NR
NR
189
A generalized increase in bone uptake compared with the
background and multiple high-intensity hyperactive foci in the
7th right costal margin, sacroiliac joints, knees, heads of the 2n
3rd, and 5th metatarsals of the right foot and cuneiform bone
(Continue ty in V
on
Cum
dose
(g)
s-phos
(mmol/
L)
25OHD
(nmol/
L)
s-ca
(mmol/
L)
FEP
(%)
ALP
(IU/L)c
Isotope bone scans
the left foot, in addition to other focal uptake of lesser intensity
the left humeral diaphysis and both femurs
Mh
27.0
0.46
Normala
NR
46
NR
NRd
M
20–
40e
0.4
67
2.2
50
137
Multiple discrete areas of increased bony reaction suggesting
fractures in multiple ribs, the sacrum, and feet
R
NR
0.19
42.5
2.0
36
253
Hyper-uptake in right internal tibial plateau, third metatarsal of rig
foot, dorsal spine, and D3 and L2 vertebrae, showing a proces
repair of the different fracture points, as well as foci of bilater
costo-chondral hyperactivity compatible with new fractures
O
NR
0.45
NR
2.35
28
977
Abnormal uptake around the shoulders, ribs, hips, and ankles
M
NR
0.35
77.1
2.09
NR
72
NR
O
NR
0.36
35
2.05
NR
206
Abnormal accumulation in the ribs and right femoral neck
M
1.8
0.5
87
1,27
17
180
NR
M
13.0
0.29
98
2.18
16
302
Increased focal uptake consistent with multiple rib fractures,
increased metabolic activity involving the right distal radius, r
ankles, right inferior pubic ramus, and sacral wings
M
8.0
0.34
45
1.97
40
NR
NR
udofracturesb
M
2.0
0.23
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
M
NR
0.32
89.6
2.24
NR
157
NR
M
NR
0.29
140
2.17
NR
NR
NR
O
> 25 g
0.16
29.7
2.0
NR
945
NR
O
11.0
0.32
NR
2.22
NR
565
NR
O
2.0
0.45
NR
2.1
NR
830
NR
(Continu ve iron dose; s-phos = serum phosphate; FEP = fractional P urinary excretion; M = male; F = female; NR = not reported; FCM = ferric carboxymaltose; SFO = saccharated
= gastrointestinal; HHT = hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia or Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome. Treatment of osteomalacia The most common treatments initiated were phosphate
supplementation and active forms of vitamin D. Oral phosphate
was prescribed in 18 cases(11,13-16,19,20,23-30,33-35) and intrave-
nous phosphate in 4.(11,16,17,35) In 2 patients, milk was
recommended
as
a
source
of
phosphate.(32,38)
Active
vitamin D (oral alphacalcidol or calcitriol) was prescribed for p
nous phosphate in 4.(11,16,17,35) In 2 patients, milk was
recommended
as
a
source
of
phosphate.(32,38)
Active
vitamin D (oral alphacalcidol or calcitriol) was prescribed for Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 patients(11,13,14,16,19,20,22-24,27,29-32,34,35) and in 1 case intrave-
nous calcitriol.(35) However, there was little information avail-
able about the dose; Bishay and colleagues reported the use
of 0.25 mcg/d of oral calcitriol,(14) whereas Reyes and col-
leagues reported the use of calcitriol 0.25 mcg t.i.d.(24)
Vasquez-Rios reported the use of 1 to 3 mcg/d calcitriol intrave-
nously.(35) Alphacalcidol dose was reported in 2 case reports
and varied from 1 to 2 mcg/d.(27,32) Five patients received cho-
lecalciferol(14,15,26,27,29) and 5 received calcium supplementa-
tion.(14,15,20,26,32)
Three
patients
did
not
receive
any
treatment,(12,36,37) whereas one with a non-healing fracture
was treated with teriparatide(18) and another one with persis-
tent symptomatic hypophosphatemia despite the change in
iron intravenous formulation and intravenous phosphate infu-
sion was treated with burosumab.(11) All patients recovered
from hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia, but the time to
recovery varied substantially. For hypophosphatemia, recovery
was observed from 2 weeks(31,35) to several months(29) and for
symptoms between 1(37) and 6 months.(18) Fracture healing
was reported in 9 to 12 months in 4 case reports(13,18,21,36)
and bone scan improvement in 6(19) to 12(26) months. pseudofractures.(2,41) Most of the cases had an increase in ALP,
and all isotope bone scans reported were abnormal. Treatment
with phosphate and active forms of vitamin D seems to be of lim-
ited benefit, while discontinuing or switching iron preparation
was the most effective intervention. Abnormalities in FGF-23 metabolism mediate hypophosphate-
mia associated with repeated iron infusions.(3,5,41,42) Experimental
data suggest that iron deficiency increases FGF-23 expression
through action on hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), HIF1a and
HIF1b.(43,44) The increase in the production of intact FGF-23 (iFGF-
23) is usually followed by an increase in the cleavage and genera-
tion of c-FGF23 and N-terminal fragments and has no impact on
phosphate levels. Treatment of osteomalacia However, some iron preparations (FCM, SFO,
IPM) seem to decrease the physiological cleavage of iFGF-23,
resulting in high levels of iFGF-23 and hypophosphatemia.(45) The
resulting hypophosphatemia might last for weeks to months.(3,5,46)
) Some patients with severe iron deficiency require repeated infu-
sions, which could lead to prolonged hypophosphatemia. In this
review, most patients with osteomalacia had more than five infu-
sions, suggesting that persistent hypophosphatemia is likely
required for the development of osteomalacia. Hypophosphatemia (mostly moderate or severe) was associ-
ated with other abnormalities in the phosphate homeostasis
axis. The cut-offs of 0.8, 0.6, and 0.3 mmol/L categorize mild,
moderate, or severe hypophosphatemia.(47) In our case series,
the lowest phosphate levels reported were between 0.16 and
0.77 mmol/L, and 1 patient had mild, 20 had moderate, and
8 had severe hypophosphatemia (1 was not reported). RCTs that
investigated the effects of FCM in phosphate metabolism have
reported an increase in iFGF-23, renal phosphate wasting, and
PTH and a decrease in 1,25OHD and calcium.(5) An observational
study reported similar findings after IPM, except for the decrease
in calcium levels.(40) Case reports do not describe data systemat-
ically, but an increase in iFGF-23 and phosphate wasting was
found when measured. In addition, in 11 of 17 cases, 1,25OHD
was decreased, in half of the cases when PTH was measured it
was high, and serum calcium levels were low in 10 of 26 cases. Noteworthily, in the case reports, we were not able to capture
variations in the blood tests within the normal range. For exam-
ple, it is possible that PTH has increased in some patients, with-
out becoming high. Therefore, similar findings were reported in
RCTs, observational studies, and this review of case reports. The
consistency of the findings suggests a strong association
between the iron infusions and the phosphate homeostasis
abnormalities and the resulting osteomalacia. Quality assessment ID/IDA is com-
monly caused by gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss, inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD), heavy uterine bleeding, and postpartum
hemorrhage.(47) A systematic review and meta-analysis of pro-
spective studies with FCM and ferric derisomaltose (FDI) sug-
gested that the risk factors for hypophosphatemia are the type
of iron preparation (higher with FCM), the degree of iron defi-
ciency (more likely if ferritin or transferrin saturation are low),
and kidney function (more likely if renal function is normal).(47)
FCM, SFO, and IPM were prescribed in 18, 8, and 3 cases (62%,
28%, and 10%), respectively, three forms of iron preparation pre-
viously associated with hypophosphatemia.(1) Another system-
atic review reported increased rates of hypophosphatemia for
FCM and iron sucrose but not iron dextran or ferumoxytol.(48)
The rising concerns in regard to osteomalacia associated with
intravenous iron preparations have led to the inclusion of a
warning on hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in FCM product Intravenous iron is indicated for the treatment of iron defi-
ciency (ID) and/or iron deficiency anemia (IDA). ID/IDA is com-
monly caused by gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss, inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD), heavy uterine bleeding, and postpartum
hemorrhage.(47) A systematic review and meta-analysis of pro-
spective studies with FCM and ferric derisomaltose (FDI) sug-
gested that the risk factors for hypophosphatemia are the type
of iron preparation (higher with FCM), the degree of iron defi-
ciency (more likely if ferritin or transferrin saturation are low),
and kidney function (more likely if renal function is normal).(47)
FCM SFO
d IPM
ib d i 18 8
d 3
(62% Quality assessment To assess the quality of the case reports, we used a tool proposed
by Murad and colleagues, which assesses eight items categorized
in four domains: selection, ascertainment, causality, and report-
ing.(10) Results are reported in Table 2.For the selection, the tool
asks if the patient represents the whole experience of the center
on the disease. None of the case reports included in this review
reported that this was their whole experience on bone adverse
outcomes associated with hypophosphatemia. In regard to the
ascertainment of the exposure and the outcome, all the case
reports were based on clinical records, which is the highest possi-
ble quality of ascertainment.(11-38) Alternative causes that could
explain the observation were clearly ruled out in 22 of the case
reports.(11,13-15,18-20,22-32,34,36) Only 5 case reports reported a
re-challenge with the same iron infusion, resulting in hypopho-
sphatemia again.(13,17,29,32,34) Because the bone adverse events
seem to be associated with chronic hypophosphatemia, we
considered the worsening of signs and symptoms with cumulative
dose as a dose–response effect. This was reported in 21 of the
30 case reports.(11,13,14,16,18-20,23,24,26-32,34,36,38) Because we only
included case reports that reported signs or symptoms of
osteomalacia associated with hypophosphatemia, the follow-up
was long enough in all cases.(11-38) Finally, we considered that
enough
details
were
reported
in
21
of
the
30
cases.(12-16,18-20,22-24,26-29,32,34,36-38) g
Intravenous iron is indicated for the treatment of iron defi-
ciency (ID) and/or iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Discussion This is the first systematic review of case reports of osteomalacia
as a complication of intravenous iron infusion. We found 30 cases
of ostemalacia associated with repeated iron infusions. In the
vast majority of the patients, gastrointestinal diseases were the
cause of iron deficiency, and in a few cases, iron deficiency was
caused by gynecological bleeding. We observed osteomalacia
in patients who received certain iron formulations (FCM, SFO,
IPM) that have previously been linked to hypophosphatemia in
randomized controlled trials and observational studies.(1,40) The
mechanism seems to be an increase in FGF-23.(3) FGF-23 leads
to renal phosphate loss and decreased activation of vitamin
D. The
clinical
picture
was
bone
pain,
fractures,
and FCM, SFO, and IPM were prescribed in 18, 8, and 3 cases (62%,
28%, and 10%), respectively, three forms of iron preparation pre-
viously associated with hypophosphatemia.(1) Another system-
atic review reported increased rates of hypophosphatemia for
FCM and iron sucrose but not iron dextran or ferumoxytol.(48)
The rising concerns in regard to osteomalacia associated with
intravenous iron preparations have led to the inclusion of a
warning on hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in FCM product REPEATED IRON INFUSIONS AND OSTEOMALACIA Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7 Table 2. Quality Assessment Following Murad Et Al. Table 2. Quality Assessment Following Murad Et Al. Case report
1. Does the
patient(s)
represent(s)
the whole
experience
of the
center? 2. Was the
exposure
adequately
ascertained? 3. Was the
outcome
adequately
ascertained? 4. Were other
alternative
causes that
may explain
the
observation
ruled out? 5. Was there a
challenge/re-
challenge
phenomenon? 6. Was
there a
dose–
response
effect? 7. Was
follow-up
long
enough
for
outcomes
to occur? 8. Discussion Is t
case(
describ
with
sufficie
detai
Amarnani
2020
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Aubry-
Rozier
2017
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Bartko
2018
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bishay
2017a
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Callejas-
Moraga
2020
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Fang 2019
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fisher 2020
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Ishimaru
2017
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Klein 2017
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lehmann
2018
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Moore
2013
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Nomoto
2017
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Poursac
2015
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reyes 2017
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rodriguez
2019
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Sangros
Sahún
2016
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sato 1997
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Schaefer
2017
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Schouten
2009
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Segura
2014
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Shimizu
2009a
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Suzuki
1993
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tournis
2018
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tozzi 2020
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Urbina
2018
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vasquez-
Rios 2020
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
(Contin n 8 8
VILACA ET AL. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Table 2. Continued
Case report
1. Does the
patient(s)
represent(s)
the whole
experience
of the
center? 2. Was the
exposure
adequately
ascertained? 3. Was the
outcome
adequately
ascertained? 4. Were other
alternative
causes that
may explain
the
observation
ruled out? 5. Was there a
challenge/re-
challenge
phenomenon? 6. Was
there a
dose–
response
effect? 7. Was
follow-up
long
enough
for
outcomes
to occur? 8. Is the
case(s)
described
with
sufficient
details? Yamamoto
1 2012
Yamamoto
2 2013
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
aTwo cases reported. Discussion Question 1: Selection method unclear. Questions 2 and 3: All case reports were based on clinical records. Question 6: Worsening of the symptoms with cumulative dose considered dose–response effect. information and a safety update by the Medicines and Health
was reported in 10 of 21 cases (48%) The definition of low was
Table 2. Continued
Case report
1. Does the
patient(s)
represent(s)
the whole
experience
of the
center? 2. Was the
exposure
adequately
ascertained? 3. Was the
outcome
adequately
ascertained? 4. Were other
alternative
causes that
may explain
the
observation
ruled out? 5. Was there a
challenge/re-
challenge
phenomenon? 6. Was
there a
dose–
response
effect? 7. Was
follow-up
long
enough
for
outcomes
to occur? 8. Is the
case(s)
described
with
sufficient
details? Yamamoto
1 2012
Yamamoto
2 2013
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
aTwo cases reported. Question 1: Selection method unclear. Questions 2 and 3: All case reports were based on clinical records. Question 6: Worsening of the symptoms with cumulative dose considered dose–response effect. Fig. 2. Proposed algorithm for diagnosis and management of osteomalacia associated with repeated iron infusions. Fig. 2. Proposed algorithm for diagnosis and management of osteomalacia associated with repeated iron infusions. Fig. 2. Proposed algorithm for diagnosis and management of osteomalacia associated with repeated iron infusions. was reported in 10 of 21 cases (48%). The definition of low was
left to the author; if we had used the threshold by the Institute
of Medicine of 50 nmol/L, then 8 of 19 would have been
low.(50) This might have contributed to the low phosphate
through secondary hyperparathyroidism. Several of the patients
with low vitamin D had other biochemical features of vitamin D
deficiency, such as low serum calcium and high ALP and PTH. ALP is usually high in osteomalacia, but osteomalacia with nor-
mal ALP have been previously reported in patients with malab-
sorption, often associated with low calcium.(51) ALP was high in
18 of the 22 cases in which it was reported (82%). In the 4 cases
where ALP was normal, 2 had abnormal bone scans(24,36) and the
other 2 had rib pseudofractures.(14,32) Therefore, osteomalacia
might be present with normal ALP. Discussion There were 7 patients who had pain but no
fracture or pseudofractures. However, in every case, there was
no imaging to test for fractures, so non-diagnosed fractures can-
not be ruled out. This study has limitations. Case reports are reported according
to local practice. Therefore, different teams might assess the
patients in different ways, using different tests and management. There is no standardization of how the case is investigated, con-
ducted, or reported. Because there is no systematic approach, in
the absence of some information, it is impossible to know if this
was a negative finding not reported or if it was not investigated. For example, in the many cases that did not report fractures, it is
impossible to know if there were no fractures or if fractures were
not investigated. In addition, case reports tend to describe severe
cases and mild forms are less likely to be reported, which might
lead to a publication bias. Case reports are considered low-grade
evidence. Because this is a systematic review of case reports, cau-
tion should be taken while interpreting the results. However, case
reports are the first line of information and can suggest associa-
tions. Moreover, consistent findings in multiple case reports might
suggest a pattern and help to understand the potential underlying
mechanisms. Finally, several case reports might help to draw a big-
ger picture and to plan further research steps using appropriate
methodology. Some patients were reported to have osteopenia (n = 3) and
osteoporosis (n = 8). Although bone mineral density was
reported to be low, it is important to highlight that osteomalacia
could have contributed to these findings, due to the unminera-
lized osteoid matrix. This is confirmed by the increase in BMD
observed after the recovery from hypophosphatemia reported
in 2 cases. Several strategies were used to treat hypophosphatemia and
its consequences. Oral or intravenous phosphate and active
metabolites of vitamin D (calcitriol or alfacalcidol) were often
prescribed, but they were not able to normalize serum phos-
phate. Care needs to be taken with the active metabolites of vita-
min D as they can cause hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria with
nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. The latter could be of clin-
ical importance in patients with IBD as they may have enteric
hyperoxaluria and so be prone to calcium oxalate kidney stones. Vitamin D deficiency should be corrected by the administration
of vitamin D3. Discussion Two of these cases had information and a safety update by the Medicines and Health-
care Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) on the risk of osteoma-
lacia after FCM in the United Kingdom.(49) In this review, there were no cases of osteomalacia associated
with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Because CKD prevents hypo-
phosphatemia, the increase in FGF-23 associated with iron infu-
sion is not followed by hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia
associated with hypophosphatemia after repeated iron infusion
is not observed. Patients with comorbidities that could have detrimental
effects on bone homeostasis such as malabsorption, corticoste-
roid use, and vitamin D deficiency might be at higher risk of oste-
omalacia. In this review, osteomalacia was associated with
gastrointestinal disease in 23 of 30 cases. Low vitamin D status REPEATED IRON INFUSIONS AND OSTEOMALACIA Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 9 malabsorption and low calcium.(24,32) We found IBD associated
with osteomalacia in 30% of cases; IBD is likely to be associated
with malabsorption of calcium and phosphate and vitamin D
deficiency, all of which would likely increase the risk of osteoma-
lacia. IBD is often treated with glucocorticoids, and 2 patients
were in use of corticosteroids when osteomalacia was reported,
which
may
have
contributed
to
bone
fragility,
if
not
osteomalacia. receiving repeated iron infusions. Our recommendation is to
check phosphate levels at 2 and 5 weeks after infusion (based
on data from the RCTs) and perform skeletal imaging if bone pain
develops, also after the 5-week period. In those cases, also
recheck phosphate levels. Recently, a review has discussed the iron-phosphate axis and
the complications of intravenous iron-induced hypophosphate-
mia, including osteomalacia.(41) Differences in the results
between the two reviews are probably associated with differ-
ences in the methodology applied; the review by Schaefer and
colleagues is a narrative review;(41) this is a PROSPERO registered
and prespecified systematic review, which included only peer-
reviewed manuscripts. Osteomalacia presented as pain, fractures, and pseudofrac-
tures. Pseudofractures (or Looser’s zones) are the radiological
hallmark of osteomalacia, and these can go onto complete frac-
ture. As expected, a large proportion of patients had either pseu-
dofractures or fractures, and these were the likely sources of the
bone pain. Pseudofractures are best identified by the isotope
bone scan. This scan was performed in 15 cases and all of these
showed focal increased uptake that can be due to pseudofrac-
tures or fractures. Discussion We conducted a systematic review of case reports of osteoma-
lacia after repeated iron infusion. We found 30 cases of osteoma-
lacia characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fractures, and
pseudofractures. Not all cases presented high alkaline phospha-
tase, but iFGF-23 and isotope bone scans were abnormal when-
ever reported. Osteomalacia was associated with FCM, SFO, and
IPM, iron formulations that have been shown to increase iFGF-23
and lead to significant hypophosphatemia. Phosphate supple-
mentation and active forms of vitamin D were used for treat-
ment, but the most effective intervention was discontinuing or
switching intravenous iron preparation. In patients receiving
repeated iron infusions, musculoskeletal pain can be a symptom
of osteomalacia and it should be investigated. The most efficient intervention for recovery was discontinuing
the intravenous iron infusions. That was not always possible, and
sometimes the iron preparation was switched. This was followed
by improvement in hypophosphatemia in most cases. In one
case, hypophosphatemia persisted and osteomalacia progressed
despite switching the iron preparation. That was a patient with
severe Crohn’s disease who received FCM, FDI, and then burosu-
mab. There is not much data on the sequential use of iron prep-
arations. In an observational study, 32 patients received FCM and
FDI. FCM caused a greater reduction in serum phosphate than
FDI and the median of phosphate levels returned to baseline
after 5 weeks with FDI and 10 weeks after FCM.(52) We do need
further research on the effect of switching between iron prepara-
tions on serum phosphate. Burosumab is an antibody to FGF-23
and when it was used, the symptoms improved along with
serum phosphate. However, this treatment is not licensed for this
indication. Finally, bisphosphonates are not indicated for
osteomalacia.(1) Disclosures BA has received institutional research grants from UCB, Kyowa-
Kirin, Pharmacosmos, and Novartis and consulting or speaker
fees from UCB, Kyowa-Kirin, Pharmacosmos, and Amgen. RE
has received consultancy funding from IDS, Sandoz, Nittobo,
Samsung, Haoma Medica, CL Bio, Biocon, Amgen, Hindustan Uni-
lever, Pharmacosmos, Takeda, and Viking and grant funding
from Nittobo, Roche, Pharmacosmos, and Alexion. All other
authors state that they have no conflicts of interest. MHRA UK recommends to monitor serum phosphate levels in
patients treated with multiple high-dose administrations or
those on long-term treatment and in those with preexisting risk
factors for hypophosphatemia, and reevaluate FCM treatment in
patients with persistent hypophosphatemia.(49) Based on these
recommendations and the findings of this review, we would pro-
pose the management algorithm shown in Fig. 2 for patients n 10
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treatment of iron deficiency with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose
or iron isomaltoside—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PEER REVIEW The peer review history for this article is available at https://
publons.com/publon/10.1002/jbmr.4558. 19. Klein K, Asaad S, Econs M, Rubin JE. Severe FGF23-based hypopho-
sphataemic osteomalacia due to ferric carboxymaltose administra-
tion. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:1-5. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 20. Lehmann G, Wolf G Hypophosphatämie und FGF-23-Erhöhung bei
normaler Nierenfunktion. Hypophosphataemia and FGF-23-Increase
with Normal Renal Function An unusual constellation. The Nephrolo-
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Laegeforen. 2013;133(2):165. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Tatiane Vilaca: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analy-
sis; methodology; writing – original draft; writing – review and
editing. Nalini Velmurugan: Data curation; formal analysis;
methodology; writing – review and editing. Christopher Smith:
Data curation; methodology; writing – review and editing. Bo
Abrahamsen: Conceptualization; formal analysis; funding acqui-
sition; writing – review and editing. Richard Eastell: Conceptual-
ization; formal analysis; funding acquisition; writing – review and
editing. 15. Callejas-Moraga
EL,
Casado
E,
Gomez-Nunez
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Caresia-
Aroztegui AP. Severe osteomalacia with multiple insufficiency frac-
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phosphatemia after intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. JGH Open. 2019;3(5):438-440. 17. Fisher S, Jonker L. Ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject) associated hypo-
phosphatemia: case report illustrating the need for increased aware-
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proximal tibia secondary to osteomalacia associated with long-term
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1675654. Acknowledgments This project was funded by an unrestricted research grant from
Pharmacosmos. The sponsor had no influence on the systematic Journal of Bone and Mineral Research review process, the selection of studies for inclusion, the data
interpretation, or the recommendations made in the article. review process, the selection of studies for inclusion, the data
interpretation, or the recommendations made in the article. 12. Aubry-Rozier B, Stoll D, Gonzalez-Rodriguez E. Phosphocalcic anom-
alies and bone fragility keys for the general practitioner. Rev Med
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tor 23 and third-generation intravenous iron compounds: a narrative
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VILACA ET AL. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research | 27,018 |
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihoamerick%C3%A1%20kuchyn%C4%9B | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Jihoamerická kuchyně | https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jihoamerická kuchyně&action=history | Czech | Spoken | 420 | 1,169 | Jihoamerická kuchyně vychází z tradic jihoamerických Indiánů, byla ale silně ovlivněna španělskou kuchyní, portugalskou kuchyní, africkou kuchyní a dalšími.
Téměř v každé oblasti Jižní Ameriky jsou populární empanadas, plněné taštičky z těsta. Jihoamerická jídla bývají často velmi pikantní, hojně se používá chilli.
Kuchyně jihoamerických regionů
Pampy
Jižní část Jižní Ameriky (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, jižní Brazílie) pokrývají travnaté pláně zvané pampy. Zdejší kuchyně byla více ovlivněna německou a italskou kuchyní, protože se v této oblasti usazovalo hodně kolonistů z Německa a Itálie. Typicky se používá hodně masa, které se často griluje. Velmi populárním nápojem je maté, povzbuzující nápoj z lístků cesmíny paraguayské. Provozováno je také vinařství. Mezi typické pokrmy z této oblasti patří:
Milanesa, smažený plátek masa obalený ve strouhance, podobný českému řízku
Dulce de leche, pomazánka z mléka a karamelu, ze které se vyrábějí sušenky zvané alfajores
Choripán, klobása podávaná v bagetě
Andy
Pohoří Andy se táhne od severu až k jihu Jižní Ameriky (Kolumbie, Ekvádor, Peru, Bolívie, Chile a Argentina). Zdejší kuchyně vychází z kuchyně andských Indiánů (například Inků). Mezi nejpopulárnější suroviny patří kukuřice, brambory (a další hlízy) a také quinoa. Na maso se používají především lamy a morčata. V Chile a Peru je populární pálenka z vína zvaná pisco. Mezi typické pokrmy z této oblasti patří:
Chupe, hustá polévka
Cuy, morče opečené vcelku
Chica, alkoholický kukuřičný nápoj
Curanto, směs masa, mořských plodů a zeleniny typické pro oblast jižních And a Patagonii
Amazonie
Amazonie je oblast pokrytá tropickými deštnými lesy (Brazílie, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, francouzské zámořské území Francouzská Guyana a části Peru, Ekvádoru, Kolumbie a Bolívie). Amazonská kuchyně se v každé oblasti liší: Brazilská kuchyně byla silně ovlivněna portugalskou kuchyní a v některých oblastech také africkou kuchyní, kuchyně Guyany a Surinamu je zase směsí vlivů z indické, africké a asijské kuchyně.
Základní surovinou je často maniok nebo batáty (sladké brambory). Hojně se používá tropické ovoce, na maso jsou často lovena zvířata žijící v deštném lese (jako je kapybara nebo piraně). Mezi typické pokrmy z této oblasti patří:
Feijoada, směs fazolí a masa, národní jídlo Brazílie
Arepa, tlustá kukuřičná placka rozšířená především ve Venezuele a Kolumbii
Ceviche, syrové rybí maso nebo mořské plody podávané s citrónem a chilli, populární především v pobřežních oblastech Peru
Juane, pokrm z rýže, vajec a masa
Roti, placka převzatá z indické kuchyně, rozšířena hlavně v Guyaně, Francouzské Guyaně a Surinamu
Seznam jihoamerických národních kuchyní
Argentinská kuchyně
Bolivijská kuchyně
Brazilská kuchyně
Ekvádorská kuchyně
Guyanská kuchyně
Chilská kuchyně
Kolumbijská kuchyně
Paraguayská kuchyně
Peruánská kuchyně
Surinamská kuchyně
Uruguayská kuchyně
Venezuelská kuchyně
Reference
Externí odkazy
Kuchyně podle kontinentů | 46,995 |
houssaye-la-vie-du-cardinal-de-berulle-v-1_14 | French-PD-diverse | Open Culture | Public Domain | 1,872 | La vie du Cardinal de Berulle v 1 | Michel Houssaye | French | Spoken | 6,422 | 10,021 | croyait son devoir une passion que l’on aurait cru de puis longtemps éteinte en son cœur. C’est ainsi que peu de temps avant l’arrivée de M. de Bérulle, obligé par la Bulle d’accomplir à M. de Brétigny la Sœur Marie de Saint Joseph, nièce de sainte Thérèse, il ordonna à cette sainte religieuse de quitter son monastère de Lisbonne et lui fit entreprendre, déjà malade, un si pénible voyage qu’elle en mourut. Puis, dans l’espoir d’en finir avec des négociateurs importuns, il avait défendu à M. de Brétigny, sur qui il exerçait une certaine autorité, de venir le trouver à Madrid. Telle était la situation lorsque M. de Bérulle résolut de partir. Ni les discours du général ni ses dispositions contraires n’avaient pu l’intimider. La rigueur de la saison et les craintes qu’elle inspirait à ses amis ne l’arrêtèrent pas davantage. « Sans lumière en l’esprit, mais avec la joie au cœur », plein de force et de confiance, il partit de Valladolid le 5 mars, prétextant un voyage au tombeau de sainte Thérèse, afin de ne pas éveiller les soupçons du général sur les visites qu’il comptait faire en chemin à divers monastères. M. de Brétigny et M. Gautier l’accompagnaient. Les inquiétudes de leurs amis n’étaient pas sans fondement. Partout difficile, la route devenait périlleuse au moment du passage du Guadarrama. La traversée de cette chaine, la plus haute d’Espagne, présentait en effet de sérieux dangers, qu’aggravait encore l'abondance des neiges à cette époque de l’année. Toutefois, les pieux Voyage en Espagne. 305 négociateurs franchirent assez heureusement ce redoutable passage, et arrivèrent à Madrid sans accident. Oublieux de leurs fatigues, ils se rendirent aussitôt au presque du Père général, qui avait déjà reçu les lettres de la Reine de France et de mademoiselle de Longueville, Ils lui présentèrent celles du Nonce, d'autres aussi, fort chaleureuses, de M. de Barrault, et l'informèrent pleinement du sujet de leur voyage. Ils ajoutèrent à cet exposé tout ce qu'ils crurent plus capable de le fléchir, le conjurant de ne pas priver la France d'un si grand bien, duquel Dieu serait glorifié et beaucoup de bonnes âmes de diverses qualités consolées. Le général ne leur dissimula pas que l’œuvre dont ils s'occupaient offrait des difficultés telles, qu'il la regardait, quant à lui, comme impossible; qu'ainsi, s’il avait un conseil à leur donner, c'était de se désister de leur projet et de s'adresser à la Congrégation d'Italie, où ils trouveraient bien aisément des religieuses. Cependant, pour leur prouver sa bonne volonté, il consentit à assembler les définiteurs de l'Ordre, afin d’en conférer avec eux et d’aviser à ce que l’on pourrait faire. M. de Bérulle ne s’étonna point d'un semblable accueil : ils y attendaient. Il eut alors plusieurs conférences avec les définiteurs et de nouveaux entretiens avec le général. Les voyant toujours inflexibles, il n'épargna pour les persuader aucune marque de soumission et de respect; il alla un jour jusqu’à se jeter à leurs pieds, les conjurant de ne pas lui refuser sa requête; en même temps, joignant les raisons. ? Relation de M. Navet. (Manuscrit du grand couvent.) 1 24 rer, Google ET en 306 M. DE BÉRULLE ET LES CARMÉLITES DE FRANCE. aux supplications, il priait M. de Brétigny de rédiger un mémoire qu'il présenterait aux définitoirs le jour de saint Joseph. Humble, mais péremptoire réponse aux principales objections du général, ce mémoire, bien qu'il rejetât les prétentions des Pères, obtint un résultat inespéré. Dès le lendemain, 20 mars, le définitoire réuni octroyait à ces messieurs leur requête, en suspendant toutefois l'exécution, jusqu'à ce que les religieuses recueillent une lettre de M. le Nonce, « narrative de la commission qu'il avait de Sa Sainteté pour pourvoir à cette affaire » ; et il y avait bien de l'effort, dit M. de Bérulle, « à les faire consentir de recevoir cette lettre sans avoir communication du Bref ». M. de Bérulle retourna aussitôt à Valladolid, avec MM. de Brétigny et Gautier. Dès son arrivée il mit tout en œuvre pour disposer le Nonce en sa faveur. Ce n'était pas chose facile : « timide et formaliste », redoutant toujours de se compromettre ou de soulever la moindre contestation, sa faiblesse et son indécision le rendaient plus difficile encore que le général ». Il voulait, avant de rien faire, « que le Roi lui-même parle, et s'obligeât en parole de roi au retour des religieuses quiiraient en France, si elles voulaient revenir; puis il demandait procuration de la part de la princesse pour contracter; puis caution dans le pays pour le retour des filles; puis, récusant le docteur Quesada pour caution, il en demandait d'autres; puis il voulait obliger à mener des dames ». 23 Lettre de M. de Bérulle du 8 avril. (Arch, nat.) VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. Du pays et des parents des filles pour les accompagner, et autres telles difficultés !, M. de Bérulle, à force de persévérance et d’adresse, parvint à obtenir ce qu'il désirait. Porteur d'une lettre pour les définitrices, et d’un mandat à part pour s'en servir seulement en cas de nécessité, il reprit avec M. Gautier la route de Madrid, où il arriva le vendredi saint 16 avril. Mais au moment où l'on croyait toucher au port, un accident inattendu éloigna plus que jamais. Tandis que M. de Bérulle venait chercher du Père général l’obédience pour la Mère Thomasine-Baptiste et pour celles qu’elle désignerait (car il lui avait abandonné ce choix), cette digne fille de sainte Thérèse allait recevoir au ciel la récompense de ses travaux. « Si elle eût vécu », écrivait M. de Bérulle à madame Acarie, « notre affaire était faite dès Pâques, et bien faite, et nous serions maintenant à Paris ; mais il semble que, par sa mort, Dieu a donné permission à l'ennemi de cette affaire de la cribler et de nous exercer, en sorte que je vous confesserai ingénieusement n’avoir eu jamais affaire plus difficile et que rien ne m'a tant coûté en ma vie, ni de peines extérieures que celle-ci, ni même de peines intérieures devant Dieu. » Depuis le lendemain de Pâques, en effet, ce furent des combats continuels avec le général. Il semblait ne plus se souvenir de la parole qu'il avait donnée, et ne cherchait que des prétextes pour rompre la négociation. Il voulait ne rien faire avant d’avoir vu les Brefs et les Bulles. M. de Bérulle et les Carmélites de France. Hérulle, qui avait intérêt à ne les lui pas montrer, lui répondait habilement : « Nous venons à vous comme à un père; aussi nous ne voulons pas d'autre pièce que votre bienveillance » ; mais si vous vous montrez « non point père mais partie », en ce cas nos pièces seront exposées, non devant vous, mais devant celui qui doit nous juger l'an et l’autre, Mgr le Nonce. Vous nous avez, en effet, obligés, dès le commencement de cette affaire, à recourir à Rome. Le Saint-Père a appris le peu de désir que vous aviez de la faire réussir. C’est pourquoi il a voulu la traiter de sa puissance absolue, et adresser ses mandements à ses nonces et agens, le Bref au Nonce d'Espagne pour l’exécuter en Espagne, et les Bulles au Nonce de France pour les exécuter en France. Exiger que nous vous présentions ces pièces, c'est nous demander une chose impossible, c'est en même temps nous montrer « votre peu de vouloir à cette affaire, et nous obliger à en traiter autrement ». Le Nonce ne se dessaisira point du Bref pour vous l'envoyer, mais le mettra lui-même à exécution. Ne vous suffit-il pas d’avoir su par ses lettres qu'il a reçu charge de Sa Sainteté de pourvoir à cette affaire? N'avez-vous pas appris par vos Pères de Rome l'expédition des Bulles? Et n'est-ce point vous avoir obligé que d'engager le Nonce à vous laisser agir sans contrainte, pour vous mieux prouver le désir que nous avons que le monastère recoive ce bienfait « de la main de l'Ordre et non d'une puissance étrangère?» Pendant trois jours le général s’obstina à demander la communication des pièces et M. de Bérulle à la refuser. Enfin, le P. François comprit la nécessité de céder, et on traita de la nomination des religieuses. La lutte recommença sur ce point, et plus vive encore que sur le premier. Le général prétendait nommer lui-même les religieuses; mais M. de Bérulle, qui voyait tous les inconvenients d’une pareille concession, était décidé à ne point l'accorder. Madame Acarie lui représentait cette résistance comme un véritable devoir: « Plus je vais en avant, lui écrivait-elle, le 18 mars, « plus je pense combien il est important que Dieu nous donne des âmes propres pour la conduite de cet édifice: nous l’attendons du choix qu'il vous fera la grâce de faire. Prenez-y garde, et ne déférez pas tant à l'avis d'autrui, que vous n'appliquiez ce que Notre-Seigneur vous a prêté de lumière.» Ce à quoi M. de Bérulle lui répondait: « Quand je considère devant Dieu que c’est l'affaire de sa sainte Mère, qui commande tout ce qui est dans le ciel et dans la terre et qu’elle l’a jusqu'à présent assistée de sa faveur extraordinaire jusques en les plus petites particularités, et qu'il semble qu'elle a voulu, par une miséricorde envers moi, m'appeler à la servir en ce sujets et en ce pays, je ne me puis rendre ni plier à rien; et je veux, ajoutait M. de Bérulle, « que non seulement l'affaire se fasse, mais qu’elle se fasse avec le plus d'avantage pour le bien de cet Ordre en la France; et il me semble que je dois croire que Dieu le veut ainsi, et qu'il le fera, et qu'après avoir tant témoigné d'assister, div. 1, ch. xiv, p. 443. — Roremen, Appendice, p. 519. 2 Lettre de M. de Bérulle du 20 mai. (Couvent de l’Incarnaton.) outzes Google NIVERSITY OF CALIFORNI 310 M, DE RÉRULLE ET LES CARMÉLITES DE FRANCE. Santé à ce dessein jusqu’à présent, ce point de l’élection (qui est le plus important de tous) ne sera délaissé de sa Providence et assistance particulière. Ainsi, chapitres et élections se succédaient sans interruption. Pressés par les instances du Nonce, le général et les définiteurs s’assemblèrent d’abord à Ségovie, dans ce monastère célèbre dont Jean de la Croix avait été prieur et où le Seigneur Jésus lui était apparu pendant la nuit ; puis, quelques jours plus tard, dans leur couvent du désert, près d’Alcalá de Henarès. Vainement M. de Bérulle, présent, ainsi que MM. de Brétigny et Gautier, à toutes les réunions, s’efforçait de les fléchir. Vainement il les suppliait de considérer qu’ils ne menaient jamais trois cents lieues loin personnes incognues pour un tel sujet ; que encore que toutes leurs filles fussent grandes religieuses, elles n’étaient pas toutes aptes à son dessein ; elles allaient passer de leur domination à celle des supérieurs français, leur disait-il ; n’était-il pas raisonnable dès lors que ceux qui avaient à les régir cy-après connaussent auparavant si elles leur étaient convenables ? Lorsque les Pères envoient fonder, ajouxtait M. de Bérulle, c’est le religieux prélat qui choisit ceux ou celles qu’il désire ; ne leur doit-on pas cette courtoisie à eux que le Pape a commis à la future fondation ? La France n’a-t-elle pas sujet de requérir en cela quelque sorte de considération ? La paix et le bon gouvernement d’un monastère dépend de la conformité de ceux qui doivent obéir et commander. Les négociateurs qui connaissent les supérieurs nommés par le Pape et celles qui doivent entrer en cette nouvelle fondation, n’ont-ils pas plus d’avantage pour ne se point fourvoir en ce choix que les religieux qui n’ont habitude ni avec les premiers ni avec les dernières ? Mais les plus justes raisonnements comme les plus vives instances demeuraient sans succès. M. de Bérulle partait aussitôt pour les couvents indiqués ; il avait ainsi visité tour à tour Tolède, Medina del Campo, Madrid, Palencia, Albe, Cueva. Mais dans tous ces monastères, si fervents et réguliers qu'ils fussent, il n'avait trouvé néanmoins aucun sujet qui lui convint. Au retour de ces fatigants et inutiles voyages, il demanda à la place de la Mère Thomasine Baptiste la Mère Isabelle de Saint-Dominique, « l'une des premières de l’ordre et des plus employées » ; après beaucoup de jours passés en pourparlers continuels, il l'avait obtenu, lorsque cette sainte Carmélite tomba malade; il fallut recommencer le choix de quatre autres. Le général voulut alors obliger M. de Bérulle à accepter une religieuse qui n'avait pas vécu du temps de sainte Thérèse, avait tout disposé avec beaucoup d’habileté et de détermination; il avait donné rendez-vous à M. de Bérulle au monastère où elle était prieure, répandant partout le bruit que l'affaire était conclue; il avait même choisi et fait venir le religieux qui devait accompagner les Carmélites en France. Manuscrit de Bourges, p. 75. M. de Bérulle fut inébranlable. Fatigué de tant de longueurs et d'opiniosité, de tant de visites lointaines et infructueuses, il répondit d’abord qu'il voulait pour supérieure quelqu'une de celles qui avaient commandé du temps de sainte Thérèse, puis il désigna lui-même quatre religieuses et déclara au général qu'il était résolu à les avoir avant midi, ou à s'en retourner ! Le général comprit alors la nécessité de fléchir; il envoya à M. de Bérulle quatre lettres ouvertes pour les quatre religieuses désignées, en lui faisant demander s'il les approuvait. M. de Bérulle, « encore qu'il y aperçut quelque petite froidure au style, comme en une chose faite par contrainte », les accepta « avec beaucoup de réconfidence ». Il partit à l'heure même pour Madrid, et obtint du définitoire la promesse qu'il écrirait à ces religieuses « comme de la part de tout l'Ordre ». Le 20 mai, M. de Bérulle était à Valladolid, d'où il se rendit à Pampelune, « afin d'aller informer de vive voix la prieure qu'il avait nommée, de l’état de cette fondation». Pendant ce temps, les Carmes se préparaient à tenir un chapitre à Pastrana pour l'élection d’un autre général, « encore que le temps de celui-ci ne fût expiré » ; et M. de Bérulle, Les généraux étaient élus pour six ans, et le P. François de la Mère était le rôle, prévoyant que son affaire en pourrait "recevoir un" coup d'avantage, attendait impatiemment la décision de l'assemblée. Mais lorsque, le 20 mai, il faisait part à Madame Acarie de ses espérances à ce sujet, il ignorait que lui-même allait bientôt soulever devant les députés des difficultés plus grandes encore que celles qu'il avait déjà vaincues. Soit, en effet, que de nouvelles conférences avec les religieuses désignées l’eussent moins satisfait; soit que les Pères lui eussent persuadé qu’elles feraient mieux de ne point quitter l'Espagne, ainsi que l'un d'eux tente vainement de le faire plus tard auprès de la Mère Isabelle des Anges; soit, enfin, que le général eût suscité de nouveaux obstacles, il est certain qu'aux premiers jours de juin, M. de Bérulle se désistait de sa demande et que M. Gautier, le lundi 7 juin, lendemain de la Pentecôte, présentait au chapitre de Pastrana une lettre du Nonce par laquelle il le pressait fort de donner la Mère Anne de Jésus, la Sœur Anne de Saint-Barthélemy et trois ou quatre autres que nommerait la Mère Anne de Jésus. La lecture de ce message jeta la consternation parmi les députés. L'Ordre était menacé d’une perte aussi douloureuse qu'irréparable. La réforme, en effet, ne possédait pas de plus dignes filles de la sainte Mère, et les abandonner toutes deux à la France était un sacrifice dont la seule pensée faisait frémir les Carmes. Un refus positif était impossible pourtant : les termes de la lettre étaient. La Vie de la V. Mère Théophane des Anges. Paris, Vitré, 4638, in-8°, ch. vu, p. 78. M. DE BÉRULLE ET LES CARMÉLITES DE FRANCE. précis, et le Bref, d’ailleurs, donnait le choix aux Français, conformément au désir de la princesse de Longueville. Les moyens détournés restaient seuls entre les mains des religieux; ils s’en servirent avec un acharnement incroyable; et toute mesure devint à leurs yeux légitime, du moment qu’elle apportait quelque obstacle au dessein qu’ils combattaient. Le général, après un jour de délai, fit donc répondre à M. Gautier qu'il le priait de dire à M. le Nonce, que la tenue du chapitre l'empêchait de penser ni d'écrire alors pour cette affaire ; mais que quinze jours après le chapitre, s'il était continué en sa charge, il lui enverrait une personne pour traiter avec lui. Le chapitre fut célébré, le général continua dans ses fonctions ; mais il ne voulut en aucune façon parler de la négociation. M. de Bérulle l'y contraignit bientôt, et la lutte continua d'autant plus vive que les Pères savaient bien, d'une part, qu'elle serait décisive, et que M. de Bérulle, d'autre part, résolu à pousser « la patience, la persévérance et la longanimité » jusqu'au bout, préférait s'en retourner en France sans religieuses, plutôt que de ne pas amener avec lui celles qu'il sollicitait. Et comme il s'entretenait un jour avec M. de Barrault de sa pénible négociation, il lui exposa les motifs de sa résolution. « Pour établir de nouvelles fondations de Carmélites en un royaume tel que celui de France et en une ville si grande et si florissante comme celle de Paris », lui dit-il, « il est du tout nécessaire d’y mener une religieuse qui ait été jugée digne de faire de nouvelles fondations par la Mère Thérèse elle-même »; qui ait par conséquent l'esprit et la piété qu'il faut donner au commencement de semblables fondations. Or, bien que les autres religieuses que les supérieurs consentent à accorder soient très vertueuses, « néanmoins elles n’ont pas eu, hormis la V. Mère Anne de Saint-Barthélemy (qui n’est encore que sœur du voile blanc), le bonheur de la conversation et familiarité avec la sainte Mère, ni pris l'empreinte de l'ordre en sa source comme la Mère Anne de Jésus ! » Ce que M. de Bérulle ne disait pas à l'ambassadeur, mais ce qu'il avouait dans ses lettres à madame Acarie, c'est qu'au sujet de la Mère Anne de Jésus, il obéissait à une de ces impulsions intérieures auxquelles ne résiste point une âme aussi dépendante de Dieu qu'était la sienne. Il avait beaucoup prié, et sa conviction s'était affirmée dans la prière : il lui était devenu comme impossible de ne pas déférer à un choix « hors duquel il ne trouvait ni repos, ni contentement » et qui lui semblait résolu par Dieu lui-même. Des obstacles en apparence invincibles s’opposaient à ses desseins : il les voyait et n’en était point ébranlé. Ferme et digne par nature, il l’était devenu davantage encore par grâce : il se disait avec l’humble et indomptable fierté des saints, « qu'il recevrait grand reproche de rabaisser ses pensées et attentes, selon les difficultés que Dieu met et change comme et quand il lui plait ? » Trop éclairé d’ailleurs pour n’être point convaincu que « nous pouvons être trompés partout », M. de Bérulle. avait pris le plus sûr moyen d'échapper à l'illusion: il uvait consulté. Non content de prendre l'avis de l'évêque de Tüy, du P. Oïeda', du P. Ribadeneyra, qui l'avaient confirmé dans sa pensée, il avait interrogé le P. Antolinez des Ermites de Saint-Augustin et le P. Dominique Banès des FF. Précheurs, professeurs à l’Université de Sala manque. L'un et l'autre étaient bons juges; ils avaient pu voir de près la Mère Anne de Jésus, et reconnaitre ses apti tudes et sa sainteté. Le sentiment du P. Banès surtout devait peser d'un grand poids dans la détermination de M. de Bérulle, qui vénérait dans le célèbre Dominicain une science profonde, une vertu consommée, et l’hon neur d'avoir été pendant vingt années le témoin des opé rations de la grâce dans l'ame de sainte Thérèse *. Tous furent d'avis que nulle religieuse d’Espagne n'était aussi capable que la Mère Anne de Jésus de la fondation proje lée, Le P. Banës ne craignit même point de dire que cette digne fille de sainte Thérèse « n’étoit point inférieure à sa » Mére en dons surnaturels, et qu'elle la surpussait cn » qualités naturelles * ». Certain nlors de « ne s'être point engagé en celte déter » mination par une roideur aveugle ct inconsidéréc# r, M. de Bérulle attendit avec patience l'heure marquée par Dieu. Gette fermeté sûre de l'événement et maitresse d'elle-même exaspérait les Carmes; ils ne surent pas le dissimuler. Un jour le procureur, sachant que M. de Bé 1 Manuicrit de Pontoyse. 2 Boucæen, Fie de sainte Thérèse, t. 1, Liv, 1, p. 374, nate O. 3 Houcuer, Vie de la BR. Mère de l'Incarnation, liv. HI, p. 258. 4 Leure de M, de Bérulle du 20 mai. VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. 317 La règle était chez le docteur Quesada, vint l'y trouver avec un de ses religieux, et dans la chaleur de la discussion, s'oublia jusqu’à l'insulter. Un serviteur de M. de Brétigny, M. Navet, qui se trouvait dans une chambre voisine, en était si indigné qu'il voulait chasser ces Pères. « Laissez-les, peut-être cet acte de patience portera-t-il Dieu à toucher leur cœur », repartit M. de Bérulle; puis il les écouta avec la plus parfaite tranquillité, les laissa parler tant qu’ils voulaient, et, comme ils se retiraient, il se conte de leur dire sur le seuil de la porte : « Mes Pères, une autre fois, vous vous souviendrez que le Fils de Dieu a dit : Apprenez de moi que je suis doux et humble de cœur.» Tandis que les témoins de cette scène admiraient la patience et l'humilité de M. de Bérulle, lui, craignant que des mouvements involontaires qui s'étaient élevés dans son cœur n'y eussent laissé quelque trace, prit avec lui M. Navet et alla sur-le-champ trouver le supérieur des Clercs mineurs, auquel il se confessa. Même parmi les Carmes cependant, se trouvaient des religieux qui le soutenaient et le consolaient. Il y avait alors dans leur couvent de Madrid un Frère convers que l'on nommait François de l'Enfant Jésus, et que ses vertus et les communications miraculeuses dont l'honorait, disait-on, le divin Enfant, rendaient célèbre. M. de Bérulle se recommanda à ses prières. F. François les lui promit. Comme M. de Bérulle arrivait un jour au couvent, F. François courut à lui, et l’embrassant : « Vous aurez les Mères que vous désirez », lui dit-il, « vous en aurez de bonnes. oh! oui, de bien bonnes ! » — et Eh! qui vous l'a dit?» — « L'Enfant Jésus », répondit-il. À ce mot, M. de Bérulle sentit un grand calme remplir son âme et bénit le ciel. Mais de telles joies étaient rares, et ses douleurs fréquentes. Il n'ignorait pas par quelles calomnies on s'efforçait de noircir sa réputation. Une des plus piquantes douleurs qui puisse déchirer l'âme d’un prêtre ne lui était pas épargnée ; on allait jusqu'à suspecter son orthodoxie. On l'appelait hérétique, et un pareil mot, ceux qui l'employaient le savaient trop, suffisait, si on y ajoutait foi, pour lui fermer la porte de tous les monastères et miner l'œuvre à jamais. Quel hesoin ne devait-il pas avoir, alors, d'ouvrir son cœur et d'épancher sa peine! Cette consolation lui était refusée. Souvent séparé de M. Gautier et de M. de Bréty, il ne pouvait pas oublier d’ailleurs qu'il avait la conduite de l’œuvre, et que demander des conseils à des hommes d’une probité et d'une religion admirables, mais qui ne s'entendaient pas toujours, dont l’un était laïque, et dont l'autre était plus remarquable par sa vertu, par ses lumières et par son humilité que par sa fermeté, ne serait pas pour lui d'un grand secours et porterait peut-être à sa cause. Chroniques des Carmélites, I. 1, p. 73. J'ai vainement cherché ce trait dans la Vie du V. Frère François de L'Enfant Jésus, dont il a été donné une réimpression en 1868. Lyon, Josserand. Mais il est rapporté dans les Annales des Carmes déchaussés, du P. Louis de Sainte-Thérèse, liv. III, ch. var, p. 94. Autobiographie de la V. Mère Anne de Saint-Barthélemy, liv. IV, ch. 1, p. 117. Voir au chap. IX. M. de Brétigny ne faisait rien du tout que par sa bonté et simplicité ordinaire à croire ce qu'on lui proposait. (Lettre de M. de Bérulle à madame Acarie, 15 mars 1602, — Arch. nat., M. 216.) VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. être atteinte à l'autorité dont il était revêtu. Aussi, se retirant dès alors dans ces profondeurs de l'âme que le regard de Dieu seul pénètre, et observant au dehors le silence qu'il permet à la voix du Créateur de se faire entendre à sa créature, conférait-il peu avec ses compagnons. De la France seule il aurait pu recevoir avis et soulagement ; mais, par une permission du ciel, qui devenait une nouvelle épreuve, les courriers se succédaient depuis Pâques sans lui apporter aucune nouvelle. Point de lettres de madame de Bérulle, sa mère, de M. de Marillac, son ami ; pas un mot de madame Acarie, dont la constante approbation l'avait jusqu'alors soutenu et encouragé. Que penser de ce silence ? De nouvelles difficultés avaient-elles surgi à Paris ? Madame Acarie, déjà malade lors de son départ, avait-elle vu s'aggraver ses douleurs ? Il ne se plaignait point, mais il souffrait d’être privé de son secours, au moment où il lui eût été le plus nécessaire. Cette femme admirable, initiée depuis si longtemps à tous les secrets de son âme, n'en ignorait point les troubles, et ils étaient grands. L'isolement en un pays étranger, l'incertitude de l'événement, la longueur indéfinie des négociations, la responsabilité devant Dieu et devant les hommes de la conclusion ou de la rupture d’une si grande affaire, n'étaient rien auprès des peines intérieures qui, depuis quelques semaines, avaient envahi son âme. Ce n’était pas la première fois que, malgré sa jeunesse, M. de Bérulle sentait la main de Dieu s'appesantir sur lui. Lettre CLXXVII, dans les Œuvres imprimées in-folio, 4657, p. 847. M. de Bérulle ET LES CARMÉLITES DE FRANCE. Déjà, lorsqu'il étudiait en Sorbonne, il avait expérimenté ce qu’il en coûte de douleurs pour enfanter une âme à la vie. Madame Acarie, mélée à cette œuvre, en avait gardé comme lui un profond souvenir. L'épreuve qui l'attendait en Espagne était plus cruelle; car l'âme en ces durs moments répugne à l’action et redoute la solitude. Or, on était au plus fort des négociations et il fallait agir; il était seul et il ne pouvait se confier. Mais, loin de perdre courage, il trouva dans les rigueurs apparentes de Dieu un motif de plus pour espérer en sa miséricorde. Il se persuade qu'il aurait pour agréable une œuvre qui coûtait tant de sacrifices, et que le Seigneur ne l'associait aux souffrances de son Fils que pour le rendre participant de leur divine efficacité. Il continua donc à travailler aussi énergiquement que si la lumière eût brillé à son esprit et la consolation inondé son cœur. Mais dans cette lutte intestine, si la volonté resta la maîtresse, la nature s’avoua vaincue. Son corps, si endurci qu'il fût au travail, ne put supporter l'affliction de son esprit, et une maladie sérieuse le menaçait, c'est lui-même qui l'avoue, si Dieu, satisfait de sa constance, ne l’eût délivré. Aussi bien était-ce de Dieu seul qu'il attendait le secours. Plus il souffrait, plus il priait et faisait pénitence. Non content de s'être volontairement condamné, et par vœu, croit-on !, à observer une abstinence rigoureuse, jusqu’à ce que le succès eût couronné ses efforts, il avait découvert une pieuse industrie pour mortifier ses sens et satisfaire en même temps sa dévotion. Chaque jour, pendant l'hiver, Vie de Monte Calvarie, ch. 1. VOYAGE EN ESPAGNE. les chaleurs brûlantes du mois de juillet, à l'heure où laïques et religieux, suivant l'usage du pays, cherchent le frais et l'ombre et s'étendent pour prendre un peu de sommeil, lui quittait sa demeure, traversait les rues désertes et se rendait à la cathédrale ; là, prosterné sur le pavé du temple, il adressait à la très-sainte Vierge ses plaintes et ses demandes, et soutenu par une ferveur incroyable, il ne se lassait pas de lui répéter ces simples paroles : Montrez-vous notre Mère, monstra te esse Mater, comme s'il eût voulu dire : Vierge sainte, montrez que vous êtes Mère de Jésus et que vous avez pour lui un amour vraiment maternel, en travaillant à un dessein où il doit être grandement glorifié ; montrez que vous êtes ma Mère, en exaucant les vœux ardents que je vous offre; montrez que vous êtes Mère, et le devenez en même temps d'une sainte et nouvelle génération, en soutenant l'œuvre qui vous la doit acquérir en France*. Sa dévotion pour saint Michel, « le premier du Paradis, le plus dignement » employé avec saint Gabriel dans les fonctions angéliques », l’attirait ensuite dans la chapelle des Jésuites dédiée à ce grand archange; et là, dans ses ferventes prières, il sup pliait ce bienheureux, qui a l'Église de Jésus en partage”, et qui est en même temps l’Ange de la France *, de favoriser une œuvre dont le succès devait procurer une gloire si pure à la France et à l'Église. La troisième station était celle qu’il faisait à une heure dans la chapelle des Clercs mineurs, « gens qui n’ont rien et ne demandent rien». 3 Vie de Jésus, ch. vins, p. 844, in-folio, édit. de 1657. Lettres aux Carmélites, CLXX, p. 847, ibid. M. DE BÉRULLE ET LES CARMÉLITES DE FRANCE. et pour lesquels il professait la plus profonde estime. Il avait choisi leur supérieur pour confesseur, et disait souvent qu'il eût bien voulu être d'une communauté semblable. Ces pieuses visites achevées, et il les recommençait chaque jour, il rentrait chez lui, mais non pour interrompre ses prières. Qu'il fût retiré dans sa chambre, ou qu’il prenait l'air dans un jardin, il se laissait aller souvent aux mouvements de l'esprit qui le pressait. Quand il croyait n’être point vu, il se prosternait le visage contre terre, ou bien il levait les mains au ciel dans l’attitude de la supplication, ou encore il étendait les bras en croix, dans la posture d'une victime, et comme si le jour n’eût pas suffi à l’ardeur de sa prière, oublieux de la fatigue, il y consacrait la plus grande partie de ses nuits. Ce fut sans doute à cette époque que M. de Bérulle entra prêter un second pèlerinage au tombeau de sainte Thérèse. Il la regardait comme étant, après la très-sainte Vierge, la Mère de l'Ordre du Carmel. Il était persuadé que, du haut du ciel, elle conduisait encore cette illustre et grande famille; et il aurait cru se rendre coupable de rapt et de violence, s'il eût osé emmener ses filles sans solliciter sa permission. Il se rendit donc à Albas de Toro, distante de Valladolid de trente-cinq lieues environ. Qui pourrait dire ce qu'il ressentit en mettant le pied dans cette humble cellule conservée telle qu’elle était lorsque, vingt-deux ans plus tôt, sainte Thérèse y exhalait, dans une extase sublime, son dernier soupir? Qui pourrait exprimer son émotion lorsqu'il baisa la pierre de son tombeau? Mais sainte Thérèse ne devait plus tarder à lui manifester que depuis longtemps déjà elle avait exaucé les prières de la France et de l'Espagne. Plusieurs de ses filles, assurées par elle que Dieu les appelait en France, n'attendaient plus que l'heure où sa promesse se devait accomplir. Elles la pressaient de leurs vœux. La Mère Anne de Jésus, son illustre fille, la Sœur Anne de Saint Barthélemy, son inséparable compagne, la Mère Isabelle des Anges enfin, surnaturellement instruites de leur mission, écrivaient leurs instances au général et trouvaient parmi les définiteurs des soutiens et des appuis. En même temps, M. de Bérulle, tout en employant les moyens divins, comme s'il n’eût rien attendu que de ceux-là, n’en avait point négligé d'autres, quoique ce fut difficile, sa qualité de Français et d’ambassadeur du Roi, qui, au début de la négociation, l'avait favorisée, le rendant plutôt suspect depuis que les rapports entre les deux couronnes s’étaient refroidis. Il était servi auprès de la Reine par un Jésuite allemand son confesseur, qu’il avait gagné à sa cause; il y avait encore intéressé le supérieur des Cléricaux mineurs, plusieurs dames de la Cour et plusieurs personnages influents, dont les instances auprès du Nuncio l’avaient peu à peu rendu plus favorable. Aussi bien, Mgr Dominique Gymnasio commençait-il peut-être. Les œuvres de sainte Thérèse, traduites par le R. P. Marcel Bouix, S. J, Paris, 1852, in-8°, t. I, note B, p. 643. M. de Bérulle le dit positivement dans sa lettre du 7 août. On a les dates par le Journal de Jean Hérouard et les Mémoires du temps. Chroniques de l'ordre des Carmélites, &. 1, p. 77. M. DE BÉRULLE ET LES CARMÉLITES DE FRANCE. À s'inquiéter du mépris qu'on faisait de ses commandements. Quoi qu'il en soit, après avoir examiné les remontrances que le général des Carmes lui avait adressées par écrit pour justifier ses refus, il avait exigé du procureur général de l’Ordre qu'on remît, sous sept jours, entre ses mains, les obédiences des Religieuses désignées. Vingt jours écoulés, les Carmes n'apportèrent que des offres illusoires. Le Nonce vit son autorité ouvertement méconnue aux yeux de la France et de l'Espagne. Pour toute réponse, partit de la nonciature un expresse « portant » au général sentence d'excommunication majeure et déposition d'office, à faute par lui de livrer au porteur » les obédiences ! ». Lettré autographie de M. de Bérulle du 7 août. CHAPITRE XI. RETOUR D'ESPAGNE. 1604. Le général des Carmes est contraint de céder, 12 août 1604, — M. de Bérulle se rend à Salamanque. — La Mère Anne de Jésus, — La Mère Isabelle des Anges. — Départ de Salamanque, 20 août. — Joie des novices. — Avila, — Le docteur Frèche. — Julien d'Avila, — Le monastère de Saint-Joseph. — Nouvelles prétentions des Carmes. — Le P. Joseph de Jésus-Maria. — Burgos. — Difficultés et fatigues du voyage. — Les erreurs auxquelles échappent les Religieuses. — Leur héritage, — Message du Nonce, — Arrivée à Bayonne. — Les Mères espagnoles À Bordeaux. — M. de Bérulle part pour Fontainebleau. Le général des Carmes était loin de s'attendre à un tel acte de vigueur de la part de Mgr Dominique Gymnasio. Comprenant aussitôt que toute résistance devenait impossible, il remit au courrier de la nonciature les trois obédiences; il y ajouta cependant trois conditions : la première, que les religieuses qu'il députait pour cette fondation seraient toujours accompagnées des trois messieurs et des trois dames qui étaient venues de France pour cette fin; la seconde, que ce couvent serait sujet aux Pères de l'Ordre lorsqu'ils seraient établis en France; la troisième, que si, la fondation faite, les religieuses s'en voulaient retourner en Espagne, le père de Longueville et ces trois messieurs français seraient tenus de les ramener à leurs propres frais et dépens en leurs couvents d'où elles sortaient. Au moment où le général délivrait les obédiences, la Sœur Anne de Saint-Barthélemy crut voir un jeune homme beau et armé de toutes pièces, et elle l’entendit proférer ces paroles : « Ne balance point à passer et montre du courage! » C'était saint Michel, l’Ange de la France? Le Nonce reçut de Madrid l’obédience de la Mère Anne de Jésus et de la Sœur Anne de Saint-Barthélemy le 14 août 1604. Il l'envoya sur-le-champ à M. de Bérulle. Ces messieurs firent aussitôt chercher des mules pour eux et leurs gens; on leur un coche pour les dames françaises, et le soir même, à sept heures, tous quittaient Valladolid. On marcha toute la nuit, et après un heureux voyage, on aperçut au matin les vieilles murailles de Salamanque, dominées par sa cathédrale, son université et ses nombreux couvents; mais un seul, celui de Saint-Joseph, attirait l'attention des voyageurs. C'était là qu'Anne de Jésus, après avoir répandu en Espagne l'éclat de ses saintes vertus, attendait que l'heure fut venue où l'appel de la France l'aplerait à recevoir de ses mains les constitutions et surtout l'esprit de sainte Thérèse. Quarante années de travaux et de peines n'avaient point affaibli l'indomptable énergie de son âme; chaque jour l'avait trouvée égale en courage mais grandissante en sujété, toujours aspirant vers la France, mais toujours s'imposant à sesCMPrières et à ses sacrifices une attention exclusivement tournée vers Dieu. Autobiographie de la V. Mère Anne de Sainte-Birthelemy, traduite par le P. Bouix. Paris, Lecoffre, 1869, in-8, Liv, 11, ch. xiv, p. 96, RETOUR D'ESPAGNE. abaissant sous le joug de l'obéissance l'ardeur de ses désirs et de son admirable amour pour les âmes. Les Curés connaissaient ses aspirations et savaient de quel poids serait auprès de M. de Bérulle un seul encouragement de sa part; aussi l'avaient-ils tenue dans l'ignorance la plus complète de la négociation, défendant même qu’elle communiquât aucunement avec les Français. Leurs ordres s'exécutaient encore lorsque M. de Bérulle et ses compagnons se présentèrent à la porte du monastère. On leur refusa absolument de les faire parler à la Mère Anne de Jésus. Porteurs de son obédience et se voyant dans l'impossibilité de la lui donner, ils demeuraient fort indécis sur le parti qu’ils devaient prendre, lorsqu'un incident tout providentiel leur vint porter secours. Comme ils s'étaient rendus à la messe dans l'église du couvent, ils entendirent un gentilhomme qui parlait très-haut dans la sacristie avec l'une des Mères. Pensant qu'il s'entretenait de l’état de son âme, ils s'éloignèrent; mais tout à coup la pensée leur vint que cette religieuse que l'on venait ainsi consulter pourrait bien être la Mère Anne, et dès que le gentilhomme sortit, ils l'interrogèrent et apprirent qu'ils ne s'étaient point trompés. Ils entrèrent aussitôt dans la sacristie, et trouvant en effet la Mère Anne de Jésus, ils lui dirent le sujet de leur voyage, tout l'état de l'affaire, et enfin qu'ils la venaient enlever pour la conduire en France. Elle répondit sans hésiter « qu’elle irait, et même sans le congé de ses Pères Carmes, et que jamais elle ne dirait qu'elle ne voulait pas y aller! ». Mais il est à remarquer que les Carmes connaissaient ses aspirations et savaient de quel poids serait auprès de M. de Bérulle un seul encouragement de sa part; aussi l'avaient-ils tenue dans l'ignorance la plus complète de la négociation, défendant même qu’elle communiquât aucunement avec les Français. Leurs ordres s'exécutaient encore lorsque M. de Bérulle et ses compagnons se présentèrent à la porte du monastère. | 43,536 |
https://github.com/ktraunmueller/cyan/blob/master/Source/com/sofascience/cyan2/MovingAvg.java | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | null | cyan | ktraunmueller | Java | Code | 172 | 467 | /*
* MovingAvg.java
*
* Created on November 4, 2002, 2:01 PM
*/
package com.sofascience.cyan2;
/**
*
* @author karl
*/
class MovingAvg {
int mLen, mCurrent;
float[] mTaps;
float mLastValue;
boolean mDirty;
/**
*
*/
MovingAvg(int len) {
mLen = len;
mTaps = new float[len];
mDirty = false;
mLastValue = 0.0f;
}
/**
*
*/
void input(float newValue) {
mTaps[mCurrent++] = newValue;
mCurrent %= mLen;
mDirty = true;
}
/**
*
*/
float value() {
if (!mDirty)
return mLastValue;
float sum = 0.0f;
int current = mCurrent - 1 + mLen;
int len = mLen;
while (len-- > 0)
sum += mTaps[current-- % mLen];
mLastValue = sum / mLen;
mDirty = false;
return mLastValue;
}
/**
*
*/
void set(float value) {
mDirty = true;
for (int i = mLen - 1; i >= 0; i--)
mTaps[i] = value;
}
/**
*
*/
void flush() {
mCurrent = 0;
mDirty = false;
mLastValue = 0.0f;
for (int i = mLen - 1; i >= 0; i--)
mTaps[i] = 0.0f;
}
}
| 42,608 |
<urn:uuid:b139c1f9-a35a-45b9-ae12-fee6974b5508> | French Open Data | Open Government | Various open data | 2,012 | https://www.senat.fr/commission/fin/pjlf2012/articles/6bis/6bis.html | senat.fr | Slovak | Spoken | 11 | 35 | ARTICLE 6 BIS (NOUVEAU) : INSTAURATION
D'UNE DOTATION DE SOLIDARITÉ TERRITORIALE | 45,359 |
https://github.com/OsamuTakahashi/bolt/blob/master/src/main/scala/com/sopranoworks/bolt/values/functions/ArrayFunctions.scala | Github Open Source | Open Source | MIT | 2,019 | bolt | OsamuTakahashi | Scala | Code | 99 | 287 | /**
* Bolt
* ArrayFunctions
*
* Copyright (c) 2017 Osamu Takahashi
*
* This software is released under the MIT License.
* http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
*
* @author Osamu Takahashi
*/
package com.sopranoworks.bolt.values.functions
import com.sopranoworks.bolt.values.{ArrayValue, FunctionValue, IntValue, Value}
import scala.collection.JavaConversions._
trait ArrayFunctions { _ : FunctionValue =>
val arrayFunctions : PartialFunction[String,Option[Value]] = {
case "ARRAY_LENGTH" =>
if (parameters.length != 1)
throw new RuntimeException("Function ARRAY_LENGTH takes 1 parameter")
_checkStayUnresolved {
parameters.get(0).eval.asValue match {
case arr: ArrayValue =>
val l = arr.length
IntValue(l.toString, l, true)
case _ =>
throw new RuntimeException("The parameter type of ARRAY_LENGTH must be ARRAY")
}
}
}
}
| 41,820 |
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